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MASSACHUSETTS
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1857

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UNITED STATES

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,

FOH 1857.

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EDITED BY BEN: PERLEY POOBE,
Secretary of the Society.

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WASHINGTON, D. C.

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OFFICERS

OF THE

UNITED STATES AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FOR THE TEAR 1857-8.

PRESIDEITT,
MARSHALL P. ^VILDER, Boston, Mass.

VICE PKESIDSNTS,

J. D. Lang, Vassalboro', Maine.
H. F. Fkench, Exeter, New Hampshire.
Fred. Holbrook, 3rattkboro\ Vermont.
Simon Brown, Boston, Massacliusetts.

B. B. Thurston, Providence, R. I.
Nathaniel B. Smith. Woodbury, Conn.
H. Wager, Rome, New York.

W. P. Robeson, Belvidere, N'sw Jersey.
David Landreth, Philadelphia, Penn.
John Jones, Middleton, Delaware
Anthony Kimmel, Frederick Co., Md.,
Gr. W. P. Custis, Alexandria, Virginia.
H. K. Burgwyn, Halifax, N. Carolina.
F. W. Alston, near Georgetown, S. C.
Richard Peters, Atlanta, Georgia.

C. C. Clay, Jr., Hunisville, Alabama.
M. W. Phillips, Edwards Depot, Mhs.
Robert W. Williams, Louisiana.

J. T. WoRTHiNGTON, CMllicothe, Ohio.

W. L. Underwood, Bowling Grcm, Ky.

John Bell, Nashville, Tennessee.

D. P. Holloway, Indianopolis, Indiana.

J. A. Kennicott, W, Northfield, Illinoi.s

Thomas Allen, .S*;. Louis, Missouri.

A. B, Greenwood, Arkansas.

Michael Shoemaker, Michigan.

D. L. Yulee, Florida.

T. J. Rdsk, Nacogdoches, Texas.

J. W. Grimes, Burlington, Iowa.

A. C, Bradford, California.

W. W. Corcoran, Washington, D. C.

Manuel A. Otero, New Mexico.

H. M. Rice, Minnesota.

J. H. Lane, Oregon.

P. Anderson, Washington Territory.

John M. Bernhisel, Utah.

B. B. Chapman, Omaha City, Nebraska.
J. T. Geary, Kansas.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE,

John A. King, Jamaica, L. I., N. Y. * '
Gibson Mallory, Louisville, Kentucky.
A. L. Elwyn, Philadelphia, Penn.
D. J. Browne, Washington, D. C.

Edward Hobbs, Louisville, Kentucky.
Frederick Smyth, Manchester. N. H.
A. C. Stevenson, Gree?i Island, Indiana

TaSASURER,
B. B. FRENCH, Washington, D. C.

SECRETARY.

BEN; PBRLEY POORE Newbcbyport, Mass-

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING OF U. S. AGK. SOCIETY. — JAN'Y lo, 14, 15, ISoS.

Officers for the year 1857-8 3

Treasurer's Account 5

Delegates to Fifth Annual Meeting 10

President's Address 12

Valedictory Addi-ess of Hon. G. W. P. Custis 6S

Treasurer's Report 74

Appendix 7(5

Phosphorus, in its Relation to the Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms.

By Prof. "Webster, of Vii-ginia 7S

Organic Matter. By Hon. S. G. Clemson, of Maryland 87

Wool and Wool-groAving. By Prof. J. A. Nash, of Massachusetts. . . .92
Lecture, on the Grasses and Management of Grass Lands. By Chas.

L. Flint, Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Agriculture 9()

FIKLl) TIIIAL OF HEAPEllS, MOWEKS, AND IMI'LEMEMS, AT SYRACUSE, N. V.,

JULY 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, .VND 20, 1857.

Preliminary Arrangements 123

The Opening Ceremonies 125

President Wilder's Liaugural Address 126

Remarks of Gov. King l."2

Remarks of Gov. Morehead i:>3

The Implement Committee 134

Machines Regularly Entered 135

Report of Board of Judges of Reavers and Mowers 137

Appointment of Sub-Committees 142

Instructions to Sub-Committees 13.3

Profile — Dr. Colvin's Clover Field 148

Profile — Hayden's Field 151

Reaping Trials 175

Awards of the Judges 188

Tables 200

Explanatory Note 215

Engravings of Premium Machines 219

FIFTH ANNUAL EXIIIBITON OF V. S. A. S. — SEPT. 1, 2, 3, 4 AND 5, 1857.

The Grounds 235

The Amphitheatre 237

President AYilder's Inaugural Address 239

Grand Cavalcade of Horses 241

Premiums awarded on Trotting Stallions 242

Premiums a^varded on Trotting ]\Iares and Geldings 243

Premiums awarded on Durham and Devon Bulls, Cows, Heifers &c. . . 248
Premiums awarded on Hereford and Ayrshire Bulls, Cows and Heifers ;
Herds of Fat Cattle; Stallions, Mares and Fillies, for general

utility ; Poultry ; Fruits ; Garden Products ; Flowers 253

Premiums awarded on Jersey Cows; Matched Geldings and Mares;
Cotswold, Southdown, Saxony, Merino, Improved Kentucky, Sheep ;
Long-wool Lambs; Fat Wethers; Large and Small Breeds Swine.. .257
Premiums awarded on Mules, Jacks, Jennets, Ponies ; Saddle and

Thorough-bred Stallions Mares and Fillies ; Working Oxen 262

Premiums awarded on Rockaway, Buggy and Draft Horses ; Sweep-
stakes for Blooded Stallions ; Hotel Premiums ; Farm Products ;

Native Wines 267

The Grand Agricultural Banquet ,267

Kemarks of President Wilder 268

Piemarks of Gov. Morehead 269

Premiums awarded on Agi-icultural Implements 276

" " " Motive Powers...' 279

" " " Machinery 279

" " " Manufactured Articles 280

« " Works of Art and Skill 282

FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING

OF THE

UXITED STATES AGRICILTCRAL SOCIETY.

The fifth annual meeting of the United States Agricultural
Society commenced at ten o'clock, on Wednesday morning,
January 14th, 1857, in the East Room of the Smithsonian
Institution, at Washington City. It was fully attended by
Honorary, Life and Annual Members, representing twenty-
eight States ; — by the President of the United States, Cabinet
officers, Senators, Representatives, and other distinguished
officials ; — and by Delegations from State Boards of Agricul-
ture, State and County Agricultural Societies.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, President of the Society, called
the meeting to order, and after congratulating the friends of
agriculture on the number and character of the assemblage,
read the following letter : —

Boston, Jan. 12, 1857.
Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, Pres'i. U. S. Ag. Society :

My Dear Sir, — I hereby respectfully resign my office as Secretary of the
United States Agricultural Society. It has afforded me much pleasure to co-
operate with yourself and other fi-iends of the Society up to this time, but my
business engagements will no longer allow me to perform the duties of the
office -which I hold.

With sincere good wishes for the continued success of the Society, and for
the happiness of its officers and members,

I am, respectfully,

Your friend and ob't. servant,

VVU.LIAM S. Klng.
2

10

On motion of Vice-President French, of New Hampshire,
Ben : Perley Poore, of Massachusetts, was elected to fill the
vacant place, pro tempore.

President Wilder called for credentials, which were handed
in, and the Register was signed by nearly all of the

DELEGATES.

Maine State Agricultural Society — S. P. Benson, John D. Lang,
John J. Ferry, Ebenezer Knowhon, J. D. Fuller.

New HampsJiire State Society — James Bell, Frederick Smyth,
Rockingham County Society — Henry F. French, George W. Kit-
tridge, Abner Littlefield, Moses Sanborn, M. Coffin, James Pike.

#
Vermont State Society — George T. Hodges, Justin S. Morrill,
Alvah Sabin, Charles Linsley.

Massachusetts State Board — Marshall P. Wilder, W. G. Lewis,
Moses jN'ewell, Charles L. Flint, Ben : Perley Poore. SJssex County
Society — Timothy Davis, JVorfolk County Society — Linus B.
Comins, W. S. Damrell. Bristol County Society — James Buffing-
ton. Plymouth County Society — Robert B. Hall. Berkshire County
Society — Ensign H. Kellogg. Hampshire County Society — Calvin
C.Chaffee. Hampden County Society — Philos B.Tyler. Frank-
lin County Society — AVilliam C. Fowler.

Rhode Island State Society — Nathaniel B. Durfee.

Connecticut State Society — Robbins Bartlett, N. B. Smith, H. A.
Dyer, John A. Tainter, A. G. Hazard, J. B. Shultas, T. S. Gold, S.
H. Huntino-ton, A. H. Byington, P^rederick Hall, Randolph Lindsley.
E. H. Hyde 2d, E. Hough, S. D. Korthway.

New York State Society — T. S. Faxton, L. G. Morris, E. P.
Prentice, Henry Wager, Herman Wendell, Francis M. Rotch, C. S.
Wainwright, E. G. Faile, B, P. Johnson, Hamilton Fish, E. B. Mor-
gan, Samuel Dixon, A. Z, McCarty, O. B. Matteson, L. B. Crocker,
Benj. Pringle, Thomas T. Hegler, John ^1, Parker, John H. Martin-
dale, John Williams. Westchester Farm School — Henry S. Olcott.
American Institute — George E. Waring, Jr.

11

New Jersey State Society — J. H. Frazee, George Hartsborne, "W.
W. Marsh. Somerset County Society — James Campbell,

Pennsiilvania — Aaron Clement, Jobn Rice, John McGowan, C.
W. Harrison. Pennsylvania Horticultural Society — George H.
Bergen.

Delaware — Jobn Jones.

Maryland State Society — Ramsay McHenry, Samuel Sands, Sam-
uel Smitb, J. O. Wharton. Outerbridge Horsey, Martin Goldsboro, S.
T. C. Brown, Charles Ridgely, James Higgins, John C. Browne,
Charles Carroll, George W. Hughes, Oden Bowie, John Parrar, "Wil-
liam D. Merrick, H. G. S. Key, G. M. Eldridge, William. B. Ste-
phenson, James A. Pearce, James T. Earle, James M. Goldsboro,
William Hardcastle, Robert Dick, William T. Goldsboro, N. Jones,
Judge Spencer. Frederick County Society — Anthony Ivimmel,
Thomas Sappington, Lewis G. Kemp, J. M. Buskey, William T.
Preston.

District of Columhia — Commissioner Mason, D. J. Browne, of
^^Agricultural Bureau" Professor Henry, of ^^ Smithsonian Institu-
tion" W. W. Corcoran, of " Metropolitan Institute" Louis Mar-
shall, Georgetown, George Wood, of " American Guano Company"
Joshua Peii'ce.

Virginia — George W. P. Custis. Aihermarle County Club —
Thomas L. Parish.

Kentnehj State Society — A. G. Talbott, J. J. Crittenden, W. L.
Underwood, J. B. Thompson. Louisville Society — James Guthrie^
A. K. Marshall.

Indiana State Society — Jesse D. Bright, Smith Miller, W. H.
English, George G. Dunn, Wm. Cumbach, David P. Holloway, Lu-
cian Barbour, Harvey D. Scott, Daniel Mace, Schuyler Colfax, Sam-
uel Brenton, John U. Pettit.

Illinois State Society — James H. Woodworth.

Michigan State Society — Lewis Cass, Wm. A. Howard, Charles.
E. Stuart, D. S. Walbridge, George W. Peck, Henry Waldron.

12

The credentials having been handed in, and the annual
members having paid their assessments, the session was opened
by President Wilder, with the following

ADDRESS.

Gentlemen of the United States Agricultural Society : —

It is now five years since this Association was organized in
this city. Some of the worthy gentlemen who took an active
part in its formation are present to-day ; others have ceased
from their labors and gone to their rest, but the Association
still lives ; yes, it not only lives, but is successfully laboring
to promote the object which was dear to the heart of its found-
ers, and we who survive are permitted once more to meet at
the place of its birth and to rejoice in its prosperity.

The Society has held four exhibitions in different parts of
our country, each enlarging its sphere of action and rising in
interest and importance above its predecessor. It has dis-
bursed in premiums and expenses more than eighty thousand
dollars, and has called together larger assemblages of people
than have been convened upon any other occasion, embracing
not only our most intelligent yeomanry, but gentlemen of
every art and profession from nearly all of the States and Ter-
ritories of the Union, evincing that the national pulse beats
in unison with our own, and that the public voice is respon-
sive to our call.

When we realize that these results have been obtained in
the incipient history of our Society, without governmental pat-
ronage and without pecuniary resources, but simply and solely
by the effort and contributions of individuals, we regard our
success as one of the most striking illustrations of the power

of voluntary associations.

From this auspicious beginning we should derive ample en-

CQurageraent to perseverance and renewed confidence and ex-

13

ertion. These are favorable omens, and I hail them as har-
bingers of future good. But this cannot be realised without
wise counsel and a judicious plan, without zealous and labori-
ous exertions, without unity of purpose and individuality of
effort.

In the discharge of my official duty, I will at this time call
your attention to such considerations as the events of the last
year suggest, and to such recommendations in respect to our
future action, as appear to me to be best adapted to secure the
welfare and continued progress of our institution.

FOURTH EXHIBITION.

The fourth exhibition of the Society was held in Philadel-
phia in October last, in pursuance of resolutions passed at the
last annual meeting, and was continued five days.

In the projection and execution of its plan, the Society was
much indebted to the combined wisdom and liberality of the
Municipal authorities and Board of Trade in that city, and
also to the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture, to
the subscribers to the guarantee fund, and to the indefatigable
exertions of private citizens, and the Philadelphia press, all of
which contributed largely to the unparalleled success of the
enterprise.

The scale of operations was more extensive than that of any
previous exhibition, embracing nearly all the departments of
agriculture. These were represented in a manner honorable
to the contributors, to the association, to the country, and to
the city in which the exhibition was held. The weather was
most propitious, the accommodations of the most ample kind,
the attendance throughout large, amounting on one day to
70,000 persons. A peculiarly gratifying • feature was the nu-
merous and respectable delegations from the several States,
consisting of many of the most distinguished agriculturists in
America.

14

The receipts for entrance, memberships and admissions
at the gates, were about thirty-eight thousand dollars, but
the large amount awarded in premiums, and the great
expense incurred by the extensive and magnificent prepa-
rations for the Show, will probably leave but a small bal-
ance to be added to our funds. There are a few premiums
and bills yet to be paid, but it is believed that the balance on
hand is more than ample to meet all demands.

A more particular account of the financial condition of the
Society, will be made known in the report of the Treasurer.

The large premiums and expenses of the third and fourth
exhibitions have subserved a very valuable purpose, exciting
public attention and giving an existence and established char-
acter to the Society both at home and abroad. This object
having been thus speedily attained, and the Diploma and other
awards of the Society being thereby made more valualjle and.
desirable to their recipients, and as larger patronage cannot
reasonably be expected in any other section of the country,
the question is worthy of our consideration and decision,
whether a less expense should not be incurred in future exhi-
bitions, so as to increase our funds if possible, and to provide
us with the means of supporting a Secretary entirely devoted
to the interests of the Society.

The number of entries of the late exhibition was very large,
and it has seldom been our privilege to behold so many fine
animals. This remark will apply to the Durhams and Jer-
seys, but more especially to the Devons, and to the sheep.

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS.

The department of agricultural implements was more fully
represented than ever before. This occupied some acres of
ground and excited a peculiar interest among the farmers and
the public generally. The duty devolving upon the commit-

15

tee on discretionary premiums in this class was burthensome
and difficult, and called forth the following very appropriate
recommendation : —

" Your committee have decided with entire unanimitj, and after
mature deliberation, to present as the results of their labors, a respect-
ful and earnest recommendation for a Great National Trial in
THE Field, at such time and place, and under such regulations as in
the opinion of the Society would be most conducive to a correct deci-
sion upon their various merits and advantages."

The importjtnce of this recommendation, emanating as it
does from men of the highest intelligence and respectability,
deserves our consideration. One argument by which they
enforce their opinion is alike creditable to our association and
commendatory to their plan. " The United States of America
have already outstripped the world in the discovery and appli-
cation of scientific principles to mechanical purposes, and
awards made under such circumstances, and by a Society
representing so large a portion of the intelligence of the Union,
would possess higher value than those of the Royal Agricul-
tural Society of England or any other similar association in
the world."

In these sentiments I cordially concur, from the belief that
these labor-saving implements are eminently beneficial both to
the producer and to the consumer, reducing the cost of pro-
duction to the former and the price of commodities to the
latter, and to none are they more beneficial than to the labor-
ing classes, enabling them to perform work with less fatigue,
with greater skill, and therefore with corresponding advance in
wages. Hence every lover of his country and of his species,
should welcome improvements in this department of agricul-
ture. I therefore recommend that a special committee be ap-
pointed at this meeting with full powers to act, subject only
to the approbation of the Executive Board, to designate the

16

time and place, and to make all the necessary arrangements
to hold an exhibition for the trial of agricultural implements
in the field.

CHINESE SUGAR CANE.

One of the most important articles on exhibition at our late
Show, was the syrup of the New Chinese Sugar Cane (sorghum
saccharatum), the introduction of which into the United
States, has excited more deep and general interest than any
other agricultural product within the last quarter of a cen-
tury, and scarcely less in importance than Indian Corn. The
samples of this article were presented by Col. Eichard Peters,
of Atlanta, Georgia, who is entitled to the honor of calling
the attention of our farmers to it in this public manner. A
detailed statement of his crop with the method of cultivation
may be found in the Journal of this Society, and so confident
is Mr. Peters of the success of this crop that he intends to
plant one hundred acres this year. Preparations are making
in most of the States for its cultivation, and we have no hesi-
tation in affirming that it will be more extensively grown the
coming season than any new agricultural product since the
settlement of the country.

The increased consumption of sugar, the high prices of the
same, and the decline of the sugar cane in the tropical cli-
mates has awakened an additional interest, and it is impos-
sible to predict the importance of tliis crop to American
agriculturists. It has the advantage over the common
sugar cane, being grown easily from seed of wliich in
many States it produces an abundance, and in its adaptation
to every degree of latitude within the limits of our republic.
It has also been grown in the West Indies, South America and
Liberia. The past year it has been as successfully cultivated
in the New England and Western States as in Georgia and

17

the extreme South, — and presents the prospect to our farm-
ers of producing their sugar and molasses, as easily as they
now do their corn and potatoes, and being one of the most
profitable productions of the soil. It contains from fifteen to
twenty per cent, of saccharine matter, and will yield from four
to five hundred gallons per acre, of syrup or molasses. It
makes a very valuable food, and has produced in Kentucky
nineteen thousand pounds of dry fodder to the acre. It is
said to be incredibly heavy when compared with corn fodder,
and that its comparative loss by drying is much less.

When planted early and on rich lands, in some of the States,
it yields two crops in the season, and is equally good for cattle
in a dry or green state, and it is presumed that the seed,
when ground, will make a valuable meal for the fattening of
stock.

This seed plant, we believe, originated in China, and was
introduced to this country by the way of South Africa and
France, but to Mr. Browne, of the Agricultural Department
of the Patent Office, our fellow associate, who procured seed
while in France, are our citizens indebted for a general distri-
bution of this product more than a year shice. Mr. Browne
thinks it may be cultivated to an extent equal to that of Indian
corn, say twenty-five millions of acres, and he has kindly con-
sented to address the Society on this subject. Other varieties
of these sugar canes are said to exist in Caffraria, of which
Mr. Wray, an English gentleman, has collected a number.
These he says vary in time of ripening from seventy-five to
one hundred and thirty days. What success has attended
the cultivation of these, or what their comparative merits are?
we are unable to state.

So favorable is the impression in relation to this new crop
in all parts of our Union, and so thoroughly am I convinced
of its great importance to American agriculturists, that I

18

recommend the appoiiitment of a special committee to be
charged witli the duty of co-operating with the Patent Office
and of corresponding with Mr. Wray and other European
cultivators, and also with any other gentlemen interested in
the production of this crop.

FRUITS AND NATIVE WINES.

Another interesting feature in the late exhibition, was the
collection of fruits and native wines. Of these latter there
were more than fifty different samples, coming from various
States, among which Ohio, Missouri, Pennsylvania, New Jer-
sey and California were the most prominent. The cultivation
of the grape is becoming more and more extensive — every
year adds new and valuable varieties of native grapes to our
list, and such as are adapted to particular localities or to gen-
eral cultivation. Ohio has vineyards to the amount of four
thousand acres, Missouri ohe thousand acres. Other States
have less quantity, while California bids fair to rival the vine-
yards of Europe.

It was formerly supposed that ours could never become a
grape growing country, but this false theory is now entirely
exploded. Thousands of cultivators are now sowing the seed
of native or or hybridized grapes, and we are constantly pro-
ducing new and improved varieties adapted to all sections of
our land. The time is not distant when we shall not only
raise our own grapes and manufacture our own wines, but we
shall also be exporters of these articles. Since the disease of
the vine in Europe has proved so disastrous, a demand has
there arisen for the brandies made from our grapes, and of
which, the last, year, more than three thousand gallons were
sold at five dollars the gallon, and sent to France to flavor
French brandies manufactured from American rum and whis-
key.

19

Without entering here upon the question of temperance, I
may add that many of the staunch advocates of that most wor-
thy cause, encourage the cultivation of the grape for wines, iu
the belief that if pure wines become common, they will pro-
mote health by supplying the place of foreign poisons now sold
and consumed under the name of foreign wines, and that if
the fruit of the vine comes into general use it will reduce the
demand for alcoholic stimulants. On these principles a dis-
tinguished physician, President of one of our most efficient
State Temperance Societies, gave a recommendation to Mr.
Langworth for his Catawba wines.

HORSES.

Another prominent feature of the late exhibition, as also of
that in 1855, was the interest manifested in the display of the
horse. AYithin a few years a track for the exhibition and trial
of horses has been generally introduced into agricultural
shows. This subject has called forth much discussion and some
ungenerous criticisms, on account of its supposed analogy to
race courses, and hence the two have been compounded, and
the terms " raci/?o- " and " /<or5e-?-ad«jg- " applied inappropri-
ately to these exhibitions of that noble animal at our agricul-
tural shows. The difference is specific and wide. In the
race, the course is constructed professedly for a species of
gambling, which the laws of the land wisely prohibit — while
in the agricultural exhibitions the track is laid for the exhi-
bition of all the qualities which go to make up a valuable
horse, as blood, strength, action, and also speed.

In all the agricultural exhibitions which I have had the
happiness to witness, I have never yet seen, what may prop-
erly be denominated a race upon that track, nor have I seen
a premium offered for a race or known any wager having been
laid upon the speed of the horses at these exhibitions. Is not

20

the trial of the horse in rehition to these quahties as impor-
tant to the farmer as the exhibition of the superior qualities of
other animals ? Why should there be any more exposure of
the public morals in the one case than in the others ? True,
the display of the horse always attracts great attention, but is
that the fault of the exhibition ? Says a correspondent of one
ef our agricultural papers, " We know that even a procession
of horses will draw the attention of the crowd, or a single
horse of beauty and action will excite admiration. But to
hare an exhibition of horses without showing their action,
would be as incomplete as passing judgment upon a steam
engine or mowing machine, without witnessing their opera-
tion."

The first Exhibition of this Society consisted of Horses
entirely, and, as it deserved, received universal approbation.
At that Show it was said by the late Abbot Lawrence, our
Minister to the Court of St. James, " I rejoiced when I re-
ceived your invitation, informing me that there was to be a
real horse exhibition, and nothing but horses. We talk in
these modern times of the steam engine and electric tele-
graph, as the great civilizers of man, but the horse has been
a greater civilizer than either the steam engine or the electric
telegraph."

Governor Seymour, of New York, said, " I recognise the
importance of the horse to the Agriculture of our country,
and his improvement as a matter of deep concern." Said
Edward Everett, " Strike out of our civilization what the
horse has contributed to it, and we shall find a surprisingly
large blank."

Mankind in all ages have had a peculiar fondness for that
noble animal. Hence the presence of the horse in relation
to the saddle, carriage, draft and other purposes will be as it
ever has been, an object of admiration to all classes of society.

21

When we consider the number and value of the horse in our
country, we shall the more readily appreciate their importance
and the propriety of affording encouragement to this depart-
ment of American husbandry. By the statistics of the
Patent Office, it appears that the value of horses in the United
States is over three hundred millions of dollars, equal to four
times as much as all the butter and cheese — six times as
much as all the sheep — twenty times as much as all the
swine, and within one-fourth as much as all the horned cattle
in the Union.

The breeding of horses has, within a few years, become one
of the most profitable branches of agriculture, and if we
estimate the improvement which has taken place at only ten
dollars each, we shall have the round sum of fifty millions
of dollars.

To exclude the trial of speed in horses at our Fairs, (says
the President of one of our State Societies,) would certainly
have a tendency to detract from the real interest of these
exhibitions. If no interest can be had except a mere exam-
ination as to form and appearance, such animals as Fashion,
Black Hawk, Ethan Allen, and others, would surely remain
at home — and further, he states, I advocate the trial of
speed and bottom ; and I venture to assert that, without a
cross of thorough bred or turf stock, no very superior horse
exists — not one that would command the price of three hun-
dred to five hundred dollars for his superior qualities as a
family horse, and not one that is really valuable for any
other practical purpose without some of the blood of these
thorough bred or turf horses. For myself, I never drive fast
horses, neither have I or would I desire, that the display
of the horse should be made prominent at the expense of
other departments, but that he should receive that share of
attention which his great worth and the interests of the
farmer demand.

22

FUTURE EXHIBITIONS.

Proposals have been received from various quarters in re-
spect to our next annual exhibition, a subject which demands
much careful deliberation, in regard to its location, (previous
exhil)itions having been held in the Eastern, Western, and
Middle States) ; and also in respect to its preliminaries. I
therefore recommend a reference of this suliject to a special
committee, with full power to act in the premises.

RESIGNATION.

Gentlemen : By your favor I have occupied the chair of
this Society since its organization. In compliance with your
earnest solicitation I have waived my private preferences in
deference to your judgment, and have sustained the responsi-
bilities of the office the past year according to the best of my
ability. I have labored assiduously, and at no small personal
inconvenience and expense, to establish this Society upon a
firm and sure foundation — to promote a cordial intercourse
between agriculturists in all sections of the country, and to
advance the general cause of terra-culture by such methods
as appeared to me to be most judicious. For your indul-
gence and cordial co-operation I beg you to accept my most
grateful acknowledgments. But I cannot but doubt the pro-
priety of accepting again this trust, and I therefore most
respectfully decline a re-election, and request that I may be
permitted to retire fi"om the presidency, and that some one of
the worthy gentlemen I see around me may be honored with
the occupancy of this chair. Gladly shall 1 co-operate with
you, gentlemen, for the further advancement of this Society ;
nor will these sentiments change with the change of circum-
stances, for whatever position I may occupy in its future
labors, I shall ever feel the deepest solicitude for its prosperity

IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE.

Fellow Associates : In view of the wonderful progress of
our country, can we look back to the past and forward to the
future, without feeling the obligation which rests upon us as
farmers, to be faithful to our trust in our day. My convic-
tion of this duty deepens in importance, when I consider the
rapid increase of population, destined, according to the best
estimate, before some of the children of the present genera-
tion shall go down to their graves, to exceed two hundred mil-
lions of souls. These must be fed by the products of our soil,
and these products must be increased in corresponding propor-
tion. Where we now raise six hundred millions of bushels of
Indian corn, we must, within seventy years, produce the
enormous amount of four thousand eight hundred millions of
bushels. Other agricultural products must also increase in
the same ratio. How can this stupendous result be realized
but by a constant advance in all the arts of husbandry ? The
watchword of our age is, " Omvard;^^ and he who cultivates
the soil must move simultaneously with his brethren of other
trades and professions, for Ms interest is their interest. We
must labor together and aid each other, and if our Govern-
ment will not foster and protect us, our own enterprise will.
Let other countries more limited in their geographical extent
and physical resources, shape their policy as they may ; be it
the wisdom of our own Republic to develop our natural re-
sources, by a wise legislation without regard to party politics,
and to encourage, by prompt and liberal measures, all the
great industrial pursuits of our beloved country.

The importance of agriculture to the other arts, we can
never appreciate, until we can estimate the results of com-
merce and other pursuits which depend upon it ; until we
can calculate the benefits which have resulted to our country
and the world, from the cultivation of cotton and of Indian

24

corn. Agriculture is second to no other pursuit in resource,
in productiveness and salutary influence. The man who dis-
covers a process for the rapid advancement of this art, either
in the tillage of the soil or the manufacture of a valuable
labor-saving implement, is as truly a benefactor of his race
as a Columbus, a Newton, a Franklin, or a Fulton.

The improvement of agriculture will also d» much to pre-
serve a conservative and controlling influence in the councils of
our nation, and we trust that the day is not distant when the
voice of the farmer will be as potent in the halls of legisla-
tion as in the field. That nation is wise which extends the
greatest encouragement to this art, for she therefore provides
not only for the support, but for the health, happiness and
independence of her subjects. Strange indeed that agricul
ture, which occupies directly or indirectly, four-fifths of the
population of the United States, an art in which capital is so
safe, and labor so productive, the parent of all other arts, and
the source whence we derive our daily bread, has received
no more encouragement from Government. We would aid
and encourage agriculture by legislation, by education and
by every means in the power of the nation. Why should we
not have a separate department of the Cabinet for Agricul-
ture in our national government, as well as one for the mili-
tary ? Why has it hitherto been so difficult, nay, impossible,
to get a bill through Congress for the establishment of such a
department, when appropriations are annually made for the
support of objects not half, no, not a tenth part so important
to the welfare of the country ? Much good has already fol-
lowed from the increased appropriations for the Department
of Agriculture connected with the Patent Ofiice, and from
the judicious management of Mr. Commissioner Mason and
Mr. Browne, its immediate superintendent, and we rejoice in
the belief that the day is at hand, when the true interest of

25

the people, the primary pursuit of man, will no longer be dis-
regarded by our national legislature, when a wise policy, a
sense of justice and personal honor will give cordially to the
demands for which the yeomanry of our country have so long
implored.

Go forward, therefore, American farmers — persevere — our
country is enlarging its boundries upon the broadest scale —
keep pace with her rising greatness and with the age in which
we live. Act in a manner worthy of her manifest destiny.
Let us feel the responsibilities which rest upon us. Let us be
faithful to our high and glorious trust. Let us sympathise
and co-operate with our brethren of the soil in every part of
this great republic ; and let it never be forgotten, that we
meet as friends and mutual helpers, without regard to party
or creed, acknowledging no sectional interests, no personal
preferment, but only the general prosperity, and the welfare
of our whole united happy land.

On motion of Mr. H. A. Dyer, of Connecticut, it was

Resolved, That the thanks of the Society be extended to our worthy Presi-
dent for the ability and zeal with which he has discharged the harassing and
laborious duties of his office, and acknowledge the courtesy and efficiency with
which the executive duties have been discharged. The best guarantee for the
future efficiency of the Society is hi his retention of the post he has so ably
filled.

On motion of Vice President French, it was

Resolved, That the President appoint a committee of five to fix upon the
location of the next Exhibition ; — a committee of three to audit the accounts
o. the Society ; — and a committee of twenty-one to nominate officers for the
ensuing year.

Treasurer B. B. French, of the District of Columbia, sub-
mitted his annual report. After some discussion as to that
portion of it which gave the receipts at the Philadelphia Exhi-
bition, by Messrs. C. B. Calvert of Maryland, C. W. Harri-
3

26

SON of Pennsylvania, John Jones of Delaware, and Humphrey
Marshall of Kentucky, the Report was accepted, and referred
to the Committee on Accounts.

President Wilder announced his appointment of Commit-
tees.

On location of next Exhihitton. Messrs. Harrison of Pennsyl-
vania, Jones of Delaware, Richardson of New York, Kkllogg of
Massachusetts, and Hartshorne of Ne v Jersey.

On Accounts. Messi's. Clement of Pennsylvania and Fowxer of
Massachusetts.

On Nominations. Messrs. Lang of IMaine, French of New
Hampshire, Foote of Vermont, Dyer of Connecticut, Lewis of
Massachusetts, Thurston of Rhode Island, Waring of New York,
Frazee of New Jersey, McGowan of Pennsylvania, Jones of Dela-
ware, Ki.MMEL of Maryland, CusTis of Virginia, Underwood of
Kentucky, Holloway of Indiana, McCormick of Illinois, Stuart
of Michigan, Johnson of Tennessee, Kennet of Missouri, Bkadfohd
of California, Chapman of Nebraska, and Browne of the District of
Columbia.

Hon. James Guthrie, (Secretary of the Treasury,) stated
that the credentials of himself and the Hon. Humphrey Mar-
shall, with their instructions from the " Southwestern Agricul-
tural Association" at Louisville, Ky., were inadvertently left
at his residence, but should be forthcoming. He was in-
structed to propose Louisville as the place of the next Exhibi-
tion, and hoped the Society would go West and see what had
been done by its people in every department of agriculture
and husbandry.

Vice-President Kimmel, of Maryland, expressed his gratifi-
cation at the reception of this proposition, yet trusted that it
would not be left unmatched by the large committee of Balti-
moreans who also desired to secure the Exhibition for their
city. He also rejoiced to learn that a generous proposition
had been made by citizens of St. Louis, Missouri. Here was
an occasion for open and honoraljle rivalry. Let the repre-
sentatives of each city " lay on " their propositions, and let

27

the Society see who would " first cry ! ' hold ! enough ! ' "
[Applause.]

A Member suggested Lexington, Kentucky, as a fit local-
ity for the purpose.

President Wilder replied that he was in receipt of a letter
from Mr. Gratz, of the Lexington Agricultural Society, re-
signing the claims of his neighborhood in favor of the supe-
rior advantages of Louisville.

Mr. Benson, of Maine regretted that the hour was approach-
ing when he, with other gentlemen who were members of
Congress, would be obliged to leave the Society for their less
ogreeable duties at the capitol. In future, he hoped, the
Society would meet at an earlier hour, for farmers should
never refuse to go to work in good season. He therefore
offered the following resolution, which was carried : —

Resolved, That in future the morning sessions of this Society commence
at halt" past eight o'clock.

President Wilder laid before the Society numerous speci-
mens of apples and pears, from Oregon, which had been pre-
sented by D. T. Browne, Esq., of the Patent Office, to whom
they had been sent by an agricultural society in that distant
Territory. He appointed as a special committee to report on
these gigantic fruits, Messrs. Dyer, of Connecticut ; Prince, of
New York, and Pierce, of the District of Columbia.

That portion of President Wilder's address recommend-
ing a " National Trial of Agricultural Implements in the
Field" was- then informally discussed, and referred to a
Special Committee, consisting of Messrs. Benson, of Maine ;
Tench Tilghman, of Maryland ; Waring, of New York, War-
der, of Ohio ; Olcott, of New York, and Lang, of Maine.
Power was given them to add to their number, and to make
such arrangements as they might deem advisable, subject to
the control of the Executive Committee.

Vice-President Kimmel wished, as the representative of
Maryland, to propose for election as an Honorary Member of
the United States Agricultural Society, a gentleman who was
claimed by that State as an adopted citizen, and who had

28

never forgotten her, although estranged by years of absence.
He had, in the temporary gloom which had clouded the finan-
cial reputation of Maryland abroad, frankly and unhesita-
tingly vouched for her honor and for her integrity. Nor were
his exertions confined to Maryland alone. The whole Re-
public has been placed under direct obligation to him for the
public demonstrations of respect with which he has annually
honored the anniversary of our national independence, and
the social intercourse which he has promoted between the
two nations has exerted a happy influence in producing a
glorious political and commercial amity. As one who has
partaken of this international hospitality, (said Mr. Kimmel,)
I propose as an Honorary Member, George Peabody, Esq.,
of London.

Mr. PooRE, of Massachusetts, claimed the privilege of sec-
onding the proposition of the gentleman from Maryland, as
his own acres were in Essex county, of the Old Bay State,
where Mr. Peabody was born and was educated. It had been
a source of pride to the farmers of that county to find, that
when Mr. Peabody returned to his native land, he had steadily
avoided the ovations that awaited him in New York and in
Boston, that his first appearance in public might be at their
Agricultural Festival. From the interest which he there mani-
fested, there could be no doubt but that he would prove a val-
uable acquisition to this Society, and thus add to the strong
hold which he has upon the hearts of his countrymen. On
both sides of the Atlantic his name is coupled with good faith,
financial generosity, and international cordiality. He has
rendered incalculable services to America, and has a strong
claim upon our gratitude. Let us then, by an unanimous vote,
enrol among our Honorary Members Mr. George Peabody,
who has contributed so much to the prosperity of the Union,
the happiness of our fellow-citizens and the elevation of our
national character abroad.

President Wilder prefaced the question with a brief yet
eloquent allusion, to the commercial dignity and the noble
hospitality with which Mr. Peabody had sustained our national
reputation abroad. The vote was then taken, and the Prcsi-

29

dent announced that it was unanimous, constituting George
Peabody, Esq., of London, an Honorary Member of the United
States Agricultural Society.

Vice-President Kimmel then remarked that, as he thought
it very desirable that the United States Agricultural Society
and the Royal Agricultural Society of England be brought
into closer connexion, he proposed that Mr. Peabody act as
the representative of this Society before the Royal Agricul-
tural Society.

Prof. Fowler, of Massachusetts, claimed almost a right to
second this motion, for he had been at the meeting of the
Royal Agricultural Society in England, where he had been
treated with the greatest kindness, and had good cause to
acknowledge his indebtedness to the civility and hospitality
of Mr. Peabody.

Mr. Prince, of New York, hoped that Mr. Peabody would
also be accredited to the Central Agricultural Society of
France, which had done so much for pomology, and which
would hold its exhibition in Paris next May. In the course
of his remarks Mr. P. alluded to the exertions made by the
French Society, particularly in respect to the sorghum sac-
char atum.

These motions prevailed, and Mr. Peabody was constituted
a representative of the United States Agricultural Society to
the English and French National Societies.

The President then appointed a Committee on the Chinese
Sugar Cane, consisting of Messrs. Browne, of the District of
Columbia ; Peters, of Georgia ; Hammond, of South Carolina ;
Hyde, of Massachusetts; Classham, of New York; and Hart?
of Kentucky.

Mr. John Jones, of Delaware, moved the appointment of
a committee to memoralize Congress to organize an agricul-
tural department, with a Cabinet Minister at its head.

Mr. Mc Henry, of Maryland, hoped that before that be done
the subject would receive the benefit of a careful investiga-
tion, and that something of the scope of power intended to
be conferred should be determined on.

Mr. Jones replied, insisting on the propriety of his motion,

30

and expatiating on the evils of the present system, and
especially of the excessive importations we are now making.

Mr. Waring, of New York, hoped that the committee would
report this morning.

The President nominated as the committee : Messrs.
Jones, of Delaware ; Crittenden, of Kentucky ; McHenry, of
Maryland ; Waring, of New York ; and Kellogg, of Massa-
chusetts.

Hon. J. J. Crittenden hoped that some other member
would be substituted for him. He said he was not a practical
agriculturist, and besides was so buisied to-day with legis-
lative duties, and especially the Revokitionary claims bill, as
to render him unable to give attention to the subject now
pressed on him.

The Chair substituted G. W. P. Custis, Esq., of Virginia,
in Mr. Crittenden's stead.

Mr. W. G. Lewis, of Massachusetts, then moved the fol-
lowing resolution : —

Resolved, That a committee be appointed to take into consideration the
subject of carrying ojt the plan of the Commissioner of Patents, in relation
to collecting agricultural statistics in the several States, as proposed in his last
agricultural report.

Mr. Walsh, of Maryland, proposed to refer the subject of
the last resolution to the committee last appointed. This
motion prevailed, but was almost immediately reconsidered.

Vice-President French moved the appointment of a special
committee, which was carried ; and the Chair appointed ac-
cordingly Messrs. Lewis, of Massachusetts ; Walsh, of Mary-
land ; and Wager, of New York.

Mr. PooRE, chairman of a committee appointed at the
annual session of 185G, to solicit the co-operation of Congress
developing the relation of meteorology to agriculture, Reported^
That the Senate Committee to whom the various memorials
on this subject were referred, submitted the result of theip
enquiries in a report, on the 18th of December, 1856, accom-
panied by a " Bill," which provides for a minute and rigid
investigation of the electrical condition, the temperature, the

31

humidity and the movements of the atmosphere. From a
variety of causes, it is not believed by the Committee of this
Society that this " Bill " will receive any attention, either in
the Senate or in the House of Representatives. Yet the
subject is one of great importance, and should not be lost sight
of. As was stated in the memorial presented to Congress :

" The soil, climate, productions, and meteorological forces peculiar
to every part of the world would soon become familiar themes for
scientific discussion. And it is more than probable that this would
lead to the cultivation of all or nearly all of the most useful plants
and fruits of the temperate zones within the limits of the United
States. The tea-plant, the olive, the fig, and the date, and all varie-
ties of grapes are indigenous to just such climates as doubtless exist
in our country, and which may be discovered by proper investigation.
When the tea-fields of China, for example, shall have been carefully
studied and understood in relation to soil, strength of light, amount of
moisture, degree of heat, character of electrical forces, proximity to
water, desert or mountain ranges, and exposure to atmospheric cur-
rents, then the same tea may be produced by the American planter
simply by the discovery and proper culture of similar fields. The
same would be true of the coffee tree, and of every other useful
plant. In this way, doubtless, muj be transferred to America, and
probably to the United States, all the most valuable cereal grains,
grasses, fruits, leguminous and esculent plants in the world.

"The advantages to be derived from the cultivation of new crops
cannot be accurately estimated. That they would be \erj great, none
who have given attention to this subject entertain a doubt. The
potato and Indian corn have recently been brought into use. But
a few years since they were unknown in many parts of the world
where they now supply millions with daily food. Other plants of
equal value could hardly fail to be discovered and brought into general
use. And those now known would be improved in character, and
their culture extended to other countries. It is now known, contrary
to previous conjecture, that sugar-cane Avill flourish and mature in any
climate that will produce and mature Indian corn, if protected from
the severe frosts of northern winters. The same soil, the same amount
I of moisture, the same degree of light and heat necessary to produce
and mature a luxuriant crop of Indian corn, will produce and mature
an equally abundant crop of sugar-cane. Hence the discovery of an
annual sugar-cane plant, or the transmutation by hybridation of some

32

one of the known species to an annual, is all tliat is now necessary
to enable the people of Illinois or Missouri to produce sugar as suc-
cessfully as ihe people of Louisiana. Whether the Chinese sugar-
cane will prove to be the necessary species, time alone can determine.
" The regular report of the condition and piospects of the growing
crops, from every part of our country, to a central office, as contem-
plated by your memorialists, furnishing the data of official bulletins,
would be of sufficient importance to both producer and dealers to re-
quire the approval of the government. But when all commercial
countries are to be embraced in the same system of observation and
research, its importance becomes overwhelming. In consequence of
the introduction of steam, the imjjrovemcnt of navigation, the con-
struction of railroads the spread of commerce, the use of the tele-
graph, and the rapidly increasing facilities of intercourse, the farmer
and planter of the United States is almost as much interested, prac-
tically, in knowing the state, prospect, and amount of crops in foreign
lands, as in his own country. The wheat-grower in Illinois is not
only concerned to know whether the wheat crop of other States is
above or below the average, but also whether a short or very abund-
ant crop has been harvested in Europe. The crops in other parts of
the world tend to increase or diminish the price of his own grain ; for
in the markets abroad he is compelled to compete with the grain-
grower upon the watei's of the Black sea, in the Canadas, and else-
where. In Liverpool the corn of the Danube competes with that of
Kentucky and Indiana. The sugar-planter in Louisiana is directly
interested in the abundance of that crop in Cuba and Brazil. A
short crop of cotton in India and Egypt enhances by millions the
value of that crop in the valley of the Mississippi ; and so with all
the other great staples of agriculture. To enable the farmers and
planters to know in advance the prospects of the growing crops with
which their own must compete in the markets of the world, is to
enable them to reap the just reward of their own industry ; to refuse
it, is to place them at the mercy of the dealer."

The Committee of this Society feel deeply impressed with
the importance of a national system of meteorological obser-
vation and research ; yet do not deem it advisable to press
the matter, at the present time, upon the attention of Con-
gress.

On motion of Mr. Watson, of Alabama, the Report was

33

accepted, and the Committee was discharged from any further
consideration of subject.

Mr. Lewis wished to present a series of resolutions for the
consideration of the Society, rather to elicit facts than to
obtain definite action. The subject of Agriculture through-
out the United States, and throughout the world, is in its
infancy, and he wished to see a commencement made in the
acquisition of knowledge. A beginning must be made some-
where. The first thing learned by a child is the elements of
its native tongue — the first movements of a community on
any subject are the elements of its subsequent knowledge of
that subject. So with agriculture. There should be certain
primary rules established, as the elements of a more extended
agricultural knowledge, and this Society would be performing
a great work in establishing such rules. Take for instance
cattle, where is there any text-book wherein " he who runs
may read," and become conversant with the true standard of
excellence. A great and alarming amount of ignorance pre-
vails as to what constitutes a perfect animal, unlike the regu-
lar systems by which everything else can be judged. When
he had been called upon to serve as a member of a com-
mittee, appointed to award premiums to the best cattle of
some particular race, class, or grade, he had often consulted
with his colleagues as to what should be the standard of
excellence by which their judgment should be guided, and
had never found any two to agree. Each gentleman had his
individual opinions, but there was no code by which all were
governed. To remedy this want, and to thus take one step
towards order in agricultural knowledge, he would move the
following resolutions, viz. : —

Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed to establish a scale of points
■which may be considered as constituting perfection in the ■various breeds of
cattle, horses, sheep, and swine.

Resolved, That said committee cause accurate drawings to be made delin-
eating each of the various breeds and sexes, with said points clearly indicated.

Resolvel, That said committee recommend what number of points or de-
jzrees of jierfection shall entitle any animal to receive any or what premium at
the annual Exhibition.

Resolved, That said committee recommend what further regulation should

34

be adopted by the Society for the direction of committees in passing their
juflgment on stock entered for premiums.

Resolved, That said committee submit their report to this Society as soon as
practicable, to be acted upon by the members.

Mr. C. B. Calvert opposed the object of the resohttions,
looking upon it that the appointment of such a committee
would only end in raking together maxims from the old text
books, most of which he deemed fallacious, or at least tending
to error. No committee could be found which would agree,
so different are the sentiments of different persons on these
matters. The true points of animals held up as worthy of
prizes were generally hidden and smothered under a mountain
of mere fat. It was fat, that for the most part, got premiums
in England and here, and thus the true points were kept out
of sight. What we want is a physiological institution, where
these things would be thoroughly studied.

Mr. Dyer, of Connecticut, did not agree with the last
speaker, and thought his arguments inconclusive. What he
would propose would be the careful selection of a committee
on this topic. Let all the lights they can get be before them,
and let them report at the next meeting of the Society. On
horses in particular he would propose a committee of three or
five members.

Mr. Olcott, of the Farm School, New York, thought that
such a committee as the one under consideration should be
constructed of persons having naturally original fitness and
qualifications for the duty, and not dependent on books. He
instanced the appointment of a committee on agricultural im-
plements, of which only one member had any knowledge at all
of the subject. It would be useless to attempt to fix a stand-
ard of perfection unless peculiarly fit qualifications were en-
gaged in search of it.

Mr. Lewis insisted on the in dispensability of a fixed stand-
ard of perfection. He pinned his faith on no man's sleeve,
but desired the fullest investigation, and then draw results.
For twenty years he had felt tlie necessity of some rule where-
by to decide ; and more than ever was tliis necessity forced
upon him when he had been aj)j)ointed on committees to judge
of the merits of stock.

35

Vice President Kimmel thought it would be well to have a
classification of animals, and hoped a sufficient time would be
allowed to the work.

Mr. Calvert trusted more to individual experience and
practical judgment ; these he thought the best guides to just
decisions as to the qualities of stock of any kind. He was
against book-knowledge in this matter.

Mr. Brown, of Maine, asked how the gentleman from Mary-
land would decide upon the merits or qualities of any animal
submitted to his inspection, unless he had some mental rule
or criterion ?

Mr. Calvert replied that he had never yet seen any stand-
ard published that could be relied upon.

Prof. Fowler thought that it would be better to postpone
further discussion of the subject at present. Let the com-
mittee be appointed — let them report — and next year we can
discuss their scales of excellence, which we may all adopt,
with perhaps some slight variations.

Mr. Lewis certainly hoped that the enquiries would be made,
and some "points" adopted by the Society, after due consid-
eration. In reply to the gentleman from Maryland, he would
say that as every one has certain reasons for his preferences,
there could be no valid objection to having the reasons of
practical and theoretical agriculturists collected, classified,
compared, combated, until at length it shall become under-
stood why this animal is preferred for a milker, that for beef,
this for draught, that for speed, and so forth.

Mr. Clement, of Pennsylvania, had no faith in book stand-
ards, and, like Mr. Calvert, relied on experience and indi-
vidual judgment.

Mr. Benson, of Maine, ably enforced the views advanced by
Mr. Lewis, and desired to know if the points and reasons why
one animal is preferred for a certain purpose before another
could not be written down, and the knowledge thus obtained
be put into other people's possession. He hoped the commit-
tee would be appointed. It was one of the missions of this
Society to meet this very want. Let us get knowledge from
all quarters and record it for the use of those who who shall
come after us, and improve upon what we first gather.

36

"Vice President Kimmel suggested that the President have
time to select a proper committee. He would like to have the
matter investigated, and done in the best manner.

Mr. Dyer moved the following resolutions amendatory of
the first paragraph of Mr. Lewis's : —

Resolvrd, That a committee of five be appointed on each of the prominent
classes of neat stock, on horses, sheep, and swine.

The amendment was accepted, and the resolutions, as
amended, were passed. President Wilder enquired how the
committee should be appointed ?

Several gentlemen expressed the wish that the President
would appoint them. No objection having been made, the
President stated that he would make the appointments, but
that it would require some time to do so.

The Society then adjourned until half-past seven o'clock,
when they re-assembled in the Lecture Hall of the Smithsonian
Institution, President Wilder in the chair. There was also
a large au dience of ladies and gentlemen present, by invita-
tion.

Rev. J. G. Morris, of Baltimore, in accordance with previ-
ous announcement, delivered an interesting lecture on the
" Entomology of Agriculture." His remarks showed that he
is thoroughly acquainted with his subject, and they were of
great practical value, especially that portion of them relating
to the curculio, and other insects injurious to vegetation. It
is to be hoped that he will re-consider his refusal to furnish a
copy of this interesting lecture for publication.

The different committees appointed during the day, met for
the transaction of the business assigned them, after the lec-
ture. It was conceded by those who have attended every
business session of the Society, that the present one eclipsed
its predecessors, both in interest, in the number present, and
in the high character of those who took part in it, as theo-
retical or practical agriculturists.

37

SECOND DAY.

Vice President Underwood, of Kentucky, called the Society
to order on Thursday morning, at the request of President
Wilder.

Vice President Kimml, in rising to present the report of
the committee on nominations, alluded to the intimation in
the address of the President of his desire to retire from
the office, and his purpose to decline a re-election. The com-
mittee had in consequence on Wednesday evening waited on
their President, and took steps and addressed arguments cal-
culated to remove his objections to a continuance. They had
happily succeeded in this object, and were now able to inform
the Society that the Piesident's intention had been revised, and
he would go on to fill the position which he so much adorned.
[Cheers.] There were few men to be found, even in this
wide-spread land, so fitted on all accounts to fill the office
in question as the present incumbent, and the zealous, untir-
ing exertions he was ever making, set off as they were by the
beautiful manner in which he presided over the deliberations
of the Society, were testimonies of the fact. No matter what
the duty that called upon him, whether to pull in the harness,
to drag the plough in the field, or to haul the wagon, he was
sure to stand up to the collar and never flinch. Mr. K. could
speak of his own knowledge, and say that he could name no
one in this whole country who could perform the duties of the
high office in so entirely an acceptable and useful a manner.
[Cheers.] He would call upon the Secretary to read the re-
port of the committee containing the list of officers, and of
which he solicited the adoption by the Society.

The report was read, and unanimously adopted, after which
the by-laws were suspended by vote, and the following ticket
was chosen :

OFFICERS FOR 1857-8.

President — Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, of Mass.

Vice Presidents — Messrs. J. D. Lang, Maine; Henry F.
French, N. H. ; Frederick Holbrook, Vt. ; Simon Brown,
Mass. ; B. B. Thurston, R. I. ; Nathaniel B. Smith, Conn. ; H.

38

Wager, N. Y. ; W. P. Robeson, New Jersey ; David Landreth
Penn. ; John Jones, Del. ; Anthony Kimmel, Md. ; G, W. P
Custis, Va. ; Henry K. Burgwyn, N. C. ; F. W. Alston, S.C.
Richard Peters, Ga, ; C, C. Clay, Jr., Ala. ; M. W. Phihps
Miss. ; Robert W. Williams, La. ; J. T. Worthington, Ohio ; W
L. Underwood, Ky. ; John Bell,Tenn. ; D. P.,Holloway,Ind.
J. A. Kinnicott, 111. ; Thomas Allen, Missouri ; A. B. Green-
wood, Arkansas ; Michael Shoemaker, Mich. ; D. L. Yiilee,
Florida ; T. J. Rusk, Texas ; J. W. Grimes, Iowa ; D. Wells,
Iowa ; A. C. Bradford, California ; W. W. Corcoran, D. C. ;
Manuel A. Otero, New Mexico ; H. M. Rice, Minnesota ; J.
H. Lane, Oregon ; P. Anderson, AVashington Territory ; John
M. Bernhisel, Utah ; Bird B. Chapman, Nebraska ; Gov.
Geary, Kansas.

Executive Committee — Gov. Jolm A. King, New York ;
Hon. Gibson Mallory, Kentucky ; A. L. Elwyn, M. D. Penn-
sylvania ; D. J. Browne, Esq., District ol Columbia ; Edward
Hobbs, Esq., Kentucky ; Hon. Frederick Smyth, New Hamp-
shire ; and A. C. Stevenson, M. D,, Indiana.

Treasurer — B. B. French, Washington, D. C.

Secretary — Ben: Perley Poore, Newburyport, Mass.

The nominating committee then escorted the President
elect to tlie chair, amid the plaudits of the assemblage.

Col. Wilder, on assuming the chair, said that it was
impossible for him to give adequate expression to the feelings
which this new evidence of the confidence of the United States
Agricultural Society i;i again re-electing him to the responsi-
ble and dignified office of its President inspired within him.
[Cheers.] He had borne the burdens it imposed and worked
ardu.ously in the discharge of its various duties, and most ably
and cordially had he been sustained by the officers and mem-
bers at large. He loved to be associated with them in the
promotion of the noble cause of agriculture ; he loved to take
hold with them of the handles of the plough, to urge on the
great interests they had in view, and, though he would on his
own account prefer vacating and assist in putting some other
member in the honorable position, still he must submit to
wishes so kindly and urgently expressed to him by the commit-
tee last night. He had hoped to devote some leisure before
going down into tlie grave, to his family and their interests ;
yet, as he did not know any better way to make himself use-

39

fill than in the great and good cause in which we are all em-
barked, he was willing to spend and be spent, and to do what-
ever might be required of him. [Cheers.] If, whilst thus
employed, he should fall in the furrow, all he would ask would
be that the Society should cover the clods over him and he be
permitted to rest in peace. He hoped that tlius living and
acting he might feel that he had not lived in vain. [Hearty
and repeated cheers followed the President's remarks.]

Vice President French reported that the following resolu-
tions were adopted by the committee on nominations, to be
presented to the meeting of the Society : —

Resolved, That the thanks of the United States Agricultural Society be pre-
sented to W. S. King, Esq., for the able manner in which he has discharged
the duties of his office since the first organization of the Society, with its regrets
that his business prevents his further acceptance.

Resolved, That the tlianks of the Society be presented to the ^Municipal au-
thorities of Philadelphia, to the Philadelphia Society for the promotion of <
agricultm-e, and to the locil executive committee for courtesies extended dur-
ing the recent exhibition in Philadelphia.

Resolved, That the thanks of the Society be presented to John McGowan,
Esq., Assistant Secretary, to Charles W. Harrison, Esq., Assistant Treasurer,
and to the other efficient officers at the Philadelphia exhibition for their valua-
ble and efficient services.

The resolutions were then put and carried.

Yice President Kimmel, on behalf of the Maryland commit-
tee, withdrew Maryland from competition for the place of hold-
ing the next exhibition.

Mr. Harrison reported from the committee on the place of
exhibition as follows : —

That, having considered the overtures made by the citizens of Balti-
more, Maryland ; St. Louis, Missouri ; and Louisville, Kentucky ; they
award a preference to the proposition made by the Southwestern Ag-
ricultural and Mechanical Association, which oifers its grounds free
of expense, and guarantees an amount of thirty thousand dollars as an
indemnity against any excess of expenses over receipts at Louisville,
Kentucky.

Mr. Wager, of New York, moved the acceptance of the re-

40

port, and that the place for the next exhibition be Louisville,
Kentucky. The motion was carried by acclamation.

President Wilder remarked that, as to the time of the exhi-
bition, it would be of importance to fix it so as not to come in
conflict with the holding of any of the State or County Fairs,
and especially with none in that part of the country, where it
was proposed to hold the exhibition. An announcement of
the time would be made at an early day.

Vice President Underwood, of Kentucky, wished to allude
to an address which had been delivered by him before an au-
dience of ten thousand persons, m Southwestern Kentucky.
The address had never been fidly published, but a resolution
embodied in it, and unanimously adopted by those who heard
it, had been brought to his recollection by a remark in the
eloquent address of President Wilder. It was to the effect
that — by some instrumentality — the home of Pater Patri.e
should become the property of the country, and the location
of an Agricultural College. He did not wish, (he said) to
indulge in a rhetorical display, but seriously to propose a
couple of resolutions couched in plain language. It was true,
as had been already remarked, that whilst every other inter-
est, in some form or other, had been fostered »and helped. Ag-
riculture, the chief and basis of all, was left to take care of
itself. In a word, we have few agricultural schools. He had
understood that the State of Virginia had made efforts to pur-
chase Mount Vernon for such a school, and that another party
had desired it for another purpose, but Mr. John Washington,
the proprietor, was unwilling to let it go into private hands at
any price, but desired it to be dedicated to some elevated and
national purpose, than which none other could be found
higher than the one we now propose. The resolutions are as
follows : —

Resolved, That, in the opinion of the United States Agricultural Society,
there is an eminent fitness in procuring for and dedicating to the cause of agri-
culture the home of the Father of his Country.

Resolved, That a committee of three members be appointed by the Presi-
dent to communicate with the proprietor of Mount Vernon, and to ascertain
upon what terms that estate can be procured, in oruer to be exclusively dedi
cated to the cause of Agriculture ; and that said committee, having so done*

41

be and they are hereby further instructed, in the event it can be procured, to
memorialize Congress on the subject of purchasing it for the purpose afore-
said; and by suitable rules and regulations to establish there a gational insti-
tution for the promotion of agriculture.

Vice President Kimmel was glad the gentleman from Ken-
tucky had moved in this matter. Maryland too was in favor
of such an establishment as contemplated by the resolutions,
which he hoped would pass the Society without a dissenting
voice. True, Maryland has on hand a proiect of her own of
the same character, which he could say would be successful,
but if it failed she would gladly follow in this great undertak-
ing. If Maryland and Kentucky take this matter in hand it
cannot fail. The ladies of Virginia had moved in this matter,
and for himself he could see no constitutional objection to it
at all. If government can sometimes stretch out other things,
let it stretch a little, if it must be so, in this. If boys can be
taught for employment in the navy and in the army, why not
also teach them to till the soil, a concern of inferior import-
ance to none ? He would like to know, if our agricultural
character were taken from us, what would be left ? He hoped
the resolutions would unanimously pass.

Mr. Calvert was sorry to be again called upon to speak at
this time, but felt it to be his duty, and would indulge in a few
remarks. He was truly ashamed to hear his colleague from
Maryland leave it to be supposed possible that Maryland could
fail in establishing her proposed agricultural college. Slie can
carry out her own project and unite in the other also. His
colleague did not correctly represent Maryland on this sub-
ject. He hoped it did not indicate hostility to the measure on
the part of the farmers of the richest agricultural county in
the State, but if it did, and that hostility were to display itself,
then the poor districts would unite, and set a college that
could be seen rising upon the tops of some of the Maryland
hills. If the agriculturists of Maryland would not do that,
why he would seek some other than her soil for a resting place
for his bones. Mr. Calvert gloried in the resolution of the
gentleman from Kentucky. It was national, while the other
was a State affair ; and the distinction should be kept in view.

4

42

Vice President Kdimel looked upon this as a Maryland war.
in which one party comes from the mountains, the other from
the flat lands. He claimed to have as much State pride as his
friend, but would not fear to say that Maryland farmers mostly
live by the sweat of their brow. He had labored with friends
of the cause of a State college, and was well disposed to it.
He could not yield to the gentleman in this respect, though
he knew him to be fully charged with all the noble qualities
of a patriot and an American. He looked at Mount Vernon
as a great national object, and would be glad to enlist Uncle
Sam in its purchase for an agricultural establishment. He
was willing to fall back, to retreat, to retrogade, and yet fight
all the time in this behalf.

Mr. Lewis, of Massachusetts, had waited for some Xorthern
man to speak on this point. Others failing, he would himself
say a few words. He looked upon Mount Vernon as like a
New England Thanksgiving, where all the family gathered
from the most distant quarters, equally and gladly met at
home. To the patriotism of farmers he trusted in the last
resort for the salvation of the country.

Dr. Bergen, of Pennsylvania, tliought that Congress might
possibly interpose constitutional objections to this proposal, but
if carried out he should propose adding merely agricultural
teachings, professorships of mineralogy and geology, making it
a Polytechnic School.

Mr. Waring was disposed to ask Congress to let the whole
matter alone. Should it make an appropriation for purchas-
ing Mount Vernon, and found an Agricultural College there,
that institution would be very apt to become a mere liospital
for decayed politicians, and a seminary for the sons of gentle-
men holding political positions. Could Judge Underwood's
idea be carried out, no better appropriation of the public
monies could be made, yet he feared it would be difficult to
carry the theory into practice. In his opinion, it would be far
better for the United States Agricultural Society to undertake
the purchase itself. If the city of Louisville could guarantee
^30,000 for a single exhibition, surely the whole agricultural
community of the United States could easily purchase Mount

43

Vernon. Mr. Waring said he had a resolution to offer to this
effect.

Treasurer French observed that Mr. John Washington had
said again and again that he would never part with Mount
Vernon to any party but the United States or the State of
Virginia. Mr. F. thought Congress ought to take this matter
in hand.

^Ir. Waring withdrew his resolution before it had been read,
and the discussion of Judge Underwood's resolutions was con-
tinued.

Mr. Byington, of Connecticut, was confident of the co-opera-
tion of his State, and would pledge her quota of the sum ne-
cessary for the purchase of the sacred shrine.

Mr. Kellogg, of Massachusetts, opposed any attempt to se-
cure the aid of Congress in this or any other side-issue. The
whole force of the United States Agricultural Society, he
urged, should be concentrated upon the establishment of a De-
partment of Agriculture, as a component part of our national
government. This obtained, the establishment of Agricul-
tural Colleges, the purchase of Mount Vernon, and other ob-
jects would naturally be attained.

Mr. Bradford, of California, would pledge his State as one
of the foremost in raising any sum requisite to purchase Mount
Vernon,

The question was then put and the resolutions were unan-
imously carried.

A resolution offered by Mr. Calvert requiring every candi-
date for election to Congress to state whether he would vote
for the purchase of Mount Vernon by the general government,
was briefly discussed by Gov. Lawrence, of Rhode Island ;
French, of the District of Columbia ; Haralson, of ^Mississippi,
and Frazee, of New Jersey, and was not carried.

The President appointed as the committee contemplated
in Mr. Underwood's resolutions, the following gentlemen : —
Mr. Underwood, of Kentucky, Mr. Custis, of Virginia, and
Mr. Benson, of Maine.

Mr. Fowler, of Massachusetts, after stating that the Vice
President of the Society from New Hampshire, who was justly

V (y

44

distinguished as an agricultural editor, and as one who had
done much for the cause in his immediate vicinity, both by
precept and example, offered the following resolution, which
was unanimously adopted : —

Resolved, That the Hon. H. F. French, Vice President of this Society,
from New Hampshire, be furnished with a circular letter, commending him to
the kind attention of agriculturists in other lands, as a gentleman whose posi-
tion at home entitles him to the esteem of all who promote the great cause of
agriculture — a cause which has well been said to "know no limits of brother-
hood narrower than those of civilization,"

At this stage of the proceedings, a messenger advanced to
the President's table, bearing a bouquet of large size and of ex-
quisite beauty, accompanied by the following letter, which was
read aloud : —

To Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, Pres't. National Agricultural Society :

Sir, — In token of your zeal and inspiring example in the promotion of the
cause of Floriculture, please accept this humble testimonial from one who ap-
preciates the relaxation of an hour fiom the business toil of life to revel among
nature's blandishments, in the outer courts of earth's fruitage.

Without T^owers Ihere are no fruits.

Charles G. Page.
Washington, January 15, 1857.

President Wilder disclaimed it as a present to himself, but
accepted it from Professor Page as intended for the Society, in
whose behalf he returned thanks.

Mr. Lewis, from the committee appointed to take into con-
sideration " the subject of carrying out the plan of the Com-
missioner of Patents in relation to collecting agricultural sta-
tistics in the several States, as proposed in his last agricultural
report," stated that they had attended to the duty assigned
them, and begged leave to make the following report : —

The want of accurate statistics and reliable information as to the
true resources of our immense country has always been felt, and will
be so until some definite plan is devised whereby such information
can be obtained. An accurately correct return is not expected at first,
but if an approximate one can be obtained from year to year, the aver-
age ascertained would prove of much value to all, particularly to the
agriculturist.

45

The merchant or dealer in any article of traffic, whether pork, cot-
ton, wheat, wool or tobacco, may have an object to disguise the real
(juantity of the merchandise he deals in, whether raised, exported, or
consumed, and often the unprincipled speculator will cause such quan-
tities and prices to appear in the market as will mislead the public and
suit his pur[)Ose, the ill effects of which no class in the community ex"
periences more than the producer.

Not so with the agriculturist. Any one can tell pretty nearly what
he raises, or stock he has on hand at a given time ; and if the sche-
dule propo-ed by the Commissioner is presented annually by the asses-
sors in each town throughout the country, (as it is already done in
several of the States) more reliable information will be obtained an-
nually than from any other source.

We trust that the Governors of the several States and Territories,
(where it is not already done) will recommend the table hereto an-
nexed, to be adopted by their several Legislatures and co-operate with
the General Government in carrying out this noble object, by annually
forwarding copies of their returns to the Patent Office, where the whole
may be properly arranged and presented to the public in an annual
Report.

The committee, entertaining these views, offer the following
resolutions : —

Resolved, That the United States Agricultural Society cordially a]iprove of
the recommendation of the Commissioner of Patents in relation to obtaining
accurate statistics of the staple productions of the United States.

ResoJvtd, That we recommend the Governors of the several States and Ter-
ritories to adopt the plan proposed, or take such action in the premises as they
may deem expedient in relation thereto.

Resolved, That this Society transmit a copy of these resolutions to the Gov-
ernors of the several States and Territories.

On motion, the report was accepted, and the resolutions
were adopted.

President Wilder called up the " special order " of the day
viz. : the culture of the Cliinese Sugar Cane, (^sorghum saccha-
ratuni), and after a few introductory remarks, requested Mr.
D. Jay Browne, of the Patent Office, to give his experience in
respect to that plant. Mr. Browne first observed that he could
say but little more than was already known to the public, but
was willing to answer any questions on the subject which might

46

bo put to him. The main points elicited in relation to this
product from his remarks and replies may he summed up as
follows : —

Mr. Browne had had three years' experience in the culture
of this plant. He first saw it grow in France in 1854, and had
experimented with it in the District of Columbia the two suc-
ceeding seasons. It was cultivated in various localities, dif-
fering in the character of the soil, its exposure to the sun, its
moisture, dryness, degrees of fertility, &c. The seed was
planted at different distances apart, and at several periods.
He found that it succeeded best when sown in rows or drills,
three feet apart, with the plants a foot asunder along the drills,
or in hills with a corresponding number of stalks to each.
The time of planting varied from the 1st of May to the 20th
of June. That sown early in May did not germinate before
two or three weeks, but matured its seeds somew^hat earlier
than that planted late ; that sown on the 20th of June matured
some of its seeds nearly as soon as that planted on the 10th of
the same month. The seed ripened between the 10th of Sep-
tember and the 15th of October, but unequally in the same
fields. In some instances it stood excessive drought, as well
as the light frosts of September and October, without injury.
When the stalks were cut or eaten off near the ground by
animals in July, new shoots sprang up and perfected their
growth. Other plants were suffered to stand after their
ripened seeds had been removed, and new panicles put forth
in October, at their uppermost joints, but did not mature. He
had been informed that plants were left in South Carolina in
a similar manner, the stalks of each of which ripened several
successive panicles of seeds. Tlie seeds will mature from
eighty to one hundred days after planting. He also said that
five crops of fodder had been cultivated in Florida the past
season from the same roots, the last perfecting seeds.

The amount of seeds produced to the acre in the District of
Columbia varied from fifty to sixty bushels, yieldiiig in many
cases a gill to a stalk. The weight of green matured plants to
the acre he estimated to be from fourteen to thirty-three thou-
sand pounds. He was informed that in one instance, in Ken-

47

tucky, nine tons of fodder were raised to an acre, as weighed
after three months' drying. As a fodder plant he thought its
geographical range would correspond to that of Indian corn,
as it had been grown as far North as St. Paul, in Minnesota,
and fully ripened its seeds in Massachusetts and Illinois. It
grew with the greatest luxuriance in a moist, loamy soil, well
manured, with an aspect but partially exposed to the morning
and evening sun, having attained a height of seventeen feet,
with stalks an inch and a half in diameter. On dry indiffer-
ent soils, unmanured, and fully exposed to the sun during the
day, the plants did not attain more than half of these dimen-
sions. He remarked that both syrup and sugar had been
manufactured from the juice in this country, as well as in
France. The sugar which he had seen was both in a crystal-
lizable and uncrystallizable state, the latter technically known
as " grape sugar." Syrup of a superior quality had been pre-
sented to him from New Hampshire, equally as good as that
extracted from the perennial cane. By adopting the usual
process in this country of making sugar from the maple, by
boiling down the juice in a single kettle, one would rarely
succeed in making a good article from the West Indian cane.
In Cuba and elsewhere it was a common practice, in manu-
facturing " muscovado " sugar, first to cut the canes near the
ground, deprive them of their tops and leaves, convey them
immediately to the mill, crush out the juice by means of three
cast-iron or wooden rollers, and cause it to flow to a series of
boilers of peculiar construction, to which are applied various
degrees of heat. In the first boiler the juice is raised to a
temperature somewhat above blood heat, and a small quantity
of lime-water is added to neutralize the acidity. It is then
transferred successively into the other boilers, undergoing dif-
ferent degrees of ebulition, tempering, and *other manipula-
tions, whi'ch can only be learned by practice, until it reaches
the point of crystallization. From the laet boiler it is poured
into a receptacle in which, by gradually cooling, it undergoes
the process of granulation. It is next scooped out and poured
into unglazed earthen pots, with small apertures in their bot-
toms, and conveyed to the " dripping-floor," where the mo-

48

lasses, or uncrystallizable portion, falls iiito a gutter below and
runs into a receiver, preparatory to putting it up into cas-ks.
As soon as the dripping is completed, which lasts several days,
and the sugar becomes moderately dry, the pots are carried
to large wooden platforms, the sugar emptied out, pulverized
by beating, and then packed into boxes or casks for shipment
or use.

He thought that if this or some similar process were ap-
plied to the juice of the Chinese cane in the United States
we might succeed in making from it a crystallized sugar ;
but, as about one-third part is uncrystallized, it might be
questioned whether the attempt to separate it would be eco-
nomical. It was stated that, by means of optical instruments,
we may clearly distinguish the preponderance of crystalliza-
ble sugar of this plant, as well as that of Indian corn, and
that there appears to be some relation between their maturity
and the facility with which crystals can be obtained. He was
of the opinion that this cane contained the greatest amount
of saccharine matter when the seeds were in their milky stage,
and that the richness of the juice mainly depended upon a
hot sun, a continued summer heat, and a warm, moderately
rich soil, but none upon the latitude in which it is cultivated,
as had been inferred. From three-fourths to seven-eighths
of the stalk consists of juice, which varies in richness, accord-
ing to the size, vigor, and healthiness of the plant. That
taken from a cane seventeen feet in height and one inch
and a half in diameter, grown in the District of Columbia,
on the moist loamy land referred to above, yielded only 14
per cent, of dry saccharine matter, while that from a stalk
about nine feet in height, an inch in diameter, cultivated on
light land in Massachusetts, gave 23 per cent. Furthermore,
it was asserted that alcohol of a superior quality and agreea-
ble taste, resembling noyau, had been manufactured from
it — a bread-saving crop being thus supplied — and that, if
redistilled with grape seeds, it would produce an excellent
brandy. But a difficulty had been apprehended, both in the
manufacture of sugar and alcohol, from the fermentation of
the juice in warm weather, owing to the short time left for

49

the manufacture. This, however, he thought might be obvi-
ated, in a northern climate, by planting the seed sufficiently
late to allow its maturity to occur during the time of the
light autumnal frosts. He had observed that the juice did
not ferment where the mean temperature of the day was 45°
or 60*^ F. ; but at a greater heat it soon partook of the nature
of cider, and would doubtless eventually make an excellent
vinegar, 1,500 gallons of which, he thought, might be pro-
duced to the acre.

In respect to its nutritive properties he cited instances of
cows which had been fed upon this cane exclusively giving a
diminished quantity of milk, but of increased richness of
quality. He had seen two stock cows, not giving milk, which
had subsisted entirely upon it for six weeks, that were in good
condition for the butcher. In another case the seeds were
sown broadcast and the crop used for soiling. The animals
fed upon it in a green state throve well, afforded excellent
milk, without exhibiting any symptoms of "hoven" or flatu-
lency, which are sometimes produced in feeding upon succu-
lent clover, or Indian corn. The most serious objection to
this plant he conceived to be the woody nature of the cover-
ing of the stalk when fully matured, which renders it more
difficult to crush for the purpose of obtaining its juice, and
its unfitness as fodder for animals without being reduced to
fragments by cutting, though, when thus reduced, it is greed-
ily devoured by cattle, hoi'ses, sheep, and swine. The only
insects he had observed to attack it were a species of green
plant-lice, (aphides,) which appeared to do no essential harm.
The seeds, he thought, could be raised at about the price of
oats, and vvould prove highly valuable for the purpose of
feeding to animals, if not employed for human food. When
deprived of their pellicles or covering they have' been used in
France in the manufacture of chocolate — the pellicles them-
selves being employed for dyeing silk, imparting shades vary-
ing from a pale-violet to a rose-carmine.

As to the fact of this plant exhausting the soil, Mr. Browne
thought there was no doubt. Judging from its analogy to
the perennial cane, he believed that at least half of its ash

50

consists of phosphates, and more than one-fourth of silica.
He did not think it advisable to apply to this crop much, if
any, stable or other ammoniacal manures, as it would flourish
on an indifferent soil, by the addition of a moderate quantity
of bone dust, phosphatic guano, wood ashes, or poudrette.
If thus cultivated, and the crop fed out to the animals on the
farm, and their manure returned to the fields on which the
plant grew, it could not fail to be a direct and economical
mode of restorhig fertility to exhausted lands.

In conclusion, on being asked for his candid opinion as to
the adaptation of this species of cane to the wants and econ-
omy of the United States, Mr. Browne averred that, as a
forage crop and a restorer of exhausted lands, more especially
those of the Atlantic and Gulf States, wherever the corn
plant would thrive, it cannot be surpassed by any other pro-
duct. It was also his belief that it would produce sufficient
syrup, and perhaps sugar, alcohol, and vinegar, to supply the
demands of the whole country, in all situations where the
plant would develop its seeds to a milky stage. He would
not, however, advise the farmers to be too sanguine in adopt-
ing his views, and thereby run into undue speculations by
excessive cultivation, nor in making unwarrantable expendi-
tures for the purchase of machinery and seeds. He had no
hesitation in predicting that its adoption would be general,
and that at no distant day it would be ranked among our
staple crops.

Among those who questioned Mr. Browne, and endorsed
many of his statements as they were made by citing facts
of which they were personally cognizant, were Mr. Peikce, of
Long Island ; Vice-President Jones, of Delaware ; Professor
Nash, Editor of the "Plough, Loom and Anvil;" George
E, Waring, Jr., of the American Institute, New York ; Dr.
HiGGiNS, State Chemist of Maryland ; Dr. Clemson, of Mary-
land ; Mr. Lewis, of Massachusetts ; and H. S. Olcott, Esq.,
of the West Chester Farm School, N. Y.

Mr. Olcott, in his remarks, stated that as fodder the sorgho
would prove a mine of wealth to graziers. He had kept a
team of horses on the cane and a small quantity of English

51

hay, for six weeks or more ; and, although of the huge Cones-
toga breed, and kept at work during that period, they re-
mained sleek, fat and healthy. In feeding it green, the cane
should be cvit and wilted during the previous day.

The seed, he said, could be ground into meal, and was
excellent in this shape for feed. When parched in the Ubual
manner they made an excellent substitute for pop-corn. They
were very prolific of alcohol — cei'oise or vegetable wax, (a
specimen of which was exhibited and fired — burning freely
and clearly,) which, mixed with purified tallow, made fine
candles. The Chinese, in the northern portion of that coun-
try, used , this wax for the purpose of light. Sorgho juice
contained 6 to 10 per -cent, of alcohol, and doubled the beet
in the production of sugar — the former yielding from 8 to
10, and the latter 16 to 20 per cent, of that article. The
sugar cane was also superior for the production of brandy,
wine, rum, cider, taffia, &c. ; but as to the flavor of the pro-
ductions the lecturer would give no opinion. As many as
796 gallons of alcohol had been produced from an acre in
France. As alcohol was necessary for other purposes than
those of mere intoxication, the use of the sugar cane in place
of our cereals, would prove a public advantage. Then there
was the molasses which flowed from the sugar. That could
be used in the still for the purpose of eliciting its alcoholic
properties ; but these productions would not be attempted by
the small farmer. One thing, however, was of consequence
to him ; about 1500 gallons of vinegar had been had from the
juice of one acre of cane, and of a very superior description
to the dilute sulphuric acid and such abominations as were
prized by pickle houses and cider vinegar manufactories.

The saccharine properties of the cane, were governed by
latitude, the drougth or moisture of the soil, and the perfec-
tion or imperfection of the process of manufacture. A sample
of cane grown near Washington, produced 14 per cent, of
dry saccharine matter ; and one grown at the arsenal near
Boston, gave 23. The proportions of Vilmorin and Turrel in
France were severally 10 to 16 and 10 to 20 per cent. ; M.
Arequni's in Louisiana, a little over 10 ; Dr. Butler's, of

52

Georgia, from 10.50 to 10.85. The per centage of sap de-
pended entirely upon the mill used to express it. From 50
to 84 per cent, had been had in this country. Where no
means of crushing the cane existed, farmers who wished to
experiment a little could cut the huts of the stalks into short
pieces, and boil them in pure water — ■ treating the product in
the same manner as sap sugar is treated.

It was his opinion that the discovery was one of the greatest
importance. A really important, economical, and industrial
plant had been brought within the domain of Agriculture,
and the United States Agricultural Society might count with
certainty upon the different varieties of the sorgho as an
additional source of wealth to the farmers of America. He
would, at the present stage of the discussion, offer the fol-
lowing resolution : —

Resolved, That in view of the apparent great importance of the Sorgho
Sucre, or Chinese Sugar Cane, the President be requested to assign to the
members of this Society, residents in various localities, separate experiments,
to decide upon its respective value for the several purposes of sugar and
sugar-making, soiling cattle, manufacture of alcoholic liquors, use of seed for
feeding stock, and for making bread, and for paper-making. Each experi-
ment to be adapted to an appropriate latitude.

The resolution was adopted, with the understanding, at
President Wilder's request, that the assignment of the
experiments should be made by the Committee, with whom
he would cheerfully co-operate.

The discussion was then resumed, and a desultory conver-
sation sprang up between Hon. T. G. Clemson, of Maryland ;
Dr. Antisell, of the Smithsonian Institution ; and Messrs.
Waring and Olcott, of New York, as to the exhausting etfect
of the Sorgho upon soils. [The remarks of Mr. Clemson
were subsequently requested, by a vote of the Society, for
publication with other papers appended to this report.]

Dr. Antisell remaked, that sufficient was known about the
sorghum to justify extended trials by individuals upon it ;
thus its great value in its native country, China, as a sugar-
producing j)lant should be a recommendation to its use here,
where the climate and latitude are so similar. W^e learn by

53

the trials of its growth in this country, mentioned by several
members, how well adapted it is, and from the French chem-
ists we have the analysis of the plant to know what matters
it derives from the soil. From their labors we learn how
great an exhauster of the soil and how necessary hi^h cultiva-
tion, as it is termed, will be wherever it is grown. Like its
congener, broom corn, it takes up large quantities of alkalies
and phosphoric acid — the latter substance always accompany-
ing the development of the sugar plant and increasing with
its age ; but this acid is never free or in the acid state in the
plants. The acid matter found in the fermenting stems is
acetic acid, arising from the slow decomposition of the sugar.

The sorghum, like all analogous sugar plants, is an inter-
tropical plant, and produces the most sugar in the warmer
latitudes, and the farther north it is cultivated the less sugar
may it be expected to contain ; so that in the extreme north
we cannot say with confidence that the sorghum can produce
sugar which may be economically extracted. In such lati-
tudes, the fabrication of sugar from it may be carried on just
as the beet or the maple sugar is extracted for the supply of
a small district ; but it is only in the Middle and Soutliern
States that it can rival the can3.

But if it be unfit for sugar manufacture in the North, it is
admirably adapted for soiling and foddering. Soft, succulent
and saccharine, it yields not only as much nutriment to cattle
as other green fodder, but being very palatable it leads them
to eat larger quantities, and they thus fatten quickly. The
qualities which this plant possesses of yielding sugar in
abundance, and of being an article of nutriment, are not
separable, but are necessarily connected — its nutritious prop-
erty being to a great extent dependent on its sugar.

From the analogies of this plant with broom corn, and
from the amount derived from an acre of ground, as stated
by Dr. Browne, we can estimate to what extent its cultivation
impoverishes the soil. Thus, the Dr. states, that nine tons
of dry stalks were harvested from an acre, allowing over 60
per cent, of water to be lost by the drying, one ton of dry
would nearly represent three tons of fresh sorghum stalk ;

54

twenty-five tons of fresh stalk would be represented by the
dry nine tons, which, at the rate of 150 lbs. of mineral mat-
ter abstracted from the soil by each dry ton, would amount to
more than 1,400 lbs. abstracted by the whole crop.

Since irrigation is needful in some climates for its favorable
growth, but little fear need be entertained in the Atlantic
States, as they occupy a region where the rains fall plentifully
during summer. It grows best on calcareous soils, and can-
not ]je said to thrive well on granitic lands.

President Wilder, after alluding to the interest and the
importance of the facts elicited during the discussion just
closed, announced that he had received invitations from the
Executive Mansion, from President Pierce — the National
Observatory, from Lieut. Maury — and the Coast Survey
Office, from Professor Bache.

On motion, the invitations were accepted, with the thanks
of the Society, and it was agreed to proceed to the Executive
Mansion in a body, after the adjournment.

Mr. Dyer, from the committee on the fruits received from
Oregon, presented the following report, which was accepted :

The Committee to whom was referred a collection of apples from
Oregon, regret to report the unf'avoiable condition of the fruit. From
the protracted journey at this season, it had in a great measure lost its
flavor, and acquired a foreign one from the material in which it was
packed. Some of the varieties were misnamed, as mentioned below.
The fruit was evidently originally very large and fair, but the char-
acter could with no accuracy be ascertained. Tlie apples misnamed
are the following: — Blue Pearmain ; the Rhode Island Greening,
proved to be the Gloria Mundi ; the Green Newton Pippin, proved
to be the Yellow variety ; the apple called the Hubbardston Nonsuch,
was an apple misnamed and unknown to the Committee. The Fal-
lowater, Winesap, and Esopus Spitzenberg. were correctly named.
The Pound Pear proved to be the Uvedales St. Germain.

Prof. Henry presented a report from Prof. Webster on
Phosphorus in its relations to the animal and vegetable king-
doms, which was made the " special order" of the next morn-
ing.

Mr. Prince made a few pertinent remarks on the advp,n-

55

tages likely to result from the establishment of an Agcultu-
tural Library, and offered a resolution proposing a system of
" exchanges " with kindred societies, which he withdrew on
learning that a similar one had been passed at the annual
session of 1856.

Prof. Henry kindly offered to effect such exchanges, through
the agencies of the Smithsonian Institution.

President Wilder read at communication from Dr. Robert
Hare, of Philadelphia, on his new methods of " desicating,
preserving, and reducing to powder the whole bodies of ani-
mals, which may die or be slaughtered, and thus converting
what is now a nuisance into valuable maniire." It was re-
ferred to the Executive Committee.

On motion, the Society adjourned its session until nine
o'clock the next morning, and repaired in a body to the
Executive Mansion, where they were ushered into the East
Room.

President Pierce, on entering the room, was briefly ad-
dressed by the President of the Society, who alluded to the
report in circulation, and expressed a hope that on resigning
his present office he would enter upon a no less honorable
position, the cultivation of the soil of New Hampshire. Pres-
ident Pierce, in his reply, said that he had ever cheri^hed a
strong love for the soil, to the culture of which he intended
soon to direct his attention, and he assured the Society it
would give him pleasure, in years to come, to heartily co-
operate with them in forwarding the glorious cause in which
they were engaged. The members present were then indi-
vidually introduced, and before leaving, they were cordially
invited to attend the " reception " on the following evening.

66

THIRD DAY. '

President Wilder called the meeting to order on Friday
morning, at half past eight o'clock.

On motion of Mr. McGowan, of Pennsylvania, an Honorary
Diploma was awarded to Richard Peters, Esq., of Atlanta,
Georgia, in accordance with the recommendation of the Com-
mittee on " Field Crops," for his specimens of the syriip of
the Chinese Sugar Cane, exhibited at Philadelphia.

Vice-President Wager, of New York, offered the following
resolution, which was seconded by Mr. Lewis, of Massa-
chusetts : —

Resolved, That the thanks of the United States Agricultural Society, are
due, and are hereby tendered to the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian
Institution for the use of their rooms, and for the valuable co-operation which
the Society has received from the Institution.

President Wilder, before putting the question, expressed
the many obligations which the Society is under to Professor
Henry, individually, and to the Smithsonian Institution.
The resolution was unanimously adopted.

Mr, Lewis, of Massachusetts, called the attention of the
Society to a fatal malady which had of late prevailed among
hogs throughout the Western country. He had seen it esti-
mated that between 60,000 and 70,000 have fallen victims to
the destructive distemper within a radia of a hundred miles
surrounding Cincinnati. The disease is considered incurable,
having baffled the most critical investigations into its nature,
and as steadily resisted all remedial agents. The malady has
been vaguely denominated " cholera," from the failure to
discover its true character, and upon that principle which a
few years ago prompted mankind to apply the same term to
all ills which resembled " cholera " in the human body and
which they did not comprehend. Efforts to fathom the mys-
tery of this disease, thus far, had been of no avail. Hogs
had been observed from the earliest stages of the distemper
until dissolution ; while others afflicted were killed and exam-
ined through all the stages, but without affording any clue

67

exposing the origin of the disease, or developing any facts
that could suggest appropriate remedies. The first symptoms
are manifested in the staggering motion of the hog, which is
succeeded by violent purging, with spasms. The disease then
extends to the throat, which inflames and swells until the
hog stifles and dies. In this respect the disease may be said
to resemble erysipelas, rather than cholera. A valuable
branch of agricultural wealth was thus endangered, and he
would offer the following resolutions : —

Resolved, That a Committee of five be appointed by this Society to inquire
into the origin, cause, tfl'ects, and extent of the disease which has aj)peared
in this country, denominated the " hog cholera," now said to prevail to an
alarming extent in some of the States.

Resoh-ed, That said Committee be direi.ted to ascertain the most approved
modes of treatment for swine thus diseased.

These resolutions prevailed, and the Committee subsequently
appointed on this subject are Messrs. Charles L. Flint, of
Massachusets ; J. T. Worthington, of Ohio ; Allen Dodge, of
Maryland ; Frazee, of New Jersey ; J. C. Holmes, of Michi-
gan; and G. H. Dadd, of Massachusetts, Veterinary Surgeon.

A paper by Prof. Webster, of Virginia, presented by Prof.
Henry, on the stibject of Phosphorus in its relations to the
animal and vegetable kingdoms, was then read aloud by Mr.
Olcott, of New York, and ultimately referred to the Execu-
tive Committee.

Vice-President Underwood moved that the Society request
Prof. Henry to permit the incorporation of a paper read at
the last meeting on the " Origin and action of the power as
applied to the vegetable kingdom." The motion prevailed,
and Prof. Henry, who was present, gracefully acceded to the
request.

Charles L. Flint, Esq., Secretary of the Massachusetts
State Board of Agriculture, read a carefully-prepared lecture
on the " Grasses of the United States." During the course
of his remarks he showed the loss experienced by too much
seeding, the benefits derived from a considerable mixture of
varieties of seed, when laying down meadows and pastures,
and the necessity for cutting grass either in the blossom or
5

58

soon after. He exposed a matter of great importance to New
England farmers, in the sale of a grass known as Willard's
Bromns, at very high rates, accompanied by the exaction of
a pledge from each purchaser that it should not be allowed
to ripen its seed. A sample of this grass was sown at the
State Farm of Massachusetts, and cut, according to agree-
ment. This year it matured its seed-heads, and was found
to be, instead of a valuable grass, a most intolerable nui-
sance — no more nor less than our old enemy Chess, {Bromns
Secalinus.')
Subsequently, on motion of Mr. Frazee, it was

Resolved, That the thank,* of the Society be presented to Cliarles L. Flint,
Esq., Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, for his very
instructive and interesting address on " glasses," and that a copy of the same
be requested for publication in the Transactions of the Society.

Prof. Henry, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution,
was then called upon, and addressed the Society with great
acceptance on the subject of the system of meteorological
observations, the joint labors of the Smithsonian Institution,
the Patent Office, and the War Department. In the course
of this. Prof. Henry entered into an explanation of the modi-
fying effects of marine currents upon climate in different
latitudes, which he illustrated by reference to a map of North
America, on which the course of the main sea currents was
shown. He suggested that the field of meteorology was by
far too immense a one to be managed by a single individual,
and that the greatest results could only be attained by unity
of efforts between many laborers. If Lieut. Maury would
confine his researches to the ocean, the western division of
our army could take the "West, the Canada and Hudson's
Bay Company the North, and the Smithsonian Institution the
East, and thus would a system of meteorological research be
set on foot such as was never known before.

On motion of Mr. Marshall, the thanks of the Society
were voted to Prof. Henry, and he Avas requested to furnish
a copy of his remarks for publication.

Dr. Newberry, of the Smithsonian Insitution, delivered an
address of great value on the agricultural capabilities of the

59

far West. He said he had spent a Large part of 1855 in
traversing Northern CaUfornia and Oregon while connected
with tlie Government railroad survey under the commands of
Lieutenants Williamson and Abbott, and that he had availed
himself of the permission of the War Department to make
the statements which he presented to the Society ; because,
judging from his own previous impressions in reference to the
country he had visited, the public entertain erroneous ideas
in reference to the extent and fertility of the arp' 't land lying
west of the Rocky Mountains. With thei, jeption of a
limited district in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, and in
Central California, near San Francisco, he thought the country
bordering the Pacific was agriculturally far inferior to the
Valley of the Mississippii He confirmed the statements of
Prof. Henry in reference to the climate of that country, the
cooling influence of the northern ocean currents, the effect
of the parallel and continuous mountain chains in depriving
the inferior valleys of moisture and producing the high sum-
mer temperature.

The Sacramento Valley he described as a plain lying be-
tween the coast range and Cascade mountains, possessing
inherent fertility, but in summer baked by the unobstructed
rays of the sun to such a degree as to arrest the labors of the
husbandman, to prevent the cultivation of other crops than
those maturing early, to prevent the growth of forests except
along the streams, and seriously impairing the profit and
pleasure of farming.

He said the great want of water, the ravages of grass-
hoppers and squirrels greatly restricted the produce of a
country which, if these obstacles could all be overcome, would
be of unexampled fertility.

Tlie Willamette Valley, he said, was better supplied with
moisture and was covered with perhaps the densest forest in
the world, and was agriculturally rich ; but its relations with
the great centres of population prevented the farmer there
from obtaining any good market for his surplus produce, and,
therefore, after supplying his own simpler wants, his progress
and success were limited.

60

The country east of the Cascade range and Sierra Nevada,
he said, had the characteristics of the Sacramento Valley
highly magnified, and that the supply of moisture was so
inadequate that it must ever remain, for all practical agricul-
tural purposes, a desert.

On motion of Mr. Comins, of Massachusetts, the thanks of
the Society were voted to Dr. Newberry for his interesting
and clearly expressed remarks.

Prof. Nash, of Massachusetts, introduced the subject of
wool, and, availing himself of information derived from Mr.
A. D. Brown, of Philadelphia, gave a curious account of the
three leading qualities of wool, and of their respective agen-
cies in the production of flannels and fulling cloths. The
first and best quality is that from the hair-bearing sheep,
another kind is from the merely wool-bearing sheep, and the
third from a sheep which bears both hair and wool. The
first kind makes a fabric that will not shrink, and wears
whilst any of it remains ; the second kind shrinks all over^
whilst the third shrinks irregularly, depending on the com-
parative proportions of hair and proper wool contained. The
key to this difference is found not only in the different degrees
of ovalness in the kinds, but in the diversity of the barks, or
cortical envelopes of these wools. The first is smooth and
unyielding, but the second is irregular and allows of greater
or less contiguity of surface, according to the attrition to
which it is subjected. One kind is therefore best for flannels
and the other for fulling cloth.

Mr. Williamson, of California, moved that Prof. Nash be
requested to write out his interesting remarks, and furnish
them for publication. The motion was carried.

Mr. Benson, of Mahie, stated the necessity for an act of
incorporation, in order to properly manage the business affairs
of the Society, and offered the following resolution, which
was adopted : —

Resolved, That the President, Secretary, and Treasurer of the Society be
a Committee to a^jply to Congress for the past^age of an act to incorjwrate the
same.

61

Mr. Hodges, of Yermont, in behalf of the author, pre-
sented several copies of a work entitled : " Morgan Horses —
a premium essay on the origin, history and characteristics of
this remarkable American breed of horses ; tracing the pedi-
gree from the original Justin Morgan, through the most noted
of his progeny, down to the present time." By D. C. Lins-
ley, Middlebury, Vermont.

On motion of Mr. Noyes, of the District of Columbia, the
thanks of the Society were voted to Mr. Linsley for his valua-
ble work.

Mr. Wood, a delegate from the American Guano Company,
at New York, announced that they expect to receive, early in
April, their first cargo of guano from the Jarvis Island, and
placing samples at the disposal of the Society, that its quali-
ties as a fertilizer may be tested.

Mr. Dyer, of Connecticut, offered the following resolution,
which was seconded by Mr. Shaw, of Tennessee, and, after
an informal discussion, in which several gentlemen partici-
pated, was laid on the table.

Resoloed, That a sufficient sum of money be appropriated from the Treasury
of this Society, for the purchase of an amount of seed of the Chinese sugar
cane, sufficient to plant one hundred acres of land, the same to be distributed
by the Committee on this plant to such geiitlemen in various sections of the
country : s may be designated to experiment with this seed and report in
reference to the various points for which it is claimed that it is valuable.

Yice-President Jones, of Delaware, then brought up as
unfinished business the subject involved in certain resolutions
of the Illinois Legislature of 1853, and which was referred
at the last annual meeting of the Society to a select Com-
mittee, consisting of Prof. Henry, Mr. J. D. B. DeBow, and
Mr. Byington. The object of these resolutions was to urge
on Congress the endowment of an industrial university in
each State of the Union by a grant of public land of a not
less value than $500,000. Prior to moving the adoption of
the report of said committee, Mr. Jones wished to state why
he favored the scheme.

No class of people, (he said,) contribute more to the in-
terests of agriculture than the farmers themselves. In the

62

last few years "vre have spent immense sums in importing
choice species of stock, often paying abroad as high as five
thousand dollars for a single animal, to which the cost of
transportation had afterwards to be added. Large sums have
also been spent in endeavoring to acclimate and render profit-
able here, the silk worm, the olive tree, the tea plant, and
other foreign branches of agricultural industry.

But this has been the work of private enterprise, and our
Government, which educates soldiers and sailors, civil engi-
neers and (indirectly) artists, will not give a copper for agri-
cultural education. The nations of Europe have their Agri-
cultural Universities, their Industrial Colleges, their Farm
Schools, all liberally endowed, yet our Federal Government
is so blind to its interests that it will do nothing to encourage
education in that pursuit which is the foundation of all her
power and greatness.

In this, I think, (continued Mr. Jones,) our Government
is making a great mistake, and I will endeavor to prove it to
you, if I can do so in my own way. Extraordinary as it may
appear, notwithstanding the reputation which we have as
living in the " granary of the world," we actually are im-
porters of breadstuffs. To sustain this assertion, Mr. Jones
quoted from various public documents and statistical publi-
cations. He then went on to show that from an average of
more than thirty bushels of wheat per aero not many years
ago, we have drooped to below seventeen bushels ; and that
from all these and many more indications it behooves all who
are concerned for their country, and its greatest interest,
agriculture, to use every means likely to restore the nation
to an ability to support itself; that schools of agriculture
are among the most eminent of these means ; and therefore
he moved the adoption of the report, which heartily sanctions
the petition to Congress, and recommends it to the Society.

Mr. Arny, of Kansas, addressed the Society at length on the
subject of industrial education, and moved as an amendment
to the resolutions that the Territories be included with the
States in the prayer to Congress for the endowment of lands
for industrial universities. The amendment was accepted.

63

Mr. PooRE, of Massachusetts, opposed the resolutions, as
calculated to do no good, and as depriving the Society of its
real power by making it an unsuccessful suppliant. He did
not think that any gentleman acquainted with the practical
workings of Congress would believe for a moment that there
was the slightest chance of obtaining such an immense dona-
tion, for such vague purposes. He hoped that the resolution
would not pass.

j\Ir. Waring, of New York, was also opposed to the resolu-
tions. He had no fear in asserting that there was not a per-
son in the room who felt a deeper interest than he did in the
subject of agricultural education, and no one who would be
more solicitous to advance in every way all that might tend to
the dissemination of the truths of agricultural science, but it
appeared to him that the Society would be proceeding in a
wrong direction in adopting the resolutions presented by Mr.
Jones.

Agricultural Colleges in various parts of the Union would
doubtless be productive of good results if they were only met
by such a spirit among the people, as would sustain them as
needed and valuable institutions. But although Congress may
appropriate money sufficient for the most perfect arrangements
of such schools, they could appropriate no sum which would
make up for the lethargy of the people with regard to such
institutions. Indeed he could see no way in which we can
overcome tlie prejudices which is so prevalent throughout the
land (and it seemed to him not quite unfounded) with regard
to the justice of such appropriation. In the countries of Eu-
rope those who are the proprietors of the soil can devote their
time to the attendance of agricultural colleges, and such in-
stitutions arc there doubtless the best institutions for the im-
provement of the agriculture of the country ; but in America
the case is very different, and very large majorities of the pro-
prietors of the soil ai-e men of small means, and they cannot
afford the time of their children, nor indeed the expense of
tuition which would be requisite for their availment of the
advantages of the plan proposed. Such institutions, he would
repeat, if paid for by private subscription and kept in success-

64

ful operation by the labor of those who receive instruction
therein, would be of more value to the country than any thing
which we could devise ; but that under government patronage,
the attendance by those who were not incited to work by the
strongest desire for improvement, agricultural colleges can
never be in accordance with our republican ideas of the just
apportionment of the public money.

In his opinion the gentleman proposes to begin at the wrong
end of the matter. If the government is to do any thing for
the agricultural education of the people, it is not by aiding
the few who are able to procure their own instruction (those
who have influence in the political circles of this capitol) but
by aiding those who are scattered over the length and breadth
of the land — those who are to constitute the future vaunted
" bone and sinew of the nation." We have already in Ame-
rica an abundance of schools in which all our future farmers
may receive instruction. He alluded to ^the common schools
which are to be found in every part of the country. It is in
this way must be instructed the masses of our people, those
whom our constitution was framed to aid and protect. The
remote college is available only to the richer few ; these com-
mon schools are available to all, rich as well as poor. There
is none so high that he need despise such media for enlighten-
ment, none so low that he may not aspire to the proudest
position to the industrious. It is to these schools, sir, that he
would have the government direct its assistance, for it is in
these that ail who lend power to the government have equal
rights and opportunities for instruction. Let it not be said
that in these schools we should have no teachers capable of
giving the necessary aid to agricultural pupils. The elemen-
tary sciences which are applicable to agriculture are not more
abstruse, not indeed so abstruse as these which are now taught
so largely in the schools of New England.

Take for example the common schools of Connecticut. In
these we find scholars learning arithmetic and geography and
even chemistry and astronomy. They have the abstract sci-
ence at tlieir command ; all that they need is that these should
be drawn into the proper channels. At present their arith-

65

metic teaches them that two yards of calico at sixpence per
yard comes to one shilling ; their geography teaches them the
distance to the nearest seaport, town or factory, or to the rich
bottom lands of Illinois ; their chemistry teaches them that
hydrogen and common air make a good charge for a hydrogen
gun ; their astronomy teaches them that it takes light eight
minutes to pass from the Sun to the Earth. Nothing that
they learn teaches them the obvious arithmetical principle that
the mineral matter removed from the soil by ten tons of hay
cannot be returned by the results of five tons fed to cattle ;
nothing in their geography teaches them that it is of less con-
sequence to them of knowing the distance to the nearest sea-
port town or factory than to the nearest lime-kiln, and that it
it fartlier to the rich bottom lands of Illinois than to the sub-
soil of the old farm at home ; nothing in their chemistry
teaches them that hydrogen and common air have uses more
important than the projection of corks ; nothing in their
astronomy teaches them that it is of less use to know how
long it takes the light of the sun to come to the earth, than
to know what it does when it arrives here. In short, all of
the instruction given in our schools at the present time, even
in the best agricultural districts, tends away from the farm ;
the scholar is not led to see any of the applications of science
to his own occupation ; and he naturally feels that if he would
lift himself above the stigma of a daily plodding occupation,
he must seek for employment in other branches of industry.
Let the abstract science, now taught in our common schools,
be turned into a more useful channel, let them tend to elevate
the life of the farmer to its just position and dignity, and it
will not be long before we shall have such an improvement
among our agricultural people as will cause our glorious
calling to be appreciated, not alone by the orator who can
compliment our communion with nature, but by the farmer
himself; and we shall have a demand for agricultural col-
leges ; and need it be said, that these will rise like magic
before the touch of the American nation as has all else whose
invention has arisen in necessity.

Sir, (said Mr. W., in conclusion,) we need no aid from

66

government further than to place in our pii1)lic schools ele-
mentary works on the science pertaining to agriculture. Let
the American Farmer only see what may ])e done by the
requisite instruction, and no power on earth will be able to
restrain him from its attainment. Industrial universities we
undoubtedly require, but in my opinion, sir, they will be of
no value until they arise from the demand for them among
the farmers themselves, and then, sir, they will not need
governmental influence to advance their usefulness.

The question was then called for, and the resolutions, as
amended, were carried by a majority of three. President
Wilder appointed Messrs. Jones, of Delaware ; Kimmel, of
Maryland ; Arny, of Kansas ; and Poore, of Massachusetts,
as the Committee.

Vice-President Jones, from the Committee appointed to
consider the necessity of an Agricultural Department, reported
the following resolution : —

Rosohed, That the United States Agricultural Societj^ appoint a Com-
mittee of five, to memoralize Congress, asking in the name of the Farmers
of the Republic the organization of a Department of Agriculture, with a
Secretary at its head entitled to a seat and a voice in the Cabinet.

The report was accepted, and the resolution passed. The
President appointed, as the Committee to carry the subject
to Congress, W. W. Corcoran, G. W. P. Custis, C. B. Calvert,
B. B. French, and D. J. Browne, Esqs.

On motion of Mr. Calvert, it was resolved that Mr. Clem-
son be requested to give in writing the substance of his
interesting remarks made on Thursday.

Mr. Olcott, of New York, moved that the resolution pro-
viding for the purchase of Chinese 8ugar-cane seed be taken
from the table, and passed, which was done.

Mr. Prince presented to the Society a colored engraving of
the Chinese Potato (Dioscorea Patatas,) accompanied by a
fine specimen root, which measured eighteen inches in lengtlij
and weighed nineteen ounces. It was referred to the Com-
mittee on Sorg-ho Sucre for examination, and as for the time
adjournment was near at hand, Mr. Prince proposed to

67

write out his intended remarks, and forward them to the
Executive Committee.

Mr. Frazeb, of New Jersey, offered the following preamble
and resolution, which were unanimously adopted : —

W/icfeas, The collection and dissemination of practical infonnntion upon
Agriculture, Horticulture, and kindred topics, should form a prominent fea-
ture in the ojierations of this Society, therefore,

Eesolv'd, That the members of this Society be requested to make accurate
and careful experiments during the ensuing year upon the general cultivation
of the soil, the culture of fruit, the raising and feeding of stock, and such other
topic as may be convenient, and report the results to this Society in writing at
the next annual meeting. The same, if approved by the Executive. Com-
mittee, to be published in the transactions of the Society for general infor-
mation.

An invitation from the President (W. W. Corcoran, Esq.)
of the Metropolitan Mechanics' Institute to visit their fair in
March next, was received and acknowledged.

Vice-President Kimmel was requested by the President to
preside for a few moments.

Dr. Newberry, of the Smithsonian Institution, offered the
following resolution, which was adopted : —

Revolver/, That properly organized Geological surveys, such as provide
for a carefuL enquiry into the chemical composition and physical structure of
soils, and w.uch investigate the distribution and character of minerals, plants
and animals, beneficial or injurious to the farmer, are among the most impor-
tant aids to the progress of Aiiricultural science. And as such, we earnestly
recommend their authorization by those States of the Union which have not
such surveys in progress.

Vice-President Wager, of New York, wished to avail him-
self of the temporary absence of the President, and to offer
the following resolution before he resumed the chair : —

Eesolred, That the cordial thanks of this Society are extended to tlie Hon.
Marsh:ill P. Wilder, for the renewed evidences of his distinguished urbanity
as the Executive of the Society, during the session now drawing to a close.

The resolution was received with applause, and carried
unanimously. President Wilder, resuming the chair, ac-
knowledged the compliment paid him.

68

Resolutions were passed complimenting the Secretary, and
the gentlemen who had so correctly reported the proceed-
ings of the Society, especially the representatives of the Wash-
ington " National Intelligencer, " and " Evening Star ; "
the Baltimore " American," the New York " Times " and
'* Tribune," the Boston " Journal " and " Traveller," and
the " Associated Press " telegraphic agent.

President Wilder then introduced the Hon. G. W. P.
Custis, Vice-President of the Society from Virginia, on whom
he had deferred the duty of pronouncing the valedictory.
[Applause.]

VALEDICTORY ADDRESS OF HON. G. W. P. CUSTIS.

Mr. President and Gentlemen of the U. S. Agricultural
Society: The time has come when, by the request of our
worthy President, I am to bid you Good-Bye . I shall not
detain you long. The papers, those oracles of public opinion,
say that the Old Orator has been both fortunate and unfortu-
nate in' his remarks, for that by one speech, I made a Presi-
dent of the United States ; and that by another speech, I
killed one ; I hope my present address will kill nobody.
[Laughter.]

Gentlemen, I congratulate you on the present condition
and bright prospects of this Society. I assisted to rock its
cradle in its infancy, and I am rejoiced to find that it has
become such a bouncing baby. [Laugliter.] " There is a tide
in the affairs of men which, taken at its flood, leads on to for-
tune." Advantage has been taken of that turn in agricul-
ture and the coming events foreshadow the near approach of
its fortune. I congratulate myself that I am spared to see
the Tiller of the Soil honored. " Palmani, qui meruit ferat.^*
For him you may well wreath your chaplets, for he is the
public benefactor — as he who leads you towards advance-
ment in agriculture, leads to the source of power. This prin-
ciple has been recognized from the earliest days of antiquity.
Yes, friends ; times have changed. This infant country, now
so great though so young, feels the power to which she owes
her greatness, and knows the art that sustains the pillars of gov-

69

ernmont. Why, gentlemen, it is but the other day that our
country imported everything ; in my early days every article of
clothing which I wore, was brought across the water ; even the
toys which amused my infantile hours, were imported. How
is it now ? We are self-sustaining in all manufactures, so far as
concerns the necessaries of life. As old Lord Chatham said to
Sir Joseph Banks when the latter was very anxious to obtain
specimens of the Bread Fruit, but did not know how to do
it — " Go to Bristol and there enquire if there be found any
of that race called Marblehead Fishermen. Commit your
task to their charge and they will find that which you want
if it be in the world." So is it now with our country — if
what you want is in the world, you can find it in the United
States. [Laughter.] When the Father of his Country was
inaugurated he was clothed entirely in fabrics of home manu-
facture, thus setting an example worthy to be followed by all,
in encouraging domestic industry. If his example were fol-
lowed in this respect at the present day, how great a nation
should we not become ? How independent ! A man out of
debt is indeed independent ; so is a self-sustaining State. Let
us then rely upon our own self-sustaining powers and be inde-
pendent in fact as well as independent in name.

Let me now call up a reminiscence of the olden time, as a
tribute to the Society which I now address. The " pocosen "
meadows, as we call them, in contradistinction from fresh water
marshes, abound on the shores of the Potomac. Some thirty
years ago I attempted the reclaimation of a tract of such land.
It was cut down and then came such soil and svich productions
as I never saw before. When it became dry enough to plough,
I planted it with corn, in rows three feet three inches
apart, each way. In due time there was a forest of stalks
twelve feet high, so near together that the mighty ears over-
lapped and intertwined. At that time I was honored by the
visit of two gentlemen eminent in agriculture, one of whom
had but lately spent eight years in Europe. I invited them
to visit this corn-field ; they were greatly astonished, and in
order to satisfy themselves as to the actual crop, laid off a
portion of the field and calculated its crop, when they were

70

still more astonished to find that it produced twenty-two
barrels of corn to the acre ! A part of the tract Avas sowed
with timothy which also excited their astonishment, for it
grew as thick as the hairs on a dog's back ; this they pro-
ceeded with in the same way, and found that it would cut
four tons to the acre ! Another gentleman, Mr. Steinberger,
one of the most extensive stock-breeders of the day, visited
this reclaimed morass and was equally surprised. He said,
" I have seen lands in all parts of the country, but I never
before saw lands that were all manure ? " On examination
we found that the soil was thirty feet deep ; and as the crop
was not at all dependent upon rains, he calcukted that it
would annually be worth $100 per acre ; never less, perhaps
more. You may wonder why I mention this. I will tell you
why. It is because there are 100,000 acres at least of such
land lying on each side of the Potomac, which, by the same,
or better treatment than my land received, might be worth
to the possessor $100 per acre, in corn or hay, which land is
now the abode of the frog and the muskrat and the mole.
Let but these lands be reclaimed and put into proper cultiva-
tion, and it would make a difference of one-half in the price
of provisions in the National Capitol.

Well, here we are. We need not turn to books to learn
our progress and position in the world. Books contain his-
tory of old conquerors and ancient conquests. We should
learn our position by looking at the temple of our liberties
which was reared by patriot hands and cemented by patriot
blood, and the sight of which will strengthen us to emulate
our forefathers in deeds of equal devotion. As we gaze on
that temple we will resolve that its foundations shall never
be weakened by the nibbing political rats and mice, but that
it shall stand till it shall be crushed by weight of years, and
that when it does fall, if fall it must, that the crash shall
echo through all future time. Fall ! no, it will never fall,
for it is supported by the Tillers of the Soil ; it will stand
until America is the mistress of the world! [Aj»plause.]
Only follow out her destiny — obey her laws — preserve her
constitution, and while she is so well supported she never can

• 71

fall. [Long continued applause.] You wonder that I dis-
play so much feeling on this subject in this place. I'ardon
me — but I was coeval with the commencement of this great
government and have watched the progress of this glorious
empire from infancy to vigorous youth — so when the Old
Man speaks, his country must have a part of his argument.
[Applause.] Yes, gentlemen ; I saw the dawn of the bless-
ings we now enjoy. 1 have grasped the hand of him we all
love ; — all my early memories are of the brave, the great
and the good ; and the remembrances of my childhood go
back to the first President and linger among the shades of Mt.
Vernon. And now, when called upon to address an audience
of my countrymen — I can but point back and say, "See
wlijjit we once were — look at us now!" And therefore,
gentlemen, when I see clouds rising and hear the mutterings
of far off thunder, I say, " No matter, we have passed the
greater trials in the commencement of the Republic — what
can we not do now ? " And I put my trust in Providence
and believe that all these trials will pass away, and that
brilliant sunshine will cause our land to blossom as the rose.
During the fifty years in which the Old Orator has occu-
pied the American Rostrum, he has never stood before an
audience for which he had a greater respect. No institution
would have found more of love in the heart of him who is
now no more. If then you wish to throw laurels on the
tomb of the Farmer of Mount Vernon,- go on as you have
begun. Agriculture he thought the bulwark of the land.
And when he put off the cares of State he retired to Mount
Vernon, and gave himself up to the advancement of its
interests, thus showing by his example that he considered it
the bounden duty of the great man, ou leaving the helm of
the nation, to retire to the bosom of his family and busy him-
self in domestic afiairs or rural economy. How well his
example has been followed. Vie now see great men lay aside
the purple and grasp the handles of the plough. Gentlemen,
he and they, by his example, have made Agriculture honora-
ble. If he was a Farmer, who would not be a Farmer!
[Applause.] Had you seen him, as 1 have thousands of times.

72

engaged in rural pursuits, you would have said with me on
beholding the spectacle — He has laid his laurels at the feet
of the nation, and when engaged in domestic occupations, he
is as much to be loved as he before was to be honored. You
see, then, what Agriculture is; — let the art take its proper
place. [Continued applause.] We honor the statesman, the
patriot soldier, the philosopher ; but we honor still more the
man who teaches us to make two blades of grass grow where
but one grew before, for that man is a benefactor to the
whole race of humanity. This is the great end of our So-
ciety, and as we look back to its small beginning among the
faithful few — and when we look around upon the highest
dignitaries of the land who have, during this meeting, delib-
erated with us, what have we not to hope ? The Institution
will thrive, and when it comes under the wings of the eagle,
as I trust it soon will, the country will find that our past
benefits to Agriculture only foreshadow the greater deeds in
the future. Then you can say — Our Government affords it
aid and protection and gives its sanction to our acts. And
our people will honor and engage in Agriculture. And surely
our government ought, and eventually will, give its aid and
protection, for is not the government the people, and the
people the government ? And is not agriculture the most
general, the most useful, and should it not be the most hon-
orable^ employment of the people ? [Applause.]

But the time has come for me to say, — Farewell I And
when a man, on whose head rests the snows of seventy-six
winter bids you farewell, the probabilities are that it will be a
long farewell. You will now return to your homes with
hearts cheered and hands strengthened, by this mutual com-
munion and this brotherhood of farmers from all parts of our
great country. And you will come up to our National Cap-
itol in another year, each one with fresh cause of encourage-
ment for the rest, each one with more information, the result
of the year's observation and labors, which he will interchange
with his fellows and thus scatter broadcast over the land.
And as you come up from all portions of the country — from
these classic grounds where our fathers died — let your heastr

73

be invigorated by their patriotism and your hands labor for
the prosperity of the country tliey bought with their blood.

And now, Gentlemen of the United States Agricultural
Society — Farewell ! Go back to your homes and tell your
friends what has been done at this meeting for the cause of
Agriculture, and encourage them as you have been encour.
aged. Continue your devotion to this bulwark of our coun-
try, continue inviolate our great Constitution, obey our self-
imposed laws, preserve our blessed Union, and our Republic
will be Immortal ! [Long continued applause.}

Preside'it Wilder. Gentlemen of the United States Agri-
cultural Society, I give you : The long life, health, and con-
tinued welfare of our worthy Vice-President from Virginia —
the Honorable George Washington Parke Custis. f Continued
applause.]

Vice-President Kimmel moved that the Society rise, report
progress to those whom they have left at home, and obtain
permission to sit again twelve months hence.

President Wilder declared the motion carried, and the
session was accordingly adjourned, sine die.
6

TREASURER'S REPORT.

To the U. S. Agricultural Society: — The undersigned,
Treasurer of the Society, respectfully reports, — That the
money on deposit with Messrs. Selden, Withers & Company,
amounting to $2,149.13, mentioned in his report of last year,
still remains as it then was, and the collateral security men-
tioned in that report, is still in the Treasurer's possession.

The Trustees of that firm have commenced paying per-
sons who had money on deposit, and it is believed that, in
the course of a few months, the sum due to this Society will
be paid over to your Treasurer, in full.

My report of last January showed that there was a balance
in my hands of $1,868.02, the principal portion of which was
then on deposit in a Bank in Boston, and was subject to drafts
by the President, to pay bills and premiums, at that time
unpaid, arising out of the exhibition at Boston, in 1855.

Those bills and premiums called for much exceeded the ex-
pectation of the President — absorbing, as they did, $1,393.50
of the money on deposit in Boston, and leaving in my hands
only $474.52 of available funds.

I have received from all sources, (excepting money received
on account of the exhibition at Philadelphia,) during the
year, $164, which, added to the money available, as above
stated, makes $638.52.

I have paid out, on account of incidental expenses attend-
ing the last annual meeting, $124.50, leaving in my hands,
exclusive of money received on account of the Pliiladclphia
exhibition, $514.02.

75

The sum received from all sources on account of the exhi-
bition at Philadelphia, was $42,062.90.

The money already paid out for expenses and premiums on
account of that exhibition, amounts to $40,990.32, leaving a
balance in my hands of $1,072.60. Which balance is subject
to premiums, and a few unpaid bills, that may absorb nearly
or quite all of it.

Adding to this sum the $514.02, above mentioned, and
there is, at this moment, an available fund of $1,586.62 in
the Treasury. To this may be added the sum due from Sel-
den. Withers & Co., which, not including interest, will in-
crease the present funds of the Society to $3,735.75.

It is proper that I should state, that the local arrangements
for the great Exhibition at Philadelphia, were made by a
Committee of gentlemen residing in that city. That an
Assistant Treasurer residing there, C. W. Harrison, Esq.,
was appointed to perform all the financial duties, up to the
commencement of the exhibition. On my arrival there I
found every arrangement made in the most perfect and satis-
factory manner, touching the financial department, by Mr.
Harrison, and I received from him, during the two weeks
arduous duties performed in that city, constant and most
valual)le assistance.

I submit, herewith, my account current, and all my vouchers.
Respectfully submitted,

B. B. FRENCH,
Treasurer U. S. Agricultural Society.

Washington, Jan'y 14, 1857.

APPENDIX.

Among the curious inventions presented to the inspection
of the United States Agricultural Society, was " Ayres' Self-
Acting- Farm Well.'''' This consists of a platform fifteen feet
long suspended by chains from puUies on an axle at the end
of the platform next the well, and fastened to the ground at
the other end. The axle is raised nine or ten feet from the
ground, having in its centre a wheel four feet in diameter,
on the periphery of which runs a rope suspending a bucket
which drops into the well. This bucket is arranged with a
float and valve, which permits the water to escape from the
bucket until it is adjusted to the weight of the animal on the
platform. The weight of any animal upon the platform
causes the axle to turn, and of course the wheel upon which
the bucket is suspended, bringing up water in proportion to the
weight of the animal seeking it. To the platform are attached
air cushions preforatcd, which cause the platform to come to
its bearings without noise or jar. This is a very simple, cheap
and effective apparatus for the purpose sought, not liable to
breakage or derangement. It can be used at all seasons and
anywhere, and must prove of great value in any section of
country where water can be obtained for stock only by me-
chanical means.

77

B. M. Rhodes, Esq., of Baltimore, exliibited samples of his
" Super Phosphate of Lime^'' prepared after a formula pre-
pared by Dr. James Higgiiis, State Chemist of Maryland.
Its composition in " per cent." as analysed, is as follows : —

Sulphuric Acid, (real dry,) 27.33

Lime, 27.66

Phosphoric Acid, 18.78

Animal Charcoal, 3.00

capable of producing of Ammonia 0.22

Per Oxide of Iron, 0.86

Sand 2.77

Water, 19.60

100.
The above constituent parts are united to each other in the
following combination : —

Acid Phosphate of Lime, 27.25

containing of Lime, 8.47

" " Phosphoric Acid 18.78

H J drated Sulphate of Lime, 58.80

containing of Lime 19.19

" Sulphuric Acid, (real dry,) 27.33

" " Water, 12.28

Animal Charcoal, Per Oxide of Iron and Sand, 6.63

Moisture, 7.32

100.

James Green, of 422 Broadway, New York, exhibited
samples of the Meteorological Instruments manufactured by
him, under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, and
sold at the prices annexed : —

Green's Standard Smithsonian Barometer, S35.00

" Thermometer External, 5.00 and $2,50

" " Maximum Register 5.00 " 3.00

«' " Minimum " 5.00 " 3.00

" Psychrometer, (Wet and Dry bulb Ther.) 6. 75

Rain Guage 10.00 " 5.00

Snow '■ 2.50

Wind Vane,

A description of these Inslrumcnts and instructions on the method of ohscrving
will be sent with them. They will be described in hiU in Prof. Guyot's forthcom-
ing report to tlie Smithsonian Institution, on Meteorological Instruments.

78

PHOSPHORUS,

IN ITS RELATION TO THE ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE KINGDOMS.

liV rROFKSSOli WkISSTEH, OF ^■I1!GI^"IA.

Nearly two hundred years ago, a Dutch Alchemist, an
adept ill the mystic art of transmutation, sat anxiously watch-
ing the varied contents of his crucibles, amid the mephitic
atmosphere and noisome odors of a dingy laboratory in the
city of Hamburgh. He was seeking with untiring assiduity,
the " lapis philosophorum," which Midas-like, should trans-
mute into real gold the more common, and really more useful
metals.

The good old Brandt knew no such word as fail, Init, with
the unwearying zeal of his chimerical conferers, subjected
substance after substance to the test of experiment, until he
was rewarded by the discovery of an element before unheard
of, and which perhaps deserves more than any thing known
to modern science, to be called the philosopher's stone.

The eyes of Brandt first saw the pale light, and his fingers
were first burned by the almost spontaneously inflammable
substance — phosphorus. The discoverer soon learned that the
slightest friction on the yellowish and translucent product of
his experiment, caused its rapid combustion, and that it could
only be kept and handled with safety under water. What
would have been his astonisnment had he known of another
substance (potassium) that could not be kept under water, on
account of the very same property, possessed in a higher
degree, that made this caution necessary for phosphorus —
viz : its affinity for oxygen.

Marked as are the proj)erties of phosphorus, we shall
scarcely be surprised that it remained unnoticed to so late a
period in the world's history, when we consider that unless
in its passive state, to which we shall presently refer, it is
nowhere found uncombined with some other element, where
its appearance and properties are very ditferent from its ele-
mentary form.

Procured with difficulty, and not known to bo of any prac-
tical importance, it was a very expensive article, and only

79

valued as a curiosity, or at most was employed by jugglers in
their necromantic tricks.

For a long time the demand for phosphorus was supplied
by a London apothecary, named Hankwitz, but about the year
1769, it was found to exist abundantly in bones, from which
it could be procured much more readily than before ; and as
a consequence, the price was materially reduced, and the
article more abundant, and extensively known.

When chemistry became a science, phosphorus was detected
not only in the skeleton, but in the fibrin, albumen, brain
and nerves of animals, and also in the ashes of all cultivated
or nutritive plants, as well as in the mineral kingdom, but it
is yet procured almost entirely from the aslies of bones,
which consist chiefly of phosphate of lime.

Phosphorus which has received its name from the property
of shining in the dark, is, when pure, nearly transparent and
colorless, or of a slight lemon color, is of a wax-like texture
and consistency, tasteless, and devoid of odor, though when
slowly consuming in the air, it evolves fumes having the
smell of garlic. It is so inflammable as to burn spontane-
ously in the air ; fuses in an atmosphere void of oxygen at
108'^ F. and boils at 550° passing off as a colorless vapor. It
is insoluble in water, but if long kept some of the water is
decomposed, and the phosphoric acid diffused through the
remainder renders it poisonous — a property possessed in a
high degree by the phosphorus itself. In sulphuret of carbon,
the fixed and volatile oils, naptlio, petroleum, ether and alco-
hol, phosporus is more or less soluble, and imparts to them
the property of luminosity, and also renders them irritant
poisons.

The combinations of phosphorous with oxygen, and the
remarkable series of salts which its acids form with the alka-
line or metallic bases, are subjects of unusual interest to the
chemist, who recognizes four compounds or oxides. These
are, the

Oxide of Phosphorus proper, wliose symbol is, P 2 O

" Hypophosphorus Arid, " " P O

Phosphorus " " •' P O 3

Phosphoric " " " P03

80

These form various phosphites and phosphates, but with water
P 0 5 forms three distinct hydrates, and also three classes of
salts, and affords a striking illustration of the substitution of
a metal for hydrogen, which is itself probably a gaseous metal.
In other words, one atom of phosphoric acid unites with one
atom of water, forming monobasic or metaphosphoric acid ;
or with two atoms of water, forming bibasic or pyrophos-
phoric acid ; or with three atoms of water giving rise to
tribasic or common phosphoric acid, Imt the monobasic can
only yield one series of salts when all the hydrogen of the
water is replaced by some metallic element, while the bibasic
furnishes two series of salts, according as the metal replaces
one or both of the basic atoms ; and the tribasic acid is
capable of yielding three series of salts, according to the
number of hydrogen atoms replaced. Phosphorus also com-
bines with other elements than oxygen, giving rise to chlorides,
iodides, bromides, and phosphureted hydrogen, which latter
compound is the genuine " Jack o' the lantern" or "Will
o' the wisp."

Sulphur and phosphorus combine with great energy, and
form a very dangerous compound, as is also the case with the
chlorate of potassa.

When phosphorus consumes slowly in a jar of damp air,
a change is effected in the air or vapor, whereby it is enabled
to decolorize a solution of indigo as readily as nitric acid,
and even dissolve India rubber.

The name ozone has been given to this apparently new sub-
stance, though it is now usually supposed to be but an
allotropic state of oxygen. It is worthy of remark, that elec-
tric sparks discharged throvigh dry oxygen impart to it the
same extra-active properties as does the slow oxidation of
phosphorus. Even the odor of oxidizing phosphorus, which
chemical writers usually give as one of its distinctive proper-
ties, is perceived in the air in proximity to an electrical
machine in active operation. Ozone appears to be emphatic-
ally nature's disinfectant — certainly being capable of decom-
posing sulphuretted hydrogen, which is an active malarious
ag-ent.

81

Writers on malaria have assertpd that the products of the
decomposition of animal matter are far less deleterious than
those of vegetable substances, and cite instances of immunity
from disease to those in the vicinity of slanghter-houses and
tanneries, in infected places, during times of epidemics. I
am not prepared to say that this is really so, as no opportunity
has occurred to investigate the matter, but if it is true, there
must be some natural cause, and may not the cause be the
formation of ozone by the oxidation of th& phosphorus of the
animal structures ? Should it be urged that in such bodies,
phospliorus is not in an oxidizable state, I would inquire into
the cause of the luminosity or phosphorescence of many
kinds of animal matter, undergoing putrefaction. I would
be understood as merely suggesting such an hypothesis, rather
than advocating it.

The action of light, even when phosphorus is surrounded
by an atmosphere of pure hydrogen, nitrogen, or carbonic
acid vapor, causes a change in the color, and wonderfully
alters its properties. So also does an exposure of a few
hours to a temperature of about 500° — a point near that
of vaporization, in which case it assumes a red color and is
generally known as red or amorphous phosphorus. Instead
of its peculiar waxy, semi-transparent, delicately yellowish
appearance, it becomes not only red but perfectly opaque.
If, however, phosphorus is strongly heated and suddenly
cooled, it becomes black and opaque, but gradually recovers
its former aspect. A similar change has been observed of
the diamond, which is an allotropic state of carbon. It is
very probable that all elementary matter is capable of either
an active or passive state, and in regard to many of them,
this is positively known to be the case. One degree of heat,
or electrical condition may cause an element to assume a
particular allotropic condition, while the same agent in another
degree may restore the body to its former state. Thus amor-
phous or red phosphorus, when heated in an atmosphere void
of oxygen, to a point above that of vaporization, is recon-
verted to its original condition, and ozone heated to 140°,
loses its characteristic properties. The amorphous or alio-

82

tropic pliospliorus, exhibits in many respects, very different
properties from the ordinary article.

Its melting point instead of being 111° is over 480°, and
it no longer manifests the property to which it owes its
name, even at a temperature of 400°. Its specific gravity is
also considerably increased, and its affinity for other elements,
as sulphur and oxygen, very much impaired, so it may be
kept and handled with comparative safety. On account,
probably, of this inertness it is far less poisonous than in
its active state. Operatives in manufactories of friction
matches, of which phosphorus is a constituent, have been
subject to dreadful diseases of the bones, especially a necrosis
of the lower jaw, arising from breathing or absorl)ing the
fumes of phosphoric or phosphorus acids, due to the slow
combustion of the material used ; but by employing the
passive or red variety, the danger attending the process may
be avoided, and the matches thus made may be kept or trans-
ported with greater safety. Although in a free state, amor-
phous phosphorus is but little disposed to combustion, yet,
when it is mixed with the ordinary ingredients of lucifer or
friction matches, as sulphur, sulphuret of antimony and
chlorate of potassa, it burns readily.

Phosphorus takes fire spontaneously in the vapor of iod,ine
or bromine, or in chlorine, but olefiant gas or the vapor of
ether, or the essential oils, prevents its slow oxidation in the
air, though this property may be restored by adding to the
gas or vapor, a minute portion of nitrous acid.

The affinity of phosphorus for oxygen has led to its em-
ployment in endiometry, a stick of it being placed in a jar
of air, inverted over water it will in a few hours combine with
all the oxygen present. With pure oxygen, however, it does
not combine so readily, except under diminished pressure.
It is a singular fact, that when phosphorus is dusted over
with powdered rosin, sulphur, charcoal or even fine sand or
chalk, and placed under the receiver of an air pump, it
becomes luminous as exhaustion commences, and finally
inflames.

Such arc some of the properties of a substance but a few

83

years ago regarded merely as a wonder inspiring curiosity,
but now recognized as an indispensable element in the animal
and vegetable kingdoms, and it deeply concerns the agricul-
turist to understand the relations of phosphorus to the organic
products of his farm. Sometimes one element may replace
another in the vegetable organization, as when soda takes the
place of potash, but phosphorus can find no substitute which
shall perform its functions in the growth, maturity or perfec-
tion of the plant or recent animal structure. I say recent,
for it appears that in some instances the fluoride of calcium
has taken the place of phosphate of lime in the teeth and
bones of fossil animals.

The ashes of all plants, and the teeth and bones of all
animals that have been examined, contain it ; and we may
safely assert that no animal nor plant can reach maturity
without the aid of phosphorus. In the body of an adult
man is about one and three-fourths pounds of phosphorus,
which must have been obtained, directly or indirectly, from
plants, and by the plants, from 'the earth. The seeds of
plants especially, contain phosphates, and without their pres-
ence, in soluble form in the soil, the plant could never reach
maturity.

Phosphate of lime is required for the skeleton of a chicken,
and free phophorus is provided in the yolk of the egg, while
the shell furnishes lime. During incubation the free phos-
phorus combines with the oxygen contained in the well known
air-bubble of the egg, or with that permeating the porous
shell — phosphoric acid is formed, which, having a stronger
affinity for the lime than the carbonic acid, which it finds in
combination with it, displaces its weaker acid brother and
forms phosphate of lime for the osseous matter of the chicken.
Here we have a scientific explanation of the often observed
fact, that egg shells become thinner during incubation.

Analysis has proved that phosphorus is essential to the
constitution of nervous and cerebral matter, and that its pro-
portion varies witli the period of life. The brain in infancy
has been found to contain but eight thousandths of its weight,
of phosphorus — in mature age the projtorticm is eighteen

84

thousandths, and in old age ten thousandths ; while in the
brain of adult idiots the quantity scarcely exceeded that of
infancy. This analysis from L'Heritier, is given Ijy Dr. Dra-
per in his recent work on physiology, and will not fail to indi-
cate some of the important relations of phosphorus to the
animal economy. Furthermore it is known that excreta con-
taining phosphates of soda and ammonia, are rich in these
salts in proportion to the activity of the nervous system. To
supply the waste of such phosphorized compounds, their
equivalents must be introduced into the system as food.

The siiggestion of Dr. Draper, that the tissues of plants
deoxidize phosphorized compounds under the influence of
solar light, which at the same time throws them into the con-
dition of inactivity or allotropic state, is deserving the most
careful examination. It is estimated that an average crop of
beans removes twenty pounds of phosphorus from a single
acre, while a crop of wheat requires but twelve pounds ; and
as all cultivated plants require more or less of it, we infer
that it is an indispensable ingredient in all fertile soils, and
where the plump kernel and abundant yield of wheat or
other grain fails to reward the farmer's toil, he may reason-
ably expect, first, a deficiency of this important element.
The sad change from the good old time,

" When every rod of ground maintained its man,"

and

" Health and plenty cheered the laboring swain,"

to that when " desolation saddened all the plain," and " blos-
somed furze, unprofitably gay " usurped the place where
once the " garden smiled," was, doubtless, caused by the
abstraction of phosphates from the soil, without repaying in
kind.

Constant change is impressed on all nature. The vast
masses of subterranean coal, once waved in graceful undula-
tions in the pliant reeds and arborescent ferns of former
ages : the ocean has often been in the clouds ; rivers bave
been rainbows ! Mountains of solid marble have doubtless
lived in organized beings. " Tlie earth that's nature's mother,

85

is her tomb." The millions of tons of phosphorus now exist
ing in the animal structures of the globe, were obtained through
the agency of plants, from the soil. To supply the deficiency
thus caused, various fertilizers are employed, often at enor-
mous expense, when from lack of knowledge, of the con-
stitution of common things, and of the elements needed by
the soil for the growth of any desired crop, substances of
greater value are partially or entirely wasted. How often
do the means of fertility lie but a few inches below the barren
soils of worn out fields, ready to enter the spongioles of the
first fibrous root that reaches them. Tons of valuable phos-
phates are waiting the greedy roots of peas and clover, whereby
they may be elevated to the position they were doubtless de-
signed to occupy in the vegetable world. Whether from
rainless Peruvian islands, the farm, pen, or sub-soil of culti-
vated fields, the same substances are equally valuable, and the
judicious farmer should seize on phosphates as on truth

" Wherever found,
On Christian or on heathen ground."

It is not alone on account of the inorganic elements made
available, that certain plants should be sown, to be incor-
porated with the soil as fertilizers, but also on account of the
materials they extract from the atmosphere.

Chemical analysis clearly shows that phosphorus is one of
the most important elements in the animal economy, and that,
in no insignificant proportion. This phosphorus must be
derived from food^ and as men do not obtain sustenance
directly from the mineral kingdom, but indirectly through the
vegetable, it becomes a matter of importance to the agricul-
turist to be able to feed the vegetable most effectually and
with the least trouble and expense, from the great store-house,
the earth. Chemical analysis has also shown that phoshorus
has its home in such minerals as greenstone, basalt, trap,
gneiss and granite, by the disintegration of which many soils
have been formed. It is, however, from the rock known as
apatite, in America, and from coprolitic strata in England,
that the mineral kingdom has most abundantly furnished
phosphates for agricultural fertilizers.

86

Silex is certainly iiidispcnsahle in every soil worth tilling,
and so are tlie alkalies, but there is very little to apprehend
from the absence of the former in comparison with that of
the latter, but the liability to a deficiency of the phosphates
is far grea'ter than of the alkalies — and hence their great
value when applied to exhausted soils. In plants the phos-
phates find their way to the seeds, and even then, collect
around the germ, a fact which will explain the surprising
advantages of the application of cotton seeds to land, especially
when the next crop is Indian corn, a grain which requires an
abundant supply of such salts.

That all the phosphorus in milk, blood, bone, and in nerv-
ous and cerebral matter, was taken from the earth by plants,
and introduced into the system as food, no one will question ;
and it is of much importance to understand how this element
is presented l)y the vegetable to the animal.

It is, I believe, admitted liy pliysiological writers, that all
articles of food must be of a combustible nature, or capable
of oxidation, and that in various excreta the products of this
oxidation return to the mineral world in the form of carbonic
acid, water, ammonia, and sulphuric and phosphoric acids.
Now, the question arises, in what state is phosphorus an article
of food ? Most writers on chemistry aver it is nowhere free
in nature, but we have reason to believe that it does exist in
a free but inactive state, deoxidized as Dr. J. W. Draper sug-
gests, by the influence of sunlight.

How far the yet mysterious principles of catahjlic action,
and the capacity of bodies to assume both the active and
passive forms by the influence of light, heat and electricity,
may modify the received views of organic chemistry, it is
impossil)le to say, but I cannot resist the conclusion that more
extended and accurate knowledge of these subjects is among
the desiderata of aoricultural science.

87

ORGANIC MATTER.

By Hon. S. G. Clemsox, of Maryland.

A desultory coiiYersation liaviiig sprung up, upon the Sorgho
sugar plant, in which I took part, and the discussion of that
subject being finished, 1 further remarked, that the great
amount of organic matter which it yielded to the acre, might
make it prominent as a fertilizer, and prove even more valu-
able in certain cases than even clover, <fec. I was one of those
who did not accept as satisfactory the usual explanation given
for the fertilizing effects of the last named plant, viz. : the ex-
tended tap root, pumping inorganic ingredients from below.
There were other influences at work. Dense foliage shaded
the soil, arrested evaporation, thereby insuring humidity ; and
heat, together with humidity, being the great generators of
vitalities ; plantations and colonies of organisms were invited,
and fertility ensued ; heat without humidity produces sterility.

Exception having been taken to these views, I replied, that
exhaustion was not so much a consequence of cultivation as -
the mode of cultivation.// That all the requirements of vege-
tation existed in the air and soil ; that the want of phosphoric
acid and amjnonia were more imaginary than real ; that the
former was found to be present in all rocks in the oceans, all
water, the air and the soil, and in ample proportions for the
supplies of animated nature. That it had not been detected
by chemical experiment in the air was not conclusive proof of
its non-existence ; that there was higher evidences than the
results obtained by chemical re-agents and balances ; that the
omnipresence of phosphoric acid and the known presence of
ammonia in the air, water and soil, was the natural conse-
quence of the order of creation. That it (chemistry) had
settled the question that phosphorous was a constituent of or-
ganic substances ; that it existed uncombined in the brain of
animals, fish, &c. ; and thatTlienard had given an exjjlanation
of the cause of those liglits seen over grave-yards, marshes,
&c., called Jack o' Lanterns, Will of the Whisp, &c. He at
tributed them to the decomposition of animal matter giving

fi-^^M-uAxjQ

rise to/ perphospliorated hydrogen, which it is well known takes
fire when it comes in contact with the air, and finally is re-
solved into phosphoric acid. It would not, therefore, be ex-
traordhiary, considering the solubility of pliosphoric acid ; that_
it should exist dissolved in the atmospheric humidity, y^ith-
out accepting those views as satisfactory for the entire range
of phosphorescent phenomona, they were based on certain
facts that could not be denied. But that I took higher ground,
that I would command the assent of every member of that au-
dience, when I stated, without fear of contradiction, that the
invisible world was vastly more important in amount than the
visilde ; that the constituents of organic substances was not
dependent upon volume, and that if the ocean, running water
and the soil was peopled by an infinite variety of myriads of
millions of invisible organisms, and insignificant ta;ken sepa-
rately, but whose incessant and concrete action produced re-
sults beyond our finite comprehensions, it was not surprising
that I should find supplies always present and adequate to the
requirements of organic existence.

It has been said in the course of this discussion, that as the
mineral constituents of plants were not volatile, my_yiewgL^
could not be sustained. To which I answered, that it does
not follow, because a substance is not volatile, that it should
not exist in the atmosphere ; for, independent of those mineral
constituents which form part of vegetable and animal organ- ^
isms, finally comminuted sand and other substances are held
in suspension and carried by the winds, small bodies, such as
fish, frogs, &c., fall down as rai)i, and certain vassels of me-
teorites had been found to be composed of organisms./The
Island of Cuba owes its fertility, in part, to its proximity to
the ocean ; the salts of the sea are carried by the winds over
the entire land, and that, together with imbibition, maintains
a fertility that could not otherwise exist. Observations made
under Arrago, at the observatory of Paris, showed tiiat the
chloride of sodium was found to be a constant constituent of
the atmosphere, and yet that salt is not volatile.

Tlie subject is one of immense imi)ortance, and I never ap-
proach it without becoming humility, and a proper sense of

89

»

my own inadequacy to comprehend the begmning of such a
gigantic subject. My attention was first drawn to this matter
in 1832, during a voyage I made in the ship Sully, from New
York to Havre. We encountered adverse winds, and were
driven far south, where we were becalmed. The sea became
motionless ; there was no swell, not even a ripple upon the
surface of the water. Lightning fell, not in streaks, as I had
been accustomed to see, but like an electric discharge in
vacuo. It blurred and floated around and about. The sur-
face of the ocean all aroimd the ship, (as she lay motionless
upon the water,) became irridescent, with decomposing or-
ganic matter. Every one on board was under the influence
of this sinister and unnatural state of things, and the first
cats-paw that rippled the water was greeted with delight.

Again, in 1886, on board the Garronne, Capt. Skiddy, in
mid-ocean, I was awakened about the middle watch, by the
captain, who told me to come on deck with all haste ; when I
got there the sea was illuminated as far as the eye could reach.
The water appeared one mass of liquid fire, of a deep chrome
red and yellow appearance. This gorgeous sight, which it was
my good fortune to see, lasted some time, and gradually the
water assumed its usual pale phosphorescent appearance.
Capt. Skiddy told me that he had been at sea from boyhood,
but that he had never but once seen anytiiing like it before,
and then much less brilliant. Ehrenberg states that oceanic
organisms become luminous when irritated ; as for instance,
by the addition of a small quantity of acid to the medium in
which they may exist. Whalers who have \jruised in the
Northern oceans aver that the medusa are so abundant as to
impede sensibly the progress of a ship. And who has not
seen, in sailing over the ocean, turbid appearances, as if on
soundings, this is not adventitious, but a grade, or variety of
more dense population. Indeed, when I close partly my eyes,
as painters do, to catch the general tone, the sea always ap-
pears red to me ; and if I were to paint the ocean, I would
prepare the canvass with a red tone and bring the other colors
in adventitiously.

The invisible creation that peoples the great deep, is not more

7

90

interesting or more important tl.an the marvellous faunas of the
air, running water and the soil ; one and the other are peopled
with organisms of infinite variety and incalculable numbers,
having parasite upon parasite down to imaginary indivisibility.
They are born, live, procreate, die, in an incredibly short space
of time. Ehrenberg has made a calculation (approximate) of
the wonderful powers of increase of one of these animals.
He says, that all the conditions fulfilled, a mass as large as
this globe would be formed in a few hours. The atmosphere
may be divided into spaces, each one having its fauna. The
same with regard to all matter. They penetrate the inter-
stices of compact masses, and their remains form entire geolo-
gical formations. Such is the calcarre grossier of the Paris
basin. The Chalk formations of Europe, and even the sile-
cious nodules called flint, are found, on examination, to be
composed of the shields, or pericarps of iuvisible organisms.
The cities of Berlin, in Germany, of Richmond, Petersburg in
Virginia, are built iipon such formations. The green sand
formations that extend from New Jersey along our eastern
littoral to the Gulf of Mexico, is a mass of organisms. The
marsh that runs up above Charleston, Jefferson Co., Virginia,
is another mass of working, living and decaying living beings ;
and it is to the existence of animal and vegetable organisms
that river deposits, such as the Nile, the Rhine, the Mississippi,
&c., owed their fertility. Some years ago the foundations of
the houses in a quarter of the first-named city, (Berlin) were
found to be tottering and insecure. On examination, the
learned Ehrenberg discovered, that to a depth of from 20 to
30 feet there was an incessant action among a living mass of
these invisible beings.

At times, under favorable circumstances, some of these in-
sects appeared in such quantities as to create alarm. On one
occasion, in Germany, great excitement was produced. It ap-
peared as if blood was issuing from everything ; and a woman
seeing her child covered with what she presumed blood, sup-
posed it had been assassinated. Ignorance, fanaticism and
imagination had a wide field for speculation. What becomes
of those supplies furnished by locusts, and the whole tribe

91

of grasshoppers that appear in such numbers, at times as to
destroy the vegetation of a whole country ; and when they die
and ferment fill tlie air with noxious effluvia and pestilential
odors ? What a wise provision of nature, that these, instead
of floating forever in the air, causing annoyance, disease and
death, should be absorbed by other vitalities, and reappear in
some other form of life to beautify and adorn creation.

It is not then surprising if phosphoric acid and ammonia
should be found in the air, and earth and water. It woiild be
more surprising if they were not. Being the result of the de-'
composition of all animal and vegetable matter, they will be
found in all climes, from the Poles to the Equator ; and here
let me add, that because there are no visible traces of organic
remains in the older crystaline rocks, it is not conclusive evi
dence that they have not a similar origin. On the contrary,
time and pressure or heat may have changed their structure
and tlieir minerological characters ; and as phosphoric acid is
now being found a constituent of all rocks, I think it would
not require a sketch of the imagination to give them an iden-
tity of origin. The amount of organisms contained in some
varieties of earth in some parts of the world is so great that
they use them as articles of food. Vitality would appear to
have been a preponderating influence in creation, and like
matter it was created once and forever ; changing, but not de-
stroyed and progressive, and man, but an atom, a parasite,
upon a vast universe of life. All organisms, whether vegeta-
ble or animal, are composed of solidified gases. Death and
decay supervene, and they are again resolved into air. Life
supports life, and it is to organisms, most probably, that we
owe the origin of certain diseases.

This is as near as 1 can recollect the substance, if not the
matter, of what I said, when an abrupt termination was jnit
to my remarks by the pressure of business before the Society.
I was going on to observe that it was impossible for me to
separate the origin of many diseases from organisms. For it
is well known, all over the world, that on mill-dams and in
proximity to water-courses malarious diseases prevail, and
the ratio of disease in union with the intensity of heat. As

d

92

the faunas vary from spring to fall, so docs disease, becoming
more violent, until frosts and winter puts an end to their ex-
istence, and that irritation which they cause.

It 'is customary, in South America, in sickly regions, for
persons to veil their faces, to prevent disease or the inhalation
of the cause of disease. I have seen this ])ractised in the Uni-
ted States by eminent medical men, who did not pretend to
explain why it should be a preventive. In the polders in
Europe, where typhoid fever, intermittents, <fcc., prevail, I was
informed by a practitioner tliat lie was never so successful in
the treatment of those diseases as when he gave boiled water
to his patients to drink.

I am arrested here, in this fruitful sulrject, because this was
all I said on the occasion ; but I was only on the threshold, or
witliin the portals of that great temple of Nature, teeming
with life and wonders, to which our eyes are literally but be-
ginning to be opened.

WOOL AND WOOL GROWING.

BY PROFESSOR J. A. NASH, OF MASSACHUSETTS.

It is well known that the fleeces of some sheep make un-
shrinkable flannel ; that those of others work advantageously
into fulled cloth ; and tliat those of others will make neither
flannel nor fulled cloth of a good quality.

Starting with these well known facts, Peter A. Browne,
Esq., of Philadelphia, some eight years ago, commenced a
series of investigations on the integumentary covering of the
sheep, designed, if possible, to ascertain tlie causes and supply
a remedy.

After examining microscopically, and with the greatest care,
thousands of samples from every part of the world and of
every variety, Mr. Browne has arrived, with entire certainty, as
he supposes, at the following among many other conclu-
sions : —

There were originally two and but two species of sheep,

9S

one hair-bearing and the other wool-bearing. Several varie-
ties under each species may have come into being, as happens
with other species. The crossing of these varieties was well,
so long as the crosses were confined to the same species, for
then the progeny, following the specific character of both pa-
rents, would produce either pure hair or pure wool unmixed.

But the crossings of varieties from the different species have
produced a progeny, whose integumentary covering is neither
pure hair nor pure wool but a mixture of both ; and as it is the
nature of hair not to shrink, and of wool to shrink, when
scoured, the mixture is far less valuable than either of its in-
gredients, the liair injuring the fleece for fulled cloth, and the
wool nearly spoiling it for flannel.

The characteristics of sheep's hair, Mr. Browne states to
be : 1 — its filaments are oval in form ; 2 — they are perfor-
ated by a central duct from end to end, in which the coloring
matter flows ; 3 — each filament is made up of a great num-
ber of fibres ' held together by an appendage, or bark,
consisting of many small fragments, these fragments adhering
closely to the filaments, or body of the hair, and having the
ends so rounded and smooth as to offer little resistance to the
hairs sliding freely over each other in any direction.

The characteristics of sheep's wool, on the other hand, are,
that it is oval in a much higher degree than hair ; it is desti-
tute of a central duct passing through it ; is made up, like
hair, of a great numlier of fibres, and is covered by a frag-
mentary certex, or bark, each fragment, or scale, terminating,
unlike that of hair, in a sharp point, turned outward, so as to
form a complete preventive of the filaments of wool sliding
over each other.

Mr. Browne believes these and other characteristics of hair
and wool to be ])ermanent and unalterable, denoting a specific
distinction in the parentage of our present varieties of sheep.
According to his microscopic observations, hair is as distin-
guishable from wool as oats are from wheat, or rye from bar-
ley. If his views are correct, it follows that those, who say
that hair will turn to wool when you carry a sheep far to the
north, and wool to hair when the transportation is reversed.

94

are in error ; and it is only true that either hair or wool may
improve or deteriorate in quality hy a change in circumstances,
but never that one can he changed to the other, any more
than you could obtain wheat from oats by sowing them in
another climate, or rye from barley by sowing it in a rich soil.

Mr. Browne further states, as a result of long and careful
observation with the microscope, that the hybrid sheep, that is,
those springing from the two species, as he thinks many of our
present flocks are, produce as perfect hair as the pure hair-
bearing sheep, and as perfect wool as the pure wool-bearing
sheep. The quality of neither is necessarily deteriorated liy
the mixture of blood, but the value is greatly diminished, be-
cause the two are so intimately mixed that no art can separate
them, and beause in the mixed state they are unfit for either
the manufacture of flannel or fulled cloth ; not but that they
can be wrought into fabrics which we may possibly use as in-
ner or as outer garments, but that a good article cannot be
made from them.

Flannel made of wool shrinks ; that made of hair and wool
not only shrinks, but shrinks unevenly, leaving a rough, un-
dulating surface ; that only which is made of pure hair wears
smoothly and retains its size till worn out. Fulled cloth
made of hair is impossible, for hair will not felt ; that made
of hair and wool shrinks unevenly, and though forced into
a smooth surface by the skill of the cloth-dresser, looses it and
becomes rough the first time it is wet, after being made into
garments ; and only that made of pure wool can be relied upon
to wear handsomely. You may buy a beautiful pair of pan-
taloons, but if you should wear them on a fishing excursion
it would not be strange if the lower extremities should ever
after refuse to resume the shape which the tailor intended for
them.

If the intermingling of blood between the hair-bearing and
the wool-bearing sheep is the cause of many failures, the rem-
edy, Mr. Browne supposes, is obvious — to breed in the two
distinct lines. He states further that his inquiries have led to
the conclusion that the hair-bearing sheep thrive best in coast
or insular situations ; the wool-bearing best in hilly and inland

95

regions. Our Atlantic coast, as far inland as tide waters ex-
tend, reaching from Maine to Texas, including both, and oc-
cupied by a population of some thirteen millions, he believes
to be well adapted to the former, while all the rest of our
country is admirably adapted to the latter, and ought to pro-
duce wool in abundance and of the very best quality.

After detailing the foregoing views of Mr. Browne, Mr.
Nash stated that he would be in nowise responsible for the
microscopic facts in the case. All he could say was, that Mr.
Browne had gathered from all quarters an immense collection
of wools, had studied them long, experimented with them
in every possible way, and came slowly to his conclusions.
Mr. N. would give these conclusions to the public, as well as
the alleged facts in which they are founded, more fully
through the medium of the " Plough, Loom and Anvil," or
"American Farmers' Magazhie," published in New York, at an
early day.

The'subject, Mr. N. said, was important. The flesh of the
sheep is wholesome, easy of digestion, to most persons palata-
ble, and perhaps as cheaply produced as that of other animals.
It would take a great deal of argument to convince him that
it is for our interest to import instead of growing our wool,
and more still to convince him that the government does not
solemnly owe it to American Farmers, to protect by a reason-
able duty both the raw and the manufactured article. Such
a duty would not much increase the cost of woolens and flan-
nels to the wearer, but it would gradually and surely turn
their production from foreign to American soils.

96

LECTURE

ON THE GRASSES AND THE MANAGEMENT OF GRASS LANDS.

BY CHARLES L. FLINT,

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Agriculture.

The annual value of the Grass crop to the country for pas-
turage and for hay together is not less than $-300,000,000.
This alone is sufficient to indicate its intrinsic importance, and
to attract the attention and command the careful study of the
intelligent farmer,

I need not therefore urge the necessity of a more extended
knowledge of the subject. Too many instances of a want of
this knowledge are already familiar to you, I doubt not, and
they need scarcely an allusion from me. You are already
familiar with the history of the introduction and propagation
of many a plant which as richly deserved the name of "cheat,"
as that widely heralded under the name of Willard's Bromus,
of which even the editors of some of our agricultural journals
expressed the earnest hope that it might receive extended
trials.

Monstrous prices were charged and paid by the unsuspect-
ing farmer for its seed, in many cases four and five dollars a
bushel, a pledge being exacted that it should not be allowed to
go to seed. Committees of agricultural societies were invited
to examine and report upon it, and in a letter published in
a prominent journal, the disinterested propagator very
kindly offered to put up ten barrels of Bromus seed for $100,
saying, " Of course the earliest applicants will be sure of ob-
taining till all is gone, which scarcely would give a barrel to a
State. Years must elapse before the country can be supplied
as it now is with Herds grass and clover seed. My offer in-
vites co-operation and participation in the profits and pleasures
now available."

97

A quantity of Bromiis seed was sent to the State Farm,
under the charge of the Massachusetts Board of Agriculture,
for the purpose of experiment, with a letter of directions to
sow with clover, in the spi-ing of 1855. The crop was cut
while young, and before the grass had developed sufficiently
to distinguish it with certainty. This past year (1856,) direc-
tions were given to let it stand later in the season. While
engaged in the collection and study of specimens in the course
of the past summer, I gathered samples of this grass when it
was still immature, and when the spikelets had very much the
appearance of a species of Bromus, once considered a valuable
grass. Without giving it a very close examination at the
time I pronounced it the Bromus arveusis, which at that stage
of its growth it very much resembles. A few days after
I was astonished to see it develope into chess, {Bromus
secalmus.} This was the first specimen of the mature Wil-
lard's Bromus I had ever seen. I examined it with care with
a strong magnifying glass, and to avoid the possibility of
mistake, I submitted specimens of it to Prof. Gray, of Cam-
bridge, and to Prof. Dewey, of Rochester, N. Y.,both of whom,
after examination, pronounced it genuine chess.

A striking illustration of the value of accurate knowledge
of the subject is found in the fact that the great Liniiasus, the
father of modern botany, first reconnnended the culture of a
grass commonly known in Massachusetts as Beach grass, and
in England as Mat grass, for the prevention of the drifting of
loose sands, a plant which since his day has come to be of
immense value to Holland, in building up a soil along sandy ri-
ver banks ; and in England and Scotland where it is strictly pro-
tected by an Act of Parliament ; and especially in Massachu-
setts, where more than forty thousand dollars have been spent
under appropriations from Congress for the protection of
Cape Cod Harbor and Provincetown.

The town of Provincetown, once called Cape 'Cod, where
the Pilgrims first landed, and its harbor still called the harbor
of Cape Cod, — one of the best and most important in the
United States, — sufficient in depth for ships of the largest
size, and in extent, to anchor three thousand vessels at once,

98

owe their preservation to this grass. For an inhabitant of an
inland country, it is difficult to conceive the extent and the
violence with which the sands at the extremity of Cape Cod
are thrown up from the depths of the sea, and left on the beach
in thousands of tons by every driving storm. These sand hills
when dried by the sun are hurled by the winds into the har-
bor and upon the town. Before the culture of beach grass,
when the sand drifted down upon the dwelling houses, — as
it did whenever the beach was broken, — it was necessary in
order to save them from burial, to wheel it off with barrows.
Tons were thus removed every year from places that are now
entirely safe from the drifting of sand. This statement would
seem to be incredible were it not for the window glass in some
of the older houses, against which the sand has been blown
with such force as to make it appear perfectly ground.

It would be useless, in the time allotted to me here, to
give even a brief account of the natural history or description of
all the useful grasses found in our fields and pastures, however
essential it might be to a complete understanding of the sub-
ject.* I can but briefly allude to a few of our most prominent
species and then pass on to other topics. And among the
most important of these is, unquestionably, the well known
Timothy, {Phleum pratense.y

The name of Timothy, by which it is more generally known
over the country and abroad, was obtained from Timothy
Hanson, who cultivated it extensively, and according to some
accounts, introduced it into England, from whence it is sup-
posed to have been originally brought to this country. It
forms a large proportion of what is called English hay. In
point of nutritive matter the ripe crop is said to exceed the
crop at the time of flowering, owing in part to the size and
quantity of its mealy seeds.

As a crop to cut for liay it is probably unsurpassed by any
other grass now cultivated. Though somewhat coarse and
hard, — especially if allowed to ripen its seed, yet if cut in

*The natural history, comparativo nutritive value, methoils of cultivating, cu
tin*; and curiui^ of tiie "jfrasscs, tlii' nianaj^'i^'nit'iit of urass lands, &e., will be found
to be treated in detail in a woric, reeently puljlished, entitled, "A Practical Trea-
tise on Grasses and Forage P/anIs, tfc." pp. 2i9. By Cliarles L. flint. Secretary
Massacliusctts Board of Agriculture. New York : G. P. Putnam & Co. 1857.

99

the blossom, or directly after, it is
greatly relished by all kinds of stock,
and especially so by horses, while it
possesses a large per centage of nu-
tritive matter in comparison with
other agricultural grasses. It is of-
tfen sown with clover, but the best
practical farmers are beginning to
discontinue this practice, on account
of the different times of blossoming of
the two. crops. Timothy being inva-
riably later than clover, the former
must be cut too green, before blossom-
ing, when the loss is great by shrink-
age, and when the nutritive matter is
considerably less than at a little later
period, or the clover must stand too
long, when there is an equally serious
loss of nutritious matter in that. It
thrives best on moist, peaty or loamy
soils of medium tenacity, and is not
suited to sandy or light gravelly lands ;
for though on such soils, by great care
it can be made to grow and produce
crops, some other grasses
are better suited to them
and more profitable. It
grows very readily and
yields very large crops on
favorable soils. I have
known instances where its
yield was four tons to the '^"

acre of the best quality of h^, the Timothy constituting the
bulk of the grass. It is cultivated with ease, and yields a
large quantity of seed to the acre.

In one respect, perhaps, it must be admitted that this grass
is inferior to meadow foxtail, and that is in the quantity of
its aftermath ; for while that of the latter is very great, the
after-growth of Timothy is but slight, and if allowed to stand

Fig. 1 . Timothy Grass.

100

too long and then mown in a dry time, it starts so slowly as to
leave the ground exposed to the scorching rays of the sun, un-
less, indeed, there happens to be a rapid growth of clover to
protect it. Fig. 1 represents this grass, and Fig. 2 its flower.
Anotlier prominent and well known species, in New Eng-
land, goes by the name of Red Top, {Agrostis vnlgarisS)

This valuable grass, so common
in all our cultivated fields, has
been an inhabitant of our soils
for more than a century. It was
called simply English grass by
Eliot, Deane and other early wri-
ters, and by the English, Fine
Bent. Indeed, the whole genus
Agrostis is commonly known in
England as " Bent Grass." This
grass is often sown with Timo-
thy and clover, in which case, the
clover, of course, soon disappears,
being biennial, when Timothy
follows, after which red top usu-
ally takes its place, and with some
wild grasses forms a close sward.
In Pennsylvania and States fur-
ther south, it is universally known
as Herds-grass — a name applied
in New England and New York
to Phleiim pratense alone. It is
of somewhat slow growth, but of
good or medium quality. It is
suited to moist soils,
though common to all.
This grass is probably
rather overrated ])y us.
It makes a very profita-
ble crop for spending,
though not so large a
yield is obtained as from

Red Top.

Fig. 4.

101

Timothy. It is a good permanent grass, and consequently
well suited to our pastures, standing our climate as well as
any other species. It should be fed close in pastures, for if
allowed to grow up to seed the cattle refuse it ; and this fact
seems to show that it is not so much relished by stock as
some of the other pasture grasses. The fact that cattle eat
any grass greedily in the spring, is no proof of its excellence
or nutritious qualities ; since, then, all grasses are tender and
full of juice, and many varieties of both grasses and shrubs
are eaten, which at a more advanced stage are refused. It is
seen in Fig. 2, and its blossom in Fig. 4.

This grass goes also by various other names, and is greatly
naodified by soil and cultivation. On a moist, rich soil it
grows larger than on a poor, thin soil, and not only larger,
but has a darker, purplish color, with a stem varying from
eighteen inches to two feet or two and a half feet high ;
while on thin, poor, gravelly soils, it seldom grows over twelve
inches, and often not over five or six inches high, while it has
a lighter color. In the latter situations it goes by the name
of Finetop, and is universally seen in old, dry pastures.

The Kentucky Blue Grass (^Poa prate nsisy is common
all over the Northern United States, constituting no small por-
tion of the turf of pastures and fields. It varies much in
size and appearance according to the soil on which it grows.
In Kentucky it is universally known as Blue grass, and else-
where frequently called Kentucky blue grass, and still more
frequently, June grass. It comes into the soil in some parts
of the country when left to itself, and grows luxuriantly on
soils best suited to it, and is relished by cattle. Wherever
it is intended for hay it is cut at, or just after, the time
for flowering, as, if the seed is allowed to ripen, more than
a fourth part of the crop, in the opinion of some, is lost. In
its earliness, it is equalled by some of the other grasses,
and it is surpassed in its nutritive qualities, by many. After
being cut in summer it starts up slowly. Low says, " It is
inferior to the rough stalked meadow grass, and it may be
questioned whether it deserves to be reckoned among the
superior pasture grasses."

102

It produces but one flow-
ering stem in a year, while
many of the other grasses
continue to shoot up flower
stalks, and run to seed thro'
the season. On this account
it is recommended highly
for lawns, where uniformity
is desired. The produce or-
dinarily is small, compared
with other grasses, but the
herbage is fine. It grows
well in rather a dry soil, but
will grow on a variety of
soils, from the dryest knolls
to a wet meadow. It does
not withstand our severe
droughts as well as some
other grasses. Its reputa-
tion is far higher in this,
than in its native country,
where it is denied by most
farmers even a
place among the
grasses to be re-
commended for
cultivation. It
endures the
frosts of winter
better, perhaps,
than most other
Fig. 5. June Grass. Fig. 6. grasscs, and in Ken-

tucky, where it attains the highest perfection as a pasture
grass, it sometimes continues palatable to stock through their
mild winters. It requires at least two or three years to become
well set, and it does not arrive at its perfection as a pasture
grass till the sward is older than that, and hence it is not suited
to alternate husbandry, or where the land is to remain in grass
only two or three years and then be ploughed up. In Kentucky,

103

the best blue grass is found in partially shaded pastures. A
well known farmer of that State, in a communication to the
Ohio Farmer, says : " In our climate, and soil, it is not only the
most beautiful of grasses, but the most valuable of crops. It
is the first deciduous plant which puts forth its leaves here ;
ripens its seed about the tenth of June, and then remains
green, if the summer is favorable in moisture, during the
summer months, growing slowly till about the last of August,
when it takes a second vigorous growth until the ground is
frozen by winter's cold. If the summer is dry, it dries up
utterly, and will burn if set on fire ; but even then, if the
spring growth has been left upon the ground, is very nutri-
tious to all grazing stock, and especially to sheep and cattle,
and all ruminating animals. When left to have all its fall
growth, it makes fine winter pasture for all kinds of grazing
animals. Cattle will not seek it through the snow, but sheep,
mules and horses will paw off the snow and get plenty with-
out any other food. When covered with snow, cattle require
some other feeding ; otherwise they do well all winter upon it.

" It makes also the best of hay. I have used it for that
for twenty years. It should be cut just as the seeds begin to
ripen, well spread, and protected from the dew at night by
windrowing or cocking ; the second evening stacked with salt,
or sheltered with salt also. When properly cured, stock seem
greatly to prefer it to all other hay. I would not recommend
it for meadow especially, however, because the yield is hardly
equal to Timothy and clover, and because it is more difficult
to cut and cure."

The same writer says : " Any time in the winter, when the
snow is on the ground, sow broadcast from three to four
quarts of clean seed to the acre. With the spring the seeds
germinate and are very fine in the sprouts, and delicate. No
stock should be allowed for the first year, nor until the grass
seeds in June, for the first time in the second year. The
best plan is to turn on your stock when the seed ripens in
June. Graze off the grass, then allow the fall growth and
graze all winter, taking care never to feed the grass closely
at any time."

Another eminent cattle breeder speaking of this grass,

104

sajs : " Perennial grasses are tlie true basis of agriculture,
in the highest condition of that best employment for man.
Grasses which are not perennial, are of immense value,
especially as one of the shifts in the ordinary rotation of
crops, suited to the agriculture of the great upper, or north-
erly portion of our continent, all of it above the cotton line.
But it is the grasses which are perpetual, that I chiefly allude
to, and among these, emphatically the blue grass, as it is
called in tlie regions where it flourishes most. Whoever has
limestone land, has blue grass ; whoever has blue grass, has
the basis of all agricultural prosperity ; and that man, if he
have not the finest horses, cattle and sheep, has no one to
blame but himself. Others, in other circumstances, may do
well ; he can hardly avoid doing well, if he will try." It is
seen in Fig. 5, and its flower in Fig. 6.

Another valuable species is commonly known by the name
of Orchard Grass. (^Dactylis glomerata.') This is one of the
most valuable and widely known of all the pasture grasses.
It is common to every country in Europe, . to the north of
Africa, and to Asia as well as to America. Its culture
was introduced into England from Virginia, where it had
been cultivated some years previously, in 1764. It forms
one of the most common grasses of English natural pastures,
on rich, deep, moist soils. It became, soon after its introduction
into England, an object of special agricultural interest among
cattle feeders, having been found to be exceedingly palatable
to stock of all kinds. Its rapidity of growtli, the luxuriance
of its aftermath and its power of enduring the cropping of cat-
tle, commend it highly to the farmer's care, especially as a
pasture grass. As it blossoms earlier than Timothy, and
about the time of red clover, it makes an admirable mixture
with that plant, to cut in the blossom and cure for hay. As
a pasture grass it should be fed close, both to prevent its
forming thick tufts and to prevent its running to seed, when
it loses a large proportion of its nutritive matter, and be-
comes hard and wiry. Stock eat it greedily when green.

Judge Buel, distinguished as a man of taste, said of this
grass : " I should prefer it to almost every other grass, and

105

cows are very fond of it."
Elsewhere he says : " The
American Cocksfoot, or
Orchard Grass, is one of
the most abiding grasses
we have. It is probably
better adapted than any
other grass to sow with
clover and other seeds
for permanent pasture or
for hay, as it is fit to cut
with red clover and grows
remarkably quick when
cropped by cattle. Five
or six days' growth in
summer suffices to give
a good bite. Its good
properties consist in its
early and rapid growth
and its resistance of
drought; but all agree

Fig. 8. Fig. 7. Orchard Grass.

that it should be closely cropped. Sheep will pass over every
other grass to feed upon it.

If suffered to grow long without being cropped, it becomes
coarse and harsh. Colonel Powell, (a late eminent farmer
of Pennsylvania,) after growing it ten years, declares that it
produces more pasturage than any other grass he has seen in
America. On being fed very close, it has produced good
8

106

pasture after remaining five days at rest. It is suited to all
arable soils. Two bushels of seed are requisite' for an acre
when sown alone, or half this quantity when sown with,
clover. The seed is very light, weighing not more than
twelve or fourteen pounds to the bushel. It should be cut
early for hay."

Mr. Sanders, a well known practical farmer and cattle
breeder, of Kentucky, says of it, " My observation and ex-
perience have induced me to rely mainly on orchard grass
and red clover ; indeed, I now sow no other sort of grass
seed. These grasses mixed, make the best hay of all the
grasses for this climate (Kentucky ;) it is nutritious, and
well adapted as food for stock. Orchard grass is ready for
grazing in the spring ten or twelve days sooner than any
other that affords a full bite. When grazed down and the
stock turned off, it will be ready for regrazing in less than
half the time required for Kentucky blue grass. It stands a
severe drought better than any other grass, keeping green and
growing when other sorts are dried up ; in summer it will grow
more in a day than blue grass will in a week. Orchard grass
is naturally disposed to form and grow in tussocks. The best
preventive is a good preparation of the ground, and a suffi-
ciency of seed uniformly sown. Judge Peters, of Pennsyl-
vania, — who was at the head of agricultural improvement in
that State for many years, — preferred it to all other grasses."
It is shown ii^ig. 7, and its flower in Fig. 8.

Other grasses deserve especial mention, and the careful
study of the farmer both for their intrinsic value, and be-
cause they are generally distributed over the country. I
have taken occasion in the work already alluded to,* to dwell
iipon their specific importance, ajid their comparative value.

It must be evident to the observation of the practical farmer,
that the various species of grass differ very materially in
nutritive value ; that some contain the greatest quantity of
nutritive matter when green or in the flower ; others when
the seed is ripe and the plant mature ; that some yield a
luxuriant aftermath, while otliers can scarcely be said to pro-
duce any at all ; that some flourish in elevated situations and

* "Grasses and Forage Plants," &c.

107

arc best suited to the grazing of sheep, while others grow most
luxuriantly on the low lands and in the marshes, and sustain
the richest dairies ; and that no soil is so sterile, no plain so
barren but that a grass can be found adapted to it. Some
varieties, indeed, will not endure a soil even of medium fer-
tility, nor the application of any stimulating manure, but
cling with astonishing tenacity to the drifting sands, while
others prefer the heaviest clays or revel in the hot beds of
ammonia ; some are gregarious in their habits, requiring to
be sown with other species, and if sown alone will linger
along till the wild grasses spring up to their support ; others
are solitary, and if mixed with different species will either
extirpate them, usurping to themselves the entire soil, or die
and disappear. Nearly every species is distinguished for some
peculiar quality, and most are deficient in some, compara-
tively few combining all the qualities desired by us in alter-
nate field crops, for pastures or permanent mowing, to such
an extent as to justify a general cultivation.

It is important, therefore, to learn the comparative nutri-
tive value of each species thought to be worth cultivating.

This study is naturally attended with great difiiculties. It
is but recently that accurate researches have been made with
a view of arriving at such positive results as would be enti-
tled to full confidence.

It is now very well established that the njitritive value of
the food of an animal depends chiefly upon the proportion of
nitrogenous substances contained in it. Without doubt, the
sugar which is found to be an ingredient of most vegetable
substances at some periods of their growth, in some degree
contributes to it also. The nitrogenous constituents of any
substance, as grass or hay, for instance, may be determined
with little difficulty and with great exactness, since it has
been found l)y abundant research, that, when present, they
are of nearly the same constitution, and do not vary in their
combinations. The determination of the sugar is somewhat
more difficult.

The constituents of plants may be divided into two classes,
one class embracing all those substances of which nitrogen or

108

azote forms a part, and the other consisting of non-nitro-
genous bodies. Ghiten, allmmen, gelatine, casein, legumen
and fibrin, belong to the former class, being nitrogenous sub-
stances, while starch, gum, sugar, woody fibre, mucilage, &c.,
are destitute of nitrogen, or non-nitrogenous.

Only a small quantity of nitrogen is found in vegetable
substances, and it is derived, in part, at least, from the atmos-
phere in the form of ammonia. On the other hand, nitro-
genous sulistances form a large proportion of the constituents
of the blood of animals and appear in their whole system.
As there is a constant waste in the animal and a continual
formation of new tissues, — as the whole body is constantly
renewed through the agency of the blood which is converted
into flosli and muscle, — there must be a never-failing supply
of nourishment, and this nourishment for the higher animals
is found, as already intimated, in the nitrogenous elements of
plants.

For every ounce of nitrogen which the animal requires to
sustain life and health, he must take into the stomach, in the
shape of food, such a quantity of vegetable substances as
will furnish him with an ounce of nitrogen. If we suppose
one kind of hay to contain one ounce of nitrogen to the
pound, and another to have only half as much, or only an
ounce in two pounds, the pound which contains the ounce of
nitrogen would go as far to nourish the animfal — other
things being equal — as the two pounds which contain only
the same quantity of nitrogen. The importance of woody
fibre to act mechanically in giving bulk to the food, is not, of
course, to be overlooked.

Nor is this a mere deduction of theory. The experiment
has frequently been made, and it is now fully established both
by science and experience, that the greater the proportion of
nitrogen which any vegetable contains, the smaller will be
the quantity of that vegetable required to nourish the animal
body, and the less nitrogen any vegetable contains, the greater
will be the quantity of it required. Muscle and flesh are
composed of nitrogenous principles, while fat is made up of
non-nitrogenous matter. Every keeper of stock knows that

109

to feed an animal on oil cake alone, for instance, which is but
slightly nitrogenous, might fatten him, but it would not give
him strength of musple or size ; while if the same animal be
kept on the cereg-l grains, as wheat or Indian corn, alone, his
size rapidly increases, his muscular system develops, and he
gains flesh without increasing his fat in proportion. It was
with reference to these facts that Boussingault formed his
tables of nutritive equivalents, and they agree very closely
with the results of practical observation.

The non-nitrogenous substances are necessary for the pro-
duction of fat and to supply the animal body with heat, and
thus they meet a want in the animal economy, although they
do not contribute so directly to nourish and sustain the sys-
tem. They are, therefore, important in the analyses of arti-
cles of food, though not so essential in determining merely
their nutritive values.

Thus, taking the quantity of nitrogen which the plant con-
tains, as the measure of its nutritive value, it is easy for the
chemist to form a table of comparative nutritive values of
any particular class of plants, and this has recently been done
by Prof. Way in a series of investigations into the constituent
elements of the grasses which form an exceedingly valuable
contribution to the science of agriculture.

No crop is more susceptilile to the influence of the seasons?
than the grasses, and this has determined, to some extent'
the time of sowing the seed, which, for the Northern States,
is generally in the autumn. But as this practice is regulated
entirely by locality, I shall not dwell upon it in this connec-
tion. No rule in regard to the time of seeding down land,
which should be found to work best in one latitude, would
necessarily apply in a different climate, and under different
circumstances.

In general, too little attention is paid to the selection of
seeds, not only of the grasses, but of other cultivated plants.
The farmer cannot be sure that he has good seed unless he
raises it for himself or uses that raised in his neighborhood.
He too often takes that which has passed through several
hands, and whose origin he cannot trace. Bad or old seed

110

may thus be bought, in the belief that it is good and new,
and the seller himself may not know anything to the con-
trary. The buyer, in such cases, often introduces weeds
which are very difficult to eradicate. The temptation to mix
seeds left over from previous years with newer seed, is very
great, and there can be no doubt that it is often done on a
large scale. In such cases the buyer has no remedy. He
cannot return the worthless article, and the repayment of the
purchase money, even if he could enforce it, would be but
poor compensation for the loss of a crop. The seeds of some
plants retain their vitality much longer than others. Those
of the turnip, for instance, will germinate as well, or nearly
as well, at the age of four or five years, as when only one or
two years old. But the seeds of most of the grasses are of
very little value when they have been kept two or tliree
years, and hence the importance of procuring new and fresh
seeds, and guarding against any mixture of the old and
worthless with the new, as carefully as possible.

It is easy to tell whether the germinative power of grass or
any other seed still remains, by the following simple method ;
and if the Iniyer should be willing to try it, he might pur-
chase only a small quantity at first, and afterwards obtain
his full supply with more confidence if the trial showed it to
be good. Take two pieces of thick cloth, moisten them with
water and place them one upon the other in the bottom of a
saucer. Place any number of seeds which it is desired to
try, upon the cloth, spreading thin, so as not to allow them
to cover or touch each other. Cover them over with a third
piece of cloth similar to the others and moistened in the
same manner. Then place the saucer in a moderately warm
place. Sufficient water must be turned on from time to
time to keep the three thicknesses of cloth moist, but great
care must be taken not to use too much water, as this would
destroy tlie seed. There should be only enough to moisten
the cloths, and not enough to allow any to stand in the
saucer. Danger from this source may be avoided in a great
measure, however, by tipping up the saucer so as to permit
any superfluous water in the saucer to drain off. The cloth

Ill

used for covering may be gently raised each day to watch the
progress of the swelhng or the moulding of the seeds. The
good seed will be found to swell gradually, while the old or
poor seed, which has lost its germinating power, will become
mouldy in a very few days. In this way, also, any one can
judge whether old seed is mixed with new. The latter will
germinate much more quickly than the former. He can
judge, besides, of the quantity which he must sow, since he
can tell whether a half or three-fourths, or the whole will be
likely to germinate, and can regulate his sowing accordingly.
The seeds of the clovers, if they are new and fresh, will show
their germs on the third or fourth day ; other seeds will take
a little longer, but till they become coated with, mould there
is hope of their germinating. As soon as the mould appears
it is decisive, and the seed that moulds is worthless.

Our practice is most faulty, it seems to me, in the few
species wliich we select for our mixtures. It is well known
that some species are best adapted to one locality, and others
to another, some reaching their fullest and most perfect devel-
opment on clay soils and some on lighter loams and sands.
We cannot but wonder that the practice of sowing only Timo-
thy and red top on nearly all soils, clays, loams and sands
indiscriminately, lioth on high and low land, should have
become so prevalent. It is equally remarkable that, while
but very few of our grasses, and these for the most part
species peculiar to sterile soils, flourish alone, but nearly all
do best with a mixture of several species, it should so con-
stantly have been thought judicious to attempt to grow only
two prominent species together with merely an occasional
addition of an annual or a Ijiennial clover, which soon dies
out. When this course is pursued, unless the soil is rich and
in good licart, the grass is likely to grow thin and far be-
tween, producing but half or two-thirds of a crop, whereas
the addition in the mixture of a larger number of species,
would have secured a heavier burden of a better quality.
These considerations, it seems to me, indicate the true direc-
tion in which the farmer who wishes to " make two spires oi
grass grow where one grew before," without impoverishmg
the soil, should turn his attention.

112

I hold this proposition to be indisputable, that any soil will
yield a larger and more nutritious crop if sown with several
kinds of nutritious grasses, than when sown with only one or
two species. Indeed, it is a fact well established by careful
experiment, that a mixture of only two or three species of
grasses and clover, will produce a less amount of hay than
can be obtained by sowing a larger number of species together.
There may be some exceptions to this rule, as in cases where
the yield of Timothy and red top, owing to the peculiar fitness
of the soil for these grasses, is as great as can stand on the
ground covered by them.

But it is nevertheless true, that if we sow but one kind of
grass, however abundantly the seed may be scattered, or on
whatever soil it may be, or under however favorable influ
ences, yet only a part of the plants will flourish ; vacant
spaces will occur throughout the piece which will be filled up,
after a time, by grasses of an inferior quality, weeds or
mosses. This is the case in some degree also, where only
two, or a small number of species, are sown ; while if a mix-
ture made up of a larger number of kinds of seed is used,
the plants will cover the entire surface and produce a far bet-
ter quality of herbage.

In sowing such a mixture of several different species, we
do but follow nature, who after all, will generally be found
to be the best teacher, for wherever we cast our eyes over an
old, rich, permanent pasture, we ordinarily see from fifteen
to twenty species of grass or forage plants growing in social
profusion. If the soil be very poor, as a cold, hard clay, or
a barren sand, perhaps two or three varieties will suffice, but
on good soils a larger number will be found to be far more
profitable. Especially is this the case where the land is to
be left in grass for some years and eventually be pastured,
as is frequently done in New England, for it is then desirable
to have grasses that reach their maturity at different times,
as a constant succession of good feed throughout the season
may thus more surely be obtained. It is well known that
there is no month of spring or summer in which some one of
the grasses does not attain to its perfection, if we except

113

the month of March, " For good soils, eight or ten species of
the grasses, or six or eight of the grasses proper, and one or
more of other herbage plants, would probably be found to be
profitable.

I am aware that the prevailing practice is decidedly against
the use of any thing but Timothy, red top and clover, and
that very large crops of these grasses are often raised, but it
is nevertheless true that we obtain on an average less than a
ton to the acre, while with the same culture and a larger
number of species we ought to get double that quantity.

It is not generally considered how exceedingly light the
seeds of some species of grass are, and hence one of the mis-
takes which we most frequently make. In an ounce of red-
top seed, for instance, there are no less than 425,000 grains.
In a pound there are 6,800,000 seeds ; in a bushel, or twelve
pounds, there are 81,600,000 seeds. Now suppose we take
only one peck of Timothy seed to mix with it. In an ounce
of Timothy grass seed there are 74,000 grains. In a pound
there are 1,204,000 grains. In eleven pounds, or a peck, there
are 13,244,000 seeds, and if we take but four pounds of clo-
ver, which is below the average quantity used, we shall find
by the same process that we have 1,024,000 seeds. If now
we add these sums together, we shall find that we have put
upon the acre no less than 95,868,000 seeds ! This gives over
15 seeds to the square inch, or about 2,200 seeds to the square
foot!

There must be, evidently; an enormous waste of seed, or an
extensive destruction of plants, for if we take nature for our
guide, we shall not find anything like that amount of plants
on an inch or a foot of our grass lands.

It is^ a well known fact that the sward of a rich old pasture
is closely packed, filled up, or interwoven with plants and no
vacant spaces occur. Yet, in a closely crowded turf of such
a pasture, only one thousand distinctly rooted plants were
found on a square foot, and these were made up of twenty
different species. The soil should be supplied with a proper
number of plants, else a loss of labor, time and space will be
incurred ; but however heavily seeded a piece may be with

114

one or two favorite grasses, small vacant spaces will occur,
which, thongh they may not seem important in themselves,
when taken in the aggregate, will be found to diminish very
considera])ly the yield of an acre, even if they are so small as
not to be perceived. And undoubtedly some allowance should
be made for bad seed, and for young plants destroyed by in-
sects, birds and various accidental causes ; but even after all
deductions for these, we see that there is no deficiency in the
quantities of seed used, and the imperfectly covered ground
cannot be explained in this way.

Sinclair, too, who had observed carefully and extensively,
writes on this point in regard to the practice of oversceding,
as follows : " When an excess of grass seed is sown, the seeds,
in general, all vegetate, but the plants make little, if any pro-
gress, until from the want of nourishment to the roots, and
the confined space for the growth of the foliage, a certain
number decay, and give the requisite room to the proper
number of plants ; and that will be according as there are a
greater or less variety of different species of grasses combined
in the sward."

Time will not permit me to dwell upon this point, but it is
worthy the earnest and careful attention of the practical far-
mer. In the work ©n Grasses and Forage Plants, already
referred to, many mixtures are given for different varieties of
soil and location, and this whole subject is more fully developed.

The time of cutting grass is a point on which even judi-
cious farmers differ, but the weight of authority seems to fix
upon the period of blossoming, as, on the whole, the best, and
our practice in New England is generally conformed to it so
far as practicable.

This practice is unquestionably founded on a correct princi-
ple, the object of the farmer being to secure his hay so as to
make it most like grass in its perfect condition. From prin-
ciples stated in another place, it' has been seen that the nutri-
tive substances of grass are those, which arc, for the most
part, soluble in water, such as sugar, gluten, and other com-
pounds. Now it is evident that if this is so, the grass should
be cut at the time when it contains the larf2;est amount of

115

these principles. In its early stages of growth it contains a
very large per centage of water. From its earliest growth the
sugar and other soluble substances gradually increase till they
reach their maximum per centage in the blossom, or when the
seed is fully formed in the cell. From this period the saccha-
rine matter constantly diminishes, and the woody fibre, per-
fectly insoluble in water, and innutritions, increases till after
the seeds have matured, when the plant begins to decay.
Of course, if the plant is not cut in the flower, a great part of
the nutriment of its stems and leaves is wasted.

There is another equally instructive suggestion in these
transforming processes, and il is this : If grass is cut in a con-
dition ever so succulent, and before the transition of sugar,
&c., into woody fibre has commenced, there will even then be
some loss of sugar and starch from the action of heat and
moisture, especially if the grass is exposed to the rain in the
process of curing, and lignification, or change to woody fibre
takes place to considerable extent, dependent, of course, on
the length of time it is exposed to air and light ; so that grass
cured with the least exposure to the searching, sifting winds,
and- the scorching sunshine, is, other things being equal, more
nutritious than grass cured slower and longer exposed, how-
ever fine the weather may be. In other words, grass over-
cured in the process of hay making, contains more useless,
woody fibre and less nutritive qualities, than grass cured more
hastily and housed before being dried to a crisp. There can
be no doubt which of the two would be most palatable to the
animal. Some loss of nutritive elements must, therefore, take
place in the process of curing, however perfect it may be, and
the true art of hay-making consists in curing the grass just up
to the point at which it will do to put into the barn, and no
more, in order to arrest the loss at the earliest possible mo-
ment. And this fact of the loss of sugar and starch, or of
their transformation into woody fibre by too long exposure to
the sun and wind, I think equally well established as that any
transformation at all takes place, and as equally suggestive.

Without dwelling upon the new and improved implements
employed iu securing the hay crop, the mowing machine, the

116

horse-rake and other valuable additions to the old facilities
for haying, I can but briefly allude to the general treatment
of grass lands and draw my remarks to a close.

If one thing more than another may be said to lie at the
foundation of all real improvement of grass lands, or lands un-
der a course of rotation, it is a proper system of drainage.
Especially is this important for low, wet lands, since it not
only frees them from superfluous water, thus making them
more susceptible of tillage in early spring, but actually in-
creases their temperature several degrees, in some cases as
much as from eight to ten, and rarely less than from two to
four, and admits the air to circulate more freely around the
roots of the plants. The aquatic grasses require large and
constant supplies of moisture, and when the soil is changed by
drainage, the more valuable species of grass may be introduced
and cultivated in it. But one of the most important questions
which the farmer of New England has to meet, is the proper
treatment of his pasture lands. Many of our old pastures
have been stocked hard time out of mind, and the grasses in
them have been literally starved out and grow thin of neces-
sity, while, as the finer and nutritious grasses disappear, na-
ture very kindly covers up the nakedness of the soil with moss,
as an evidence of the effect, and not the cause of poverty.
They are said to be " worn," or " run out." Many of them
are grown over with bushes and briars and other equally
worthless pests, till they carry but one animal to four or five
acres, and often require twice that amount to keep an animal
on foot, to say nothing of fattening him. It is a well known
saying that " Poor pastures make breachy cattle."

Undoubtedly thousands of acres of pasturage would be far
more profitably covered with pines than with cattle, and many
an observing farmer is now convinced of this fact. The culti-
vation of pines will be found to be perfectly practicable on
light lands, and a rapid growth of wood, intermixed, as it
should always be, with some deciduous growth like the white
birch, will be found to be more profitable than the use to
which they are now put.

I know many pastures of good strong soil, never ploughed

117

within the memory of the living, some of which are known not
to have been ploughed for a hundred and fifty years, which
require from eight to ten acres to a cow, so entirely buried
are they in moss and bushes. Such lands can be planted with
pines at a small cost, and would soon be covered with a growth
which would pay a large per centage on the outlay. I have,
during the past season, examined over five hundred acres of
cultivated pines in different parts of Massachusetts, varying in
age from three months to twenty years, and can testify to the
surprising rapidity with which such a plantation will cover the
ground, concealing the fact of their being planted by the hand
of man, and assuming the appearance of a dense forest. In
one instance, the owner informed me, that his plantation had
averaged him a cord to the acre every year for twenty years
during which it had been planted, while the land, a light bar-
ren sand, had apparently been improved, and a thick under-
growth of hard wood was apparently ready to succeed the pine
when the opportunity offered. I have seen a growth of pitch
pine, made this year, of over two feet six inches in length by
measurement, and a growth of white pine, made in the same
time, of two feet nine inches.

The idea was formerly entertained that pasture lands were
sufficiently enriched by the animals which fed them. Practical
men begin to think otherwise, for it is found that a profitable
return is made for the little outlay which they require. Par-
ticularly is this the case with pastures fed by milch cows.
They do not return the essential elements of the plant to the
ground in so large a proportion to what they take from it, as
some other animals. These elements are required in great
quantities to form their milk, while in other animals they are
required only to form bone and muscle. The ordure of cows
is, therefore, less valuable and fertilizing than that of other
'animals. The consequence is, that lands fed wholly by cows
are exhausted sooner than those fed by other animals. For it
is evident that where more is taken from the soil than is re-
turned, exhaustion must follow.

We furnish animal and vegetable matters to the earth, to
supply it with substances which the growth of plants has

118

taken from it. It will be obvious, on a moment's reflection,
that the constituent parts of the plant are taken up from the
earth and the air, in much the same manner as our food and
drink become our bone and flesh. The analogy is still more
distinct when we reflect that all our applications for the im-
provement of the soil, are nothing more than the supply of
food for plants. For the food of plants is found in all manures,
and the value of these. depends upon the quantity they contain.

No doubt it is better to plough and cultivate where this
can be done on strong, good soils, which are not too stubborn
and rocky. This applies to many lands which have been
used as pastures time out of mind, the soils of which are
naturally good, but have run out from neglect. Put soil into
a good state of culture, and rich and nutritive grasses will
flourish as naturally as weeds. The former are nearly as
spontaneous on good soils, as the latter are on poor ones.
The success will depend chiefly on good culture if this mode
is adopted.

Or we may scarify the surface thoroughly with a sharp
tooth harrow, sowing on a suitable mixture of grass seeds,
and then harrow and brush over again, the work to be done
in September or very early in spring, if the surface is hard
enough to go over with cattle without too much poaching.
This applies to old pastures covered with moss, where the
sweet grasses are run out, but which, from their particular
location, may not be desirable for woodland, nor pay for a
more complete and careful improvement.

Or we may mix the grass seeds as evenly as possible with
a finely divided compost and use it as a top-dressing, first har-
rowing the surface to loosen it, and after spreading the com-
post, brushing it over with a brush harrow to Ijreak up the
lumps. This will cost a little more than the preceding
method, but the grass seed will start sooner, make a larger
and finer growth the first season, and give greater satisfac
tion. This applies to very much the same class of lands as
the preceding. In both cases, if the pasture, or any part of
it is covered with bushes, they should of course be cut or
grubbed up ; if it is wet or covered with stagnant waters,

119

they should of course he draiued off so as at least to leave a
dry and healthy surface. It is unnecessary to say that the
top-dressing should be free from weed seed, and be in a finely
divided state. This method of improvement is perfectly prac-
ticaljle on thousands of acres "which are now in a state both
discreditable and unprofitable to their owners.

Other methods of improving pasture and mowing lands
may be equally available, and the enterprising farmer will
not fail to adopt them wherever they are found to be most
practicable. Even the farmer of limited means may do
something each year towards improving his pasture lands.
He may lessen the area of the bushes, he may plough up a
small piece, at least, and seed down at once with grass seed
and winter rye, either in the spring or in the fall, and in
either case his stock will fare enough better to pay for it, and
the next year he may take another piece in the same pasture,
till the whole is finished, when it will carry more stock, and
more stock will give him more manure, and more manure
will increase the fertility of other lands, and increased fer-
tility will add to his means of further improvement. The
difficulty with most small farmers is to begin. Well begun
is half well done, for the moment any real improvement is
begun in earnest, the interest is excited, the mental activity
is increased, the desire for improvement partakes the nature
of a passion, and hence, though the beginning may be small,
the ending may be the renovation of the owner as well as
the land.

In conclusion, I have another suggestion to make as to the
propriety of encouraging the collection of grasses for exhibi-
tion at the anniversary festivals of our Agricultural Societies.
It would be an easy thing, I think, to engage many in this
fascinating pursuit. Some, undoubtedly, would be interested
by the simple suggestion, but the offer of small premiums for
the largest and l)est arranged collection would induce others
to attempt it who now want something to stimulate them to
the work. The premium, however small, might afford the
necessary stimulus, and if the interest were once excited,
the subject would be still farther pursued, till many others

120

were interested, while the collections, if properly named
would do much to disseminate a higher knowledge of the
exhaustless riches of this class of plants.

" The royal rose — the tulip's glow —
The jasmine's gold are feir to see ;
But while the graceful grasses grow,
O, gather them for me !

The pansy's gold and purple wing,

The snowdrop's smile may light the lea ;

But while the flagrant grasses spring,
Mv wreath of them shall be ! "

FIELD TRIA^L

OF

gca|3ers, P^otocrs, an^ Implements,

AT

FIELD TP.IAL

liEAPEUS, MOWKRS, AND HARVEST IMPLEMENTS.

PRELIMINARY ARRANGEMENTS.

The National Trial of Reapers, Mowers, and other
Harve3t Implements, was held in accordance with the deci-
sion of the United States Agricultural Society, (at its annual
session for 1857,) that its awards on Agricultural Implements
or Macliinerj should be based upon a '■'■ Practical Working
Trial of the same in the field." As there could be no oppor-
tunity for testing Reapers, Mowers, and other Harvest Imple-
ments at the Annual Exhibition of the Society, which was to
take place during the first week of September, the Executive
Committee sanctioned a proposition from the Implement Com-
mittee to have a separate trial of this important class of agri-
cultural machinery at a time when they could be thoroughly
tested. The central portion of the State of New York was
fixed upon as a desirable locality, and after considering the
liberal offers of facilities and co-operation made by various
towns and cities, Syraciise was selected. Its position is cen-
tral, and accessible by direct railroad communication with all
of the great grain-growing regions — its hotel accommodations
are ample — large grain fields in close proximity to the city
were liberally proffered for the trial — and the citizens gen-
erously offered to charge themselves with any excess of expen-
diture over the receipts from entrance fees, should any occur.
The preliminary arrangements were made, and an extensive
correspondence with implement manufacturers was carried on
(under the supervision of President Wilder,) by Henry

124

S. Olcott, Esq., of the Westchester Farm School, who had
been delegated by the Implement Committee.

At a meeting of the Executive Committee held at Albany,
on the 30th of May, a Board of Judges was selected from the
States most directly interested in the use of Harvest Machines.
A large majority of these gentlemen accepted the appointment
and attended — others were substituted for those who could
not do so — and the list, as corrected, was as follows : —

BOARDOFJUDGES.

John Stanton Gould, Hudson, New York, Chairman; Seth
Scammon, Saco, Maine ; Brooks Shattuck, Manchester, X H. ;
Sanford Howard, Boston, Mass. ; Elisha R. Potter, Kingston, R.
I. ; T. S. Gold, West Cornwall, Conn. ; John J. Thomas, Union
Springs, N. Y. ; George Hartshorno, Railway, N. J. ; Frederick
Watts, Carlisle, and J. L. Darlington, Westchester, Pennsylva-
nia ; John Jones, Middleton, Del. ; Francis P. Blair, Silver
Spring, Md. ; H. K. Burgwyn, Halifax, N. C. ; William A. Gill,
Columbus, and J. T. Worthington, Chillicothe, Ohio ; Horace
Capron, Alden, 111. ; Lewis Wooster, Mackford, Wisconsin ; and
William Duane Wilson, Mount Pleasant, Iowa.

J. E. Holmes, of Newark, Ohio, a practical mechanic, ex-
perienced in conducting Implement Trials, and versed in the
science of machinery, was chosen Superintendent, and a mem-
ber ex-officio of the Board of Judges.

The citizens of Syracuse, at preliminary meetings, appoint-
ed the following

LOCAL OFFICERS.

CommiUee of Arrangements. — John B.Burnett, Elijah Clark,
James M. Ellis, B. F. Colvin, J. C. Woodruff, John Hayden, and
A. Benedict.

CommiUee of Reception. — His Honor Mayor Williston, Hon.
Harvey Baldwin, M. D. Burnett, George Geddes, Hiram Putnam, •
Seth Hutchinson, J. R. Lawrence, Hon. A. P. Granger, Hon. E.
W. Leavenworth, Major J. E. Heron, James Crousc, John Crouse,
J. F. Sabine, P. Lynch, Harvey Loomis, William J. Hough, A. C.
Powell, James Noxon, B. Davis Noxon, Thomas G. Alvord, James
Lynch, D. McCarthy, R. Furman, T. B. Fitch, Hamilton White,

125

H. W. Chittenden, R. Hebbard, D. Pratt, George Stevens, D. D.
HiUis, Dr L. Clary, II. W. Van Buren, William C. Clark, W. II.
Shankland, Charles B. Sedgwick, Daniel Dana, and Charles Pope,
Esquires.

Chief Marshal. — Major James M. Taylor. Aids. — Gen. R.
M. Richardson, Major E. T. Wright, and Capt. Silas Titus. As-
sistants. — D. P. Wood, Dr. William H. Iloyt, James Geddes,
Col. J. D. Hawley, George Hosmer, 0. E. Bussey, P. H. Hins-
dale, Major B. Davis Noxon, Jr., Thomas Earl, Capt. II. D.
Hatch, William Luther, Major R. W. Pease, George D. Cowles,
Walter M. Dallman, Col. R. F. Stevens, Legrand Sherwood,
Agustus Avery, Alfred Colvin, 0. D. Clark, Dr. L. F. Warner,
LjMnan J. Midler, Col. N. Chase, Silas J. Chasbro, M. S. Price,
Edward Pierson, and C. C. Bradley.

The New York State Agricultural Society, in response to a
special invitation from the Executive Committee, appointed a
Committee to attend the Trial. Other Visiting Committees
were present, from State and County Societies.

The Onondaga County Agricultural Society placed its spa-
cious Fair Grounds, situated near Syracuse, at the disposition
of the United States Society.

THE OPENIXG CEREMONIES.

At an early hour on the beautiful morning of the 14th July,
the Onondaga County Fair Grounds were thronged with Far-
mers and Mechanics, critically examining the various ma-
chines, calculated to relieve the burthonsome toil of the hus-
bandman. The exhibitors of the machines were preparing for
the contest, or explaining to the groups of spectators the pe-
culiar mechanical principles by which they hoped to tiiumph
over their competitors.

President Wilder arrived on the grounds at eleven o'clock,
A. M., escorted by the Chief Marshal and his Assistants, whose
neat uniform dress, good horses, and efficient services were a
subject of general commendation throughout the Trial.

His Excellency Governor KiXG, of New York, (a member
of the Executive Committee,) was escorted to the grounds by
the Syracuse Dragoons and Light Artillery. He was accom-

126

panied by His Excellency, Governor Morehead, of Kentucky,
and by ex-Governor Clark, of Xew York. Many other dis-
tinguished gentlemen were present, including the entire Ex-
ecutive Committee and Delegation of the New York State
Agricultural Society, Delegations from Agricultural Boards
and Societies, the Judges, Officers, and Members of the United
States Agricultural Society, Editors of Agricultural and
News papers, and others interested in the great cause of Agri-
culture.

At noon President Wilder, accompanied by the invited
guests, repaired to the speaker's stand, erected on one side of
the track. Opposite, on the otlier side of the track, were ele-
vated tiers of seats, crowded with spectators. The machines
then moved around the course in procession, headed by the
Marslials, under direction of Mr. Superintendent Holmes.
It was literally an industrial army, ready for a strife which,
although peaceful, would decide important questions, and
win high honors for the victors. After having passed twice
around the track, the procession was halted before the speak-
er's stand, and Mr. Superintendent Holmes announced that
the preliminary arrangements had all been completed.

President AYilder then advanced to the front of the stand,
and (after the cheering with which he was greeted had sub-
sided,) delivered, in a clear tone, and with his usual dignified
earnestness of manner,

THE INAUGURAL ADDRESS.

Farmers, Mechanics, Friends and Felloiv- Citizens :

We have assembled for a most interesting purpose, for an
object commensurate with the vast extent of our national do-
main and corresponding in its character with the great pro-
gressive and practical elements of our age, activity, enterprise
and improvement.

In illustration of this sentiment it was resolved at the last
annual meeting of the United States Agricultural Society in
Washington, that its awards on agricultural implements should
hereafter be based on a working trial. In conformity with
this resolution, the Executive Committee ordered two Exhi-

127

bitions in this department the present year, one at the North,
the other at the South ; the first in the State of New York, on
account of her facilities for communication with all parts of
the country, and the encouragement afforded to this enter-
prise by her intelligent citizens ; — the second in Kentucky,
from the great interest which she has manifested in the wel-
fare of this Society, and the liberal provision which the citi-
zens of Louisville have made for its next Annual Exhibition.

"We are here, therefore, gentlemen, not for amusement, but
for work, to make a trial of Agricultural Implements in the
field ; to satisfy ourselves, and to demonstrate to the world
how our immense grass and grain crops can be gathered with
the least labor and expense, and also to encourage genius by
rewarding superior merit and skill. [Applause.]

The fact is now established beyond all reasonable doubt,
that the use of machinery in agriculture as in every other de-
partment of labor, is a great blessing to society. It developes
the skill and gives employment to the inventor and manufac-
turer, it saves labor and expense to the producer, and redu-
ces the price of commodities to the consumer. It is, there-
fore, beneficial to all, injurious to none.

Mowing and Reaping Machines may seem to some to be a
modern invention, but they are only an illustration that there
is " nothing new under the sun." Many a classical scholar
has read the description which Pliny the elder gives of such
machines working upon the plains of Gaul in the middle of
the first century of the Christian dispensation. The records
of the Old Colony of Massachusetts Bay, in New England, con-
tain the following account of a patent granted to Joseph
Jencks, in 1655, for a " machine for the more speedy cutting
of grasse, for seven years, &c., &c. :"

"In answer to the motion of Joseph Jencks, Sen., it is or-
dered, that Joseph Jencks, Sen., and his assignees only shall
have liberty granted to them to make that engine the said
Jencks hath proposed to this Court, for the more speedy cut-
ting of grass, for seven years, and that no inhabitant or other
person within this jurisdiction during that time shall make or
use any of that kind of engine without license first obtained

128

from the said Joseph Jcricks, on the penalty of five pounds for
every such cnghie so made or used, to be recovered at any
Court in this jurisdiction by the said Joseph Jencks, Sen., or
his assignees."

Reaping machines were in use in England towards the close
of the last century. Several patents had been secured, but no
very marked progress had taken place until towards the mid-
dle of the present century. A new era then commenced, and
the entry of our American machines in the London Fair,
awoke and directed to improvement in this department the
inventive genius of America and Europe.

Much time, experience, and large expenditure have been
involved in the production of improved implements of hus-
bandry. Consider for how many centuries, capital, science
and practice have been at work to produce our present model
ploughs. But the dispatch of our time requires a more rapid
march towards the culminating point of excellence in this
department of human industry.

The worthy iniatory steps which have been taken in this
direction by the New York State Agricultural Society, by the
Massachusetts Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, and
other kindred associations, have prepared the way and created
a demand for this great National Trial, a trial which is to sub-
ject every machine to the most careful and candid examina-
tion, and to the rigid scruthiy of competent judges, and thus
to inspire the confidence of our farmers in the a])plication of
machinery to their labors, to place at their disposal the best
implements now in existence, and also to give a fresh impulse
and a wise direction to that inventive genius, which shall
hereafter produce, if possible, those of a still higher excellence.
The importance of these labor-saving machines to the cause
of American agriculture, it is scarcely possible to overrate, and
the degree of excellence which we have already attained is a
distinguished national honor. What American does not feel
a generous pride in the success of these implements at the
great Industrial Fairs of Europe, especially in our Plouglis
Reapers and Mowers, distancing all competition and exciting
the astonishment and admiration of the world ?

129

For these honors we would not forget our special ohliga-
tions to you, Gentlemen, the mventors and manufacturers of
these implements. We welcome you as the authors and
almoners of these hlessings, as the benefactors of mankind.
You have promptly and generously responded to our call, and
have come up here as " Greek met Greek," in the ancient
Olympic games. It was not the simple sprig or wreath of
myrtle which fired their ambition, but the love of approbation,
the desire to inscribe their names upon the roll of fame. But
you are here for higher and nobler purposes, to relieve the
fatigue of labor, to aid tlie conquest of mind over matter, to
ameliorate the condition of your fellow-men, to make valuable
contributions to the cause of civilization and improvement.
Those who shall be crowned with success in this exhibition,
we trust will bear in mind that it is not the intrinsic, but the
relative value of these national prizes which gives them pre
eminent importance. Those who obtain no other prize will
certainly enjoy the high satisfaction of increasing an honor-
able competition, multiplying facilities for improvement,
and brightening the prospect of victory, on the return of our
next annual contest.

From the competitors I turn to you, gentlemen, who are to
decide between their rival claims. Your responsibilities are
indeed numerous and weighty, calling into service your
scientific acquisitions and practical tcct, and demand patient
and thorough investigations. I shall not attempt to instruct
you minutely in reference to your duties. There are a few
points, however, to which I deem it important that your
special attention should be directed.

1. Simplicity of construction.

2. Durability.

3. Cost of machine.

4. Effective power — or power required for a given amount
of work, including the necessary attendance.

5. The rate of motion, or what a machine will accomplish
under an ordinary rate of speed for daily work.

6. Quality of work, or the manner of leaving the grass and
grain.

130

7. Facility of management.

8. Any machine possessing special points of excellence, al-
though as a whole it may be inferior, such special advantages
should be noted, and a diploma awarded therefor.

Under these general heads, it will be obvious that there are
many subordinate qualities to be considered, but with these
brief instructions, I commit to you tlie issue of this trial.
The soimdness of yoiir judgment and the integrity of your
character are a sufficient guarantee that you will discharge
the delicate and difficult trust confided to you in a manner
honorable to yourselves, to the Association for which you act,
and so as to command the confidence and respect of all.

Friends and Felloiv Citizens: I congratulate you on the pres-
ence of so many distinguished agriculturists, citizens of other
States, and representatives of kindred associations, who have
come up here to engage and to co-operate with us in our laud-
able enterprise. But our special acknowledgments are due
to the Chief Magistrate of this Commonwealth, a faithful and
zealous supporter of our own institution from its beginning,
whose hand helped rock the cradle of its infancy, whose wise
counsels have aided in nurturing it into an auspicious man-
hood, and who, in the Council Chamber and in the field, at
home and abroad, is honored and loved as the tried and faith-
ful friend of the farmer. [Applause.] '

Most heartily do we rejoice in the presence of His Excel-
lency the Governor of Kentucky, that once " dark and bloody
ground," now one of the most beautiful, fertile and prosper-
ous States ol the Union. [Applause.]

Our thanks are also due to the New York State Agricul-
tural Society, (an institution second to no other in the coun-
try for valuable contributions to the cause of American
Agriculture, )for the presence of its able Secretary and Execu-
tive Board on this occasion. We also tender our sincere
thanks to the Onondaga County Society for the use of these,
their grounds. And last, though not least, we render
our most grateful acknowledgments to the good people of
Syracuse for their guarantee fund, and for the ample provi-

131

sion which its local committees and citizens have made for our
reception and accommodation. [Three cheers for Syracuse.]

Gentlemen, much as I value this interchange of opin-
ion and experience among our farmers, an ample opportunity
for which will be afforded in the evenings of the days of our
sessions, yet let me not be unmindful of my own proclamation
that we have met for work ratlier than for speech-making or
amusement. We are here to decide questions of vital practi-
cal importance, to illustrate the advantages of the application
of machinery to the arts of cultivation, and among the nu-
merous inventions to designate that which is best suited to a
particular purpose.

When we consider the great extent of our fields of grass
and grain, the vast agricultural resources of our rapidly in-
creasing national farm, the labor, capital and intelligence re-
quisite for the development of these, the diversion of human
energy to other departments of industry, the question comes,
home with augmented force, how are our bountiful harvests,
to be gathered, with a suitable regard to the economy of la-
bor, and to the preservation of the crops ? There is but one
satisfactory reply — by the improved implemetits of husbandry
— by a substitution of the labor of domestic animals for that
of mankind, and ere long- by the application of ^^ steam wrought
and steam impelled machinery.^''

The commendatory announcement by the press of tliis ex-
hibition throughout the land, and the gathering of this con-
course of our intelligent yeomanry, together with inventors
and manufacturers from this and other countries, the light-
ning and the press ready to convey the report of the progress
and result of this experiment to millions of readers anxiously
in waiting for it, bear concurrent testimony to the universal
interest, general utility and paramount importance of this
trial.

Gentlemen, the time has arrived when this experiment
should commence. Let us therefore leave the forum for the
field of action. Let our presence and approbation encourage
the enterprise of competitors — the skill of the mechanic and
the genius of the inventor — and thus let us continue to per-
fect the industrial arts and promote the welfare of the farmer,

132

the true interest of the American people. [Continued Ap-
plause.]

REMAllKS OF GOV. KING.

Governor King having been loudly called for, came for-
ward, and was greeted with hearty cheers. He had attended,
he said, not in his official character as Chief Magistrate of the
State, hut as a farmer, deeply interested in the trials about to
take place, and as a member of the United States Agricultu-
ral Society, ever ready to co-operate with, and to support, to
the extent of his abilities, the indefatigable President. It was
only those who endeavored to ligliten the labors of the dis-
tinguished gentleman who so ab'ly presides over this, (as he
does over every festival which he projects, ) that could appre-
ciate the extent or the value of his self-sacrificing exertions —
exertions which merit the gratitude of every true friend of
agriculture. Long may he fill his present honorable position.
[Continued applause.]

After speaking of the progress of agriculture in the State of
New York, Gov. King complimented the farmers of Onondaga
county for their enterprise and industry. It was evident,
from what was visible on every hand, that farmers were
learning the science of agriculture as well as the art — the
principles of it as thoroughly as the practices.

In conclusion. Gov. King heartiily endorsed the objects for
which the audience had assembled, coming from many States
and from all sections of the United States, and he called upon
everyone — as his countrymen — to join in the good work,
emulating each other in the peaceful struggle in which they
were engaged. [Applause.]

REMARKS OF GOV. MOREHEAD.

Governor Morehead, of Kentucky, was then loudly called
for, and on coming forward was greeted with three rounds of
cheers. He had no antici})ation, (he said,) of being called
.upon to say a word. He had come to see and not to talk.
But lie must thank the distinguished President of the United
States Agricultural Society, (Col. Wilder,) for the very com-

133

plimentary manner in which he has alhidcd to liimself, and
the State whicli lie represented liere. The State of Kentucky
is an agricultural State, and her people look with pleasure
upon exhibitions of this character wherever they take place,
for they believe that whatever promotes the agricultural inter-
egt of any one State or section, advances the agricultural in-
terest of the whole confederacy of States. [Applause.] In
agriculture, as in many other respects, there is an unmistake-
able identity between the States of New York and of Kentucky,
and the people of the latter State will ever cordially second
the efforts of the people of New York in their onward march
of prosperity. [Applause.] He hoped to see and to aid in
welcoming many citizens of the State of New York at the
Annual Exhibition of this Society, which was to be held at
Louisville in September. [Cries of " We'll come."]

The people of Kentucky, Sir, have also an interest in the
welfare and the continuance of the American Union. [Ap-
plause.] You have eloquently referred to our State, sir, as
having once been " the dark and bloody ground." Now, in
their stead, she presents smiling fields, and is inhabited by
patriotic citizens, who love and who cherish our common
country, but should the time ever come when fratrical blood
is to be shed — when men from different sections meet in an
unholy civil war — Kentucky will again be " bloody ground,"
for her sons will stand true and steadfast in defence of the
Union of these States. Yes, Mr. President, there is not a
drop of blood in the hearts of my fellow citizens at home
— not a drop of water that trickles down the hill-ssides of
Kentucky, nor a breath of air that stirs around them, that
is not redolent with feelings of devotion to the Union of
the United States. [Applause.]

THE COLLATIOX.

After the conclusion of the opening ceremonies, the in-
vited guests, Board of Judges, and officers of the Society-
retired to the President's marquee, where Col. Wilder wel"
comed them to a bountiful collation. When it had been
duly discussed, a procession was formed, in which the mow,

134

ing machines were placed, and all moved off to commence

THE TRIALS IX THE FIELD.

[The trials, and the arrangements therefor have been so
ably and accurately described in the Report of the Board of
Judges, that it would be a work of superrogation to allude
to them here. — Secretary,']

THE IMPLEMENT COMMITTEE.

The " Implement Committee," under whose immediate di-
rection the " Practical Working Trials in the Field " were
made, consisted of

Gen. tench TILGHMAX, Oxford, Md., Chairman.

JOHN D. LANG, Vassalboro', Maine.

Hox. HENRY WAGER, Rome, New- York.

JOSEPH A. MOORE, Esq., Louisville, Kentucky.

GEORGE E. WARING, Jr., Esq., New-York, N.Y.

A. G. MUNN, Esq., Louisville, Kentucky.

H. S. OLCOTT, Esq., Mount-Vernon, N.Y., Secretary.

The Committee (with the exception of Gen. Tilghman, who
was unavoidably absent,) were at Syracuse during the Trial
of Harvest Implements, and rendered important service l)y
their active co-operation in the Field. They also matured
their arrangements for the trial of other implements at Louis-
ville, Kentucky, and made some important suggestions on the
Field Trials of Harvest Implements, which will be found in
their Report.

EVEXIXG AGRICULTURAL DISCUSSIONS.
Meetings were held in the large hall of the Yoorhees
House every evening during the continuance of the trial, for
the discussion of agricultural topics. On Tuesday evening,
gentlemen from twenty-two different States gave interesting
off hand reports of the growing crops in these States, and on
Wednesday evening, the subject being " Grasses," a valuable
paper was read by Sanford Howard, Esq., of Boston. Much
useful and novel information was elicited and diffused at their
meetings.

MACHINES REGULARLY ENTERED.

(Taken from the Secretary's Eutry Book.)
'__ ••» — —

MOWING MACHINES.

Inventors. Owners, Residences.

Pells Manny, Pells Manny, Freeport, 111.

J. E. Heath, A. H. Caryl, Boston, Mass.

William F. Ketchum, William F. Ketchum,. . .Buffalo, N. Y.

E. Ball, Ball, Aiiltman & Co Canton, Ohio.

Aultman & Miller, Rail, Aultman & Co Canton, Ohio,

J. H. Manny, with i ^^r^^^^^ ^ ^y^„^ Hoosick Falls, N. Y.

A^ ood's improvement, ^

J.^ H. Manny, with ) _ ^ ^^,^j^^^. ^ ^,.^^^^ ^^^^^^^ P^U^^ ^^. y.

Wood's improvement, ^

Thomas D. BuiTall, Thomas D. Burrall, Geneva, X. Y.

Martin Hallenbeck, Martin Hallenbeek, . . . . Albany, N. Y.

, ,,. c Buffalo Aericultural > ti «• i \t v

William A. Kirbv, \ .. ^.^ \^- i C •• Buffalo, -N . Y.

I Machine Vvorks, )

William H. Hovey William H. Hovey, Sprints-field, Mass.

R. L. Allen R. L. Allen, New York City.

J. E. Newcomb, Pruyn & Lansing, Albany, X. Y.

Moore & Patch, Miller, Wingate & Co.,. .Louisville Ky.

•C. H. McCormick, C. H. McCormick, Chicago, 111.

MOWIXG AXD REAPIXG MACHIXES, COMBIXT:!).

Pells Manny Pells Manny, Freeport, 111.

A. H. Caryl,. A. H. Cai-yl, Boston, Mass.

William F. Ketchum, William F. Ketchum,. . .Buffalo, X. Y.

J. H. Manny, with
Wood's improvement,

Seymour & Morgan, Seymour,Morgan&: Allen, Brockport, N. Y.

Thomas D. Burrall Thomas D. Burrall, Geneva, X. Y.

•■ Mr. MeConuifk'-- inacliiin" aniveil t<»> lute t'oi trial.

.Walter A. Wood Hoosick Falls, X. Y.

136

Inventors. Ovnieis. Besidencet

c Buffalo Agricultural ) ^i ^ i tvt v
William A. Kirby, \ ^^^^^^^^ ^r^^^^^ \ • -Buffalo, N. Y.

Warder, Brokaw & Child, .. AVarder, Brokaw& Child,.Springfield, Ohio.

Obed Hussey, T. R. Hussey & Co., Auburn, N. Y.

Ketchura & Hull, Hull & Sanford Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Moore & Patch, Miller, Wing^te & Co.,. .Louisville, Ky.

John S. Wright Rufus Button, Dayton, Ohio.

R. L. Allen, R. L. Allen, New York City.

Dietz & Dunham, Fred'k J. Frelinghausen,.Raritan, N. J.

REAPING MACHINES.

Pells Manny, Pells Manny Freeport, 111.

Jonathan Haines, . . , Jonathan Haines, Pekin, 111.

L H Manny, with ) ^ .^^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^ ^ ^

Wood s improvement, ^

Seymour & Morgan, Seymour, Morgan & Allen, Brockport, N. Y.

Thomas D. Burrall, Thomas D. Burrall, Geneva, N. Y.

Warder, Brokaw& Child,. . Warder, Brokaw& Child, Springfield, Ohio.

Jerome Atkins, Rufus Dutton, Dayton, Ohio.

Moore & Patch, Miller, Wingate & Co.,. .Louisville, Ky.

C. H. McCormick, C. H. McCormick, Chicago, 111.

REPORT.

To Hon. Marshall P. WikUr, President of the United States

Agricultural Society :

The Board of Judges appointed by the Society to conduct
the trial of Mowers and Reapers, at Syracuse, assembled at
that place on the 13th day of July, 1857, and, in obedience
to your instructions, proceeded to test and compare the
various Machines presented for that purpose, until Monday,
the 20th instant, when we finished our examination of them.
Of the results obtained by us, and the methods by which they
were ascertained, we beg leave to offer the following

REPORT :

Since immense pecuniary interests are involved in trials',
of this character, and with a hope to aid other Societies in
conducting their trials with more thoroughness and accuracy,,
than has hitherto characterized them, (except the trial at
Geneva, by the New York State Society, in 1852,) we pro-
pose to speak of our arrangements with more minuteness of
detail than would otlierwise be necessary.

The General Superintendent, the Chairman of the Com-
mittee of Judges, and Mr. Sandford Howard, were on the
ground during the preceding Aveek, engaged in laying off
the grounds into lots, testing the dynamometers, and side
draft guage, and preparing, so far as they could do before-
hand, the tests to be employed in the trials.

\Ye strongly recommend that in future trials, this prelim-
inary labor may receive the strictest attention. While the
trials are in actual progress, the faculties of all concerned.
10

138

are "wholly absorbed in watching their performance, and in
recording the facts as they disclose themselves. Every thing
that calls off the attention of the Judges from the working
of the machines, is very certain to cause the omission of some
material fact in their note books, and the continuity of the
whole chain of observation is broken by the absence of a
single link.

It should be adopted as an inflexible rule, by all Societies
that institute trials of agricultural implements, that no ma-
chine should be entered later than one week preceding the
trial, and that none be admitted to entry without the pay-
ment of the amount fixed upon as an entrance fee. Very
many machines were entered for the trial at Syracuse, and
ample preparations made for them by the Society, whose pro-
prietors found their courage oozing out at their fingers ends
before the hour of trial came. Had the money been paid on
entry, this disposition to shrink would have been greatly
counteracted and much extra labor and confusion of plans
would have been avoided.

Lots of equal size should be accurately surveyed, corres-
ponding in number with the entries ; they should be plainly
distinguished by stakes three and a half feet long, two and
a half inches wide, and three-fourths of an inch in thick-
ness ; a strip of white cloth, three inches wide and a foot
long, sliould be fastened to the top ; and the number distin-
guishing the lot, distinctly painted in black on the upper
part of each stake. A strip of land six feet wide, ought to
intervene between each lot, which should be cut out by a
scythe or cradle, before the trial begins. The want of this
latter precaution was severely felt by us, — disputes were
constantly arising between exhibitors, respecting narrow strips
of grass lying on the bovmdaries of their respective lots, the
swath of one exhibitor retarded tlie operations of another,
while some of the exhibitors, mistaking their terminal stakes,
ran diagonally, instead of directly, across their lots, which
'Compelled them to cut over their own swaths, thus increasing
their liability to clog. The interests of the owner of the

139

lot, of the exhibitors, and the judges, aUke demand the pre-
caution above spoken of.

When the field is so situated that one end of the trial lot
cannot be seen from the other, straight bean-poles, with white
flags, ought to be provided and placed on the line on the
ridges of the intervening hills. Indeed, it is desirable in all
cases to have an adequate supply of these poles on hand, as
cases are continually arising where they are required.

Blank books and pencils must be provided for the judges,
otherwise the minutes will, be kept on loose papers, subject
to obliteration by rubbing, and to loss. Small as this item
of precaution may appear, the whole of the objects of the
trial may be frustrated from tlie neglect of it.

Badges are required, that the persons of the judges may
be readily distinguished on tile field. That used by us, was
a blue rosette with a button attached to tlie back, by which
it was easily fastened to a button-hole on the lappel of the
coat — this is far more convenient than the usual fastening
with pins.

Dynamometers, (an instrument for measuring side-draft,)
a speedometer, a measaiing tape one hundred feet long, and
two of five feet long, two two-feet rules, a pair of compasses,
and a sector, a large platform scale, and a pair of smaller
scales, are necessary for applying the desired tests ; and it is
desirable to hav^e a carpenter on the ground with his tools,
during the pendency of the trials, especially those with the
dynamometer. It is also very desirable that the judges
familiarize themselves with the use of the instruments, so
that there will be no hesitation or uncertainty during the
progress of the trial.

No pains should be spared in perfecting the preliminary
arrangements, as, on their completeness, the accuracy of the
trials will very materially depend.

Interests of great magnitude, both to the manufacturer
and to the farmer, are put at hazard, and all concerned are
morally bound to take every precaution against error, and
every security for the discovery of truth. As an illustration
of the magnitude of the interest of inventors, in these trials,

140

nothing can be more convincing than the result of the Geneva
trial of the New York State xVgricultural Society, in 1852.

The taker of the fii'st prize there, was at that time a poor
man. Last year a single manufacturer informed us that he
had paid to the legal representatives of the inventor (now
deceased) of that machine, one hundred and seventeen thou-
sand dollars for the use of the patent right for machines
manufactured and sold by him within the year. Another
manufacturer informed us that he had paid twelve thousand
dollars last year to the same parties, for patent rights on
machines sold by him. Probably not less than one hundred
and fifty thousand dollars were paid during the last year for
the use of that patent ; and a much larger one w411 be paid
during the present one.

It is obvious that the greatest care should be taken, on the
one hand, to give every opportunity to develop the good pohits
of each machine ; and on the other, to expose every thing
that is wrong, for the protection of the farmer.

The interest of farmers, and most emphatically of farmers'
wives and daughters, in these machines, is, in the aggregate,
still greater than the manufacturers. An estimate by a com-
mittee of the New York State Agricultural Society, of the
cost of cutting and curing a ton of hay with a scythe, or
with a machine, shows a saving of seventy-five cents a ton in
favor of the latter. A more careful comparison would show
a still greater saving. The diminution of the number of
hands employed in harvesting, lightens the labors of the
females of a farmer's family very greatly, at a period when
their energies are already taxed to the utmost. The food
consumed by extra hands, is also saved. The grass being
evenly spread by the machine, dries, and is ready to put into
cock much sooner than when cut by a scythe ; and is there-
fore less subject to injury from dews and rains. Chemical
philosophy and practical trial, alike concur in provhig that
the greatest amount of nutritive matter is secured in hay
when the grass is cut wliile in blossom. Since this period is
a very brief one, farmers having large meadows to cut, are
uirable to secure a great proportion of their crop while it is
in the best condition, if it is done by hand ; but the more

141

rapid action of the machine enahles them to cut the whole
while in the most perfect state. It is now well settled, that
good macliines will cut more srrass from an acre than a scythe
can possibly do, — probably the best machines will average
one twentj^-fifth more to an acre tlian tlie best scythe-cutting ;
or, a machine will cut twenty-six tons of hay from ground
where a scythe could only obtain twenty-five tons.

These advantages were not taken into the calculation which
measures the superior economy of mowing machines by sev-
enty-five cents a ton. If they are admitted, they will largely
increase the pecuniary difference between the two modes of
cutting.

Without insisting on these latter advantages, and assuming
seventy-five cents as the true measure of the diifcreiice, we
find that the substitution of these machines for scythes will
effect a saving of ten millions, three liundred and seventy-
eight thousand, nine hundred and eighty-one dollars to the^
United States ; two millions, seven hundred and ninety-six
thousand five hundred and ninety-seven dollars to the State
of New York ; one million, three hundred and eighty-two
thousand, one hundred and twenty-six dollars to the State of
Pennsylvania ; and one million and eighty-two thousand,
three hundred and fifty-six dollars to the State of Ohio.

Suppose a machine to be invented which will effect a farther
saving of twenty per cent, over the best of those now in use,
the annual saving effected by such machines in the United
States would be, two millions, seventy-five' thousand, seven
hundred and ninety-six dollars ; in the State of New York,
five hundred and fifty-nine thousand, three hundred and
eighteen dollars ; and in the State of Pennsylvania,' of two
hundred and seventy-six thousand, four hundred and twenty-
four dollars. Should the farmers of the United States
use a machine twenty per cent, worse than the best of
those now in existence, they would sustain a corresponding
loss. There was much more than twenty per cent, difference
between the machines exhibited at Syracuse ; and this fact
conclusively shows how deeply the farmers of our country
need a reliable guide in purchasing mowing and reaping

142

machines, and how necessary it is that bodies, charged with
the responsibilities of affording them such a guide, should
spare no effort to ascertain the truth, the whole truth, and
nothing but the truth, respecting their operations.

[A List of Entries, taken from the Secretary's Book, is on
page 135 and 136.]

At two o'clock on Monday, July 13th, all the Judges
assembled, who had arrived at Syracuse. They agreed to
divide themselves into nine Sub-Committees, viz : —

1st, on Grain and Grasses. 2nd, on Description. 3rd, on
Mechanical arrangements. 4th, on the Quality of the Work
performed. 5th, on Stubble. 6tli, on Time. Tth, on Dimen-
sions. 8th, on the Weight and Price of Machines. 9th, on
the Dynamometer and Side Draft Guage.

The Sub-Committees were appointed as follows : —

Sandford Howard and John Jones, on Grain and Grasses.

John F, Thomas, on Description.

J. E. Holmes, Wm. A. Gill and B. Shattuck, on Mechan-
ical arrangement.

H. Capron, J. L. Darlington and S. Scammon, on Quality
of Work.

J. T. Worthington and Wm. Duane Wilson, on Stubble.

E. R. Potter, F. P, Blair and H. K. Burgwyn, on Time.

J. T. Worthington and Wm. Duane Wilson, on Dimensions.

J. T. Worthington and Wm. Duane Wilson, on Weight
and Price.

John Stanton Gould, on the Dynamometer and Side
Draft Guage.

It was agreed that stubble could not be cut closer than
three inches, without injury to the meadow, and that no
credit be allowed for a shorter cut.

Eigh: o'clock A. M. was agreed on as the hour for begin-
ning ; f rnm half-past twelve to one o'clock, for lunch ; and
six o'cbck P. M. for leaving off. Blank books, containing
the instructions to each Sub-Committee, were then distril)uted,
and the Judges proceeded to the show grounds of the Onon-
daga County Agricu.tural Society, where the machines were
collected, to make such preliminary observations and com-

143

parisons as could best be made when the machines were at
rest, and contiguous to each otlier.

Subjoined is a copy of the instructions to the Sub-Com-
mittees : —

The Committee on Grains and Grasses will describe, —

1st. The kinds of Grain and Grass in each field.

2nd. If there is a mixture of Grains, or different kinds of
Grass, the Committee ^ < < ; < of the several kinds,

and the proportion which each kind bears to the total amount.*

3rd. State the average length of each kind of Grass and Grain.

4th. State the kinds of Weeds growing among the Grain,
their proportions, and average length.

5th. Estimate the total amount of Grass or Grain per acre by
measuring a small area of which an acre is an exact multiple,
weigh the Grass or Grain on such area, from which weight the
amount on an acre may be calculated.

The Committee on Descriptiox,

1st. Will give a general description of each machine.

2nd. They will take care to describe such portions of each
machine as constitute its individuality, and on which it founda
its claim to a preference.

3rd. If there are any departures from established mechanical
principles they will point them out, and give their reasons for
their opinions in full.

4th. They will especially take notice of all contrivances for
throwing in and out of gear, for facilitating the grinding of the
knives, for making repairs in the field, for adjusting the driver's
seat, for raising the cutter over obstacles, for diminishing the
space occupied by the machine when out of use, for simplifying
the parts, and for the avoidance of fracture.

The Committee on Mechanical Arrangements will ascertain
and record, —

1st. The number of horses required to work the machine.

2nd. The number of men : in what capacity they are employed.

3rd. The kind of materials employed in the construction of
each machine, and j^our opinion of their durability.

* It is recommended that the relative amounts of each kind of Grass be
ascertained as follows : — Select a handful of Grass from various parts • f the field so
as to secure as near an average distribution as possible. Weigh each handful sep-
arately; separate the different Grasses in each, and weigh each kind. The ratio of
the weight of each kind of Grass to the ti>tal weight of all the handsful. will repre«
sent the proportion of each kind in the whole field.

144

4:th. Carefully examine the workmanship of each machine,
and state minutely the nature, locality and probable conse-
quence of each defect.

5th. State what metals are' used in the journal bearing's.
When compound metals are used, state the proportions of each.

6tli. After the machine has been used, observe what parts
have been heated, and to what extent.

Yth. Examine them carefully after they have been used to
see if any part has been unduly rubbed or worn.

8th. Observe the facilities for oiling- each part of the machine,
and for easiness of access to each bolt, screw, and nut.

9th. What provision is made for cutting stubble at different
leng'ths.

lOtli. In what manner are the g-avels delivered, behind or at
the side.

11th. Describe the arrang-ements for moving- machines from
place to place. Give your opinion of their relative portability
and compactness.

12th. What contrivances are adapted to secure the safety
and convenience of the driver.

13th. Observe the bearing- of each machine on the necks of
the horses while it is in operation.

14th. Give your opinions respecting the ability of each ma-
chine to work under a load of grass in passing over soft g-round.

The Committee on Qcality of Work, —

1st. Will assume the number 40 as the best work that can
be done ; 30 as the best that can be done with the scythe ; 20
as inferior to any work that Avould be tolerated by a respectable
farmer. The gradations of Avork will be expressed by numbers
intermediate to these.

2nd. They will pay particular attention to the speed of the
machine at th time of clogging. For this purpose they will be
furn'shod with a speedometer, which, in connexion with the time
occupied, will enable them to ascertain the minimum speed at
which each will operate usefully.

3rd. They will observe the evenness of the cut — whether it
is higher at one end than the other, and whether it is scalloped.

4th. The condition of the grass after it is cut : whether it is
evenly spread, or in ridges. The machine which leaves the
_grass in the best condition for drying, is the most perfect.

145

5th. Observe the closeness with which the machine cuts up
to obstacles, such as stones, trees, stumps and fences.

6th. State the condition in which the machine lea\x'S the
gavels ; whether in the best condition for the binder, or not.

Tth. Is the gi-ain beaten out of the head by the action of the
machine.

• The Committee on Stubrlr will carefully observe, measure,
and record the following items : —

1st. The length of stubble left by each machine.*

2nd. Observe any spears of grass drawn out by the roots, and
if any are thus drawn out, state as nearly as may be, the pro
portion.

3rd. State the condition of the grass, with respect to wet-
ness or dryness.

^4th. Notice whether the stubble is drawn forward by the
action of the machine, or whether it is left as the plant originally
developed itself.

6th. What is the appearance of the cut on the end of the
stubble. Is it clean, or torn off.

The Committee on TniE, —

1st. Will note the exact time of starting of each machine.

2nd. They will observe the time of each stoppage, and state
its cause, specifying those which were occasioned by fault of the
machine, by care of the machine, and those which were not con-
nected with the machine.

3rd. The time of final stoppage of each machine.

4th. In the dynamometer trials, they will note the exact
length of time the instrument is applied to the machine while in
motion.

5th. In the trials of minimum speed in cutting, they wil
note the exact time during which the machine is passing over
a given space.

The Committee on Dimensions will make the following measure-
ments : —

1st. The length of cut. This measurement will be in all
cases the length of the knife, and not the grass gathered by the
divider.

* Nuineidus measurements should be taken in at least ten different portions of the
lot, and the average taken.

146

2nd. The diameter of the driving wheel.

3rd. Breadth of driving wheel. State if the wheel is smooth
on its external surface, if not, state the length of the projections,
and their distance from each other.

4th. The number of vibrations of the knife to each revolution
of the driving wheel.

5th. Length of each vibration.

6th. The advance of the machine while making one vibration,

Tth. The length of the base of each tooth of the cutter ; this
measurement to be taken from the extreme point of one cutting
edge to the other.

8th. The distance from the apex perpendicularly to the base-
the base being taken as in No. 7, — both measurements to be
taken with great accuracy.

9th. In reapers, give the diameter of the reel, and the num-
ber of its revolutions in relation to the driving wheel.

10th. Give the distance between the fingers or guards.

11th. Is the knife sickle-edged, or smooth.

The Committee on Weight and Price, —

1st. Will weigh each machine.

2nd. They will ascertain the price of each machine at the
shop of the maker.

3rd. If any extras accompany the machine, they will state
them.

4th. If there is a difference in the price when the extras go
with them, they will state it.

The Dynamometer Committee, —

1st. Will ascertain the total power required to operate each
machine while cutting

2nd. The power required to draw the machine over a smooth
surface, with knife in motion, but not cutting.

3rd. The power required to draw the machine over a smooth
surface, the knife being in repose.

4th. Each machine will move through twenty-tliree and a
half rods of space in all the trials. The trial will take place
twice in grass.

5th. The time, in all cases, will be carefully noted, and the
length of piston drawn out will be carefully measured.

6th, Measure the side draft.

147

It was agreed- that the number 100 should represent perfection.
The value of the several points of excellence was fixed as fol-
lows, for Mowers : —

Value.

1st. Cost or cheapness of the machine, 6

2d. Simplicity of construction, 12

3d. Durability, 12

4th. Eftective power, least power required for a given

amount of work, including the necessary attendance,

ease of draft, and freedom from side draft, 15

5th. Rapidity of action, or amountof work which may

be performed in a given time, 5

6th Quality of work, manner of leaving the grass and

condition of stubble, &c., 20

7th. Facility of management,

(a) Portability or convenience of moving the ma-
chine when in operation, or otherwise, 5

(6) Putting in or out of gear, 2

(c) Accessibility of the different parts, for the pur-
pose of oiling, &c., 2

(d) Convenience and safety of the driver, 3

(e) Readiness with which the machine may be
brought into perfect operation from a dead stand,
and quality of work with a slow motion, 4

(f) Time and room occupied in turning and avoid-
ing abrasion of the turf, 2

Total value, — 18

8th. Adaptation to uneven surfaces, cutting at different
heights, and to cutting different kinds of grass, 12

On Tuesday the 14th, after an address from the President
of the Society, the Judges and competitors proceeded to
Dr. Colvin's Field, a plan of which is hereto annexed.

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Eoi^f End

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No. 1 — D. M. Osborne,

No. 2 — Seymour & Morgan.

No. 3— Miller, Wingate & Co.
No. 4 — Warder, Brokaw & Co.

No. 5— Ball, Aultman & Co.

No. 6— T. R. Hussev.

No. T— M. Hollenbeck.

No. 8— Hull & Sauford.

Xo. o_AV. A. Wood.

No. 10— W. F. Ketclium.

No. 11— T. D. Burrall.

No. 12— P. Manny.

No. 13— Ball, Aultman & Co.

No. 14— W. A. Wood.

No. 16— A. H. Carvl.

No. 16— W. H. Hovey.

No. IT— R. Dutton.

Creek.

149

The surface was somewliat stony, tolerably level, and would
" average about one ton of hay to the acre, and was very
badly lodged, except on the west part of the field where it
was thill, and stood generally upright. A few docks and
thistles were the principal weeds among the clover. On the
south side of the lot there was a swale, in some portions of
which were mud-holes, which severely tried the machines ;
those of Ball, Aultman & Co., and Warder & Brokaw, broke
down in them. On some parts of this swale there was Red-
top, (^Agrostis lu/g-aris;^ Fowl meadow, (^Poa serotena ;~)
Herds-grass, or Timothy, (^Phleum pratense ;) and some semi-
aquatic species of vegetation." The reports of the Time
Committee were looked to as affording a very reliable guide
to the practical working of the macliines ; but unfortunately
they failed to report on the trials of this field, the number
and duration of the stoppages, and the causes of them are
therefore unknown. The character of tlie work performed
will be found in the Table marked A, embodying the report
of the Committee on Quality of Work, and in that marked
B showing the observations of the Committee on Stubble.

There was a large number of spectators on the field : it
was the commencement of the trial, and the competitors
were nervous and excited ; a large number were at work at
the same time, and in close proximity to each other, which
extended the excitement to the horses. The trial, therefore,
partook rather of the character of a race, than a sober demon"
stration of the capacities of the machines to perform the work
assigned them. Scarcely one of them did justice to them-
selves on the occasion. It is but bare justice to Mr. Osborn
to say, that his lot was by far the worst in the whole field. It
was more uneven, had more trees and stumps, and was more
trampled by the spectators, before and after cutting, than
any other in the field : hence, the numbers annexed to his
work in Tables A and B, really indicate a greater degree of
merit than some tliat are marked higher by the C jmmittees.
On Wednesday, July l-lth, the experiments in the Hayden
Field were commenced. The lots were 55 feet wide and
60 rods long, containing one and a quarter acres each. There

150

were many loose stones on the lot, and its surface was quite
uneven in all directions, the natural diversities of the sur-
face being increased in many places by deep water-furrows.
The map on the opposite page will show its divisions for the
purposes of the trial.

The elevation from west to east was estimated at eighty
feet ; and it was generally conceded, by spectators and Judges,
that there were few fields presenting a greater combina-
tion of difficulties, or one better calculated to bring into
view the bad qualities of machines, than this. The crop was
made up as follows : — " Two-thirds Herds-grass or Timothy,
(^Phleum pratense ;) one-sixth June-grass, (Poa pratensis ;)
one-sixth Red Clover, ( Trifolium pratensis.^ The length of
the Timothy w"as from two to three feet. The amount varied
in different parts of the field from one and a half to two tons
per acre — the latter only on (perhaps) a fourth part of the
field."

Three machines were tried on the same day on another
field belonging to Mr. Hayden, the first meadow not yielding
lots enough for all. The surface of the latter field was
smoother and presented fewer obstacles than the former ; but
on the other hand, the grass was heavier and more lodged.
The crop consisted of the same species, in about the same
proportions as the first field, and was fully equal to two tons .
of hay to the acre. Its length was from two and a half to
three and a half feet. There were no weeds in either field
deserving particular notice, except a few Canada thistles.
The tough, soft undergrowth of the poa pratensis, which was
uncommonly luxuriant, offered considerable difficulties to
the knife, and brought out all the clogging propensities of
the machines. The Timotliy was in full flower ; about one-
sixth of the Clover blossoms had turned, the remainder being
in full flower. The grass was quite dry, the slight dew of
the preceding night having been thoroughly dried by the sun
before the commencement of the trials.

HAYDEN'S FIELD,

NEAR PINE GKOVE.

Lots ffty-five feet wide, sixty rods long.

152

The following sketch will give a very clear idea of the first
field, as viewed from the plank road : —

The exhibitors showed in this field, as the day previous, too
nervous an anxiety to work rapidly ; and the work would,
without doubt, have been much better done if uninterested
farmers, accustomed to their management, had controlled
them. The work, liowever, in most instances, was much
better done than in the Clover field. We regret that the
report of the Time Committee is incomplete for some of the
lots. Those which were accurately taken will be found in
Table C, and are very instructive. Tables A and B show the
quality of work lind the character of the stubble. Several
of the Judges who were not on the Quality of Work Com-
mittee, made notes of their' own, and it was very satisfactory
to find that their marks agreed veiy closely with those of the
Committee ; in most cases they were identically the same :
some of tliem marked the work of Allen's machine as per-
fect, and some of them marked Wood's (No. o) at 38.40.
With these exceptions, we believe there was a perfect agree-
ment amongst all the Judges, with respect to the character
of the machines in this important particular.

Mr. Osborn had a very bad lot in this, as in the Clover
field, and worked in both without any assistance. While all
the Judges agreed on the correctness of the numljers as rep-
resenting his actual work, several were of opinion, that, in
view of the disadvantages he labored under, and his conscien-
tious abstinence from employing assistance, higiier numbers
should be assigned to him.

153

On Thursday the 15th the Dynamometer trials began. It
had been intended to use the newly-invented dynamometer
of W. B. Leonard. The Committee had tested it during the
preceding week with great care, by attaching to it various
weights during different times, and finding in all cases a per-
fect accordance between the facts and the indications of tho
internal dial-plate. They had the utmost confidence that this
instrument would guide them to more 'precise results, with
much less labor, than had been previously attained.

When the instrument was actually applied to the ma-
chines in the field, the results obtained were so widely dis-
cordant with those previously given by other instruments les-
jDcrfcct in theory than this, that our confidence was much
shaken. The experiments were repeated, and it was then
found that the indications of the instrument did not cor-
respond with each other. It was then discovered that the
vibration and twisting to which it was subjected in the field,
had destroyed the parallelism of the slides which advanced
the wheel on the circular revohdng disk, and that this wheel
admitted of so much motion vertically that it was thrown
from the surface of the disk by the vibrations, and hence the
force expended was not registered. Gibbs' dynamometer was
tried ; but as the vibrations of the instrument was so wide
and rapid, it was concluded to postpone farther trials until
the next day, and in the meantime to test the oil dynamo-
meter of Mr. Horace L. Emery, which he kindly offered for
the purpose. These tests proving satisfactory, we proceeded,
on Friday the IGth, to apply it to ' the machines with the
results as indicated in Tables D and E.

A weight of 200 lbs. w^as first hung on the instrument, and
the length of piston drawn out in two minutes was ascer-
tahied. Successive additions of 50 lbs. were tried up to
500 lbs., as exhibited in the following table. The experi-
ments would have been more satisfactory if they had been
made with the oil at different temperatures.

200 lbs. drew out the piston 23^55^ inches in two minutes.

250 " " *• 2i| " «>

300 " " " 3 " " "

o.JO " " " 3i| " «' "

400 " " " 3|^ " " '•

450 " " " 4-L3. " " <<

500 " " " 4-11 " " "
11

154

The mode of calculating the results found in the Table, was
as follows : — Divide the number of seconds employed by the
number of sixteenths of an inch of piston drawn out.

60X2=120 ) seconds to draw out 1-16 inch by

16 X 3 =l8~ "^ '^'^^^ \ the weight of 300 lbs.

Divide the number of seconds occupied by the machine,
by the number of sixteenths of an inch of piston wliich it
draws out. Thus, BurralFs machine draws out 2| inches in
1 minute 25 seconds : —

60 -j- 25 = 85 I seconds to draw out 1-16 inch

16 X 2+ 8 =l0~^''*' \ by the machine.

seconds. seconds. lbs. lbs. J -phe Constant draft of

2.125 2.600 800 352.9 | b^,,,,,,^ ^..t;,,.

Another formula used by Mr. Emery, is as follows, taking
"W. Wood's machine as an illustration, by which 2^^ inches
is drawn out in 1 minute 13 seconds : —

st'c- sec. ^ 32 sixteenths speed

60 + 13 = ^3 60 16X2 + 7 = 39 . ^ ./

T^ ^^1 J per min. of piston.

Then,

24 = speedof3001bs.: 32 300 lbs. to 400 = Wood's draft.

Other methods will readily suggest themselves.

The column headed "actual draft in lbs. per inch," is
obtained by deducting the figures in the column headed
" deduction for short cut" from those in the column headed
" length of cut of machine." The total draft is then divided
by the remainder, and the quotient gives us the number of
lbs. draft for each cutting inch of the machine. Thus, for
Burrall's machine we have

58 inches — 3 inches = 55 inches 352.9 lbs. „ .,^ „

—r-r~- 1 = 6.416 lbs.
55 inches

Since the machines vary materially in the breadth of their
cut, and as some did not enter the grass to the full length of
their knives, these reductions arc absolutely necessary for a
direct comparison of the power of the machines.

155

There are various ways in which a skilful driver may vary
the indications of the dynamometer. Those of us who have
served as judges at other trials, have seen such things ; and
our attention was repeatedly drawn to the matter at this
time by the exhibitors. In two or three instances the table
indicates discrepancies which are not accounted for by the pe-
culiarities of the mechanism, and are probably due to these
tricks of the trade ; but as our attention was fully directed
to the lines and foot-board, without being able to detect any
thing of the kind, we have not felt justified in altering the
numbers. If there are errors, they must be charged to our
want of sagacity.

It will be observed that the seventh column in Table E is
headed, " length of stubble." This represents the length of
stubble left by each machine at the time of being tried with
the dynamometer. Of course the higher the stubble is cut
from the ground, the easier is the draft, and we desired to
find some uniform rule by which we could apportion a deduc-
tion from each machine proportionably to its stubble ; but we
could not satisfy ourselves in this particular. Sometimes
half an inch made a great difference in the draft, and other
times it was so trivial as to be of no consequence. To arrive
at any reliable rule, would require far more extended and
varied trials than it was in our power to make. We have
therefore given the column, leaving each one to make such
corrections of the column showing the actual draft, as his
judgment may indicate as correct.

Another question, connected with the amount of draft,
seems to call for remark in this connection. We allude to
the weights of machines. This difference on level ground
is trifling, but when ascending hills it becomes of great im-
portance ; and as most farms are more or less hilly, it becomes
a matter of serious consequence to the farmer to select the
lightest machine — other things being equal. The ascent in
the Hayden meadow was estimated at 80 feet from the plank
road to the eastern end of the lot. Its length was GO rods,
and the horses averaged four minutes in walking the distance.
It follows, therefore, that the power expended in overcoming

156

simply the gravity of each machine, is expressed by the
weight of the machine raised, perpendicularly, 80 feet high
in four minutes.

Table E shows the weight of Ball, Aultman & Co.'s machine
to be 995 lbs,, and "Walter \yood's to be 719 lbs., making the
difference of power from this single source, equal to that
required to raise 276 lbs. 80 feet high in four minutes, which is
rather more than one-sixth of one horse power. The differ-
ence is still more striking in Allen's machine, where the dif-
ference is 313 lbs. 80 feet high in four minutes, or about one-
fifth of one horse power.

It now remains to describe the Oil or Hydro-dynamometer
of Mr. Emery. It was invented and made by him in 1850,
and so far as we know, is the only one in the country. It
has been awarded a silver medal by the New York State
Agricultural Society, a gold medal by the American Institute,
and also by the Worcester Mechanics' Association. It has
also received the approbation and commendation of some of
the best mechanics in the country. The figures and refer-
ences will give a very clear idea of its construction.

Flcr. 1.

ij; ' ' W w

Pig- 3.

Flo;. 2.

Fig. 1 represents a strong iron cylinder, about eight inches
long, and two and a half in diameter. A is the ring and
bail attached to one end of this cylinder. B is the ring and
piston-rod. FEE, the piston, which is ground, steam tight,

157

to fit the inside of the cylinder. C C, the piston-rod, passing
through H H, Q. stuffed packing-box in the cylinder head.
D, the chamber of the cylinder.

Fii>\ 2. — E represents the top-side of the piston towards B.
C, the centre of the piston where it connects with piston-rod
C. X X X, a thin, flat brass spring, held at one end to piston
by screw — the other end resting on a " puppet " valve, to
close it when the instrument is at rest, and to yield when the
ring B is drawn in, and tlie oil changes side of piston through
puppet-valve, K shows the adjustible brass plate, which has
a ground joint to the upper side of piston. This is made firm
and tight to piston. The orifice in its centre is for the pas-
sage of oil, and is about the size of a hog's bristle, while the
hole in the piston beneath the plate Kis -|- of an inch in diam-
eter. The plate K is |- of an inch thick.

Fig-. 3. — External view.

When this machine is used the cylinder being filled with oil,
or other non-elastic fluid — care being taken that it is perfectly
homogeneous — that fluid passes througli a capillary orifice in
the piston with a velocity proportional to the force applied.
All that is then necessary is to apply the power to the ma-
chine through the " hydro-dynamometer." When the power
ceases to act, note the time during which it has been applied,
and the exact length of piston drawn out, as in columns four
and five of Table D. This gives an exact measure of tlie
force applied to the machine.

The meadow in which the dynamometer trials were made,
was quite level, " the grass, mostly Timothy, from 2J to 3
feet long, and would yield about 2^ tons to the acre."

A very valuable instrument for measuring side draft which
exists in many machines for mowing and reaping, was used
for the first time at this trial, and was found to answer the
purpose perfectly. Hitherto the side draft of machines has
been guessed at, and much difference of opinion has arisen
respecting the pressure of different machines in this direction.

AVe think a correct and relial)le method of determining
this matter will be hailed by both mechanics and agricul-
turists as most valuable contribution to both departments of
industry, and will lead very shortly to great improvements

15^

in this direction. The instrument used by us wa"s invented
and manufactured by J. E. Holmes, Esq,, of the Newark
(Ohio) Machine Works.

An inspection of tlie cut will convey a very correct idea of
the instrument. It is simply an iron neck yoke, (hb) are
rings through which the collar straps are passed. The tongue
of the machine is inserted into the ring (o) ; pins are inserted
in the upper and under part of it, which move freely in slats
in the parallel bars (//). The shaft (e) is hollow and con-
tains a spiral spring (d). A scale (c) is attached to one end,
and the pressure on the spring caused by the side draft is
shown by the index (^) in pounds. It can be easily read by
a person walking by the side of the horses.

AVe now proceed to pass in review the leading character-
istics of the several machines, other than those contained in
the tables.

Burrall's is distinguished for its single gearing and gen-
eral simplicity, in which particular it excels all other geared
machines. As each motion of the knife passes two fingers
it gives a cutting power to compensate for its less multiplied
motion. As his cutting motion is peculiar, we give the
annexed diagram, illustrative of the curve traced by any
point of his knife during its progression. It will be seen
that a large space is cut twice over, and a portion three times
over, which seems an unnecessary waste of momentum.
• The gearing consists of one large crown wheel and one
pinion, being placed on the left side of the frame and the
knife on the right. There is a balance-wheel, the diameter,
weight and speed of which, seem more scientifically adjusted
to overcome the momentum of the knife than any other. It
seems to us, however, that it would be much improved by
bringing it forward on the shaft and nearer to the pitman.
The pitman boxes are of brass, the rest of iron. It is not

159

excelled for durability. The frame and cutter-bar being of
iron ; and the workmanship is excellent. The other facts in
relation to this machine, may be learned from the tables.

Peutn & Lansing's ; invented by J. E. Newcomb. While
we cannot recommend the cam principle in the present state
of our knowledge and experience, we cannot withhold the
trilDute of our admiration to the ingenuity displayed in the
construction of this machine. Simplicity can be carried no
farther. The frame is in one piece, so that the wheel, cutter-
bar, tongue and regulating roller can be attached without
intermediate additional pieces, or bolts. The cam is on
the interior of the driving-wheel, and is thus protected from
dirt and stubble, to which others are liable. The fric-
tion-rollers are on both sides of the cams, which diminishes
the wear on it by one-half. These points give it, in our
opinion, a great superiority over other cam machines.

The same cap which holds the journal of the driving-
shaft, is the centre of oscillation of the lever, and brings it
to a level with the cutting-bar, without any additional pieces
or bolts, requiring only four bolts to hold the whole frame
and driving-power together. The boxes are of Babbet metal.
A small friction-roller on each side of the cam, imparts a
reciprocating motion to a lever, the long end of which con-
nects with the knife, and imparts to it its vibration. By this
arrangement, a motion on the cam of three-quarters of an
inch, causes a vibration of the knife to the extent of two
inches. The points of the wedge-form guards are four inches
apart, the spaces at the points of the blades but two inches ;
hence, a stone larger than two inches in diameter cannot reach
them. The reciprocating-bar seems needlessly heavy, causing
an unnecessary expenditure of power at every vibration. If
cam machines are ever made available, we think this is the
basis on which they must be constructed. The extreme
cheapness of this machine, renders it desirable that it should
prove successful. Its work, as shown in the tables, was excel-
lent. It cut perfectly, as slow as the horses could walk ;
stops in the grass ; starts, and cuts with perfect ease without
backing, and there is no difference in the length of the stub^^

160

ble at tlie point where the stopping and starting took place,
from what it is in parts where it was continuousiy in motion.

R. L. Ai-len's machine is one of excellent character —
mnch better than appears from Table H, as will be seen from
a comparison with other tables, in which it appears that it
falls very slightly behind the maximum marks which alone
make their appearance in Table H. It is very strongly built,
the strength of material judiciously distributed, the work-
manship is of the very best character, and the materials of
the first quality. The seat of the driver is more convenient
and comfortable than any other, and would have been so
marked in the Table, but that in the judgment of the me-
chanical committee it was less safe, from the fact that it was
placed before the knife, and therefore, in case of being thrown
off, the driver would be more likely to be injured by it than
if it were behind. The journal-boxes are of composition
metal, and it runs with very little noise. While cutting at
a speed of three feet joer second, it cuts smoothly, leaving a
stubble of two and three-fourth inches ; but when stopping,
and starting in the grass without backing, the stubble was
five inches at the place of stopping, and there was a slight
pulling when the machine started. All the machines, except
Allen's and Wood's, were tried in dry grass. Theirs was tried
in grass wetted by a recent rain, which made the test more
difficult ; and it is no more than justice to say that their
regular driver was absent, and his place supplied in the slow
trials by a boy who had never managed the machine before.
On the whole, we consider this machine to be one of a very
high character : light of direct draft, and totally free from
side draft. The necessity of more minute description is obvi-
ated by the annexed cuts, which will be readily understood.
The peculiarities of his cut will be seen on the accompanying
diagram.

Walter Wood's machine, as appears from the thirteenth
column of Table D, headed " power expended solely in cut-
ting grass," to be very remarkable for the small amount of
power expended in the single act of cutting. We sliould
liave suspected some error of observation, had not the same

161

tliini^ been manifest in both machines, Tvliicli were tried at
separate intervals. When this peculiarity was developed by
computation and tabulation, (before wliich it was wholly
unsuspected by us,) we were unable to account for the fact
from the structure of the machine, and therefore requested
tlie inventor (by letter) to give us his theory of the fact.
He referred us to the following passage in his printed cir-
cular, which he deemed a sufficient solution to the mystery: —
" The use of the wide guard which divides and presses the
grass to the cutters, and holds it in a position to be cut easier,
or with less power than when driven to a narrow guard by
the cutter itself. Experience has fully proved, that the nearer
we approach to a continuous cut, and have enough of space
left for a clip, the less the power required to cut grass or
grain." The circular containing this passage was handed to
us at Syracuse, but its force escaped our notice.

On carefully comparing the guard used in this machine,
with others, we are inclined to concur with Mr. Wood in the
main, with respect to his~ arrangement. We are, however,
of opinion that the ease of cutting depends not so much on
the width of guard, as it does on the angle between the
guards and knife-edges.

In Ketchum's machine, which is the pattern from which
most of the other machines are copied, in this particular, the
distance between the fingers, from centre to centre, is the
same as Wood's ; but the fingers are equal in width through-
out, viz., three-fourths of an inch, which makes the space to
be passed over by the grass before it is cut, nearly twice as
great as Wood's. It is, consequently, chopped off in a lean-
ing position with one tooth of the bevel-wheel. But in
Wood's, the angular guard with its broad base, parts, and
holds the grass out half way to the knife-edge in a proper
position to be cut easily, and is sheared off with the knife-
edge by three cogs, instead of one. In a word, the cut of
Wood's knife resembles the drawing saiv cut, while the
others approximate more to the square chisel cut.

We are more fully confirmed in our opinion, by finding in
Table D that Pruyn & Lansing's machine is next to Wood's

262

in tlie power expended in cutting, and it also resembles
Wood's more clearly in the shape of its finger, or guard, than
any other.

The wide guard has a tendency to exclude small stones
from between them, thus protecting the point of the knife.
If the height of the knife above ground is greater than half
the diameter of the stones which could pass between the
guards, they would always clear the knives below. If larger,
(and loose,) so that the guards strike below the centre
of the stones, they would be thrown above. These views
will account for the closeness with which this machine was
enabled to cut in the clover lot, notwithstanding the stones.
Another signal advantage in this machine, is the arrange-
ment by which the driver is enabled to raise or depress the
cutter-bar while in motion, and its flexibility on the ground
in consequence of the joint by which the tongue is attached
to the frame. It is exceedingly portable and compact, and
the workmanship is excellent throughout. We think it could
be improved by putting in composition or Babbet metal boxes
and by making the angle of the cutting-edge of the knife
smaller in relation to the base. The annexed diagram illus-
trates the cut of this machine, and also Ketchum's and many
others. This machine and Hallenbeck's, were the only ma-
chines which never clogged in any degree or under any cir-
cumstances. It cut perfectly well in heavy wet grass, (same
as in Allen's trial,) travelling three and a half feet per second,
leaving a stubble of two and a half inches long ; when stop-
ped, and started without backing, the stubble v as only half
an inch longer than when cutting continuously. Nothing
could ])c finer than its action in slow cutting. The aj^paratus
for tlirovsdng in and out of gear by a cam wedge, we consider
better than any other.

F. J. PrelinCxHausen's (Dietz & Dunham) machine. This is
a cam machine, having the cam on one side of the driving-wheel,
and unprotected from dirt — differing from Pruyn &, Lansing's,
which has the cam on both sides and protected from dirt. The
vibratory motion of the knife is produced by two small rollers,
or wheels, attached to opposite ends of a reciprocating bar,

WALTER WOODS MACHINE

163

working alternately into the cavities of the cam. The seat
for the driver is furnished with springs and is very convenient.

William H. Hovey's machine. The peculiarity of this ma-
chine consists in the separation of each knife, and they are
fastened without being riveted. A pin with a large head is
fastened to the lower bar, a hole in each knife is slipped over
the head, a slot at the side of the hole permits it to be slid
laterally along the shank of the pin, which fastens it, the
large hole is then accurately fitted by a projection on a steel
button working on the upper bar. The object aimed at is
very important, — the knives are only imperfectly ground
when fastened to the bar, and it is often very desirable to
replace a broken knife without leaving the field. By this
contrivance the knives can be easily ground or replaced ; but
we have some doubts about the permanence of the fastening,
which can only be settled by a longer trial.

There is a spur-wheel on the main or driving-wheel, the
gearing not very well made. There is a small balance-wheel ;
but with the imperfect gearing does not prevent some rat-
tling. We think it is too complicated for general use. It
cuts well when moving at the rate of two feet per second ;
but drags more than some others, when starting in the grass
from a dead stand. It has iron journal-bearings, and brass
boxes, in the connecting bar.

M. Hallenbeck's machine. The Mechanical Committee
say, " We look upon this as one of the best in mechanical
construction — combining the greatest strength, with the small-
est amount of material, of any at this Exhibition." The
journal bearings are of a mixture of copper and tin, their
seats are planed, and a strap over the frame confines them
tightly in their places, keeping them always in line. The
distinguishing peculiarity is in the construction of the fingers
or guards : the groove in which the knife-bar works is sloped
from the centre, both ways, thus leaving but a small bearing
for the bar ; the double wedge-formed cavities thus left across
each finger immediately under the base of the blades, per-
mits the loose grass, which would otherwise clog the machine,
to work easily through them — the under part, at the shoulder,

164

being formed in a quadrant and the top guard being elevated
from the point of the knife, adds to the security against clog-
ging. All the gearing is well made, which, together with the
well proportioned and counter-poised balance-wheel, causes
it to work beautifully without rattling. The loose joint by
which the frame is connected with the tongue, permits the
cutter to follow the inequalities of the ground without bear-
ing on the necks of the horses. It works well with a very
slow motion, and starts easily from a dead stand. It did not
clog at all under the most trying circumstances.

Ball, Aultman & Co., (E. Ball's machine.) This is a very
superior machine — the only drawback to its excellence being
its weight, price and complexity. It has two driving-wheels,
instead of one, placed side by side like the wheels of a cart,
giving great firmness and steadiness in running. The cutter
adapts itself with very great perfection to all the inequalities
of the ground, so that either end, and the front or rear of
the knife, is adjusted to the uneven surface by means of a
double hinge joint. Either driving-wheel acts independently
of the other, or both may act in conjunction. When the
machine is nioved in a curve, either to the right or left, the
knives are kept in a proper motion. A rachet-wheel suspends
all motion when backing, this motion can therefore l)e as
easily effected as in an empty cart. The cutter-bar can be
very speedily removed, when the machine will answer very
well for a buggy. It cuts well at a very slow motion, though
the stubble is about an incli longer than when cutting faster.
It starts easily in the grass from a dead stand : no machine
exceeds it in this respect. The gearing is very good, — the
large wheel has the cogs on the interior face, which is the
best form from its bringing a greater number of cogs in con-
tact with the cogs of the pinions, lessening the pressure on
each, and of course diminishing the liability to break and
wear. It has a well counterpoised balance-wheel, which con-
spires, with the well made gearing, to give a quiet motion
without rattling. The journals run into iron boxes, Babbeted.

Ball, Aultman & Co., (Aultman &, Miller's machine.) It
is very similar to the other — the gearing is less compactly

165

arranged, thougli not more complex. The large cog-wheel
is a crown-wheel, and therefore (as explained above) is infe-
rior to internal gearing. The peculiarity of its construction
consists in an apparatus by which the cutter-bar is folded over
on to the frame almost as easily as a bird folds its wing —
giving great portability to the machine.

By means of a lever, easily operated by^ the foot of the
driver, the cutter-bar is raised over stones and other obstacles.
If we do not misremember, this last peculiarity is possessed
by the preceding machine — although our notes do not state
the fact. Another valuable feature, though a small one, is
the security given 'to the journal boxes of the pitman by a
racliet spring-key, which cannot possibly be shaken out,
though it may easily be removed by a delicate pen-knife. Its
cutting qualities are very similar to Ball's machine.

A. H. Caeyl. This is a cam machine, the cam being
formed by a zig-zag space between the portions of the rim of
the driving-wheel — a small friction-wheel connected with the
cutter playing in this space. The Description Committee say
of this, " There is a great loss of momentum in this machine,
from two causes, viz: the whole distance travelled by the
blades, backwards and forwards, (an inch and a half,) has to
be travelled ])y the wheel between the cams, there being no
increase of the vibratory strokes by means of a lever, as in
Pruyn & Lansing's. Also, from there being no guards, (the
lower knives being immovable,) it requires great thickness
of blade to prevent them from bending up when dull ; and
the increased weight consequently augments the momentum
and wastes force, hence the great thumping noise and Avaste of
force. The open space between the cams, are liable to become
covered and filled with earth, and to wear the rollers. The
same objection exists to all cams on the side of the wheel,
but not to Pruyn & Lansing's." The cutting principle is
peculiar : what in other machines is simply a J&nger, in this
is a stationary cutter, so that the operation of cutting resem-
bles the action of a pair of shears. This machine (probably
from some mechanical maladjustment) worked badly from the
beginning, and was withdrawn ; but we can readily under-

166

stand, that at first, when in perfect order, it will do beautiful
work ; but as soon as the knives are dull, or a joint or rivet
loosens, it must necessarily clog and work badly. It was not
tried in slow motion.

William F. Ketchum. We were much interested in this
machine as the matured production of a man who was the
pioneer in successful mowing by machinery. The distinguish-
ing feature of this machine, is placing the cutter-bar in a line
with the axis of the driving-wheel, which obviously gives it
a great advantage in passing over water-furrows, since the
finger-bar must follow exactly the motion of the wheel. The
perforated knife is claimed by the inventor as a perfect anti-
dote against clogging ; but the following extract from the
report of the Committee on Quality of Work, shows that it
cannot be relied upon in all cases : — " The grass was heavy
and much lodged. The horses labored hard, and one man
was assisting to clear the machine, which clogged badly.
While some good work was done in spots, the general per-
formance was far below the reputation this mower has justly
earned upon other occasions." The Description Committee
say, " The form and size of the cogs, and the gearing gen-
erally, render the working of this machine more imperfect
than some others, running with more noise and rattling ; the
surface of the cogs not being in all cases wholly in contact,
wear unequally. The large cog-wheel is a crown-wheel,
which does not secure quite so perfect motion as interior
cogs." The whole machine is made of cast iron, and the
cutter-bar is flexible to the extent of four inches, which has a
tendency to diminish the severe side draft, wlien a stiff bar
rises over a stone or knoll. There is no balance-wheel, which,
together with the somewhat imperfect gearuig, produces a
good deal of rattling.

Buffalo Agricultural Machine Works. (The Kirby
machine.) The chief peculiarity of this machine, consists
in the independent action of the finger-bar, which is se-
cured by the peculiar mode of attaching the driving-wheel
to the frame, so that the wheel in passing over uneven
ground does not carry the finger-bar up and down with

167

it, but each acting independently, the fingers follow the
ground. This independent action and flexibility of the
finger-bar, lessens the liability to breakage when in con-
tact with obstructions. It also permits the finger-bar to
be set at any desired height, and to facilitate its motion in
soft ground. This contrivance for securing the rise and fall
of the cutter-bar, is very ingenious, and is worthy of com-
mendation. The gearing is good, but not as well adjusted as
some others — the balance-wheel being small and without
counterpoise, causes some rattling, while in motion. This
machine had the misfortune to draw the worst lots in both
fields, which made its performance seem worse than it really
was. We consider it a good and useful machine, destined,
when improved by the suggestions of time and experience,
to take a high rank.

T. R. HussEY. This machine is so well known that de-
scription is unnecessary. The interior gearing is commenda-
ble ; the balance-wheel seems not well adjusted — it is small,
with a large counter-balance, and rattles very badly. The
tables show that it is not the best machine for mowino-.

Waeder, Brokaw & Child, (Ohio harvester.) The gear-
ing is internal and generally well made. The boxes are of
iron, except those for the connecting-rod, which are of brass.
The frame is of wood, the cutter-bar of iron. The plan of
raising and depressing the cutter-bar to change from mower
to reaper, and vice versa^ by means of an iron brace with
slot and notched fall, appears less convenient than some others.
The very acute angle formed by the brace with the tongue
makes it liable to hard strain. In motion, as slow as the horses
could walk, this machine performed well, and started very well
from a dead stand. It is a new machine, and not fully per-
fected for mowing.

Hull & Sandford, — a modification of Ketchum's. The
gearing interior, and tolerably well made. The boxes are
of Babbet metal. The Descriptive Committee say, — "The
facility iu raising and depressing the cutter-bar, and the
manner by which this is effected by two distinct centres to
the driving-wheel and to the other gearmg, is ingenious and

168

conTenient." The mowing was not of the best character, the
stubble seemed rather torn than cut off. The imperfect work
may have been due to the bad temper of the knife, rather
than to inherent defects in the machinery.

Miller, Wingate & Co. The most noticeable feature of
this machine is its cutter-bar, made of boiler-plate iron
doubled over so as to leave an open space between the top
and bottom j)lates. The shanks of the guard-lingers are
secured by rivets within this space, which gives it great
strength in proportion to its weight. Its journal-boxes are
of iron ; boxes of connecting-rod, brass. It has a balance-
wheel, but no counterpoise, and rattles some, though less than
some others. It cuts the grass tolerably well, and leaves it
evenly disposed on the ground. It works well in slow cut-
ting.

Pells Manny. This machine, used as a mower, resembles
the machine of J. H. Manning in its main features, though
somewhat more complex. The gearing was not well made ;
the bevel gear did not coincide, in consequence of the points
of the cones not meeting together, and hence, only a por-
tion of the face of the cogs touched each other, leaving one-
half their length out of contact. This, it is true, is an error
in the manufacture only ; but many machines, good in prin-
ciple, are cast aside and condemned for just such imperfec-
tion in the manufacture. The journal-boxes are of cast iron.
The work of this machine was fair ; but it clogged occasion-
ally. His smooth mowing-knife was broken in the cars, and
he was therefore compelled to use his sickle-edged reaping-
knife.

Seymour & Morgan have a very good machine ; but it is
evidently more fully calculated for reaping than mowing. It
did its work, however, respectably in the meadow. Clogged
occasionally. They did not finish their work in the clover
field. They arrived late, and found that the reel-divider
would not work in the tangled clover — erroneously suppos-
ing that they would be compelled to finish just as they began.
Thev abandoned the field.

169

RUFUS DuTTON. (Atkins' Automaton Reaper.) The gear-
ing of this machine is admirable, and surpasses in accuracy
and finish any on the ground. Where the cogs brightened
by wear, the polish was equal throughout the whole length
of it. The workmanship throughout was thorough and con-
scientious, affording a marked contrast to many others. It is
rather complicated, as a mower.

We now proceed to offer a few general remarks on topics
suggested or illustrated in the course of this Trial.

1st. We believe there has ncA-er before been any sys-
tematic attempts to analyze the total amount of power con-
sumed, and to distribute it amongst the various parts. We
think this has been as satisfactorily established as could be
expected on a first attempt. Tai»lc D shows that the average
of all the machines for total power is 418.6 lbs. ; while Bur-
rail's (the minimum) is 352.9 lbs. ; and Caryl's (the maxi-
mum) is 493.1 lbs. This very wide difference is calculated
to awaken the attention of the mechanics to the variations of
detail on which this difference depends — many of which are
disclosed in Tables F and G. I'lie power expended solely in
cutting, differs from the general average, and among different
machines, far more widely than the apparent similarity in the
cutting-apparatus would lead a casual observer to suspect.
The general average of power thus expended, is 131.7 lbs. ;
the maximum is F. J Frelinghausen's, 181.6 lbs. ; the mini-
mum is Walter Wood's, 66.8 lbs. (Explained on pp. 160, 161)
The power expended in giving vibration to the knife, averages
60 lbs. ; the minimum being 26 lbs. in Burrall's, and the
maximum, 90 lbs. in Pruyn. These facts offer interesting
problems for the study of mechanics ; and we cannot doubt
that their solution will lead to vast improvements in the con-
struction of these machines.

2nd. Sufficient attention has not been paid to lightness
in the construction of machines. This point has prolmldy
been overlooked because dynamometer trials almost invaria-
bly take place on level ground, where the Avaste of force is
masked. We would invite the attention of mechanics to
the remarks on this topic, on pp. 153 and 154, believing that
12

170

attention to them on tlieir part will lead to great economy
of power.

3rd. We believe this trial has shown that grass is cut
more easily when the angle at the apex of the knife is obtuse,
or the angle between the cutting-edge and the base of the
knife is acute — since it then approximates more nearly to a
saw cut, and less to a chisel cut. If we are correct in this,
very many of the machines may be improved, as may be seen
from Table F.

4th. It seems clearly settled by this trial, that a broad,
wedge-form guard is superior to a straight one, for the rea-
sons assigned on page 102. It is obvious that when the grass
is drawn over at an angle of forty-five degrees, as it is in some
machines, the area of the cut section is much greater than
w^hen cut standing perpendicularly, and must therefore absorb
more power. The cut in the latter case is much more analo-
gous to the saw, and it affords a much better protection
against stones. We tliink it a great error in Pruyn & Lan-
sing's machine, that the lower part of the guard is smaller
(narrower) than the upper part. The effect of this arrange-
ment is, that the force of the cut is expended on the root
of the grass, which tends to draw it out and break the
fibres, wliich will either kill it, or retard its starting in the
fall. This effect is less apparent when the knife is sharp,
but will become very serious' when it is dull. The tendency
however, exists at all times.

5th. It has long been understood by mechanics, that in-
ternal is better than external gearing, where it can be applied,
because the larger wheel more nearly coincides with the
smaller in form, and therefore brings a greater number of
cogs in contact. We were therefore surprised to see so many
machines geared externally, and would recommend a change
in this respect.

6th. Nothing has 1)ecn more clearly demonstrated, in our
judgment, than the value of balance-wheels in promoting
the smoothness of working of the machines, Avhere they were
pro{)erly adjusted and judiciously located. Some were too
small to act well at the velocity with which they worked ; in

171

others the weight was not sufficiently distributed to the rim, and
in others the counterpoise was so placed as to increase, rather
than overcome, the momentum of the knife. We recom-
mend to all builders of these machines a careful series of
experiments witii a view to ascertain the exact size of balance-
wheel which will best overcome the momentum of the knife
at their respective velocities. We also advise that the wheel
shall be located near to the pitman, as a remote location gives
rise to a twisting and irregular action on the journals.

7th. Most inventors seem aware of the value of a light
knife in diminishing the momentum, although we think there
is much room, by the use of an improved quality of materials,
to reduce its weight still farther: but some seem to forget
that the weight of the connecting-rod, as well as the weight
of the knife, is an element of momentum. Some of these
were very unnecessarily long and heavy. A reduction of
these dimensions will therefore be followed by a material
reduction of power expended.

8th. It is often overlooked, that time, as well as force, is
an element in the consideration of power. A variation of
ten pounds in the draft of two machines is looked upon by
many as a mere bagatelle. It is not considered that this
force is extended throughout every second of time of work-
ing. If, then, the two machines work for ten hours, the dif-
ference of force is not represented by 10 lbs., but by that
number multiplied into the number of seconds in 10 hours, viz:
10 h. X 60 m. X 60 sec. X 10 lbs. = 360.000 lbs. Our ex-
cuse for an allusion to a principle so entirely elementary,
must be found in the fact that it is so strangely overlooked
by many farmers and mechanics ; and we hope that the
remark may stimulate inventors to attempt every possible
reduction of force, even if it be apparently very small —
being assured that in the long run, it will be very con-
siderable.

9th. It seems fully settled, that the most desirable posi-
tion of the knife is in a line with the centre of the driving-
wheel, as in Ketchum's machine.

10th. It is also veiy clear, from this trial, that the cutter-

172

bar should be flexible, as connected with the frame of the
machine. The grass is cut more evenly, and side draft is
prevented ; for when the knife on a stitl' machine rises over
a knoll, or other obstruction, tlie pressure on the surface of
the ground increases the resistance and causes side draft.
For this reason, those machines which have flexible fasten-
ings of the cutter-bar to the frame, have the least side draft,
provided the draft is proi)erly attached. Hence, such ma-
chines as Ball & Aultman's, Kirby's, and the last made mower
of Ketchum's, &c., are to be preferred in this respect.

11th. Much difference of opinion exists among the build-
ers, with regard to the comparative merits of cast and wrought
iron fingers or guards. We do not suppose that our judg-
ment will settle conflicting opinions on this point ; yet we
deem it proper to say, that we believe the cast iron finger to
be the best, on the whole. "We think it is better that a guard
should break, than bend. In the latter case, the friction
will be very greatly increased, consuming an increase of
power, which is expended in wearing out and deranging other
parts of the machinery. Many country blacksmiths are not
qualified for such a job, and make it worse by their attempts
to repair it ; while any farmer can take off a broken guard
and replace it by a new one in a few minutes. It is probable,
however, that considerable improvement may be made by a
proper mixture of metals in casting them. The giiards in
Allen's machine seemed of a very excellent quality, and we
were informed that they were produced in this way. AVe
think, too, that Allen's concave knife is a step in the right
direction for reducing friction, and for diminishing the weight
of the knife without lessening its strength.

12th. We noticed with pleasiire, on some machines, con-
trivances for increasing the comfort and security of the
driver. Ball, Aultman & Co., R. L. Allen, Seymour & Mor-
gan, and some others, have comfortable springs to the seats,
which make the work of the driver much less laborious.
We think when the cutter-bar is not in a line with the shaft
of the driving-wheel, it should be in advance of it. There
have been many instances, where the driver has been shock-

J

173

inglj mangled by the knife by being thrown from his seat.
This would not have occurred if the knife had been before
the driver's seat.

13th. We would invite the eppccial attention of builder's
to the wedge-form cavity in the guard under the knife, as
described on page 163 in connection with Hallenbeck's mower.

14tli. We speak of the cam principle with diffidence. The
simplicity of structure which it admits is a strong temptation
to use it ; yet it will be seen from Table D that the ease of
draft which ought to follow simplicity of structure, has not
been attained in practice. Pruyn & Lansing required 446
lbs. ; F. J. Frelinghausen's, 492 Ibg. ; and Caryl's, 493 lbs.
Or, according to the more accurate statement on Table E,
Pruyn & Lansing required 8.494 lbs. ; Frelinghausen, 8.946
lbs. ; and Caryl, 8.502 lbs., per inch of cut to drive them.

Notwithstanding this result, we are not quite incredulous
with respect to the application of the cam . principle to the
propulsion of mowers and reapers, and we would invite the
attention of inventors to the utilities which may lie latent in
the cam. There was much in the mechanical arrangement
of all these machines which may account for their tendency
to expend their power in hammering tliemselves to pieces,
without charging it to the fundamental principle of the cam.
Accuracy of adjustment, the avoidance of loose play between
the respective parts, and smoothness of surface where the
parts rub or roll on each other, are indispensable to perfect
cam action ; yet, all these points were neglected in all three
of them.

Pruyn & Lansing's machine complied more nearly with
these conditions than the other two, and the result is seen in
its reduced draft. We think if this machine were altered
from a straight to a curved zig-zag* — if there were increased
precautions against the intrusion of dust and dirt — if larger
friction-wheels, made of composition metal, were employed, and
more accurately adjusted to roll on the face of the cam, with-
out any play — if the length of vibration of the knife could
be shortened without injury to the cutting power — ond if

*I have not had time to investigate the ordinates of the proper curve, but pre-
sume, from analogy, that it would be a cycloid.

174

the momentum of the knife could be arrested just before
changing its direction, by an elastic spring placed at eitlier
end of the machine, we might hope for a decided improve-
ment over every thing now in existence.

15th. A difference of opinion also exists with respect to
the advantages of wooden and iron finger-bars. In our
opinion, iron finger-bars, (which can l)e made much narrower
than wooden ones,) are better adapted to the cutting of fine,
short grass than wooden ones, on which, from their greater
breadth, the grass piles up and tends to clog the knife ; but
in ordinary grass, we prefer the wooden finger-bar, as in case
of accident farmers would be able to repair or renew it with-
out recourse to the mechanic's shop.

16th. When grass is long, and the wind is blowing in the
same direction that the machine travels, it is very difficult,
if not (in some cases) impossible, to cut without a reel. In
other cases, it is much better to cut without one, as the grass
after cutting, is in a much better condition for drying. We
therefore consider it desirable that mowers should be furnished
with reels which can be quickly and easily removed and
replaced. They would then be enabled to cut under all cir-
cumstances.

17th. Most machines are now made portable by a small
removable wheel, which may be attached to the outer end of
the cutter-bar at pleasure. We very much prefer those,
wh^ch, like Wood's, Ball, Aultman <fe Co., Pells Manny's, &c.,
are permanently portable. In lodged clover, or grass of any
kind, it is often desirable (in farmers' phrase) to fetch the
swaths. In such cases it is very inconvenient, and with
spirited horses, dangerous, for the driver to get off and up-
on the end wheel.

18th. Tlie driving-wheel should in all cases be covered,
as in Allen's machine, and should be furnished with a con-
venient box to hold the necessary wrenches and other tools,
with a compartment for an oil can, where it can be carried
without risk of spilling.

19th. The oil holes should be covered with tin covers and
supplied gradually to the journals by candle wicks, or some
similar contrivance.

175

20tli. A knife is much wanted whicli shall be easily de-
tached from the bar, for grinding, &c., and which is not liable
to become loose from the rapid motion of the bar. If Mr.
Hovey's contrivance does not answer the purpose, we think
the attention of inventors should be directed to the making
of one.

REAPING TRIALS.

The following scale of points of excellence in Reaping,
was agreed on by the Judges : —

1st. Cheapness, 5

2d. Simplicity of construction, 9

3d. Durabihty, 9

4th. Effective power, or power required for a given
amount of work, including the necessary attendance,
ease of draft, &c., 20

5th. Rapidity of action, or amount of work performed

in a given time, 5

6th. Quality of work, manner of leaving the grain, saving
or loss from imperfect operation, or the difficulty of
securing the entire crop, 30

7th. Facility of management,

(a) Portability, or convenience of moving from
place to place, while in operation or otherwise, 3

(b) Putting in or out of gear, 2

(c) Accessibilit}^ of parts for the purpose of repair-
ing, oiling, &c., 3

((/) Convenience and safety of the operators, 3

(e) Convenience in turning, 2

8th. Adaptation to uneven surfaces, cutting at different
heights, and to cutting different kinds of grain, 9

The Reaping trials commenced on the 17th of July, on the
Rye lot of Mr. Hayden, near the farm house. It is believed
there are few fields in the country better calculated to try the
powers of reaping machines, than this. It was hilly, stony,
and crossed by deep w^ater furrows. The annexed cut will
give some idea of the inequalities of the surface.

176

The lot reaped by Mr. MeCormick seemed to us quite
beyond the scope of machine reaping, so steep were its undu-
lations. The lot cut by the Kirby machine was crossed by a
water-fuiTow two feet deep by actual measurement ; and if a
field had been made on purpose to interpose all imaginable ol>
stacles to reaping by horse-power, it could scarcely have been
more difficult. The profile below, shows a section of the field
crossed by the machines at right angles, severely testing their
strength.

The Committee on Grains and Grasses report, " That the
crop was estimated at from 25 to 30 bushels to the acre.
The straw averaged five feet high, stood thick on the ground,
rather leaned to the eastward, in some places considerably
lodged."

The cut below shows the average leaning of the straw
towards the east.

On the same day, part of the machines were tried on
another of Mr. Ilaydcn's rye fields. "The crop was csti-

177

mated at 20 bushels to the acre, the straw was from four to
five feet long, generally leaning, and in some places lodged
down."

No report was made by the Time Committee on Reaping:
tlie results of the trial in other respects, will be found in the
Tables I, J and K.

No report was received of the experiments made to de-
termine the length of time required by combined machines
to convert a mower into a reaper, and vice versa.

July 18th. The reaping machines worked on the rye field
belonging to Mr. Corning. "The crop was quite variable —
in some places being equal to 30 bushels on an acre, in ot?hers
not exceeding 10. The heaviest spots leaned somewhat, but
generally stood fairly. The length of the straw was from
three to five feet. On the same day the machines cut a small
piece of wheat on the same farm, of the Mediteranean vari-
ety ; tlie yield estimated at 18 bushels to tlie acre ; standing
up well ; length of straw two and a half feet. A few Canada
thistles on the two latter fields, were the only weeds particu-
larly noticed."

Most of the machines were prepared for cutting wheat, and
not for rye, which made their work worse than it would have
appeared, if it had been confined to wheat.

We ofier the following observations on the various machines,
in their character of Reapers, referring to what has been said
of them, as Mowers, in the preceding pages for many impor-
tant particulars respecting them : —

Wm. F. Ketchum. This machine is changed from a mower
to a reaper by enlarging the main wheel by means of circular
sections bolted to tl.e rim, and adding a changeable platform
for rear or side delivery of the grain. The strengthing bar
of the platform is arranged to give great firmness while
reaping.

Miller, Wlngate &, Co. Side delivery. The frame of
the machine is arranged to rai^e and lower, so as to cut any
desired height, and al.vays be level, or nearly so. The jour-
nals are well protected from dirt, and the boxes are all made
with large oil cups.

178

Hull & Sanford. Side delivery. This machhie cut off
a large proportion of the heads of the grain, occasioning a
great loss to the farmer.

T. R. HussEY. Back delivery. Tliis is a great objection
to this machine, as the gavels must be bound before it takes
a second swath. Some farmers, however, like this feature,
as they think it stimulates the binders and causes them to do
more work. The gavels were laid very unevenly, and the per-
formance marked by the Committee on Quality of Work,
below medium.

Seymour & Morgan. This machine appears much better
as a reaper than as a mower. It is in all respects well made.
It has a side delivery. One point characterises it, which we
deem of much importance. The size of the bundles are
entirely under the control of the driver — a simple pressure
of his foot, stops the rake at any point without interfering
with the cutting. We observed that the motion of the knife
was increased or diminished from mowing to reaj)ing, and
vice versa, by a very simple and speedy method ; but the
precise arrangement for accomplishing it does not appear on
our minutes : we think, however, it was by a change of pin-
ions. The Committee on Quality of Work say, '' The per-
formance of the automaton rake was very good."

T. D. BuRRALL. Delivery on side or rear, as desired. A
castor-wheel in front takes the weight off the necks of the
horses. The change of speed from reaping to mowing, is
effected by bolting circular sections of plank to the rim of
the driving-wheel, like Ketchum's. It has no reel, and the
distance which the raker has to reach over makes it very
fatigueing work. The simplicity and strength of the machine
is admirable.

C. H. McCoRMiCK. This reaper is well known throughout
the country. It worked on the Avorst ground we ever saw,
and did its work perfectly. This is high praise, but it must
be qualified by its enormous side draft and its tcndcncv to
rack, which we think impairs its durability. Side delivery.

D. M. OsBORN. This machine is made entirely of iron,
except the seat and pole. The gavels were not as well laid

179

as some others, though from the stnicture of the machine
we could not see wliy they should not be.

Walter Wood. This excellent machine made very su-
perior work.

RuFUS Button. The well known and admirable machine
of Atkins has won for itself a high reputation, which has not
been diminished on this trial. We have already borne our
testimony to the accuracy and perfection of its gcai'ing. It
requires more power than any other self-raker, and it cannot
be regulated, with respect to the size of the gavels, by the
driver.

F. J. Frelinghausen. The outer end of the cutter is raided
for reaping by a castor, and the other end is raised by a screw
and bolt in a sliding bar, with a slot. Side delivery.

Warder & Brokaw. The peculiarity of this machine is
a supplementary platform, which holds the bundles after being
made, and about to be thrown off, until properly formed and
the loose and scattering stalks are collected, thus making
better bundles and saving grain. The relative difference
between the speed of the knife in reaping and mowing, is as
the numbers 84 and 43. The change is effected by a change
of pinions. Another peculiarity is the long section at the
outer end of the knife, which, from the gather of the divider,
is compelled to cut twice as much as any other. The pecu-
liar arrangement of this section is designed to remedy this
difficulty. Belivery either at the side or behind.

Pells Manny. Worked part of the time with a hand-rake,
and a part as a self-raker. The automaton rake is very in-
genious, though difficult to describe without a drawing. The
great objection to its working is, that some of the straws
which fall at the instant the rake is over the knife, scatter
while it is making a backward sweep. This machine made
much better work in the wheat than in the rye. It is not
well calculated for the latter grain.

In concluding our review of the reaping trials, we desire
to express our opinion of the necessity which exists for an
improvement of reaping machines by the addition of an
automaton rake which shall be wholly under the control of

180

the driver. In the present state of mechanical science in
this country, it seems to ns only necessary to state tlie want,
in order to have it satisfactorily supplied before another
harvest. If a good automaton rake is added to machines,
we think the saving over cutting by cradles, would amount
to one dollar per acre.

"VVe have alluded to the want of provision for regulating
the size of the gavels in Atkins' machine. The arrangements
of Seymour & Morgan, and Pells Manny, are ingenious, and
in wheat, lay their gavels as well as they are usually laid by
hand rakers ; yet we believe a binder can rake and bind after
a cradle nearly as fast as he can bind after a machine. The
heads falling straight on the platform, and afterwards swept
round on a circle, deranges the straws, the butts are not even,
and the straws are not parallel. It is the rectification of
these which causes so much trouble to the binder. In addi-
tion to this, the working of a long rake from one end, must
cause twisting and springing unfavorable to the permanence
of the machine.

It gives us pain to undervalue the ingenious and meri-
torious labors of these gentlemen, but we should be unfaith-
ful to our convictions if we did express a fear that they have
not adopted the right principle. We think that farmers must
look to something like the Texas self-raker for what they
want, and we commend it to the attention of inventors as
most likely to be successful. We are of opinion that tlie end
less apron will require less })ower, will preserve the parallel-
ism of the straAvs, cause less waste, and be less liable to get
out of order, than tlie contrivances now in vogue. One of
the most obvious doficiences in the Texas self-raker, is the
■want of some provision for squaring the butts ; yet we think
it would be easy to remedy it.

Some of the reapers still allow much of the weight of tlie
machine to fall on the necks of the horses. This sliould be '
universally avoided by using a castor wheel, or some equiva-
lent contrivance.

Some machines use too small wheels in running over the
ground. Large ones, like those of Seymour & Morgan, are
greatly to be preferred.

181

Most of the platforms were too small for rye straw : those
designed for general use, should increase their size.

It will he seen that the second premium is awarded to
Walter A. Wood, although his total amount of merit, as
developed in Table L, is equal to F. J. Frelinghausen. On
recurring to Table I, it will be seen that Walter A. Wood, in
the first day's work in rye, marks 38 on cut and 40 on gavel,
against nothing for Frelinghausen ; and in the second day in
rye. Wood makes 87 on cut and 36 on gavel, against Fre-
linghausen's 30 on cut and 38 in gavel. As between them,
Wood should receive 30 in the merit roll for " quality of
work," which is decisive of the question, without considering
the suspicion of want of durability which hangs around Fre-
linghauscn's machine.

In awarding a diploma to J. Haines, for his Illinois Har-
vester, we disclaim all expression of opinion respecting the
safety of the grain when harvested on his method.

The Committee, on Monday, July 20th, proceeded to ex-
amine the Illinois Harvester, made by Jonathan Haines, at
Mr. Sabin's farm, in Onondaga liollow. It cuts a swatli ten
feet wide, from eight to tliirty-six inches from the ground, at
the pleasure of the operator. It is drawn by four horses, and
two horses or more are employed in conveying the heads to the
stack or barn, according to the distance. The horses travel
behind the machine, and it is guided with great accuracy and
rapidity by a steering wheel in the rear. One man is em-
ployed in driving the horses, steering, and regulating the
height of the cutter.. One man drives the wagon, and one
man loads, — the minimum force being six horses and three
men. Tlie knife is four inches at Ijase, and the perpendicular
distance from the apex to the liase is two inches. The fingers
or guards, are three inches apart. The vibration is eighteen
inches. The reel is five feet in diameter and consists of
eight slats set on spirally, the left hand being one-eighth of
the circumference behind the right hand. This spiral ar-
rangement gives an upward direction of the heads of the
grain on the endless apron. The journal-bearings are made
in two pieces, and as they wear they are brought together by

182

a follower and wooden wedges. The machine is capable of
harvesting 20 acres per day ; its weight is 1600 lbs. ; its price
at the shop of the maker, $240.

The knife is attaclied to an adjnstable lever, by means of
which the heads are taken off witli any desired length of
adhering straw : in practice, from fourteen inches to two feet
(according to ripeness), is considered the most desirable
length. The heads, after being cut, fall on to an endless
apron, which runs level to the edge of the machine, when it
comes to an inclined plane working on a hinge, and is ele-
vated, according to circumstances, from 15"^ to 45°. The
edge of this inclined plane overhangs a wagon, furnished on
the op[)Osite side, and ends with a cloth screen, into which
the apron deposits the cut heads. Every portion of the field
passed over by the machine was left perfectly clean ; no
scattering straws or waste of grain could be detected in any
part — all the grain knocked out by the reel, was tlirown on
to the endless apron and safely delivered in the attending
wagon. Our dynamometer had been taken to Albany before
this trial was had, and we were therefore unable to test its
draft accurately ; but the four horses appeared to work no
harder than two horses in other machines.

There is no side draft, nor any weiglit on the necks of -the
horses. The momentum acquired by the knife, which is very
considerable, is gradually arrested by long wooden springs.
The gearing from the driver is internal, and is transmitted
from the pinion by one pair of bevel wheels. On the whole,
the working of the machine was admirable, doing its work
thoroughly, speedily, and handsomely. The ground on wliich
it worked was tolerably level, though very stony. On level
land, and large fields, we consider this machine to be of great
value. On uneven lands or small fields, we should not con-
sider it desirable.

The grain, after being cut, is deposited in cribs or ricks,
made to stand north and south : rails are first laid down,
from ten to fifteen inclies apart, long stakes are tlien tlu'ust
into the ground at short intervals, the heads of grain are
then thrown on as high as the stakes, otlier rails are then

183

laid across the rick and the stakes drawn iip. This process
is repeated until the rick is carried as high as is desired. Mr.
Haines claims that the air circulating through the holes left
by the stakes, and through the spaces between the rails, is
sufficient to prevent heating or moulding. He produced for
our inspection certificates, from several very respectable gen-
tlemen, to prove that grain treated in this way was as safe
as any other, and that a great saving was effected by it. We
see no cause to doubt this testimony; but as we did not per-
sonally superintend the experiments, we cannot vouch for
their accuracy.

We much regret that we were unable to test this novel and
interesting machine more thoroughly. Our neglect to do so
was through no fault of Mr. Haines. Early in the trial he
applied to us to cause a large field of grain to be cut, one-
half by his header, the other, by any reaper we might select
and thus test the comparative economy and safety of the
two methods ; but the anxiety of the proprietors of reapers
to depart, and the severe pressure of our other duties,
prevented us from accepting the proposal. We have, how-
ever, seen enough of it to commend it cordially to our large
prairie farmers, for whom it seems exactly adapted.

At the beginning of the trial, Granger & Wilson, of Texas,
entered a transferable automaton rake. They exhibited to us
a small model ; but their rake was not attached to any ma-
chine capable of working in the field. One of the best shops
in Syracuse agreed to attach one early in the week, but failed
to have it ready before our departure. Deeply impressed
with the ingenuity of the contrivance, as indicated in the
small model, we desired that a practical trial should be
given to it ; and at the request of the Chairman, Mr. George
Geddcs, of Syracuse, consented to give it a trial on his own
farm. The following is the report of Mr. Geddes, whose
well known scientific skill as an engineer and a farmer,
stamps his conclusions with great value.

184

Fairmount, N. Y., July, 25th, 1857.
Hon. Johx Staxtox Gould :

Dear Sir, — As you requested, I have attended to the trial
of the "Texas Self-Raker," and have to report as follows : —
The machine was made from a working model during the grand
trial of Reapers and Mowers, at Syracuse, and came on the
ground j^esterday with all the disadvantages incident to so hasty
a construction, with the addition of having to encounter the
difficulties of cutting and handling very unripe wheat, made
still heavier by rain. Many points of detail, such as insufficient
motion of the reel that lays the grain on the endless apron —
the apron being placed too high, as regards the cutting-bar, to
fairly receive the grain, and other minor matters were found not
quite right ; but each of them easily remedied.

The object aimed at by the inventor, is a very important one :
it is to receive the cut grain in the arms of a revolving cradle,
and hold it until a proper sized bundle is obtained, and then
instantaneously drop it in the best form to receive the band.

From the working of this imperfect machine, I have high
expectations in regard to the ultimate success of the principle
involved, and I think perseverance is only necessary to secure
the object aimed at.

In all the reapers I have seen operating, there is one constant
difficulty — whether the bundles, or gavels, are thrown oflf by
hand, or by the action of the rake or fingers operated by the
power that moves the machine, the same trouble arises in so lay-
ing the grain that it can readily be bound into square, compact
bundles. This is just now the real point of difficulty. It costs
too much to bind the scraggling bundles, and the mechanic that
will give us our grain ready to receive the band, with the butts
square and even, will be entitled to the vast pecuniary reward,
as well as the fame that surely awaits him. It would seem that
this can only be done by some device that will drop the bundle
by an instantaneous motion, and that, too, of the whole bundle.
The " Texas self-raker " is an attempt to do this, and, so far ae
I can judge, the inventor is on the road that will lead him to
success. Yours truly,

George Geddes.

We fully concur in the views of Mr. Geddes, so clearly
expressed in the above report. In all the machines we have

I

18 5

seen, save Atkins' automaton, the motion for raking off dis-
arranges the parallelism of the straws, and their arrangement
by the binder, absorbs too much of his time, and by so much,
detracts from the saving which machinery can and ought to
effect. Atkins' automaton, though not liable to this objec-
tion, cannot regulate the size of the bundles ; in thin grain
they are too small, and in stout grain they are too large.
We are of opinion that when all the mechanical details are
properly adjusted, the Texas self-raker will obviate both of
these difficulties, giving a parallel gavel with square butts, of
a size easily regulated at the pleasure of the driver.

Frost, Burk & Co. offered some very superior scythe snaiths ;
the workmanship of them is very superior, their mechan-
ical peculiarities consist in their shape, and in the manner in
which the scythe is fastened to the snaith. The snaiths have
a bend backward and downward from the centre beween the
nebs to the upper end, the effect of which is to bring the
hands into a more natural and easy position in mowing, than
when the snaith bends forwards, or from the user, at the left
hand neb. The heel-bend does not turn forward so much as
other snaiths, but is of such a shape as balances the scythe
exactly level when hung to the snaiths.

The nature of this invention consists — First, in the pecu-
liar construction of the set-ring, which has a groove for the
passage of the claw of the scythe, and an opening or mortise
for the admission of the loop-bolt.

Second, the pecidiar construction of the loop-bolt, consist-
ing of a loop for the admission of the shank or arm of the
scythe ; the groove, for the passage of the claw, together with
the hook or lip, which fills the opening in the set ring on the
side of the snaith. The inside of the hook or lip bent firmly
against the wood, the opposite end of the loop bearing against
the set-ring.

It will be readily seen that the devices constituting this
mode of fastening, are constructed to suit the different sizes
of shanks. The advantages gained by the use of the grooves
are, first, to admit the arm and claw of the scythe to pass
through the loop without making it so large as to be incon-
13

275 to 325,

a

2880;

(1

140.

200 to 225,

((

1500;

((

115.

150 to 175,

((

1000;

«

lOr,

186

venient, and unnecessarily heavy. Second, they lessen the
labor in fastening the scythe to and unfastening it from the
snaith, it being unnecessary to turn the nut as far as would
otherwise be required.

Another advantage of this method of fastening, is, the
draught by the screw being towards tlie spotting, the scythe
will be held more firmly tban if it were sidewise or length-
wise.

Two Hay Presses were presented for examination. (See
pages 222 and 223. One made by William Deering & Co., on
Dederick's patent, is of great value, and may be used either
as a portable or stationary press.

lbs. lbs. lbs.

No. 0. Pressins bales from 450 to 500, weigh 3000 ; sold for Sl7o.
No. 2. " "^ " ^ ' ^ "

No. 4. " "

No. 5. " "

Six or seven tons of hay can be put into bales, by a man
and a boy, in a day by No. 2.

Those who have used the old Dederick press are aware
that the follower, by treading the hay in the box, was liable
to be changed from a truly horizontal position. When this
occurred, the enormous power of the toggle-joint was ex-
pended, not on the hay, but on the sides and doors of the press,
when a fi-acture of some of the parts was pretty sure to fol-.
low. This difficulty is entirely obviated by this press, which
works with parallel levers, the ends of which are separated
on the follower and thus prevent the possibility of tilting.
Again, in the old angular press of Dederick, it was found
impossible to make a chain or rope which would not elongate
unequally ; hence the levers never acted simultaneously.
By the parallel arrangement of the levers, they must of
necessity act precisely alike, producing a great saving of
power and diminishing almost to zero the liability to fracture.

When the bale is to be removed from the press, the open-
ing of the doors at the sides and ends has hitherto been a
work of some difficulty and danger. The doors of this press
may be easily opened by a boy with one hand, without the
least danger to himself or to any one else.

18T

The workmanship of these presses is uncommonly good,
and the materials are of the best quality. The strength of
the materials seem very scientifically adjusted to the amount
of strain it is required to bear, and we can hardly suppose
any press can be made more rapid, or durable, or convenient,
than this is. Their power is amply sufficient for all practical
purposes, and the action and arrangement of them will be
easily understood by a reference to the engravings of them
appended to this Report.

In one of these presses adapted to bailing 400 lbs., the
power of a horse applied through a capstan of 10 inches
diameter, operated by a sweep eight feet in length, is at the
point indicated in Figure A, multiplied 15 times ; when they
are at a point indicated in Figure B the power is multiplied
36 times ; half way between Figures B and C 75 times ; and
when at the point indicated in Figure C, the power of the
horse is multiplied just 150 times ; and from this point it
goes on increasing to 316 times.

The head U is slid over to either side at pleasure ; the
door is closed and fastened by the latch F. The hay is then
thrown in and well tramped down round the edges ; the
head U is drawn over the top of the press. The power is
now applied to the follower through the parallel levers /, jfiT,
by the tackle iY, it, it. When the levers become perpendicu-
lar, as in Figure C of the preceding cut, the maximum pres-
sure is obtained, the door C with its companion on the oppo-
site side are opened, the hoops nailed, and the ends of the
bale relieved by opening the door B. This completes the
process. We have no hesitation in awarding to this machine
our unqualified commendation.

A very beautifully finished grain cradle was presented by
H. Robinson, which proved a most excellent implement.

188

AWARDS OF THE JUDGES,

AT THE NATIONAL FIELD TRIAL OF HAR\'T;ST IMPLEMENTS BY TIIE
UNITED STATES AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

EE APERS .

First Premium — To C. H. McCormick, a Gold Medal and Diplo-
ma for the best Reaper.

Second Premium, — To Walter A. Wood, a Silver Medal for the
second best Reaper.

Third Premium — To Warder, Brokaw & Child, a Bronze Medal
for the third best Reaper.

To Jonathan Haines — A Diploma, for Illinois Harvester.

COMBINED MACHINES.

First Premium — To Walter A. Wood, a Gold Medal and Diplo-
ma, for the best Combined Machine.

Second Premium — To Buffalo Agricultural MachitsE Works,
Kirby's Improvement, a Silver Medal, for the second best com-
bined machine.

Third Premium — To Warder, Brokaw & Child, a Bronze Medal,
for the third best combined machine.

MOWERS.
To T. D. Burrall — A Diploma, for simplicity of construction and

solidity of workmanship.
To R. L. Allen — A Diploma, for his concave knife blade, and

general excellence of material and superior workmanship.
To Buffalo Agricultural Machine Works — A Diploma, for

cheapness, and ingenious adaptation of cutter to uneven

surfaces.

For other awards on Mowers, see end of this report.

TRANSFERABLE AUTOMATON RAKES.
First Premium — To Seymour_& Morgan, a Silver Medal, for the
best Transferable Automaton Rake.

STATIONARY HAY OR COTTON PRESS.

First Premium, — To William Deering & Co., a Silver Medal and
Diploma, for the best Stationary Hay or Cotton Press.

189

PORTABLE HAY OR COTTON PRESSES.
First Premium — To William Deering & Co., a Silver Medal and
Diploma for the best Portable Hay or Cotton Press.

GRAIN CRADLES.
First Premium — To H. Robinson, a Bronze Medal, for three su-
perior Grain Cradles.

SCYTHE SNAITHS.
First Premium, — To Frost, Burk & Co., a Bronze Medal, for su
perior Scythe Snaiths,

CONCLUDING REMARKS.

It has been our object from the beginning, to conduct the
trials that they might be self-determining, so that the an-
nouncement of the results of our weights and measures
might determine the question of the relative merits of the
diiferent machines without the intervention of our own judg-
ments or opinions. We have steadily adhered to that de-
termination throughout the trials. We have had no par-
tialities for individuals or localities to gratify, and our single
aim has been to award the palm to merit alone. How far
we have succeeded in our endeavors, is now for you and
the public to determime. We have laid before you, in the
preceding report, all the facts and circumstances on which
our awards are based. If we have erred, our judgments
can be corrected by the facts recorded in these pages.

We have already returned our thanks to the local com-
mittee, the marshals, and the citizens of Syracuse, for the
valuable aid they afforded us ; yet we cannot refrain from
renewing them on this occasion, and bearing our testimony
afresh to the intelligent and willing assistance which they
extended to us during the whole period of our labors.

We have also great pleasure in expressing, publicly, as
we have already done privately, our thanks to you for your
uniform kindness, and for your ability and zeal in promoting
the various plans which we have formed, for securing success
for our labors.

190

We also desire to express our thanks to the other officers
of the Society, whose counsels and assistance have been
exceedingly servicable to us.

Finally, we submit these results of our labors to your
judgment in the hope that you will find in them some fajts
and conclusions which are not altogether without value in
promoting the interests of our common humanity.

JOHN STANTON GOULD, Chairman.

TABLE A.

Shewing quality of work in Timotlvy and Glover Fields. Mowers.

r:

Clover Field.

Timothy Field.

o

o

o

o

-* .

■?

Tt* •

-f .

1

1 -

feco

1

fcoS

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o

O O

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c

^=2

Remarks.

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Remarks.

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11

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27

T. D. Burrall,

23

31

Clogged to some ex-

10

38

40

tent.

47

Pruyn & Lansing,

19

30

30

Clogged to some ex-
tent.

19

40

36

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45

R. L Allen,

18

30

36

18

40

36

22

Walter A. Wood,

14

28

31

No clogging, cut well
round trees.

5

38

35

57

T. J. Frclinghausen,

20

20

40

38

34

Wm. H. Hovey,

16

12

37

31

Clogged some.

39

M. Hallenbeck,

7

35

36

No clogging.

11

40

40

18

E. Ball's invention.
Ball, Aultman, & Co.

5

15

40

40

19

( Miller &Aultman's.
I Ball, Aultman & Co.

13

Broke in bad ground.

13

38

38

14

A. H. Caryl.

15

23

23

8

17

Wm. F. Ketchum,

10

23

25

Clogged.

4

27

25

Clogged badly,
cut badly

30

D. M. Osborn,

1

32

30

Clogged some, had
worst lot in field.

7

33

35

round stump.

37

T. R. Hussey,

6

32

38

Clogged some.

3

30

35

Clogged badly ,

58

C. H. McCormick,

23

Walter A. Wood,

9

35

36

Cut badly round trees

2

36

34

33

Warder, Brokaw & Co.

4

Clogged and stopi^ed

1

30

35

Cloggec, had a
bad lot.

38

Hull & Sandford,

8

28

36

16

30

33

40

Miller, Wingate & Co.,

3

30

38

Cut badly round trees

6

35

40

10

Pells Manny,

12

23

31

Clogged badly.

14

30

30

Clogged badly.

25

Seymour & Morgan,

2

Clogged badly and
stopped.

17

30

35

Clogged badly.

44

Rufus Button,

17

33

33

Clogged some.

9

35

38

Clogged badly.

192

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196
TABLE E.

Shewing corrected Draft, Weight, and Price of Mowers.

Name of Exbibiter.

27 T. D. Burrall,
4TjPruyn&Lansing
45 R. L. Allen,
22 Walter Wood,*
67 T. J. Freliag-

hausen,

34 Wm. H.Hovey,

29 M. nallenbeck,

E. Ball,
18 ^ Ball, Aultman

&Co.,

Miller & Ault-
man,

Ball, Aultman

& Co.,
A. n Caryl,
W. F. Ketchum
D. M. Osborn,
3V[T. R. Hussey,
58,C.H.McCormick
23
33

19

14
17

30

38
40

10
25

WalterA.Wood,
Warder, Brokaw

& Co.,
Hull & Sandford
Miller, Wingate

& Co.,
Pells Manny
Seymour & Mor-
gan,
44|Rufus Button,

352.91bs
446.0 "
378.9 "
400.0 "

492.0 "

450.8 "

99.9 "

418.3 "

442.8

493.1
412.1
383.0
349.4
439.3
395.2

466.1
375.0

428.0
430.0

Ins.

3

^

0 64

3i

H

0
0
0

3
0

^2

Ins.

58
54
60

59
53

55

51

52

58
60
54
58
68
64

59.3
55

62
58

6.416
8.494
6.517
6.262

8.946
8.505
7.474

8.202

8.678

8.502
7.342
7.092
6.024
6.578
6.323

8.278
6.818

6.903
7.414

Ins.

33 |884ilbs.

3.0| 711 "
682 "
719 "

2|

n

2f

21

3.0

n

2|

2|

2i

2|
3

3

3i

705

859
672

930

995

996
753

658
800
905

874

1015

949
912

956
1008

$115
$100
$120

$120
$115

$125

$125

$125 -
$110 I

$125

$150t
$120

|$120

I

*The above applies to wooden cutter bar ; with a steel cutter
bar the weight is 708 lbs. Price $115.

f This is the price of the combined Machine. The single Mower
not stated.

JOrigiual figures doubtful.

197

1! I-' *>- CO CO to

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en CO

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T. R. Hussey

CHI. McCormick

Water A. Wood. . . .*
Warder, Brokaw& Co.

Hull & Sandford

Miller, Wingate & Co.
Pells Manny

Walter A. Wood

T.J. Frelinghausen. .

Wm. H. Hovey

M. Hallenbeck

(E. Ball

(Ball, Aultman&Co.

] Miller & Aultman. .

(Ball, Aultman&Co.
A. H. Caryl

D. M. Osborn

T.D. Burrall

Pruyn & Lansing. . . .
R. L. Allen

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27 in. before shaft.
32 in. before shaft.

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22 in. before shaft.

24 in. before shaft.
43 in. before shaft.
30 in. behind shaft.
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18 in. behind shaft,

24 in. behind shaft.

25 in. behind shaft.

18 in. behind shaft.

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198

TABLE G.

Containing' Report of Miclvmical Committee.

Mowers.

18i

191

27 T. D. Burrall

4'7lPruyu & Lansing. . .

45IR. L. Allenf

22 Walter A. Wood...

5V|T. J. Frelinghausen

34 Wm. 11. Hovey

29|M. Hallenback**

E. Ball's invention
BalljAultman & Co,
Miller & Aultman. .
Ball,Aultman & Co.

14 A. H. Caryl

11 Wm. F. Ketchum. . ..

30 D. M. Osborn

3YT. R. Hussey

58:C. H. McCormick. ...

23iWalterA. W"ood(a).

33 Warder, Brokaw & Co.

38 Hull & Sandford

40, Miller, Wingate & Co

10 Pells Manny

25;Seymour & Morgan.

44,Rufus Dutton||

o

o

3636

2836

3640

1'40 28*

128'28

12828

36

36

140
1'36

40
36

36
36

13640
l!36!36

128
136

128 36
136 36
13636

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36:28 28
36 36 36
40!36 36
283636
28-36 36
36|36j36

403636

36 2828
362020

36 2820
3636 40

28 28 285
20 28'36'
362828

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36

40

36 36'36 363640

2836 36283640
40,36 36 30 28|28
36 36:36:36 28i28

3636202820
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28 28
36 40
3636
28 36
28 36
28|28|

4036

4036

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36;28

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20
28

36 36 36 36 36 28
36 36 36 36 36 20

36 36 36 28 28 28
28'28!28|36'36 36

28'36i36i28!28 28

352352
28 316 288
36 380 344
28 388 360

304304
20 324304

332332

372 372

372372

340 340
344344
328 328

128l36||28|36!36!28;40,28

28 20|28 300 272

2828j28j356j328

2828 36 364 328
28 20; 1320.320
36 20 320 320
36 36 28 348 320
36 28 320 320
36 36:28!360:332

*This number expresses the opinion of the Committee, but my own opinion is,
that it is cntttled to 36.

** Although the number expressing the aggregate merits of this Machine is com-
paratively small (332), yet the mechanical Committee say in a note, " We look upon
this Machine as one of the best in mechanical construction, combining the greatest
strength with the smallest amount of material, of any at the exhibition," and in this
opinion I fully concur.

t Mechanical Committee say in a note, "This Machine runs with very little noise,
shewing that the gearing is well made, and the momentum very equally distribut-
ed throughout the Machine. In most respects a first class Mower, very compact."

JThis is the Committee's number — in my opinion the workmanship was superi
or to that of any other at the trial.

JIThe Mechanical Committee say in a note, " One of the best Machines on trial.
But rather complex for general use."

§ So in the Report of the Mechanical Committee; but I think the drivers' seat
safer than several Machines marked 3(5.

If The Mechanical Committee having omitted the answer of the 14th question,
for some off the machines, the column headed " total merit," gives an unfair compar-
ison of the Machines. I have therefore given another column shewiug the totality
of merit exclusive of the 14th question.

(a) Same as 22.

199

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204

Explanatory Note, — The following Circulars furnish an
explanation of the delay which has occurred in the Awards
on Mowers. It will be seen that a majority of the Judges
non-concurred with tlie Chairman in regard to the arrange-
ment of Table H, exhibiting the Merit Marks of the different
Machines : —

To the Board of Judges of the United States Agricultural Society,
at the Trial at Syracuse of Reapers and Mowers :

Gents, — Herewith you will receive a copy of the results of
our labors, condensed into a series of Tables lettered from A to
L, and a report of our proceedings during the trial.

You will perceive that Table H gives the number 20 to Wal-
ter A. Wood, for quality of work, which the hastily formed
Table I presented to you at Syracuse did not.

That Table was formed from the results of the Ilayden lot
alone.

On a more careful review, I find the Table A gives to Walter
A, Wood, for his work in the Clover field, to one machine, 28
for cut and 31 for swath ; and to the other, 35 for cut and 36
for swath — which are the highest marks given to any machine
in that field, except Halleubeck's — while Ball «fe Aultman had
nothing. So far then as the Clover field is concerned, Walter A.
Wood and Hallenbeck stand at the top of the list for " quality
of work."

In the Timothy field, Walter A. Wood had 38 for his cut and
35 for his swath. Ball & Aultman had 40 for cut and 40 for
swath. It will be seen that Wood's work falls very slightly
behind Ball & Aultnmn's in that field.

The question is, whether the trials in the Clover field are to
be wholly overlooked and the ability to do the best work in
lodged Clover is to be left out of the account as of no value ?

Whether the superiority of Wood in the Clover field is not
sufficient to counter-balance the slight inferiority in the Timothy
field?

On carefully considering the matter, it seems just and right to
me to take merit in the Clover into account as well as in Timo-
thy ; and I have accordingly made Wood equal to Ball & Ault-
man in the Merit Table II, which gives Wood the first premium.

205

And carefully examining the Tables, you will please convey
to me your opinions in writing, on this point If a majority of
you agree that I have construed the scale of points correctly —
viz.: that merit in "Quality of Work" depends on merit in
all kinds of work, and not on one kind of work alone — the
awards will stand as in the report. If a majority disagree with
me in opinion as to the proper construction of the scale of points,
I shall then understand the decision as, 1st premium to Ball &
Aultman ; the 2d to Wood ; and the 3d to Hallenbeck — unless
you expressly indicate otherwise.

I think there can be no doubt that the first premium for
Reapers must be given according to Table L, to McCormick.

I refer you to page 41 for the reasons for giving Walter Wood
the second premium on Reapers. Should you disapprove these
reasons, and deem the award improper, I will re-write those
paragraphs in conformity to your decision.

I believe there can be no question with respect to the other
awards.

You will please bear in mind that the report must be ready
for publication by the first of September, and that your replies
must be received, and such alterations and corrections as you
may decide to make must be written and printed before that
time. Hence it is desirable that your replies should be sent to
me as early as possible, in order that the report may be ready
to be distributed at the Louisville Fair.
Yours, Very Truly,

JOHN STANTON GOULD.

Hudson, New York,

Boston, Aug. 20, IS51.

Dear Sir : — As Mr. Gould has expressed his views in regard
to the award of premiums on Mowers, it is not improper that I
should offer some remarks on the same subject.

1. Mr. G., in Table H, gives Wood more credit for " quality
of work," than the returns of the sub-committees show he is en-
titled to — that is, the returns (Table A) show that Ball, Ault^
man & Co. (entry No. 18) had credit for " perfect work" in re-
gard to ''quality of mowing" and "quality of work" — 40
being recorded for each ; whereas Wood's highest credits in
these points (or for entry No. 22) are 38 and 36. But Mr. Gould
raises these credits to the same standard as Ball, Aultman & Co.,

206

because it does not appear that their machine (entry No. 18) worked
in the Clover.

Now the question is, was Ball, Aultman & Co.'s machine eligi-
ble or ineligible, as a competitor for premium, whether it did or
did not work in the Clover ? If it was ineligible, it is not entitled
to amj premium, but must be thrown out altogether. It is evi-
dent, however, that it was considered eligible, because it was
allowed to go on in all the other trials without any objection be-
ing made. It follows, then, obviously, that ive must estimate its
merits according to the comparison ive were able to make with othew
m^achines tried under the same circumstances. This is fair ground,
and no other ground can be fair.

Tried on this basis. Ball, Aultman & Co. are entitled to 20 in
the scale of ultimate points or "merit marks" — his quality of
work being reported at 40 for both cut and swath — > that is, per-
fection in each. Wood, on the other hand, not being reported
perfect in these points (he standing at 38 and 35), is not entitled
to this credit of 20 in the ultimate scale — that is, the footing in
bis column, in Table II, should be 20 less than it is, on account
of his less perfect work than Ball, Aultman & Co. This, of
course, wonld carry the first premium to Ball, Aultman & Co.

2. Again, Mr. Gould places Wood equal with Ball, Aultman
& Co. in respect to " adaptation to uneven surfaces" — assign-
ing 12 to each. I consider Ball, Aultman & Co.'s machine su-
perior to Wood's in this point, on account of its flexible bar
which enables it to fit to the elevations or depressions of the
ground. The advantage of this was strikingl}^ shown in the
greater perfection of the work of the machine on the Hayden
meadow. Yours truly,

SANFORD HOWARD.

AWARDS ON MOWERS.

First Premium — Gold Medal and Diploma — To Ball, Aultman

& Co., Miller & Aultman's patent, (see note page 195.)
Second Premium — Silver Medal — To AValter A. Wood.
Third Premium — Bronze Medal — To Martin Hallenbeck.

207

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The following are engravings of the several Machines on
which the awards were made.

COMBINED MACHINES.

-PIRST PKEMIUM TO \r ALTER A. WOOD.

CD d

S Ph

PM

^ '^

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Note. — Foi* Wood's Machine, which received the second premium as a
Mower, see page 89.

The plate of Hallenbeck's Mower, to which the third premium was
awarded, has necessarily been omitted, on account of its large size.

We regret that we have not received an engraving of T. D. Burrall's
Machine, for which a Diploma was awarded, for simplicity of construction
and solidity of workmanship.

W. DEERING & CO.'S NEW PARALLEL LEVER HAY PRESS.

ERRATA.

On page 161, 1st line, for both machines, read " both of his machines."
On page 162, 16th line from bottom, read " Wood's machine and Hallen-

beck's," instead of this Machine and Hallenbeck's.
On page 166, 12th line from bottom, read "wrought and cast iron," instead

of " cast-iron ;" and on same page 14th line from bottom, read " bevel,"

instead of " crown."
On page 168, for Manning, read " Manny."

Wherever W. Wood occurs, read W. A. Wood.

i

FIFTH ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

FIFTH ANNUAL EXHIBITION

OF THE

UNITED STATES AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Fifth Annual Exhibition of the United States Agri-
cultural Society was held near Louisville, Kentucky, on
Monday, August 31, and on Tuesday, Wednesday, Thurs-
day, Friday and Saturday, September 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th and
6th, 1857. A guarantee fund of thirty thousand dollars, as
an indemnity against expenses over receipts, had been sub-
scrified by the public-spirited citizens of Louisville, and
efficient local officers and committees had made all the
arrangements, which were upon the most liberal scale. Pre-
miums, amounting in the aggregate to upwards of twelve
thousand dollars, were offered for various classes of Domestic
Animals, Farm Products, Fruits, Flowers, Native Wines,
Agricultural Implements and Machinery. Invitations were
afterwards extended to the artists, artisans and tlie manu-
facturers of the vicinage, to bring the products of their
genius and of their industry to the Exhibition.

THE GROUNDS.

The grounds liberally placed at the disposition of the
United States Agricultural Society, were those of the South-
western Agricultural and Mechanical Association, which
are pleasantly located about three miles from Louisville.

236

Thej comprise nearly fifty acres, bounded on one side by
the Frankfort Railroad, and by a turnpike ; while on the
opposite side is another turnpike which also furnishes direct
communication with the city of Louisville. The surface is
undulating, covered with a thick growth of luxuriant " blue-
grass," and studded with clumps of noble forest-trees, inter-
spersed here and there with spacious edifices for the purposes
of the Society to which they belong. These grounds and
edifices had been put in thorough repair and order for the
occasion, under the efficient direction of Hon. Gibson Mal-
LORY, Cliairman of the Local Executive Committee. Com-
modious buildings, spacious marquees, commodious tents,
and comfortable stalls for cattle had been erected, and above
them waved the standard of the United States Agricutural
Society, with the pennons of its officers, and a profusion of
national flags.

The "• Entrance Hall," into which visitors stepped directly
from the railroad platform, is a picturesque structure, con-
taining large waiting-rooms for ladies and gentlemen. Pass-
ing througli its noble vestibule into the grounds, a broad
avenue leads through the centre of the grounds to a large
Louse, used as parlors and dressing-rooms for ladies. On
the right of this avenue is " Floral Hall," a large octagonal
building ; — " Implement and ^Machine Hall," a commodious
structure, with conveniences for steam-power ; — a mammoth
tent had been erected on this occasion as a " Manufacturer's
Hall ; " — and there were " Refreshment Saloons," a " Tele-
graph Office," and a variety of " Private Stables." On the
other side of the avenue, stands the colossal ''Amphitheatre,"
encircled by a track for trials of horses ; — and in a grove
near by were the " President's Marquee," the " Press Tent,"
and the " Marshals' Tent." Beyond these is another cot-
tage, also devoted to the use of the ladies; — and another
building for refreshments. Li the rear, arranged in long
rows, were eight hundred substantial " box-stalls " for horses
and for cattle, with pens for sheep and for hogs. Granaries
containing an abundant supply of feed for the stock ex-
hibited ; — platform scales were erected for weighing stock,

237

and an abundant supply of water was furnished from wells
and springs.

SUPERINTENDENTS AND MARSHALS.

The Executive Committee, while retaining the general
supervision of the Exhibition, entrusted each Department to
the charge of a Superintendent, who received his daily in-
structions from President Wilder. The superintendence of
the grounds was confided to John Henry Thomas, Esq.,
Field Marshal, who was assisted in his arduous duties by an
efficient corps of Assistant Marshals, — all uniformly attired.
This volunteer corps of gentlemen were mounted on spirited
steeds, and whenever seen on the ground in the exercise of
their authority, they elicited admiration and commanded
respect.

FIRST DAY.— Holiday, AHgiist 31.

It had been originally announced that the Exhibition
would be opened to the public on Tuesday, the first of Sep-
tember, but it afterwards became apparent that in order to
do justice to the various departments, it would be necessary
to occupy the entire week, commencing on Monday mornuig.
Every arrangement had been completed, and a large propor-
tion of the stock had arrived on the Saturday previous, so
that the Exhibition was open at the appointed time on Mon-
day. It was a beautiful morning, the atmospliere was clear
and invigorating, the sky was cloudless, and the picturesque
" encampment of a great agricultural army" was lit up by
the mellow rays of an autumnal sun.

THE AMPHITHEATRE.

This structure, wlierc the Exhibition was inaugurated, is
admirably calculated for the display of horses and of cattle.
It is an ornamental, circular wooden edifice, two hundred
and ten feet in its exterior diameter, and is modelled after

238

the Coliseum of ancient Rome. From the interior arena,
tiers of seats rise one behind the other to a broad promenade
platform, around the other edge of which is still another
seat, running the entire circumference. Over these seats
is an ornamental roof, supported by fluted columns at the
inner and at the outer edge, while from without eleven broad
staircases lead to the promenade platform. Beneath a por-
tion of the seats appropriated for invited guests, are com-
modious offices for the Secretary, the Treasurer, and the
Judges. In the centre of the arena is a pagoda shaped
structure, surmounted by a flag-staff". The upper story of
this is occupied by the band in attendance, and the lower
story by the President of the Exhibition, his private Secre-
tary, and the Judges on duty, who are summoned by a crier.

EXHIBITING IN "THE RING."

Horses or cattle of a designated class, having been brought
from their stables under direction of the Superitendent in
whose Department they are, are led into the arena or "ring,"
when the gates are opened at the signal-tap of the bell. The
Judges then examine them, and having sent away the unsuc-
cessful ones, the victors are decorated with the badges of
superiority. The animal to which the first premium is
awarded, is designated by a blue ribbon ; the one receiving
the second premium by a pink ribbon, and the one receiving
the third premium by a white ribbon. The decorated animals
are then led around the arena for inspection by the multi-
tude, and then retire through gates opposite to those by
which they entered, to be succeeded in a like manner by
the next class.

This method of exhibition was highly approved of by gen-
tlemen from the Atlantic States, who witnessed it at Louis-
ville for the first time. It was their opinion that while it
greatly increases the isolation of judges from the intruders,
and allows of the more complete display of tlie points of the
animals, at the same time enables thousands to inspect the
examination, and by their united verdict to ratify or to annul

239

the decisions of the Judges. By introducing class after class
of animals, and by making one breed succeed the other, the
interest is unflaggingly maintained throughout the day, and
a large number of spectators are made familiar with the
appearance . and points of good cattle, horses and other do-
mestic animals.

THE IXAUGURATIOX CEREMONIES.

Long before the appointed hour, the spacious amphitheatre
was crowded with a brilliant assemblage, and precisely at
ten o'clock the sound of martial music announced that
President Wilder had entered the grounds. He had been
escorted from the city by the " Louisville Association of
Butchers," a fine-looking body of mounted men, marshalled
by Messrs. George Kice and Lours Rehm. They had two
bands, each in a decorated vehicle, their horses were gaily
caparisoned, and the riders were uniformed in white linen
frocks, blue silk sashes, and black hats.

President Wilder, on entering his marquee, received the
invited guests, and extended to them the hospitalities of the
Exhibition. A procession was immediately formed, by the
Field Marshal and his Aids, of the Officers of the United
States Agricultural Society, Local Officers, Invited Guests,
Members of the Press, Judges, Visiting Delegations, and
Members of the Society, escorted by the Association of
Butchers, which opened to the right and left as it entered
the arena, the procession moved into the amphitheatre. Pres-
ident Wilder was then introduced to the vast audience by
Hon. Gibson Mallory, President of the " Southwestern
Agricultural and Mechanical Association," and was received
with enthusiastic applause. When it had subsided. Presi-
dent Wilder, delivered, — in a distinct voice heard by the
thousands of spectators — the following: —

INAUGURAL ADDRESS.

Ladies and Gentlemen : — We have met in this thriving,
populous, and patriotic city — in this gate-way of the West —
to celebrate by appropriate ceremonies the Fifth Annual
Exhibition of our National Association.

240

In behalf of the United States Agricultural Society, in
behalf of the Southwestern Agricultural and Mechanical
Association, at whose invitation we are here assembled, and
in behalf of the generous citizens of Louisville, whose guar-
anty fund secures the success of this enterprise, and whose
liberality has made such ample provision for our accommoda-
tion, I bid you welcome to the privileges and enjoyments of
this occcasion.

We have come up with our flocks and herds — with the
products of the field, the work-shop, the orchard, and gar-
den— to excite a spirit of invention, emulation, and improve-
ment, not in agriculture alone, but in all the useful and
ornamental arts of which she is the common parent, and to
bestow on genius and on merit their appropriate reward.

We come from different and distant sections of this great
Eepublic. We meet as citizens, representing our various
districts, but with no other rivalry than a laudable ambition
to advance the progress of science and art, so wonderfully
displayed in our age, and to promote those great industrial
pursuits which redound equally to the honor, benefit, and
welfare of all. Most sincerely do I congratulate you upon
the cheering prospects which attend the opening of this
Exhibition, and iipon the salutary influences wliich it is cal-
culated to exert upon the prosperity, union and happiness of
our common country !

We rejoice to meet on this occasion the many distinguished
guests, oflicers, and delegates of other associations, this
splendid array of the butchers of Louisville, and especially
the fair daughters of our land who have assembled to honor
us and our cause with their presence. Ladies, we greet
you with a welcome fresh from our hearts. Nothing could
be more appropriate than yow presence. We rejoice, there-
fore, to meet you here in this amphitheatre, where your
beauty encircles us with garlands of female loveliness, and,
like a constellation of bright stars sparkling in the horizon,
adorns and lends enchantment to the scene.

Farmers, Friends, and Fellow- Citizens : — Happy am I to
meet you on the return of our national jubilee, and to

241

extend to each of you tlic right hand of fellowship. Whether
you come from the great Tallies and fertile fields of the
West, the broad plains of the genial and sunny South, or
from the manufacturing districts of the North — from what-
ever profession or art of life, from whatever position in
society you come — I bid you welcome to a participation
with us in the labors, the rewards, and the triumphs
of industry. In view of our present privileges and the
glorious prospects for the future, let us act in a manner
worthy of the deep responsibilities which rest upon us as
American citizens. Let our past history and success excite
us to attain to further and greater excellence in all the arts
and in all the relations of life, and thus let us go on devel-
oping in richer abundance the exhaustless resources of our
national domain — rising higher and higher in the scale of
human perfection, grandeur, and glory, and rejoicing as one
great family, forever and forever, in the blessings of a pros-
perous and united people.

In discharge of my official duty, I now proclaim this Fifth
Annual Exhibition of the United States Agricultural Society
to be duly opened, and that it will remain so during the
present week. The order of exercises will proceed in accord-
ance with the printed programme of each day.

After the delivery of this pertinent address, which was
received with frequent demonstrations of approbation, the
band in attendance played " Hail Columbia," and the caval-
cade left the amphitheatre. The "Marshal of the Arena"
then introduced the

GRAND CAVALCADE OF HORSES.

This comprised all the horses entered for premium, some
of them magnificent animals. " Wagner," the famous con-
queror of " Grey Eagle," led the van, active as a colt,
although more than twenty years of age. Then came other
horses, of undoubted pedigree, among them three full-bred
Arabians, recently brought from the Desert of Arabia, by A.
Keene Richards, Esq., of Georgetown, Kentucky. Thorough-

242

bred Mares and Colts, Trotting Horses of the famous Black
Hawk and Morgan stock, Matched Horses, and animals for
heavy draft, each came in their turn, and many won the
plaudits of the spectators.

TRIALS OF SPEED.

While the long cavalcade was passing through the amphi-
theatre, the " trials of speed" were commenced, under direc-
tion of a Board of Judges appointed by President Wilder,
on the track. This track was half a mile in length, but it
is but justice to the owners of horses tried on it to state, that
it was in bad order, and that two of the tnrns were so
" sharp " as to render it necessary for drivers to check their
speed in passing around them. Each horse trotted alone,
strictly " against time."

PREMIUMS AWARDED.

Trotting Stallions over Five Years Old. I. " Green Mountain Black-
hawk," seven years old, by " Blackhawk Morgan," raised at Bridgeport,
Vermont, owned by J. B. Crippen, Coldwater, Michigan, — time, 2:58.
II. " Young Hamiltonian," seven years old, no special breed, raised in
Vermont, and owned by J. L. Doty, — time, 3:08.

Trotting Stallions Four Years Old and under Five. I. " Bird Black-
hawk," owned by E. G. Thomas, — time, 3:58

Trotting Stallions under Four Years Old. I. " Clifton," by " Pilot,
jr.," raised in Fayette Co., Kentucky, owned by AV. J. Bradley, — time,
3:12. 11. "Henry Clay," by Cassius, owned by Dr. Spalding, Greenup
Co., Kentucky, — time, 3:19.

THE DINNER HOUR. .

At one o'clock, on every day of the Exhibition, a recess
was taken, for the purpose of allowing opportunity for the
refreshment of the inner-selves of the thousands assembled.
President Wilder, with the officers, guests and members of
the United States Agricultural Society, marched each day in
procession to a dinner especially provided for them, in one
of the cottages on the ground. Others dined at the public
tables of the caterer, or at the private entertainments in the
rooms beneath the amphitheatre, fitted up for the purpose.
But the most agreeable spectacle of all was the pick-nicking

243

upon the beautiful green lawns, beneath the shade of noble
forest-trees, where knots of people were to be seen gathered
around ample baskets of provisions. Enjoyment reigned
supreme, and the shouts of merriment and the ring of
joyous laughter, enlivened by the popping corks from bottles
of native wine, was heard all over the grounds, adding zest
and life to the scene. The unbounded hospitality exercised
at these impromptu festivals, where one or two hundred
guests were often entertained, but added to the reputation
of " Old Kentucky."

AFTERNOON TRIALS OF SPEED.

The afternoon was devoted to trials of speed on the track,
and to an examination of the noble cattle, fine sheep, and
excellent swine in the stalls and the pens.

PREMIUMS AWARDED.

Trotting Mares, over Five Years Old. I. " Kate," owned by A. H.
Brand, Fayette, Co., Kentucky, — time, 3:05. II. "Kate," owned by P.
Satterwhite, Louisville, Kentucky, — time, 3:2L

Trotting Mares, Four Y'-ars Old and under Five. I. Bay roan, by
" Pilot, jr.," owned by George E. Heinsohn, jr., Jefferson Co., Kentucky, —
time, 3:2L 11. " Highland Mary," by " Messenger," raised in Oneida
Co., New York, and owned by Lawrence Daviess, — time, 3:32.

Trotting Mares, under Four Years Old. I. " Mary Porter," by "Ver-
mont," raised at Lexington, Kentucky, owned by Joseph L. Duncan, —
time, 3:50.

Trotting Geldings. I. " George," owned by W. B. Conant, Coldwater,
Michigan, — time, 3:03^. II. Dapple gray, owned by J. F. Caldwell,
Boyle Co., Kentucky, — time, 3:08.

THE INVITED GUESTS.

Prominent among the many distinguished gentlemen pres-
ent as invited guests on the opening day, were, — Hon. John
C. Breckinridge, Vice President of the United States ; Gov-
ernor Morehead, of Kentucky ; Hon. James B. Clay, M. C. ;
Col. Sidney Johnson, U. S. A. ; the Honorables Linn Boyd,
Cassius M. Clay, Archibald Dixon, L. W. P:well, J. W.
Frink, Jacob Tolbert, Brutus J. Clay, Charles T. Garrard,
and others, who omitted to record their names.

244

DELEGATES FROM AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES.

Hon. Thomas M. Clay, President, E. "W. Scott., Esq.,
Secretary, and W. S. Elam, H. E. Lewis, W. T. Barrett,
L. J, Bradford and J. J. Towles, Esqs., Directors of the
Kentucky State Agricultural Society. J. R. Barrett, Presi-
dent, and a delegation from the St. Louis Agricultural and
Mechanical Association. C. W. Webster, President, and a
delegation from the Illinois State Agricultural Society. L. G.
Morris, Thomas Richardson, and Samuel Thornc, Esqs., dele-
gates from the New York State Agricultural Society. Gen.
Tench Tilghman, James N. Goldsborough, Esq., and other
delegates from the Maryland State Agricultural Society.
John Pope, John Bond, Rice Bond, George L. Holmes, Wil-
liam Person, and Henry Lake, Esqs., delegates from the State
Agricultural Bureau of Tennessee. Judge Boudinot and
John McGowan, from Philadelphia Society for promoting
Agriculture. Secretary Dyer, of the Connecticut State Agri-
cultural Society ; Secretary Flint, of the Massachusetts State
Agricultural Society ; Treasurer Smyth, of the New Hamp-
shire State Agricultural Society ; and a large number of
officers and delegates, representing forty-eight County Agri-
cultural and Horticultural Societies. The number of States
thus represented was twenty-seven.

REPRESENTATIVES OF THE PRESS.

A feature of the Exhibition was the large number of
Editors and Reporters in attendance, representing "the press"
in almost every section of the country. They were cordially
welcomed and hospitably entertained by " the press of Louis-
ville, who were represented by an efficient committee.
Among them were : S. N. Stockwell, of the Boston Daily
Journal ; Thomas Affleck, New Orleans Picayune ; AVilliam
Holmes, St. Louis Republican; Henry S. Olcott, Neiv York
Daily Times ; William Duane Wilson, Iowa Farmer ; James
E. Worsham, Mempliis Evening Neivs ; C. E. Drapier, Indi-
ana Forum ; John H. McHenry, jr., Owensboro, (^Ky-^ Forum ;
William W. Posdick, Neiv York Spirit of the Times; Chas.
R. Deming, Indianapolis Sentinel; G. P. Gray, Albany (iY. Y.)

245

Evening Journal; A, S. Mitchell, St. Louis IntelUgencer ;
John Foster, Georgetoivn (^Ky.') Journal; W. M. French,
Jeffersonville Republican ; Wm. L. Avery, St. Louis Leader;
Thomas Haller, Frederick (^31d.') Examiner; Barton D. Jones
and James L. Brown, Lidianapolis Journal; George E. Greene,
Vincennes Sun ; M. and 0. Gregg, Neiv Albany Tribune ;
L. A. Wood, Somerset American ; N. J. Coleman, St. Louis
Valley Farmer; Thomas M. Green, Frankfort Common-
wealth ; John 0. Bullock, Paducah Herald ; S. I. M. Major,
Frankfort Yeoman; D. J. Powers, Madison Western Farmer ;
T. E. Massic, Chillicothe Democrat ; W. B. Lynch, Virginia
Washingtonian ; J. S. Hogan, Lexington Reporter; J. G.
Craddock, Paris Flagg; I. N. Morrison, Worthington Times;
R. H. King, Frankfort Commonwealth ; W. T. Dennis, Rich-
mond (^Ind.y Farmer; Howard Cox, Bloomington Republi-
can; S. Davis, Covington Journal; H. Madison, Southern
Advocate; R. Johnson, Michigan Farmer ; H. Watson, Ala-
bama Times ; C. S. Jones and R. Hicks, Rockport (^Lid.}
Democrat, and Geo. S. Phelps, Mississippi Enquirer. Other
gentlemen of " the press " only registered their names on
the book at the tent set apart for the " fraternity," which
was probably carried off by some collector of autographs of
distinguished individuals, as it never reached the business
office of the Society.

THE EVENING.

The evening was devoted to meetings of the various Com-
mittees, in order to perfect every arrangement. The vacan-
cies in the different Boards of Judges were generally filled,
and at nine o'clock the printed programme for the next day's
Exhibition was distributed at the business office and at the
hotels throughout the city. This was done every evening
during the week.

A large number of eminent practical and theoretical agri-
culturalists called on President Wilder, at his rooms, among
them Col. Lewis Sanders, of Grass Hills, the originator of

246

THE FIRST CATTLE SHOW IN THE AVEST.

This was held, as Col. Sanders informed the gentlemen
present, on his own farm near Lexington, Kentucky, in July,

1816. The judges, selected by him, were : Judge Harry
Innis, of Franklin Co. ; Nathaniel Hart, of Woodford Co. ;
Capt. Fowler, of Lexington, and Capt. John Jewett, of Bath.
A fine collection of cattle, sheep and hogs were brought
together, and the judges, after careful examination, awarded
nearly twenty silver cups, costing twelve dollars each, as
premiums. The citizens of Louisville had, at the request of
Col. Sanders, contributed the funds to pay for these cups —
all other expenses were defrayed, and all the arrangements
were made by him personally. Among other distinguished
guests at this pioneer-show, was Henry Clay, who addressed
the assembled crowd. The whole affair passed off to the
satisfaction of all present, and was repeated the next year,

1817, when a larger concourse of people assembled, and more
stock was exhibited. In 1818, a " Kentucky State Agricul-
tural Society" was organized at Lexington, of which Gov-
ernor Isaac Shelby was President, and Thomas T. Barr,
Secretary.

SECOND DAY.— Tuesday, Sqitembci 1.

The weather continued delightful, the heavens smiling in
the same kindly manner that gave glory and pleasure to the
inaugurating occasion. The first of the autumnal months
extended his greeting with mature beauty, and there was a
brilliancy of sky and a purity of atmosphere that is not
seen through the summer. During the afternoon, however,
clouds occasionally overcast the heavens, but only to afford
by contrast a more correct idea of the excessive brightness
of the opening of autumn. At an early hour the whole
population of the city seemed to be on its way to the Exhi-
bition, crowding the frequent trains on the railroad, or occu-
pying the continuous linos of vehicles on the turnpike roads.

247

The Local Committee had energetically made some neces-
sary alterations in the stables, &c., and the Superintendents
of different Departments had nearly all concluded their pre-
liminary duties of arrangement. At the appointed hour the
programme for the day was commenced, and every detail
was punctually carried out.

THE JUDGES.

The Judges had been selected with "great care, Irom among
the gentlemen best qualified in various sections of the Union.
A large majority of these were punctually in attendance,
and the vacancies were so filled on the ground, that each
Board contained representatives from five, seven, or nine
different States, giving a national stamp to its verdict, in
addition to the high personal reputation of individual mem-
bers.

Each Board of Judges was furnished with a book, in which
was copied all entries in the class upon which the merits of
which they were to decide. The owner's name, the weight,
age, breed, birth-place, pedigree and other information con-
cerning animals, and the place of manufacture, date of patent,
cost, and owner's name of machines and implements, were
thus in the hands of the Judges. When they had made
their decisions they entered them in these same books, which
were then returned to the Secretary.

DISPLAYS IN THE AMPHITHEATRE.

The leading feature of the second day was the Exhibition
of Durham, Devon, and Fat Cattle, affording the most mag-
nificent display of these noble animals ever witnessed on the
American continent, and rarely equalled in England. The
number exhibited, in some of the classes, was not large, as
the well known fame of cattle which it was known would
be there, kept away many. But in point of excellence, the
show was declared by many good judges present superior to
any ever witnessed.

In the afternoon the scene was enlivened with an exhibi-
tion of heavy horses and of saddle-geldings. The draft-

248

horses were of a superior cliaracter, and they performed
wonders when attached to heavy loads. The saddle-horses
were fine looking, easy moving, and so thoroughly trained
as to excite general admiration. Many of them had been
taught to gallop, canter, trot, pace and walk, and when at
full speed would shift their gait from a pace to a canter, or
from a gallop to a trot, at a signal given by a peculiar pull
at the bit by the rider. The rider of the horse to which the
premium .was awarded was master Railey, (a son of the
owner,) aged about thirteen, who also received a compli-
mentary premium for the superiority of his horsemanship.

PREMIUMS AWARDED.

Durha:m Bulls, three years old and over : I. " Sirius," R. A. Alexan-
der, Woodford Co., Ky.; 11. " Crusader," R. G. Corwin, Wayne Co., Ohio ;
— Two years old and under three: I. " Dalma," Charles T. Garrard, Bour-
bon Co., Ky.; II. "Yora," Nelson T. Lee, Bo3'le Co., Ky. ; — One year old
and under two: I. "Turk," R. A. Alexander, Woodford Co., Ky. ; II.
" Saladin," Craig & Johnson, Scott Co., Ky.

DuRH.\M Cows AND Heifers, three years old and over: I. " Forget-me-
not," R. A. Alexander, Woodford Co., Ky.; II. "Dutchess of Athol," R.
A. Alexander, Woodford Co., Ky.; — Tico years old and under three: I.
" Iranna," George M. Bedford, Bouhon Co., Ky. ; II. " Maid of Oak
Lane," Col. S. Meredith, Wayne Co., Indiana ; — One year old and under
two : I. " Mazurka 4th," R. A. Alexander, Woodford Co., Ky.; II. " Ma-
zurka 2d," R. A. Alexander, Woodford Co., Ky.; — under one year old:
I. Col. S. Meredith, Wayne Co., Indiana ; IL " Dolly Madison," S. Mere-
dith, Wayne Co., Indiana.

DuRHAX Herds, oyiJu?? «?!C? J?fe Cows. I. R. A. Alexander, Wood-
ford Co., Ky.; II. R. A. Alexander, Woodford Co., Ky.

Devon Bulls. Three years old and over: I. "Duke of Devon,"
Charles A. Ely, Eiyria, Loraine Co., Ohio ; II. " Bryan," Paul Wing,
Montgomery Co., Ohio; — one year old and under two: I. "Victory,"
Charles A. Ely, Eiyria, Loraine Co., Ohio; — imder one year old: I.
Charles A. Ely, Eiyria, Loraine Co., Ohio; II. "Archer," Paul Wing,
Montgomery Co., Ohio.

Devon Cows and Heu-ers. Three years old and over : I. "Jenny
Lind," Charles A. Ely, Eiyria, Loraine Co., Ohio ; IL " Victoria," Charles
A. Ely, Eiyria, Loraine Co., Ohio; — tzco years old and under three: I.
" Ida," Charles A. Ely, Eiyria, Loraine Co., Ohio ; IL " Ida 2d," Charles
A. Ely, Eiyria, Loraine Co., Ohio ; — under one year : I. " Lady Jane,"
Paul Vving, Montgomery Co., Ind.; IL "Ida 3d," Charles A. Ely, Eiyria,
Loraine Co., Ohio.

249

Devon Herds, of Bid! and Jive Cows : I. Charles A. Ely, Elyria, Lor-
aine Co., Ohio; II. Paul Wing, INIontgomery Co., Indiana.

Fat Bullocks. Five years old and n^ncards : I. Isaac Shelby, Fayette
Co., Ky.; II. George Davidson, Wayne Co., Ind.; —four years old and
tinder Jive: James Calloway, Henry Co., Ky.: II. Isaac Shelby, Fayette
Co., Ky.; three years old and tinder four : I. Isaac Shelby, Fayette Co.;
11. J. M. Calloway, Henry Co., Ky.

Free Martins AND Fat Heifers.. Five years old and over: I. Geo.
Davidson, Wayne Co., Ky.; II. W. L. Waddy, Shelby Co., Ky.; — fotir
years old and under Jive : I. William R. Estille, Fayette Co., Ky.; II.
Isaac Shelby, Fayette Co., Ky.; — three years old and under four : I. Isaac
Shelby, Fayette Co., Ky.

Draft Stallions. Three years old and uptvards : I. Hoggins & Brad-
ford, Boone Co., Ky.; II. Ewing & Hikes. Louisville, Ky.: — two years old
and under three : I. James Henderson, Fayette Co., Kv.: II. Albert Ford,
Oldham Co., Ky.; — one year old and, tinder two : I. J. S. Todhunter,
Fayette Co., Ky.; — under one year old: I. Z. Belle, Shelby Co., Ky.

Draft Mares. Over one year and under two : I. M. Miles, Henry Co

Saddle Geldings : I. Logan Railey, Woodford Co., Ky.

MEETING OF THE STATE SOCIETY.

In the evening the Kentucky State Agricultural Society-
held a special meeting at the Merchants' Exchange, to which
all friends of agriculture were cordially invited. Hon, Brutus
J. Clay, (the President of the Society,) presided, and Hon.
Eobert W. Scott, (Corresponding Secretary of the Society,)
acted as Secretary.

After the meeting had been called to order, a resolution
was unanimously adopted, expressive of the sense of the obli-
gation felt by the Kentucky Sta.te Society to the United States
Society, for holding their Fifth Annual Exhibition at Louis-
ville, and inviting the officers and members of the last named
Association to visit, before they left the State, the farms of
the members of the Kentucky Society.

A committee having been appointed to carry this resolution
to President Wilder, returned with that gentleman, who was
greeted with applause. He had come, he said, to briefly ac-
knowledge in person the compliment paid to the Society over
which he presided, and also to express his thanks for the
many civilities extended to himself and to others connected
IT

250

with the United States Agricultural Society, in Kentucky.
After acknowledging these courtesies, he briefly passed in
review the excellent features of the Exhibition, expressing
his regret that while the best imported specimens from the
best English herds were present, their reputation had kept
away owners of that fine stock to be found throughout Ken-
tucky and the adjacent States.

Gentlemen from different States were then called upon for
an interchange of sentiments, opinions and information on
Agricultural topics, and the meeting was prolonged until a
late hour, when it was adjourned until the next evening. As
it was held by the State Society, a detailed report of the
proceedings would be out of place here ; but the value and
interest of the remarks offered were encouraging to the
friends of Agriculture. There were no angry recriminations
or selfish intrigues, but perfect harmony of purpose and
unity of action marked the whole proceedings. Men from
all sections of the Republic met in friendly and familiar inter-
course, to socially exchange such information and opinions
as would " speed the Plough ! "

THIRD DAY.— >yeancs(lay, September $.

Another beautiful day, a slight shower the evening pre-
vious having laid the dust, and tempered the atmosphere to
a dcliglitful degree of coolness. Every arrangement had been
perfected, and the order of the programme was punctually
followed, enabling visitors to witness the exhibition of any
particular class of stock, witliout taking time which might
be more profitably occupied in visiting other departments.
The large amount of machinery driven by the steam engines
was in full operation, mowing and reaping machines were
moving over the field, clattering horse-powers propelled the
threshing-machines, and animation everywhere prevailed.

251

DISPLAYS IN THE AMPHITHEATRE.

The fine United States Band, kindly detailed from the
Newport Barracks by Col. Buchanan, enlived the exhibitions
in the amphitheatre, which were witnessed by a large au-
dience. Different classes of Ayrshire and Herefords were
first shown — superior animals, of pure blood and possessing
fine points. The herds of Fat Cattle closed the morning's
exhibition, and never in America were such monstrous speci-
mens of the bovine race seen.

After the usual dispersion for dinner, (which was as usual
supplied with genuine Kentucky hospitality,) the bell gave
the signal for re-opening the displays in the amphitheatre,
and the spacious tiers of seats were soon crowded to their
utmost capacity. Horses were to be exhibited, and it is an
undeniable fact that a large audience always congregates to
witness any display of the qualities of these noble animals.
Stallions for general utility were first on the programme,
and the greatest enthusiasm pervaded the vast assemblage,
when the gates were thrown open, and sixteen magnificent
horses came prancing in, led by grooms or driven under har-
ness. They were all offshoots of thorough-bred or of noted
trotting-stock, and seemed as proud in their carriage as if
they wished to win the plaudits of the ten thousand people
who were looking at them. After they had passed around
the ring several times, amid the cheers of the assemblage,
the inexorable Judges ordered one after another away until
only four remained — viz: a bay of the " Halcom " and
" Whip " stock ; a full blooded " j\Iorgan ; " a beautiful
" Black Hawk ; " and another bay of the " Diomed " and
"Sir William" stock. The sympathies of the crowd were
with the Black Hawk, and as he trotted evenly around the
ring, over-excited spectators shouted : " Give the Black the
blue ribbon — give it to the Black!" But the Judges de-
cided that the two bays were entitled to the ribbons, and
their judgment was endorsed by those best versed in horse-
flesh. Combining muscular strength with symmetry of form,
elegance of action, and qualifications for speed, they were

252

undoubtedly best fitted for " general iitility " — light harness,
the saddle, the plough and the team. Succeeding classes of
younger stallions, mares and fillies were also composed of
very superior animals, and their movements in the arena
provoked loud and frequent outbursts of applause from the
delighted spectators.

It is a favorite boast with the Kentuckians that they are
decidedly Arabic in their sentiments with reference to their
horses, and, (in a figurative point of view,) their stables are
their Meccas, towards which they worship with a feeling next
to idolatry. On this occasion, these Kentucky Meccas seemed
to have yielded up their choicest treasures, which, with the
numerous contributions from other States, formed probably
one of the finest displays of horses of all classes " for general
utility " ever witnessed.

FLORAL HALL.

It had been impossible to get the contributions of fruit,
flowers and the fine arts in order at an earlier period, and it
was not until Wednesday noon that Floral Hall was formally
opened to the public. This beautiful octagonal temple, dedi-
cated to Flora and Pomona, was erected expressly for the
Exhibition, at a heavy expense. It was about one hundred
feet in diameter, and the same in height in the centre. A
wide gallery encircles its interior, and it was decorated
throughout with evergreens, gracefully arranged and festooned.

Wide tables around and in the centre of the lower floor,
were loaded with the choicest productions of the garden, the
green-house, the orchard and the field. Massachusetts and
Louisiana, Oregon and Georgia, Wisconsin and Pennsylvania,
with many intermediate States — vied with each other in
contributing vegetables of an almost miraculous size, fruits
and grapes of the most tempting appearance, substantial
staples of life, and flowers such as might have bloomed in
Eden, and have lent their fragrance to that Paradise ere the
fall. Among the fruit (although not entered for premium)
was a collection of one hundred different varieties of pears,

253

from the grounds of President Wilder, at Dorchester, near
Boston, Mass.

In the gallery there was a fine display of manufactured
articles, and works of art, including a series of portraits of
valuable horses, painted by Mr. E. Troye, which attracted
general admiration. These miscellaneous articles were ex-
amined by sub-committees, whose reports were received,
amended and consolidated in the reports of the General
Committee on Manufactured Articles, Implements, and Ma-
chinery.

THE POULTRY DEPARTMENT.

Liberal premiums were offered for poultry. Compara-
tively few " fancy fowl " were offered, especially of the mon-
strous Asiatic varieties ; but the ordinary varieties of domes-
tic poultry were well represented.

THE MACHINE HALL.

This large edifice, erected for the occasion, was furnished
with "power" by a fine steam-engine from the Newark
(Ohio) Machine Works. The great variety and novelty of
the machines in operation, showed that the highest me-
chanical skill of our country is taxed to supply the place
of hand-labor by machinery. Well have these labor^aving
machines been called types of the progressive spirit of the
age, which thus presses the giant forces of nature into the
service of the yeoman.

The " Machine Hall," with the " Implement Tent," and
the test-trials in the field, were under the superintendence
of that noted machinist, Joseph E. Holmes, of Ohio, who
had conducted the Grand Trial of Reapers and Mowers at
Syracuse.

PREMIUMS AWARDED.

Hereford Bulls, Three Years Old and over: 1. "Prince of AVales,"
John Humphreys, Loraine Co., Ohio ; II. " Charles," W. H. Sotham,
Owego Co., New York; — Two Years Old and under TJiree: I. "Fair
Boj'," Thomas Aston, Loraine Co., Ohio;-!— One Year Old and undei'
Two : I. " Ranger," W. Sotham. Owego Co., New York.

254

Hereford Cows and Heifers, Three Years Old and over: I. "Dutch-
ess," Thomas Aston, Loraine Co., Ohio ; H. "Mayflower," W. H. Sotham,
Owego Co., New York; — Two Years Old and under Three: I. "Princess
Royal," John Humphreys, Loraine Co., Ohio ; H. " Wood Lass," W. H.
Sotham, Owego Co., New York; — One Year Old and under Two: 1.
"Beauty," Thomas Aston, Loraine Co., Ohio: — Under One Year Old:
1. " Prudence," W. H. Sotham, Owego Co., Ncav York ; H. " Woodlark,"
W. H. Sotham, Owego Co., New York.

Hereford Herds, of Bull and Five Cows: I., W. H. Sotham, Owego
Co., New York.

Ayrshire Bulls, Three Years Old and over : I. " Home," J. W.
Goslee, Jefferson Co., Ky. ; H., R. A. Alexander, Woodford Co., Ky. ; —
One Year Old and under Two: L, S. Berryman, Boston, Ky.

Ayrshire Cows, Three Years Old and over : I. " Queen," R. A. Alex-
ander, Woodford Co., Ky. ; H. " Arvelve Lass," R. A. Alexander, Wood-
ford Co., Ky.; — Two Years Old and under Three: I. " ," R. A. Alex-
ander, Woodford Co., Ky. — H. " ," R. A. Alexander, Woodford Co.,

Ky. ; — Under One Year Old : I. " Tunie," R. A. Alexander, Woodford
Co., Ky. ; H. "Lilie," R. A. Alexander, Woodford Co., Ky.

Ayrshire Herds, of Bull and Five Coics: I., R. A. Alexander, AVood-
ford Co., Ky.

Herds of Fat Cattle. I., Isaac Shelby, Fayette Co., Ky.

Stallions for General Utility, over Four Years Old: L " Mur-
dock," James Minor, Nelson Co., Ky.; IL " Sir William," J. D. Smith,
Clark Co., Ky.; — Three Years Old and under Four: I. "Rob Roy," J.
F. Payne, Scott Co., Ky.; H. " Belshazzar," John T. Ewing, Beechland,
Ky.; — Two Years Old and under Three: L "Black William," Robert
Garnett, Woodford, Co., Ky.; H. "Lord Wellington," Thomas Hender-
son, Fayette Co., Ky.; — One Year Old and under Two : I. " Daniel

Boone," James L. Crim, Fayette Co., Ky.; H. " ," Jas. Minor, Nelson

Co., Ky.; — Under One Year Old: I. " ," J. C. Montague, Lexington,

Ky.; H. " Romulus," N. F. Lee, Danville, Ky.

Mares and Fillies for General Utility, over Four Years old:

I. " ," R. T. Downing, Fayette Co., Ky.; H. " Kate Brown," Nelson

T. Lee, Danville, Ky.; — Three Years Old and tinder Four: L " Julia

Morgan," W. H. Frederick, Jefterson Co., Ky.; H. " ," William

Abbott, Scott Co., Ky.; — Two Years Old and under Three: L " ,"

Joseph McClasky, Nelson Co., Ky.; H. " ," H. Thompson, Clark

Co., Ky.

Poultry. Shanghais : Andrew Buchanan, Louisville, Ky.; — Bramah
Pootras, W. L. Oldham, Jefferson Co., Ky.; — Bantams, J. K. Taylor,
Lexington, Ky.; — Turkies, W. L. Oldham, Jefterson Co., Ky.; — Wild
Geese, W. L. Oldham, Jefferson Co., Ky.

Fruits. Best collections of Apples : L Lawrence Young, Jefferson
Co., Ky.; IL John Sigerson & Brother, St. Louis, Missouri; — Best Ihirty

255

varieties of Ajiples : I. Hobbs, Walker & Co., Jefferson Co., Ky.; 11. O.
Hite, Jefferson Co., Ky.; — Best Twelve varieties of Apples : I. Jacob
Johnson, Jefferson Co., Ky.; II. George E. Hancock, Jefferson Co., Ky.; —
Best Dish of Apples: I. George E. Heinsohn, Jefferson Co., Ky.; II. J.
M. Robinson, Ky.; — Best collection of Pears: [Mr. Wilder not entering
for premium.] I. AYilliam Heaver, Ohio ; II. John Sigerson & Brother
St. Louis, Missouri ; — Best Thirty varieties of Pears : I. William Heaver,
Ohio; — Best Twelve varieties of Pears: I. John A. Warder, Ohio; —
Best Dish of Pears : I. Jacob Johnson, Ky.; II. S. L. Gaar, Jefferson Co.,
Ky.; — Best collection of Peaches : I. John E. Willey, Ind.; II. John W.
Wright, Ind.; — Best Dish of White-flesh Cling Peaches: I. John F. Wil-
ley, Ind.; II. Jacob Clore, Ky.; — Watermelons: I. William Hinton, Ky., —
Mush Melons : I. George E. Heinsohn, Ky.; — Plums : I. P. S. Bui'ke,
Ky.; II. John Thatcher, Ky. ; — Catatvissa Raspberries: I. John A.
Warder, Ohio.

Gkapes. Foreign varieties: I. N. Durfee, Massachusetts; II. Wm.
Heaver, Ohio ; — Native or Seedling : I. Miss E. J. Todd, Ind.; — Isabella:
I. Harry Nantz, Ky.; II. Jacob Johnson, Ky. ; — Catawba: I. Jacob
Johnson, Ky.; O. Hite, Ky.

Garden Products. Best collection : John Thatcher, Jefferson Co.,
Kentucky.

Flowers. Poses : I. W. Heaver, Cincinnati ; II. E. Wilson, Louis-
ville;— Dahlias: I.E. Fergurson, Mihvaukie, Wis.; H. E. Wilson, Louis-
ville;— Exotics: I. E. Wilson, Louisville; — II. J. P. Morton Louis-
ville ; — Annuals : I. J. P. Morton, Louisville ; — Herbaceous Plants : I.
Moore & Serp, Louisville ; II. W. Heaver, Cincinnati ; — Best Floral
Designs : I. E. Wilson, Louisville ; II. Dr. Ross, Jefferson Co., Ky.

FOURTH DAY.— Thursday, September 3cl.

As had been hopefully predicted, Thursday eclipsed even
the two preceding days in interest, and in the number of
visitors, many of them strangers of distinction. The weather
was such as always seems to favor exhibitions over which
Col. Wilder presides, and the scene upon the grounds was
of the most exciting and interesting character, " from early
morn till dewy eve." From the Amphitheatre came the
shouts of the people and the clear, soft tones of music ; cheer
after cheer greeted some favorite horse as he swept around
the track ; in the Floral Hall all was gayety and bustle ; the

256

stirring sounds of industry were heard around and within
the Manufacturer's Tent and Implement Hall ; the Marquee
of the President was filled with eminent guests ; there was
a mystic meeting in the " Press-Tent ; " mounted marshals
gallopped to and fro, while swarming everywhere was the
populace, pouring hitherward and thitherward as is recorded
in Scripture — men parting from their wives, wives separated
from their husbands, and children mourning the temporary
loss of parents. Yet the " work " moved on like " clock-
work ! "

DISPLAYS IX THE AMPHITHEATRE.

Classes of Jersey cattle and milch cows were exhibited in
the morning, while in the afternoon classes of horses attracted
the universal and apparently unalloyed satisfaction of the
mass of spectators who filled every seat, and occupied every
standing-place. Ladies waved their handkerchiefs, and gen-
tlemen cheered lustily as class after class of the equine race
was in turn brought before them. Every taste was gratified !
There were horses that could run — horses that could pace —
horses that could trot — saddle-horses and harness-horses —
with draft-horses that could apparently draw any reasonable
load over any reasonable road. The drivers of some of the
" teams" would have put to the blush any of the charioteers
who figured in the Olympian races, and there were men,
(aye, and mere boys,) astride of well-trained horses, who
appeared to have been born in their saddles — perfect centuars.

TRIALS OF SPEED.

While the exhibitions were going on in the amphitheatre,
there was a constant successions of " trials of speed against
time" on the track, around the baniers of Avliich a sea of
humanity pressed like an ocean-wave against a break-water.
Everything passed off in the most orderly manner, and no
accident occurred to mar the harmony of the exciting scene.

257

EXHIBITION OF SHEEP.

There was an unusually choice exhibition of sheep, which
attracted crowds during the whole exhibition to the pens
where they were kept. There were the fine-wooled Saxons —
the luxuriant Cotswolds — the delicious Southdowns — the
prized Merinos — and the famed Improved Kentucky breed,
perfected by the Hon. Robert W. Scott.

These " Improved Kentucky Sheep," are the result of a
twenty years endeavor to combine in the same animal the
hardiness and prolific quality of the native sheep, the size
and thrift of the Cots wold, the symmetry of form and deli-
cacy of mutton of the Southdown, and a fleece which unites
to the weight and length of the Qbtswold the thickness and
softness of the Saxony. Clothed to the neck and to the ears
in a thick, long and impenetrable fleece, they face the
bleakest winters, and the hotest, wettest summers, thriving
on the commonest feed.

DISPLAY OF SWINE.

There was a long row of pens, filled with contented porkers
of every description, from the huge paternal head of the
family and his mammoth partner down to the tiniest of pigs —
nice, clean, intelligent little grunters, fit to grace a lady's
boudoir.

TRIALS OF IMPLEMENTS.

Acting in accordance with a resolution of the Society, that
all Implements exhibited should be tried in the field, sub-
committees were busily engaged in testing ploughs, culti-
vators, harrows, horse -powers, corn -planters, seed-sowers?
threshing-mills, a hoop-splitting machine, Ayer's self-acting
pump, portable steam-engines, and other valuable labor-
saving inventions.

PREMIUMS AWARDED.

Jersey Cows. Three years old and over: I. " ," R. A. Alexander,

Woodford Co.. Ky.; — one year old and under two: "Quality," Thomas
Aston, Loraiue Co., Ohio.

Milch Cows. I. R. A. Alexander, Woodford Co., Ky.; 11. Paul Wing,
Montgomery Co., Ohio.

258

Matched Geldings, sixteen hands high and over: I. Dr. John R.
Desha, Lexington, Ky.; II. Sandford Davis, Scott Co., Ohio; — imder six-
teen hands high: I. J. L. Downing & Son, Fayette Co.. Ky.; II. Farewell
F. Marr, Scott Co., Ky.

Matched Mares, .9a-^ee« hands high and over: I. A. H. Brand, Lex-
ington, Ky.; II. William E. Milton, Louisville, Ky.; — tinder sixteen hands
high : I. Elias Dorsey, Jefferson Co., Ky.; II. Thomas H. Hunt, Louis-
ville.

Extra Ring, composed of all the Stallions, Mares and Geldings, of all
ages, that had received premiums during the Exhibition; I. "Black Wil-
liam," Robert Garnett, Woodford Co., Ky.; 11. " ," W. C. Trabue, Jef-
ferson Co., Ky.

Trials of Speed — Mk^^s jive years old and over: I. "Kate,"A. H.
Brown, Fayette Co., Ky., time 3:5 ; IL "Kate," P. Satterwhite, Louis-
ville, Ky., time 3:21 ; — four gears old and under five: I. Bay Roan, Geo-
E. Heinsohn, Jefferson Co., Ky., time 3:21 ; IL " Highland Mary," Barnes
Davis, Oneida Co., N. Y., time 3:32; — under four tj ears old: I. "Mary
Porter," J. L. Downing.

CoTSWOLD Sheep. Bucl^s over three ij ears old: I. "Monarch," J. AV-
Goshee, Jefferson Co., Ky.; II. " Success," Smith Hopkins, Henry Co.,
Ky.; — Bucks two years old and under three: I., R. A. Alexander, Wood-
ford Co., Ky.; II. David Ellis, Henry Co., Ky.; — Eioes two years old and
over: : I. Luke Hopkins, Henry Co., Ky.; IL Thomas Aston. Loraine Co.,
Ohio; — E%ves under two years old: I., J. M. Calloway, Smithfield. Ky.;
II. J. B. O'Bannon, Jefferson Co., Ky.

Southdown Sheep. Bucks over tliree years old: I., R. A. Alexander,
Woodford Co., Ky.; II. Cassius M. Clay, Madison Co., Ky.; — Bucke two
years old and under three: I., R. A. Alexander, Woodford Co., Ky.; IL
Towns & Worthen, Loraine Co., Ohio ; — Ewes two years old and over : I.,
R. A. Alexander, Woodford Co., Ky.; II. Towns & Worthen, Loraine Co.,
Ohio; — Eives, under two years old: I., R. A. Alexander, Woodford Co.,
Ky.; II. Towns & Worthen, Loraine Co., Ohio.

Saxony Sheep. Bucks, two years old and over : I. Alexander Black,
Greencastle, Ind.; Bucks, under two years old: I. Alexander Black, Green-
castle, Ind.; Eioes, two years old and over : I. John Herr, Jefferson Co.,

Merino Sheep. French Bucks, two years old and over : I., J. D.
Olcott, Michigan; — French Bucks, under ttoo years old: J. D. Olcott,
Michigan ; — French Ewes, two years old and over : I., J. D. Olcott, Mich-
igan; II. John Herr, Jefferson Co., Ky.; — French Etves, wider two years
old: I., J. D. Olcott, Michigan; — Spanish Bucks: I., J. D. Olcott,
Michigan.

Improved Kentucky Sheep. L, R. AV. Scott, Locust Hill, near
Frankfort, Ky.

LoNGWOOL Lambs. I. Luke Hopkins, Henry Co., Ky.; II. J. ]\l. Cal-
loway, Smithfield, Ky.

259

Fat Wethers. I., J. M. Calloway, Smithfield, Ky.

Large Breeds Swine. Boars, two years old and over, I. "Suffolk,'
E. & B. Bassett, Milan, Erie Co., Ohio ; — Sows, two years old and over,
I. "Lizzie," J. M. McFerrin, Boyle Co., Ky.; IL "Virginia," John S.
Seaton, Jefferson Co., Ky.; — Sows, one year old and unde^' two, "Princess,"
Richard Allen, Fayette Co., Ky.;— Soivs and their pigs, I. "Virginia"
and pigs, John S. Seaton, Jefferson Co., Ky.

Small Breeds Swine. Boars, two years old and over, I. Richard
Allen, Fayette Co., Ky.; — II. W. W. Young, Jefferson Co., Ky.;— Soios,
two years old and over, I. Richard Allen, Fayette Co., Ky.; II. Zeb.AVard,
Frankfort, Ky.; — Soics, one year old and under two, I. Richard Allen,
Fayette Co., Ky.; II. Zeb. Ward, Frankfort, Ky.; — best pair of Pigs, E.
& B. Bassett, Erie Co., Ohio.

EVENING MEETING.

The meetings of the Kentucky State Agricultural Society
were continued through the evenings of the week, and were
well attended by the members, as well as by gentlemen inter-
ested in the advancement of scientific and practical agricul-
ture from many States of the Union.

On Tlmrsday evening, the question of " Legislative Aid "
being before the meeting, J. R. Barrett, Esq., gave an inter-
esting account of the St. Louis Agricultural Association, in
which he dwelt on the fact that agricultural societies which
depended for their prosperity on individual enterprise, and in-
dividual liberality, and the individual exertions of their man-
agers, were sure of success. State aid, in his opinion, might
be acceptable, but the true basis of prosperity was the individ-
ual exertions of officers, — such officers as were willing to
carry out the labor wdiich they had undertaken.

F I F T D DA v.— Friday, September 4tli.

Everything was propitious and gratifying — the weather,
the attendance of the people, and the display of stock. The
amphitheatre was densely filled, the various halls were con-
tinually thronged, the beautiful groves were alive with gay
parties, and everywhere on the grounds intelligent and well-
dressed people were to be seen in crowds.

260

DISPLAYS IX THE AMPHITHEATRE.

Classes of mules, jacks and jennies were first on the pro-
gramme of the morning, and there was a fine show, especially
of " matched mules." One class of four spans attracted es-
pecial attention, and was valued at three thousand dollars.
The Spanish jacks and jennies, mostly fine imported stock,
were unusually large and fine.

Next was a grand cavalcade of all the premium cattle,
headed by the superintendent of the cattle department.
First came the Durham stock, then the Herefords, then the
Devons, then the Jerseys, and then the mammoth fat cattle ;
making upwards of fifty head of magnificent animals, all in
the arena at once ! Such a herd was never before brought
together at once.

The morning exhibition was closed with a fine display of
ponies, mounted by young lads, who ran several races which
excited the audience intensely, eliciting hearty cheering. The
first premium was won by the smallest boy in the ring, who
rode a handsome roan pony with great daring and skill.

ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE SYRACUSE AWARDS.

Before the vast audience retired from the amphitheatre to
dine. President Wilder announced the result of the labors of
the Board of Judges at the National Trial of Harvesters, at
Syracuse, in July. The arena was filled with the exhibitors
there and their friends, all deeply interested in the annoimce-
ment about to be made. These awards have already been
given in this volume, but it is proper to place on record the

REMARKS OF PRESIDENT WILDER.

Ladies and Gentlemen : Many of you are aware that, at
the meeting of the United States Agricultural Society in
Washington last winter, it was decided that hereafter all
awards for agricultural implements should be made after a
practical trial of the machines in the field. In accordance
with that decision, a trial of reapers, mowers, and other im-
plements was had at Syracuse, in New York, on the 13th of

261

July last. There were more than forty machines exhibited
and tried, and it was then promifc.ed that the awards should be
made known at this annual exhibition. I now have the
pleasure to submit the report of the jury at that trial. [A}>
plause.]

I regret to state that the committee on mowers have not
yet agreed upon the verdict. When they do so, the result
will be made known through the public press.

And now, ladies and gentlemen, allow me to propose a sen-
timent :

Honor and renoim to the inventors oj" labor-saving im2:)lements, •which
have made the name of America glorious throughout the world. Praise
and glory to him who shall teach them to work by steam. [Applause.]

AFTERNOON DISPLAYS IN THE AMPHITHEATRE.

After dinner a rare treat was afforded all true lovers of
the horse by the exhibition in the ring of the fine Arabians,
recently imported by A. Kcene Richards, Esq., of George-
town, Ky. There were three stallions — Mokhladi,'Massoud,
and Sacklowie — and two mares. Mokhladi is a light gray,
fourteen hands and one inch high, and was bred by the Taro-
bine tribe of Bedouins, in Arabia Petra. Sacklowie is a ma-
hogany-bay, fifteen hands high, with a superb head, and was
bred by the Anayza Bedouins. But the gem of the stud was
Massoud, a dark sorrel, fifteen hands high, with a perfect head
and neck, fine clean limbs, and every mark of great muscular
power. Mr. Richards stated that he has run his mile on a
Kentucky track, without any training and carrying two hun-
dred pounds weight, in 2:18. In his native desert, he has
been galloped ninety miles by daylight, without stopping —
proof of his action and of his endurance.

After the Arabians, a ring of thorough-bred stallions, em-
bracing several horses of note, was exhibited. There was
" Wagner," twenty-six years of age, whose contest with
" Gray Eagle," some years since, is one of the most prominent
events in the history of the American course. " Sovereign,"
that famous sire of racers, was also there, as was "Scythian,"
said to have been the first horse in England when purchased

262

to send to Kentucky about a year since. The excitment of
the audience when these, with half a dozen other noted
horses, were in the ring, was intense.

Thorough-bred mares and fillies were next cxliibited, class
by class. In the ring of '' three year old fillies," Hon. Gibson
Mallory, of Louisville, exhibited a very fine animal, which
deservedly received the blue ribbon.' As she had not been
named, the owner handsomely called her " Grace Wilder,''
in honor of a charming young daughter of President Wilder,
and the christening was ratified by the enthusiastic applause
and approbation of the multitude.

TRIAL OF WORKING OXEN.

The working oxen, of which there was a large and fine dis-
play, were tested on the grounds. Great interest was mani-
fested in this part of the exhibition, and there was ample
evidence given that most of the cattle were as well-broken, as
docile and as powerful, as they were finely formed.

TRIALS IN THE FIELD.

Large crowds were attracted to various parts of the grounds,
to witness the practical tests of ploughs, seed-sowers, portable
steam engines, horse powers, pumps, and other descriptions of
farm implements and machinery — each class undergoing a
thorough examination by the sub-committee to which it had
been assigned.

PREMIUMS AWARDED.

Mules. IJorse Mules, Two years old and over: I. Thompson, Heironi-
mous & Co., Clarke Co., Ky.; — Mare Mules, Tivo years old and over: I.,
W. R. Estell, Fayette Co., Ky.; II. E. L. Davidson, Washington Co.,
Ky.; — Best Five Mules : I.Thompson, Heironimous & Co., Chirke Co.,
Ky.; — Matched Mules: I., E. L. Davidson, Washington Co., Ky.; II.
Thompson, Heironimous & Co., Clarke Co., Ky.

Jacks. Four years, old and over: I. John Larrimore, Madison Co.,
Ky.; II. G. Mallory, Jefferson Co., Ky.; — Three years old and under Four:
I. Sol. Steele, Shelby Co., Ky.; — 2\co years old and under Three: I., J.
H. Rochester, Boyle Co., Ky.; II. R. W. Souvy, Washington Co., Ky.

Jennets. Four years old and over : I. Harrison Thompson, Clarke
Co., Ky.;— Two years old and under Three, L Dudley Tribble, Madison

263

Co., Ky.; II. J. B. Field, Jessamine Co., Ky.; — One year old and under
Ttvo, I., G. Proctor, Boyle Co., Ky.

Ponies. L, C. T. Tucker, Louisville, Ivy.; II. I. C. Ferguson, Louis-
ville, Ivy.

Saddle Stallions. I. John L. Payne, Scott Co., Ky.; II. I). L. Greg-
ory, Jefferson Co., Ivy.

Thorough-bred Stallions. Four years old and over, I. " Sovereign,"
A. Burford, Woodford Co., Ky.; II. R. A. Alexander, Woodford Co.,
Ky.; — Three years old and under Four, I. " Harry Hudson," J. L. Brown,
Jefferson Co., Ky.; II. "Yorkshire," Newton Craig, Scott Co., Ky.; —
Two years old and under Three, I. " American," Thomas H. Clay, Lex-
ington, Ky.; IL " Lannas," E. M. Blackburn, Woodford Co., Ky.; — One
year old and under Two, I. " Tiberius," Samuel Bergman, Jefferson Co.,
Ky.; — Under One year old, I., E. M. Blackburn, Woodford, Co., Ky.

Thorough-bred Mares and Fillies. Four years old and over, I.
" Victory," Thomas H. Clay, Lexington, Ky.; II. R. A. Alexander, Wood-
ford Co., Ivy.; — Three years old and tinder Four, I. "Grace Wilder,"
Gibson Mallory, Jefferson Co., Ky.; — Two years old and under Three,
" Lunie," R. A. Alexander, Woodford Co., Ky.; IL " Lillie," R. A. Alex-
ander, Woodford Co., Ky.; — One year old and under Two, I., R. A. Alex-
ander, Woodford Co., Ky.; II. R. A. Alexander, AVoodford Co., Ky.; —
Under One year old, I. " Vandalia," Thomas H. Clay, Fayette Co., Ky.;
IL R. A. Alexander, Woodford Co., Ky,

Working Oxen. Four years old and over, I., W. R. Duncan, Clarke
Co., Ky.; II. Albert Allen, Fayette, Co., Ky.; — Ttoo years old and over
Four, I., N. Fergurson, Fayette Co., Ky.; II. W. R. Duncan, Clarke
Co., Ky.

TRIBUTE TO "THE PRESS" OF LOUISVILLE.

At a meeting of the members of " the Press" from abroad,
W. W. Fosdick, of New York, in the chair, and Wm. Hohnes,
of St. Lonis, secretary, resolutions were passed, thanking the
members of the press of Louisville for " manifold pleasing
attentions and gratifying hospitalities." [This deserved com-
pliment the Secretary of the United States Agricultural Soci-
ety desires to publicly endorse, and at the same time to ac-
knowledge having made free use of the daily reports in the
Journal, the Democrat and the Courier in compiling this re-
cord of the Exhibition.]

264

EVENING MEETING.

Before adjourning on Friday evening, sine die, the State
Agricultural Society of Kentucky, by a unanimous vote, ap-
pointed a committee to memorialize Congress, petitioning for
a grant of 500,000 acres of land to each State in the Union,
for the promotion of the interests of agriculture, to aid in es-
tablishing agricultural schools and to furnish means for the
support of experimental farms. The proceeds of the lands,
it was stated, would constitute a fund from which each State
would reap most important benefits to the cause of improved
agriculture. The committee was also instructed to memorialize
Congress on the subject of establishing an Agricultural De-
partment.

SIXTH DAY.— Saturday, September 5tli.

The sixth and last day of the Exhibition was — like its
predecessors — in every respect auspicious. Again was the
weather such as even a confirmed invalid would welcome as
bland and delightful, and again did thousands throng to the
grounds which throughout the week had been the scene of
useful display and rational enjoyment; — where the products
of the field, the workshop, the garden, the pasture range and
the stable, has presented such attractions. It was a curiosity
to stnnd at the main gateway and witness the flood of human
beings that poured in after the arrival of the rapidly succeed-
ing trains, while the turnpike roads were crowded with vehi-
cles of every description, from the costly equipage to the
humble farm wagon.

DISPLAY IN THE AMPHITHEATRE.

Again was tlie amphitheatre crowded, as the programme an-
nounced the very "cream" of the weeks' show. Rockaway
horses, of which there was an imposing and varied display, oc-
CTipied the ring during a good portion of the morning, after
which came a " sweep stakes " for the thorough-bred stallions.

265

" Sovereign " and " Scythian" again competed, and the deci-
sion of the day previous was reversed, " Scythian " hearing
off the bhie ribbon amid the plaudits of the excited audience.
In the afternoon, there was a "ring" of thirteen buggy-
horses in harness — a collection of animals that would have
won the commendation of horse-fanciers anywhere. Then
came, an equally numerous and fine class of buggy mares, in
harness ; and at six o'clock, P. M., as the beams of the set-
ting sun gilded the eastern side of the interior of the amphi-
theatre, President Wilder gave the signal for

THE GRAND CLOSING CAVALCADE.

The bell was sounded for the last time — the band struck
up the National Anthem — the gates were thrown open —
and the cavalcade of premium horses entered the arena,
decked with their ribbons of victory. Matched horses in
harness, rockaway and buggy horses, stallions, mares, geld-
ings, fillies, ponies, trotters and pacers, followed in regular
succession, passing around and around the arena to the
inspiring notes of the band, cheered by the waving of ladies*
handkerchiefs, and by the continued shouts of the gentle-
men. There were seventy-eight magnificent animals together,
moving around like the ever-varying hues of the kaleidescope,
and forming a fittting finale to the displays in the amphi-
theatre. The great heart of the assembled multitude beat
with pride and satisfaction, and all seemed to go from the
amphitheatre at last with reluctance, as if unwilling to quit
the scene of so much unalloyed satisfaction.

TEST OF DRAFT-IIORSES.

A trial of the classes of Draft-Horses, comprising some of
the noblest animals that ever tightened a trace, was carried
on during the most of Saturday, in the rear of the amphi-
theatre, and attracted a large crowd of spectators. Each
pair of horses or single horse was in turn hitched to a heavily
loaded drag, and visible evidence was given of strength and
of docility.

18

266

EXAMINATIONS OF FARM PRODUCTS AND NATFS^E WINES.

The Committees on Native Wines had a cellar, in which
the productions of the vineyard sent were kept until tested,
or rather tasted. The farm products exhibited were not
numerous, but most of the specimens exhibited were unu-
sually excellent in quality.

HOTEL PREMIUMS.

These premiums, which were very large, were contributed
by the liberal proprietors of the hotels of Louisville, who
received in part return the articles exhibited.

MANUFACTURED ARTICLES, FARM IMPLEMENTS AND
MACHINERY.

The mammoth tent and the large building devoted to farm
implements and agricultural machinery, were constantly
crowded with spectators, and the duties of the examining
sub-Committees, which were discharged with an intelligent
fidelity, were laborious indeed. Each sub-Committee made
a thorough comparative examination of the machines or
implements in the class or classes assigned to it, and reported
to the General Committee. These reports were then critically
examined by the General Committee, and revised before
receiving its approval.

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES.

The larger portion of the Committees merely handed in
their awards, and the Executive Committee decided not to
publish the few Reports submitted, but to file them for
reference in the Archives of the Society. The awards of the
Committee on " Manufactured Articles, Farm Implements
and Machinery," will be found appended to this account of
the transactions at Louisville.

267

AWARDS OF PREMIUMS.

RocKAWAY Horses. I., F. E. Ware,. Charleston, S. C; II. J. F. Cald-
•well, Boyle Co. Ky.

Sweepstake, for Blooded Stallions : I, " Scythian," R. A. Alexander,
Woodford Co., Ky; II. "Sovereign," Abraham Buford, Woodford Co.,
Ky.; — Blood Mares: 1. " Sunie," R. A. Alexander, Woodford Co., Ky.}
11. '« Lilie," R. A. Alexander, Woodford Co., Ky.

Buggy Horses, single, in harness: I., Z. Ward, Frankfort, Ky.; II.
J. F. Caldwell, Danville, Ky.; — Buggy Mares: I., G. D. Hunt, Lexing-
ton, Ky.; II. J. M. Calaway, Lexington, Ky.

Sweepstake for Stallio^is for General Utility : I., J. B. Bailey, New
Jersey: II. F. Fulton, Vermont; — Mares for General Utility : I., N. T.
Lee Boyle, Co., Ky.; IL R. P. Pepper, Woodford Co., Ky.

Draft Horses. Pair : I. Peter Merkle, Louisville, Ky. ; II. Jack-
son Cline, Louisville, Ky.; — Single: 1. Craig & KAinedy, Louisville, Ky.

Hotel Premiums. Flour; I. Edward Allen, Fayette Co., Ky.; IL N.

0. AVilson, Fisherville, Jefferson Co., Ky.; — Irish Potatoes: I. Jas. Foley,
Lexington, Ky.; II. Geo E. Heinsohn, Jefferson Co., Ky.; — Sweet Potatoes :

1. George E. Heinsohn, Jefferson Co., Ky.; IL John Thatcher, Jefferson
Co., Ky.; — Hams: I. Mrs. Gibson Mallory, Oldham Co., Ky.; IL T. L.
Jefferson, Louisville, Ky.; — Butter: I. Miss Carrie Downing, Lexington,
Ky.; — II. R. A. Alexander, Woodford Co., Ky.; — Corn Meal: I. Robert
Young, Henry Co., Ky.; IL H. C. Bowman, Fayette Co. Ky.

Farm Products. Winter Wheat: I. Squire J. Roberts, Shelby Co.,
Ky.; IL B. F. Cawthon, Louisville, Ky.; — %c; L, L. S. P. Vaughn, Jef-
ferson Co. Ky.; II. Lawrence Brown, Jefferson Co., Ky.; — Sjjritig Barley:
L, L. L. Dorsey, Louisville, Ky.;' — Winter Barley : I., L. L. Dorsey, Lou-
isville, Ky.; — Oats : I. Oscar Burbridge, Bourbon Co., Ky.; — White Com:
I., N. Miles, Henry Co., Ky.; IL Thomas Trigg, Ky.; — Yellow Com:
L, N. Miles, Henry Co.j Ky.; II. John L. Seaton, Ky.; — Suyar Beets: I.
George E. Heinsohn; — Carrots: I. John Thatcher, Jefferson Co., Ky.; —
Undressed detc-rotted Hemp: I. Edward Allen, Fayette Co., Ky.; — Poland
Oats : I. Oscar Burbridge, Bourbon Co., Ky.

Natia'E Wines. Catawha, older than tlie vintage of 1856, I. John R.
Eakin, Wartrace, Tennessee; — Wine from the Herbemont Grape, I. Nicho-
las Longworth, Cincinnati, Ohio; — Wi7ie from the Isabella Grape, I.
Nicholas Longworth, Cincinnati, Ohio.

THE GRAND AGRICULTURAL BANQUET.

The Grand Banquet given at the Gait House, after the con-
clusion of the Exhibition, was a pleasing finale to the labors
and the pleasures of the week. The tables were appropri-
ately decorated for the occasion, and in addition to the boun-

268

tiful repast there was a profasion of fresh, bright flowers,
tastefully arranged. Eloqiieiit music was discoursed during
the banquet after the announcement of each toast, by the
United States Band, from the Newport Barracks.

The guests were from eveiy section of the Union, com-
prising gentlemen who have adorned the councils of tho
Nation, with others distinguished in agriculture, science and
literature, and the representatives of great commercial and
manvifacturing interests. Eloquence, wit, and sentiment
were generously contributed, and the company remained at
the table until the midnight chimes warned them away.

REMiVliKS OF PRESIDENT WILDER.

After the cloth had been removed from the tables, Presi-
dent Wilder rose amid hearty cheering, and prefaced the
regular toasts with the following eloquent and appropriate
introduction : —

Gentlemen: The moment has arrived when it is my duty
as well as my high privilege to present you with the congratu-
lations of the Association which I have the honor to repre-
sent on tlic happy consummation of our National Exhibition.

In behalf of the United States Agricultural Society and
of the Southwestern Agricultural and Mechanical Associa-
tion, I bid you welcome to the social and intellectual enter-
tainment of the present hour. It affords me great pleasure
to recognize in this assembly so many illustrious person-
ages— gentlemen distinguished by official position, worthy
deeds, and fair fames. While we regret the absence of
many invited guests, we rejoice that we are honored with
the company of the Governor and ex-Governors of this State,
the officers and delegates of kindred societies, and other
friends of Agriculture who have met to participato with us in
the enjoyments of this occasion.

This is the Fifth Annual Exhibition of our Association.
Its object is to improve that great art which gives inde-
pendence and strength to our nation, to create additional
facilities for the acquisition and diffusion of knowledge, and
to promote a more extended intercourse throughout our
happy land.

My heart is no stranger to that interest which has brought
this immense concourse together — to the inspiration of that

269

sentiment which I trust will ever animate the hearts of the
American people — to those patriotic emotions which merge
all sectional jealousies and party distinctions in a general
desire for the public weal. [Applause.]

We come from different and distant portions of our coun-
try. I am from the home of the Puritans, but I am most
happy to meet you here in this land of cavaliers and chiv-
alry— and here upon the broad platform of good citizenship,
to unite my influence with yours in furtherance of our com-
mon cause, and in cementing the bonds of union — to join
hands with you, sir, the Governor of the Commonwealth of
Kentucky, and through you with this assembly in exemplifi-
cation of the glorious iiiscription on the seal of your State :
*' United we Stand, Divided we Fall." [Here President
Wilder and Governor Morehead shook hands amidst the
shouts of the audience.]

One of the most hop3ful and deliglitful features of these
national jubilees, relates to the genial influences which they
exert on all classes of society, associating them together with
friendly greetings and making them one in interest and one
in affection.

" The principle of association," said the Farmer of Marsh-
field [cheers], " the practice of bringing men together bent
on the same general object, uniting tlieir physical and intel-
lectual efforts to that purpose, is a great improvement in our
age. It is, therefore, essential to the best interests of our
farmers that these associations should be establislied and
universally attended." Equally harmonious with this ex-
pression was the sentiment of your immortal Clay, the farmer
of Ashland. [Cheers.] " Give me," said he, " some ol)ject
to transmit my name to posterity, emblematical of those
great interests which I have sought to promote in the national
councils — a plough, a loom, a shuttle, an anvil, or some
article connected with agriculture, commerce, or manufac-
tures." [Applause.]

Our present Exhibition has been distinguished by ample
preparations and by great perfection. Some of the depart-
ments have possessed unsurpassed excellence. But, after
such a display of th3 b3n3!icial results of agriculture, you
need no furth3r t3stimony in its favor from m3. For the
suc33:-s which has atte:id3d it vr3 are griatly indebted to the
officers and msmbsrs of the Southwestern Agricultural and
Mechanical Association for the use of their beautiful and
commodious grounds, and to the local offijers, committees,
and marshals for the important aid which they have ren-
dered us.

270

Our thanks are also due to the Judges for the satisfactory
manner with which they have discharged their delicate
trust — to the Butcliers' Association for their splendid jjaiade
at the opening ceremonies — to the press for their indefatiga-
ble labors and able reports, and especially to the good people
of Louisville for their personal urbanity and generous hos-
pitality. [Applause.]

But Gentlemen, I must not stand longer between you and
the eloquent orators who are to address you. My purpose
was only to remind you of the importance of our cause and
to welcome you to this festive board. And who does not
feel an interest in this occasion, and look forward with bright
anticipations to the glorious future of our country ?

Who can estimate the millions of her population or the
amount of her agricultural products when our railroads, now
laid half-way from the Atlantic to the Pacific, shall have
reached those golden shores — when science shall have im-
proved to its utmost extent the implements of husbandry
and the arts of cultivation, and when the progress of civili-
zation shall have filled our valleys and crown 3d our hill-tops
with all that can minister to the advancement of our intelli-
gent, industrious, and virtuous people ! [Prolonged ap-
plause.]

When the cheering had subsided, President Wilder re-
marked that he would proceed to announce the Regular
Toasts, viz : —

I. Kentucky — The battle-field of pioneer civilization in the West con-
tests with her sister States for the palm of excellence in agriculture. A
bloodless strife, but more momentous than many wars.

REMARKS OF GOVERNOR MOREHEAD.

His Excellency Governor Morehead was called upon to re-
spond, and was greeted with applause. When it had sub-
sided, he said :

I am well aware, Mr. President, that the call which has just
been made upon me to respond to the sentiment which has
just been annoimced proceeded more from the position I oc-
cupy than any qualifications I possessed to discharge the duty
imposed upon me. I am rbjoiced, however, that I am per-
mitted to express the high gratification which is felt by the
people of Kentucky in the assemblage of the large and highly
respectable body of practical agriculturists at this great na-
tional exhibition. 1 know that I speak the sentiment of the

271

public heart when I say that their presence has been most
welcome. If unused to the forms and ceremonies which are
but the outward manifestations of this welcome, it has not
been the less warm-hearted, sincere, and cordial.

You have been pleased to speak of our State as contending
for the palm of excellence in agriculture. I need scarcely
say that it is a trait in the character of every Kentuckian to be
proud of his State, and in the fulness of the heart I confess
that we are sometimes too prone to indulge in encomiums,
which might by some be considered as extravagant if not
boastful. But when we gaze upon the luxuriant beauty of
our land — its exuberant fertility — its high cultivation —
its comfortable dwellings and its woodlands carpeted with
velvet of living green, may we not be allowed to indulge an
honest pride in the feeling that this is our own, our beloved
and cherished State ? It is true that she was the battle-field
of pioneer civilization in the West. But a little more than
half a century ago it was a comparative wilderness. Legend-
ary tales of Indian massacre and a marauding savage warfare
are familiar to us all. Human industry and enterprise and
heroism have never achieved a prouder triumph than that
which has given the privilege of assembling around this fes-
tive board, to celebrate the close of this national exhibition in
our midst. Our fathers not only subdued the wilderness, but
a vindictive and subtle savage foe, and we are now sur-
rounded by blessings which, like the air we breathe, we
scarcely take heed of. The elements of wealth and enduring
prosperity are scattered in profusion around us, and the basis
and substratum of all is agriculture. It is the greatest de-
partment of human employment. It is the most independent
and noble employment of man. But, independent as it un-
doubtedly is, as to all the means of necessary subsistence, it
should not be forgotten that there is a mutual dependence of
almost every conceivable form of human industry. All the
sister arts, including agriculture, impart vitality and vigor to
each other. They all must unite to attain the highest degree
of perfection. I need scarcely advert to the vast improve-
ment in all kinds of agricultural implements, the knowledge
of which is spread by this annual exhibition, to show the de-
pendence of agriculture upon the mechanic arts. Agricul-
ture, manufactures, and commerce are all dependent on each
other and constitute the golden circle of human industry.
Providence has ordained not only that there should be indi-
vidual dependence, but that nations diould in a greater or
less degree be dependent on eacli other. The diiferent cli
mates of the earth, with all their vast varieties of soils and ca-

272

pabilities, clearly enough indicate that the inhabitants of eaoh
are to labor for each other, and that the surplus of each ought
to be distributed by a liberal and enlightened commerce.

The cotton planter of tlie United States feels as mvich in-
terest in a good or bad harvest in England as the Eiiglish
farmer himself, and on the other hand England is quite as
sensitive as to the prospects of a cotton crop in this country.

In our own country we have almost every variety of cli-
mate and soil. By a provision of the Constitution, the com-
merce between the thirty-one States of whicli this great nation
as composed must forever remain free and unfettered, subject
alone to be regulated by the general government. The dif-
ferent States constitute part and parcel of one common gov-
ernment. They are not barricaded by custom-houses, with
bayonets bristling around the boundaries of each, but the
citizen of each State is entitled to all the privileges of a citi-
zen of every other. Each State is interested directly or indi-
rectly in the wealth and prosperity of every other. How far
the manufacturing and grain-growing and stock-producing
States have been directly benefitted by extending the cultiva-
tion of sugar, cotton, and rice, may be seen by adverting to a
single fact. Cotton and tobacco constitute the great bulk of
our agricultural exports. Taking the census of 1850 and
the report on the commerce and navigation of the United
States immediately after, it appears that the value of the
cotton crop amounted to $128,000,000 in round numbers, of
which we exported $109,500,000, and that the tobacco crop
amounted, in round numbers, to $20,000,000, of which we
exported $11,250,000, while all other agricultural products
amounted to $1,551,000,000, and a fraction, of which we
exported $^3,809,126, less tlian one 46th part.

Of the cotton exported it is not practicable to ascertain
witli precision the portion which should be credited to the
country lying north of the cotton line. The mules and
horses, the pork and bacon, coarse cottons, linseys and jeans,
bagging and rope, farming implements, boots, shoes, hats,
gins, and all other machinery constitute no small portion of
this large export. The interest of one section is sustained
by the industry of another, and they act as reciprocal ele-
ments of expansion. If the industry of one section is para-
lyzed, the shock is felt in every other. I rejoice that there is
this reciprocal dependence of one section upon another.
There is no ground for jealousy or strife where this is under-
stood and properly appreciated. While we remember that
we are one peo})lc, one country, and one General Covern-
ment, bound together in one common bond of union, we

273

ought to feel that there is no real diversity of interests be
tween different sections.

Yon have spoken, Mr, President, of the motto engraved on
our coat of arms — " United we stand, divided we fall." Let
me tell you, sir, that it is still more indelibly engraved on the
heart of every Kentuckian. We do not allow ourselves to
argue upon this subject. We never yet realized the possibility
of dividing. Devotion to the Union is not the result of rea-
son alone, but with us it is a holy sentiment of the heart. I
have an abiding conviction that God will preserve us for a
nobler end than this. But if he should punish us by the in-
fliction of such a calamity, the work would be done in a par-
oxysm of frenzy wdien reason was dethroned and madness
ruled the hour. May God avert from us the desolation and
ruin which such an event would scatter over a smiling land.
May the time never arrive when the motto — " United we
stand, divided we fall," shall grow dim in our hearts.

Ex-Governors Wickliffe, Powell, and Helm, of Kentucky,
were also called upon, and each responded.

II. The great Valley of the West — The granary of Uncle Sam's farm,
of whose inexhaustible supply all partake and leave enough for the na-
tions who (knead) need. The sovereignties comprised within its limits
may truly be said to be the flour of the family, the representatives of which
we hope to see I'ise on this occasion.

Responded to by J, D. Barrett, Esq., President of the St.
Louis Agricultural Society.

III. Our Republican InstUidions — Under the operation of which the
ruler of to-day may become the citizen of to-morrow, lending his aid in
conferring dignities lately held by himself. May those institutions be
kept sacred in their sublime simplicity, the cherished good of every pat-
riotic heart.

Responded to by Hon. James Guthrie, Ex-Secretary of the

Treasury.

rV. Indiana — The bountiful fruitage of good seed cast upon good soil,
yielding a many fold crop of virtues. We greet her at this festive board,
rejoicing in the prosperity and welfare of her sons.

of

loicing in ine prosperity ana weiiare oi ner sons.

Responded to by Judge Huntington, of the Supreme Court

Indiana.

V. The Army of the United States — Its valor has been proved on
every battle-field where it has been tested. Its prowess is acknowledged
at home and abroad. American agriculture will ever honor the protectors
of American soil.

274

Responded to by Col. Buchanan, U. S. A., the senior officer
present.

VI. Ihe Empire State — Though no more the "far West," owing to
the strides of progress, she still bases her claim to sovereignty upon im-
pregnable grounds — the strength, virtue, intelligence, industry, and
wealth, which ever command the scepter of influence.

Hon. Henry Wager, of Oneida County, New York, Vice-
President of the United States Agricultural Society, was
called upon, but as he had been obliged to leave the hall,
Hon. Thomas L. Davis, of Syracuse, N. Y., responded.

VII. Maryland — The first State in which the "American Farmer." was
heard through the press. Her voice still sounds clear and harmonious
amidst the gallant band of advocates by which she is now surrounded.

Responded to by Gen. Tench Tilghman, of Maryland, Chair-
man of the Committee of Farm Implements and Agricultural
Machinery.

VIII. The Soutli-Western Agricultural and Mechanical Association —
Prosperity to her association ; long life, health and happiness to its
members.

Responded to by Hon. Gibson Mallory, President of the

South-Western Agricultural and Mechanical Association.

IX. The City of Louisville — The fertility of her soil and the wealth of
her citizens are only equalled by the urbanity, intelligence, and patriotism
of her citizens.

Responded to by His Honor, Mayor Pilcher.

X. South Carolina — Her influence upon the looms of England are far
more powerful than that of their own government.

Responded to by Col. Benj. Allston, of South Carolina, a
life-member of the United States Agricultural Society, and
son of the Vice-President from that State.

XL Neio Hampshire — May the Union of the States be as lasting as her
granite hills.

Responded to by Hon. Frederick Smyth, of Manchester,
New Hampshire, member of the Executive Committee of the
Unit 3d States Agricultural Society.

XII. Iowa — A young sister in the family of the Union, already she
presses on into the front rank of the Union.

Responded to by Gen. William Duane Wilson, of Iowa.

XIH. Our neighbors, the Canadas — We extend to them the right hand
of friendship, and wish them prosperity and political happiness.

275

Responded to by Mr. Askew, of Canada.

XIV. The Press — An engine of infinite power in a Republic ; may
its powers ever be exerted in the cause of truth and virtue.

Responded to by W. W. Fosdick, Esq., of New York.

XV. Woman — The farmers heart knows how to love her — his hand
to defend her — but his tongue knows not how well enough to spoak her
praise. Hers are the only hoops the farmer will ever consent shall coin-
pass his country.

It was exceedingly fitting that a gentleman of the noble
bearing and true chivalry of Col. William Preston, of Louis-
Tille, should be called upon to respond to the sentiment
relative to women. He spoke eloquently and forcibly, and
was listened to with the utmost attention, the cadences of
his musical voice falling sweetly on the multitude of hearers.

Volunteer toasts were given in profusion, but the limits
prescribed for this report have already been exceeded, and
there is no place left for them here.

BUSI^'ESS MEETIXGS.— ^Urnlay, Sfptembcr 7tli.

The Executive Committee held a business meeting on Mon-
day, September 7th, and passed resolutions, thanking the
Local Officers, the Southwestern Agricultural and Mechanical
Association, the citizens of Louisville, and the members of
" the Press," at Louisville, and from a distance, for their
efficient co-operation, their bounteous hospitality and their
kind services in behalf of the Society.

The General Committee on Agricultural Implements, Mo-
tive Powers, Machinery, Manufactured Articles, and Works of
Art and Skill held a Business Meeting, and finally revised
their award of premiums, which is appended.

The Premiums were promptly paid, at the business office
of the Society, by Arthur Peter, Esq., the efficient Local
Treasurer. Notice was also given that Medals and Diplomas
awarded would be delivered at the next Annual Meeting of
the Society, on the loth of January, 1858, at Washington
City.

AWARD OF PREMIUMS

AGKICULTUKAL IMPLEMEN"TS, MOTIVE POWERS,

MACHINERY, MANUFACTURED ARTICLES,

AND WORKS OP ART AND SKILL.

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS.

Fallow Ploughs. Damron, Waren & Co., Jeffersonville, Indi-
ana, Silver Medal and Diploma. Brinley & Davis, Simpsonville,
Ky., Bronze Medal.

Stiff-Sod Ploughs. Brinley & Davis, Simpsonville, Ky., Silver
Medal and Diploma. Damron, Warren &, Co., Jeflfersonville,
Indiana, Bronze Medal. .

Light-Sod Ploughs. Brinley & Davis, Simpsonville Ky., Silver
Medal and Diploma.

Sod and Sub-Soil Ploughs. Brinley & Davis, Simpsonville,
Ky., Bronze Medal.

Sub-Soil Ploughs. G. W. Cooper, Ogechee, Georgia, Silver
Medal and Diploma, for sub-soil plougli with "universal plough
stock."

Gang Ploughs. Hildreth & Charles, Lockport, New Fork,
Silver Medal and Diploma. [With this plough were equipments
for sowing or drilling, and thoroughly covering grain.]

Combination Ploughs. Pitkin Bros., Louisville, Ky., "Wiards,"
Bronze Medal.

Double Ploughs. N. & A. L. Whitehall, Rob Roy, Indiana,
Diploma of commendation. [This plough was not entered for
the field test.]

Potato Ploughs. Pitkin Bros , Louisville, Ky., Diploma. [This
plough was not entered for test in the field.]

GuVim'ors. Baker, Onondaga County, N. Y., "Rough and
Ready Cultivator," Silver Medal. Brinley & Davis, Simpson-
ville, Ky., Bronze Medal.

277

Cultivator Teeth. Sayre & Remington, Utica, N. Y., Diploma.

Harrows. S. S. Hogle, Bedford Co., Ohio, Diploma, for new
principle of rotary harrow.

Broadcast Solvers — Horse. J. C. Alden, Boston, Massachu-
setts, "Haines Broadcast Sower," Silver Medal, li. J. Hale,
Indianapolis, Ind., Bronze Medal,

Broadcast Sower — Hand. J. C, Gaston, Oxford, Ohio, Silver
Medal.

Grain Drills — Horse. Brinchley, Jones & Co., Dublin,
Wayne Co., Ind., " Moore's Patent Drill," Silver Medal. Bit-
zell & Forhner, Centreville, Wayne Co., Ind., Bronze Medal.

Corn Planters — Horse. George M. Evans, Pittsburg, Pa.,
Silver Medal. W. M. T. Hardisty, Crawfordsville, Ind., Bronze
Medal.

Corn Planters — Hand. D. W. Hughes, Palmyra, Missouri,
Silver Medal, J. K. Jones & Co., Rockton, Winnebago Co.,
111., Bronze Medal,

Thresliing Machine. Richard H. Pease, Albany N. Y., (ma-
chine and separator with double changeable railroad horse-
power,) Silver Medal. Munn & Co., Louisville, Ky., (machine,
separator and cleaner, with eight-horse sweep power,) Silver
Medal. Miller, Wingate & Co., Louisville Ky., (machine without
separator, with four-horse sweep power,) Silver Medal. Munu
& Co., Louisville, Ky., (machine without sepai'ator, with two
horse sweep power,) Silver Medal. Pitkin Bros., Louisville,
Ky,, (Wheeler, Melick & Co.'s machine and winnower,) Diploma.

Corn and Cob 3Iills. James E. Mooney, Edinburg Ind.,
" Young America Mill," Silver Medal, J. 0, Joyce & Co.,
Cincinnati, Ohio, " Star Mill," Bronze Medal.

Wheat Fans. J. McKim & Co., Portland, Ky., " Bam-
boroQgh's Fan," Diploma.

Sorgho Mill. Hedges, Free & Co., Cincinnati, Ohio, Silver
Medal and Diploma.

Aj^paratus for making Sugar. Hedges, Free & Co., Cincia-
nati, Ohio, Silver Medal and Diploma.

Agricultural Boiler. Hedges, Free & Co., Cincinnati, Ohio,
Silver Medal and Diploma.

Kettles for Agricultural uses. Wallace, Lithgow & Co., Louis-
ville, Ky., Diploma. ,

Grain Separators. Smith & Holbrook, Louisville, Kentucky,
" Child's Separator," Diploma. G. Heberling & Campbell,
Quincy, 111,, Bronze Medal.

278

Flour Separators. Stephen Hughes, Hamilton, Ohio, Bronze
Medal.

Grain Cleaners or Smut 3fachines. L. B. Ball & Co., Putnam,
Musking-um Co., Oh\(3, Silver Medal.

Hay and Straw Cutlers. Griffin & Haynes, Harrisburg, Pa ,
" Cumming's Cutter," Silver Medal. H. Trumbull, Central
College, Ohio, Bronze Medal,

Husking Machines. Thomas Palmer, Cincinnati, Ohio, " Boy
Power Corn Husker," Silver Medal and Diploma.

Corn Shellers — Power. Wilder, Hyde & Robinson, Cincin-
nati, Ohio, "Reeding's Patent," Silver Medal. John Van Horn,
Magnolia, Putnam Co., Ohio, Bronze Medal.

Corn Shellers — Hand. Miller, Wingate & Co., Louisville,
Ky., Diploma.

Corn Stalk Cutters. H. Trumbull, Central College, Ohio,
Diploma.

Oil Cake Crushers. Hedges, Free & Co., Cincinnati, Ohio,
Diploma.

Boot Slicers. Samuel Males, Cincinnati, Ohio, Diploma.

File Machines. John Daincs, Birmingham, Oakland Co., Mich-
igan, Silver Medal.

Churns. Peter D. Morse, Jefferson Co., Ky., Diploma,

Washing Machines. E. P. Ferris, Versailles, Indiana, Bronze
Medal. J. F. & C. L. Pond, Cleveland, Ohio, Diploma.

Contrivances for Watering Stock. J.A.Dyer, Hartford. Conn.,
"Ayres' patent self-acting farm well." Silver Medal and Di-
ploma.

Farm Pumps. Winchel & Bros., Cincinnati, Ohio, Silver
Medal and Diploma,

Grindstones. John B. Mcllvaine & Son, Louisville, Ky.,
"Lake Huron Stone," Diploma.

Hoes. J. B. Johnson, for Tuttle & Co., Nautatuck, Conn., Sil-
ver Medal.

Platform Scales. W. B, Belknapp & Co,, Louisville, Ky.,
" Fairbanks' Scales," diiferent sizes and patterns. Silver Medal
and Diploma.

Platform Stock Scales. Nelson & Davis, Louisville, Ky.,
Bronze Medal.

Self-opening Gates. D. E. Fenn, Tallmadgo, Ohio, Diploma.

Portable Fences. James Rowe, Centralia, Illinois, [model,]
Diploma.

279

A Hay Press and a Hemp or CoUon Press, were exhibited by
Munn & Co., Louisville, Ky. Each was thoroughly tested, and
proved itself an excellent machine, but as the premiums for
presses had been awarded at Syracuse, the Committee can only
g-ive Diplomas of Commendation.

Hay Bake and Grain Gleaner. Damron, Warren & Co., Jef-
fersonville, Indiana. For the above mentioned reason, the com-
mittee can only give Diplomas of Commendation.

Dynamometers. Emery Bros., Albany, N. Y., Silver Medal
and Diploma. John Skerry, Sag Harbor, N. Y., "Leonard's pa-
tent," Bronze Medal. [The Dynamometer of W. B. Leonard
deserves a special commendation, and for engineers is the most
ingenious and perfect contrivance yet devised for weighing
power, force, or resistance. Its bulk and weight, as it is at
present constructed, gives the preference to Emery's instrument
for trials of agricultural implements in the field.]

MOTIVE POWERS.

Double Railway Horse Poioers. Eichard H. Pease, Albany, N.
Y., special Diploma of Commendation. Emery Bros., Albany,
N. Y., Diploma of Commendation. After the most careful ex-
amination, the Committee were with difficulty able to discover
that either of the above machines possessed any advantage over
the other.

Portable Steam Engines for Farm use. Newai-k Machine
Works, Newark, Ohio, special Diploma of Commendation. Bar-
baroux, S'nowdon & Co., Louisville, Ky., Diploma of Commenda-
tion ; it is a good engine for the purpose for which it is intended
to be used.

Stationary Steam Engines. Newark Machine Works, Newark,
Ohio, a piece of plate worth $50, for the admirably finished,
powerful, and smoothly working engine which furnished the mo-
tive power for the Exhibition.

Oscillating Steam Engines. Gridge, Wads worth & Co., Pitts-
burg, Pa., Diploma.

MACHINERY.

Hoop Splitting and Shaving Machines. Ivers Phillips, Fitch-
burg, Mas^., Silver Medal and Diploma.

Water Pipe Boring Machine. Nye & Wychofi", Elmira, N. Y.,
Silver Medal and Diploma.

Hand Looms. S. C. Wendelhall, Richmond, Indiana, Silver
Medal and Diploma.

280

Circuhr Saw Mill. Munn & Co., Louisville, Ky. [Not ready
for examination when the committee were upon the ground.
Those who afterwards saw it were of opinion that it was an ex-
clellent machine.]

Improved Mill Saws. N. T. CofEn, Indianapolis, Indiana,
Bronze Medal.

Improved mode of hanging Mill Saws. 0. S. Woodcock, In-
dianapolis, Indiana, [model,] Diploma.

Apparatus for feeding fuel info furnaces. James Hennington,
Richmond, Wayne Co., Indiana, Silver Medal.

Rubber BeVing, Packing, and Hose. George Blanchard, Louis-
ville, Ky., Bronze Medal and Diploma.

Liibricator for Machinery. Clayton Brown, Sr., Eichmond,
Wayne Co., Indiana, Diploma.

Screw Cuffing Machine. J. R. Elliot, Cincinnati, Ohio, Silver
Medal and Diploma.

Machive for Repairing T Rails. Mason & Davis, Washington
City, Indiana, [model,] Diploma.

Harness for Shoeing Refracfory Horses and Mules. William P.
Thomas, Wayne Co., Indiana, Bronze Medal.

Horning Machine. 0. F. Mayhew, Indianapolis, Indiana, Di-
ploma.

B7'ick Making Machine. 0. W. Seeley, Albany, N. Y., [model,]
Diploma.

MANUFACTURED AETICLES.

Best Collection Manufactured Articles. Wallace, Lithgow &
Co., Louisville, Ky., Diploma.

Extension Top Buggy. Huggins & Co., Louisville, Ky., Bronze
Medal.

Two Horse Family Carriage. M. Ketlinger, Louisville, Ky.,
Diploma.

Rockaways. Thomas J. Vail, Louisville, Ky., Diploma. Se-
verson & Cooling, Louisville, Ky., Diploma.

Carriage Wheels. Blanchard & Brown, Dayton, Ohio, Di-
ploma.

Saddle and Harness. R. E. Miles, Louis'>ille, Ky., Silver
Medal.

Hemp Rope. Thomas D. Ilunt & Co., Louisville, Ky , Diploma.
Brady & Davis, (for L. C. Randall & Co.,) Louisville, Ky., Di-
ploma.

281

Ornamental Fountain. William R. Dunlap'& Co., Cincinnati,
Ohio, Diploma.

Gombinalion Bank-Lock. A. C. Harig, Louisville, Ky., Silver
Medal.

Metallic Roof: J. M. Gaston, Oxford, Ohio, Diploma.

Weather-strip lock for doors and windows. A. Speers, New
York City, Diploma.

Tubs and Pails. H. Crary, Columbus, Ohio, Silver Medal.
Egg-beater. H. Miller, Cincinnati, Ohio, Diploma.
Cured Ham><. G. DuflSeld, Louisville, Ky., Diploma.
Solidified 3filk. Thomas Bruton, New York City, Diploma.
Soap and Candles. Russell & Co., Louisville, Ky., Diploma.
Lard Oil. William Shene & Co., Louisville, Ky., Diploma.
Kerosene Oil. Thomas Bruton, New York City, Diploma.
Case of Boots. Joseph Buckel, Louisville, Ky., Bronze Medal.

Rubber and Gutta Percha Clothing. George Blanchard, Louis-,
ville, Ky., Diploma.

Sole-leather Trunk. D. O'llara, Louisville, Ky., Bronze Medal.

Eliptic Spring Bed. Gray & Co., Cleveland, Ohio, (Howe's
Patent,) Bronze Medal.

Eliptic Spring Bed for Livalids. Gray & Co., Cleveland, Ohio,
(Howe's Patent,) Diploma.

Patent Dressed 3Ioss. Peter & Buchanan, Agents for Camp-
bell & Bondreaux, New Orleans, Diploma.

Refrigerators. E. W. McDonald, Louisville, Ky., Diploma.

Fruit Preservers. John C. Schooley & Co., Cincinnati Ohio,
Diploma.

Rain and River Water Filters. J. E. Cheney «& Co., Rochester,
N. Y., Diploma.

Portable Soda Fountains and Water Cooler, combined. A.
Prankenberry, Columbus, Ohio, Diploma.

Marbleized Iron Ilantle Pieces. Wallace, Lithgow & Co.,
Louisville, Kentucky, Silver Medal.

Holloio Ware. Wallace, Lithgow & Co., Luuisville, Ky.,
Dii>lorna.

Mustard, Spices and Blacking. Hawkins ^ Thornton, Louis-
ville, Ky., Diploma.

Lruii Doors. Henry J. Meado, Louisville, Ky., Diploma.

282

Lightning Rods. David Munson, Indianapolis, (manufactured
at Corrigton, Ky.,) Bronze Medal.

Sf,ill, Cap and Worm. John Metcalf & Bros., Louisville, Ky.,
Diploma.

Life Boat and Boat for Military purposes. Col. Buchanan,
U. S. A., Newport Barracks, Ky., Diploma.

WORKS OF ART AND SKILL.

Portraits of Animals. E. Troye, Kentucky, Diploma, with
special commendation.

Colored Photographs. J. C. Ehrod, Kentucky, Diploma.

Photographs and Ambrotgpes. Webster, Louisville, Kentucky,
Diploma.

Specimens of Mechanical Dentistry. Fitz & Wilson, Louisville,
Ky., Silver Medal and Diploma.

Case of Jewelry. Voght & Klink, Louisville, Ky., Silver
Medal and Diploma.

Eighteen-Day Vibrating Clock. A. Guillemet, Ind., Silver
Medal and Diploma.

Clock. J. J. Hirschbuhl, Louisville, Ky., Silver Medal.

Chronometer Watch. J. J. Hirschbuhl, Louisville, Ky., Silver
Medal.

Seven Octave Piano. G. F. Jackson, Louisville, Ky., Silver
Medal and Diploma

Penmanship and Card Writing. S. J. McCoy, Ind., Diploma.

Practical and Ornamental Penmanship. A. Browley, Pitts-
burg, Pa., Diploma

Case of Regalia. George Blanchard, Louisville, Ky., Bronze
Medal.

Piano Cover, richly embroidered. Miss Sally Dorsey, Ky.,
Silver Medal.

Specimens of Needlework. Miss Mary Jane McCreary, Ind.,
Diploma.

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