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JOURNAL.

of the

Straits Branch

of the

Royal Asiatic Society

For the Year
I91%.

Part 75. Proceedings pp. i—xxxvi; Journal pp. 1—54, published
Avon en, B91.
Part 76. Journal pp. 55—168, published August 30th, 1917.

Part 77. Journal pp. 169—2%6 with title page, published De-
cember 29th, 1917.

SINGAPORE :
PRINTED AT THE METHODIST PUBLISHING HOUSE
1917.

ERRATA.

p. ill. transpose the words Librarian and Treasurer.

p. 158, under the two illustrations for Abdul Rawi read Abdul
Rani, and under the right hand figure for 898 read 878.

CONTRIBUTORS.

BLaGpEN, C .O. Memorandum on the Aborigines in the Jasin
District of Malacca, dated 1892

BurKILL, I. H. A note upon the way in which Bees settle on

the Flowers of Derris thyrsiflora and the injury re-

sulting from their search for Honey .
Elaeocarpus Barnardu, a new species feched from Beri
Gordona Re
Notes on Dipterocarps,

No. 1. The Seedling of Anzsoptera costata, Korth.

No. 2. The Seedling and the Seed-production in
some species of Shorea

Plethiandra Sahebu, a new Melastomacea fon Satawale
described

CAMPBELL, J. ARGYLL, Diet, Nive torn me Eeeion of he
Asiatic Races in Singapore

Dussex, O. T. Speech at the Ceremonial Haeeneune of a
young child

Merrityt, E. D. Alabastra borneensia ..
fe ononon to our knowledge of the Talons of Bornes

RipitEy, H. N., c.M.c., F.R.s. Lasianthus barbellatus, a new
species from Pulau Tiuman, Pahang

New and rare Malayan Plants, series ix
On the scientific Exploration of the Peninsula su
STRICKLAND, C., M. A., B. C. A curious adaptation of habit
to its environment of a Malayan mosquito
Winstepr, R. O. A rice ceremony
Brandstetter’s Indonesian Linguistics
Changes in Malay reduplicated words
Folated Pattern in Malay Carving and Silv etoul
Hindustani Loan words in Malay
Lexicographical Coincidences in Khasi and Malay
Malay Nursery Rhymes it
. Place-names in the Hikayat Pasai ..
Rules in Malay Chess Sif a -
Some rare words, kutaha; nakas; turap; teterapan; ee
biram ; ganteh : Seri Menanti ie

The advent of Muhammadanism in the Malay ames
and Archipelago

The Folk-tales of Indonesia and inaae lire
The Malay Rice cycle a
The Teaching of Malay in Europe ..

The flags of the Malay Peninsula

| Finst part, for the year oe ae Price to non-members

TAT eT nr AR ager oie Wn aides

: oo as BRANCH
_ ASIATIC SOCIETY, |

f
1
:

oe 7 April, 1917." SEP. i a ae
A Ae A IRAN oo Suit

Sp
ifenal Mase
Vi , Leen .

oo

rae ah

“Sold. at the Society's s Rooms, Refties | Museum, Singapore, ath
: es “tleseng) Wintan Wasnry & Son : ee
7) 82, Bssnx oe STRAND, 5) a x ay) 2

i : oar ed Vi
ie \

[No. 75]

JOURNAL

of the

Straits Branch

of the

Royal Asiatic Society

April, 1917 — -<insonlan insipn
foe 2 ie.

/e3
—— : apa

Sere &

i

Me ee

“On
Pig ee

SINGAPORE ;

PRINTED AT THE METHODIST PUBLISHING HOUSE
1917

LHE

STRAITS BRANCH

OF THE

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY

Council for 1917.

Hon: C. J. SAUNDERS President.

W. MAKEPEACE, Esq. » - Vice-President for Singapore,

Lievt.-Cou. THE Hon. A. R. ADAMS Vice-President for Penang.

Hon. A. H. Lemon” - - - Vice-President for F. M. 8.
Eee: Burkinn, Hse. -- = - Hon. Secretary.
Dr. R. HANitTscH - - - Hon, Inbrarian.
©) BAZELE, Pso.-- = - - Hon. Treasurer.

ProFessor J. ARGYLL CAMPBELL

Hon. H. MaArriorr - -
Capt. J. C. Mouton - = Councillors.

H. Ropinson, Esq. - -

PROCEEDINGS
of the

Annual General Meeting.

Minutes of the Annual General Meeting of the Straits Branch
of the Royal Asiatic Society, held at the Society’s rooms in the
Raffles Museum, at 5 p.m. on Tuesday, February 27th, 1917.

PrESENT :—Hon. C. J. Saunders, President, in the Chair, Rev.
A. J. Amery, Messrs. C. Bazell and A. W. Bean, Professor J:
Argyll Campbell, Captain A. R. Chancellor, Drs. J. A. R. Glennie,
J. M. Handy and R. Hanitsch, Mr. W. Makepeace, Hon. H.
Marriott, Rev. W. Murray, Messrs. Ong Boon Tat, H. Robinson,
See Tiong Wah and 8S. G. Willams, Dr. R. van Beuningen van
Helsdingen, Messrs. H. N. Ridley, and I. H. Burkill (Hon. Secre-
tary) : also several visitors.

The minutes of the meeting of February 10th, 1916, were
read and confirmed.

The Annual Report and Statement of Accounts which had been
circulated in print were accepted on the motion of Mr. H. Robin-
son, seconded by Dr. J. A. R. Glennie.

The Hon. C. J. Saunders moved, and the Hon. H. Marriott
seconded that, as recommended by the retiring Council, Dr. D. J.
ralloway, a past-president, be elected an Honorary Member on
account of his notable service to the Society. Dr. Galloway was
elected an Honorary Member upon a show of hands.

The Hon. Treasurer explained that the Council had deter-
mined to place two thousand two hundred dollars ($2,200) from
the Society’s reserve funds into the Colonial War Loan and to
earmark the interest therefrom for use in connection with the
Library.

The following were elected consecutively office-bearers for
1917 :—

Hon. C. J. Saunders me President.

Mr. W. Makepeace oy Vice-President for Singapore.
Hon. A. R. Adams ae Vice-President for Penang.

Hon. A. H. Lemon ce Vice-President for the F. M. S.
Nie Eo Burkill a Hon. Secretary.

Dr. R. Hanitsch ats Hon. Treasurer.

Mir. ©. Bazeth — re Hon. Librarian.

vil PROCEEDINGS.

A ballot was next taken for the election of four Councillors.

On the motion of Dr. J. A. R. Glennie, seconded by Captain
A. R. Chancellor the meeting returned a vote of thanks to the re-
tiring Council, :

The President asked Mr. H. N. Ridley to give an address on
the subject of the Scientific Exploration of the Malay Peninsula,
while the result of the ballot for councillors was being ascertained.
Mr. Ridley spoke as recorded in the Society’s Proceedings :* and a
discussion followed upon the-means by which further work might
be encouraged.

The President proposed a vote of thanks to Mr. Ridley for
his address, which was accorded: and he announced that as the
result of the ballot the Hon. H. Marriott, Captain J. C. Moulton
and Mr. H. Robinson had been elected Councillors, that Dr. W. G.
Shellabear and Professor Argyll Campbell had received an equal
number of votes for the fourth place and that five other members
had received votes. He suggested that as Dr. Shellabear had not
returned to the Colony and as the date of his return appears un-
certain, Professor Argyll Campbell should be asked to serve. On
a show of hands this proposal was adopted.

* pp. vii—xi.

The Scientific Exploration of the Peninsula.

An address at the General Meeting of February 27th, 1917.

By H. N. RIDiry, F.R.S., C.M.G.

The Object of the Scientific exploration of a country is to get
a clear systematized knowledge of the Fauna, Flora, Bthnology,
Authropology and Geology of the country,—in fact of the whole
of the Natural History of the area,—and to publish it in such form
that it may be accessible to everyone.

To get a clear idea of the whole of Nature, its origin ana
development, it is not sufficient to study one group alone: for all
the various sections of Natural Science have a more or less close
relationship with each other; and before we can come to any satis-
factory deductions from the facts in one part of the subject, we
must know or be easily able to find out the stories of the other
parts.

In the early days of the development of a Colony, such as ours,
the study of Natural History is usually commenced by a few
Amateur Naturalists, who collect specimens and observations on
all branches of the subject. Later we get a few to take up special
groups or subjects, individually ; for it is nor possible for any one
man in a lifetime to study every group in detail in so rich an
area as a tropical region.

Later still a Museum or Museums are formed, with scientific
men attached who, assisted at least by the Government, are abie to
devote their time to collecting and preserving specimens, as well as
recording observations and data, and storing the specimens in the
Museums for reference, and publishing the information obtained
in reports or publications. And here comes in the great value to
the world of such societies as ours which record facts of Natural
history, the geography of the country, and all that belongs to a
complete knowledge of the country we live in.

Now in the beginning of these researches we find that certain
groups of animals are more popular than others, such as birds and
butterflies, and we therefore find a larger number of collectors of
these animals, and consequently we get sooner a good knowledge
of these groups than we do of say beetles or molluscs; and we
require a number of collectors and students of these more dif-
ficult groups to collect. In many of the country Natural. History
Societies at home the members contrive to get one or other of

viii THE SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION OF THE PENINSULA.

their numbers to take up a single group and devote himself to
collecting that group, assisted of course by others who send him
any specimens they chance upon. I do not know how far some
such system could be adopted here, but there are many of our mem-
bers living in distant parts -of the country who could materially
help by catching and sending insects or other such easily collected
animals to the various naturalists who in this country are studying
them.

When I first arrived in this country in 1889, large areas of
forest and mountain, now easily reached by train and motor car,
were only accessible by long and difficult marches, and the few
naturalists in the country found it impossible to get to these re-
mote spots in the time and with the funds at their disposal. But
the rapid development of agriculture of late years has resulted in
the increased accessibility ‘and in the settling of Europeans in
parts of the Peninsula at that time out of Week Many of these
Europeans would assist in collecting if shown the way, I am sure,
and indeed I have great cause to be grateful to very many who
in the course of my wanderings into their districts have given me
the greatest assistance in collecting plants.

But the wide developments of agriculture of late years has not
been, alas, all to the advantage of the Naturalist, for the felling
and burning of the forest has caused the disappearance of many
plants and probably many insects and other animals; and as this
work is still continuing, it becomes of more and more importance
to save specimens (which is all we can do) of the vanishing flora
and fauna, ere they become as extinct as Dodos.

I would now like to run over the various branches of Natural
Science and see how far we have progressed towards a systematic
investigation and record of the separate groups as far as regards
this country.

In Zoology we have already published the account of the
Reptiles and Batrachia by Boulenger, and I understand the works
on the Mammals and Birds are nearly complete. These have been
done by the zoologists of the Federated Malay States Museum.

In fishes we have an account of those of fresh-water by Dunck,
a Naturalist who was here some years ago. In Marine fish we have
no separate work; but those of our seas have been mentioned in
works by Bleeker and Weber, dealing with the fishes generally of
the Indian and Malayan Seas.

A complete separate account of those occurring In our own
waters is required.

On Molluscs papers have been written by De Morgan.

Of Insects Butterflies have been well done many years ago by
Distant in the well known book Rhopalocera Malayana but of
course there have been since then many additions “= corrections
made.

THE SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION OF THE PENINSULA. 1x

The Cockroaches have been well described and figured by Dr.
Hanitsch in our journal lately and I believe the Mosqwitos are
pretty well known.

But of the rest of the insect fauna we have only scattered
papers and descriptions in journals and other works which are
often inaccessible to the local student and in any case entail a lot
of work in searching among descriptions of species from all manner
of countries to find the ones recorded from the Malay Peninsula.

The same state of affairs rules also in nearly all the other
groups of invertebrates from centipedes, and spiders to Corals and
Marine organisms generally. It would be highly desirable to
collect all the notes and descriptions of the various eroups
applying to the Malay Peninsula, and put them together and
publish them in an accessible form so that we might have an idea
of what amount of knowledge on these animals had been obtained
already and form a base for further work.

In Botany, at least that of flowering plants and ferns, pro-
eress is being made as fast as possible. Before my arrival in the
East in 1889, it was proposed by the F. M. 8. Government to
publish a flora based on the plants collected by Kunstler, Scorte-
ehini and Wray in Perak, Sir Cecil Clementi-Smith very wisely
urged that the flora should not be confined to these collections,
which were practically limited to the Perak mountains; but that a
flora of the whole of the Malay Peninsula should be taken in hand.

The work was to be done by Dr. King and Sir Joseph Hooker:
the number of plants known or collected in the Peninsula at that
date was small; and King arranged to publish a preliminary series
of papers known as the Materials for a Flora of the Malay Penin-
sula in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. This took
many years; and in fact 2 orders Huphorbiaceae and Urticaceae
are not yet published. In the meantime extensive collections were
made all over the Peninsula and the work got fuller and fuller as
it went on. Sir George King died some years ago and Mr. Gamble,
and Major Gage of the Calcutta Gardens continued the Materials,
while I did the Monocotyledons and some other orders. J am now
engaged in re-writing the whole flora, to be published as soon as
may be in book form, condensed and largely revised and added to,
so that the public may in a few years, I hope, possess a work in a
few volumes so written and illustrated that they will have no diffi-
culty in identifying any plants that they may meet with. The work
will take some time as there are known between 8,000 and 9,000
species; and all that have been already described will have to be
checked over and carefully re-examined. However the greater part
of the Polypetalae and Monocotyledons are already ‘shed. and I
hope in a few years to complete the work.

The @ellular plants,—Mosses, Lichens, Fungi and Algae, have
not been entirely neglected; but such as have been described have
been published in scattered papers in various journals; and there

xX: THE SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION OF THE PENINSULA.

is a large field for work both in collecting and investigating in
these groups.

Considering the importance of tin and other minerals to the
Peninsula, it seems remarkable that so long a period elapsed be-
fore any attempt was made to study the Geology.of the country.
Practically nothing of importance was published till the arrival of
Mr. Scrivenor. Logan in Logan’s journal published indeed some
papers on the rocks of Singapore, but he was no geologist and the
work was extraordinarily erroneous.

We have now at least several extremely valuable papers by
Mr. Scrivenor; and we shall hope for many more such researches
as he has made.

Ethnology and Anthropology we are well advanced in, thanks
to the works of Skeat, Wilkinson, Robinson and many others.

But there is one branch of Natural Science which has been
curiously neglected, that of Meteorology. It is true that rainfall
readings have been taken and published for many years in some
parts of the Peninsula; but the returns are in many cases I fear
dubious; and in the earlier days of Singapore when the returns
would have been exceptionally valuable, as showing us if there had
been any change in the climate at all, there are so far as I know
no records. The late Mr. Knight was the only person I know of,
who took an interest in the subject at all. Unfortunately he
published little; but he may have left notes behind him which would
be worth preserving, if they could be obtained by the Society. It
would be very desirable if some member of the society would take
up the subject of the meteorology of the Malay Peninsula collect-
ing and utilizing such returns and reports published during the
last 50 years. The subject is one of much interest and importance.

When I arrived in Singapore in 1889, the greater part of the
Peninsula was still a blank as regards } Natural History research,
the few Naturalists we had then, had eal been able to collect in
a few of the accessible parts such as Singapore, Malacca, Penang
and parts of Perak. Even the geography of the Peninsula was
very far from complete as may be seen by referring to our first
editions of the Map, and even now large areas of the centre and
East coast have not yet been visited by any Naturalists. When
this is done without doubt very many more new species will be
collected in almost every group.

Taking Botany again as a sample of how far we have collect-
ed specimens of all our flowering plants, I may say that by far the
largest number of the plants of the low country are now well
known, and it is not easy to get big additions of novelties in
the low lands of etiher coast, and that thanks very largely to Messrs.
tobinson and Kloss who have greatly added to our knowledge of
the botany of the highest accessible mountains we have obtained
the greater part of the flora of above 4,000 feet elevation. This
does not mean that we know all the plants in our forests. It is

THE SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION OF THE PENINSULA. Xl

a poor collecting trip still which does not yield some novelties even
in the low country. But we have in our 9,000 known species a
very large proportion of the flora, and enough to base at least some
deductions as to the origin and history of the flora of the Peninsula.

We have practically a sample collection, not a complete one.

The same thing applies, I take it, to most of the zoological
groups; but I believe that I shall not be w rong in stating that in
Mammals. birds, reptiles and batrachians and “butterflies we have
now an almost absolutely complete knowledge of the species.
The number of novelties to be added is probably small. Further
explorations in out of the way localities will probably yield im-
portant results in most groups. We have not enough naturalists to
get over the whole ground in a short time so that the residents in
these distant parts may often be able to assist In sending specimens
to our museums of insects or plants or other such things that they
may accidentally come across. As an example I may mention that
of two new kinds of bats which some years ago I accidentally ob-
tained I believe that neither have ever been caught again.

I have now I think given some idea of the progress in Natural
History that we have made here in the past quarter of a century.
It is very considerable; but a great deal remains to be done. The
Society by its Journal and by indirectly and directly interesting
residents in the knowledge of the Natural History of the Peninsula
has played an important part in this work, and I trust that it may
continue to do the same for very many years to come.

ANNUAL REPORT

of the
Straits Branch, Royal Asiatic Society
for 1916.

On November the 4th the Society entered upon its fortieth
year, having the name of one founder and of two who joined in the
first year, still on the Member lst,-the Right Rev. Bishop Hose,
the Hon. Datoh Mahomed bin Mahbob of Johore, and the Ven.
Archdeacon J. Perham of Chard, Somerset. The rules under which
the Society works have been little altered since they were passed
at the general meeting of January 21st, 1878. On -uly 15th of
the same year, the Society having 142 members, issued its first
Journal and in December a second, making the year’s output 166
pages. The Society stands, this day, with 297 names on the mem-
ber list.

The number of pages in the Journal of the year under review
was 308. ‘The average for the thirty-nine completed years of
publishing has been 305.

The Society in the first year of its existence met frequently
for the reading of papers: but it was found impossible to main-
- tain these meetings: and when the practice fell into disuse, it
became necessary to vest in the Council powers which councils of
Societies rarely possess, asking the members to meet but once a
year to regulate their affairs, by the election of a new council and
by the ratifying of the proceedings of the retiring body. The
arrangement’tends to create an aloofness on the part of the mem-
bers which the Council has been most anxious to dispel: and with
that intention in 1915 two steps were taken: in the first place an
offer was gratefully accepted from a member, Mrs. Legrew Watkins,
that at the annual meeting she would exhibit her collection of ob-
jects used by the Ainus of Japan; and in the second place it was
arranged that the Journal should appear oftener, if possible, than
twice a year. The attendance at the last annual meeting was grati-
fying and Mrs. Legrew Watkins’ exhibit most interesting. The
Journal, which had appeared thrice in 1915, has appeared again
thrice in 1916.

The Journal is now paged into an annual volume, and has been
issued complete for 1916, with title page and index. It contained
xxx + 328 pages, with six plates and two line blocks in the text. Its
cost to the Society was $1,217.66 or 58% of the Society’s income.

Xlv

Of the income a further 22% was absorbed by salaries, sta-
tionery, postages, and other small charges essential to the running
of the Society’s office, leaving only 20% for the purchase of books,
furniture, and for unusual causes of expense. A larger member-
hist, meaning a larger income, is desirable.

Also a larger inflow from members of short papers for publi-
cation is desirable.

The Hon. Treasurer’s balance sheets for the last and the pre-
ceeding four years show the following figures :—

19a 1913 1914 1915 1916

By member’s sub-

scriptions iclud-

ing life-members 1,356.08 1,195.00 1,293.68 1,329.68 1,110.00
By sales of Journals 503.13 542.41 425.96 175.98 - 478.26
By sales of Maps 3,274.80 565.20 513.60 292.00 446.15
By investments 189.92 125.49 86.48 385.75 250.40

Nearly half of the receipts in 1916 by sales of parts of the
Journal came from the Hikayat Sri Rama, of which 51 copies were
taken.

The Society’s invested funds are less than a year ago by $1,500,
in consequence of withdrawals from fixed deposit to meet the cost
of printing the Hikayat.

The price of printing has unfortunately been raised against
the Society: but this, it is trusted, will be but temporarily.

The Council has no new undertakings to record. The rule
which lays it down that the object of the Society is to increase and
to diffuse knowledge concerning British Malaya and the neighbour-
ing countries has been strictly observed. One of the papers in the
Journal treats of the Malay language, five of the History of the ~
Peninsula, one of Malay customs, two of Malay plants, one of the
action of a Malay poison, and two of Malay zoology. It may be
recalled that the inception of the Society occurred just when the
interior of the Peninsula was opened to exploration and many ac-
counts of Journeys reached it; but such papers are rarer now.
There were none in the Journal for 1916.

It has been stated above that the member lst carries 297
names: that 1s the same as the last published list carried. By
death the Society has lost two Honorary members, Sir Cecil
Clementi Smith and Mr. A. Knight: and two, who were members,
have lost their lives at the front in France—Messrs. H. E. Penning-
ton, and P. Gold.

The Council elected during the year the following as members:

Mr: H .W:. Bord; Mr. J. W. Cundell Ellis,
Prof. J. Argyll Campbell, Mr. A. Rogers,
Mr. J. G. Watson, Mr. G. B. Kellagher,

Mr, Shiva Prasad Gupta, Mr. Ong Boon Tat,

XV

Mr. L. Rayman. Mr. G. F. C. Woollett.
Mrs. Legrew Watkins. Mr. H. C. Abraham.
Mr. Frank H. Myers. Mi SE ELS Barnes!
Mr. W. KE. Mann. Mr. W. G, Stirling,
Mr. EH. Stuart Young. Rev. William Cross.

Mr. Arthur Mitchell Goodman. Mr. R. Balfour Blair.

His Highness, the Raja Muda, of Sarawak, was elected an Honorary
member at the last Annual meeting.

Council. During the year Dr. R. D. Keith resigned from the
Council, and in his place Captain J. C. Moulton was co-opted.
The office of Vice-President, Singapore, fell vacant by the departure
of the Hon. W. G. Maxwell from the Colony, but was not filled.

Library. The following books have been added to the library
in addition to the serials received as exchanges :—

Brandstetter, R., An introduction to Indonesian languages,
translated by C. O. Blagden ..

Hale, A., The adventures of John Smith in Malaya, 1600-
1605 : ee ee

Shellabear, W. G., An Tiacieneieies didnot

Skeat, W. W., Malay Magic an se Le a

Posewitz, Theodor, Borneo, its Geology and Mineral Re-
sources ay

Furness, W. H., Boletos in Borneo oe

Swettenham, Sif F., British Malaya Getenied by H. Ronn
son Hsq.) :

A Set ve “ Papers on Walay Siew paler by he

~ WLS Sie (GrOnke (presented oye Jeloim, Ona). ee

Pho. R. J., Malay Beliefs ie

Winstedt, R., i English-Malay Dictiona.

The Ramayana, translated by Manmatha Nath Dat

Kitab Gemala Hikmat a i er if]
Pelayaran Abdullah .. ae x at sell
Hikayat Hang Tuah .. a ae ma
Hikayat Abdullah ie |
Hikayat Awang Sulong Merah Muda |
Cherita J enaka Ss ie re ce =
Hikayat Malim Dewa “e , ae ..+ Malay texts
Hikayat Malim Deman ae Hal :

Sejarah Melayu

Hikayat Raja Muda ..

Hikayat Angeun Che’ Tung val
Pantun Melayu a a
Hikayat Pelandok .. a =

Se

Xv

Skeat, W. W., and Blagden, C. O., Pagan Races of the Malay
Peninsula (presented by the Hon. H. me

McNair, J. F. A., Prisoners their own warders

Baring Gould, 8., History of Sarawak

St. John, 8., Earlier adventures of a Naval Officer . :

Hubback, T, R., Elephant and Sladang in Malaya .. |

Cowie, A., English, Sulu, and Malay vocabulary aa

Keppel, H., A visit to the Indian Archipelago aM

Davies, R. D., Siam in the Malay Peninsula .. | Presented by

Ross, J. D., The Capital of a little empire 8 1e Singapore —

Read, T. ee 2 Across the Equator .. Free Press. -

Batten, G. G., Glimpses of the Eastern Archipelago |

Maryatt, if, Bornes and the Indian ode ral

Hudson, H. = , Malay Orthography . oT

Boys, H. 5. Some notes on Java ..

Fokker, A. A., Tidong dialects of Borneo =|

Van Daventer, M. L., Daendels-Raffles

It has been decided not to print the index to ae Pantuns
which Mr. H. Overbeck prepared and made over to the Society:
and as it was considered inadequate by itself the Hon, H. Marriott
has prepared another which he has presented to the Society, so that
both may be preserved in the hbrary together. Mr. Overbeck’s index
is by the third hne, but Mr. Marriott’s by the leading words. The
Council’s intention in preserving these is that members who interest
themselves in the collection of Pantuns may easily ascertain whether
such as they meet with are published or unpublished; and they
consider that unpublished pantuns might well find a place in the
Society’s Journal.

I. Henry BurRKILL,

Hon. Secretary.

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List of Members for 1917.

*Life Members. + Honorary Members.

Patron His Excellency Sir ArtHur YounG, G.c.M.c. Governor of
the Straits Settlements and High Commissioner for

Date of election.

ibs) Olenay = AW 0ee
Pie Semie. al Gel,
24 June, 1909.

— 1907.
14 -Decs = A910:
20 June. 1910:
22 March, 1917.
22 March, 1917:
10 March, 1909.
( Mebs e910:
it Reb. trois:
3 May, 1914.
ve Marehy loi,
24 June, 1909.
16 Feb., 1914.

— 1907.
Boeetey,> sel Olatt

— 1890.
T2-Oet a9 1A.
ot Oct: 1908.
4 June, 1908.
&. May, . 1915.
t t'eb,,. 1015,

the Malay States.

Axsport, Dr. W. L.. 400 South 15th Street. Phila-
delphia, U. S. A.

ABRAHAM, H. C. Survey Dept., Kuala Lumpur.

ADAM, Frank, The Straits Trading Co., Singa-
pore. :

ApAms, Lieut.-Col., the Hon. A. R. Messrs.
Adams and Allan, Penang | Vice-President,
TOO IO

ApAms, H. A. Superintendent, of Police and
Prisons, Kuching, Sarawak.

ApAms, H. Powys, Imber Cross, Thames Ditton,
Surrey, England.

ApAms, Dr. J. W., Moulmein Road Hospital,
Singapore.

ApAMs, R. H., c/o Messrs. Topham, Jones and
Railton, Ltd., Singapore.

Apams, T. 8S. District Officer, Kuala Krai,
Kelantan.

AuLpwortH, J. R. O. Kuala Lumpur.

ALLEN, Rev. George Dexter, Singapore.

ALLEN, H. C. W., c/o Messrs. Boustead & Co.,
Singapore.

ALLEN, P. T., Chinese Protectorate, Singapore.

ALLEN, Rowland, Beacon Hall, North Cranbrook,
Kent, England.

Amery, Rev. A. J. Victoria Bridge School,
Singapore.

ANDERSON, E. Messrs. Mansfield and Co., Singa-
pore. ;

Anperson, J. W., Hendra Estate, Sungkai, Perak,

AntHonisz, J. O., C.M.G.° England: (aioe
Treasurer, 1894-1896: Vice President 1913).

Armstrong, W. R., L. L. D.; D: -C. Li, Messrs
Logan and Ross, Penang.

Arruur, J. S. W., Assistant Adviser, Kedah.

*AynreE, C. F. C. High School, Malacca.

Bappetey, F. M., Postmaster General, Singapore,

Barn, Norman K, Kuala Langkat.

20

Or

May,

June,

Nov.,
Jan.,

June,

May,
July,

June,

als,

June,

Feb.,
Aug.,

Feb.,

Sept.,

April,

Jan.,

WOM:

1909.

1916.
1899.

1904.
1910.
1914.
1909.
1910.
1913.
1910.
1912.
1885.

1908.
1890.

Osis

MEMBERS FOR 1917. x1x

Baker, A, C., c/o W. Evans, Esq: The Limes,
Crowmarsh near Waltingford, Berks, England.
(Hon. Librarian 1912-1913).

Banks, C. W. c/o Messrs. John Little & Co.,
Singapore.

Banks, H. H., Sanitary Board, Seremban.

*BANKS, J. EH., c/o the American Bridge Co.
Ambrace: teas UES, AG

Barruett, R. J., Inspector of Schools, Singapore.

BartTLey, W., Civil Service, Singapore.

BAZEULL, @ Raffles Institution, Singapore. (ion.
rbrariane 19 16— 17 re

Bean, A: W., c/o Messrs: Robinson & Co.,
Singapore.

Beatry, D. Tavoy, Burma.

Bet, V. G., Forest Department, Kuala Lumpur.

* BERKELEY, H., F. M. 8. Civil Service.

BICKNELL, J. W., c/o General Rubber Co.,
Medan, Sumatra.

BICKNELL, W. A., Nork. House, 4 Harls Road,
Bournemouth, W., England.

=Dismop. Major ©. Hk. A.
* BLAGDEN, . OF India Office Library, Whitehall,
London, . W. (Hon. Secretary, 1896).

Barr, R. ee Sungei Talam Estate, Kuan-
tan, Pahang.

BrEAND, R. N., C: M. G. Broadfields, Letch-
worth, Herts, England. (Council, 1898-1900:
Vice-President, 1907—1909).

Buuett, H. A. Newton, Lebong Loetit, Ben-
koelen, Sumatra; or Oaklea, Chaucer Road,
Bedford, England.

Bout, F. F., Bintulu, Sarawak.

Boupy sl) she c/o Mecsrss Boustead &, Co.,

Singapore.

Boyp-WaALKER, J. W., Atbara Estate, Kuantan,
Pahang.

BraDDELL, R. St. J., Messrs. Braddell Bros.,
Singapore.

Brison, Clifford S., 32 Archfield Road, Cotham,
Bristol, England.

Brockman, Sir Edward L., K.C.M.G., Kuala

- Lumpur.

Brooke, J. R., Government Monopolies Depart-
ment, Keppel Harbour, Singapore.

Brooks, C. J. Lebong Tandai, Benkoelen,
Sumatra.

Sept., 1909.
Pea AON:

A) asses TOO:

Deep 1 9ioe
March, 1887.

Oct., 1912.

Petes iG.
Jame, 7 el Siro,

Feb., 1914.

am. 909:

dai OO:
ding, — OOS,
Deex 19s:
March, 1911.
lel uals
Mareh, 1917.

Jane, Woi3."

Jan., 1894,

March, 1897.

Jan., - 1899;
— 1910.
March, 1917.
Hebs 9
pare, eae.
Jans, 2 1900:

March, 1917.

sate L008;
May, 1910.
ouly.. 189.
Jan. 2910,

MEMBERS FOR 1917.

Brown, A. V., Johore.

Brown, C. C., F. M. 8. Civil Service, Kuala
Lumpur.

Brown, D,. A. M., Messrs. Brown, Phillips and
Stewart, Penang.

*Bryan, J. M., Kuching, Sarawak.

Bryane- Hon. A: “T, (Counal, 19077 ous
Vice-President, 1912, 1914-1916).

Burnity, I. H., Botanic Gardens, Singapore.
(Council, 1913: Hon. Secretary, 1914-1917).

*Catprecotr, Andrew, Secretariat, Kuala Lumpur.

CAMPBELL, Professor J. Argyll, M..D., D. Se. —
Medical School, Singapore (Council, 1917).

Carpew, G. E., 3/4th Devon Depdt Battalion,
Exmouth, Devon, England.

Carver, C. I., Messrs. Donaldson and Burkin-
shaw, Singapore.

CHANCELLOR, Capt. A. R., Police Office, Singa-
pore.

CHapmMan, W. T. Ipoh, Perak.

*CHOO Kira’ PENG, Kuala Lumpur.

Crayton, T. W., Temerloh, Pahang.

CremeEent, W. R. T., Sarawak. .

CuiFrorp, G. F. W., Kuala Pilah, Neon Sem-
bilan.

CHULAN, Raja, bin Ex-Sultan Abdullah, Taiping.
Perak.

{CottygrrR, W. R., I. S. O. Hackford Hall; Reep-
ham, Norfolk, England. (Council 1904: Vice
President, 1897-1900, 1902, 1904-1905: Hon.
Member, 1906).

*ConLay, W. L., Kuala Lumpur.

Cook, Rev. J. A. B., Gilstead, Singapore.

Cook, Hon. W. Wallace, c/o The Straits Trading
Co., Singapore.

Cricuton; K., The Secretariat, Singapore.

Cross, Rev. W. Cavanagh Road, Singapore.

CrossueE, Frank J., New Zealand Malay Rubber
Co., Kota Bharu, Kelantan.

CroucHuer, Dr. F. B., General Hospital, Singa-
pore.

Cupitt, G. HE. S., Conservator of Forests, 8. 8.
and F. M. 8., Kuala Lumpur.

Danuas, Hon, F.-H. Sarawak.

Daty, M. D., Batu Gajah, Perak.

Dane, Dr. K., Penane:

DaARBISHIRE, Hon. C, W., c/o Messrs. Paterson
Simons & Co., Singapore,

Nov.,
Jan.,

June,
Jan.,

Jan.,

March,
aan,

March,
Feb.,

Sept.,
Oct.,

3) Bee
Sept.,
March,
May,

Jails
Sept.,

June,

Jan.,

MEMBERS FOR 1917. XXi

190%. Dent, Dr. F. Government Analyst, Singapore.

1911. Derry, R., 57, Ennerdale Road, Kew Gardens,
Surrey, England. |

1903, *DresHon, H. F., Southfield, Combe Down, Bath,
England.

1897. Dickson, E. A., Grik, Upper Perak.

1905. Doucias, Hon. R. S. Baram, Sarawak.

1914. Duncan, W. Wallace, Assistant Censor, General
Post Office, Penang.

1910. Dunman, W., Grove Estate, Tanjong Katong,
Singapore.

1915. *DusseK, O. T., Malay College, Malacca.

S99 ponDs, Re ©. Hoo ML Se2-Cinil Service;
Seremban.

1885. Ecerron, His Excellency Sir W., K. C. M. G.,
Government House, British Guiana.

1901. KuLcum, J. B., Singapore.

1910. Eumrton, H. B., F. M.S. Civil Service, Kuala
Kangsar, Perak.

1909, Eurs, Sir Evelyn C., Messrs. Drew and Napier,
Singapore.

1916, Enis, J. W. Cundell, F. M. 8S. Civil Service,
Kuala Lumpur.

1910. Enern, L., Netherlands Trading Society,
Batavia.

1913. -Ermen, C., Kuching, Sarawak.

1910. Evans, W., The Limes, Crowmarsh near Walling-
ford, Berks, England.

1890. Evererr, H. H., Santubong, Sarawak.

1910. Fansaaw, Dr. P. S., Government Veterinary
Department, Singapore.

1909. Farrer, R. J., Kota Bharu, Kelantan.

1912. FauuKner, Dr. 8. B. Christmas Island.

1911. *Frreuson-Davin, Rt. Rev. Dr. C. J., Bishop of
Singapore (Council, 1912-1913).

1909. Ferrrimr, J..G., c/o Borneo Company, Soera-
baya, Java.

1917. Finuayson, Dr. G., Singapore.

1910, Fiructonnm, “HH, W., Education Department,
Singapore.

19002 humrmnes 2 Co arnt, “Warping. Perak:

1897. *FLower, Capt. 8. 8., Zoological Gardens, Ghizeh,
Keypt.

1904. *Fitownr, Lieut.-Col. V. A., 42, Earls Court
Square, London, 8. W. (Council 1905-1912).

1916. Forp, H. W., Municipal Offices, Malacca.

Xxli
19 Aug.,

DC wan,
14 Aug.,

20 Jan.,
26 May,
8 Sept.,
~8 May,
4 Jan.,

21 Sept.,
$8 March,

Za olen:
13 Jan.,

14 Sept.,

2 iam.

5 July,
5 May,
Omen
12 April,

16 March,

11 Sept.,

June,
Jan.,

rand)
HX or

June,

1908.

189%. ,
. *Frost, Meapows, S. S. Civil Service.

1912.

Ong)

1903

1897

1903.
. *GimueTTE, Dr, J. D., 5, Merton Road, Southsea, _

1902

ILD aKoy

LONG:
NGOS.

1910.
1916.

oale

1900.
1886.

1907.
1914.
Nghe
1915.
Ole

1895.

ILO)

1904

1ESUGe

MEMBERS FOR 1917.

FREEMAN, D., 9, Court of. Justice, -—Kuala
Lumpur.

Freer, Dr. G. D.

y)

GALLAGHER, W. J., General Rubber Co., Medan,
Sumatra.

. {Gatuoway, Dr. D. J., British Dispensary, Singa-

pore. (Vice-President; 1906—1907 ; President,
1908—1913; Hon. Member, 1917).

. *GERINI, Lt.-Col. G. E.

Gipson, W. 8., High Court, Kedah.

England.

GLENNIE, Dr. J. A. R., Municipal Oitees
Singapore.

GoopMAN, A. M., Ipoh, Perak.

Gounpine, R. R., Survey Department, Kuala —
Lumpur.

Gray, N. T., Taiping, Perak.

Gupra, Sutva Prasap, Nandansahu Street,
Benares City, United Provinces, India.

GRIFFITHS, J. Superintendent of Surveys,
Johore Bahru.

7ELATINGS! clnevie amis

Haus, A., Dachurst, Hildenborough, Kent,
England.

Haun, G. A., Alor Star, Kedah.

HAG JD) Bain Wakaie Jolene:

Hauirrax, F. J., Municipal Offices, Singapore.

Hamitton, A. W. H., Central Police Office,
Penang.

Hanpy, Dr. J. M., St. Mary’s Dispensary, 75,
Hill Street, Singapore.

Hanitscn, Dr. R., Raffles Museum, Singapore.
(Council, 1897, 1907-1909: Hon. Treasurer,
1898-1906, 1910-1911, 1914-1916: Hon: Secre-
tary, 1912-1913).

Harrineton, A. G., Municipal Offices, Singapore,

. “Haynes, A. S., Kuala Kangsar, Perak.
1909:

HENNIinGsS, W. G.
Singapore.

Herwan, E. D., c/o Messrs. Boustead & Co.,
Singapore, :

c/o Messrs. Mansfield & Co.,

I

12

Oct.,

22 Nov.,
A founder, 1878

7
20
20

15
27

O99

13
723)
rat
29

Oct.,
Oct.,

Oct.,
July,

Sele, NG.

Jan.,

Dee.,
June,
J Ail.

Feb.,
May,

Bevis LONG:
1897.
1909.

Oct.,
Oct.,

Feb..,
June,
J alle,
May,

rain,
Jan..

1878.
OA

IST
. |Hosz, Rt. Rev. Bishop G. F., Wyke Vicarage,

MS OAe
QO:

1909.
1907.
Jali, = 19310),

1910.
March, 1907.

1911.
1910.
Oni:
1910.
1913.
1912.
April, 1912.

OMG):
OO:

Ie.
1906.
OO?
1900.

MEMBERS FOR 1917. xxiii

Hit, HE. C., The Manor House. Normandy near
Guildford, England.

Hoop-Brce, Hon. A., c/o Messrs. Guthrie and
Co., Singapore.

Hoss, HE. 8., District Officer, Lower Perak.

Normandy near Guildford, England. (Vice-
President, 1890-1892: President, 1894-1907).

Hoynck VAN PAPENDRECHT, P. C., 83, Antonie
Duyckstraat, The Hague, Holland.

Hwpeicn, is ke sRertancs welepu, . Neor
Sembilan. ;

Huenss, J. W. W., Temerloh, Pahang.

Houmrnreys, J. L., Trengganu.

Jackson, Col. H. M., c/o the Survey Depart-
ment, Kuala Lumpur.

JAMES, Hon. F. S., C. M. G., Colonial Secretary,
Singapore.

JAMIESON, Dr. T. Hill, 4 Bishop Street, Penang.

JANION, EH. M., c/o English, Scottish and Aus-
tralian Bank, 38, Lombard Street, London,
1g (Or

JELF, A. §., Ipoh, Perak.

Jounson, B. G. H., Telok Anson.

JouNnson, Hon. H. 8. B., Limbang, via Labuan.

Jonnus, H. W., Kuantan, Pahang.

Jonus, S. W., Kuantan, Pahang.

Jones, Wyndham, Miri, Sarawak.

Jones, W. R., Geological Department, Batu
Gajah, Perak.

KKAMARALZAMAN, Raja, bin Raja Mansur, Rembau.

KEHDING, Dr. 7

KerrH, Dr. R. D., Medical School, Singapore.
(Council, 1911-1912, 1914-1916).

KELLAGHER, G. B., S. S. Civil Service, Singa-
pore.

Kemp, W. Lowther, c/o Messrs. F. W. Barker
and Co., Singapore.

Kemper, John Erskine, Kuala Kangsar, Perak.

Kinsrty, W. E., Forest House, Seremban.

iin, Dr. J), enane.

Koss, C. Boden, The Museum, Kuala Lumpur.
(Council, 1904-1908).

XXiV
22 April, 1915.
26 March, 1907.
ji Jan, 1902:
16 Feb., 1914.
Dea = aoe
28 May, 1902.
a mOCien en Ck IU GE
29 Sept., 1913.
22 March, 1917.
28 March, 1894.
30 May, 1890.
Ney Anes, 9ilzy.
20 May, 1897.
2 sepia TOM.
Be seni aS aNO).
16 Feb., 1914.
8 June, 1909.
22 Jan., 1896.
Zyl) Bhi, SLES) I).
Up) mince OK:
a oume. 1909:
2a Pepin, wee
25 Feb., 1910.
PA nly. O08.
deer aco)?
21 April, 1904.
8 Sept. 1903.
15 April, 1908.
10> Melb, > 1916:
12 Feb., 1902.
24 June, 1909.

MEMBERS FOR 1917.

KnicHt, Valentine, Raffles Museum, Singapore.

IKXRIEKENBEEK, J. W., Taiping, Perak.

Larpiaw, G. M., Pekan, Pahang. |

LAMBOURNE, J., Castleton Estate, Telok Anson,
Perak.

LaAvitLe, L. V. T., Balik Pulau, Penang.

+Lawes, Rev. W. G., Port Moresby, New Guinea.

LAWRENCE, A. E., Kuching, Sarawak.

Leicester, Dr. W. 8., Pekan, Pahang.

LempBercer, V. V., c/o United Engineers, Ltd.,
Singapore. -

bd

*LeMON, Hon. A. H., Seremban. (Vice-Presi-

dent, 1916-17).
Lewis, J. E. A., B. A., 698, Harada Mura, Kobe,
Japan.
Lewton-Brain, L. Director of Agriculture,
Kuala Lumpur. } ?
Lim Boon Kene, Hon. Dr. M. D., c/o The Dis-
pensary, Singapore.

Lim Cyene Law, Millview, Penang.

Luoyp, J. T., c/o Messrs. Powell and Co.,
Singapore.

Lorntg, J. Land Office, Singapore.

Low, H. A., c/o Messrs. Adamson, Gilfillan and
Co., Penang.

LUERING, Prof. Dr. H. L. E., Wittelsbacher Allee,
Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Lupron, Harry, Bukit Mertajam, Province
Wellesley. |

Lyons, Rey. E. S., 82, Isla de Remere, Manila.

McArrtuor, M. 8. H., Kuala Lumpur.

McCausutanp, C. F., Port Dicksun.

*MacFapyen, Eric, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor.

Mackray, W. H., Kuala Lumpur.

MacLean, L., Kuala Lumpur.

Mattomep, Hon. Datoh, bin Mahbob, Johor

Bahru, Johor.

MAKEPEACE, W., c/o Singapore Free Press,
Singapore. (Council, 1914-1916: Hon. Libra-
rian, 1910-1912: Hon. Treasurer, 1909; Vice-
President, 1917).

Main, T. W., Cheng Estate, Malacca.

Mann, W. E., Hotel Pavillon, Samarang, Java.

Marriorr, Hon. H., The Treasury, Singapore.
(Council, 1907-1908, 1910-1913, 1915-1917).

Marsu, F, E., Municipal Offices, Singapore.

ie May, 1909.
od uly. 1907,
5 May, 1914.
18 June, 1903.
oe Nov. 1903;
ioe Dec., 1909.
16 Feb., 1914.
24 July, 1962.
feeds 1910:
eevsept., 1913:
© Feb., 1910:
8 Sept., 1909.
lOc 9 L915,
15 June, 1911.
Maehepee L913.
10 Feb., 1916.
22 March, 1917.
S sept., 1909.
25 Feb., 1910.
9 May, 1900.
od san. 1906.
G dam, “1901:
0 Feb., 1916.
iewebe 1913.
2 Feb., 1914.
eieOck. 1908:
BU sOci4 17 1909:
22 March, 1917.
4 Jan., 1910.
o May, 1914.
— 1878,

MEMBERS FOR 1917. XXV

MarsHatu, Harold B., Bintang Estates, c/o
Messrs. F. W. Barker & Co., Singapore.

*MARRINER, J. T., Kuantan, Pahang.

Martin, T. A., c/o Messrs. Kennedy and Co.,
Penang. ;

MAXWELL, Eric, Boulogne.

MAXWELL, W. George, C. M. G., Taiping.
(Couneil, 1905, 1915: Vice-President, 1916).

May, C. G., Deputy Colonial Engineer, Penang.

Mrap, J. P.

Mituarp, H., c/o Messrs. Donaldson and Bur-
kinshaw, Singapore.

Miter, T. C. B., Fairlie, Nassim Road, Singa-
pore. |

Mo.utert, H. B., Tiroi P. O., Negri Sembilan.

Money, A. W. Kirle, Asiatic Petroleum Co.,
Kuala Lumpur, Selangor.

*Mountron, Capt. J. C., Fort Canning, Singapore.

*MUNDELL, H. D., c/o Messrs. Sisson and Delay,
Singapore.

Monro, R. W., Morib, Selangor.

Murray, Rev. W., M. A., 1 Gilstead Road,
Singapore,

Myers, Frank H., Asiatic Petroleum Co., Singa-
pore.

Nacuez, Rev. J. S., M. A. Principal, Anglo-
Chinese School, Singapore.

NarnHan, J. E., Raub, Pahang.

Niven, W. G., 11, Derby Crescent, Kelvinside,
Glasgow, Great Britain.

Norman, Henry, Kelantan.

Nunn, B., Malacca.

O’May, J., Kuala Kangsar, Perak.

OnG Boon Tat, 29, South Canal Street, Singa-
pore.

OverBeck, H., Trial Bay, N. 8S. W., Australia.

PANYARJUN, Samahu, The Royal State Railways
Dept. Standard Gauge, 196, Hluang Road,
Bangkok, Siam.

Parr, The Hon. C. W. C., Residency, Kuala
Lipis, Pahane.

Pracock, W. Chinese Protectorate, Singapore.

Pars, R., c/o Messrs, F. W. Barker & Co.,

_ Singapore.

PEIRCE, R.

Prpys, W. E., Pasir Puteh, Kelantan.

{Prritam, the Ven. Archdeacon J. Chard, Somer-
set, England,

XXVi MEMBERS FOR 1917.

3 June, 1909. PLumpron, M. E., c/o Messrs. Adamson Gil-
fillan and Co., Singapore.

25 Feb. 1910. Prarr, E., The East India United Service Club,
16, St. James’ Square London, 8. W.

22 Jan., 1912. Price; William Robert, Bo Al] i. i) Seiten
Moel, Chepstow, England.

22 March, 1906. Princum, KR. D., The-Y. M. C. A. Wnalldinneee

Singapore.

5 Oet., 1906. Pyxerr, Rev. G, FM 2. . Mission) ®gure
Lumpur.

5 May,. 1915. acer, J. G.) Phlab Phila Jiai Road, Bamelons
Siam.

10 Feb., 1916. Rayman, L. Assistant District Officer, Raub,
Pahang.

o7- Jan., 1910. “Rem, Dr Abired, Rant Buntar
2” Jan., 1910. Rerp, Alex., c/o Messrs. McAlister and Co.,
Singapore.
20 Oct., 1909. RicHarps, D. 8.
15 June, 1911. Ruictarps, R. M., The Caledonia Hetate, Pra=
vince Wellesley.
27 Jan. 1890, tRipnmy, H. N., C. M. G:, BF. K.-S.) 275 Cimber
land Road, Kew Gardens, Surrey, England.
(Council, 1894-1895: Hon. Secretary, 1890-
1893, 1897-1911: Hon. Member, 1912),
14 Sept. 1911, 2 hopurison, Geel: Wi
14 Aug., 1912. Ropmrtson, J., c/o Messrs. Guthrie and Co.,
Singapore.
16 March, 1911. Ropinson, H., c/o Messrs. Swan and Maclaren,
Singapore. (Council, 1916-17).
1% March, 1904. Ropinson, H. C., The Museum, Kuala Lumpur.
( Vice- President, QOD 1913).
10 Feb., 1916. Rogrrs, A., Public Works Department, ‘Singa-
pore.
22 Jan., 1896. .Rostapos, E., Gali Rubber state,” Wambey
Pahang. (Council, 1901).
1 March, 1897. *Row1nanp, W. R., Pulau Bulang, via Singapore.
29 Sept., 1913. Runciman, Rey. W., M. A., B. D.
” April, 1909. Sanprrson, Mrs. R.
— 1878. +Sarawak, His Highness The Raja of, Kuching,
Sarawak.
10 Feb., 1916. tSarawak, His Highness The Raja Muda of,
Kuching, Sarawak.
— 1885. +Satow, Sir Ernest M., Beaumont, Ottery St.
Mary, Devon, Ey oleme
Jan., 1896. Saunprrs, Hon. C. J., Official peeere Singa-
pore. (Vice President, 1910-1911, 1914-1915:
President, 1916).

row

@

March, 1904.

Jani.
Oct.,

c0) Jan.,

June,

March, 1917.
1909.
1912.

10 Nov.,

) May,
Jan.,

Jan.,

June,

Nov.,

May,
Jan.,
Jan.,
Feb

es)

May,

Sept.,
May,

Feb.,

asics

June,
Jan.,

OO:
1906.
March, 1888.
eee orl, 1915,

1894.

OOo:

1910.
1910.
1910.
1909.
1910.
1910.
1910,
1917,
1915.
1941.

IO.
March, 1917.

ISO,
1912.

1908.
IIE,

MEMBERS FOR 1917. XXV1l1

ScHwase, EH. M., Cheras KHstate, Kajang,
Selangor.

Scorr, R., District Court, Singapore.

SCRIVENOR, J. B., Batu Gajah, Perak.

PEA ANG SEAM, c/o. Chop Chia” Him,
Singapore.

See Tiona Wan, c/o Hongkong and Shanghai
Bank, Singapore.

SHELLABEAR, Rev. Dr. W. G., D. D. 805 Beau-
mont Avenue, Govans, Maryland, U. 8. A.
(Council, 1896-1901, 1904: Vice-President,
1Gilse lereasnckerm, WGN).

Sims, W. A., c/o Commercial Union Assurance
Co., Singapore.

SHILLITOE, G., Kuantan, Pahang.

SKINNER, Capt. R. McK.

SMITH, Prof. Harrison W., Massachusetts In-
stitution of Technology, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.

SONG ONG SrAna@, c/o Messrs. Aitken and Ong
Siang, Singapore.

SPAKLER, H. Netherlands Embassy, New York,
1, Seee

sTCrarr, W. G., c/o Singapore Free Press,
Singapore. (Council, 1889, 1901, 1903-1906).

STEADMAN, V. c/o Messrs. Swan and Maclaren,
5, Raffles Place, Singapore.

STEEDMAN, R. 8., Duff Development Co. Ltd.,
Kuala Tui, Kelantan.

STEVENS, K. A. c/o Messrs. Caldbeck, Mac-
Gregor and Co., Singapore.

sTitt, A. W., c/o Straits Times, Singapore.
(Council, 1914-1915).

STIRLING, W. G., Government Monopolies De-
partment, Malacca.

STRICKLAND, Dr. C. Malaria Bureau, Kuala
Lumpur.

pmuArT, He ALG. Alor Star; Wedah.

sTurrock, A. J., Batu Gajah, Perak.

Sumner, H. L. Inspector of Schools, Perak,
Taiping.

SuNNeER, J. H., c/o The Straits Steamship Co.,
_ Singapore.

SwAYNn, J. C., Limbang, via Labuan, Sarawak.

Tan CHrne Locx, 59, Heeren Street, Malacca.

Tan J1Ak Kim, C. M. G., Panglima Prang,
River Valley Road, Singapore.

XXVIll

16

10
14

Oo wo

10

June,

Nov.,

Aug.,

March,
Jame
Jan.,
Nov.,
Feb.,
May,
June,
June,

Sept.,
Sept.,

April,
May,

> Feb.,
» April,

Nov.,

DOL

103:
1914.
188%,

1909:
1896.

OMG:

1916.

1916.
LOO:
1907.
LO.

1910;

ie

1s) eye
sO)
USE
1904.
LOA:
1902.
1908.
OMS

1916,

Lele

LOM:
1914.

LILO:
1916.

1904.

MEMBERS FOR 1917.

Taytor, Lt. Clarence J., 11th Battalion King’s
Own Yorkshire Light Infantry.

THunper, M., Tekka Ltd., Gopeng, Perak.

Tracy, F. D., c/o The Standard Oil Co., Penang.

VAN BEUNINGEN VAN HeEtspincen, Dr. R.,
484/2, Bukit Timah Road, Singapore. (Hon.
Librarian, 1914-1915).

Warp, A. B., Semanggang, Sarawak. |

Watkins, A. J. W., c/o Messrs. Swan and Mac-
laren, Singapore.
Watkins, Mrs. Legrew, c/o Messrs. Watkins &
Co., Singapore. 3
Watson, J. G., Forest Department, Kuala
Lumpur.

Watson, Dr. Malcolm, Klang, Selangor.

WELD, F. J., Johore Bahru.

WetHaAM, H. c/o The Straits Echo, Penang.

WHARTON, 8S. 1., c/o The Singapore s@imis
Singapore.

WHITEHEAD, C. B., Police Office, Butterworth,
Province Wellesley.

WittramMs, F., Rose Cottage, St. Agnes, Corn-
wall, England.

WiiiiaMs, R. B., Bau, Sarawak.

Witurams, 8. G. Municipal Offices, Singapore.

*\WINKELMANN, H. Malacca Street, Singapore.

WINsteEpT, R. O.

Wotrerstan, L.. EK. P., The Residency, Malacea,

Wotrr, EH. C. H., The Secretariat, Singapore.

* Woop, EK. G., Batu Gajah, Perak.

Woop, W. lL., Jin Jang Estate, Kepong,
Selangor.

Wooiuett, G. F. C., Klagaw, Labuk and Sueut
District, B. N. B.

Worstery-Taytor, F. E., c/o Messrs. Vade and
Co., Singapore.

*WoRTHINGTON, A. F., Kuantan, Pahang.

Wytey, A. J., -Lebong Tandai, Benkoelen,.
Sumatra.

WymopzeErr, A de.

Youne, E. Stuart, Kinarut Estate, via Jesselton.
BN SB.

*YounaG, H. 8., Bau, Sarawak.

EXCHANGE LIS’. XIX

RecrIPrENtS of the Society’s PUBLICATIONS, not being MEMBers.
(Exchanges with enemy countries, with Belgium and with
the German Asiatic Society, Tokyo, being in suspense).

AMSTERDAM. Nederlandsch Dandie Genootschap, Domse-
laerstraat, 19, Amsterdam, Netherlands, in exchange for
that Society’s Tijdschrift.

AmstTERDAM. Joloniaal Instituut, Amsterdam (formerly of
Haarlem), in exchange for that Institute’s publications.

Batrimore. The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, U. 8. A.
in exchange for the University’s Circulars, Studies, and
American Journal of Philology.

Banekox. The Vajeranana National Library, Bangkok, in ex-
change, for the Library’s publications.

Baravia. Bataviaasch Genootschap van WKunsten en Weten-
schappen, 1n exchange for that Society’s Tijdschrift voor
Indische Taal Land- en Volkenkunde and other publica-
tions.

Batavia. Mijnwezen in Nederlandsch-Indie, Batavia (Chef van
het Mijnwezen), in exchange for the Jaarboek of the
Department.

BerkeLey. University of California, Berkeley, Cal. U. 8. A.
(Manager of the University Press), in exchange for the
University’s “ Publications.”

Berwin. Gesellschaft ftir Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urge-
schichte, Berlin 8. W., Ioniggratzer Strasse 120, in ex-
change for the Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologie.

Berwin. Gesellschaft fir Erdkunde, 23, Wilhelmstrasse, Berlin, in
exchange for that Society’s Zeitschrift.

Bompay. Royal Asiatic Society, Bombay Branch, Town Hall,
Bombay, India, in exchange for the Branch’s Journal.

BREMEN. Geographische Gesellschaft, Bremen, in exchange for
that Society’s Geographische Blatter.

BRUSSELS. Société Belge d’Etudes Coloniales, Rue de Stassart 34,
Bruxelles, Belgium, in exchange for that Society’s
Bulletin.

Catcutra. Geological Survey of India, Indian Museum, Caleutta
(Director) for the Survey’s Records and Memoirs.

CuHicaco. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, U. S. A.
in exchange for the Museums “ Publications.”

CotomsBo. Royal Asiatic Society, Colombo Branch, Colombo,

| Ceylon, in exchange for the Branch’s Journal.

GIESSEN. Oberhessische Gesellschaft fiir Natur und Heilunde,

: _ Giessen, Germany, in exchange for that Society’s Berichten.

Goa. The Government of the Portuguese Indies, Goa, India (O

Director, Imprensa National), in exchange for the J ournal

“Q Oriente Portugues.”

xxx EXCHANGE LIST.

Hambsurc. Hamburgische Wissenschafthchen Anstalten, in ex-
change for the Jahrbuch.

Hanor. Ecole Francaise d’?Extréme Orient, Hanoi, Indo-China
(Director), in exchange for the School’s Bulletin.

Hauue. Kaiserliche Leop.-Carol. Deutschen Akademie der Natur-
forscher, Halle, Germany, in exchange for that Society’s
Abhandlungen.

Hacvur. Koninkhjk Instituut voor de Taal, Land- en Volken-
kunde van Ned.-Indie, van Galenstraat 14, ?S-Gravenhage,
Netherlands, in exchange for that Society’s Bijdragen.

Havre. Societé de Geographie Commerciale du Havre, 131, Rue
de Paris, le Havre, France, in exchange for that Society’s
Bulletin.

Honotutv. Bernice Pauahii Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaiian
Islands, (Librarian) in exchange for the Museum’s Occa-
sional Papers, and other publications.

Krew. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, England, in exchange
for official publications of the Gardens.

HeELSINGFORS. Finska Vetenskaps Societaten, Helsingfors, Fin-
land, in exchange for the Society’s Bidrag till JXanne-
dom, Acta and Oty ersigt.

KuaLtA Lumpur. The Selangor Museum, Kuala Lumpur, in ex-
change for the Journal of the F. M. S. Museums.

KUALA KANGSAR. Committee for Malay Studies (pays for publi-
cations).

Lanore. The Panjab Historical Society, The Museum, Lahore,
Panjab, India, in exchange for that Society’s Journal.

Lincotn. University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, U. S. A.
in exchange for that Univ ersity’s s publications.

Leipzig. Museum ftir Volkerkunde, Leipzig, Germany, in ex-
change, for the Museum’s Jahrbuch.

Lisson. Sociedade de Geographia de Lisboa, Rue Eugenio dos
Santos, Lisboa, Portugal, (Secretary), in exchange for
the Society’s Bulletin.

Lonpon. Royal Anthropological Society of Great Britain and
Ireland, 50, Great Russell Street, London, W. C. in ex-
change for the Society’s Journal.

Lonpon. Royal Asiatic Society, 22, Albemarle Street, London, W.
(Secretary) in exchange for the Society’s Journal.

LONDON. foval Colonial Institute, Northumberland Avenue,
London, W. C. (Librarian) in exchange for “ United
Empire.”

Mauacca. The Malacca Library, Malacca (pays for publications).

Manita. The Bureau of Science, Manila, (Director) in exchange
for the Philippine Journal of Science.

EXCHANGE LIST. ¥XxXl

MARSEILLES. Société de Geographie et d’?Etudes Coloniales, Rue
de Noailles 5, Marseille, France, in exchange for the
Society’s Bulletin.

Mexico. Instituto Geologico de Mexico, Mexico City, in exchange
for their Parergones and Boletin.

New York. American Philosophical Society, 104, South Fifth
Street, New York, U. 8. A. in exchange for the Society’s
Proceedings.

OrrawA. The Geological Survey, Department of Mines, Sussex
Street, Ottawa, Canada (Librarian) in exchange for the
Department’s publications.

PARIS. Société Asiatique de Paris, Rue Bonaparte, 28, Paris, in
exchange for the Journal Asiatique.

Paris. Société de Geographie, 120, Boulevard St. Germain, Paris,
in exchange for the Society’s Bulletin entitled “ La

. Geographie.”

Paris. Societé de Geographie Commerciale de Paris, 8, Rue de
Tourron, Paris, in exchange for the Society’s Bulletin.

PHILADELPHIA. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia,
U. 8. A. (Secretary) im exchange for the Academy’s
Proceedings.

Rome. Reale Societe Geografica, Via del Plebiscito, 102, Roma,
Italy, in exchange for the Society’s Bolletino.

St. Louts. Academy of Natural Sciences, St. Louis, Mo., U.S. A.
in exchange for the Society’s Transactions.

St. Louis. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. U.S. A.
(Director), in exchange for the Garden’s Annals.
SARAWAK. The Sarawak Museum, Borneo, in exchange for the

Museum’s Journal. }

SimLa. Director-General of Archaeology, Simla, India, in ex-
change for the Archaeological Survey’s publications.

Stneapore. The Raffles Museum, Singapore.

SHANGHAI. Royal Asiatic Society, N. China Branch, Shanghai,
China, in exchange for the Society’s Journal.

SYDNEY. Royal Society of New South Wales, Elizabeth Street,
Sydney, New South Wales, in exchange for the Society’s
Proceedings.

Tokyo. Asiatic Society of Japan, 6, Babasaki, Kojimachi, Tokyo,
Japan. (Hon. Treasurer) in exchange for the Society’s
Transactions.

Tokyo. Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Natur und Volkerkunde Ost-
asiens, Tokyo, Japan, in exchange for the Society’s Mitthei-
lungen.

XXXIl

UPSALA.

VIENNA.

ZURICH.

EXCHANGE LIST.

The University, Bibliotheque de VUniversité Royale,
Uppsala, Sweden, in exchange for that University’s
Aarskrift.

Anthropologische Gesellschaft in Wien, I. Burgring 7
(An die Anthropologisch Ethnographische Abtheilung
der Ix. JX. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, Wien 1,
Burgring 7—1iir die Anthropologische Gesellschaft )—in
exchange for the Society’s Mittheilungen.
Naturforschende Gesellschaft (Biblothéque centrale,
Bureau Wéchange de la Société dMhistoire naturelle).
Zurich, Switzerland, in exchange for that Society Viertel-
jahrschrift.

| Closed March 24th, 1917. ]

RULES
of the Straits Branch
OF THE

Royal Asiatic Society.

I. Name and Objects.

1. The name of the Society shall be ‘The Straits Branch
of the Royal Asiatic Society.’

2. The objects of the Society shall be :—

(a) The increase and diffusion of knowledge concerning
British Malaya and the neighbouring countries.

(b) the publication of a Journal and of works and maps.

(c) the formation of a library of books and maps.

II. Membership.

3. Members shall be of two kinds—Ordinary and Honorary.

4. Candidates for ordinary membership shall be proposed
and seconded by members and elected by a majority of the Council.

5 Ordinary members shall pay an annual subscription of $5
payable in advance on the first of January in each year. Mem-
bers shall be allowed to compound for life membership by a pay-
ment of $50.

6. On or about the 30th of June in each year the Honorary
Treasurer shall prepare and submit to the Council a list of those
members whose subscriptions for the current year remain unpaid.
Such members shall be deemed to be suspended from membership
until their subscriptions have been paid, and in default of payment
within two years shall be deemed to have resigned their membership.

No member shall receive a copy of the Journal or other publi-
cations of the Society until his subscription for the current year
has been paid.

7. Distinguished persons and persons who have rendered
notable service to the Society may on the recommendation of the
Council be elected Honorary members by a majority at a General
meeting. They shall pay no subscription, and shall enjoy all the
privileges of a member except a vote at meetings and eligibility
for office.

Ill. Officers.

8. The officers of the Society shall be :—

A President.

Three Vice Presidents, resident in Singapore, Penang and the
Federated Malay States respectively.

An Honorary Treasurer. An Honorary Librarian.

An Honorary Secretary. Four Councillors.

XXXIV RULES.

These officers shall be elected for one year at the annual
Gereral Meeting, and shall hold office until their successors are
appointed.

9. Vacancies in the above offices occurring during any year
shall be filled by a vote of majority of the remaining officers.

TV. Council.

10. The Council of the Society shall be composed of the
officers for the current year, and its duties and powers shall be :—
(a) to administer the affairs, property and trusts of the
Society. |
(b) to elect ordinary members and to recommend candidates
for election as Honorary members of the Society.

(c) to obtain and select material for publication in the
Journal and to supervise the printing and distribution of the
Journal.

(d) to authorise the publication of works and maps at the
expense of the Society otherwise than in the Journal.

(e) to select and purchase books and maps for the Library.

(f) to aecept or decline donations on behalf of the Society.

(2) to present to the Annual General Meeting at the expira-
tion of their term of office a report of the proceedings and condition
of the Society.

(h) to make and enforce bye-laws and regulations for the
proper conduct of the affairs of the Society. Every such bye-law
or regulation shall be published in the Journal.

11. The Council shall meet for the transaction of business
once a month and oftener if necessary. Three officers shall form
a quorum of the Council.

V. General Meetings.

12. One week’s notice of all meetings shall be given and of
the subjects to be discussed or dealt with. .

13. At all meetings the Chairman shall in the case of an
equality of votes be entitled to a casting vote in addition to his
own.

14. The Annual General Meeting shall be held in February
in each year. Hleven members shall form a quorum.

15. (1) At the Annual General Meeting the Council shalt
present a Report for the preceding year and the Treasurer shall
render an account of the financial condition of the Society. Copies
of such Report and account shall be circulated to members with
the notice calling the meeting.

(ii) Officers for the current year shall also be chosen.

16. The Council may summon a General Meeting at any
time, and shall so summon one upon receipt by the Secretary of a

RULES. XXXV

written requisition signed by five ordinary members desiring to
submit any specified resolution to such meeting. Seven members
shall form a quorum at any such meeting.

17%. Visitors may be admitted to any meeting at the discretion
of the Chairman but shall not be allowed to address the meeting
except by invitation of the Chairman.

Vi. Publications.

18. The Journal shall be published at least twice in each
year, and oftener if material is available. It shall contain material
approved by the Council. In the first number in each year shall
be published the Report of the Council, the account of the financial
position of the Society, a list of members, the Rules, and a list
of the publications received by the Society during the preceding
year.

19. Kvery member shall be entitled to one copy of the
Journal, which shall be sent free by post. Copies may be presented
by the Council to other Societies or to distinguished individuals,
and the remaining copies shall be sold at such prices as the Council
shall from time to time direct.

20. Twenty-four copies of each paper published in the Journal
shall be placed at the disposal of the author.

VII. Amendments to Rules.

21. Amendments to these Rules must be proposed in writing
to the Council, who shall submit them to a General Meeting duly
summoned to consider them. If passed at such General Meeting
they shall come into force upon confirmation at a subsequent
General Meeting or at an Annual General Meeting.

Affiliation Privileges of Members.

Royal Asiatic Society. The Royal Asiatic Society has its
headquarters at 22, Albemarle Street, London W., where it has <¢
Jarge library of books, and MSS. relating to oriental subjects, and
holds monthly meetings from November to June (inclusive) at
which papers on such subjects are read.

2. By rule 105 of this Society all the Members of Branch
Societies are entitled when on furlough or otherwise temporarily
resident within Great Britain, and Treland, to the use of the Library
as Non-Resident Members and to attend the ordinary monthly
meetings of this Society. This Society accordingly invites Mem-
bers of Branch Societies temporarily resident in ‘Great Britain or
Ireland to avail themselves of these facilities and to make their
home addresses known to the Secretary so that notice of the meet-
ings may be sent to them.

Xxxvl RULES.

3. Under rule 84, the Council of the Society is able to accept
contributions to its Journal from Members of Branch Societies,
and other persons interested in Oriental Research, of original
articles, short notes, etc., on matters connected with the languages,
archeology, history, beliefs and customs of any part of Asia.

4. By virtue of the afore-mentioned Rule 105, all Members
of Branch Societies are entitled to apply for election to the Society
without the formality of nomination. They should apply in writ-
ing to the Secretary, stating their names and addresses, and men-
tioning the Branch Society to which they belong. Election is by
the Society upon the recommendation of the Council.

5. The subscription for Non-Resident Members of the Society
is 30/- per annum. ‘They receive the quarterly journal post free.

Asiatic Society of Bengal. Members of the Straits Branch
of the Royal Asiatic Society, by a letter received in 1903, are
accorded the privilege of admission to the monthly meetings of
the Asiatic Society of Bengal, which are held usually at the
Society’s house, 1 Park Street, Calcutta.

Ee

JOURNAL

Se

“he

FLAG OF THE GOVERNOR OF THE
H STRAITS SETTLEMENTS

COLONIAL ENSIGN
STRAITS SETTLEMENTS

4 eee See

{
|
| FLAG OF THE CHIEF SECRETARY
FEDERATED MALAY STATES

/

The Flags of the Malay Peninsula.

Tn response to a request made some little time ago, the Council
of the Society has decided to publish here seven plates illustrative
of the flags generally recognised in the Malay Peninsula. ‘The
drawings from which the plates have been prepared were in most
cases procured through members of the Society, who are at the
same time Officers of the State serving im different parts of the
Peninsula. For the ready way in which they gave their help, the
Society’s best thanks are due.

The ensign of the Straits Settlements is constructed as those
of all British Colonies from the Blue Ensign, by the addition of
the Colonial emblem in the fly. The same Colonial emblem
wreathed in oak leaves in the centre of the Union Jack makes the
Governor’s flag. The device of the emblem is three crowns em-
baved on sabre in a lozenge the ground of which is red, the crowns
representing the three Siok leaner

The Chief Secretary of the Federated Malay States has a Jack
corresponding to the Governor’s in which a kris is the emblem.

Very recently all the Malay States used flags as emblems
which were of one colour; but as it became known in them that the
self-coloured flags at sea and elsewhere had special significances
for the purpose of signalling, the desirability of using ‘something
more (distinctive was realised. and a change has been made i in every
State except Tringganu. ‘Tringganu still retains its plain white
flag. |

Pahang, its neighbour, used a plain black flag, until, as sym-
bolical of the Union of the ruler with his people, white was associ-
ated with the black,—first a narrow white band along the inner edge
then an upper white half. This final design was fixed by the State
Council on the 28th of December, 1903. As far as can be ascer-
tained the flag of Kelantan was plain white up to the time when the
State came under British Protection. Being white, it would not be
distinctive as regards 'Tringganu. After the State had come under
protection, a figure ofa tiger was added in mid-flag coloured in the
case of the State flag a very dark blue, and in His Highness the
Sultan’s own fiag yellow, the ground remaining white as before.
Similarly the Perak flags used to be self- coloured, but now the
three colours, formerly employed, are combined into the one flag,
In Kedah up to six years ago self-coloured flags were used. The
Sultan used a plain yellow one, the Malay emblem of Royalty, the
State flag was a plain red one and the late Raja Muda’s a plain
black. When the Sultan and his suite went to Europe for the
corronation of their Majesties King George V. and Queen Mary, the

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 75, 1917.

+ THE FLAGS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

Malays were chagrined to find that none of their old flags could be
flown as they were the nautical symbols for quarantine, gunpowder
and piracy, and then the device called by the Malays the “ Kedah
Crown ” as superimposed on the old grounds of tle Sultan’s, and
the State’s flags; and the President of the State Council was elven
a green flag instead of the old black one.

The crescent of Muhammedanism appears in the Kedah flag ;
and the erescent and star in those of Selangor and Johore. The
Selangor State flag is yellow and red in quarters with a yellow
crescent and star in canton. It was devised in the reign of Sultan
Abdul Samad: and the yellow and red quarterings are symbolic of
flesh and blood; for, as the body is of flesh and blood so is the State
a combination of necessary parts.

The Johore flag is white with the crescent and star red in
canton on blue.

The Negri Sembilan flag is yellow with red and black diagonal
in canton: red for the Government, yellow for the Raja, and black
for the Undang or States’ rulers. ‘“ Negri Sembilan” means
*“* Nine States.”

The device of the Kelantan flag reads :—

a &
crud ole\ ss
° & po w “- 9 - 3" on Yo -

Ursa gw \bany —') a a cabs ae (CE i

KERAJA’?AN KELANTAN.

Nasrom minallah-hi wafat-hung karibun wabasshirel mo’minin.

FLAG OF THE FEDERATED
MALAY STATES

FLAG OF THE SULTAN OF JOHORE

FLAG OF THE STATE OF JOHORE

THE ORIGINAL PAHANG FLAG

THE SECOND PAHANG FLAG

THE THIRD AND PRESENT
PAHANG FLAG

use ate aR ORO AOS

Hepageenre™

THE FLAG OF H.H. THE SULTAN
OF PAHANG

FLAG OF THE STATE OF
NEGRI SEMBIZAN Z

FLAG OF THE STATE OF PERAK

FLAG OF THE STATE OF TRENGGANU

FLAG OF H.H. THE SULTAN OF KEDAH

FLAG OF THE STATE OF KEDAH

FLAG OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE
STATE COUNCIL, KEDAH

FLAG OF THE STATE OF SELANGOR

FLAG OF THE STATE OF PERLIS
i

FLAG OF H.H. THE SULTAN OF KELANTAN

FLAG OF THE STATE OF KELANTAN

OV14 NVINVYI3W 3SHL 4O Y3DIL 3SHL

New and Rare Malayan Plants.

Series IX.

IBy2 Jal, INS laviioneiopy, HRS.

In continuing my work on the Flora of the Malay Peninsula,
I find a number of plants in the earlier collections which have been
overlooked and not described, as well as several genera in which the
species, chiefly described from more or less inadequate dried speci-
mens, seem to have been much confused ; such genera are Glycosmis,
Ventilago and Allophyllus. In critical genera like these a really
big series of specimens is required and this we seldom possess in
any tropical genus. Some also differ more in habit than in what
may be called herbarium characters. In the field one could not mis-
take the one for the other; but specimens without adequate notes as
to height, and form of growth may look so far similar that a botanist
who has not seen the plants alive may easily be led into thinking
that they are all mere forms of one somewhat variable species. We
really want more collecting and observation done. I have been sur-
prised to note how very badly many of our commonest plants are
represented in herbaria. The collections of an amateur who, just
commencing the study of botany collects every weed he can find,
are often extremely valuable, as the plants he gathers are just the
plants that others neglect.

ANONACEAE.

Unona. Safford in Bull. Torrey Club, xxxix. p. 502, shows that
the original species of this genus was an American plant to
which were later added among others the species known as
Unona in the East Indies: and eventually the original Unona
discreta, Linn. fil., was actually excluded from the genus.
This plant proves to be a Xylopia. The Hast Indian plants
are quite distinct from it so that the generic name Unona dis-
appears as a synonym of Xylopia. ‘he earliest name for the
Kast Indian “ Unona” is Desmos of Loureiro and the follow-
ing are the names of the Malay species of Unona now referred
to that genus.

Desmos cochinchinensis, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. I. 352, Unona
desmos, Dunal.

Jour. Straits Branch R. A, Soc., No. 75, 1917.

6 NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

Desmos chinensis, Lour. lc. p. 852. Unona discolor, Vahl.

Desmos Dunalii, Safford l.c. p. 506. Unona Dunalii, Wall. Cat.

Desmos dumosa, Safford Le. p. 506. Unona dumosa, Roxb.

Desmos dasymaschala, Safford l.c. 507. Unona dasymaschala,
Bl.

Desmos filipes, Ridl. Unona filipes, Ridl.

The genus when confined to the shrubs with large rather
thin flowers with two series of unequal petals and moniliform
fruiting carpels forms a well-defined genus: but to it has un-
unfortunately been added a section Stenopetalae including
Desmos Wrayt, D. desmantha, D. crinita, D. stenopetala all
Unonas of Hook. fil. & King, and kept in Desmos by Safford.
‘These are small trees about 20 feet tall with the flowers and
fruit exactly of Polyalthia and closely allied to P. Beccaru.
The ovaries in the species referred to Unona (Desmos) contain
from 2 to 5 ovules. The distinction given to Polyalthia from
Unona is that it has but one or two ovules. None of the
species of this supposed section of Unona have monilform
fruit, but 3 seeds are often developed.

I propose to remove all of them to their correct genus
Polyalthia and transfer them to their real affinity with P.
Beccaru, under the names of Polyalthia Wrayi, P. des-
mantha, P. crinita and P. stenopetala.

Unona pycnantha, Hook. fil. only known from Maingay’s
specimen looks to me to be a young specimen of one of these
species probably P?. desmantha, in which the flowers are not
fully developed.

Polyalthia cauliflora, Hook. fil. and Thoms., Fl. Ind. 188; Hook,
fil., Fl. Brit. Ind. I. 60, was based on Wallich’s Uvama cauli-
flora (Wall. Cat. 6476) a plant collected in Singapore. King
omitted it altogether from the “ Materials for a flora of the
Malay peninsula” but quoted the description in the Annals
of the Botanie Gardens of Calcutta (Anonaceae) and said tt
was indeterminable. I have examined the type in Wallich’s
herbarium and find it to be identical with Polyalthia Teys-
mann, Boerl., Ie. Bogor. 1 107; Guatteria Teysmanni, Maiq.
Fl. IndaBar suppl 378.

This species is very common in Singapore and much
resembles P. Beccaru. It is a small tree with a stem 3 inches
through with transversely wrinkled bark. The flowers are
orange yellow, and not cinnamon brown as in P. Beccarn; the
fruit is larger and sometimes at least pubescent.

[t occurs in SINGAPORE, at Chan Chu Kang (6231 of my
collection), Toas river and Changi (5980); also on Gunong
Panti in JoHORE; at Sepang in SELANGOR; and on the Tahan
river in PAHANG, usually in rather sandy open woods.

Jour, Straits Branch

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. a

Unona I/atifolia, Hook. fil., Fl. Brit. Ind. I. 60.

Unona Brandisana, Pierre, Fl. Forest Cochinch. p. 19 is
referred by Safford to the genus Canangium, as Canangium
Brandesanum, Safford (1c. p. 504).

It is certainly closely allied to Canangiwm Scortechini
having the long conic anther appendage and elongated style of
that species. The style of Canangium odoratum is however
quite different.

It is regrettable that Safford published the name as Cana-
guum Brandesanum as Pierre intended to associate the plant
with Sir Dietrich Brandis and called it Brandisana. It should
have been in correct Latin Brandisianum.

Canangium monospermum (Cananga monosperma, Hook. fil.).

“A tree about 5 feet high: stem about the size of a man’s
thumb found on the top of Gov. Hill.” “ Large tree with a
thick stem found about half way going up Government Hill”
in Maingay’s collections. This has been treated by Hooker
and King as a doubtful plant; and the fruit with the specimens
perhaps ‘does not belong. It is no Canangium and I am very
doubtful as to what itis. It has not been collected since Main-
gay’s time; neither Curtis nor Mhd. Haniff nor I myself have
been able to find it. It requires searching for again.

Sphaerocoryne, Scheff. ms. in Boerlage, Ie. Bogor. LXIX.

R.

The species on which Scheffer apparently intended to base
this genus, S. siamensis, was put by Boerlage into the genus
Polyalthia as P. siamensis, when he described Scheffer’s spe-
cies. It had however been already described by Pierre, FI.
Forest. Cochinch., as Unona Mesnyi (Pl. 17). Pierre seemed
doubtful as to where to place the plant, as in Herb. Kew he
writes notes on it referring it also to Popowia: and Craib (Kew
Bulletin, 1914, p. 5) makes a new combination of this as Popo-
wid Mesnyji. ‘Popowia edulis, Pierre, seems to me the same
thing. ‘Two other species closely allied to this species are Poly-
althia affinis, Teijsm. and Binn., in Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind.
xxvil (1864) 37; Boerlage, Ic. Bogoriensis, te xe or um
known origin cultivated at Buitenzore and Polyalthia aberrans,
Maingay in ‘Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 67 of Malacca and
Perak.

It does not seem possible to refer these three plants to any
of the genera suggested, and I therefore propose to keep up the
proposed genus of Scheffer’s S phaerocoryne which I define be-
low. The affinities of these plants are obscure, but they are
certainly allied to Scheffer’s Rauwenhoffia from which Sphaero-
coryne differs mainly in its small stigmas, cylindric style and
single or 2 ovules. .Rawwenhoffia has very large stigmas, a very
short style and many ovules,

ADOC ENOs Woe LOL

8 NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

Sphaerocoryne, Scheff. ms. genus ined.

Shrubs erect or scandent or small trees. Leaves cori-
aceous. Flowers axillary, solitary. Sepals small, ovate, val-
vate. Petals outer ovate, inner ones much smaller, flat not
excavate at the base. Stamens oblong, numerous, connective
flat, truncate. Torus globose. Pistils projecting beyond the
stamens. Ovary hairy. Style cylindric, glabrous. Stigma
small bilobed. Ovules 1 basal or 2, lateral. Carpels sub-
globose on long stalks. Seed 1 oblong.

Species 3.

S. aberrans, Ridl. Polyalthia aberrans, Maingay ex Hook. fil., FL.
Brit. Ind: i. 67; King, in Journ. As. Soc: Beng. isdaspe
2, p. 685 and m Ann, Cale: Bot: Gard. 1V 78: ple 10ga=
PERAK,

S. siamensis, Scheff. Polyalthia siamensis, Boerl., Ic. Bogor.
LXIX. Unona Mesnyi, Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch., if "Vi.
Popowia Mesnyt, Craib, in Kew Bull, TOMAS ye Popowia
edulis, Pierre.

SIAM, CAMBODIA.

S. affinis, Ridl. Polyalthia affinis, Teijsm. and Binn. ex Boerlage,
feo Bogor. 1.7 D2et0T,

Cult. in Hort. Bogor. origin unknown.

TILIACEAE.

Elaeocarpus acmosepalus, Stapf. ms.

A tree with young parts silky pubescent. Leaves thinly
coriaceous drying brown, glabrous, elliptic acute or acuminate,
base cuneate, margins entire, slightly act nerves 3 pairs
inarching within the margin, “elevate beneath, reticulations
wide not conspicuous, i em. long, 4 cm. wide; petiole slender,
geniculate .75 in. long. Racemes slender in upper axils, 67
em. long, puberulous. Pedicels 6—7 mm. long. Sepals 5, lan-
ceolate acuminate, sparsely hairy or elabrous, 6 mm. long.
eels one fimbeone. edges ciliate, nearly as long. Sta-
25, filaments elabrous, as long as the anthers which
are eee the awn nearly as long as the anther and tipped
with hairs. Torus of 5 rounded tomentose elands grooved on
the back. Ovary ovoid conic silky pilose, 3-celled, 2 ovules in
each cell. Style glabrous above, pilose at base.

JoHorr. Pengerang (N. Cantley). Also in SARAWAK
(Beccari 3433), and Bau (Haviland 2035).

Allied to #. parvifolius, Wall., and EH. robustus, Roxb.,
which latter it resembles in having some of the leaves shewing
signs of pustulations, but the leaves are quite entire and dry

Jour. Straits Branch

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 9

dark brown above and red brown beneath. The sepals are
very narrow and when dry at least are curiously hooked at the
long acuminate tip. Haviland’s plant is more pubescent and
the leaves show shght signs of crenation.

Dr. Stapf recognized this species as distinct in the Kew
Herbarium but never published his description of it.

GERANIACEAE.

Connaropsis glabra, n. sp.

Tree? branches with pale bark, glabrous. Leaves simple,
thinly coriaceous, oblong acuminate acute, base rounded, nerves
5—6 pairs ascending inarching within the margins, reticulations
conspicuous beneath, not glaucescent, + in. long, 1.6 in. wide,
petiole .5 in. long, petiolule .2 in. Panicles axillary and ter-
minal, erect, 3.5 in.—+.5 in. long, lax ; branches short .2—.3 in.
long; pedicels .O1 long. Sepals ovate acute, glabrous. Petals
oblong, narrower at the base, obtuse. Stamens 10 in 2 whorls
of unequal length; ovary glabrous, ovoid, obscurely angled.

Perak. On Hermitage Hill at 1000 feet, alt., flowering
in December, (Curtis 1345).

This species has thinner and longer leaves, (not glaucous
on the backs,) than C. monophylla, Planch. 'The panicle is
laxer and the whole plant glabrous.

Connaropsis laxa, n. sp.

Tree 40 to 50 feet tall, the bark of the branches pale.
Teaves simple, coriaceous, lanceolate acuminate, shining, the
base rounded; nerves 6 pairs slender, inarching within the
margin, elevated beneath, reticulations fine conspicuous be-
neath, 3—4.5 in. long, 1.4—2 in. wide, petiole .5 in. long,
petiolule .2 in. long. Panicles terminal and axillary, slender,
lax, puberulous 2.5 to 6 in. long; branches distant 2—3 in.
long with the branchlets crowded at the tip. Sepals connate at
base, 5, oblong, obtuse, glabrous. Petals 5, cuneate truncate,
cherry red. Stamens 10, 5 short alternating with 5 long.
Ovary oblong ovate. Styles 5, short. Fruit ‘globose, 2-celled,
dark red. Seed 1.

Perak. Taiping Hills, within 300 feet of Sea level
(Kunstler 2384) ; Tea Gardens (Curtis 2896).

The appearance of this plant suggests a Dapania but it
appears to be a tree and to have indehiscent fruits.

Impatiens polycycla, Hook. fil. ms.

A branched herb with nearly glabrous stem. Leaves in
whorls of 2 to 5, lanceolate acuminate, narrowed to the base,
serrate spinulose, with scattered long hairs on the upper sur-

R. A, Soc., No. 75, 1917;

10

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

face, glaucous beneath and glabrous, nerves hardly visible 1 to
1.5 in. long, .4 1n. wide; petiole .2 in. long. Stipules filiform.
Pedunele 1.5 to 2 in. long. Flower patent 1 in. across, rose
pink. Sepals .2 in. long, ovate caudate, glabrous, spurred one
ovate lanceolate, flat, spur long and slender, 1.5 in. long. Cap-
sule ovoid dilate in middle .5 in. long. Seed obovoid, com-
pressed hairy .1 in. long.

Perak. ‘Temengoh on a sand bank in the river (Ridley
14591). I could find but a single plant anywhere.

Allied to T. Griffithu, Hook. fil. but a more branched
stouter plant, with broader leaves, hairy above with the nerves

almost invisible, in whorls of 5, the lower ones in pairs. The
spur is also much longer and more slender.

Impatiens exilipes, Hook. fil. ms.

A branched glabrous herb about 2 feet tall. Leaves op-
posite or in whorls of 3, broadly lanceolate acuminate, nar-
rowed to the base, serrate spinulose, quite olabrous, beneath
glaucous, nerves 6 pairs conspicuous, 3 to 4.5 in. long. - vO
In. W ide; petiole .5 in. long. Pedicels 2 to 3 in. long. Flowers
rose pink, centre darker. Sepals ovate oblong, cuspidate,
spurred one boat-shaped, mucronate, .4 in. long, spur slender
1.3 in. long. Standard obovate, cuneate, truncate with a short
point and a short rounded keel, wings broad bifid, basal lobe
oblong retuse, upper one obovate retuse, Capsule short .6 in.
long, “broadly fusiform, beaked. Seed obovoid, flattened, gla-
brous.

Perak. On the road between 'Tapah and Jor, abundant
at one spot (Ridley).

I got this pretty balsam in the return from the expedition
to Telom. Like the last species Sir Joseph Hooker examined
it and made notes on it shortly before his death and gave it the
above manuscript name. It belongs to the same section as the
last but is distinct in being quite glabrous like 7. Curtisw of
the Taiping Hills but has lanceolate not ovate leaves. J.
Wrayt, Hook. fil. from the same district has hairy leaves, an
orbicular standard not narrowed at the base and a central
raised line with an erect tooth in the centre, the wings are very
unequally lobed and the seed is hairy. J. sarcantha, Hook. fil.
from the Telom river has broad hairy leaves and an obovate
standard, emarginate with a strong central keel running the
whole length, and oblong truncate unequal lobes to the wings.
The seeds are glabrous.

RUTACEAE.

Glycosmis. ‘The various species of this genus of shrubs or small

trees occurring in the Malay Peninsula have been reduced

Jour. Straits Branch

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. ill

first by Oliver, Journ. Linn. Soc. V. Suppl. it. 37, and later by
Hooker in the Flora of British India and King im the Mate-
rials who have followed Oliver’s classification, into three species
only G. pentaphylla, Correa, the Limonma pentaphylla of Retz.
and Roxburgh, G. sapindoides, Lindl. and G. puberula, Lindl.,
the greater number of the Indian and Malayan species being
reduced to forms of G. pentaphylla “a very variable and most
perplexing species.”

The typical G. pentaphylla is based upon what appears to
me a very distinct species which is confined to India, and does
not occur at all in our area. After examining the various
plants included under the names of this and the other two
species, I have come to the conclusion that the various forms,
perhaps a little difficult to make out from poor berbarium
specimens can be quite well distinguished into species, and are
not really so variable as would at first sight appear.

G. citrifolia, Lindl. Hort. Soc. Trans. VI. 72. Limonia parv-
fiora, Bot. Mag. t. 2416. ?G. simplicifotit, Spreng. Syst. Veg.
Nee -reo2 Mids nds Bat. Imi 52

A short stiff shrub about 5 feet tall, with thinly coriaceous
1- to 3- foliolate leaves, elliptic lanceolate or oblanceolate, nar-
rowed to the base, shortly blunt apiculate; nerves very fine,
nervules nearly as conspicuous, usually distinetly gland-dotted,
4+—5 in. to 6 1n. long and 1.5 in. wide; petiole 1—2.5 in. long,
petiolule .1 in. long: ‘The (pauls are axillary and terminal,
ae and spike- Tike about .5 to 2 in. long, the peduncle .1—.75

long, but occasionally much longer. ‘The flowers fairly
Hi eee are sessile or nearly so, .1 in. long. Sepals ovate
acute, stiff; petals about twice as “long, oblong obtuse. Sta-
mens with lnear-subulate filaments amd very small anthers
elliptic or elliptic lanceolate. Ovary 83—4-lobed, flask-shaped
on a small disc, papillose, glabrous. Fruit as big as a pea, pale
pink, translucent.

This plant does not appear to be very common in the
Malay Peninsula, but I have it from Tanglin in SINGAPORG
from the heaths in SETUL, and Kampongs at Kota Bahru,
KELANTAN.

It is abundant in Honakona, and Java, Bandong (Hor-
bes 1215): and also occurs in DurcH Borneo, Banjermasin
(Motley 27 1), British NortH BorNEO (Fraser ): PHILrp-
PINES (Cuming 1200; Loher 215), Manila (Merrill 112778).

The form with unifoholate leaves, has usually stiffer and
larger leaves and is probably the G. lanceolata, Spreng. It
occurs also in French Guyana (Glycosmis americana, Sagot)
and Jamaica. “ According to Dr. Broughton it was introduced
into Jamaica from England under the name of Mandarin
orange 1n 1788 by Hinton Hast, Esq.” (note in Herb. Kew).
hese American forms, undoubted] y both introduced, resemble

R. A. Soc., No. 75, 1917.

12 NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

the Hongkong plant in having a tomentose inflorescence. The
Malayan form is quite glabrous.

G. macrocarpa, Wight, Ill. 1. 109.

A tree or shrub quite glabrous. Leaves 1- to 5-foholate
on the same plant, subcoriaceous, the trifoliolate leaflets
are lanceolate, distant acuminate, shortly narrowed to the base,
3 in. long, .7 in. wide, petiolule .1 in.; the unifoliolate leaflets
elliptic lanceolate, acuminate, base shortly narrowed, 7.5 1.
lomen 257 Sine wide, very finely eland-dotted, nerves often dis-
tinctly elevate beneath in the larger leaflets, 8 pairs. The flow-
ers white are .2 in, long 2 to 3 on very stout axillary racemes in
the only Malay specimen I have seen, in terminal clusters .5
in. long in the Indian ty pe, rachis and calyx scurfy. Sepals
short ovate. Petals quite 3 times as long, linear oblong, sub-
acute. Stamens with broad truncate linear filaments and ‘short
oblong anthers. Ovary glabrous, cylindric on a moderately
large disc. Berry .75 in. long, globose with 2 large plano-
convex seeds.

Perak. At 4500 feet, “a tree, flowers white” (Wray
264). ‘Sourn Inpra: Courtallum (Wight).

A very distinct plant in its large flowers and very large
fruit as big as a cherry. Wight gives it as shrubby, Wray as a
tree.

G. malayana, b. sp.

A glabrous shrub, about 6 feet tall, with leht green leaves.
Buds red tomentose. Leaves 5-foliolate, thin, submembranous,
leaflets elliptic, bluntly acuminate, shortly narrowed at the base,
nerves 5 pairs impressed above conspicuously elevate beneath,
inarching .38 in. within the margin, very finely gland-dotted
above, sometimes but not always beneath, 3.5—5.5 in. long, 1—2
Tele wide, petiole .5—1 in. long, petiolules .1—2 in. long. _Pani-
oe axillary and terminal 2-3 in. long, branches spreading 1

1. long, elal yrous, rarely red scurfy. Buds globose. Sepals
oneal cihate on the edges. Filaments broad, flat. Ovary
eylindro-conic, 5-celled, olabrous. Fruit white, globose, nar-
rowed at the base, .2 in. through.

SINGAPORE. Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 3912). JoHorn.
Bukit Murdom (frelsall), and Sedenah (Ridley 13508). SE-
LANGOR. Kuala Lumpur. Prrax. Larut (King’s Collector
2035, 2839). Penang. (Wallsch 6373D) ; Malka ilend
(Curtis 722); Government Hill (aingay).

‘This is our commonest species. The very smooth leaves
with strong elevate nerves beneath and very inconspicuous ner-
vules and reticulation beneath are very characteristic points.
Frequently they are not at all gland-dotted but in the more
northern Perak and Penang specimens conspicuously so.

Jour. Straits Branch

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 12

Kunstler’s specimen No. 2035 described as a tree 20—30 feet
tall has a tomentose inflorescence. This is unusual though
the buds in all specimens are red tomentose. The Penang
plants have more distinct nervules and reticulations and are
gland-dotted on both sides, and the branchlets are pustular,
while the inflorescence is much more copiously branched and
compact. In this it approaches G. sapindoides, Lindl. In the
Kew herbarium specimens have been tentatively named G.
chlorosperma, Spreng., the description of which is too incom-
plete to identify any species by, but as the type was obtained in
Java where this species does not seem to occur, it is probable
that that species is something else.

G. sapindoides, Land]. in Wall. Cat. 6373; Hook. fil. Fl. Brit.
Ind. I. 501, was poled by Wallich in Penang in 1822. ‘The
leaves are 5- to 7-foliolate with 11 or 12 pairs of fairly well
elevated nerves and conspicuous nervules and reticulations, the

branches are pustular, the inflorescence fascicled racemose
axillary short and red tomentose, the ovary is rufous tomentose
at the base.

The plant collected by Maingay on Government Hill,
PENANG, described 1 in his field note as 30 feet high and as Aneel
as a man’s thumb, is quite glabrous, and has a “terminal inflo-
rescence; so | refer it to G. malayana. No one has apparently
seen sapindordes since Wallich’s time.

G. macrophylla, Lindl. Wall. Cat. 6377, not of Miquel.

A shrub 2—3 feet tall. Leaves always simple, thinly cori-
aceous, elliptic, narrowed slightly at the base, acuminate, fre-
quently not gland-dotted, pale beneath, nerves strongly elevate
beneath 10 pairs inarching shortly within the margin, reticul-
ations conspicuous, 8 in. long, 3.9 In. wide, petiole thick .2—1 in.
long. Panicles terminal, or 1 axillary in the uppermost leaf
axil, 2.5 in. long with very short branches .1 in. long. ‘The
flowers very small in umbels at the end of the branches. ‘The
sepals ovate not cihate. The petals short oblong. Ovary
conic cylindric, glabrous on a very large disc.

PENANG. (Wallich 6377; Curtis 89).

var. macrorachis, \ing.

An erect shrub 2 to 4 feet. Leaves lanceolate acuminate,
13 in. long, 3—7 in. wide, narrowed to the base. Panicle slen-
der elongate, 6 in. long, quite glabrous, base 1 in. wide, flori-
ferous part 6 in., branches distinct .1—4 in. long with small
terminal umbels of flowers at the ends, Fruit round and
white.

Prensanc. Waterfall and Pulau Butong (Curtis 89).
A very distinct plant peculiar apparently to Penang.
un. SOC NO, 1017.

14

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

G. tomentella, n. sp.

Shrub. Buds red tomentose. Leaves 5-foliolate, rhachis
finely tomentose, + in. long; leaflets elliptic ovate bluntly acu-
minate, base rounded, submembranous, nerves 5 pairs elevate
beneath, inarching within the margin, 4 in. long, 2 in. wide,
terminal one 7 in. long 2.25 in. across, petiolule tomentose .1 in.
long. Panicle terminal; peduncle 1.5 in. long, floriferous por-
tion 1.5 in. long, lower branches 1.2 in. long, patent, rhachis
scurfy, flowers .1 in. long, sessile in small clusters on the
branches. Sepals ovate obtuse. Petals oblong obtuse. Sta-
mens; filaments lnear, flat, oblong, anther elliptic. Ovary
conoid on a rather large cushion-like disc, glabrous.

SELANGOR. Menuang Gasing, Langat (Kloss).

A very distinct plant in its ovate leaflets with rounded
bases, and finely scurfy tomentose rhachis, petiolules and in-
florescence: a little scurf occurs too on the midrib and back of
the leaves generally.

G. crassifolia, n. sp.

Branches stout, woody. Leaves simple, very coriaceous,
oblong, elliptic lanceolate, narrowed to the base, bluntly acu-
minate, gland-dotted above, less conspicuously beneath, nerves
fine not elevate inconspicuous, 10 pairs, nervules nearly as
conspicuous, reticulations very inconspicuous, 8 in. long, 2.1 in.
wide, petiole thick .5 in. Flowers small sessile in very short
axillary clusters .1 in. long, very few in the cluster, rhachis and
ovate sepals red tomentose. Petals broadly lanceolate blunt,
glabrous. ‘Stamens short ‘“ connective of anthers with a glan-
dular blunt apiculus.’ Ovary conoid cylindric, glabrous.
* Fruit fleshy.”

Matacca. (Maingay 3374).

A very curious plant of which I have only seen a
single specimen of Maingay’s with one open flower. The cori-
aceous simple leaves and small flowers in very small axillary
clusters distinguish it readily from any other species. Hooker
referred it to the var. longifolia, Oliv. of G. pentaphylla, an
Assam plant which I think is distinct though allied.

G. monticola, n. sp.

Shrub glabrous. Leaves 5 in. long, leaflets 5, coriaccous,
dotted above, narrow lanceolate, acuminate cuspidate tip blunt,
base long, narrowed, cuneate, nerves 6 pairs faint, 3 to 4 in.
long, .56 to 1 in. wide, petiolules .1 in. long. Panicle terminal
1 in. long, branches .2 in. long, few flowered. Sepals rounded.
Petals ovate. Stamens: filaments very short, anthers api-
culate. Pistil cylindric.

Jour. Straits Branch

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 15

Matacca. Mt. Ophir (Ridley 3285).

Distinct in its very narrow elongate, coriaceous leaves,
eland-dotted above, finely reticulate beneath ending in a long
ylunt tipped point and much narrowed to the base.

G. puberula, Lindl. Wall. Cat. 6375; Oliv. Le. 39; Hook. fil. Fl.

Dm bode Tat,

A small leaved shrub with usually trifoholate leaves and
red tomentose inflorescence and ovary. Fruit as big as a
pea, globose, glandular.

PEnane. (Wallich 6375 A and B); Government Hill at
500 feet (Curtis 88). Perak. (Scortechin). A variety
with stiff coriaceous leaves with a broad blunt point, nerves in-
visible above.

Wallich 6375B is labelled Singap(ore) but it may be
doubted if it too did not come from Penang, as it has never
again been found so far south.

G. rupestris, Ridl. is allied to G. puberula, but its ovary is always
glabrous, as is the whole inflorescence.
Kepaw. On Gunong Geriang, Pulau Adang, Rawei
Island; Peruts, on Bukit Lagi, (Ridley 15752).

var. tomentosa, 1. var. has the inflorescence red hairy though the
ovary is glabrous, but glandular.

KepaH. Lankawi, Pulau Segal (Ridley 15566). Pulau
Adang (Ridley 15844 and 15843) both larger leaved than type.
SOUTHERN SrAM. Koh Samui (Robinson).

A plant very closely alhed to G. rupestris, if not identical
specifically, was collected at Montalban in the Philippines in
the Province of Rizal (Loher 6767 and 6774) but the leaves
are all unifoliolate.

BURSERACEAE.

Santiria laxa, King. Canarium laxum, Benn. -

The female flowers of this tree have not been described.
They are distinctly larger than the male flowers, the blunt
oblong petals being .3 in. long and are borne on longer slender
pedicels, .5 in. or more in length. The stamens (abortive) are
as long as the pistil, the anther thick linear and blunt, longer
a little than the filament. The ovary is thick oblong and some-
what distinetly 3-lobed. The stigma sessile, large three-lobed,
thick and overlapping the ovary.

Icicaster Planchoni, n. gen.
I found the genus Icicaster for the plant formerly known

R. A. Soc., No. 75, 1917.

16

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

as Santiria Planchom, Benn. Fl. Brit. Ind. I. 536 and Engler,
Mon. Phan. IV. 154. Canarium Planchom, King, Mat. Mal.
Pen sipsecor:

Planchon named it /eteopsis in Herb. Hook., but this
generic name was never published and Engler unfortunately
used it for certain American plants now reduced to Jcica. In
the Pflanzenfamilien it is put as a section of Santiria under
the name /cicopsis, and Trigonochlamys is also put as a sec-
tion of Santiria. ;

The plant in fruit resembles Trigonochlamys Griffithia

except for the small calyx lobes but the flowers are small and

resemble those of a Santiria except that they have but three
stamens.

The characters of the genus /cicaster may thus be given.
A tree with pinnate leaves of 7 to 13 leaflets, unisexual. Pani-
cles axillary, shorter than the leaves. Flowers smal! crowded
near the tips of the branches. Calyx campanulate ‘deeply cleft
into 3 ovate triangular lobes, small. Petals 3, shehtly larger,
deltoid. Stamens three, anthers ovate, filaments shorter, flat,
inserted on the edge of a large cupular fleshy disc. Ovary inn
the female flowers small, ov ate, three-lobed. Style terminal,
short. Stigma 3-lobed. Drupe ovoid globular, shghtly eib-
bous, style persistent, slightly lateral.

It appears to be not rare in the south of the Peninsula in
SINGAPORE, Matacca and PERAK as far north as Taiping.
The fruit is yellow and bead-like.

MELIACEAE.

Amoora malaccensis, 1. sp.

Tree, bark of branches wrinkled, young branches red
pubescent (when dry). Leaves 9—12 in. long, imparipinnate,
rhachis scurfy puberulous; leaflets 11—13, opposite, elliptic or
elliptic- -lanceolate, acuminate, base cuiicaes or rounded. shghtly
inaequilateral, coriaceous, clabrous, smooth, slightly shining
above, red brown beneath when dry, nerves about 16 nairs, very
fine and inconspicuous, depressed above, faint beneath, 21 to
4.25 in. long, .75—1.8 in. wide, petiolules .1—.2 in. long. Pani-
cles axillary 6—8 in. long with ascending branches 1—2 in. or
less long, scurfy, pubescent. Flowers ‘male 05. im, tomers
threes or fours at te ends of the branchlets, sessile. Calyx
lobes short, rounded base thick campanulate, pustular. Petals
ovate obtuse longer incurved. Stamen-tube nearly as long as
the petals, broadly oblong globose, wide open at the top, lobes
rounded, short, anthers 6, “not exserted. Ovary glabrous, ob-
long. Fruit globose, 2 in. through, densely minutely velvety
tomentose. pericarp very thick, woody.
Jour, Straits Branch

NEM AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 17,

Tecan Ayer ee (Goodenough; Ridley 1797)
flowers; (Maingay 1455) fruit.

Nearest to A. lanceolata, Hiern, but the leaves are thinner,
larger and less coriaceous with more distinct nerves, the flowers
are smaller and glabrous, the staminal tube has rounded short
lobes.

Aglaia rufibarbis, Rid.

I find that the plant described by me in the Journ. Roy.
As. Soe. Str. Branch vol. 54, p. 32, as Aglaia rufa, Miq. is not
that species but is a distinct and previously undescribed one. I
therefore give it the name of 4. rufibarbis.

Dysoxylon pulchrum, n. sp.

A small tree, glabrous except the flowers. Leaf over a foot
long, rhachis stout. Leaflets more than 11, alternate, rather
distant, coriaceous, oblong, rather abruptly blunt acuminate,
base cuneate or broadly rounded, equilateral or very nearly so,
midrib stout, prominent beneath, nerves 11 pairs, slender but
prominent beneath, 8—9 in. long, 3—3.5 in. across, petiolules
.2—.3 in. lone, stom, Panicles large over a foot long, branches
8—12 in. long, stout, scurfy, branchlets scattered, 19 in. long
with short terminal cymes of 1—=3 flowers.. Pedicels .1 in. long.
Flowers nearly .2 in. pure white, buds truncate, oblong. Calyx
flat, saucer-shaped with 4 or more irregular lobes. Petals
much longer, alae obtuse, glabrous outside, puberulous in-
side. Stamen- tube ‘cylindric, “thick pubescent outside, villous
inside, mouth nearly entire, anthers included 10. Disc cylin-
dric, hairy, longer than ovary. Style very stout, glabrous above.
Stigma large capitate.

PENANG. At the top of the hill, 1800 feet alt. (ridley)
in thick forest.

A beautiful plant which was a mass of white bloom when
I collected it in March 1915.

The leaves closely resemble those of D. thyrsoideum, Griff.
but the panicles and flowers are far larger, the petals broader,
the stamen-tube quite hairy inside and out.

Walsura tenuifolia, n. sp.

R.

A tree glabrous except the flowers. Leaves 5 in. long;
leaflets 5, thin membranous, glaucous beneath, elliptic acuminate
acute, hase rounded or shortly cuneate, nerves Bee 8 pairs,
elevate beneath, reticulations fine, conspicuous when dry, 2—4
in. long, 1—1.5 in. wide, 1.5 in. apart on the rhachis ; petiolules
{ee ile long. Panicles long, 12—14 in., lax with distant branches
eae long, elabrous helen. scurty Aion. Flowers few .2 in.
long, pedicels .05 long. Calyx minutely puberulous, short ;

ASSOC INO ier, 197,

18

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

lobes acute 5. Petals oblong obtuse puberulous outside, gla-
brous within. Stamens connate for half their lengih, pubes-
cent on both sides, filament (free part) linear subulate, anthers
small. Ovary cylindric, glabrous. Style stout, shorter than the
stamens. Stigma capitate. ise thick fleshy annular.

Prrak. Kamuning (Ridley 3022).

Allied to W. neurodes, Hiern. but with much thinner
leaves, the stamens much more united, and ovary glabrous.

OLACACEAE.

Gonocaryum crassifolium, n. sp.

Shrub with flexuous branches, glabrous except the inflores-
cence. Leaves alternate, stiffly coriaceous, ovate acuminate or
oblong acuminate, base rounded, midrib above channelled,
beneath strongly elevate, almost keeled, yellow, nerves elevate
beneath, 5 pairs ascending, rather slender, 7 in. lomesiera ine
wide, petiole thick rugose .75 in. long, Ee Spikes 3—4
together i in an axil, slender, pubescent, 2—2.2 in. long. Flowers
05. im. long, scattered. Bracts small ovate. Calyx hase cam-
panulate, 5-lobed, lobes ovate obtuse, pubescent outside, 1m-
bricate. Petals twice as long hardly cohering, glabrous, ovate
oblong, apex incurved, fleshy edges thickened, concave. Sta-
mens 5, filaments much shorter than the anther, which is
oblong obtuse, red. Disc small annular undulate. Pistillode
small, pilose. Female flowers and fruits unknown.

SELANGOR. Sempang mines (/tidley 15695).

In foliage this resembles G. pyriforme, Scheff. but the
flowers are very much smaller and the rhachis and calyx pubes-
cent.

CELASTRACEAE.

Celastrus malayensis, n. sp. C. Championu, King, Mat. Mal.

Pen. p. 353 (not of Bentham).

A glabrous woody climber with black stem. Leaves usual-
ly stiffly coriaceous, elliptic to ovate, acute or acuminate, serrate
or nearly entire, base stv cuneate ; nerves 5 to 6 pairs, pro-
minent heneath, 3 3.5 to 4.5 in. long, 1.5 to 1.7 in. wide, petiole
.25—5 in. long. eae several from one axil 2 in. long with
the flowers in small lax cymes, pedicels .01. Flowers nearly .1
in. across. Calyx very small, obscurely 5-lobed. Petals very
small, oblong round- tipped. Fruit on pedicels 2 in. long,
three-valved, orange colour, valves ovate .3 in. long and as wide.
Seed 1.

PauAnG. Sungei Jelai (Ridley 11581) ; Telom (Ridley).
Perak. Gunong Batu Putih (Wray), Maxwell’s Hill (Adley).
Penanc. Penang Hill (Ridley); Penara Bukit (Curtis).
PaTANI, Tomoh (Machado).

Jour. Straits Branch

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 19

Native name “ Akar Surukop.”

This plant appears to me to be quite distinct from the
Hongkong plant, the flowers of which are larger and in um-
bellate cymes on the ends of branches, not as in this case in
racemes of small cymes. ‘The petals are smaller and narrower,
and the fruit smaller, the valves being as long as they are
wide.

Microtropis valida, n. sp.

Branches stout. Leaves thickly coriaceous, shining, ellip-
tic, acuminate acute, base cuneate, 3.5 to 6 in. long, 1.5 to 3
in. wide, nerves 6 to 8 pairs, slender, nervules and reticulations
equally prominent on both sides, petiole thick grooved .5 in.
long. Cymes stout, 3 in. long, peduncle 1.5 in. long, branches
.) in., branchlets .2 in. long. Flowers clustered in threes on
the end of each branchlet, .4 in. across, sessile. Sepals 4,
imbricate, rounded in two unequal pairs, glabrous, coriaceous
with thinner edges, the inner pair the largest. Petals connate
below, lobes 4, short, broad, rounded. Stamens 4 inserted on
the tube, filaments broad. Pistillode truncate.

Perak. Hermitage Hill (Curtis 1331).

Euorymus rufulus, n. sp.

Small tree with grey rather knotted branches. Leaves
opposite, coriaceous, glabrous, elliptic, blunt, acuminate at
both ends, base subacute, nerves about 5 pairs, invisible above,
obscure beneath, midrib elevate on both sides, 1.5—4 in. long,
.—.75 in. wide; petiole .25 in. long, thick, grooved. Cymes
several in an axil, slender, peduncle .4 in. long, pedicels as long,
about 3. Flowers dull red, .15 in. across. Sepals orbicular 5.
Petals transversely rounded, oblong, minutely denticulate punc-
tate. Stamens 5, very short, filaments subtriangular, flat; an-
thers transversely oblong; style short.

PaHanc. Gunong Tahan at 5000 ft. alt. (Robinson and
Wray 5332). Small tree, flowers dull red.

A very distinct species with more coriaceous leaves, and
smaller flowers with shorter, broader petals than /#. Wrayt
which is probably its nearest ally.

Salacia rubra, Lawson in Hook. fil., Flora of British India, I. 627.

Of this dubious plant collected formerly by Maingay, who
had only fruiting specimens, we have now adequate material,
collected in the garden jungle in Singapore by me, (No. 10164
of my collections), so I give a complete description of it.—A
elimbing shrub with whitish bark. Leaves opposite, elliptic
cuspidate, narrowed to the base entire, coriaceous and drying
dark brown, nerves 5 to 6 pairs, faint inarching far from the

Iie Ala TSOCe, INO. Ty aligaery-

20 NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

margin, 3.5 in. long, 2 in. wide, petiole .2 in. long. Flowers
.15 in. across in fascicles of 5 or 6, pedicels 2 in. long, slender.
Calyx flat, lobes short, blunt, rugose. Petals lanceolate, ob-
tuse, rather fleshy with a keel on the back. Stamens 3 from
the top of the dise which is tall and fleshy; filaments short,
linear recurved rather broad, anthers rounded, elliptic. Ovary
quite immersed in the cise. The fruit about 1 in. through,
rugose bright red.

S. verrucosa, Wight Ll. 1. 1384 (1831). his is identical with S.
polyantha, orthals, Flora, XX XI (1848) 379, and is the ear-
her name. It is a native of Mergui and Borneo and has been
collected also at Tongkah, and Lankawi by Curtis.

S. ovalis, Lawson Lc. 627: SS. Lawsonw, King in the Materials,
appears to me to be nothing more than a state of the common
S. flavescens, Kurz.

S. Lobbii, Lawson, seems to be merely a form of S. Maingayt, Law-
son.

Salacia Korthalsiana, Miq.; S. radula, Hassk. Pl. Jay. p. 231
(not of Don.).

A climbing shrub with rather large alternate coriaceous
leaves, oblong with a short blunt point; nerves elevate beneath
the 7 pairs, 7 in. long and 2.75 in. wide. Flowers in small
cymes at the ends of axillary panicles with rather thick dicho-
tomous branches, 1.5 in. long, including the rather long
peduncle. Se} nals rounded, 5. Petals oblong, yellow, .1 im:
long. Dise ae large and thick. Fruit ovoid blinit jam

SINGAPORE. Bukit Timah Road at 74 miles (/ullett
905). Also occurs in Java.

This plant has been omitted by King from the Materials.
It does not appear to be common anywhere. The branches
are in Javanese specimens especially dotted over with raised
lenticels hence the name S. radula, but Hullett’s plant hardly
shows them. ‘The long stalked inflorescence is peculiar, and
gives it the appearance of a //ippocratea.

Hippocratea nigricaulis, n. sp. //. macrantha, Wing Le. 357, not
of Korthals. :

Slender climber 10 to 30 feet long, stem black, rough.

Leaves coriaceous, shining, bright green, elliptic, blunt, rounded

at the base, crenulate sometimes very slightly, nerves 6 pairs,

elevate beneath, 2—5 in. g, 1.3 to 2.75 in. wide, petiole .01

in. long. Panicles 1 in. long, red puberulous. Flowers .3 in.

across, pale yellow or greenish yellow. Calyx cupular with

broad shallow teeth. Petals triangular lanceolate, minutely

puberulous, outside, quite glabrous within. Disc deep fleshy,

Jour. Straits Branch

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 21

glabrous with some minute hairs on the upper part. Fruit
elliptic oblong of 2 carpels 3.2 in. long, .75 in. wide, thin
woody striate. Seeds 2.25 in. long.

Mauacca. In forests, (Griffith). SELANGOR. Rawang
Camphor forest (Ridley). Perak. Larut Hills (Acunstler
7570, 5118). Penane. Government Hill (ii%dley). Bur-
MAH. Assam. Duffla Hills (King’s collector 83). BENGAL,
Chittagong (Laster).

This plant was referred by King to H. macrantha, Worth.
Verh. Nat. Gesch. 187 t. 39 which. plant is undoubtedly the
same thing as 77. Cumingu, Laws. Flor. Brit. Ind. I. p. 624.
Korthal’s figure and a specimen from him in Herb. Kew
clearly represent the river-bank plant known as //. Cumingi.
The black rugose stem, crenate leaves very variable in size, red
pubescent inflorescence, absence of hairs on the petals and
larger fruit distinguish 7. nigricaulis, Worth. readily from the
true Hf. macrantha.

H. macrantha, Korth. is not rare in the south of the Malay Penin-
sula, Borneo and the Philippines. ‘There is a specimen from
the Hookerian Herbarium at Kew labelled Ceylon collected by
Colonel Walker. It does not seem to have been met with in
Ceylon again and the specimen was perhaps from Singapore
where also Colonel Walker collected. It occurs on the banks
of tidal rivers and is called Akar Bintang by the Malays from
its yellow star-shaped flowers.

H. ferruginea, King. An examination of the type plant of
Salacia ae ‘Lawson Fl. Brit. Ind. [..628, shows that this
plant collected by Griffith in Malacca is no Salacia at all but
Hippocratea ferruginea, King.

RHAMNACEAE.

Ventilago. The species of this genus have been very much con-
fused in the Flora of British India and in King’s Materials for
a Flora of the Malay Peninsula, and the whole genus confined
to the Indo-Malayan region with outliers in China and For-
mosa requires revision. The type of the genus is V. madras-
patana, Gaertn. a native of India as far as “Mergui. Tt has not
heen met with apparently in Java, for the plants so identified
belong to a distinct species. V. calyculata, Tul. has much the
same “distribution, but occurs also in Siam and Cochinchina.
Its curious yellow fruits covered half way by the cupshaped
calyx and entirely pubescent distinguish it readily.

Ventilago leiocarpa, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. V. 77; Fl. Hong-
kongensis was described shortly from plants from Hongkong
collected by Champion, some of Griffith’s Malacca plants and

R. A. Soc., No. 75, 1917.

22

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

a West African plant collected by Barter. All these separate
gatherings belong to distinct species, which merely have in
common “the covering of the nut half way up by the calyx. It
seems probable that Bentham first em ployed the name leiocarpa
for the Hongkong plant and for that it had better be kept. It
has nearly entire small leaves, branches quite glabrous, flowers
in cymes of 3, axillary in the axils of full-sized leaves; the fruit
has the nut covered for a quarter of its length only by the
cupshaped calyx and its wing is shghtly narrowed towards the
base and acute at the tip.

V. malaccensis, n. sp. V. levocarpa, Benth. in part. (Malacca

specimens ).

A big climber, branchlets velvety pubescent. Leaves ellip-
tic acuminate, rather abruptly and bluntly, base shortly nar-
rowed; edge bluntly serrate, 2.5 to 3.5 in. long, 1.25 to 2 in.
wide, thinly coriaceous, drying dark brown, nerves 4—8 pairs,
prominent beneath, faint and sunk above, petiole pubescent
thick grooved .2 in. long. Flowers in compact axillary cymes
of about 12 or more, and about .15 across on slender pubescent
branches with small leaves about 1 in. long soon caducous so
that the branches eventually appear as panicles often over 6 in.
long. Bracts ovate acute, pubescent, pedicels .1 in. long, gla-
brous. Buds flattened at top, bluntly 4-angled, glabrous.
Calyx campanulate, lobes 5, triangular acute, glabrous with a
keel on the inner face near the tip. Petals much smaller,
spathulate bilobed, lobes rounded. Stamens a little longer,
filament slender, ‘anthers small. Ovary immersed in dise,
hairy. Styles 2. Nut globose, covered half way by the calyx,
.2 1n., Wing oblong linear blunt, glabrous, not narrowed at the
base, 2 in. ‘long, i in. wide.

SINGAPORE. (Cantley 190). . Matacca. (Maimgay
1669, 1148 406, 408, 16V0: “Grefith ie iui
(Kunstler 3461, 7644), Batang Padang district (Kunstler
7750). Punane. Chalet (Curtis). Borneo. Rejang (Ha-
viland 2863).

There is a considerable amount of variation in specimens
as to size of leaves, amount of serrulation and development of
panicle. Some specimens have small but well developed leaves
on the slender branches which bear the flowers, but these are
never as large as the stem-leaves and appear to fall off very
soon. In many specimens I see no trace of these leaves, so
that the whole inflorescence forms a panicle with numerous
branches bearing the small scattered cymes. Occasionally the
branchlets appear to be glabrous.

V. gracilis, Rolfe and Merrill, is apparently closely allied
but the flowers are pubescent. [ am very doubtful about V.
lucens, Miq. of Sumatra. The description is hardly adequate
and the only specimen I have seen in Herb. Kew has rather

Jour. Straits Branch

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 23

stiffy coriaceous leaves not narrowed to the petiole but with a
short rounded point like a small form of V. Maingayi.

y. gladiata, Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. t. 314, C.

Leaves lanceolate acuminate, narrowed to the base, mem-
branous, minutely serrulate and minutely pustulate on the
back, nerves 6 pairs, slender elevate beneath, transverse nervules
not seen, 2.6—3 in. long, 1—1.1 in. wide, petiole .15 all glab-
rous. Inflorescence axillary racemes the cymes very small and
few flowered, rhachis puberulous. Flowers unknown. Fruit
glabrous, pedicel 1 in. long, nut .2 in. globose enclosed in the
calyx cup tor # its length, wing lanceolate narrowed to the
base and acute at, the tip, 2.5 in. long, .4 in. wide.

Perak. Sungei Larut (Wray 2276).
Distrib. Cambodia.

V. oblongifolia, Bl. Bijdr. 1144; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 1. 640.
Smythea macrocarpu, var. pubescens, King.

A stout liane with membranous lanceolate acuminate acute
leaves, base rounded serrate, glabrous on both sides or tomen-
tose beneath, nerves 7 to 9 pairs, strongly elevate beneath,
4 to 4.5 in. long, 1.5 to 1.75 in. wide; petiole .1 in. or less. In-
florescence axillary or terminal, thachis rather stout, tomentose ;
branches + in. long with distant cymes of several flowers.
Fruit glabrous, nut .2 in. long, ovoid: calyx not enclosing it:
wing limear oblong obtuse twisted at the base 3.1 in. long, .5
Me wide.

SELANGOR. Batu Caves (fidley 13349). PERAK.
Waterfall hill (Wray 2211, Scortechint).

Distrib. Java and Philippines.

Smythea pacifica, Seem. Bonplandia, 1861. 255. Sm. reticulata,
King, Mat. l.c. 881. Berchemia trichantha, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.
Supp. 331.

This plant seems to be distributed over the sea shores
from the South of the Peninsula, from SINGAPORE, Serangoon
(feadley 9151), Bajau (3592a), Toas (6379), Jororn, Scu-
darniver (i220) ana Konto (1917) to Penane, Pulau
Jerajak (Curtis 2424) and also Pulau Sangian. BoRNEO,
Timoriaur, Aru, New GUINEA and PHILIPPINES to the Prat
ISLANDS,

AMPELIDACEAE.

Vitis pyrrodasys, n. comb. Cissus pyrrhodasys, Miq. Fl. Ind.
Bat. Suppl. 517 is in King’s Materials, put as a synonym of
V. adnata, Wall. Cat. It seems to be abundantly distinct in
its dense red tomentum covering the stem and the backs of

Rk. A. Soc., No. 75, 1917,

24

NEW AND BARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

the leaves, V. adnata, Wall. having only a thin rusty pubes-
cence in place of it. I have not seen it from the Malay Penin-
sula. *

V. glaberrima, Wall. in Roxb. Hl. Ind. (ed. Carey Il. 476) as

given as a synonym of V. hastata, Miq. by King on the ground
that Wallich distributed a mixture of this and. another species

which he described as V. cerasiformis, Teysm. var. Wallichu
ial that the description agrees with V. hastata, Miq. Care-
fully reading the description however I find that 1¢ does not
apply at all to the Hie species but it is a good description
of the plant King describes as V. cerasiformis var. Wallichu.
It seems to be a very distinct species and not very common.
The fruit is by no means large.

V. hastata, Miq. is a common and conspicuous plant in Singapore,

and occurs in Pahang at Pekan, in Malacca, Selangor, Province
Wellesley, Perak and Lankawi, also in Sumatra and Borneo.
It is easily recognised by its square-winged stem, almost white
and succulent, and bright red tendrils. The flowers in moder-
ately large cymes with “red tinted peduncles, have a cup-shaped
entire calyx of a pale green. ‘The petals are oblong thick and
shoe-shaped, excavate, “reddish outside with a darker red spot
at the tip, widely expanded i in flower. The filaments narrowed
upwards are green, anthers short, oblong, yellowish edged red.
The -dise is flat, rather thick with wavy margins, orange
colour. ‘The ovary immersed in it is pale green, the style
stout and shorter than the stamens with a capitate yellow
stigma. ‘The flowers have a faint scent of cowslips. ‘The
fruit small and black. The glaucous stems and red tendrils
with the red tinted flowers give it quite a pleasing appearance.

Vitis (Tetrastigma) Curtisii, n. sp.

Stem smooth, black, terete. Leaves trifoliate; leaflets
coriaceous, glabrous, entire, obovate cuspidate, narrowed to
the base, nerves about 8 pairs, nervules and reticulations as
prominent, 2.5 to 3.6 in. long, 1.3 to 1.9 in. wide, petiolules .2
in. long, median one .4. Petiole .6 in. Cymes numerous .3
in. long, graceful, spreading, compound, puberulous. Flowers
.1 in. long, pedicels as long. Calyx very short, cup-shaped.
Petals abla apex incurved fleshy, 4. Stamens ‘shorter ; fila-
ments broad linear. Ovary globose, free. Stigma large, conic,
lobed.

PENANG. Government Hill, close to Gun Hill (Curtis
3363).

Vitis polystachya, Wall. Cat. 6028.

King and Planchon both say “in part; ” but the type is a
single specimen from herb, Finlayson. V. mitida, Lawson

Jour. Straits Branch

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 25

from Penang is the same. V. polythyrsa, Miq. a much more
slender plant does not occur in the Malay Pe a at all;
nor does V. thyrsiflora, Mig. which resembles /— polystachya,
but is very thickly tomentose instead of being aoe elabrous
beneath the leaves. All the specimens put “under these two
species quoted by IXing, which I have seen, are V. polystachya,

Wall.

V. capillaris, n. sp.

Slender vine; stem arachnoid hairy. Leaves compound,
petiole 1.75 long, base thickened and red hairy, leaflets mem-
branous, central one elliptic lanceolate rather abruptly nar-
rowed to a broad or acute mucronate point 2.5 in. long, 1 in.
wide, petiolule short red hairy, lateral petiolules .3 in. long,
blade hairy trifohate, uppermost leaflet biggest, lanceolate acu-
minate, laterals oblique narrowed to base, sparsely toothed on
the outer edge, nerves 3—4 pairs, slender, hairy beneath, .6—
1.5 in. long, .4—.9 in. wide. Peduncle 4 in. long, slender
pubescent, panicle 2.75 in. long, branches .5 in. long or less, all
pubescent, lower ones branched again. Flowers distichous,
05 in. sessile. Calyx cup-shaped, obscurely 4-toothed, gla-
brous. Petals 4, oblong. Ovary conic, style conie, stout.

Borneo. Sarawak (Beccart, 748).

Nearest to V. polythyrsa, Mig. but much more slender,
much less hairy, leaves thinner, leaflets fewer-nerved and
toothed and more oblique.

V. pterisanthella, n. sp.

A slender yine nearly completely glabrous except the 1-
florescence. Leaves trifoliate, membranous, petiole 1.2—2 in.
long, leaflets thin, elliptic acuminate nearly entire with about
three short obscure veh towards the apex, narrowed at the
base, median elliptic lanceolate, laterals with an oblique
rounded base, nerves very fine and inconspicuous, 6 pairs,
median 2.75—4 in. long, 1.2—2 in. wide; petiolule .4—.6 in.
long; laterals smaller; petiolule .2, a few red hairs at the base
of the petiolules. Inflorescence very slender, 3.5 in. long,
peduncle nearly 3, bearing a slender tendril 1.5 in. long and
sometimes twining itself. Spikes few, about 7, .4 in. “long,
pubescent, rhachis at base flattened broadly and narrowed to
tip. Flowers distichous, pubescent, .05 in. long, sessile. Calyx
lobes ovate, subacute. Petals 4, much larger, puberulous out-
side. Stamens 4, anthers large, oblong, filaments short. Ovary
subglobose with a thick conic style, glabrous.

BorNEO. Sarawak; Siul (fidley).

i collected this very curious vine in September 1905 in
the forests on the Siul Hill near Kuching. It seems most
nearly allied to V. capillaris, Ridl., but is very peculiar in the

As SOC ENON Wom LOT.

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

rhachis of the branches of the inflorescence being flattened as
in Pterisanthes and the flowers distichous on the edge. It
has the peduncular tendril of Pterisanthes which however
occurs also in species of Ampelocissus and on the whole seems
a connecting link between Pterisanthes and Ampelocissus.

Pterisanthes Dalhcusiae, Planch

This species was described by Planchon from a specimen
from ‘ Indes Orientales ? Lady Dalhousie in herb. Delessert
ex herb. Graham 1846.” As no species of the genus has been
met with except in the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago it is
as he suggests improbable that it came from India. The des-
cription given is very short but it apples very fairly well to a
plant collected by Mr. Curtis in Penang except that the leaves
are smaller. Planchon gives no measurements of his specimen
unfortunately, but says that they are much smaller than those
of P. cissoides, “ 3—4 cent. de long sur 3—1 cent. de large.”

I do not quite understand the passage. In the herbarium
of Kew is a coloured drawing of a plant evidently this, of
unknown origin from “ Prince of Wales Island.” Lady Dal-
housie we know did collect in Penang.

Leea saxatilis, n. sp.

A low herbaceous plant. Leaves pinnate, petiole 18 in.
long to 3 feet, smooth, red, leafy portion 12 in. or more, rhachis
when young sparsely hairy, leaflets 9, oblong lanceolate acu-
minate with a long acute point, base rounded. shghtly oblique,
terminal one larger narrowed to base, serrate or biserrate, sub-
membranous above, glabrous with an elevate midrib beneath,
the nerves 12—13 pairs elevate slender hairy tomentose, ner-
vules and reticulations conspicuous, 4—7 in. long, 2 in. wide;
terminal one 7 in. long, 2.6 in, wide; petiolules lowest .6 in.,
median .4, terminal 1 in. long. Flowers in a dense capitulum

fea ne through ona peduncle hairy .5 to 1.5 in. long, dull red,

small elobose. Bracts ovate acuminate hairy. Calyx thin, 5-
lobed mucronate hairy. Petals as long, oblong obtuse, glabrous,
calyptrate. Stamens with filaments long, anthers large oblong,
urceolus with blunt rounded lobes. Fruit dull red, dry ellip-
tic, depressed, .3 in. across, 5-lobed on a peduncle 3 in. long
and a cyme of 1 in.

SELANGOR. On limestone rocks at the base of the Batu
caves, (Ridley 305, 8260); also Panane on the Tahan river
and at Kuala Dipang in Perak and Lankawi (Kepa).

SAPINDACEAE.

Allophyllus scandens, n. sp.

A woody climbing shrub with cinnamon brown bark
densely covered with paler lenticels, glabrous except the very

Jour. Straits Branch

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 27

young parts and inflorescence which are puberulous. Leaves
trifohate, petiole thick 1.75 in. long, leaflets coriaceous, obo-
vate, narrowed to the base, apex shortly blunt acuminate,
entire, nerves about 8—10 pairs conspicuous though slender
beneath, midrib moderately stout, +—6 in. long, 2—3 in. wide,
the median leaflets biggest, petiolules .2—.3 in. long. In-
florescence extra-axillary, peduncle 1—1.5 in. long, stout, deci-
duously puberulous, racemes usually 2 (occasionally only one,
rarely 3) widely divaricate 1—1.5 in. long, usually unequal,
rhachis pubescent. Flowers numerous, crowded small on pedi-
eels longer than themselves, glabrous. Bracts minute, acu-
minate. Sepals glabrous, suborbicular, imbricate. Petals
shorter, claw and bifid limb glabrous, scale silky. Fruit un-
known.

Sincarore. Bukit Panjang, chmbing on trees in swam-
py forest (Ridley). eas Mt. Gading, Lundu (Hav-
land 987), Baram (Hose 123

In spite of the number of species of Allophyllus described
more or less insufficiently by Blume and Radlkofer I can find
no description of any species that fits this; but it seems to be
nearest to A. tumorensis, Bl.

ANACARDIACEAE.

Gluta virosa, nh. sp.

A large branching tree 50 to 70 ft. tall. eaves coriaceous
lanceolate 9 in. long, 2.75 in. wide, acuminate at both ends
blunt, nerves about 18 pairs slightly raised beneath, reticula-
tions small fine conspicuous ; petiole 2 im. long. Panicles in
the terminal axils short. Calyx tube red spathaceous, ie Wd.
long, spht on one side. Petals twice as long, linear oblong,
white. Ovary pubescent. Fruit obovoid, smooth, hght brown,
fleshy, 2.5 in. to 4 or 5 in. long.

SELANGOR. Rantau Panjang (Ridley). PERAK. Gu-
nong Pondok (Kunstler). Penance. Telok Bahang (Curtis
3005), and Penara Bukit (Curtis 1527), Moniots Road (hid-

ley).
Native name ““Rengas Kerbau Jalang,” 7.e. Buffalo on the
warpath, on account of its poisonous character.

T have seen no good flowers of this plant though it does
not seem to be rare. Some of the specimens I at first thought
were Gl. Wrayt, King, but having seen good specimens of that
species at Kew, I am now sure it is a distinct species. Malay
collectors are very shy of gathering specimens of any of the
Rengas plants, Gluta and Melanorrhea, as they are apt to be
poisoned by them.

R. A. Soc., No. 75, 1917.

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

LEGUMINOSAE.

Bauhinia monticola, n. sp.

A slender glabrescent clumber. Leaves ovate deltoid, tip
acuminate very shortly bifid or entire, coriaceous olabrous,
nerves 7, 2—2.5 in. lon ig, 1.5—2 in. w ide, petiole 1 in. long.
Racemes short 1—2 in. long lax glabrous or nearly so. Pedicels
long slender 1.5 in. long sparsely hairy. Bracts minute cadu-
cous. Buds ovoid. Calyx tube cylindric .4 in. long red, ap-
pressed hairy; lobes ov ate .3. in. long hairy. Petals oblong
obtuse, conspicuously vemed when dry, sparsely hairy on the
back, claw .1 in. long, blade .7 in. long, .5 in. wide. Stamens
very short hairy at base. Ovary stalked, cylindric red-hairy
on the sutures, .2 in. long. Style almost half as long, hairy on
the upper edge. Stigma large peltate.

SELANGOR. Gunong Menkuang at 5000 ft. (Robinson).
PERAK. Gunong Kerbau, 4500—5500 ft. (Robinson).

This plant is certainly alhed to B. Kingw, Prain, for
which I at first mistook it and to B. cornifolia, Bak. but it has
much larger flowers than either of these species. The flowers
are apparently red. It belongs to the big set of showy Bau-
hinias which with their masses of yellow “How ers turning red,
make such a magnfiicent show in our forests, a group very
characteristic of the Malay Peninsula for few of them seem
to occur elsewhere.

Bauhinia holosericea, n. sp.

A big climber, branches, petioles and inflorescence densely
red velvety. Leaves coriaceous, orbicular cordate, entire or
retuse at the tip, nerves 7 or 9 elevated beneath, glabrous above,
densely red velvety beneath on the nerves and reticulations,
less so on the rest of the surface, 2—2.5 in. long, 2.4—3 in.
wide, petiole 1.25 in. long. Panicles of a few stout axillary and
terminal racemes from 2.5 lengthening to 5 in. long, the bran-
ches with numerous distinct elevated scars where the flowers
have fallen, densely red, velvety. Bracts lanceolate acuminate,
.l in. long. Pedicels slender .6 in. long. Buds ovate acute
with a shorter tube. ‘Calyx tube cylindric, dilate at base, .2 in.
long, lobes oblong 2 in. long, hairy. Petals oblong, rather
short clawed, very red hairy 8 in. long, .2 in. wide, apparent-
ly red. Stamens fertile, 3, glabrous. Ovary hairy all over.
Style about as long, slender, glabrous. Stigma peltate. Pod
woody, firm, .8 in. long, 2.5 in. wide, oblong blunt, slightly
narrowed at the tip. Seeds flat orbicular 1.1 in. long.

Perak. Forests at Temengoh (/idley 14674).

This also belongs to the same group as the last, but seems
distinct from any species in its very velvety stem, round leaves,
and thick velvety racemes of which the rhachis is rough with

Jour. Straits Branch

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 29

the short processes from the base of the pedicel scars. ‘The
panicles are mostly really reduced to simple racemes, but
occasionally have one or two branches.

Crudia lanceolata, n. sp.

A glabrous tree. Leaves with a rhachis 1.5 in. long; leaf-
lets 3, subcoriaceous lanceolate or ovate acuminate obtuse,
base rounded, quite glabrous, nerves fine 7 pairs, reticulations
conspicuous beneath, drying grey 3.5—9.75 in. long, 1.5 in.
wide, petiole .1 in. long thick. Raceme about 6 in. long,
fairly stout, puberulous. Flowers distant, .38 in. across, on
pedicels .3 in. long puberulous. Calyx tube short puberulous,
lobes oblong reflexed puberulous outside, glabrous inside. Sta-
mens elabrous.: Ovary dense pale, w oolly, stalk very short.

Kepau. Lankawi; Gunong Rayah, (lohamed Haniff).

This is allied to C. gracilis, Prain, but the leaves are
lanceolate. The sepals, pedicels and rachis are pubescent,
and the flowers are distinctly pedicelled.

ROSACEAE.

Parastemon spicatum, n. sp.

A glabrous shrub. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic, abrupt
caudate acuminate, blunt, base long narrowed, nerves 6 pairs,
2.9 to 2.75 im. long, 1 in. wide, petiole .15 in. long. ‘Spike
axillary 3.5 in. long shortly peduncled with many very small
sessile flowers. Bracts linear oblong. Calyx tube short cam-
panulate, interior pubescent. Petals 0. Stamens 2 glabrous,
from the edge of the tube.

BoRNEO. Sarawak, Rejang, Sibu, (/aviland and C. Hose
3240); and 2 miles from Kuching (//aviland 723).

This species differs from the only other one, P. urophyl-
lum, in its being a shrub, (whereas the other is a large stout
tree) and in its flowers being sessile.

Parinarium rubiginosum, n. sp. P. costatum var. rubiginosum,
nidleime dour He MES: Mus. iv. 143.

A tree about 20 ft. tall, the branches rather thick and
when young covered with velvety yellowish tomentum. Leaves
stiffly coriaceous, ovate lanceolate, acuminate, base rounded,
glabrous above, beneath pale reddish, woolly, nerves strongly
elevated about 20 pairs, midrib strong beneath, " depressed shght-
ly above, 3.5—4 in. long, 1.25—-1.75 in. wide, petiole red-w oolly
.2 in. long. Panicles .5 in. long densely red woolly. Flowers
few hardly .2 in. long. Bracts ovate acute woolly and hairy
on the back. Calyx tube funnel-shaped deep woolly red out-
side, densely villous with long hairs inside, teeth ov ae acute.
Petals a little longer white oblanceolate rounded, edges pubes-

R. A. Soc., No. 75, 1917.

30

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

cent. Stamens much shorter than sepals glabrous. Style very
short with the ovary densely villous. Stigma discoid.

_Pananc. Gunong Tahan in woods across the Teku
(Ridley).

The indumentum and short racemes and more coriaceous —
leaves are so different in this plant from those of true P.
costatum that I consider it advisable to separate it specifically,
though it is certainly allied to that species.

Pygeum coriifolium, n. sp.

Small tree, leaves coriaceous elliptic shortly blunt and
acuminate, base very shortly narrowed, glabrous, nerves in-
visible above prominent beneath distant 5 pairs, midrib very
prominent, reticulations invisible, 6 in. long 3.5 in. wide,
petiole 5 in. long. Racemes solitary axillary 3 in. long, pedi-
cels very short, ‘puberulous. Calyx tube campanulate, pubes-
cent, lobes 6 unequal, ovate acute pubescent, inside of tube
glabrous. Petals 0. Stamens with filaments long, rather
thick, 20. Style stout, shorter. Stigma clubbed, flattened,

ovary short, globose, hairy.

Perak. Temengoh and Iertai rivers; in forests (Rid-
ley).

Alhed to P. parviflorum, 'Teysm. but the leaves are larger

and rather more fleshy, with distant and fewer nerves. The
raceme is almost a spike, solitary, very short.

SAXIFRAGACEAE.

Polyosma grandis, n. sp.

A tree 40 to 50 feet tall with spreading branches. Stem
1.5—2 ft. through. Leaves membranous drying black, ovate
elliptic, cuspidate, acuminate, base cuneate, margins denti-
culate, glabrous except the midrib and prominent 12 pairs of
nerves beneath, secondary nerves nearly as prominent 6—7
in. long, 3—4 in. wide, petiole stout .5 long, flattened, pubes-
cent. ‘Raceme 6 in. long , peduncle 1 in. long, flattened, pubes-
cent. Buds narrow cylindric blunt, pedicels. ‘Lin. long, pubes-
cent. Calyx-tube cylindric, lobes broad, ovate, acute as long
as the tube. Petals subglabrous, narrow, linear, sparsely vil-
lous inside. Stamens shorter, filaments villous.

Perak. Larut Hills at 3500 to 4000 ft. (Acunstler 3802).
Flowers white, base greenish.

This plant was referred by King to P. integrifolia, Bl.
but is clearly very distinct from that species and is most

closely allied to P. ilicifolia, Bl. but from this it differs in its
large size and very large ovate elliptic leaves and thick petals.

Jour, Straits Branch

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 31

Polyosma conocarpa, n. sp. P. mutabilis, King in part.

Tree 20—30 feet tall, young parts appressed, hairy.
Leaves membranous, elliptic lanceolate, acuminate, long nar-
rowed to base, quite ‘entire, glabrous, nerves about 8 pairs, con-
spicuous beneath inarching well within the margin, 3.5—6 in.
long 1.25—2 in. wide, petiole .2 in. long appressed and hairy
when young. Raceme 5 in. long appressed hairy. Flowers
white, scattered or in little groups; pedicels .1 in. in fruit .2
in. Calyx tube campanulate, hairy, teeth very small, subacute.
Petals linear .2 in. long sparsely hairy outside, villous in-
side. Stamens ao as ‘long. Fruit conoid, truncate strongly
+-ribbed when dry, .25 in. across at base, narrowing upwards.

SINGAPORE. a fallich ~8472)2- Puram Warut Hills
(Kunstler), Birch’s Hill (Wray). Nepan. Lankawi, Gu-
nong Raya (Mohamed Hanif). Sumarra. Padang at Ayer
Mantjur (Beccari 524). Forests up to 1000 ft. Flowers
scented like privet.

This is quite different from Blume’s P. mutabilis of Java
in the fruit, which resembles that of P. velutina, Bl. as figured
in Koorder’s and Valenton’s Boomsorten.

P. glaucescens, hn. sp.

A small tree-20—30 feet tall, or shrub. Leaves elliptic to
lanceolate acute, base narrow ed, thick, coriaceous, glabrous
beneath, nerves very obscure 3—3.5 in. long, 1.75 to 1.5 in.
wide, petiole 1 in. long. Raceme pubescent 2.5—3 in. long.
Flowers crowded .2 in. long. Buds ahlonas dilate at base.
Calyx very short funnel-shaped, lobes acute spreading, pubes-
cent. Petals oblong, blunt, sparsely strigose outside, densely
villous at tip inside. Stamens shorter.

PAHANG. Gunong Tahan (2obinson 5388, 5493; Ridley
16260): on the Padang and on Skeat’s ridge (Ridley 16018,
EGO19,):.

I origmally referred this to varieties intermedia and
lanceolata “of King’s P. coriacea, but on closely examining it
conclude it to be ‘specifically distinct not only in the fohage,
the leaves being thicker with very inconspicuous nerves, and
usually glaucous beneath, but with shorter, broader flowers
less pubescent and dilate at the base. The leaves vary in
form somewhat, perhaps according to the amount of exposure
on these rocky ridges and growth of the plant.

P. fragrans, Benn. Pl. Jay. Rar. 196; [tea fragrans, Wall. 8472.
The only plants of this I have seen are those collected by
Wallich in SrnGapore (mixed unfortunately with P. Wallichi
from Khasia distributed under the next number in many

distributions by accident) and one which appears the same
collected in PERAK without locality by Scortechini. In Hayi-

ie Ao Cr, NOs 10; 2917,

32 | NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

land’s SARAWAK collections are two plants I take to be this,
though the flowers are rather smaller .15 in. long. Dr. Havi-

9

land notes ‘ “Ovary 2-celled, 3 in one case, sev eral ovuled.’

They were obtained at Kuching (Haviland 944 and
1886). |

Polyosma velutina, Bl. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. I. 261.

To this species King refers a plant which occurs in
Perak at Goping and in Larut (Kunstler), the DrnprNes,
Bruas (fidley) and in PENANG on Penang Hill and at Balik
Pulau (Curtis 1165) with bright yellowish ereen leaves, like
those of P. laelevirens. He had not seen specimens of Blume’s
plant, nor have I seen types of Blume’s plant. But I have not
seen anvthing like King’s species from Java; and the plant
identified with ee velutina, Bl. by IXoorders and Valeton
(Boomsorten Pl. 195) and distributed as this plant No. 24404b
is entirely different, and belongs to the section of Polyosma
with membranous and black drying leaves. I conclude there-
fore that King’s P. velutina cannot be Blume’s plant and give
the name of P. flavovirens to it. Blume’s description of P.
velutina is short; but the only species I have seen from Java
with velvety leaves is the above mentioned plant from Koor-
ders’ collections and one from Zollinger No. 886: and these
agree with Blume’s description as far as it goes. It bas mem-
branous black drying leaves densely fuscous velvety beneath
and curiously angled branches. The fruit is ovoid and .2 in.
long in these specimens. Specimens collected at Kuching in
Sarawak by Haviland (No. 2914) seem identical.

Polyosma fasciculata, n. sp.

Leaves sub-coriaceous, elliptic sparsely toothed along the
edge, base blunt and shortly narrowed, tip subacute, quite
glabrous, nerves 6 to 10 pairs branched at the tip, rather
obscure and not elevate, +—6 in. long thick. Spikes rather
slender 6 in. long puberulous. Flowers numerous, .4 in. long,
sessile, fascicled in groups of 2—4 or 5. Buds evlindric blunt
very sparsely puberulous. Bracts hairy acute. Calyx tube very
short sub-companulate, lobes ovate acute spreading. Petals
rather broad in proportion to length, sparsely villous inside.
Stamens a little shorter.

KepaH. Gunong Jerai (Ridley 5219).

King refers this dubiously to P. coriacea, King, but it
seems to me in its small very sparsely hairy flowers much more
nearly allied to P. Scortechinti a very little known plant which
has however quite entire leaves and distinct pedicels to the
flowers. The flowers in this species are not evenly scat-
tered over the rachis, but clustered together in small lots.

Jour, Straits Branch

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 33

Polyosma pisocarpa, n. sp.

Stem pale not angled; young parts velvety hairy. Leaves
stiffly coriaceous elliptic, acute or obovate blunt, nerves fine
about 12 pairs very irregular faint on both sides, glabrous ex-
cept at first the midrib slightly hairy, 3—4 in. long, 1.5—1.75
in. wide, petiole .5 in. long rather stout sometimes pubescent.
Raceme 6—7 in. long dense many flowered pubescent. Flowers
green, pedicels stout much longer than calyx, hairy. Calyx
tube campanulate, lobes triangular acute. Petals .35 in. long
sparingly pubescent linear subacute villous inside. Stamens
distinctly shorter. Style very slender. Fruit pea-shaped
elobose, .2 in. long, glabrous “blue” on pedicels slender, gla-
brous, .2 in. long. Seed smooth globular.

Borneo. Sarawak at Kuching and between it and San-
tubong (/laviland, 2911, 2912, 2913, 1464, 1988).

This species in nearest P. corvacea, King, but it has longer
flowers on longer pedicels. ‘The small pea-shaped blue fruit
is peculiar. The raceme long and dense. ‘The leaves as
Haviland points out are of two forms, in one lanceolate and
acuminate, in the other obovate and retuse, but there are more
or less intermediate forms on the different specimens and in
other respects the plants are the same.

HAMAMELIDACEAE.

Rhodoleia ovalifolia, n. sp.

A big shrub up to 10 feet tall with thick branches, the
young parts densely red- hairy. Leaves, young lanceolate acute
hase acuminate, older 4 to 6 in. long 1.5 to 2 in. wide, rigidly
coriaceous OV ate with a rounded subcordate base, apex acute, at
first red-scurfy beneath later becoming white-glaucous, nerves
strongly elevate 6—8 pairs with some “of the secondary nerves
nearly as strongly elevate both nerves and reticulations de-
pressed on the upper surface, 4—4.5 in. long, 2.5 in. wide,
petiole at first densely velvety, later glabrous. Capitula
solitary but often numerous axillary on the ends of the
branches, one inch across. Peduncles thick decurved red,
hairy. Bracts rounded, red, velvety, much larger than in
R. Teysmanm. Petals narrow linear spathulate round at tip,
.) in. long, .1 in. wide, shorter than the stamens. Filaments
(5) ide long, anthers ‘oblong. Capsule .5 in. long, densely
red-hairy.

Pananc. Gunong Tahan (Robinson, Ridley).

This is the third described species of the genus. One
species Rhodoleia Champiom of Hongkong, a shrub, nas flowers
as large as this, but the petals are much broader, and the
plant is much more glabrous. &. Teysmanni of Sumatra and of
the mountains of the Malay Peninsula-is a tree. It is

R. A. Soe., No. 75, 1917.

34

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

nearly glabrous, and the leaves are all lanceolate or oblong,
capitula smaller, and fruit smaller all glabrous except a
little pubescence on the bracts. f. ovalifolia is remarkable
for the dense red velvety hair covering the shoots, peduncles,
bracts and fruit. The leaves in kh obinson’s flowering speci-
mens are much the shape of those of Rk. Teysmanm but more
acuminate the nerves hardly more visible, but the midrib is
red-scurfy. In the fruiting plants the leaves are quite differ-
ent; they are remarkably coriaceous with the nerves depressed
above and strongly elevate beneath. At first these leaves are
red beneath w ith a deciduous red scurf; but this at last dis-
appears and the leaves appear nearly white beneath. ‘There
is a certain amount of variation in the leaves of R. Teysmanni
but nothing at all like this. The capitula densely red-hairy,
are as big as those of R. Champions or nearly so but the petals
are quite as narrow as those of Rk. Teysmanm.

SAMYDACEAE.

Casearia albicans, Wall.

There has been a considerable amount of confusion about
this species which requires clearing up. In Wallich’s Her-
barium are three sheets of plants under the number 3197, labell-
ed 319%, 3197.2, 3197.3. The only one labelled C. albicans is
3197.3 from Penang; and it appears to be C. esculenta, Roxb.
No. 3197.2 from Singapore is in fruit, and seems also to be
Cs esculenta, No. 3197.3 from Penang, is identical with an-
other plant No. 7432; and this is probably the plant described
by King as C. albicans, Wallich. It has no name in Wallich’s
Herbarium, and is not the same as the plant so named by
Wallich. It, therefore, being a distinct plant, requires a
name. I call it C. latifolia. I have collected the plant my-
self on the side of the track to West Hill in Penang. What
Clarke called C. albicans in the Flora of British India, King
has already altered to C. Clarker. No specimens of it occur at
all in Wallich’s Herbarium.

Casearia velutinosa, n. sp.

A shrub. Branches velvety, flexuous. Leaves thinly cori-
aceous, oblong to ovate, abruptly acuminate, base rounded or
shortly narrowed, nerves 12 pairs ascending prominent beneath
and depressed above, glabrous above, soft, tomentose beneath,
6—10 in. long, 3—4 in. wide, petiole tomentose .2 in. long.
Glomeruli .15 in. across. Flowers .1 in. wide. Sepals 5,
imbricate, pubescent, suborbicular oblong, hairy outside.
Petals 0. Stamens 10, glabrous, anthers small, forming a
tube with the spathulate oblong hairy staminodes. Ovary
conic, glabrous. Stigma large, capitate.

Jour. Straits Branch

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 35

Perak. Gunong Keledang (Ridley). Drinpines. Lu-
mut and Bruas (Ridley).

Alhed to C. latifolia, Ridl., but differing in the very
tomentose branches, backs of leaves and _ petioles.

Homalium spathulatum, n. sp.

A glabrous tree. Leaves thinly coriaceous, elliptic acu-
minate, tip blunt, base narrowed, entire or undulate on the
edge; nerves about 7 pairs, very fine and rather obscure, as
are the reticulations, shining, + in. long, 1.5 in. wide; petiole
2 in long. Racemes axillary, simple, 3 in. long, tomentose,
slender. Flowers numerous, not clustered, subsessile .2 in.
across. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, tomentose .1 in. long;
lobes very narrow linear, 10, edged with long white hairs.
Petals 10, a little longer, linear spathulate. Stamens shorter,
2 opposite each petal. Glands villous. Styles 3, glabrous.

Dinpines. Pangkor (Curtis 1370).

This differs from: HW. myrianthum, Bak. in Kew Bull.
1896, p. 23, of Sandakan in the panicled racemes, funnel-
shaped calyx and nearly sessile flowers.

BEGONIACEAE.

Begonia phoeniogramma, n. sp. 4. paupercula, Ridl. in Journ.
Roy. As. Soc. Straits Branch, 54, p. 42, not of King.
This httle plant I find, on seeing the co-type of King’s
B. paupercula in Herb. Kew, is not the species he intended, I
therefore give it the above name which refers to the red stripes
on the small flowers. It was formerly very common on the
path leading up to the Batu Caves, Selangor; but at my last
visit | noticed that it had become scarce owing to a series of
steps having been made up the slope where it grew. I have
seen it nowhere else.

Begonia tricornis, n. sp. 6. Roxvburghu, Ridl. in Journ. Fed.
Malay States Mus. iv. 20, not of DC. ‘This plant is really
more near allied to B. inflata, Clarke, of the Himalayas, but is
distinct from all species of the section. It is the only one in
the Malay Peninsula of the section Casparya, (with pulpy
3-angled not winged green fruit).

Begonia longicaulis, n. sp.

Stem elongated, red, with internodes 2.5 in. long, glab-
rous. Leaves ovate cuspidate, base deeply cordate, very un-
equal, 3 in. long, 2.5 in. wide; petiole 4—6 in. lone. Stipules
persistent, oblong with a terminal setiform process, 1.1 in. long,
.2 in. wide. Peduncle 6 in, long, with 2 terminal flowers on .

Rk. A. Soe., No. 75, 1917,

36

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

peduncles 1 in. long. Flowers pinkish-white. Sepals of male
flowers broad ovate rounded, .75 in. long and as wide; petals
oblong-lanceolate, blunt, .3 in. wide. Stamens in a globose
head on a short stalk.

Perak. Gunong Kerbau (Robinson)... PAHANG. Gu-
nong Tahan (Ridley).

This plant is rather puzzling. It seems closely allied to
B. venusta, King, with which species it occurred ; but instead
of having a creeping rhizome with leaves and peduncles arising
clirectly ‘from it, it has long erect stems with long internodes
and large stipules with a long-setaceous point. In this, except
for the form of the stipules which have no seta, it resembles
Bb. megaptera. I cannot distinguish King’s B. megapteroidea
from 6B. venusta. Is it possible that this plant sometimes
develops a caulescent stem, and that it is a form or state of
B. venusta? The specimens are neither very complete.

Begonia eiromischa, n. sp.

Rhizome short, stout. Leaves fleshy, obliquely reniform
peltate, acuminate, dark green, glabrous 3—3.5 in. long and
as wide, nerves 7: petiole 2—3 in. long, with dense thick red
wool. "Peduncles glabrous, red, about 5 in. long. Flowers
on two branches, small, .5 in. across, rose pink. Male sepals
2, broad, orbicular, rounded. Petals very narrow, linear.
Style of female flower trifid; branches bifid. Capsule .6 in.
long lateral wings very short, posterior rather thin, broad,

oblong, rounded .3 in. long and as wide.

PENANG. Pulau Butong (Curtis 1028),

I have seen specimens of this and a good coloured draw-
ing made in the Penang Gardens. It is undoubtedly near
B. THasskarl, but ditters ‘conspicuously in the woolly stalk of
the leaf. In the drawing the fruits are figured as equally 3
angled and bright red ; pethaps they were not ripe wnen drawn.

Begonia rhoephila, n. sp.

Rhizome stout, creeping, 1 in. long. Leaves nearly or
quite glabrous, lanceolate, erect, caudate- acuminate, base decur-
rent on the petiole, : sparsely distantly toothed, apex closely
toothed, nerves 4 pairs, often hhemny on the underside, midrib
always hairy with appressed hairs, 5—6 in. wide, petiole 1.5—4
in. long, glabrous or hairy. Peduncle 1—2 in. long in flower,
stouter and up to 12 in. in fruit, glabrous. Flowers few, short
pedicelled white tinted on the back or all pink. Sepals of
the male flower oblong-ovate, .3 in. long, .2 in. wide. Petals
narrower, oblong. Stamens numerous, anthers oblong, api-
culate as long as the free filaments. Female flowers 5-petalled.

Jour. Straits Branch

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 37

Capsule 1.1 in. across, .5 in. long; lateral wings blunt, trian-
eular ;_ posterior .75 in. long, .3 in. wide, oblong rounded,
thick ribbed.

SeLANGorR. Ulu Gombak, on rocks in the stream (Rid-
ley).

This belongs to the jungle stream set of Begonias with
narrow lanceolate leaves hardly or not lobed or unequal at
the base, viz. B. Kunstleriana (B. Scortechinn) and B. perak-
ensis, King. ‘The latter has the leaves rounded. The former
has them narrowed but not decurrent on the petiole as in
rhoephila and very hairy. I take B. Scorlechinu, King, of
unknown locality to be a narrow leaved form of 5, K unstler-
wna,

ARALIACEAE.

Schefflera, Forst. This genus was made by Forster for two

species of plants, one from New Zealand and the other from
Fiji. Later the genus Heptapleurum was founded by Gaert-
ner, to which a considerable number of Asiatic species were

attributed. The difference between the two genera is how-

ever, too slight to warrant their being kept distinct and Harms
in the Pflanzenfamilien has placed the H eptapleurums under
the earlier name Schefffera, in which I follow him, excluding
however, the genus Brassaia which appears to me sufficiently
distinct. It may however, be found necessary to separate from
Schefflera such abnormal plants as S. (/7.) Wray, with race-
mose not umbellate flowers; and I am rather dubious of the
following new species which has the number of stamens double
that of the perianth lobes and ovary cells.

Schefflera polyandra, n. sp.

Leaves digitate; petiole 9 in. long; leaflets 5, oblanceolate
or oblong lanceolate acuminate, blunt, base narrowed, edge
serrate, coriaceous, glabrous, smooth, nerves 7% pairs faint,
reticulations faintly visible beneath, 6 in. long, 1.25 to 1.75
in. wide, petiolule 1.3 in. long. Panicle 5 in. long, branchlets
© In. long, umbels of 4—5 flowers ; pedicels .2 in. ‘long , stout.
Calyx campanulate, edge thin, truncate, entire .1 in. long.
Petals shorter, ovate, 5. Stamens 14 to 16; anther as long
as filament. Style conic, cylindric. Ovary 8-celled.

Perak. Gunong Keledang (Ridley 9763).

Arthrophyllum pinnatum, Clarke. Under this name in King’s

R.

Materials two plants have been combined, one the true a

pmnatum of the Penang Hills. The other a smaller plant

with many more smaller leaflets and smaller flowers, A. alter-
mifolium Maingay, MS. a native of Mt. Ophir,

A. Soc:., No. 75, 1917,

38

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

Arthrophyllum lancifolium, n. sp.

Tree. Branchlets slender, angled, yellow, glabrous.
Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate caudate at the tip, acuminate
at both ends, edge crenulate, undulate, midrib winged on both
sides, nerves and reticulations fine, 3—3.5 in. long, 1—1.5
in. wide; petiole 1—2 in. long only .3 in.; uppermost leaves
jointed with the stem. Umbels 4—5, on short pedicels .4 in.
long. Flowers 10—13 in an umbel, .05 in. long. Calyx short
campanulate; mb undulate, not toothed. Petals 5, calyp-
trate valvate, oblong, connate at the tip. Stamens 5; anthers
oblong, connate at the tip. Stamens 5; anthers oblong, longer
than the filament. Style columnar, stout. Ovary 1-celled.

Perak. Ulu Batang Padang, at 4.900 feet (Wray 128).

In the Kew Herbarium a sheet of this is written up by
King as Mastiaia gracilis, King, but the description of that
species (based on a plant collected in Perak at 3,900 feet by
Wray No. 1528) does not apply to the plant at all well,
especially in the length of the petiole is given as .2—.25 in.
long, and the inflorescence as cymose. ‘This plant has um-
bellate inflorescence much resembling that of A. alternifolium
and is clearly an Araliaceous plant.

Brassaia singaporensis, n. sp.

Leaves digitate, peticle over 6 in. long, base widely dilate ;
leaflets 15, stiffly coriaceous, oblong ovate, blunt,, rounded at
both ends, 83—4 in. long, 1.75 in.—2.5 in. wide; petiolules
1.5 in. long. Panicle 18 in. long, stout; branches 1.5 in. long,
thick, bearing heads of about 10 sessile flowers .5 in. through.
Bracts 4, ovate, acuminate, longer than the calyx-tube. Calyx
very short, margins undulate. Corolla calyptrate rounded,
coriaceous. Petals connate 5. Stamens 9 to 12, filaments
short, anthers oblong linear. Stigma subsessile conic.

Srncapore. Bukit Timah (Ridley 8061).

When dry this plant resembles much 5. actinophylla, Br.
of Australia and the flowers are as big, but the leaves are
quite different in form and size. ‘The genus consists of four
or five species ranging from Sumatra through New Guinea to
Australia.

Jour. Straits Branch

JOURNAL, STRAITS BRANCH, R. A. S. (1917). PLATE Wai.

ae oe

—=
EE

ee
to

—=-

F~ pe LaMarRe
ORR S.

CHATOMYIA FLAVA.

Photo-engraved & printed at the Offices of the Survey of India, Calcutta, 1917.

A curious adaptation of habit to its
environment of a Malayan mosquito.

Bye Ce SRRICIGUAND, «MAS eaBeC.
Travelling Medical Entomologist, Ff. M. 8.

During a recent visit to the Gap, on the Selangor-Pahang
boundary, which is at 2,800 feet, I observed a curious and interest-
ing fact in the life of mosquito which seems worthy of record.

This mosquito, kindly identified for me by Dr. Stanton as
Chaetomyua (Leicesterw) flava, Leicester, which had been caught
in the resthouse and was kept in a test- tube, was observed to have
attached to a hind-leg a mass which until closer examination, seemed
to be one of those Cerutopogon which have a habit of attaching
themselves to mosquitoes to suck out their body-juices. On ex-
amination however with a microscope it proved to be an ova-mass,
and what was very interesting, from each ovum the head of a young
larva was sticking out, the ‘whole thing looking lke a miniature
nest of young sparrows.

The mosquito was introduced to a bottle in which was some
water, when it immediately flew down to the water and dipped its
hind-leg methodically into it. Immediately all the larvae came
out of the ova-mass and swam away as livelily as a crowd of child-
ren coming out of school on a holiday.

On two occasions I observed this phenomenon and on another
I caught a specimen of the mosquito with the ova-mass on its leg
from which all the larvae had gone.

I think it seems clear that the mosquito ovideposits on its own lee
and that the phenomenon represents a device by which the mosquito
is enabled to deposit its larvae in collections of water which are
inaccessible to it for ordinary deposition; perhaps in bamboos, or
in the leafy axils of plants like common Hadi OF Wiebe Oe A
may be to save the eggs from some danger which they might incur
if they were laid on water.

T am much indebted to Mr. de la Mare Norris of the Agri-
cultural Department, F. M.S., for the drawing which is given.

1. Leicester in his monograph on Culiczdae of Malaya 1908 says that he
has found the adult larvae in bamboos and in coconut shells lying in the
jungle.

Jour, Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 75, 1917,

Elaeocarpus Barnardiil,
a new Species described from Perak.

By lis Jal, Isang:

The Elaeocarps are abundant in the Malay Peninsula and are
on the whole very much of one type: to this type Elaeocarpus Bar-
nardii in general conforms.

It occurs close to Taiping at low elevations: and it is there
known by the name Jiha. It is a tree with reddish chestnut bark
on the branches, and with relatively small somewhat crowded
obovate bright green smooth leaves, the margins of which are slightly
and distantly toothed. The flowers are of average size, and, as is
always the case in the genus, face earthwards along horizontal
racemes. ‘The fruits are of a deep blue.

The affinity seems to be to Hlaeocarpus cuneatus, Wight, a
widely spread tree of India, which southwards reaches Tenasserim,

Hlaeocarpus Barnardw, inter Diceras HL. cuneato, Wight, affi-
nis: differt praecipue ovario et putamine.

Arbor, ramorum cortice castaneo vel rufo-castaneo. Folia
obovata, apice obtusa, minopere acuminata, glabra, obscure 7—8-
dentata, acl 8) Game longa, ad 4 cm. lata, sed pleraque fere dimidio
minora ; nervi laterales 5 6, inter quos 2 vel 3 basales ad originem
in pagina inferiori domatiam ferent: petiolus ad 3 cm. longus.
Racemi 12—20-flori, vel foliis breviores vel aequantes vel paulluio
longiores. Flores Dicerarum. Sepala linearia, 6 mm. longa. Petala
obeuneata supra mediam laciniata, sepalis aequilonga. Stamina,
plus minusve 20, 3 mm. longa; antherae apice barbatae, 2 mm.
longae. Ovariwm 3-loculare, pubescens. Mructus olivaeformis,
ad 2 em. longus vel paullulo longior, putamine laevi.

PERAK. Haud procul ab oppido Taiping collegit H. B. F.

Barnard, cum floribus mense Februario, cum fructu immaturo
mense Martio, etiamque cum fructu sed maturo mense Januario.

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soe., No. 75, 1917.

i

Notes on Dipterocarps.
1. The Seedling of Anisoptera costata, Korth.

By fT. BH. Burxitn,

Fig. 1. Flower seen from below, x 2}.

It is proposed to clear the way for a general review of the
Malayan Dipterocarps by a series of short papers, of which this is
the first. It deals with the seedling of Anisoptera costata, Korthals.

Anisoptera costata is a tall forest tree wild in the Botanic
Gardens, Singapore, where two individuals flowered freely at
the commencement of April, 1916, producing with new foliage,
panicles of pendent white flowers from the ends of the branches.
The shape of the flower is given above (fig. 1): the corolla does
not fall.

The seeds from this flowering ripened about the end of June:
and when they fell, a leaf-fall occurred, followed by a more abundant
production of new leaves than had been the case when the flowers
appeared.

The seeds germinated at once, lying on the ground. In
germination the radicle is extruded, curves earthwards, and anchors
itself; then the cotyledons are pulled out of the capsule by the
straightening of the hypocotyl. The process is seen in progress in
Figs. 2 and 5 below.

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 75, 1917.

44 NOTES ON DIPTEROCARBPS.

sm.col.

lea C.jrace

Z
~t.col. |
Eig. 2. Seedling at the time when Fig. 3. Seedling at the time when
the cotyledons have just been with- the whorl of leaves is expanding.
drawn from the capsule. J. cot. larger 1 pair the two larger of the four
_ cotyledon; sz. cot. lesser cotyledon. leaves.

The figures show how unequal are the two cotyledons: the
larger is markedly four-ridged on the back (figs. 2, 3, and 5): the
lesser is only obscurely four-ridged and is sagittate-reniform is
outline. This inequality though very evident in Anisoptera, is yet
greater in some other genera of the order, e.g. Dryobalanops.

During germination the petiole of the cotyledons elongates
only a little. Brandis and Gilg, in Engler’s Pflanzenfamilien,
IIT. 6, (1895) p. 242, from very imperfect knowledge stated that
great elongation is a character of the order, an error due to
familiarity with the genus Dipterocarpus, where it occurs, and want
of knowledge of other genera.

In several if not all of the species of Dipterocarpus, the coty-
ledons do not function as green leaves in the nourishment of the
seedling and are not drawn out of the capsule. But in Anisoptera
costata as well as in other genera the seedlings are greatly injured,
if the withdrawing is prevented, or if they do not reach the hght:
for instance if the capsules are buried under the surface of the
ground, so that the cotyledons are imprisoned, the seedlings in
Anisoptera either die or languish; while the seedlings of Shorea,
of several species at least, under the same circumstances dle.

The cotyledons when they have been freed, and as the hypocotyl
completes its straightening, part and come to stand more or less
horizontally (fig. 6). Then from between them, the shoot pushes
out and bears four leaves in a whorl. These leaves are to be seen
in figure 3 with their faces folded together. The fifth leaf and all

Jour. Straits Branch

NOTES ON DIPTEROCARBS. 45

which follow are solitary. The four leaves of the whorl were fully
developed in September, t.e. at three months and the fifth leaf
generally in December or January, 1.e. at six months.

Fig. 4. Seedling
a the time of the
unfolding of the

r ul fifth leaf: Cot. Scar,
4 of. Scars the scar whence

the cotyledons have
fallen is seen below.

og

It is of particular interest that among the four leaves, in.
equality is found, that two are commonly larger than the others,—
two which are not opposite, but contiguous, being those over the -
lesser cotyledon (fig. 6). The inequality is already obvious before
the leaf-blades have expanded, and persists through life (figs. 7,
and 8); but is sometimes very slight (figs. 9 and 10).

Fig. 5. The seedling as the cotyledons Fig 6. Seedling as the leaves of the
Separate, seen obliquely from above : whor! separate, seen from above ; /. fazr,
l. cot. larger cotyledon ; sv. cot. lesser larger pair of leaves.
cotyledon.

k. A. Soc., No. 75, 1917,

46 NOTES ON DIPTEROCARPS.

The inequality of the cotyledons is apparently connected with
the way in which they are packed in the seed. A compromise has
been made in them there between fleshiness for the storage of food,
and surface for assimilation later, resulting in extension beyond the
diameter of the seed and in a rolling of the embryo on itself which
places one cotyledon outside the other: and probably therefrom comes
their inequality ; but why the inequality should be repeated in the
whorl which succeeds the cotyledons is not evident. Shoreas have

Fig. 7. above. The whorl of leaves expanded, showing the
inequality: J. pair, the larger pair ; and

Fig. 8. below. The whorl and the fifth leaf, seen from above.

Jour. Straits Branch

NOTES ON DIPTEROCARPS. 47

more simple equal cotyledons and the first two leaves are equal.
Shorea cotyledons are sagittately bilobed, and the first leaves are
paired: but Anisoptera cotyledons are four ridged, and the first

Figs. 9 and 10. Two cases in which the leaves of the whorl diff red from
each other in very little.

leaves are in a whorl of four. In both genera with the next leaf, the
alternate condition sets in which persists through life.

There is no important difference in the microscopic structure
of the petiole of a leaf of the whorl and of the fifth leaf: both
in section about the middle exhibit (see fig. 11) a ring of
normal cortex enclosing a ring of sclerenchyma within which 1s
phloem and xylem, and an included bundle with the xylem towards
the face of the leaf as drawn. Associated with the largest xylem
vessels are resin ducts to the number of five. Close Inter the blade,

Corfe.

Sele,
bhloem

-xylem

PF canal

Fig. 11. Petiole in transverse section.
Scler., sclerenchyma; and r. Canai, resin canal.

Rp AL SOC. NOnaio LOMigt

48 NOTES ON DI°TEROCARPS,

through that part of the petiole which is a pulvinus, the scleren-
echyma-is wanting, while the ring of bundles is a little irregular’
and the cortex is thicker. Such changes are of course connected
with the mobihty required of the pulvinus: they take place in the
petioles of the whorl in the same way as in the fifth leaf. And
there is nothing further peculiar about these whorled leaves beyond
the circumstances of their association and their inequality.

Compared with the adult leaves, they are of course much
smaller, up to 8.2 cm. long by 4.1 cm. wide, and the vascular ele-
ments in the petiole, etc., in the large leaves are altered by the in-
creased number of groups of larger xylem vessels in the ring, and
by the space within this ring being completely occupied by a com-
plex of bundles with much sclerenchyma. At the pulvinus the
sclerenchyma is interrupted, and the ring somewhat irregularly
broken up. But beyond the pulvinus, in the midrib of the leaf, the
included bundles form up into orderly lnes in coneent.ic semi-
circles, which get less in numbers of their parts until near the tip
of the leaf a condition is reached closely resembling the condition
found in the petiole of the seedling leaves.

Brandis (in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xxxi, 1895, p. 20) suggest-
ed sectioning the pulvinus for the study of generic characters; but
the middle of the petiole promises more.

(OY)

Jour. Straits Branch

Some Rare Words.

Kutaha; nakas; turap; teterapan; kop; biram; ganteh;
Seri Menanti.

By R. O. WINSTEDT.

KuranHa. Inthe Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai (No. 66, March, 1914, of

aa
this Journal) there occurs a word ol several times (pp. 30,

35, 39,41). Obviously from the contexts it is an interrogative
particle. Mr. Mead romanized it wrongly #étah: it is found
fully pointed in vowels—hutaha—in one of the 6 old Malay
MSS. in the Cambridge University Library; vide p. 38 of
Dr eh. Sa van Ronkel’s ‘ Account’ of those MSS. in the
“ Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van N. I. 6¢
Vol. Il.” “ Briefly ” he observes, “ after apa, mana, and ada-
kah, this interrogative is seldom wanting,” in those MSS. He
suggests it may be compared with the Sundanese kutan.

Naxkas. On p. 31 of Mr. Mead’s transliteration of the same work

there occurs a word ae mengenakan sangga nakas bépér-

mata. This word occurs also in a passage from the Bustanu’s-
salatin quoted by a Javanese scholar, Raden Dr. Hoesein
Djajadiningrat on p. 570 of the “ Tijdschrift van het Bata-
viaasch Genootschap, deel LVIT, afl. 6.” Batu puteh di-ukir
pelbagm warna dan nakas dan sélimpat dan témbosa dan mega

ae : : ae 5 :
arak-arakan. IKlinkert gives it as ul It is possibly

motive in art,—where figures face one another perhaps: and
derived from the Arabic naks. i

Turap. In Perak painted wicker-work panelling for houses is
called tépas bérturap. In Achinese turab means to do masonry.
Turap occurs several times in the aforesaid passage from the
Bustanw’s-salatin :—di-sist. gunong itu kandang baginda dan

dewal kandang itu di-turap déngan batu puteh:........s8a-
pohon nyvur gading bérgélar Sérbat Jinuri di-tambak déngan
batu bérturap CCMOOM ODUM, ees ai: jambangan batu_ ber-

turap. In one passage a variant MS. gives di-téram for di-
fwrap; and in the same context as the above sentences occurs
dan ada-lah dewal yang di-dalam itu bértétérapan batu puteh

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 75, 1917,

50 SOME RARE WARDS

bélazuardi pérbuatan orang bénua Turki. There is also a
keris tétérapan, which Walk neon translates ‘a creese with a
groove running up the blade’: but keris terapang means ‘a
creese with a sheath covered with metal,’ and in Achinese tér-
apan 1s ‘a metal envelope. W ilkinson is certainly right in
his explanation of turap, which must mean ‘ to dress, plaster,
line’ His Dictionary says, “ Covering; plastering; lining;
giving a surface (of a different material) to anything, as a
coat is lined or as a table is covered with ereen baize: ”—I
cannot state the authority for his instances. And perhaps

teterapan is connected with turap.

Kop ‘the cupola of the howdah of an elephant; Hikayat Marong
Mahawangsa Wilkinson. In Achinese khob means “ to cover
with a dome, a cupola.” And the same passage from the
Bustanu’s-salatin has dan pintu-nya méngadap ka-tstana, dan
perbuatan pintu-nya itu bérkop; di-atas kop itu batu di-per-
buat sapert biram berkélopak dan bérkémunchakkan dari-pada
sangga pelinggam.” Kop means anv kind of * dome, cupola.’

BrramM. Wilkirson gives this word as meaning only ‘ elephant.’
In the passage quoted under kop, it means ‘a mythical snake
with a head at both ends,—a meaning it bears also in Achinese;
a ring in the form of such a snake being called unchién tu mpa
biram. This meaning of the words explains chinchin patah
biram, a Malay ‘ puzzle- -ring ’—vide p. 89 ‘ Circumstances of
Malay Life” by myself.

GANTEH. In the folk-tales of Séri Rama and Awang Sulong
oceurs the lines

Anjong perak, gémala ganti
Bératap tila bérdinding kacha.

For ganti we should read ganteh, which means, ‘ thick in the
centre, of pillars; barrel-shaped; round’ On p. 46 of Mr.
Wilkinson’s Séri MWénanti occurs kérbau bungkal ganteh ra-itu
bulat wjong tandok-nya, nee a! jatoh bungkal-nya
tétapt bérganti balek (App. B. 5) and on p. 4% Mungkal
ganteh tiang tangga kéchil di- oe di-bawah. ‘These two quota-
tions corroborate the meaning given, except that hadang-
kadang jatoh bungkal-nya tétapi ber ganti balek has been added
by some Malay philologist, to whom the real meaning of ganteh
was unknown.

Serr Menanti. The name of the seat of H. H. the Yamtuan of
Negri Sembilan is explained by Malays as a place where the
early settlers found rice of the kind called séri awaiting them.
I would suggest that it is more probable it is a name reminis-
cent of séri ménganti (= ménanti) the ‘ waiting-hall’ in the
palace of Javanese princes.

Jour. Straits Branch

The Malay Rice Cycle.

By R. O. WINSTEDT.

In Kedah there is a phrase bértému kop for the ‘completion of
a cycle of years.’ It is pretty certain that kop is derived through
the Siamese ‘ab from the Pali kappa, which in turn is the $ Sanskrit
kalpa. It is used by Hindus and Buddhists to express an aeon
during which the physical universe is destroyed. In Malay, it is
applied to a cycle of a few years, generally to the 12 vear cycle of
the rice pawang, the years of which are designated by animal names.
The cycle is common to Siamese, Cambodians, Chinese and
Japanese. But both the word kop and the Malay names for the
animals are from the Siamese and not from the Cambodian. The
Cambodian form is kalba = kalpa, and the Cambodian words for
the animals are more remote from the Malay words, while the
Siamese words are almost identical :—

Malay Siamese Cambodian
chuat chuot chut
chalu chalu chhlou
kan khan khal
tau tho thoh
marong marong roung
maseng MASENG meésan
mama mamia moma
mameh mama momeé
wauk wok woc
raku raka roka
chaw cho cha
hun kun kor

The evele is not known to the Mons.

This settles the problem discussed by Mr. Shaw on p. 7. of his
paper on ‘Rice Planting” The linguistic evidence proves con-
clusively that the cycle was borrowed directly from the Siamese,
who in turn may have borrowed from the Cambodians.

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 75, 1917.

The Teaching of Malay in Europe.

By R. O. WINSsTEDT.

It is commonly held that the best place to learn an Oriental
language is in the country where it is spoken. To that facile con-
tention Sir Charles Lyall gave an admirably considered answer in
a memorandum addressed to the committee appointed in 190% to
consider the organisation of oriental studies in London. “In the
first place, it is not the view which has dictated the establishment
of the flourishing schools established by our commercial rivals in
rermany and France. These natiors have been quick to perecive
the advantages of providing, in their own country, centres where
persons intending to make a career for themselves in Asia may
prepare themselves for their task; and, so far as Germany is con-
cerned, it is generally admitted that they have been strikingly
successful. In trade, it is found that German agents, owing to
their knowledge of the languages and the habits and customs of
the East gained at home, are lable to outstrip their English com-
petitors even in our own dominions. The amount of trade which
is carried on between India and the nations of continental Europe
1S Immense and growimg; and in this expansion it is scarcely open
to doubt that the Germans owe much of their advantage to the
training which they receive in Oriental methods in their own
country. Secondly, much time is lost by persons, who defer until
they land in the East the commencement of the study of Oriental
subjects. Europeans require, in order to overcome the initial
difficulties presented by Oriental languages, the guidance and assis-
tance of Europeans who have already encountered and surmounted
those difficulties. The genius of Oriental speech is so different
from that of European languages that a student, if left to his un-
assisted efforts, is likely to waste both time and labour in approach-
ing his task. Moreover, so far as my experience goes, the art of
teaching is little understood in the East. The ordinary munsho
of India, at any rate, does not understand how his pupil’s in-
telligence should be directed or stimulated, on what points stress
should be laid, how differences of idiom between the two languages
should be explained and other like matters which make the dif-
ference between good teaching and bad.” And then Sir Charles
Lyall goes on to lay stress upon the personal influence of a Kuro-
pean teacher as compared with a munshi; and again, on the value
of European libraries with their stores of comparative literature.
Every one of his points is corroborated by our experience in the
Malay Peninsula,

Jour. Straits Branch

THE TRHACHING OF MALAY IN EUROPE 53

sefore the same committee the late Lord Cromer expressed
the view that almost as important as instruction in language 1s
instruction in “ Oriental history, in religion, in all the social
customs and the things that cluster round religion.”

The result of the recommendations of the committee was the
establishment of the School of Oriental Studies at Finsbury Circus,
which was opened by His Majesty the King-Emperor in February
Gil). On the faculty is a Weeturer im Malay, and Mr.
Blagden, late of the Straits Settlements Civil Service, has been
appointed first Lecturer,

The Report of the Committee has been published as an official
blue-book and affords very profitable reading to all interested in
Oriental languages. Sir Frank Swettenham is quoted as favouring
preliminary training in England for six months or a year for cadets
1m our civil service. Sir eck Clementi Smith, also gave evidence,
especially on the study of Chinese. Mr. Addis, joint manager of
the Hongkong and Shangkai Bank gave evidence of the value of
Chinese im commercial circles and the rarity of the self-denial re-
quired to master the drudgery of learning it in men once launched
on business careers abroad: Mr. Ray writes a memorandum on the
study of Melanesian languages.

The Report gives brief accounts of the instruction provided in
Malay at Paris Ane Leiden.

Mr. Blagden has published the curriculum at Paris in Journal
50. of September 1908, and I have nothing to add to his account,
except that the Pancha- Tandaran and Chérita Jénaka are now
text-books, for pupils in their first year and that ‘ Papers on Malay
Subjects, Skeat’s ‘ Magic, Wilkinson’s ‘ Dictionary’? and my own
‘Malay Grammar’ are books consulted. In 1906-1907 there were
24 regular students of Malay at the Ecole Spéciale des Langues
Orientales Vivantes.

At Leiden are taught (a) a general knowledge of the Indone-
sian languages, (0) Malay, e) Jiawranese. (d) Old Javanese, (@)
Sundanese, ‘(f) Madurese, ‘(q) Minangkabau (/) Batak. Synop-
tical lessons are given in history, religion, geography and ethno-
graphy, especially “Hor students destined for ‘the Dutch colonial civil
service. The courses in Malay are designed for

(1) candidates for the administrative civil service of the
Dutch East Indies

(11) doctors of law who desire to become magistrates in
the Dutch East Indies

(11) candidates for the degree of Doctor of Languages
and Literatures of the fast Indian Arc shipelago.

For students in groups (1) and (11) a practical knowledge of
Malay is the aim of the course; for students in (iii) a more pro-
found comparative study of Malay and the general linguistics of
the Indian Archipelago.

R. A. Soc., No, 75, 1917.

54 THE TEACHING OF MALAY IN EUROPE

The School of Oriental Studies in London is designed “ to
give instruction in the languages of Eastern and African peoples,
Ancient and Modern, and in the Literature, History, Religion and
Customs of those peoples, especially with a view to the needs of
persons about to proceed to the East or to Africa for the pursuit
of study and research, commerce or a profession.” Special inter-
collegiate arrangements with the London School of Economics will
be made for instruction in the sociology and anthropology of the less
civilized races. Inter-collegiate arrangements will also be made
for instruction i phonetics : and modern phonetic methods will be
used to facilitate the acquirement of correct pronunciation.

It is to be hoped that large local commercial firms and estates
will recognise the value of preliminary instruction in Malay for
young men embarking on careers in the Malay Peninsula; a value
fully recognised by prominent business men acquainted with
colonial needs. Cadets, too, might well spend the few months they
pass in England between their selection for the service and their
departure for the East in attending the School. For such students
elementary practical teaching is provided. I had the pleasure of
reading Mr. Blagden’s opening lecture and can attest its illuminat-
ing simplicity. But, it is hoped that an advanced course also may
he wanted. The library, the comparative method of teaching, the
lectures on Arabic and Sanskrit at the same School would all be
profitable to any man, on leave in London, who might desire to
perfect his knowledge Malay linguistics, ‘literature and history.

Sanskrit and Pali and India must alw avs be to us what Malay and
Javanese and the Dutch Indies are to Holland; but it is high time
that some of us at least should get to know the best that is ‘written
about things Malayan, to recognise that there is a best, a standard
of scholarship, in Malay studies. For those, who have that ambi-
tion, I can say confidently that a course of the lectures provided
will dispel the hallowed notion that the highest authority on Malay
matters is a kampong elder.

Jour. Straits Branch

| ond past for the 3 Year
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Price to non-members

ae a nS

[No, 76]

JOURNAL

of the

Straits Branch

of the

Royal Asiatic Society

August, 1917

SINGAPORH:
PRINTED AT THE METHODIST PUBLISHING HOUSE
1917.

Diet, Nutrition and Exeretion of the Asiatic
Races in Singapore.

No. 1, Medical Students.

By J. ARGYLL CAMPBELL.

Introduction.

This research was undertaken in order to supply the local
medical students with necessary information. Up to a short time
_ ago the physiology of diet, nutrition and excretion which was placed
before these students, was that of an European. The facts and
figures which hold for an European are far from the truth when
applied to an Asiatic. The results published in this paper have
been obtained during the six months from October, 1916, to March,
1917, and although they are not considered to be more than an
introduction to the subject they do form a basis to work upon
when dealing with local Asiatic patients, whereas the Huropean
figures are certainly misleading. It is the intention of the author
‘to continue this research for an indefinite period employing re-
presentatives of all classes and of all races of the community.
‘These results apply to individuals leading sedentary lives similar
to that of a medical student.

Technique.

There are Tamils, Malays, Chinese, Brahmins and Eurasians
‘at the Medical School. One Tamil, one Chinese, and one Brahmin
representative have been under observation every Monday, Wednes-
day and Friday for six months. A Malay has been employed for
‘only two weeks. He partakes of the same diet as the Tamil. His
results although few in number are interesting in that they con-
firm the results obtained from the Tamil. Results obtained at
random from many other medical students confirm the results
obtained from the students who have been under observation for six
months.

The Tamil and Malay representatives live in the school hostel.
‘The Chinese and the Brahmin live in their own homes. The
Chinese, Brahmin and Tamil are senior students and rank amongst
the most successful at the school. They have been demonstrators
and class assistants for over a year. The author is indebted to
them for their faithful co-operation.

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

\

58 DIET, NUTRITION AND EXCRETION

In all cases the food eaten is that of the student’s choice. The
daily diet varies slightly in quality. It does vary considerably in
quantity. The food was weighed just before it was eaten. The
compositions of the foods and their heat values have been taken
from standard books on the subject (1).

For estimations of the kidney excretions care was taken to:
preserve the twenty-four hour specimens by the addition of 2 ce.
of a 5 per cent. solution of Thymol in chloroform. This is a
matter of importance to doctors in Malaya. Ammoniacal fermen-
tation proceeds very rapidly in this climate if the preservative is.
not added. The methods of quantitative analyses employed are
those described by Cramer (2). Some of these methods are not
as accurate as they might be, but they are employed in most.
hospitals because the results obtained are quite accurate enough
from a clinical point of view.

On one or two occasions one or other of the representatives.
was indisposed for a day or two. No observations were made until
health was restored.

Diet and Nutrition.

Chinese.—The maximum diet taken by the Chinese in twenty-
four hours gives a heat value of 2131 kilocalories. It consists of
bread 45 grammes, condensed milk 42, boiled rice 798, flour 128,
pork 77, chicken 32, fish 50, cabbage 10, bananas 112. His.
minimum diet for twenty four hours gives a heat value of 1141
kilocalories. It consists of boiled rice 524 grammes, egg 40, pork 37,
beans 14, chicken 51, flour 53, fish 21, cabbag ge 14, oruel 65, ving,
average diet for six months consists of protein 60 grammes, fat 43,
carbohydrate 227, which gives 1577 kilocalories (Table I1). This
student weighs 92 lbs. and is 20 years of age. He has lost a small
amount of weight during the experiment. Examination of his.
kidney excretion shows that he metabolises 57.8 grammes of the
protein eaten, so that he uses most of the food he eats.

Tamil.—The maximum diet taken by the Tamil in 24 hours
elves 1847 lilocalories, his minimum diet 1519. The former con-
sists of bread 116 grammes, butter 14, bananas 112, cake 112, cocoa
14, beef 21, mutton 98, boiled rice 448, ege 70, sugar 14. The
minimum diet consists of bread 120 grammes, butter 6, bananas
67, fish 118, beans 154, boiled rice 504, cake 56, eggs 90, sugar
14, cocoa 14. This student lived on this diet for. SIX mone Bat
estimations were made during three months of this period. The
average diet for the three months gives 1672 kilocalories and con- -
tains 58 grammes of protein, 32 of fat and 277 of carbohydrate
(Tal ble Il). The examination of his kidney excretion shows that
he metabolises 51.5 grammes of protein, so that he does not use
all of the food he eats. He is 26 years of age and weighs 143 lbs.

Malay.—This student partook of the same diet as the Tamil’s.
for six months. He has only been under observation for two weeks.

Jour. Straits Branch.

DIET, NUTRITION AND EXCRETION 59

His average diet for this period contains 57 grammes of protein,
31 of fat and 239 of carbohydrate, the heat value being 1502 kilo-
calories (Table Il). His kidney excretion shows that he meta-
bolises 50 grammes of the protein of his food. He weighs 125 lbs.
and is 18 years of age. His religion does not allow him to eat
pork otherwise he has a free choice.

Brahmin.—The maximum diet taken by this student gives
2922 kilocalories, the minimum 2175. The maximum diet consists
of wheat 96 grammes, lentils 107, rice (weighed uncooked) 350,
butter 76, sugar 14, milk 448; the minimum diet consists of wheat
63 grammes, onions 49, butter 90, beans 126, lentils 140, rice 198,
sugar 14, milk 336. The average diet contains 83 grammes of
protein, 68 of fat and 371 of carbohydrate (Table FT): Judging
from his kidney excretion this student metabolises only half of his
protein food, namely 41.5 grammes. The other half is simply
wasted. It is well known that many vegetarians partake of such
bulky and indigestible foods that absorption is interfered with.
This student is a strict vegetarian; Brahmins are not allowed to
take any animal food except milk. His average daily diet has a
heat value of 2493 (Table II) but it is evident that he uses a
good deal less than this since only half of the protein food is
aoe used by his body. He weighs 110 lbs. and is 21 years of
age. He has not altered appreciably in weight during the six
months of observation.

Kidney Excretions.

Ammoma.—The total acidity of the urine cannot be accurately
determined, but if the urine be neutralised by adding ~\- alkali,
some indication can be obtained regarding the acidity. Since the
figure thus obtained is of no known clinical importance no more
need be said about it. After neutralising the urine as above,
neutral formaldehyde is added. Owing to the liberation of acid
which takes place when {the formaldehyde has combined with
ammonia, the urine acquires Aga an acid reaction. This second
acidity is titrated again with —\ alkali and this second titration is
a measure of the amount of ammonia present. The average quan-
tity of ammonia excreted by the Chinese is .61 gramme, by the
Tamil .63, by the Malay .66 and by the Brahmin .57. An Euro-
pean excretes about .7 gramme (Table I). The smaller quantity
of. ammonia excreted by the Asiatic is due to the fact that he eats
a larger proportion of vegetables than the European. Vegetable
foods are very rich in bases which unite with the acids of the blood
and thus a smaller quantity of ammonia is required from the
tissues in order to keep the blood alkaline. Ammonia formation
is the physiological remedy for deficiency of bases and is excessive
in certain diseases, e¢.g., acidosis.

‘Chloride-—This is estimated by Volhard’s method in which
all the chlorides are precipitated with an excess of standard silver

R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

60

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DIET, NUTRITION: AND EXCRETION 61

nitrate; the excess of silver nitrate used is determined by adding
standard solution of ammonium sulphocyanate in the presence of a
ferric salt. The Chinese excretes 5.27 grammes, the T'amil 5.21,
the Malay 8 and the Brahmin 6.34. An European excretes about
11 (Table I). On experimental diets individuals have been kept
in good conditions when the total content in sodium chloride is
reduced to 1 or 2 grammes per diem. Bunge has called attention
to the fact that among men and animals the desire for salt is
limited for the most part at least to those that use vegetable food.
The potassium salts of the vegetable food react with the sodium
chloride forming potassium chloride and a sodium salt, both of
which would be. excreted by the kidney. The blood will thereby
lose some of its supply of sodium chloride, whence the craving for
more in the food (3).

Urea.—The method employed calculates the amount of urea
by measuring the amount of nitrogen liberated from the urine by
sodium hy pobromite. Doremus-Heinz ureometer is employed.
This method only gives approximate results. The Chinese excretes
16 grammes per ‘diem, the Tamil 14. 41, the Malay 13.35, the
Brahmin 11.08 w hereas the average figure for an European IS .o8
(Table I). It is well known ieee the amount of urea depends
upon the amount of protein absorbed so that the greater the quan-
tity of absorbable protein in the diet the greater the quantity of
urea in the urine. About 80% of the total nitrogen in the urine
is excreted in the form of urea.

Total Nitrogen.—This is estimated by Kjeldahl’s method.
The Chinese excretes 9.25 grammes per diem, the Tamil 8.24, the
Malay 8.0, the Brahmin 6, 64, the European figure being 16 (Table
1). It is considered - accurate to take the nitrogen excretion as
an indicator of the amount of protein actually metabolised or used
by the body in performing its work. Since nitrogen forms about
16% of protein, the amount of nitrogen excreted multiphed by
6.25 gives the amount of protein metabolised. The figures thus
obtained are 57.8 grammes of protein for the Chinese, 51.5 for the
Tamil, 50 for the Malay, 41.5 for the Brahmin and 100 for the
European. We have seen that the Brahmin eats a good deal more
protein than the other Asiatics (Table II), nevertheless he uses a
smaller amount in metabolism, so that evidently a smaller propor-
tion of the protein of his food is absorbed. This is due to its bulk
and its indigestibility.

Ammonia Coefficient—This is the amount of nitrogen, ex-
creted as ammonia, expressed in terms of percentage of the total
nitrogen. In an European it is 3.6%, in the Chinese student 5-470,
in the Tamil 6. 3%, in the Malay 6.8%, and in the Brahmin 7.1%
(Rablest)*-) i 1s higher in the Asiatics than in the European
because the protein intake is greatly reduced in the Asiatics so
that there is a low total nitrogen excretion. Of the Asiatics the
Brahmin has the highest coefficient because he excretes the smallest

R. As Soc., No. 76, 1917.

62

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DIET, NUTRITION AND EXCRETION 63

amount of nitrogen, whereas the Chinese has the lowest coefficient
because he excretes the largest amount of nitrogen.

Other Researches in the Tropics.

IT am able to compare my results with those of two other ob-
servers. McCay has worked on the diet and nutrition of students
in Bengal. He has found that the Bengali students take a smaller
proportion of protein food than the Anglo-Indian students who are
attending the same college. In opposition: to Chittenden’s views
he attributes the better physique and greater muscular energy of
the Anglo-Indian students to this fact. The Bengali student, who
averages 115 lbs. in weight eats 67 grammes of protein, only a
small quantity of which is obtained from animal sources, 72 of
fat and 549 of carbohydrate. This diet has a heat value of 3196
kilocalories. The Anglo-Indian student eats 95 grammes of pro-
tein, a big proportion of which comes from animal sources, 56 of
fat and 467 of carbohydrate. Although the Bengali eats a smaller
amount of protein than the European, he is quite susceptible to
kidney troubles (4). One is not justified in concluding that excess
of protein is not harmful to the kidney, because there may be reasons
to explain the kidney disease in the Bengali which are at present
unknown. It is quite evident to physicians that the larger the
amount of waste substance to be excreted by the kidney the more
is the kidney taxed. In treating kidney disease there is no doubt
that cutting down the protein excretion eases the kidney.

Aron (5) has made observations on Filipino students, with
an average weight of about 115 lbs. They require 75 grammes of
protein, 25 of fat and 510 of carbohydrate. This diet gives 2682
kilocalories (Table IT).

Commentary.

As far as my experiments go they show that the medical
students of Singapore require less food than the students of Bengal
and the Phillipines (Table II). -Probably this is due to the
chmates. In Singapore, Calcutta and Manila, the students wear
the same tropical clothes, at least during the hot seasons. There-
fore we can exclude the influence of clothes. Singapore has practi-
cally no seasonal change throughout the whole year; the tempera-
ture varies only slightly, the mean being 80°F. At Manila in the
Phillipines there is some seasonal change, the months of Novem-
ber, December, January and February having a temperate climate.
Bengal enjoys a winter. Again the humidity of the atmosphere
is greater in Singapore than in Manila and much greater than in
Calcutta. . The climatic conditions in Singapore, therefore, are more
likely to prevent the body losing heat, so that less food is required
to keep up the body heat. The average weight in all three cases
is about the same. The Singapore students do not take much
muscular exercise. This is another probable cause of their small

i. AZ Soe; No: 76, 1917.

64 DIET, NUTRITION AND EXCRETION

diet and it may be due to the climatic conditions. Europeans are
not inclined to take much exercise in the Tropics but they all do
so, because it is not possible to keep healthy on an European diet
without regular exercise. The writer has made observations (Table
I) upon his own kidney excretion, the results showing that he
partakes of a diet similar to that taken by him in Scotland. He
takes a good deal more exercise in Singapore than he did in Scot-
land, although he always took an active interest in out-door games
in the latter country. Sir Patrick Manson and others have indi-
cated that even in the case of Europeans who do take active exer-
cise, a diet of moderate quantity is necessary to maintain health
in the Tropics, if long residence is contemplated. An excess of
food materials throws too much work on the excretory organs and
owing to the usual free diaphoresis, the fluids taken are insufficient
to flush the kidneys properly, or to secure adequate excretion of
the solid products by that channel. This inadequate excretion will
in time injure all the organs (6). The smaller amount of food
taken by the Singapore student may be nature’s way of counter-
acting the evil effects of the climate.

Judging from McCay’s research the physique and the muscular
energy deteriorate on a small amount of protein. Therefore good
physique and great muscular energy are incompatible with pro-
longed residence in a climate like that of Singapore. By prolonged
residence is meant a generation or more.

Although the Singapore students who have been ames obser-
vation do not possess the muscular energy of an European student,
they have done quite as much brain work as the average European
student. The author has had nine years experience with European .,
students and four years experience with Singapore students. It
has been shown that brain work does not require extra food; in
other words, a lazy student is just as expensive to feed as an hard
working student. A man doing hard mental work in Atwater’s
respiration chamber gave the same results as when he was resting.
Intellectual work has not been found to have any demonstrable
quantitative or qualitative effect upon the metabolism of man (7).

Ranke’s standard diet for an European living a sedentary
life in Europe is appended (Table I1) for purposes of comparison.

The figures obtained by examination of the Asiatic student’s
kidney excretions can be explained by the fact that the Asiatic
eats a smaller amount of nitrogenous or protein food than the
European. It is not likely that these figures will differ very great-—
ly in the hard working Asiatic coolie, because the coolie does not
eat much more protein than the student, but he imereases the
carbohydrate content of his diet.

Conclusions.

1. The results obtained from examination of the kidney excre-
tion of local students indicate that the European figures are of no
value when dealing with Asiatic patients.

Jour. Straits Branch

DIET, NUTRITION AND EXCRETION 65

2. The total nitrogen varies from 6.64 grammes in the Brah-
min to 9.25 in the Chinese.

3. ‘The urea varies from 11.08 grammes in the Brahmin to
16.00 in the Chinese.

4. ‘The ammonia varies from .57 gramme in the Brahmin to
.66 in the Malay.

5. The ammonia coefficient varies from 5.4% in the Chinese
to 7.1 in the Brahmin.

6. The chlorides vary from 5.2 grammes in the Tamil to 8
in the Malay.

?. The Singapore student partakes of a smaller amount of
food than the Philppine or Bengali student. This seems to be due
directly or indirectly to the climatic conditions of Singapore.

References.

1. “A System of Diet and Dietetics.” Edited by G. A.
Sutherland, 1908. ‘“‘ Food Inspection and Analysis” by Albert E.
Leach, 1911. “ Text Book of Physiology ” edited by E. A. Schafer,
1898.

2. Cramer, W. “ Directions for a Practical Course in Chemi-
cal Physiology,” 1915.

3. Howell. “ Text Book of Physiology,” p. 922. 1915.

4. McCay. The Philippine Journal of Science. B. Medical,
Wolly Ve p. 1163. 1910.

do. Aron. The Philippine Journal of Science. B. Medical.
Wolke JOY. UG0s),

6. Sutherland, G. A. “A System of Diet and Dietetics,” -
p. 854. 1908. :

7. Ibid. p. 158, 1908.

8. Halliburton. “ Handbook of Physiology,” p. 579. 1909.

R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

Hindustani Loan-Words in Malay.

By R. O. WINSTEDT.

In a brochure published in 1902 and entitled Hommage au
Congrés des Orientalistes de Hanoi de la part du Bataviaasch
Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen there appears an
article by Dr. Ph. 8S. van Ronkel on the Hindustani element in
the Malay language, which escaped my notice when I compiled my
“Malay Grammar” and “ English-Malay Dictionary.” As the
brochure is likely to come into the hands of few English readers.
I propose here to extract a list of words, for which Dr. van Ronkel
finds a Hindustani derivation.

AcuiTa ‘very fine white rice. Probably the Hind. achchhat
“whole, unmilled rice, used in religious offerings.’ Perhaps
the Sanskrit aksyata ‘ unmilled.’

ARTAL, Harrau ‘a yellow orpiment.’? Hind. hartal (from Sanskrit
haritala).

AKAs, ANGKAS ‘the firmament.’?- Hind. dka@s (Sk. akdsa).

Una ‘camel.’ Hind. wnt.

Bar, in Batavia pronounced as Bn, a title addressed to Muham-
madan Bengalis. Hind. bhai ‘ brother,’

BanpDAwArti * chief treasurer” Hind. bhandari (Sk. bhandagarika).

BETI “woman of the court. Hind. béti ‘ girl,’

rsp seal’ and. chap.

CHurt ‘steal. Hind. chori. CHurRiI-cHuRI ‘by stealth’ Hind.
chori-chort.

CHuKA ‘vinegar’ Hind. chtik; not directly from Sk. cukra.

CHuLIM, CHitam “a fill of opium, in an opium-pipe.’ Hind.
chilam ‘that part of the body of a hookah which contains the
tobacco and the flame.’

PELANGKING ‘palanquin” This is a word invented in its present
form by the Portuguese. There is a Sk. word paryanka, or
palyanka “a bed, from which we have Tamil and Telugu
palakkow and Hind. palkhi.

KapaAs ‘cotton.’ A debased or ‘ pracritised’ form of the Sk. kar-
pasa. Possibly identical with the Hind. kapas.

Kanui ‘rice broth. Hind. kanji (Sk. kafijika).

KuncuHI ‘ key, lock.” The Deccan form of the word is kunchi; the
Hind. kunji; the Sk. kunjika.

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

68 HINDUSTANI LOAN-WORDS IN MALAY

Kutt ‘paid labourer” The Hind. is kali and kult but the word.
may be of Dravidian origin; connected with the Tamil kili
‘ hire.’

GupANG ‘store. There is a Hind. word godan, [which may be
derived. from the Anglo-Indian ‘ godown.? Probably ‘ Hob-
son-Jobson’ is right in deriving it ultimately from the Dravi-
dian: Telugu gidangi, Tamil kidangi ‘a place where goods.
lie’ from kidu ‘ le. | ; |

Mott ‘ pearl’ is not the Tamil tin but the Hindustani moti.
Wilkinson’s Dictionary has identified already Buti, CHAP,
Dost, RAKAT, Roti, Gur as Hindustani.

LaGam ‘bit of a horse, which I give as Hindustani in my “ Gram-
mar,” is a Hindustani loan-word in Persian, and perhaps has.
been borrowed by Malay from the Persian. |

Brandstetter’s Indonesian Linguistics.
Translated by C. 0. Blagden!.

REVIEWED BY R. O. WINSTEDT.

In Malacca in the year 1825, on his mother’s side from the well-
known family of Neubronner, there was born van der Tuuk, who
wrought a Copernican change in the study of Malay comparative
philology. Malacca has been the mother of much important Malay
literature, of the Séjarah Mélayu, the Hang Tuah, and the works
of Munshi Abdullah: and then it was the birth-place of this great
‘Indolog’ van der Tuuk, who has gone without honour in his own
place but found it in the pages of the “ Encyclopaedia of the
Netherlands Indies.” We do not enshrine the careers of our
students of Malay in an encyclopaedia; so, I should like to record
here, that it was four years at Jasin, which inspired Mr. Blagden
with his enthusiasm for Malay linguistics and so led to his trans-
lating the work under review.

This translation of Brandstetter’s essays was badly wanted.
Even to-day, how many British students of Malay are aware of the
Copernican change wrought by van der Tuuk in Malayan pnilo-
logy? How many readers of this journal realize that Crawfurd’s
theories on the subject are no whit more valuable than his dictum
to a learned society in Great Britain that whatever else Australia
might produce, it could never breed sheep! How many admirers
of the “ Journal of the Indian Archipelago” know that Logan’s
Tibeto—Annam synthesis is no more fruitful or valid than that
of Anglo-Israelites who find in the British the lost tribes of Israel!
How many of us have appraised speculations on the syllable bu,
bun, or bung in “ words conveying an idea of roundness,” to be as
idle and valueless for scientific philology as Malay surmises that
“Sumatra’ is derived from sémut raya or sama utara!

Maxwell printed his excellent “ Manual of the Malay Langu-
age” in the early *80s; his introduction need not have been de-
faced by obsolete and untenable views, if he had read van der
Tuuk’s “Outhnes of a Grammar of the Malagasy Language ”
printed in the “Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great
Britain” in 1865 (and reprinted in “ Essays relating to Indo-
China” in 1887.) That essay should have been a point de repeére
for English students of Malay philology as it has been for Dutch.

_ 1 ‘An Introduction to Indonesian Linguistics’ being four essays by Ren-
ward Brandstetter, Ph. D., translated by C. O. Blagden, M.a., M.B.A.3.:
published by the Royal Asiatic Society, London (7s. 6d.).

-Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

70 BRANDSTETTER’S INDONESIAN LINGUISTICS.

In Holland the scientific study of Malayan philology was continued:
forthwith by ‘Kern, Niemann, Brandes and others. No English-
man pursued the subject further; no Englishman read what the
Dutch were doing; in the English language there has been no ad--
vance, no further point de repere till Mr. Blagden gives us now in
English the cream of the philological work of 1Dhe, ‘Brandstetter, a
brilliant Swiss scholar of the school of van der Tuuk and Kern.

The name and work of Brandstetter are not unknown to:
members of our branch Society. Mr. Blagden gave us an appre-

ciation of his earlier work in Journal XLII, but since then
Brandstetter has made great strides.

The present translation has been termed “ An Introduction
to Indonesian Linguistics.” So vague has been the use of the
word ‘ Indonesian’ by British scholars, that it is well to define
its meaning. For anthropologists, ‘ Indonesian’ denotes a parti-
cular phy sical strain; for the student of language, it denotes the
western division of the ereat Austronesian (or Malayo- Polynesian
or Oceanic) family of speech, the division which irrespectively of
racial elements is spoken by the inhabitants of the Philippimes, the
Malay Archipelago, the Malay Peninsula, the Mergui Archipelago
and parts of Indo-China and of Formosa. ‘Indonesian’ is a
term preferable to ‘ Malayan, because Achinese or Javanese or
Tagalog are no more Malay than Spanish is Itahan. Mr. Blagden
points-out how ‘“‘ Malay in many ways is not a very typical mem-
ber of the family; its grammar has been much worn down and
simplified ; and for various other reasons it is unfortunate that so.
many people are tempted to survey the whole Indonesian field, ie
its luxuriant diversity, through the rather distorting lens of :
knowledge of Malay alone. There has been a very doe
tendency among Malay scholars to regard Malay as the standard
or norm of the Indonesian family and to attempt to explain the
differences which they noticed in the other languages as deviations
from that standard; and that is very far from being the true view.’

Of late years, the great Austronesian family has been linked
definitively with an Austroasiatic family, which embraces a number
of the languages of India and Indo- ethene such as Munda, Khasi,
Mon Khmer, Nicobarese and Sakai. ium has shown ee Indo--.
China was probably the point whence the proto-Malay descended
on the Archipelago. When French research in Cambodia has pro-
gressed even further than it has to-day, when we have fuller
dvetionarice of Munda and Khasi and conversations recorded in
Sakai and when Mr. Blagden has published his work on Talaing
(or Mon or Peguan) inseriptions—perhaps some day the synthesis
between the two great families may be worked out in detail. Mean-
while Baamdeneme: finds more than enough material awaiting study
in the Indonesian section of the one family.

Four of Brandstetter’s best essays are included in the present
volume, and Mr. Blagden has supplied cross-references, where the
subject matter overlaps. i

Jour. Straits Branch.

BRANDSTETTER’S INDONESIAN LINGUISTICS. | fuk

“Root and Word in the Indonesian Languages” is the first
essay. It deals with the extraction of roots from stem-words, which
are normally dissyllabic in Indonesian languages; and it describes
the morphological process by which stem-words have been con-
structed by means of formative syllables, usually prefixes, some-
times infixes more rarely suffixes,—formatives which cannot become
roots themselves. Compare a series of stem-words and we find
often a common syllable running through them, as lok through
télok, kélok, jélok, pelok; 1t may be inferred that all those dis-
syllabic words are constructed from lok. Maxwell surmised that
in tangkap we have the Sakai teng ‘hand.’ It is not absolutely
impossible, considering that a few Indonesian stem-words are built
up by the juxtaposition of two roots. But it is exceedingly impro-
bable and far-fetched: compare chékap, tékap, téerkap, tangkap,
rangkap, chakup, chékup, tékup, sérekup, tangkup: we have the
common syllables kap, kup and, as a matter of fact, ¢ and ch will
be found to be common Indonesian prefixes and ng a common
Indonesian infix. The comparative method throws lhght, where
the study of Malady alone would lead nowhere: it shows for ex-
ample how sésal, sésip, tétap, sésak are instances of reduplcation
of roots and appear in Madurese as sélsél, sépsép, téptép, sehsék:
and again how dé- is a common Indonesian formative making
word-bases from interjections. Among the roots that can serve as
word-bases, Brandstetter detects onomatopoeic interjections, other
interjections, baby words, forms of address, monosyllabic preposi-
tions and pronouns. He uses the comparative method with strict
adherence to phonetic laws—a principle our smatterers in Malay
philology have always failed to observe.

The second essay deals with “Common Indonesian and Ori-
ginal Indonesian ” mainly from the point of view of phonetics and
erammar. If a word or formative is found throughout the In-
donesian area or in two or three widely distant parts of that area,
then it must be regarded as common and primitive. Crawfurd’s
notion of Malay and Javanese influencing a number of tongues
originally unconnected is exploded for ever. The essay is extra-
ordinarily suggestive and does much to solve the vexed problems
of Malay formatives, verbal substantival and adjectival. In-
cidentally Brandstetter shows how there were more monosyllabic
words in the original language than are now in use and how the
grammatical system was fuller than it is, for example, in modern
Malay. And here I should like to invite attention to the nicer
nuances of the formatives in old Malay literature lke the Séjarah
Mélayu and the Séri Rama, where later authors display careless-
ness or ignorance. How many modern writers could be trusted to.
write jika wa béerbuang kuku, “if he cut his nails.”

The “ Indonesian Verb,” the third essay in this volume, does
still more to explain the nature of the verb and its formatives.
The importance of the subject for students of Malay will be obvious
to all who have struggled with de Hollander’s ‘ subjective-passive ”

R. A. Soc, No. 76, 1917.

v2 BRANDSTETTER’S INDONESIAN LINGUISTICS.

theory or been amazed at Ophuijsen’s attempt to discover con-
jugation in Malay and to explain the dt in di-makan-nya as a
contraction of dia! Brandstetter shows that some at least of. the
verbal formatives appear to have been once separate parts of speech,
notably prepositions and articles. To prove how wide-based are
his theories it is only necessary to point out that the following
languages were selected as a basis for the study which resulted in
this essay :-— ics

Philippines: 1 Bontok—2 Tagalog. 'S

Celebes: 3 Tontemboan—4 Bareqe—5 Macassar—6 Bugis.

Borneo: 7 Dayak—8 Basa Sangiang.

Java: 9 Old Javanese—10 Modern Javanese.

Islands towards New Guinea: 11 Kamberese—12 Kupangese—
13 Rottinese—14 Masaretese.
Sumatra: 15 Minangkabau—16 Toba—17 Karo—18 Gayo—
19 Achinese.

Islands at the back of Sumatra: 20 Mentaway—21 Nias.
Malay Peninsula: 22 Malay.
Madagascar: 23 Hova—24 Old Malagasy.

Essay IV was published in 1915 and deals with the “ Phonetic
Phenomena in the Indonesian Languages.” Perhaps it is the
most epoch-making of the essays in this volume; with its clear
summary of the phonetic laws of the simple sounds of the Indone-
sian languages, its delineation of the pépét law, the R. G. H. law,
the hamzah law, the law of the mediae, the diphthongs and as-
pirates and their laws. It is useless to try to abbreviate in a re-
view an essay so packed with important matter. If ever an attempt
is made to produce a comparative dictionary of an Indonesian
language, the lexicographer will need to have this essay by heart.

It is to be hoped that Dr. Brandstetter will continue to write
essays on the Indonesian languages of the quality of those in this
volume; that Mr. Blagden will find time to translate them, and our
parent Society the will to print them.

Even for those of us whose interest hardly extends beyond
colloquial Malay, this volume should prove stimulating and illu-
minating. He also serves the cause of Malay studies who buys the
few works that are written on the subject: and the present volume
is infinitely the most important that has ever appeared in finenn
on Malay philology.

Foliated Pattern in Malay Carving and
Silverwork. |

By R. O. WINSTEDT.

On p. 48 of my paper on “ Malay Industries, Part I,” “ Arts
and Crafts” (Kuala Lumpur, 1909), I wrote of Malay repoussé
work. “It owes many of its patterns to Indian influence—the
conventional lotus flower, the leaf of the sacred fig and so on—but
there is not a technical term that is foreign for metal (gold and
silver) tool or pattern, so that there would seem to be no reason
why it should be inferred to be Indian in origin. Indeed it must
be something more than coincidence that foliated pattern of the
same chaste restraint and conventional character is the note of
Malay wood-earving.”

After a visit last year to the famous Bara-bodor in Java, [
am persuaded that it is due to “ something more than coincidence ”
that Malay and Javanese carvings and silverwork have their chaste
foliated patterns:—namely, to Indian influence. The foliation
carved between the panels illustrating the life of the Buddha on
that wonderful memorial is identical with the foliation loved by
the Malay craftsman, e.g. the socalled ‘ pine-apple’ or ‘side view
of the lotus’ pattern. This can be seen clearly, too, on some of
the picture-postcards sold of the Bara-bodor. It would be interest-
ing to know if there are similar foliated patterns on the ruins of
Angkor Wat?

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

Contributions to our Knowledge of the
Flora of Borneo.

By E. D. MErRRItt.

Botamst, Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I.

In a previous paper on the Bornean flora* I briefly indicated
the striking differences between the relationships of the Philippine-
Molucean floras on the one hand, and the Philippine-Bornean floras
on the other hand, describing forty-eight new species of Bornean
plants and one new genus, and crediting a number of other species
previously described by other authors to Borneo. The present
paper is in the nature of a continuation of the first one published ;
and in it I have described thirty-nine new species and credited
about twenty-five additional ones to Borneo for the first time. The

types of the new species proposed are preserved in the herbarium of
the Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I.

In the present paper new species are described in the following
families: Gramineae, Cyperaceae, Rosaceae, Leguminosae, Rutaceae,
Meliaceae, Huphorbiaceae, Vitaceae, Hlaeocarpaceae, Tiliaceae,
Thymelaeaceae, Hricaceae, Symplocaceae, Verbenaceae, and Rubi-
aceae. Perhaps the one addition to the Bornean flora of greatest
interest is the discovery of a representative of the genus Maradaya
in British North Borneo, this characteristic genus having been
known previously only from New Guinea, north-eastern ‘Aus-
tralia, and Polynesia. ‘To the rather small list of species known
only from Borneo and the Philippines are added Artocarpus odora-
tissima Blaneo, Knema glomerata Merr., Hllipanthus mindanaensis
Merr., Grewia stylocarpa Warb. (a variety in Borneo), and Sym-
plocos phanerophlebia Merr. Genera new to Borneo are Scleropy-
rum, Hlaeodendron, Columbia, and Faradaya. ‘The new generic
name [oseanthus is proposed for the form that Ridley described
as Hosea, on account of the previous use of the name /osea by
Dennstaedt for a different group of plants.

GRAMINEAE.
Andropogon, Linnaeus.

Andropogon serratus, Thunb. var. nitidus (Vahl) Hack. in DC.
Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 521.
British NortH Bornko, Usakan to Khota Balud,
Clemens 9757, October 27, 1915.

* Merrill, E. D. Notes on the Flora of Borneo. Philip. Jour. Sei. 11
(1916) Bot. 49-100.

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

76 ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO.

Not previously reported from Borneo ; India to China
and Formosa and. Malaya. . a

Oplismenus, Beauvois.

Oplismenus undulatifolius, (Ard:) Beauv. var. imbecillis (R.
Br.) Hack. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1905) 82.

British Norra Borneo, Mount Kinabalu, Lobang,
Clemens 10422, November 18, 1915.

This variety is widely distributed, extending from the
Philppines and Malaya to Australia; new to Borneo.

Panicum, Linnaeus.

Panicum ridleyi, Hack. in Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. 2 (1893) 401,
nomen nudum.
Panicum latifolium, Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 7 (1897) 39, non
Linn.
Panicum oryzoides, Ridl. Mat. Fl. Mal. Penin. (Monocot.) 3
(1907) 138, non Sw.
BritisH NortH Borneo, Mount Kalawat, Clemens 11159,
along trails in thickets, December 10, 1915.

This species has been reported from Borneo by Ridley,
as Panicum latifoluum, Linn. The Linnean Panicum lati-
folium is typified by a species common in the eastern and
southern United States, and has nothing to do with the Indo-
Malayan form. It is neither Panicum oryzoides, Sw., nor P.
zzanioides, HBIK., the latter cited by Ridley as a synonym
under Panicum oryzoides, Sw.

India to the Malay Peninsula and Borneo.

Panicum cordatum, Biise in Miq. Pl. Jungh. (1854) 376.

British Nortu Borneo, Mount Kinabalu at JKiau,
Clemens 10029, 10028, November, 1915. —

Malay Archipelago and the Philippines, not previously
reported from Borneo.

Isachne, R. Brown.
Isachne clementis, sp. nov.

Culmis rigidis, usque ad 20 cm. altis, infra prostratis,
radicantibus; foliis rigidis, lanceolatis, acuminatis, usque ad
3.5 cm. longis, basi plus minusve amplexicaulibus, subtus spar-
sissime pilosis vel glabris, margine prominente denticulatis
infra leviter ciliato-pilosis, vaginis quam internodiis longiori-
bus, leviter ciliato-pilosis; paniculis exsertis, 3 ad 4 cm.
longis, paucifloris, ramulis brevibus, patulis; spiculis circiter
3 mm. longis; glumis vacuis subaequalibus, oblongis, obtusis,

Jour. Straits Branch

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO. 17

3 mm. longis, quam fertilibus distincte longioribus, obscure 5-
nervlis, apicem versus ciliato-setosis, marginibus inflexis; ; glumis
fertilibus oblongo-ellipsoideis, rotundatis, 2 mm. longis, leviter
apprese pilosis.

A rather rigid ascending, scarcely tufted plant, the culms
glabrous, attaining a length of about 20 cm., below prostrate
and rooting at the nodes. Leaves rigid, lanceolate, acuminate,
1.5 to 3.5 cm. long, 4 to 8 mm. wide, base rounded, somewhat
clasping the stem, the lower surface with few, long, white,
spreading hairs or glabrous, the margins rather prominently
denticulate, the minute sharp teeth distinctly visible to the
naked eye, below often ciliate-pilose with long white hairs;
sheathes overlapping , ciliate-pilose with long, spreading, white
hairs; ligule none. Panicles terminal, exserted, few-flowered,
glabrous, 3 to 4 cm. long, the branches few, solitary, spreading,
at most 1 em. long, each bearing 2 or 3 spikelets, the pedicels
of the lateral spikelets about 1.5 mm. long, of the terminal one
longer. Empty glumes equal, oblong, obtuse, 3 mm. long,
margins inflexed, somewhat spreading, obscurely 5-nerved,
toward the apex sparingly ciliate- setose, distinetly ean
the flowering glumes. Flowering olumes two, oblong- ellipsoid,
rounded, 2 mm. long, sparingly. appressed- pilose.

British NortH Borneo, Mount Kinabalu, Kemberanga,
altitude about 2100 meters, Clemens 10503, November 15,
LOS)

In many characters approaching /sachne pangerangensis,
Z. & M., but not densely tufted, much taller, with larger leaves,
and quite different spikelets. In its empty glumes distinctly
exceeding the flowering glumes it approaches Isachne kun-
thiana, W. & A., but is not otherwise closely allied to that
species.

Isachne kinabaluensis, sp. nov.

Laxe caespitosa, erecta, rigida, usque ad 45 cm. alta, culmis
simplicibus, sols barbatis, vaginis margine ciliatis, cetero
glabra vel subglabra; foluws lanceolatis, rigidis, subcoriaceis,
acuminatis, usque ad 8 cm. longis, margine cartilagineis, in-
tegris vel minutissime ciliato-denticulatis; paniculis longe
exsertis, usque ad 9 cm. longis, paucifloris, ramis patulis, in-
ferioribus usque ad 5 cm. longis; spiculis 2 mm. longis, longe
tenuiterque pedicellatis; gluwmis vacuis orbiculari-ellipticis,
rotundatis, glabris vel apice obscurissime ciliatis, 7- vel 9-
nerviis; glumis fertilibus ellipticis, 1.7 ad 2 mm. longis, basi
et apice et margine parcissime ciliatis.

A laxly tufted, erect, simple, rigid, nearly glabrous grass
attaining a height of about 45 cm., the culms smooth, glabrous,
the nodes bearded. Leaves rigid, subcoriaceous, acuminate,
base somewhat rounded, 3 to 8 cm. long, 5 to 9 mm. wide,

KR. -A...Soc.; No. 76, 1917.

78 ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO.

glabrous, or the margins very minutely ciliate-denticulate,
often, however, entire, cartilaginous; sheaths generally over-
lapping, glabrous except the prominently ciliate margins;
ligule none. Panicles lax, pyramidal, long-exserted, up to 9
cm. in length, few-flowered, the branches solitary, spreading,
the lower ones up to 5 cm. in length, quite smooth and glabrous,
the pedicels slender, 6 to 15 mm. in length. Spikelets 2 mm.
long; empty glumes equal, orbicular-elliptic, rounded, %- or
9-nerved, glabrous or the apex very obscurely and sparingly
ciliate ; flowering glumes elliptic, 1.7 to 2 mm. long, rounded,
the base, apex, and margins sparingly ciliate, otherwise glabrous.

British NortH Borneo, Mount Kinabalu, Paka Cave to
Lobang, between the altitudes of 1450 and 3000 meters,
Clemens 10704, (type) November 15, 1916; near Kiau, alti-
tude about 930 meters, Clemens 10029, mixed with Panicum
cordatum, Biise.

Probably as closely allied to Lsachne benecku, Hack.,
any other species, differing, however, in numerous charac

Agrostis, Linnaeus.
Agrostis infirma, Biise in Miq. Pl. Jungh. (1854) 342.

British NorrtH Borneo, Mount Kinabalu, Low’s Peak,
Clemens 10631, altitude about 3600 meters, November 13,
I).

This species has previously been reported only from Java ;
the Bornean specimen agrees closely with the original descrip-
tion, and agrees with Javan specimens kindly supplied by Mr.
Backer of Buitenzore. As noted by Mr. Backer Agrostis in-
firma, Biise, is not clearly distinguishable from the widely dis-
tributed Agrostis alba, Linn.

Agrostis.canina, Linn., var. borneensis, Stapf, 1s represented
by Clemens 10630, from the same locality as 4. infirma, Biise,
while a third species, much more delicate than either of the
above, is represented by Clemens 10632, from the same general
altitude, a single specimen.

CYPERACEAE.
Mapania, Aublet.
Mapania borneensis, sp. nov. § Pandanophyllum.

Rhizoma descendens, ligneum; foliis usque ad 50 cm.
longis et 2.5 cm. latis, 3-nerviis, apice abrupte caudato-acu-
minatis, integris vel margine in partibus superioribus minutis-
sime demieulaiye infra longe eradatim angustatis, haud petio-
latis, basi haud dilatatis; nedunculis 12. ad 20 cm. longis,
monocephalis, basi bracteis distichis instructis; capitulis

Jour. Straits Branch

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO. le)

ovoideis, circiter 2 cm. longis, spicis solitariis ; spiculis numero-

sis confertis, circiter 8 mm. longis; bracteis 4 ad 6, oblongo-

ovatis vel ovatis, obtusis vel retusis, circiter 1 cm. longis;
id

fructibus oblongis, utrinque angustatis, 5 mm. longis, haud
trigonis, rostratis; stylus 3-partitis.

A perennial plant, the rhizome erect, woody, stout, about
1 cm. in diameter. Leaves numerous, about 30 cm. long. 1.7
to 2.5 cm. wide, glabrous or the margins in the upper part
minutely denticulate, 3-nerved, apex abruptly contracted into
a caudate, denticulate appendage about 2 cm. in length, below
very gradually narrowed, the lower part about 1 cm. wide, base
not inflated. Scapes from below the leaves, slender, terete,
12 to 20 cm. long, the lower 4 to 6 cm. supplied with brownish,
elongated, distichous bracts, the lower ones about 1 cm. long,
the uppermost 4 to 5 cm. in length, usually from 4 to 6 bracts
to each scape; heads solitary, terminal, ovoid, consisting of a
single spike about 2 cm. in length, composed of numerous,
densely crowded, 8 mm. long spikelets : bracts subtending the
spike 4 to 6, subcoriaceous, oblong-ovate to ovate, obtuse or
retuse, about 1 cm. long; olumes “about 8 mm. lone; nutlet
oblong or oblong-ovoid, aa monred! at both ends, terete, about 5
mm. long, smooth, prominently rostrate ; style 3-partite.

Britis Norru Borneo, Mount Kinabalu, Gurulau Spur,
on forested hillsides, Clemens 10785, November 27, 1915.

Well characterized by its leaves being abruptly contracted
at the apex into a slender caudate appendage and very gradual-
ly narrowed toward the base, not contracted into a petiole, its
inflorescence composed of a single spike, the scape supplied in
the basal part with prominent clong ated bracts. It may be as
close to Mapamia longrflora, C. B. Clarke, as any other species,
but is not closely allied to this form.

Mapania montana, Rid]. in Journ. Str. Branch Roy. As. Soe.

44 (1905) 206.

British Nortm Borneo, Mount Kinabalu, Kiau and
Marat anal spume Clemens (995. 10872.) 11092) 10570)
November and December, 1915, on forested slopes.

This species was described from Haviland 1801 collected
at Panokok, Mount Kinabalu. The recently collected material
differs from Ridley’s species, as described, in its notably longer
petioles, these in some cases attaining a length of 35 cm.

Pycreus, Beauvois.

Pycreus odoratus, (Lirn.) Urb., var. holosericeus, (Link).

R.

Cyperus holosericeuy, Link, Hort. Berol. 1 (1827) 317.

British NortH Borneo, Mount Kinabalu, Kiau, Cle-
mens 10040, November 24, 1915.

A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

80 ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO.

This form has not previously been reported from Borneo.
It is identical with Philippine material referred to Link’s
species by Kiikenthal. |

Kyllinga, Rottboell.

Kyllinga odorata, Vahl, var. cylindrica, (Nees) Kiikenth.
Kyllinga cylindrica, Nees in Wight, Contrib. (1834) 91.

British NorrH Borneo, Jesselton, Clemens 9823,
December 14, 1915. |

Widely distributed in the tropics of the Old World; not
previously reported from Borneo.

Eleocharis, R. Brown.

Eleocharis afflata, Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp. (1855) 76.

British NortH Borneo, Kiau, Topping 1527, in wet
places, altitude about 1060 meters. India to Luzon and Java.

COMMELINACEAE.
Aneilema, R. Brown.

Aneilema scaberrimum, (Blume) Kunth, Enum. 4 (1843) 69.

Commelina scaberrima, Blume, Enum. Pl. Jay. 1 (1827) 4.
Aneivlema protensum, Wall. Cat. (1831-32) No. 5218, nomen- -
nudum.
British Norra Borneo, Mount Kinabalu, Miau, Top-
ping 1530, November 3, 1913, on wet hillsides, altitude about
930 meters.

India to Sumatra and Java; not previously reported from
Borneo.
MORACEAE.

Artocarpus, Forster.

Artocarpus odoratissima, Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 671.
Artocarpus tarap, Bece. Nelle’ Foreste de Borneo (1902) 626.

Brrrish Norra Borneo, Sandakan, Villamil 200, April
9, 1916, from cultivated trees, locally known as tarap.

I cannot distinguish this Bornean form from the Philip-
pine Artocarpus odoratissima, Blanco, and have accordingly here
reduced Beccari’s Artocarpus tarap as a synonym. Artocarpus
odoratissima, Blanco, is widely distributed in Mindanao in
cultivation, there known as marang, and is also known from
several localities in Mindoro, there known as oloy.

Jour. Straits Branck

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO. 81

Ficus, Linnaeus.
Ficus callosa, Willd. Mem. Acad. Berl. (1789) 102.
BririsH NortH Borneo, Sandakan, Villamil 179, March
12, 1916, in thickets at an altitude of about 85 meters.

Ceylon to Burma, the Maney Peninsula, and Java; new to
Borneo.

SANTALACEAE.

Scleropyrum, Arnott.
Scleropyrum maingayi, Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 5 (1886) 235.

British NortuH Borneo, Sandakan, Villamil #54, Febru-
ary 20, 1916 in forests near the Reservoir, altitude about 80
meters. Trunk spiny, the fruiting racemes borne on the
branches, the fruits yellowish-green.

So far as I can determine from the published descriptions
this specimen is referable to Hooker’s species. ‘The leaves are
somewhat smaller than described by Gamble,* but in essentials
the Bornean form appears to be the same as that from the
Malay Peninsula and Penang. The genus is new to Borneo.

MYRISTICACEAE.

Knema, Loureiro.

Knema glomerata, (Blanco) Merr.

Sterculia glomerata, Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 764.
Myristica heterophylla, F. Vill. Novis. App. Fl. Filip. (1880)
IGS.
Knema heterophylla, Warb. in Noy. Act. Akad. Naturf. 68
(GRO) Bie, ti, 25. 2,
BritisH NortH Borneo, Kalabakan watershed, along the
Pinayas River, Villamil 241, October 7, 1916, altitude 10
meters.

This specimen, although with very immature fruits, comes
well within the range of variation of the very common Knema
glomerata, (Blanco) Merr., which is found throughout the
Philippines at low and medium altitudes; the species has not,
however, previously been reported as an extra-Philippine one.

ROSACEAE.
Parinarium, Aublet.

Parinarium costatum, Blume ex Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1 (1855)
ao.

* Jour. As. Soc. Beng. 752 (1912) 276.
R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

82 ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO.

BririsH Norrit Borneo, Sandakan, Villamil 204, January
8, 1916, along roadsides, altitude about 100 m.

Perak, Malacca, Penang, Singapore, Sumatra, and Java.

Parinarium glaberrimum, Hassk. in Flora, 27 (1844) 583.

Britis Nortm Borneo, Silimpopon, Villamil 196,
September 15, 1916, on forested slopes, altitude 500 meters.

I am unable to distinguish this form specifically from
Hasskarl’s species, which extends from Perak, through. the
Malay Archipelago and the Philippines to Polynesia, and
which has numerous synonyms, including Parinarium scabrum.,
Hassk., P. laurinum, A. Gray, P. warburgu, Perk., and P-
currani, Merr. It was first described by Rumphius as atunus.

Pygeum, Gaertner.
Pygeum pachyphyllum, sp. noy. § Sericospermum.

Frutex vel arbor parva perspicue ferrugineo-pubescens ;
foliis coriaceis, ellipticis, integris, usque ad 16 cm. longis,
breviter acuminatis, basi truncato- rotundatis vel leviter cor-
datis, nervis utrinque 10 ad 12, prominentibus, in pagina
Superiore cum reticulis laxis impressis; racemis axillari-
bus, fasciculatis, dense ferrugineo-pubescentibus, circiter 1
cm. longis; - sepalis 6, anguste oblongis ; ovario dense ferrugineo-
hirsuto ; fructibus parce ferruginco- villosis, seminibus parcis-
sime ciliatis.

A shrub or a small tree, the branches, branchlets, inflores-
cences, and the leaves on the lower cul tace prominently and
in part densely ferruginous-pubescent with short, spreading
hairs, the branches ame branchlets terete. Leaves coriaceous.
elliptic, entire, 12 to 16 cm. long. 7.5 to 10 cm. wide, the upper
surface dull-olivaceous, glabrous, or when young more or less
ferruginous-pubescent especially along the midrib and lateral
nerves, the lower surface very densely ferruginous-pubescent
on the midrib and lateral nerves, with scattered hairs on the
reticulations and surface generally, apex shortly acuminate,
base truncate-rounded to shallowly cordate, the glands obscure,
not projecting; lateral nerves 10 to 12 on. dopey side of tHe
midrib, spreading-curved, very prominent, the nerves and
primary lax reticulations impressed on the upper surface;
petioles densely ferruginous-pubescent, 5 to 8 mm. long.
Racemes axillary, fascicled, short, few-flowered, densely ferru-
ginous-pubescent, about 1 cm. long; pedicels 2 mm. long.
Calyx- tube slightly enlarged upward, about 2 mm. long,
sparingly pubescent, the lobes 6 6, narrowly oblong, pubescent,
about 1.2 mm. long. Stamens about 25; filaments 2.5 to 4
mm. long. Ovary narrowly ovoid, densely ferruginous-pubes-
cent, including the style about 6 mm. long, the style pubescent

Jour. Straits Branch

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO. 83
below, glabrous above. Fruits dark-brown when dry, slightly
compressed, about 6 mm. long, 8 mm. wide, usually 2-seeded,
sparingly ferruginous-villous. or TUNE the seeds with few,
long, shaning, pale hairs.

British NortH Borneo, Mount Bungal, Clemens 11200,
December 9, 1915, along trails in forests, the flowers dull
yellowish-brown.

A species of the section Sericospermum, well characterized
by its elliptic, prominently nerved and reticulate, coriaceous
leaves, its rather dense ferruginous indumentum, and its short
fascicled racemes.

Pygeum ellipticum, sp. nov. § Sericospermunv.

Frutex vel arbor, partibus Junioribus et inflorescentiis et
foliis subtus in costa nervisque plus minusve castaneo-pubes-
centibus; folts ellipticis, crasse coriaceis, usque ad 13 cm.
longis, integris, in pagina superiore minute puncticulatis,
obtusis vel obtuse acuminatis, basi late acutis vel leviter de-
currento-acuminatis, glandulis ellipticis, prominentibus, nervis
utrinque circiter 10, prominentibus; racemis axillaribus, fasci-
culatis, circiter 3 cm. longis; calycis lobis 10; ovario dense
pubescente.

A shrub or tree, the young branchlets, inflorescence, and
the lower surface of the leaves on the midrib and to a less
degree on the nerves rather prominently pubescent with dark-
brown or castaneous hairs, the branches glabrous, terete, lenti-
cellate, dark-brown. Leaves thickly coriaceous, elliptic, 11 to
13 cn. long, 7 to 9 cm. wide, entire, apex obtuse or obtusely
acuminate, base broadly acute or somewhat decurrent-acumin-
ate, the glands prominent, elliptic, slightly raised on the upper
surface, the upper surface olivaceous, shining, the midrib
usually pubescent, the lower surface brownish; lateral nerves
about 10 on each side of the midrib, very prominent, spreading,
sheghtly curved, the reticulations lax; petioles stout, pubescent,
1 to 1.8 em: long. Racemes axillary, tascicled, about 3 em.
long, the pedicels about 1 mm. long, the bracteoles elliptic-
ovate, obtuse, nearly 2 mm. long, pubescent. Calyx-tube about
2 mm. long, obconic, 2 mm. in diameter at the base, nearly
twice as wide at the throat, pubescent, the lobes 10, narrowly
oblong, densely villous, about 1.5 mm. long. Stamens about
25, 2 to 5 mm. long. Ovary ovoid, densely villous; style 4
mm. long, glabrous or with few scattered hairs.

SARAWAK, Mount Poé collected by Jee Koo, July, 1908
received from the Sarawak Museum.

In some respects similar to Pygeum pachyphyllum, Merr.,
but with much longer racemes, more numerous calyx-lobes,
quite different indumentum, the base of the leaves very dif-
ferent in shape and prominently glandular, and the upper
surface with numerous, scattered, minute pits.

is, HN, Soe, IOs 7G; ial,

$4 ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO.
CONNARACEAE.
Ellipanthus, Hooker f.

Ellipanthus mindanaensis, Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4
(1909) Bot. 124. |
British NortTH Borneo, Kalambakan, Villamil 256,
September 21, 1916, in forests along streams near sea level.

While this specimen is not directly comparible with [lli-
panthus mindanaensis, Merr., the type of the latter being a
fruiting specimens and the Bornean plant being in flower
manifestly but a single species is represented by the two. The
Bornean plant has somewhat thinner leaves than the Mindanao
one, and the ultimate reticulations are ‘not as conspicuous.
The species is well characterized by its distinctly peltate leaves,
the petioles being inserted from 1 to 2 mm. above the basal
margin.

LEGUMINOSAE.
Parkia, R. Brown.

Parkia singularis, Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1 (1858) 1078; Suppl.
(1862) 285.

Britisw Norti Borneo, Sandakan, Villamil 201, January
8, 1916; altitude about 100 meters.

The specimens agree closely with Miquel’s extended des-
cription as given in his supplementary volume on Sumatra.
The pinnae are 2-jugate, and the leaflets, somewhat smaller
than described by Miquel, are pale beneath. The species has
previously been reported only from Sumatra, and is distin-
guished among all the species of Parkia by its large leaflets.

Mezoneurum, Desfontaines.

Mezoneurum sumatranum, (Roxb.) W. & A., Prodr. (1834)
283.

] Caesalpinia sumatrana, Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) 32, nomen
nudum; Fl. Ind. ed. 2, 2 (1832) 366.

BritisH Nort Borneo, Sandakan, Villamil 190, March
20, 1913, borders of swamps near the Wireless Station.
New to Borneo; Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and southern
Palawan.
Pahudia, Miquel.

Pahudia borneensis, (Harms), comb. nov.
Afzelia borneensis, Harms in Fedde, Repert. 14 (1916) 256
(April 15),
Pahudia acuminata, Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 11 (1916)
Bot. 86 (June 24).

Jour. Straits Branch

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO. 85

The type of both Afzelia borneensis, Harms, and Pahudia
acuminata, Merr., is [7ose 93, and Harms’s specific name has
priority. The number of Fedde’s Repertorium containing the
description of Afzeha borneensis, Harms, did not reach Manila
until November 20, 1916. Dr. Harms does not consider that
the Malayan Pahudia, Miquel, is generically distinct from the
African Afzelia, Smith, in which he may be correct, but in this
connection Afzeha, Smith (1798), is entirely different from
Afzelia, Gmel. (1791), and I prefer to retain Miquel’s generic
name Pahudia.

Desmodium, Desvaux.
Desmodium laxum, DC. in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 (1825) 336.

British Norra Borneo, Mount Kinabalu, Marai Parai
Spur, Clemens 10901, November 24, 1915.

India to southern China, the Philippines, and Malaya.

Uraria, Desfontaines.

Uraria picta, (Jacq.) Desv., Journ. Bot 1 (1913) 123, t. 5, f. 19.
Hedysarum pictum, Jaeq. Coll. 2 (1788) 262.

British NortH Bornno, Khota Balud to Kibayo, Cle-
mens 9785, Topping 1483, October 28, 1916.

Widely distributed in the tropics of the Old World, in-
troduced into the New World, but not previously recorded
from Borneo.

’

Mucuna, Adanson.
Mucuna fon pinot i, sp. nov. § Zoophthalmum, Carpopogon.

Frutex alte scandens, foliolis subtus parce hirsutis, in-
florescentiis dense ferrugineo- pubescentibus et pilis rigidis
fuscis instructis; foliolis ovatis vel elliptico-ovatis, acuminatis,
ne ad 15 cm. longis, basi rotundatis, nervis utrinque circiter

6; inflorescentiis racemosis; racemis axillaribus, solitariis vel
fasciculatis, usque ad 20 cm. longis; floribus atro-purpureis,
circiter + cm. longis, calyce obliquo, pilis rigidis mstructo ;
carina cartilagineo- acuminata ; leguminibus junioribus oblongis,
dense ferrugineo- pubescentibus et pilis rigidis fuscis numero-
sissim1s instructis, suturis alatis, valvis planis, haud trans-
verse lamellatis.

A more or less woody, luxuriant vine, the branches terete,
brownish, striate, glabrous, sparingly lenticellate. Petioles 8
to 12 cm. long, glabrous, or when young sparingly hirsute ;
stipels acicular, about 3 mm. long; leaflets ovate to elliptic-
ovate, the terminal one equilateral, the others more or less
inequilateral, olivaceous, shining, chartaceous, 12 to 15 cm.
long, 7.5 to 9.5 cm. wide, base rounded or very shallowly

°

R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

86

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO.

cordate, apex rather prominently acuminate, the lower surface
sparingly hirsute on the midrib and lateral nerves, the upper
glabrous; lateral nerves about 6 on each side of the midrib,
prominent, curved-ascending; petiolules 5 to 7 mm. long.
Racemes axillary, solitary or fascicled, slender, up to 20 em.
in length, sometimes with one or two branches forming a
depauperate panicle, 1 to + in each awil, rather densely ferru-
ginous-pubescent and with long, stiff, scattered hairs inter-
mixed, the nodes prominently thickened. Flowers dark-purple,
about 4 cm. long, their pedicels densely ferruginous-pubescent,
up to 1.5 em. long, each with a pair of orbicular-ovate, round-
ed, 4 to 5 mm. long, deciduous bracteoles at the apex. Calyx
in bud somewhat cup-shaped, in anthesis broad, oblique, up
to 1.4 cm. wide, the upper lobe distinct in bud, nearly obsolete
in anthesis, the two lateral. ones inequilateral, ovate, rounded,
about 2 mm. long, the lower one oblong to triangular-ovate,
obtuse, about 5 mm. long, outside densely ferruginous-pubes-
cent and supplied with numerous long, stiff, brown, stinging
hairs. Standard glabrous, orbicular, 2.5 cm. in diameter,
rounded, base shallowly cordate, the claw stout, short, about
2 mm. long, twice as wide. Wings oblong, 4 cm. long, 1.4 em.
wide, rounded, the claw 4 to 5 mm. long, the basal auricle
ovate, rounded, 3 mm. long, the back and margins in the lower
10 to 12 mm. pubescent, otherwise glabrous. Keel about as
long as the wings, about 6 mm. wide, glabrous, somewhat
curved-falcate above, the tip cartilaginous, acuminate, the
claw about 6 mm. long, the auricle ovate, rounded, about 2
mm. long. Ovary oblong, densely covered with stiff, ferru-
ginous, stinging, appressed hairs; style hirsute. Young pods
oblong, flattened, about 7 cm. long and 3 cm. wide, densely
ferruginous-pubescent, and supplied with very numerous stiff,
ferruginous, stinging hairs 2 to 3 mm. in length, the sutures
narrowly winged throughout their length, the valves flat, plain,
with no transverse plaits.

British NortH Borneo, Mount Kinabalu, Kiau, Cle-
mens 10085 (type), 10049, November, 1915, Topping 1561,
November 2, 1915, in thickets, altitude about 1450 meters.

A very characteristic species manifestly belonging in the
group with Mucuna acuminata, Grah., but with an entirely
different inflorescence. In its vegetative characters it ap-
proaches Mucuna biplicata, T. & B., but belongs to quite an-
other section of the genus, the valves having no transverse
plaits.

RUTACEAE.
Tetractomia, Hooker f.

Tetractomia obovata, sp. nov.

Frutex usque ad 2 m. altus, glaber, vel inflorescentiis
parcissime pubescens; foliis coriaceis, obovatis, usque ad

Jour. Straits Branch

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO. 87

9 cm. longis, olivaceis, nitidis, apice rotundatis vel retusis,
basi cuneatis, nervis utrinque circiter 10, distinctis; inflores-
centus axillaribus, pedunculatis, usque ad 5 cm. longis, pauci-
floris: floribus circiter 1 cm. diametro; petalis ovatis, acutis,
4 mm. longis; fructibus 4 mm. longis.

A shrub 2 m. ‘high or less, quite glabrous or the flores-
cence, sparingly pubescent on its younger parts. Branches
and branchlets terete, stout, the fomnen brownish-gray, the
latter nearly black when dry, the petiolar scars rather pro-
minent. Leaves coriaceous, dark-olivaceous when dry, some-
what shining, 5.5 to 9 cm. long, 4 to 6 cm. wide, apex broadly
rounded, sometimes retuse, base narrowed, cuneate, the lower
surface paler than the upper, with very numerous, small,
brownish glands; lateral nerves about 10 on each side of the

midrib, slender but rather prominent, obscurely anastomosing ;
petioles rather stout, 1 to 1.4 em. long. Cymes axillary, up

to 5 em. long, peduncled, few-flowered, the pedicels 4 mm.
long, the bracteoles broadly ovate, thick, about 1 mm. long.
Flowers 4-merous, about 1 em. in diameter. Calyx nearly
square in outline, 3 mm. wide, the lobes short, rounded to
acute, thick, concave. Petals ovate, punctate, 4 mm. long,
3 mm. wide, acute, persistent. Fertile stamens 4, opposite
the sepals, their filaments 4 mm. long, with four alternating,

sterile, 2 mm. long filaments opposite and attached to the

base of the petals. Disk prominent. Ovary depressed, sunk
in the disk, the top broadly pyramidal and obscurely 4-lobed ;

‘style 3 mm. long. Fruit composed of four, erect, free or

nearly free, oblong, thickly coriaceous, 6 mm. long cocéi.

BritisH NorrtH Borneo, Mount Kinabalu, Marai Parai
Spur, Clemens 11025, December 1, 1915, growing in open
places, the flowers green or greenish.

A characteristic representative of this small genus, readily
distinguished by its rather large flowers. It is apparently
most closely allied to Tetractomia tetrandra (Roxb.) (IMeli-

cope tetrandra, Roxb., Tetractomia roxburghu, Hook. f.) of ihe
Malay Peninsula.

MELIACEAE.

Aglaia, Loureiro.

Aglaia borneensis, sp. nov. $ Hearnia.

R.

Arbor parva, circiter 4 m. alta, ramulis et petiolis et in-
florescentiis densissime minuteque stellato-tomentosis, indu-
mento brunneo; folus circiter 1 m. longis, foliolis circiter 3],
alternis, longe “petiolulatis, oblongis, basi inaequilateralibus,
rotundatis vel superioribus abutis, apice perspicue acumina-
tis, usque ad 22 cm. longis et 7 cm. latis, nervis utrinque
circiter 20, supra Impressis, subtus prominentibus, subtus plus

A. Soe., No. 76, 1917.

88

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO.

minusve minuteque stellato-lepidotis; inflorescentus axillari-
bus, pyramidato-paniculatis, usque ad 45 em. longis, breviter
pedunculatis, ramis inferioribus circiter 16 cm. longis, multi-
floris; floribus 5-meris, breviter pedicellatis; calyce extus
minute stellato-tomentoso; petals liberis, glabris, 1 mm.
longis, tubo turbinato, glabro.

A small tree about 4 m. high the trunk about 10 em. in
diameter, the branches, petioles, rachises and inflorescences.
densely and minutely stellate-lepidote, the indumentum brown.
Ultimate branches terete, about 1 cm. in diameter. Leaves.
alternate, scattered, about 1 m. long; leaflets about 31, alter-
nate, chartaceous, oblong, 13 to 22 cm. long, 4 to 7 em. wide,
base somewhat inequilateral, broadly rounded, or the uppermost
ones acute at the base, apex prominently acuminate, the acu-
men usually acute, sometimes blunt, pale or olivaceous when
dry, the upper surface glabrous, shining, the lower densely
and minutely fuscous stellate-puberulent on the midrib, and
to a less degree on the lateral nerves, with widely scattered
stellate scales on the surface; lateral nerves about 20 on each
side of the midrib, impressed on the upper surface, very pro-
minent on the lower surface, somewhat spreading, curved,
anastomosing; petiolules densely brown-lepidote- -puberulent, 1
to i> em lone: = Panieles axillary, solitary, pyramidal, up to
45 cm. long, the lower branches up to 16 em. "am Wenemar
Flowers very numerous, 5-merous, yellowish-green, rather
laxly disposed on the alate branchlets, their pedicels about
0.5 mm. long, densely stellate- puberulent. Calyx-lobes 5,
broadly triangular, 0.8 mm. long or less, obtuse. Petals 5,
obovate to obovate- elliptic, elabrous, 1 mm. long. Staminal-
tube turbinate, free, glabrous, 0.5 mm. long, margins crenate,
anthers usually 5, sometimes 4, inserted at the margin of the
tube between the crenulations.

BritisH NortH Borneo, Silimpopon, Villamil 247, Sep-
tember 1, 1916, in flat moist regions, altitude about 50 meters.

Among those species of Hearnia previously described this
comes closest to Hearnia beccariana, C. DC. = Aglaia bec-
cariana, Harms, from which it is at once distinguished by its
much longer leaves, its much larger leaflets and its uniformly
dense, brown, stellate-puberulent indumentum on the branches.
petioles, rachises, petiolules, midribs on the lower surface of
the leaves, and inflorescences.

Aglaia tripetala, sp. nov. § Huaglau.

Arbor circiter 30 m. alta, ramulis junioribus inflorescenti-
isque plus minusve lepidotis, deinde ramis glabrescentibus ;
folus 30 ad 40 cm. longis, alternis, foliolis 7 vel 9, oppositis,
oblongis, obtusis, leviter falcatis, basi valde inaequilateralibus,
usque ad 13 cm. longis, nervis utrinque circiter 12, tenuibus;
inflorescentvis axillaribus, folia subaequantibus, ramis primarls

Jour. Straits Branch

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO. 89

paucis, patulis, inferioribus usque ad 12 cm. longis; floribus
3-meris. pedicellatis in ramulis ultimis subracemose dispositis ;
calyct lepidoto, leviter 5-lobato; petalis 3, ellipticis, concavis,
3 mm. longis, liberis; staminibus 6, inclusis.

A tree about 30 m. high according to the collector, quite
glabrous except the young branchlets and the inflorescence.
Branches terete, dark-brown, the ultimate, ones about 5 mm.
in diameter, glabrous, the tips of the ultimate branchlets dense-
ly lepidote. Leaves alternate, 30 to 40 cm. long, entirely
glabrous; leaflets 7 or 9, opposite, pale-olivaceous when dry,
somewhat falcate, rather tough in texture, base strongly in-
equilateral, one side broadly rounded and extending about 5
mm. along the midrib below the narrower acute side; lateral
nerves slender, about 12 on each side of the midrib; petiolules
5 to 7 mm. long. Panicles axillary, about as long as the
leaves, the older parts glabrous, the younger parts with scatter-

ed, pale, lepidote scales, the primary branches few, scattered,

the lower ones up to 12 cm. in length. Flowers 3-merous,
greenish-yellow, comparatively large, cymosely and rather laxly
disposed on the ultimate branchlets, their pedicels 1 to 2 mm.
long. Calyx rather densely lepidote, about 2 mm. in dia-
meter, with three, broad, rounded, shallow lobes. Petals 3,
entirely free, glabrous, elliptic, concave, rounded, 3 mm. long.
Staminal-tube somewhat obovoid or obconic, about 2.8 mm.
long, glabrous, with three broad very shallow lobes. Stamens
6, included, about 1.2 mm. _ long. Rudimentary ovary
glabrous, about 1 mm. long, often 3-lobed.

British NorrtH Borneo, Sandakan, Villamil 184, March
16, 1913, back of a swamp beyond the Wireless Station.

A species well characterized by its comparatively large,
3-merous flowers, its glabrous leaves, elongated, sparingly
lepidote inflorescences, and its very strongly inequilateral leaf-
lets. It is perhaps most closely allied to Aglaia laxiflora, Miq.

EUPHORBIACEAE.

Antidesma, Linnaeus.

Antidesma cauliflorum, sp. noy.

R.

Arbor circiter 5 m. alta, ramulis junioribus et petiolis et
folis subtus in costa nervisque et inflorescentiis prominente
subferrugineo-pubescentibus; foliis oblongis, usque ad 17 cm.
longis, chartaceis, nitidis, acute acuminatis, basi obtusis vel
rotundatis, nervis utrinque 7 ad 10, curvato-adseendentibus,
prominentibus; stipulis lineari-lanceolatis, acuminatis, cir-
citer 1 cm. longis, leviter falcatis, deciduis; inflorescentws
ex truncis et ramis vetustioribus, usque ad 15 em. longis, de-
pauperato paniculatis; racemis paucis, elongatis ; pedicellis 1.5
ad 2 mm. longis, quam bracteolis duplo longioribus ; ; floribus 5-

A. Soc., No.-76, 1917.

90

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO.

meris; jfructibus rubris, ovoideis vel ellipsoideis, turgidis,.
inaequilateralibus, leviter carinatis, grosse rugoso-reticulatis,
circiter 7 mm. longis, stigmate terminal.

A tree about 5 m. high, the branchlets, petioles, les
surface of the leaves on the costa and nerves and the inflores-
cences prominently pubescent with subferruginous hairs.
Older branches grayish, terete, glabrous. Leaves chartaceous,
subolivaceous, shining, oblong, 12 to 17 em. long, 3.5 to 5.5
cm. wide, base obtuse to somewhat rounded, apex prominently
acuminate, the acumen acute or sometimes apiculate, the up-
per surface slightly puncticulate, glabrous, or the midrib
shghtly pubescent; lateral nerves 7 to 10 on each side of the
midrib, curved-ascending, rather obscurely anastomosing, pro-
minent; petioles densely pubescent, 5 to 8 mm. long; stipules:
linear- lanceolate, somewhat faleate, acuminate, pubescent, about
ti em.) lonie; deciduous. Inflorescences from the older branches
and from tubercles on the trunk, up to 15 cm. long, ferru-
ginous-pubescent, each with usually two elongated branches ;
pistillate flowers pedicelled, 5-merous,- the calyx divided about
one-half to the base, the lobes oblong-ovate, acute, pubescent,
about 0.6 mm. long; pedicels pubescent, in fruit 1.5 to 2 mm.
long, about twice as long as the inconspicuous, pubescent:
bracteoles. Fruits glabrous, red, ovoid to ellipsoid, inequi-
lateral, turgid, slightly carinate, very coarsely and conspicu-
ously rugose-reticulate, acute, about 7 mm. long, the stigma
apical,

Britis Nort Borneo, Mount Kinabalu, Gurulau Spur
and Kiau, Clemens 10790 (type), 9944, November, 1915.

A species readily distinguished by its cauline inflorescence.
In vegetative characters it approaches Antidesma montanum,
Blume, and A. moritzvi, Muell.-Arg., and its alliance is probably
with these species, which, however, have terminal inflorescences.

Antidesma clementis, sp. nov.

Frutex vel arbor parva, ramulis et petiolis et infructescen-
tibus plus minusve pubescentibus; foliis oblongo-lanceolatis,
subcoriaceis, olivaceis, nitidis, usque ad 9 cm. longis, tenuiter
acuminatis, basi acutis, nitidis, nervis utrinque. circiter Ne
prominentibus; stipulis acicularibus, pubescentibus, circiter 8
mm. longis; spicis axillaribus, solitarius, circiter 4 cm. longis ;
floribus Q 5-meris, sessilibus ; fructibus oblongo-ovatis, com-
pressis, 1 cm. longis, inaequilateralibus, basi rotundatis, apice
acutis, extus leviter strigilloso-hirsutis, laxe reticulatis, stig-
mate terminali.

A shrub or small tree, the branchlets, petioles and spikes
more or less pubescent, the branchlets densely so, the indu-
mentum dirty brown. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, subcoriaceous,.
olivaceous and shining when dry, 6 to Dene long, 2.5 to 3 cm.
wide, apex slenderly’ “acuminate, the acumen blunt or acute,

Jour. Straits Branch:

-ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO. 91

often apiculate, base acute, the upper surface entirely glabrous,
the lower sparingly pubescent on the midrib and lateral nerves ;
lateral nerves about 7 on each side of the midrib, prominent,
anastomosing; petioles about 2 mm. long; stipules acicular,
about 8 mm. long, acuminate, pubescent. Spikes solitary,
simple, from the lower axils, up to 4 cm. long. Pistillate
flowers sessile, 5-merous, the disk-like central part of the
ealyx thick, about 1.2 mm. in diameter, the lobes membrana-
eeous, pubescent, 0.5 mm. long; bracteoles not seen. Fruits
red, oblong- ovate, compressed, 1 cm. long, 5 mm. wide, base
rounded, apex acute, sparingly strigillose- hirsute externally,
laxly reticulate, dark-brown when dry, shining; the stigma
terminal.

BritisH NorrH Borneo, Mount Kinabalu, Lobang, Cle-
mens 10374, November 11, 1915.

A species well characterized by its lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, prominently acuminate, rather few-nerved leaves,
its narrow stipules, and its large, compressed, sessile fruits.
In vegetative characters it resembles Antidesma stenophyllum,
Merr., differing in its much smaller, fewer-nerved leaves.
From Antidesma gibbsiae, Hutchinson, the type of which was
from Tenom, and which has sessile 1 cm. long fruits and subu-
late stipules, it differs in the same characters as from A.
stenophyllum, Merr.

Antidesma inflatum, sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 5 m. alta, praeter inflorescentias dense
rubiginoso-pubescentes glabra; folis subcoriaceis, nitidis,
subolivaceis, oblongo-ellipticis, usque ad 18 em. longis, basi:
acutis, apice abrupte obtuseque acuminatis, nervis utrinque
8 vel 9, subtus prominentibus; stipulis coriaceis, ovatis vel
oblongo- ‘ovatis, obtusis vel acuminatis, 5- ad 7-nerviis, 10 ad 12
mm. ‘longis, ‘persistentibus ; inflorescenttis Q terminalibus
simplicibus, racemosis, usque ad 12 cm. longis, basi bracteis
prominentibus instructis : floribus 5-meris, calycis lobis brevi-
bus, pubescentibus ; fructibus valde inflatis, circiter 9 mm.
longis, inaequilateralibus, reticulatis, glabris, apice rotundatis,
stigmate distincte lateral.

A tree about 5 m. high, entirely glabrous except the dense-
ly rubiginous-pubescent inflorescence. Branches slender,
terete, smooth, brownish-olivaceous. Leaves subcoriaceous,
oblong-elliptic, subolivaceous, of nearly the same color on both
surfaces, shining, 12 to 18 em. long, 5 to 8 cm. wide, base
acute, apex abruptly and obtusely acuminate; lateral nerves
8 or 9 on each side of the midrib, prominent on the lower
surface, anastomosing, the primary reticulations lax; petioles
5 to 8 mm. long; stipules persistent, coriaceous, inequilateral,
ovate to oblong-ovate, obtuse to acuminate, 10 to 12 mm. long,
6 to 8 mm. wide, 5- to 7-nerved. Fruiting racemes terminal,

R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

92 ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO.

solitary, simple, up to 12 cm. long, the basal part of the
peduncle with several pairs of conspicuous, oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, pubescent, 5 to 7 mm. long bracts; pedicels pubes-
cent, 4 to 5 mm. long; bracteoles inconspicuous. Calyx about
2% mm. in diameter, pubescent, the lobes triangular, acute, about
0.56 mm. long. Disk very prominent, glabrous, thick, as wide
as the calyx in fruit. Fruits 9 mm. long, strongly inflated,
ovoid, inequilateral, rounded at both ends, red, glabrous,
slightly keeled, prominently reticulate, the stigma distinctly
lateral, situated at about 2 mm. below the rounded apex of
the fruit. :

British NorrH Borneo, Kalabakan watershed, Villamil
235, October 6, 1916, along the margins of swamps at sealevel.

A rather strongly marked species, in vegetative characters
somewhat resembling Antidesma stipulare, Blume, but radical-
ly different in its fruit characters. It is readily distinguish-
able by its rubiginous-pubescent racemes, the plant otherwise
entirely glabrous, and its strongly inflated fruits which are
rounded at both ends, the stigmas distinctly lateral, not
terminal.

Sauropus, Blume.

Sauropus androgyna, (Linn.) Merr. in Forestry Bur. ( Philip.)
Bull i (903)) 730,

Cluytia androgyna, Linn. Mant. 1 (1767) 128.
Sauropus albicans, Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 596.

British NorrH Borneo, Jesselton, Topping 19384,
December 4, 1916.

India to China southward to Java and the Moluccas.

Ostodes, Blume.

Ostodes villamilii, sp. nov. § Desmostemon.

Arbor, partibus junioribus exceptis glabra; folus sub-
coriaceis, integris, oblongis vel elliptico-oblongis, usque ad 16
cm. longis, basi acutis, vix glandulosis, apice acutis vel obtusis,
nervis utrinque 8 ad 10, subtus prominentibus; inflorescentiis
axillaribus, paniculatis, usque ad 12 em. longis; floribus ¢}
numerosis, calyci irregulariter 3-fisso, lobis integris vel 2-
lobatis; petalis oblongo-ellipticis, integris, obtusis, circiter 4.5
mm. longis, intus villosis; stamiuibus circiter 7, filamentis
brevibus, pilosis.

A tree, according to the collector about 30 m. high, dioe-
cious, the inner bark yellowish, with the odor of Jatropha
curcas, the twigs yielding a reddish sap. Branches terete,
grayish, glabrous, the branchlets appressed-pubescent with

Jour. Straits Branch

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO. 93

short pale hairs. Leaves subcoriaceous, entire, oblong to
oblong-elliptic, 9 to 16 cm. long, 4 to 6 cm. wide, subequally
narrowed to the acute, scarcely glandular base and to the acute
or blunt apex; lateral nerves 8 to 10 on each side of the mid-
rib, prominent on both surfaces, curved, anastomosing, the
reticulations prominent; petioles 1.5 to 4 cm. long. Stamin-
ate inflorescences axillary, solitary, paniculate, up to 12 cm.
in length, glabrous or nearly so, branched from near the base,
the branches few, distant, spreading, the lower ones up to 4
em. in length, the flowers white, cymosely disposed on the
branchlets, their pedicels up to 5 mm. long. Calyx about 4
mm. long, rather irregularly sphtting into three oblong-ovate
lobes which extend nearly to the base, two of the lobes cleft at
the apex, somewhat contracted above and bearing two thin,
suborbicular lobules about 1 mm. in diameter, the third lobe
with a single terminal lobule. Petals 5, free, oblong-elliptic,
obtuse, entire, about 4.5 mm. long, rather densely villous with
pale hairs on the inner surface below. Disk glands prominent,
glabrous, up to 1 mm. in length. Stamens usually 7, their
filaments slightly united, pale-villous, up to two mm. in length.
Rudimentary ovary none. Pistillate flowers and fruits un-
known.

British NortuH Borneo, Sandakan, Villamil 164, Febru-
ary 27, 1916, in forests, altitude about 90 meters.

A characteristis species apparently not closely allied to
any previously described form. It is somewhat anomalous in
the genus Ostodes in its few stamens, in this character aproach-
ing Ostodes minor, Muell.-Arg. The orbicular terminal ap-
pendages of the calyx lobes are characteristic, these correspond-
ing to the petals in number, arranged on the irregular lobes,
two lobes bearing two each, the third a single one.

CELASTRACEAE.
Elaeodendron, Jacquin.

Elaeodendron subrotundum, King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 65°
(1896) 356.

Sarawak, Lundu, Foxworthy 119, May 18, 1908, in
swamps at the mouth of the river; known to the Dyaks as
galan. British Norte Borneo, Segalind River, Poxrworthy
623, in mangrove swamps, locally known as landing-landing.

Malay Peninsula and the Andaman Islands.

The Bornean material perfectly matches Ridley 12481
from Johore. The minute appressed teeth on the leaf-margins
are not mentioned by King in the original description of the
species.

R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

94

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO.

VITACEAE.

Ampelocissus, Planchon.

Ampelocissus pedicellata, sp. nov. § Kalocissus.

Frutex scandens partibus junioribus et inflorescentiis et
petiolis et petiolulis et foliorum laminis costa nervisque ferru-
gineo-arachnoideo-villosis; folus palmato-pedato-7-foliolatis,
foliolis oblongis, coriaceis, usque ad 20 cm. longis, tenuiter
acuminatis, basi plus minusve inaequilateralibus, acutis, vel
acuminatis, margine distanter spinuloso-denticulatis vel in-
tegris, nervis utrinque circiter 9; inflorescentus ut videtur
longe pedunculatis, racemis numerosis, confertis, 2.4 ad 3.5 cm.
longis, racemose dispositis; floribus glabris, 4-meris, omnibus
breviter pedicellatis; petalis 2 ad 2.5 mm. longis, oblongis.

A scandent shrub, the younger parts, inflorescences,
petioles, petiolules, and the midrib and nerves on both sur-
faces of the leaves densely villous with cobweb-like ferruginous
hairs, these in age often pale in color. Leaves apparently
long-petioled, the leaflets 7, the three middle ones with petiolules
2.5 to 3.5 cm. in length, the two lateral ones on each side
on a common branch about as long as the central petiolules,
their petiolules 5 to 10 mm. long, the leaflets coriaceous, dark-
brown or nearly black when dry, oblong, 15 to 20 em. long,
5.5 to 8 cm. wide, base acute or acuminate, usually more or
less inequilateral, apex slenderly and sharply acuminate, mar-
gins distantly spinulose-dentate by the excurrent lateral nerves,
or subentire; lateral nerves about 9 on each side of the midrib,
very prominent on the lower surface as are the primary reti-
culations. Inflorescences apparently long-peduncled, the up-
per 15 cm. bearing numerous, spreading-ascending, 2.5 to 3.5
cm. long racemes, the common rachis and those of the racemes
densely ferruginous-lanate. Flowers numerous, entirely gla-
brous, their pedicels 1.5 to 2 mm. long. Calyx about 1 mm.
in diameter, the lobes four, rounded, obscure. Petals 4, oblong,
obtuse or acute, 2 to 2.56 mm. long. Ovary glabrous, somewhat
ellipsoid, the style about 0.6 mm. long.

SARAWAK, without definite locality, Natwe collector 247
(BUEN soety)i:

A most characteristic species at once distinguished from
all described forms by its pedicelled flowers. It is suspected
that it is the same as the form indicated by Planchon in DC.
Monog. Phan. 5 (1887) 414 as “ A. sp. nova. Borneo (Beccari,
no. 178, in herb. Kew),” but not described by him.

Ampelocissus tenuis, sp. nov. § Kalocissus.

Scandens, tenuis, ramulis circiter 1 mm. crassis, partibus
junioribus et petiolis et inflorescentiis et foliolis subtus in costa
nervisque dense rufo-lanatis; foliis pedato-palmato-5-foliolatis,

Jour. Straits Branch

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO. 95

petiolulis interioribus 1-foliolatis, lateralibus 2-foliolatis, folio-
hs membranaceis, oblongo-ellipticis vel oblongis, usque ad 6
em. longis, apice acuminatis apiculatisque, basi acutis, margine
leviter undulatis, distanter spinuloso-denticulatis, nervis utrin-
que 5 vel 6; inflorescentus longe tenuiterque pedunculatis,
spicis circiter 15, circiter 1 cm. longis, patulis; floribus parvis,
4-meris, petalis junioribus circiter 1 mm. longis.

A very slender, scandent plant, the branches, branchlets,
inflorescences, petioles petiolules and the midrib and nerves
on the lower surface of the leaves densely rusty or rubiginous-
lanate, the branches very slender, about 1 mm. in diameter.
Leaves palmate-pedate 5-foliolate, their petioles slender, 2 to
3 cm. long, the stipules ovate to oblong-ovate, slightly pubes-
cent, about 3 mm. long. Leaflets nies: meceoms, oblong-
elliptic to oblong, brownish when dry, the upper surface quite
glabrous, 2 to 6 cm. long, 1 to 2.5 em. wide, the central ones
larger than the lateral, the interior on a 3 to 4 mm. long,
petiolule, the two lateral ones on each side subsessile on 4 to
6 mm. long, branchlets of the common petiole, the central
leaflet equilateral, ‘the others inequilateral, apex acuminate
and apiculate, base usually acute, margins distantly spinulose-
denticulate by the excurrent ete! nerves, slightly undulate ;
lateral nerves 5 or 6, slender, densely brown- tomentose on the
lower surface. Inflorescences on a very slender peduncle which
attains a length of at least 10 cm., 1 mm. in diameter or less,
composed of about 15, slender, spreading, em tons spikes
arranged in the upper 5 cm. of the inflorescence, the peduncle
and common rachis densely rubiginous- villous, the rachises
of the spikes minutely grayish-pubescent or puberulent.
Flowers small, 12 to 20 on each spike, 4- rarely 5-merous,
sessile, their bracteoles ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 0.5 mm.
long. Calyx cup-shaped, glabrous, 0.8 mm. long, with very
obscure, broadly rounded lobes. Petals 4, rarely 5, in bud
oblong-elliptic, about 1 mm. long. Anthers oblong. Ovary
elabrous.

SARAWAK, without definite locality, Native collector 251
(Bun Ser)

A characteristic species, readily recognizable by its very
slender stems, its small, membranaceous leaflets which are
glabrous on the upper surface and rubiginous-pubescent on
the nerves and midrib beneath, and by its very slender, small,
inflorescences. Its alliance is apparently with Ampelocissus
motleyr, Planch.

Pterisanthes, Blume.

Pterisanthes parvifolia, sp. nov.

Frutex scandens, tenuis, glaber; folius simplicibus, ob-
longis, usque ad 7 cm. longis, chartaceis, basi cordatis, apice

RewAN ISOs, INO} 6, MOLT:

96

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO.

acuminatis apiculatisque, margine distanter denticulatis, nervis
utrinque 4 vel 5; receptaculis longe pedunculatis, oblongis,
planis, usque ad 8 cm. longis et 2 cm. latis, basi attenuatis ;
floribus marginalibus utring ue 2 vel 3, longissime pedicellatis :
hermaphr oditis numerosis, utrinque in Jaminibus inflorescentiae
immersis.

A slender, scandent, glabrous plant, the branches terete,
1 to 2 mm. in diameter. “Leaves oblong, chartaceous, rather
pale when dry, glabrous, somewhat shining, 6 to 7 cm domes
3 to 3.5 em. wide, base somewhat cordate, apex acuminate and
apiculate, margins with few, usually about three, glandular
teeth ; lateral nerves 3 or 4 on each side of the midrib, slender,
anastomosing, the reticulations rather lax, distinct; petioles a
to 1.5 em. long. Special branch bearing the peduncle opposite
the leaves, 2 to 4 cm. long, the tendril 4 to 5 cm. long, the
peduncle slender, attaining a length of 12 cm. Inflorescence
in general oblong, flat, dark-brown when dry, up to 8 cm.
long and 2 cm. wide, base attenuate, flat, two-winged, the
marginal staminate flowers two or three on each side, their
pedicels up to 2 cm. in length, the perfect flowers numerous,
scattered over both surfaces of the wings, immersed, in anthesis
2 to 2.56 mm. in diameter, the buds about 1.5 mm. in diameter.

Sarawak, Baram District, Marudi, Hose 213, October
26, 1894.

A species well characterized by its small leaves, and its
few, long-pedicelled, marginal flowers. Its alliance is with
Pterisanthes polita, Miq.

ELAEOCARPACEAE.

Elaeocarpus, Linnaeus.

Elaeocarpus longipetiolatus, sp. nov. § Ganitrus.

Arbor circiter 9 m. alta partibus junioribus et foliis subtus
ad costa nervisque et in‘lorescentiis adpresse pubescentibus 5
folus longe petiolatis (petiolo 3 ad 6 em. longo), oblongo-
ovatis ad oblongo-ellipticis, usque ad 15 cm. longis, prominente
acuminatis, basi subacutis, crenulatis, subtus elandulis minutis
brunneis inspersis, nervis utrinque 7 vel 8, subtus prominen-
tibus; racemis solitariis, ex avxillis defoliatis, 4 LO ena:
longis; floribus 5-meris, 6 mm. longis; sepalis extus adpresse
pubescentibus; petalis margine excepto leviter pubescentibus
glabris, usque ad mediam partem fissis, segmentis circiter
24, tenuibus; staminibus circiter 30, valvis obtusis, longioribus
minute barbatis; ovario 5-loculare.

A tree about 9 m. high the younger parts, midrib and
lateral nerves on the lower surface of the leaves, and the in-
florescence with appressed pale-brownish pubescence. Branches

Jour. Straits Branch

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO. oi

terete, dark-colored, glabrous, above somewhat puberulent, the
branchlets densely pubescent. Leaves scattered, oblong-ovate
to oblong-elliptic, firmly chartaceous, 10 to 15 em. long, 5 to
7 cm. wide, the upper surface brownish, glabrous, somewhat
shining, the lower paler, softly pubescent on the midrib and
lateral nerves, and with scattered, minute, brownish glands
over the entire surface, base subacute, apex prominently
acuminate, acumen 1 to 1.5 cm. long, blunt, margins crenate,
the teeth usually supplied with a short appressed mucro; lateral
nerves 7 or 8 on each side of the midrib, prominent, somewhat
curved, anastomosing, the reticulations rather lax, distinct;
petioles 3 to 6 cm. long, when young densely pubescent, ulti-
mately glabrous; stipules linear, acuminate, about 5 mm. long,
densely pubescent except the glabrous, black, mucronate tip,
usually with a small lateral lobe from near the base. Racemes
about 10 cm. long, solitary from the axils of fallen leaves,
pubescent, about 30-flowered, flowers greenish-yellow and white,
5-merous, scattered, ebracteolate, their pedicels slender, about
7? mm. long. Sepals lanceolate, somewhat acuminate, 5 mm.
long, 1.8 mm. wide, externally uniformly but not densely
appressed-pubescent. Petals in outline obovate-cuneate, 6 mm.
long, glabrous except the minutely pubescent margins in the
lower part, the upper one-half cut into about 24 filiform
fimbriae which are arranged in phalanges of three each,
gradually narrowed to the cuneate base. Stamens about 30,
their filaments 1 to 1.2 mm. long; anthers oblong, scabrid, 1.2
mm. long, the cells obtuse, one slightly exceeding the other
and minutely ciliate, the ciliae usually 3, short, obscure. Disk
glands five, globose, prominent, pubescent. Ovary ovoid,
pubescent, 5-celled; style thickened below, about 2.5 mm. long.
Fruit globose-ellipsoid, about 1.5 cm. in diameter, smooth,
the endocarp very hard, smooth, 5-celled, but usually deve-
loping only three seeds.

BritisH NorrH Borneo, Sandakan, Villamil 116, Janu-
ary 2, 1913, in rocky soil near the Government Office, altitude
about 17 meters.

A species apparently most closely allied to Hlaeocarpus
stipularis, Blume, which is placed by some authors in the sec-
tion Gamtrus, by others in the section Dicera. It differs,
however, in very many details of its vegetative characters, its
stipules, and its floral characters.

TILIACEAE.
Grewia, Linnaeus.

Grewia stylocarpa, Warb., var. longipetiolata, var. nov.
A typo differt petiolis paullo longioribus, circiter 2 cm.
longis, glandulis basilaribus glabris, haud barbatis.

R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

98

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO.

BritisH NortH Borneo, Kalabakan watershed, Villamal
3, October 8, 1916, in forests, altitude 50 meters.

Grewia stylocarpa, Warb. is a characteristic species of
very wide distribution in the Philippines, and the above form
comes well within its range of variation except in its longer
petioles and its basal glands not being bearded. The fruits
of the Bornean form are slightly larger than in most of our
Philippine specimens, and regarding it Villamil writes: “ fruit
yellow when ripe, with a sour taste exactly like swsumbik (i.e.
Grewia stylocarpa) of the Philippines.”

Columbia, Persoon.

Columbia borneensis, sp. nov.

Arbor circiter 10 m. alta, ramulis hirsutis atque pilis stel-
latis obtectis; folus oblongo-ovatis, subcoriaceis, in siccitate
fragilibus, pallidis, usque ad 10 cm. longis, tenuiter acuminatis,
basi plus minusve inaequilateralibus, rotundatis, margine in-
tegris vel distanter denticulatis, supra costa nervisque exceptis
glabris, subtus densissime minute pallide stellato-puberulis,
pilis majoribus stellatis subferrugineis intermixtis, nervis
lateralibus utringue circiter 6, prominentibus, adscendentibus ;
fructibus obovoideis, 1 ad 1.5 cm. longis, brunneis, ciliato-
hirsutis.

A tree about 10 m. high, the branches and branchlets
terete, dark-brown, more or less hirsute with slender spreading
simple hairs intermixed with much shorter stellate ones.
Leaves alternate, subcoriaceous, rather pale when dry, brittle,
oblong-ovate, 5 to 10 em. long, 2.5 to 3.5 cm. wide, sharply
acuminate, base more or less inequilateral, rounded, rarely
somewhat cordate, one side usually about twice as broad as
the other, margins entire or distantly denticulate, the upper
surface glabrous except the somewhat pubescent midrib and
nerves, the lower pale, very densely and minutely grayish
stellate-puberulent, with larger, subferrugineous, stellate hairs
intermixed, the base 3-nerved; lateral nerves above the basal
pair 4 or 5, all ascending, prominent; petioles hirsute and
stellate-pubescent, up to 5 mm. in length. Panicles terminal,
hirsute and stellate-pubescent, the lower branches up to 6 cm.
in length. Fruits obovoid, I to 1.5 cm. long, dark-brown
when dry, ciliate-hirsute especially on the cocci, the wings
nearly glabrous, apex retuse, base subacute.

BritisH NortH Borneo, Khota Balud to Kibayo, trail
to Mount Kinabalu, Clemens 9786, October 28, 1915.

The first representative of the genus reported from Borneo,
characterised by its rather small, nearly entire leaves.

Jour. Straits Branch

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO. 99

THY MELAEACEAE.
Wikstroemia, Endlicher.
‘Wikstroemia clementis, sp. nov.

Frutex usque ad 4 m. altus partibus junioribus inflores-
centisque plus, minusve adpresse pubescentibus exceptis glaber ;
folus membranaceis, oblongo-ovatis, usque ad 9 em. ‘longis,
basi acutis, apice tenuiter acute acuminatis, nervis utrinque 7
ad 9, tenuibus, distinctis, anastomosantibus; anflorescentus
terminalibus axillaribusque, breviter pedunculatis, subcapitatis.
3- vel 4-floris; floribus circiter 1 cm. longis, extus parce pubes-
centibus vel subglabris; ovario oblongo, glabro, stigmate sub-
sessile.

A shrub or small tree about 4 m. high, the younger parts
and the inflorescence more or less appressed-pubescent with
pale hairs; otherwise glabrous. Branches and_ branchlets
slender, terete, reddish- brown. Leaves membranaceous, ob-
long- ovate, 6 to 9 cm. long, 2 to 4 em. wide, base acute, apex
slenderly and sharply acuminate, shining, greenish or brownish
when dry; lateral nerves 7 to 9 on each side of the midrib,
slender, distinct, anastomosing, the reticulations rather dis-
tinct; petioles glabrous, 3 to 4 mm. long. Inflorescences
axillary and terminal, subcapitately 3- or 4-flowered, the
peduncles appressed-pubescent, 3 to 7 mm. long. Flowers
yellowish, the tube 1 cm. long, externally very slightly pubes-
cent or nearly glabrous, in one form distinctly pubescent, the
lobes 4, the outer. two up to 3 mm. long, obtuse, oblong-ovate,
the inner two elliptic, somewhat shorter than the outer ones.
Anthers 8, 2-seriate, four inserted near the mouth of the tube,
four inserted 2 to 3 mm. below the throat. Ovary oblong,
glabrous, about 3 mm. long; style very short; stigma capitate.
Disk-seales 0.5 to 1 mm. long. 2

British NortH Borneo, Mount Kinabalu, Kiau, Clemens
9964, November 2, 1915 (type); Lobang, Clemens 10419,
November, 1915, a form with the perianth-tube rather pro-
minently pubescent.

The alliance of this species is with the nih Wik-
stroemia ovata, Mey., from which it is distinguishable by its
shorter flowers and slenderly acuminate leaves.

Wikstroemia acuminata, sp. nov.

Frutex circiter 1.5 m. altus, inflorescentiis parcissime ad-
presse pubescentibus exceptis glaber; ramis ramulisque tereti-
bus, tenuibus, in siccitate rubro-brunneis; folis lanceolatis,
usque ad 15 em. longis, chartaceis, tenuiter acute acuminatis,
basi_acutis, supra subolivaceis, nitidis, subtus pallidis, sub-
albidis, nervis primarlis utrinque circiter 10, indistinctis; in-
florescentiis axillaribus terminalibusque brevissimis, ut videtur

Rk. A. Soc:; No. 76, 1917.

100

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO.

paucifloris; fructibus ovoideis, in siccitate circiter 8 mm.
longis.

A shrub about 1.5 m. high, entirely glabrous except the
very sparingly appressed-pubescent inflorescences. Branches:
and branchlets slender, terete, smooth, reddish-brown. Leaves
lanceolate, 12 to 15 cm. long, 3.5 to 4 cm. wide, chartaceous,
gradually narrowed from below the middle to the slenderly
acuminate apex, the base acute, the upper surface suboliva-
ceous, shining, the lower dirty white, dull; lateral nerves very
indistinct, the primary ones about 10 on each side of the mid-
rib, curved, rather more distinct on the upper than on the
lower surface; petioles 3 to 4 mm. long. Inflorescences axil-
lary and terminal, few, possibly only one-flowered, the
peduncles about as long as the petioles. Flowers not seen.
Fruit yellow when mature, fleshy, when dry ovoid, about 8
mm. long, nearly black in color, somewhat shining.

BritisH NortTH Borneo, Sandakan, Villamil 185, March.
21, 1916, in forests beyond the Reservoir, altitude about 100
meters.

A species well characterized by its lanceolate, slenderly
acuminate leaves which are whitish on the lower surface. It
may be allied to Wikstroemia ridleyi, Gamble, which has been
reported from Sandakan by Miss Gibbs, but is very different
from that form as described.

Wikstroemia subcoriacea, sp. nov.

Frutex usque ad 2 m. altus, glaberrimus, ramulis juniori-
bus leviter compressis; foliis oppositis, anguste oblongis, sub-
corlaceis, circiter 4 cm. longis, utrinque acutis, nervis utrinque
circiter 5, haud prominentibus; inflorescentus axillaribus ter-
minalibusque, cernuis, pedunculatis, paucifloris; floribus
glabris, capitato-racemose dispositis, tubo circiter 8 mm. longo ;
ovario glabro; sqguamis hypogynis linearibus, circiter 1 mm.
longis.

A shrub about 2 m. high, entirely glabrous. Branches
terete, usually reddish-brown, the branchlets darker in color,
more or less compressed or somewhat angular, the internodes
on the branchlets 1 cm. long or less. Leaves opposite, some-
what crowded toward the tips of the branchlets, narrowly ob-
long, about 4 em. long, 10 to 12 mm. wide, greenish-olivaceous
when dry, the lower surface sometimes somewhat glaucescent,
acute at both ends, subcoriaceous; lateral nerves about 5 on
each side of the midrib, not prominent, obscurely anastomos-
ing; petioles 2 to 3 mm. long. Inflorescences axillary and
terminal, their peduncles less than 1 cm. long, cernuous, stiff,
persistent, bearing usually about 5 racemose-capitate flowers
Flowers greenish-yellow, glabrous, their pedicels distinct but
1 mm. in length or less, the tube about 8 mm. long; lobes

Jour. Straits Branch

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO. 101

oblong elliptic, obtuse, 2 to 2.5 mm. long. Stamens 8, two-
seriate, all included, the upper four anthers about one-half as
long as the lower four, the filaments slender, distinct. Ovary
oblong, about 3 mm. long, glabrous, narrowed upward, the
style about 0.5 mm. long, the stigma capitate; disk-scales
linear, distant in pairs, about 1 mm. long.

British NorrH Borneo, Mount Kinabalu, Marai Spur,
Clemens 11075, December 1, 1915, in an open place above the
cave. Apparently referable here is a sterile specimen, Clemens
s.n., from the same general locality, which differs from the
type in having its leaves up to 7 cm. in length.

MELASTOMATACEAE.
Dissochaeta, Blume.

Dissochaeta glabra, sp. nov. § Disparistemones, sect. noy.

Frutex scandens, glaber; folus chartaceis, nitidis, superi-
oribus oblongis vel oblongo-ellipticis, basi acutis vel rotundatis,
inferioribus majoribus, usque ad 15 cm. longis et 10 cm. latis,
ovato-ellipticis, basi leviter cordatis, 5- vel obscure 7-nerviis,
apice abrupte acuminatis; paniculis terminalibus, usque ad 25
cm. longis, multifloris; floribus 4-meris, calyci truncato;
petalis airciter 3.5 mm. longis; staminibus 8, valde inaequali-
bus, antheris majoribus antice breviter biappendiculatis ap-
pendicibus circiter 1 mm. longis, postice breviter appendi-
eulatis; minoribus (sterils) antice appendicibus 2 filiformibus
eireiter 3.5 mm. longis instructis.

A seandent glabrous shrub, or the younger parts of the
inflorescence very shghtlhy and_ obscurely furfuraceous.
Branches subolivaceous, smooth, terete, or the younger ones
shehtly compressed. Leaves opposite, chartaceous, brittle
when dry, olivaceous, shining, glabrous, prominently and
abruptly acuminate, the upper ones smaller than the others,
oblong to oblong-elliptic, base subacute to rounded, the lower
ones ovate-elliptic, shghtly cordate, up to 15 cm. long and 10
em. wide, all 5- or obscurely 7-nerved, entire, the longitudinal
and transverse nerves prominent; petioles 1.5 to 2 cm. long,
their margins somewhat tuberculate. Panicles terminal,
ample, narrowly pyramidal, about 25 em. long, the branches
opposite, distant, the lower ones about 11 cm. long. Flowers
white, 4-merous, in 3- to 5-flowered umbels at the tips of
the ultimate branchlets, bracts and bracteoles none, the pedicels
2 Oo, mame vlongay Calyxc about yo.o mm. lone 2-0. mine im
diameter, base acute, apex truncate, very obscurely 4-denti-
culate, the mb produced about 1.5 mm. Petals 4, imequi-—
laterally obovate, about 3.5 mm. long, subacute. Fertile
stamens 4, their filaments flattened, about 5 mm. long, the
anthers almost S-shaped, as long as the filaments, somewhat

AR Alo SOCE, ING, 7G) IL,

102

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO.

rostrate-acuminate, the connectives not produced, the anterior
appendages less than 1 mm, long, thin, the dorsal appendage
thin, membranaceous, about as long as the anterior ones;
sterile filaments much shorter than the fertile ones, each with
a pair of slender, filiform, reflexed, 3 to 3.5 mm. long appen-
dages at the apex.

BritisH NortH Borneo, Kalabakan watershed, along the:
Pinajas River, Villamil 242, October 8, 1916, altitude about
20 meters.

An anomalous species on account of its fertile anthers
lacking the long filiform anterior appendages, which, however,
are present at the apices of the sterile filaments. It agrees
best with the characters of the § Diplostemones, but on account
of the short anterior and posterior appendages of the fertile
anthers, and the filiform appendages of the sterile filaments,
IT have made it the type of a new section, Disparistemones.

HALORRHAGACEAE.

Halorrhagis, Forster.

Halorrhagis scabra, (Koenig) Benth., var. elongata, Schindl. in

Engl. Pflanzenreich, 25 (1905) 20.

British NortH Borneo, Jesselton, Topping 145 54, Octo-
ber, 1915, a common weed along roadsides.

Southern China and the Philippimes, with a variety in
India.

ERICACEAE.

Vaccinium, Linnaeus.

Vaccinium clementis, sp. nov.

Frutex vel arbor usque ad 12 m. altus, glaber; folws ob-.
longo-obovatis, usque ad 3.5 cm. longis, apice rotundatis, basi
cuneatis, integris, subtus puncticulatis, nervis utrinque 2 vel
3, adscendentibus, obscuris; racemis in axillis superioribus,
1.5 ad 3 cm. longis, paucifloris; floribus circiter 1 cm. longis;
corolla leviter inflata, sursum leviter angustata; filamentis
villosis; antheris 1 mm. longis, dorso minute 2- aristatis, ap-
pendicibus tubulosis, latis.

A shrub or tree attaining a height of 12 m. glabrous or
nearly so. Branches slender, terete, reddish-brown or some-
what grayish, smooth, the branchlets somewhat angular.
Leaves alternate, coriaceous, entire, brownish or olivaceous
when dry, shining, oblong-obovate, 2 to 3.5 cm. long, 0.8 to
1.5 mm. wide, apex rounded, base gradually narrowed from
above the middle, cuneate, margins somewhat recurved, the
lower surface more or less glandular-puncticulate; midrib

Jour. Straits Branch

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO. 103

rather distinct on the lower surface, the lateral nerves 2 or 3
on each side of the midrib, mostly basal or sub-basal, sharply
ascending, slender, anastomosing, not prominent; petioles
about 1 mm. long. Racemes solitary in the upper axils,
glabrous or very obscurely pubescent, 1.5 to 3 cm. long, few-
flowered, rarely more than 6 flowers in a raceme, the pedicels
about 5 mm. long, spreading or somewhat recurved, slightly
elongated in fruit. Flowers white, about 1 em. long, cylindric
or subcylindric. Calyx somewhat turbinate, about 3 mm.
long, very slightly pubescent, the teeth 5, orbicular-ovate,
rounded, about 1 mm. long. Corolla glabrous externally,
somewhat villous inside, 8 to 9 mm. long, shghtly inflated,
shehtly narrowed upward, the lobes 5, recurved, orbicular or
orbicular-ovate, rounded, about 1 mm. long. Stamens 10;
filaments villous, about 2.5 mm. long; anthers about 1 mm.
long, minutely 2-awned on the back, the appendages tubular,
short, broad. Top of the ovary densely villous; style about 8
mm. long, villous except the upper one-fourth. Immature
fruits ovoid, about 4 mm. long, glabrous except the tip inside
the calvx-teeth which is densely villous.

~_

SARAwWAK, Mount Santubong, Native collector 2235
(type) ; Mt. Poé, Foxworthy 204, May, 1908, summit altitude
1300 m.; DurcH Borneo, G. Kelam, Hallier 2476, doubtfully
identified as Vaccinium buaifoltum Hook. f. as a variety;
British NortH Borneo, Mount Kinabalu, Gurulau Spur,
Clemens s.n., November 8, 1915, sterile.

The specimens resemble Vaccinium varingaefolium, Maiq.
and V. lucidum, Miq., in many features, but the species is dis-
tinguished by its vegetative and floral characters. It is ap-
parently most closely alhed to the Philippine Vaccinium pala-
wanense, Merr., but has smaller, diverently shaped leaves and
somewhat larger flowers. It is not closely alhed to Vacciniwm
buxifolum, Hook. f., of which I have excellnt specimens from
the type locahty, Clemens 10665.

Vaccinium caudatifolium, sp. nov.

Frutex vel arbor partibus junioribus inflorescentiisque
exceptis glaber; folis coriaceis, lanceolatis, vel oblongo-lanceo-
latis, usque ad 15 em. longis, integris, in siccitate olivaceis
vel brunneo-olivaceis, utrinque nitidis, laevibus, concoloribus,
apice tenuissime caudato-acuminatis, basi acutis, nervis utrin-
que 4 vel 5, adscendentibus, tenuissimis, utrinque obscuris;
racemis axillaribus, solitariis vel fasciculatis, tenuibus, usque
ad 5 em. longis, laxifloris; floribus minutis, circiter 2.5 mm.
longis, ellipsoideis, 5-angulatis; anthers dorso minute 2-
aristatis, appendicibus tenuissimis, circiter 2 mm. longis.

A shrub or tree, the branchlets and inflorescence some-
what pubescent with short brownish hairs, otherwise glabrous.
Branches slender, terete, reddish-brown, sparingly lenticellate,

R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

104 ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO.

the branchlets very slender, somewhat angled, puberulent.
Leaves numerous, alternate, coriaceous, smooth, shining,
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, entire, 9 to 15 cm. long, 2 to
4 em. wide, base acute, apex very slenderly and sharply caudate-
acuminate, the acumen up to 3 cm. in length, both surfaces
brownish-ohyvaceous or olivaceous when dry; midrib prominent,
impressed on the upper surface; lateral nerves very slender,
obscure, sharply ascending, 4 or 5 on each side of the midrib,
rather more distinct on the upper than on the lower surface,
obscurely anastomosing, the reticulations lax, obscure, or near-
ly obsolete; petioles 2 to 3 mm. long, when young puberulent,
in age glabrous. Racemes axillary, solitary or fascicled,
slender, Tax, up to 5 cm. in length, brownish-puberulent.
Flowers scattered, small, subelliptic, about 2.5 mm. long,
their pedicels slender, about 6 mm. long, the bracts lanceolate
to oblong-lanceolate, sharply acuminate, 2.5 to 3.5 mm. long,
somewhat puberulent, the bracteoles two, linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, 1.6 mm. long, borne on the lower one-half of the
pedicel. Calyx puberulent, the tube globose, about 1 mm. in
diameter, the lobes 5, oblong, acuminate, somewhat spreading,
puberulent, 1 mm. long. Corolla-tube ellipsoid, somewhat 5-
angled, glabrous, about 2 mm. long and 1.5 mm. in diameter,
shehtly contracted at the throat, the 5 lobes oblong, obtuse,
recurved, less than 1 mm. long. ‘Stamens 10; filaments pubes-
cent, about 1 mm. long ; anthers about 1.3 mm. long, inflated
below, the back minutely 2-spurred, the appendages very
slender, about 1 mm. long. Top of the ovary pubescent.
Young fruit somewhat turbinate, sparingly pubescent, truncate,
about 3 mm. in diameter.

Sarawak, Native collector 1679 (type), 2792 (Bur. Sci.),

the former without definite locality, the latter from Liu-Matu,
Baram, November 1, 1914.

A very characteristic species, readily distinguished by its
obscurely nerved, very slenderly and sharply caudate- acuminate
leaves and its small flowers. It resembles Vaccinium duna-
hanum, Wight, of British India, but differs from that species
in numerous characters.

Vaccinium elliptifolium, sp. nov.

Ut videtur frutex erectus, foliis subtus in costa et petiolis
ramulisque junioribus pubescentibus, inflorescentiis cinereo-
villosis: foliis ellipticis, crasse coriaceis utrinque subaequaliter
rotundatis, apice retusis, 2 ad 4 cm. longis, olivaceis, nitidis,
subtus obscure glandulosis, nervis utrinque 3 vel 4, adscen-
dentibus, tenuibus; racemis 2 ad 3 cm. longis, axillaribus,
solitariis, bracteis aciculatis, minutis; floribus 5-meris, circiter
12 mm. longis; calycis lobis circiter 2 mm. longis, ciliatis,
obtusis; corolla circiter 9 mm. longa, extus glabra, intus
leviter villosa; sursum angustata; filamentis villosis; antheris

Jour. Straits Branch

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO. 105

oblongis, haud aristatis, appendicibus brevissimis, latis, trun-
eatis; fructtbus junioribus cinereo-villosis.

Apparently an erect shrub, the branchlets, lower surface
of the leaves along the midrib, and the petioles distinctly
pubescent, the inflorescences rather prominently cinereous-
villous. Branches dull-brownish, terete, glabrous. Leaves
rather crowded, thickly coriaceous, elliptic, entire, 2 to 4 cm.
long, 1.3 to 2 em. wide, subequally rounded at base and apex,
the apex retuse, olivaceous and shining when dry, the lower
surface somewhat paler than the upper, obscurely glandular-
punctate; lateral nerves 3 or 4 on each side of the midrib,
sharply ascending, slender, rather distinct on the lower sur-
face, obscurely anastomosing; petioles stout, about 2.5 mm.
long. Racemes axillary, solitary, 2 to 3 cm. long, 6- to 10-
flowered, rather prominently cinereous-villous, the pedicels
about 5 mm. long, the bracts acicular, 1 to 1.5 mm. long, de-
ciduous. Maver apparently red, Avon 12 mm. long. Caly Ox
tube ovoid-globose, about 2.5 mm. in diameter, villous, the
seoments 5, ovate, obtuse, villous, about 2 mm. long. Corolla
about 9 mm. long, about 3 mm. in diameter below, narrowed
upward, the mouth contracted, glabrous outside, somewhat
villous inside, the lobes somewhat ae or recurved, ovate,
obtuse, about 1 mm. long. Stamens 10; filaments villous, 3
mm. lone: anthers oblong, i) soauon. re not spurred, the
appendages stout, broad truncate, scarcely 0.5 mm. long, the
two together as wide as the basal part of the anther. Style 8
to 9 mm. long, villous in the lower one-half or two-thirds.
Momma; siautits “ovoid globose, rather densely cinereous-villous,
crowned by the erect calyx- lobes.

British NortH Borneto, Mount Kinabalu, Marai Parai
Spur, Clemens 10894, 11099, the former in flower, November
22, the latter in young fruit, December 2, 1915.

A characteristic species’ easily recognizable by its rather
small, thickly coriaceous, elliptic, somewhat retuse leaves, and
its prominently cinereous-villous racemes.

Vaccinium sarawakense, sp. nov.

Frutex (vel arbor), inflorescentiis obscure castaneo-
elanduloso-pubescentibus exceptis glaber; folws ellipticis,
coriaceis, in siccitate pallidis, utrinque subaequaliter angus-
tatis, basi acutis, apice acuminatis, usque ad 9 cm. longis,
nervis primariis utringue 2 vel 3, tenuibus, adscen-
dentibus; racemis axillambus, 3 ad 6 em. longis; bracteis
acicularibus, circiter 2 mm. longis, caducis; floribus 5-meris,
circiter 8 mm. longis; corolla sursum angustata, extus glabra
intus puberula:; antheris dorso minute 2-aristatis, appendicibus
tubulosis, 1 mm. longis, truncatis; stylis glabris.

A shrub or tree quite glabrous except the racemes which
are supplied with short, scattered, chestnut-brown, blunt,

1k, Js) OCs, INO. WG, alenlye

106 ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO.

eland-like hairs. Branches terete, reddish-brown, sometimes
grayish, the branchlets somewhat angled. Leaves thickly
coriaceous, pale, slightly shining when dry, elliptic, 6 to 9 em.
long, 3 to 4 cm. wide, subequally narrowed to the shortly
acuminate apex and the acute or somewhat acuminate base,
the margins entire, usually with a pair of marginal glands
at the junction with the, petiole, the lower surface very ob-
scurely glandular; primary lateral nerves two or three on each
side of the midrib, slender, ascending, obscurely anastomosing,
the reticulations lax, not prominent; petioles 5 to 7 mm. long.
Racemes axillary, solitary, 3 to 6 cm. long, the flowers 5-
merous, rather numerous, about 8 mm. long; bracteoles
acicular, caducous, about 2 mm. long; pedicels 4 to 5 mm.
long. Calyx about 4 mm. in diameter, shallow, sparingly
pubescent or glabrous, the lobes broadly triangular-ovate, acute
or obtuse, about 1 mm. long, their margins usually obscurely
ciliate with very short hairs. Corolla about 8 mm. long,
narrowed upwards, the mouth contracted, below about 2.5 mm.
in diameter, glabrous externally, puberulent inside, the lobes
erect or somewhat spreading, ovate, obtuse, 1 mm. long. Sta-
mens 10; filaments 3 mm. long, inflated below, villous; anthers
oblong, 2 mm. long, the two dorsal awns minute, 0.2 mm. long,
the appendages 1 mm. long, cylindric, truncate. Disk pro-
minent, glabrous. Style glabrous, about 1 mm. long.

Sarawak, Kuching, Native collector 2177, (Bur. Sa.),
Feb.-June, 1914, the flowers indicated as white.

Probably as closely allied to Vaccinium ellipticum, Miq.,
as to any other species, but readily distinguished by its few-
nerved leaves and its floral characters.

Vaccinium hosel, sp. nov.

Species V. sarawakensi affinis, differt foliis paullo majori-
bus, nervis primariis utrinque 4 vel 5, subtus prominentibus,
reticulis distinctis, antheris dorso haud aristatis.

A shrub or tree quite glabrous except the racemes which
are sparingly pubescent with dark-brown, gland-lhke, short,
blunt hairs. Leaves thickly coriaceous, when dry rather pale
on the upper surface, brownish on the lower surface, slightly
shining, 7 to 11 em. long, 3.5 to 5 em. wide, elliptic, base
acute, usually with two marginal glands, apex shortly blunt-
acuminate, entire; lateral nerves 4 or 5° on each side of the
midrib, rather prominent, ascending, anastomosing, the reti-
culations lax, rather distinct; petioles stout, 5 to 8 mm. long.
Racemes axillary, about 6 cm. long, rather few-flowered, the
bracts acicular, 2 to 8 mm. long, deciduous, the pedicels about
5 mm. long. Flowers 5-merous, the corolla narrowly ovoid.
narrowed upward, glabrous externally, very obscurely pubes-
cent inside, about 8 mm. long, the lobes ovate, obtuse, 1 mm.
long. Stamens 10; filaments 3.5 mm. long, inflated below,

qourig s}iveug ‘anor

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO. 107

villous, the upper one-fourth glabrous; anthers oblong, some-
what flexed in the middle, 2 mm. long, the dorsal awus ob-
solete, the appendages cylindric, truncate, about 1 mm. long.
Disk prominent, glabrous; style about 9 mm. long, somewhat
exserted in anthesis, elabrous.

SARAWAK, Baram, Hose 236, December, 1894.

The alliance of this species is manifestly with Vaccinium
sarawakense, Merr., in spite of the fact that the anthers are
not awned. It differs from V. sarawakense, Merr., notably in
its more numerous, much more prominent lateral nerves and
more prominent reticulations.

Diplycosia, Blume.

Diplycosia ensifolia, sp. nov.

R.

Frutex epiphyticus, floribus parcissime pubescentibus ex-
ceptis glaber ; foliis lanceolatis vel lineari-lanceolatis, usque ad
20 cm. longis et 1.8 cm. latis, coriaceis, acuminatis, laevibus,
basi obtusis vel rotundatis, obscure triplinervis; floribus axil-
laribus, solitariis vel binis, breviter pedicellatis (pedicello
circiter 4 mm. longo); bracteis reniformibus; calye circiter
5 mm. longo, lobis erectis, ovatis, obtusis; corolla ut videtur

~

obovoidea, 5 mm. longa

An epiphytic shrub, entirely-glabrous except the sparingly
pubescent flowers. Branches terete, smooth, dark-colored when
dry. Leaves alternate, thickly coriaceous, rigid, lanceolate to
linear-lanceolate, olivaceous or pale, usually somewhat shining
when dry, smooth, 13 to 20 cm: long, 1.2 to 1.3 cm. wide,
straight or slightly falcate, base rounded or obtuse, obscurely
3-plinerved, gradually narrowed upward to the slenderly acu-
minate apex, the midrib and on the larger leaves the basal
nerves impressed on the upper surface, on smaller leaves the
basal nerves obsolete or nearly so, reticulations obsolete ; lateral
basal pair of nerves in larger leaves extending nearly to the
apex of the leaf as marginal nerves, obsolete on the lower
surface; lower surface with scattered, punctate, dark-colored
glands; petioles stout, channeled on the upper surface, up to
3 mm. in length. Flowers white tinged with dull lavender,
axillary, solitary or in pairs, their pedicels about 4 mm. long
very slightly pubescent, the bracts at the apex of the pedicels
two, reniform, rounded, 1.2 mm. long, 2.2 mm. wide, margins
obscurely short-cilate. Calyx-tube somewhat funnel-shaped,
the lobes 5, erect, ovate, obtuse, 2 mm. long, their margins
obscurely short-cihate. Corolla apparently obovoid, glabrous,
5 mm. long, the orifice round, about 2 mm. in diameter.
Stamens 10; filaments glabrous,2 mm. long; anthers oblong-
ovoid, 1.5 mm. long. Ovary globose, glabrous; style 2.5
mm. long. Fruit “ white” (not seen).

A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

108

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO.

British NortH Borneo, Mount Kinabalu, Marai Parai
Spur, Clemens 11027, December 1, 1916, epiphytic. .

A most characteristic species, at once distinguished from
all described forms by its very long, narrow, thickly coriaceous
leaves.

Rhododendron, Linnaeus.

Rhododendron lineare, sp. nov.

‘Frutex (forsan epiphy ticus), ramulis junioribus et foliis
subtus et floribus perspicue castaneo-lepidotis ; foliis linearibus,
3.5 ad 4 cm. longis, 3 ad 5 mm. latis, pseudoverticillatis, ob-
tusis, corlacels, costa prominentibus, nervis reticuloque obso-
letis; florrbus circiter 2 cm. longis, campanulato-infundibu-
hformibus, profunde 5-lobatis, extus lepidotis.

A shrub, perhaps epiphytic, strongly characterized by its
very narrow, small leaves. Branches slender, terete, glabrous,
irregular, the branchlets densely lepidote, the scales dark-
brown, prominent. Leaves verticillate or pseudoverticillate,
coriaceous, linear, 3.5 to 4 em. long, 3 to 5 mm. wide, obtuse
at both ends, margins somewhat recurved, brownish-olivaceous,
shining, the midrib prominent, impressed on the upper surface,
the nerves and reticulations wholly obsolete, the lower surface
prominently lepidote, the scales occupying small pits; petioles
densely lepidote, 1 to 2 mm. long. Flowers terminal, ap-
parently each inflorescence with 3 or 4 flowers, their pedicels
about 8 mm. long, very densely covered with rather large,
round, easily detached, dark-brown scales. Calyx disk-like,
small, lepidote. Corolla about 2 cm. long, campanulate-in-
fundibuliform, the tube cylindric, about 7 mm. long, external-
ly densely brown- lepidote, the lobes elliptic-oblong, about 12
mm. long and 7 mm wide, rounded, the median portion in
the lower one-half with scattered round scales. Stamens 10;
filaments very slender, villous at the base; anthers narrowly
oblong, 3 mm. long. Ovary and style about 2 cm. long, very
densely lepidote, the scales round, rather large, dark-brown,
easily detached, the upper part of the style nearly glabrous.

SARAWAK, without definite locality, Native collector 1161
(Bur. Sciz)-

A most characteristic species, at once distinguished from
all described forms by its small, near, very narrow, coriaceous
leaves.

Rhododendron kinabaluense, sp. nov.

Frutex vel arbor parva; ramulis junioribus plus minusve
brunneo-lepidotis; folus verticillatis, ellipticis vel oblongo-
ellipticis, coriaceis, usque ad 12 cm. longis, apice obtusis vel
obscure latissime ob tuse acuminatis, basi acutis vel obtusis,

Jour. Straits Branch

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO. 109

margine recurvatis, supra glabris, subtus plus minusve lepidoto-
glandulosis, nervis utrinque circiter 8, subpatulis, prominen-
tibus, anastomosantibus, reticulo laxo; floribus hypocrateri-
formibus, extus cum pedicellis distincte pubescentibus; tubo
eylindrico, circiter 2 cm. longo, lobis obovatis, rotundatis, cir-
citer 12 mm. diametro; filamentis basi villosis; ovario oblongo,
dense pubescente, stylo glabro.

A shrub or small tree, the branches and branchlets terete,
grayish or brownish, the former glabrous, the latter with
numerous, subdeciduous, dark-brown scales. Leaves verticil-
late, usually in threes, thickly coriaceous, elliptic to oblong-
elliptic, 8 1012 em, lone. 4 to 5.) em.) wide, subequally
narrowed to the acute or obtuse base and to the blunt or
obscurely and broadly blunt-acuminate apex, the upper sur-
face olivaceous, slightly shining, the lower pale-brownish, with
numerous, small, dark- brown, scattered scales sunk in minute
pits; midrib very prominent on the lower surface, impressed
on the upper surface; lateral nerves about 8 on each side of
the midrib, spreading, somewhat curved-anastomosing, very
prominent on the lower surface, the reticulations lax, pro-
minent; petioles, when young, lepidote, in age glabrous, stout,
1 to 1.5 em. long. Heads with about six, pink- -purple, ap-
parently nodding, pubescent flowers, the pedicels about 2.5
em. long, rather “densely pubescent w ith short, spreading, pale
hairs. Calyx disk-like, about 2.5 mm. in diameter. Corolla-
tube cylindric, about 2 cm. long, 8 mm. wide when flattened,
uniformly and prominently pubescent with short, pale, spread-
ing hairs as are the lobes on the back, the lobes obovate or
reniform-obovate, about 12 mm. in diameter, broadly rounded.
Stamens 10; filaments densely SC USECEMIL in the lower 6 mm.,
otherwise elabrous: anthers oblong, 3 mm. long. Ovary dense-
ly pale- pubescent, oblong, about 5 mm. long; style nearly 2
cm. long, glabrous.

British NortH Borneto, Mount Kinabalu, Marai Parai
Spur, Clemens 10892, November 22, 1915, altitude probably
about 2400 meters.

A species well characterized by its salver-shaped, pubes-
cent flowers, pubescent pedicels, lepidote branchlets, and thick-
ly coriaceous, verticillate leaves which are rather prominently
lepidote-glandular on the lower surface, the scattered, small,
dark-brown scales being sunk in minute pits.

Rhododendron obscurinervium, sp. nov.

Frutex vel arbor partibus junioribus foliisque subtus parce
castaneo-lepidotis exceptis glaber; folws pseudoverticillatis,
coriaceis, lanceolatis vel anguste lanceolatis, usque ad 20 cm.
longis et 3.3 cm. latis, utringue angustatis, basi acutis, apice.
tenuiter acute acuminatis, in siccitate brunneis, nervis utrin-
que circiter 18, supra obscuris, subtus obsoletis vel subobsoletis ;

eA SOGlENOs ios) LOM

110

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO.

floribus tubuloso-campanulatis, 3 ad 4 cm. longis, glabris, lobis
ellipticis, tubo subaequantibus, bracteolis 1 vel 2, linearibus,
usque ad 2 cm. longis, deciduis.

A shrub or small tree, nearly glabrous except the sparing-
ly -castaneous-lepidote younger parts and lower surface of
the leaves. Branches terete, grayish, smooth, the branchlets
reddish-brown, smooth, the younger parts more or less lepidote.
Leaves lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, pseudoverticillate,
brown when dry, dull or slightly shining, 10 to 20 cm. long,
1 to 3.3 cm. wide, narrowed below to the acute base and above
to the gradually and slenderly acuminate apex, the midrib im-
pressed on the upper surface, very prominent on the lower,
the latter with few, scattered, dark-brown scales, ultimately
glabrous or nearly so; lateral nerves about 18 on each side of
the midrib, obsolete or nearly so on the lower surface, on the
upper surface slender, obscure, irregular, obscurely anastomos-
ing, or on small leaves quite obsolete; petioles stout, brown or
pruinose, when young sparingly lepidote, 4 to 10 mm. long.
Heads with at least five flowers, the intermixed bracts up to
2 cm. long, linear, the pedicels about 2 cm. in length, very
sparingly lepidote, ultimately glabrous. Calyx disk-like, about
3 mm. in diameter, each flower subtended by two, rarely one,
linear, deciduous bracteoles nearly 2 cm. in length, appearing-
ly lke greatly elongated calyx-lobes. Corolla glabrous,
tubular-campanulate, the tube 1.5 to 2 cm. long, slightly en-
larged upward, the lobes 5, elliptic or narrowly elliptic, about
as long as the tube, about 1 cm. wide, rounded. Stamens 103

_ filaments sparingly pubescent in the lower one-half; anthers

oblong, 3.5 mm. long. Ovary narrowly oblong, about 7 mm.
long, sparingly pubescent; style glabrous, about 1.6 cm. long.

Oo
SARAWAK, without definite locality, Native collector 1504
(Bur. /Sei.),.
A species apparently allied to Rhododendron gracile, Low,
but with relatively much narrower leaves, very sparse scales,
the older parts quite glabrous, and smaller flowers.

SYMPLOCACEAE.

Symplocos, Jacquin.

Symplocos brachybotrys, sp. nov. § Bobua (Lodhra?).

Frutex vel arbor parva, partibus junioribus inflorescentiis-
que parcissime pubescentibus exceptis glaber, ramis ramulisque
brunneis, teretibus; foliis ellipticis, usque ad 5 cm. longis,
coriaceis, basi acutis vel subacutis, apice rotundatis vel late
acutis apiculatisque, haud acuminatis, margine glanduloso-
denticulatis, nervis utrinque circiter 6, distinctis, anastomo-
santibus; spicis axillaribus, solitariis, brevissimis, rhachibus
circiter 3 mm. longis, 3—1-floris; fructibus oblongis, circiter

Jour. Straits Branch

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO. ital

3 mm. longis, junioribus extus parcissime adpresse hirsutis,
ealycis lobis elliptico-ovatis, obtusis, plerumque patulis, circiter
2 mm. longis.

A shrub or small tree, nearly glabrous, or the branchlets
and inflorescences very sparingly appressed-pubescent. Branch-
es and branchlets terete, dark reddish-brown, somewhat
shining, rather slender. Leaves scattered, coriaceous, elliptic,
3 to 5 cm. long, 2.3 to 4 cm. wide, pale yellowish-green when
dry, shining, base acute or subacute, apex broadly rounded to
somewhat acute, often apiculate, never acuminate, margins
minutely glandular-denticulate, the very small teeth nearly
obsolete below; lateral nerves about 6 on each side of the
midrib, distinct, curved-anastomosing, the reticulations evi-
dent ; ; petioles 3 3 to 4mm. long, when very young slightly pubes-
cent, ultimately glabrous. Inflorescences reduced to a 1- to
3-flowered, axillary, solitary, very short spike, the rachis
sparingly pubescent, up to 3 mm. in length, bearing a single
fruit, rarely two, and the scars of one or two fallen fruits.
Young fruit oblong, very slightly pubescent, sessile, about 3
mm. long, the calyx- lobes usually spreading, obtuse to rounded,
elliptic- ovate, about 2 mm. long, sparingly ciliate.

British NortH Borneo, Mount Kinabalu, Marai Parai
Spur, Clemens 10961, in an open place, altitude ‘not indicated,
the fresh fruits dull purplish-red.

A most characteristic species readily recognizable by its
elliptic, usually rounded leaves, and its very abbreviated axil-
lary, solitary spikes, these usually bearing but a single fruit.

Symplocos clementis, sp. nov. § Bobua, Lodhra.

R.

_ Frutex circiter 4 m. altus, partibus junioribus dense
sordide fusco-pubescentibus ; foliis oblongis vel oblongo-lanceo-
latis, corlaceis, usque ad 3.5 cm. longis, basi acutis, apice acute
acuminatis, margine plerumque valde reflexis, glanduloso-
serrulatis, supra glabris, nitidis, subtus plus minusve adpresse
pubescentibus praesertim in costa nervisque, nervis lateralibus
utrinque 7 ad 9; floribus axillaribus, solitariis, pedicellatis,
circiter 8 mm. diametro; bracteolis oblongo-lanceolatis, acu-
minatis, 3 ad 4 mm. longis; fructibus oblongo-ellipsoideis,
junioribus leviter adpresse pubescentibus, vetustioribus glabris,
nigro-purpureis, circiter 1 em. longis.

A shrub about 4 m. high, the young branchlets densely
appressed-pubescent with dirty brown hairs, the branches
slender, terete, brownish, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, oblong
to oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 3.5 cm. long, 5 to 15 mm. wide, the
upper surface greenish- olivaceous, somewhat shining, elabrous,
the lower paler, appressed-pubescent especially on the midrib
and lateral nerves, the base acute, apex sharply acuminate,
margins usually strongly reflexed and sharply glandular-

A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

112

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO.

serrate, the midrib impressed on the upper surface; lateral
nerves 7 to 9 on each side of the midrib, slender, distinct,
anastomosing; petioles pubescent, 1 to 2 mm. long. Flowers
white, axillary, solitary, about 8 mm. in diameter, their pedicels
pubescent, 5 to 6 mm. long, each with two, oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, pubescent, 3 to 4 mm. long, deciduous bracteoles
subtending the flower. Calyx somewhat: campanulate, pubes-
cent, the lobes 5, broadly ovate, rounded, about 1 mm. long,
margins minutely ciliate. Petals orbicular-ovate, rounded, 4
mm. long. Stamens about 40; filaments 3 to 5 mm. long.
Young fruits sparingly appressed-pubescent, narrowly oblong,
at maturity nearly black, glabrous, oblong-ellipsoid, about 1
em. long, the pericarp fleshy.

British NortuH Borneo, Mount Kinabalu, Paka Cave,
Clemens 10559, November 12, 1915, along streams, altitude
about 3000 meters. :

A species in the same group with, and allied to Symplocos
johniana, Stapf, and S. zizyphoides, Stapf, and distinctly closer
to the latter from which it is distinguished especially by its
smaller leaves which are acute at the base.

Symplocos phanerophlebia, Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sa. 9

(1914) Bot. 382.

BritisH Norru Borneo, Sandakan, Villamil 182, March
16, 1913, on hills beyond the Wireless Station, altitude about
40 meters.

The specimen is an excellent match for the type of the
species, which was from Leyte. It is distinct from Symplocos
fasciculata, Zoll., of which I have a large series of specimens
from the Malay Peninsula, Java, and Borneo.

CONVOLVULACEAE.

Merremia, Denustedt.

Merremia hederacea, (Burm.) Hallier f. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb.

18 (1894) 118.

Evolvulus hederaceus, Burm. Fl. Ind. (1768) 77.
Merremia convolvulacea, Dennst. Schl. Hort. Malabar. (1818)
39.
British NortH Borneo, Jesselton, Topping 1944,
November, 1916.
Tropical Asia and Africa through Malaya to the Philip-
pines and north eastern Australia.

Jour. Straits Branch

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO. 113

VERBENACEAE.
Callicarpa, Linnaeus.

Callicarpa fulvohirsuta, sp. nov.

Frutex, ramis ramulisque dense fulvo _ stellato-pubes-
centibus, pilis hirsutis fulvis additis; folus chartaceis, oblongo-
ellipticis, usque ad 14 cm. longis, utrinque subaequaliter
angustatis, apice acute acuminatis, basi acutis, dentatis, in
siccitate brunneis, supra parce hirsutis, subtus glandulosis,
in costa dense stellato-pubescentibus hirsutis, in nervis
hirsutis, nervis utrinque circiter 12; cymis axillaribus, brevi-
bus, dichotomis, petiolos subaequantibus, calyci cupulato, extus
parce hirsuto glanduloso, subtruncato, obscure 4-denti-
culato; corolla 3.5 ad 4 mm. Icnga, extus glandulosa; stamin-
bus 4.

A shrub, the branches, branchlets, petioles, midrib, and
inflorescences densely fulvous stellate-pubescent with inter-
mixed simple hirsute hairs, the branches terete, the internodes
4 to 7 em. long. Leaves dark-brown when dry, the lower
surface paler than the upper, in general oblong-elliptic, sub-
equally narrowed to the acute base and to the sharply acu-
minate apex, chartaceous, 12 to 14 cm. long, 5 to 6.5 cm.
wide, margins sharply dentate, in the basal portions entire or
nearly sO, the upper surface densely hirsute on the midrib and
with short scattered hairs on the surface, the midrib beneath
stellate-pubescent and hirsute, the lateral herves and primary
reticulations sparingly hirsute with short hairs, the whole
surface with pale, shining, small waxy glands; lateral nerves
about 12 on each side of the midrib, prominent, curved, anasto-
mosing, and with the reticulations dark brown in contrast to
the paler surface; petioles 1 to 1.4 cm. long. Cymes axillary,
shortly peduncled, dichotomous, about as long as the petioles,
rather lax. Flowers 4-merous, white, their pedicels lS TOune
mm. long, hirsute, jointed to the branchlets, the bracts linear-
Janceolate, 1 to 3 mm. long. Calyx cup-shaped, subtruncate,
obscurely 4-denticulate, about 1.4 mm. long, externally sparing-
ly hirsute and with scattered shining glands. Corolla 3.5 to
4 mm. long, externally glandular, subequally 4-lobed, the lobes
oblong, obtuse, about 1.5 mm. long. Stamens 4; anthers
glandular on the back. Fruit depressed-globose, red when
mature, about 3 mm. in diameter, sparingly glandular.

British NortH Borneo, Mount Kinabalu, Kibayo to
Keung, Clemens 9846, October 29, 1915, below an altitude of
1000 meters.

A characteristic species readily distinguishable by its
brown leaves, its fulvous indumentum composed of stellate
hairs with which are mixed simple hirsute ones, and its short,
rather lax, inflorescences. It is similar in very many respects

REA] Soc, Noe 76; 1907.

114

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO.

to Geunsia havilandu, King and Gamble, but the indumentum
on its leaves is less dense, while its flowers are smaller and
with four, not five stamens; and it is hence a true Callicarpa.

Hoseanthus, nom. nov.

(Hosea Ridley, non Dennst.)

Hoseanthus lobbii, (C. B. Clarke) comb. nov.

Clerodendron lobbii, C, B. Clarke in Hook. f, Fl, Brit. Ind. 4
(1885) 590.

Hosea lobbii, Ridl. in Journ. Str. Branch Roy. As. Soc. 50
(1908) 125.

SARAWAK, flose 135, Foxworthy 88: Native collector 280,
739 (Bur. Sci.)

The species was originally credited to Penang, localized
from a specimen collected by Lobb. There is not the shehtest
doubt but that Lobb’s specimen was from Sarawak, not “from
Penang. I have here proposed the new generic name /Hosean-
thus for this endemic monotypic Bornean genus, as the generic
name proposed by Ridley is invalidated by I osea, Dennst.

Sphenodesme, Jack.

Sphenodesme borneensis, sp. nov.

Frutex scandens ramulis jenioribus inflorescentiisque
dense ferrugineo-pubescentibus ; foliis oblongis, coriaceis, usque
ad 14 cm. longis, olivaceis, nitidis, glaberrimis vel subtus in
costa nervisque leviter pubescentibus, basi rotundatis, apice
acuminatis, nervis utrinque 38, subtus valde prominentibus,
curvato-adscendentibus; inflorescentuis terminalibus, capitulis
5-floris, tenuiter pedunculatis, racemose dispositis, bracteis
accrescentibus, ellipticis, usque ad 2 cm. longis, rotundatis;
floribus 5. mm. longis, prominente ferrugineo-hirsutis, lobis
bipartitis; corolla 5 mm. longa, glabra.

A scandent woody vine reaching a height of about 8 m.
Branches and branchlets slender, terete, lenticellate, reddish-
brown, the branches soon becoming quite glabrous, the younger
branchlets densely ferruginous-pubescent, with somewhat ap-
pressed hairs. Leaves opposite, oblong, coriaceous, shining,
olivaceous when dry, of about the same color on both surfaces
or the lower shghtly paler than the upper, 8 to 14 cm. long,
2.5 to 5.5 cm. wide, base rounded, apex rather prominently
acuminate, apiculate; lateral nerves 3 on each side of the
midrib, the lower two pairs usually leaving the midrib in the
lower two cm., very prominent, curved-ascending, anastomos-
ing, the reticulations prominent, in young leaves sparingly
pubescent on the lower surface, soon becoming quite glabrous ;
petioles 5 to 7 mm. long, when young pubescent, becoming

Jour. Straits Branch

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO. 115

glabrous, not twisted. Inflorescence terminal, 10 to 15 cm.
long, the heads arranged in a simple raceme, sometimes sup-
plied with reduced leaves, all parts more or less ferruginous-
pubescent. Heads 5- flowered, their peduncles slender, Nae)
2.5 cm. long. Bracts six, elliptic, rounded, often broadly
apiculate, more or less pubescent, accrescent, rather coarsely
reviculae, % to 20) mm, lone.) > to 0) mm: wide. | Mlowers
ereenish-white, 5 mm. long, the calyx prominently ferruginous-
hirsute with spreading hairs, narrowly funnel-shaped, the lobes
1.5 to 2 mm. long, cleft to about the middle. Corolla as long
as the calyx, glabrous, the lobes oblong, obtuse, about 2 mm.
long. Style slightly exserted.

SARAWAK, Natiwe collector 1847 (Bur. Sci.) (type) ;
Santubong, Foxworthy 450, June 7, 1908, on forested ridges
in forests, altitude about 100 meters, locally known as sumpin
(Malay )

A characteristic species, readily recognized by its few-
nerved leaves, its 5-flowered heads, its elliptic, accrescent
bracts, and its cleft calyx teeth. It is ane most closely
addied to Sphenodesme barbata, Schauer.

Faradaya, F. Mueller.

Faradaya matthewsii, sp. nov.

Frutex scandens, inflorescentiis parce puberulis exceptis
glaber; folus chartaceis vel subcoriaceis, olivaceis, utrinque
Somecliose bie, nitidis, ovatis vel oblongo- ovatis, usque ad
22 cM. longis, acuminatis, integris, basi lee rotundatis, subtus
utrinque glandulis 2 vel 3 prominentibus disciformibus in-
structis, nervis utrinque 5 vel 6, prominentibus ; inflorescentiis
terminalibus; floribus albis, circiter 6.5 em. longis, calyci
jumMenre) clauso,, inilato, \lamceolato, acuminato, 2 ad, 2:5
em. longo, extus elandulis paucis magnis disciformibus in-
structo ; Filamentis sub aequalijus; ovario 1-loculare.

A scandent shrub, the stems about 2.5 cm. in diameter,
glabrous except the sparingly puberulent inflorescence. Bran-
ches terete, smooth, glabrous, subolivaceous, about 5 mm. in
diameter. Leaves opposite, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, ovate
to oblong-ovate, up to 22 em. long and 12 cm. wide, shining
and olivaceous on both surfaces, entire, apex prominently acu-
minate, the acumen stout, blunt, base broadly rounded, rarely
slightly cordate, the lower surface on each side of the midrib
with two or three prominent, brownish, disk-like glands;
lateral nerves 5 or 6 on each side of the midrib, prominent,
curved, “nn SuPNOS TIN the reticulations. lax, prominent;
petioles 3.5 to 5 cm. long. Inflorescence terminal, ceymose,
about 15 cm. long, sometimes with a pair of greatly reduced

oO?

leaves, somewhat puberulent, the bracts linear, “filiform, about
R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

116

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO.

5 mm. long, the bracteoles minute; pedicels up to 1 em. in
length. Flowers 4-merous, white, up to 6.5 cm. long. Calyx,
in hud closed, lanceolate, rostrate-acuminate, 2 to 2.5 em.
long, inflated, externally very slightly puberulent and with
few, large, scattered, brown, disk-like glands, in anthesis split
nearly to the base into two lanceolate, valvate, acuminate lobes
which are up to 8 mm. in width. Corolla-tube about 4 cm.
long, 3 mm. in diameter below, somewhat widened in the upper
1 cm. the corolla narrowly infundibuliform, the lobes 4, im-
bricate, obovate, broadly rounded, narrowed below, up to 2.5
cm. wide, 1.5 to 2 cm. long. Stamens 4, equal or subequal,
inserted about 2 cm. above the base of the tube, the filaments
somewhat exserted, 3.5 cm. long, hirsute below, glabrous above ;
anthers oblong, versatile, 4 mm. long. Ovary ovoid, 3 mm. in
diameter, somewhat cinereous-pubescent with short stiff hairs,
4-lobed, or when young 8-lobed, 1-celled with two parietal
placentae, each placenta bearing two ovules; style glabrous,

filiform, 6.5 em. long; style arms 2, short.

British NortH Bornro, Sandakan, Villamil 253, in
ravines at an altitude of about 12 meters, the flowers slightly
fragrant.

This is the first representative of the genus to be found
in the Sunda Islands, several species being known from New
Guinea, one from north-eastern Australia, and several from
Polynesia. “Whe present species 1s dedicated to”) Mr: Dave
Matthews, Conservator of Forests, British North Borneo, and
differs from the genus as described in its distinctly 1-celled
ovaries, and in its equal or subequal, not didynamous stamens.
It is, however, in all essential characters a typical Yaradaya.

ACANTHACEAE.

Ruellia, Linnaeus.

Ruellia tuberosa, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) 635.

Cryphiacanthus barbodensis, Nees in DC. Prodr. 11 (1857)
Nie

Britis Norti Borneo, Lahad Datu, Foxworthy 619,
March 25, 1916, a common roadside weed in the town of
Lahad Datu, the blue flowers much in evidence along the
roadside ; if grows in hard clay soil.

A native of tropical America, introduced into Java as an
ornamental plant, and now somewhat naturalized there, as it
is at Lahad Datu.

Jour. Straits Branch

ON THE FLORA OF BORNEO. TT

RUBIACEAE.
Uncaria, Schreber.

Uncaria toppingii, sp. nov.

Frutex scandens ramulis junioribus et foliis subtus in costa
nervisque et pedunculis ferrugineo-hirsutus ; folus chartaceis,
in siccitate brunneis, oblongis, usque ad 10 cm. longis, basi
rotundatis, apice tenuiter caudato- acuminatis, nervis utrinque
7 vel 8; stipulis circiter 1 cm. longis, bilobatis, lobis oblongo-
ovatis, acuminatis; capitulis longe tenuiterque pedunculatis
bracteis magnis involucrantibus instructis; floribus sessilibus,
ebracteolatis; calyci dense appresse ferrugineo-hirsuto, lobis
lineari-lanceolatis tubum subaequantibus; corolla circiter 14
mm. longa, glabra; capsulis anguste ellipsoideis, circiter 1 cm.
longis, quam pedicellis tenuibus brevioribus.

A seandent shrub attaining a height of about 3 m., the
younger branchlets, lower srtiace of the leaves on the midrib
and lateral nerves, and the long slender peduncles rather dense-
ly ferruginous hirsute with subappressed hairs. Branches and
branchlets slender, dark-brown, terete. Leaves chartaceous,
dark-brown when dry, 8 to 10 cm. long, 3.5 to 4.5 cm. wide,
the upper surface glabrous except the somewhat hirsute mid-
rib, base rounded, apex slenderly caudate-acuminate; lateral
nerves 7 or 8 on each side of the midrib, prominent on the
lower surface, curved-ascending, anastomosing, the reticula-
tions subparallel ; petioles pubescent, about 5 mm. long;
stipules cleft, the lobes about 1 cm. long, oblong-ovate, acu-
minate, sparingly ferruginous-hirsute ; hooks slender, recurved,
stiff, about 1 cm. long. Heads solitary, axillary, in anthesis
about 3.5 cm., in fruit about 5 cm. in diameter, their slender
peduncles 6 to 8 cm. long, each head subtended by an involucre
of 4 or 5 bracts, the bracts villous externally, 10 to 13 mm.
long, oblong-ovate, acuminate, membranaceous, the margins
below rather coarsely lobed, the basal portions united. Flowers
numerous, greenish- white, ebracteolate, sessile or nearly so,
the calyx-tube densely appressed ferruginous-hirsute, the lobes
5, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 3 to 4 mm. long, about equal-
ling the tube. Corolla-tube glabrous or nearly so, slender, 11
to 12 mm. long, the lobes elliptic-obovate, rounded, about 3
mm. long. Style exserted about 6 mm., the stigma narrowly
obovoid- oblong: Capsules narrowly ellipsoid, narrowed at both
ends, about 1 cm. long, their pedicels slender, equalling or
shghtly exceeding the capsule. .

British NortH Borneo, Mount Kinabalu, Kiau, Top-
ping 1519, November 1, 1916, on hillsides, altitude about 900
meters.

A species in the alliance with Uncaria glabrata, DC., well
characterized, however, by its long and slender peduncles. It
differs from de Candolle’s species also in its more numerous
nerves, and in many details of its flowers.

R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

The Folk-tales of Indonesia and Indo-China.

By R. O. WINSTEDT.

The area over which a folk-tale has spread proves nothing
conclusively except the range of its popularity. But in view of
Schmidt’s synthesis of the Austroasiatic and Malayo-Polynesian
families of language and of the evidence which Professor Kern
has marshalled to show that Indo-China possibly was the region
whence the Malay race descended on the Archipelago, it is in-
teresting to note the occurrence of identical tales in the Indonesian
and Mon-Khmer languages. For the folk-lore of Indo-China I
have consulted Aymonier’s Tertes Khmers, Landes’ Contes et
Legendes Annamites, Landes’ Contes Tjames (Saigon 1887) and
for Mon or Talaing tales The Journal of the Burma Research
Society. For folk-tales of the Malay Archipelago, I have used an
article on “ Contes Javanais” by Dr. Hazeu in a fasciculus en-
titled Hommage au Congres des Orientalistes de Hanov de la
part du Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen
(Batavia 1902). For -folk-tales purely Malay I refer to my
Malay Interature, Part II (1907) in the series of Papers on Malay
Subjects published by the F. M. 8. Government, to Skeat’s Fables
and Folk-tales from an Hastern Forest (Cambridge, 1901); and
also to Chérita Jénaka edited by myself and Mr. Sturrock and to
the Hikayat Pélandok edited by Mr. Dussek, both of them printed
in the Malay Lrterature Series (Singapore).

In No. 45 of this Journal I gave in English “ Some Mouse-
wdeer tales* 7%: on pp. 13 and 14 of Malay Interature, Part IT,
I have quoted from that paper the tale of how Mouse-deer cheated
Tiger over Solomon’s gong, which proved to be a wasp’s nest, his
viol which proved to be a sht bamboo, his saffron rice which proved
to be dung, his turban (or belt, in some versions) which proved
to be a coiled snake. The Malay version is given in Dussek’s
Hikayat Pélandok. There are also Dayak and Javanese and
Sundanese versions. It finds a close parallel in “ Les Ruses du
Liévre” recorded (pp. 50-60) in Landes’ Contes Tyames, and
is found among the Cambodians (vide Aymonier’s T'extes Khmérs)
and among the Annamites (vide Landes’ Contes et légendes Anna-
mites). I will give in outline the Cham version: it is significant
that the “ hare ”—the Cham word is tapay*—gores (encorner) the
elephant with his horn (de la corne) (p. 59)!

* The story how Mouse-deer escaped from crocodile by pretending that

his leg was a withered twig is very common in'India where Jackal takes the place
of Mouse-deer. Cp. pp. 230-233, 384, F. A, Steel’s ‘‘ Tales of Punjab.’’

* Cf. Malay tupaz ‘‘ Squirrel.’’
Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

120 THE FOLK-TALES OF INDONESIA AND INDO-CHINA.

‘One day the tiger, the hare, the otter, the hen, and the
elephant went to cut straw to make a house. They left the tiger
at their camp and he caught deer and cooked them rice and venison
on their return. The next day the otter was left and he dived
into the river and caught fish and cooked it for the other beasts.
Then the hen took her turn and served up a dish of eggs. Finally
it fell to the hare to cater. The hare was at a loss; so filled the
rice-pot with dung (crottes), mixed it with stinking fish-paste
(nwoe mam) and invited his companions to regale themselves.
The hare pleaded a head-ache and no appetite! He yawned and
erled hay eh taputj; hay eh taputj, a nonsense cry, suggesting
hwut] éh tapay, ‘1 smell tapar’s dung:’—a cry which reveals to
the beasts what they have eaten! Then they go and load their
straw on the back of the elephant, and allow hare, as an invalid,
to he on it. He groans and asks the hen to hand him a fire-brand
to keep his body warm. He blows it up and sets fire to the straw!
And he shouts to the others to lead the elephant to windward.
The otter extinguishes the flames by taking the elephant into the
water. The hare, afraid of being killed by his companions, hides
himself in the forest. He comes upon a snake who coils round
him. The tiger discovers the hare and asks what he is doing.
“Pye donned a girdle of flowers, an heirloom of mine” says the
hare. The tiger wants to put on the girdle. The hare demurs
from dawn till noon. Then he bids the tiger get a thorn, and
prick the nose of the python. The python uncoils from the hare
and coils round the tiger. Hare calls, “Come, men, and kill the
tiger. The python has seized him.” Men rush up with knives
but the tiger bites the python and escapes. Tiger pursues hare
and finds him beating a drum! The hare had stopped up the exit
of a wasps’ nest and was beating the nest and making the wasps
buzz. Said the tiger, “ What are you doing?” The hare replied,
“Tm beating a drum left to me by my ancestors; it is a great
solace, when I’m in the mood.” The tiger asked to be allowed to
beat it. The hare demurred; at last, he consented, adding, “ If
you wish to get a harmonious sound out of the drum, open the
hole below and close that on top.” The tiger follows this advice
and beats the drum! Out swarm the wasps and sting him! The
hare flees from the tiger and coming to a tree, whose branches rub
together, climbs into it. The tiger enraged comes to the tree and
bids the hare descend to be eaten. ‘“* Allow me till noon,” pleads
the hare, “‘ to enjoy the strains of this sharanat (= Malay sérunat),
an heirloom of mine.” At noon the wind blew the branches to-
gether and made a noise. The tiger thought it was a musical
instrument and begged leave to play it. “ Eat me,” said the hare,
“for I can’t allow it.” The tiger persisted. ‘“ Well” said the
hare, “wait till the wind blows and then apply your tongue to
this interstice.” The tiger did so, and his tongue was nipped!
“Come men,” cried the hare, “ the tiger is caught in a tree.” As
the men came up, the tiger wrenched his tongue free, losing the
tip of it, and vanished. In running away, the hare fell into a

Jour. Straits Branch

THE FOLK-TALES OF INDONESIA AND INDO-CHINA. 121

dry pit. Up came the tiger and asked what he was doing. The
hare answered, “ Don’t you know? ‘To-morrow morning the sky
is going to fall: I stay here to avoid being crushed.” Said the
tiger, “ Pity me! Let me get into the pit with you.” “I won't”
said the hare. The tiger beseeched the hare from dawn till noon,
when at last the hare consented. The hare told the tiger to cut a
stick and give it to him. He prodded the tiger. “If you play the
fool,” said the tiger; “T’ll make you jump up there, where the
sky will crush you.” The hare persists and is made to Jump up
oub or the pir. ~Iem off for a drmk,” says the hare, “and Vl
return presently.” The hare goes to a house where men are feast-
ing and cries to them to go to the pit and kill the tiger. The men
run to the pit. The hare enters the house, eats all the cakes and
collects cups and bowls and hides them under a mat. He wraps
a red kerchief round his head and beats a drum. ‘The tiger roars
and the men run home to see their cakes have disappeared. ‘They
think the hare is under the mat, beat it with sticks and smash
their crockery! They see the hare on the roof, cannot reach him
and set fire to the house. The hare leaps on to another roof and
escapes. The hare sees the mistress of the house, where he had
upset the feast, going to market to buy cakes bananas and sugar.
He awaits her return, and pretends to be lying dead on the road.
The woman picks him up and puts him in her basket, where he
devours her purchases and skips away, when she opens the lid.
The hare meets the elephant, who is weeping. “Why do you
weep?” asked he. “I and the tiger agreed to roar,” said the
elephant; “if I trumpeted so as to terrify all the beasts and birds
of the forest, I was to eat the tiger: if he roared so as to terrify
them, he was to eat me. He won and is going to eat me to-morrow
morning.’ The hare replied, “Let me save you. Get me betel
and to-morrow morning, when I run under you and strike you w ith
my horns, pretend to fall down dead and roll over as I butt you.”
The elephant did so: the hare butted him as he rolled and spat the
blood-red betel juice over his body. The tiger saw it and thought
the hare had gored the elephant, and he was afraid and fled away.
The tiger met a tortoise and told him of what had happened. The
tortoise said “Tie me to you with a rattan and I'll take you to
kill the hare.” The tiger did so; they met the hare and the tiger
fled, knocking the tortoise ieercutle against a tree stump. Present-
ly the tortoise revived. He was bleeding and he said to the tiger,
** Lick this betel juice off me.” The tiger heked, thinking it was
blood?

For the story of the hare stumbling into a pit and crying out
that he was there to avoid the falling “sky, there are parallels in
my tales recorded in Journal No. 45, and in Klnkert’s Hikayat
Pélandok Djinaka (eiden 1885)—which is reprinted in Dussek’s
Hikayat Pélandok. And there is a parallel for the Cham story of
the hare saving the elephant from the tiger in Skeat’s Fables and
Folk-tales. Skeat’s story relates how elephant and tiger wagered
to make monkey fall from a tree; whoever succeeded was to be

ASSOC INO Tosi Ong

122 THE FOLK-TALES OF INDONESIA AND INDO-CHINA.

eaten by the other. Tiger succeeded, but when he wanted to
claim the penalty, mouse-deer poured molasses down the ele-
phant’s back, told him to trumpet as if in pain and standing on
his back made believe to gnaw him. The tiger fled in terror, till
the ape told him it was only a mouse-deer; but the mouse-deer
made tiger flee once more by crying “ Why did you not bring two
tigers, ape, for my meal instead of one?” Both in my collection
and in Klinkert’s Hikayat betel juice is used by the mouse-deer
to simulate blood.

Another Malay mouse-deer tale finds its parallel in Mon (or
Talaing) folk-lore, where, according to the translator a “ squirrel ”
takes the place of the mouse-deer. Skeat calls the Malay tale,
“The tiger gets his deserts.” There is the same tale, with the
variation that a fallen tree takes the place of the trap and buffaloes
the place of the man and crocodile the place of tiger, in my tales
in Journal No. 45 and in Dussek’s “ Hikayat Kanchil” in the
book Hikayat Pélandok. The Mon tale has even the same literary
device as the Malay story wherein a road, a tree, a sleeping-mat
and a dish-cover are severally consulted on the question of altruism
—vide p. 12 Malay Literature, Part II, and p. 2 Hikayat Pélan-
dok. The Mon tale has been recorded by Stewart on p. 49, Vol.
IV, Part I (April 1914) of the Journal of the Burma Research
Society :—

“Long ago, a man went to the forest and found a tiger caught
in a trap. ‘Set me free’ the tiger called to him, ‘O lord of
benefits.’

‘Tf I set you free, am I safe from you? Will you eat me?”

‘IT will not eat you. Do but set me free.” So the man went
and released the tiger and the tiger said, ‘ ve long been without
food and now I am going to eat you,

‘Tt is not fit that you should eat the man who set you free.
But let us go and hear the judgment of the Dewatas of the tree
in the middle of the clearing......... O Dewatas, I set the tiger
free. Is it fit or not that he should eat me?’

And the Dewatas of the tree rephed, ‘Lo, men come and go
and rest under my shade. My branches they break and sit upon
them. Therefore, said the Dewatas of the tree, ‘it is fit that the
tiger eat thee,

Then the tiger said, ‘ Now I am going to eat you.’ But the
man said, ‘ Nay, we will go to the Dewatas of the Bridge.........
‘Oh Dewatas, the tiger was caught in a trap and I set him free.
Is it fit or not that he should eat me?” And the Dewatas of the
Bridge replied, ‘ Lo, men cross over upon me and some use me for
unworthy purposes. Therefore’ said the Dewatas of the Bridge,
‘it is fit that the tiger eat thee.’

‘Now’ said the tiger, ‘I am going to eat you.’ ‘ Wait yet a
little’ said the man. ‘ When you have the third judgment in your
favour, eat me.’ So they went and came to a squirrel, and the

Jour. Straits Branch

THE FOLK-TALES OF INDONESIA AND INDO-CHINA. 128

squirrel when he saw the man fled. The man followed, shouting,
“ Wait, be our instructor and decide our case” Hearing this, the
squirrel stopped and said, ‘Don’t you come near; speak to me
from a distance. Then the man told the circumstances of the case
and the squirrel said, ‘I myself did not see these things happen.
I cannot decide. Show me the place where the tiger was caught.
Let us go and see. But how shall we go? JI do not trust you two.
Let the tiger go first, the man next and I will follow” When they
came to the trap, the squirrel asked, ‘ How was the tiger placed.
Show me, tiger-beast—get into the trap—how you were bound,
how you were released. Have you tied him fast? Now tiger
can you move?’ ‘ Hardly at all, said the tiger. ‘Oh man, is he
tied fast?’ ‘As fast as can be’ said the man. ‘Tiger’ said the
squirrel, “you have no conscience. Let the man go as he came.
I will go as I came. Let the tiger remain in the trap. Thus I
give judgment? ”

This is a very common Indian story. It is told in the Gul
Bakuwalh. It may be found also in ,F. A. Steel’s Tales of the
Punjab (pp. 107, 307, 336) where a pipal tree, a buffalo yoked to
an oil-press and the road are asked about altruism. And it occurs
in Thibet.

There is a set of Malay ‘ clock’ sayings :—

Bangau, bangau! kénapa kau-kurus ?
Baga-mana aku ta kurus? Ikan ta timbul.
Ikan, tkan! Kénapa ta timbul ?
Bagu-mana aku *nak timbul?
Rumput térlalu panjang.
Rumput, rumput! Kénapa kau-panjang ?
Bagai-mana aku ta’ panjang? —
Kérbau tw makan aku.
Keérbau, kérbau! Makan rumput.
Baga-mana aku nak makan?
Pérut térlampau sakit.
Pérut, pérut! Kénapa kau-sakit ?
Bagu-mana aku ta sakit ?
Makan nasi méntah.
Nasi, nasi! Kénapa kau-méntah ?
Kayu habis basah.
Kayu, kayu. Kénapa kau-basah ?
Bagai-mana aku ta basah ?
Hujan ménrimpa aku.
Hujan, hujan! Kénapa kau-timpa kayu?
Bagai-mana aku ta timpa?
Katak mémanggil aku.
Katak, katak! Kénapa kau-panggil hujan?
Bagaui-mana aku ta panggil?
Ular *nak makan aku.

R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

*

124

THE FOLK-TALES OF INDONESIA AND INDO-CHINA.

Ular, ular! Kénapa makan katak ?
Bagui-mana aku ta’ makan ?
Sudah Memang wns kam.

Contes Tjames No. XVII gives a “ Chanson Enfants,” of which
the first couplet is almost identical :—

“ Aigrette! aigrette! Pourquoi es tu maigre?—Si je suis maigre,

cest que les crevettes ne montent pas. Crevette! crevette!
Pourquoi ne montes-tu pas? Si je ne monte pas, c’est, que
les herbes me retiennent. Herbe! herbe! Pourquoi foisonnes-
tu? Si je foisonne, cest que le buffile ne me mange pas.
Buffle! buffle! Pourquoi ne manges-tu pas? Si je ne mange
pas, cest que le piquet ne se défait pas. Piquet! piquet!
pourquoi ne te défais-tu pas? Si je ne me défais pas, cest
que bék ne garde pas. Bék! bék! Pourquoi ne gardes-tu
pas? Si je ne garde pas, cest que j’ai le ventre gonflé.
Ventre! ventre! Pourquoi est-tu gonflé? Si je suis gonflé
Gest par le riz cru: Riz! riz! Pourquoi es-tu. crue sage
suis cru est que le bois est mouillé. Bois! bois! Pourquoi
es-tu mowillé? Si je suis mouillé, eest que la pluie est con-
tinue. Pluie! pluie! Pourquoi es-tu continue? Si je suis
continue, est que la grenouille se gratte le derriére. Gre-
nouille! grenouille! Pourquoi te grattes-tu? Si je me gratte
c’est que nos aieules se sont grattées. Comment pourrais-je
ne pas me gratter?” There is a paiallel in Talaing (or
Mon) :—vide p. 68, Vol. IV Part I Journal of the Burma
Research Society (Rangoon 1914). .

Tree, tree why are you crooked?

~The heron perched on me.

Heron, heron why did you perch?

To watch a fish.

Fish, fish why did you rise?

Because the buffalo waded.

Buffalo, buffalo, why did you wade?

Because the herd beat me.

Herd, herd, why did you beat?

Because I was hungry for rice.

Rice, rice why weren’t you boiling?

Because the fire didn’t blaze.

Fire, fire why didn’t you blaze?

Because the firewood was damp.

Firewood, firewood, why were you damp?

Because the rain rained.

Rain, rain why did you rain?

Because the frog called.

Frog, frog, why did you call?

Benue I was thirsty.

Little blackguard frog, in the well under the

banyan tree is there not enough to drink?

Jour. Straits Branch

THE FOLK-TALES OF INDONESIA AND INDO-CHINA. 1925

But Lal Behari Day, tells us in his ‘ Folk-Tales of Bengal’
(Macmillan 1883) that every orthodox Bengali story ends with a
very similar set of lines as a formula.

In Malay Interature, Part Il, pp. 20-22, 63-67, I pointed
out how very like the Malay tale of *‘ Si Lunchai” is to the Burmese
story of “Saw Kay.” Has this Burmese tale perhaps a Mon
origin?

On p. 62 of the same pamphlet or in Chérita Jénaka will
be found an outline of the Malay story of Pa Bélalang:—Chérita
Jénaka gives the tale at length in Malay. A. F. von Dewall also
has printed “Tyéritéra Pak Bélalang” in his Bunga Rampai,
Part IV (Batavia, 1902). The tale occurs in Central Celebes,
among the Bataks and in Macassar—vide pp. 377-379 of a paper
by Dr. Adriani on the literature of the Toradja (Tudschrift,
Bat. Gen. XI, deel 4). Among the Sundanese, the hero bears the
name of Aki Bolong (cf. Grashuis’ Soendaneesch Leesboek) ;
among the Javanese the name of Pak Bandjir—in 1873 R. F.
Bastiaan printed a metrical version of “ Pak Bandjir” (Semarang,
von Dorp). And Dr. Hazeu mentions a tale known in Batavia
and called “ Djankar-Djangkrik” which is a variant of “ Pak
Bandjir.” Now Niemann has pointed out (Bijdragen, Koninklijk
Instituut 6 I p. 348) how the Khmer story of Thménh Chey |
(Aymonier, Textes Khmers, pp. 20-30) has many points of
resemblance with the Indonesian story. For instance. Thménh
Chey is ordered by a prince of Cambodia to solve a riddle pro-
pounded by the emperor of China, namely as to the number of
seeds in a Chinese water-melon; and by a lucky accident, such as
saved Pa Belalang on a similar occasion, Thménh Chey solves it.

Dr. Hazeu gives a Batavian story of “Si Kébayan,” which
bears resemblance to the adventures of A. Ley. recorded on p. 3.
sqq. of Aymonier’s Teates Khmeéers. A man called Pak Bah
wants to marry his daughter to some one with a “sharp nose”
(lidong tajam). Kebayan secretes sugar coffee and sweets in Pak
Bali’s house and wins the daughter by pretending to nose them!
Kebayan goes with his father-in-law to cut bamboo, but tiring of
the work exclaims, “I smell a tiger,’ which puts an end to the
day’s toil. Mebayan and his father-in-law go to the tomb of the
latter’s wife to pray but growing tired Kebayan exclaims, “ I smell
the devil,’ which puts an end to their devotions.

There are the Javanese tales of Watu-Gunong and Nawang-
Wulan, which occur moreover among many of the peoples of the
Malay Archipelago—see p. 379 of Adriani’s paper cited above.
Parallels to these tales are’ to be found in Contes et legendes Anna-
mites (LIII and LIV), in Landes’ Hacursions and Reconnaissances
X p. 48. And the story of “Le Fort,’ VIII in Landes’ Contes
Tjames (Saigon 1887) bears a likeness to the tale of “ Todjo.”

Landes’ Contes Tjames, (Hxcursions et Reconnaissances
XIII) gives a story called “ Noix de Coco” which finds parallels

R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

126 THE FOLK-TALES OF INDONESIA AND INDO-CHINA.

in the Javanese tales of Djaka Deleg, Djaka Selira, Kadal Ken-
tjana, or Djaka kendil (published by Poensen, Ontjen-Ontjen IIT;
Batavia, Landsdrukkerij) and the Madurese tale Tyaret Brakat
(ed. Vreede, Leijde 1887)—vide p. 370 of Adriani’s paper.

The points of resemblance between the folk-tales of Indonesia
and the folk-tales of Indo-China are so numerous and so close that
one may venture to doubt if they are due merely to fortuitous
borrowing.

“ Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

Speech
at the
Ceremonial Haircutting of a young child.

EDITED
By ©. i) Dussek

The following speech is in vogue in the Kuala Pilah District
and was dictated to me by Enche’ Kasah bin Md. Ali, Batu Kikir.

I am indebted to Mr. R. O. Winstedt for valuable assistance in
preparing this paper.

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

-

128 SPEECH AT THE HAIRCUTTING OF A YOUNG CHILD.

ENDUI.
Uchapan menchukur budak kechil.

(1) Bi-’smrllahi *r-rahmani ’r-rahim.
La ilaha il-lallah. Muhamad a’r-rasulwJlah.

(2) Bi-~smillah itu pérmulaan nama,
Kéadaan dzat-nya bérsama-sama :
Dzahirkan sifat ményatakan isma,
JXadim dan taat sédia lama.

(3) Hai ségala anak-nya Adam,
Asal-nya wahi nurw’! khatam,
Di-péchah-nya émpat nasir-nya Adam,
Di-péchah-nya pula sakalian alam.

(4) Rahim bapa-mu turun ka-ibu-mu,
Empat-puloh hari nutfah nama-mu,
Délapan-puloh hari alkah nama-mu,
Sa-ratus dua-puloh hari alamah nama-mu.

(5) Di-kandong ibu-mu sémbilan bulan,
Lébeh atau kurang tiada di-téntukan ;
Béranakkan dikau bérapa késakitan,
Bérapa-lah pantang minum dan makan.

(6) Chukup sémbilan bulan bilangan-nya
Dzahir-lah éngkau ka-dalam dunia;
Baharu-lah suka bapa ibu-nya,
KXa-pada éngkau banyak kaseh-nya.

(7) Harap ibu-mu bukan sadikit,
Tinggi-lah harap dari pada bukit;
Lama ibu-mu meérasai sakit,
Sémbilan bulan tiada bérbangkit.

(8) Kénangkan oleh-mu sakalian anak,
Tétékala éngkau lagi kanak-kanak ;
Apa bila sudah tidur-mu enak,
Di-charikan makan manis dan lémak.

(9) Hai anak-ku, jangan kau bantah
Péliharaan ibu-mu sangat-lah susah:
Di-aleh ka-kiri kanan pun basah,
Tiada-lah éngkau ménaroh insaf.

(10) Satélah kamu sudah-lah ada,
Siang dan malam ibu-mu jaga,
Tidur pun tidak barang sa-kétika,
Makan dan minum tidak bérasa.

(11) Bérapa-lah dian déngan-nya tanglong,
Di-angkat di-tuam lalu di-bédong:

Sudah-lah jaga lalu di-dokong,
KKaseh dan sayang tiada bértanggong.

Jour. Straits Branch

SPEECH AT THE HAIRCUTTING OF A YOUNG CHILD. 129

TRANSLATION

(1) In the name of God, the merciful, the compassionate.
There is no God but God: Mohamad is his Prophet.

(2) In the name of God, the first of all Names,
And He and His Name co-existed in the beginning.
Reveal His attributes and declare His Names,
For He is eternal and we His servants from old.

(8) Oh, all ve descendants of Adam,
Sprung from the eternal light of God,
Adam sprang from the four elements:
And thus is descended all creation.

(4) O child, the grace of thy father visited thy mother
And after 40 days thy seed was created,
After 80 days thy blood was made,
After 120 days thy flesh was fashioned.

(5) Nine months in the womb since thy mother conceived,
Roughly but not exactly that period:
With what pain and suffering wast thou born;
What privations she endured.

(6) When nine moons had waxed and waned
Thou came’st into the world:
Then how delighted thy father and mother,
How strong their love for thee.

(7) High are the hopes thy mother builds,
Yea, higher than the hills:
How long she suffered for thee,
Nine long months confined to her couch.

(8) O all ye children, return your mothers’ love,
While still ye are young;
Whilst ye slumbered pleasantly
They sought ye sweetmeats and dainties.

(9) And thou, O child, reject not
Thy mother’s watchful care, —
If she turned thee to the left the right thou defiled’st:
Yet thou knewest not of these things.

(10) When thou wast born,
Unceasing was thy mother’s care;
Not a moment did she spare for sleep,
For food she took no thought. . -

(11) By hght of candle and lantern,
How often she poulticed thee and wrapped thee in thy baby
garments.
She dandled thee when awake;
Such love and care is not easy to requite.

R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

130 SPEECH AT THE HAIRCUTTING OF A YOUNG CHILD.

(12) Tiada-lah téntu siang dan malam
Bangun mémangku di-dalam kélam ;
Teérkéjut jaga di-téngah malam,
Tidur pun tidak dapat di-tilam.

(13) Keéenangkan ayah-mu anak bangsawan,
Péhharakan dikau sangat késusahan,
Di-péhhara dari pada angin dan hujan,
Takut térkéna pényakit sawan.

(14) Jika ibu-mu ada hamba di-suroh,
Nyamok pun tidak hampir ka-tuboh,
Tirai kélambu di-béntang, di-buboh,
Jilin dan tanglong di-pasang, di-suloh.

(15) Walau pun ibu-mu ada bérhutang,
Kain sa-hélai juga di-pinggang,
Basah di-ampai kéring di-pinggang,
Di-dokong, di-galas tiada bérénggang.

(16) Kénangkan ayah-mu anak bangsawan,
Barang kata-nya jangan di-lawan,
Ibu bapa-mu pérhubongan Tuhan,
Baharu-lah sémpurna anak bangsawan.

(17) Jika ibu-mu orang-nya kaya,
Di-suroh pélihara hamba dan sahaya,
Sérta di-kampongkan duit bélanja;
Itu pun éngkau kurang pérchaya.

(18) Apa bila éngkau dapat mémbilang,
Di-suroh méngaji pagi dan pétang,
Rumah guru-mu témpat bérulang,
Pagi dan pétang tiada bérsélang.

(19) Apa-bila éngkau dapat méngaji,
Ibu-bapa-mu suka-lah hati,
Di-chari-nya ringgit sahari-hari
Héndak di-surohkan éngkau ka-haji.

(20) Pérgi ka-haji tanah yang suchi,
Héndak mémbuang nama yang keéji, z
Shaikh itu suroh méngaji,
Bacha Koran, jangan éngkau bénchi.

Jour. Straits Branch

SPEECH AT THE HAIRCUTTING OF A YOUNG CHILD. 131

(12) Night and day at times. all uncertain,
Ere daylight she rose and dandled thee,
Up to watch thee in dark of night
Nor once could pillow her weary head.

(13) Love too thy father, child of birth so gentle,
Who cared for thee through every travail ;
Protected thee from wind and rain,

Lest convulsions should attack thee.

(14) If thy mother has servants at hand,
Then no insects can harm thee,
Thy bed-curtains are ever closed,
Candles and lanterns always alight.

(15) And if thy mother is in debt,
With but one garment to her back,
And this when wet must dry as she wears it,
Yet ever does she care for thee and never leaves thy side.

(16) Love thou thy father, gentle child,
Take care not to disregard his word;
When father and mother are united by God, |
Then is thine a perfect lot.

(17) If thy mother is of rich parentage,
Her slaves and servants all attend thee,
And she saves for thee her utmost farthing,
Though thou can’st not understand this.

(18) And when thou can’st count,
Thou must to school morning and noon,
With thy teacher to study the Koran,
Morning and evening without interruption.

(19) And when thou canst read the Holy Book,
How glad will be thy parents ;
EH’en now they save a share of their earnings,
To send thee on the pilgrimage.

(20) Thou wilt go to the Blessed Land,
To cleanse all that is unclean:
The Shaikh will order thee to read the Book,
Take care never to neglect it.

R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

Gordonia.

By Ey BURKE

Fig. 1. The flower of Gordonia singaporrana, Wall., viewed horizontally.
and enlarged by one third.

An enquiry upon a Gordoma undertaken for the Forest De-
partment, led into such confused hterature, that I have thought it
well to draw together the following notes upon the genus in the
hope that by publishing them, I may leave it a little more open to
Investigation. However but for Mr. Ridley’s correction of some
of the nomenclature in the Journal for 1916, I could not have done
even this.

The genus is one of the Ternstroemiaceae, and the relationship
to Camellia and Thea is fairly well suggested by the figure above.

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

134 GORDONTA.

THE FOUNDING OF GORDONIA ON AN AMERICAN PLANT.

The first Gordonia to become known was the American Loblol-
ly Bay. In the eighteenth century it was a by-no-means rare
shrub in the gardens of the curious in Natural History in Western
Europe, as, from its home on the Atlantic seaboard from Mary-
land southwards to the mouths of the Mississippi, its seeds had
been easy to procure, and the plant which attains the size of a
tree in 1ts own home, was found to flower in hot houses as a shrub.
Linnaeus, as early as 1737, named it Hypericum Lasianthus when
writing his catalogue of Clifford’s garden, and repeated this name
in his Species plantarum. Then John Ellis, a London merchant,
who interested himself especially in what ships could bring him
from the New World, upon the examination of a plant which flower-
ed at Clapham, cut it apart from the genus Hypericum, and named
it Gordona (1770) after a well-known nurseryman, James Gordon
then living in London.

From another plant cultivated at Vauxhall, on the outskirts
of London, John Sims in 1802 figured flowers and foliage on plate
668 of the Botanical Magazine.

Linnaeus accepted the name Gordonia from the first and used
it in his Mantissa plantarum altera, 1771, p. 570.

Into the genus Gordonia so established, another American
plant was soon placed,—G. pubescens, (L’Heéritier, Stiurpes novae,
1784, p. 156), a tree found like G. Lasianthus on the Atlantic sea-
board of the United States.

GORDONIA FOUND IN ASIA, BUT CALLED CAMELLIA.

On American soil, Gordonia has proved to be confined to these
two species, the second of which is now reported extinct in a wild
state. But above a score of species have been found in Asia.

At first there was some confusion among the European
botanists in the East as to what should be called Gordonia, so
that we meet with G. oblata and G. integrifolia in Roxburgh’s
works, and G. Chilaunia in Buchanan-Hamilton’s, applied to what
is now regarded as Schima: and there occurs a G. “spectabilis in the
manuscript of William Hunter, of 1803 (printed in Journal No.
54, 1909, p. 104) which is doubtless also a Schima. At the same
period, but on the other hand, a true Gordoma of Chinese origin
found its way into the genus Camellia. This last is the G. axillaris
of Hongkong,—the first recorded plant of which was brought to the
London nursery of Messrs. Whitley, Brames and Milne. In Decem-
ber, 1818, it flowered for the first time, and both the then-existing
rival illustrated London botanical journals,—the Botanical Maga-
zine and the Botanical Register,—obtained a drawing and both
published under the date of February 1st, 1819. So similar are
these two plates which we know came from the same plant, that

Jour. Straits Branch

GORDONTA, 135

they appear to have been drawn from the same branch, and not only
from the same branch, but from the same branch with the same
flower open. But in the letter press there are differences which must
be referred to, the most important of which is that, under plate 349
of the Botanical Register, Ker, editing for Sydenham Edwards,
wrote that the possessors of the plant had got it some years before
from the late Dr. Roxburgh, the Superintendent of the Honourable
East India Company’s garden at Calcutta, and that Roxburgh had
got it from Penang: whereas in the Botanical Magazine under plate
2047, Sims wrote that it was thought to be one of some Camellias
received a few years previously from a Mr. Robarts from China.

While thus diverging both writers used the name Camellia
avilaris referring to a manuscript left by Roxburgh, which the
one called a Flora of India and the other merely a manuscript in
the possession of Sir Joseph Banks. It is evident from the Botan-
cal Register that Robert Brown, then librarian to Sir Joseph Banks,
had been consulted; and it is therefore hardly possible to avoid
the conclusion that Brown had identified the plant, but we do not
know from what, as the published Flora indica of Roxburgh does
not contain Camellia axillaris.

ROXBURGH’S CONNECTION WITH THIS PLANT IS VERY. DOUBTFUL.

It is well known that before Roxburgh’s death in 1815 he had
furnished to various scientists copies of his Flora, keeping one in
his own possession when he sailed from India, with the intention of
revising it for publication, and that seventeen years after the
father’s death his two sons, Captains Bruce and James Roxburgh,
caused the part dealing with the Higher Plants to be printed at
Serampore in India, it is said “exactly as he had left it.’ Are
we to assume that Banks had in 1819 a copy with late notes which
escaped publication in 1832? It appears so: for, though Sir
Wilham Thiselton-Dyer records (Journal of the Linnean Society
of London, XIII, 1873, p. 330) that he had searched in vain for the
caagnosis of Camellia axillaris, (1) Brown would be unlikely to
misquote, (11) the two rivals would be unlikely both to misrepresent
him, and (111) the form of the brief diagnosis is just such as Rox-
burgh used. It was rendered from English into latin in both works
with the term villous for describing the calyx in the Botanical
Register but the term silky in its place in the Botanical Magazine.

So far then we may accept it that Roxburgh appears to have
handled a plant from Penang which he called Camellia azillaris ;
but that does not prove it to be the Chinese plant which was describ-
ed under this name in 1819; and, mdeed, it is more likely that
Ker invented the connection of the individual in Whitley, Brames
and Milne’s nursery with Roxburgh as a sequel to Brown’s identifi-
eation than that Sims is wrong in saying that a Mr. Robarts sent
it from China. In any case the species ‘does not grow in Penang,
and though it could have reached Roxburgh via Penang from the

R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

136 GORDONTA.

China coast the diagnosis as quoted is so very meagre, that it
might easily apply to another plant of the same order such as occurs
in Penang. :

There is among the dried plants distributed by Wallich in 1832,
a specimen labelled Camellia aaillaris which is not the Camellia
axillaris of (? Brown ex) Sims and Ker; and as the diagnosis does
not fit it, it is probably some substitute. But it is said that the
handwriting is Roxburgh’s, and therein must be indubitable proof
that Roxburgh used the name for some unrecognised species.

Tris ASTATIC GORDONIA PERSISTS IN CULTIVATION.

Probably from 1819 forward this Chinese plant so introduced
by Whitley, Brames and Milne, was not lost to European gardens:
it finds mention in several publications of the immediately follow-
ing years, the chief of which was Robert Sweet’s Hortus Britanni-
cus, 1826, wherein the genus Polyspora was put forward for tt and
it nooaine, Polyspora axillaris. In 1842 it was at Kew, having been
received from Liege, and flowered, furnishing plate 4019 at the
Botanical Magazine, under which Sir William Hooker confidently
stated it to be Chinese because he had got dried specimens from
China. Quite recently (Gardener's Chronicle, lxi, p. 250, June
23rd, 1917) it has been figured again from Kew.

There are certain differences between Hooker’s plate and the
two which went before it, which may be touched upon next.

Iv APPEARS TO EXHIBIT GYNODIOECISM BUT THIS
WAS NOT SUSPECTED.

It had not escaped the wonderful acumen of Robert Brown
that there was something sexually imperfect in the flower of the
plant which he saw in 1818: it appeared female; but the flowers of
the plant which flowered in Kew in 1842 were apparently fully
hermaphrodite. This evidence of the occurrence of gyno-dioecism
in the species is now supported by the discovery of similar sexual
variations in allied plants. But apparently Choisy who monograph-
ed the order in 1855 did not appreciate it, so that (J/émoires de la
Société physique de Geneve, xiv, p. 141) he thought it necessary to
make two species,—G. avillaris and G. Lessertu, of the two, and in
doing this he appears also to have made some further confusion.

GORDONIA RECOGNISED AS AN ASIATIC GENUS; THE SEQUENCE

IN WHICH SPECIES WEE DETECTED.

Returning to the year 1826 when Sweet tried to establish the
genus Polyspora for Camellia axillaris, not putting it into Gordonia
perhaps because there were in Gordonia the misplaced plants named
on p. 134, we come to the announcement by the Dutch botanist
Blume of the occurrence of Gordonia eaxcelsa in Java, being the first

Jour. Straits Branch

GORDONTIA. 137

placing of a true Asiatic Gordoma correctly. But it was not long
before Wallich also recognised the genus; and species were added
to species in the following order :—

1826. G. excelsa, Blume, a plant which occurs sparsely in the
mountain forests of both east and west Java, between
1,500 and 7,000 feet.

1832. G. obtusa, Wallicht, South-western India from the Konkan
southwards in mountains between 2,000 and 7,000 feet,
plentiful in the Nilgiri Hills.

1832. G. singaporvana, Wallich’, in Singapore at low levels and
also in Malacca; in Penang about the hill tops. It is the
Gr. grandis, of Xing, but not of André.

1840. G. zeylamica, Wight, Ceylon in the forests from 4,000 to

| 7,000 feet.

1846. G. elliptica, Gardner, Ceylon in the forests of the Central
Province, but doubtfully distinct from the last.

1855. G. speciosa, Choisy, Ceylon, very local in the higher moun-

| tains.

1860. G. brevifolia, Hooker fil., Borneo on the Mountain of Kina-
balu at 8,000 feet.

1860. G. Lobbu, Hooker fil., Borneo in Sarawak.

1874. G. Maingayi, Dyer, Perak and Malacca, on the lower slopes

of mountains.

1876. G. dipterosperma, Kurz, Sikkim Himalaya and Khasia hills.
It has been reduced to G. eacelsa, Blume, in several works.

1880. G. grandis, André, a garden plant, imperfectly known.

1886. G. luzonica, Vidal, Luzon, common in the higher mountains.
It was redescribed in 1906 as G. fragrans, Merrill.’

eG) G. Scortechina, iine, Perak,

1890. G. imbricata, King, Perak and Pahang, in the mountains.

1890. G. multinervis, King, Perak and Singapore.

1906. G. sinensis, Hemsley and E. H. Wilson, $.-W. China on

| Mount Omi.

1908. G. Welborni, Elmer, Southern Philippine islands in moun-
tains.

1910. G. Balansae, Pitard, Tonkin on the Mountain of Ravi near
Sougi.

1910. G. tonkinensis, Pitard, Tonkin, in the neighbourhood of
Ninh-binh.

1 Wallich’s lithographed catalogue of the plants in the Hast India Com-
pany’s herbarium has been ruled to be no publication: but these names, are
valid nevertheless, though not from 1832.

2 Mr. Merrill himself reduces this.

G. acumimata, Vidal (G. Vidalii, Szyszylowiez) described from Iunzon in
1886 is shown by Mr. EK. D. Merrill not to be a Gordonia at all).

oR. A.:Soc., No.. 76,1917.

138 GORDONIA.

1916. G. penangensis, Ridley, Penang and Singapore. It was
misnamed G. excelsa by King in 1890.

1916. G. hirtella, Ridley, mountains of the Malay Peninsula from
Perak to Negri Sembilan.

To these 24 species I have four to add, being G. taipingensis
from the hills near Taiping, G. concentricicatrix from Selangor,
G. Havilandu from Sarawak and G. lanceifolia also from Sarawak,
making 28 in all: but as I consider the Asiatic species of Haemo-
charis to be Gordonias, the genus is really in my view of well over
30 species: but all of them want more study.

ATTEMPT TO DIVIDE GORDONIA IN CONFORMITY WITH ITS

DISCONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTION.

Szvszylowicz (in Engler’s Pflanzenfamilien, 11. part 6, 1893
p. 185) divided the genus Gordonia into two sections, the American
species forming the first, and the Asiatic species the second.
He. gave no sectional names, and did not define the two.
Korthals and Pitard have separately gone further in at-
tempts to cut the Asiatic species from the American. Jorthals’
attempt was made long ago (Verhandel. over de Natuurlijke Ges-
chiedenis der Nederland overzeeische Bezttingen, Kruidkundig,
1839-1842). He made two new genera to hold the Malayan
species regardless of the existence of Polyspora; and on p. 127
he wrote “ The plants on which the genera Antheeischima and
Closaschima (his new genera) have heeal established, were formerly
written up and described under the genus Gordonia; but a cioser
comparison with material of the American types, leads me to ob-
serve that this union of Indian and American plants can be severed,
and leads me on into presenting two new genera for the former,
eut out of Gordonia.” This shows him dominated by the idea that
plants from opposite hemispheres should not be in the same genus.
And he continues defining the first genus Antheeischima upon
doubtful interpretations of its bracts ‘and calyx adding the last
sepal (which is seen in fig. 1. to the top and right) to the petals and
another sepal to the bracts so as to reduce the number to 3; and
on “the stamens being free in Gordonia or united into five bundles ;
but in Antheeischima grown together with the petals into a ring.”
He next admits this genus as rather indistinctly defined but
“ Closaschima differs by reason of its more shrubby growth, lesser
development of leaves, and flowers and in some floral characters ;
it has five or apparently by the enlargement of a bract six sepals,
five petals spirally arranged and five stigmas almost without
styles.”

The last character is that of Haemocharis into which his genus
has been placed in later years, while the single species making the
genus Antheeischima has been returned to Gordonia as Blume’? SG.
excelsa. Yet Korthals continues under Closaschima to describe the
C’. marginata as having a style.

Jour. Straits Branch

GORDONTIA. 139

Pitard has taken a roughly parallel line. In the Actes de la
Societe Linnéenne de Bordeaux, 1902, Comptes rendus, p. 54, he
tries to establish the genus Nabiasodendron for the Asiatic Gor-
donias, at the same time separating the two American species from
each other generically. Like WKorthals he points to the arrange-
ment of the stamens; but then Korthals did not know the Gordonia
speciosa of Ceylon which has its stamens in five distinct bundles
like G. Lasianthus, and Pitard does; so Pitard does not find ‘the
character absolute and turns to the capsule for a supplementary
one, and after it to anatomical characters.

DISCONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTION IS BY NO MEANS UNUSUAL IN GENERA
ALLIED TO GoRDONIA. ‘THEIR DEMAND FOR MOISTURE
RULES THEIR DISPERSION.

Like Korthals, Pitard seems to have been dominated by an
idea that the discontinuous distribution requires that we should
find generic characters between those plants which occur in eastern
America, and those which occur in eastern Asia. It is a wrong
presumption because there are several allied genera equally astride

the Pacific, among those comprising the Theeae and Ternstroemieae
as the reader will observe if all the genera be enumerated :—
Bonnettva, coasts of tropical S. America.
Arch ytaea, coasts of the Pacific from 8. America. to Penang.
Asteropeia, Madagascar.
Thea (including Camellia), from Assam to Japan and to Java.
Gordonia (1) eastern coasts of N. America.

(11) forests of the Himalaya and S. China to Java chiefly

on mountains.
Haemocharis (1) W. Indies and tropical 8. America.
(11) Borneo, Java, Sumatra and Moluccas.
Schima, as Gordonia (11).
Hartia, S.-W. China.
Pyrenaria, as Gordonia (i1).
Stewartia (Stuartia), (1) Mountains of eastern N. America.
: (ii) Japan.
Ternstroemia, (i) S. America.
(11) as Gordonia (11).
Patascoya, north-west S. America at 10,000 feet.
Anneslea, Himalaya to the Philippine Islands.
Adinandra, (1) as Gordonia (11).
(ii) Island of St. Thomé on the West coast of Africa.*
Ternstroemiopsis, Sandwich islands.
Hurya, (1) Mexico and the W. Indies to Venezuela.
(11) India to the Pacific.

* This isolated species needs re-examination.

R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

140 GORDONTA.

Frezera, S. America.
Vismea, Canary islands.
Tremanthera, New Guinea.

And from such a review of the genera, allied to Gordonia, we
turn with at least the suggestion that discontinuous distribution
is not so rare in the order as to afford any strong reason for
Korthals’ and Pitard’s endeavour to cut the Asiatic Geilo: from
the American.

In fact what we have in the Theeae and Ternstroemieae is
such a noteworthy demand for damp air as to restrict them either
to damp seaboards or to mountain forests or to rain forests that
are not too hot. With a centre about the Pacific, local climates
have ruled where they should persist, and the discontinuous dis-
tribution is because all but a small part of North America is too
dry.

INSTEAD OF SPLITTING GORDONTA, IT APPARENTLY SHOULD BE
ENLARGED BY THE INCLUSION OF AT LEAST THE
ASIATIC SPECIES OF HAEMOCHARIS.

Not only do I fail to follow the bias, but I find characters
contrary to Pitard’s statement that Nabiasodendron has blunt cap-
sules and Gordonia pointed, and instead of cutting down Gordona,
I believe that Haemocharis, at least in the Hast is not distinguish-
able from it; and I recommend that the two be examined with a
view to union. ‘The only difference is in the presence of a style in
Gordonia and its absence in Haemocharis, a difference which puts
Gordonia singaporiana for instance on either side of the line accord-

Fig 2. Ovary of G. singaporiana at the time of the fall of the
corolla showing how undefined in the style.

ing to the view of the moment, and prompted the remark of
JXoorders and Valeton in regard to Haemocharis integerrima (Me-
dedeelingen °S Lands Plantentuin, No. 16, 1896, p. 294) “stylis
fere dimidio leviter connatis apice obtuse div ergentibus, haec species
demarcationes inter genera Gordonia et Laplacea (Haemocharis)
fere plane aufert,” t.e. it comes within a trifle of breaking down the
boundary.

There is one point to be set out before proceeding, namely that
the Asiatic species of Haemocharis owe their position in that genus

' Jour. Straits Branch

GORDONTA. 14L
in a very large part to Miquel. They are rare plants in her-
baria, which seem to have been seldom consulted of recent years.
There is consequently no concensus of modern opinion placing them
where they are: and though Otto Kuntze changed the names of
some, he was not working as a botanist but as a Texicographer. If
the Asiatic species of Haemocharis be transferred to (Grordoma, the
genus is enlarged by the following :—

HT. vulcanica, O. Kuntze, (sphalm. vulcania) being Korthals’
Laplacea vulcanica, described in 1840 or 1841 from Mt. Meropi
in Sumatra.

H. marginata, O. Kuntze, first described in the same place as
Closaschima marginata, from Mt. Tirin and from near Martapura
in Borneo.

FH. ovalis, O. Wuntze, first described along with the last two as
Closaschima ovalis from the forests of Melintang in Sumatra.

Hf. buxifolia, Szyszylowicz, first described by Miquel as Lap-
lacea buxifolia in 1862 in his Sumatra, zujne Plantenwereld p. 482,
from Paya Kombo in Western Sumatra.

H. aromatica, Szvszylowicz, first described by Miquel along
with the last from Mangala in the Lampongs province, and also
from Priaman, in Sumatra.

H. subintegerrima first described by Miquel along with the
last two, from Kobu-lahat in the Province of Palembang, Sumatra.

H. integerrvma, Woorders and Valeton, first described by
Miquel in the Annales Muset botanict Lugduno-Batavi, iv. 1869,
from Preanger in West Java.

Hf. amboinensis first described as Laplacea amboinensis by
Miquel in the same place as the last.

H. serrata, Woorders and Valeton, described in Mededeelingen
van “SLands Plantentuin, No. 16, 1896, p. 296.

Of the genus Miquel remarks that it descends to low levels
(Sumatra, zijne Plantenwereld, p . 483), but not in Java. So too
does Gordoma descend to low ies els in the Malay Peninsula, but
not in India and Ceylon.

SIZE ATTAINED BY GORDONFAS.

The home of the American species of Gordona is swampy
hollows among the pines of the Pine barrens along the sea coast.
The home of all the eastern species as far as recorded is sloping
ground in dense rain forests and often on the crests of the ridges
in these forests. On such crests the trees are apt to be dwarfed by
conditions, and it is almost certain that foresters will soon show
that the botanists who have described the plants have by far under-
stated the sizes attained by many of the species. These are the
sizes so far recorded :—

G. Welborni attains 50 meters or 160 feet.
R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

142 GORDONIA.

G. singaporiana 43 meters or 120 feet.

G. excelsa 25 meters or 80 feet.

G. Lasianthus 24 meters or 75 feet.

G. obtusa 20 meters or 60 feet, or perhaps more.
G. multinervis |

G. Lobbu . 15 meters or 50 feet.

G. speciosa J

G. penangensis )

G. Maingayi ‘12 meters or 40 feet.

G. sinensis

G. luzonica (G. fragrans) |

G. Balansae ‘8 meters or to 25 feet.
G. pubescens

G. brevifolia 4 meters or 14 feet.

Ridley in the Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums,
iv, 1909, p. 6, speaks of very large Gordonias occurring on the upper
ridges of the Telom district of Pahang. The species was not deter-
mined.

But unfortunately so many of these species are known from
observation in but one or two localities, and again we know that
flowering is no criterion of age, as in European gardens G. Lasian-
thus will flower at 8—10 feet, G. pubescens at 4—6 feet, and G.
axillaris at 3 feet (see Nicholson’s Gardener's Dictionary article
Gordonia) : and we know also that the first named may be reduced
by conditions in its own home to a bush (see Sargent, Manual of
the trees of N. America, 1905, p. 678). G. singaporiana also
flowers as a bush. Almost all from the economic point of view
are inadequately known.

There are no records of the rate of the growth of the eastern
Gordonias. Tree No. 1505 V. in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore,—
Gordoma singaporiana,—is now 145 cm, in circumference at 130 em.
from the ground; and this dimension is here recorded that some
observer in the future may measure it again. Its height may be,
about 70 feet, and it branches high; but tree 1508 H, which is in
the open, branches low down.

THE TIMBER.

The timber of Gordonia Lasianthus is stated by Sargent to be
hight, soft, close-grained, not durable, light red........ occasional-
ly used in cabinet making.

The wood of the eastern species finds a perhaps greater appre-
ciation. Beddome (Flora Syivatica, 1874, under t. 83) wrote of
G. obtusa that the wood is “ white with a straw tint, even grained
and pleasant to work, not unlike beech; very generally used for |
planks, doors, rafters and beams, but warps if not well seasoned.”
In the Indian Forester ii, 1876, p. 23, while stating that the
timbers in the sholas or woods of the Nilgiri plateau are of less value

Jour. Straits Branch

GORDONTA. 143

than those of the slopes, he named Gordonia obtusa with seven
others, as being chiefly in use. Gamble, Flora of Madras, i, 1915, p.
80, says, wood reddish, hard, and close grained, but little used.
Trimen recorded of the Ceylon G. zeylanica (Handbook of the Flora
of Ceylon, 1. 1893, p. 111) “ wood red, smooth, hard, shining” and
after this he adds words which imply that the carpenters up
country in Ceylon are familiar with the use of it. Ridley quoting
Maingay, (Agricultural Bulletin of the Straits and Federated Malay
States, 1. 1901, p. 48) wrote of the Malavan G. excelsa, (but
Maingay though doubtless referring to a Gordonia may not have
had G. excelsa before him), “Wood pale red, fine to medium
grain, good for houses, beams and boats. Weight 59 lbs. 52 oz. and
65 lbs. 7402.” De Sturler, (Cat. Descript des espéces de Bois de
V’Archipel des Indes Orientales, 1867, p. 16) stated that a Gordon
of W. Java* furnishes a reddish brown wood of great density em-
ployed by carpenters; and that it works well. On p. 36 under the
name of Aylapia, he stated that a Gordonia of Amboyna gave a
reddish wood, used but not durable.

Cantley’s collector in Malacca in 1886 obtained G. singa-
poriana with the note that the timber is used in house building
and is durable. The same in 1885 noted of what appears to be
G. hirtella that the wood is a dirty dark colour, and its heart black,
that it sinks in water and is used for house posts being very durable
for this purpose.

Elmer while giving no uses for G. Welborni describes the
wood as “hard, somewhat .burly,........ and reddish.”

Moll and Janssonius (Mikrographie des Holtzes der auf Java
vorkommender Baumarten, 1906, p. 334) described the structure
of the wood of G. excelsa, from Koorders’ material; and on p. 338
they described the wood of Haemocharis wntegerrima.

Whitford (Forests of the Philippines, part 11, 1911, p. 59)
states that Gordonia luzonica is of no importance to the lumberman.

THE FOLIAGE.

All the Gordonias are evergreen. Foliation in G. singaporiana
occurs in flushes of about four leaves generally of increasing size,
and the next leaf is small again, but the last leaf may be small
especially if it subtends a flower; and leaves at various points may
also be small subtending flowers. The leaves persist over more
than a year, and there may perhaps be two flushes in the twelve
months. At the top of the forest their length may be 15 cm.,
but young trees in shade carry leaves as much as 35 cm. long, by
10 em. in breadth.

Along the margins of the leaves of Gordonia, when expanded,
little blackish bodies may be seen, which if the leaf has teeth are
on their apices, but are not absent if the teeth be so. These are

* This is more likely to be Haemocharis integerrima than Gordonia
excelsa. Both have the same vernacular name—Kimandjel.

R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

144 GORDONIA.

mucilage glands, whose function is to keep the young tissues from
injury while still packed in the bud. When the leaves expand,
they are already dead in the Asiatic species but I have seen them
to be still alive on young expanded leaves of the American G. pubes-
cens, and perhaps their structure differs. It 1s interesting to link
this protective function with the demand that the tree makes for
moist air. A little nerve runs out to the glands. This same type
of gland occurs in alhed genera such as Adinandra, as in Gordoma
imbricata and G. Scortechinu, where the leaves are toothless. The
apex to the leaf also is glandular, and dies as or before the leaf un-
folds, often leaving an emargination. Some of the earlier botanists
have tried to make a character of this emargination, but the degree
to which it has gone in any particular leaf may be but a response
to local or to temporary air conditions. Reference may be made
to fig. 15, on p. 158, where two flushes are represented. At the
commencement of the first, weather conditions appear to have been
such as to destroy with the apical gland quite a distinct piece of
the neighbouring tissues: these conditions were not repeated. Hairs
are present on the young parts which vanish like the glands more
or less completely with age: in the leaf bud they are protective
similarly. They afford no good specific characters.

THE FLOWERS.

Flowers are formed on very short axillary shoots in the upper
leaf axils of a flush or in the axils of cataphyllary leaves following.
If the terminal bud should die they appear as if terminal on the
foliar branches, and this seems particularly, to happen in G.
penangensis. In this species the weight of a falsely terminal
capsule on the rather slender branchlets makes it to hang; but in
most species they dehisce upwards, see fig. 7 of G. hirtella.

The Gordonias, as said, may be got to flower at relatively
small sizes. .No information is available as to subsequent seed-
formation; but in Singapore G. singaporiana already seeds at a
height of 6 meters.

No information is available as to the formation of flowers in
Gordonia sexually imperfect, except that a female condition was
found in the first observed plant of G. aaillaris. However as
Urban (Berichte d. deutsch. bot. Gesellschaft, xiv, 1896, p. 51)
has found male and female flowers in the Tropical American
species of Haemocharis, the occurrence of sexually imperfect flowers
in a Gordonia is hardly isolated. Further Urban ascribes to the
male flower a short style, which makes the definition between Gor-
doma and Haemocharis just nothing.

The old trees of G. singaporiana in the Botanic Gardens,
Singapore, have their flowers fully hermaphrodite. They open in
the evening or after dark, facing horizontally or slightly down-
wards, and fall during the next forenoon. They have a smell which
is fairly strong, but hardly fragrant; they are in colour creamy
white: they are produced over many months of the year. Infertile

Jour. Straits Branch

GORDONTA. 145

flowers perish in the horizontal position of flowering: fertile cap-
sules however resume a more or less upright position and the
mature capsule dehisces on the tree facing more or less upwards.
It is hygroscopic, closing slowly if wetted and opening slowly again
when dried. The walls of the loculi fit over the seeds very closely
so that these escape with difficulty, and it is quite common for the
capsule to fall to the bottom of the forest with them still enclosed.

THE SEED AND SEEDLING.

The germination of G. singaporiana has been watched. In it
the seed coats are spht along the longer free margin of the seed
and the radicle is extruded. When this has anchored the coty-
ledons are raised up and with them the seed coats, from which they
escape 1n consequence of their efforts to attain a more or less
horizontal position.

The cotyledons are somewhat arched, and are without the
mucilage-glands of the later foliage. With our present scant know-

Fig. 3. Seedling of G. singaporiana with the cotyledons freeing
themselves from the seed coats. To the left are the cotyledons seen from above.

ledge of the species of Gordonia the characters of the foliage help
us more than anything else to a scheme of classification, probably
in no way because they are the best, but because we know too little
about the capsules. As regards the latter not only do we suffer
from the circumstance that from many of the species they have
not been collected yet, but also from the fact that the differences in
them are difficult to bring out in descriptions unaccompanied by
drawings. Towards a remedy the following line blocks may do a
little. The next proceeding towards understanding the genus,
apart from the collecting of more material, is a re-examination of
the Sumatran and Bornean types in Dutch herbaria.

R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

146 GORDONTIA.

THE KNOWN SPECIES OF GORDONIA AND THE ASIATIC SPECIES
oF HAEMOCHARIS.

The most outstanding species of the whole genus is the North
American G. pubescens. The following enumeration will be start-
ed with it.

Gordonia pubescens, L’/eéritier, Stirpes novae, 1784, p.
156. G. Altamaha, Sargent, Manual Trees, N. America, 1905,
Dy Ore.

This species used to be found on the Altamaha river in
Georgia but has long been extinct in a wild state. Its leaves have
a conspicuous venation. Its flowers are 8 cm. in diameter on short
peduncles. Its stamens are inserted separately, and their length
relative to the size of the flower is small. The ovary is “ truncate
and crowned with a slender deciduous style nearly as long as the
stamens.” The capsule is globose and septicidal from the base.
Its seeds are very characteristic, sharply defining it from all other
Gordonias: for they are wingless.

There is a line figure of it in Sargent’s book.

G. Lasianthus, Linnaeus, Mantissa 1771, 11. 570: Sargent,
Manual Trees, N. America, 1905, p. 678: in foliar characters lies
close to the above: the venation is distinct. The flowers are on
long peduncles slender below, but thickening to the flower: they
are 6-8 cm. in diameter, white, and with the relatively short stamens
“united into five bundles at their insertion. The ovary is “ gradual-
ly contracted into the stout style.’ The capsule is ovoid and the
seeds are winged. Its distribution is from Maryland all along the
pine barrens of the Atlantic coast into the Gulf of Texas to the
mouths of the Mississippi.

Sargent gives a line figure of it.

Gordonia sinensis, Hemsley and HE. H. Wilson, in Kew Bull.
1906, p. 153, is described by the authors as of Asiatic Gordonias
the most nearly allied to the American species. It has leaves with
velns prominent on both surfaces. The white flowers are described
as about 5 to 6.5 cm. in diameter. But its capsule is unknown.
The petiole is up to 1.5 em. long. The stigma is said to be
“ capitate.”

Mr. EK. H. Wilson got it in the forests of Mt. Omi, Szechuen,
Western China.

G. penangensis, Ridley, in Journ. Straits Branch, Roy.
Asiatic Soc., No. 73, 1916, p. 142: G. excelsa, King, im Jour
Asiatic Soc. Bengal, lix, 1890, p. 203, not of Blume.

This species is noteworthy for the slenderness of its vieaiaetes
lets which so bend under the weight of the capsules as to make

Jour. Straits Branch

GORDONTA. 147

them pendulous. Its leaves are rather small and the petioles for

Fig. 4. Foliage and flower of G. pen- Fig. 5. Capsule of G. penangensis
angensis, .reduced to 2, from Curtis nat. size, from Curtis 834.
834,

the genus longish. A little hair persists at maturity on the backs
of the blades near to the midrib. Its flowers are 3 cm. in diameter
and are described by Curtis as yellow and by Ridley as pinkish
yellow. The ovary narrows into a long style. Curtis got it as a
medium sized tree at 1,500 and 2,400 feet in Penang island.
Ridley as a tall tree at about sea level at Seletar and at Chanchu-
kang in Singapore island. It is to be noted that Pitard’s character
of blunt capsules for Nabiasodendron is not upheld by this species.

G. Maingayi, Aing, in Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, lix, 1890,
p. 204, is extremely near to G. penangensis: and the ovary narrows
in the same way into the style.

It was obtained first by Maingay who collected in Malacca,
and then by Scortechini.and Wray who collected largely in the hills

near Taiping but did not record their localities. I have not seen
Maingay’s plant.

G. taipingensis, one of the new species here described, has

large leaves and large flowers. In outline the leaves agree with
those of G. penangensis.

Fig. 6. Leafand bud of G. taipingensis, reduced to 5, from the type specimen
R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

148 GORDONTA.

Gordonia taipingensis, Arbor, 40- vel 50-pedalis, cortice
avellaneo-umbrina. Ramuli ultimi 3 mm. crassi, fusco-avellanei
Folia elliptica ad elliptico-obovata, basi attenuata, apice acuminata,
pergamentacea, margine in superiori parte solum inconspicue crenu-
lata, venis lateralibus supra atque infra visibilibus, glaberrima, ad
29 cm. longa, ad 7 cm. lata: petiolus crassus, ad 2 cm. longus.
Flores majusculi diametro 6 cm., lutescentes.. Sepala dense sericea,
maxima 15 mm. longa. /Petala dense sericea, ad 3 cm. longa. An-
therae numerosissima ', versatiles, fere 2 mm. longae: filamenta basi
pubescentia, 7—9 mm. longa, omnia discreta in petalis conjunctis
inserta. _Ovarium dense sericeum apice in stylo augustatum, vix
1 cm. longum stylo 2 mm. et stigmatis 2 mm. longis inclusis.
Capsula ignota.

Perak. In monte Taiping hill dicto ad 3,500 ped. alt., cum
floribus mense Februario collegerunt Mohamed Haniff et Mohamed
Nur, sub numero 2359.

G. obtusa, Wallich, Cat. Lith. 1832, No. 1459, name only;
Wight, Illustr. 1840, 1. p. 99: Dyer in Hooker fil. Flora: Brit.
India, 1. 1875,;p. 291; Gamble, Indian Timbers, p. 67-3) Mather
Forest Flora Bombay, i. 1909, p. 106: Gamble, Flora Madras
Press1, 1915, p. 79. “G. obtusifoha, Wacht, loc: cit:

This is clearly near to G .Maingayi, as Sir William Thiselton-
Dyer pointed out. The flowers are larger and the leaves harsher.
The colour of the flowers is creamy white and their diameter about
7.5 cm. The ovary is represented as narrowing into the style, and
the style as being tubular almost to the top of the ovary. Some-
times the stigma is 4-lobed. It is a common tree in the little
patches of forests which occur in the ravines of the Nilgivi hills
chiefly on the eastern side, between 5,000 and 7,000 feet. From
the Nilgiri hills it extends southwards and reaches lower levels on
the damp western face of the Travancore slopes: also it reaches
the Bababuden hills in Mysore.

Wight gave the name G. parvifolia to a plant which he obtain-
ed in Gourtallum with smaller leaves and their margins almost
toothless, but later botanists who have had a right to an opinion,
have considered it as not distinct from G. obtusa.

Fig. 7,’ Capsule of G. hirtella,
slightly reduced, from Ridley
7350.

Jour. Straits Branch

GORDONTIA. 149

G. hirtella, Ridley, in Journ. Straits Branch, Roy. Asiatic
Soc., No. 73, 1916, p. 142, has foliage like that of @ taipingensis,
but is Te different in its smaller flowers (only 2 cm. in dia-
meter) and smaller leaves (up to 14 em. in length). The capsules
of G. taipingensis being unknown, the comparison cannot proceed
to them, but in G. hirtella as the drawing shows they are small
and the lobes after dehiscence are finger “like. The ovary narrows
gradually into the style.

G. hirtella occurs on. the Central Chain of mountains of the
Malay Peninsula from Gunong Batu Puteh in Perak to the west of
Tapah, where Wray got it at his lower camp (Wray No. 116)
through Bukit Kutu in Selangor at 3,000 feet, (Ridley 7359) to
Bukit Etam at the same height (Kelsall 1848) on the Selangor-
Negri Sembilan boundary. ‘Further there is a specimen which
appears to be it in the Singapore herbarium collected for Cantley
(No. 1296) at “ Kandong” by which name is probably indicated
the Kendong in Negri Sembilan lying close to the foot of Gunong
Tampin. Cantley’s s collector stated that the heartwood is black,
and the albumen dark in colour, and that it makes very durable
house posts.

The flowers are creamy white.

G. tonkinensis, Pitard, in Lecompte, Flore générale de l-
Indo-Chine, 1. 1910, p. 348, by the description appears to le near
this place in the sequence. Its elliptic leaves attain 13 cm. in
length, and have small crenulations sometimes towards the
apex. ‘They have a petiole up to 1 cm. in length, and the venation
is almost totally obscured by the coriaceousness of the leaf-blade.
Pitard gives a figure of the small capsule, which in shape is noi
unlike the unexpanded capsule of G. hirtella, but from his deserip-
tion is yet smaller by one third. :

The flowers are unknown. Abbé Bon collected it near Ninh
binh in Tonkin, 2.e., not far from the coast.

G. luzonica, Vidal, Revis. Pl. Vasc. Filip., 1886, p. 57. G.
fragrans, Merrill, in Philippine Journ. Science, i. Suppl. 1906,
jes Oy

Fig. 8. leaf of G. lwzonica, reduced to 4 from Borden 809.

R- A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

150 GORDONIA.

With this species we begin distinctly to approach those where
the petiole is scarcely present; Merrill in describing it gives the
length as 5 mm. or less. The blades of the leaves are oblong
lanceolate, the broadest part being not yet carried above the mid
length: the margins have obscure crenations in the upper part:
the nerves are not so obscure as in many species, the degree being
much as in G. hirtella. The white flowers are fairly large (5-cm.
in diameter), and are fragrant. The ovary is oblong-ovoid. The
capsule in shape is very like that of the G. lanceifolia figured be-
low, and is described as 3 cm. long.

G. luzonica appears to be not uncommon on the mountains
not remote from Manila bay.

I have before me a specimen from Baguio in the Province of
Benguet, Luzon, (Curran 5083) which in its foliage and capsules
appears to be distinet from G. luzonica. The leaves carry a large
amount of hair, and are broader than those of G. luzonica: the
capsules are 4 cm. long and so larger. The Baguio country is a
country of ravines with at the best scrubby forest and without
the true rain forests in which G. luzonica lives usually. It is true
that G. obtusa occupies somewhat similar ravines in the Nilgiri
hills as well as places in the rain forests towards the Arabian Sea,
so that the different situation is no base for a case; but the different
appearance of the specimen calls for an examination of. more
material.

G. Welborni, H/mer, Leaflets of Philippine Botany, 11. 1908,
p. 501, appears like an exaggeration of G. luzonica. It is described
as the largest in growth of all the Gordonias (30 to 50 metres in
height), with a straight trunk a metre thick. The leaves attain
a length of 15 cm., which is not larger than those of G. luzonica,
nor are they relatively wider, but the flowers have petals 3 to 4
cm. long so that their diameter must be 8 cm. The stamens
however are described as relatively short. It is to be inferred from
the description that the ovary contracts to the style. The flowers
are creamy white.

Elmer got this species in the island of Negros in the Cuernes
mountains at Dumaguete, and he records that Mrs. Clemens had
found it at 4250 feet in the Lanao region of central Mindanao.

G. lanceifolia, a new species, comes near to G. luzonica. It
has leaves of the same outline but more nearly entire, and different-
ly veined. Its capsules terminate leafless branchlets which may be
4 em. long. It occurs in Borneo near Kuching.

Gordonia lanceifolia. Arbor sempervirens. Rami ultimi
pennae corvinae crassi, siccitate nigricantes, glaberrimi. Alabastra
externe glaberrima. Folia glaberrima, anguste elliptica, vel ad
apicem vel in petiolum longe admodum aequaliter angustate sub-
acuminata, margine fere integro levissime recurvo, in siccitate rufo-

Jour. Straits Branch

GORDONIA. 151

nigrescentia, pagina inferiore pallidiore, ad 14 cm. longa ad 3.5
em. lata: nervi secondarii visibiles, subrecte in aream intramar-
ginalem incurrentes: petioles 3 mm. longus. flores ignoti. Cap-
sulae ramos ad 4 cm. longos terminantes, ad 3 cm. longae, in partes
quinque loculicide dehiscentes, partibus dorso concavis, sericeis,
basi 10 mm. latis deinde gradatim in apiculum angustatis. Semina
25—27 mm. longa. |

Borneo, prope Kuching, collegit G. D. Haviland sub numero
1010.

Fig. 9. Leaves of G. lanceifolia reduced to 4, and capsule, natural size, from
the type specimen.

Haemocharis integerrima, Koorders and Valeton, has leaves
in shape like those of G. lanceifola, but thicker, with the veins
obscured. It occurs in the mountains throughout Java between
2,400 and 7,000 feet.

H. serrata, Koorders and Valeton, is contrasted by the authors
with the above, and said to differ in its more prominent serrations
near its leaf apex, its larger flowers, and hairy style (sic!). It
was obtained on Gunong Pulasari in Java.

Haemocharis aromatica, though said to be near H. vul-
canica, by Miquel, possesses a less marked montane appearance.
Its leaves are very minutely subcallously serrulate and have veins
which can be traced by being depressed above. No statement is
made of the absence of style. If a Gordonia the description appears
to place it here.

It Was got in two varieties in Western and Southern Sumatra.

G. Balansae, Pitard, in Lecompte, Flore Générale de |’ Indo-
Chine, i. 1910, p. 348, is described as having leaves elliptic to
R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

152 GORDONITA.

oblanceolate, dentate, coriaceous, and so small as to be only 5 to
10 cm. long by 1.5 to 3.5 cm broad. The dentation removes
the species from the neighbourhood of the small leaved Malayan
species with which this enumeration will end. At the same time
the petiole for the smallness of the blade is rather long (up to 8
mm.). The flowers are yellowish, and apparently about 3 cm.
across. The ovary is of three loculi only, and is contracted into
the style. The capsule is represented by Ritard as oblique. If
this curious condition is at all constant it is very interesting, and a
relationship of some closeness to G. anomala is suggested thereby.

G. Balansae was collected in the forests of Mount Bavi in
Tonkin near to the village of Sougi by the collector Balansa.

G. axillaris, D. Dietrich, Syn. Plant. iv. 1850, p. 863: Szyszy-
lowicz in Enel. Pflanzenfam. 11. No. 6, 1893, p. 185. G. anomala,
Sprengel, Sistem, Wily Wee Oy 1D. A < Bentham, Flora Hongkong.,
ILKGIG 305 ZY): Horthes and Hewson in Journ. ae Soc. Lond. Bot.
oe 1886, p. 80. G. Lessertii, Szyszylowicz in Engl. Pflanzen-
farm. sim No.6, 893 a0. eon Camellia anilanis, (eobaren very
doubtfully, R. Brown more probably, through) Ker in Bot. Register,
1819, plate 349, and Sims, Bot. Mag., 1819, plate 2047. Polyspora
anilams, Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. 1 13826, p, Gl: Don, Dice Gande
and Bot. i, 1831, p. 574: Hooker in Bot. Mag. 1843, plate 4019.

This species with elliptic toothed leaves, and a short but dis-
tinct petiole, has an ovary which may be made of four or of five
earpels. In this perhaps is an indication of affinity to G. Balansae.
Its flowers are white, and large (6 to 7 cm. in diameter: or accord-
ing to the Gardener’s Chronicle, xi. p. 250, the flowers recently
produced at Kew, 12 cm.). The ovary contracts to the style.

Bentham supposed the plant confined to the island of Hong-
kong, as he was unable to ascertain any record of its occurrence
on the mainland of China.

Matsumura and Hayata, have recorded it from two places in
the extreme north of Formosa and from one very near the middle
of the island. The old errors of placing its home in Penang should
have been forgotten by now, but DEIN: and Singapore is added
equally incorr ectly.

G. concentricicatrix, a new species from the lowlands be-
tween the Dindings and Malacca, is the first of two in which the
broadest part of the leaf is very markedly towards the apex. It
occurs as a big tree in the Selangor forests with a clean straight
trunk marked by concentric rings which it is hoped to figure later.

Jour. Straits Branch

GORDONIA. 153

ini, Wy AL longhevely OF Gio. Coie- Higs ie) AS capsule of G. con-
centricicatrix, reduced to 4, from centricicatrix, uat. size from Abdul
Abdul Rawi, ©. F. 878. Rawi, C.F. 898.

Gordonia concentricicatrix. Arbor alta 100-pedalis, cortice
inaequali lineis concentricibus notata. Ramuli ultimi 2 mm. dia-
metro, siccitate badi. Mola obovata, margine crenulata, apice ab-
rupte subacuminata vel obtusissima, basi longe gradatim attenuata,
elaberrima, crasse pergamentacea nervis secondariis visibilibus, ad
11 em. longa, ad 5.5 em. lata: petiolus ad 1 cm. longus. Flores
lutescentes, ad 4 em. diametro. Sepala dorso dense sericea, ad 1
em. longa. /etala dorso dense sericea, fere ad 2 em. longa. An-
therae numerosissimae, versatiles, 2 mim. longae : Fleer glabra,
omnia discreta ad insertionem cum petalis in tubo brevi. Ovariwm
dense sericeum, subglobosum, sub-abrupte in stylo 3 mm. longo ex-
eurrens. Capsula subsessilis, fere ad 4 cm. longa, in partes quinque
loculicide dehiscens, partibus (inter species affines) crassis, dorso
dimidio superiori impressis, vix mucronulatis. Semina 2 ‘ad 2.5
em. longa.

PENINSULA MALAYANA, in silvis submontosis versus Fretum
- Malaccae, ex Dindings, collegit C. C. Curtis cum fructu mense
Julio: ex Selangor ad Rantau Panjang collegerunt J. G. Watson,
C. F. 878, etiamque Abd’ul Rawi sub numero C. F. 878 mense
Aprilo et mense Maio cum floribus et cum fructibus: ex Malacca
ad Brisu collegit R. Derry cum floribus sub numero 1048. In-
digenae ad Rantau Panjang Kelat merah vocant, sed ad Brisu
Samak pulut.

It is to be enquired if- Haemocharis marginata (Iorth.)
O. Kuntze, is not of this affinity. Its leaves are described as oblong-
oval or oblong-obovate and though put into Closaschima by the
author the sty le is described by him as “ 5-angled, 5-grooved, silky
and short” which fits such an admitted Gordonia as G. singa-
porvana excellently. It was obtained from Mt. Tirin and from
Matapura in Borneo.

Haemocharis subintegerrima, has leaves lanceolate ob-
long to obovate oblong. As in the case of the above the mention
of obovateness suggests a place near to Gordoma concentr-
cicatrix but its veins are obscured, and the marginal teeth: nearly

R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

154 GORDONTIA.

obsolete. Kurz says that it hardly differs from H. aromatica,
and is the same as Gordonia Maingayt, which appears dubious. It
—-was obtained in Sumatra at Kobu-lahat in the Province of Palem-
bang.

G. multinervis, King, in Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, lix,
1890, p. 205, ends the series to which it belongs, being peculiar in
the great size of its leaves. It has been collected in Perak and in
Singapore. As the attached figure shows the veins in the leaf-blade
are not inconspicuous, a feature shared with G. concentricicatriz.
The flowers are only a little over 2 cm. in diameter and agree with
those of G. concentricicatrix. Sir George King called attention to
the resemblance of its leaves to those of the genus Pyrenaria.

Fig. 11. A leaf of G. multinervis, reduced to 4, from Ridley 6367

G. singaporiana, Wallich, Cat. Lith., 1832, No. 1457, name
only; Ridley in Journ. Straits Branch, Roy. Asiatic Soc., No. 73,
1916, p. 141: G. excelsa, var. sincapuriana, Dyer in Hooker fil,
Mlora Brit. Ind: 1 1872, p. 201:" G: grandis, Kine ini ommu
Asiatic Soe. Bengal, lx, 1890, p. 203, non André. In this species
the petiole is almost absent, and the leaf blade very nearly entire.
In its subsessile leaves it is easily distinguished from all other
Malayan species, but in Ceylon we find allied trees with such leaves,
The flowers which are 3 cm. across, have been figured above (p.
133), and the ovary with its abbreviated style (p. 140) ; the leaf and
a capsule are figured below. Kurz saw that it is not Blume’s plant,
but misidentified it with Gordonia axillaris,

It occurs in Singapore island, in Johore, in Malacca, and in
Penang.

Jour. Straits Branch

GORDONTA. 155

Fig. 12. A leaf of G. singaporiana Fig, 13. A capsule of G. singaporiana
reduced to $. and a seed from life, nat. size.

G. dipterosperma, Kurz, in Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, xlv,
1876, p. 119: G. excelsa var. pubescens, Dyer in Hooker fil., Flora
Brit. India, i. 1873, p. 291: Gordoma sp., Griffith, Posthumous-
papers, i. p. 99 and in, p. 200: Dipterosperma sp., Griffith,
Notulaé, iv. 1854, p. 564.

It appears right to separate this from G. excelsa, as Kurz did.
Kurz wrote “ Blume’s tree differs so much from the above in the
long peduncles, large hirsute capsules, and in the texture and pubes-
cence of the leaves, that it is difficult to understand how it could
have come to be identified with the Khasi and Sikkim tree.”
Ridley (in this Journal No. 73, p. 142) has called attention to the
large pustules from which the hairs spring on the backs of the
leaves. It was collected first by Griffith at Dewangiri where he
entered what is now Bhutan, and then afterwards in the Khasi
hills by Kurz. Mr. C. C, Calder, Curator of the Herbarium of the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, has been so good as to refer to all
the material that he possesses and to tell me that it has been ob-
tained in additional localities in British Sikkim.

G. excelsa, Blume, Bijdragen, i111. 1826, p. 130: Koorders and
Valeton in Mededeelingen *SLands Plantentuin, No. 16, 1896, p.
289: Koorders, Excursionsflora von Java, 11. 1912, p. 608: Koor-
ders-Schumacher, Systemat. Verzeichnis, fam. 180, p. 35. An-
theeischima excelsa, Korthals, Verh. Nat. Gesch. 1839-42, 138, t. 27.

Koorders points out that the margin of the leaves varies con-
siderably, being toothed sometimes and sometimes not toothed.
The flowers, Ridley points out, are twice as large as those of G.
singaporiana. oorders describes the appearance of the tree as
characteristic, the young stem up to 50 cm. in diameter having a
pecuhar thin sloughing “brown-red-grey ” bark. G. excelsa was
obtained by Blume in the mountains of Western Java; it was ob-
tained by Koorders on Gunong Salak in Western Java and in the
Pantjur-Idjen region of East Java.

R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

156 - GORDONTIA.

G. zeylanica, Wight, Ilustr., 1. 1840, 99: Thwaites, Enum.
Florae Zeylan. 1864, p. 40: Dyer in Hooker fil., Flora Brit. India,
1, 1873, p. 291: Trimen, Handbook Flora Ceylon, i. 1893, p. 110.

The almost sessile oval or oblong lanceolate leaves of this
species distinctly suggest G. singaporiana, but they are shorter,
firmer and the margins are markedly revolute often. Its white
flowers are large, being 7.5 cm. in diameter, The capsules are
rather over 3 cm. long. It occurs in many places about the moun-
tains in the centre of Ceylon between 4,000 and 7,000 feet.

G. elliptica, Gardner, in Caleutta, Journ. Nat. Hist., vii. 1846,
p. 448, is regarded by Trimen as a variety of G. zeylanica with
shorter leaves and larger flowers. It occurs at one place in the
same region as G. zeylanica. j

G. speciosa, Choisy in Mémoires de la Société Physique de
Genéve, xiv. 1855, p. 52:° Thwaites, Enum. Florae Zeylan., 1864,
p. 40: Dyer in Hooker fil., Flora Brit. India, 1. 18735 soy 2927
Trimen, Handbook Flora Ceylon, 1. 1895, p. 111. Carria speciosa,
Gardner in Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist., vii, 1846, p. 7.

By its large deep crimson flowers this is a most outstanding
species. Its long ovate leaves are almost sessile or even sessile:
they are entire and the margin often revolute. The flowers are
nearly 10 cm. in diameter, and its capsules nearly 5 em. long. The
stamens are united into five groups.

It formerly occurred gregariously in the forest above Ram-
bodde in Ceylon at about 4,000 feet, where clearing has been ex-
tensive and made it very rare.

G. Lobbii, Hooker fil., in Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xxi,
1860, p. 162, may be taken conveniently as the first of the last
group of the genus, a group made of species with relatively small
leaves whose margins are even and whose general facies suggests
ability to withstand adverse conditions. It is a small or medium
sized tree, with elliptic harsh entire leaves attaining 9 cm.
in length, and 5 cm. in width. The expanded flower is only 2
cm. in diameter. The ovary is described as globose. It was collect-
ed by Lobb “ad Sarawak ” which would mean near Kuching.

G. Havilandii, a new species, comes very near to G. Lobbu,
and was obtained near Kuching. It differs in its petioles and its
filaments, points which on further study may be found perhaps not
worthy of the stress laid on them here. But until we have ob-

Jour. Straits Branch

GORDONTA. 157

tained the material needed for bridging the differences, they must
be recognised.

Figure 14. Aleafof G. Havilandii reduced to ¢ from Haviland 67.

Gordonia Havilandii. Frutex vel arbor, cortice ramulorum
avellaneus. Ramuli ultimi 3 mm. diametro. Folia exacte ellip-
tica, basi fere subacuta vel obtusa, apice aequaliter rotundata vel
obtusa ad acumen breve obtusum, crasse pergamentacea, mar-
gine laevi decurvo, glaberrima, ad 12 cm. longa, ad 6 cm. lata:
Nepala dense flavo-sericea, ad 1 cm. longa. Petala dorso dense
flavo-sericea, 1.5 ad 1.8 cm. longa. Antherae numerosissimae,
versatiles, 2 mm. longae: filamenta basin versus pubescentia, 1 cm.
longa, discrete cum petals inserta. Ovariwm subglobosum, seri-
ceum, in stylo 8 mm. longo gradatim protensum. Capsula im-
matura 1.5 cm. longa visa, matura ignota.

Borneo. In Statu Sarawak, monte Serapi, 2800 ped. alt.
collegit Haviland sub numero 67, etiamque ad 3000 ped. alt: sine
numero, etiamque in monte Singpi mense Decembri cum floribus
sub numero 1995.

Haemocharis vulcanica, O. Kuntze, is described as if ex-
tremely hke the last two species. It has oval or ovate-entire leaves
of a similar size. But the description states that the stamens are
sometimes in five groups, as in G. speciosa and the American G.
Lasianthus. The ovary is described as ovoid which indicates a
narrowing upwards to the five subconnate styles. Surely it is a
good Gordonia! It was obtained on Mount Merapi in Sumatra.

G. imbricata, King, in Journ. Asiatic Soe. Bengal, lx, 1890,
p. 204, has a distinctly zerophytic appearance. ‘Two flushes of its
foliage are figured below. The leaves are seen to be small and
entire. They are harsh and thick with the margins shghtly re-
volute. The flowers are only 2.5 cm. in diameter. The ovary

R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

158 GORDONIA.,

narrows into the style. It occurs on the mountains of Pahang,
both on Gunong Tahan and Gunong Benom at Kluang Terbang.

Figure 15. A branch of G. imbricata showing two flushes, a. a. the
periodic reduced leaves, reduced to 4 from Ridley, 16021.

G. Scortechinii, Aing, in Journ. Asiatic Soc., Bengal, lix,
1890, p. 24, might be described as G. wmbricata with an admixture
of G. Maingayr. Its branches however are more slender than in
the first of these two and its flowers are recorded as remarkably
small, the stamens being no more than 30. The locality whence it
was obtained is unrecorded except as “ Perak.”

G. brevifolia, Hooker fil., in Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xxiu,
1860, p. 162, is obviously a close ally of the last two. Its leaves
are broadly ovate to obovate, with the condition of the apex varying.
Its flowers are large, being nearly 4 cm. across. It was obtained
on Mount Kinabalu in Borneo at about 8,000 feet.

Haemocharis buxifolia, Szyszylowicz, appears to be one of
this set of Gordonias, and the type specimen should be re-examined
with this view. It was obtained in western Sumatra at Paya
Komba. |

Haemocharis ovalis, (lXorth.) O. Kuntze, is the only species
of which it is clearly said that the style is indistinguishable: “ Stylus
haud manifestus” are Korthals words: which together with his
further statement “ovarium ovoideum, apice truncatum” do in-
dicate such a condition as is in the American Haemocharis.

On this account I do not attempt to find a place for it among
the species of Gordonia, but put it at the end. Its leaves are de-
scribed as much smaller than the species around G. luzonica (7 em.
long by 2 cm. broad) ; but they are serrulate or crenate, and there-
fore not as those ending the series such as G. imbricata.

It was obtained inthe forests of Melintang in Sumatra.

No attempt is possible at placing Haemocharis amboinensis.

Jour. Straits Branch

Vil.

Vil.

Vill.

Ux,

GORDONTA. 159

Outstanding features in the genus are :—

the
the

septifragal capsule of G. pubescens.
wingless seeds of G. pubescens.

the deep crimson colour of the flowers of G. speciosa.

the union of the filaments into five groups in G. Laswanthus

the

the

the

the

the

and in G. speciosa; Haemocharis vulcanica is said some-
imes to exhibit this.

reduction of the number of the carpels sometimes in G.
axillaris and in G. Balansae: and also in G. obtusa.
distinctness of the veins in the two American species and
in G,. sinensis.

obovate shape of the leaf in G. concentricicatrix and G.
multinervis, with a moderate distinctness of the veins.
slenderness of the branchlets in G. penangensis and G.
Maingayi.

development of a montane small leaved type in the Malay
Peninsula, Borneo, and apparently in Sumatra.

kR <A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

Notes on Dipterocarps.

No. 2, The Seedling and the Seed-production in some
species of Shorea.

By i Ey BURKE.

Fruit of Shorea leprosula, slightly reduced : and the dehisced capsule
showing the sterilised loculi forming a partial septum intruding
into the fertile loculus.

The ovary of Shorea has three loculi, and in each loculus are
two ovules. But of the six thus presented in each flower, usually
one only matures into a seed. As this one grows, it with its loculus
extends round the central placentas, ending in wrapping within
itself the two sterilised loculi. At seed-fall all endosperm has gone,
and it is the fleshy inner cotyledon which does this wrapping. The
radicle of the embryo is directed towards the apex of the loculus.
Figure 2 is the embryo of Shorea leprosula, Miq., seen from the
basal end of the loculus, showing how the two cotyledons he
doubled round the placentas (pl.) one being outside the other.

The figures here reproduced have all been drawn with the aid of a camera,
and are proportionately accurate.

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

162 NOTES ON DIPTEROCARPS.

Figure 2. Theembryo x 3 (from

the basal end of the fruit :) pl. pla- Figs. 83and 4. Fig. 3 (above) the

centa ; cot. i. inner cotyledon: cot. o. embryo is section near the rounded
end of the seed: Fig. 4, (below) the
‘same toward tke pointed end.

outer cotyledon.

The outer cotyledon (cot. 0.) when seen from this point of
view, appears to be very much less bulky than the inner and is
indeed a little less bulky. Each is two-lobed (see fig. 8), these
lobes being packed in the seed in the upper half of the loculus,
where they surround the radicle.

On cutting the embryo transversely near to the end which is
represented in ‘figure 2, the two cotyledons are seen doubled round
the placenta as in figure 3. But when we take a transverse section
towards the other end, we get their lobes in section surrounding
the radicle and hypocotyl as in figure 4, the two lobes of the inner
cotyledon embracing the placenta.

At maturity. when the shuttle-cock-like seed falls, spmning
into the sparse herbage and leaves on the floor of the foreee the
embrvo plant is full of chlor ophyll and in such a state that it must
germinate without delay or die. By reason of the way in which it
falls, there is a considerable probability that it comes to rest with
the radicle directed upper-most, and a certainty that it will not be
directed downwards. The seed germinates; the cotyledons by
growth and in straightening themselves rupture the thin ovary
wall and seed coats, not along two constant lines but along two lines
from top to base on opposite sides, generally rather more ‘than 180°
removed from each other on the side of the partial septum, so
that this portion of the husk is rather larger than the other: then
the hypocotyl elongates and curves to direct the radicle into the
Boul | (tie: Sones mn the radicle succeeds in anchoring, a tendency in
the hypocotyl to straighten itself which now succeeds to the other,
pulls the cotyledons from the loosely imprisoning fruit-walls, and
the stage which is seen in figure 6 passes over to that seen in

Jour. Straits Branck

NOTES ON DIPTEROCARPS. 163

figure 7. If there happens a most unlikely occurrence in nature,—
that the cotyledons cannot be pulled out, and the root does not hold,
the latter by the straightening of the hypocotyl is raised up into
the air, and held.

The cotyledons at this time move so as to become nearly

horizontal and stand thus unless as not seldom happens their lobes
engage, when they remain face to face as figure 6 indicates.

Figs. 5 and 6, Shorea leprosula
the root being placed in the
earth.

A glance at figure 4 shows than any impression of the placentas
will be on the lower surface of the inner cotyledon only, but that
impressions of the radicle may be on the lobes of both. In figure
5 the impression of the placentas is seen crossing the lobes of the
inner cotyledon: and in figure 8 the impression of the radicle may
be observed.

Fig. 7. Shorea leprosula, reduced to
4, at the expanding of the first leaves,

Figure 6 shows that the outer cotyledon retains more of its
humped shape than. does the inner cotyledon: and it is the
straightening of the inner cotyledon which more than anything
else appears to burst the fruit wall,—an interesting slight differen-
tiation of function.

REPAL SOC NO: 65, LOT.

164 NOTES ON DIPTEROCARPS.

Fig.-8. The cotyledon™
of Shorea leprosula from
above, Xx 13,

At the stage reached in figure 7 the first pair of leaves are
ready to expand: and at this stage the heliotropism exhibited by
the young plant is considerable. The plant figured had ‘been
iUluminated from one side only.

Tt will be noticed in figure 7 that one cotyledon is raised by
its petiole to a position slichtly higher than that of the other; that
one is the outer: and the different angle which it tends to ‘take,
may be connected with its greater bulk and less ability to flatten
itself. The outer cotyledon stands higher than the inner also in
other Shoreas.

Figure 9 is of S. rigida, Brandis, with the outer cotyledon to
the left. Figs. 10 and 11 are of S. macroptera, Dyer, with the
same orientation. Figure 12 is of S. bracteolata, Dyer, with the
outer cotyledon on the opposite side. In all the outer cotyledon
has taken up a position above the inner.

Fig. 9. Cotyledons of Shorea rigida, Fig. 10. Cotyledons of Shorea
macroptera from above and from the side.

This outer cotyledon is least bulky in S. bracteolata, and most
bulky in S. macroptera. The drawings indicate differences in
shape: but until many more Shoreas have been examined in the
seedling state, it is useless to endeavour to establish relationships
between their ‘shape and the sections of the genus.

Jour. Straits Branch

NOTES ON DIPTEROCARPS.

165:

Fig. 11. A young plant of Shorea
macroptera at the expanding of the
first leaves.

Fig. 12.

A young plant of Shorea
bracteolata and its cotyledons, both

from above and the inner from below

Iie IB
grbbosa.

A young plant of Shorea

R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

166 NOTES ON DIPTEROCARPS.

All of these Shoreas, e.g. S . leprosula, S. rigida, S. macrop-
tera, and S. bracteolata, have epigeal cotyledons with short petioles ;
but the Indian S. robusta, Roxb., differs greatly from them in
having cotyledons capable of being hypogeal, with greatly elongat-
ing petioles, in which characters it approaches Dipterocarpus.

In the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, where S. macroptera is
particularly abundant, many abnormal seedlings appeared in 1916.
Some of these had three cotyledons, followed by three leaves in a
whorl: some had three cotyledons followed by what may be called
two and a half leaves (fig. 15) or by three and a half leaves
(figure 16); and sometimes abnormally split leaves would follow
the normal number of cotyledons (fig. 17). Notice was particular-
ly taken of these in the wish to ascertain how Antsoptera (see this
Journal p. 44) has a whorl of four leaves following the cotyledons.

NOTES ON DIPTEROCARPS. 167

Fig. 17.
Figs. 14, 15, 16,17. Abnormal seedlings of Shorea macroptera.

The period from flowering to seed fall in the Shoreas, all
except S. bracteolata being wild in the Botanic gardens, is about
ten weeks in the case of S. leprosula, 8. rigida, S. macroptera and
S. pauciflora, about nine weeks in the case of S. bracteolata and
S. gibbosa.

S. gratisstina, Dyer, which in addition to those just named
also occurs wild in the Botanic gardens, flowered in 1915 in three
trees, at some little distance from each other, one being in area
N. (No. 1239) the second in area U (No. 1237), and the third in
area V (No. 1238); and it did not flower along with all the other
species in 1916. But apparently it has flowered on earlier occa-
sions at the same time as other species, and probably the conditions
which lead to the flowering of all are very similar. One tree of
S. leprosula which had not flowered in 1916, a young tree, flowered
in 191%: clearmg had been done round it in 1916 and it had
received some injury during the work. There was consequently in
its case a change of conditions which might account for the flower-
ing. In the case of all the species, such records as exist in the
Singapore herbarium suggest that flowering occurs in the first
suitable season after three vears have elapsed from the last heavy
seed-crop.

In India S. robusta flowers in almost everv year, but on the
average one vear in three only is a vear of good seed.

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[No. 77.]

JOURNAL.

of the

Straits Branch

of the

Royai Asiatic Society

December, ‘191%.

SINGAPORE :
PRINTED AT THE METHODIST PUBLISHING HOUSE
1917.

The Advent of Muhammadanism in the Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago.

By R. O. WINSTEDT.

Muhammad died in 682 A.D. By the year 915 A.D. Arab
traders had voyaged to Kedah, and it is related’ that they found
there a large and important port for trade. It is highly impro-
bable that they made many converts; but undoubtedly some of
them married native wives and Muhammadanism must have made
headway in the port itself.

In 1292 A.D. Marco Polo visited Sumatra. He relates how
he found Muhammadans in the port of Perlak, but that the people
of Samudra? and ie were still heathen. In Marco Polo’s day
Kedah had fallen from its previous estate as a trading port and
Pasai had taken its place. The Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai (ey ites
es, 5. be NiO. 66, pp. 9-15) cives a story of Merah Silu ruler
ot Basti marrying a daughter of the ruler of Muhammadan Perlak
and taking the title of Sultan Malikw’s-Salleh on his conversion
to Muhammadanism; and this story is corroborated in the seventh
chapter of the Séjarah Mélayu. Sultan Maliku’s-Salleh died in
1297. At that time Pasar was the chief trading port im
these seas.

To this day are preserved Muhammadan tomb-stones at Pasai,
dated 1407 A.D. They have been identified by a Dutch archaeologist”
as coming from Cambay in India: and they bear the closest re-
semblance to tomb-stones at Grisek in Java and at Bruas, the site
of an old Malay kingdom between Perak and the Dindings. Of
course, the early missionaries were not only Arabs but Indians
from Gujerat and Malabar or Kalinga as it was then called. And
the Séjarah Mélayu furnishes confirmatory evidence of the custom
of bringing tomb-stones from India to Malay an countries (Chapter

WAM):

The Séjarah Mélayu records (Chapters XX and XXXII)
how there was constant intercourse between Pasai and Malacca.
In his “ Commentaries,” Affonso d’? Albuquerque gives a native

1 “Cathay and the way thither,’’ Col. H. Yule, c.B. (London, Hakluyt
Society, 1866).
2 In 1546 Ibn Batuta found the king of Samudra an ardent Moslem.

5

3 ““De grafsteenen te Pasé en Grissee vergeleken met dergelijke monu-
menten uit Hindoestan’’ by J. P. Magnette, Tijd. Bat. Gen. LIX (1912),
p-. 5386 and p. 208.

Sow, Seas Imaal I IN, Soe, ING, 77, Welle

172 THE ADVENT OF MUHAMMADANISM.

tradition that Iskandar Shah of Malacca married a princess from
Muhammadan Pasai. The Chinese records chronicle that the
Malays of Malacca had become Muhammadans by the year 1409
A.D. Anyhow all tradition describes Sultan Muhammad Shah as
the first Muhammadan prince of Malacca. That prince ascended
the throne in 1403 A.D. and died in 1414 A.D. In that century
Malacca succeeded Pasai, as Pasai formerly had succeeded Nedah,
as the chief centre of sea-trade. The port of Malacca was filled
with foreigners, Arabs, Indians, Javanese, missionaries, traders,
mahouts and so on. And the path of the Muhammadan missionary
was. still hard. Witness some of the stories told against him in
the Séjarah Mélayu:

“ A boat came from Jeddah to Malacca. In it was a man of
great religious learning, by name Maulana Sadar Jahan. Sultan
Mahmud Shah became his pupil and ordered his son Raja Ahmad
also to take lessons. One night the Bendahara Sri Maharaja sat
discussing religion with the missionary, when Sri Rama a con-
firmed drinker entered the worse for hquor. The Sultan bade his
servants bring food for Sri Rama; and they brought it in a silver
bowl, covered with an embroidered cloth. Sri Rama saw the Benda-
hara Sri Maharaja talking with the Arab teacher, and remarked,
‘Come on, I'll have a lesson too. The Bendahara invited him to
be seated. Sadar Jahan saw that Sri Rama was drunk and noticed
that his breath smelt of spirits: so he observed in Arabic, ‘ Drink
is the mother of all beastliness.2. Sri Rama retorted, * Covetousness
is the mother of all beastliness. and you came here in search of
profit’ The missionary was exceedingly wroth and went home,
refusing all efforts of the Bendahara to detain him.”

And again :—

“Tun Mai, whose nickname was The Hairy Caterpillar, took
lessons from the Arab teacher. He was not apt at learning, be-
vause it is hard for a Malay to pronounce harsh Arabic sounds.
So the teacher was upset and remarked, ‘ Your pronunciation is
very bad: I make one sound and you another.” Quoth Tun Mai,
‘Yes, I find it very hard to pronounce Arabic, as it is not my own
language. If vou talked Malay, vou would be in a similar case.’
The teacher replied, ‘ What difficulty is there in the pronunciation
of Malay that I cannot master. Quoth Tun Mai, ‘ Sav kuching.”
The Arab said ‘ Kusing.” Quoth Tun Mai,‘ Wrong! Say, kungyat”
The Arab said “ Kuzit. - ‘Say nyru. The Arab said miru. Said
Tun Mai the Hairy Caterpillar, ‘A pretty notion vou have or
pronouncing Malay! Just ike my notion of pronouncing Arabic.
Then Sadar Jahan was exceedingly angry and declared, ‘ Never
again will I give lessons to. Tun Mai the Hairy Caterpillar.’ ”

All sorts of merchandise came to Malay ports like Malacca
from Arabia, India, Persia: and references to such novelties are
frequent in Malav folk-tales, the 7t. Awang Sulong, the Ht. Serv
Rama and so on:—

Jour. Straits Branch

THE ADVENT OF MUHAMMADANISM, 173

Baju-nya bélédu ainw'l-banat..........

ioin-nya, kan Bugis Membayar. Jos... ...

Keris-nya s€mpana ganja iras,

Kératan tongkat nabi Adam,

SRD OES MARSA s 6 eae - 2 Me

Di-pakav jubah khasah halus,

Jubah méleret sampar ka-kaki ;

Sérban Kashmiri warna lijau,

Buatan Arab di-négéri. Mékkah..........
- Keris sémpana ganja wras

Pamur janji di-téngalh

Pamur jilallah di-tuntong,

Pamur alif térdiri séndiri-nya ;

Bukan-nya bési sa-barang bési,

Bési lébeh pénganching kaabah Allah.

Cambay, Khorassan, Nashmir, Mecca were all familiar names
to these Malay buyers of foreign -Tlenelninnaleley

Sultan Mansur Shah, who died in 1475 A.D., conquered
Pahang WKampar and Indragiri and introduced Muhammadanism
into those countries, His tomb-stone beautifully carved, with an
inscription in Arabic, hes now in two fragments outside the front
door of the Residency at Malacca. Certainly it was no Malay
craftsman who did the lettering.

This tomb-stone of Sultan Mansur Shah, if the date has been
correctly deciphered as 880 A.H., is a few years later than that of
the Muhammadan saint at Pangkalan Kémpas. The Indian letter-
ing on the Pangkalan Wémpas stone has never been deciphered ;
but the Malay inscription in Arabic lettering, evidently done locally
and by an amateur carver, records that it marks the grave of one
Shaikh Ahmad Makhtar Ramali ibni Marfu Talani and was erected
in A.H. 872 (corresponding to 1467 A.D.) “in the reign of Sul-
tan Shah Mansur.” It is possible that parts of the Shaikh’s tomb
were constructed locally and that other parts, like the ornate so-
ealled “* Sword,” were brought from India, as we have seen was a
common custom. The word ‘* Allah” stands carved in high relief
on the “ Sword,” so that one may surmise it is a genuine Muham-
madan relic, and not a Hindu stone adapted for a Muhammadan
shrine, as might be contended if “ Allah” were cut into the sur-
face of the stone; a word in high relief must almost certainly form
part of the original ornamentation. It shows the interest that has
been taken in our few archaeological remains, when as late as 1910
a keen enquirer like the late Mr. Barnes could write of the tomb-
stone of Raja Fatimah of Pahang, which is dated A.H. 901= A.D.
1496, as “ the oldest dated grave-stone in the Peninsula”! (J. R,
ALL Sis iSig JES INOS ODE, 70y 0). 37-39). ike Sultan Mansur’s tomb-stone
Raja Fatimah’s stone has an inscription in the Arabic language
and the lettering too is not amateurish but less fine perhaps than
that on the Sultan’s.

1k.) wale SOC) INO, 75) anal

174 THE ADVENT OF MUHAMMADANISM.

Unless the author of the Séjarah Mélayu has been guilty of
anachronism Malay translations of the Muhammadan stories of
Hanafiah and Amir Hamza were classics by the year 1511 A.D.
and Malacca’s warriors read them on the eve of the Portuguese
attack which was to break Malay power in Malacca. Anyhow they
were classics by 1616 A.D., the date of the Séjarah Mélayu.

The last Malay ruler of Malacca became the first ruler of
Johor. By him and his descendants Muhammadanism was intro-
duced into Johor, Riau and Lingga.

But after the fall of Malacca, Acheen became the centre of
native trade and of the Muhammadan religion. In 1524 A.D.
Sultan Ibrahim of Acheen conquered Pidié and Pasir. From 1606
till 1666 A.D. Acheen was ruled by Sultan Iskandar Muda,
called Mahkota Alam. By him were conquered Indrapura, Deli,
Siak, Johor, Kedah and Perak. In his reign all sorts of books
were written in Malay or translated from the Arabic into Malay
at Acheen; for instance, the Séjarah Mélayu and the Bustanw’s-
salatin. ‘Lhe Bustanw’s-salatin was written by Shaikh Nurw d-
din of Gujerat. This Shaikh Nurwd-din Muhammad Jilani ibni
Ah ibni Hasanji ibni Muhammad Hamid a’r-Raniri also did into
Malay the religious work, the Siratwl-mustakim in the year 1634
A.D. Our ie edah Annals, the Hikayat Marong Mahawangsa, relate
(J. &. A. SS. B., No. 72, p:-115), how the kine of Acheen amd
Shaikh Mee d-din sent letters and conies of the Babu’l-mkah
and Siratul-mustakim to the raja of Kedah on the occasion of his
country’s conversion to Islam:—a story which, as Mr. Blagden has
pointed out, helps to fix the date of the Kedah Annals. The
Achinese account gives 1474 A.D. as the date of IKedah’s accep-
tance of Muhammadanism; and the Sejarah Melayu relates that a
raja of Kedah went to Malacca to receive recognition as ruler from
the king ot Malacca, a Muhammadan prince: so that it is probable
that Muhammadanism had been accepted at the Kedah court in the
A Vth century, though the conquest of Kedah by Acheen may have
given it a filhp in the XVIIth century. Possibly conquest by
Acheen stimulated Muhammadan influence in Perak too. Anyhow
in the XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries Savids of the great Had-
thramast house of Ahmad bin Isa al-Mohajir' (Paper on Malay
Subjects, Law Part Il, pp. 1-7, R. J. Wilkinson) gained enormous
power at the Perak court.

As for the spread of Islam in Sumatra. From Acheen it
spread to Ulakan; from Ulakan into Minangkabau :—Ulakan
sérambi Acheh, Acheh sérambi Mékkah. In the XVIIth century
the people along the coast of the Lampong district began to be con-
verted, and in the XVIIIth the people up-country too.

In Java, early centres of Muhammadan influence were Grisek
Surabaya and Madura. .

1 This family will form the subject of a later paper.

Jour. Straits Branch

THE ADVENT OF MUHAMMADANISM. 175

The first Arab missionary to Java was Maulana Malik Ibra-
him, who came to Grisek and lived there till he died in 1419 A.D.
sédayu, Tuban, Japara, and Demak soon became Muhammadan.
In 1478 A.D. the Muhammadan princes of Java overthrew the old
great Hindu kingdom of Majapahit. The ruler of Demak seized
the regalia and proclaimed himself Sultan, and he and his des-
cendants drove Hinduism to take refuge in Blambangan and Bali.
The fall of Majapahit released its dependencies Palembang, Jambi
and Inderagiri, and in those countries too Muhammadanism gained
ground.

At the time of the fall of Majapahit there was an Arab mis-
sionary Shaikh Nuru’d-din Ibrahim bin Maulana Israil. or Sunan
Jati as he styled himself, who lived at Jati near Cheribon. He
and his family gained great power. Cheribon came to be governed
by this Shaikh Nurwd-din; Jakarta, or the district of Batavia, by
one of his sons and Bantam by Hasanu’d-din another of his sons.

In the middle of the NVIth century a missionary went from
Palembang to Borneo and made converts first at Sukadana and at
Madan.

In 1606 A.D. a Minangkabau trader converted the raja of
Pallo in the Celebes; and soon the people of Bom and Lui also be-
came Muhammadans.

At the end of the XVth century the princes of Ternate and
Tidor in the Moluccas and the people of Amboyna became Muham-
madan.

Study of the genealogies of the ruling families of Sumatra,
Java, Borneo, and even Mindanao (Studies in Moro History, Law
and Religion; N. M. Saleeby) will throw still more light on the
spread of this one of the world’s great religions among the heathen
peoples of the Malay archipelago.

An account of the conversion of the Malayan races of the
archipelago is given in vol. II of the Hnceyclopaedie van Neder-
landsch-Indie under the caption ** Mohammedanisme,”’ but chro-
nological points have been further corrected by B. J. O. Schriéke
in Het Boek van Bonang, Utrecht, 1916. An account of the, early
Muhammadan missioraries to Acheen is to be found in the
Bustanus-salatin, in the fragment Ddublished by Niemann in his
Bloemlezing wit Maleische geschrijten: Snouck Hurgronje’s The
Achinese, Vol. II, pp. 10-20 contairs an authoritative summary of
their doctrines. Van der Tuuk’s “ Account of the Malay MSS.
belonging to the Royal Asiatic Society ” gives a catalogue of the
works composed by the author of the Bustanu’s-salatin, and by the
pantheists Hamzah of Barus and Shamsu’d-din of Pasai (Hssays
relating to Indo-China, vol. II, pp. 49-52). D. A. Rinkes has
written a brochure entitled Abdoerraof van Singkel, (Friesland)
being a study of Muhammadan mysticism in Java and Sumatra
and containing a useful bibhography.

R. A. Soc., No. 77, 1917.

Memorandum, on the Aborigines in the Jasin
District of Malacca, dated 1892.

By C. 0. BLAGDEN.

[This memorandum is taken from an official file in the re-
cords at Malacca, where it attracted the attention of Mr. L. E.
Pipe Wolferstan, the Resident. At his suggestion, and with the
consent of the Colonial Government, and also after submission to
the author, it is published here that such valuable information may
not be altogether lost sight of.] Hon. Sec.

The non-Muhammadan aborigines in the Jasin district are
commonly known to the Malays as Orang bukit, Orang utan or
(very generally) Orang ravat.* They belong according to their
own account to three principal tribes, viz: the Méntéra, Jakun
and Bésisi, although individuals of other tribes e.g. the Kenaboi
are occasionally met with. The Méntéra say that they themselves
are the real Malacca aborigines and that the true habitat of the
Jakun is Johor and of the Bésisi Sungai Ujong and Selangor.
The Méntéra also consider themselves very superior to the
Jakun; they claim the tribal name of Biduanda in common
with the Muhammadan clan of that name, and the Malays freely
admit the fact of their own descent from the Biduanda tribe of
the Méntéra and style the Méntéra Bangsa tinggi as opposed to the
Bangsa réndah or lower caste of Jakun. The latter are distinctly
on a lower scale of civilisation: they plant less than the Méntéra
and depend more on the chase; it is said that they freely eat
animals that have died a natural death, even if in an advanced stage
of decomposition,.and certainly their huts are smaller, ruder, and
of a more temporary make-shift appearance than those of the
Méntéra, and their settlements are not so permanent.

The Bésisi as their language shows, are a Sakai tribe akin to
those of the centre of the Peninsula and look upon the Méntéra
and Jakun as strangers calling them Landas or Bélandas and pro-
fessing not to understand their language which is indeed altogether
different.

The Méntéra and Jakun at this date (1892) speak dialects

which, whatever their original character, are so deeply im-
pregnated with Malay that they are little better than Malay

* This term is never by the Jasin Malays used with reference to themselves
except in direct opposition to the word raja.

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 77, 1917.

178 ABORIGINES IN MALACCA.

patois, though their pronunciation is so pecuhar that they are not
understood by Malays. That of the Méntéra approximates closest
to the ordinary Malay of their Muhammadan neighbours, while the
Jakun dialect seems to retain more of its original character. The -
two appear to be closely connected, and frequently agree together
while differing from the Malay, but as often as not Méntéra agrees
with Malay and differs from Jakun, while in a few cases all! three
diverge. The Méntéra although they rather despise the Jakun
have intermarried a good deal with them and it is almost im-
possible at present to keep the two dialects entirely apart: if a
Méntéra is asked for the Méntéra equivalent of a Jakun word he
usually lapses into Malay. On the other hand a good many words
differ in the two dialects, but as they are senerally understood
fairly well by persons of both tribes, each being usually fairly
conversant with the dialect of the other as well as its own, it is
very difficult to ascertain accurately the points in which these two
dialects differ from each other.

The general physical type of these aborigines is Malayan,
but there are a variety of points in which they usually differ more
or less from the normal Malay type; and it is almost always possible
to recognize an Orang utan by his features even if he be dressed in
the Malay style. Some individuals approximate very closely
the common Malay type: others present an appearance as if there
had been a strong admixture of low caste Kling or Negro blood,
the complexion being darker and the features coarser than in the
Malay. This is more particularly the case in the Jakun who is
usually of a distinctly lower type than the Menteéra.

Speaking generally in the average type of Malacca Orang utan
the nose projects more than in the Malay and the prognathism is
more pronounced. The upper lip is thicker and more projecting
and the chin tends rather to recede, the lower lip hanging some-
vhat as compared with Malays.

The eye is somewhat different in expression from that of the
Malay, but it is hard to describe the precise nature of the difference,
though when once seen it is easily recognised.

The hair which is often worn long by the men is almost
always wavy and sometimes quite curly ; it is alw: ays black, except
when grizzled by age, and in young children when it has a brownish
tinge.

The face hair is scanty, as also is the hair on the body. ‘The
height varies a good deal but the average is probably somewhat less
than among Malays. The legs and arms are often thin, but in
some individuals they are “ell developed and muscular.

The aborigines, as has been mentioned already, differ some-
what amongst themselves in respect of their social habits. The
Méntéra usually live in fairly good houses surrounded by a small

Jour. Straits Branch

ABORIGINES IN MALACCA. 179

plantation of vams, sugar-cane, papayas, maize and sometimes either
hill or swamp-padi according to the situation. Occasionally they
plant coconuts. They hunt all manner of animals, principally
monkeys and squirrels for food, and many of them have guns though
they still use the sumpitan on occasions. Their houses are small
but constructed something like those of Malays and roofed with

wild atap.

Each settlement is a sort of society by itself and the principal
mhabitant usually bears the title of Pénglima. Monogamy ap-
pears to be the usual practice, but in some cases a man has two
wives. Marriages take place soon after the age of puberty in the
ease of girls and do not apparently involve any particular ceremony
beyond cohabitation, although sometimes a feast is made. Funer als
also involve no special ceremony. According to their own account
no religious ceremonial at all is practised by the Orang utan and
they profess no sort of acquaintance with any deity though they
believe in the existence of malignant spirits and especially in the.
ehosts of the dead. It is out of fear of the latter that they make
a practice of shifting their settlement after a funeral.

Many of the Orang utan have become christianised by the
French Mission, but it may be doubted whether their new religion
is ever very clearly understood by them. - It has however un-
doubtedly contributed to raise them in the social scale, and their
standard of comfort is certainly higher than it used to be, according
to the description given in the Hikayat Abdullah and other works,
some decades ago. Even those who remain heathen or have re-
lapsed into heathenism seem to have shared in the material im-
provement consequent on the attempt to convert them.

The number of aborigines in this district according to the
Census of 1891 was only 77, but there is no doubt that this was
an understatement and I should think that there are probably
nearly double as many. A list of their settlements as far as is
known to me is appended and it is to be observed that apart from
those living in the jungle there are in this District some half dozen
cases of Orang utan women living in the kampong with Chinese
or Malays as wives or as concubines, viz: at Ayer Panas, Késang,
Bukit Sénggeh, Batang Mélaka, Nyalas and possibly elsewhere.

ABORIGINES IN THE JASIN DistTRIcT.

No. - Mukim Tribe Remarks.

1. Ayer Panas, Ulu Gapam Méntéra& Jakun 5 or 6 houses,
: Hun Guan’s

estate.

Ye i. Bemban (Ulu Mentéra 2 or 3 houses.
Samajok )

3. ae Beémban Meéntera 3 houses.

4. . Ayer Chérmin Meéntéra 2 houses.

ike JNG SOC NO W4, eel,

14.

ABORIGINES IN MALACCA.

Mukim
Ayer Panas, Bukit Kajang

Bukit Sénggeh,
Bukit Bangkong

Chabau near the middle
of the kampong west of
the road

Jasin, Tong Hin’s estate
» Payah Gomok
Nyalas Forest Reserve,

Bukit Gapis
Nyalas, a few hundred
yards lower down
Rim, Gaung Dalam

Sélandar, east of road to
Batang Mélaka, 24th
mile

Sébatu, Batu Gajah

Tribe
Jakun

Meéntéra,

Méntéra
Méntéra

Méntéra & Jakun

Méntéra
Méntéra

Méntéra
Méntéra,

Bésisi

4 and 5, 1.e. 2 adults and 2 or 8 children.

* Not visited

Remarks,

These have
shifted, I be-
heve, to Lan-
chang.

3 houses.

Kénaboi, Bésisi

4 or 5 houses.
2 or 3 houses.
3 or 4 houses.

2 houses
1 house

Now deserted.
1 house

27 persons.

The average number of inmates of a house is probably between

Place-Names in the Hikayat Pasai.

rt

By R. 0. WINSTEDT.

For Journal No. 66 Mr. Mead romanized the Hikayat PRaja-
‘Raja Pasai. An otherwise excellent version, it is defaced by mis-
spellings of place-names on pp. 50 and 54-55,

The second hst on p. 54 should run :—

W Neger Tambelan. 2. Negeri Stantan. 5. Neégér Subi.
MOmeeviegen memangal. lO. Negert Manmata. Wl. Negers
Beutong. 15. Negeri Bentan. 16. Négért Bulang. 18. Négeéere
Manpawa. 19. Négéri Sukadana. 20. Négérr Kota Waringin.
23. Négért Kutat.

IT cannot identify Bérumak or as it should perhaps read Bé-
romok.

In the second lst on p. 55, the foll. emendations should be
made :—

3. Négéri Sumbawa. 4. Négéri Siléparang. 5. Négéri
Larantoka. 8. Négéri Bélambangan.

The original MS. contains two errors; viz.
(a) 10. Négéri Pémanggilan Karimata.
(b) 6. Négért Karantoka.

Most of the Sumatran place-names on p. 54 do not appear on
modern maps. Probably they were very small places and have dis-
appeared. ‘The site of Samudéra is discussed in Journal 14.

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 77, 191%,

Malay Nursery Rhymes.

COLLECTED BY Ro OF WINSTEDT.

To the collection of nursery rhymes given by Mr. Wilkinson
on page 73 of his “ Life and Customs, Part III, Malay Amuse-
ments” in the series of “ Papers on Malay Subjects” published
with the authority of the Government of the F. M. 8., may be
added the following collected by me from Selangor and Perak
Malays.

Burong kakatua

Bérsarang rumah batu.
Badan sudah tua,

Gigi jJarang sama satu.

Kura-kura, labi-labi,
Keétupat makan ayam.
Orang tua *nak bérlaki,
Bértongkat jalan malam.

Tétak rotan dini,
Tanam limau purut.

Abang ’nak bérbini,
Utang bérsenekarut.

Metakevrovane dimie
Bawa Sungai Ulu.
Che abang “nak bérbini,
Bayar utang dahulu.

Tétak kayu chabang,

Sandar pintu kolam.
Chantek tunang abang,

Tetek macham sumpit garam.

Ikan jolong-jolong
Masak sama chuka.

Nyonya jangan somboneg,
Baba tidak suka.

Ikan parang-parang
Gulai sama chuka.
Nyonya gigi jarang
Baba tidak suka.
-Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 77, 1917: eee

184

MALAY NURSERY RHYMES.

Biar kurang masak,
Asal lébeh lada.

Biar kurang kachak,
Asal lébeh gaya.

Biar kurang garam,
Asal lébeh lada.
Biar kurang garang,
Asal lébeh gaya.

Chémpedak ka-ulu,
Durian masak mérékah.
Beérkéndak dahulu,
jémudian nikah.

Bintang timur tinggi,
Jatoh puchok nipah.
Abang téngah méngaji,

Adek minta sépah.

Sépah dalam batil;
Tepak dalam dulang.

“ Minta bélanja satu tahil! ”
“ Nanti bapa pulang.”

Bapa kenek-kenek
Masok lubang batu.
Pésan dato’ ninek
Beh kain baju.

Kain baju basah, .
Sélip balek pintu:

Abang baharu nikah,
Kéluar chari kutu.

Rotan rotan jérémang,
Rakit dari ulu.

Kkalau héndak minum,
Bayar utang danulu.

Anak lotong mawa :
Makan puchok bakau.
Sudah untong dénai
Mati téluk rantau.

Lok! Lang basok
Kétapang kayu api.
Minta minyak sa-cholek
’Nak méréndang tupai tadi.

Jour,

Straits

Branch

MALAY NURSERY RBAYMES. 185

Balai govang-govang,
Balai téngah aver.

Rupa bagai wayang,
Gulati méntah chayer.

Burong kichak-kichau
Makan dalam dulang

Hati sangat kachau;
Embok lambat pulang.

Sang vo sang!
Nak Inhr, aver pasang.
Che Busu “nak ménumpang,
Di-tahan oleh abang.

Anak udang gantong,
Chuchu udang galah.

Anak orang Tanjong,
Burok muntah darah.

Inche Kulup Langkat,
Anjing sorong balai.
Layar térjuak,
Tiang térbalek.

Ayam puteh ponggok
Makan padi jémur.

Che Puteh dudok ménumbok
Bagai bintang timur.

Buah jambu masak,
Masak pun ka-dalam.
Apa jamu kakak ?
Nasi santan durian.

Buah kachang kachau
T'anam susur jirat.

Adek lela bongsu
Pandai lipat surat.

Usong usong kuda

Diam bawah batang.
Bila sudah tiba,

Bédil bélum pasang.

Anak rusa dandi

Baharu kémbang ekur.
Apa dosa kami,

Datang tidak tégur?

R.A. Soe., No. 77, 1917.

186 MALAY NURSERY RHYMES.

Undang-undang papan,
Surat dalam buloh.

Tunang délapan,
Gundek tujoh-puloh.

The following are cradle-songs :—
The following adle-song
Mang siku rimang!
Makan buah bérange l.
Makan buah bérangan babi
Aslikkan beértimane,
Kérja satu pun ta’ jadi.

Shipang mandak-ku shipang,
Shipang kaki sa-nola.

Sha-mola kuang-kuit
Sha-mola kuai-kapat.

Susu lémak manis,
Santan kélapa muda.
Che Busu jangan ménangis,
Di-upah tandok kuda.

Kuda kuda kane:
Puchok mali-mali.
Hari sudah pétang,
Di-pujok *che busu mari.

Pok amai-amal,

Bélalang kupu-kupu.
Bertépok pandai-pandati,

Malam sékarang upah susu.

U-auk avyam banting;
U-auk avam dépar.
Tong tone paku,
Paku tanah hat aui.

iat valine

Awang panching bulan aul
Bulan ta’ ku-beri.

Maulud énjak aul

Enjak buloh bétong
Awang takok buloh aui.

Many of the lines are in baby-language; and some

nonsense.

probably

Lasianthus barbellatus, a new species from
Pulau Tiuman, Pahang.

————__.
eet

By H. N. Riotey.

Leaf and group of flowers of Lasianthus barbellatus, reduced to 1/5.

Lasianthus barbellatus. Fruticulus 3-pedalis. Rami glabri.
Folia subcoriacea, breviter acuminata, basi cuneata, supra glabra
nitentia, infra in nervis majoribus pilosa, 3.5—4.5 poll. longa, 1.5
poll. lata: nervi utrinque septem, intra elevati: nervuli transvers!
indistincti: stipulae lanceolatae, acuminatae, pilosae. Cymz sessiles,
25 poll. longi. Calya longe-pilosus: lobi lanceolati, acuminati.
Corolla alba, tubo glabro, lobis tubo paullulo brevioribus oblongis.

PAmANG. In sylvis-ad oras portus ~Joara Bay” im insula
Pulau Tiuman, legit I. H. Burkill cum floribus mense Junio, sub
numero 976.

A shrub, 3 feet tall. Branches horizontal, glabrous. Leaves
sub-coriaceous, shortly acuminate, base cuneate, above glabrous and
shining, beneath with scattered stiff hairs on the midrib and nerves,
which are 7 pairs and are elevate beneath, nervules faint transverse,
3.09—4.5 inches long by 1.5 inches wide: petiole .2 inches long,
hairy. Cymes sessile, .25 inches long. Calyx long-hairy with
lanceolate acuminate lobes. Corolla white, its tube glabrous, hori-
zontal, its lobes oblong, and nearly as long as the tube.

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 77, 1917.

Alabastra Borneensia.

By By DD: Mirra:

Bureau of Science, Manila, P-I.

Two previous papers on the Bornean flora have recently been
published by me*, and the present contribution is in the nature of
a continuation of these. . like the preceding papers; it con-
sists chiefly of the description of apparently undescribed species
in various genera, and the recording to Borneo for the first time
of a number of previously described species of other authors. In
the present communication forty-eight new species and one new
genus are proposed in the families Ulmaceae, A nacardiaceae, Hlaeo-
carpaceae, Myrlaceae, Loganiaceae, Apocynaceae, Rubiaceae, and
Compositae. The larger number of additions to the Bornean flora,
so far as the present paper is concerned, are found in the Myrtaceae,
especially in the genus Hugenia, and in the Hlaeocarpaceae.

ULMACEAE.
Gironniera, Gaudichaud.

Gironniera paucinervia, sp. noy.

Arbor glabra partibus exceptis junioribus et stipulis et
fructibus, minute adpresse strigillosis; foliis oblongo-ovatis, in
siccitate pallidis, usque ad 10 em. longis, elabris vel subtus
minutissime scaberulis, basi acutis, aequilateralibus vel sub-
aequilateralibus, apice tenuiter subeaudato-acuminatis, margine
integris vel sursum obscure crenulatis, nervis utrinque 5 vel 6
adscendentibus curvatis anastomosantibus; infructescentws
axillaribus, solitariis, 1 ad 2 em. longis; fructibus paucis,
plerumque 1 vel 2, ovoideis, compressis, circiter 8 mm. longis,
acuminatis.

A tree, the younger parts, stipules, and fruits minutely
appressed strigillose, otherwise glabrous. Branches terete,
slender, glabrous, grayish, the very young branchlets very
sparingly appressed strigillose. Leaves oblong- ovate, coria-
ceous, 5 to 10 cm. long, 2 to 3.5 em. wide, rather pale when

*Merrill, E. D. Notes on the Flora of Borneo. Philip. Journal Science
11 (1916) Bot. 49-100; Contributions to our Knowledge of the Flora of
Borneo. Jour. Str. Branch. Roy. As. Soc. 76 (1917) 75-117.

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc.. No. 77, 1917.

190

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA.

dry, base acute, equilateral or nearly so, apex slenderly sub-
caudate-acuminate, the margins entire or shghtly crenate to-
ward the apex, the upper surface smooth, shining, the lower
obscurely scaberulous; lateral nerves 5 or 6 on each side of the
midrib, prominent, curved, ascending, anastomosing, the reti-
culations close, distinct; petioles about 5 mm. long, sparingly
appressed-strigillose; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, 8 to 12
mm. long, appressed strigillose on the exposed portions. In-
fructescences axillary, solitary, simple, 1 to 2 cm. long, sparing-
ly appressed-strigillose, the fruits usually one or two. Sepals
ovate, somewhat acuminate, about 2 mm. long, somewhat
strigillose. Fruits ovoid, somewhat compressed, very minutely
strigillose, olivaceous, acuminate, about 8 mm. long, tipped by
the persistent 2 to 3 mm. long style.

BririsH Norru BornrEo, Mount Kinabalu; Marai Parai
Spur, Wrs. Clemens 10998, December 3, 1915.

The alhance of this species is manifestly with Gironniera
subaequalis, Planch., from which it is distinguished by its
smaller, fewer nerved, equilateral or nearly equilateral leaves,
its depauperate infructescences, and its obscure, scattered,
strigillose hairs, the plant, in age, being nearly glabrous.

ANACARDIACEAE.

Melanorrhcea, \\allich.

Melanorrhoea oba, sp. nov. § Pleiocyclae.

Arbor circiter 20 m. alta, floribus exceptis glabra; folus
oblongo-ellipticis ad oblongo-obovatis, coriaceis, in siccitate
pallidis, nitidis, usque ad 18 cm. longis, apice breviter obtuse-
que acuminatis, basi cuneatis vel leviter decurrento-acuminatis,
nervis utrinque 12 ad 14 distinctis; paniculis quam foliis
longioribus, laxissime paucifloris; floribus longissime pedicel-
latis, 5-meris, sepalis calyptratim deciduis, lanceolatis, acu-
minatis, striatis, 6 mm. longis; petalis linearibus, leviter pubes-
centibus, 8.5 mm. longis; staminibus 10 in axi floris incras-
sato insertis, leviter pubescentibus, 2 mm. longis; filamentis
leviter pubescentibus, 5 mm. longis. ;

A tree about 20 m. high, entirely glabrous except the
flowers. Branches terete, reddish-brown. Leaves oblong-
elliptic to oblong-obovate, coriaceous, 9 to 18 em. long, 4 to
7 em. wide, usually subequally narrowed at both ends, the
apex shortly and bluntly acuminate, base cuneate or some-
what decurrent-acuminate, when dry pale, shining, and of the
same color on both surfaces; lateral nerves 12 to 14 on each
side of the midrib, rather prominent on the lower surface,
curved, anastomosing, the reticulations distinct; petioles 1 cm.

Jour. Straits Branch

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA. Woe

long. Panicles terminal or in the uppermost axils, very las,
up to 25 cm. in length, the branches few, spreading, the lower
ones up to 12 cm. in length, each primary branch with from
3 to 5 racemosely arranged long-pedicelled flowers. Flowers
5-merous, their pedicels slender, glabrous, 1.5 to 2.5 cm. long.
Calyx calyptrate, deciduous, 6 mm. long, ‘lanceolate in outline,
longitudinally striate, acuminate, glabrous. Petals 5, linear,
8 to 9 mm. long in anthesis, 0.8 mm. wide, sparingly pubescent
on both surfaces. Stamens 10, inserted on the thickened,
oblong-ovoid, sparingly pubescent axis of the flower; filaments
pubescent, 5 mm. long. Gynophore 2 mm. long, pubescent;
ovary ovoid, brown when dry, glabrous, 1 mm. lone: style 1.5
ramon, Wome.

Britisizr NortH Borneo, Sandakan, Villamal 316, Febru-
ary 22, 1917, on forested slopes, altitude 30 to 120 meters,
the flowers white; locally known as oba.

Among the Bornean species this is apparently most closely
alued to Melanorrhoea macrocarpa, Enel., but has larger, less
acuminate, shorter petioled leaves and glabrous panicles. It
seems, from the description, to be more closely alhed to M.
curtisu, Oliver, of the Malay Peninsula, than to any of the
previously described Bornean species.

ELAEOCARPACEAE.

Elaescarpus, Linnaeus.

This genus beautifully illustrates how little is definitely
known regarding the Bornean flora. There are in our comparative-
ly small collections of Bornean plants at least twenty-five distincc
species of this characteristic genus, not all of which are in condition
for determination, some specimens being with very young buds,
others with fruits only. Species previously credited to. Borneo are
few in number and include the endemic species Hlaeocarpus beccarit,
Aug. DC., £. gambir, Bece., H. octantherus, Aug. DC., EF. longipetio-
latus, Merr., and HW. sericeus, Stapf; as well as species previously
described from extra-Bornean material, such as H. longifolius,
Blume, #. obtusus, Blume (probably #. littorals, T. & B.), H. sti-
pulis,. Blume, perhaps a misidentification of H. ‘gambir, Becc., H.
acronodia, Mast. (not Aronodia punctata, Blame) =H. mastersi,
King, and #. grijithu, Mast. In view of the fact that further col-
lections will unquestionably yield many additions to the lst of
Bornean species of Elaeocarpus, I have made no attempt to prepare
a key to the species already known from the Island, but record be-
low a number of species new to Borneo and describe nine as new.
Five or six additional forms, none of which can be referred definite-
y to any described species, are represented in our collections, but
before reporting them additional material will be necessary in ‘each
case.

TR NG SOGa) NOL” Wag Tere

192 ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA.

Elaeocarpus chrysophyllus, sp. nov. § Acronodia.

Arbor, ramulis junioribus et subtus folus et petiolis
densissime adpresse chryseo- ad argenteo-pubescentibus, indu-
mento nitido: foliis longe petiolatis, coriaceis, lanceolatis ad
oblongo-lanceolatis, usque ad 10 cm. longis, tenuiter sub-
caudato-acuminatis, basi acutis, margine obscure adpresse api-
culatis, nervis utrinque 8 vel 9, distinctis; racemis axillaribus,
cinereo-pubescentibus, junioribus usque ad 5 cm. longis;
floribus $ 4- vel raro 5-meris; bracteolis lanceolatis, circiter
5 mm. longis, basi biappendiculatis; petalis circiter 4 mm.
longis (immaturis), apice breviter laciniatis, laciniis 10 ad 12,
extus pubescentibus, intus glabris; antheris 8 vel 10.

A tree, the young branchlets petioles and lower surface
of the leaves very densely and uniformly appressed-pubescent
with shining golden to somewhat silvery hairs. Branches
terete, elabrous, reddish-brown, about 4 mm. in diameter.
Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate to ‘oblong-lanceolate, 8 to 10 cm.
long, 2.5 to 3.5 cm. wide, the apex slenderly caudate- acuminate,
the acumen apiculate, base acute, margins obscurely jand
minutely appressed apiculate- toothed, the upper surface
brownish-olivaceous, shining, glabrous except for the silvery-
pubescent midrib, the lower surface uniformly and densely ap-
pressed-pubescent, the indumentum on the younger leaves
golden, on the older ones silvery; lateral nerves 8 or 9 on each
ide of the midrib, distinct, cummed anastomosing; petioles
densely silvery or golden-pubescent, 3 to 4.5 cm. long. Race-
mes axillary, in mature bud up to 5 em. in length, densely
cinereous-pubescent, the bracteoles pubescent, lanceolate, about
5 mm. long, each with a pair of linear, 1.5 mm. long, basal

appendages or lobes, the pedicels 3 to 4 mm. long. Buds
narrowly ovoid, obtuse, 4 mm. long. Sepals 4, rarely 5, eXx-
ternally densely cinereous-pubescent. Petals oblong. obovate,
about 4 mm. long (in bud), somewhat pubescent on the back,
glabrous within, ‘the tip divided into 10 to 12, 1 mm. long,
narrow lobes. Stamens 8 or 10; filaments 1 mm. long; athe
oblong, obtuse, 1.8 mm. long, one cell slightly longer than the
other, not bearded. Disk-glands densely hirsute. Rudi-

mentary ovary none.

SARAWAK, without definite locality, Native collector 196&
(Bur, Sct), -

This characteristic species of the section Acronodia is
readily distinguishable by its lanceolate, slenderly acuminate
leaves which, except for the midrib, are glabrous on the upper
surface and densely golden to silvery appressed-pubescent on
the lower surface.

Jour. Straits Branes

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA. 193

Elaeocarpus cupreus, sp. nov. $ Acronodia.

Arbor, plus minusve pubescens; foliis coriaceis, elliptico-
ovatis, usque ad 11 cm. longis, prominente acuminatis, basi
acutis, integris vel okscurissime denticulato-crenulatis, in sic-
citate supra glabris subolivaceis, subtus uniformiter cupreis,
ad costa nervisque puberulis, utrinque nitidis; nervis utrinque
8 ad 10, subtus prominentibus, reticulis tenuibus, subparallelis ;
racemis axillaribus, petiolo subaequalibus, pubescentibus ; flori-
bus Q@ 5-meris, breviter pedicellatis, 4 mm. longis; sepalis
petalisque oblongo-lanceolatis, utrinque pubescentibus, integris,
obscure acuminatis; ovario deiise pubescente, 3-loculare.

A tree, the branchlets, petioles, midrib and lateral nerves
on the lower surface of the leaves and the inflorescences
minutely and densely brownish-pubescent or puberulent.
Branches brown, somewhat pubescent, terete. Leaves coria-
ceous, elliptic-ovate, 7 to 11 cm. long, 3.5 to 5.5 cm. wide,
subequally narrowed to the broadly acute base and to the rather
prominently acuminate apex, the acumen usually somewhat
faleate, blunt, the margins entire or minutely and obscurely
denticulate-crenulate, the upper surface glabrous except the
impressed midrib, pale-olivaceous, shining, the lower surface
cupreous, shining, puberulent on the midrib and lateral nerves ;
lateral nerves prominent on the lower surface, curved, anasto-
mosing, 8 to 10 on each side of the midrib, the reticulations
very slender, subparallel; petioles brownish -puberulent, 2 to
3.5 em. long. Racemes Atay solitarv. pubescent, about as
long as the petioles, the flowers scattered below, rather densely
arranged above, nodding, 5-merous, their pedicels stout, pubes-
cent, 2 mm. long or less, each subtended by a thick, subovate,
1 mm. long bracteole. Pistillate flowers: Sepals 5, oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, 4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, uniformly
pubescent with short, pale-brownish, somewhat shining. hairs
on both surfaces. Petals similar to the sepals in all respects,
of the same size, entire. Staminodes usually 8, spatulate, 1
to 1.5 mm. long, the upper thickened part minutely and
obscurely pubescent. Ovary ovoid, densely pubescent, 3-celled ;
stvle about 1 mm. long. Staminate flowers not seen.

SARAWAK, without definite locality, Native collector 1702
(Bur. Nei.).

This rather remarkable srecies is well characterized by
its leaves, when dry, being pale-olivaceous on the upper sur-
face and uniformly cupreous on the lower surface, as well as
by its oblong-lanceolate, entire petals which in all respects
are similar to the sepals. It is not closely alhed to any pre-
viously described species known to me.

Elaeocarpus elliptifolius, sp. nov. § Acronodia.

Arbor circiter 5 m. alta, inflorescentiis et petiolis et
‘amulis junioribus subtus foliis ad costa nervisque dense rufo-

Rep ea Oes NOW 71) LO fi:

194

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA.

tomentosis; folits coriaceis, ellipticis, usque ad 15 cm. logis,
integris vel obscurissime denticulatis, breviter acuminatis, basi
late acutis ad rotundatis, supra, costa excepta, glabris, oli-
vaceis, nitidis, subtus brunneis, neryis utrinque circiter 8,
prominentibus; vacemis ex axillis defolatis, circiter 2 cm.
longis; flortbus 4-meris; sepalis lanceolatis, + mm. longis,
acuminatis, extus ferrugineo-tomentosis, intus parcissime
pubescentibus; petalis oblongis, apice obscurissime 4-dentatis.
extus dense adpresse ferrugineo-pubescentibus, intus leviter
pubescentibus; sfaminious 10; fruetibus ellipsoideis, olivaceis
1 cm. longis, laevibus, junioribus leviter pubescentibus, vetus-
tioribus glabrescentibus.

A tree about 5 m. high, the younger parts and the mid-
rib and nerves on the lower surface of the leaves densely rufous-
tomentose. Branches terete, dark-brownish, nearly glabrous.
Leaves elliptic, coriaceous, 10: to 15 em. long, 5 to orem
wide, shortly ard usually obtusely acuminate, base broadly
acute to rounded, margins entire or above minutely and ob-
scurely denticulate, the upper surface glabrous, except the
midrib, olivaceous, shining, the lower surface brownish when
dry; lateral nerves 8 on each side of the midrib, prominent,
somewhat curved, anastomosing, the reticulations distinct, sub-
parallel, rather lax; petioles 3 to 5 em. long, thickened at the
apex, densely rufous-tomentose, In age glabrous or nearly so.
Racemes from the axils of fallen leaves, solitary, few flowered,
about 2 em. lone, rufous-tomentose. Flowers 4-merous, their

=> |)
9

pedicels 2 to 3 mm. long. Sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 4
mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, outside ferruginous or rufous-tomen-
tose, Inside with scattered hairs. Petals nearly as long as the
sepals, oblong, outside densely appressed-tomentese, inside with
scattered hairs, the apex minutely and obscurely 4-toothed.
Stamens 10; filaments 1 mm. long or less; anthers oblong,
subacute at both ends, scabrid, 1.5 to 1.8 mm. long, one cell
shghtly exceeding the other, rot bearded. Rudimentary ovary
densely tomentose. Disk-glands densely tomentose. Fruit
ellipsoid, olivaceous when dry, 1 em. long, more or less pubes-
cent, becoming glabrous or nearly so, smooth, shining, 1-
celled, 1-seeded, the endocarp rather hard, rugose, externally
somewhat fibrillose.

Briristt Nortit Borneo, Mount Kinabalu, Gurulau Spur,
Mrs. Clemens 10783, in forests near the summit.

This species is manifestly very closely allied to Hlaeo-
carpus jackianus, Wall., which it closely resembles in most
particulars, but from which it is distinguished by its much
shorter racemes, densely pubescent ovaries, and more or less
pubescent, somewhat smaller fruits.

Jour. Straits Branch

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA. 195

Elaeocarpus clementis, sp. nov. § Dicera.

R.

A.

Arbor parva, foliis subtus ad costam et petiohs et ramulis
et inflorescentiis plus minusve ferrugineo-pubescens; foliis
subcoriaceis, oblongo-ovatis ad oblongo- ellipticis, longe petio-
latis, usque ad 20 en. longis, in siccitate brunneis vel sub-
olivaceis, apice acuminatis, basi acutis, subtus minutissime et
obscure glandulosis, nervis utrinque circiter 13 valde pro-
minentibus curyatis anastomosantibus, reticulis tenuibus sub-
parallels: racemis axillaribus, petiolis aequalibus vel longiori-
bus; floribus 5-meris, circiter 6 mm. longis, sepalis petalisque
utrinque dense pubescentibus ; pelalis oblongis, utrinque aneu-
statis, integris vel minutissime et obscure 2. vel 3 -denticulatis :
stamimibus cireiter 40; ovario pubescente, 3-loculare.

A small tree, the vounger branchlets and inflorescences
densely ferruginous-pub escent, the petioles and midribs on the
lower surface of the leaves also pubescent. Branches terete,
reddish-brown, glabrous. Leaves subcoriaceous, brownish to
subolivaceous when dry, shining, of about the same color on
both surfaces or somewhat paler beneath, oblong-ovate to
oblong-elliptic, 11 to 20 em. long, 4 to 9 cn. wide, the base
rather broadly acute, not: rounded, apex prominently acu-
minate, the acumen often slender, the margins crenate-apicu-
late, the lower surface minutely and obscurely glandular,
glabrous except the midrib; lateral nerves about 13 on each
side of the midrib, very prominent, curved, ascending, anasto-
mosing, the reticulations slender, subparallel; petioles 4 to
10 cm. Jong. Racemes axillary and in the awils of fallen
leaves, solitary, equaling or somewhat longer than the petioles,
rather densely pubescent, many flowered. Flowers vellowish,

rw

5-merous, their pedicels 7 to 9 mm, long, the buds ovoid.
Sepals oblong, acuminate, about 5 mm. long, 1S WO Zoo Wine,
wide, uniformly and densely pubescent on both surfaces.
Petals oblong, narrowed at both ends, about 6 mm. long, 2.5
mm. wide, both surfaces densely pubescent, the hairs on the
inner surface reflexed, the apex acute, entire or very obscurely
2- or 3-toothed. Stamens about 40; filaments about 1 mm.
long: anthers oblong-obovoid, rounded, scabrid, 1-to 1.2 mm.
long, the tip not bearded. Ovary densely pubescent, ovoid,
3-celled; style glabrous, about 1 mm. long. Fruit ellipsoid, 1
to 1.5 em. long, glabrous, smooth, orayish or brownish when
dry, the endocarp hard, rather smooth.

SARAWAK, Baram District, Lio-matu, Native collector
2766 (Bur. Sev.) (type) ; without locality, Native collector 733
(Bur. Sa.): Bririse Nerti Borneo, Mount Kalawat, Mrs.
Clemens 11165, along trails, margin or forests.

The alhance of this species is manisfestly with the
Sumatran Hlaeocarpus integripetalus, Miq., which was rather

Soees INOs Wis algal

196

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA.

imperfectly described by Miquel. Hlaeocarpus integripetalus,
Miq. has somewhat fewer nerved leaves which are rounded at
the base, racemes much shorter than the petioles, and +-merous
flowers.

Elaeocarpus nigropunctatus, sp. nov. § Dicera.

Arbor, ramulis et foliis utrinque ad costam et petiolis et
inflorescentiis dense pubescens; folus oblongo-ovatis, crasse
corlacels, usque ad 6 cm. longis, in siccitate brunneis, subtus
pallidioribus et perspicue nigro-punctatis, acuminatis, basi
acutis ad subrotundatis, nervis utrinque 4+ curvato-adscenden-
tibus valde prominentibus; racemis axillaribus, 2 ad 3 em.
longis, paucitloris; floribus 5-meris, circiter 4 mm. longis;
netalis obovatis, glabris, in 4 superiore parte fimbriatis, lacinils
16 ad 20%; staminibus circiter 15; ovario parce pubescente,
+-loculare.

A tree, the branchlets, petioles, inflorescence, and the costa
on both surfaces of the leaves densely subappressed pale-
fulvous pubescent. Branches terete, glabrous, grayish brown.
Leaves oblong-ovate, thickly coriaceous, brown when dry, 4 to
6 em. long, 1.5 to 2 cm. wide, the upper surface smooth,
shining, the lower paler, dull, ‘prominently glandular with
scattered, black or dark-colored glands distinctly visible to
the naked eve, base acute to somewhat rounded, apex acu-
minate, margin slightly crenate; lateral nerves 4 on each side
of the midrib, very prominent on the lower surface, curved-
ascending, anastomosing, the reticulations lax, distinct;
petioles 1 to 1.5 cm. long; stipules none or minute and cadu-
cous. Racemes axillary, solitary, few-flowered, 2 to 3 em.
long, the flowers 5-merous, their pedicels densely pubescent,
®) to 6 min. long, usually curved, each subtended by an oblong,
densely pubescent, 2 mm. long, obtuse bracteole th at is minute-
ly mucronate-toothed along the margins, with often one or
two reduced bracteoles above. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, acute,
externally densely Sa 3 to 3 mm. long, shehtly pubes-
cent inside. Petals obovate, + mm. long, entirely elabrous
except for the very few hairs on the median portion near the
base inside, narrowed below to the cuneate base, the upper
one-third cut into from 16 to 20 slender fimbriae. Stamens
about 15: filaments 1 mm. long; anthers glabrous or nearly
so, oblong, 1.2 mm. long, the cells equal, obtuse. Torus about
2 mm. in diameter, of five, conspicuous, bilobed, densely pubes-
cent glands. Ovary ovoid, sparingly pubescent, 4-celled; style
2 mm. lone, glabrous.

Sarawak, Matang Road, Native collector 734 (Bur. Sci.),
Augiist W4,. 1901.

A most characteristic svecies readily distinguishable by
its small, thickly coriaceous, few-nerved leaves which are

‘Jour. Straits Branch

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA. WM /

prominently glandular beneath, the minute black glands being
distinctly visible to the naked eye. Its alliance is apparently

with Hlacocarpus wrayt, King, of the Malay Peninsula.

Elaeocarpus hosei, sp. nov. § Dicera.

R.

Arbor, ramulis junioribus et inflorescentiis exceptis
glabra ; foliis oblongo-ellipticis, usque ad 17 cm. longis, nitidis,
utrinque concoloribus, in siccitate brunneis, basi acutis, apice
perspicue acuminatis, margine distincte crenatis vel denti-
culato-crenatis, nervis utrinque 7 vel 8 prominentibus; race-
mis ex aXillis defoliatis, 15 ad 17 cm. longis, adpresse pubes-
eentibus; floribus 5-meris, circiter 12 mm. diametro; sepalis
lanceolatis, acuminatis, extus parcissime pubescentibus: petalis
obovato-cuneatis, usque ad 3 in laciniis numerosis (circiter
30) filiformibus divisis, lacintis in phalangibus 5 dichotomis
dispositis; antheris obtusis, valvulis aequalibus; ovario parcis-

sime pubescente vel subglabro, 5-loculare.

A tree, glabrous except the youngest branchlets auc the in-
florescences. Branches terete, smooth, grayish, not or very
obscurely lenticellate. Leaves subcoriaceous, oblong-elliptic,
13 to 17 em. long, 5.5 to 7.5 em. wide, of about the same color
on both surfaces, brown and shining when dry, the midrib on
very young leaves slightly pubescent, otherwise glabrous, the
base acute, apex rather prominently acuminate, margins dis-
tinctly crenate, often denticulate-glandular; lateral nerves 7
or 8 on each side of the midrib, prominent, anastomosing, the
reticulations lax; petioles 2.5 to 5 em. long. Nacemes numer-
ous, spreading, from the axils of the fallen leaves, 15 to LY em.
long, appressed- pubescent with somewhat brownish hairs.
Flowers numerous, 5-merous, 10 to 12 mm. in diameter, their
pedicels about 1 cm. lone. Sepals brown when dry, lanceolate,
acuminate, about 6 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, externally obscure-
ly pubescent, margins puberulent, inside keeled and shghtly
pubescent at the base. Petals obovate-cuneate, about 6 mm.
long and 5 mm. wide, narrowed to the cuneate base, the upper
two-thirds cut into about 30, very slender laciniae, these in
turn arranged in five dichotomous phalanges, margins of the
lower part obscurely pubescent and the base outside with a
few hairs, otherwise eto. Stamens about 35; filaments
scabrid, 1.5 mm. long, curved, anthers oblong, scabrid, 2 mm.
long, the cells obtuse, equal, not bearded at the tips. Disk
elands densely pubescent, contiguous, obscurely bilobed, form-
ing a prominent torus 3 mm. in diameter. Ovary ovoid, very
sparingly pubescent below, glabrous above, 3-celled; style
glabrous, 2 mm. long.

SARAWAK, Baram District, Baram, Hose 25 (type), 273,
the former collected in January, 1895.

A. Soc, No: 77%, POUT.

198

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA.

The alliance of this species is manifestly with Hlaeocarpus
glaber, Blume, of Java, of which a complete description has
apparently never been published. My conception of the species
is based largely on the figure given by Koorders, (Atlas Baum-
art. Java, fig. 427), which was in part drawn from Blume’s
type material. The Bornean form differs in its larger, more
numerously nerved, more prominently acuminate leaves, longer
petioles, apparently slightly larger flowers, differently shaped
petals, and but very shizhtly pubescent ovary.

Elaeocarpus dolichobotrys, sp. nov. § Dicera.

Arbor, novellis inflorescentiisque exceptis glabra; jolus
ovlongis ad oblongo-ovatis, subcoriaceis, olivaceis, mitidis, us-
que ad 27 cm. longis et 13 cm. latis, apice obtusis, basi rotun-
datis, margine perspicue crenatis, crenulis in sinubus apiculato-
elandulosis, nervis utrinque circiter 16; racemis ex axillis de-
fohatis, sohtariis, leviter pubescentibus, usque ad +40 cm. longis,
multifloris; floribus circiter 1.5 cm. diametro, 5-meris; sepalis
margine excepto glabris, 7 mm. longis; petalis obovato-cunei-
formibus, circiter 8 mm. longis, infra obscure pubescentibus,
multifimbriatis; sfaminibus circiter 40, antheris obtusis, valvis
aequilongis ; evario pubescente, 3-loculare.

A tree, the growing tip of the branchlets and the inflores-
cence more or less pubescent, otherwise glabrous. Branches
terete, grayish-brown, the branchlets smooth, reddish-brown,
elabrous except the very tip. Leaves alternate, large, oblong
to oblong-ovate, subcoriaceous, olivaceous and shining when
dry, of the same color on both surfaces, up to 27 qm. long
and 13. em. wide, base broadly rounded, narrowed in the upper-
most part to the obtuse apex, the margims prominently crenate,
the sinuses apiculate-glandular; lateral nerves about 16 on
each side of the midrib, prominent, anastomosing, the reticu-
lations lax: petioles 5 to 8 cm. long. Racemes solitary, from
the axils of fallen leaves, 30 to £0 em. long, sparmgly pubes-
cent. Flowers numerous, cream-colored, 5-merous, about 1.5
cm. in diameter, perfect, their pedicels shehtly pubescent 5
to 5 mm. long. Buds ovoid, shghtly pubescent. Sepals in

~anthesis oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 7 mm. long, 2.5 to 3

mm. wide, glabrous. prominently keeled within, their margins
puberulent. Petals obovate-cuneate. about 6 mm. long, 6 to
7 mm. wide above, minutely and obscurely pubescent in the
lower 2 mm. inside and on the margins in the lower + mm.
otherwise glabrous, the upper two-thirds cut into about 49
very slender fimbriae, these arranged mm about 9 phalang>s.
Stamens about 40: filaments curved, about 2 mm. long; anthers
oblong, scabrid, 2.5 mm. long, the valves equal, obtuse, with
no terminal tuft of hairs. Disk-glands prominent, densely
pubescent, more or less reniform, about 2.5 mm. wide. Ovary
ovoid, pubescent, 3-celled; style 2 mm. long, glabrous.

Jour. Straits Branch

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA. 199

Britistt Nertim Borneo, Mount Kinabalu, Niau, Clemens
10048, November, 1915.

This species is well characterized by its large leaves and
its greatly elongated racemes. It is undoubtedly allied to
EHlaeocarpus robustus, Roxb., from which it is distinguished
by its larger, more numerously nerved leaves. much longer
racemes, and larger flowers.

Elaeocarpus castaneus, sp. poy. § Ganilrus.

R.

Arbor, ramulis junioribus et subtus foliis ad costam neryos-
que et petiols et inflorescentiis uniformiter cinereo-pubeszens ;
folis in siccitate castaneis, nitidis, oblongis, subcoriaceis, us-
que ad 15 cm. longis, nitidis, perspicue obtuse acuminatis, basi
subacutis ad subrotundatis, margine distanter obscure crenu-
latis vel subintegris, nervis utrinque 7 vel 8, prominentibus;
racemis Numerosis, eX ramulis defohatis, usque ad 16 em.
longis, multifloris, 5-meris: sepalis lanceolatis, acuminatis, 5
mm. longis, utrinque pubescertibus: petalis obovato-cuneatis,
leviter pubescentibus, in dimidio superiore lacimiatis, lacimnis
eirciter 25; staminibus 25 ad 30, antheris oblongis obtusis;
ovario dense pubescente, 5-loculare.

A tree, the branchlets, midrib and nerves on the lower
surface of the. leaves, petioles and inflorescences uniformly
subappressed, cinereous-pubescent. Branches terete, glabrous,
reddish-brown, somewhat glaucous. Leaves oblong, castaneous
when dry, shining, the lower surface slightly paler than the
upper, 9 to 15 cm. long, + to 6 cm. wide, rather prominently
acuminate, the acumen blunt, usually minutely apiculate, base
subacute to somewhat rounded, margins entire or with very
few, minute, widely scattered crenulations, the upper surface
glabrous except the sparingly pubescent midrib, the lower sur-
face pubescent on the midrib and lateral nerves; petioles 2 to
2.5 em. long, pubescent: lateral nerves 7 or 8 on each side of
the midrib, Prominent, curved, anastomosing, the primary
reticulations slender, subparallel. Racemes from the ultimate
branches below the leaves, numerous, spreading, uniformly
cinereous-pubescent, 14 to 16 cm. long, manvy-flowered.
Flowers 5-merous, their pecticels pubescent, 6 to 7 mm. ‘long.
Sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 5 mm. long, 1.8 mm. wide, pubes-
cent on both surfaces. shehtly keeled inside, the margins
densely cinereous-puberulent::; Petals obovate-cuneate, about
6 mm. long, the upper one-half cut into about 25 slender
lacimiae, these arranged in about 6 phalanges, very sparingly
pubescent on both surfaces toward the base and on the mar-
eirs, base cuneate. Stamens 25 to 30; filaments about 1 mm.
long; anthers oblong, obtuse, 1.2 to 1.5 mm. long, the longer
cell tipped with 2 or 3 short hairs. Torus about 2.5 mm. in

ils SOes Nos WT. > NOU,

200

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA.

diameter, of five, prominent, densely pubescent, somewhat 2-
lobed glands. Ovary ovoid, densely pubescent, 5-celled; style
3 mm. long, somewhat pubescent in the lower one-half.

SARAWAK, Baram District, Baram, //ose 699 (type), 110,
April, 1898 and October, 1894,

From the 5-celled ovary this species probably belongs to
the section Ganitrus, but it may be a species of the section
Dicera, some of which have 5-celled ovaries. It some-
what resembles Hlaeocarpus stipularis, Blume, but is distin-
guished by its fewer-nerved leaves which are glabrous except
the midrib and nerves; there are no stipules on the specimens
examined. From “laeocarpus ganitrus, Roxb, it is distinguish-
ed by its fewer-nerved leaves, its anthers on distinct filaments,
and other characters.

Elaeocarpus winkleri, sp. nov. § A/onocera.

Arbor, inflorescentis leviter pubescentibus exceptis glabra ;
foluis subcoriaceis, in siccitate pallidis, nitidis, oblongo-ovatis,
usque ad 8 cm. longis, basi acutis vel subacutis, apice tenuiter
acuminatis, margine obscurissime leviter glanduloso-denticu-
latis, nervis utrinque 7, subtus prominentibus, curvatis, anasto-
mosantibus, reticulis densis, subfoveolatis ; racemis axillaribus,
solitariis, usque ad 6 cm. longis, leviter adpresse cinereo-
pubescentibus, partibus vetustioribus glabris; floribus 5-meris,
6 ad 7 mm. longis; sepalis in siccitate nigris, lanceolatis,
acuminatis, utrinque leviter pubescentibus; petalis oblongis vel
obscure oblongo-obovatis, extus parcissime pubescentibus, intus
ad carinam prominente densissime villosis, basi late rotundatis,
cucullatis, margine plus minusve inflexis, apice usque ad
tertiam partem fimbriatis, fimbriae 10 ad 13; staminibus cir-
citer 25; ovario pubescente, 3-loculare.

A tree, entirely glabrous except the sparingly cinereous-
pubescent inflorescence and the buds at the tips of the branch-
lets. Branches terete, brownish, the younger parts dark red-
dish-brown. Leaves numerous, oblong- -OV vate, subcoriaceous,
pale and shining when dry, 5 to 8 cm. long, 2) 1O..d.0)) Gime

wide, apex slenderly and prominently acuminate, base acute.

subacute, or sometimes slightly rounded, margins obscurely
and distantly elandular-denticulate, the apiculate tins of the
teeth black, appressed, the upper surface smooth, the lower
subfoveolate by the close ultimate reticulations; lateral nerves
7 on each side of the midrib, prominent. on the lower surface,
curved, anastomosing; petioles 1.5 to 2.5 em. long. Racemes
axillary, solitary, 5 to 6 em. long, rather few flowered, sparing-
ly appressed cinereous-pubescent, the older parts glabrous or
nearly so. Flowers 5-merous, 6:to 7 mm. long, their pedicels
about 5 mm. long. Sepals black when dry, lanceolate, acu-

Jour. Straits Branch

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA. 201

minate, 6 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, sparingly pubescent on
both surfaces, the margins densely cinereous-puberulent.
Petals 6 to 7 mm. long, oblong to somewhat oblong-obovate,
base scarcely narrowed, broadly rounded, cuct alee margins
somewhat inflexed, apical one-third cut into 10 to 13 slender
fimbriae, the margins pubescent, the back sparingly pubescent
in the median portion, inside densely villous on the very pro-
minent keel. Stamens about 25; filaments 1.5 mm. long,
glabrous, narrowed upward; anthers oblong, including the
slender 1.2 mm. curved:awn of the outer cell 3 mm. in length,
seabrid. Disk-glands 5, densely pubescent, cleft, 0.8 mm. in
ciamreter. Ovary ovoid, pubescent, 3-celled; style 5 mm. long,
pubescent.

SouTH-EAST BorNeEo, Winkler 3303, August, 22, 1908,
‘Heidewald vor Djihi.” A sterile specimen from Sarawak,
Sarawak Museum 94, 1913, apparently represents the same

species,

Elaeocarpus griffithii, (Wight) Mast. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind.

1 (1874) 408.

Monocera griffithii, Wight, Ill. 1 (1841-50) 84.

SARAWAK, without definite locality, Natiwe collerioy 167
CBr Ss ct.)

The specimen has young buds, but they are sufficiently
mature to picket the characteristic petals and stamens of the
above species, while in vegetative characters the specimen
agrees perfectly with the excellent series of specimens available
for comparison from the Malay Peninsula. The species has

previously been credited to Borneo by Pierre.

Tenasserim and Indo-China to the Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra, and Java.

Elaeocarpus littoralis, T. & B., ce Hort. Bogor. (1866) 390 ;

R.

Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch., ¢. 141; Gagnepain in Lecomte
FI, Con. Indo-Chine, 1 dete SOO en

SARAWAK, Baram District, Redan, Hose 292, Mareh 11,
1894. :

This species has previously been reported from Borneo by
King (in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 60° (1891). 134), who, how-
ever, confused Hlaeocarpus littoralis, T. & B., with HL. robustus,
Blume. Joorders, (Hakurstonsflora von Java 74 (MOU) a 570),
distinguishes Flaéocarpus littorahs, T. & B., from H. obtusus,
Blume, stating that the former is not wild in Java, but is
rarely cultivated in parks; the type of Hlaeocarpus obtusus,
Blume, ae from Mount Salak, Java. Both. Hlaeocarpus
lnttoralis, U. & Band: By. obtusus, Blume, judging from the

A. Soc, No. 77, 1917.

ape

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA.

descriptions of the latter species, are entirely distinct from the
Philppine EF. monocera, Cav. The Bornean specimen, cited
above, agrees perfectly with the descriptions of Hlaeocarpus
littoralis, T. & B., and with Indo-China specimens collected by
Thorel.

Burma and Indo-C hina, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra,

-and Java (cultivated).

Elaeocarpus pedunculatus, Wall. Cat. (1831) no. 2678 p.p.,

nomen nudum; Mast. in Hook. f., Fl. Brit: Ind: 1. (1874)
408; King in Journ, As. Soc. Beng. 60? (1891) 182.

Sarawak, Samatan, Vorworthy 147, May 20, 1908, Malay
m padu, Dvyak tumu putc; Baram District, Miri River, Hose
538, January, 1895. ;

Foxworthy’s specimen agrees so eed ith: King’s ex-
tended description that I have no. hesitation in referring it
to Wallich’s species, although I have seen no named specimens
representing it. The species is definitely reported from
Penang, Malacca, Perak, and Singapore. The closely allied
Monoceras palembanicum, Miq., of Sumatra is described as
having leaves rather long acuminate.

Elaeocarpus mastersii, King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 60? (1891)

140.

Sarawak, Native collector 1499, 1942, 2380 (Bur. Sci.) :
BritisH Norra AOE Sandakan, Villaml 208; Amalie
1916.

The specimens cited above agree perfectly with King’s
description and with a large series of specimens representing
the species from the Malay Peninsula and Singapore. This
form is doubtless the basis of the Bornean reference given by
Masters in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 1 (1874) 408 under EHlaeo-
carpus acronodia, Mast. trae zits |

Elaeocarpus paniculatus, Wall. Cat. (1831) No. 2663, nomen

nudum; C. Muell, Adn. Fam. Elaeocarp. (1849) 12.
Monoceras leucobotryum Miq. F). Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1862) 409.

SARAWAK, Lundu, Morworthy 38, May 10, 1908, known
to the Dyaks as umpuldu; Baram, Hose 291; near Kuching,
Native collector 126, 2153 (Bur. ‘Sci.).

The Bornean material agrees closely with our fine series
fi S j : = ° ; agile i
of specimens representing Wallich’s species from the Malay
Peninsula, The petals are shghtly and obscurely toothed at
the apex, this being true of some of the specimens from the
Malay Peninsula, although King described them as entire.

Jour. Straits Branch

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA. 203

Malay Peninsula and Banka, not previously recorded from
Borneo. ;

Elaeocarpus polystachyus, Wall. Cat. (1831) No. 2671, nomen

nudum, C. Muell. Adn. Fam. Elaeocarp. (1849) 12.

SARAWAK, without definite locality, Sarawak Museum 41,
1913.

The specimen presents very young buds, and I refer it to
Elaeocarpus polystachyus, W all., a species previously known
from Malacca and Singapore, with some doubt. It differs
from our material representing Wallich’s species in its very
densely tawny-tomentose branchlets petioles and midrib, on
the lower surface of the leaves. It is, at least, very close to
Wallich’s species, although mature material may show it to be
specifically distinct.

Elaeocarpus gambir, Becc. Nelle Foreste di Borneo (1902) 594.

Hlaeocarpus stipularis, Mast. in Hook. f. FI, Brit. Ind. I (1874) 404; King
in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 6u2 (1891) 123, non Blume.

SarAWAK, Baram District, Miri River, /Tose 73; Baram,
Hose 321; Lundu, Foaworthy 46; near Kuching, Native
agilegion WA ES 410, 18D, IVIL, 2ICO (Admits Sel).

The above specimens were all originally identified as
v9} laeocar pus stipularis, Blume, and conform to our large series
of specimens, so named, from the Malay Peninsula. However,
Koorders and Valeton* state that the Javan species is not the
same as the one from the Malay Peninsula described by
Masters, and the form figured by Koorderst is apparently dis-
tinct from that of the Malay Peninsula and Borneo. Hlaeo-
carpus gambir, Bece.,; is very imperfectly described, but Dr.
Beceari has kindly supphed me with material from the type,
and also fragments of Beccart, 3191 and 2486, and a specimen
collected by Riedel in Billiton, all of which apparently re-
present the same species.

Elaeocarpus beccarii, Aug. DC. in Bull. Herb. Boiss, II 3

(1903) 367,

The type of this is Beccari 540, from Sarawak, a frag-
ment of which has kindly been sent to me by Dr. Beceari.
The species is represented by the following specimens: Vative
collector 124, 125, 1500, 1960 (Bur. Sei i), Sarawak Museum
97, with the native name sanga dudok, and a specimen collect-
ed May 11, 1893, from Kuching, collector not indicated.

R.

* Bijdr, Boomsoort. Java I Ce
+ Atlas Baumarten Java 3 (1914) fig.

aS
Cr

A. Soe., No. 77, 1917.

204 ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA.

PASSIFLORACEAE.

Passiflora, Linnaeus.
Passiflora laurifolia, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) 956.

Britis Norrit Borneo, Sandakan; Villamil 245 bas,
January, 1917, cultivated and wild: Jesselton, Mrs. Clemens
9696, December 15, 1915 “ cultivated?”

This American species has long been cultivated in the
Malayan region; it is apparently spontaneous i in British North
Borneo.

Passiflora foetida, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) 959.

British NorrH Borneo, Jesselton, Mrs. Clemens 9616:
Sarawak, Baram, Hose 89, Foxwo rthy 481.

This American species is apparently thoroughly catabiane
ed in parts of Borneo as it is in the Indo- Malay an region

generally.
LECYTHIDACEAE.

Barringtonia, Forster.

Barringtonia curranii, Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906)
Suppl. 211.

BritisH NortH Borneo, Kiau, Mrs. Clemens 10139,
10273, \s..n. November. wos:

A species previously known only from Palawan.

Barringtonia conoidea, Griff. Not. 4 (1854) 656.
Barringtonsa alata Wall, Cat. 831) no. 3633, nomen nudum.

Butonica alata Miers in Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. 1 (1875) 70, t. 14, f
10-15.

SaRAWAK, Lundu, Foaworthy 6, May, 1908, in shallow
water along a tidal stream, Malay manga putat; Dyak putat
laut.

Burma, Malacca, Perak.

Barringtonia dolichobotrys, sp. nov. § Butonica.

Arbor glabra, circiter 15 m. alta, ramulis teretibus, rugo-
sis, circiter 1 cm. diametro; folis confertis, coriaceis, oblongo-
oblanceolatis, utrinque nitidis, usque ad 30 cm. longis, acutis
ad subrotundatis, longe petiolatis, basi angustatis, cuneatis,
margine leviter revolutis, integris, nervis utrinque circiter 12
supra impressis, subtus valde prominentibus; spicis usque ad
1 m. longis, pendulis, rhachibus cireciter 1 em. diametro;
floribus sessilibus, circiter 6.5 em. diametro,; calycibus circiter
3. cm. longis, teretibus, lobis 4 vel 5, haud imbricatis, lanceo-
latis ad ovatis, subacutis, subcoriaceis, circiter 1.5 cm. longis;
petalis 4, oblongo-obovatis, + em. longis, subcoriaceis, recur-

vatis, obtusis.
L - Jour. Straits Branch

ALABASTRA . BORNEENSIA., 20%

A glabrous tree about 15 m. high, the ultimate branchlets
about 1 cm. in diameter, brownish, prominently rugose.

Leaves crowded at the apices of the branchlets, coriaceous, in

general oblong-oblanceolate, pale when dry, prominently shin-

ing on both surfaces, 20 to 30 cm. long, 6 to 11 em. wide, apex

acute to somewhat rounded, narrow ed below to the cuneate
base, margins somewhat revolute, entire; lateral nerves about
12 on each side of the midrib, impressed on the upper surface,
very prominent on the lower surface, curved, anastomosing,
the reticulations’lax; petioles 4 to 5 em. long, pale and striate
except the very much thickened and prominently rugose dark-
brown base. Spikes pendulous, up to 1 m. in length, the
rachis nearly 1 cm. in diameter, when dry, pale, shining, pro-
minently wrinkled. Flowers sessile, 6 to 7 em. in diameter.
Calyx about 3 cm. long, the tube terete, dark-brown when dry,
Nevenney tn diameter, about 1.5 cm. long, widened upward, the
lobes 4 or 5, lanceolate to ovate, coriaceous, somewhat spread-
ing, acute to somewhat acuminate, as long as the tube, 1 to
17 cm. “wide, not at all mmipricate: apparently irregularly

splitting from the closed bud. Petals 4, subcoriaceous, oblong-

obovate, 4 cm. long, 2 cm. wide, recurved, obtuse. Senn

very numerous, united for the lower 5 mm., the free parts of
the filaments about 4 cm. long, yellowish- white. Ovary 4-
celled; ovules 3 to 6 in each cell. The disk-like annulus at
the apex of the ovary inside the stamens is about 2 mm. high
and % mm. in diameter. Style slender, about 4 cm. long.
Fruits unknown.

_ Britis NortH Borneo, Sandakan, Villamil 278, Decem-
ber.5 , 1916, in open places, altitude 90 meters. The trunk is
10 cm. in diameter and the calyx, when fresh, is brownish-red.

To this species I am disposed to refer a specimen from
Sarawak, Kuching, May 22, 1893, collector not indicated.
In this specimen, which is very imperfect, the leaves are round-
ed at the apex and up to 13 em. in length. I have placed the
species in the section Butonica.as even in flowers with the
petals not at all expanded the calyx-lobes are not at all im-
bricate, and the lobes all present more or less torn margins,
indicating that the calyx in bud was entirely closed, in anthesis
irregularly splitting into 4 or 5 lobes. From Barringtoma
Tunerostach ya, Wurz, of the section Stravadium, it is at once
distinguished by its much larger buds and flow ers.

Barringtonia dolichophylla, sp. nov.

R.

Arbor glabra; folus oblanceolatis, crasse coriacels, usque
ad 75 cm. longis, i in siccitate pallidis, utrinque nitidis, integris,
basi gradatim angustatis, costa utrinque valde incrassata, nervis
utrinque circiter 40, prominentibus ; s spicis ut videtur elongatis ;
floribus 4-meris, circiter 7 em. diametro; calycis 3.5 cm. longis,

Ae Soc., No. 77, 1917.

206 ALABASTRA “BORNEENSIA.

lobis +, oblongo-ovatis, acutis, coriaceis, tubo subaequalibus ;
petalis 4, oblongis ad oblongo-lanceolatis, 4.5 cm. longis, ob-
tusis ; ovario 4-loculare.

A glabrous tree. Leaves oblanceolate, thickly coriaceous,
pale and shining on both surfaces when dry, up to 75 em. long
and 10 cm. wide, entire, gradually narrowed in the lower one-
half or two-thirds, the lamina narrowly decurrent nearly to
the base of the petiole, the midrib very much thickened and
prominent on both surfaces, on the lower surface toward the
base 8 mm. thick;. lateral nerves about 40 on each side of the
midrib, very prominent, curved, anastomosing, the reticula-
tions more distinct on the upper than on the lower surface ;
petioles 1 cm. thick, dark-brown, rugose, the wingless. portion
but 2 cm. long. Spikes apparently. elongated and many-flower-
ed. Flowers 4-merous, sessile, about 7 cm. in diameter.
Calyx 3.5 em. long, terete, somewhat urceolate, the tube 2
cm, long and 8 mm. thick, the lobes 4+, coriaceous, oblong-
ovate, acute, 1.4 to 1.7 cm. long, about 1.1. em. wide, not im-
bricate. Petals 4, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 4.5 to 5 cm.
long, 1.5 to 1.7 cm. wide, rather thin, obtuse. Stamens very

_ numerous, their filaments united for the lower 5 mm., the free
parts about 4 cm. in length, Ovary, 4-celled. -Styleyaseme:
long.

Sarawak, Baram District, Miri, Hose 610, April 20,
1895. oO. Meo

A most characteristic species manifestly belonging in the
same group with B. dolichobotrys. It is well characterized -
among all hitherto described species: of Barringtonia by its
creatly elongated, thickly coriaceous, entire, many-nerved leaves
which taper gradually to the base. My specimen does not
present the apical portion of the leaves, and only a fragment
of the spike. The exis of the spike is pale, much wrinkled,
and about 5 mm. in diameter.

“MYRTACEAE.
Eugenia, Linnaeus.

This genus is enormously developed in Borneo, as in other
parts of the Mala 1yan region, and apparently here, as in other parts
of the tropical Orient, a very high percentage of the species are of
local occurrence. Up to the present time about forty species of the
genus have been described from Bornean material, chiefly by Kor-
thals, Blume, and Miquel, but some of the species proposed by Kor-
thals are scarcely intelligible without an examination of his types,
and some of his types are apparently no longer extant, judging by
the fact that Miquel was unable to determine the status of several of
the species.. In our own collections of. Bornean material about 60
distinct species are represented, but some of the specimens are not

Jour. Straits Branch

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA. Q0F

in condition for identification. With nearly 100 distinct species in
the Malay Peninsula, over 70 in Java, and more than 175 in the
Philippines, it is not at all surprising that so many should be found
in Borneo. It is confidently expected that when the fiora of Borneo
shall have been more thoroughly studied, the list of Bornean species
of Lugenia will be found well to exceed 100 distinct forms. In the
present paper I have described as new those forms that appear to me
to. represent species previously undescribed, and have credited a
number of species already. described by other authors from extra-
Bornean material to the Island.

In the present study of this Bornean material, as in my past
studies: of Philippine representatives of the genus, I have placed all
under Hugenia, sensu latiore, as it is absolutely impossible to dis-
tinguish definitely between Hugenia, Jambosa, and Syzygium, as
genera, on account of the very large number of intermediate forms.
Occasionally species are found, for “which no subgenus or section has
ever been proposed, that differ more markedly from Eugenia § Bu-
eugenia than do Jambosa and Syzygium, yet it seems to be illogical
to propose new generic names for such forms; a good example of
these is Hugenia ‘paradoxa, Merr., described below. Blume attempt-
ed to distribute the Malayan species of Hugenva into a number of
genera, such as Syzygium, Jambosa, Strongylocalyx, Gelpkea,
Cleistocalyx, Clavimyrtus, Microjambosa, etc., but his proposition
has not met with the approval of other botanists. In Hugenia as in
other polymorphous groups, such as Loranthus, there seems to be no
middle ground. The botanist must either accept the genus in its
broadest sense or, as van Tieghem has proposed for Lor antha us, divide
it into a very large number of genera that can be distinguished from
one another only by a critical study of each individual | species.
Eugenia as such, is a strongly marked group, and is always easily
recognizable, and it seems best to treat all the species under this
name. Niedenzu’s division of the group into Hugenia. Jambosa.,
and Syzygium is certainly untenable. In the present paper I have
placed those species with free petals in the section’ Jambosa, no mat-
ter if the petals are calyptrate, so long as they are not united and
those species that have united calyptrate petals in the section Syzy-
gium. :

‘

Eugenia coralina, sp. nov. § Jambosa.

Arbor elal ra, ramis. sonny eames teretibus ; foluis oppositis,
coriacels, ellipticis, usque ad 12 cm. longis, in ‘siccitate pallidis
vel pallide viridibus,: nitidis, perspicue obtuseque acuminatis,
bast acutis vel decurrento-acuminatis, supra impresso-punctatis,
subtus glandulosis; nervis primariis utrinque cireiter 20,
tenuibus, patulis, rectis, haud-prominentibus, quam secundariis
vix.magis distinctioribus; inflorescentus terminalibus, corym-
bosis, circiter 5 cm. longis, -e basi-ramosis, ramis plerisque
trichotomis cum = axin ramulosque - rugosis more coralii,
brunneis; floribus 5-meris, obovoideis, 2.5 mm. longis, breviter

ete PA a SOG NO. im, {boils

208

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA,

pedicellatis, ad apices ramulorum densissime confertis; petalis
concavis, orbicularibus, exterioribus 2 mm, diametro, InLeTIOEs
bus minoribus, hberis, ‘calyptratim deciduis.

A glabrous tree, the branches and branchlets terete, the
former dark-brown, somewhat wrinkled, the latter brown,
striate or wrinkled, the ultimate ones 2 to 3 mm. in diameter.
Leaves opposite, coriaceous, elliptic, 10 to 12 cm. long, 5 to
6.5 cm. wide, the apex rather prominently obtuse- acuminate,
the base acute or decurrent-acuminate, margins recurved, when
dry pale or pale-greenish, somewhat shining, the upper sur-
face distinctly pitted, the lower glandular; primary lateral
nerves slender, indistinct, about 20 on each side of the midrib,
spreading, straight, scarcely more prominent than are the
secondary ones and the reticulations, about equally distinct on
both surfaces, anastomosing with the slender marginal nerves
about 2 mm. from the edge of the leaf; petioles about 5 mm.
long. Inflorescence terminal, corymbose, branched from the
base, the branches normally trichotomous, the axis, branches,

and branchlets brown or somewhat reddish-brown, peculiarly
rugose and coral-like. Flowers very numerous, densely crowd-

ed at the tips of the ultimate branches forming subcapitate
glomeri 8 to 10 mm. in diameter, the buds obovoid! PL Omiiubiae
long, the pedicels about 1 mm. long, the bracteoles obsolete or
nearly so. Calyx tube 2 mm. long, narrowed below, black when
dry, terete, shining, the teeth 5, about 1 mm. wide and 0.3
mm. long, obtuse. Petals calyptrate but not connate, the
outer one concave, orbicular, 2 mm. in diameter, the other
four closely imbricate within it, smaller, easily separable, 1 to.
1.5 mm. in diameter. Stamens numerous, inflexed in bud.

SARAWAK, Native collector 1869 (Bur. Sc.)

In leaf-form and texture, but not in color, this species
resembles Hugenia capitata, Merr., but is entirely different in
its inflorescence and in its smaller flowers. It is well charac-
terized by the rugose, brown or reddish-brown coral-like axis
branches and brancl lets of its inflorescence and its densely
disposed flowers.

Eugenia capitata, sp. nov. § Jambosa.

Arbor glabra, ramis ramulisque teretibus ; -foliis oppositis,
ellipticis ad ovato- ellipticis, coriaceis, usque ad 11 cm. longis,
perspicue obtuseque acuminatis, basi rotundatis ad subacutis,
supra nitidis, castaneis, dense puncticulatis, subtus brunneis,
glandulosis, nervis utrinque numerosis, densis, tenuibus, indis-
tinctis; inflorescentus terminalibus et in axillis superioribus,
oe multifloris; foribus omnibus sessilibus in eapitulis

1.5 ad 3 em. diametro dispositis, 5-meris; alabastro oblongo-
obovoideo, 5 ad 6 mm. longo, calycis dentibus brevibus, latis,
rotundatis; petalis 5, valde imbricatis, exterioribus majoribus,

-2 ad 3 mm. diametro, haud connatis sed calyptratim deciduis,

Jour. Straits Branch

i}

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA. 209

A glabrous: tree, the branches and branchlets terete, pale-
brownish, smooth, or the thin bark on the branches forming
flakes, the ultimate branchlets about 2.5 mm. in diameter,
thickened at the nodes. Leaves opposite, elliptic to ovate-
elliptic, coriaceous, 9 to 11 cm. long, 4.5 to 6 cm. wide, the
apex prominently and rather abruptly acuminate, the acumen
about 1 cm: long, blunt, the base rounded to somewhat acute,
margins slightly recurved, the upper surface smooth, pro-
minently shining, castaneous, minutely and rather dlemmeeliy mine
pressed- puncticulate, the lower surface dull, brown or reddish-
brown, glandular; nerves numerous, slondien. obscure, about
equally prominent on both surfaces, the primary ones about
30 on each side of the midrib, spreading, scarcelv more distinct
than are the secondary ones and the reticulations, uniting with
the equally obscure marginal nerves about 1 mm. from the
edge of the leaf; petioles dark-brown, 7 to 10 mm. long. In-

- florescences terminal and in the uppermost axils, the flowers

very numerous, crowded in dense globose heads 1.5 to 3 cm.
in diameter formed of the greatly thickened and shortened
branches of the inflorescence. Buds all sessile, oblong-obovoid,
5 to 6 mm. long, each group of two, or more usually three,
flowers subtended by a whorl of broadly-ovate to oblong-ovate,
obtuse to acute bracts and bracteoles, these coriaceous, cas-
taneous, | to 1.5 mm. long. Calyx-tube cylindric or slightly
angled by compression, narrowed below, dark-brown, shining,
slightly rugose, the lobes 5, 0.5 to 0.8 mm. long, about 1.5
mm. wide, rounded. Petals 5, free, orbicular, prominently
imbricate, concave, the outer one 2.5 to 3 mm. in diameter,
the inner four closely imbricate within the outer one but not
at all connate, free, falling as a calyptra, 2 to 2.5 mm. in
diameter. Filaments numerous, inflexed.

SARAWAK, Santubong, Mative collector 2309 (Bur. Sct.),
February-June, 1914, near the seashore, the flowers white.

A species at once recognizable by its dense, globose, capi-
tate inflorescences. In appearance it is distinctly hke various
species of Syzygium with densely arranged obscure nerves, and
would certainly be placed in Syzygium by some authors. As.
the petals are not at all united I have placed it in. the section
Jambosa.

Eugenia kiauensis, sp. nov. § Jambosa.

R.

Arbor glabra, ramis teretibus vel indistincte 4-angulatis,
crassis, ultimis circiter 6 mm. diametro, pallide brunneis;
folus oppositis, sessilibus, usque ad 25 cm. longis, coriaceis,
oblongo- ellipticis, apice acute acuminatis, basi leviter auricu-
lato- cordatis, nervis utrinque circiter 20, subtus prominentibus,
anastomosantibus; inflorescentus terminalibus, circiter 7 em.
longis, e basi ramosis, corymbosis; floribus magnis, cireiter 4

IN. SOCGs5° INOS. 7, alee

210

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA,

cm. diametro, sessilibus, plerumque in triadibus dispositis;
calycis. tubo obconico circiter 1 cm. longo, lobis 4 orbiculari-

-reniformibus persistentibus prominentibus.

A glabrous tree, the branches and branchlets terete or

somewhat 4-angled, pale-brownish, the ultimate ones about 6

mm. in diameter. Leaves opposite, sessile, coriaceous, oblong-
elliptic, 18 to 25 em. long, 7 to 9.5 em. wide, narrowed up-
ward to the subacutely acuminate apex, the base rounded and
somewhat auriculate-cordate, the upper surface pale-olivaceous
and shining when dry, the lower paler, typically eglandular ;
lateral nerves about 20 on each side of the midrib, rather
distant, spreading, slightly curved, anastomosing with the
equally distinct, somewhat arched, marginal nerves 3 to 4
mm. from the edge of the leat, the reticulations lax, indis-
tinct. Inflorescences terminal, corymbose, branched from the
base, about 7 cm. long, the branches rather stout, brown,

‘rugose, 4-angled, ty pically trichotomous, the flowers in triads

at the tips: of he branchlets. Flowers sessile, white, 4-merous,

about + cm. in diameter. Calyx-tube obconic, brown when
dry, terete, about 1 em. long and nearly as wide at the top,
the lobes 4+, reniform-orbicular, rounded, prominently punctate,
persistent, about 6 mm. long and 9 mm. wide. Petals 4,
orbicular to broadly elliptic, prominently glandular, rounded,
11 to 13 mm. long. Stamens indefinite, their filaments 2 to
2.4 cm. long. Stvle about 2 em. long.

British Norru BorNneto, Mount Kinabalu, Kiau, Js.
Clemens 10132, November 8, 1915. Probably referable here
is Mrs. Clemens 11104 from the trail to the Marai Parai Spur,
December 3, 1915, but in this specimen the leaves are distinctly
glandular on the lower surface.

By the various keys to Malayan species of Hugenia, this
comes in the group with Hugenia formosa, Wall, and #.
javanica, Lam., but in spite of its large flowers and sessile,
somewhat auriculate-cordate, rather large leaves, is not really
very closely allied to these species.

Eugenia paradoxa, sp. nov. § Jambosa (Cleistocalyr).

Arbor glabra, ramis griseis teretibus, ramuls junioribus
brunneis teretibus vel leviter compressis; folis oblongo-ellip-
ticis, sessilibus vel brevissime petiolatis, usque ad 9 cm. longis,
coriaceis, apice rotundatis, basi rotundatis vel leviter cordatis,
subtus puncticulatis, nervis utrinque 10 ad 14, tenuibus, obs-
cure anastomosantibus; inflorescentiis axillaribus terminalibus-
que, brevibus, paucifloris; floribus fasciculatis vel racemose
dispositis, sub anthesin circiter 1.8 cm. longis; alabastro ob-
ovoideo circiter 1 cm. longo, deorsum angustato; calycts
superiore parte calyptratim decidua; petalis 4, liberis; sta-
minibus numerosissimis, filamentis 10 ad 12 mm. longis.

Jour. Straits Branch

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA. 2a

A glabrous tree, the branches pale-gray, terete, the
youngest. branchlets brown, somewhat compressed or terete,
2 mm. in diameter or less. Leaves opposite, coriaceous, ob-
long-elliptic, 6 to 9 cm. long, 2.5 to 3.5 cm. wide, apex
rounded, base rounded or shghtly cordate, sessile or nearly so,
subolivaceous or brownish when dry, somewhat shining, the |
upper surface obscurely pitted, the lower glandular-punctate ;
lateral nerves 10 to 14 on each side of the ana 9, slender, not
prominent, obscurely anastomosing. Flowers axillary and ter-
minal, fascicled or in short, fee -flowered racemes, the in-
florescences not exceeding 2 cm. in length. Buds about 1 em.
long, obovoid, narrowed below into the distinct pseudo-stalk,
terete, brown, glandular, the calyx-tube at the mouth 6 to 7
mm. wide, in bud closed by the calyptra which apparently
represents the calyx-lobes, the calyptra orbicular in outline, 7
mm. in diameter, radiate-reticulate, subconic, obscurely apicu-
late, when fallen leaving the truncate calyx-rim. Petals 4,
free, orbicular to obovate, 4 to 4.5 mm. long, falling with the
calyptra (top of the calyx) but not at all united with it.
Stamens very numerous, their filaments 10 to 12 mm. long, the
flower in full anthesis about 1.8 cm. long and wide.

SARAWAK, Native collector 365 (Bur. Sci.).

This species is remarkable in its floral structure, in the
calyptrate calyx resembling Fugenia operculata, Roxb., and the
Philippine F£. clausa, C. B. Rob., but remote from both of these
in its vegetative and inflorescence characters. Hugenia oper-
culata, Roxb., is placed in the section Syzygium, where the
present species cannot belong because its petals, although falling
as a calyptra inside the apex of the calyx, are entirely free.
The three species, Hugenia operculata, EH. clausa, and E. para-
dova are more distinct from Hugenia (§ Eueugen ia), Jambosa,
and Syzygium, which some authors maintain as distinct genera,
than are these sections (or genera) from each other, yet unless
the genus Hugenia be split up into very numerous genera dis-
tinguished from each other by very minor characters, there is
no warrant for considering the species above described, and
the others discussed herewith, as a distinct generic type.

Eugenia elliptilimba, sp. nov. § Jambosa.

R.

Species H. grandi similis, sed differt floribus multo mino-
ribus circiter 6 mm. longis, et calycis tubo circiter 2.5 mm.
diametro ; ramis ramulisque teretibus ; foliis coriaceis, ellipticis
ad late oblongo-ellipticis, usque ad 18 cm. longis, apice bre-
viter obtuseque acuminatis, basi leviter rotundatis et paullo
decurrento-acuminatis, in siccitate castaneis vel atro-brunneis,
nitidis, nervis primarus utrinque circiter 20 distinctis juxta
marginem distincte anastomosantibus ; inflorescentiis terminal-
ibus, corymbosis, pedunculatis, circiter 10 cm. longis; floribus

Ne SOG— ING, Wr, US9ily,

212

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA.

d-meris, plerumque in triadibus dispositis, anguste oblongo-
obovoideis; calyce deorsum angustato, basi cuneato, leviter
longitudinaliter striato, truncato : petalis 5, liberis, imbricatis,
concavis, exterioribus majoribus.

A glabrous tree, the branches and branchlets terete -or the
latter slightly compressed, brown to dark-brown, smooth.
Leaves opposite or subopposite, elliptic to broadly oblong-
elliptic, coriaceous, 12 to 18 cm. long, 5.5 to 8 cm. wide, apex
shortly and bluntly acuminate, base somewhat rounded and
shghtly decurrent-acuminate, not punctate, the upper surface

castaneous or dark-brown when dry, shining, the lower paler;

_primary lateral nerves about 20 on each side of the midrib,

distinct, spreading, slightly curved, anastomosing with the
equally distinct marginal nerves about 3 mm. from the edge of
the leaf, and with a much less distinct additional marginal
nerve closer to the edge of the Jeaf, the secondary nerves and
reticulations rather lax, distinct on both surfaces; petioles 5 to
8 mm. long. -Panicles terminal, peduncled, corymbose, about
10 em. long including the peduncle, 6 to 8 cm. wide, the
branches mostly trichotomous, the flowers mostly in triads at
the apices of the branchlets. Flowers 5-merous, including the
pseudostalk about 6 mm. long, dark-brown when dry. Calyx,
in bud, narrowly oblong-obovoid, base cuneate, the limb trun-
eate, about 2.5 mm. wide, longitudinally striate. Petals 5,
free, strongly imbricate, orbicular, concave, the outer one 2.5
mm. in diameter, covering the somewhat smaller inner ones, all
falling as a whole but not at all united. Stamens 40 to 50,
their filaments about 2.5 mm. long.

SARAWAK, Native collector 254 (Bur. Sci.).

In general appearance and especially in its vegetable cha-
racters this species closely resembles Hugenia grandis, Wight,
to which it is apparently closely allied. It is distinguished by
its,much smaller flowers.

Eugenia castanea, sp. nov. $ Jambosa.

Arbor glabra, ramulis exceptis inflorecentiisque minute
castaneo-puberulo-papillatis; ramis teretibus cortice lamel-
lato facile secedente tectis, ramulis junioribus plerumque 4-
angulatis ; foliis oppositis, oblongis ad oblongo-ellipticis, casta-_
neis vel supra atro-castaneis, nitidis, usque ‘ad 14 cm, longis,
epunctatis, perspicue abrupte obtuseque acuminatis, basi acutis,
nervis primariis utrinque circiter 25, distinctis cum secondartis
in nervum inframarginalem confluentibus : inflorescentus ple-
rumque terminalibus, corymbosis, circiter 7 cm. longis, pedun-
culatis vel e basi ramosis; floribus 5-meris, plerumque in tria-
dibus dispositis; calyce circiter 6 mm. longo, anguste pbiouees
obovoideo, deorsum valde angustato.

Jour. Straits Branch

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA. 913

A tree, glabrous except the distinctly and rather densely
castaneous- puberulent- papillose branchlets and inflorescences.
Branches terete, reddish-brown or castaneous, slender, the bark
separating in elongated flakes, the branchlets usually 4-angled,
smooth, castaneous. Leaves opposite, subcoriaceous, oblong to
ea ae 6 to 14 em. long, 3 to 6 em. wide, castaneous
and shining on both surfaces or the upper surface atro-casta-
neous, not punctate, the apex with a prominent obtuse acumen
about 1 em. long, base acute; primary lateral nerves about 25
on each side of the midrib, distinct as are the secondary ones
and the reticulations, spreading, anastomosing with the mar-
ginal veins about 2 mm. from the edge of the leaf; petioles
dark-brown or nearly black, 2 to 5 mm. “lone. Panicles corym-
bose, mostly terminal, usually about 7 em. “long, peduncled or
branched from the base, uniformly and minutely puberulent-
papillose, the branches mostly trichotomous, the flowers all
sessile in triads on the ultimate branchlets. Flowers white,
5-merous, the calyx, including the pseudo-stalk, about 6 mm.
long, glabrous or nearly so, terete, dark-brown when dry, 2 to
3 mm. wide at the throat, much narrowed below, the limb with
5 very shallow, rounded lobes, the subtending bracteoles oblong,
less than 1 mm. long. Petals imbricate in a calvyptra, coneaye,
free, 3 to 4 mm. in diameter. Stamens indefinite, 6 to 8 mm.
long.

SaRAWAK, Baram District, Baram, /Tose 359 (type),
November 18, 1894; Miri, Hose 675 April 20, 1895; Mount
Poe, Forworthy 223, May 24, 1908.

I am inclined to refer here also Native collector S15, 1170,
2178 (Bur. Se.), these specimens differing from the type
chiefly if not only in having the ultimate branchlets terete in-
stead of 4-angled.

Eugenia castanea is well characterized by the flaky bark
on the branches, its short-petioled, castaneous, densely nerved,
eglandular leaves which are abruptly and obtusely acuminate,
and its puberulent-papillose branchlets and inflorescences.

Eugenia kuchingensis, sp. noy. § Jambosa.

Arbor glabra, ramis ramulisque teretibus; foliis coriaceis,
in siccitate bruneis, ellipticis ad late oblongo-ellipticis, usque ad
20 cm. longis, obtuse acuminatis, basi acutis vel leviter acu-
minatis, eglandulosis, nervis utrinque circiter 15, tenuibus,
rectis, patulis, cum venis sub margine anastomosantibus, reti-
eulis obscuris vel saltem-in pagina superiore obsoletis ; paniculis
subcorymbosis, terminalibus, usque ad 10 cm. longis; floribus
eirciter 1,5 em. longis, in pannolle ultimis subcapitatis dis-
positis; calycis tubo turbinato 8 mm. longo, lobis inaequalibus.

A glabrous tree, the branches and branchlets terete, usual-
Ie Ap miOG yo GNO2. titan OT te

214 | ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA.

ly grayish. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic to broadly oblong-elliptic,

3 to 20 em. long, 5 to 8 cm. wide, coriaceous, shining, sub-
equally narrowed to the blunt- acuminate apex and to the acute
or somewhat decurrent-acuminate base, the upper surface
olivaceous to blackish-brown, the lower surface usually casta-
neous when dry; lateral nerves about 15 on each side of the
midrib, slender, spreading, nearly straight, usually not pro-
minent on either surface, anastomosing with the single pair of
marginal nerves at 3 to + mm. from the edge of the leaf, the
reticulations lax, indistinct, usually . obsolete on the upper
surface; petioles stout, rugose, usually black when dry, 1 to 1.5
em. long. Panicles terminal, subcorymbose, 8 to 10 em. long,
branched from the base, the flowers subeapitately arranged,
3 to 6 at the tip of each ultimate branchlet, about 1.5 cm. long,
sessile. Calyx turbinate, narrowed below, sometimes longitu-
dinally striate, about 8 mm. long and 6 mm. wide, the lobes 4,
unequal, reniform.

SARAWAK, Kuching and vicinity, Native collector 258
(type), 813, 1625, 1882, 2138 (Bur. Sci.), Hewitt, November,.
1905 ; Santubong, /Tewitt, January, 1907; Samatan, ’orworthy

52, May, 1908.

Judging from the number of collections this species must
be common in Sarawak; native names recorded are uba jambu
and uba nyal. Its alliance is manifestly with Hugema grandis,
Wight, from which it is at once distinguished by its obsure
reticulations and the entire absence of the second pair of
marginal veins. The forms described by Blume as Jambosa
grandis and Jambosa firma are apparently both referable to
Eugenia grandis, Wight, but Jambosa urceolata, Korth., des-
cribed from Bornean “mnaterial, reduced by Blume as a variety
of J. grandis, is interpreted by King as an entirely different
species, Bugenia urceolata, (Korth.) “King.

Eugenia grandis, Wight. Ill. 2 (1841-50) 17.
Jambosa grandis, Blume, Mus. Bot. 1 (1849) 108.
Jamobosa firma, Blume, l.c.

SARAWAK, Samatan, FYorworthy 173, back of the man-
grove, May, 1908, Malay wba.

Burma to Penang, the Malay Peninsula, and Singapore.
Eugenia sarawacensis, sp. nov.

Arbor glabra, ramis ramulisque teretibus; folis oppositis,
coriacels, oblongo- ovatis ad oblongo-ellipticis, usque ad 9 cm.
longis, utrinque subaequaliter angustatis, basi acutis, apice
obtuse acuminatis, in siccitate brunneis, nitidis, eglandulosis
vel subtus obscurissime puncticulatis, basi tenuiter 5-plinerviis,
paribus interioribus majoribus inter lateralibus haud arcuatis,

Jour. Straits Branch

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA. 215

nervis lateralibus utrinque circiter 7 irregularibus adscenden-
tibus distinetis; paniculis terminalibus, cireiter 7 em. longis,
e basi ramosis, corvymboso-cymosis, dichotome vel trichotome
ramosis; floribus 4-meris, 3 ad 6 in ramulis ultimis dispositis,
alabastro oblongo-obovoideo, circiter 5 mm. longo.

A glabrous tree, the branches and branchlets terete or the
latter compressed at the nodes, brown or pale-brownish,
smooth. leaves opposite, coriaceous, oblong-ovate to oblong-
elliptic, 7 to 9 cm. long, 3.5 to 5 em. wide, subequally narrowed
to the acute se and to the blunt acuminate apex, when dry
brown, shining, the lower surface paler than the upper, eglan-
dular or very obscurely puncticulate, the base slenderly 5-

plinerved, the inner pair more prominent than the outer.

extending to the apex, scarcely or not at all arched between
the ends of the lateral nerves, the latter usually about 7 on
each side of the midrib, ascending, irregular, anastomosing,
the reticulations rather lax, distinct; petioles 5 to 8 mm. lony.
Panicles terminal, lax, about 7 em. long, branched from the
base, corymbose-cymose, dichotomously or trichotomously
branched, the flowers 4-merous, 3 to 6 at the tip of each
ultimate branchlet, shghtly angular, the buds oblong-obovoid,
about 5 mm. long including the pseudo-stalk, brown and some-
What shining when dry. Calyx -lobes 4, broad, obscure.

SaRAWAK, Matang Road, Native collector 812, 8 ee ur.
Ser.), July 1 and 3, 1911.

This species is apparently as closely allied to Hugenia
miller, Miq., as to any other species, but differs conspicuously
in its distinctly acuminate leaves.

Eugenia litseaefolia, sp. nov.

R.

_Arbor glabra,.ramis ramulisque teretibus ; foliis oppositis
vel suboppositis, oblongo-obovatis, coriaceis, usque ad 11 cm.
longis, obtusis ad brey iter obtuse acuminatis, basi acutis, sub-
tus glaucescentibus, eglandulosis, nervis utrinque circiter 6
adscendentibus irregularibus laxe anastomosantibus; paniculis
terminalibus, laxis, circiter 10 cm. longis; floribus paucis,
sessilibus, in alabastro ovoideo-ellipsoideis, circiter 3 mm.
longis.

A glabrous tree, the branches and branchlets terete,
smooth, ‘the former pale- brownish, the latter dark-colored, 1.5
to 2 mm. in diameter. Leaves opposite or subopposite, cori-
aceous, oblong-obovate, 9 to 11 em. long, 3 to + em. wide, apex
obtuse to shortly blunt-acuminate, base acute, the upper sur-

face brownish, somewhat shining, the lower distinctly glauces-

cent, eglandular; lateral nerves about 6 on each side of the

midrib, irregular, ascending, curved, laxly anastomosing, the

AE SOG NOS Wile Oi

216

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA.

reticulations very lax; petioles nearly black when dry, 1.5 to
2 em. long.. Panicles terminal, lax, about 10 cm. long,
branched at or from near the base, the branches spreading, the
lower ones up to +.5 cm. long. Flowers few, all sessile, mostly
in threes on the ultimate branchlets, the buds ovoid- pee
about 3 mm. long, black when dry, the calyx-limb with 4,
shallow, broad, obscure lobes, young fruit ovoid, black when
dry, crowned by the shallow ‘calyx- -lobes.

Sarawak, Native collector 260 (Bur. Sci.).

The alliance of this species is apparently with Hugenia
milleri, Miq., from which it is distinguished by its leaves
usually being more or less acuminate, never retuse at the apex,
by being distinctly glaucous beneath, and by its sessile flowers.
In aspect the leaves . strongly resemble those of some species of
Litsea.

Eugenia caudatilimba, sp. nov. § Jambosa.

Arbor glabra, ramis ramulisque tenuibus teretibus; folus
oblongo- ovatis, coriacels, usque ad 9 cm. longis, caudato-
acuminatis, basi acutis vel subrotundatis, in siccitate brunne! Ls,
supra parce impresso-punctatis, subtus glanduloso-puncti-
culatis, nervis utrinque circiter 15, obscuris, interdum obso-
letis ; inflore scentus axillaribus terminalibusque, brevissimis,
5- ad 7-floris, cum floribus vix 1.5 em. longis; floribus 4-meris,
calycis tubo obconico, 5 mm. longo.

A glabrous tree, the branches and branchlets slender, terete,
brown, the latter 1 to 2 mm. in diameter. Leaves opposiie,
brown when dry or the upper surface somewhat olivaceous,
oblong-ovate, coriaceous, prominently caudate-acuminate, the
acumen Slender, obtuse, up to 1.5 cm. long, base acute to
somewhat rounded, margins recurved, the upper surface slight-
ly shining, sparingly impressed- punctate, the lower suriace
dull, elandular- -puncticulate; lateral nerves slender, obscure,
about 15 on each side of the midrib, sometimes obsolete :
petioles brown, rugose, about 5 mm. long. Inflorescences
very short, axillary and terminal, 5- to 7-flowered, the axis
but 2 or 3 mm. long, the flowers crowded, racemes, 4-merous,
including the stamens about 10 mm, long, their pedicels 1 to
3 mm. long. Calyx-tube obconic, terete, brown, 5 mm. long
and wide, ‘the lobes 4, spreading, broadly obovate, rounded,
punctate, 4 mm. long, usually wider than long. Petals broad-
ly ovate, 53.5 mm. long. Stamens indefinite, their filaments
7 to 9 mm. long. |

SARAWAK, without definite locality, Native collector 1169
COATS Cis). |

Jour. Straits Branch

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA. 217

The characteristic features of this species are its slender
terete branchlets, its brown, coriaceous, prominently caudate-
acuminate, obscurely nerv ed leaves which are sparingly pitted
on the upper surface, and its very short, few-flowered, axillary

_ and terminal inflorescences.

Eugenia punctilimba, sp, nov. § Jambosa.

RK.

Arbor glabra, ramis ramulisque teretibus:; folus obovato-
oblongis ad oblongo- ellipticis, usque ad 7 em. longis, obtusis vel
rotundatis, basi acutis, supra distincte 1mpresso- -punctatis, sub-
olivaceis, nitidis, utrinque concoloribus, leviter glanduloso-
punctatis, nervis utrinque numerosis tenuibus densis; inflores-
centus terminalibus, 2 ad 3 cm. longis, pauciramosis, axl
ramulisque plus minusve 4-angulatis crassis; flortbus 5-meris,
circiter 3 mm. longis, obovoideis, omnibus sessilibus, ad apices
ramulorum dense confertis.

A glabrous tree, the branches and branchlets slender,
terete, pale- -brownish, or the very youngest branchlets obscurely
4-angled, 1.5 to 2 mm. in diameter. Leaves opposite, cori-
aceous, obovate-oblong to oblong-elliptic, 4 to 7 cm. long, 2 to
3.0 CM. wide, apex obtuse to rounded, base acute, ,margins
shghtly recurved, the upper surface subolivaceous, somewhat
shining, distinctly pitted, the lower surface of the same color,
somewhat glandular- -punctate; lateral nerves slender, rather
densely arranged, about 30 on each side of the midrib, straight,
anastomosing with the marginal veins about 1 mm. from “the
edge of the leat; petioles. dark-brown, rugose, about 2 mm.
long. Inflorescences Lermmale 12. ro, o om. long.) usually
peduncled, trichotomously branched, the axis and branches
dark-brown, rather stout, usually 4+-angled, the flowers sessile,
densely crowded at the tips of the “few branches, the in-
florescences 2.5 to 3 cm. wide. Flowers apparently white, in
bud obovoid, about 3 mm. long, the subtending bracteoles tri-
angular-ovate, acute, 0.8 mm. long. Calyx-tube narrowed
below, brown, somewhat shining when dry, the teeth 5, ovate,
acute, 0.6 mm. long. Petals orbicular, 1.5 mm. in Abemnoctien.

falling as a caly ptra but easily separable. Stamens about 20,
inflexed.

British NortH Borneo, Mount Kinabalu, Marai Parai
pur, Mrs. Clemens 10888, November 22, 1915 (type):
SARAWAK, Mount Merinjak, Native collector 2514 (Bur. Sci.)
Feb.-June, 1914.

This species is well characterized by its densely nerved.
rather small, short petioled, obtuse to rounded leaves which
are distinctly pitted on the upper surface, as well as by its
short terminal inflorescences, the flowers all sessile and
crowded at the tips of the branchlets.

ANGE SOG NOME Louden

218 ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA.

+

Eugenia baramensis, sp. nov. § Jambosa.

Arbor glabra, ramis tenuibus teretibus, ramulis castaneis
distincte 4-angulatis; foliis oblongo-ellipticis, subcoriaceis,
usque ad 5 cm. longis, in siccitate castaneis, nitidis, pro-
minente obtuse acuminatis, basi acutis, nervis primaris
utrinque circiter 15 distinctis. nervis secundariis. parallelis,
reticulis subobsoletis; inflorescentus axillaribus, depauperato-
eymosis, paucifloris, 5 ad 10 mm. longis, vel floribus fasci-
culatis: floribus circiter 7 mm. longis (filamentis inclusis), 1
alabastro obovoideo.

A glabrous tree the branches slender, terete, pale, 2 mm.
in diameter or less, the branchlets castaneous, distinctly 4-
angled, the internodes 1 to 2 em. long. Leaves opposite, sub-
coriaceous, oblong-elliptic, 3 to 5 em. long, 1.3 to 2 em. wide,
subequally narrowed to the acute base and to the rather
slenderly but obtusely acuminate apex, when dry castaneous,
of about the same color on both surfaces, somewhat shining;
primary lateral nerves about 15 on each side of the midrib,
spreading, shghtly curved, slender, anastomosing with the
slender marginal nerves about 1 mm. from the edge of the
leaf, the secondary ones much less prominent, parallel, the
reticulations indistinet or subobsolete; petioles 2 to 4 mm.
long. Flowers axillary, few, in short, depauperate, few-
Howered cvmes 1 cm. long or less, or sometimes in 3-flowered
fascicles, the bracteoles ‘ovate, acute, about 0.5 mm. long.
Buds obovoid, about 3 mm. long, dark-brown when dry, the
valyx-tube narrowed below, in anthesis 3 mm. long, about 3
mm. wide at the throat, the hmb with 4, shallow, rounded,
obscure lobes. Petals more or less cohering, orbicular, 2 mm.
in diameter. Stamens indefinite, their filaments + to 5) mm.
lone.

SANAWAK, Baram District, Entoyut River, Hose 399,
December, 1894.

This species is. well characterized by its small, blunt-
acuminate leaves which are castaneous when dry, and its Tew
axillary flowers which are fascicled or disposed in depauperate
cymes 1 cm. long or less. In size and appearance the flowers
closely approximate to those of Hugenia cymosa, Lam.; but
while the present species is apparently in the same general
group as Lamarck’s species, it is entirely different in its
vegetative and inflorescence characters.

Eugenia heteroclada, sp. nov. § Jambosa.

Arbor glabra, ramis laevibus pallidis teretibus, ramulis
prominente 4-angulatis anguste quadrialatis, internodiis ul-
timis sursum distincte incrassatis; folis oppositis, brevissime
petiolatis, lanceolatis ad oblongo-lanceolatis, usque ad 15 cm.

i Jour. Straits Branch

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA. 219

longis, acuminatis, basi rotundatis et leviter cordatis, nervis
lateralibus utrinque circiter 10 yalde prominentibus cum intra-
marginalibus anastomosantibts: floribus terminalibus, soli-
tariis vel binis, mediocribus, distincte pedicellatis, 4-meris.
calycis tubo obeonico, circiter 1 cm. longo.

A glabrous tree, the branches smooth, terete, pale, slender.
the branchlets 4 4-angled, narrowly 4- winged, the ultimate inter-
nodes 4+ to 7 cm. long, distinctly thickened upward, often
terete below, but alwavs 4-angled and winged above. Leaves
opposite, subcoriaceous, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, 10 to
13.em. long, 2 to 3.8 cm. wide, narrowed upward to the
rather slenderly acuminate apex, base rounded, slightly cor-
date, when dry rather pale, shining; primary lateral nerves
about 10 on each side of the midrib, spreading, distant, shghtly
eurved, very prominent on the lower surface, anastomosing
with the equally prominent, slightly arched, marginal nerves
at from 2 to 4 mm. from the margin; petioles brown, 2 mm.
long or less. Flowers white, terminal, solitary or in pairs,
sometimes in a two-flowered raceme, their pedicels about 5 mm.
long, each pedicel subtended by two or three pairs of ovate-
lanceolate, small, decussate bracts, the flowers subtended by a
pair of similar bracteoles. Calyx-tube obconic, about 1 em.
long and wide, brown when dry, smooth, the lobes 4, spreading,

low

reniform, 5 to 7 mm. wide; style about 2.5 cm. long.

BritisH. Norta Borneo, Mount Kinabalu, Kiau, Jfrs.
Clemens 10127, November 30, 1915.

The alliance of this species is manifestly with the Philip-
pine Hugenia phanerophlebia, C. B. Rob., and the Javan £.
sexangulata, koord. & Val., differing from the former especial-
ly in its smaller, fewer-nerved leaves, smaller flowers and ob-
conic, not cup-shaped calyx-tuwbe, and from the latter by its
few flowers, in its vegetative characters and in its 4- (not 6-)
angled branchlets, the ultimate ones being distinctly winged.
A striking character of the Bornean species is the upward
thickenjng of the ultimate internodes, these usually terete
or nearly so below, 4-angled and finally 4-winged in the
thickened upper part.

Eugenia multibracteolata, sp. nov. §Jambosa (Leptomyrtus,

R.

Miquel).

Arbor parva, 3 ad 4 m. alta, glabra, ramis teretibus pur-
pureo-brunneis, ramulis pallidis prominente 4-angulatis, inter-
nodiis sursum incrassatis et distincte 4-alatis; folvs crasse
coriaceis, ovatis ad oblongo-ovatis, usque ad 11 cm. longis,
obtuse acuminatis, basi late rotundatis et distincte cordatis,
margine revolutis, brevissime petiolatis, nervis utrinque cir-
citer 15 patulis indistinctis; eymis axillaribus terminalibusque,

Ass SOC5) IOs 7 Uo

220

ALABASTRA PORNEENSTA.

usque ad + cm. longis; floribus circiter 8.5 mm. longis ad
apicem ramulorum confertis sessilibus, bracteis bracteolisque
involucrantibus; calyci deorsum angustato, rugoso, glauces-
cente, lobis 5, rariter +; ovatis rotundatis, 2 ad 2.5 mm. longis.

A small straggling tree 3 to + m. high, entirely glabrous,
the branches terete, 2 to 3 mm. in diameter, purplish-brown,
smooth, shining, the younger ones with the remains of the
flaky or stringy cortex of the branchlets, the branchlets dis-
tinctly thicker than the ultimate branches, pale-brownish, pro-
minently 4-angled, the internodes thickened upward and dis-
tinctly 4-winged, the wings ending at the nodes in rounded
auricles. Leaves opposite, thickly coriaceous, ovate to oblong-
ovate, 9 to 11 em. long, 4+ to 5.5 cm. wide, brownish or pale-
brownish when dry, sometimes slightly glaucous, the lower
surface paler than the upper, obscurely glandular beneath,
apex blunt-acuminate, base broadly rounded and distinetly
cordate, margins recurved ; lateral nerves about 15 on each side
of the midrib, usually obscure, faintly anastomosing; petioles
stout, 3 mm. long or less, reddish-brown, rugose, distinctly
undulate-winged. — Inflorescences axillary and terminal,
cymose up to + cm. in length, the axis and branches pro-
minently 4-angled, pale-brownish, the flowers all sessile,
crowded at the apices of the branchlets, 5 to 7 on each branch-
let, subtended by a prominent involucre of pale-brownish
bracts and bracteoles, the bracts broadly ovate, obtusely acu-
minate, ne 6 mm. long and + mm. wide, the bracteoles
narrowly oblong, 6 mm. long, 2 to 3 mm. wide. Flowers 8
Loy One eee "the calyx- tube narrowed below, rugose when
dry, not .at all tuberculate, above about 3 mm. in diameter,
the lobes 5, broadly ovate, rounded, 2 to 2.5 mm. long, two
usually distinctly shorter than the other three. Petals orbi-
cular, 3 mm. in diameter. Filaments 6 to 7 mm. long.

Sarawak, Mount Santubong, Native collector 2240 (Bur.
Sct.) (type), June, 1914; Foxworthy 443, June 7, 1908, on
the forested summit of a small peak, altitude about 300 meters,
known to the Malays as pala musu.

A very characteristic species belonging in the group with
Hugema zeylanca, Wight, from which it is distinguished by
its larger leaves and flowers, very prominet bracts ‘and bract-
eoles, non-tuberculate calyces, and other characters. It is
equally distinct from the other described forms in this small
group.

Eugenia perparvifolia, sp. nov. § Jambosa (Leptomyrtus, Mi-

quel).

Arbor parva, 3 ad 6 m, alta, glabra, ramis ramulisque
tenuibus rubro-castaneis, ramis teretibus, ramulis distincte 4-
angulatis; folus ovatis ad ovato-lanceolatis, usque ad 1.4 cm.

Jour. Straits Branch

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA. 221

longis, obtuse acuminatis, basi. acutis, in siccitate brunneis vel

pallidis, utringue nitidis, nervis obsoletis ; floribus in axillis
superioribus fasciculatis, dense confertis, multibracteolatis, 95-

meris, circiter 3 mm. longis; calycis glaucescentis longitudi-

naliter rugosi lobis ovatis, 1 ad 1.2 mm. longis, exterioribus
majoribus.

A small glabrous tree 3 to 6 m. high, the branches and
branchlets slender, castaneous or reddish-castaneous when dry,
the branches terete, bark more or less flaky, the branchlets
smooth, distinctly 4-angled, the internodes less than 1 cm. in
length. Leaves coriaceous, opposite, ovate to ovate-lanceolaic,
7 to 14 mm. long, + to 7 mm. wide, smooth, shining, brow or
ole when dry, base acute, apex blunt-acuminate, the nerves
and vefienley some entirely obsolete, eglandular ; “aeholes: 1 mm.
long or less. Flowers yellowish, crowded in dense fascicles in
the upper axils, the fascicles about 5 mm. in diameter. Calyx
about 3 mm. long, narrowed below, glaucous, longitudinally
rugose, not at all verruculose, the lobes 5, ovate, acute to obtuse,
it te 1.2 mm. long, the outer ones distinctly larger than the

dinner. Petals orbicular, about 1 mm. in diameter. Bracteoles

subtending the flowers numerous, 1.5 to 2 mm. long, oblong-
obovate to subspatulate, obtuse, more or less concave.

Sarawak, Mount Santubong, Morworthy 454, June 7,
1968, on a forested ridge, altitude about 300 meters, known to
the Malays as mortap.

A species manifestly belonging in the same group as
Hugenia zeylanica, Wight, for which Miquel proposed the sec-
tion name Leptomyrtus. It is distinguished from all hitherto
described forms of this group by its very small leaves, “he
nerves and reticulations being entirely obsolete. It is most
closely alhed to Hugenia besubiensis, (Hassk.) Merr., er
which it is at once distinguished by its smaller entirely nerve-
less leaves.

Eugenia moultonii, sp. nov. § Syzygium.

R.

Arbor glabra, ramis ramulisque laevibus stramineis, ramis
teretibus, ramulis distincte 4-angulatis vel sulcatis; folus op-
positis, subcoriaceis, oblongis, usque ad 12 cm. longis, utrinque
subaequaliter angud@dtis acuminatisque, margine revoliutis,
supra subolivaceis, subtus pallidis, glandulis Jam oculo nudo
distinctis, nervis primaris utrinque circiter 20, tenuibus, in-
distinetis, rectis; inflorescentus axillaribus terminalinusque, 1
ad 2 em. longis, paucifloris, inferioribus plerunique 3-floris,
superioribus trichotomis, ramis 3-iloris, bracteis bracteolisque
prominentibus ; floribus 4-meris, omnibus sessil'bus, 3 ad 4 mm.
longis; calycis tubo pallido, rugoso, deorsum Jeviter angustato,
dentibus 4 late rotundatis.

ES OGs5) NiO i tn ROMA

222

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA.

A glabrous tree the branches and branchiets mostly straw-
colored, the branches terete, the branchlets about 2 mm. in
diameter, +-angled or sulcate, nearly smooth. Leaves opposite,
subcoriaceous, oblong, 7 to 12 em. long, 2.5 to 4+ em. wide,
subequally narrowed to the acumizate base and apex, the apex
subacute, margins slightly recurved, the upper surface sub-
olivaceous, slightly shining, minutely verruculose, the lower
surface pale, ‘the glands scattered, distinctly visible to the
naked eye; primary lateral nerves about 20 on each side of the
midrib, slender, obscure, scarcely more distinct than are the.
secondary ones, anastomosing with the equally obscure mar-
eimal nerves close to the edge ‘ot the leaf; petioles 10 to 12 mm.
long. Cymes terminal and in the upper axils, L: to: 2.-em:
long, few-flowered, the axillary ones mostly 3-flowered, the
terminal ones trichotomous, each branch 3-flowered, the bracts
oblong, coriaceous 3 to + mm. long, acute, somewhat keeled,
the two bracteoles subtending each flower ovate or elliptic-
ovate, rounded, somewhat concave, thickly coriaceous, .2 mm.
long. Flowers all sessile, 4-merous. Calyx 3 to 4 mm. long.
slightly narrowed below, subterete, rugose, pale when dry, 2 te
2.3 mm. in diameter at the throat, the lobes broad, rounded,
0.3 mm. long, 1.2 mm. wide. Petals united into a deciduous
calyptra 2.5 mm. in diameter. Style 2 mm. long; stigma
hemispheric, 0.6 mm. in diameter.

SARAWAK, Tabwan road and- Rock road, Native collector
295, 811 (Bur, Sct.), May and June, 1911, with the local
names malaban and malaban paya.

A species readily recognizable by its short, few-flowered,
axillary and terminal cymes, straw-colored branches and
branchlets, and obscurely nerved, distinctly glandular-punctate
leaves. It is named in honor of Captain J. C. Moulton, for-
merly Director of the Sarawak Museum, who supervised the
work of our native collector.

Eugenia havilandii, sp. nov. § Syzygium.

Arbor glabra, circiter 15 m. alta, ramis ramulisque
brunneis laevibus teretibus vel ramulis leviter compressis ;
folus ellipticis, coriaceis, usque ad 13 cm. longis, utrinque acu-
minatis, in siccitate nitidis, brunneis vel supra atro-brunneis,
densinervils, subtus haud glandulosis, supra parce impresso-
punctatis, nervis primariis utrinqtfe circiter 30, tenuibus,
utrinque quam secondariis vix magis distinctioribus: inflores-
centus terminalibus, corymbosis, 3 ad 4 cm. longis, e basi
ramosis; floribus 5-meris, ad apices ramulorum confertis, om-
nibus sessilibus; alabastro obovoideo, circiter 4 mm. longo.

A glabrous tree about 15 m. high, the branches and
branchlets smooth,’ brown, terete, or the latter 1.5 to 2 mm.

Jour. Straits Branch

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA. 223

in diameter, slightly compressed. Leaves opposite, coriaceous,
elliptic, when dry brown on both surfaces, the lower surface
eglandular. and. paler than the upper which is usually dark-
brown and sparingly impressed-punctate, 9 to 13 cm. long, 4
to 6.5 em. wide, subequally narrowed to the acuminate base and
apex, the apical acumen distinct, obtuse, the midrib impressed
on the upper surface, very prominent on the lower, the lateral
nervés slender, indistinct, densely arranged, the primary ones
about 30 on each side of the midrib, about equally distinct on
both surfaces and ‘but slightly more prominent than are the
secondary ones and the reticulations, anastomosing with the
faint marginal nerves about 1 mm. from the edge of the leaf ;
petioles nearly black when dry, somewhat rugose, 5 to 7 mm.
long. Panicles corymbose, terminal, 3 to + em. long, branched
from the base, the axis and branches somewhat 4- -angled, brown,
the latter mostly trichotomous, the flowers sessile, crowded at
the apices of the ultimate branchlets, 3 to 6 on each branchlet.
Buds obovoid, about + mm. long, dark brown when dry, the
subtending bracteoles brown, ovate, acute to obtuse, 0.5 to 0.8
mm. long. Calyx-tube terete or semen Ine angled by com-
pression, narrowed below, the mouth 2.6 to 2.8 mm. in dia-
meter, the Lmb with 5, short, aa 0.2 mm. long teeth.
Petals entirely united into a calyptra 2.6 to 2.8 mm. in dia-
meter. Stamens numerous, the filaments about 5 mm. long.

SAaRAWAK, Kuching, Rock road, fifth mile, Native collec-
tor S14 (Bur. Sct.), July 21, 1911, with the native name ubah
lawang. I refer here also two sterile specimens, Sarawak Mu-
seum O64, 78, with the native names samak ubah and ubah
hatak.

The alliance of this species is apparently with Hugenia
inophylla, Roxb., from which it differs especially in its shorter
inflorescences and distinctly smaller flowers. Named in com-
memoration of Dr. G. D. Haviland, formerly director of the
Sarawak Museum.

Eugenia rufo-tomentosa, Gibbs in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 42

(1914) 77.
Jambosa hirta, Korth. in Nederl. Kruidk. Arch. 1 (1847) 200, non Hugenia

hirta, Berg.

R.

BritisH NortH Borneo, Kiau, Mount Kinabalu, and on
Mount. Kalawat, Mrs. Clemens 9973, 11160, s. n., November
and December, 1915.

This most characteristic endemic species is very similar
to the Philippine Hugenia ciliato-setosa, Merr., of Northern
Luzon, which differs notably from the Bornean species in its
glabrous calyces. From the description I can see no reason for
distinguishing Jambosa hirfa, WKorth., from Hugenia rufo-

AG SOC OINOw stds LOT.

224 ALABASTRA -BORNEENSIA.

tomentosa, Gibbs, Northals’s type being from Mount. Sakoem-
bang near Banjoewiran, Borneo; but Korthals’s specific name is
invalid i in Hugenia.

Eugenia saligna, (Miq.). C. B. Rob. in Philip. Journ. Sci.
(1909). Bot..392.0 7

Jambosa saligna, Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat 11 (1855) 432.

Hugenia tcuminatissima, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 462 (1855.) 67 non
Miq., vec Berg.

Eugenia cumingiant, Mid. ‘Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 173.

SARAWAK, Samatan, Foxworthy 143, May, 1908, locally
known as wda putt; Baram District, Miri River, Hose 533,
February, 1895.

Hugenia cumingiana, Vid., a species originally described
from Philippine material, has been reported from British
North Borneo by Miss Gibbs. A cotype of Vidal’s species is
before me, and I can detect no differences between it and
Hugena acuminatissima, (Blume) Kurz. As the latter name
is invalid in Hugenia, I have followed Robinson in accepting
the name supplied by Jambosa saligna, Miq., Miquel’s species
having been reduced by Koorders and Valeton as a synonym
of Hugenia acuminatissima, Kurz.

India to southern China through Malaya to tropical Aus-
tralia.

Eugenia rugosa, (NKorth.) comb. nov.

Syzygium rugosum, Korth. in Nederl. Kruidk. Arch. 1 (1848) 204; Walp.
Ann. 2 (1851) 630.

Eugenia varians, Miq., Anal. Bot. Ind. 1 (185V) 21, pro parte.
SARAWAK, Native collector 1775 (Bur. Sct.).

The specimen I have identified with Korthals’ species,
ereatly resembles Hugenia zeylanica, Wight, but agrees with
the short description of Syzygium rugosum, Korth., the type of
which was from Borneo, and differs notably from Bugenia.
zeylanica, Wight, in the distinctly pitted upper surface of the
leaves, and its smooth, not twberculate calyces, characters in-
dicated by Korthals. I do not consider that Miquel was
correct in referring Syzygium rugosum, Korth., together with
Myrtus zeylanica, Linn., Hugenia spicata, Lam., and Syzygvum
zeylanicum, DC., to Eugenia varians, Miq. Miquel later, Fl.
Ind. Bat. 1¢ (1855) 487, referred Syzygium rugosum, Korth
to Jambosa? bracteata, Miq., which is apparently a synonym of
Hugema zeylanica, (Linn.) Wight.

Eugenia operculata, Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 2, 2 (1832) 486.

British NortH Borneo, Mount Kinabalu, Kiau, Mrs.
Clemens 10101, November, 1915.

Jour. Straits Branch

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA, 225

India to southern China southward through the Malay
Feninsula to Java.

Eugenia cymosa, Lam., Encycl. 3 (1789) 199,

Sarawak, Mount Merinjak, Native collector 2602, 2644
Bars Se.)).

The specimens have somewhat narrower leaves than in the
typical form, and are rather prominently but obtusely caudate-
acuminate.

India through the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago to
the Moluceas.

Eugenia palembanica, (Miq.), comb. nov.

Syzygium palembanicum, Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1862) 313.
_ Eugenia lepidocarpa, Wall., Cat. (1832) no. 3618, nomen nudum.

“SARAWAK, Refuh, Native collector 2551.. (Bur... Sci.)
February-June, 1914.

The specimen, which has very young flowers, agrees closely
with material from Singapore, but even better with Van
Rossum 5 trom Biliton. 1 have adopted Miquel’s specific name
as that of Wallich is merely a nomen nudum; no description
of Wallich’s species appears to have been published until 1878

Burma to Singapore, Sumatra, Billiton and Borneo.

Eugenia densiflora, DC., Prodr. 3 (1828) 287, in syn.
Jambosa densiflora, DC. 1.c.
Myrtus densiflora, Blume, Bijar, (1826) 1087.

SARAWAK, Baram District, Mount Skiwa, I/lose 445, De-
cember, 1894.

Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Java.
Eugenia oblata, Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 2, 2 (1832) 493.

BritisH NoRTH BorNEo, Mount Kinabalu, trail to Mara
Parai Spur, Vrs. Clemens 10974, December 1, 1915.

The specimen is in fruit, but agrees in all essentials with
Indian material representing Roxburgh’s epee ee Chittagong
. to the Malay Peninsula and Java (if ‘ing s reduction of Jam-
bosa pulchella, Miq. is correct).

Eugenia clavata, (Iorth.), comb. nov.

Jambesa clavata, Korth. in Nederl. Kruidk. Arch. 1 (1847) 291 ; Walp. Ann
2 (1851) 638.

Hugenia rhododendrifolia, Mig., in Anal. Bot. Ind. 1 (1850) 19, ¢ 2.
Re eAeeisoce, UNOs Wire Loli

226 ALABASTRA~ BORNEENSIA;

- . SaRAWAK, Baram. District, Miri ‘River, Lose ‘689, He:
ak, 1895. ) K

This species is known only from Borneo. , Hugenia rhodo-
dendifolia, Mig., is based on Jambosa clavata, Korth., but
Korthals’s specific name is the valid one’ for the: ‘species.

eee chlorantha, Duthie 1 in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 2 (1878)
AST. f Bee ALE RO ae 5

SARAWAK, Siol, Native collector 2436 (Bur, Sct.), Feb-
ruary-June, 1914, flowers pale red.

The specimen agrees with King’s amplified description of
this -species and with authentically named specimens from
Penang, except in having slightly smaller: flowers and. the
calyx- tube less thickened ‘than in the typical form. Widely
distributed in the. Malay” Peninsula and* also: known from
Sumatra.. sh

Eugenia ugoensis, C. B. Rob. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909)
Bot. 389. SMR der ate ce 8 eo

BritisH Nort Bornro,.Mount Kinabalu, Marai Parat
- Spur, Mrs. Clemens 10973, December 1, 1915, altitude about
2000 meters. Th Pa |

_ The specimen agrees entirely with ! Robinson's ty pe except
in its slightly more slender branchlets. Otherwise known only
from the higher mountains of the northern Luzon.

Eugenia lineata, (Blume), Duthie in Hook, f., Fl, Brit. Ind. 2
(1878) 487.

eae AWAK, Hewitt, April, 1906; nape rales 268): 421,
442 470, 1692, 2006, 2771 (Bur. Sci.) ; Baram, Hose 32).

This species is widely distributed in the Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago, extending through Sumatra, Borneo, and
Java,-apparently to the Moluceas.

Eugenia besukiensis, (Hassk. ye comb. nov.

Micro jambosa besukiensis, Hassk. ex Miq , Fi. Ind. Bat. ‘Suppl. dee?) 311-
in- syn.

Jambosa buxifolia, Miq., Fl. Ind, Bat, 11 eee 1086, non Bugenia buat:

- folua, Wiild.

: SARAWAK, Siol, Sarawak Museum 70, with the local name

ubah bett; Brivis Norru Borneo, Sandakan, Villamil 114,
1916, rocky places near the seashore, Mrs. Clemens 9509, De-
cember 21, 1915, on banks near the beach.

This very characteristic species was originally, described by
Miquel from specimens collected in Bangka, but Miquel’s
specific name is untenable in Hugenta. eet
Jour. Straits Branch

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA. 297

Eugenia zeylanica, (Linn.) Wight, Ic. 1 (1840)

Susygium zeylanicum, DC., Prodr. 3 (1828) 260.
EHugewa varians, Miq., in Anal. Bot. Ind. 1 (1850) 21, excl. syn. Syzygium
rugosum, Korth.

SaRawak, Native collector 262, 476, 1117, 1458, 1854
(Bir Ses). |

The specimens agree closely with material from the Malay
Peninsula and India as w ell as with the descriptions of the
above species.

India and Ceylon through the Malay Peninsula to Suma-
tra, Borneo, and Java.

Tristania, R. Brown.

Tristania anomala, sp. nov.

Arbor glabra, inflorescentiis parce adpresse pubescentibus
exceptis; ramis teretibus, ramulis distincte trigonis; folis
alternis, coriaceis, usque ad 2.5 cm. longis, oblongo-obovatis,
obtusis, basi cuneatis, nitidis, costa supra impressa, subtus
prominente, nervis lateralibus circiter 10, obscuris, interdum
subobsoletis vel obsoletis; inflorescentiis terminalibus axillari-
busque, pedunculatis, 2 ad 4+ cm. longis, partibus junioribus
‘parce pubescentibus ; floribus 5-meris, urceolatis, 2 mm. longis;
petalis 5, suborbicularis, 0.8 mm. diametro; staminibus 5, op-
positipetalis.

‘A tree, glabrous except the younger parts of the inffores-
cence. Branches terete, grayish-brown, the bark somewhat
wrinkled, the branchlets triangular, reddish-brown. Leaves
alternate, coriaceous, oblong-obovate, obtuse, narrowed to the
cuneate base, margin slightly recurved, 1.7 to 2.5 em. long, 8
to 14 mm. wide, the upper surface minutely pitted, pale-oli-
vaceous or brownish when dry, shining, the midrib impressed
on the upper surface, rather prominent beneath; lateral nerves
about 10 on each side of the midrib, slender, obscure, some-
times obsolete or nearly so, anastomosing with the equally ob-
-scure marginal nerves; petioles about 2 mm. long. Cymes
terminal and in the upper axils, peduncled, 2 to 4°cm. long,
2 cm. wide or less, the younger parts sparingly appressed-
pubescent. Flowers urceolate, 2 mm. long and wide, pedi-
celled, sparingly appressed-pubescent externally, yellowish.
Calyx teeth 5, triangular, acute, 0.3 mm. long. Petals 5, sub-
orbicular, about 0.8 mm. in diameter. Stamens one opposite
each petal; filaments glabrous, 0.4 mm. long. Fruit unknown.

SARAWAK, summit of Mount Murud, Native collector 2868
(Bur. Sci.) (Original number 122), December 1, 1914.
Res Soc.) Nios "7 7), 1917.

228 ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA.

This species, like the next, is anomalous in T’ristania, by,
having but a single stamen opposite each petal, and this cha-
racter alone might be deemed sufficiently important to warrant
describing the present species'as a new generic type. How-
ever, as the fruits are unknown, and as in all other characters
the plant corresponds with T’ristania, I have so described it.
In some species of Tristania the reduction of the number of
stamens is very marked; I have a specimen of 7’. sumatrana,
Miquel, from Billiton in which there are but two or three
stamens opposite each petal, while in the Philippine T. decor-
ticata there are but three stamens opposite each petal, so that
it is not surprising to find a plant that is a T’ristania in all
respects, except its stamens, in which the reduction in the
number of stamens has gone to the extreme of one stamen for
each petal.

Tristania pentandra, sp. nov.

Frutex 2 ad 3 m. altus novellis inflorescentiisque exceptis
glaber; folus alternis, oblongis ad oblanceolatis, coriaceis, in
siccitate brunneis, nitidis, usque ad 9 cm. longis, utrinque sub-
aequaliter angustatis acuminatisque, haud puncticulatis,
nervis utrinque circiter 18, adscendentibus, tenuibus, obscuris ;
inflorescentiis axillaribus, pubescentibus, pedunculatis, circiter
2.5 cm. longis; foribus 5-meris, 2 mm. longis, staminibus De
ovario 3- loculare..

A shrub 2 to 3 m. high, the younger branchlets and
inflorescences brown- _pubescent, the very young leaves spar-
ingly pubescent, otherwise glabrous. Branches terete, dark-
brown, the branchlets nearly black when dry, irregularly
angled or subterete. Leaves crowded, alternate, oblong to
oblanceolate, brown and somewhat shining when dry, not
glandular- puncticulate, oO Wo oY Oia. long, 1S “to; 2roe em
wide, subequally narrowed and acuminate at both ends, the
apex blunt-acuminate; midrib impressed on the upper surface,
prominent beneath, the lateral nerves slender, obscure, ascend-
ing, about 18 on each side of the midrib, anastomosing with
the slender submarginal.veins about 1 mm. from the edge of
the leaf. Cymes in the uppermost axils, peduneled,~ brown-
pubescent, about 2.5 cm. long, 1 to 1.5 cm. wide, the flowers
rather numerous, crowded, 5-merous, their pedicels 1.5 to 2
mm. long. Calyx pubescent, 2 mm. long and wide, sub-
turbinate or turbinate-urceolate, the teeth triangular, acute,
0.5 mm. long.’ Petals 35, orbicular- obovate, alabrous, 1mm
long, rounded. Stamens one opposite each petal, their fila-
ments glabrous, 0.8 mm. long. Ovary pubescent, 3-celled.

SARAWAK, Mount Poe, Foxworthy 37S, June %, 1908,
near the summit, altitude about 1700 meters, the flowers yel-
low, fragrant. Known to the Dyaks as bindang.

, Jour. Straits Branch

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA. 229°

This species strongly resembles the Philippine Tristania
decorticata, Merr., and has been so reported by Robinson.*
However, it is at once distinguishable from the Philippine
species by its solitary stamens opposite each petal, a character
unknown in the genus 7’ristania except in the present species
and in 7. anomala, Merr.. It is readily distinguished from the
latter by its much larger, differently shaped leaves.

Tristania clementis, sp. nov.

ve

Arbor parva, glabra ramulis junioribus. exceptis in-
florescentiisque minute adpresseque cupreo- -pubescentibus ;
folus subcoriaceis, oblongo-obovatis, nitidis, usque ad 7.5 cm.
longis, obtusis ad late obtuseque acuminatis, basi cuneatis,
margine leviter recurvatis, subtus distinete punctictlatis,
nervis primariis utrinque circiter 15 tenuibus; inflorescentis
axillaribus, pedunculatis, circiter 3 cm. longis, dichotomis ;
floribus 5-meris, circiter 3 mm. diametro, petalis aa orbis
culari-obovatis, minute crenulatis; staminibus 25 vel 30 in
phalangibus 5- vel G6-andris dispositis; ovario pubescente, 3-
loculare.

A small tree, glabrous except the minutely appressed-.
cupreous-pubescent branchlets and inflorescences. Brancheg

terete, dark reddish-brown or nearly black when dry, the

branchlets more or less compressed-angular, reddish- brown.

pw

Leaves subcoriaceous, oblong-obovate, 5 to i.o cm. long, 1.5 to

(9)

3 em. wide, the upper surface greenish-olivaceous and shining
When dry, minutely and obscurely puncticulate, the lower

surface pale- brownish, distinetly glandular-punctate, apex ob-

tuse to broadly and_ shortly blunt- acuminate, base cuneate,
margins somewhat recurved; lateral nerves about 15 on each
side of the midrib, slender, not prominent, obscurely anas-
tomosing with the marginal nerves about 1 mm. from the edge
of the leaf; petioles brown, 5 to 9 mm. long. Cymes in the
upper axils, about 3 em. long, peduncled, dichotomous, minute-
ly appressed-pubescent with cupreous hairs, rather few-
flowered. Flowers 5-merous, about 3 mm. long and_ wide,
their pedicels 1.5 to 2 mm. long, somewhat crowded on the
ultimate branchlets. Calyx turbinate, slightly pubescent, the
teeth 5, very broad, shallow, subacute. Petals glabrous, dull
white, orbicular-obovate, rounded, minutely crenulate, 1.2 mm.
long. Stamens in five phalanges opposite the petals, 5 or 6
in each group, the filaments 0.5 to 1 mm. long, united and
sparingly pubescent below. Ovary sparingly pubescent, 3-
celled; style glabrous, 1 mm. long.

British Norru Borneo, Jesselton, Mrs. Clemens 9570,
October 28, 1915, on hillsides near dwellings, cultivated, the
bark shedding like that of Hucalyptus.

* Philip. Journ. Sci, 4 (1909) Bot. 324.

A. Soc., No. 77, 1917.

230

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA.

This species differs from 7'ristania obovata, R. Br., in its
smaller, narrower, differently shaped, not retuse leaves, in its
sparingly pubescent, not glabrous calyces, its more numerous ~
stamens, and its minutely crenulate, not sharply toothed
petals. From 7. merguensis, Griff., it differs in its much
smaller flowers and in numerous other characters.

Tetraeugenia, genus novum.
(Wyrtoideae-M yrteae-Hugeninae ).

Calycts tubus oblongo-obovoideus, deorsum angustatus,
supra ovarium leviter productus : hmbi segmenta 4, “minuta.
Petala conniventia et in calvptram connata. Stamina 4, libra,
filamentis brevissimis, calycis limbum haud superantia; an-
therae parvae, loculis Jongitudinaliter dehiscentes. Ova-
rium 2-loculare. Arbor (vel frutex) glabra. Folia opposita,
glanduloso-punctata, penninervia, nervis distantibus. pro-
minentibus, arcuato-anastomosantibus. Flores minimi axillares
terminalesque, fasciculati vel in cymis depauperatis dispositi.

Tetraeugenia caudata, sp. nov.

Arbor (vel frutex) glabra, ramis ramulisque tenuibus,

teretibus: folis papvraceis, ovato-ellipticis, in ‘siccitate oliva-

ceis, nitidis, usque ad 11 cm. longis, pellucido-punctatis, basi
acutis, apice longe tenuiterque caudato-acuminatis, nervis
utrinque 8 ad 10 subtus prominentibus distantibus arcuato-
anastomosantibus; floribus paucis, minutis, axillaribus ter-
minalibusque, oblongo-obovoideis, 2.3 ad 3 mm. longis, fasel-
culatis vel in cymis Vv valde depauperatis dispositis ; calyce minute
4-denticulato.

A glabrous tree or shrub, the branches and branchlets
ress terete, 1 to 1.5 mm. in diameter, the former pale, the
latter brown and sometimes slightly flattened at the nodes.
Leaves opposite, chartaceous, olivaceous, somewhat shining and
of about the same color on both surfaces when dry, ovate-
elliptic, 7 to 11 em. long, 3 to +.5 em. wide, base acute or some-:
what acuminate, apex slenderly caudate- deuminene: the acumen
1.5 to 2.5 em. long, blunt, minutely pellucid-punctate. the
glands evident on the upper surface, obsolete on the lower sur-
face; lateral nerves 8 to 10 on each side of the midrib, pro-
minent on the lower surface, straight, anastomosing with the
somewhat arched and equally prominent marginal nerves 3 to
7 mm. from the edge of the leaf; petioles 1 cm. long o7 less.
Flowers axillary and terminal, few, fascicled or in very de-
pauperate cymes, oblong-obovoid, 2.5 to 3 mm. long, Inds
rounded, tapering below, the subtending bracteoles ovat2-Jan-
ceolate, acuminate, about 1 mm. long. Calyx-teeth -t, minute.

Jour. Straits Branch -

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA. 231
_ Petals united into a deciduous calyptra about 1 mm, in
diameter. Stamens 4, not exceeding the calyx-rim in length.

SARAWAK, Baram District, Mount Trekan, /fose 6, July,
1895, altitude about 600 meters. . :

On first studying the above specimen I was disposed to
place it in the genus Aphanomyrtus, but it differs so radicatiy
from all the described species of this genus and of its synonym
Pseudoeugenia, that it manifestly is worthy of consideration as
a distinct generic type. Distinguishing characters are ifs laxly
veined leaves, its four stamens, and its petals being un'ted into
a distinct calyptra as in Syzygium. It apparently holds a!-out
the same relationship to Syzygium as Aphanomyrtus docs to
Jambosa.

E LOGANIACEAE.
| Fagraea, Thunberg.

‘This’ genus is apparently well developed in Borneo, for a
number of species have been described already from the compac-
atively small Bornean collections available to botanists in the past
sixty-five years. The following species have been described from
Bornean material: Fagraea borneensis, Scheff., F’. coarctata, Blume
(=F. racemosa, Jack, fide King), F’. cordifolia, Blume, F’. crassipes,
Benth (=F. cuspidata, Blume, fide Boerlage), F’. cuspidata, Blume,
F. heterophylla, Blume, F’. ligustrina, Blume, I’. macroscypia.
Baker, #. minor, Blume, F’. robusta, Blume ( = F. racemosa, Jack,
fide King), F’. spicata, Baker, and F’. splendens, Blume (=F. ros-
trata, Blume, fide Miquel); also there is F. stenophylla, Becc.,
named, but as vet undescribed. In addition to these a few other
species have been credited to Borneo by various authors, including
Fagraea racemosa, Jack, (F. morindaefolia, Blume), and F. lito-
ralis, Blume, var. forstentt, Miq. From a study of our own Bornean
collections, however, it is evident that many forms of this charac-
teristic genus still remain to be described, for these comparatively
small collections present no less than fourteen distinct species of
the genus. A number of. these I have been able to determine as
species previously described by other authors, but five are apparent-
ly worthy of description as new svecies.

Fagraea grandifolia, sp. nov.

Species Ff’. racemosae affinis, differt foliis majoribus, nervis
magis numerosis, utrinque 10 ad 12; folis ellipticis ad ob-
longo-ellipticis, coriaceis, pallide brunneis, usque ad 35 cm.
longis, apice abrupte brevissime et obtuse acuminatis,
basi subrotundatis; inflorescentiis 20 ad 30 em. longis, longe
pedunculatis, cymis oppositis, distantibus, pauctfloris, inferior-
ibus pedunculatis, superioribus sessilibus ; floribus cireiter 2.5
cm. longis, longe pedicellatis.

a Ae SOC INOS dieu Lola

232

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA.

Branches and branchlets terete, brown, the ultimate ones
about 5 mm. in diameter. Leaves coriaceous, pale-brownish on
both surfaces when dry, slightly shining, 27 to 35 cm. long, 14 .
to 17 em. wide, apex abruptly and shortly obtuse-acuminate, the
acumen about 5 mm. long, the base somewhat rounded, elliptic
to obleng-elliptic; lateral nerves 10 to 12 on each side of the
midrib, prominent on the lower surface, curved, the reticul-
ations obsolete or very lax and indistinct on the upper ‘surface ;
petioles about 2 cm. long. Inflorescences terminal, including
the peduncles 20 to 30 em. long, the peduncles about as long as
the flower-bearing parts, the flowers in distant opposite cymes,
the lower cymes peduncled and about 5 em. long, the upper
sessile, all few-flowered. Flowers 5-merous, about 2.5 em.
long, their pedicels 5 to 15 mm. long. Calyx cup-shaped, about
6 mm. long, the lobes, broad, rounded. Corolla-tube about 2.2
em. long, gradually widened upward, the lobes elliptic, rounded,
spreading, about 7 mm. long. :

SARAWAK, Baram District, Miri River, Hos se 742, April
POS, 2 ere.

The alliance of this species is manifestly with Fagraea
racemosa, Jack, from which it is readily distinguished by its
larger more numerously nerved leaves, long peduncled, lax in-
florescences, the opposite cymes rather widely separated, the
lower ones peduncled and the upper ones sessile, few-flowered,
the flowers rather long-pedicelled.

Fagraea acuminatissima, sp. nov.

Species F’. obovatae affinis, ramis ramulisque brunneis,
teretibus; folis coriaceis, oblongo-elliptias, usque ad 20 em.
longis, eveniis, basi acutis, apice tenuiter acute caudato-acu-
minatis, opacis, in siccitdte brunneis vel supra subolivaceis ;
petiolo 2.5 ad 5 cm. longo; inflorescentus terminalibus, sessi-
hibus vel brevissime pedunculatis, umbellatim 3- ad 5-floris;
floribus sessilibus, circiter 5 cm. longis; calycis lobis ovatis, ob-
tusis, circiter 6 mm. longis; corollae tubo circiter 3 em. longo,
sursum ampliato, lobis patulis, oblongis, obtusis, circiter 15
em. longis.

Apparently scandent, entirely glabrous, the branches and
branchlets terete, dark-brown, the ultimate ones + to 5 mm. in
diameter, smooth. leaves thickly coriaceous, oblong-elliptic,
14 to 20. cm. long, 4.5 to 6 em. wide, base acute, apex rather
abruptly and slenderly caudate- acuminate, the acumen acute,
about 2 cm. long, the upper surface brown or somewhat oli-
vaceous, dull, the lower brown, both surfaces minutely verru-
culose when dry, the midrib very prominent on the lower sur-
face, the nerves and retic ulations obsolete ; petioles 2.5 to 5 em;
long ; stipules broadly triangular-ovate, about 4 mm. long.

Jour. Straits Branch

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA. 233

Flowers terminal, about 5 em. long, 5-merous, subumbellately
arranged, sessile, 3 to 5 at the apex of each branchlet, the in-
florescence sessile or very shortly peduneled, the bracts cori-
aceous, acuminate, ovate- lanceolate, 4 to 5 mm. long, the two
bracteoles subtending each flower similar but much smaller.
Calyx 10 to 11 mm. ‘long, t the lobes ovate, obtuse, 6 mm. long.
Corolla-tube about 3 em. long, slender below, g gradually widened
in the upper one-half and about 7 mm. in diameter at the
throat; lobes spreading, oblong, en about 1.5 cm. long;
anthers somewhat exserted, about 2 mm. long.

NARAWAK, Matang road, Native collector 686 (Bur. Scv.),
June 29, 1911, with the local name n yatu. Perhaps referable
here is Lose 4 AG from the Baram District, April, 1895, of which
I have a very fragmentary specimen. In this specimen the
leaves are relatively wider, about 14 cm. long and 7 em. wide,
while the flower is slightly longer than in the type, the corolla
being 5.5 em. in length.

The alliance of this species is manifestly with Fagraea
obovata, Wall., from which it is distinguished by its differently
shaped, slenderly and acutely caudate-acuminate leaves. By
the latter character it is also distinguished from the Bornean
species, Pagraea heterophylla, Blume, Ff. rostrata, Blume, and
FF’, splendens, Blume.

Fagraea involucrata, sp. nov.

Glabra, ramis ramulisque teretibus; foliis oblongis ad
oblongo-ellipticis, crasse coriaceis, usque ad 22 cm. longis, in
siccitate supra atro-brunneis, subtus brunneis, opacis, apice
abrupte et tenuiter acute acuminatis, basi acutis vel decurrento-
acuminatis, nervis utrinque circiter 10, supra obscuris, subtus
prominentibus; strpulis subreniformibus, coriaceis, reflexis,
eirciter 1.5 em. latis; foribus terminalibus, solitariis, sessilibus,
circiter 20 em. longis, bracteolis 4 elliptico-ovatis acutis vel
-acuminatis crasse coriaceis circiter 4 cm. longis calycem in-
volucrantibus; calycis tubo vix 1 cm. longo, lobis oblongo-
ovatis, acuminatis, coriaceis, 6 cm. longis; corolla alba, tubo a6
cm. longo, sursum ampliato, Icbis patulis vel reflexis, ovatis,
3.0 ad 4 cm. longis; antherts exsertis, 1 cm. longis.

Glabrous, the branches and branchlets terete, dark-colored
when dry, the ultimate ones 6 to 8 mm. in diameter, smooth.
Leaves thickly coriaceous, minutely verruculose on both sur-
faces when dry, dull, oblong to oblong-elliptic, 14 to 22 cm.

ong S.u© So tein. yy ide, the upper surface blackish-brown when
dry, ‘the lower brown, apex rather abruptly and slenderly acute-
acuminate, the acumen about 1 em. long, base acute to some-
what decurrent- acuminate, the midrib prominent on both sur-
faces; lateral nerves a about 10 on each side of the midrib, very

‘R. A. Soc., No. 77, 1917.

234

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA.

obscure on the upper surface, very prominent on the lower sur-
face, dark-brown in contrast to the paler epidermis, spreading,
slightly curved, scarcely anastomosing, the reticulations ob-
solete; peticles 1.5 to 2.5 cm. long; stipules subreniform, cori-
aceous, reflexed, persistent, about 1.5 om. wide and 1 em lone:
Flowers terminal, sessile, solitary, white, the calyx subtended
and enclosed by an involucre of four, thickly coriaceous, brown
(when dry), acute to acuminate bracteoles about 4 cm. long
and 2 to 2.5 cm. wide which closely invest the calyx. Calyx 7
cm. long, the tube broad, scarcely 1 cm. in length, the lobes
brown when dry, thickly coriaceous, oblong-ovate, acuminate, 6
em. long, 2.0 to 3 cm. wide, imbricate. Corolla-tube thickly
coriaceous, 15 cm. long, dark-brown when dry, when somewhat
flattened 8 mm. wide at the base and 3 cm. wide at the apex,
the lobes 5, spreading or recurved, coriaceous, ovate, rounded,
3.5 to + em. long. Anthers somewhat exserted, oblong- -ellip-
soid, 1 cm. long.

Sarawak, Mount Sudan, Native collector 2088 (Bur.
Sci.) February-June, 1914.

This remarkable species is manifestly allied to Magraea
macroscy pha, Baker, and in fact I first referred it to Baker's
species. It differs in its distinctly acuminate, not acute, larger
leaves, larger calyx, and corolla, and perhaps in other charac-
ters. Baker’s description i 1s imperfect i In some respects, and he
cloes not indicate the number of bracteoles in his species.

Fagraea cymosa, sp. nov.

Arbor parva, glabra, ramis ramulisque teretibus, glauco-
pruinosis, vel ramulis junioribus brunneis et leviter compressis 5

folus late ovatis, vel elliptico-ovatis, crasse coriaceis, usque ad

23 cm. longis, in siccitate brunneis, apice abrupte acuminatis,
basi late trunca to-rotundatis, nervis utrinque 6 ad 8, promin-
entibus ; inflorescentus terminalibus, cymosis, diffusis, usque ad
11 cm. longis, breviter pedunculatis, dichotomis; floribus 2 vel
3 in ramulis ultimis dispositis, longe pedicellatis, circiter 5.5
cm. longis. Species #’. racemosae, Jack, affinis.

A small glabrous tree, the branches and branchlets terete,
elaucous-pruinose, or the younger Deamenley brown and some-
what compressed, the ultimate ones 3 to 5 mm. in diameter.
Leaves brown when dry, thickly Sanco slightly shining,
broadly ovate to elliptic-ovate, 17 to 23 em. long, 11 to 15 em.
wide, apex abruptly acuminate, base broadly rounded-trunecate ;
lateral nerves 6 to 8 on each side of the midrib, prominent,
anastomosing, the reticulations lax, indistinct; petioles brown
or pruinose, about 1 cm. long. Cymes terminal, ee dicho-
tomous, up to 11 ‘em in length, ‘the peduncles 1 5 10 3.5 “cm,
long, the ultimate branches of the cymes bearing 2 or 3, long-

Jour. Straits Branch

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA. 2

pedicelled, white, 5-merous flowers, the bracteoles broad,
rounded, coriaceous, 2 to 3 mm. long, the pedicels 1.5 to 2.5
em. long. Calyx about 1 em. long, brown when dry, base
cuneate, the lobes broadly-ovate to suborbicular, rounded, about
5 mm. long. Corolla 5 cm. long, narrowed below, the lobes
broadly ovate, rounded, about 1 cm. long; anthers slightly ex-
serted, about 6 mm. long.

Britist NortH Borneo, Jesselton, Mrs. Clemens 9627,
December 14, 1915, on hills near the seashore; ‘‘ also seen at
Reta 0 am disposed to refer here also the following speci-
mens from Sarawak: Nate collctor 383, 776 (Bur. Sa)
May, 1911, with the native name sukung. ‘These two speci-
mens differ from the type in having somewhat smaller flowers,
the corolla about 3.5 cm. in length, but im other characters
closely approximate it.

The alliance of this species is manifestly with Fagraea
racemosa, Jack, from which it is distinguished by its much
shorter, cymose, rather diffuse inflorescences and long-pedi-
celled flowers. It differs from the other Bornean species In
this group, namely Fagraea coarctata, Blume, I’. crassipes,
Benth., #. cuspidata, Blume, and /. robusta, Blume, in its
shortly peduncled inflorescence es Which are cymose, not race-
mose in arrangement.

Fagraea uniflora, sp. nov.

R.

Frutex scandens, ramis ramulisque teretibus; folws ob-
longis, coriaceis, 1n siccitate atro-brunneis, usque ad 14 cm.
longis, basi acutis, apice tenuiter acute acuminatis, nervis
utrinque circiter 7, tenuibus, valde obscuris vel subobsoletis ;
floribus solitariis, terminalibus, pallide luteis, breviter pedi-
cellatis, bibracteolatis, circiter 13 cm. longis; calyce 3 cm.
longo, lobis 6 ovato- ellipticis, circiter 1 cm. longis, coriacels ;
corollae tubo 8 ad 9 cm. longo, lobis 8 vel 9 oblongis vel
leviter oblongo-obovatis, obtusis, coriaceis, circiter + cm.
longis.

A scandent shrub, apparently epiphytic, glabrous.
Branches and branchlets terete, nearly black when dry, the
ultimate ones about 4 mm. in diameter. Leaves coriaceous,
oblong, 12 to 14 em. long, 3.8 to 5 em. wide, the apex rather
slenderly acute-acuminate, base acute, margins slightly re-
curved, the upper surface blackish-brown when dry, slightly
shining, the lower paler, both minutely verruculose, ‘the mid-
rib prominent on both surfaces; lateral nerves about 7 on each
side of the midrib, be slender, obscure, sometimes obsolete
or nearly so; petioles 1.5 to 2 em. long, black when dry, base
somewhat dilated and clasping the stem. Flow er pale-yellow,
fragrant, when dry dark-brown, terminal, solitary, the pedicel

eS OCs nee NOs (iG, pae9 lene

236

ALABASTRA_ BORNEENSIA.

stout, nearly 1 ecm. long, bibracteolate, the bracteoles cori-
aceous, very broad, vould ae about 3 mm. long. Calyx 5 em.
long, We lobes 6, ovate-elliptic, obtuse, coriaceous, about 1 em.
long. Coroila-tube 8 to 9 cm. long, 5 to 6 mm. in diameter
below, somewhat widened upward, the lobes 8 or 9, oblong or
somewhat oblong-obovate, coriaceous, obtuse, about 4+ em. long,
1 to 1.3 cm. wide. ‘Anthers linear lanceolate, 1 em. long,
shghtly exserted. |

SARAWAK, Santubong, Morworthy 114, May 15, 1908)
known to the Dyaks as numpang.

A very characteristic: species on account of its large,
solitary, terminal, shortly pedicelled flowers, its six calyx-
lobes, ‘and 8 or 9 corolla lobes, these floral characters. deing
anomalous in the genus. It is perhaps as closely allied to
Fagraea monantha, Miq., as to any other species, but does not
conform to Miquel’s imperfect description in its terete
branches, longer petioles, pedicelled fiowers, and 6-merous
calyx. “Miq uel does not describe the corolla of his species.

Fagraea stenophyila, Becc., Nelle Foreste di Borneo (1902)

524, fig. 65, 1 (opp. p. 402), nomen nudum.

Glabra, ramis ramulisque teretibus, circiter 5 mm. dia-
metro, ramulis in siccitate pallidis; foliis anguste lanceolatis.
coriaceis, circiter 25 em. longis et 2 cm. latis, tenuiter acu-
minatis, basi cuneatis, nervis utrinque circiter 12, obscuris
vel interdum obsoletis; inflorescentus terminalibus, racemosis,
pedunculatis, paucifloris; floribus 5-meris, ad nodos inferiores
38—2, ad superiores 1. Species F. racemosae similis.

Fagara stenophylla, Becc., as originally used, is a nomen
nudum, it being unaccompanied by any word of description,
but merely by the citation of Beccari 3863, as representing
Tey ilove figure cited is a photographic reproduction of a
single leaf, from which the species is determinable in -con-
nection with other Bornean material representing it. The
species is manifestly in the group with Magraea racemosa,
Jack, and is well characterized by its very narrow leaves. The
short description given above is based on Native collector 2828
(Bur. Sci.) from ‘Selungo, Upper Baram, Sarawak, November
26, 1914. :

agen fragrans, Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 2, 1 (1832) 461.

Sarawak, Native collector 685 (Bur, Sct.), July, 1911,
with the native name tibuan: BrrrisH NortH Borneo, Jessel-
ton, Mrs. Clemens 9563, October, 1915, on hillsides, abundant

Malay. Peninsula. and Sumatra, Java, (cultivated),
through Borneo to Palawan, the Calamianes Islands, and Min-
doro in the Philippines.

Jour. Straits Branch

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA. 237

Fagraea speciosa, Blume, Rumphia 2 (1836) 35, t. 81
Cyrtophyllum speciosum, Blume, Bijdr. (1826) 1022.

British Norri Borneo, Sandakan, Villamil 202, 251
bis, January and November, 1916, with flowers and fruits.

The specimens here referred to Blume’s species differ
from the typical form in some slight characters, but I believe
belong here. Java to the Moluccas.

Fagraea spicata, Baker in Kew Bull. (1896)

British NorrH Borneo, Sandakan, Villamil 293, Janu-
ary, 1917, in brush-land at low altitudes; Mrs. Clemens 9453,
October, 1915, with narrower leaves than the typical form.

This endemic species, alhed to Fagraea racemosa, Jack, is
well characterized by its condensed spicate inflorescences.

Fagraea cuspidata, Blume, Mus. Bot. 1 (1850) 170,

SARAWAK, Native collector 1669, 1812, 1940, 2787 (Bur.
Sc.) ; British NortH Borneo, Tenom, Villami, 331, April
on JEDI

The type of Pagraea cusmdata, Blume, was from Borneo,
while that of #’. crassipes, Benth., was from Labuan. SBoerlage
has reduced Bentham’s species to Blume’s as a synonym, and
after an.attentive comparison of the descriptions. with each
other and with the Bornean specimens cited above, I consider
that he is correct. Boerlage also places Fagraea robusta,
Blume, here, and, with doubt, “F. appendiculata, Blume. King,
however, has referred the first to f. racemosa, Jack. Typical
Fagraea racemosa, Jack, is not represented in our Bornean col-
lections, although it unquestionably occurs in the Island.

APOCYNACEAE.
Alyxia, Banks.

Alyxia pachyphylla, sp. nov.

Frutex scandens, ramulis et foliis junioribus et inflorescen-
tiis plus minusve pubescentibus; ramis teretibus, glabris vel
subglabris, ramulis distincte +4 angulatis, seabridis, leviter
pubescentil pus; foliis 4-natis, crasse coriaceis, ellipticis ad ob-
longo- ellipticis, usque ad 4.5 cm. longis, apice rotundatis, basi
acutis vel subacutis, subolivaceis, nitidis, margine valde recur-

vatis, nervis utrinque circiter 15 supra obscuris subtus ob-
soletis; cymis axillaribus, pedunculatis, paucifloris, 1 ad 2 cm.
longis; floribus circiter 8 mm. longis; corolla extus glabra;
ovario dense pubescente.

mRoeACe Soc. Nol ti; 191%.

238

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA.

A scandent shrub, the younger parts and inflorescences
more or less pubescent. Branches terete, reddish-brown.
smooth or scabrid, about 3 mm. in diameter, the branchlets
prominently 4-angled, scabrid and pubescent with short
spreading hairs, the internodes 2 to 7 cm. long. Leaves in
whorls of fours, elliptic to oblong-elliptic, very thickly cori-
aceous, 3 to 4.5 cm. long. 1.2 to 2 em. wide, apex rounded, base
acute or subacute, the margins very strongly recurved, the very
young ones pubescent on both surfaces with scattered, short
spreading hairs. the older ones entirely glabrous, upper surface
olivaceous. shining, the lower paler, the midrib here very pro-
minent, the nerves and reticulations obsolete, the upper surface
with about 15 pairs of faint nerves spreading at an angle of
90°, slightly impressed; petioles 3 to 5 mm. long. Cymes
axillary, peduncled, few-flowered, cinereous-pubescent, their
peduncles 5 to 10 mm. long. Flowers white, 3 to 5 on each
peduncle, the bracts oblong-ovate to ovate, subobttse, 1.5 mm.
long, the bracteoles similar, smaller, sparingly pubescent.
Calyx 2 mm. long, the lobes 5, ovate, obtuse, pubescent, 1 mm.
long. ‘Corolla-tube about 6 mm. long, glabrous externally,
pubescent within, the lobes broadly ovate, spreading, obtuse,
2mm. long. Anthers 1 mm. long. Ovary densely pubescent;
style glabrous, 3 mm. long.

SaARAWAK, Mount Santubong, Native collector 2224 (Bur.
Sct.), February-June, 1914.

A very strongly characterized species apparently most
closely allied to Alyzia oleifolia, King & Gamble, of the Malay
Peninsula, differing, however, in its smaller leaves which are
rounded at the apex, pubescent cymes, broad calyx lobes, and
other characters.

Alyxia odorata, Wall., Cat. (1829) No. 1606; King & Gamble in

Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 74? (1907) 418.

SARAWAK, Matang Road, Native collector 857 (Bur. Sci.),
August 11, 1911, with the native name patuk manuk.

The identification has been made from the description
given by King and Gamble; the Bornean specimen, cited above,
differs in having the leaves distinctly acuminate. ‘Tenasserim
to Malacca and Singapore.

RUBIACEAE.
Timonius, de Candolle.

In 1909 Dr. Th. Valeton* published a consideration of the

Malayan species of Timontus in which he recognized thirty-three

*Valeton, Th. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Gattung Timonius. Bull.
Dépt. Agr. Ind. Neerl. 26 (1909) 1-61.

Jour. Straits Branch

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA. 239

species, of which nine were credited to Borneo. In our own collec-
tions of Bornean plants wo less than thirteen distinct species are
represented, some of the specimens manifestly pertaining to forms
described by Valeton, others representing characteristic and strongly
marked species that I cannot refer to any known forms of the genus.
In 1909 but about six species of the genus were known from the
‘Philippines, but the Philippine list to-day approximates twenty dis-
tinct forms, and current collections indicate that the list will be
considerably increased as botanical exploration of the Archipelago
progresses. It is not surprising, then, that a number of undescribed
forms should be found in our comparatively small collections of
Bornean plants, and it is confidently expected that a continued
botanical exploration of Borneo will yield many other species of
this characteristic genus.

Timonius hosel, sp. noy.

Arbor, ramulis et inflorescentiis et foliis pubescentibus ;
foluis oppositis, oblanceolatis ad oblongo oblanceolatis, petiol-
atis, usque ad 20 cm. longis, chartaceis ad subcoriaceis, apice
brev iter acute acuminatis, baci cradatim angustatis, cuneatis, in
siccitate pallidis, utrinque praesertim ad costam nervosque bre-
viter pubescentibus; nervis utrinque 14 ad 16, prominentibus,
venis subparallelis; stipulis ovato-lanceolatis, circiter 1.8 cm.
longis, acuminatis, extus pubescentibus, intus dense pallide ad-
presse-hirsutis ; wnflorescentus ¢ axillaribus, confertis, brevis-
sime pedunculatis, plerumque trichotomis; floribus 5-meris
circiter 1.5 mm. longis.

A tree, the branches terete, pale, glabrous, the branchlets
rather densely ferruginous-pubescent with short hairs. Leaves
opposite, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, oblanceolate to oblong-
oblanceolate, 16 to 20 cm. long, 5 to 8 cm. wide, the apex
shortly and acutely acuminate, gradually narrowed in the lower
one-half or two-thirds to the cuneate base, pale when dry,
shghtly shining, of about the same color on both surfaces, the
upper surface densely brown-pubescent on the midrib and
lateral nerves with short hairs and with scattered ones on the
epidermis, the lower surface rather uniformly pubescent on the
midrib, nerves, and reticulations with similar but pale-brownish
hairs; lateral nerves 14 to 16 on each side of the midrib, pro-
minent, slightly curved, anastomosing, the primary reticul-
ations distinct on the lower surface, parallel or subparallel ;
petioles densely pubescent, 1 to 1.4 em. long; stipules ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, about 1.8 cm. long, externally pubes-
cent, internally densely appressed-hirsute with pale hairs.
Staminate inflorescences axillary, dense, including the flowers
3 em. long or less, rather uniformly and ‘densely pubescent with
pale yellowish- brown hairs, sessile or very shortly peduneled,
usually trichotomous, the branches dichotomous or tricho-

Ry A) Soc, No. 7%, V907.

240 ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA.

tomous; bracts broadly ovate, acuminate, pubescent, 5 to 6
mm. long, the bracteoles similar but smaller. Flowers 5-
merous, densely crowded, sessile or shortly pedicelled, often in
groups of threes. Calyx cylindric, 6 to 8 mm. long, about 4
mim. in diameter, densely pubescent externally, glabrous within,
the teeth 5, ovate, acuminate, less than 1 mm. fone Corolla-
tube about 12 mm. long, densely pubescent, the lobes 5, ob-
long, obtuse, 6 mm. long and 3 mm. wide. Anthers linear,
4 mm. long.

SaraAWAK, Baram District, Miri, Hose 660, April, 1895.

The distinct primary reticulations of the leaves are parallel
or nearly so, but the species does not otherwise appear to be
closely allied to any of those separated by Valeton under this
character. It is well distingwished by its vegetative charac-
ters, its indumentum, and its “dense inflorescences.

Timonius villamilii, sp. nov.

Arbor 5 ad 9 m. alta, inflorescentius ferrugineo-pubescen-
tibus exceptis glabra vel subglabra; folus o oblongo- obovatis,
usque ad 22 cm. longis, in siccitate brunneis vel olivaceo-
brunneis, mitidis, apice brevissime acute acuminatis, in
dimidio inferiore gradatim angustatis, basi acutis vel sub-
obtusis, sessilibus ‘Vel brevissime petiolatis, nervis utrinque
circiter 10 prominentibus, venis laxe reticulatis; floribus @
axillaribus, solitariis, breviter pedicellatis, circiter 2 cm.
longis, 6-meris ; fructibus ovoideis vel ellipsoideis, circiter 2 cm,
longis, plus minusve pubescentibus, pyrenis numerosis, omnibus
verticalibus.

A tree 5 to 9 m. high, nearly glabrous except the distinetly
ferruginous-pubescent ‘inflorescences and fruits. Branches
brownish, the ultimate ones about 5 mm. in diameter, the
stipular-scars ferruginous-pubescent. Leaves crowded toward
the apices of the branchlets, oblong-obovate, 18 to 22 cm. long,
8 to 10 em. wide, sessile or subsessile, brownish or brownish-
olivaceous when dry, the upper surface shining, the lower paler
the younger ones very sparingly pubescent along the midrib,
chartaceous to subcoriaceous, the apex very shortly and acutely
acuminate or merely acute, cuntwowred in the lower one-half to
the acute or subobtuse base, the basal part 5 mm. wide or less;
lateral nerves about 10 on each side of the midrib, prominent,
ascending, slightly curved and obscurely anastomosing, the
reticulations rather lax, netted, not very SOE stipules
lanceolate, shghtly pubescent, acuminate, about 1.5 em. long.
Pistillate flowers axillary, solitary, 6-merous, about 2 mm.
long, the pedicels solitary, stout, pubescent, about 5 mm. long,
in fruit up to 1 em. in length. Calyx ovoid or ellipsoid, terete,
externally densely ferruginous-pubescent with appressed hairs,

Jour. Straits Branch

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA. 241

the tube produced 4 mm., obscurely and broadly 6-toothed.
eylindric. Corolla-tube 10 mm. long, externally densely ap-
pressed pale-pubescent, the ‘lobes 6, oblong, suwbobtuse. 7 mm.
long, somewhat spreading in anthesis, very much thickened
and keeled inside. Anthers 3 mm. long. Ovary 6-celled.
Frut (immature) ovoid or ellipsoid, 2 em. long, appressed-
pubescent, not at all sulcate, the pyrenes 30 to 40, all vertical
Bracteoles subtending the flowers and fruits two, linear-lanceo-

late, pubescent, about 5 mm. long.

British Norra Borneo. Sandakan, Villamil 129, 252
bis (type), February 2 and November 25, 1916, in open places
and brush-lands, altitude 80 to 110 meters, flowers white.
fruits green.

A species well characterized by its rather large, sessile or
subsessile leaves which are gradually narrowed to the slender
base, and its solitary, short- pedicelled, rather large, 6-merous
flowers. It apparently belongs in the group with Timonius
subsessilis, Val., but is not closely allied to this species or the
others placed near it by Valeton, but seems to be closely allied
to Limonius palawanensis, Elm., which was described from
staminate specimens.

Timonius involucratus, sp. noy.

Arbor, floribus fructibusque exceptis glabra; ramis ramu-
lisque teretibus ; folus coriaceis, ellipticis ad oblongo-ellipticis,
utrinque subaequaliter angustatis breviter obtuse ‘acuminatis,
usque ad 18 cm. longis, petiolatis, nervis utrinque 6 ad 8
prominentibus, venis reticulatis, supra impressis, subtus valde
obscuris; stipulis late obovatis, rotundatis, 2.5° cm. longis,
imbricatis; fructibus solitarius, brevissime pedicellatis, axil-
laribus, depresso-globosis, Junioribus 1.5 cm. diametro, extus
adpresse pubescentibus, pyrenis verticalibus, circiter 18, ‘sepalis
persistentibus, inaequalibus, late ovatis, 7 ‘ad 10 mm. longis;
bracteolis late ovatis, 2.5 ad 3 cm. longis, integris vel trilobatis,
in siccitate subcoriaceis, brunneis, obtusis, fructibus inv olu-
crantibus.

A glabrous tree except the flowers and fruits. Branches
terete, reddish-brown, the ultimate ones about 3 mm. in
diameter, striate. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic to oblong-elliptic,
brown and slightly shining on both surfaces when dry, 10 to 18
em. long, 5 to 10 cm. wide, subequally narrowed to the decur-
rent-acuminate base and the shortly blunt-acuminate apex;
lateral nerves 6 to 8 on each side of the midrib, impressed
above, prominent beneath, curved, anastomosing, the reticula-
tions netted, impressed on the upper surface, rather close, very
obscure on the lower surface; petioles stout, 1 to 1.5 cm. long;
stipules brown when dry, subcoriaceous, broadly obovate, im-

BA. SOO INO. Yi7G Ue

242,

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA.

bricate, 2 to 2.5 cm. long, nearly as wide, pubescent on the
median portion inside, otherwise glabrous. Fruits solitary,
depressed-globose, immature ones 1.5 cm. in diameter, the
pericarp thick, corky, brittle, dark-brown inside, externally ap-
pressed-pubescent with somewhat ferruginous short hairs, the
pyrenes about 18, all vertical; calyx- lobes persistent, brown
when dry, broadly ovate obtuse, irregular, two larger ones
about 10 mm. long, the three smaller ones 7 mm. long; ; pedicels
pubescent, 2 to 3 mm. long; bracteoles persistent, forming an
involucre surrounding and including the fruit, broadly ovate,
2.5 to 3 em. long, about 2.5 em. wide, obtuse, brown when dry,
entire or distinctly 3-lobed, glabrous except at the base inside,
subcoriaceous.

SARAWAK, Native collector 1252 (Bur. Scv.).

A remarkable species apparently not closely allied to any
previously described form. It is well characterized by its
nearly sessile, axillary, solitary fruits, the prominent, irregular,
broadly ovate, persistent calyx lobes, the very large bracteoles
forming an involucre about the fruits; and the large stipules.

‘Timonius hirsutus, sp. nov.

Frutex vel arbor; folus oppositis, chartaceis ad seems
aceis, ovato-ellipticis ad obovato-ellipticis, usque ad 25 cm.
longis, utrinque plus minusve hirsutis, supra castaneis, subtus
brunneis, apice breviter acute acuminatis, basi decurrento-
acuminatis, nervis utrinque 9 to 11 prominentibus, venis reti-
eulatis ; stipulis oblongo-lanceolatis, hirsutis, acuminatis, 2 em.
longis; floribus ¢ axillaril jus, dense confertis, circiter 1.5 em.
longis, 5-meris; calycis lobis 5, oblongis, obtusis, circiter 6 mm.
longis, utrinque hirsutis.

A shrub or tree, the branchlets, petioles, leaves on both
surfaces, and the dense inflorescences more or less fulvous or
ferruginous-hirsute. Branches pale, nearly glabrous, the branch-
lets dark-brown or castaneous, fulvous-hirsute with spreading,
scattered, short hairs. Leaves opposite, chartaceous to sub-
coriaceous, ovate-elliptic to obovate-elliptic, 20 to 25 cm. long,
11 to 15 cm. wide, the apex shortly acute-acuminate, base nar-
rowed, decurrent-acuminate, the upper surface castaneous, shin-
ing, the midrib and nerves rather densely fulvous-hirsute, the
surface with scattered similar hairs, the lower surface brown or
pale-brownish, subferruginous-pubescent on the midrib, nerves,
and reticulations; lateral nerves 9 to 11 on each side of the mid-
rib, prominent, curved, anastomosing, the reticulations distinct,
netted, the primary ones lax, subparallel; petioles rather dense-
ly fulvous-hirsute, 1.5 to 3 cm. long; stipules oblong-lanceolate,
coriaceous, acuminate, about 2 cm. long, 8 mm. wide below,
dorsally rather densely fulvous-hirsute, “inside pale- pubescent.
Inflorescences axillary, the flowers densely crowded in con-

Jour. Straits Branch

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA. 243

gested cymes, the peduncles scarcely 3 mm. long, all parts more
or less ferruginous-hirsute. Staminate flowers sessile, about
1.5 cm. long. Calyx tube 5 mm. long, ovoid, externally densely
fulvous-hirsute, dark-brown, inside densely pubescent with
paler, shining hairs, the lobes 5, oblong, obtuse, 6 to 7 mm.
long. Corolla-tube 1 cm. long, externally densely pale-pubes-
cent, the lobes 5, spreading, oblong- ovate, obtuse, 4 to 5 mm.
long. Bracteoles lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent on both
surfaces, 9 to 11 mm. long.

Sarawak, Baram District, Miri, ose 651, April 20, 1895.

A most characteristic species, recognizable by its indu-
mentum, its rather large leaves which are . castaneous above and
pale- brownish beneath, and especially by its very densely
crowded flowers. It does not appear to be very closely allied
to any previously described species.

Timonius heterophyllus, sp. nov.

R.

Arbor parva, partibus junioribus inflorescentiisque ferru-
gineo- -pubescentibus, ramis teretibus glabris, ramulis distincte
3-angulatis : foluis oppositis, superioribus ternatis, oblongo-
obovatis, acute acuminatis, basi angustatis, rotundatis vel levi-
ter cordatis, subsessilibus, usque ad 17 cm. longis, nitidis, sub-
tus leviter pubescentibus, nervis utrinque 8 to 10, prominen-
tibus; venis reticulatis; stipulis lanceolatis, tenuiter acumina-
tis, pubescentibus s, circiter 12 mm. longis; inflorescentus ¢
axillaribus, pedunculatis, SHC ADCO, ramis spicatim unilater-
aliter 3- ad 6-floris; floribus 5-meris, Junioribus circiter 12
mm. longis.

A small tree, the branches pale, glabrous, terete, the
branchlets about 3 mm. in diameter, glabrous, distinctly 3-
angled. Lower leaves opposite, the upper ones ternate, charta-
ceous, oblong-obovate, 11 to 17 cm. long, 4 to 7 cm. wide, sub-
sessile, the apex shortly acute-acuminate, narrowed below to
the rounded or somewhat cordate base which is 1.2 to 1.5 cm.
wide, the upper surface dark-brown when dry, shining, glab-
rous, the lower pale-brown, appressed ferruginous-pubescent on
the midrib and nerves and with short scattered pale hairs on
the epidermis; lateral nerves 8 to 10 on each side of the mid-
Tib, prominent, somewhat curved, anastomosing, the reticula-
tions netted, slender, indistinct; petioles pubescent, 1.5 mm.
long or less; stipules lanceolate, slenderly acuminate, 12 mm.
long, dark-brown when dry, slightly pubescent, coriaceous.
Staminate inflorescences axillary, peduncled, the rachis and
branches rather densely fulvous-pubescent, the former up to
2.9 cm. long, the branches two, spiciform, up to 2 em. in
length, spreading, bearing 3 to 6 sessile unilaterally arranged
flowers, the bracteoles densely pubescent, oblong to oblong-lan-
ceolate, obtuse to acuminate, 2 to 4 mm. long. Calyx cup-

A SOCl ENON Wie Loni

244 ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA.

shaped, about 7 mm. long, dark-brown when dry, densely
fulvous-pubescent at the base, otherwise sparingly pubescent
externally, inside rather densely pale-pubescent, with 5 short,
obscure teeth, eventually irregularly 2- or 3-lobed. Corolla
(buds) 12 mm. long, externally densely appressed pale-pubes-
cent, the lobes 5, oblong, obtuse, thickened and keeled inside.
Anthers 5, linear, 4.5 to 5 mm. long.

BririsH Nort Borneo, Khota Balud to Kibaya, trail to
Mount Kinabalu, drs. Clemens 9811, October 28, 1915.

A species well characterized by its sessile or subsessile
opposite and ternate leaves. 1 know of no other species of the
genus that has ternate leaves except the very different Philip-
pine Timonius ternifolius, (Bartl.) F.-Vill. It apparently be-
longs in the same group as Timonius anodon, Miq.

Timonrus clementis, sp. nov.

Arbor parva, glaberrima; folis coriaceis, oblongo-obovatis,
usque ad 17 cm. longis, apice breviter acute acuminatis,
deorsum angustatis, basi cuneatis, nervis utrinque circiter
10; adscendentibus, curvatis, prominentibus, venis reticulatis
utrinque valde obscuris; stipulis lanceolatis, acuminatis,
2.5 em. longis; fructibus axillaribus, solitarius, pedunculatis,
ovoideis, circiter 1.4 cm. longis, glabris calycis tubo lobisque
intus pubescentibus exceptis ; pyrenis circiter 18, omnibus verti-
calibus.

A small tree, entirely glabrous except the persistent calyx-
tube and lobes (flowers not seen). Branches pale-brownish.
terete or obscurely 4-angled, the internodes 5 to 10 mm. cng,
the. petiolar scars prominent, the ultimate branchlets 4 to 9
mm. in diameter, the growing parts smooth, reddish-brown.
Leaves oblong- obovate; coriaceous, brown and shining when
dry, the lower surface paler than the upper, 14 to 17 em. long,
6 to 7 cm. wide,.apex shortly acute-acuminate, narrowed from
about the middle to the cuneate base; lateral nerves about 10
on each side of the midrib, somewhat ascending, prominent,
anastomosing, the reticulations very obscure cn hoth surfaces,
netted, sometimes nearly obsolete; petioles dark reddish-brown
to nearly black when dry, 1 to 1.5 cm. long; stipules lanceolate,
glabrous, slenderly acuminate, 2.5 cm. long, dark-brown when
dry. Fruits axillary, solitary, their pedicels 1 cm. in length,
the bracteoles lanceolate, acuminate, + to 5 mm. long. Fruits
ovoid, about 1.4 cm. long, dark-brown or nearly black when
dry, terete, olabrous except the inside of the short calyx-tube
and lobes which are here a ppressed-pubescent, the tube about 1
mm. long, 2.56 mm. in diameter, the lobes 4, oblong-ovate, acute
or acuminate, about 3 mm. long. fPyrenes about 18, all ver-
tical.

Jour. Straits Branch

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA. 245

British NortH Borneo, Mount Kinabalu, Marai Parai
Spur, Jirs. Clemens 11078, December », ldo, on a torested:
ridge, altitude about 2000 meters, the fruits green.

The alliance of this species is clearly with Timonius hoor-
ders, Valeton, of Celebes, from which it differs in numerous
characters, notably its lanceolate, slenderly acuminate, much
longer stipules, thicker, somewhat smaller leaves, shorter pedi-
cels, and fewer pyrenes.

COMPOSITAE.
Lactuca, Linnaeus.
Lactuca retrorsidems, sp. nov.

Herba nana,. glabra, 6 ad 10 cm. alta, foliis omnibus
radicalibus, longe petiolatis, oblongo-obovatis, 1 ad 3 cm.
longis, apice rotundatis apiculatisque, deorsum angustatis, basi
cuneatis, margine dentibus minutis sparsis retrorsis vel patulis
instructis ; cupitulis solitarns, circiter 7.5 mm. longis, circiter
10-floris, longe eraciliterque stipitatis, squamis exterioribus
numerosis oblongis ad oblongo-ovatis 1.5 ad 3 mm. longis, in-
terioribus circiter 8 anguste oblongis 6 mm. longis obtusis apice
minute cilatis.

A dwarfed, glabrous, perennial herb 6 to 10 cm. high, the
roots thickened, the very short caudex 1 cm. long or less, in-
cluding the persistent bases of the petioles about 5 mm. in
diameter. Leaves all radical, long-petioled, the blades green-
ish-olivaceous when dry, obovate to oblong-obovate, submem-
branaceous to chartaceous, 1 to 3 cm. long, 5 to 10 mm. wide,
apex rounded and apiculate, eradually narrowed below, the base
cuneate to decurrent-acuminate; lateral nerves few, very slen-
der, obscure; petioles 1.5 to 6 cm. long, the margins on each
side with from two to five short, slender, acute, retrorse or
spreading teeth 1 mm. long or less. Heads solitary, about 7.5
mm. long, the scapes slender, 5 to 8 cm. long. Outer bracts
oblong to oblong-ovate, obtuse, glabrous, 1.5 to 2 mm. long,

. succeeded by several oblong, 3 mm. long bracts, the innermost
involucral bracts about 8; narrowly oblong, about 6 mm. long

and 1 mm. wide, the obtuse apices obscurely ciliate. Flowers
about 10 in each head, yellow. Achenes 1.2 mm. long, some-
what compressed, glabrous, slightly narrowed at the apex,
scarcely beaked, the pappus brownish, copious, about 4 mm.
long.

BritisH NorrtH Borneo, Mount Kinabalu, Low’s Peak,
Mrs. Clemens 10623, Novcmaber 13%) V9. ny rock, erammuiles
above the summit Inlet. the roots with milky j juice.

A very characteristic dwarfed species, readily distinguish-
able by its solitary heads; its long-petioled, obovate to oblong-

PAM SOC.) INO. Aine LON.

246 ALABASTRA DORNEENSIA,

obovate leaves; and the few, characteristic, retrorse or spread-
ing, minute marginal teeth on the leaves.

Lagenophora, Cassini.

Lagenophora gibbsiae, sp. nov.

Folus oblanceolatis vel lineari-oblanceolatis, integris, nu-
merosis, 1.5 ad 2 cm. longis, obtusis vel subacutis, glabris,
nervis lateralibus obsoletis; capitulis circiter 8 mm. diametro, -
pedunculis + ad 11 cm. longis, sursum leviter pubescentibus
foliis 3 ad 5 plus minusve reductis instructis; achenus 2.5 mm.
longis, oblongo-obovatis, compressis, sursum obscurissime pa-
pillatis.

A tufted, nearly glabrous, perennial plant, the roots ap-
parently not thickened as in Lagenophora billardiert, Cass.
Leaves numerous, rosulate, oblanceolate to linear- oblanceolate,
1.5 to 2 cm. long, 2 to 3. mm. wide, chartaceous or sub-
coriaceous, olivaceous and shining when dry, glabrous, entire,
the apex acute to obtuse, narrowed below, scarcely petiolate, the
midrib evident on both surfaces but the lateral nerves and reti-
culations obsolete. Scapes + to 11 cm. tall, each bearing a
single head, sparingly pubescent above, each bearing from 3 to
5 more or less reduced, scattered leaves, the uppermost ones 5
to 7 mm. long. Heads about 8 mm. in diameter. Involucral
bracts numerous, in general oblong, 3 to 4 mm. long, 1.5 to 1.7
mm. wide, rounded, glabrous except the slightly ciliate apices,

_when fresh dull-red. Ray flowers white, tinged with pink, the
corolla-tube 9.5 mm. long, the hmb about 2 mm. long, some-
what navicular, entire, fertile, the achenes compressed, 1.5 to
1.8-mm. long, slightly papillate near the apex, otherwise glab-
rous. Disk-flowers numerous, yellow, the achenes similar to
those of the.ray-flowers. Corolla 2 to 2.5 mm. long, the tube
short, the limb somewhat campanulate, 4-cleft. Anthers 0.5
mm. long. Style-arms less than 0.5 mm. long. Mature
achenes brown, compressed, oblong-obovate, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5
to 1.5 mm. wide, glabrous except in the apical parts where they
are obscurely papillate.

British NortH Borneo, Mount Kinabalu, above Paka
Cave, Mrs. Clemens 10560, November 13, 1915, altitude about
3300 meters, associated with Centrolems and Potentilla.

This species, dedicated to Miss L. 8. Gibbs, is doubtless
the one represented by her No. 4202, reported by S. Moore* as
a Composite with the habit of Lagenophora, but with the
flowering heads not sufficiently advanced to allow a certain
generic identification of the specimen. Mrs. Clemens’s speci-

* Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 42 (1914) 99.

Jour. Straits Branch

ALABASTRA BORNEENSIA. 247

mens present some heads in full anthesis and others with
mature achenes, from an examination of which it is very
evident that the plant belongs in the genus Lagenophora, ‘The
species is apparently most closely allied to the only other one
known from the Malayan region, namely Lagenophora billar-
divert, Cass., from which it is readily distinguishable by its
much narrower, differently shaped, entire, glabrous leaves, its
somewhat leafy scapes, and its differently shaped achenes.

@y)

R. A. Soc., No. 77, 1917. ata i i

249

A Rice-Ceremony.

By RK. O. WINSTEDT.

In his account of rice-ceremonies in J. R. A. S. No. 29, p. 8,
1896, Mr. C. O. Blagden, writes:—‘ at planting there are also
ceremonies. Sometimes there is a special service known as bdpua,
consisting of a sort of mock combat, in which the evil spirits are
believed to be expelled from the rice-fields by the villagers : this is
not done every vear, but once in three or four years.’ Tle remarks
that bapua is the Minangkabau pronunciation of bérpuar and that
puar is a plant, whose stem is used in the mock-combat. Mr. Skeat
quotes this on p. 250 of Malay Magic; in Selangor, he adds, this
mock-combat is called singketa.

Two years ago, I saw this combat take place at Johol. Two
parties assembled one on each side of a gully and hurled the puar
rods across at one another, till a blow in the face gave one of the
combatants a bloody mouth and spoilt the fun. It lasted about
half an hour. The rods or darts were about 34 feet long, thin
green and straight, and the pared root gave them a flat end like
that of a stethoscope: it was this flat end which was thrown fore-
most. It has been suggested to me that they are stems of a ginger-
plant. A pawang opened the proceedings with an invocation. The
purpose was to expel all evil influences from the fields before
planting. I was informed that singketa 1s a more serious combat
vith heavier weapons—batang pisang, if | remember rightly.

Jour, Simaes IBremen Ik, Ay Soe, MO, 7H, eile,

251

Lexicographical coincidences in Khasi and
Malay.

By R. O. WINsTEpDT.

Sir George Grierson reviewing Pater Schmidt’s ‘ Die Mon-
Khmer-Volker Zentralasiens und Austronesiens’ in Vol. I, 190%,
of the J. R. A. S., pp. 187-191, observes how Schmidt has shown
that there exists in Further India an important group of languages,
embracing Mon, Khmer, Palaung, Wa and a number of minor
forms of speech, including Sémang and Sakai, which was neither
Thibeto-Burman nor Sinitic, while on the other hand it was closely
related with the Khasi spoken in Central Assam. We have
“presented to our view, a group of cognate languages reaching
from the Punjab, through Central India, Assam, the Nicobars and
Further India to the Malay Peninsula.’ This group, which
Schmidt termed the Austroasiatic family falls into several sub-
groups :—

I... (a) Semang.
(b) Sénoi, Sakai and Tembe.

ie (a) ikthase:
(b) Nicobar.
(c) Wa, Palaung, Reang.

Ill. (a) Mon-Khmer.

(0) Munda.

(c) Cham, ete.
Schmidt surmises “that the first two are in a stage of develop-
ment earlier than that of the last, a fact which is important for
determining the relative times of the migration of each group to
its present seat.” In 1899 Schmidt connected this Austroasiatic
group with the Austronesian group in a paper which may be read
conveniently in the Bulletin de l Ecole Francaise d’ Extréme-Orient,
tome VII, 3 and 4, under the title ‘ Les Peuples Mon-Khmer, trait
qd’ union entre les peuples de I’ Asie centrale et de ? Austronésie.’
Since that paper appeared, the connection has been accepted.
There is affinity between Khasi and Malay; and my present paper
is an attempt by one acquainted with Malay to give further evidence.
For Khasi I have used the Khasi-English Dictionary by U. Nissor
Singh, (Shillong, 1906).

This paper is not strictly scientific. Now that the R. A. 8S.
has printed Mr. Blagden’s translation of Brandstetter’s philological

Jour. Straits Branch B- A. Soc., No. 77, 1917.

952 LEXICOGRAPHICAL COINCIDENCES. EN KHASI & MALAY.

essays, there is no excuse for students of the Malayan languages .
to be ignorant of the methods of scientific philology. Each langu-
age of a group should first be compared with its own immediate

cognates, e.g. IXhasi with Nicobarese, Wa, Palaung, etc., before it
is compared with distant relatives. From such a comparison we
can discover the limits of phonetic variation of the individual
sounds and can often deduce from the modern forms a more
archaic form for each group. We ought, for example, to get at
the original or primitive Austroasiatic and Austronesian forms-
respectively and then compare; not compare modern Malay
with modern Khasi. It is not enough to assume that a Malay ¢
can be represented by a ¢ in Khasi: it should be shown that an
Austronesian ¢ is in a whole series of cases represented by a ¢ in
the Austroasiatic group and that that ¢ is retained unchanged in
the two modern languages. Only then can we assume that the
Malay ¢ or 0 or n corresponds with the Khasi ¢ or 0 or n and so
that Malay words and \xhasi words containing similar roots are
really related.

I have neither time nor opportunity for this scientific
thoroughness. But I venture to print the list given below for one
cogent reason. Scholars in Europe with a book knowledge of
Malay are apt to miss nuances of meaning familiar to those ac-
customed for years to hearing the language spoken; and so to over-
look real affinities. For most of the coincidences given in my lst
are very close and remarkable, and one has only to glance at them
to see that many are coincidences the most rigorous philological
method could not reject; coincidences not only of root but of
duosyllabic and trisyllabic words.

One is tempted to connect the Khasi ‘Rynkhiang’ dry, parched
with the Malay ‘Rénekiang’ granary, “Shy nkup’ first room in Khast
house, enclosed porch with ‘Séngkuap’ a lean-to, kitchen adjunct ;
‘Mangkalai? long legged of fowls with ‘MéngkalaY unfinished, having
long ‘trailing ends; of mat-work. Malays “have a Hantu Sungkai,
Khasis a Syngkai Bamon (= Brahmin). May ‘Anak Dara Sunty
virgo intacta and ‘Sunting’ to pluck a flower actually or figuratively
find their explanation in ‘Syntiw’ a flower? Possibly Khasi throws
hght on some unexplained place-names in the Peninsula: Sungal
Tériang is a common name for a river: “Tériang’ in Khasi means
eel. ‘N aneng’ in Khasi means from above.

Malay. English. Khasi. English.
Bengkok | bent. Pynkhoh to curve, bend, wrestle.
Cf. Tagalog }

Pangkok | to curve, bend.

Tingkar thatched dropping | { Tyngkhap insert, hide, infix;
windows in walls $4 Tyngkhap- carefuliy hidden.
of Malay house. ak pee ;

Tangkap seize. ) Kha gripé, fasten, ciose.

‘Tékap close, mouth with

: hand. |

Jour. Straits Branch

. LEXTICOGRAPHICAL COINCIDENCES IN KHASI & MALAY. 253

Malay.

Dakap

*Kukur
Kukuran

Rangkum
Kongkum
Genggam
Kwet

Wet
Kait
Chékak

Deéngkur
Kakak

(Jav. Kakang,

Kang)

Kia, Békia

Kong
Kelong
Gélong

Kéelun

Kangkang

Lengang

Tengong-
tenging

Jéengok

Nyut
Kernyut
Nyah

Banyak

(Meélachak) yak

Sengap

Teérginjat-

ginjat
Kechap

Jerap
Keéchup
Jap

Re AS Soc:

No.

English.

embrace.

scrape.

scraper. § Khur

as much as one can) Khum
grasp in the hand,
folding the wings |
close (of a bird.) |
carry i closed fist. Kham
paddle with car or | Khwait
hand after object. '
paddle with kicking |
stroke of single oar. |

pluck fruit by cutting § Kheit
with knife at end of | Kait
pole. ;

pinch, tie together. WKhak

snore,

elder brother or sister.Kong

chain stitch.
khia
rib of boat.
curved, arched.
loop of rattan.

L Pyrkhun
| Khun

spirals of smoke.
waddle.

|
| Kélong

walking
edly, mooning.

peep, peer as throughJngoh
crevice.

throb of boil or fon- | Kynjut
tanel.

nervous convulsion. |
to drive away. Niah

much, greatly, many. |

L Niak
abundant of frut. |
quiet, of a child. Sngap

on tiptoe. Kynjat
smack the lips, | Kjap
taste; water, of \) \

one’s mouth. |
absorb. . J

kiss with the lips. Kyjup
completely. Jhop

Tit OLE:

Khasi.
Kap, I[a-Kap

Syngkhor

(Bam bud-)

) Pyrkhung,

Kan-kan
sparse of population.Lyngang
absent-mind- { Ngeng-ngeng
{ Tynghong

| Tyngheng

English.
to join in friendship,
match.

scrape.

fasten, tie, bind.

closed fist.

ply the hand lke a
duck while swimming,
paddle.

pluck, gather.
SCISSOIS.

tightly, firmly.
snore.
elder brother or sister.

lit. eat fold stitch, to
stitch,

to bend, arch.
bend or drag a thing

to oneself.
bottle-gourd, heart,

waddle.
lonely.

drowsily, heavily.
agape.

agape, spell-bound.
look, peep 1m.

throb.

to drive cattle, herd.
much, greatly.

to listen.
a pace.

absorb, sip, suckle.

suck, draw by. suction.
completely. ;

954 LEXICOGRAPHICAL COINCIDENCES IN KHASIT & MALAY.

Malay. English. Khasi.
Térkéjang stretching the limbs | { Kjéng
to full length. | | Ieng
Léjang, the length of a | { Lijang*
Réjang horse’s spring in

be
the air. lak
Térkérjang kicking out with hind-
legs, of a horse.
y

Leényap lost, vanished. ap
Datok grandfather. )
Kétua elder. ‘ Kthau
Tuan master.
Kutok accursed. ) Kutok
Orang tua old and accursed. §
kutok
Atap covering, thatch of ( Tap
house. a ) Satep
Keétam crab. Tham
Endap waylay. Ap, thap,
‘ ap-thap
Lontar hurl stones. lV { Lynther
Lintar thunder-bolt. Ge
| Lon
Sédang engaged in, interme-Sdang
diate, while.
Pédor curved, deformed of { Dor
shin-bone. . Kdér
Badang (Pen.) round wicker sieve forPdung
Gadang winnowing, large cir-
(Sum.) cular flat wooden tray.
Kedang with limbs extended. Lyngkdang,
Ldang
Lentang lying on one’s back. Lyndang
Bunting pregnant. Pongding
Padam dout, extinguish, quash. { Pdam
| Dam
Endul, éndui to swing. Doi-Doi
| Padoi
Sadur plating; overlay withSadur
shining metal.
Kérdam, thumping noise. Kdam
Kerdum-
kérdam Kyrdem
Lindat beaten down, of grass.Dat

Kéndong carrying in fold ofKyndong
skirt or cloak.

English.

to the full height.

to stand, rise up.
hanging down, suspen-
ded of an object in
the ar.

die, be lost.

grand-father.

old.

to cover, screen.
thatch at roof-ridges.

crab.

wait for, waylay.

throw stones at one
place constantly ;
to hurl stones.

begin, commence.

distorted, curved;
bend, curve.

circular sieve or flat
winnowing basket.

lying helpless on the
back.

lie on one’s back.
pregnant.

come to an end, cease,
be disappointed.
obliterated.

swinging, to and fro.
to swing.

tin.

with a slam.

stamp with the foot.
beat.

carefully wrapped, of
small things.

* Cf. sa-léjang kuda bérlari ‘the distance of a horse’s spring’ with the
Khasi ‘« kulat uba jrong kjeng’ the pony which is tall stretching to full

height’.

Jour. Straits Branen

LEXICOGRAPHICAL COINCIDENCES IN KHASI & MALAY. 255

Malay. English. Khasi.
Piak strip of betel-leaf. (Eran.
) Phiah
Sépui-sepui blowing gently of ) Pui-pui
wind.
Képul clotted, of smoke. |
Kepoh bulging of sails. K poh
Jain-pun*,
Punpun bunch up end of shawl. 4 Jingpun,
Dépun lining. | Jympun
Lampai fine and long. Lympeh
(Gila) Sépéra scatter-brained, mad. | Sapra
Chémpéra
(Pk.) scattered. |
Lumbong mine-pit. Pong
Raba, to feel, grope. Tha
Tambah grow bigger. ( Bah
(Ayer) Bah (flood, big water. 4 Um-bah
| Wah-bah
Baham devour. Bam
Telan swallow whole, ( Tyllan
) Bam tyllan
Lébum-lébam banging noise. Bhum-bham
Lambong flank, side. Lebong
Kelebut fez-rest. Kulbut
Kebam to turn in the lips. § Kbum
( Kyrbam
Bawa carry. { Bah
Beban load, burden, ) Bahbang
Subur rapidly growing of Sbur
plants.
(Sa-tali) Buna set (of verses strungBuin, Shibtin
together.) (Shi =
Mata eye; knob in tree. { Mat
) Mat
Mamak aged uncle; maternal Mamak
uncle.

(Nasi) Lémangrice cooked in a jointLmang
of bamboo with the
top node cut off.

(Teér)- taken aback. Unonete
Géramang

Tergamam )
Layar sail. Yar
Deru clamour. Ri
Rioh roar. un
Garut scrape. Khrud
Chérai divorce, separate. ( Khrai
Chérai-bérai scattered. { Brai

3 |

| Krei

English.
to split.

dust in the air, mist.

abdomen, household
(Cf. Mal. Perut.)
fold in outer garment
for storing odds and
ends.

fine and long.
to scatter.

to make a hole.

to feel by touching.
big.

overflow.

large river.

eat, (am bite.)
utterly.

devour.

confusion of noises.
thigh.

arched wooden frame.

close the lips.

bite nether lip.
carry.

carry load on stick.
rich of soil.

many, much.
one.)

eye.

joint, knob. ..
maternal uncle,

having the head cut
Oil Ob Of Oh Seals.

agape, eagerly.

wide, open, extended.
to resound.

to scrape.

to sever, cut across.
asunder, ¢.g. of snap-
ped string.

to scatter.

* “ Jain”—Malay, “Kain,” garment.
Hua ay SOC INOs site, Ouse

256 LEXICOGRAPHICAL COINCIDENCES IN KHASI & MALAY.

Malay. English. Khasi. English.
Bérpérai-pérai abundant and littered,
of fruit. Prai many and in large
numbers.
Jarang interspace. Jarang hole or chink where
fish dwell.
Riang eddy. ) Khriang a rapid.
Riak - eddy.
Keériat creak of doors or oarsKiriat gnash teeth.
in rowlooks.
Irup suck up liquor from { Jrup a dip.
spoon or cup. { Bam jrup- to eat at the same
jrap time.
Rap cultivated, of land. Rep to cultivate.
Peérap to fly at an enemy, of
fowl, women. Prup-prap simultaneously and
hurriedly.
Sa-derap all together. Ta-rap to help.
Bérdérau to plant rice by co- { Riau in great numbers and
operative labour. | simultaneously.
{ Rap riau help all together in
| baroh great numbers.
Beérahi to desire passionately.Brai like, be fond of.
Karong small sack, { [arong small net bag.
: ) Kaiarong a small net bag.
Kelling around. ) { Kylla to turn, change.
Giling to roll (with roller.) $ 4 Kyllain to wind, be inconstant,
Gulong to roll up. | | Kylla-Lieng to capsize.
Guling to roll over. | | Lieng canoe.
Malam night. ? Slem long, late.
Silam evening. a
Aleh change, transfer. | fa-pli exchange.
Sileh . substitute, compen-
eV asate.
Jay. Palih half. ||
Kelit dodge belund tree orKlit ~ sleight of hand; very
person. quickly.
Pyngklit to go by round about
way to avoid meeting.
Geli nervously disgusted. Jli nauseated.
Bular pale discoloration of Blar-Blar pale of the eyes.
the eye.
Alur channel. ) Lur to plough.
Jalur broad strip or line }
in rice-field,
Lalang a long grass. Lang, Phlang grass.
Keélip-kélip flickeringly. { Khleb-khleb flickeringly.
4 Lep flaringly.
| Lip to go out, be exting-
_ utshed.
Chélup immerse, steep, dye. { Jyllop drowned.
) Yap jyllop die of drowning.
Tuar riverine fish trap. Kuar fish-trap set wm rapids.

FA S0C:s) NO} Ti Lone

LEXICOGRAPHICAL COINCIDENCES IN KHASI & MALAY. 9257

Malay.

Asu
Kisep

Kesip

Sésat

Uman
Litup

English. Khasi.

canine, of teeth. Ksew, ‘Sew
skrunken, lacking a Sep

kernel.
to nip e.g. hard sugarSip -

in front teeth.

astray. Sohsat

English.

dog.

having no grain inside
a pod.

break a thing, as an
acorn between the
front teeth.

be in trouble, be en-
tangled.

Instanees of Metathesis

harp on a story. Hunam
cover and conceal. Tyllup

harp on one story.
cover completely.

Those interested in the subject should consult Schmidt’s
“Grundztige emer Lautlehre der Khasi-Sprache in ihren Bezie-
hungen zu derjenigen der Mon-Khmer-Sprachen,” (Miinchen 1904).

COD

Gs dak SCS” AOS WATT).

259

Changes in Malay Reduplicated Words.
By R. O. WINSTED®.

Definite classes of change in the second of Malay reduplicated
words may be distinguished; the resulting compound having the
usual significance of reduplicated words.

I. The first letter of the word to be reduplicated is changed
into B in the second word.

Halai-balai confused; ingar-bangar great uproar; sara-
bara confusion; chérai-bérai scattered; cheret-beret
continual diarrhoea; haru-biru confusion, disturbance.

II. The first letter is changed into M in the second word.
Choreng-moreng all striped; kawin-mawin wedding festi-
vities; charut-marut gross obscenities of expression ;
changkeh-mangkeh sticking out everywhere; sayur-
mayur vegetables; miap-tiap every; sérta-mérta im-
mediately.

III. Vocalization is changed in the second word, U or O of
the first syllable of the first word becoming A, and A of the second
syllable becoming E or I.

Olak-alek, bolak-balek, kolak-kalek backwards and for-
wards; golak-galek topsy-turvy; wpak-apek, lopak-
lapek talking this way and that, inconsistently; dolak-
dalek prevarication, shilly-shallying ; chorak-charek,
chobak-chabek, robak-rabek tattered, frayed; onyak-
anyek racillating ; kosak-kasek fidgetling ; porak-parek
helter-skelter ; komak-kamek masticating ; kopak-kapek
pendulous, swaying to.and fro,

Untal-antil, kontal-kantil swaying to and fro (of short
thick objects) ; untang-anting, kontang-kanting sway-
ing (of long objects) ; wlang-aling to and fro; bolane-
baling chain-shot ; cholang- chaling, kolang-kaling con-
fused; chompang-champing, rompang-ramping talter-
ed, frayed; dongkang-dangking very emaciated ; pon-
tang-panting helter-sk elter; jongkang- -jangking rising

and falling irregularly.

Bongkar-bangkir turn upside down, confused; chobar-
chabir tattered; chongkar-changkir of all sizes ; chong-
kah-changkeh with ups and downs, crooked; rondah-
randeh in confusion; kochah-kacheh fiddling with;
komat-kamit mouthing (food).

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 77, 1917.

260 MALAY REDUPLICATED: WORDS.

IV. O or U of the first syllable changes into A, and so, too,
U of the second; in a very few instances.

Runggu-rangga, bristling; rundu-randa erratic; sung-
kur-sangkar sprawling; huru-hara disturbance ; susup-
sasap up and down, over and under.

Gopoh-gapah hurry-scurry ; gonyoh-ganyah scrub vigor-
ously ; dongkor-dangkar bundling out bag and baggage.

V. A in the second syllable changes into I. ,
Jongkat-jongkit see-sawing; bénggal-béngeil knobby;
énekap-engkip wp and down; jongkar-jangkir bristl-
ing; sérba (Skt.)-sérbi of all sorts ; chungkap-chungkip
panting; kuas-kuis scratching (of a fowl) ; sérbah-
sérbeh shaking out a sarong.

VI. +ang of the last syllable changes into + 0% in the follow-
ing. | | |
Bengkang-bengkok, énchang-enchok zigzag; lang-liok,

chéledang-chéledok swaggering; chélengkang-chéieng-
kok motion in curves or waves; sibang-sibok snatching
as one passes ; bechang-bechok the sound of quarrelling.

VII. +ang of the last syllable changes into + ek.

Chonggang-chonggek bobbing up and down ; golang-golek
swaying.
VU. +ang of the last syllable changes into + ut or + 1.
Genjang-genjut, biang-biut, pinchang-pinchut zigzag;
inchang-inchut, erang-erut awry; géliang-géliut writh-
ing; unchang-unchit by fits and starts; tunggang-
tungegit bowing, bobbing up and down ; ungkang-ungkit
see-saw; géntang-géntit waving to a point (lke a
kéris).
IX. +o of the final syllable changes into + al.
Enggok-énggal, onggok-onggal rocking ; undok-undal
one after another in swift succession.
X. A in the final syllable changes into U.
Chélam-chélum framping; chélas-chélus familiar; jeng-
gal-jénggul notched; chélup-chélap sownd of splash-
ing; kériat-kériut creaking sound of oars.

XJ. And the following isolated usages occur.

Lauk-pauk hotch-potch; chékok-chékek choking; sérok-
sérek cracking of the finger-joints; lésok-lésak rustl-
ing; takok-takak notched; cholak-chaling confused ;
lalu-lalang passing to and fro; sélang-séli at intervals ;
chébek-chébai pout; bélu-bélai chatter ; chongak-
changit- moving (the head) wp and down; bochor-
bachir very leaky; sunyi-sényap deserted, solitary.

» * .

261

Rules In Malay Chess.

By R. O7 WINSTEDT.

There is a paper on Malay Chess, by Mr. Hlcum in Journal
ALIX, and the game is discussed ine Mr. R. J. Wilkinson’s Infe
and Customs, Part [11, Malay Amusements (Kuala Lumpur 1910).
Some years ago I got a copy of the rules of Malay chess as play-
ed at Sri Menanti in Negri Sembilan; and I kept it by me, in
case I should ever learn the game and so be qualified to discuss
them. Perhaps I never shall learn, or perhaps the white ants may
have devoured my MS. before I find time and inclination to learn.
So, now I print the rules as they stand, in case they may interest
players of chess.

(1) Tiap-tiap buah yang télah di-usek, buah itu-lah juga
akan di-jalankan.

(2) Boleh di-makan buah apa-apa suka, jika bérgaul sa-kali
pun. !

(3) Tiap-tiap bidak yang télah naik ka-mérchu papan-nya
boleh ménjadi ganti témpat itu-lah; , jika sampai ka-témpat manteri,
boleh jadi mantéri: démikian juga di-témpat lain-nya.

(4) Bidak boleh bérjalan dua tapak pada pértama bérjalan,
kémudian sa-tapak sahaja.

(5) Raja tiada sa-kali-kali boleh bérgérak, jika sa-bélum kéna
sah.

(6) Jika tinggal satu bidak déngan sa-orang raja, maka bidak
itu Maharaja L ela, boleh di-jadikan manteri atau lain- -nya.

(7) Jika di-sah raja déngan tiada bérgaul, boleh juga raja
itu mémakan mémukul buah yang sah itu, baik sa- -tapak atau dua
tapak sapérti jalan kuda atau jalan tih (? = tir R. O. W.)

(8) Jika tinggal raja sa-orang diri-nya, boleh-lah raja itu
bérjalan sa-tapak-tapak atau sapérti lompat kuda.

(9) Apa-bila télah bérjalan, hal-nya télah terlepas tangan;
maka tiada boleh di-ubah lagi.

(10) Yang di-bangsakan stri—tiada kalah, tiada ménang—
tinggal dua déngan satu mélainkan bérdua manteéri.

Jouve, Simei Byeameld I, VA. Soe, Wo, Wile aeilns

263

A Note upon the Way in which Bees settle on Flowers of
Derris thyrsiflora, and the Injury resulting from
their Search for Honey.

By ie Eh Borkamn:

In the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, there is a large plant of
Derris thyrsiflora, Benth., climbing over a tree of Cyrtophyllum
fragrans, DC., near to the Director’s house. Its stem has a circum-
ference at the base of eighty centimetres; and it ascends to nearly
20 metres. When in flower it is Very conspicuous, and attracts
enormous numbers of bees, whose hum on the flowers is heard all
day. Among the bees are Apis dorsata; L., Apis wndica, F., Aylo-
copa latipes, F. rarely, X. aestuans, L., Anthophora zonata, L., and
Melipona sp. Occassionally a butterfly visits also.

Owing to the height at which the flowers stand, it has been
extremely difficult to take the insects; and the list is consequently
imperfect.

The flower of Derris thyrsiflora in face and in side view
< 2: the standard and right ala showing the places most
injured by the bees.

The flowers are white with an undefined line of green down
the centre of the standard. Their form is seen in the figures above.

In all their parts oxidation develops a black pigment: and by
means of this it has been interesting to observe the injury which
visitors do to the flowers; for injury results in oxidation.

The mechanism of the flower is typically papilionaceous.
There is abundant honey within the staminal tube: the approach to
it is by a wide opening upon either side of the free upper filament
allowing easy access to those insects which can force apart the
standard and the interlocked wings and keel sufficiently. The one

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 77, 1917.

264 BEES ON DERRIS FLOWERS.

effect of the forcing of these apart is injury to the claws of the
petals which serve as springs, so that after visits they are suffused
with the black pigment in consequence of rupture of the epidermal
layer. The other effect is due to the feet and head of the. visitors
Ww hich they use in their effort to prise the flower open. Invariably
as a consequence of this two dark spots develop at the base of the
standard one on either side near the brow over the way to the honey.
Tt is to be noted that this injury is invariable. And often these two
areas can be seen to be made up of three or four confluent injuries,
each resulting in a complete perforation of the limb. Correspond-—
ing with them may be seen perforations of the wings, which are
less commonly confluent from being more dispersed. But of the
wings still there is invariably damage about f., and also especially
at the corner j. These places are close to the folds whereby the
ae and keel are interlocked, but beyond them. Presumedly they
e at the points where the visitors eet the best purchase.

In other parts of the standard and the wings there is but in-
constant and slight damage done: and the keel which has the fune-
tion of protecting t the pollen rarely is marked except in its claws
and sometimes at the very tip.

In about 5% of the falling flowers injury to the standard had
occurred near b., and in less than 5% atc. Ina greater percentage
some injury occurred right at the tip. The wings are rarely
damaged atk.

The evidence is very clear that every flower gets repeatedly
visited. But only a small percentage set seed as over 90% fall
entire. The remainder however are suffident to supply what may
be regarded as quite an abundant seed-crop.

265

Plethiandra Sahebii, a new Melastomacea
from Sarawak, described.

By I. H. Burxitt.

Flower of Plethiandra Sahebi seen from the front X 3. °

The genus Plethiandra was created by Sir Joseph Hooker in
1867 for a plant collected by Motley on “Gunong Say,” (?) Sarawak.
He placed it in the Astronieae following after the genus Kibessia.
Baillon, Natural History of Plants, VII, 1881, p. 63, Krasser in
Engler’s Pflanzenfamilien, III. Abt. 7, 1893, p. 196, and Cogniaux
in De Candolle’s Monographiae Phanerogamarum, VIL. 1891, p.
1111, were unable to add anything to what Sir Joseph had done:
so that the genus remained—as he had left it—of one little-known
species, described, so Stapf testifies, upon “a rather poor specqymen.”
Cogniaux, however, defined a genus Medinillopsis, l.c. p. £0 5 with
two species,—M/. Beccariana from Sarawak, and M. sessiliflora from
Singapore, both collected by Becear1: and this genus Stapf in
Hooker’s [cones Plantarum, plate 2418 (1896), reduced to Ple-
thiandra.

Stapf had added to the genus two years earlier, a new species,
P. Hookert, from the mountain of Kinabalu (Trans. Linn. Soc.
London, Botany. [V. 1894, p. 163), before he reduced Medinillopsis,
and at the time of reducing it he described also P. rejangensis, P.
sessilis, and P. cuneata, all from Haviland’s Bornean collections,
so raising the number of species to seven, six from Borneo and one
from Singapore. Further be suggested that Cogniaux’s Medinilla
robusta is also a Plethiandra.

In adding to these another new species, I take the opportunity
of figuring in outline from life its flower; for good as is the draw-
ing of P. Mookert in the [cones it was made from dried specimens,
which do not permit the positions assumed by the stamens and
stigma to be determined: and the flower is given as less markedly
bisymmetric than it is likely to be.

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 77, 1917.

266 PLETHIANDRA SaHBEBII.

As seen in P. Sahebii, the new species, the stamens take up
a position above the stigma in horizontal flowers.

Flower of Plethiandra Sahebii, from the side and in median see-
ions xX) 13:

Plethiandra Sahebu is known from a single individual brought
to the Singapore Botanic Gardens from Sarawak by a former em-
ployée—Mr. B. K. Saheb. It has been grown with the object of
determination. It has no horticultural value.

Foliage of Plethiandra Sahebii, reduced to 1/3

Plethiandra Sahebw, as known, is a shrub about a metre high,
branching dichotomously from the ground upwards, so that from
four stems it ends in 16 branches bearing leaves. Between these
branchings there may be as many as six internodes, or only one.
In the axils of the old leaves it begins to flower, and from the
axillary bud continues to flower after the leaf has fallen, apparently
without limit of time, so that it is cauliflorous. As the leaves are
paired this results in two cushions of tissue opposite to each other
which continue producing flowers in fairly rapid succession; but of
these only one, or rarely two, 1s open at one time. Laterally at the
node from just above the level of the insertion of the leaves there
arise early, say, about the time when flowers are appearing, adven-
titious rootlets, and others follow just below the level of the insertion
of the leaves. If these rootlets find anchorage they become well
developed, and ultimately the effect is produced of the plant flower-

Jour. Straits Branch

PLETHIANDRA SAHEBII. 267

ing among its own roots; for the abbreviated axillary branch con-
tinues still to produce its flowers. Dichotomy, is of course pro-
duced by the arrest of the terminal bud and the growth of the pair of
axillary buds into leafing branches: where they are produced tlower-
ing still occurs for a second axillary bud arises below the first
which becomes a cushion of flowers. The stems are glabrous; they

are never exactly green, but when quite young are suffused with a
dull claret colour becoming a livid brown, whereafter a greyish
brown cork layer is developed, with lenticels rather abundantly
scattered in it, and cracking longitudinally. The leaves are sessile,
large, attaining 30 cm. in length by 12 cm. in breadth, ovate, round-
ed at the base, mand where they touch, as they usually do, the tissues
are apt to die on account of the water or damp earth caught and
held by them, and into which the adventitious roots may find a
way. When voung the leaf-blades rise from the stem at an angle
of about 60° but the angle at the base increases with age: above
the middle the blade arches over: and the leaf-tip usually is point-
ed somewhat earthwards. The midrib is thick and prominent on
the lower side of the leaf, but grooved above: at right angles from
it arise 3 or 4 pairs of strong lateral nerves, as figured above, in-
creasing In strength and in distance from each other upwards : the
uppermost of these usually is at one-third of the length of the leaf
from the axil: the lower of these pairs fade away under the margin
but the top and strongest reaches the apex, and rejoins the midrib.
The reticulum is indistinct, and mainly transverse to the long axis
of the blade. The margins of the leaves are slightly undulate, and
also shghtly decurved. Both sides of the blade shine, the upper
being darker than the lower. When old the axillary cushions from
which the flowers are produced may be 1 cm. in diameter, and
raised + mm. in the centre, which is studded with old pedicel-
stumps. There may be as many as 10 buds present at one time
in various stages of development, but one or rarely two open
flowers only. The ovary with the calyx, indistinguishable without
section, is of a reddish magenta, smooth and about 3 mm. long,
the margin quite even. The petals are 6, contorted in the bud,
expanded almost at right angles to the axis of the horizontal flower
in anthesis, obovate- elliptic, up to 6 mm. long. The stamens are
all directed to the upper side of the flower, and are usually 28 in
number: the filament is 3 mm. long and the anther 2 mm. long:
the filaments are attenuated just under the anther but not append-
aged: the anthers are just spurred at the base, and dehisce by an
apical pore. The style is 9 mm. long, decurved in its basal half so
as to pass to the lower side of the flower, and then uprising towards
the stigma. The receptacle is very concave, which accounts for
part of the greater length of the style over the stamens. The
loculi are 6, and the ovules are very numerous.

Plethiandra Sahebu, folis P. (Medinillopst) Beccarianae
similis, facile distinguitur pedicellis et floribus: ab speciebus aliis
generis praecipue foliis differt.

dus As sS0c:,- No. 77, 1917.

268 PLETHIANDRA SAHEBII.

Frutex metralis, glaberrimus, ramis crassiusculis furcatis.
Foha sessilia, ovato-elliptica, acuminata, ad 30 cm. longa, ad 12
cm. lata, nervis lateralibus utrinque 3 vel 4. Flores fasciculati, ex
axillis follorum vetustiorum atque foliorum delapsorum producti,
purpurei, diametro 14 mm. Calyx margine aequalis. Petala 6,
contorta, obovato-elliptica, obtusiuscula. Stamina plus minusve 28:
filamenta 35 mm. longa: antherae minutissime bicalcaratae. Ovarium
6-loculare.

SARAWAK. Plantam singulam, eam quam ex vivo descripsi,
anno 190% ex sylvis prope Kuching, B. K. Saheb in Hortum
Botanicum Singapurensem attulit ubi adhue colitur.

The species of Plethiandra appear always to be glabrous: and
probably all of them lve in the shade in moss on tree trunks or
sometimes on rocks, where moisture is constant. P. Beccariana
possesses the largest leaves of the genus; for thev attain 30 em. in
length by 16 in width. P. Sahebw goes with it in this respect. P.
rejangensis has leaves up to 15 cm. by 7 em. In other species they
appear rarely to exceed 10 cm. No dimentions for P. Motleyi are
available.

P. Beccariana also has the largest flowers, thus :—

calyx. petals. stamens.
P. Beeceariana .. 6 mm. LOA 621 10-12 mm.
P. Sahebi as 3 mm. 6 mm. 5mm.
P. Hookeri sp 5 mm. 6 mm. 6 mm.
P. rejangensis .. 5 mm. 5mm. (anthers say 4 mm.)
P. cuneata ae 5) mm. 7 mm. 3mm.
ee Sessilaitlora 13: 4-5 mm. 6 mm. 5mm.
P. sessilis ut. Aone i, toy iaauaal (anthers 2 mm.)

The flowers of P. Beccariana are long-pedicelled, the pedicels
attaining 2 cm. It seems thus to be the most outstanding species
of the genus.

The petals in Plethiandra are always 6, and it is probably
usual for the ovary to have 6 loculi notwithstanding Sir Joseph
Hooker’s statement that P. Motley: has. 4 and Cogniaux’s that his
Medinillopsis bas 3. In some species the calyx-teeth are just
evident.

The apical pore of the anthers appears to be constant. ‘The
minute spurs at the base of the anther cells are so small that they
might be overlooked easily: but there is no evidence that they are
general,

The number of the stamens is variable. To the flower of P.
sessiliflora Stapf ascribes 20; to P. Beccariana and P. sessilis
Cogniaux ascribes 20-25: Hooker ascribes up to 30 to P. Motleyr:
Stapf states that P. rejangensis has 25-30, P. Hookert, 26-30, and

Jour. Straits Branch

PLETHIANDRA SAHEBII. 269

P. cuneata about 30. For P. Sahebw 28 is an almost constant
number.

Stapf transfers Plethiandra to the neighbourhood of Medinilla,
most of the species of which grow in moss on trees in just such
damp forests as it inhabits, the number of stamens being equal to or
twice that of the petals, t.e. 4, 5, 8 or 10. The Philippine genus
Carionia, always placed close to Medinilla, is obviously also closely
allied to Plethiandra but the stamens do not exceed 12, or twice
the number of the petals, which are in it 6; and the flowers of
Carton are much larger than those of Plethtandra.

Sto Age soc. NOs tiie) 19a.

INDEX.

Accounts, xvii
Adinandra, 144
Afzelia borneensis, 84
Aglaia borneensis, described, 87

Pea TU Ag Ni)

55 rufibarbis, WG

tripetala, described, 80

Agrostis infirma, 78
Allophyllus scandens, described, 26
Alyxia odorata, 238

5 pachyphylla,
-Amoora malaccensis,

decribed, 237
decribed, 16

Ampelocissus-pedicellata, described, 94 |

5 tenuis, described, 94

Andropogon serratus, 75

Aneilema seaberrimm, 80

Anisoptera costata, seedling Oi, WoL

Antheeischima, 138

Antidesma ecauliflorum, described, 89
np clementis, described, 90

inflatum, dagenlbed. 91
Arthrophyllum alternifolium, oF

38
pinnatum, 27
Artocarpus odoratissima, 80
tarap, 80
Aylapia (Gordonia), 143

B
Barringtonia conoidea, 204
3 eurranil, 204
i. dolichobotrys, described, |
204
. dolichophylla, described,
205
Bauhinia holosericea, described, 28
a monticola, deseribed, 28
Bees on Derris flowers, 263
Begonia eiromischa, described, 36

longicaulis, described, 35
Kunstleriana, 37
megapteroidea, 36
paupereula, 35
5 phoeniogramma, 35
rhoephila, described, 36
s Roxburghii, 35
o Seortechinii, 37
tricornis, 35
Berchemia reticulata, 23

R. A. Soc., No. 76, 1917.

Besisi in Malacea, 177

| Bindang (Tristania), 288

Blagden, C. O.,
177
Borneo, Plants of, 22, 25, 29, 33, 75,
150 loo.) Lab, loi, USS e265.
Brandstetter’s Indonesian Linguistics,
69
Brassaia singaporensis, described, 38
Burkill, I. H., on Gordonia, 133
a on a new Elaeocarpus, 41

on aboriginal tribes,

Be on Dipterocarp seedlings, 43,
161
A on flowers of Derris, 263
is on Plethiandra, 265
Cc

| Callicarpa fulvohirsuta, described, 113

Cambay stone in Sumatra, 171
Camellia, 134
ie axillaris, 135, 152
Campbell, J. A., on diet and nutrition,
7

| Canangium Brandesanum, 7
a lancifolium, described, |

i _ monospermum, a
iy odoratum, 7
Seortechinii, 7

| Caniearrntcin laxum, 15

; Planchoni, 16
Carvl ing, Malay, 73
Casearia albicans, 34

55 Clarkei, 34
esculenta, 34
4 latifolia, 34
velutinosa, deseribed, 34

Cauliflory of Plethiandra, 267
Celastrus Championu, 18

aS malayensis, deseribed, 18
Chaetomyia flava, egg laying of, 39
Chess, Malay, 261
Cissus pyrrodasys, 23
Closaschima, 138
Columbia borneensis, described, 98
Connaropsis glabra, described, 9

ie laxa, deseribed, 9
Crudia lanceolata, described, 29

Oo
d’Albuquerque, Affonso, 171

| Derris thyrsiflora, flowers of, 263

Desmodium laxum, 85
Desmos chinensis, 6

272

Desmos cochinchinensis, 5

erinita, 6

dasymaschala, 6

desmantha, 6

dumosa, 6

Dunalii, 6

filipes, 6

See ee 6

Wrayi, 6

Diet of Asiatic races, 57

Diplycosia ensifolia, described, 107

Dipterocarps, 43, 161

Dissochaeta glabra, described, 101

Dussek, O. T., on Ceremonial Hair-
eutting, 127

Dysoxylon pulchrum, described, 17

E
Elaeocarpus acmosepalus, described, §
- acronodia, 202
és Barnardii, deseribed, 41
: beecaru, 203
és castaneus, deseribed, 199
chrysophyllus, described,
192
. clementis, described, 195
- cupreus, described, 193
os dolichobotrys, described,
198
a elliptifohus, described,
193
‘. gambir, 203
- griffithu, 201

hosei, described, 197

littoralis, 201

longipetiolatus,
ed, 96

i mastersi, 202

p nigropunctatus,
ed, 196

paniculatus, 202

5 peduneulatus, 202

polystachyus, 203

stipularis, 203

winkleri, described,

Elaeodendron subrotundum, 93

Eleocharis afflata, 80

Ellipanthus mindanaensis, 84

Eugenia, 206 <

svonmmunine tegen, 224

baramensis, deseribed, 218

besukiensis, 226

capitata, described, 208°

castanea, described, 212

caudatilimba, described, 216

chlorantha, 226

clausa, 211

4 clavata, 225

coralina, deseribed, 207

cumingiana, 224

cymosa, 225

densiflora, 225

ceserib-

deserib-

200

eh)

9

INDEX

Eugenia elliptilimba, described, 211
grandis, 214
havilandii, deseribed, 222
heteroclada, described, 218
kiauensis, described, 209
kuchingensis, described, 213
lepidocarpa, 225
lineata, 226
litsiaefolia, described, 215
ae Moultonii, deseribed, 221
multibracteolata, described,
2119

a obiata, 225
operculata, 211, 224
3 palembaniéa, 225
paradoxa, described, 210
perparvifolia, described,
punctilimba, described,
rhododendrifolia, 225
ruto-tomentosa, 223
A rugosa, 224
saligna, 224
ws sarawacensis, described,
ugoensis, 226

5 ureeolata, 214

a: varians, 224

zeylanica, 224, 227

Euonymus rufulus, described, 19
Exeretion of Asiatic races, 57

F

Fagraea acuminatissima, described, 232

fa cymosa, deseribed, 234.

FS cuspidata, 237

fe fragrans, 236

i grandifolia, deseribed, 231

“a involucrata, deseribed, 233

.; speciosa, 237

- spleata, 237

A stenophylla, described, 236
unifiora, described, 235

Faradaya matthewsii,

Ficus callosa, 81

Finance, xiv

Flags of Malaya, 1

Flora of Borneo, 75, 189

Flora of Malay Peninsula, 5, 41,
43, 133, 151, 187, 271

Flowers of Derris, 263

Foliated Pattern, 73

Folk-tales, 119

described, 115

Galan (Elaeodendron), 93
Girroniera paucinervia, described, 189
Gluta virosa, described, 27
Glycosmis eitrifolia, described, it
be crassifolia, described, 14
s macrocarpa, deseribed, 12
macrophylla, described, 13

>)

Jour. Straits Branch

NDEX 273
Glycosmis malayana, described, 12 Haemocharis buxifolia, 141, 158
Z monticola, described, aE i integerrima, 143,
5 pentaphylla, Wt 151.
FS puberula, described, 11, 15 53 marginata, 141, 153
bx rupestris, 15 He ovalis, 141, 15 8
¥s sapindoides, 13 . serrata, 141,
95 simpheifoha, 11 A ai yldteconniie, 141, 153
tomentella, described, 14 vuleanica, 141, 157, 159
Gonocaryum crassifolium, described, 18 Haircutting, ceremonial, 127
Gordonia, 133 Hakayat Pasai,—place names in, 181

acuminata, 137
axillaris, 134, 144, 152, 159
balansae, 137, 142, 151, 159

brevifolia, 137, 142, 158

concentricicatrix, described,
IZ. US)

dipterosperma, 137, 155

elliptica, 137, 156

excelsa, 136, 137, 142, 143,
146, 155

fragrans, 137, 149

grandis, 137

Havilandii, described, 157

hirtella, 138, 143, 144, 148,
149

imbricata, 137,

integrifolia, 134

144, 157

lanceifolia, described, 150

Lasianthus, 134, 139, 142,
146

_Lessertii, 152

Lobbii, 137, 142, 156

luzonica, 137, 142, 143, 149

Maingayi, 137, 142, 147, 159

multinervis, 137, 142, 154,
159

oblata, 134

obtusa, 137, 142, 148, 159

parvifolia, 148

sinensis, 137, 142,
singaporiana, 123, 137,
141, 142, 154
speciosa, 137, 142,

spectabilis, 134

140,

-penangensis, 138, 142, 146,
159

pubescens, 134, 142, 144,
146, 159 |

Scortechinii, 137, 144, 158

146, 159 |

|
|
|
|
{
|

1G, 1150) Ronen
aches Kyllinga odorata, 80

taipingensis, described, 148

tonkinensis, 137, 149
Vidali, 137

Welborni, 137, 141, 150
zeylanica, Sie 143, 156

Grewia stylocarpa, var. longipetiolata,
deseribed, 97 :

ilaemocharis, 140, 144

99
oy

kk. A. Soc.,

amboinensis, 141
aromatica, 141, 151

No. 77, 1917.

|

|

| Lactuea retrorsidens,
_Lagenophora gibbsiae,
| Landing-landing (Elaeodendron),
deseribed,

Halorrhagis seabra, 102

Hindustani Loan-Words in Malay, 67

Hippocratea cumingii, 21

- ferruginea, 21
es macrantha, 21
i nigricaulis,

Homalium spathulatum,
Hosea lobbii, 114
Hoseanthus lobbii, 114

Icicaster Planchoni,
Teicopsis, 16

Impatiens exilipes, described, 10

35 polyeycla, described,
Isachne clementis, described, 76
Ay kinabaluensis, described,
J
Jakuns in Malacca, 177
Jambosa buxifolia, 226
= clavata, 225

hirta, 223
pulchella, 225
a ureeolata, 214
Jasin, aborigines in, 177
Jiha (Hlaeocarpus), 41

>]

rp}

K

_Kelat merah (Gordonia), 153

Khasi language, 251
Kidney excretions, 59

' Kimandjel (Gordonia), 143

Knema glomerata, 81

L

Lasianthus barbellatus,
Leea saxatilis, described, 26
Wiubrany- Xv, xox ©
Limonia parviflora, 11

op pentaphylla, 11
Loblolly Bay, 134

| Loranthus, 207

described,
described, 35

deseribed, 15

20

9

77

deseribed, 245
deseribed, 246
93
Siig

274

mi
Malaban (Eugenia),

Malaban paya (Eugenia), 222
Malay language, Brandstetter on, 69
) Hindustani words

in, 67

reduplication in, 259
similarities of, with

999

——

bf ”
Khasi, 251
, 9 teaching of, 52
> 33 words in, 49
Malay Peninsula, Scientific Explor-

ation of, vii
Malay Plants, 5, 41, 43, 75, 133, 161,
187, 189, 265, 271
Malay rice eyele, 51
Malayan Flags, 3
Manga putat (Barringtonia), 204
Mansur Shah, 173
Mapania borneensis, described, 78
i montana, 79
Mareo Polo, 171
Medinilla robusta,
Medinillopsis, 265
Melanorrhoea oba,
Member list, xviii
Mentera in Malacca, 177
Merremia hederacea, 112
Merrill, E. D., on Flora of Borneo, 75,
189
Metabolism in Asiatie races, 57
Mezoneurum sumatranum, 84
Microjambosa besukiensis, 226
Microtropis valida, described, 19
Mortap (Eugenia), 221
Mosquito, egg laying of a ae
M’padu (Elaeocarpus),
Mueuna toppingii, ee 85
Muhammadanism, in Malaya, 171

Nabiasodendron, 139, 147
Numpang (Fagraea), 236
Nursery Rhymes, 183
Nutrition of Asiatic races, 57
Nyatu (Fagraea), 233

0

Oba (Melanorrhoea), 189
Oplismenus undulatifolius, 76
Ostodes villamilii, deseribed, 92

265

described, 189

Pp
Pahudia acuminata, 84
oe borneensis, 84

Pala musa (Eugenia), 220
Panicum cordatum, 76
9% latifolium, 76
ss oryzoides, 76
ridleyi, 76

Parastemon spicatum, described, 29

INDEX

Parinarium costatum, 29, 81

by glaberrimum, 82.
i sub oe deseribed,

Parkia singularis, 84
Passiflora foetida, 204
laurifolia, 204
Patuk anak (Alyxia), 238
» manuk (Alyxia), 238
Pigment in Derris flowers, 263
Plants described, New Malayan, 5, 41.
75, 146, 187, 189, 266
Plethiandra, 265
as Sahebii, deseribed, 266
Pollination of Derris thyrsiflora, 263
Polyalthia aftinis, 81

Pe aberrans, 8
es Beceari, 6
9 eauliflora, 6
i erinita, 6
3 desmantha, 6
ss siamensis, 7, 8
. stenopetala, 6
a Teysmanni, 6
Wrayi, 6
Polyosma conocarpa, described, 31
os fragrans, described, 31
‘ fasciculata, deseribed, 32
a coriacea, 32
ee flavovirens, 32
5 glaucescens, deseribed, 31!
3 grandis, described, 30
ie mutabilis, 31
es pisocarpa, described, 33

velutina, 31
Polyspora axillaris, 136, 152
Popowia edulis, 7, 8
Proceedings, v
Pterisanthes Dalhousiae, 26
parvifolia, deseribed, 95
Putat’ ‘laut (Barringtonia), 204
Pyereus odoratus, 79
Pygeum coriifolium, deseribed, 30
» ellipticum, deseribed, 83
» pachyphyllum, described, 82

bd

Report, Annual, xiii

| Rhododendron kinabaluense, deseribed;

108
ms lineare, described, 108
" obseurinervium, deserib-
ed, 109

Rhodoleia ovalifolia, described, 33

Rice ceremony, 249

Rice eyele, 51

Ridley, H. N., on Exploration of the
Peninsula, vii

iy, on Lasianthus, 187
+ on Malayan Plants, 5,
187

Jour. Straits Branch |

INDEX

Ruellia tubersoa, 116
Rules, xxxii

Salacia flavescens, 20
“0 Griffithii, 21
- Korthalsiana,
we Lobbii, 20
rs Maingayi, 20

deseribed, 20

ns ovalis, 20

- polyantha, 20.

oh radula, 20

4 rubra, described, 19

verrucosa, 20
Samak pulut (Gordonia), 153
Samak ubah (Eugenia), 203,
Sanga dudok (Elaeoecarpus), 203
Santiria laxa, deseribed, 15
re Planehoni, 16
Sauropus albicans, 92
androgyna, 92
Scheificra polyandra, described, 37
es Wrayi, 37
Sehima, 134
School of Oriental Studies, 54
Scleropyrum maingayi, 81
Seedlings of Dipteroearps, 43.
Shorea, 161
Shorea bracteolata, 164
» gibbosa, 165
» gratissima, 167
» leprosula, 161
3 macroptera, 164
5 paueiflora, 167
» rigida, 164
Pe LOD US tas) One
seedlings, 161
Silverwork, Malay, 73
Smythea macrocarpa, 23
. pacifica, 23
me reticulata, 23
Sphenodesme borneensis, described, 114
Sphaerocoryne aberrans, 81
a affinis, 8
x siamensis, 7, 8
Strickland, C., on the egg-laying of a
mosquito '39
Sukung (Fagraea), 235
Sumatra, trade of, 171
BS old places in, 181
Sumpin (Sphenodesme), 115
Symplocos brachybotrys, described, 110 |
Ee elementis, described, 111
ae phanerophlebia, 112
Syzygium palembanicum, 225

>,

a Tugosum, 224, 227

161

T

Tetractomia oboyvata, described, 86

Re eA SoCs INO gal OMT.

275

Tetraeugenia, defined, 230

Bs caudata, described, 230
Tibuan (Fagraea), 236
Tiger-stories, 119

! Timonius., 238

3 clementis, deseribed, 244
5 heterophyllus, described, 245
ue hirsutus, described, 242 ©

a hosei, described, 239
Fe involueratus, deseribed, 241

villamilii, described, 240
ibigiernne anomala, slecouiye dd. 97
is clementis, degen aed, 229

BS decorticata, 229
pentandra, deseribed 228
Tumu puti (Elaeocarpus), 202

Uba (Bugenia), 214
Uba puteh (Eugenia),
Ubah hatak (Eugenia), 223
Ubah lawang (Eugenia), 223
Unearia toppingii, described, 117
Unona Brandisana, 7
, dasymaschala, 6
» Desmos, 5
Peduscolors.©
ie dumosa, 6
» Dunalu, 6
ao ablipes.6
latifoha, 7
ei Mlesmyanii 8
pyenantha, 6
Uraria pieta, 85
Uyaria cauliflora, 6

Vv
Vaccinium caudatifolinm, deseribed,.

103

y clementis, described, 102

i elliptifolium, described,
104

na hosei, deseribed, 106

96 sarawakense, described,

105
Vegetarian diet, 59

Ventilago ealyeulata, 21

As gladiata, deseribed, 25

ui gracilis, 22

5 leiocarpa, 21, 22

ys lueens, 22

3 Maingayi, 23

a malaeeensis, described, 22

oblongifolia, described, 23
Vitis adnata, 23
,» capillaris, deseribed, 25
eerasiformis, 24
» Curtisii, deseribed, 24
.. glaberrima, 24
hastata, 24

276 INDEX

Vitis nitida, 24 Winstedt, R. O., on advent of Muham-
5» polystachya, 24 madanism in Malaya, 171
» polythyrsa, 25 | - on borrowed words in
» pPterisanthella, described, 25 | Malay,. 67
» “bytrodasys, 23 ss on Folk tales, 119
- on Hikayat Pasai, 181
w x on Indonesian Linguisties,
| | 69
nea “ * on Malay Carving, 73
Walsura tenuifolia, described, 17 i on Malay Nursery Rhymes,
Wikstroemia acuminata, described, 99 | 183
” clementis, described, 99 is on rare words in Malay, 49
5 subeoriacea, deseribed. | 3 on teaching of Malay, 52
100 | o on the Rice Cyele, 51

wu

3 9088 01309 9