Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/journalofvoyaget1 790whit om Dy, / fey CMON > - ) with Sixty-five. Plates_of ce > co Ve, Ve 7 7» GL: y ee “yard S. Sogpuones, CUIVTOMS ies of ay VA Mr % eg anrees TIONS ec Sey Oey Whi: y= Surgeon General to the Settlement. — is an eee Z, ) Lid fe S Goa —— es ) Ba mee MD c Cc AG (ren: oe os ae . . ee a a: HAVIN CHANT AN To THOMAS WILSON, Ej. DEAR SIR, S the following Journal was undertaken at your Requeft, and its principal Object to afford you fome Amufement during your Hours of Relaxation, I {hall efteem myfelf happy if it anfwers that Purpofe. I hope that the Specimens of Natural Hiftory may tend to the Promotion of your favourite Science, and that, on this Account, it will not be unacceptable to you. By the next Conveyance I truft I fhall be enabled to make fome Additions, that will not be unworthy the Attention of the Naturalitfts. A Let DD. Boe 7 ee ee oa Let my prefent Communications, which the fudden failing of the Ships from hence, and the Duties of my Department, have rendered lefs copious than I intended, at leaft ferve to con- vince you of my Readinefs at all Times to comply with your Withes ; and of the Refpect and Efteem with which I am, DEAR Sie YOUR VERY OBEDIENT AND (HUMBLE SERVAN®FE, SYDNEY Cove, | Port Jackfon, New South Wales, November 18th, 1788. JOHN WHITE. PoP ER ELS EME N 7. T becomes the duty of the Editor, as much as it is his inclination, to return his public and grateful acknow- ledgments to the Gentlemen, through whofe abilities and liberal communications, in the province of Natural Hiftory, he has been enabled to furmount thofe difficulties that ne- ceffarily attended the defcription of fo great a variety of ani- mals, prefented for the firft time to the obfervation of the Naturalift, and confequently in the clafs of Non-defcripts. Among thofe Gentlemen he has the honour, particularly, to reckon the names of Dr. Shaw ; Dr. Smith, the pofleffor of the celebrated Linnzan Collection; and John Hunter, Efq. who, to a fublime and inventive genius, happily unites a difinterefted and generous zeal for the promotion of natural {cience. The Public may rely, with the moft perfe@ confidence, on the care and accuracy with which the Drawings have been copied from nature, by Mifs Stone, Mr. Catton, Mr. Nodder, and other artifts; and the Editor flatters himfelf the Engravings are all executed with equal correétnefs, by, or under the immediate infpection of Mr. Milton. The Birds, &c. from which the drawings were taken are de- pofited in the Leverian Mufeum. A 2 ) * * £ra et ee ; ig eS 4 ; ’ _* -, j ; " , ¥ ‘ i sed a ? a pe Ay : P I ‘ j we df +1 aig -* hs rth be 6g x oo cpt tet' . ~ y , 2 . 4 rd “4 r ¥ : : p Cer a a tek ’ ¥ , : \ ) ugh ty , : f “ 0 Ficy Bey ie ! 7 ee ehh BF ; Oh) REAR % ; hy o : iy a of A | ‘ & ae ; . > . ¢ - : c > i ee 8 rt a> I ye c 4m rive reahy } rai? if bs azhh . 2 | , : cae WEY te yaad ‘ I : A ee on 4 Mea ‘ | tae See RY: Sf ceil Vi .aAUOD i A Lay “4 ¥ » - _ : , iia A 4 4 tee pid: d ie | | “boy Lt ; ! pre (DWN ase od a yee nod e, . : + . J : : na : \ phi Da sf Yj $ mt iAatete sal tex ; . ’ : , a tian ; ' s we aye “sad aS My “ J meen se Lis hy + , ache pret see ‘ 4 P 4 ‘ 5 - z ot ‘ y ’ y ' : ' if , ~ ¢ a L J S fh OF ee ee RT BE. RS. A. Budgen, John Smith, Efq. 3 Sapa William Pierce Afhe, Buck, George, Efq. Biq. DT. PL Brook, Mr. Addifon, Edward, Efq. Brook, Mr. Richard Anderfon, Thomas, Efq. Bolt, John, Efq. Anftruther, John, Efg. M. P. Bunbury, Sir Tho. Charles, Bart. M. P. Allen, Jofeph, Efq. 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Zimmermann, Mr. I New Holland Caffowary \ 2 Great Brown King’s Fifher:- om 3 Bankfian Cockatoo - - - 4 4 Blue Bellied Parrot - - - s Anomalous Hornbill - - - * 6 Wattled Bee-eater - - - - ap —. V7 Do. Female ~° ~~ - ~--~- Y 8 Golden Winged Pigeon - - \ g Port Jackfon Thrufh - - - v10 Yellow Eared Fly Catcher - *rn Labuan Parrot, Male= >= ~- muzeio. Pemale “= 7s 7- -= ‘13 Pennantian Parrot, Male - ween Do Menialers = = 0/2. ‘15 New Holland Creeper, Male 416 Knob Fronted Bee-eater - - PAGE. 129 137 139 140 142 144 145 146 1$7 161 168 169 17% ci es 186 199 17 Sacred ~ x ; + % A, LIST 17 Sacred King’s Fifher - - 18 The Bankfia Serrata in Bud 19 Do.in Flower - = - 20 Do. in Fruit - - - - 21 The Bankfia Pyriformis ‘23 Peppermint Tree - - 24 Tea Tree of New South Wales 25 Bark of the Red Gum Tree dw te 26 Crefted Cockatoo - - 27 White Fulica - - - 28 Southern Motacilla = ‘2g Crefted Goatfucker - - , 30 Scinc-formed Lizard - * 31 Muricated Lizard and Snake » 32 Ribboned and Broad-tailed Lizards . 33 Blue Frogs - - - - * 34 Root of the Yellow Gum Tree - 335 White Hawk - - - co 36 White Vented Crow - ! 37 Fulliginous Peteril - - » 38 Variegated Lizard - - ? { 22 The Bankfia, and Bankfia Gibbofa PLATES. 39 Pungent Chztodon and Granulated Baliftes * 4t Superb Warblers - - 42 Motacilla - - - = .40 Muricated Lizard, Variety = - 43 Oe Eas ae : Al lay OF. PLATES, Saake NO. 1.0 = =) = = = = = GaN. 2.0 ol =) == Fu, = =o Dot Nowrs Ui = =) aha) +N PowNO. Er. and A = eee fe Infeéts of New South Wales, viz. Large Scolopendra, Spider, Crab, and Caterpillar - - - - = Small Paroquet - - - - - - = Red Shouldered Do. - - - = - - Cypronaceous Labrus and Hippocampus Doubtfull Lophius - - - - - - Southern Cottus and Flying Fifh - - Fafciated Mullet and Doubtful Sparus - The Kangaroo - - Si steh 2p AR a le White Jointed Spider - - - = - Wha TapouaRoo = = - = = - Dog of New South Wales - - - - Rie? Wap lata oe @hespotted Don --(-)- . + . PepeetatsOO l= Naot ae (oe She Hepoona Roo - = = - = - - Feather of the Caflowary, and Fifth Hooks 3 Implements of New South Wales; viz. a War Spear, Hatchet, a Sword, and Bafket of New South Wales Atherine, Tobacco Pipe, and Remora Fifh New Holland Creeper, Female Fith Gig, a y ee .. Wy pays 4 = . \ suas g 4 al a eos VG) | lok eth. “nh ke Nw Sk | 6g PSA RGY Be ke) SC Ee ee atdivle ome pitti : : 4 Z ~ 4 a = Yieh ‘ : a“ i i)" « ge ee re +) a a ee Cee ; = » + - f * 2 LS o,* La = er, - > * t. rx bytte Gs f pad ' shin ie st} 08 Lilte oe * “ ‘ 4 = . * h ey F is Lis 4 ie ; . Ss a pe & Z Me a + ~ 3) 7 OPE eee oe a ~ is ‘ ‘ - ~ ~ - ~ we Onst =>) 3 ‘ . > - , x be zu ~ 7 ¥ . nee : ‘ af a Ki Fre E os A ‘ = Vos a - - é p re . *. - ~ ° an - a - - f ra : . . > ’ e "= * “ Me C s a . a. ~ ty £ y ie : A it - : - * « bows, ines “d tes 4 4 WHITE’ss JOURNAL Haid © de SU: Ga © 4 T O WEY SOU LTH WALES. THIS day left London, charged with difpatches from the Secretary of State’s office, and from the Admiralty, relative to the embarkation of that part of the marines and conviéts intended for Botany Bay ; and on the evening of the feventh, after travelling two days of the moft inceffant rain I ever remember, arrived at Plymouth, where the Charlotte and Friendfhip tranfports were in readinefs to receive them. General Collins, commander in chief at that port, loft no time in carrying the orders I had brought into execu- tion: fo that on the morning of the ninth, the detachment of marines were on board, with all the baggage. But the B next T7607. March 5. Keres yom 2 1787. March. ease WHITE’s JOURNAL OF & next day being ufhered in with a very heavy gale of wind, made it impracticable to remove the convicts from on board: the Dunkirk prifon-fhip, where they were confined. So violent was the gale, that- his Majefty’s fhip the Druid, of thirty-~ two guns, was forced to cut away her main-maft to prevent her driving on fhore. The weather being moderate the following day, the con- victs were put on board the tranfports, and placed in the different apartments allotted for them; all fecured in irons, except the women. In the evening, as there was but little wind, we were towed by the boats belonging to the guardfhips out of the Hamaoze, where the Dunkirk lay, into Plymouth Sound. When this duty was completed, the boats returned; and the wind now frefhening fo as to enable us to clear the land, we proceeded to Spithead, where we arrived the feventeenth, and anchored on the Mother Bank, among the reft of the tranfports and victuallers intended for the fame expedition, under the conduc of his Majefty’s fhip the Sirius. As foon as the fhip came to anchor, I vilited all the other tranfports, and was really furprifed to find the convicts on board them fo very healthy. When I got on board the Alexander, I found there a medi- cal VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. cal gentleman from Pertfmouth, among whofe acquaintance I had not the honour to be numbered. He fearcely gave me time to get upon the quarter-deck, before he thus addrefied me—‘* I am very glad you are arrived, Sir; for *¢ your people have got a malignant difedfe among them of ‘*¢ a moft dangerous kind; and it will be neceflary, for their ‘* prefervation, to get them immediately relanded!’ Sur- prifed at fuch a falutation, and alarmed at the purport of it, I requefted of my afliftant, Mr. Balmain, an intelligent young man, whom I had appointed to this fhip for the voyage, to let me fee the people who were ill. ‘* Sir,” re- turned Mr. Balmain, taking me afide, <¢ you will not find *‘ things by any means fo bad as this gentleman reprefents <‘ them to be: they are made much worfe by him than ¢ Cal they really are. Unlike a perfon wifhing to adminifter ¢ nr comfort to thofe who are afflicted, either in body or in «¢ mind, he has publicly declared before the poor creatures “ who are ill, that they muft inevitably fall a facrifice to ‘© the malignant diforder with which they are afflicted ;— «© the malignity of which appears to me to exift only in his ‘* own imagination. I did not, however,” continued Mr. Bal- main, ‘think proper to contradié the gentleman; fuppofing, B 2 ‘¢ from 4 1787. March, Ne ee! WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A ‘* from the confequence he affumed, and the eafe with ‘‘ which he had given his opinion, or more properly his ‘© direétions, that he was fome perfon appointed by the ‘¢ Secretary of State to officiate for you till your arrival. ‘© When you go among the people you will be better able to ‘* judge of the propriety of what I have faid.”” Mr. Balmain had no fooner concluded thanI went between decks, and found every thing juft as he had reprefented it to be. There were feveral in bed with flight inflammatory complaints; fome there were who kept their bed to avoid the inconvenience of the cold, which was at this time very piercing, and whofe wretched clothing was but a poor defence againft the tigour of it; others were confined to their bed through the effects of long imprifonment, a weakened habit, and low- nefs of f{pirits; which was not a little added to by the de- claration of the medical gentleman above mentioned, whom they concluded to be the principal furgeon to the expedi- tion. However, on my undeceiving them in that point, and. at the fame time confirming what Mr. Balmain had from the firft told them, viz. haz their complaints were neither malig- nant nor dangerous, their fears abated. To this I added, that I would immediately give orders for fuch as were in want VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. want of clothing, to be fupplied with what was needful; a power delegated to me by Captain Phillip, together with the liberty of giving, fuch other diredtions as I thought would tend to the recovery or prefervation of their health. And further, as they had been nearly four months on board, and during that time had been kept upon falt provifions, I would endeavour to get frefh for them while in port.. This fhort converfation had fo fudtlen an effe@ on thofe I addreffed, and was of fo oppofite a tendency to that of the gentleman alluded to, that before we got from between decks, I had the pleafure to fee feveral of them put on fuch clothes as they had, and look a little cheerful. I then pointed out to Lieutenant Johnfon, commanding officer of the marines on board, and to the mafter of the fhip, the neceflity there was of admitting the convicts upon the deck, one half at a time, during the courfe of the day; in order that they might breathe a purer air, as nothing would conduce more to the preferva- tion of their health. To this thefe gentlemen readily affent- ed; adding, that they had no objection to the whole num- ber coming upon deck at once, if I thought it neceflary, as they were not apprehenfive of any danger from the indul- gence. On returning to the quarter-deck, I found my new medical 5 1787. March, eee ye WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A medical acquaintance ftill there; and before I could give fome directions to Mr. Balmain, as I was about to do, he thus once more addrefled me—‘ I fyppofe you are now ‘* convinced of the dangerous difeafe that prevails among «< thefe people, and of the neceflity of having them landed, «¢ in order to get rid of it.”’ Not a little hurt at the abfurd part the gentleman had acted, and at his repeated importu- nity, I replied with fome warmth,® that I was very forry to “A n differ fo effentially in opinion from him, as to be obliged oA wn to tell him that there was not the leaf? appearance of Aw n malignity in the difeafe under which the conviés labour- ~ nw ed, but that it wholly proceeded from the cold; and was “~ tal nearly fimilar to a complaint then prevalent, even among nw on the better fort of people, in and about Portf{mouth.” Notwithftanding this, he ftill perfifted fo much in the pro- pricty of their being landed, and the neceflity there was for an application to the Secretary of State upon the occafion, that I could no longer keep my temper; and I freely told him, ‘* that the idea of landing them was as improper as it ‘¢ was abfurd. And, in order to make him perfedlly eafy “* on that head, I affured him, that when any difeafe ren- ‘¢ dered it neceflary to call in medical aid, he might reft “¢ fatisfied ~VOVYAG EV TOANEW SOUTH WALES. *¢ fatishied I would not trouble fiz; but would apply to “ Doéor Lind, Phyfician to the Royal Hofpital at Hafler, “a gentleman as eminently diftinguifhed for his profef- *¢ fional abilities as his other amiable qualities; or elfe to ‘«< fome of the furgeons of his Majefty’s fhips in Portfmouth *« harbour, or at Spithead, moft of whom I had the plea- «© fure of knowing, and on whofe medical knowledge I was ** certain I could depend.’’ This peremptory declaration had the defired effe&. The gentleman took his leave, to my great fatisfa@icn, and thereby gave me an opportunity of writing by that evening’s poft, to inform the Secretary of State, and Captain Phillip, of the real ftate of the fick; and at the fame time to urge the neceflity of having frefh pro- vifions ferved to the whole of the convicts while in port, as well as alittle wine for thofe who were ill. Freth provi- fions I dwelt moft on, as being not only needful for the recovery of the fick, but otherwife effential, in order to prevent any of them commencing fo long and tedious a voyage as they had before them with a {corbutic taint; a confequence that would moft likely attend their living upon falt food; and which, added to their needful confinement and great numbers, would, in all probability, prove fatal to 7 1787. March. § 1787. March. eam aed WHITE’s JOURNAL YVOF VA to them, and thereby defeat the intention of Govern- ment. The return of the poft brought me an anfwer; and like- wife an order to the contractor for fupplying the marines and conviés daily with frefh beef and vegetables, while in port. A fimilar order I found had been given long before my arrival; but, by fome ftrange miftake or other, had not been complied with. The falutary effeé of this change of diet, with the addition of fome wine and other necefiaries ordered for the fick, through the humanity of Lord Sydney, manifefted itfelf fo fuddenly, that in the fpace of a uae night, on comparing my lift of fick with that of a furgeon belonging to one of the guardfhips, allowing for the difpro- portion of numbers, mine did not exceed his. And yet, not- withftanding this, which is a well known fad, the report of a moft malignant difeafe ftill prevailed: and fo induftrioufly was the report promulgated and kept alive by fome evil-minded people, who either wifhed to throw an odium on the humane promoters of the plan, or to give uneafinefs to the friends and relations of thofe engaged in the expedition, that letters from all quarters were pouring in upon us, commiferating our ftate. The newfpapers were daily filled with alarming accounts VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. accounts of the fatality that prevailed among us; and the rumour became general, notwithftanding every ftep was taken to remove thefe fears, by affurances (which were ftriétly true) that the whole fleet was in as good a ftate of health, and as few in it would be found to be ill, at that cold feafon of the year, as even in the moft healthy fituation on fhore. The cleareft teftimony that there was more ma- lignity in the report than in the difeafe, may be deduced from the very inconfiderable number that have died fince we left England; which I may fafely venture to fay is much lef than ever was known in fo long a voyage (the numbers being proportionate), even though not labouring under the difadvantages we were fubjec&t to, and the crowded ftate we were in. During the abfence of Captain Phillip, I mentioned to Captain Hunter of the Sirius, that I thought whitewafhing with quick lime the parts of the fhips where the conviéts were confined, would be the means of corre&ing and preventing that unwholefome dampnefs which ufually ap-. peared on the fbeaanis and fides of the fhips, and was occa- fioned by the breath of the people. Captain Hunter agreed with me on the propriety of the ftep: and with that oblig- C ing 9 1787. March. ee and WHITE’s. JOURNAL OF A ing willingnefs which marks his character, made the necef= fary application to commiflioner Martin ; who, on his party. as readily ordered the proper materials. The procefs was accordingly foon finifhed ; and fully anfwered the purpofe. intended. ° | May 12. His Majefty’s thip the Hyena joined us. this day, and put herfelf under the command of. Captain. Phillip, who had inftructions to take her with him as far as he: fhould think needful. In the evening the Sirius made the final to weigh, and attempted to get down to St. Helen’s; 3 but the wind fhifting, and feveral of the convoy not getting under way, through fome irregularity in the feamen, fhe was obliged to anchor. When this was done, Captain Phillip fent Lieutenant King on board the fhips which had occafioned the detention, who foon adjufted the difficulties. that had arifen; as they were found to proceed more from intoxication than from any nautical caufes. 13th. This morning the Sirius and her convoy weighed again, with an intention of going through St. Helen’s; but the wind being fair for the Needles, we run through them, with a pleafant breeze. The Charlotte, Captain Gilbert, on board of which I was, failing very heavy, the Hyena VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. Hyena took us in tow, until fhe brought us ahead of the Sirius, and then caft us off. 5th. An accident of a fingular nature happened to-day. Corporal Baker of the marines, on laying a loaded mufquet down, which he had juft taken out of the arms cheft, was wounded by it in the inner ankle of the right foot. The bones, after being a good deal fhattered,- turned the ball ; which taking another direction, had ftill force enough left to go through a harnefs-cafk full of beef, at fome diftance, and, after that, to kill two geefe that were on the other fide of it. Extraordinary as this incident may appear, it is no lefs true. The corporal being a young man, and in a good habit of body, I had the pleafure, contrary to the general expectation, of feeing him return to his duty in three months, with the perfe& ufe of the wounded joint. 2oth. A difcovery of a futile fcheme, formed by the ‘convicts on board the Scarborough, was made by one of that body, who had been recommended to Captain Hunter previous to our failing. They had laid a plan for making themfelves mafters of the fhip; but being prevented by this difcovery, two of the ringleaders were carried on board the Sirius, where ,they were punifhed; and afterwards put on G2 board if 1787. May. 12 1787. June. Keen panied) WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A board the Prince of Wales tranfport, from which time they behaved very well. Being now near one hundred leagues to the weftward of Scilly, and all well, Captain Phillip found it no longer neceflary to keep the Hyena with him; there- fore, having committed his letters to the care of the Hon. Captain De Courcey, he in the courfe of this day fent her back. | . 28th. Departed this life, Ifmael Coleman, a convict, who, worn out by lownefs of fpirits and debility, brought on by long and clofe confinement, refigned his breath without a pang. goth. In the forenoon paffled to the fouthward. of Ma- deira, and faw fome turtle of the hawks-bill kind. June 2d. Saw and paffed the Salvages. Thefe iflands are not laid down in any of the charts we had on board, except a {mall one, by Hamilton Moore, in the poffeffion of the fecond mate. They lie, by our obfervation, in lat. go°. 10..N. long. £5°. 9... 3d. This evening, after feeing many fmall fifth in our way from the Salvages, we arrived at Teneriffe, and an- chored in Santa Cruz road, about a mile to the N. E. of the town of that name, in fixteen fathom water; fome of the {hips VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. fhips came to in twenty fathom. We were vifited the fame night, as is the nae of the port, by the harbour matter, and gained permiflion to water, and procure fuch refrefh- ments as the ifland afforded. The marines were now ferved with wine in lieu of fpirits ; a pound of frefh beef was like- wife daily diftributed to them as wellas to the conviéts ; to- gether with a pound of rice inftead of bread, and fuch vege- tables as could be procured. Of the latter indeed the por- tion was rather {canty, little befides onions being to be got ; and {till lefs of fruit, it being too early in the feafon. 4th. Captain Phillip, as governor of his Majefty’s ter- ritories in New South Wales, and commander in chief of the expedition, accompanied by twenty of the principal officers, paid his refpeéts to the Marquis de Brancifort, governor of this and the other Canary iflands. We were received by his Excellency with great politenefs and cor- diality; and after the ceremony of introduction was over, he entered into familiar converfation with Captain Phillip on general topics. In perfon the Marquis is genteel; he is rather above the middle fize, but cannot boaft of much embonpoint; his countenance is animated; his deportment eafy and graceful; and both his appearance and manners perfectly 14 WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A 1787. perfeétly correfpond with the idea univerfally entertained of wes the dignity of a grandee of Spain. ‘This accomplifhed nobleman, as I have been informed, is not a Spaniard by birth, but a Sicilian; and defcended from fome of the princes of that ifland. On this anceftry and defcent, it is vifible that he prides himfelf not a little. The people he is placed over will have it, that he carries himfelf with too much ftatelinefs to be long a favourite there; they cannot, however, help acknowledging that he preferves a degree of difintereftednefs, moderation, and juftice, in his condué to- wards them, that is not to be objected to. 6th. A convict, named James Clark, died of a dropfy; he had been tapped ten days before, and difcharged twelve quarts of water. 8th. During the night, while the people were bufily employed in taking in water on board the Alexander, a fervice in which fome of the convidis aflifted, one of them, of the name of Powel, found means to drop himfelf unper- ceived into a {mall boat that lay along-fide; and under cover of the night to caft her off without difcovery. He then drifted to a Dutch Eaft Indiaman that had juft come to an anchor, to the crew of which he told a plaufible ftory, and VOYAGE TO NEW. SOUTH WALES. and entreated to be taken on board; but, though they much wanted men, they would have nothing to do with him. Having committed himfelf again to the waves, he was driven by the wind and the current, in the courfe of the night, to a {mall ifland lying to leeward of the fhips, where he was the next morning taken. The boat and oars, which he could not conceal, led. to a difcovery; otherwife he would probably have effected his efcape. When brought back by the party fent after him, Captain Phillip ordered him into irons, in which ftate he remained for fome time; but at length, by an artful petition he got written for him, he fo wrought on the governor’s humanity, as to procure a releafe: from his confinement. As you approach the ifland of Teneriffe, and even when: you are near to it, the appearance from the fea conveys no: very favourable idea of its fertility; one rugged, barren hill or mountain terminating in another, until it forme: the famous Peck. The town of Santa Cruz is large and populous, but very irregular and ill built; fome of the private houfes, however, are fpacious, convenient, and well conftru@ed. Although this town is not confidered as the capital, Laguna enjoying that pre-eminence, yet I can- not WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A not help thinking it ought to be fo; not only from its being more frequented by fhips of various nations, and having a greater fhare of trade than any other port in the Canaries, but on account of its being the refidence of the governor- general. Among other fteps for its improvement, the Marquis fet on foot a contribution, and from the produce of it has caufed to be built an elegant and commodious mole, or pier, about the center of the town. To this pier, water of an ex- cellent quality is conveyed by pipes; fo that boats may come along-fide, and by applying a hofe to the cocks placed there for this purpofe, fill the cafks without the ufual trouble and fatigue. The landing or fhipping of goods is likewife, by means of this pier, rendered both convenient and expe- ditious. In fhort, I think I may fafely recommend this port as a very good one for fhips undertaking long voyages to water at, and refrefh their crews; more efpecially in the time of the fruit feafon. About four or five thiles, inland, from Santa Cruz, ftlands the city of Laguna; fo called from a lake near which it is fituated. This lake, during the winter, or in rainy weather, is full of ftagnant water, that in a little time becomes VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. becomes putrid, and, in very dry hot weather, is to- tally exhaled. I have before obferved, that Laguna is confidered as the capital of the ifland, and added my rea- fons for thinking this an ill-judged diftin@ion. The road from Santa Cruz to it is a pretty fteep afcent, until you ap- proach the town, which is fituated at the extremity, or rather on a corner, of a plain three or four miles long. This city has two churches, one of them richly ornamented ; and feveral convents both of friars and nuns. It has like- wife three hofpitals ; two of which were originally inftituted for the wife, but ineffe@tual, purpofe of eradicating the /wes wenerea; a difeafe that has long been, and ftill continues to be, very common in this ifland. I was however informed, that perfons affli@ed with other diforders are now received into thefe two charitable inftitutions ; and that the third is appropriated to the reception of foundlings. Befides the foregoing, there are fome other public, as well as private buildings, that tend to improve the appearance of the town. There is very little trade carried on at Laguna, it being rather the retired refidence of the gentry of the ifland, and of the merchants of Santa Cruz, which is the principal feat of commerce. The officers of jultice likewife refide here ; D fuch 18 1787. June. ee ee WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A fuch as the corrigedor, lieutenant of the police, &c. and # judge whofe bufinefs it is to regulate commercial affairs, An office of inquifition, with the proper officers, delegated from, and fubje& to, the tribunal of the holy office held at Grand Canary, is befides eftablifhed here. ' The prefent natives of this ifland feem to have in then very little of the ftock from whence they fprung 3 intermar- riages with the Spaniards have nearly obliterated all traces. ef the original ftamina: they are of a middle ftature, in- clining to be flender, and of a dark complexion, with large animated black eyes. The peafants in general are wretch- edly clothed ; when they do appear better, they are habited in the Spanifh fafhion. The men, in a genteeler line, drefs very gaily, and are feldom feen without long fwords. It is remarked, that few of them walk with dignity and eafe ; which may be attributed to the long cloaks they ufually wear, except on particular occafions. The women wear veils: thofe worn by the lower ranks are of black ftuff, thofe of the higher, of black filk; and fuch among the latter as have any claim to beauty, are far from being over careful in concealing their faces by them. ‘The young ladies, fome of whom I faw that were really VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. really pretty, wear their fine long black hair plaited, and faftened with a comb, or a ribbon, on the top of the head. The common people, and in this they refemble the inha- bitants of moft of the iflands in the Pacific Ocean lately dif-~ covered, have a ftrong {pice of furacity in them; they are befides lazy; and the moft importunate beggars in the world: I obferved likewife, that the itch was fo common among them, and had attained fuch a degree of virulence, that one would almoft be led to believe it was epidemic there. Some of the women are fo abandoned and fhamelefs, that it would be doing an injuftice to the proftitutes met with in the ftreets of London, to fay they are like them. The fe- males of every degree are faid to be of an amorous conftitu- tion, and addiéted to intrigue; for which no houfes could be better adapted than thofe in Teneriffe. The manufaétures carried on here are very few, and the produc of them little more than fufhicient for their own confumption. They confift of taffeties, gauze, coarfe linens, blankets, a little filk, and curious garters. The principal dependance of the inhabitants is on their wine (their ftaple commodity), oil, corn, and every kind of ftock for fhipping, D 2 With 20 1787. June. WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A With thefe the ifland abounds; and, in their feafon, pro- duces not only the tropical fruits, but the vegetable produc- tions of the European gardens, in the greateft plenty. Te- neriffe enjoys an agreeable and healthful mediocrity of climate. Indeed I know of none better adapted for the reftoration of a valetudinarian; as, by going into the mountains, he may graduate the air, and chufe that ftate of it which beft fuits his complaint. But although the inhabitants are thus healthy, and have fo little occafion for medical aid, they loudly com- plain of the want of knowledge in the profeflional gentlemen of the ifland. The prefent governor has eftablifhed a manufactory of filk and woollen goods in the fuburbs of Santa Cruz, which is carried on by poor children, old and infirm people, and by abandoned females, with a view to reclaiming them: an inftitution that will ever do honour both to his excellency, and to thofe who have liberally aided him in fo laudable a {cheme. Like the inhabitants of moft catholic countries, the people of this ifland are very profufe in decorating their churches, and even their dwelling-houfes, on the feftivals held in honour of their faints. This being Corpus Chriffi, a | day VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. day of much folemnity and parade, I went on fhore with Lieutenant Ball of the Supply to fee the proceflion incident to the occafion. Before we landed we formed a refolution to avoid, as much as lay in our poweft, giving offence even to the moft zealous devotee. But we found this was not to be done. When we arrived at the church, from whence the proceflion commenced, the Hoft was juft making its appear- ance; a circumftance that is announced by ringing of bells, and firing of guns. As it pafled by us we fell on our knees, as we obferved thofe around us to do; but it unfortunately happening, that the fpot we knelt upon confifted of fand intermixed with {mall rough pebbles, the pofture we were in foon became fo exceedingly painful, that, in order to pro- cure a momentary eafe, we only let one knee remain on the ground. This heretical a&t did not efcape the obfervation of one of the holy fathers, all of whom were intent on the exact performance of every ceremonious etiquette. It procured for us a frown from him, and treatment that was. not of the moft civil kind ; fo that, in order to pacify him, we again dropped on both knees. Hedid not, however, pafs on, without exhi- biting {trong marks of ill-nature and refentment in his coun- tenance, at this trivial and unintended breach of refpecful attention: WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A attention to the religious rights of the country. The pro- ceffion, in which the governor and all the principal inhabi- tants joined, having pafled through moft of the fircets, returned, with the fame folemnity, to the church it had fet out from; which was richly ornamented, and fplendidly illuminated with large wax tapers, upon the occafion. During our ftay here, his excellency the governor entertained Captain Phillip and all the officers belonging to the expedi- tion with a very elegant dinner. Before we failed from the Motherbank, a Jporatic difeafe had appeared among the marines and convicts. On its farft appearance it refembled the mumps, or fwellings of the chaps; and.as that diftemper fometimes terminates in a tranflation of the inflammation to the tefticles, fo this complaint (after the fwelling and induration of the jaws had fubfided, which ufually happened on the fixth or feventh day) never in one inftance failed to fix on thofe parts; and that in fo very obftinate a manner, as not to give way to the treatment | generally found effectual in fimilar inflammations. One of the convicts, thus affected, was feized with an intermitting fever: between the paroxy{m I gave him an emetic; which had fuch a fudden and wonderful effe@ on this firange com- plaint, VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. plaint, that I was induced to repeat it; and I found it effectual in this, as well as in all fubfequent cafes. As foon as we got to fea, the motion of the fhip aéted on all thofe who were affected, to the number of feventeen, in a moft furprifing and extraordinary manner. Indeed it was fo fud- den, that it was like a placebo. I could never account, with any fatisfaction to myfelf, for the origin of this uncommon difeafe, though much acquainted: with thofe incident to feamen; nor did I ever fee or hear of any that refembled it. The moft fteady and prudent of the mariners, even thofe who had their wives on board, were equally affected with thofe who led more irregular lives. At firft I attributed it to the verdigreafe that might gather on the copper utenfils: wherein the provifions were cooked; but Iam now fully perfuaded that this was not the fource from which. it pro- ceeded ;. for at the very time it was moft prevalent, and at- tended. with the greateft degree of inveteracy, the coppers were cleaned, and made as bright as they could be, every day;. under my own infpe@tion. Another proof, and a very trong one, that it did not proceed from the before-mentioned caufe is, that the provifions ftill continued to be dreffed in the fame coppers, when the fmalleft trace of the difeafe was no longer WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A longer to be perceived ; which was the cafe after being four or five days at fea. oth, P.M. the Sirius made the fignal for all officers to repair on board their refpective fhips ; an officer was likewife fent to the governor, to.inform him that we intended to put to fea in the morning, and, at the fame time, to thank him for the civilities and politenefs he had fhown us. His excel- lency returned, in anfwer to this meflage, that his beft and moft fincere good wifhes fhould attend us; and that he fhould ever feel a very particular intereft in our fuccefs; which he hoped would anfwer the intention of government, and the expectations of thofe who had fo cheerfully entered as volunteers on fo novel and very uncertain a fervice. roth. This morning the fleet got under way with a light breeze, which carried us out of Santa Cruz, but left us two ‘days becalmed between Teneriffe and the Grand Canary. After this a fine breeze fprung up from the north-eaft; and no oc- currence worthy of notice happened for fome days. We crofied the tropical line in 18°. 20. weft longitude, and was nearly prefled on board the Lady Penrhynn tranfport, whofe people did not attend to her fteerage, being deeply engaged in fluicing and ducking all thofe on board who had never croffed it, 17th, VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. a7th. In the morning faw a ftrange fail to the north- ward, and at night the Sirius made the fignal for the convoy to fhorten fail. 18th. Early this morning the Sirius threw out the Sup- ply’s fignal to make fail, and look out ahead. She imme- diately obeyed, and at eight oclock made the fignal for feeing land; which was repeated by the Sirius to the con- voy. At eleven we pafled the Ifle of Sal, in lat, 16° 38’ N. long. 22° 5’ W., and in the evening Bonavifta; two of the Cape de Verd iflands, a clufter of iflands fo called froma cape of that name fituated oppofite to.them on the continent of Africa. We paffed the latter ifland fo clofe, that we faw the breakers which endangered Captain Cook’s fhip in his laft voyage. [t blew at the time pretty frefh, and was fo hazy, that we could make no other obfervation, than that the land was high, and the fhore (what we could per- ceive of it through the haze, for the horizon line did not exceed two miles) had a white appearance, as if fand or chalk cliffs. At fix in the evening, the Sirius made a fignal for the convoy to obferve a clofe order of failing, and to fhorten fail for the night; and at twelve, running under an eafy fail, E fhe 25 1787. June. WHITE’s: JOURNAL OFA fhe made the fignal for the fhips to bring to, with their heads to the fouth-eaft, 1gth. At day break we made fail, the Supply being a- head on the look-out. At eight o’clock fhe made the fig- nal for feeing land; which proved to be the ifle of Mayo, ~ another of the Cape de Verd iflands, lying in lat. 15° 10' N. long. 23° W. ‘The Sirius now made the fignal to prepare to anchor; which was followed by one, that the boats from the victuallers and tranfports may land, as foon as the fhips came to an anchor, without afking permiflion as at Teneriffe. We ran down the eaft fide of the ifland, clofe in with the fhore, on which we could perceive a high furf, or rather the fea, breaking violently among the rocks. The haze ftill con- tinued fo thick that we could only obferve the fhore to-be rough, craggy, and ‘bold; and that feveral parts of the ifland feemed high and mountainous. At twelve, through the haze, faw the ifland of Saint Jago, the principal of the Cape de Verd iflands, lying in lat. 14° 54 N. long. 23° 29’ W. Half after one, the Sirius leading into Port Praya Bay, on a fudden brought to, as we imagined, to wait for the ftern- moft fhips, which, as they all came up, likewife brought to, on VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. ~ on the outfide of the entrance into the bay. After the pre- parations which had been made for anchoring, and the dif- pofition fhown by the Sirius to run in, we were not a little furprifed to fee her, at two o'clock, throw out the fignal for the convoy to keep nearer the commanding officer; then make fail and bear away, fteering fouth-weft. At fix in the evening we loft fight of the ifland, running with a {mart top-gallant, and fteering fail, breeze at north-eaft. A {mall Portugueze brig lay at anchor in Port Praya, which was the only veffel of any kind at that time there. This bay is rendered memorable by the action that took place there, on the 16th of April 1781, between Commodore Johnftone and Monfieur Suffrein ; in giving an account of which, the French admiral (in a letter faid to be written by him) humoroufly thus obferves: ‘* In leading into the bay, << I was fome time at a lofs to diftinguifh which was the <* commodore’s fhip: but on getting more in, I at length ‘¢ faw his pendant blufhing through a foreft of mafts; the <* Romney being fecurely placed in fhore of the merchant ‘¢ fhips and fmaller men of war.” The entrance into this bay appeared to be about a mile, between two bluff points, which makes it fecure from every B52 wind, 23 1787. June. WHITE*s JOURNAL OF A wind, except a foutherly one; and when that prevails, very high fea tumbles into it. On an eminence, in the cen- ter of the bay, flands a fort, where the Portugueze colours. were difplayed. Many people appeared on the batteries, look- ing at the fhips; which were probably more in number than had been feen there fince the memorable 16th of April.. The appearance of the town and the ifland, from the diftant view we had, gave us no very favourable opinion of them. The face of the country feemed to be fterile in the extreme.. The lifelefs brown of the Ifle of Mayo, defcribed by Cap- tain Cook, may very well be applied to this ifland; for as far as my eye or glafs could reach, not the {malleft trace of vegetation or verdure was to be perceived, except at the weft end of the fort, on the left fide of the bay, where a few trees of the cocoa nut or palm kind appeared. But noe- withftanding the fterile pi@ture it exhibits when viewed from the fea, geographers, and thofe who have been on fhore, defcribe it to be, in many places, well cultivated and very fertile; producing fugar canes, a little wine, fome cotton,, Indian corn, cocoa nuts, and oranges, with all the other tropi- cal fruits in great plenty; and point it out as a place where fhips, bound on long voyages, may be conveniently fupplied with VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES, with water, and other neceflaries; fuch as fowls, goats, and hogs ; all which are to be purchafed at a very eafy rate. zoth. This evening, ftanding to the fouthward with all fail; the wind moderate; the air warm and damp, with haze; the Sirius made the Alexander’s fignal, who had dropped confiderably aftern, and reprimanded the mafter for hoifting out a boat without permiffion. The two following days the weather was moderately warm, with fome flafhes of light- ning. 23d... The weather became exceedingly dark, warm, and clofe, with heavy rain; a temperature of the atmofphere very common on approaching the equator, and very much to be dreaded, as the health is greatly endangered. thereby. Every attention was therefore paid to the people on board the Charlotte, and every exertion ufed to keep her clean and wholefome between decks. My firft care was to keep the men, as far as was confiftent with a regular difcharge of their duty, out of the rain; and I never fuffered the con- vidts to come upon deck when it rained, as they had neither linen nor clothing fuficient to make themfelves dry and comfortable after getting wet: a line of condu@& which eannot. be too ftriétly obferved, and enforced, in thofe lati- tudes. 27 1787. June. WHITE’s JOURNAL: OBA tudes. To this, and to the frequent ufe of oil of tar, which was ufed three times a week, and oftener if found neceflary, I attribute, in a great degree, the uncommon good health we enjoyed. I moft fincerely with oil of tar was in more gene- ral ufe throughout his Majefty’s navy than it is. If it were, I am certain that the advantage accruing from it to the health of feamen, that truly ufeful and valuable clafs of the commu- ‘nity, and for whofe prefervation too much cannot be done, would foon manifeft itfelf. This efficacious remedy won- derfully refifts putrefaétion, deftroys vermin and _ infedts of every kind; wherever it is applied overcomes all dif- agreeable fmells ; and is in itfelf both agreeable and whole- fome. In the evening it became calm, with diftant peals of thunder, and the moft vivid flafhes of lightning I ever remember. The weather was now fo immoderately hot, that the female con- victs, perfe@ly overcome with it, frequently fainted away; and thefe faintings generally terminated in fits. And yet, notwithftanding the enervating effects of the atmofpheric heat, and the inconveniences they fuftered from it; fo pre- dominant was the warmth of their conftitutions, or the de- pravity of their hearts, that the hatches over the place where VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. where they were confined could not be fuffered to lay off, during the night, without a promifcuous intercourfe imme- diately taking place between them and the feamen and ma- rines. What little wind there was, which was only at intervals, continuing adverfe, and the health of thefe wretches being ftill endangered by the heat, Captain Phillip, though anxious to prevent as much as poflible this intercourfe, gave an order, on my reprefenting the neceflity of it, that a erating fhould be cut, fo as to admit a {mall wind fail being let down among them. In fome of the other fhips, the defire of the women to. he with the men was fo uncontrol- lable, that neither fhame (but indeed of this they had long loft fight), nor the fear of punifhment, could deter them from making their way through the bulk heads to the apart- ments affigned the feamen. . 25th. Still inclinable to calms, in lat. 8° 30’ N. long. 22° 36 W. we perceived a ftrong current fetting to the north-weft; fo that on.the following day, though by our ‘log we had run thirty miles fouth by ecaft, yet by obferva- tion we found ourfelves in lat. 8° 45'; which fhows the current againft us to be nearly a knot an hour. I vifited the different tranfports, and found the troops and convicts, from WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A from the very great attention paid to cleanlinefs, and airing the fhips, in much better health than could be expeéted in fuch low latitudes and unfavourable weather. 27th. Still calm, with loud thunder, and inceffant heavy rain. 28th. A gentle breeze {prung up to the weftward, and the next day, about eleven in the forenoon, we faw a ftrange fail ftanding to the fouth-weft. At twelve the tacked, ftood towards us, and hoifted Portugueze colours. The Sirius {poke her; after which we all made fail again, fteering fouth-eaft by eaft. | July 2d. The wind continuing foutherly, in latitude 6° 36 N. and being ftill fo far to the eaftward as 20° 23’ W. longitude, the Sirius made the fignal for the convoy to tack; and ftood to the weftward. This day we faw fome re- markable flights of flying fifh; they were fo very numerous as to refemble flights of fmall birds. The poor creatures were fo clofely purfued, on all fides, by their common ene- my, bonitoes, albacores, and {fkip-jacks, that their wings availed them little. The fucceeding night was a continua- tion of heavy rain. Every evening, while we continued be- tween nine and fix degrees of north latitude, we were bafiled with VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. with calms, and adverfe winds. For feven days together I obferved that each day generally clofed with heavy rains, and fome fqualls of wind, which were always remarked to be from the northward. sth. The wind fouth-weft by fouth, the fleet tacked by fignal and ftood to the eaftward. In the evening, a more numerous fhoal of porpoifes than ever remembered to be feen by the oldeft feaman on board, prefented themfelves to our view. T hey were, as we conjectured, in purfuit of fome wounded fifh; and fo very intent were they on the object of their chace, that they paffed through the fleet, and clofe to fome of the fhips, without fhowing any difpofition to avoid them. The failors and mariners compared them to a nu- merous pack of hounds, fcouring through watery ground; and indeed, when the rays of the fun beamed upon them, I know not what they refembled more. The weather being moderate, I went round the fhips, and was really furprifed, confidering the damp and unfavourable weather we had had, to find the people look fo well, and to be in fo good a ftate of health. 7 6th. In lat. 5° 38’ N. long. 21° 39 W. the wind S. S. W. we tacked by fignal, and in the courfe of the day fpoke F a floop 34 WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A 1787. a floop bound to the coaft of Africa, belonging to the ee houfe of Mether in London; had been out four months, and was then ftanding to the weftward. The wind continuing adverfe, and the fleet making little progrefs in their voyage, Captain Phillip put the officers, fea~ men, marines, and convicts to an allowance of three pints of water per day (not including a quart allowed each man a day for boiling peafe and oatmeal); a quantity fcarcely fufficient to fupply that wafte of animal fpirits the body mift neceflarily undergo, in the torrid zone, from a conftant and violent perfpiration, and a diet confifting of falt provifions. Neceflity, however, has no law in this inftance as well as in every other; and I am fully perfuaded the commander acted upon this occafion from the beft of motives, and for the good of the whole. Were it by any means poffible, people fubje& to long voyages fhould never be put to a fhort allowance of water; for Iam fatisfied that a liberal ufe of it (when freed from the foul air, and made fweet by a ma- chine now in ufe on board his Majefty’s navy) will tend to prevent a fcorbutic habit, as much, if not more, than any thing we are acquainted with. My own ex- perience in the navy has convinced me, that when {cor- butic VOYAGE TO’) NEW SOUTH: WALES. butic patients are reftrained in the ufe of water (which I believe is never the cafe but through abfolute ne- ceflity), and they have nothing to live on but the fhip’s provifion, the furgeon’s neceffaries being ill-chofen and very inadequate to the wife and falutary purpofes for which go- vernment intended them, all the antifeptics and antifcorbu- tics we know of will avail very little in a difeafe fo much to be suarded againft, and dreaded, by feamen. In one of his Ma- jefty’s fhips, I was hberally fupplied with that powerful anti- {corbutic, effence of malt; we had alfo four krout; and be- fides thefe, every remedy that could be comprifed in the fmall compafs of a medicine cheft; yet, when neceflity forced us toa fhort allowance of water, although, aware of the confequence, I freely adminiftered the effence, &c. as a pre- fervative, the {curvy made its appearance with fuch hafty and rapid ftrides, that all attempts to check it proved fruitlefs, until good fortune threw a fhip in our way, who {pared us a fufficient quantity of water to ferve the fick with as much as they could ufe, and to increafe the fhip’s allowance to the feamen. ‘This fortunate and very feafonable fupply, added to the free ufe of the effence of malt, &c. which I had before 2 ‘ftrialy 35 1787. July. Se enn aiid WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A ftri@tly adhered to, made in a few days fo fudden a change for the better in the poor fellows, who had been covered with ulcers and livid blotches, that every perfon on board was furprifed at it: and, in a fortnight after, when we got into port, there was not a man in the fhip, though, at the time we received the water, the gums of fome of them were formed into fuch a fungus as nearly to envelope the teeth, but what had every appearance of health. sth. Dark, cloudy, unpleafant, fultry weather; the wind fouth by eaft. We faw many fifh, and caught two bonitoes. The boatf{wain ftruck, with a pair of grains, out of the cabin window, a moft beautiful fifh, about ten pounds weight. In fhape it a good deal refembled a falmon, with this differ- ence, that its tail was more forked. It was in colour of a lovely yellow; and when firft taken out of the water, it had two beautiful f{tripes of green on each fide, which, fome minutes after, changed toa delightful blue, and fo continued. In the internal formation of this fith I obferved nothing particular, except that its heart was larger, and its refpirations con- tracted and dilated longer, than I had ever feen before in any aquatic animal, a tortoife not excepted. As we were at a lofs what VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. what appellation to give it, having never met with a fith of this fpecies, and it being a non-defcript, the failors gave it the name of the Yellow Tail. 8th. The wind ftill S. by E. in lat. 4° 36'N. long. 23° W. we faw a large veficl ftanding to the northward under a prefs of fail. Her colours, though at a confiderable diftance, were judged to be Imperial. Again faw fith of various kinds in chafe of the flying fith, whofe enemies feem*to be innu- merable. In order to avoid being devoured by their purfuers, they frequently fought for fhelter in the fhips; but much oftener flew with fuch force againft their fides as to drop lifelefs into the water. We caught three fine bonitoes, and | thereby rid the poor flying fith, whofe wings feemed to excite the enmity of all the larger finny race, of three formidable enemies. oth and roth. Caught a great number of fifh, as did the Alexander, who was near us. At night, in the wake of the fhip the fea appeared quite luminous ; a phenomenon we attributed to the fpawn of the fifh which furrounded us on all fides. 14th. About five in the evening we crofied the equator, without any wifh or inclination being fhewn by the feamen to 37 1787. July. ee med WHITE?s JOURNAL OFPA to obferve the ceremony ufually practifed in pafling under it. The longitude was 26° 37’ W. the wind at eaft, the weather moderate and clear. In lat. 1° 24'S. long. 26° 22’ W. the boatfwain caught fixteen fine bonitoes, which proved a very feafonable and acceptable fupply. At night the fea, all around the fhip, exhibited a moft delightful fight. This appearance was occafioned by the gambois of an incredible number of various kinds of fifh, who fported about us, and whofe fudden turnings caufed an emanation, which refem- bled flafhes of lightning darting in quick fucceflion. What I before fpoke of as the {pawn, I am_ now fully convinced were rather the fifh themfelves, turning up their white bellies at fome little diftance below the furface of the water, and thefe fudden evolutions were what gave the fea the luminous appearance obferved on it before. I can the more readily affirm this to be the caufe, as, one evening, when we had immenfe quantities about us, I carefully at- tended to them till it became dark, and was fully fatisfied, from the obfervations I was then able to make, that it was the fifh,- and not the fpawn, which occafioned the appear- ance ; for there was not an officer or perfon ae board but what was able very plainly to perceive their frolicfome turn- in gs EO VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES, ings and windings. Indeed, fome of them came fo near the furface, that we frequently attempted to ftrike them with a pair of grains. 18th. Being informed that feveral of the mariners and convicts on board the Alexander were fuddenly taken ill, I immediately vifited that fhip, and found that the illnefs complained of was wholly occafioned by the bilge water, which had by fome means or other rifen to fo great a height, that the pannels of the cabin, and the buttons on the clothes of the officers, were turned nearly black, by the noxious effuvia. When the hatches were taken off, the ftench was fo powerful, that it was fcarcely poflible to ftand over them. How it could have got to this height is very ftrange; for I well know, that Captain Phillip gave ftri& orders (which orders I myfelf delivered) to the mafters of the tranfports to pump the fhips out daily, in order to: keep them {weet and wholefome ; and it was added, that if the fhips did not ~ make water enough for that purpofe, they were to employ the convicts in throwing water into the well, and pumping it out again, until it became clear and untinggd. The people’s health, however, being endangered by the circum- ftance, I found a reprefentation upon the fubje& to Captain | Phillip 39 1787. July, WHITE’s 3-0 URNALYOFSA Phillip needful ; and accordingly went on board the Sirius for that purpofe. Captain Phillip, who upon every occafion fhowed great humanity and attention to the people, with the moft. obliging readinefs fent Mr. King, one of his lieu- tenants, on board the Alexander with me, in order to exa- mine into the ftate of the fhip ; charging him, at the fame time, with the moft pofitive and pointed inftructions to the mafter of the fhip inftantly to fet about. {weetening and purifying her. This commiflion Mr. King executed with great propriety and expedition; and by the directions he gave, fuch effectual means were made ufe of, that the evil was foon corrected: and not long after all the people, who, fuffering from the effeé&ts of it, were under Mr. Balmain, my afliftant’s, care, got quite rid of the complaint. I now returned to the Sirius, and folicited an increafe of water ; which Captain Phillip with equal readinefs complied with; and as we had by this time got into a regular fouth-eaft trade wind, our allowance ferved tolerably well; every man having three quarts a day. 22d. « The weather moderate and cloudy, in lat 9° 6' S. long. 26° 4’ W. we faw a noddy and two pintado birds. At night, the commanding officer of marines having re- ceived VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. ceived Bitieisetion that three men had made their way, through ithe hole cut for the admiffion of the windfail, into the apartment of the female convicts, againft an expreds order iffued for that purpofe, he apprehended them, and put them in iconfinement for trial. 23d. he weather being dark and cloudy, with heavy xain and ftrong breezes, the Sirius icarried away her main- topfail-yard, in the flings; which, however, in a little time ithe got seplaced. dn the evening we faw fome grampufes Sporting about. | 26th. In latitude 15° 18’ fouth, the Sirius made the fignal for the longitude by lunar obfervation, which was found tobe 29° 34’ W. Strong breezes and cloudy weather. ‘The Borrowdale victualler carried away ‘her foretop-gallant- maft. ‘This evening we obferved fome flying fith, very different from thofe we had before feen. They had wings on-both the head and tail, and when in the a& of flying, were faid by our people to refemble a. double-headed fhot. About ix o'clock the Alexander brought to, and hoifted out a ‘boat in order -to pick up a man who had ‘fallen .over board from the fpankeriboom; ‘but, as he funk before the boat could reach him, the attempt proved ineffectual. G 27th. AX 1787. July. 42 1787, July. WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A 27th. The Sirius made the fignal to clofe, and keep nearer the commanding officer. The weather rainy and unfettled, with ftrong breezes, and a heavy {well from the eaftward. 28th. Frefh breezes and cloudy weather. At ten in the ‘morning the Sirius made the Supply’s fignal to come within -hail, and defired the commanding officer to acquaint the ‘different tranfports, that in the track we then were, lat. 18° g S. long. 28° 2’ W. there were fome funken rocks, for which we were directed to keep a good look-out. This fig- -nal-was followed by one, for the fhips to take their proper ‘ftations in the order of failing; and for the Lady Penrhyn, -who was confiderably to windward, and aftern withal, to come into the wake of the Sirius. After thefe orders were ‘complied with, we bore away, fteering S. by W. the wind Bik HB; goth. The Supply hailed us, and acquainted me, that a female.convié, on board the Prince of Wales, had met with an accident which endangered her life. It being then nearly dark, and the fhips making quick way through the water, “it was judged imprudent to hoift- a boat out. “Lieutenant Ball, of the Supply, therefore promifed to fend a boat early in VOYAGE TO NEW (SOUTH WALES. in the morning, in order;that I might.go and fee her: but it was then too late, as fhe died in the night. Her death was occafioned by a boat, which rolled from the booms, and jammed. her in'a moft fhocking manner, againft the fide of the fhip. | Tis 7 Aueuft 1ft. In latitude 22° 39'S. Gaptain Phillip for the firft time difplayed. his broad pendant; and in the even- ing made the fignal for the longitude ; which, being confi- derably aftern, we could not difcern. ad, Early in the morning paffed and {poke a Portu- _gueze brig fleering the fame courfe with us, which was to the coaft of Brazil... She failed fo very dull, that we pafled her as if fhe lay at anchor, although we had not a faft failing fhip in the fleet. At eight in the morning faw a ganet, which are feldom feen out of foundings. Being now in expectation of foon feeing land, the commodore made the Supply’s fignal to look out ahead ; and the Alexander’s and Prince of Wales’s to take their ftation in the order of {fail- ing, being too far ahead. At three in the afternoon the Supply made the fignal for feeing land, which was repeated by the commodore to the convoy. At nine at night, being well in with Cape Frio, we fhortened fail, running at an G 2 ealy 43 1787. Auguft. eyed 44 178%: Auguft. Coes eae WHITE”’s fOURNAL OF A eafy rate untik morning ; when the wind. was little and variable. | : 3d.. This evening, finding: it impoflible to get hold of anchorage, the commodore difpatched Lieutenant King in the Supply, which failed well in light winds, to the vicétoy, with information that he was, with his convoy, arrived near the mouth of the harbour, He then made the fignal for the fhips to: bring to, with their heads: to the fouthward, about fix miles from. the fhore, Rio dé Janeiro Sugar Loaf beating weft half north; diftant about fix leagues.. In the courfe of the day we faw many whales playing about. 4th. This morning, ftanding in for the harbour, the wind headed us ;, which- obliged. us: to. tack, and fland out to fea a little, in order to prevent our falling to leeward of the port, which it would. have been no- eafy matter to. have regained, sth. Still calm: ‘Phis morning a boat came alongfide, in: which were three Portugueze and fix flaves; from whom we: purchafed fome oranges, plantains, and bread. In tfafficking with thefe people, we difcovered, that one. Thomas Barfet; a convict, had, with great ingenuity and addrefs, paffed fome quarter dollars. which he, affifted: by two othefs, had coined: VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. eoined out of old. buckles, buttons belonging to the marines, and pewter fpoons, during their paflage from Teneriffe. The impreflion, milling, character, in a word, the whole was fo inimitably executed, that had. their metal been a little better, the fraud,, f am convinced, would have paffed unde- tected. A ftri& and careful fearch was made for the appa- ratus wherewith this was done, but in vain; not the fmalleft trace or veftige of any thing of the kind was to be found among them. How they managed. this bufinefs without difcovery, or how they could effec it at all, is a matter of inexpreflible furprife to me; as they never were fuffered to come: near a fire; and a centinel was conftantly placed. over their hatchway, which, one would imagine, rendered it impof- fible for either fire or fufed metal to be conveyed into their apartments. Befides, hardly ten minutes ever. elapfed, without am officer of fome degree or other going down antong. them. The adroitnefs, therefore, with which they muft have managed, in order to complete a bufinefs that required. fo complicated a procefs, gave me a: high: opinign of their ingenuity, cunning, caution, and addrefs-;. and I could not. help wifhing that thefe qualities had been employed to-more laudable purpofes, The officers of marines, the mafter of the: 45 1787. Auguft, ae pet! WHIT.E’s JOURNAL OF A the fhip, and myfelf, fully explained to the injured Portu- gueze, what villians they were who had impofed upon them. We were not without apprchenfions that they might entertain an unfavourable opinion of Englifhmen in ge- neral from the conduc of thefe rafcals; we therefore thought it neceflary to acquaint them, that the perpetrators of the fraud were felons doomed to tranfportation by the laws of their country, for having committed fimilar offences there. About one o’clock a gentle breeze from the eaft carried us within about a mile of the bar; where, at nine o'clock, we anchored in fixteen fathom water. The calms had baffled the Supply fo much, that fhe had only dropped her anchor a little while before us. 6th. Early this morning, it being quite calm, the com- modore difpatched an officer to the viceroy, who met with a courteous reception, and about eleven o'clock returned with the boat nearly full of fruit and vegetables, fent as prefents to the commodore from fome of his old friends and acquaintance. Some years ago Captain Phillip was on this coaft, commander of a Portugueze man of war. During that time he performed feveral gallant acts, which, aided by his VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. his other amiable qualities, rendered him extremely popular here, and recommended him to the notice of the court of Lifbon. Shortly after, his own country having a claim to his fervices, on the breaking out of a war, he declined a command offered him by the Portugueze, and returned to the Englifh navy ; where he ferved fome time as lieutenant (a rank he had held before he had engaged in the fervice of Portugal) on board the Alexander, under the command of that brave and exemplary character, Lord Longford. About two o’clock we got under way, with a gentle fea- breeze, which ran us into the harbour. In pafling Santa Cruz fort, the commodore faluted it with thirteen guns, which was returned with an equal number. -This day a Portugueze fhip failed for Lifbon, which gave us an oppor- tunity of writing fhort letters to our friends in England. 8th. In the forenoon, the commodore, attended by moft of the officers on the expedition, paid the viceroy a vifit of ceremony. On our landing, we were received by an officer and a friar, who conduéted us to the palace. As we pafied the guard on duty there, the colours. were laid at the feet of the commodore ;. than which nothing could have been a higher token of refpe&.. We then proceeded. up. ftairs into a large WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A a large anti-chamber, crowded with officers, foldiers, and do- meftics. Here we were received by feveral officers belonging to the houfehold, and the furgeon-general to the army, who {poke good Englith, having acquired his profeflional know- Jedge in London. A few minutes after our arrival, a curtain, which hung over the door of the prefence-chamber, was drawn afide ; and-on our entrance we were individually in- troduced to the viceroy by the commodore. ‘The ceremony being ended, and a fhort converfation having taken place, we were ufhered into another fpacious room, where -we all fat down. I could not help remarking that the viceroy placed ‘himfelf in fuch a manner as to have his back turned on moft of the officers. I was told afterwards that he apo- logized for this; but I did not hear him, though wery near. Neither the room we were now in, nor that into which we were firft intreduced, exhibited any marks of magnificence or elegance: I acknowledge, that for my own part I was exceedingly difappointed. From the parade without, fuch as the number of guards, &c. I was led to {uppofe that we fhould find every thing within the palace proportionably magnificent and princely. But this was by no means the cafe. The, only furniture I faw in the room we were in, except VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES, except chairs, were fix card tables, and portraits of two of the fovereigns of Portugal ; one of which was that of King Sebaftian the Firft, the other of her prefent majefty ; the former placed in the centre, eRe lavter at the upper end of the room. The viceroy appeared to be of a middle age, Somewhere between forty and fifty, ftout and corpulent, with a ftrong caft or defe& in both his eyes. He feemed to be * a perfon of few words, but at the fame time civil and attentive. Icould not, however, help obferving the very great differ- ence there was between his excellency’s manner and addrefs, and that of the elegant and accomplifhed Marquis de Bran- cifort. oth. The contract being fettled, the commiflary fup- plied the troops and conviéts with rice (in lieu of bread), with frefh beef, vegetables, and oranges; which foon re- moved every fymptom of the {curvy prevalent among them. arith. ‘The commodore ordered fix female convicts, who had behaved well, toibelienieved ‘from the F riendfhip into the Charlotte; and at the fame time an equal number, whofe conducé was more exceptionable, to be returned to the Friendfhip in their ftead. The commodore’s view was (a matter not eafily accomplifhed) to feparate thofe whofe de- H cent 49 1787. Auguft. San aie WHITE’s, JOURNAL! OF A cent behaviour entitled them to fome favour from thofe — who were totally abandoned and obdurate. 13th. Cornelius Connell, a private in the marines, was, according to the fentence of a court martial, punifhed with a hundred lafhes, for having an improper intercourfe with fome of the female convicts, contrary to orders. Thomas Jones. was alfo fentenced to receive three hundred lathes, for attempting to make a centinel betray his truft, in fuffering him to go among the women; but in confideration ‘of the -good character he bore previous to this circumftance,. the court recommended him to the clemency of the commanding officer; and, in confequence thereof, he was forgiven. John Jones and James Reiley, privates, accufed of fimilar offences to that of Connell’s, were acquitted for want of evidence, there being no witnefiés to fupport the charge: except convicts, whofe teftimony could not be admitted. reth. This being a day of great parade and gaiety with the Portugueze, the inhabitants. of Rio de Janeiro, arrayed in their beft and richeft attire, as their cuftom is on regale days, began to fhow themfelves, during the forenoon, be- tween the city and the church of St. Gloria, which is about a mile diflant, and fituated on a rifing ground near the fea. Perfons VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. Perfons of all ranks, as well in carriages as equeftrians and pedeftrians, joined in the crowd; but what was the purpofe of this cavalcade, or to what circumftances it owed its origin, I am ftill at a lofs to know. Gloria church, which is rather neat than tich, was decorated with various flowers (in the difpofal of which fome tafte was difplayed), and moft brilliantly illuminated. I obferved that the multitude ge- nerally {topped here, in fucceflion, and employed themfelves in fome religious ceremonies, fuch as praying and finging hymns, before they returned to the city. This kind of e parade was continued the whole day ; the better fort of peo- ple, however, made their appearance only in the afternoon. Returning with the reft of the crowd, after it was dark, to the town, I perceived a {mall church, in one of the bye {treets, richly ornamented and elegantly illuminated. As I _faw men, women, and children, ftruggling for entrance, I joined in the throng out of mere curiofity, and with no little difficulty made my way in; but all the fatisfaction I reaped from being thus fqueezed and joftled was, {eeing fuch as could gain admiffion fall on their knees, and praying with more fervor, to appearance, than real devotion. On one fide of the church ftood a fhabby ill-looking fellow, H 2 felling §2 1787. Auguft. eee ae WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A felling to the multitude confecrated beads ; as did another, on the outfide of the door. I own I could not help re- fembling them to mountebanks vending and diftributing their noftrums. There were many more of thefe religious hawkers in the ftreets; from fome of whom, as I faw it was the cuftom, I purchafed a few of their beads. At a little diftance from the door of the church was erected a flage, on which was placed a band of vocal and inftrumental per= formers, who exerted themfelves with might and main to pleafe the furrounding audience. I cannot, however, fay that they fucceeded in pleafing me. About ten o'clock a difplay of fireworks and rockets, of which the Portugueze feem to be very fond, concluded the entertainments of the day. Some intrigues, I have reafon to believe, followed. I was led to this conclufion from feeing many well-drefled women in the crowd quite unattended; and this was the only time, during my ftay in the country, that I ever faw any circumftances which could warrant my forming fuch an opinion. I know it has been aflerted by fome writers, that the women of Rio de Janeiro are not uncenfurable in this point. They have affirmed, that as foon as it became dark, the generality of them expofed themfelves at their doors and VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. and windows, diftinguifhing, by prefents of nofegays and flowers, thofe on whom they had no objeion to beftow their favours ; a diftin@ion in which ftrangers fhared as well as their acquaintance. That this might have been the cafe I will not take upon me to deny ; and, imprefled with the idea, on my farft arrival, I confidered every woman as a proper objec of gallantry ; but a month’s refidence among them convinced me that this imputed turn for intrigue is chiefly confined to the lower clafs, and that, in general, the higher ranks are as undeferving of the imputation as the females of any other country. . The popularity of our commodore with the viceroy and principal inhabitants here, procured for the officers the liberty of going wherever they pleafed. It has always been the cuftom, for a foldier to follow every foreign officer that landed at this port; and it was fcarcely ever difpenfed with. It was, however, unknown to us; and this unaccuf- tomed liberty gave us an opportunity of infpe@ing more minutely into the manners and difpofition of the women as well as the men. 2ift. This being the Prince of Brazil’s birth-day, the commodore, with moft of his officers, went to court, to compliment 54 WHITE?’?s-fOURNAL*Y OFA 1787. compliment the viceroy on the occafion. As foon as we Auguft. wu. landed, we were received by an officer, who conduéted us to the prefence-chamber ; where his excellency ftood under a canopy of flate, receiving the compliments of the officers of the garrifon, the principal inhabitants, and fuch foreign- ers as were in the place. After having paid our refpedts, we withdrew, as did every other perfon, except the principal officers of ftate, fome general and law officers, and thofe of the governor’s honfehold. The Sirius and one of the forts fired royal falutes. The court was brilliant, if a place where a female does not appear can be faid to be brilliant; but this, I was informed, is always the cafe here. Thofe gentlemen who appeared in the circle were richly and elegantly dreff- ed. The officers of the army and of the militia were parti- cularly fo, and that in a ftile and fafhion which did no {mall credit to their tafte. The viceroy worea fcarlet coat trimmed with very broad rich gold lace; and his hair, according to his ufual mode of wearing it, in a remarkable long queue, with very little powder; an article of drefs to which I ob- ferved the Portugueze were not very partial ; while, on the contrary, they were profufe in the ufe of pomatum, The day ended without any other demonftrations of joy. As the Portugueze VONAGE? TORN EWOSOUVE Hi WALES. Portugueze feemed fond of fireworks and illuminations, and never fail to exhibit them on every religious feftival, we were not a little difappointed in finding them omitted on the birth-day of their prince. 31ft. James Baker, a private marine, received two hun- dred lafhes, agreeable to the fentence of a court-martial, for endeavouring to get pafled on fhore, by means of one of the feamen, a fpurious dollar, knowing it to be fo; and one he had undoubtedly got from fome of the convicts, as it was of a fimilar bafe metal to thofe which they had coined dur- ing the paflage, and had attempted to put off on our firft arrival at this port. September 1ft. Having now procured every thing at Ric de Janeiro that we ftood in need of, and thoroughly reco- vered and refrefhed our people, the commodore, with fuch officers of the fleet as could be fpared from duty, waited on the viceroy ta, take leave, and to return our acknowledgments for the indulgence and attention fhown us; which, I think we may fay, we experienced in a greater extent and latitude than any foreigners had ever before done. On our landing, the fame officer who had attended us upon every other pub- lic occafion, conduéted us to the prefence-chamber. As we paffed,, 55 ¥787. September. Nemec) 56 1787. September, WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A paffed, every military and public honour was paid to the commodore; the colours were laid at his feet, as they hitherto had been whenever he landed in his public cha- racter; a token of refpect that is never beftowed on any perfon but the governor himfelf.. When we arrived at the palace, an officer of the houfehold, who was waiting to re- ceive us, conducted us through a moft delightful recefs, hung round with bird-cages, whofe inhabitants feemed to vie with each other, both in the melody of their notes and the beauty of their plumage. The paflage we walked through was adorned on each fide with odoriferous flowers, and aromatic fhrubs; which, while they charmed the eye, {pread a delightful fragrance around. This paflage led to a private room, on the outfide of the door of which we were received by the viceroy, who ftood uncovered, and noticed each perfon feparately in the moft friendly and polite man~ ner. His excellency preceded us into the room, and having requefted all of us to be feated, placed himfelf by the commodore, in a pofition that fronted us. In return for our thanks and acknowledgments, he faid, ‘‘ it gave him ‘< infinite pleafure and fatisfa@ion to find that the place had &¢ afforded us the fupplies we ftood in need of: to this he added, VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. added, ‘* that the attention of the inhabitants, which we “© were good enough to notice, was much fhort of his withes.”’ We then arofe and took our leave; but not before his ex- cellency had exprefled a defire of hearing from the commo- dore, with an account of his fuccefs in the eftablifhment of the new colony. He concluded with faying, “* that he ©‘ hoped, nay did not doubt, from the character the En- “< olifh bore for generofity of difpofition, but that thofe who “had fo cheerfully engaged in a fervice, ftrange and uncer- ‘tain in itfelf, would meet with an adequate reward—a ‘© recompence that every one mutt allow they juftly merited.’’* The room in which the governor received us was that wherein he ufually fat in his retired moments. It was fur- nifhed and painted in a neat and elegant ftile; the roof difplaying well-executed reprefentations of all the tropical fruits, and the moft beautiful birds of the country. The walls were hung round with prints, chiefly on religious fubjedts. Rio de Janeiro is faid to derive its name from being dif- covered on St. Januarius’s day. It is the capital of the Portugueze fettlements in South America, and is fituated on I the 57 1787. September. 58 1787. September. ey WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A the weft fide of a river, or, more properly (in my opinion), of a bay. Except that part which fronts the water, the city is furrounded by high mountains, of the moft romantic form the imagination can fafhion to itfelf any idea of. The plan on which it is built has fome claim to merit. The principal ftreet, called Strait Street, runs from the viceroy’s palace, which is near the fouth-eaft end of the town, to the north-weft extremity, where it is terminated by a large convent belonging to the Benedictine friars, atuated on an eminence. ‘The {treet is broad, well built, and has in it a °great number of handfome fhops.. All the others are much inferior to this, being in general only wide enough to admit two carriages to pafs each other in the centre. The pave- ment for foot-paflengers (except in Strait Street, which is without any) is fo very unfociably narrow, that two perfons cannot walk with convenience together. The houfes are commonly two, and fometimes three ftories high ; of which, © even though inhabited by the moft wealthy and refpeétable families, the lower part is always appropriated to fhops, and to the ufe of the fervants and flaves (who are here extremely numerous), the family rather chufing to refide in the upper i part, VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. part, that they might live in a lefs confined air. To every houfe there is a balcony, with lattice-work before it; and the fame before all the windows. The churches are very numerous, elegant, and richly de- corated; fome of them are built and ornamented in a modern ftile, and that in a manner which proclaims the genius, tafte, and judgment of the archite&s and artifts. Two or three of the handfomeft are at this time either un- finifhed or repairing; and they appear to go on but very flowly, notwithftanding large fums are conftantly collecting for their completion. As they are ere@ted or repaired by charitable contributions, public proceflions are frequently made for that purpofe ; and the mendicant friars, belong- ing to them, likewife exert themfelves in their line. At thefe proceflions, whieh are not unfrequent, perfons of every age and defcription affift. They ufually take place after it is dark, when thofe who join in it are dreffed in a kind of cloak adapted to religious purpofes, and carry a lanthorn fixed at the end of a pole of a convenient length: fo that upon thefe occafions you fometimes fee three or four hun- dred moving lights in the ftreets at the fame time; which has an uncommon and a pleafing effe&. Confiderable fums I 2 are 59 1787, September. haere romana 60 1787. September. ad W.HDTEs 4-0 URAA EO Hepa are collected by this mode. At the corner of every {treet, about ten feet from the ground, is placed the image of a faint, which is the object of the common people’s ddcratictts The town is well fupplied with water from the neigh- — bouring mountains ; which is conveyed over a deep valley by an aqueduct formed of arches of a ftupendous height, and from thence diftributed by pipes to many parts of the city. The principal fountain is clofe to the fea, in a kind of {quare, near the palace; where fhips water at a good wharf, nearly in the fame manner as at Teneriffe, and with equal expedition and convenience. On the oppofite fide of the fountain are cocks, from which the people in the neighbourhood are fupplied. This convenient and capital watering place is fo near the palace, that when difputes or contentions arife between the boats crews of different fhips, the flaves, &c. they are fupprefled and adjufted by the fol- diers on guard ; who, in the Portugueze fervice, have ereat power, and often treat the people with no little feverity. While we ftaid at this place, we made feveral fhort exe curfions into the country; but did not go near the mines, as we knew the attempt would not only prove hazardous, but ineffectual: and as the liberty and indulgence granted 3 us VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. us was on the commodore’s account, we never extended our trips beyond a few miles, left our doing fo fhould appear fufpicious, and refle& difcredit on him; we confidering him in fome degree refponfible for our condu@. As far as we did go, we experienced the fame polite and attentive beha- viour we met with from the inhabitants of the city. Never was more diftinguifhed urbanity fhown to ftrangers, than was fhown to us by every rank. From its complicated ftate, I could learn. but few parti- culars relative to the government of Brazil. The viceroy is invefted with great power and authority, fubje@ in fome cafes to an appeal to the court of Lifbon ; but, like a wife and prudent ruler, he feldom exerts it, unlefs in inftances where found judgment and true policy render it expedient and neceflary.. He is a man of little parade, and appears not to be very fond of pomp and grandeur, except on public days, when it is not to be difpenfed with. When he goes abroad for amufement, or to take the air, his guard confifts only of feven dragoons; but on public occafions he makes his appearance in a grander ftile. I once faw him go in {late to one of the courts of juftice; and, though it was fituated not a hundred yards from his palace, he was at- | tended 61 1787. September. ees erp 62 1787. September. yer WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A tended by a troop of horfe: His ftate carriage is tolerably neat, but by no means elegant or fuperb; it was drawm by four horfes irregularly mottled. : Carriages are pretty common at this place; there is fcarcely a family of refpectability without one. They are moftly of the chaife kind, and drawn in general by mules, which are found to anfwer better than horfes, being more indefatigable and furer footed; confequently better calcu+ lated to afcend,their fteep hills and mountains. The military force of Brazil confifts of a troop of horfe, which ferve as guards for the viceroy, twelve regiments of regulars from Europe, and fix raifed in the country: thefe Jaft enlift men of a mixed colour, which the former are by no means fuftered to do. Befides the foregoing, there are twelve regiments of militia always embodied. This whole force, regulars and militia, except thofe on out-pofts and other needful duties, appear early in the morning, on every firft day of the month, before the palace, where they un- dergo a general mufter, and review of arms and necefiaries. The private men, although they are confidered as perfons of © great confequence by the populace, are, on the other hand, equally fubmiffive and obedient to their officers. This ftri@ difcipline © — eee eee ee a oe ES VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. difcipline and regularity, as the city is in a great meafure under military orders, renders the inhabitants extremely feiss and polite to the officers, who, in return, ftudy to be on the moft agreeable and happy terms with them. _Accaptain’s guard (independent of the cavalry, who are always in readinefs to attend the viceroy) is mounted every day at the palace. ‘Whenever Commodore Phillip paffed, which he did as feldom as poflible, the guard was turned out, with colours, &c. and, as I before obferved, the fame mark of -honour paid to him as to the governor. To ob- viate this trouble and ceremony, he moft frequently landed and embarked at the north-weft fide of the town, where his _ boat conftantly waited for him. On both fides of the river which forms the bay or har- bour, the country is picturef{que and beautiful to a degree, abounding with the moft luxuriant flowers and aromatic + faubs..-Birds of ia lovely and rich plumage are feen hop- ping from tree to tree in great numbers ; together with 4 endlefs variety of infe&ts, whofe exquifite beauty and gaudy colours exceed all defcription. ‘There is little appearance of cultivation in the parts we vifited ; the land feemed chiefly pafturage. The cattle here are fmall, and when killed do not 63 1787. September. ee ae 64 1787. September. WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A not produce fuch beef as is to be met with in England: it is not, however, by any means fo bad as reprefented by fome travellers to be ; on the contrary, I have feen and eat here tolerably good, fweet, and well-tafted beef. I never faw any mutton: they have indeed a few fheep, but they are {mall, thin, and lean. The gardens furnifh moft forts of European produétions, fuch as cabbages, lettuce, parfley, leeks, white radithes, bate peafe, kidney beans, turnips, water melons, excellent pumpkins, and pine-apples of a {mall and indifferent kind. The country likewife pro- duces, in the moft unbounded degree, limes, acid and {weet lemons, oranges of an immenfe fize and exquifite flavour, plantains, bananas, yams, cocoa-nuts, cafhoo apples and nuts, and fome mangos. For the ufe of the faye and poorer fort of people, the capado is cultivated in great plenty; but this cannot be done through a want of corn for bread, as I never faw finer flour than at this place, which is plentiful, and remarkably cheap. | Brazil particularly towards the northern parts, furnifhes a number of excellent drugs. In the fhops of the druggifts and apothecaries of Rio de Janeiro, of which there are many, hippo, oil of caftor, balfam capiva, with moft of the valu- able VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES, able gums, and all of an excellent quality, are to be found; but they are fold at a much dearer rate than could poflibly have been conceived or expected in a country of which they are the natural produce. The riches of this country, arifing from the mines, are certainly very great. To go near, or to get a fight of thefe inexhauftible treafuries, is impoflible, as every pafs leading to them is ftrongly guarded; and even a perfon taken on the road, unlefs he be able to give a clear and unequivocal account of himfelf and his bufinefs, is imprifoned, and per- haps compelled ever after to work in thofe fubterraneous cavities, which avarice, or an ill-timed and fatal curiofity, may have prompted him to approach. Thefe circumftances made a trial to fee them without permiffion (and that per- miffion I underftand has never been granted the moft fa- voured foreigners) too dangerous to be attempted. In addition to the above fource of wealth, the country produces excellent tobacco, and likewife fugar canes, from which the inhabitants make good fugar, and draw a fpirit called aguadente. This {pirit, by proper management, and being kept till it is of a proper age, becomes tolerable rum. As it is fold very cheap, the commodore purchafed a | K hundred 65 1787. September, ae 66 WH LEE’ s 20 URN ALY OF: 1787. hundred pipes of it for the ufe of the garrifon when arrived ae sei at New South Wales. Precious and valuable ftones are alfo found here. Indeed they are fo very plenty, that a certain quantity only is fuffered to be colleéted annually. At the jewellers and lapidaries, of which occupation there are many in Rio, I faw fome valuable diamonds, and a great number of excellent topazes, with many other forts of ftones of inferior value. Several topazes were purchafed by myfelf and others; but we chofe to buy them wrought, in order to avoid impofition, which is not unfrequent when the ftones are fold in a rough ftate. One of the principal ftreets of this city is nearly occupied by jewellers and the workers of thefe flones; and I obferved that perfons of a fimilar profeflion generally refided in the fame ftreet. The manufactures here are very few, and thofe by no means extenfive. All kinds of European goods fell at an immoderate price, notwithftanding the fhops are well ftored with them. The Brazil, or native Indians, are very adroit at making : elegant cotton hammocks of various dyes and forms. It was formerly the cuftom for the principal people of Rio to be carried about in thefe hammocks; but that fafhion is fuc- ceeded by the ufe of fedan chairs, which are now very com- , mon VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. mon among them; but they are of a more clumfy form than thofe ufed in England. The chair is fufpended from an aukward piece of wood, borne on the fhoulders of two flaves, and elevated fufiiciently to be clear of the inequalities of the ftreet. In carrying, the foremoft flave takes the pavement, and the other the {treet, one keeping a little be- fore the other; fo that the chair is moved forward in a: fidelong dire&tion, and very unlike the procedure of the London chairmen. Thefe fellows, who get on at a great rate, never take the wall of the foot-paflengers, nor incom~ mode them in the {malleft degree. The inhabitants in general are a pleafant, cheerful people, inclining more to corpulency than thofe of Portugal; and, as far as we could judge, very favourably inclined to the Englith. The men are ftrait and well-proportioned. They do not accuftom themfelves to high living, nor indulge much in the juice of the grape. _ The women, when young, are remarkably thin, pale, and delicately fhaped; but, after marriage, they generally in- cline to be lufty, without lofing that conftitutional pale, or rather fallow appearance. They have regular and better teeth than are ufually obfervable in warm climates, where K 2 {weet 67 1787. September, Se ae 68 1787. September. WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A {weet productions are plentiful. They have likewife the moft lovely, piercing, dark eyes; in the captivating ufe of which they are by no means unfkilled.. Upon the whole, the women of this country are very engaging ; and rendered more fo by their free, eafy, and unreftrained manner. _ Both fexes are extremely fond of fuffering their hair, which is black, to grow to a prodigious length. The ladies wear it plaited, and tied up in a kind of club, or large lump; a mode of hair-drefling that does not feem to correfpond with their delicate and feminine appearance. Cuftom, however, reconciles us to the moft outré fafhions; and what we thought unbecoming, the Portugueze confidered as highly ornamental. I was one day at a gentleman’s houfe, to whom I exprefied my wonder at the prodigious quantity of hair worn by the ladies; adding, that I did not conceive it pof- fible for it to be all of their own growth. The gentleman affured me that it was; and, in order to convince me that it was fo, he called his wife, and untied her hair, which, notwithflanding it was in plaits, dragged at leaft two inches upon the floor as fhe walked along. I offered my fervice to tie it up again; which was politely accepted, and con- fidered as a compliment by both. It has been faid that the VOYAGE TO’ NEW SOUTH WALES. the Portugueze are a jealous people; a difpofition I never could perceive among any of thofe with whom I had the pleafure of forming an acquaintance ; on the contrary, they feemed fenfible of, and pleafed with, every kind of attention paid to their wives or daughters. The current coin here is the fame as that in Portugal, but filver as well as gold is coined at this place, where they have an eftablifhed mint. The pieces of gold are of various fizes, and have marked on them the number of thoufand rees they are worth. The moft common coin is a 4000 ree piece, which paffes for £.2. 2. 6, though not fo heavy as an Englifh guinea. The filver pieces, called petacks, value two fhillings, are alfo marked with the number of rees they are worth. You get ten of thefe in exchange for a guinea; and for a Spanifh dollar two petacks, five vintins and a half, which is about four fhillings and eight-pence. Here, as in Portugal, they have five, ten, and twenty thoufand ree pieces. A ree is a nominal coin ; twenty make a vintin, value about three half-pence; eight vintins make one fhil- ling ; a petack is worth two fhillings, and of thefe there are fome double pieces, value four fhillings fterling. One morning, as I attended Mr. I] de Fonfo, furgeon ge- I neral 69 - 1787. September. Nascar ymca) 79 1787. September. Nee ed WHITE’s (POURNALYOPTA neral to the army, and a man of ingenuity and abilities in his profeflion, to a large public hofpital, a foldier was. brought in with a wound in his left fide. The inftrument had penetrated the abdomen, without injuring the intef- tines ; and from its form and nature the wound mutt have been inflicted with the point of a knife, or a ftiletto. The patient, after being dreffed, acquainted us, that the preced- ing night he had had fome words with another man about a woman; who, notwithftanding blows had not paffed, ftab- bed him with fome fharp inftrument, of what kind he could not fee, as it was then dark, and afterwards made his efcape. This account led me to believe that affaflinations were not unfrequent in Brazil; but Mr. Il de Fonfo affured me to the contrary; telling me that fuch inftances feldom happened, except among the negroes, whofe vindictive and treacherous difpofitions led them wonderful lengths to gratify their revenge, whenever night and a convenient opportunity confpired, at once to aid and to conceal their horrid aéts. While we remained here, the weather being cool and. favourable, I prevailed on the furgeon who was about to amputate a limb, to allow me to take it off according to Allenfon’s - VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH. WALES. Allenfon’s method. During the operation I could plainly fee, that he and his pupils did not feem much pleafed with it; and he afterwards told me it was impoffible it could ever anfwer. A very fhort {pace of time, however, made them of a different opinion; and in eighteen days after, when we failed, I had the fatisfaGion to leave the patient with his ftump nearly cicatrized, to the no fmall joy of the furgeon, who faid, that if the man had died, he fhould have been heavily cenfured for making him the fubjec& of experi- ments. The circumftance of a man’s leg being cut off, and almoft healed in as many days as it generally takes weeks, foon became known, and added very much to the eftima- tion in which the people of this place held Englifh furgeons. Whenever I vifited the hofpital afterwards, the objects of pity with which it was filled, ufed to crowd around me in fuch a manner, and in fuch numbers, for my advice, that I found it dificult to get from them. And they now would readily have fubmitted to any operation I fhould have propofed; but as I faw the furgeon did not much approve of my inter- ference, I gave up all ideas of it. The harbour of Rio de Janeiro lies in 22° 54 fouth lati- tude, and 43° 19 weft longitude, about eighteen or twenty leagues pu 1787. September. Sa 72 1787. September. at ied WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A leagues to the weftward of Cape Frio. The entrance is good, and cannot be miftaken, on account of a remarkable hill, refemblingea fugar loaf, that is on the left hand fide; and fome iflands before it, one of which is oblong, and does not, at fome diftance, look unlike a thatched houfe: they lie from the mouth of the harbour &. by W. about two leagues. Ships going in may run on either fide. The bar, over which we carried feven fathom water, is not more than three- fourths of a mile acrofs, and well defended by forts. The {trongeft is called Santa Cruz, built on a rock, on the ftar- board fide as you run in, from which every fhot fired at fhips paffing muft take effe&. The other, named Fort Lozia, is fmaller, and built on an ifland or rock, on the larboard fide, a little higher up, and lying contiguous to the main land. The tide in the harbour rarely ebbs and flows more than feven feet ; however, fhips, if poflible, never anchor in this narrow pafs between the forts, as the bottom is foul, and the tide runs with confiderable rapidity. All danger in going in, or running out, may be avoided by keeping the mid channel, or a little bordering on the ftarboard fhore. After Santa Cruz fort is paffed, the courfe is nearly N. by W. and N. N. W.; but, as I before obferved, the eye is the beft pilot. VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. pilot. When you get within a mile of a ftrong fortified ifland which lies before the town (only feparated by a nar- row pafs), called the Ifle of Cobras, you are then in the great road; where we anchored in fifteen fathom water ; or, fhould you have occafion to get nearer the town, you may run round this ifland, on the north fide, and anchor above it, before the convent of Benediétine friars at the N. W. end of the city, before {poken of. » The city and harbour are ftrongly defended and fortified, but with very little judgment or regularity. The hills are very high, and fo is the-coaft, which has fuch ftrange, romantic, and almoft inacceflible terminations, that nature of her own accord, without the aid of military fkill, feems difpofed to defend them. Taking every thing into the account, I think it one of the beft harbours I have ever feen ; and, upon the whole, better calculated to fupply the wants of people who have long been at fea, and ftand in need of refrefhment, than any part of the world, every thing being fo remarkably cheap. Beef may be purchafed at feven farthings per pound ; hogs, turkeys, and ducks, both Engelifh and Mufcovy, were equally reafonable. Fowls were dearer, but ftill fold at a lower rate than in England, Fith L was 73 1787. September. eee peter 74 1787. September, es ered WHITE’s JOURNAL OF VA was not very plentiful, but I was told, that at other feafons they have a moft excellent market for that article. Their market for vegetables, however, abounded with fruit, roots, and garden ftuff, of every kind, notwithftanding it was not the beft feafon for fruit, it then being too early in the {pring to expec abundance. Oranges, which we had in the © greateft plenty, coft only five-pence the hundred. On a hill, about half a mile S. E. of the city, ftands a con- vent, named Convento de Santa Therefa; the nuns of which, amounting to about forty, are not allowed to unveil when they come to the grate: and ona plain between this con- vent and the city, ftands another, called Convento A. de Juda, a very large building, governed by an abbefs and fe- veral nuns, all under the dire&tion of a bifhop. Here about feventy young ladies are placed to be educated, who are fubject to all the reftrictions of a monaftic life, only they are permitted to be frequently at the grate, and that unveiled. But what is fingular, the nuns of this convent, when they arrive at a proper age, are allowed either to take a hufband, or to take the veil, juft as their inclination leads. They are not however fuffered to quit the convent on any other terms than that of marriage; to which the confent and approba- 3 tion VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. tion of the bifhop is always neceflary. If they do not get a hufband early in life, it is common for them to take the veil. Many of thefe young ladies were very agreeable both in perfon and difpofition; and by frequently converfing with them at the grate, we formed as tender an inter- courfe with them as the bolts and bars between us would admit of. Myfelf, and two other gentlemen belonging to the fleet, fingled out three of thofe who appeared to be the moft free and lively, to whom we attached ourfelves during our ftay, making them fuch prefents as we thought would prove moft acceptable, and receiving more valuable ones in return. ‘Thefe little attentions were viewed by them in fo favourable a light, that when we took a laft farewel they gave us many evident proofs of their concern and regret. Indeed every circumftance while we continued at this charming place (except there being no inns or coffee-houfes, where a ftranger could refrefh himfelf, or be accommodated when he chofe to ftay a night or two on fhore) confpired to make us pleafed and delighted with it; and I can truly fay, that I left it with relu@tance, which I believe was the ~ cafe with many of my companions. September 3d. The commodore fent Mr. Moreton, the irs matter 75 1787. September. 76 1yG7. September, ers ed WHITE’s FOURNAL' OFA mafter of the Sirius, and two of his midfhipmen, who had been put on the invalid lift, aboard an Engelifh fhip return» ing from the Southern whale fifhery to England, which, be- ing leaky, had been forced into Rio, As this fhip was to fail in a few days, it furnifhed us with an opportunity of writing to our friends. About two in the afternoon the commodore made the fignal for all officers to repair on board their refpeétive fhips, and for the tranfports to hoift in their boats. 4th. At fix the fleet weighed with a light land breeze. On the commodore’s approaching Santa Cruz Fort, he was faluted from the batteries with twenty-one guns ; which he returned from the Sirius with an equal number. About ten o'clock we got clear of the land, fteering to the eaftward with a gentle breeze. Thomas Brown, a conviét, was pu- nifhed with a dozen lafhes, for behaving infolently to one of the officers of the fhip. This was the firft that had received any punifhment, fince their embarkation on board the Char- lotic 5th. Wind variable and cloudy ; Rio Sugar-loaf fill in fight, about eight or nine leagues diftant. 6th. The officers, fhip’s company, marines, and convicts, I were, VOYAGE> TOV NEW SOUTH) WALES. were, by fignal from the Sirius, put toan allowance of three quarts of water per day, including that ufually allowed for cooking their provifions. In the courfe of the day a fteady breeze fprung up at N. E. About fix in the evening, the Fifhburne victualler carried away her fore-top-gallant yard, which the foon got replaced with another. 7th and 8th. The weather continued dark and cloudy, with fome heavy fhowers of rain. On the evening of the 8th, between the hours of three and four, Mary Broad, a convict, was delivered of a fine girl. : gth and roth. Fine, clear, dry weather. The commodore made a fignal for the convoy to clofe, being fcattered about at a confiderable diftance from him. zith, rath, and 13th. Frefh breezes, with fudden f{qualls and heavy rain. The four fucceeding days, light airs, and hazy, with fome fhowers, and a damp moift air. On the evening of the 17th, our longitude being, by fignal from the commodore, 31° 34’ W. we caught a fhark fix feet long, of which the people made a good mefs. 18th. Heavy rain, with dark and cold weather. Saw feveral albatroffes and pintado birds. 19th. William Brown, a very well behaved convict, in bringing 77 1787. September. WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A bringing fome clothing from the bowfprit end, where he had hung them to dry, fell overboard. As foon as the alarm was given of a man being overboard, the fhip was.in-~ ftantly hove to, and a boat hoifted out, but to no purpofe. Lieutenant Ball of the Supply, a moft active officer, knowing from our proceedings (as we were at the time fteering with a fair wind, and going near fix knots an hour) that fome acci- dent muft have happened, bore down; but notwithftanding every exertion, the poor fellow funk before either the Supply or our boat could reach him. The people on the forecaftle, who faw him fall, fay, that the fhip went dire@ly over him, which, as fhe had quick way through the water, muft make it impoflible for him to keep on the furface long enough to be taken up, after having received the ftroke from fo heavy a body. 23d. From the rgth, the weather had been cold, dry, and pleafant; it now became wet, fqually, and unfettled ; the wind wefterly, with a high fea; albatroffes, pintado birds, and fome fmall hawks, hovering round the fhip. goth. The weather became more moderate and pleafant, the wind variable, inclining to calms. Oétober 1ft.. Light airs, with haze and rain. Saw a ereat VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. great number of different birds; we were then in latitude 34° 42'S. longitude 1° 10’ E. of the meridian of London. 13th. The Sirius made the fignal for feeing land; and at feven in the evening we came to, in Table Bay, at the Cape of Good Hope, in feventeen fathom water, abreaft of Cape Town, diftant about a mile or a mile and half. As foon as the Sirius anchored, the commodore and commiflary went on fhore, and took up their refidence in lodgings at the houfe of Mrs. De Witt. They were foon followed by fuch officers as could be fpared from the duty of the fleet, all wifhing to prepare themfelves, by the comforts and re- frefhments to be enjoyed on fhore, for the laft and longeft ftage of their voyage. 14th. The contraé& for provifions being fettled with Mefirs. De Witts and Cafton, the troops, men, women, and children, were ferved with a pound and half of foft bread, and an equal quantity of beef or mutton daily; and with wine in lieu of fpirits. The convicts, men, women, and children, had the fame allowance as the troops, except wine. 16th. Commodore Phillip, attended by moft of the officers of the fleet, paid a complimentary vifit to his excel- lency 79 1787. Otober. 80 1787. October. WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A lency Mynheer Van Graaf, the Dutch governor, by whom we were received with extreme civility and politenefs. A few hours after we had taken leave, he called on the commodore at his lodgings, to return his vifit; and the next day re- turned the vifit of fuch officers, refiding on fhore, as had paid their refpects to him. Notwithftanding this ftudied politenefs, feveral days — elapfed before the commodore could olstelian a categorical an- {wer to the requifition he had made for the fupplies he ftood in need of for the expedition: and had it not been for the judicious perfeverance Commodore Phillip obferved, in urg- ing his particular fituation, and the uncommon exigency of the fervice he was engaged in; it was believed the governor, fifcal, and council, would have fheltered their refufal under the pretence that a great fcarcity had prevailed in the Cape colony the preceding feafon, particularly of wheat and corn, which were the articles we ftood moft in want of. This idea they wifhed to imprefs us with; but, as juft obferved, the commodore’s fagacity and induftrious zeal for the fervice fubdued and got over the fupinenefs fhown by the governor, é&c. and procured permifiion for the contractor to fupply us with as much ftock, corn, and other neceflaries, as we could ftow. VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. ftow. It is, however, much to be lamented that the quantity we could find room for fell very fhort of what we ought to have taken in; as the only {pare room we had, was what had been occafioned by the confumption of provifions, &c. fince We left Rio de Janeiro, and the removal of twenty female conviéts from the Friendfhip into the Charlotte, the Lady Pen- thyn, and the Prince of Wales. After the fupplies had been granted, his excellency Governor Graaf invited the commodore, and many of the officers of the expedition, to a very handfome dinner at his town refidence. The houfe at which we were entertained, is delightfully fituated, nearly in the verte) df anuextanfive garden, the property of the Dutch Eaft India company, ufefully planted, and at the fame time elegantly laid out. The governor’s family make what ufe they pleafe of the produce of the garden, which is various and abundant; but the original intention of the company in appropriating fo extenfive a piece of ground to this purpofe was, that their hofpital, which is generally pretty full when their fhips arrive after long voyages, may be well fupplied with fruits and vegeta- bles, and likewife that their fhips may receive a familar fupply. M This 81 1787, OGobers (re ema) 82 1787. October. WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A This garden is as public as St. James’s park; and, for its handfome, pleafant, and well-fhaded walks, is much fre- quented by perfons of every defcription, but particularly by the fafhionable and gay. There are many other agreeable walks about Cape Town, but none to be compared with thefe. At the upper end of the principal of them is a {mall fpace walled in for the purpofe of confining fome large oftriches, and a few deer. A little to the right of this is a fmall. menagery, in which the company have half a dozen wild animals, and about the fame number of curious birds. As you approach the Cape of Good Hope, a very re- markable mountain may, in clear weather, be difcovered at a confiderable diftance ; it is called the Table Land, from its flat furface, which refembles that piece of furniture. Mr. Dawes, lieutenant of marines on board the Sirius, an ingenious and accurate obferver, who has undertaken during the voyage the aftronomical obfervations ; accompanied by Mefits. Fowell and Waterhoufe, midfhipmen of the Sirius; Lieutenant De Witt, of the Dutch navy ; and myfelf, went to the top of this mountain; an undertaking which we found to be of a far more ferious nature than we at farft were aware of. For my own part, I fuftered fo much from heat and et ee VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. and thirft, that had not the fear of fhame urged me on, my companions being determined to accomplifh it at all events, I fhould moft certainly have given it up, before I reached the top. During this fultry and fatiguing expedition, I found great benefit, towards alleviating my thirft, by keep- ing a fmall pebble in my mouth; and fometimes by chewing tufhes, which we met with in our way. But, when we had reached the fummit, the delightful and extenfive profpect we there enjoyed, the weather being uncommonly fine, fully atoned for the trouble, fatigue, and every fuffering, we had undergone. From this elevation we could overlook all the country about the Cape. As foon as we got to the top, our firft bufinefs was to look out for water; but all we could find was fome ftagnant rain, which lay in the hollow of the ftones. Our thirft, however, was fo intolerable, that the difcovery even of this gave us inexpreflible pleafure; and, notwithftanding we all perfpired moft violently, and were fenfible of the danger and impropriety of drinking a quantity of bad water in fuch a fituation, yet we could not refrain. As for my own part, it was utterly out of my power to liften at that time to the di@tates of prudence; and I believe it was equally difficult M 2 to 84 1787. Odtober. WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A to my companions, if I might judge from the avidity with which they drank out of the little pools, lying on the ground at full length, that being the only pofture in which it was to be obtained. The regularity of the ftreets of the town, which interfe& each other at right angles; the buildings, gardens, caftle, and forts ; with twenty-three fhips then at anchor in the bay ; all which appeared direétly underneath us; was a fight beautiful and pleafing beyond defcription. The per- pendicular height of this land is 18 57 fect from the furface . of the water. On the top of it we gathered feveral {pecies of heath, fome wild celery, a few fhrubs, and fome non-defcript plants; we found alfo fome little ftones of a fine polifh and fingular whitenefs. In our defcent, which proved nearly as difficult and trou- blefome as going up, we faw fome runaway negroes, round a fire, on the clift of a ftupendous rock, where it was en- tirely out of the power of their owners to get at them. To look at their fituation, one would think it beyond the utmoft ftretch of human ingenuity to devife a way to reach it. Here they remain all day in perfec fecurity, and during the night make frequent excurfions to the town and the parts adjacent, VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. adjacent, committing great depredations on the inhabitants. The whole fubfiftence of thefe fugitives depends on this precarious method: and even this method would prove in- fufficient, were it not for the afliftance they receive from thofe who were once their fellow flaves. Nor is it always that they fucceed in the depredatory trips, which neceflity thus urges them to take; they are often betrayed by their quondam friends; and when this happens, as the Dutch are not famed for their lenity in punifhing crimes, they are made horrid examples of. But neither the fear of pu- nifhment, nor hunger, thirft, cold, and wretchednefs, to which they are often unavailably expofed, can deter them | from making Table Land their place of refuge from what they confider to be greater evils. Scarcely a day paffes but a fmoke may be feen from fome of thefe inacceflible re- treats.. Be In the mild or fummer feafon, which commences in Sep- tember, and continues till March, the Table Land is fome- times fuddenly capped with a white cloud, by fome called the /preading of the Table-cloth. When this cloud feems to roll down the fteep face of the mountain, it is an unerring indication of an approaching gale of wind from the fouth- ealt ; 85 1787. O€oher. Nr arene 86 1.787. October. Neer aed WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A eaft; which generally blows with great violence, and fome- times continues a day or more, but in common is of {hort duration. On the firft appearance of this cloud, the hips in Table Bay begin to prepare for it, by ftriking yards and top-mafts, and making every thing as {nug as poflible. A little to the weftward of the Table Land, divided by a {mall valley, ftands, on the right hand fide of Table Bay, a round hill, called the Sugar Loaf; and by many the Lion’s Head, as there is a continuance from it contiguous to the fea, called the Lion’s Rump ; and when you take a general | view of the whole, it very much refembles that animal with his head ere&t. The Sugar Loaf or Lion’s Head, and the Lion’s Rump, have each a flag-ftaff on them, by which the approach of fhips is made known to the governor, par- ticularizing their number, nation, and the quarter from which they come. To the eaftward, feparated by a {mall chafm from the Table Land, ftands Charles’s Mount, well known by the appellation of the Devil’s Tower; and fo called from the violent gufts of wind fuppofed to iflue from it, when it partakes of the cap that covers the Table Land; though thefe gufts are nothing more than a degree of force the wind acquires in coming through the chafm. When T this VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. this phenomenon appears in the morning, which is by no means fo frequent as in the evening, the failors have a faying, as the Devil's Tower is almoft contiguous to the Table Land, that the old gentleman is going to breakfaft; if in the middle of the day, that he is going to dinner; and if in the evening, that the cloth is fpread for fupper. The foregoing high lands form a kind of amphitheatre about the Table Valley, where the Cape Town ftands. From the fhipping the town appears pleafantly fituated, but at the fame time {mall ; a deception that arifes from its being built in a valley with fuch ftupendous mountains dire@ly behind it, On landing, however, you are furprifed, and agreeably difappointed, to find it not only extenfive, but well built, and in a good ftile; the ftreets fpacious, and interfeGing each other at right angles with great precifion. This exaé- nefs in the formation of the ftreets, when viewed from the Table Land, is obferved to be very great. The houfes in ge- neral are built of ftone, cemented together with a glutinous kind of earth which ferves as mortar, and afterwards neatly plaftered, and whitewafhed, with lime. As to their height, they do not in common exceed two ftories, on account of the violence of the wind, which at fome feafons of the year blows 87 1787, O&ober. es peed WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A blows with great ftrength and fury; indeed fometimes fo violently as to fhake the houfes to the very foundation. For the fame reafon, thatch has been ufually preferred to tiles or fhingles; but the bad effe&s that have proceeded from this mode when fires happen, has induced the inhabi- tants in all their new buildings to give the preference to flates and tiles. The lower parts of the houfes, according to the cuftom of the Dutch nation, are not only uncommonly neat and clean in appearance, but they are really fo; and the furniture is rather rich than elegant. But this is by no means the cafe with the bed-rooms or upper apartments ; which are more barely and worfe furnifhed than any I ever beheld: and the ftreets feem to be much upon a par with them, they being rough, uneven, and unpaved. I was, however, upon the whole, extremely well pleafed with the town? Many of the houfes have a {pace flagged before the door, and others have trees planted before them, which form a pleafant fhade, and give pleafing novelty to the ftreets. The only landing-place is at the eaft end of the town, where there is a wooden quay running fome paces into the fea, with feveral cranes on it, for the convenience of loading and unloading the fcoots that come along fide. To this VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. this place excellent water is conveyed by pipes, which makes the watering of fhips both eafy and expeditious. Clofe to this quay, on the left hand, ftands the caftle and principal fortrefs; a ftrong extenfive work, having excellent accommodations for the troops, and for many of the civil officers belonging tothe company. Within the gates, the company have their principal ftores; which are fpa- cious as well as convenient. This fort covers and defends the eaft part of the town and harbour, as Amfterdam fort does the weft part. The latter, which has been built fince commo- dore Johnftone’s expedition, and whereon both French and Dutch judgment have been united to render it effectual and ftrong, is admirably planned and calculated to annoy and harafs fhips coming into the bay. Some {maller de- tached fortifications extend along the coaft, both to the eaft and weft, and make landing, which was not the cafe before the late war, hazardous and difficult. In a word, Cape Town is at this time fortified with ftrength, regularity, and judgment. There are two churches here; one large, plain, and unadorned, for the Calvinifts, the prevailing fe&; and a {maller one for the Lutherans. The hofpital, which is large and extenfive, is fituated N at 89 1787. Oétober. Se ae go 1787. Otober. ew WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A at the upper end of the town, clofe to the company’s garden. It is an honour to that commercial body, and no {mall orna- ment to the town. The only objection that can be made to it as a building, is its fituation: had it been ereéted on an eminence, and a little detached from the town, which might eafily have been done, no fault could have been found with it. As it is, the convalefcents have free accefs to the com- pany’s gardens, where they reap the benefit of a wholefome pure air, perfumed with the exhalations of a great variety of rich fruit trees, aromatic fhrubs, and odorous plants and flowers ; and likewife have the ufe of every produdtion of it, as before obferved; advantages that compenfate, in a great meafure, for the flat fituation of the hofpital. The inhabitants are all exceedingly fond of gardens, which they keep in moft excellent order. The doing this is very little trouble to them, the climate and foil being moft benign and friendly to vegetation. Among the many which afforded me delight, I muft not forget that belonging to Colonel Gordon, commander in chief of the Dutch troops at the Cape; where not only the tafte and inge- nuity of the gardener, but the {kill and knowledge of the botanift, are at once manifeft. The colonel is a man of {cience, of an active and well-cultivated genius, and who appropriates VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. appropriates thofe hours he can fpare from his military duties (in which he is faid to excel), to a perufal of the book of nature, and refearches after ufeful knowledge. Thefe purfuits tend not only to his amufement, but to his honour; and they will, doubtlefs, at fome time or other, further conduce to the advancement of natural hiftory, and to the honour of his country ; as it is faid he intends to publifh the obfervations and remarks which have been the refult of his refearches. Thofe he has made on the Hotten- tots, Caffres, and the countries they inhabit, will doubt- lefsly be valuable; he having made himfelf better acquainted with the fubje&, and penetrated farther into the interior parts, than any traveller or naturalift that has hitherto vifited the Cape. It is to be lamented, that he has fo long withheld from the world the gratification and improvement, which moft affuredly muft be derived from the obfervations of a perfon fo well and fo extenfively informed. His polite attention and civility, during our ftay at the Cape, claim our moft grateful acknowledgments. Befides their hofpital, the Dutch Eaft India company have feveral other public buildings, which tend to improve the appearance of the town. The two principal of thefe N 2 are, 92 1787. Oober. \ceenen, amens) WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A are, the ftables, and a houfe for their flaves. The former is a handfome range of buildings, capable of containing an incredible number of horfes. Thofe they have at the Cape are fmall, f{pirited, and full of life. The latter is a building of confiderable extent, where the flaves, both male and female, have feparate apartments, in a very comfortable ftile, to refide in after the fatigues and toil of the day; which undoubtedly is great, but by no means equal, in my opinion, to that endured by the flaves in our own colonies. How- ever fevere and cruel the Dutch may be confidered in other refpects, they certainly treat their flaves with great humanity and kindnefs; which, I am forry to fay, I fcarcely ever faw done in theWeft Indies, during a refidence there of three years.: On the contrary, I have frequently been witnefs to.the in- fli@ion of the moft brutal, cruel, and wanton punifhmentson thefe poor creatures, who are the fource and immediate fup- port of the {plendour of the Creoles. The bare retrofpect of the cruelties I have feen exercifed there, excites a kind of hor- ror that chills my blood. At the Cape, there are feveral officers placed over the flaves, who have commodious apart- ments, and treat them humanely. The firft week after our arrival at this place, the militia, confifting a VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. eonfifting both of horfe and foot, were embodied, and held their annual meeting: I fay annual, as that is the -ufual period; but this was the firft time of their affembling fince the conclufion of the war in 1783. The Cape militia difter from the Englifh, in not receiving pay, or wearing _tegimentals. In faét they fhould rather be called volunteers, who turn out for the protection of their own property, and are not fubje& to ftri@t military difcipline. Moft of them wore blue coats, with white metal buttons, aukwardly long, and in the cut and fhape of which uniformity had not been attended to. ‘Neither was it vifible in the other parts of their drefs or accoutrements; fome wore powder, others none; fo that, upon the whole, they made a very unmilitary appearance. The officers are chofen annually from among themfelves. Some of thefe, indeed, I obferved to be very well dreffed. Negleé&, non-attendance, and every other breach of their military rules, is punithed by fine or forfeiture, _and not corporally. At this burlefque on the profeffion of a foldier, I could not help obferving, that many of them had either got intoxicated that morning, or were not recovered from their overnight’s debauch; notwithftanding which they marched to the field, and went through their evolutions with 93 1787. Oé€tober. en ame) 94 1787. October. Lapeer eed WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A with a fteadinefs and regularity that was really aftonifhing, confidering the ftate they were in: but it is faid, and I believe with fome truth, that a Dutchman, when half drunk, is more capable of performing every kind of bufi- nefs, than if he were perfe@ly fober. After thefe annual exhibitions, the members of the corps meet their wives, daughters, &c. (who take care to be prefent, that they may be witneffes of their military {kill and atchievements) at fome friend’s houfe, where they crown the night in dancing, of which they are uncommonly fond. To danc- ing are added fubftantial fuppers, and potent libations; in which they indulge not only upon this, but on all other occafions. A Dutch fupper to me, at firft, was a matter of wonder, as I could never fee any kind of differ- €nce, “either jin the quality or quantity, between them and their dinners, which were always abundant, and confifting chiefly of heavy food. The inhabitants of the Cape, though in their perfons large, flout, and athletic, have not all that phlegm about them which is the characteriftic of Dutchmen in general. The phyfical influence of climate may in fome degree account for this; for it is well known that in all fouthern VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. fouthern latitudes the temper and difpofition of the people are more gay, and that they are more inclined to luxury and amufements of every kind, than the inhabitants of the northern hemifphere. The ladies at the Cape are lively, good natured, fami- liar, and gay. They refemble the women of England more than any foreigners I have ever feen. Englith fathions prevail among them (the female part of the governor’s family excepted, who imitate the French), notwithftanding their intercourfe with France is now by far greater than with England. The habits and cuftoms of the women of this place are extremely contrafted to thofe of the inhabit- ants of Rio de Janeiro. Among the latter a great deal of referve and modefty is apparent between the fexes in public. Thofe who are difpofed to fay tender and civil things to a lady, muft do it by ftealth, or breathe their foft fighs through the lattice-work of a window, or the grates of a convent. But at the Cape, if you with to be a favourite with the fair, as the cuftom is, you muft in your own defence (if I may ufe the expreflion) grapple the lady, and paw her in a manner that does not partake inthe leaft of gentlenefs. Such a rough and uncouth 5 condud, *. we * | ‘WHIPE’s JOURNAL OF A & * e , e LJ e . ” “e condué, together with a kifs ravifhed now and then in ~ the moft public manner and fituations, is not only pleafing to the fair one, but even to her parents, if aan and is confidered by all parties ‘as an act of the eruacitnd gal- lantry and gaiety. In fad, the Dutch ladies here, from a peculiar gay turn, admit of liberties that may be thought reprehenfible in England; but perhaps as feldom overftep Pony the bounds of virtue, as the women of other countries. ne oti my refidence on fhore, whenever I heard of any Hottentots being in town, I rhade a point of endea- vouring to get a fight of them, in order to fee whether their manners and appearance correfponded with the defcription given of them by travellers; fuch as being befmeared with greafe,. and decorated with the finkiie ‘entrails of animals; on which they likewife, when prefied by hunger, are faid to feed. : ‘I faw many of the men, without being able to make any other remarks on them, than that they were thin, + of rather a low ftature, but formed for aétivity: and further, that their hair, which was fhort and woolly, as well as their whole bodies, was bedaubed with fome unctuous or greafy fubftance, which was very offenfive. 3 They * ‘ " © , * < “ A VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. They were of a dark’ brown colour, had a flat nofe, thick lips, large full eyes, and were ornamented with ivory “rings, and wore narrow ftrips of the fkin of fome animal, ) ‘devoid of its hair, around their neck, legs, and arms. The only female of that nation I could get a fight of, was during a little excurfion in the environs of Cape Town: walking one evening with a Dutch gentleman, to fee a garden about a mile from the town, I accidentally met one of thefe ladies, who was equally as offenfive as the male I had met. | The heavy draft work about the Cape is moftly performed by oxen; which are here brought to an uncommon degree of ufefulnefs and docility. It is not uncommon to fee fourteen, fixteen, and fometimes eighteen, in one of -their teams; when the roads are heavy, they fometimes, though rarely, yoke twenty; all which the Hottentots, Malayes, and Cape flaves, have in the moft perfe@ fubje@ion and obedience. > One -of ‘thefe! fellows places himfelf on the fore part of the waggon, or, when loaded, on the top of the load, and with a tremendous long whip, which, from its fize, he is obliged to hold in both his hands, manages thefe creatures with inexpreffible addrefs, I have often O feen 97 1787. Oober. cern eed ® > * * ’ ae” %, 7 Py if fh > | s*" 2 4 98 WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A : 4 1787. feen the driver, when he has found “expedition eed: =, make them keep whatever pace he thought proper; either trot or gallop (a gait performed or kept up with diffi- * culty by European oxen), and that with as much eafe as if he was driving horfes. This immenfe whip, the only thing with which they guide the team, the drivers ufe fo dexteroufly, that they make them turn a corner with the Pang utmoft nicety; hitting even the leading pair, in whatever i . part they pleafe. The blows thus given muft infli@ y intolerable pain, or thefe flow animals could never be a brought to go with the velocity they do at the Cape. * 7 Thefe footy charioteers likewife manage horfes with the fame dexterity. To fee one of them driving three, four, five, and fometimes fix pair, in hand, with one of thefe long whips, as I have often done with great furprife, would make the moft complete mafter of the whip in England cut a defpicable figure. Carriages are not very numerous at the Cape, as the inhabitants in general travel country. The governor and fome few of the principal people keep coaches, which are a good deal in the Englith ftile, and always drawn by fix horfes. The only chariot in covered waggons, which better fuit the roughnefs of the | | I faw | ) hs ~ os +; 2 + . s ® , ee # VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. 4 I faw there belonged to the governor; I however heard there were fome others. “November 1rth. Having got on board fuch animals, pro- vifions, &c. as we could ftow, the commodore, with all the t ° officers that had lodgings onefhore, embarked. Previous to tt - ‘the commodore’s embarkation he gave a public dinner to fome of the gentlemen of the town and the officers of his fleet. The Dutch governor was to have been of the party, ‘but by fome unforefeen event was ‘detained in the country, where he had been for fome days before. Commodore Phillip had his band of iti on fhore upon the occafion, and the day was fpent with great cheerfulnefs and conviviality. watts About half paft one o’clock we failed from the Cape of Good Hope. . > eaftward until the 21ft, without veering a point in our . a e - « favour, which carried us far out of our way to the weft- r : * * ward; but that day it fhifted. e 23d. We fpoke the Prince of Wales, who informed us, © * that che preceding night one of the feamen had fallen from, the top-fail yard, and was drowned. Indeed it was fo dark, and the fhip went fo faft through the water, that ‘iN ireSieuts to fave him, had any been made, would have “proved fruit- lefs. This day and the following running to eaftward, with» the wind to the fouthward and weftward, we faw many _ aquatic birds. ) a | 25th. ‘The commodore removed into the Supply armed | . tender, and took with him Lieutenant King of the Sirius, and Mr. Dawes of the marines; whom I had Before occafion to mention as having undertaken the aftronomical obferva- tions during the voyage. Having likewife elected fome arti~ ficers from among the convicts, he went on, taking the Alex- » ander, Scarborough, and Friendfhip with him, being faft fail- _ _ * ing vefiels; leaving the heavy failers, both tranfports and : vi@uallers, under the direétion of Captain Hunter of the Si- . rius. Major Rofs, commanding officer of the troops, re- moved into the Scarborough, as did the adjutant. 26th. We i, ay . , ee . es VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. “26th.” We had not loft dog the Supply and other fitins, though they were confiderably ahead. Between nine and ten at night’ the wind came to the S. S. E. which made us tack and ftand to the S. W. In the morning could fee nothing of the fying /quadron, as the feamen termed them. The wind continued all this day at E. S. E. with pleafant clear weather. . r 7 28th. The wind fhifted to the E.N.E.; the weather » hazy, with {mall rain and ftrong breezes. The Sirius made * a fignal for the convoy to clofe. goth. The wind variable, with fome heavy fhowers, and _ in the intervals clear weather. | December 1ft and 2d. The wind from W. S. W. to S. W. by, W. in lat. 40° fouth, long. 35° 10’ ‘eaft; the weather moderate, cold, clear, and pleafant. We faw birds of different kinds. ad. In the evening, and on the fucceeding day, the wind to northward and weftward; frefh gales, dark, wet, unplea- fant weather, with a high fea. The Sirius, for fear of fepa- ration, as the weather did not look kindly, made the fignal for the convoy to keep nearer the commanding officer. sth. In 103 1787, December. corer pred) 104 1787. December. ee arenes , “ » ; A WHITE’s JOURNAL OF sa, sth. Inthe morning almoft calm, with a heavy {well ; in the evening a {mall breeze fprung up at the N. E. whi next day fhifted to the weftward. i 16th. In lat. 41° 7’ fouth, long. 74° ie eaft, clear wea- ther, with a fmall breeze at N. N..W. we faw fome idem whales, feveral birds, moftly of the peteral ing: a feal, and fome rock weed. 17th. Dark, cold, and gloomy. ‘Had fome ailas and whales round the fhip. 20th. Wind variable, inclining to the fouth. I vifited the Prince of Wales, where I found fome of the female con- by victs with evident fymptoms of the fcurvy, brought on by ~ & the damp and cold weather we had lately experienced. The two fuceeeding days the wind to the weftward, though at times variable, with dark, wet, gloomy weather; in lat. 41° 18' fouth, long. go° 7’ eaft. We faw and pafied fome fea weed. On thofe days the {curvy began to fhow itfelf in the Charlotte, moftly among thofe who had the dyfentery to a violent degree; but I was pretty well able to keep it under, by a liberal ufe of the effence of malt, and fome x good wine, which ought not to be claffed among the moft t “ ee » VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH !'WALES. moft tndiferent antifcorbutics. For the latter we were in- debted to the humanity of Lord Sydney and Mr. Nepean, principal and ae fecretaries of ftate. 24th. The weather ftill dark and gloomy. Had feveral ebirds round the fhip of the albatrofs and peteral kind ; with what appeared to me to be fomething of the fea-hawk {pecies. i: | 27th.. Dark hazy weather, with fome light fqualls. We » paffed more fea weed; fome gulls, and many of the before- mentioned birds, about the fhip. goth and gift. Strong breezes, with unfettled-looking - weiter 5 birds ftill about us, and likewife fome whales. January 1rft, 1788. The new year was introduced with a pretty heavy vale of wind from the northward and weftward, which was the firft we had encountered. fince we left ‘England. It began a little before: 12 o'clock the ' preceding night, and continued till feven this evening. The Sirius was the whole day under her ftay-fails; and the convoy under their fore-fail and ftay-fails. 2d and 3d. Smart gales, with dark gloomy weather. Some feals and oceanic birds about the fhip. 4th. Cloudy weather, in latitude 44° 2S. The Sirius P made 105 1788. January. leone pated) 106 1788. January. SS ae WHITE’s \JOURNAL? OF FA made the fignal for the longitude by lunar obfervation;, . which was found to be 135° 30’ Eaft. In the evening fome birds, called Mother Cary’s Chickens, were round the fhip. sth. The weather cold and clear, the wind N. W.. Paffed fome fea weed. In the morning the third mate thought he’ faw fome divers; but as they were not feen by any other perfon, not much attention was paid to the report. At night we had fome fqualls, with light fhowers of rain. 7th. Early in the morning the Lady Penrhyn made the fignal for fecing land; but it only proved to be a fog- bank ; a circumftance that often deceives the anxious mariner. About two o’clock in the afternoon the Prince of Wales, being the headmoft fhip, made the fame fignal. The Charlotte being next in fucceflion, the fignal was {carcely difplayed, before we alfo difcovered it very plainly through the haze; and repeated the fignal, which*was, an- {wered by the Sirius. By our laft lunar obfervation this land appears to be well laid down in Mafkelyne’s Tables! and in the journals of the celebrated Cook: but to the furprife of every one onboard, we found a {mall chart, pub- » lifhed by Steele, and which was held in little eftimation, to be not only accurate as to the fituation, but alfo to give a to- lerable ~ VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. lerable appearance and defcription of Van Dieman’s Land : indeed fuch as may prove extremely ufeful to fhips coming this way, and fully fufficient to enable them to avoid all - danger if the weather be clear. For my own part, I fee no hazard that attends making this land by day (fuch an attempt by night would be very incautious and abfurd), as nature has been very particular in pointing out where it lies, by rocks which jutt out of the fea, like fo many beacons. I believe a convoy was never conduéed with more care, (Gt made the land with greater accuracy and certainty, than this. Indeed, ability and experienced nautical knowledge were never more fully evinced on all occafions than by Captain Hunter; who, I may venture to pronounce, without much rifk of having my veracity called in queftion, one of the moft affiduous and accurate obfervers, and able navigators, the prefent day furnifhes. His appointment to this expedition by Lord Howe is ftrongly marked with that prudence and wifdom which are known to govern his Lord- fhip’s conduct. Captain Hunter has a pretty turn for draw- ing, which will enable him, no doubt, to give: fuch a defcription of this coaft as will do credit to himfelf, and be of fingular advantage, as well to thofe whofe lot it may p.2 be 107 1788. January. eee 108 1788. January. een eee! WHITE’s JOURNAL’OF A to vifit, hereafter; this extenfive coaft, as to navigation at large. The affiftance of Lieutenant Bradley, firft of the Sirius, (who likewife is an officer of more than common abilities), as a navigator in conducting a convoy in a track fo little known, muft have been pleafing to Captain Hun- ~ ter. As we run in with the land, which is pretty high, we were furprifed to fee, at this feafon of the year, fome {mall patches of fnow. The haze being difperfed, by a gentle breeze at N. N. W. we could obferve, and hear, as we were not more than fix or feven miles from the fhore, the furf beating high and loudly againft fome uneven rocks which jutted out, in ftrange projections, into the fea. This part of the coaft, as far as we could fee, is bold, irregular, and craggy; and very few trees, or appearance of verdure, to be feen. At four in the afternoon, being about fix or eight miles to the eaftward of the eaftward- moft rock, called the Mewftone (there being feveral others which we diftinély faw), bearing N. N. W. we difcovered to the weftward of them fome eminences, which probably might be iflands; or, if not, fome land running a confi- derable way into the fea. For my own part I am inclined to VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. to believe the latter to be the cafe; though the diftance was too great to hazard a conclufive opinion upon it, as a large fmoke was feen clofe to the innermoft height. About feven, fteering to the eaftward, along fhore, nearly at the diftance of four miles, being well in with the weftward-moft point of a very large bay, called Storm Bay, Jaid down in lat. 44° 3 S. and long. 146° E. we difcovered Swilly bearing S. E. :S. and a little to the eaftward of it a fmall rock rifing out of the fea, diftinguifhed by the name of the Eddyftone, from its refemblance to the Eddy- ftone light-houfe off Plymouth, which was very per- ceptible at the diftance we were then from it. Our being clofe in with the land, prevented us from feeing either of thefe before, as they lie at leaft fix or feven leagues out to fea. From the S. W. cape, which lies in lat. 43° 39'S. and long. 145° 50 E. to the S, E.. cape, which is admitted to be Tafman’s South Cape, is about the diftance of fifteen or fixteen leagues. As we got to the eaftward, we faw many trees, moftly of a dwarf or ftunted kind, with a whitifh bark, and perfe@ly leaflefs. This part of the country ftill continued to be a rough, rugged, uneven tract, with very little appearance of fertility. Some 109 1788. January. ee a | Bie) 1788. January. ew] WHITE’s* JOURNAL OBA Some {mall patches of verdure were difcovered about Storm Bay, and the trees feemed to increafe in number and fize. Between eight and nine at night, we faw a large fire on the eaft point of land which forms this bay, made by the natives; none of whom could we fee during the day, though clofe in with the fhore: nor did we perceive any other indication of its being inhabited, but this fire, and the fmoke mentioned to be feen on our firft falling in with the land. The diftance between the fmoke and the fire was eight leagues, a fpace that would furely have exhibited fome other proofs of populofity had it been thickly peopled. About 10 o'clock, off Storm Bay, the weather moderately pleafant, the fhip was taken aback. The Lady Penrhyn was then under our lee quarter, which obliged us to tack ; after which we immediately wore, brought the fhip to the wind on the other tack, and ftood to fea with the reft of the fhips. The wind was then at N. E. which juft enabled us to weather Swilly and the Eddyftone. As we got to fea the wind increafed moderately. _ 8th. The wind and weather variable; could perceive no- thing of the land. I went on board the Fifhburne, to fee the VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES, the boatfwain, who, on the firft night of the new year, having probably drank more grog than he ought, and the Ship labouring much, had fallen from the top-fail yard; by which he bruifed himfelf in a dreadful manner. The man being highly fcorbutic, the parts foon mortified, and he died about half an hour after I got on board. The mafter of the fhip fhowed evident marks of great concern for this invaluable man, as he termed him. He declared to me, that fooner than venture again on fo long a voyage without a furgeon, he would put to fea with lefs than half his complement of men; for he was ftrongly of opinion, that if the poor fellow had received immediate affiftance he would have recovered. I fhould have feen him fooner, but was prevented by my own indifferent flate of health. How owners of fhips can think of fending them through fuch a variety of climates, and a voyage of fo great a length, without a furgeon, is to me a matter of furprife. The Lady Penrhyn, owned by Alderman Curtis, was the only mer- chant fhip in our fleet that had a furgeon. What the others will do on their return, Heaven only knows; but this I well know, that they would never have reached I thus (if 1788. January. WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A thus far but for the fuccour given them by myfelf and my affiftants. gth. Wind variable, and weather hazy, damp and dark ; with fome vivid flafhes of lightning, fucceeded by diftant peals of loud thunder. On the morning of this day died Edward Thomfon, a convict, worn out with a melancholy and long confinement. Had he lived, I think he would have proved a deferving member of fociety, as he feemed fenfible of the impropriety and imprudence of his former life, and ftudious to atone for it. ioth. The wind variable, and weather dark and gloomy, with a very troublefome high fea. About two o’clock P. M. we had one of the moft fudden gufts of wind I ever remember to have known. {In an inftant it fplit our main- fail; and but for the adtiwity fhewn by the failors, in let~ ting fly the fheets, and lowering the top-fails, the mafts muft have gone over the fide. The Prince of Wales, who was clofe to us, had her main yard carried away in the flings. Fortunately for us the fquall was of fhort’ dura- tion, otherwife the fhips muft have fuffered confiderably from the uncommon crofs fea that was running; which we VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. we had found to be the cafe ever fince we reached this coaft. rith. and 12th. The wind variable, inclining to the fouthward and weftward, and ftill an unpleafant crofs troublefome fea. We faw a whale, feveral feals, and many large oceanous. birds, which we frequently fired at, without their betraying the fmalleft fymptom of fear either at the report, or at the balls, which frequently dropped clofe to them. A conclufion may be drawn from hence, that they had never been haraffed with fire arms before; if they had, they would undoubtedly have fhown fome fear ; a fenfation they feemed to be totally unacquainted with. In all our firings we did not kill one of them. -rgth. In the evening we faw the land over Red Point, bearing W. by N. the extremes of the land from S, S. W. to N. We were then about three leagues from the fhore ; and finding it unlikely to get in that night, Captain Hunter made the fignal for the convoy to come within hail; when he acquainted them, that the entrance into Botany Bay bore N. N. W.: adding, that for the night he intended to ftand off and on, and early in the morning make fail for the bay, Q. eoth, At 1.53 1788. January. re ae 114 1788. January. WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A 20th. At four in the morning the Sirius and convoy — made fail, and at eight o’clock anchored in eight fathom _ water; Cape Banks E. S. E,. Point Solander S. S. E. and the j entrance of the bay, between thefe two lands, W.S.W. We found herethe Supply tender, which had arrivedthe 18th, and the Alexander, Scarborough, and Friendthip tran{ports, who had only arrived the day before. To fee all the fhips fafe in their deftined port, without ever having, by any accident, been one hour feparated; and all the people in as good health as could be expected or hoped for, after fo long a voyage, was a fight truly pleafing, and at which every heart muft rejoice. As we failed into the bay, fome of the "natives were on the fhore, looking with feeming attention at fuch large moving bodies coming amongft them. In the evening the boats were permitted to land on the north fide, in order to get water and grafs for the little ftock we had remaining. An ofhcer’s guard was placed there to prevent the feamen from ftraggling, or having any improper inter- courfe with the natives. Captain Hunter, after anchoring, waited on the governor, on board the Supply; who, with feveral other officers, landed. As they rowed along the fhore, fome of the natives followed the boat; but on her putting VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. putting in for the fhore, they ran into the woods. Some of the gentlemen, however, before they returned on board, ob- tained an interview with them; during which they fhowed fome diftruft, but, upon the whole, were civillyinclined. The boats fent to haul the feine returned, having had tolerable fuccefs, The fifh they caught were bream, mullet, large trays, befides many other {maller fpecies. 21ft. The governor, Captain Hunter, and the two mafters of the men of war, with a party of marines, fet off this morning, in two rigged long boats, to examine Port Jackfon, a harbour lying a little to the northward, which was difcovered by Captain Cook. 23d. The party returned this evening, full of praifes on the extent and excellence of the harbour, as well as the fuperiority of the ground, water, and fituation, to that of Botany Bay ; which, I own, does not, in my opinion, by any means merit the commendations beftowed on it by the much-lamented Cook, and others, whofe names and judg-~ ments are no lefs admired and efteemed. During his excel- lency’s abfence the lieutenant governor had iffued his orders to land all the artificers that could be found among the con- vidts, and a party of others, to clear the ground for the in- Q 2 tended 115 1788. January. 116 1788. January. WHITE’s JOURNAL! OF74 tended town, to dig fawpits, and to perform every thing that was effential towards the works purpofed to be carried on. Although the fpot fixed on for the town was the moft eligible that could be chofen, yet I think it would never have anfwered; the ground around it being fandy, poor, and fwampy, and but very indifferently fupplied with water. The fine meadows talked of in Captain Cook’s voyage, I could never fee, though I took fome pains to find them out ; nor have I ever heard of a perfon that has feen any parts refembling them. While the people were employed on fhore, the natives came feveral times among them, and behaved with a kind of cautious friendfhip. One evening, while the feine was hauling, fome of them were prefent, and exprefled great furprife at what they faw; giving a fhout expreflive of aftonifhment and joy, when they per- ceived the quantity that was caught. No fooner were the fifh out of the water, than they began to lay hold of them, as if they had a right to them, or that they were their own; upon which the officer of the boat, I think very properly, reftrained them; giving, however, to each of them a part. They did not at firft feem very well pleafed with this mode of procedure, but on obferving with VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. with what juftice the fifh was diftributed, they appeared content. | | While we remained at Botany Bay, as I was one morning on board the Supply, we faw twenty-nine of the natives on the beach, looking towards the fhipping ; upon which Lieutenants Ball and King, Mr. Dawes, and my- felf, went on fhore, landing at the place where they were. They were friendly and pacific, though each of them was arm~ ed with a fpear or long dart, and had a ftick, with a fhell at the. end, ufed by them in throwing their weapons. Befides thefe, fome few had fhields made of the bark of the’ cork tree, of a plain appearance, but fufficient to ward off or turn their own weapons, fome of which were pointed and barbed with the bones of faith, faftened on with fome kind of adhefive gum. One of the moft friendly, and who appeared to be the moft confident, on figns being made to him, ftuck the end of his fhield in the fand, but could not be prevailed upon to throw his fpear at it. Finding he declined it, I fired a piftol ball through it. The explofion frightened him, as well as his companions, a little; but they foon got over it, and on my putting the piftol into my pocket, he took up the fhield, and appeared to be much I furprifed 117 1788. January. 118 1788. January. eee aimed WHITE’s JOURNAL OF furprifed at finding it perforated. He then, by figns and geftures, feemed to afk if the piftol would make a hole through him; and on being made fenfible that it would, he fhowed not the {malleft figns of fear; on the contrary he endeavoured, as we conftrued his motions, to imprefs us with an idea of the fuperiority of his own arms, which he applied to his breaft, and by flaggering, and a fhow of falling, feemed to wifh us to underftand that the force and effect of them was mortal, and not to be refifted. How-= ever, I am well convinced that they know and dread the fuperiority of our arms, notwithftanding this fhow of indif- ference ; as they, on all occafions, have difcovered a diflike to a‘mufquet: and fo very foon did they make themfelves acquainted with the nature of our military drefs, that, from the firft, they carefully avoided a foldier, or any perfon wearing a red coat, which they feem to. have marked as a fighting vefture. Many of their warriors, or diftinguifhed men, we obferved to be painted in ftripes, acrofs the breaft. and back, which at fome little diftance appears not unlike our foldiers crofs belts. 24th. The boats were employed in getting water and erafs for the live ftock ; as the governor, finding Port Jack- fon VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES, fon more fuited to his wifhes, had determined to remove to that place, and _ form the fettlement there. While thefe preparations were making, every perfon in the fleet were furprifed to fee, in this part of the world, two large fhips plying hard in the offing to get into the bay. It was feen, in the evening, that they had French colours flying; but the wind blowing pretty ftrong out of the bay, they were unable to get in; and the weather becoming thick and hazy, we foon loft fight of them. 25th. Nothing of the ftrange fhips to be feen. The governor, with a detachment of marines, failed in the Supply tender for Port Jackfon; leaving inftru€tions with Captain Hunter to follow him with all the tranfports and viétuallers, as foon as the wind and weather would permit. 26th. We again defcried the French fhips flanding in for the bay, with a leading wind; upon which Captain Hunter fent his firft lieutenant on board the commanding officer’s fhip, which was diftinguifhed by a broad pendant, to aflift them in coming in. Soon after the lieutenants were returned to the Sirius, Captain Clonnard, the French commodore’s captain (who during the late war commanded 3 the 119 1788. January. cece pe eames 120 1788, January, eee WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A the Artois, taken by the Bienfaifant, Captain Macbride), wait- ed on Captain Hunter, and informed him, that the fhips were the Aftrolabe and the Bouflale, which failed from France in the year 1786, under the command of Meflieurs de la Peroufe, and De Langle. He further acquainted him, that having touched at Navigator's Ifles, they had had the misfor- tune to lofe Captain De Langle, the fecond in command, with ten other officers, and two boats crews, all of whom were cut off by the natives of thofe iflands, who appeared to be numerous and warlike. This accident induced them to put into this port, in order to build fome boats, which they had in frames. It alfo had afforded room for the promotion of Monfieur Clonnard, who, on their leaving France, was only the commodore’s firft lieutenant. / At ten o’clock the Sirius, with all the fhips, weighed, and in the evening anchored in Port Jackfon, with a few trifling damages done to fome of them, who had run foul of each other in working out of Botany Bay. Port Jackfon I believe to be, without exception, the fineft and moft exten- five harbour in the univerfe, and at the fame time the moft fecure; being fafe from all the winds that blow. It is divided into a great number of coves, to which his excellency VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. excellency has given different names. That on which the town is to be built, is called Sydney Cove. It is one of the {malleft in the harbour, but the moft convenient, as {hips of the greateft burden can with eafe go into it, and heave out clofe to the fhore. Trincomalé, acknowledged to be one ae the beft harbours in the world, is by no means to be compared to it. In a word, Port Jackfon would afford fuffi- cient and fafe anchorage for all the navies of Europe. The Supply had arrived the day before, and the governor, with every perfon that could be {pared from the fhip, were on fhore, clearing the ground for the encampment. In the evening, when all the fhips had anchored, the Englifh colours were difplayed; and at the foot of the flag-ftaff his Majefty’s health, and fuccefs to the fettlement, was drank by the governor, many of the principal officers, and private men, who were prefent. upon the occafion. 27th. A number of convicts from the different tranf-- ports were landed to affift in clearing the ground for the encampment. His excellency marked the outlines, and as much as poflible to prevent irregularity, and to keep the “ae from ftraggling, the provoft marfhal, aided by the patrole, had orders to take into cuftody all conviéts that R fhould I2I 1788. January. ea anand) I22 1788. January. red WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A fhould be found without the lines, and to leave them in charge of the main or quarter guard. The boats fent this day to fith were fuccefsful. Some of the natives came into the little bay or cove where the feine was hauled, and behaved very friendly. Indeed they carried their civility é far, although a people that appeared to be averfe to work, as to affift in dragging it afhore. For this kind office they were liberally rewarded with fifth, which feemed to pleafe them, and give general fatisfaétion. 29th. A convenient place for the cattle being found, the few that remained were landed. The frame and materials for the governor’s houfe, conftructed by Smith in St. George’s Fields, were likewife fent on fhore, and fome preparations made for erecting it. This day Captain Hunter and Lieutenant Bradley began to take a furvey of the harbour. In the courfe of the laft week, all the marines, their wives and children, together with all the convicts, male and female, were landed. The laboratory and fick tents were erected, and, I am forry to fay, were foon filled with patients afflicted | with the true camp dyfentery and the fcurvy. More piti- able objects were perhaps never feen. Not a comfort or convenience could be got for them, befides the very few we had VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. had with us. His excellency feeing the ftate thefe poor ob- jects were in, ordered a piece of ground to be inclofed, for the purpofe of raifing vegetables for them. The {feeds that were fown upon this occafion, on firft appearing above ground, looked promifing and well, but foon after withered away; which was not indeed extraordinary, as they were not fown at a proper feafon of the year. The fick have increafed fince our landing to fuch a degree, that a {pot for a general hofpital has been marked out, and arti- ficers already employed on it. A proper {pot, contiguous to the hofpital, has been chofen, to raife fuch vegetables as can be produced at this feafon of the year; and where a permanent garden for the ufe of the hofpital is to be eftablifhed. February 1ft. We had the moft tremendous thunder and lightning, with heavy rain, I ever remember to have feen. 2d. This morning five fheep, belonging to the lieutenant- governor and quarter-mafter, were killed by the lightning under a tree, at the foot of which a fhed had been built for them. The branches and trunk of the tree were fhivered and rent in a very extraordinary manner. 2 sth. A 123 1788. February. (cee peared 124 1788. February. ee ae WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A sth. A ftorehoufe has been begun, for the purpofe of receiving the ftores and provifions of the three tranfports bound to China. On a mutter of the convicts this morning, fome were found to be mifling, and fuppofed to have gone to Botany Bay, in hopes of being received on board the French fhips; which are faid to be fhort of hands, and made more fo by the lofs they had recently fuftained, as before mentioned. 7th. The governor’s commiffion, and that for eftablith- ing acriminal court of judicature, admiralty court, &c. were read. After this was done the troops under arms fired three volleys; when his excellency thanked the foldiers for their fteady and good condué& ; which Major Rofs caufed to be inferted in the general order book. The governor then addrefied the conviés in a fhort {peech, extremely well adapted to the people he had to govern, and who were then before him. Among many circumftances that would tend to their future happinefs and comfort, he recommended marriage ; afluring them that an indifcriminate and illegal intercourfe would be punifhed with the greateft feverity and rigour. Honefty, obedience, and induftry, he told them, would make their fituation comfortable; whereas a contrary VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES, a contrary line of conduct would fubje& them to ignominy, feverities, and punifhment. When the ceremony was con- cluded, his excellency, attended by all the officers of the colony, withdrew to a tent pitched for the occafion, where a cold dinner was laid out; and after the cloth was temoved, many loyal and public toafts were drank. 8th. A party of the gentlemen of the garrifon fet out by land to pay a vifit to the French at Botany Bay; from whom they met with the moft hofpitable, polite, and friendly reception and treatment. Many of the convidts who had been miffing had been at Botany Bay. They had offered themfelves to the French navigators on any terms, but not one of them had been received. This refufal obliged them to return; and when they came. back they were real objects of pity. Confcious of the punifhment. that awaited fo imprudent and improper an experiment, they had ftayed out as long as the cravings of nature would per- mit, and were nearly half ftarved. A woman named Ann Smith, and a man, have never fince been heard of. They are fuppofed to have miffed their way as they returned, and to have perifhed for want. As the French commodore had given his honour that he would not admit any of them on t board, 125 1788, February. rat WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A 1788. wae it cannot be thought he would take them. The February. convi@t, it is true, was a Frenchman, named Peter Paris, , and it is poflible, on that account, he might have been con- cealed through pity, by his countrymen, and carried off without the knowledge of the commanding officer. At the very time the party from hence were gone by land to Botany Bay, Captain Clonnard came round in a boat, on a vifit of ceremony from Monfieur de la Peyroufe to the governor. He brought with him fome difpatches, which he requefted might be forwarded to the French ambaflador at the court of London, by the firft tranfports that failed for England. The captain ftayed all night, and returned the next morn- ing. This day, for the firft time, a Kangaroo was fhot and brought into camp. Some of the natives paffed pretty clofe to the Sirius, without feeming to exprefs, by their counte- nance or actions, either fear, curiofity, or furprife. During the courfe of this week fourteen marriages were folemnized. The criminal court, confifting of fix officers of his Majef- ty’s forces by land or fea, with the judge advocate, fat for the firft time; before whom feveral convicts were tried for petty larceny. Some of them were acquitted, others fentenced to receive corporal punifhment, and one or two were, by | the VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. the decifion of the court, ordered to a barren rock, or little ifland, in the middle of the harbour, there to remain on bread and water for a ftated time. r2th. The commiflions were read a fecond time, at the ‘defire of fome of the officers, whofe fituation with the battalion prevented them from being prefent at the firft reading ; after which, the lieutenant governor and judge advocate were {worn in juftices of the peace; and Licute- nant King (fecond of the Sirius) fuperintendant and command- ing officer of New Norfolk Ifland; an appointment given him by the governor. 14th. The Supply failed for Norfolk Ifland, with Lieu- tenant King and his detachment, confifting of Mr. Cunning- ham, mafter’s mate, and Mr. Jamefon, furgeon’s firft mate, of the Sirius, two marines, and twelve male and female convicts. The governor furnifhed him with provifions and ftores of every kind for fix months, and with tools for cutting down timber; which laft employment was the purpofe of his miffion. 27th. Thomas Barrett, Henry Lovel, and Jofeph Hall, were brought before the criminal court, and tried for felonioufly and fraudulently taking away from the public {tore 127 1788. February. (een, tern) 128 1788. February. WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A {tore beef and peafe, the property of the crown. They were convicted on the cleareft evidence ; and fentence of death being paffed on them, they were, about fix o’clock the fame evening, taken to the fatal tree; where Barrett was launch- ed into eternity, after having confeffed to the Rev. Mr. Johnfon, who attended him, that he was guilty of the crime, and had long merited the ignominious death which he was about to fuffer, and to which he faid he had been brought by bad company and evil example. Lovel and Hall were refpited until fix o’clock the next evening. When that awful hour arrived, they were led to the place of execution, and juft as they were on the point of afcending © the ladder, the judge advocate arrived with the governor’s pardon, on condition of their being banifhed to fome unin- habited place. 29th. Daniel Gordon and John Williams were tried and convicted of ftealing wine, the property of Mr. Zachariah Clarke. Williams being an ignorant black youth, the court recommended him to the governor as a proper obje& of mercy, and he was accordingly pardoned. Gordon, who was another black, had his fentence of death, while at the gallows, changed to banifhment with Lovel and Hall. 30th. SS ae SSS == y = ~ Ga 4 C } 2 ) / Lf 2 ; : Cupsonary g ( New t luli Up OAD ps ; CO C 2 London Filliohed De 7 LDebrett ? VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. 3oth. John Freeman was tried for ftealing from another convié feven pounds of flour. He was conviéed, and fentenced to be hanged ;_ but while under the ladder, with the rope about his neck, he was offered his free pardon on condition of performing the duty of the common exe- cutioner as long as he remained in this country; which, after fome little paufe, he reluctantly accepted. William Sheerman, his accomplice, was fentenced to receive on his bare back, with a cat-o’nine-tails, three hundred lathes, which ‘were inflicted. A New Holland Caffowary was brought into camp. This ied Vioalls feven feet high, meafuring from the ground to ‘the upper part of the head, and, in every refpea, is much larger than the common Caffowary of all authors, and differs fo much therefrom, in its form, as to clearly prove it a new {pecies. The colour of the plumage is ereatly fimilar, confifting of a mixture of dirty brown and grey; on the belly it was fomewhat whiter; and the remarkable ftructure of the feathers, in having two quills with their webs arifing out of one fhaft, is feen in this as well as the common fort. It differs materially in wanting the horny appendage on the top of the head. The head and beak S are 129 1788. February. (cepeereres maaace 130 1788. February. WHI E*s | JOURNAL OPP A are much more like thofe of the oftrich than the common Caffowary, both in fhape and fize. Upon the upper part of the head the feathers, with which it is but thinly covered, are very {mall, looking more like hair than fea- thers, and in having the neck pretty well clothed with them, except the chin and throat, which are fo thinly covered, that the fkin, which is there of a purplifh colour, may be feen clearly. The fmall wings are exceedingly fhort, Whisk Sommirae ae eaktes edit ratt with the body, as they are even lefs than thofe of the Caflowary: they have no large quills in them, being only covered with the fmall feathers that grow all over the body. Another fingu- larity alfo prefents itfelf in this {pecies, which is in refpe& to the legs. As to the back part of them, the whole length is indented, or fawed, in a remarkable manner. The toes are three in number, the middle one long, the other two fhort, adi {trong claws, not unlike the fame part of the common fpecies. On examining the vifcera, they differed from that of every other fpecies of the fea- — thered kind which I had ever feen; particularly in having no gizzard, or fecond ftomach; and the liver was fo very {mall, that it did not exceed in fize that of a black- 3 | bird, VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. bird. To this liver was joined a large gall-bladder, well diftended with bile. The crop, or ftomach, was filled with uA leaft fix or feven pounds of grafs, flowers, and a few berries and feeds. The inteftinal canal was at leaft fix yards long, very wide, and of a regular cylindrical fhape from the opening of the ftomach to the vent. The heart and lungs were feparated by a diaphragm or midriff, and bore a tolerable proportion to the fize of the bird. The flefh of Le bird was very gaod, and tafted not unlike young tender beef. This bird is fuppofed to be not uncommon in Mew Holland, as it has been frequently feen by our Settlers both at Botany Bay and Port Fack/on, but is exceedingly fhy, and runs fafter than a greyhound. One of them however has been fhot*. March gth. The governor, ‘with two long boats manned and armed, returned from Broken Bay, fituated a little to the northward, which he had been exploring for feveral days. It affords good fhelter for fhipping, and the entrance is bold ; * A drawing was taken from this bird, of which an engraving is annexed. It has been lately fent to England by the governor, as a prefent to Lord Sydney, who, through the medium of Sir Jofeph Banks, has depofited it in the collections of Natural Hiftory of Mr. John Hunter in Leicefter Square, S 2 it 132 1788. March. WHITE’ tOPOURN ALT Ge A it cannot, however, be compared to Port Jackfon. While he was there, he faw a great many of the natives, fome of whom he thinks he had obferved before, either at Botany. Bay or in the neighbourhood of Port Jackfon. One of the females happened to fall in love with his great coat; and to obtain it, fhe ufed a variety of means. Firft, the danced, and played a number of antic tricks; but finding this mode ineffeQual, fhe had recourfe to tears, which fhe fhed plenti- fully. This expedient not anfwering, the ceafed from weeping, _ and appeared as cheerful as any of the party around her. | From this little incident it may be feen that they are not a people devoid of art. At Broken Bay many of the females, young and old, had the firft joint of the little finger, on their left hand, cut off. As this was the cafe with thofe who were married, or appeared to be fo from their having young children, as well as wish thofe who were too young for a connection of that nature, it was not poflible to ac- count for the caufe of fuch an amputation. Thefts.and depre- dationson one another have become fovery frequent and glaring among the convicts, that fcarcely.a day paffes without fome of thefe miferable delinquents being punifhed. So hardened in wickednefs and depravity are many of them, that they feem infenfible . VX VOYAGE: TO NEW SOUTH WALES. _ infenfible to the fear of corporal punifhment, or eyen death itfelf. The principal bufinefs going forward at prefent is erecting cabbage-tree huts for the officers, foldiers, and convicts ; fome ftore-houfes, &c.; and a very good hofpital; all which in the completion will coft a great deal of time and ‘trouble, as the timber of this country is very unfit for the purpofe of building. Nor do I know any one purpofe for which it will anfwer, except for fire-wood; and for that it is excellent: but, in other refpects, it is the worft wood that any country or climate ever produced ; although fome of the trees, when ftanding, appear fit for any ufe whatever, mafts for fhipping not excepted. Strange as it may be ima- gined, no wood in this country, though fawed ever fo thin, and dried ever fo well, will float. Repeated trials have only ferved to convince me that, immediately on immerfion, it finks to the bottom like a ftone. The ftone.of this country is excellent for building, could any kindof cement be found to keep it together. ‘There is not any lime-ftone (I believe) in New South Wales. The governor, notwithftanding that he had collected together all the fhells which could be found, -for the purpofe of obtaining #33 1788. March. ae 134 1788. March.! Neen ened WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A obtaining from them the lime neceflary to the conftruétion of a houfe for his own refidence, did not procure even a fourth part of the quantity which was wanted. The foun- dation ftone of a private houfe for him has been laid; and a plate of copper, with the following infcription engraved on it, is to be placed in the wall: ARO FeU: Ree, PE, PE TabPy iso: Captain General in and over his Majefty’s ‘Territory of New South Wales, and its Dependencies ; Arrived in this Country on the 18th Day of January, 1788, with the firft Settlers ; And on the 15th Day of May, in the fame Year, the firft of thefe Stones was laid. The Supply tender returned from Norfolk Ifland; where, with great dificulty and danger, the ftores fent with Lieu- tenant King were landed, on account of the rockynefs of its fhore, and the violence of the furf that almoft continually beats upon it. In her paflage there fhe fell in with an ifland, VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. ifland, in lat. 31° 36'S, long. 159° 4’ E. never before dif- covered, to which Lieutenant Ball, who commanded the Supply on this occafion, gave the name of Lord Howe’s Ifland. On her return to this port fhe ftopped at it, and found the landing nearly, if not quite, as difficult as at Norfolk Ifland. The fhore in many places was covered with excellent turtle, eighteen of which were brought here, and proved a feafonable fupply to the convicts affliated with the fcurvy, many of whom were in a deplorable fituation. The {malleft turtle brought from Lord Howe’s Ifland did not weigh lefs than 1501b. They alfo found on it, in great plenty, a kind of fowl, refembling much the Guinea fowl in fhape and fize, but widely different in colour; they being in general all white, with a red flefhy fubftance rifing, like a cock’s comb, from the head, and not unlike a piece of fealing-wax. Thefe not being birds of flight, nor in the leaft wild, the failors availing themfelves of their gentlenefs and inability to take wing from their purfuits, eafily ftruck them down with fticks. There were alfo many birds of the dove kind, as tame as the former, and caught. with equal facility. Some of them were brought alive to this place. Befides thefe, the fhore abounded with fea birds WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A birds of feveral fpecies. The ifland is very barren, and not more than twenty miles in circumference. 25th. The Scarborough, Lady Penrhyn, and Charlotte, tranfports, being cleared of government ftores, were dif- charged from the fervice, and are fhortly to depart for China, in order to load home with tea, they being chartered by the Eaft India company for that purpofe. April 15th. His excelléncy, attended by Lieutenant Ball of the navy, Lieutenant George Johnifton of the marines, the judge advocate, myfelf, three foldiers, and two feamen, landed in Manly Cove (fo called from the manly condu& of the natives when the governor firft vifited it), on the north fide of the entrance into Port Jackfon harbour, in order to trace to its fource a river, which had been difcovered a few days before. We, however, found this impradicable, owing to a thicket and fwamp which ran along the fide of it. The governor, anxious to acquire all the knowledge of the coun- try in his power, forded the river in two places, and more than up to our waifts in water, in hopes of being able to avoid the thicket and fwamp; but, notwithftanding all his perfeverance, we were at length obliged to return, and to proceed along the fea fhore, a mile or two to the northward. At ayy ih th is rena y ie wud a “ y Ly. Publesherad e 16 ( - ' “6 A ehermols 1): 6, f v7 Dee pr au ett VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. At the end of this we fell in with a {mall falt-water lagoon, on which we found nine birds, that, whilft {wimming, moft perfectly refembled the vara avis of the ancients—a black fwan. We difcharged feveral fhot at them, but the diftance was too great for execution. Our frequent firing, however, caufed them to take wing, and. they flew towards the fea, which was very near, in the order that wild geefe generally preferve; the one before the other. Had we not raifed them, we fhould certainly have concluded that they were black fwans; but their flight gave us an opportunity of feeing fome white feathers, which terminated the tip of each wing; in every other part they were perfectly black. Their fize appeared not equal to that of an European fwan, but the fhape exaétly correfponded, except about the wings, which feemed rather fmall for the body. We not long after difcovered the great brown King’s Fifher, of which a plate is annexed. This bird has been defcribed by Mr. Latham in his General Synopfis of Birds, vol. ii. p. 603, nearly to the following purport:—The length eighteen inches; the bill black above, and white beneath; the feathers of the head narrow, and pretty long, fo as to form a kind of creft. They are of a brown colour, ftreaked with paler brown; the ft back 137 1788. April. 138° WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A> 1788, back and wings in general brown; the lower part of the April. ——» back and rump pale blue-green; the outer edges of the quills blue; within and the tips black. On the wing covert is a patel of glofly blue-green: the tail is barred with ferru- ginous, and fteel-~black, glofled with purple; the end, for one inch, white; the under part of the body is white, tranf- verfely ftreaked with dufky lines ; legs yellow, claws black. This bird is not uncommon in many iflands of the South Seas, being pretty frequent at Mew Guinea, from whence the fpecimen came from which Mr. Latham took his de- {cription: it is alfo an inhabitant of Mew Holland, from whence feveral have been fent over to England. We rounded this lagoon, and proceeded four or five miles weftward, along the banks of a {mall frefh-water river, which emptied itfelf into it, and had for its fource only a fwamp, or boggy ground. After we had paffed this fwamp, we got into an immenfe wood, the trees of which were very high and large, and a confiderable diftance apart, with little under or brufh wood. The ground was not very good, although it produced a luxuriant coat of a kind of four grafs growing in tufts or bufhes, which, at fome dif- tance, had the appearance of meadow land, and might be miftaken oD) 2 RAM OT be IDebrett SQ, br, YT. / VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. miftaken for it by fuperficial examiners. Here we pitched our tents (without which the governor never travelled) for the night, near a fwamp, out of which we were fupplied with water, not, indeed, either of the beft or cleareft kind. The night being cold, and a heavy dew falling, we kept up a large fire before the tents, which, though in one refpec&t an excellent precaution, far from chafing away, feemed to allure the mufquitos, which tormented us inexpreflibly during the whole night. We this day difcovered the Bankfian Cockatoo. ‘This f{pecies was firft defcribed by Mr. Latham, in his feventh volume or fupplement to the Ge- neral Synopfis of Birds, and the one in the plate annexed differs from that in fome few particulars—In Mr. Latham’s figure the general colour is dufky black, the fea- thers of the head longer than the reft, forming a creft; and each of thofe on the head, back of the neck, and major part of the wings, have a fpot of buff-colour at the tips; the under parts of the body barred with narrow bars of buff-colour ; the tail is black at the bottom and ends of the feathers, but the middle of a fine red, barred irregu- larly with black.—In our fpecimen, the general colour of the bird is olive, or rufty black; the head feathers pretty 2 long, 139 1788. April. 140 1788. April. WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A long, and about the fides of the head and top of it is a mixture of fine yellow; but none of the feathers are marked with buff at the tips, nor is the under part of the body crofled with buff-colour. In the tail it differs {carcely at all from Mr. Latham’s figure. Thefe birds have been met with in feveral parts of Mew Holland. We likewife faw feveral Blue-bellied Parrots. This is a very beautiful bird ; and Mr. Latham, whofe leave we have to copy the account of it, from his Syz. vol. i. p. 213, N° 14. B. defcribes it thus: ‘* The length is fifteen inches ; “¢ the bill is reddifh ; orbits black; head and throat dark ‘< blue, with a oe ne: of lighter blue feathers ; back part ‘© of the head green; towards the throat yellow green; *“ back and wings green; prime quills dufky, barred with “* yellow ; breaft red, mixed with yellow; belly of a fine * blue; thighs green and yellow ; tail cuneiform; the two ‘© middle feathers green; the others the fame, but bright ‘¢-vellow on the outer edges ; legs dufky.”’ This bird is a very common fpecies in various parts of New Holland, and in great plenty both at Botany Bay and Port Fackfon. It is found to differ much in plumage, feveral 7 * /. ' Why a, oe i | De TA Pray" ¥ , = (yh we ot hE aie. vYEW! 1s CERT MAES ane a ie f j 5 ; : A ‘ ' . ‘ "Ta p yh A Hite) : LAT ae I ML ae - eis, o A} ; 4 VOYAGE TO NEW) SOUTH WALES. feveral other varieties having been met with, which are natives of Amboina and others of the Molucca Iflands. 16th. We purfued our route weftward, proceeding many miles inland, without being able to trace, by a fingle veftige, that the natives had been recently in thofe parts. We faw, however, fome proofs of their ingenuity, in various figures cut on the fmooth furface of fome large ftones. They con- fifted chiefly of reprefentations of themfelves in different attitudes, of their canoes, of feveral forts of fith and animals ; and, confidering the rudenefs of the inftruments with which the figures muft have been executed, they feemed to ex- hibit tolerably ftrong likenefles. On the ftones, where the natives had been thus exercifing their abilities in feulpture, were feveral weather-beaten fhells. ~The country all around this place was rather high and rocky; and the foil arid, parched, and inhofpitable. In the evening, after a long and fatiguing march, we fell in with the north-weft branch of Port Jackfon Hib cce Here the two feamen, overcome with fatigue, and having their fhoes torn from their feet through the ruggednefs of the road along which we had travelled, could proceed no further. This circumftance induced the governor to confign them to the WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A the care of Lieutenant Ball, and a marine, fupplying them with provifions fufficient to laft them till they reached the fhips. His excellency, with the reft of the party, pufhed on to the weftward, by the water fide, in hopes of finding better land, and a more open country. About four o’clock in the afternoon we came to a fteep valley, where the flow- ing of the tide ceafed, and a frefh-water ftream commenced. Here, in the moft defert, wild, and folitary feclufion that the imagination can form any idea of, we took up our abode for the night; dreffed our provifions, wafhed our fhirts and ftockings, and turned our inconvenient fituation to the beft advantage in our power. Saw this day the Anomalous Hornbill, of which a plate is annexed. This bird is fo very fingular in its feveral charaéteriftics, that it can fcarcely be faid to which of the prefent known genera to refer it. In the 4:// it feems moft allied to the Aorwbi//, but the /egs are_ thofe of a ¢owcan, and the tongue is more like that of a crow than any other: it muft therefore be left to future ornitho- | logifts to determine the point, refting here fatisfied with defcribing its external appearance. The fize of the body is not much lefs than that of a crow: the bill is very large, and bent, particularly at the tip of the upper 2 TG B Wis € ey OU. pak Ht S 770 rll te London Publisbed Dee-2y, L789 by LDebritt VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. upper mandible ; the noftrils and fpace round the eyes are bare and red; the head, neck, and all beneath, are of a pale grey, crofled over the thighs with dufky lines; the back and wings dufky lead-colour, with the end of each feather black; the tail is long and wedge-fhaped, the fea- thers white at the ends; near which is a bar of black. The bill and legs are brown ; the toes are placed two before and two behind, as in the parrot or toucan genus. This fingular bird was met with at Mew Holland, from whence three or four fpecimens have found their way to England, but whether it is a numerous fpecies has not been mentioned. The next morning we hid our tents and the remains of our provifions, and with only a little rum, and a {mall quantity of bread, made a forced march into the country, to the weftward, of about. fourteen miles, without being able to fucceed in the object of our fearch, which was for good land well watered. Indeed, the land here, although covered with an endlefs wood, was better than the parts which we had already explored. Finding it, however, very unlikely that we fhould be able to penetrate through this immenfe foreft, and circumftanced as we were, it was thought WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A thought more prudent to return. We, accordingly, after an expeditious walk, reached the ftream from whence we had fet out in the morning, and taking up the tents and provifions which we had left, proceeded a little farther down, to the flowing of the tide, and there pitched our tents for the night; during which it rained very heavily, with thunder and lightning. The Wattled Bee-eater, of which a plate is annexed, fell in our way during the courfe of the day. This bird is the fize of a mifjel thrufo, but much larger in proportion; its total length being about fourteen inches. The feathers on the upper part of the head, longer than the reft, give the appearance of a creft; thofe of the un- der partare fmooth; the plumage for the moft part is brown, the feathers long and pointed, and each feather has a ftreak of white down the middle; under the eye, on each fide, is a kind of wattle, of an orange colour; the middle of the belly. is yellow; the tail is wedge-fhaped, fimilar to that of the magpie, and the feathers tipped with white; the bill and legs are brown. This bird feems to be peculiar to Mew Holland, and is un- doubtedly a fpecies which has not hitherto been defcribed. 18th. -We began our progrefs early in the morning, bending . j a ow spiny > “ Wl ee hendon Published as the Ack dcrects, Dec. 29, Veg ty IT Debrett ‘ © A Mey Tek & \ RON) WS wy XY > B\ a ) - ee Wittled Bee Cater Popicae? London Pubtistied as the A ctr directs Dec 29, 789, by TD bre ll VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. bending our courfe down the river. Some places along the fhore, where the tide had flowed fo as to obftrué our paflage, we were obliged to ford; and, at times, we were under the neceflity of climbing heights nearly inacceffible. At length, after undergoing much fatigue, we were agreeably furprifed, and cheered, with the fight of two boats, fent by Captain Hunter to meet us, and juft then coming up with the tide. By them we learnt, that Lieutenant Ball, with his enfeebled party, had arrived fafe at the fhip the day after they had quitted us. We all went on board the boats, and fell down the river till we got toa pleafant little cove, where we dined, with great fatisfaction and comfort, upon the welcome provifions which were fent in the boats by the governor's fteward. After having refrefhed ourfelves, we again embarked, and about fix o’clock in the evening arrived in Sydney Cove. We were likewife able, during this e xcurfion, to take one of the Gold-winged Pigeons, of whicha plate is annexed. This bird is a cutious and fingular fpecies, remarkable for having moft of the feathers of the wing marked with a brilliant fpot of golden yellow, changing, in various reflections of light, to ereen and copper-bronze; and, when the wing is clofed, U forming 146 1788. April. WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A forming two bars of the fame acrofs it, The general colour of the bird otherwife is brown, changing to vinaceous red on the breaft, in the manner of our domettic fpecies. The fore part of the head and chin are buf colour, with a freak of brownifh red pafling on each fide through the eye. The quills and tail are darker than the reft of the plumage, but all the feathers of the laft, except the two middle ones, incline to lead colour, with a bar of black near the tip. The bill and legs are of a dull red. This fpecies is a native of Wew South Wales, feveral of them having been fent from Port Fack/on. 22d. Onthe morning of this day the governor, accom- panied by the fame party, with the addition of Lieutenant Creffwell of the marines and fix privates, landed at the head of the harbour, with an intention of penetrating into the country weftward, as far as feven days provifions would admit of; every individual carrying his own allowance of bread, beef, rum, and water. The foldiers, befide their own provifions, carried a camp kettle, and two tents, with their poles, &c. Thus equipped, with the additional weight of fpare fhoes, fhirts, trowfers, together with a great coat, or Scotch plaid, for the purpofe of fleeping in, as the AY \ SRY SUA \ ANY Sy Wa PG z ) 7 i) . Golden Vingéd e Vedgeon Z é London Bidtished. Dec: 2G, tisca oy TD eba VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. the nights were cold we proceeded on our deftination. We likewife took with us a fmall hand hatchet, in order to mark the trees as we went on; thofe marks (called in America 4/azing) being the only guide to dire& us in our return. The country was fo rugged as to render it almoft impoflible to explore our way by the afliftance of the compafs. In this manner we proceeded for a mile or two, through a part well covered with enormous trees, free from under- wood. Wethen reached a thicket of brufh-wood, which we found fo impervious, as to oblige us to return nearly to the place from whence we had fet out in the morning. Here we encamped, near fome ftagnant water, for the night, during which it thundered, lightened, and rained. About eleven o'clock the governor was fuddenly attacked with a moft violent complaint in his fide and loins, brought on by cold and fatigue, not having perfedly gotten the better of the laft expedition, The next morning being fine, his excellency, who was rather better, though ftill in pain, would not relinquifh the object of his purfuit; and therefore we proceeded, and foon got round the wood or thicket which had haraffed us fo much the day before. U 2 After 147 1788. April. 148 1788. April. WHITE’s JOURNAL OF OX After we had pafled it, we fell in with an hitherto unper- ceived branch of Port Jackfon harbour, along the bank of which the grafs was tolerably rich and fucculent, and in height nearly up to the middle, interfperfed with a plant much refembling the indigo. We followed this branch wettward for a few miles, until we came to a Sirsa frefh water ftream that emptied itfelf into it. Here we took up our quarters for the night, as our halts were always regulated by frefh water, an effential point by no means to be difpenfed with, and not very abundant, or frequently to be met with, in this country. We madea kettle of excellent foup out of a white cockatoo and two crows whichI had fhot, as we came along. The land all around us was fimilar to that which we had pafled. At night we had thunder, lightning, and rain. The governor, though not free from pain, was rather recovering. cia As foon as the dew, which is remarkably heavy in this country, was off the ground, we proceeded to trace the river, or {mall arm of the fea. The banks of it were now pleafant, the trees immenfely large, and at a confiderable diftance from each other; and the Jand around us flat, and rather low, but well covered with the kind of grafs juft mentioned. VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. mentioned. Here the tide ceafed to flow; and all further progrefs for boats was ftopped by a flat {pace of large broad ftones, over which a frefh water ftream ran. Juft above this. flat, clofe to the water-fide, we difcovered a quarry of flates; from which we expected to derive great advantage in refpec&t to covering our houfes, ftores, &c. it being a material beyond conception difficult to be procured in this country ;. but on trial it was found of no ufe, as it proved to be of a crumbling and rotten nature. On this frefh water ftream, as well as on the falt, we faw a great many ducks and teal ; three of which we fhot in the courfe of the day, befides — two crows, and fome loraquets. About four in the after- noon, being near the head of the ftream, and fomewhat apprehenfive of rain, we pitched our tents, before the grafs. became wet; a circumftance which would have proved very uncomfortable during the night. Here we had our ducks picked, ftuffed with fome flices of falt beef, and roafted; and never did a repaft feem more delicious; the falt beef, ferving as a palatable fubftitute for the want of falt, gave it an agreeable relifh, The evening cleared up, and the night proved dry. During the latter, we heard a noife which not a little furprifed us, on account of its refemblance 3 ta 15d 1788. April. WHITE’s JOURNAL OFA to the human voice. What it proceeded from we could not difcover ; but I am of opinion that it was made by a bird, or fome animal. The country round us was by no means fo good, or the grafs fo abundant, as that which we had paffed. The water, though neither clear, nor in any great quantity, was neither of a bad quality nor ill-tafted. The next day, after having fowed fome feeds, we purfued ° our route for three or four miles weft, where we met wah a mean hut, belonging to fome of the natives, but could not perceive the fmalleft trace of their having been there lately. Clofe to this hut we faw a Kangaroo, which had come to drink at an adjacent pool of ftagnated water, but we could not get within fhot of it. A little farther on, we fell in with three huts, as deferted as the former, and a fwamp, not unlike the American rice grounds. Near this we faw a tree in flames, without the leaft appearance of any natives; from which we fufpected that it had been fet on fire by lightning. This circumftance was firft fuggefted by Lieutenant Ball; who had remarked, as well as myfelf, that every part of the country, though the moft inacceflible and rocky, appeared as if, at certain times of the year, it had been all on fire. Indeed in I many VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. many parts we met with very large trees, the trunks of which and branches were evidently rent, and demolifhed by lightning. Clofe by the burning tree we faw three kangaroos. Though by this time very much fatigued, we proceeded about two miles farther on, in hopes of finding fome good water, but without effe&t; and about half paft four o’clock we took up our quarters near a ftagnant pool. The ground was fo very dry and parched, that it was with fome difficulty we could drive either our tent pegs or poles into it. The country about this fpot was much clearer of ~ underwood than that which we had paffed during the day. The trees around us were immenfely large, and the tops of them filled with loraquets and paroquets of exquifite beauty, which chattered to fuch a degree, that we could fcarcely hear each other fpeak. We fired feveral times at them, but the trees were fo very high that we killed but few. | | 26th. We ftill directed our courfe weftward, and pafied another tree on fire; and others which were hollow, and perforated by a fmall hole at the bottom, in which the natives feemed to have fnared fome animal. It was certainly done by the natives, as the trees where thefe holes WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A holes or perforations were, had in general many knotches cut, for the purpofe of getting to the top ofthem. After this we ‘crofled a water-courfe; which fhews, that at fome feafons the rain is very heavy here, notwithftanding that there was, at prefent, but little water in it. Beyond the chafm, we came to a pleafant hill, the top of which was tolerably clear of trees, and perfectly free from underwood, His excellency gave it the name of Belle Vewe. From the top of this hill we faw a chain of hills or mountains, which appeared to be thirty or forty. miles diftant, running in a north and fouth direétion. The northernmoft being confpicuoufly higher than any of the reft, the governor called it Richmond Hill; the next, or thofe in the centre, Lanfdown Hills; and thofe to the fouthward, which» are by much the loweft, Carmarthen Fills. In a valley below Belle Veuwe, we faw a fire, and by it found fome chewed root of a faline tafte, which fhewed that the natives had recently been there. The country hereabout was pleafant tothe eye, well wooded, and covered with long four grafs, growing in tufts. At the bottom of this valley or flat, we crofled another water-courfe, and afcended VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. Shecidedx hill, where the wood was fo very thick as to obftrué& our view. Here, finding our provifions to run fhort, our return was concluded on, though with great reluctance; as it was our wifh, and had been our deter- mination, to reach the hills before us if it had been poflible. In our way back, which we eafily difcovered by the marks made in the trees, we faw a hollow tree on fire, the finale iffuing out of the top part as through a chimney. On coming near, and minutely examining it, we found that it~ had been fet on fire by the natives; for there was fome dry grafs lighted and put into the hole wherein we had fuppofed they ufed to f{nare or take the animal before alluded to. In the evening, where we pitched our tents, we fhot two crows and fome loraquets, for fupper. The night was fine and clear; during which we often heard, -as before, a found like the human voice, and, from its continuance on one f{pot, we concluded it to proceed from a bird perched on fome of the trees near us. 27th. We now found ourfelves obliged to make a forced march back, as our provifions were quite exhaufted; a circumftance rather alarming, in cafe of lofing our way ; which, however, we met with no difficulty in difcovering, x by WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A by the marked trees. By our calculation we had penetrated. into the country, to the weftward, not lefs than thirty- two, or thirty-three miles. This day we faw the dung of an animal as large as that of a horfe, but it was more like the excrement of a hog, intermixed with grafs. When we got as far back as the arm or branch of the fea which forms the upper part of Port fackfom harbour, we faw many ducks, but could not get within fhot of any of them. It was now growing late; and the governor being appre- henfive that the boats which he had ordered to attend daily, might be, for that day, returning before we could reach them, he fent Lieutenants Johnfton and Creflwell, with a marine, a~head, in order to fecure fuch provifions as might have beem fent up; and to give direGions for the boats to come for us the next morning, as. it then appeared very unlikely that all the party, who were, without excep- tion, much fatigued, could be there foon enough to fave the tide down, Thofe gentlemen accordingly went forward, and were fo fortunate as to. be juft in time; and they returned to us with a feafonable fupply of bread, beef, rum, and wine. As foon as they had joined us, we encamped for the night, en a fpot about the diftance of a mile . a ‘ le VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES: mile from the place where the boats were to take us up in the morning. His excellency was again indifpofed, occa- fioned by a return of his complaint, which had been brought on by a fall intoa hollow place in the ground, that being concealed by the long grafs, he was unable to difcern. We pafied the next day in. examining different inlets in the upper part of the harbour. We faw there fome of the natives, who, in their canoes, came along-fide of the boat, to receive fome trifles which the’governor held out to them. In the evening we returned to Sydney Cove. May aft. James Bennet, a youth, was executed for robbing a ‘tent belonging to the Charlotte tranfport, of fugar and fome other articles. Before he was turned off he confeffed his guilt, and acknowledged, that young as he was he had been an old offender. Some other trifling thefts were brought before the court at the fame time, and thofe concerned in them fentenced to receive corporeal punifhment. The Supply tender failed for Lord Howe’s Ifland to fetch turtle; as did the Lady Penrhyn tranfport for China. The Scarborough dropped down the harbour; fhe was followed the next day by the Charlotte, and they failed in company for x 2 | China. 135 1788. April. WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A China. Some of the natives came along-fide the Sirius, and made figns to have their beards taken off. One of them pa- tiently, and without fear or diftrult, underwent the operation from the fhip’s barber, and feemed much delighted with it. 2ift. William Ayres, a convidét, who was in a ftate of convalefcence, and to whom I had given permiffion to go a little way into the country, for the purpofe of gathering a few herbs wherewith to make tea, was, after night, brought to the hofpital, with one of* the {pears ufed by the natives fticking in his loins, It had been darted at him as he was ~ ftooping, and while his back was turned to the affailant. ‘The weapon was barbed; and ftuck fo very faft, that it would admit of no motion. . After dilating the wound to a confiderable length and depth, with fome difficulty I ex- tracted the fpear, which had. penetrated the flefh nearly _ three inches. After the operation, he informed us that he received his wound from three of the natives, who came behind him at a time when he fufpeced no perfon to be near him except Peter Burn, whom he had met a little before, employed on the fame bufinefs as himfelf. He added, that-after they had wounded him, they beat him in a cruel manner, and ftripping the cloaths from his back, 3 carried Pl a 4 Han it a Saas Way ) He j | OF oh as my? {a re! mk ‘a ’ 1 ‘ bia Fe 4 A ‘ ¥ , I * i , ‘ ' i“ "a ’ y /) 5 a = y SOE « Yuch-ton Upridte LondinTublisched Dee 29. 1789. by LDebyett- VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. carried them off; making figns to him (as he interpreted them) to returntothe camp. He further related, that after they had left him, he faw Burn in the poffeflion of another party of the natives, who were dragging him along, with his head bléeding, and feemingly in great diftrefs; while he himfelf was fo exhaufted with lofs of blood, that, inftead of being able to aflift his companion, he was happy to efcape with his life. The Port ‘fackfon thrufb, of which a plate is annexed, inhabits the neighbourhood of Port Jackfon. The top of the head in this fpecies is blueifh-grey ; from thence down the hind part of the neck, and the back, the colour isa fine chocolate brown; the wings and tail are lead colour, the edges of the feathers pale; the tail itfelf pretty long, and even at the end; all the under parts from chin to vent are dufky-white, except the middle of the neck, jut above the breaft, which inclines to chocolate. The bill is of a dull yellow; legs brown. asth. The Supply arrived from Lord Howe’s Ifland without a fingle turtle, the obje& for which fhe was fent: a dreadful difappointment to thofe who were languifhing under the feurvy; many of whom are fince dead, and there is 157 1788. May. WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A is great reafon to fear that feveral others will foon thare the fame fate. This diforder has now rifen toa moft alarming height, without any poflibility of checking it until fome vegetables can be raifed; which, from the feafon of the year, cannot take place for many months. And even then Iam apprehenfive that there will not be a fufficiency pro- duced, fuch are the labour and difficulty which attend the clearing of the ground. It will fcarcely be credited, when I declare that I have known twelve men employed for five days, in grubbing up one tree; and when this has been effected, the timber (as already obferved) has been only fit for fire- wood; fo that in confequence of the great labour in clearing of the ground, and the weak ftate of the people; to which may be added the fcarcity of tools, moft of thofe we had being either worn out by the hardnefs of the timber, or loft in the woods among the grafs, through the carelefinefs of the convicts; the profped before us is not of the moft pleafing kind. All the ftock that was landed, both public and private, feems, inftead of thriving, to fall off exceedingly. The number at firft was but inconfiderable, and even that number is at prefent much diminifhed. The theep, in parti- cular, decreafer apidly, very few ‘being now alive in the colony, VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. colony, although there were numbers, A property of Go- ea canent or individuals, when firft landed. | 26th. Two men of the Sirius were brought before the criminal court, and tried for aflaulting, and beating, in a eruel manner, another man belonging to the fame veflel, while employed on an ifland appropriated by the governor to the ufe of the fhip. They were fentenced to receive five hundred lathes each, but could not undergo the whole of that punifhment, as, like moft of the perfons in the colony, they were much afflicted with the fcurvy. 28th. Captain Hunter, his firft lieutenant, and the furgeon of the Sirius, went to the point of land which forms the morth head of Port Jackfon. In going there they difcovered aw old man, with a little girl about five _ years of age, lying clofe to the ground watching their mo- tions, and at the fame time endeavouring to conceal them- felves. The furgeom had his gun with him, the effe&ts of * which: he let the old mam fee, by fhooting a bird, which fell at his feet. The explofion at firft greatly alarmed him, but perceiving that they intended him no ill, he foon got over his fears. The bird was then given to him, which (having barely plucked, and not more than half broiled it) he de- I voured, 159 1788. May. WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A voured, entrails, bones, and all. The little girl was much ~ frightened, and endeavoured to hide herfelf behind the . old man, to efcape the leaft obfervation. zoth. Captain Campbell of the marines, who had been up the harbour to procure fome rafhes for thatch, brought to the hofpital the bodies of William Okey and Samuel Davis, two rufh-cutters, whom he had found murdered by the natives ina fhocking manner. Okey was transfixed through the breaft with one of their fpears, which with great difficulty and force was pulled out. He had two other fpears fticking in him to a depth which muft have proved mortal. His. fkull was divided and comminuted fo much that _his> brains eafily found a paflage through. His eyes were out, but thefe might have been picked away by birds. Davis was a youth, and had only fome trifling marks of violence about him. This lad could not have been many hours dead ; for when Captain Campbell found him, which was among fome mangrove-trees, and at a confiderable diftance from the place where the other man lay, he was not ftiff, nor very cold ; nor was he perfectly fo when brought to the hofpital. From thefe circumftances we have been led to think that while they were difpatching Okey, he had crept to the trees Yellow a re Py bahar Si bed PD) 9. (7B by LD), VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. trees among which he was found; and that fear, united with the cold and wet, in a great degree contributed to his death. What was the motive or caufe of this me- lancholy cataftrophe we have not been able to difcover ; but from the civility fhewn, on all occafions, to the officers, by the natives, whenever any of them were met, I am ftrongly inclined to think that they muft have been provoked and injured by the convidés. We this day caught a Yellow-eared Flycatcher (fee annexed plate). This bird is a native of Vew Holland, the fize of a martin, and nearly feven inches in length; the bill is broad at the bottom, and of a pale colour; the legs dufky ; the plumage is moftly brown, mottled with paler brown; the edges of the wing feathers yellowifh; the under part of the body white, inclining to dufky about the chin and throat; the tail is pretty long, and, when fpread, feems hollowed _ out at the tip; beneath the eye, on each fide, is an irre- gular ftreak, growing wider, and finifhing on the ears, of a yellow or gold colour. Early the next morning the governor, lieutenants G. Johnfton and Kellow, myfelf, fix foldiers, and two armed convicts, whom we took as guides, went to the place where Y the WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A the murder had been committed, in hopes, by fome means or other, to be able to find out, either the aétual perpe- trators, or thofe concerned. As moft of their clothes, and all their working tools were carried off, we expected that thefe might furnifh us with fome clue; but in this we were difappointed. We could not obferve a fingle trace of the natives ever having been there. We then croffed the country to Botany Bay, ftill flattering ourfelves that we might be able to difcover, among a tribe at that place, fome proof that they had been concerned ; as the governor was refolved, on whomfoever he found any of the tools or clothing, to fhew them his difpleafure, and, by every means in his power, endeavour to convince them of his motives for fuch a procedure. In our route we faw feveral kangaroos, and fhot a very fine teal. A little before fun-fet, after a long and fatiguing march, we arrived at Botany Bay. When we approached the bay, we faw eleven canoes, with two perfons in each, fifhing ; moft of them had a fire in their canoe, a convenience which they feldom go without at any time or feafon, but particularly at this, as the weather was very cold. Here we pitched our tents, for (as I have before obferved) we never ] VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. never travel without them, and kindled large fires both in front and rear; fill, however, the cold was fo very intenfe that we could fcarcely clofe our eyes during the night. In the morning the grafs was quite white with a hoar froft, fo as to crackle under our feet. After breakfaft we vifited the grave of the French abbé, who died whilf&t the Count de Peyroufe was here. It was truly humble indeed, being diftinguifhed only by a common head-ftone, ftuck flightly into the loofe earth which covered it, Againft a tree, juft above it, was nailed a board, with the following infcription on it: . HIC JACET ? LE RECEVEUR EX F. F. MINORIBUS GALLIA SACERDOS PHYSICUS IN CIRCUMNAVIGATIONE MUNDI DUCE D. DE LA PEYROUSE, OBIIT DIE 17th FEBR. ANNO 1788. As the painting on the board could not be permanent, Go- vernor Phillip had the infcription engraved on a plate of copper, and nailed to the fame tree; and at fome future day he intends to have a handfome head-ftone placed at ane the 164. 1788. May. WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A the grave. We cut down fome trees which ftood be- tween that on which the infcription is fixed and the fhore, as they prevented perfons pafling in boats from feeing it. | Between this and the harbour’s mouth, we found forty- nine canoes hauled upon the beach, but not a native to be feen. After we had paffed them, we fell in with an Indian path; and, as it took a turn towards the camp, we followed it about two miles; when on a fudden, in a valley or little bay, to the northward of Botany Bay, we were furprifed at hearing the found of voices, which we inftantly found to proceed from a great number of the natives, fitting behind a rock, who appeared to be equally aftonifhed with ourfelves ; as, from the filence we obferved, they had not perceived us till we were within twenty yards of them. Every one of them, as they got. up, armed himfelf with a long fpear, the fhort ftick before defcribed, ufed in throwing it, a fhield made of bark, and either a large club, pointed at one end, or a ftone hatchet. At firft they feemed rather hoftilely inclined, and made figns, with apparent .tokens of anger, for us to return; but when they faw the governor ad- vance : : VOYAGE TO NEW: SOUTH WALES. vance towards them, unarmed, and with his hands opened wide (a fignal we had obferved among them of amity and peace), they, with great confidence, came up to him, and received from him fome trifles which he had in his pocket, fuch as fifh-hooks, beads, and a looking-glafs. As there appeared not to be lefs than three hundred of them in this bay, all armed, the foldiers were ordered to fix their bayonets, and toobferve a clofe, well connected, order of march, as they defcended the hill. Thefe people (as already mentioned) feem to diflike red coats, and thofe who carry arms; but, on the prefent occafion, they fhewed very little fear or diftruft; on the contrary they, in a few minutes, mixed with us, and conducted us toa very fine ftream of water, out of which fome of them drank, to fhew that it was good. The women and children kept at fome. diftance, one or two more forward than the reft excepted, who came to the governor for fome prefents. While he was diftributing his gifts, the women danced (an exercife every defcription of people in this country feem fond of), and threw themfelves into fome not very decent attitudes. The men in general had their fkins fmeared all over with WHEE’ s JOURN AL Os A with greafe, or fome ftinking, oily fubftance ; fome wore - a fmall ftick, or fifh-bone, fixed crofs-ways, in the di- vifion of the nofe, which had a very ftrange appearance; others were painted in a variety of ways, and had their hair ornamented with the teeth of fifth, faftened on by gum, and the fkin of the kangaroo, As they conducted us to the water, a toadftool was picked up by one of our company, which fome of the natives perceiving, they made figns for us to throw it away, as not being good to eat. Soon after I gathered fome wood-forrel, which grew in our way, but nane of them endeavoured to prevent me from eating it; on the contrary, if a conclufion may be drawn from the figns which they made relative to the toadftool, they fhewed, by their looks, that there was nothing hurtful in it. We halted but a fhort time with them, as it was growing jate, and we had a long way to walk. Before we parted from them, the. governor gave them two {mall hand- axes, in exchange for fome of their ftone axes and two of their fpears. As we afcended a hill, after our de- parture from them, eight of them followed us until we had nearly reached the top, where one of thofe who had been tM OVE GE TON NEW SOUTH WALES. been moft familiar with us made figns for us to ftop; which we readily complying with, he ran to the fum- mit, and made a ftrange kind of hallooing, holding at the fame time his hands open above his head. As foon as we came up to him, we difcovered another large body of them in a bay, about half a mile below us. Our new friend feemed anxious to carry us down to them; but it not being in our way, we declined his offer. Seeing us take another direction, he halted, and opened his hands, in order, as we fuppofed, to put us in mind that he had received no- thing from us; upon which we prefented him with a bird, the only thing we had, with which he returned, to appear- ance, fully content and fatisfied. We now proceeded to- wards the camp, where we arrived about fun-fet. This was the greateft number of the natives we had ever feen together fince our coming among them. What could be the caufe of their affembling in fuch numbers gave rife to a variety of conjectures. Some thought they were going to war among themfelves, as they had with them a tempo- rary ftore of half-ftinking fifth and fern-root, the latter of which they ufe for bread. This we remarked, as feveral of them were cating it at the time we were among them. Others 168 1788. May. WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A Others conjectured that fome of them had been concerned in the murder of our men, notwithftanding we did not meet with the {malleft trace to countenance fuch an_ opi- nion, and that fearing we fhould revenge it, they had formed this convention, in order to defend themfelves againft us. Others imagined that the affemblage might be occafioned by a burial, a marriage, or fome religious meeting. The Zabuan Parrot, one of which was obferved here, and of which a plate is annexed, is a bird about eighteen inches in length, and bigger than the Scarlet Lory. -The head, neck, and under parts, are of a fine fcarlet; the upper parts of the body and wings are of a beautiful green; acrofs the upper part of the wing coverts is an oblique bar of yellowifh green, more gloffy than the reft; the lower part of the back and rump is blue; there is alfo a {mall patch of blue at the lower part of the neck be- hind, between a fcarlet and green, dividing thofe colours ; the tail is pretty long, and of an olive brown colour; the bill is reddifh; the legs deep brown, nearly black. The Female is moftly green; the head, neck, and under parts olive brown; belly red; rump blue; tail, on the upper furface, green; beneath, dufky. The “yo 4, ey Aj e Vab-uus e Liarvvot. London, Lutliched Dee- 2G, WEY by LDebveli 7 ¥ iw 4 p* } ees , y pe ON ea mo . ; 7 « 2 on “a 7 @ ah" Se we i) >< ¢ oie oe) * . ~ es S ia rf x - al j 7 fs ‘al i (ler Ay t ¥ : : ‘ "*Li ) P ee ; f ry ha Fae RAY, ‘ Ls ] t ¥ . - Fa 4 . : ' VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. The above inhabits Botany Bay, and feems much allied to the Zabuan Parrot defcribed by Mr. Latham, in his 3 Synopfis of Birds; but in that the head, neck, and under parts, incline to purplith or chocolate colour; both quills and tail are blue, more or lefs edged with green, and a crefcent of blue at the back part of the neck; it has alfo the under jaw furrounded with green feathers. It is probable, therefore, that our bird is only a variety of the Tabuan fpecies. ! June 4th. This being the anniverfary of his Majefty’s birth-day, and the firft celebration of it in New South Wales, his excellency ordered the Sirius and Supply to fire twenty- one guns at fun-rife, at one o’clock, and at fun-fet. Im- mediately after the King’s fhips had ceafed firing, at one o'clock, the Borrowdale, Friendfhip, Fifhburne, Golden Grove, and Prince of Wales, fired five guns each. The battalion was under arms at twelve, and fired three vollies, fucceeded by three cheers. After this ceremony had taken place, the lieutenant-governor, with all the officers of the fettlement, civil and military, paid their refpe@s to his excellency, at his houfe. At two o'clock they all met there again to dinner, during which the band of mufick Ty played “190 1788, June. WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A played ‘*God fave the King,” and feveral excellent marches. After the cloth was removed, his Majefty’s health was drank with three cheers. The Prince of Wales, the Queen and royal family, the Cumberland family, and his Royal Highnefs Prince William Henry, fucceeded. His Majefty’s minifters were next given; who, it was obferved, may be Pitted againft any that ever conducted the affairs of Great Britain. When all the public toafts had gone round, the governor nominated the diftrid which he had takes poffeffion of, Cumberland County ; and gave it fuch an extent of boundary as to make it the largeft county in the whole world. His excellency faid, that he had intended to have named the town, and laid the firft ftone, on this aufpicious day ; but the unexpected difficulties which he had met with, in clearing the ground, and from a want of artificers, had rendered it impoflible; he therefore put it off till a future day. Its name, however, we underftand, is to be Ausion. The day was pafled in cheerfulnefs and good- humour; but it was a little damped by our perceiving that the governor was in great pain, from a return of his complaint. Though his countenance too plainly indicated the VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. the torture which he fuffered, he took every method in his power to conceal it, left it fhould break in upon the feftivity and harmony of the day. His excellency or- dered every foldier a pint of porter, befides his allow- ance of grog; and every convict half a pint of fpirits, made into grog, that they all may drink his Majefty’s health; and, as it was a day of general rejoicing and feftivity, he likewife made it a day of forgivenefs ; remitting the remainder of the punifhment to which the failors of the Sirius were fubject, and pardoning Lovel, Sideway, Hiall,. and Gordon, who had been confined on a little fterile ifland, or rather rock, fatuated in the harbour, until a place of banifhment could be found. This ac of lenity and mercy, added to many others which the governor had fhewn, it is to be hoped will work fome change on the minds of thefe men. Indeed fome good may be expected from Hall and Gordon, who, fince their fentence, have appeared penitent ; but from Lovel and Sideway very little change for the better can be expected, becaufe they feem fo truly abandoned and incorrigible. At night every perfon attended an immenfe bonfire that was lighted for the occafion ; after which the principal officers of the fettlement, and of ile: the WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A the men of war, fupped at the governor’s, where they termi- nated the day in pleafantry, good humour and cheerfulnefs. The next morning we were aftonifhed at the number of thefts which had been committed, during the general fefti- vity, by the villanous part of the convidés, on one another, and on fome of the officers, whofe fervants did not keep a ftri& look-out after their marquées. Availing themfelves thus of the particular circumftances of the day, is a ftrong inftance of their unabated depravity and want of principle, Scarcely a day pafles without an example being made of fome one or other of thefe wretches; but it feems to have no manner of effect upon them. roth. John Afcott and Patrick Burn, two convicts, were brought before the criminal court, and profecuted by Lieutenant G. William Maxwell of the Sirius, and Mr. Kelter the Mafter of the fame fhip, for having, a few nights before, in a riotous manner, with many more of the con- victs, attacked fome feamen belonging to the men of war, and behaving in an infolent and contemptuous manner to them. After a long and judicious hearing, the prifoners were acquitted, as the charge brought againft them was by | no means fubftantiated. 26th, VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. 26th. About four in the afternoon a flight fhock of an earthquake was felt at Sidney Cove, and its environs. This incident had fo wonderful an effe& on Edward Corbett, a convict, who had eloped about three weeks before, on a difcovery being made of his having ftolen a frock, that he returned and gave himfelf up to juftice. A few days ante- -cedent to his return, he had been outlawed; and was fup- pofed to have driven of with him four cows, the only animals of this kind in the colony. This, however, he denlancd himfelf innocent of ; but confefled his having com- mitted the theft laid to his charge. The ftri@teft fearch was made, but in vain, after the cows. It is probable that they have ftrayed fo far off in this endlefs wild, as to be irrecoverably loft. Previoufly to the return of Corbett he muft have fuffered very feverely from hunger; his eyes were funk into his head, and his whole appearance fhewed that he had been half ftarved. While he was abfent, he fays, he frequently fell in with the natives, who, though they never treated him ill, did not feem to like his com- pany. He informed us, that in a bay adjacent to that where the governor and his party had met with fo many of the natives, he faw the head of one of the conviéts lying near the 173 1788. June. WAYTTE’s JOUR RATS Og A the place where the body had been burnt in a large fire. This, in all likelihood, was Burn, who was carried off at the time Ayres was wounded, as he has not been heard of fince. The natives of this country, though their mode of fub- fifting feems to be fo very f{canty and precarious, are, I am convinced, not cannibals. One of their graves, which I faw opened, the only one I have met with, contained a body which had evidently been burned, as {mall pieces of the bones lay in the bottom of it. The grave was neatly made, and well covered with earth and boughs of trees. The Pennantian Parrot (of which fee plate annexed) was about this time firft noticed. The general colour of ithe body, in the male, is crimfon; the feathers of the back black in their middle; the chin and throat blue ; the wings blue, with a bar of a paler colour down the middle of them ; the tail is Jong, and blue alfo, and all but the two middle feathers have the ends very pale. The female differs, in having the upper parts of the neck and body of a greenifh colour; the top of the head red, ‘ and a patch of the fame under each eye; the chin and throat tifa Snniantbin London Published Dee-2g 1780) / ) Cf? , ¢ Vepipitaetta@ Servo, S appten London Putluhed Dee: 29. 1789. by TDebrett VOYAGE TO: NEW SOUTH WALES. throat blue; lower part of the neck and breaft red; as are the rump -and vent; the middle of the belly dufky green ; tail dark blue, fringed with chefnut; fhoulders blue; the reft of the wing the fame, but darker; bill and legs as in the male. 24th. The governor revoked the decree by which Corbett was outlawed, and he was tried by the criminal court, fimply for the theft he had committed, and fentenced to be hanged. Samuel Payton, a convict, likewife received the fame fentence, for felonioufly entering the marquée of Liecu- tenant Fuzer, on the night of the fourth of June, and fteal- ing from thence fome fhirts, ftockings, and combs. His trial had been put off to the prefent time, on account of a wound in his head, which he had received from Captain Lieu- tenant Meredith, who, on his return from the bonfire, found Payton in his marquee. When brought to the hofpital, in confequence of the wound which he had received, he was perfectly fenfelefs. During the time he remained under my care, I frequently admonifhed him to think of the perilous fituation he then ftood in, and to make known the accom- plices whom he was fuppofed to have; but he firmly and uniformly denied his guilt; and difclaimed his having any knowledge 175 1788, June. WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A knowledge of, or concern in, robbing Lieutenant Fuzer. He further faid, that he did not recolle@ how he came to Captain Lieutenant Meredith’s tent, or any circumftance relative to it. However, fince he received his fentence, he has confeffed that he robbed Lieutenant Fuzer; and gave him information where to find the articles he had been robbed of: he at the fame time acknowledged that he entered Mr. Meredith’s marquée with an intention to rob q him, doubting not but he fhould be able to make his efcape — undifcovered, as every one feemed fo fully engaged on the pleafures of the day. | When he and Corbett were brought to the fatal tree, they (particularly Payton) addrefled the convicts in a pathetic, eloquent, and well-directted fpeech. He acknowledged the juftice of his fentence ; a fentence, which (he faid) he had long deferved. He added, that he hoped and trufted that the ignominious death he was about to fuffer, would ferve as a caution and warning to thofe who faw and heard him. They both prayed moft fervently, begging forgivenefs of an offended Gop. They likewife hoped, that thoie whom ~ they had injured, would not only forgive them, as they themfelves did all mankind, but offer up their prayers to a merciful VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. a merciful Repezmer that, though fo great finners, they might be received into that blifs, which the good and vir- tuous only can either deferve or expect. They were now turned off; and in the agonizing moments of the feparation of the foul from the body feemed to embrace each other. ‘The execution of thefe unhappy youths, the eldeft of whom was not twenty-four years of age, which feemed to make a greater impreflion on the convicts than any circumftance had done fince their landing, will induce them, it is to be hoped, to change their conduét, and: to adopt a better mode of life than, I am forry to fay, they have hitherto purfued. 7 The principal bufinefs now going forward, is the erecting huts for the marines and conviés, with the cabbage-tree. We have been here nearly fix months, and four officers only as yet got huts: when the reft will be provided with them feems uncertain; but this I well know, that living in tents, as the rainy feafon has commenced, is truly uncomfortable, and likely to give a fevere trial to the ftrongeft and moft robuft conftitution. The trees of this country are immenfely large, and clear of branches to an amazing height. While ftanding, many Aa of WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A of them look fair and good to the eye, and appear fufficient to make a maft for the largeft fhip ; but, when cut down, they are {carcely convertible to any ufe whatever. At the heart they are full of veins, through which an amazing quantity of an aftringent red gum iflues. This gum I have found very ferviceable in an obftinate dyfentery that raged at our firft landing, and ftill continues to do fo, though with lefs obftinacy and violence.’ When thefe trees are fawed, and any way expofed to the fun, the cum mielts, or gets fo very brittle, that the wood falls to pieces, and appears as if ‘the pieces had been joined together with this fubftance. How any kind of houfes, except thofe built of the cabbage tree, can be raifed up, the timber being fo exceedingly bad, it is impoflible to determine. I have already faid that the ftone of this country is well calculated for building, could any kind of cement be found to keep them together. As for lime-ftone, we have not yet difcovered any in the country; and the fhells colle@ed for that purpofe have been but inconfiderable. From Captain Cook’s account, one would be led to fuppofe that oyfter and cockle fhells might be procured in fuch quantities, as to make a fufficiency of lime, for the purpofe VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. purpofe of conftrudting at leaft a few public buildings; but this is by no means the cafe. That great navigator, notwithftanding his ufual accuracy and candour, was. certainly too lavifh of his praifes on Botany Bay. The peculiarity I have mentioned relative to the wood of this place is ftrange. There are only three kinds of it, dnd neither of them will float on the water. We have found another refin here, not unlike the balfam Tolu in {mell and effe@, but differing widely in colour, being of a _ clear yellow, which exudes from the tree. This, however, is not to be met with in fuch quantities as the red gum before mentioned, nor do I think that its medicinal virtues are by any means fo powerful. A kind of earth has been difcovered which makes good bricks, but we ftill are in want of a cement for them as well as for the ftone. What animals we have yet met with have been moftly of the Opoffum kind. The Kangaroo, fo very accurately delineated by Captain Crsadl. is certainly of that clafs, and the largeft animal feen in the country. One has been brought - into camp which weighed a hundred and forty-nine pounds. Ske. plate annexed. The conformation of this animal is peculiarly fingular. Its hinder parts have great mufcular ye ae power, 179 1788. June. WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A power, and are, perhaps, beyond all parallel, out of proportion, when compared with the fore parts. As it goes, it jumps on its two hind legs, from twenty to twenty- eight feet, and keeps the two fore ones clofe to the breaft ; thefe are fmall and fhort, and it feems toufe them much like afquirrel. The tail of thefe animals is thick and long; they keep it extended, and it ferves as a kind of counterpoife to the head, which they carry erect, when bounding at full {peed. ‘The velocity of a Kangaroo as far outftrips that of a greyhound, as that animal exceeds in fwiftnefs a . common dog. It is a very timid, fhy, and inoffenfive creature, evidently of the granivorous kind. Upon our firft difcovering one of them, as it does not ufe its fore feet to affift it in running, or rather jumping, many were of opinion that the tail, which is immenfely large and long, was made ufe of by them in the a of progreflion ; but this is by no means the cafe. Had it been ufed in fuch a manner, the hair would probably have been worn away from the part which, of courfe, muft be applied to the ground, ‘The tail, from its fize and weight, feems to ferve it for a weapon both of defence and offence; for it does not appear that nature has provided it with any other. Its mouth and head, even VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. even when full grown, are too {mall forit to do much execution with the teeth ; nor is the conformation of either at all calculated for the purpofe. Indeed, its fore feet, which it ufes, as a fquirrel or monkey, to handle any thing with, and which aflift it in lying down, are too fmall, and out of proportion, as are all the fuperior parts, to admit of its either poflefling or exerting much ftrength. It has been reported by fome convicts who were out one day, accompanied by a large Newfoundland dog, that the latter feized a very large Kangaroo, but could not preferve its hold. They obferved that the animal effected its efcape by the defenfive ufe it made of its tail, with which it ftruck its affailant in a moft tremendous manner. ‘The blows were applied with fuch force and efficacy, that the dog was bruifed, in many places, till the blood flowed. They obferved that the Kangaroo did not feem to make any ufe of either its teeth or fore feet, but fairly beat off the dog with its tail, and efcaped before the convi@s, though at no great diftance, could get up to fecure it. The female has a pouch or pocket, like the Opoffum, in which fhe carries her young. Some have been thot with a young one, not larger than a walnut, flicking to a teat in 181 1788. June. WHITE’s JOURNAE OF A in this pocket. Others, with young ones not bigger than arat: one of which, moft perfe@ly formed, with every mark and diftinguifhing charaéteriftic of the Kangaroo, I have fent to Mr. Wilfon, of Gower Street, Bedford Square. There is a peculiar formation in the generative parts of this animal. Of its natural hiftory we at prefent know little; and therefore as we are fo unacquainted with its habits, haunts, and cuftoms, to attempt particular and accurate defcriptions of it might beget error, which time, or a fuller knowledge of its properties, would diredly Be Sie As to mere conjectures (and fuch too: often are impofed upon the public for inconteftible facts), . it. cannot be improper to fupprefs them. : re Pee Every animal in this country partakes, ina great meafure, of the nature of the Kangaroo. We have the Kangaroo Opoflum, the Kangaroo Rat, &c. In fact every quadruped that we have fen, except the flying fquirrel, and a {potted creature, nearly the fize of a Martin, refembles the Kangaroo in the formation of the fore legs and feet, which bear no proportion to the length of the hind legs. The fcarcity of boats will prevent our being fo well fupplied with fifth, as otherwife might be expected. Fifth 1S VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. is far holt abounding at the cold feafon of the year; but, in the fummer, judging from the latter end of the laft, we have every reafon to conclude that the little bays and coves in the harbour are well ftored with them. The fith caught here are, in general, excellent; but feveral of them, like the animals in fome degree refembling the Kangaroo, partake of the properties of the fhark. The land, the grafs, the trees, the animals, the birds, and the fifh, in their different fpecies, approach by ftrong fhades of fimilitude toeach other. A certain likenefs runs through the whole. July 8th. A party of the natives came to the place where the Sirius’s boat had been to haul the feine, and having beaten the crew, took from them by force a patt of the fifh which they had caught. It is a ereat misfortune to us that we cannot find proper wood in this place wherewith to build a boat; particularly as fith is not only fo very plentiful in the fummer, but the only change from falt provifions which we can procure, there being neither wild nor domeftic animals fit for food. Here, where no other animal nourifhment is to be procured, the Kangaroo is confidered as a dainty; but in any other country I am fure that fuch food would be thrown to the 183 1788. June. 184 1788. July. WHITE’s JOURNAL OFA the dogs; for it has very little or no fat about it, and, when fkinned, the flefh bears fome likenefs to that of a fox or lean dog. A few days fince a civil court of jurifdi@ion (which confifted of the judge advocate, the Reverend Mr. Johnfon, and myfelf), was convened, by his excellency, to hear a complaint made againft Duncan Sinclair, mafter of the Alexander tranfport, by Henry Coble and Sufannah his wife (the Norwich conviés who fo much excited the public attention), for the non-delivery of a parcel fent on board the Alexander, by Mrs. Jackfon of Somerfet Street, containing wearing apparel, books, and other things, for the ufe of the faid Henry Coble, his wife, and child, value twenty pounds. The parcel was proved (and this even by the acknowledgment of the mafter) to have been received on board; and it likewife appeared in evidence that, on moving it from one part of the fhip to another, the package had broken, and the books had fallen out, which books the conviét faid had been delivered to him. The court, after deducting five pounds (the value of the books received), gave a verdict in favour of the couple, in whofe caufe the world had feemed fo much to intereft themfelves, VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. and in confequence of the authority unto them granted by A& of Parliament, in fuch cafes made and provided, they adjudged the mafter of the tranfport fully to ‘com- penfate the lofs of the convicts, amounting to fifteen pounds. - Sinclair confidered it as oppreflive to be obliged ta pay for that on account of which he had not received any freightage ; but this objeétion had no weight with the court, as the fhip was in the fervice.of government, and paid for the fole purpofe of conveying thefe people, and the little property which they poffeffed, to this country. | July 13th. The Alexander, Friendfhip, and Prince of Wales tranfports, with the Borrowdale victualler, failed for England. His Majefty’s brig the Supply failed at the fame time for Norfolk Ifland, with provifions, &c. for the people there. 21ft. I went down the harbour, with the mafter of the Golden Grove victualler, ta look for a cabbage tree, as a covering for my hut. On our return, we fell in with three canoes that had been out fifhing. We rowed towards them, when the natives in them fuddenly appeared intimidated, and paddled away with all poflible difpatch. Willing to Bb convince WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A convince them that they had nothing to dread from us, we rowed after them, in order to prefent them with fome trifles which we had about us. | When we approached the canoes, an old woman in one of them began to caft her fith overboard, in great hafte; whether it was for fear that we fhould take them from her, or whether fhe threw them to us, we could not afcertain. However, when we came along-fide, our condu& foon convinced her that her alarms, with refpecé to us, were groundlefs. She had in the canoe with her a young girl, whom, as fhe wore a complete apron, we could not help confidering as fuch an inftance of female decency, as we had not at any other time obferved among the natives. The girl did not betray the leaft fign of apprehenfion, but rather feemed pleafed at the interview. She laughed immoderately, either at us, or at the petulance fhown by the old woman, who, I believe, was more terrified: on the girl’s account than on her own. After this we left them fully fatisfied that we didnot mean. to offer them any injury. We difcovered the Mew Holland Creeper; (See plate annexed). ‘The general colour of the bird is black, {potted in various parts ‘with white: the ‘bill is dufky, growing paler towards an ae x "Cra CCE Gy. Cc OO? F { and Cpccper London Publohed Dec. 2, TEobYy LDebrett. VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. towards the tip. The neck, breaft, belly, and fides are more or lefs ftreaked with white; over the eye is alfo a white ftreak, and the fides of the neck and beginning of the back have likewife fome ftreaks of the fame. The | quills and tail feathers are marked with yellow on the outer margins; the laft are rounded in fhape, and two or three of the outer feathers fpotted within, at the tip, with white; legs dutky; is about the fize of a nightingale, and meafures feven inches in length. It is probably a non- defcript {pecies. — A party of convicts, who had croffed the country to Botany Bay to gather a kind of plant refembling balm, which we found to be a good and pleafant vegetable, were met by a fuperior number of the natives, armed with fpears and clubs, who chafed them for two miles without being able to overtake them; but if they had fucceeded in the purfuit, it is probable that they would have put them to death ; for wherever perfons unarmed, or inferior in num- bers, have fallen in with them, they have never failed to maltreat them. The natives had with them fome middling fized dogs, fomewhat refembling the fpecies called, in England, fox-dogs. A fervant of Captain Shea being Bb 2 one 187 1788. July. ante ieee ed WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A one day out fhooting, he found a very young puppy, belonging to the natives, eating part of a dead Kangaroo He brought it to the camp, and it thrives much. The dog, in fhape, is rather fhort and well made; has very fine hair of the nature of fur, and a fagacious look. When found, though not more than a month old, he fhowed fome fymp- toms of ferocity. It was a confiderable time before he could be induced to eat any flefh that was. boiled, but he | would gorge it raw with great avidity. (See plate annexed). 23d. The blackfmith’s fhop, which was built of common brufh wood, was burnt down. Very fortunately for us, the bellows and the other tools were, through the exertion of the people, faved. To effe& this was no eafy point, as, in the courfe of three or four minutes, the wood being very dry, every part of the fhop was in flames. 29th. One of the conviés was met by fome of the natives, who wounded him very feverely in the breaft and head with their fpears. They would undoubtedly have deftroyed him had he not plunged into the fea, near which he happened to be, and by that means faved himfelf. When he was brought to the hofpital he was very VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. very faint from the lofs of blood, which had flowed plentifully from his wounds. A piece of a broken fpear had entered through the fealp and under his ear, fo that the extraction gave him great pain. Their {pears are made of a kind of cane which grows out of the tree that produces the yellow gum; they are ten or twelve feet long; pointed, and fometimes barbed, with a piece of the fame cane or the teeth of fifh. Thefe they throw, with the affiftance of the fnort ftick already mentioned, which has a fhell made faft to the end of it with the yellow gum. With this gum they likewife faften their barbs to their fpears and fifh-gigs. The latter of thefe differ from the former by having four prongs, and being always barbed; which is not generally the cafe with the {fpears. Their fpears, the only weapon they are ever feen to have that may be confidered in any degree as dangerous, they throw thirty or forty yards with an unerring precifion.. When equipped for any exploit, they are alfo armed with a fhield made of the bark of a tree, with which they very dexteroufly ward off any thing thrown at them.. An humble kind of feymitar; a bludgeon, or club,. about twenty inches long, with a large and pointed end.;: andi 189 1788. July. 1.90 1788. July. WHITE’s FOURNAL OF A and fometimes a ftone hatchet; make up the catalogue of their military implements. : We this day fhot a Knob-fronted Bee-eater; (See plate annexed). This is about the fize of a blackbird; the plumage moftly brown above and white beneath; the head and upper part of the neck are fparingly covered with narrow feathers, almoft like hairs; but the fore part of the neck and breaft are furnifhed with long ones, of a white colour and pointed at the ends; the tail is pretty long, and the feathers tipped with white; the bill is about one inch in length, and pale; but what is moft remarkable, ori the forehead, juft at the bafe of the bill, is a fhort blunt knob, about a quarter of an inch in length, and of a brownifh colour; the tongue is nearly of the length of the bill, and briftly at the end; the legs are brown. ‘This inhabits -Mew South Wales, and is fuppofed to be a non-defcript {pecies. This day three canoes, with a man and woman in each, came behind the point on which the hofpital is built, to fifh. I went over to them, as did two other gentlemen, my affiftants, without their fhewing any fear at our coming; on the contrary, they manifefted a friendly confidence. We oy ae (aie a =a ie ee ies: Ay a Pa SS Paes) Be, @ Sint = VOMMEL H€e VILL >) London Publihed Deeo- 241789 by LDebret aati tg f VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. We gave them fome bread, which they received with appa- rent pleafure, but did not eat any of it while in our prefence. We likewife prefented them with a looking-glafs, but this they received with indifference, and feemed to hold in no kind of eftimation. I gave one of the women a - pocket handkerchief, which fhe immediately tied round her head, and fhewed great fatisfaGtion. She had a young child between her knees in the canoe, (the way in which they always carry their infants), for whom fhe folicited fomething, in the moft fuppliant tone of voice I ever heard. The only thing 1 had about me was a natrow flip of linen, which I gave her; and trifling as it was, fhe appeared to be perfectly fatished with it, and bound it round the child’s head. She would not come out of the canoe, though along-fide the rocks; but the man quitted it, and fhewed us fome wild figs that grew mear at hand. Such as were green and unripe he did not pull; but, after fome fearch, having found one that was tolerably ripe, he made me pluck it and put it into his mouth. He eat it with an apparent relifh, and fmacked chis lips, after he had fwallowed it, to convince us how good it was, At 192 1788. July. amen, eee! WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A “At fome little diftance from the place where we were a fheep lay dead. As foon ashe had difcovered it, he took it by the horns, and, as well as we could underftand him, he was extremely inquifitive and anxious to know what it was. When his curiofity was fatisfied, he went into the canoe, where the woman had been waiting for him. About ten or twenty yards from the fhore, among the long grafs, in the fhallow water, he ftruck and took with his fith-gig feveral good fifh; an acquifition to which, at this feafon of the year, it being cold and wet, we were unequal. While he was engaged in watching for them, both he and the woman chewed fomething, which they frequently fpit into the water; and which appeared to us, from his immediately ftriking a fifh, to be a lure. While they were thus employed, one of the gentlemen with me fung fome fongs; and when he had done, the females in the canoes either fung one of their own fongs, or imitated him, in which they fucceeded beyond conception. Any thing fpoken by us they moft accurately recited, and this in a manner of which we fell greatly fhort in our attempts to repeat their language after them. While we were thus amicably engaged, all on a fudden they 4 c “s ti . HH ‘ ' - >) Y4 Uf age A Lif (PD (aw: thi He gs ( ) e Vite) é London Published Dee: 29.1789 by LDebrett VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. they paddled away from us. On looking about to dif _ cover the caufe, we perceived the gunner of the Supply at fome little diftance, with a gun in his hand; an inftrument of death, againft which they entertain an_ infuperable averfion. As foon as I difcovered him, called to him to ftay where he was, and not make a nearer approach; or, if he did, to lay down his gun, The Jatter requeft he immediately complied with; and when the natives faw him unarmed, they fhewed no further fear, but returning to their employment, continued alternately to fing fongs, and to mimic the gentlemen who accompanied me. We this day fhot the Sacred Kings-Fifber (See Plate annexed). This bird is about the fize of a thrufh, and meafures nearly ten inches in length: the top of the head is blue, aad crefted ; fides of the head, and back part of it, black; over the eye, from the noftrils, a rufty coloured ftreak; the chin, the middle of the neck, all round, and allthe under part of the body, buff-colour, more or lefs inclining to ruft; the upper part of the plumage chiefly blue; but the beginning of the back is black, as are alfo the quills and tail feathers within, Cec bein» 193 | 1788, Auguft. SS ee T 94. 1788. Auguft. Nace reed WHITE’s) JOURNAL OFA being blue only on the outer edges; the bill is large pnd black, but the bafe of the under jaw is whitifh; Ric legs are brown, ‘This bird is fubje@ to great variety, feveral of them being mentioned .by Mr. Latham in. his 4 iopfis. The prefent feems to come. neareft his Var. G See vol. ii, page 622, of that work. Aueuft rath. Celebrated) the Prince of Wales’s birth= day. The men of war fired a royal falute, and all the officers in the colony, civil and military, dined with the governor. The evening was fpent in making bonfires, and. teftifying fuch other demonftrations of joy as could be fhewn in this country... The weather is now very. wet and cold, and has been fo for the laft fix weeks. Several mornings we have had a hoar froft, and a few diftin@ pelicles of ice were formed on fhallow fpots of water; the thermometer frequently as low as the freezing point. 16th. A convi&t who had been out gathering what they called fweet tea, about a mile from the camp, met a party of the natives, confifting of fourteen, by whom he was beaten, and alfo flightly wounded with the fhell- ftick ufed in throwing their fpears; they then made him {trip, VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. ftrip, and would have taken from him his clothes, and probably his life, had it not been for the report of ‘two mufquets; which they no fooner heard, than they ran away. ‘This party were returning from the wood, _ with cork, which they had been cutting, either for th ; canoes or huts; and had with them no other inftruments than thofe that were neceffary for the bufinefs on which they were engaged; fuch as a ftone hatchet, and the fhell ftick before mentioned. Had they been armed with any other weapons, the convié would probably have loft his life. , That which we call the fweet tea, is a creeping kind of vine, running to a great extent along the ground; the ftalk is not fo thick as the fmalleft honey-fuckle ; ‘nor is the leaf fo large as the common bay leaf, though fomething fimilar to it; and the tafte is fweet, exaély like the liquorice root of the fhops. Of this the convicts and foldiers make an infufion which is tolerably pleafant, and ferves as no bad fuccedanewm for tea. Indeed were it to be met with im greater abundance, it would be found very beneficial to thofe poor creatures, whofe conftant diet is falt provifions. In ufing it for medical purpofes, Cc 2 I have 195 1788, Auguft. WHITE’sOFOURN AL OFM KR I have found it to be a good pectoral, and, as I before obferved, not at all unpleafant. (See Plate annexed). We have alfo a kind of fhrub in this country refembling the common broom; which produces a fmall berry like a white currant, but, in tafte, more fimilar to a very four green goofeberry. This has proved a good antifcorbutic; but I am forry to add, that the quantity to be met with is far from fufficient to remove the fcurvy. That diforder ftill prevails with great violence, nor can we at prefent find any remedy againft it, notwithftanding that the coun- try produces feveral forts of plants and fhrubs, which, in this place, are confidered as tolerable vegetables, and ufed in common, The moft plentiful, is a plant growing on the fea fhore, greatly refembling fage: Among it are often to be found famphire, and a kind of wild fpinage, befides a fmall fhrub which we diftinguifh by the name of the vegetable tree, and the leaves of which prove rather a pleafant fubftitute for vegetables. 22d. His Excellency Governor Phillip, Lieutenant George Johnfton, his Adjutant of Orders, Lieutenant Crefiwell of the Marines, myfelf, and fix foldiers, landed in Manly Cove, in order to examine the coaft to Broken Bay. Ata fhort VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. fhort diftance from the fhore, we faw fixteen canoes, with two-péerfons in each, and in fome three, employed in fifhing. They feemed to take very little notice as we paffed thei, fo very intent were they on the bufinefs in which they were engaged. On our landing, we faw fixty more of the natives, about ‘two hundred yards diftant from us. Some of them immediately came up to us, and were very friendly. A black man, who carried our tents, gave two of them a ftocking each, with which they feemed much pleafed; and pointing tothe naked leg; exprefled a great defire to have that alfo clothed. -'The morning was fo cold, that thefe poor wretches ftood fhivering on the beach, and appeared to be very fenlible of the comfort and advantage of being clothed. We fent back our boats, and proceeded northward along the coaft about fix miles, where we were forced to halt for near two hours, until the tide had run out of a lagoon, or piece of water, fo as to admit of its being forded. While we were detained here, an old native came to us, and, in the moft friendly manner, pointed out the thalloweft part of the water we had to crofs; but the tide ran with too® much rapidity at that time for us to attempt it, After we | had 198 1788. Auguft. eed WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A had waded through, one of our company fhot a very! fine ~ duck, which we had. dreffed for fupper, on a little eminence by the fide of a cabbage tree {wamp, ‘about half a mile from the runof thetide. Here the whole party got as much cabbage, to eat with their falt, provifions, as ‘they chofe. While we had been detained by the tide, feveral natives were on the oppofite fide, who alfo. pointed out to us the fhoaleft water, and appeared, by their, fgns and geftures, to wifh us very much to come over; but before the tide was fufficiently low, they went away. One of them wore a fkin of a reddifh colour roynd his) fhoulders. Near the place where we pitched our tent, we faw feveral quails exactly like thofe in England. I fired four or five times at them, but without fuccefs, as my fhot was too large. 23d. As foon as the dew was off the grafs, we began our march, and about twelve o'clock fell in with the fouth branch of Broken Bay: but finding the; country round this part very rugged, and the diftance too great for our ftock of provifions, we returned to the fea fhore, in order to examine the fouth part of the entrance into the ®bay. This, like every other part of the country we have feen, had a very indifferent afpec&t. From the entrance of VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. of Port Fackfon to Broken Bay, in fome places from fifty to a hundred, in others to two hundred yards diftant from the fea, the coaft indeed is very pleafant, and _tolerably clear of wood; the earth a: kind of adhefive clay, covered with a thick and fhort four grafs. All along the fhore we met the natives, who feem to have no: fixed refidence: or abode; but, indifcriminately, whenever they meet with a hut, or, what is more common , a convenient excavation or hole in the rocks, take poffeflion of -it-for the time.-In''one of their huts, at Broken Bay, which was. conftructed. of) bark, and was one of the ‘beft Thad lever met with, we faw two very well made nets, fome fifhing lines not inferior to the nets, fome fpears, a ftone hatchet of a very fuperior make to what they ufually >have,’ together with two vehicles for carrying water, one of cork, the other made out of the knot of a large tree hollowed. In this hut there were two pieces ef coarfe linen,;. which they muft have obtained from fome of our people, and every thing about it befpoke more comfort and convenience than I had obferved im any other. A little way from it we fell in with a large party of natives, whom we fuppofed to be the proprietors ; they 200 1788. Auguit, WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A they were armed with fpears and ftone hatchets: - One of the latter they very earneftly wifhed to exchange for one of ours. Though we would readily have obliged them, it was not in our: ipowet to comply with their wifhes, as we had only a fufficient number wherewith to cut wood for our own fires. However, notwithftanding our refufal, they parted from ‘us: without appearing at -all diffatisfied. As we proceeded along the fandy beach, we gathered fome beans, which grew on a {mall creeping fubftance not | unlike a vine. They were well tafted, and very fimilar to the Englifh long-pod bean. ‘At the place where we halted, we had them boiled, and we all eat very heartily of them. Half anhourafter, the governor and I were feized with a violent vomiting. We drank warm water, which, carrying the load freely from our ftomachs, gave us immediate relief. Two other gentlemen of the party ate as freely of them as we had done, without feeling the. fmalleft incon- venience or bad effec. About this place we got fome rafberries; but they had not that pleafant tartnefs: peculiar to thofe in Europe. | 24th. We returned by the fame paflage, along the coaft, with VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. without feeing any objects worth notice, until we came to a convenient fpot to encamp for the night, where there was great plenty of cabbage trees, and tolerable water; a circumftance, as I have already obferved, not generally to be met with in this country, except on the fea coaft ; and even there by no means in abundance. While foup was making of fome birds we had lately killed (which proved very good), and every thing was getting ready for the night, the governor, the two other gentlemen, and myfelf, took our guns, and afcended a hill jut above us. From this eminence we faw the fouth- ern branch of Broken Bay, which ran far into the country. During our return, we picked up, in the diftance of about half a mile, twenty-five flowers of plants and fhrubs of different genera and f{pecies, {pecimens of which I have tran{mitted to Mr. Wil/on, particularly the Red Gum Tree. (See Plate annexed). On the fpot where we encamped, the grafs was long, dry, and four; and in fuch abundance, that we fet it on fire all around, for fear the natives fhould furprife us in the night by doing the fame; a cuftom in which they feem always happy to indulge themfelves. 25th. We fet off early in the morning to look at the Dd branch ~——= WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A branch of Broken Bay which we had feen the evening before; and were led to it by a path not very much | frequented. At the head of this branch we found a frefh water river, which took its rife a little above, out of a fwamp. Such is the origin and fource of every river we have yet difcovered in this country; though few, when compared to thofe in any other part of the world. It is very extraordinary that in all this extenfive tract, a living fpring has not yet been explored. On this river we faw many ducks and teal, Mr. Creffwell fhot one of the latter, and I fhot one of the former. They were both well tafted, and good of their kind. At the head of this branch we found the country rough and impaffable. Having followed the courfe of the river to its origin, we that day returned to Manly Cove, where we furprifed two old men, an old woman, a grown-up girl, and thirteen children, in a hut. When the children faw us approach, they all gathered themfelves clofely together around the girl; they cried, and feemed much terrified. The old men fhowed fuch diflike to our looking at them, that the governor and the reft of the party withdrew to fome little diftance to dine. Some of the children, on feeing all the party gone but myfelf VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. myfelf and another gentleman, began to laugh, and thus proved that their fears had vanifned. When we joined the reft of the party, the old man followed us in a very friendly manner, and took part of every kind of provifion we had, but he ate none of it in our fight. The women and children ftood at fome diftance, and beckoned to us when the men, of whom they feemed to ftand in very great _dread, had turned their backs. As foon as we had dined, and refrefhed ourfelves, the governor, by himfelf, went down to them, and diftributed fome prefents among them, which foon gained their friendfhip and confidence. By this time fixteen canoes, that were out fifhing, came clofe to the fpot where we were, and there lay on their paddles, which they managed with wonderful dexterity and addrefs ; mimicking us, and indulging in their own merriment. After many figns and entreaties, one of the women ventured’ to the governor, who was by himfelf, and with feemingly great timidity, took from him fome fmall fifhing lines and hooks; articles which they hold in great eftimation. This made her lefs fearful; and in a little time fhe became perfelly free and unreftrained. Her condué influenced many others, Dd 2 who 203 1788. Augutt. WHITE’s JOURNAL OF. A ™ who came on fhore for what they could procure. Many of them were painted about the head, breaft, and fhoulders, with fome white fubftance. None of thofe who were thus ornamented came on fhore, till by figns we made them underftand that we intended to offer them fome prefents; and even then, only one of them ventured. To this perfon Lieutenant Creflwell gave a white pocket hand-~ kerchief, with which fhe feemed much pleafed. Every gentleman now fingled out a female, and_prefented her with fome trinkets, not forgetting, at the fame time, to beftow gifts upon fome of her family, whom fhe took confiderable pains to make known, left. they fhould fall into the hands of fuch as did not belong to her. It was remarked that all the women and children, : (an old woman excepted) had the little finger of the left hand taken off at the fecond joint; the ftump of which was as well covered as if the operation had been performed by a furgeon. While we were thus employed among the women, a body of men came out of the woods with a new canoe, made of cork. It was one of the beft we had ob- ferved in this country; though it fell very fhort of thofe which VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. which I have feen among the American or Mufquito-fhore Indians; who, in improvements of every kind, the Indians of this country are many centuries behind. The men had alfo with them fome new paddles, fpears, and fith- gigs, which they had juft been making. They readily fhowed us the ufe of every thing they had with them. Indeed they always behave with an apparent civility when they fall in with men that are armed ; but when they meet perfons unarmed, they feldom fail to take every advantage of them. Thofe females who were arrived at the age of puberty did not wear a covering; but all the female children and -likewife the girls wore a flight kind of covering before them, made of the fur of the kangaroo, twifted into threads. While we went towards’ the party of men that came out of the woods with the new canoe, all the women landed, and began to broil their fifth, of which they had a large quantity. There feemed to be no _ har- mony or hofpitality among them. However, the female to whom I paid the moft attention gave me, but not un- till I afked her for it, fome of the fifth which fhe was eating. 205 1788, Auguft. eee WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A eating. She had thrown it on the fire, but it was fcarcely warm. 3 Many of the women were ftrait, well formed, and lively. My companion continued to exhibit a number of coquettifh airs while I was decorating her head, neck, and arms, with my pocket and neck handkerchiefs, which I tore into ribbons, as if defirous of multiplying two prefents into feveral. Having nothing left, except the buttons of my coat, on her admiring them, I cut them away, and with a piece of ftring tied them round her waift. Thus orna- mented, and thus delighted with her new acquirements, fhe turned from me with a look of inexpreffible arch- nef{s. Before the arrival of the boats, “which >was late, the natives pointed toa hawk, and made figns to us to fhoot it. It had alighted upon an adjoining tree, and the governor defired that I would bring it down. The report of the gun frightened them very much. Some ran away ; _ but on perceiving that no harm was intended againft them, they returned, and were highly pleafed to fee the hawk prefented by the governor to a young girl, who appeared to VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES, to be the daughter of the moft diftinguifhed amongft them. While the boats were preparing for our reception, an old woman, perfectly grey with age, folicited us very much for fome prefent; and in order to make us comply, threw herfelf, before all her companions, into the moft indecent attitudes. The cockfwain of the boat informed us, that while he: was waiting for our return, the day before, two parties of the natives met, and commenced hoftilities again{t each other.. The man thus defcribed the manner in which this encounter was carried on. A champion from each party, armed with a fpear and a fhield, prefled forwards be- fore the reft; and, as foom as a favourable opportunity offered (till which he advanced and retreated by turns), threw his fpear, and then retired; when another imme- diately took his place, going through the fame maneuvres ; and in this manner was the conflict carried on for more than two hours. The boats crew and two midfhipmen, who faw the whole of the proceeding, perceived that one of the natives walked off with a fpear in his fide. During the engagement, the women belonging to them, who ftood at 208 1788. Auguft, WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A at fome diftance, difcovered {trong marks of concern, and {creamed loudly when any of the combatants appeared to be wounded. As the. boat was returning clofe along fhore, a {pear was thrown at the people by fome of the natives, who were lurking behind the trees and rocks. It was hurled with fuch force, that it flew a confiderable way over the boat, although we were between thirty and forty yards from the fhore. | It was late in the evening before we arrived in Sydney Cove; and as foon as the governor landed, he was informed that a gold mine had been difcovered, near the entrance of the harbour, by a convict. During his excellency’s abfence, the convi& had made this difcovery known to the lieutenant governor and the judge advocate; for which, he faid, that he hoped and expected to have his freedom, and a pecuniary reward. The gentlemen to whom he applied anfwered, that they could not promife to grant his requeft | until he fhould have put them in pofleflion of the mine; but, that they were well aflured that the governor would - beftow on him a proper recompence, after fufficient proof of the difcovery. A boat was, in confequence, ordered from the Sirius, to carry him and Captain Campbell down to the place VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. place where he declared that the mine was fituated. At their | landing, he begged leave to withdraw a little, on fome neceflary occafion; when, inftead of returning to Captain Campbell, he went back to the camp, and waiting on the lieutenant governor and judge advocate, afferted that he had put Captain Campbell in poffeflion of the mine, who had difpatched him over land for another officer and a proper guard. His account not being doubted, he was well fed and treated; and Lieutenant Paulden, with a guard and all neceffary articles, was ordered to attend him to the place. But, before they could fet out, to the great aftonifhment of all, Captain Campbell arrived, and unravelled the whole of this extraordinary deception. This produced an unexpected revolution. Inftead of receiving a reward for his golden difcoveries, the impoftor was immediately taken into cuftody, with two others, fuppofed to be concerned in carrying on the artifice. The next day he was examined, with great privacy and ftri@nefs; but no fatisfactory elucidation being obtained from him, he was ordered to be feverely whipped. Subfequently to this punifhment, of which he was prepared to expect a weekly repetition, between the intervals of hard labour, and to be Ee loaded: 209 1788. Auguft. 210 1788. Auguft, Se ae WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A loaded inceflantly with heavy irons, during the time of his remaining in the colony, he moft audacioufly perfifted in endeavouring to maintain the delufion, and declared that if an officer was fent with him, he would fhow him the mine; adding, that he was heartily forry for what had happened. Accordingly, he was fuffered to accompany Lieutenant G. Johnfton, the Governor’s Adjutant of Orders, to the place in queftion. Before the boat had reached its deftination Mr. Johnfton argued with him, yet not with- out protefting, that if he either attempted ‘to deceive him as he had impofed upon Captain Campbell, or prefumed to move five yards from him and his party, he would inftantly order him to be fhot. Finding that this officer was:not to be trifled with, but feemed determined, he acknowledged that it was unneceflary to proceed any farther; that he was ignorant of the exiftence of any fuch mine, and that the {pecimens fhown by him were only a compofition of brafs and gold, which he had filed down and melted. Mr. Johnfton brought him back; when he was again examined, and ordered to be punifhed. It is needlefs to add that no further difcovery was made, He is now at liberty. He is, however, obliged to wear a large R on his be ie VOYAGE TO NEW- SOUTH WALES. his back. The man, whofe name is Daily, appears infane; yet others cannot be perfuaded that he is a lunatic, but are rather of opinion that he is a defigning mifcreant, and that time will difclofe a deep-laid fcheme, which he had planned for fome purpofe hitherto undifcovered, For my own part, I freely confefs, that I cannot coincide with their fentiments. He was fo artful as to circulate a report that he had fold feveral pounds weight of the ore to the mafter of the Golden Grove, and fome of his feamen. This rumour was received - with fuch credulity, that, in confequence of the impreffion which it made, none of the failors were fuffered to leave the fhip after a certain hour in the evening. In a word, fo many ridiculous circumftances attended this affair, that to attempt a complete enumeration of them would prove not lefs difficult than uninterefting. 26th. The Supply arrived from Norfolk Ifland, after a long and rough paflage. She had landed, but neither in apparent fafety nor with facility, the ftores which fhe earried to that place: and, upon the prefent occafion, Tam forry to add, that the hazard of landing and embarking from this little ifland is fo very great, that Mr. Cunning- ham, a midfhipman of the Sirius (who refided on it with Ee 2 Lieutenant 2If 1788. Auguft. (re reemneened! 212 1788. Auguft. WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A Lieutenant King, the fuperintendant), was loft, with three | feamen, in a boat that was {wamped by the furf, which on every part of the coaft runs high, and beats againft the fhore with great violence; fo that I much fear, from the difficulty of accefs, and its fituation, it never will prove of any great confequence, although it promifed fou advan- tages; particularly in furnifhing us with pine trees, which erow here toa fize nearly equal to thofe of Norway. In the whole ifland there is not a harbour capable of admitting even fo {mall a veffel as the Supply, and the anchorage on every part of the coaft is equally bad. The ifland produces a kind of gladiolus luteus, or iris paluftris, of which, as may be feen by the fpecimens fent Mr. Wilfon, exceeding good hemp is to be made; and which is to be procured in any quantity, the plants growing in great abundance throughout the whole ifland. The foregoing articles, were the ifland larger and more eafy of accefs, with even a tolerable harbour, might, in any other country, be of the firft confequence to a maritime nation. _ But from every information which I have gained from the officers and crew of the Supply, the procuring of this bene- ficial acquifition is at prefent fomewhat doubtful. The people i abe VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. people iettled upon it, when theycan venture out, get great plenty of fifth; and, at certain feafons, turtle. In the ifland alfo are pigeons, as tame as domeftic fowls; and the foil feems well adapted for the growth of all kinds of grain and vegetables. It produces a wild banana, or plantain tree, which, by cultivation, may aflift the fettlers, as a fucce- daneum for bread: and I.am not without hopes that we fhall be able to make fome additions from thence to fuch neceflaries of life as may in time be produced here. A few days fince the natives landed near the hofpital, where fome goats belonging to the Supply were browfing ; when they killed, with their f{pear, a kid, and carried it away. Within this fortnight, they have alfo killed a he- goat of the governor’s. Whenever an opportunity offered, they have feléom failed) to deftroy whatever ftock they could feize upon unobferved. They have been equally ready to attack the convicts, on every occafion which prefented itfelf; and fome of them have become viétims to thefe favages. I have already obferved that they fiand much in fear of a mufquet, and therefore they very feldom approach any perfon by whom it is carried; and their apprehenfions are almoft equally great when they perceive a red garment. September 712 1788. Augutt. 214 1788. Oober. WHITE’s JOURNAL OF & September 5th. About half after fix in the evening, we faw an aurora auftralis, a phenomenon uncommon in the fouthern hemifphere. . Oétober 2d. His Majelty’s fhip the Sirius failed for the Cape of Good Hope, for a fupply of flour, it being difco- vered that our ftock of this article bore no proportion to the falt beef and pork. The fame day the Golden Grove failed for Norfolk Hland,. with a reinforcement of male and female conviéts; two free men, as gardeners; a midfhipman from the Sirius, to fill up the vacancy occafioned by the death of Mr. Cunningham 3 a fergeant, corporal, and fix privates; and a fupply of neceffaries for eighteen months. 4th. A conviét, named Cooper Handley, who went out with an armed party of marines to collect wild vegetables and {weet tea, ftrayed from them, and was afterwards met by the natives, who murdered. and mutilated him in a fhocking manner. The natives were fo near our men, that they heard them very diftingly fhouting and making a great noife, yet were unable to overtake them in the purfuit. In the evening, a party of foldiers and convicts were fent out to bury the deceafed, roth. VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. roth. A general court martial was convened by warrant from the governor. When the members, with the deputy judge advocate, were affembled, they gave it as their opinion, that notwithftanding the governor has full power and authority to grant and hold court martials among regular troops; yet, as a corps of marines, under the influence of a particular code of laws, and inftructions from the Admiralty, and only amenable to that board, they could not proceed to trial; the board of Admiralty not having delegated any part of their authority over the marine corps, particularly that of holding court martials, to the governor ; ‘neither did any part of the a@ of Parliament for forming a colony in New South Wales contain directions relative to that fubje@. The marine inftructions, with refpec to court martials, {tate, that no general court martial can be ordered but by the Lord High Admiral, or three commiffioners for executing the office; mor any fentence be carried into execution until approved of by him or them, unlefs the marines, as in America, fhould be, by act of Parliament, confidered as a part of the army; which is not the cafe here. They are truly and ‘literally governed and regulated by the fame rules and inftru@tions as the marine divifions at Chatham, 215 6871 October. WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A Chatham, Portfmouth, or ‘Plymouth; and, confequently, their proceeding to trial would not only be illegal, but a ~ dire@ infult to the governance and power of the Board ~ under which they ad, and to whom every appeal from them muft come; unlefs an act of Parliament, in that cafe made and provided, otherwife direéts. 28th. A marine went to gather fome greens and herbs, but has not returned; as he was unarmed, it is feared that he has been met and murdered by the natives. gift. A fergeant and four privates, who had been miffing three. days, returned. They were fent by the commanding officer to look for the marine, and loft them- felves in the woods. In the evening of this day we had very loud thunder, and a fhower of hail; many of the hail-ftones were meafured, and found to be five-eights of an inch in diameter. November 2d. This day more hail; the weather dark and gloomy, with dreadful lightning. ‘The mercury during the whole of the day ftood between 66 and 68. vth. A criminal court fentenced a convict to Bs hundred lafhes for ftealing foap, the property of another convict, value eight pence. roth. VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. yoth. The Golden Grove returned from Norfolk Hand with a few fpars, and fome timber for the governor. While fhe lay there, fhe was obliged to cut her cable and ftand to fea, there being (as before obferved) no harbour in the whole ifland, where a fhip can ride in fafety. The mafter of the fhip was f{wamped in the furf and nearly loft, with his boat and crew. rith; Thomas Bulmore, a private marine, died in confequence of the blows which he received during a battle with one of his companions ; who is to be tried for his life, on the r7th inftant, by a criminal court. So {mall is our number, and fo neceflary is every individual who compofes it, for one purpofe or another, that the lofs of even a fingle man may truly be confidered as an irreparable difadvantage! _ The preceding is all the account I am able at prefent to fend you of the territories of New South Wales, and its pro- duions. _The unfettled ftate in which you muft naturally fuppofe every thing, as yet, to remain, will not permit me _ to be as copious as I could wifh; but, by the next difpatch, F f I hope 217 1788. October. 218 WHITE’s JOURNAL, Ge. I hope to be able to fend you no inconfiderable additions to the Natural Hiftory, and at the fame time fuch further in- formation concerning our affairs here as during the interim fhall have occurred, — Ff 2 Dy « eae era oe we ea i ae | { fF : J We oo | eX panes 3 | re if ‘ { D Ve i vs bee i © UY yp yf Mh WHY s FE PNakder delin mee KO d 7 : J) Te e ei OND e Dervalse (77 LP yy) Rlblaifiel ws lhe Me cle pects D)te.24 1799 ty LD clrett MaAtCnrRAaALS HIST ORT. THE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF BANKSIA. HE fineft new genus hitherto found in Mew Holland has been deftined by Linneus, with great propriety, to tranfmit to pofterity the name of Sir Fo/eph Banks, who firft difcovered it in his celebrated voyage round the world. It is indeed one of the moft magnificent genera with which we are acquainted, being nearly allied to Protea and Embothrium in habit and botanical charaers, but fufficiently diftinguifhed from both by its fruit. © Four fpecies of Bankfia are defcribed in the Supplementum Plan- tarum of Linneus; {pecimens of which we have {cen in his Herbarium now in the poffeflion of Dr. Smith of Marlborough Street; and we have depofited with the fame gentleman {pecimens i) bo AEP ESP oH sop a ns fpecimens of all the plants we are about to defcribe in this work. Dr. Gaertner, in his admirable book on fruits and feeds, has figured the fruit of feveral Bank/fias, fome of them defcribed by Limmeus. Having had his plates, with the names, engraved before he faw the Supplementum of Linneus, his nomenclature differs from that of the laft mentioned author; but he quotes his fynonyms in the letter prefs. We mention this, that he may not be accufed of wantonly changing Linnean names, and that for the worfe, as it would appear to any one uninformed of this circumftance. The charaéter of the genus is very badly made out in Linneus. Gaertner has greatly corrected it, but it is ftill a doubt whether the flowers are conftantly monopetalous or tetrapetalous, nor have we materials fufficient to remove this difficulty. All wecan fay is, that Bankfa is next in natural arrangement to Protea, from which it is effentially diftinguifhed by having an hard woody bivalve capfule, containing two winged feeds, with a moveable membranous partition between them. It is ftrangely mifplaced in Murray’s 14th edition of Syfema Vegetabilium, being put between Ludwigia and Oldenlandia! Mr. White has fent imperfect fpecimens and feeds of four Ge CY 7 ; : ae She Bambsuz ACVVAtTA C0 Yhower Tonden Pubtivfoed asthe Ace depeota Dec2G, 1789. by TD cb-yett ‘6 r; bs G a Be Ga ghedtit LEVIAMN AVY S174 Ly i London Liktished as the Act dércote Dee 29, YE. by LDelreott, 5 Ss) » AP Pre wD ? Xx. four fpecies of Bankfia, which we have endeavoured to fettle as follows: zt. B. ferrata. Linn. Supp. 126. B. conchifera. Gaertn. 221. ¢. 48. This is the moft ftately of the genus. Its trunk is thick and rugged. Leaves alternate, ftanding thick about the ends of the branches on fhort footftalks, narrow, obtufe, ftrongly ferrated, fmooth and of a bright green colour above, beneath opaque and whitifh, with a ftrong rib running through their middle. A very large cylindrical {pike of flowers terminates each branch. Moft of the flowers are abortive, a few only in each {pike producing ripe feed. The form of the capfules may be underftood from the figure, which reprefents a whole {pike in fruit, about half the natural fize. The capfules are covered with thick down. Another plate of the plant in flower fhews the curved pofi- tion in which the ftyle is held by the corolla; the increafe of the former in length being greater and more rapid than that of the latter. 2. B 223 to 24 EP? Ye on 2, B. pytitormis. Gaertz. 220. 2.7 47.f. 4 This {pecies was unknown to Linneus; and as Gaertner has given no fpecific character of it, we beg leave to offer the following: B. flribus folitariis, capfulis ovatis pubefcentibus, foliis lanceolatis integerrimis glabris. Bankfia with folitary flowers, ovate downy capfules, and lance-fhaped entire {mooth leaves. The capfules are larger than in any other known {pecies. In the figure they are reprefented fomewhat fmaller than the life; but the feed is given as large as life. 3. B. gibbofa. B. dadyloides Gaertn, 221. ¢% 47. fr 2.2 B. floribus folitariis, capfulis ovatis gibbofis rugofis, foliis teretibus. Bankfia with folitary flowers; ovate, tumid, rugged cap- fules; and cylindrical leaves. We fufpea this to be the Bankfia da@tyloides of Gaertner; but if fo, his figure is by no means a good one; as he is generally very accurate,’we are rather inclined to believe ours es ; AY: , Gu Bunboona Vig reYfov need ‘ é Piltithecd as the Act clirects DeoQ, EY by PD hvedt eS age 4 i | tad I ez Banhsa. 2 She ‘Bar bata LC London Pidtisiivct cas the Act durects Dee: 2g, 789 by TDeb-rett. A BPUP GIVI BAX, ours a different plant, and have therefore given it a new name. ‘The leaves are very peculiar, being perfedtly cylin- drical, about two inches long and one line in diameter, pale, green and fmooth. The flowers we have not feen. Fig. 1. of the fame Plate reprefents the capfule of another Bankfia, belonging to thofe which bear the flowers in fpikes, but we cannot with certainty determine the fpecies. The capfules are {mooth, at leaft when ripe, and a little fhining. We think this is neither the B. ferrata, integrifolia, nor dentata of Linnzus, nor probably his ericifolia ; fo that it feems to be a fpecies hitherto undefcribed. The leaves and flowers we have not feen. Gg THE 225 226 Aor EY SE MNP Tt. TALE PEPPERMINT T RELL. Fea doen PIPERITA. An Eucalyptus obliqua, L’ Heritier Sert. Angl. p. 18? (See Plate annexed.) This tree grows to the height of more than an hundred feet, and is above thirty feet in circumference. The bark is very fmooth, like that of the poplar. The younger branches are long and flender, angulated near the top, but as they grow older the angles difappear. Their bark is fmooth, and of a reddifh brown. The leaves are alternate, lanceolate, pointed, very entire, {mooth on both fides, and remarkably unequal, or oblique, at their bafe; the veins alternate and not very confpicuous. The whole furface of both fides of the leaves is marked with numerous minute refinous {pots, in which:the effential oil refides. The foot- ftalks are about half an inch in length, round on the under fide, angular above, quite fmooth. The flowers we have not feen. What Mr. Wurre has fent as the ripe capfules of this tree (although not attached to the fpecimens of the leaves) grow in clufters, from fix to eight in each, feffile and ae args Z) 3 Vhe TSoffeerment Sree “ / y Zonder, Pullushed Dee:2Q, WED, by EP. brett + a aes a ay? é LAs “ , a rr toe! ee a q an ig A Do ...c ‘A a i) ° . Boe ee ee OK, and conglomerated. Thefe clufters are fupported on angular alternate footftalks, which form 2ckinds of panicle. Each capfule is about the fize of an hawthorn berry, globular, but as it were cut off at the top, rugged on the outfide, hard and woody, and of a dark brown colour. At the top is a large orifice, which fhews the internal part of the capfule divided into four cells,. and having a fquare column in the center, from which the partitions of the cell arife. Thefe partitions extend to the rim of the capfule, and terminate in four {mall projections, which look like the teeth of acalyx. The feeds are numerous, {mall, and angular. The name of Peppermint Tree has been given to this plant by Mr. WuirTe on account of the very great refem- blance between the effential oil drawn from its leaves and that obtained from the Peppermint (Mentha piperita) which grows in England. ‘This oil was found by Mr. Wuire to be much more efficacious in removing all cholicky complaints than that of the Englifh Peppermint, which he attributes to its being lefs pungent and more aromatic. A quart of the oil has been fent by him to Mr. Wil/on. The tree above defcribed appears to be undoubtedly of the fame genus with that cultivated in fome greenhoufes GP greg in yy sel 228 A Pee Sow em in England, which Mr. L’ Heritier has defcribed ‘in his Sertum Anglicum by the name of Eucalyptus obligua, though it is commonly called in the gardens Metrofideros obligua; but we dare not affert it to be the fame {pecies, nor can this’ point be determined till the flowers and every part of both be feen and compared; we have compared the beft f{pecimens we could procure of each, and find no {pecific difference. The Eucalyptus obliqua has, when dried, an aromatic flavour fomewhat fimilar to our plant. We have remarked indeed innumerable minute white fpots, befides the refinous ones, on both furfaces of the leaves in fome fpecimens of the garden plant, which are not to be feen in ours, and the branches of the former are rough, with fmall fcaly tubercles. But how far thefe are conftant we cannot tell. The obliquity in the leaves, one fide being fhorter at the bafe than the other, as well as fomewhat narrower all the way up, as in the Begonia nitida of the Hortus Kewenfis, is remarkable in both plants, The figure reprefents a branch of the Peppermint Tree in leaf: on one fide of it part of a leaf feparate, bearing the gall of fome infe@; on the other the fruit above defcribed. TEA AP? EB 2 FT. &K. TEA TREE OF NEW SOUTH WALES. ; ' MELALEUCA ? TRINERVIA, This is a {mall fhrub, very much branched. The bark full of longitudinal fiffures, and eafily feparated from the branches. Leaves on fhort footftalks, alternate, lanceolate, pointed, entire, about three quarters of an inch in length, fmooth on both fides, marked with three longitudinal ribs, and reticulated with tranf- verfe veins; they are alfo full of refinous fpots, the feat of an aromatic effential oil. The flowers we have not feen, nor can we determine with certainty the genus of this plant. It moft nearly approaches the Leptofpermum virgatum of Forfter, re- ferred by the younger Linneus, perhaps improperly, to Mela- leuca. At leaft it may fafely be determined to belong to the fame genus with the Melaleuca virgata Linn. Supp. though a — diftin& fpecies. The fpecific difference between them is, that the leaves of our plant have three ribs, whereas M. virgata has leaves perfectly deftitute of ribs or veins. Hence we judge the figure and defcription of Rumphius, Herb. Amboin. V. 2. t. 18. to belong rather to our Tea Tree, than to M. virgata; and if this conjecture be right, the plants are {till further diftin- guifhed by the inflorefcence, which in M, virgata is an umbel, whereas in the figure above mentioned the flowers are folitary. a. Reprefents a leaf flightly magnified. SWEET 229 ‘230 A’ P PLE UN Bara SWEET TEA PLANT. . SMILAX ? GLYCIPHYLLA. This is a tree or fhrub whofe leaves only we have feen, but from them we judge it to belong to the genus of Smilax. For — want of the ftem we cannot fettle its {pecific charaéter. Thefe leaves are about two inches long, ovato-lanceolate, pointed, entire, marked with three longitudinal ribs, and many tranfverfe elevated veins, fmooth and fhining above, glaucous beneath, with a thick cartilaginous edge of the fubftance of the ribs. The leaves have the tafte of liquorice root accompanied with bitter. They are faid to make a kind of tea, not unpleafant to the tafte, and good for the fcurvy. The plant promifes much in the laft re- fpec&t, from its bitter as a tonic, as well as the quantity of faccharine matter it contains. Leaves of this plant are reprefented on the fame plate with the Tea Tree. A. is the front, B. the back of a leaf. THE me aa a ? ) > > She Sea _ Sec of e Ven PE ND TX. we cannot tell. From one {pecimen fent by Mr. Wuire, the latter fhould feem to be the cafe; and that the calyx {wells and rifes around it nearly to the top, making a pear- fhaped fruit, with the point of the calyptra fticking out at its apex; but as this appears only in a fingle flower, and none of the others are at all advanced towards ripening feed, the flower in queftion may poflibly be in a morbid ftate, owing to the attacks of fome infec&t. (See Fig. g.) Future obfervations will determine this point. We have been the more diffufe in our defcription on account of the fingularity of the genus, and the value of the plant. On making incifions in the trunk of this tree, large quantities of red refinous juice are obtained, fometimes even more than fixty gallons from a fingle tree. When this juice - is dried, it becomes a very powerfully aftringent gum-refin, of a red colour, much refembling that known in the fhops by the name of Kino, and, for all medical purpofes, fully as eficacious. Mr. Wutre adminiftered it to a great number of patients in the dyfentery, which prevailed much foon after the landing of ‘the convicts, and in no one inftance found it to fail. This gum-refin diffolves almoft entirely in fpirit of wine, to which it gives a blood red tin@ure. Water Hh diffolves 234 ANP Poe INE OD aie oe diffolves about one fixth part only, and the watery folution is of a bright red. Both thefe folutions are powerfully . aftringent. The Plate reprefents a portion of the bark of the Ewca- lyptus refinifera, with the fruétification annexed. a. Isabunch of the Howers the fize of nature. 5. The flower, its calyptra, or hood, being removed. c. Calyx. d. Stamina. —e. Piftillum. jf. Calyptra feparate. g. The enlarged flower, which we fufpe& to be in a difeafed ftate. THE Ay PP ON TeX: THE YELLOW RESIN TREE. This is about the fize of an Englifh walnut tree. Its trunk grows pretty ftraight for about fourteen or fixteen feet, after which it branches out into long fpiral leaves, which hang down on all fides, and refemble thofe of the larger kinds of grafs or fedge. From the center of the head of leaves arifes a fingle footftalk, eighteen or twenty feet in height, perfectly ftraight and ere&, very much refembling the fugar cane, and terminating in a {pike of a fpiral form, not unlike an ear of wheat. This large ftem or footftalk is ufed by the natives for making fpears and fifh gigs, being pointed with the teeth of fifh or other animals, fome of which are reprefented, in the plate of Implements, _ from originals now in Mr. Wilfon’s poffeffion. But the moft valuable produce of this plant feems to be its refin, the properties of which vie with thofe of the moft fragrant balfams. This refin exudes fpontaneoufly from the trunk ; the more readily, if incifions are made in its bark. It is of a yellow colour; fluid at firft, but being infpiffated in the fun, it acquires a folid form. Burnt on hot coals, it Hh 2 emits 236 APPENDS X emits a fmell very much refembling that of a mixture of balfam of Tolu and benzoin, fomewhat approaching to. ftorax. It is perfe@tly foluble in fpirit of wine, but not in. water, nor*even in effential oil of turpentine, unlefs it be digefted in a ftrong heat. The varnifh which it makes with either is very weak, and of little ufe. With refpeé to its. medicinal qualities, Mr. White has found it, in many cafes, a good pectoral medicine, and very balfamic. It is not obtainable in fo great abundance as the red gum produced by. the Eucalyptus refinifera. The plant which produces the yellow gum feems to be perfeétly unknown to botanifts, but Mr. White has commu-~ nicated no {pecimens by which its genus or even clafs could. be determined. ‘THE eS. se WN \N NIAAA ANY NWN UY XX UY Londen Pultished aa the Act dere? Deo 29. Yeg ty LDebretd eae = im Bs loca ok APPENDIX THE CRESTED COCKATOO. Psrrracus Cristatrus. Lin. E cannot regard this bird in any other view than as a variety of the Pfittacus Criftatus of Linneus, or large white Cockatoo, which has been defcribed by almoft all ornitho- logifts, and figured in feveral works of Natural Hiftory. The bird feems liable to great variation both as to fize and. colour; the white in fome being of a much purer appear— ance than in others, and the yellow on the creft and tail more predominant. All the varieties yet known agree in. having the beak and legs blackifh. The individual fpeci- men here figured feemed of a fomewhat flenderer form than. ufual, The colour not a pure white,. but flightly tinged on the upper parts, and particularly on the neck and fhoulders, with dufky.. The feathers on the front white,. but the long lanceolate feathers below them, which form the creft, of a pale jonquil-yellow. The tail white above, and pale yellow beneath; as are alfo the wings. "THE 237 238 A P PO. BOND ise THE WHITE FULICA. FULICA ALBA. Fulica alba, rofiro fronteque rubris, humeris [pinofis, pedibus flavis ? Corpus magnitudine fere galline domeftice. Humeri {pina parva incurvata. In fpecimine exficcato pedes flavi ; fed fortaffe in viva-ave roftro concolores. White Fulica, with the bill and front red, fhoulders fpined, legs and feet yellow? The body is about the fize of a domeftic fowl. The fhoulders - are furnifhed with a {mall crooked fpine. In the dried fpecimen the legs and feet are yellow; but, perhaps, in the living bird might have been of the fame colour with the beak. Tus bird is the only fpecies of its genus yet known of a white colour. The birds of this genus rank in the order called by Linneus Gralla, and moft of the fpecies frequent watery places. To this genus belongs the well-known bird called the Moor-hen, or -Fulica chloropus; as alfo a very beautiful exotic {pecies called the Purple Water-hen, which is the Fulica porphyrio of Linneus, and which in fhape much refembles the White Fulica now defcribed. THE 7 9. W789. by TDeblrett Londore Puttlished as theAct directs Dec? a f i i P : —- | y; a ) ate wa ’ - ie ae . . - , - —— . j ae 4 - - r 3 » 7. ~ : a 3 y + 0 * Ms al “Es a ey) ‘ P aie > oe Pru: F ee c = vs ate = ‘ ‘ of 4 so ' al CTRL Ae | ae ee fs I a % " She Soult ern e M otpectlgl? London Pubteted ad the Act directa Dec29178 9. by LDebretl. A PoP Eo ae X. THE SOUTHERN MOTACILLA. MorTaciILLA AUSTRALIS. M. cinera, fubtus flava. N.B. Gula fere albida. -Afh-coloured Motacilla, yellow beneath. N.B. The throat inclines a little to whitifh. Ir is not perhaps abfolutely clear whether this bird fhould be referred to the genus Motacilla, or Mufcicapa: the pro- bability, however, is in favour of Motacilla. The bird is about the fize of the Motacilla flava of Lin- neus, or yellow wagtail, but feems of a ftouter make. The beak is of a pale colour, and the legs brown. The two middle tail-feathers have the very extremities flightly marked with white. | | The genus Motacilla is extremely numerous, and it is not eafy to fix upon a proper or expreflive trivial name. Such names fhould, if poffible, convey fome idea either of the colour, or fome other circumftance relative to the manners or habits of the animal; but in new fpecies, whofe hiftory is unknown, this is impracticable. The trivial name, there- fore, of Auftralis may be allowable, though it cannot be re- garded as fufhciently diftin@ive. WATTLED 239 240 AP. PB WN ae WATTLED BEE-EATER, or MEROPS, Female. The female Bea-eater is ftouter in the body and in the legs, more brilliant in the plumage, the bill more curved; and the tail cuneated and tipped with white; but fhorter than inthe male. The feathers on the head are fmall, each tipped with white, and fomewhat erected : it ris no wattles, but on the chin the feathers are dark, long, and hang dif- fufely. The general colour of the bird is a blackifh chocolate, lighter on the breaft, and towards the vent; darker on the abdomen and towards the tip of the tail. The feathers on the neck and breaft have each a ftreak of white through the middle. On the wing the outer long feathers are flightly edged with whitifh, thofe of the middle region round-ended and tipped only; and on the upper part of the wing each feather bears a ftreakd own the middle, fuddenly dilating at the tip. | The legs yellower than thofe of the male; claws blackifh. THE ——_ a i 5 Se) PES LS SSB TRALEE Gifi Cy Sc S parted Goatsichey— C London! Lilttithed as the Act Lercctes, Dead, 799, by IDebrete, ~ a PP EB Neer Xx. THE CRESTED GOAT-SUCKER., CAPRIMULGUS CRISTATUS,. C. cinereo-fufcus, fubtus pallidus, remigibus caudaque fafciis pallidis numerofis, vibriffis utrinque erecto-crifiatis. Corpus fupra puncis minutiffimis fubalbidis irroratum. Cinereous-brown Goat-fucker, pale beneath; with the long feathers of the wings and tail fprinkled with numerous pale fafcie, and the vibriffe (or briftles on the upper mandible) ftanding up on each fide, in the manner of a creft. The body on the upper part is fprinkled with very fmall whitifh fpecks. The birds of this genus are remarkable for the exceflive widenefs of the mouth, though the beak is very fmall; in their manner of life, as well as general ftructure, they | “are very nearly allied to the genus Hirundo, or fwallow; and indeed may be regarded as a kind of noéturnal {wallows. They feed on infe&s, particularly on beetles. The name Caprimulgus, or Goat-fucker, was given to this genus from an idea that prevailed amoneft the more ancient naturalifts of their fometimes fucking the teats of goats and fheep; a eircumftance in itfelf fo wildly improbable, that it would {carce deferve to be ferioufly mentioned, were it not that fo accurate a naturalift as the late celebrated Scopoli feems in fome degree to have given credit to it, Tr THE 241 242 a P © EUN Dre “=. THE SCINCOID, or SKINC-FORMED LIZARD. LaAcERTA SCINCOIDES. This Lizard comes nearer to the Scincus than any I am acquainted with, but is ftill a diftin@ fpecies. In the two fpecimens fent over by Mr. Wurre, one had a procefs on the upper part of the tail, near the top, almoft like a fupernumerary or forked tail, but which I rather con- ceive to.be natural; and as this one was a male, I am inclined to think that this is peculiar to that fex, which would in fome degree have been more clearly made out, if the other, which had not this procefs, had proved a female; but as its being gutted and ftuffed before I faw it, prevented my examination, this remains ftill to be proved: but what makes the conjecture very probable, is, that it 1s mentioned by Mr. Wurre that fome are without, and fome with this procefs. Now if it was a monfter, arifing either from acci~ dent, or originally fo formed, it would hardly be fo com- mon as to be taken notice of. The tail is longer than that of the Scincufes, and not fo taper; the animal is of a dark iron-grey colour, which is of different fhades in different parts, forming a kind of ftripes acrofs the back and tail. | The ————————— SS SSS a ESS GAs 2 > 7. a : dora pte = 2 Cog. IMaly bohen, 4Dpe/Youny: AC ne forme oe ig t eae POUCH gs Pildithed asthe Act dixecta Dew'2G, YEG. by LD drat } 1 TR ag EN ia ser ie Ne WERONRY ab ED a wdk me +t “a ‘a Lek se AP PEW DB FT X. The feales of the cuticle are ftrong, but not fo much fo as thofe of the Scincus. Its legs are fhort and ftrong, covered with the fame kind of fcales as the body, but the fcales of the feet are not. Onthe cuticle are {mall knobs, as if it were ftudded. The toes on each foot are pretty regular; the difference in length not great, and the fame on both the fore and hind foot; whichis not the cafe with the Sincus, it having a long middle toe. There are {mall fhort nails on each toe; on their upper furface they are covered with a ferics of fcales, which go half round, like a coat of mail. Jutt within the verge of the external ope ning of the ea on the anterior edge, is a membrane, covering about one third of it, which is fcolloped on its loofe or unattached edge ; this can hardly be called an external ear, nor can it be called the referve, viz. a valve; but if it is an Hiftead _to hearing, which it moft probably is, it fhould be confi- dered as the external ear. The teeth are in a row on each fide of each jaw, becom- ing gradually larger backwards. They are fhort above the gum, and rounded off, fitted for breaking or bruifing of fubftances, more than cutting or tearing. Ii 2 THE 24.3 244 ASP Po BON DT ek, THE MURICATED LIZARD. Lacerta Moricara: L. cauda tereti longa, corpore grifeo, /quamis carinatis mucronatis. Corpus fupra fafcius tranverfis fufcis; fubtus pallidum. Valde affints Agame et Calote. L. with long rounded tail, body greyith, feales carinated and fharp pointed. The animal on its upper part is fafciated with tranfverfe dufky bars, and is pale beneath. This f{pecies is very nearly allied to the L. Agama and Calotes. This fpecies meafures fomewhat more than a foot in length. The general colour is a brownifh grey, and the whole upper part of the animal is marked with tranfverfe dufky bars, which are moft confpicuous on the legs and tail. The tail is very long; the fcales on every part of the animal are of a fharp form, and furnifhed with a prominent line on the upper furface; toward the back part of the head the fcales almoft run into a fort of weak {fpines; the feet are furnifhed with moderately ftrong, fharp claws. THE 2 del i Supe, wy t Muvecated Lizard. Londow Pultished cd the Act derects Dec. 29, EQ by TDelrett. : il | Ny as = Wey i= ee et BE ~— } ts tee ie ; ee ee D ki Of Jc fe oe See A Ze 7 aed a ef ss ward: y , Tutlished as the Act directa -Lee. 29. 198g. by f Debrett: y APPENDIX. Pie RIBBON ED UD EZAR DB. LAcCERTA I ZNIOLATA, L. levis, cauda tereti longa, corpore fupra teniolis albis nigrifque, fubtus albo. Afinis L.lemnifcate. Crura fupra albo nigroque firiata: digiti unguiculati: aures confpicue: fquame totius corporis levifime, nitidifime, cauda vix diftinéte firiata, fubferruginea. This is a very elegant fpecies. The length of the animal is about fix inches and a half; and is diftinguifhed by a number of parallel ftripes, or bands of black and white, difpofed longitudinally throughout the whole upper part of the body, except that on the tail the bands are not carried much above the bafe; the remainder being of a pale ferruginous colour. In fome fpecimens a tinge of this colour is alfo vifible on the back ; the lower part of the body is of a yellowifh white ; the tail is perfe@ly round, of a great length, and gradually tapers to the extremity. THE 245 246 A? Pw MBE Ss THE BROAD-TAILED LIZARD. LACERTA PLATURA. L. cauda depreffo-plana lanceolata, margine fubaculeato, corpore grifeo- Sufco feabro. Ungues quafi duplicati. Lingua brevis, lata, integra, feu non forficata; apice autem leniter emarginato. L. with a depreffed lanceolate tail, almoft fpiny on the margin; the body ofa dufky grey colour, and rough. The claws appear as if double; the tongue is fhort and broad, not forked, but flightly emarginated at the tip. This Lizard is ftrikingly diftinguifhed by the uncommon form of its tail, which is of a depreffed or flattened fhape, with very thin edges, and gradually tapers to a fharp extre- mity. This depreffed form of the tail is extremely rare in Lizards ; there being fcarcely more than two other f{pecies yet known in which a fimilar ftru€@ture takes place. One of thefe is the L. Caudiverbera of Linnzus, in which the tail appears An MN Xe hie appears to be not only deprefied, but pinnated on the fides, Another fpecies with a deprefled tail has been figured by the Count De Cepede, in his Hiftory of Oviparous Quadrupeds. The prefent f{pecies is about four inches and a half in length. The head is large in proportion; and the whole upper furface of the animal is befet with fmall tubercles, which in fome parts, efpecially towards the back of the head, and about the tail, are lengthened into a fharpened point. The lower furface is of a pale colour, or nearly white. THE Rana Carurea. an R. ccerulea, fubtus grifeo-punctata, pedibus ttradaiy, peheriribe pale | us 2, "Sta A matis. Rava te ; ik alba : i aS Sree Magnitudo Rane temporaria. AN tal Pde oR cok Sods} eer eae Mi . Blue Frog, fedecd beneath with greyifh; the feet divided into four an toes; the hind-feet webbed. ie ~~ aa Size of the common Frog. ’ iH x = N; ef 4 1 j t ‘ a ? ; Plate j : 5 “AwopueoT- PDI : ase 778k YP PPP YZ Li Ovr"d NG p ——- WG ty | i & uy) 2. - hy by, eae yy H j 2 ’ f 3 ‘ H } fi Z Kenan ‘delin: ry aA, Y later B. London, Lublifhe das the Act directs Dec *2Q, 17 29, by TDebrett. OPS PE aN ee IX, Plate A. annexed, reprefents a production of which Mr. ~ Waite has fent no defcription, nor can we give any fatif- factory account of it. This is faid to come from the root of the Yellow Gum Tree, and is a congeries of fcales, cemented, as it were, together by the gum. Whether they are the bafes of the leaves of that tree, or part of a parafiti- cal plant growing upon it, future obfervations muft deter- mine. The latter fuppofition feems to be countenanced by the appearance of fibrous roots at the bafe of this fingular production. Kk THE 24.9 250 AP cP EL Ne Dae ae, THE WHITE HA WK. Fatco ALBus. Falco-albus, rofiro nigro, cera pedibufque flavis. White Hawk, with black beak, cere and legs yellow. : This fpecies, in fhape and general appearance, feems. very nearly allied to the bird called, in England, the Hen- Harrier, which is the Falco cyaneus of Lanheus:: dts very nearly of the fame fize, and the legs and thighs are of a, flender form, as in that fpecies. | The whole plumage is white, without any variegation. THE SS — ee WZ ye NT oF / \ London tTubtistil as the Act directa D ec: 29, GE. by LD eb ret J adtone Delon Ae tata te es ; . = > , a a (Spe 2 5) a yee bend White LondontLubilijhed as the Van . ty I Debrelt. 177680 “au Act A® PP YE AND eT ox: THE WHITE-VENTED CROW. Corvus GRACULINUS. Corvus niger, remigum rectricumque bafi apiceque caude albis. Black Crow, with the bafes of the wing and tail feathers, and the tip of the tail, white. This bird is about the fize of a Magpye ; and in fhape is not much unlike one, except that the tail is not cuneated, but has all the feathers of equal length. The bird is entirely black, except the vent, the bafe of tani feathers, the bafe of the wing feathers, and the extremity of the tail, which are white. The {mall part of the white bafe of the wing feathers gives the appearance of a white fpot when the wings are clofed. The beak is very ftrong; the upper mandible flightly emarginated near the tip, and the lower mandible is of a pale colour towards the tip. The capi/- tien reverfum, or fet of briftles, which are fituated forward on the bafe of the upper mandible in moft of the birds of this genus, is not very confpicuous in this fpecies; but the whole habit and general appearance of the bird fufficiently juftify its being regarded as a fpecies of Corvus. ) Ke kita THE 251 252 AUP CP BAND. FULIGINOUS P22 ei. ProcELLARIA FULIGINOSA. Procellaria fuliginofa, roftro albido. Fuliginous Peteril, with whitifh beak. This is probably nothing more than a variety of the Pro- cellaria AXquinodtialis of Linneus. Its fize is nearly that of a’raven; © The whole bird is of a deep footy brown, or blackifh; except that on the chin is a {mall patch of white, running down a little on each fide from the lower man- dible. The beak is of a yellowith white. VARIE- ee ae — By SSS —— _ Hlegyenots ter? he Pudithed aa the tet. direts Dec 29, 1789, ly TDebvelt 4 ; \ ' 7 ih : ; vot. . ¥, robe i ; y o ae . i A Wh haa } , i nbd cy Be a AE Ape v= * at; : ‘4 a i iy "i ‘ ‘ sabi he i “ie soy =, es ie ere a : ( —" DA 4 eR PY VIRPH Sf. = Pf? fy 7 hg Oph Co 45 AKPOUP Pf ic EN at VEDT Sp ( vi \ 4 c SPOUT porebeney Ce = 2 Lye : LL ————— =e =< ———s ae i alee ks Sak Sie VARIEGATED LIZARD. LAcERTA VARIA, Lacerta cauda longa carinata, corpore maculs tranfverfis variis. Lizard with long carinated tail, the body tranfverfely variegated. This Lizard approaches fo extremely near to the Lacerta ~- Monitor of Linneus, or Monitory Lizard, as to make it doubtful whether it be not in reality a variety of that {pecies, The body is about 15 inches in length, and the tail is confiderably longer. The animal is of a black colour, variegated with yellow marks and ftreaks of differ- ent fhapes, and running in a tranf{verfe direction. On the legs are rows of tranfverfe round fpots; and on the tail broad alternate bars of black and yellow. In fome {peci- mens the yellow was much paler than in others, and nearly whitifh. ry THE 25S say ist Os ea vL? + y 1.9" “Y Ay s Os key Feryiire, a) meer aS yh aa ts . 1. & Fi ¢ { i Aw ‘ ¥ i : ‘ APPENDIX. | THE LONG-SPINED CHET.ODON. Camropon Armatus. ‘Chetodon Bt tae cor pore S24 sis Me salt nigris, salad pinnae dorfalis Sere : tertia longiffima. Whitifh Chetodon, with feven black ftripes on the body, fix fpines on the dorfal fin, the third very long. | | Pe. | ee | This appears to be a new and very elegant f{pecies of the : ; | genus Chetodon. The total length ene {pecimen was % not more than four inches. The Solent a filvery white, es darker, and of a bluifh tinge, on the back; the tranfverfe ‘a fafciz, or bands, of a deep black; the fins and tail ae pale F yes brown. The third ray or fpine of the farft dorfal fin is ee | much longer than the reft. : | | MURICATED. © ee 4 She. Finngent Eten: 2 , Granudated Balius§es London Piddlished ce the Act directs Dec: 2g, FE9. ty TDobrete. PPaNy ” Mts a A Vise alt, eo ‘ae aay in GE ater, Gat oo py YL OPM OL wep TL byl bo? I? P PP YW AP Fi EI NO hm MURICGCATFED. LIZARD. Lacerta MuricatTa. Var. This variety chiefly differs from that reprefented in a preceding Plate, p. 244, in having the head lefs diftin@ly acculeated, and the fcales on the body not fo ftrongly carinated. Figure 1. in the above mentioned Plate is a {mall Snake, about a foot in length, of a white colour, tinged with ferru- ginous ; the body marked by diftant black bands, and each feale on the back marked with a fmall black fpeck. SUPERB 255 256 AX PRL EANID BX SUPER BU WARES ee MoraciLLa SuPERBA. Motacilla nigra, remigibus fufcis, abdomine albo, fronte genifque caruleis. Black Warbler, with the long feathers of the wings brown; the belly white; the forehead and cheeks blue. This beautiful fpecies is generally found in the ftate de- {cribed in the fpecific charaéter; hut it appears to be fubject to great variety, two of which are exhibited; the lower and largeft fpecimen having not only more blue on the head than ufual, but alfoa patch of brilliant blue on each fide the back, and a mark of reddifh brown or orange near the fhoulders. The upper fpecimen is confiderably lefs than that beneath, and has {till more blue upon the head; the beak and legs {maller in proportion, darker in colour, and the latter al- moft black. The head is crowned with a fmall creft of bright azure; the cheek, and upper part of the back and wings, are of the fame colour; the lower parts of each brown. The outer feathers of the wing whitifh, near the fhoulder marked with brown. The head, neck, and breaft deep black; abdomen white, faintly tinged with dufky. Tail black, highly cuneated. In this bird the blue is moft lucid, compofed of fhort, ftiff feathers, refembling fifh-{fcales, with fhining furfaces; but it has not the beautiful fcapulary of prifmatic violet-colour, found in the other. Legs, feet, and claws black, and extremely flender. SMALL J ) fs Virion Lf 7 4 pe 7¢ 5 C aeeerys Va a Pil stink 1 my) uh Sd Th teh A ae a Wy Phy f Palats > . ay Mls 4 oil kt Pigs : res “A ‘ aL ail Jon Piubtihid as eb erect, Dec 29, 47 27 CDLrtt Z ACTP OP GEO ON ah Xk, 257 MOTACILL A, orn WARBLER. MoraciLLa PusILia. M. fufca, fubius pallida, cauda prope apicem fafcia fufca. Brown Warbler, pale beneath, with a band of brown towards the tip of the tail. This little bird is about the fame fize with the Superb Warbler, and has evidently fome affinity with that fpecies, but (exclufive of the difference in colour) the-tail is not in the leaft cuneated, but even at the end. og SERPENTS. oe hak Bi 258 a et eee SS ee ae , { AP oP AE ND Sr ae SERPENT SS. The f{pecies of Serpents are much lefs eafily afcertained than thofe of moft other animals; not only on account of the great number of fpecies, but from the innumerable vari-. ations to which many of them are fubje@ in point of colour. Amongeft thofe lately received from New Holland, the fol~ lowing are the moft remarkable. Snaxz, No. 1, about three feet and a half in length, of a bluifh afh-colour, coated with fcales rather large than f{mall, and having nearly the fame general proportion with the common Englifh fnake, or Coluber Natrix of Linneus. Snake, No. 2, nearly three feet in length, flender, and of a tawny yellowifh colour, with numerous indiitin& bars of dark brown, and fomewhat irregular, or flexuous, in their difpofition. SNAKE, VOL PUPP LAW Dm pypygnT copia 4 Prepay 7 be ly? a 22 Cee London Bubluhid ae the dct dterects Dec29, Vik by LDebrett Cine La : a ia Ee. RO a a en igh nay Bo a ~ ee, alexi Par London; Publish as the det durecli Dee: 291789 ly IDebrett y ‘ ’ aS ri" i ut . ‘ Eas iA : C Snaked : Lindon Buttithidas theAct directs Dee 2GN7EG. by TDetrele. ROP PE BN Da Pk Snake, No. 5, upwards of eight feet in length, of a darkith colour, varied with fpots and marks of a dull yellow: the belly alfo is of a yellowifh colour. The fcales are fmall in proportion to the fize of the animal ; the tail gradually tapers to a point. SNAKES. See Plate containing Two Figures. No. 1. Small, about fourteen inches in length, coated with very {mall feales, and varied with irregular markings of yellow ona dark brown or blackifh ground. It is probably a young {nake. | No. 2. Small, about fifteen inches in length, and fafciated with alternate bars oF black and white. None of the above Serpents appear to be of a poifonous nature: they belong to the Linnean genus Coluber; yet No. 5. has fome characters of the genus Anguis. Le. INSECTS. 260. A Pi BYR Net Dats K2 INSECTS. The Infe&s received from New Holland are: No. 1. The large Scolopendra, or Centipede (Scolopen- dra Morfitans Lin.) The fpecimens feemed of a fomewhat darker colour than ufual. See Plate of large Scolopendra, é&c. annexed. No. 2. A {maller Spider, of a dark colour; with a fmall thorax and large round abdomen, and with the joints of the legs marked with whitith.. No. 3. A {mall fpecies of Crab, or Cancer, of a pale colour, and which fhould be ranked amongft the Cancri brachyuri in the Linnean divifion of the genus. No. 4. A Caterpillar, befet with branchy prickles, and confequently belonging to fome fpecies of Papilio or butterfly. LIZARD lopendra J 2 0 ? LM ¢ a sae aH Cc Lublistied + 4 i. "a ; ; Bein.) fic. COUR ho ais ih SS, cok Lae |) PL ae ee a ey er iiacres sfgeareenstpaene neg ; ee : pki , r ‘ vt aw A "I ’ oA rex pe m : wegy hy, hs 5 » a ar en | « te x". 1.4 y 4 1854 .% iE ’ C ——- a c a ASP -PCECNAD: 1 a q * ®. . += - 1 ~ - 4 +t » te Teg. Ye’ er 2D? fo ) CL) tS alderit’ iF C0 A. by (Se Lilli APPEND I X. 264 RED SHOULDERED PAROQUET. Psirracus Discotor.. Pfittacus macrourus viridis, rectricibus bafi ferruginets, humeris fubtus fan~ guinels. Long tailed Green Parrot, with the tail feathers ferruginous towards the: bafe, the fhoulders blood-red beneath.. This fpecies, which appears to be new, is of that fort generally termed Paroquets. It is about ten inches in length: the general colour of the bird a fine green: the outer edge of the wing, near the fhoulders, blue: the edge of the fhoulders deep red; the under part the fame.. On the fides of the body a patch of red: round the beak a few red feathers: long feathers of the wings of a deep. blackith blue, edged flightly with yellow: tail deep ferru- ginous toward the bafe, each feather becoming blue at the: tip: bill and feet pale brown. CYPRI-— Pe CyPRINACHO USI eRe a | ' My | ae | uy, ALapnos “OvrktNacets. 6 > Pei: “ " m a é “i ae ia rs Labrus corpore albefcente. Cc OS jie as Labrus with whitith body. The length of this fifh was about fix inches: me colour % Ne 3 whitifh: fcales large. | ae 3 , ra ; az From the bad condition of the fpecimen it was not pofli- _ i ble to make fo accurate an examination of its characters as — ~ might have been withed, ae | As een + DOUBT: ia 5 ; se oe 2 ath em 7 Cyprinaceous alas, ws ee: Hijfpocampes ope (4 Pidtusted asthe Act directa, Decz 2G, 729. by T-Debrelt. es a ‘ : A P - . {" py. ig ON me nm Pu 2 Tine ee 6 a | i : a i mT te ; CN Mite y 2 ii ae Hi Me a ee i cA a ‘a : ' ya wer ‘i f hate ' i, hy i es i Bing wid ihe uae .; ea ; t « r Das i Ne Ny i oder A ' & ee ; ‘ . 9 ny . a pena ae ; i in t if v ibe say" 5 7 i ~ = ai A mei ly 1 1 \ u 7 < Pi hi baat i vi" er), sa wh | = 7 ‘ t vi ’ 3 e104 fo Sea 2 c ppl 69 COMET PP PE PY? PY Ue! tase AGP Bi EA Ne DEAT oe DOUBTFUL LOPHIUS. Lopuius Dusrus. Lophius nigricans, fubtus pallidus. Blackifh Lophius, pale beneath. -This fifth was about fix inches in length; its general colour a very deep brown, almoft black; the mouth ex- _tremely wide, and furnifhed with feveral rows of flender fharp teeth. On opening it many ova were found, which | were very large in proportion to the fith. Mm SOUTHERN a&6 a PF. BOND De SOUTHERN COTTUS. Cotrtus AUSTRALIS. Cottus albidus, capite aculeato, corpore fafciis tranfuerfis hvidis. Whitith Cottus, with aculeated head, body marked with tranfverfe livid bands. This fifh did not exceed four inches in length, and is fufficiently defcribed in its fpecific character, DOUBTFUL CV 2 O Ger Gey. Ne. aa 4 ye : ern COMMA, 9 She . My ong - Fish. Cede: Londow, Publiohed av the Act directs Dee 23/789) bay LDebrett APR eee BOR 267 DOUBTFUL, or COMPRESSED SPARUS, Sparus? CompRESsUs. Sparus? Argenteus, campre(fus. Sparus? Ofa filvery colour, the body much compreffed. The f{pecimen figured was nearly fix inches in length; the colour a filvery white; fcales of a moderate fize, and the body much comprefled. It feemed to pofflefs the charaéters of a Sparus, though they could fcarce be determined with fuficient certainty, from the bad condition of the fpecimen. Mm-2 . FASCIATED 268 ASP UP SHINE De eas FASCIATED MULLET. * MuLuvus FasciatTus. Mullus fubflavefcens, fafcuis longitudinalis fufcis. Pale yellowifh Mullet, with longitudinal brown bands. Length about five inches: {cales large. The ———— —— —S— == pee Ae Vi ? A Hi nocvated Mullee. ss Doubtful : Yi PILd . Tondon Published aa the Act derects Dec 2.9, 1789, by TDebrett. fe PUPS EN OP OX The Non-defcript Animals of New South Wales occupied a great deal. of Mr. Wuire’s attention, and he preferved feveral fpecimens of them in fpirits, which arrived in England in 3 very perfec ftate. There was no perfon to whom thefe could be given with fo much propriety as Mr. Hunter, he, perhaps, being moft capable of exa- mining accurately their ftructure, and making out their place in the fcale of animals; and it is to him that we ‘are indebted for the following obfervations: upon them; in which the anatomical ftructure is purpofely avoided, as being little calculated for the generality of readers of a work of this kind. It vis much’ to ‘be wifhed that thofe gentlemen who are defirous of obliging their friends, and promoting the ftudy of Natural Hiftory, by fending home fpeci- mens, would endeavour to procure all the information they can relating to fuch {pecimens as they may colled, more efpecially animals. The fubje@s themfelves may be valuable, and may partly explain their conne@ion with thoie related to them, fo as, in fome meafure, to eftablith their place in nature, but they cannot do it entirely ; they only 265 A PB Py Be Ni em only give us the form and conftruGion, but leave us in other refpects to conjefure, many of them requiring further obfervations relative to their economy. A negle& in procuring this information has left us, almoft to this day, very ignorant of that part of the Natural Hiftory of | animals which is the moft interefting. The Opoflum is a remarkable inftance of this. There is fomething in the mode of propagation in this animal that deviates from all others; and although known in fome degree to be extraor- dinary, yet it has never been attempted, where opportunity offered, to complete the inveftigation. I have often endea- voured to breed them in England; I have bought a great many, and my friends have aflifted me by bringing them or fending them alive, yet never could get them to breed; and although poffefied of a great many facts refpecting them, I do not believe my information is fufficient to. complete the fyftem of propagation in this clafs. In colleGing animals, even the name given by the natives, if poflible, fhould be known; for a name, toa Naturalift, fhould mean nothing but that to which it is annexed, having no allufion to any thing elfe ; for when it has, it divides the idea. This obfervation applies particularly to the animals which 6 PP EM Pt x. which have come from New Holland; they are, upon the whole, like no other that we yet know of ; but as they have parts in fome refpect fimilar to others, names will naturally be given to them expreflive of thofe fimilarities; which has already taken place: for inftance, one is called the Kangaroo Rat, but which fhould not be called either Kangaroo or Rat; I have therefore adopted fuch names as can only be appropriated to each particular animal, conveying no other idea, : Animals admit of being divided into great claffes; but will not fo diftin@ly admit of fubdivifion, without inter- fering with each other. Thus the clafs called Quadruped is fo well marked, that even the whole is juftly placed in the fame clafs. Birds the fame; Amphibia (as they. are called) the fame; and fo of fifth, &c. ; but when we are fubdividing thefe great claffes into their different tribes, genera, and fpecies, then we find a mixture of properties ; fome fpecies of one tribe partaking of fimilar properties with: a {pecies of another tribe.. 271 ta A P P EN Bon = Of th KANGAROO. This animal (probably from its fize) was the principal ane taken notice of in this ifland; the only parts at firft brought home were fome fkins and fculls; and I was favour- ed with one of the {culls from Sir Jofeph Banks. As the teeth of fuch animals as are already known, in fome degree point out their digeftive organs, I was in hopes that I might have been able to form an opinion of the particular tribe of the animals already known, to which the Kangaroo fhould belong; but the teeth did not accord with thofe of any one clafs of animals I was acquainted with, therefore I was obliged to wait with patience till I could get the whole: and in many of its other organs the deviation from other animals is not lefs than in its teeth. In its mode of propagation it very probably comes nearer to the Opoffum than any other animal; although it is not at all fimilar to it in other refpeéts. Its hair is of a greyith brown colour, fimilar to that of the wild rabbit of Great ‘Britain, is thick and long when the animal is old; but it is late: KL 4, CX She ) CL e Ji WNGATOO : [4 London Eulttiedas the At directo Dec: 29.1789 TDeiret ; oun hele ni eo wi pared fas iy in Hira See Ao Bo Re aed x. Jate in growing, and when only begun to grow, it is like a {trong down; however, in fome parts it begins earlier than others, as about the mouth, &c. In all of the young Kangaroos yet brought home (although fome as large as a full grown cat), they have all the marks of a fetus ; no hair; ears lapped clofe over the head; no marks on the feet of having been ufed in progreflive motion. The large nail on the great toe fharp at the point; and the fides of the mouth united fomething like the eye-lids of a puppy juft whelped, having only a paflage at the anterior part. This union of the two lips on the fides is of a particular flruature, it wears off as it grows up, and by the time it is of the fize of a {mall rabbit, difappears. Of the Teeth of the Kangaroo. The teeth of this animal are fo fingular, that it is impoflible, from them, to fay what tribe it is‘of. There is a faint mixture in them, correfponding to thofe of different tribes of animals. Take the mouth at large, refpedting the fituation of . the teeth, it would clafs in fome degree with the Scalpris Nn dentata 3 273 274 XP Pe ae ee dentata*; in a fainter degree with the Horfe, and Ruminants ; and with regard to the line of direction of all the teeth, they are very like thofe of the Scalpris dentata. The fore teeth in the upper jaw agree with the Hog; and thofe in the lower, in number, with the Scalpris dentata; but with regard to pofition, and probably ufe, with the Hog. The grinders would feem to be a mixture of Hog and Ruminants; the enamel on their external and grind- ing furfaces, rather formed into feveral cutting edges, than points. There are fix incifors in the upper jaw, and only two in the lower; but thefe two are fo placed as to oppofe thofe of the upper; five grinders in each fide of each jaw, the moft anterior of which is {mall. The pro- portions of fome of the parts of this animal bear no analogy to what is common in moft others. The difproportions in the length between the fore legs and the hind are very confiderable; alfo in their ftrength; yet perhaps not more than in the Jerboa. This difproportion between the fore legs and the hind is principally in the more adult; for in the very young, about the fize of a half grown rat, they are pretty * This tribe includes the Rat, &c. well ae Pee ee eee well proportioned ; which fhews that at the early period of life they do not ufe progreflive motion. The proportions of the different parts of which the hind legs are compofed, are very different. The thigh of the Kangaroo is extremely fhort, and the leg is very long. The hind foot is uncommon- ly long; on which, to appearance, are placed three toes, the middle toe by much the largeft and the ftrongeft, and looks fomething like the long toe of an Oftrich. The - outer toe is next in fize; and what appears to be the inner toe, is two, inclofed in one {kin or covering. The great toe nail much refembles that of an Oftrich, as alfo the nail of the outer toe; and the inner, which appears to be but one toe, has two fmall nails, which are bent and _ fharp. From the heel, along the under fide of the foot and toe, the fkin is adapted for walking upon. The fore legs, in the full grown Kangaroo, are fmall in pro- ‘portion to the hind, or the fize of the animal; the feet, or hands, are alfo fmall; the fkin on the palm is different from that on the back of the hand and fingers. There are five toes or fingers on this foot; the middle rather the largeft; ‘the others become very gradually fhorter, and. are all nearly of Nn 2 the 275 276 a) Poe ON oe? cA the fame fhape. The nails are fharp, fit for holding. The tail is long in the old; but not fo long, in proportion to the fize of the animal, in the young. It would feem to keep pace with the growth of the hind legs, which are the inftruments of progreflive motion in this animal; and which would adfo fhew that the tail is a kind of fecond inftrument in this action. The under lip is divided in the middle, each fide rounded off at the divifion. It has two clavicles; but they are fhort, fo that the fhoulders are not thrown out. WHITE- af Pe ‘ rt a * ley : ps ah weep is Petre: a ec : a aes CFD Vhite c DS ted Sp L Ler = Tondow, Published as thed ct A veote Dee29 (7 29. by LDebrrett, A POW ee wy. WHITE JOINTED SPIDER. The fpecies of Spiders, unlefs feen recent, and in the utmoft flate of perfection, are not eafily diftinguifhed. The prefent f{pecies is moft remarkable for the lucid furface of its thorax and legs, which latter are furnifhed with feveral long moveable fpines, that may be either elevated or depreffed at the will of the animal: this however is not peculiar to the pre- fent {pecies, but is feenin fome others. The eyes are eight in number, and are arranged in the fame manner as thofe of the great American Spider, or Aranea Avicularia of Linneus. The colour of this Spider is a clear chefnut brown, except the body, which is a pale brown, with a very deep or blackith fafcia on its wpper part, reaching about half way down. The orifice at the tip of each fang is very vifible by fo flight a magnifying power as that of a glafs of two inches focus: this Spider is therefore of thenumber of thofe which poifon their prey before they deftroy it. The Plate exhibits the back and front view, of the natural fize. A. the order in which the Spines are placed. The lefler a. two Spines enlarged, fhewing the Bracket on which they turn, and the Groove or Niche they fhut into when clofed, C, the Fangs magnified, WHA 273 a oP PO EON DD Poe WHA TAP O AU. hoo: This animal is about the fize of a Racoon, is of a dark grey colour on the back, becoming rather lighter on the fides, which terminates in a rich brown on the belly. The hair is of two kinds, a long hair, and a kind of fur, and even the long hair, at the roots, is of the fur kind. The head is fhort; the eyes rather prominent; the ears broad, not peaked. The teeth refemble thofe of all the animals from that country I have hitherto feen- The incifors are not continued into the grinders by inter- mediate teeth, although there are two teeth in the interme- diate fpace in the upper jaw, and one in the lower. The incifors are fimilar to thofe of the Kangaroo, and fix in num- ber in the upper jaw, oppofed by two in the lower, which have an oblique furface extending fome diftance from their edge, fo as to increafe the furface ‘of contact. There are two cufpidati on each fidein the upper jaw, and only one in the lower; five grinders on each fide of each jaw, No SS —— x +> Whe es Pe oe LO Five >: Pibahed ws the eb-lederis Doo: 29.1789.by fDirbrett— Mortimer delon S WS Sy “i | ps ‘i ay « ' ‘ ; ; ay *) vr : st i. le - : a - Pe} f Ah < F } 7 .: - ny hg. 4 }' he See Me I ." 42) wh Ep iM vain ie iyi fants ae ak fy at rit a a if rs * | aN, vu ; i ' \ vi te .f qi : os poy ” " 4 . ” -* 4 Pee ons Pid f | 5 i r ‘ ¥ x , = # ‘d *- ie ¥ . ity ’ # . q - ‘ at 4 “ a9 - a vehi ‘ ny ae es ot a | 5 7 y | + mt eT ; a ede ae | : . ‘ ey, Je ; ‘ , ; \ . a 6 4 a y a p ay ty (ag = Pp ' 4 7 7 a BS ee a a » ; 7 ie ; “¥ Tae" RS Sap. « Lae Fu.) hee 7 ‘ ; 5 ry YS -. f 2.9j c 509 « ‘ non : | d - | 5 a Re 2 ¥ - i A if , 7 ’ F ‘ “7 } ’ - e cs = : i} Nj ; ‘ s a ps a : i ] ; , “-- » : ce ‘ , y . i B. ts ee real ’ 4 ‘ ; 0 Biers Bo Teac De: X; jaw, the firft rather pointed, the others appear nearly of the fame fize, and quadrangular in their fhape, with a hollow - See acrofs their bafe from the outfide to>the inner, which is of fome depth; and another which croffes it, but not fo deep, dividing the grinding furface into four points. On the fore foot there are five toes,, the inner the fhorteft,, refembling, in a flight degree, a thumb. The hind foot re- fembles a hand, or that of the Monkey and Opoffum, the great toe having no nail, and oppofing the whole fole of the foot, which is bare. The nails on the other toes, both of the fore and hind foot, refemble, in a fmall degree, thofe of the cat, being broad and covered; and the laft bone of the toe has a projection on the under fide, at the articula- tion. Each nail has, in fome degree, afmall fheath, covering its bafe when drawn up. | The tail is long, covered with long hair, except the under furface of that. half towards the termination, of the breadth of half an inch, becoming broader near the tip or termina-_ tion: this furface is covered with a ftrong cuticle, and is adapted for laying hold. A DINGO. 279 | a oy ' \ on - es AP. Poe Me Di Peeks A DINGO, or DOG, of NEW SOUTH WALES. This animal is a variety of the Dog, and, like the thep- herd’s dog in moft countries, approaches near to the original of he {pecies, which is the wolf, but is not fo large, and does not ftand fo high on its legs. The ears are fhort, and ereét, the tail rather bufhy; the hair, which is of a reddifh dun colour, is long and thick, but ftrait. It is capable of barking, although not fo rea- dily as the European dogs; is very ill-natured and vicious, and {narls, howls, and moans, like dogs in common. Whether this is the only Dog in New South Wales, and whether they have it in a wild ftate, is not mentioned ; but I thould be inclined to believe they had no other; in which cafe it will conftitute the wolf of that country; and that which is domefticated is only the wild dog tamed, without having yet produced a variety, as in fome parts of America, TAPOA SS = Da Tat 5 LE Ee ean = S : S / Zz ae - i) Z WONG Of, nt ee ae — 4 / London Pultishid as thedct directs Dec 2G, 178, ly IDedbrrett. te} wii io e i ite emer ey Nae iin) ; MH ' ; a f ( S - vi p « ° a a ba) TYG Y, hy tol, ‘be - PIP PY Aly PP PVD 77) Jt ky Soe ee f? a — - — ARP. R -BeN, Week He. WHE UC APROA OT AP A; or TAP ECA: This animal is the fize of a rat, and, has very much the appearance of the martin cat, but hardly fo long in the body in proportion to its fize. The head is flat forwards, and broad from fide to fide, efpecially between the eyes and ears; the nofe is peaked, and projecting beyond the teeth, which makes the upper jaw appear to be confiderably longer than the lower; the eyes are pretty large; the ears broad, efpecially at gear bafe, not becoming regularly narrower to a point, nor with a very {mooth edge, and having a {mall procefs on the concave, or inner furface, near to the bafe. It has long whifkers from the fides of the cheeks, which begin forwards, near the nofe, by {mall and fhort hairs, and become longer and ftronger as they approach the eyes. It has very much the hair of a rat, to which it is fimilar in colour; but near to the fetting on of the tail, it is of a lighter brown, forming a broad ring round it. The fore feet are fhorter than the hind, but much in the fame proportion as thofe of the rat ; the hind feet are Oo more 281 282 AP FP EN DB. more flexible. There are five toes on the fore feet, the middle the largeft, falling off on each fide nearly equally ; but the fore, or inner toe, is rather fhorteft: they are thin from fide to fide, the nails are pretty broad, laterally, and thin at their bafe; not very long but fharp’; the animal | walks on its whole palm, on which there is no hair. The hind feet are pretty long, and have five toes; that which anfwers to our great toe is very fhort, and has no nail; the next is the longeft in the whole, falling gradually off to the outer toe; the fhape of the hind toes is the fame as in the fore feet, as are likewife the nails; it walks nearly on the whole foot. The tail is, long and covered with long hair, but not all of the fame colour. The teeth of this creature are different from any other animal yet known. The mouth is full of teeth. The lower jaw narrow in comparifon to the upper, more efpecially backwards, which allows of much broader grinders in this jaw than in the lower, and which occafions the grinders in the upper jaw to project confiderably over thofe in the lower. In the middle the cufpidati oppofe one another, the upper piercers, or holders, go behind thofe of the lower; the fecond clafs of incifors in the lower jaw overtop thofe of the m& IP CP’ aN Stl 7X. the upper while the two firft in the lower go within, or behind thofe of the upper. In the upper jaw, before the holders, there are four teeth on each fide, three of which are pointed, the point ftanding on the inner furface; and the two in front are longer, ftand more obliquely forwards, and appear to be appropriated for a particular ufe. The holders are a little way behind the laft fore teeth, to allow thofe of the lower jaw to come between. They are pretty long, the cufpidati on each fide become longer and larger towards the grinders; they are points or cones placed on a broad bafe. There are four grinders on each fide, the middle two the largeft, the laft the leaft; their bafe is a triangle of the fca- lenus kind, or having one angle obtufe and two acute. Their bafe is compofed of two furfaces, an inner and an outer, divided by proceffes or points: it is the inner that the grinders of the lower jaw oppofe, when the mouth is regularly fhut. The lower-jaw has three fore teeth, or inci- fors, on each fide; the firft confiderably the largeft, proje&- ing obliquely forwards ; the other two of the fame kind, but fmaller, the laft the fmalleft. The holder in this jaw is not fo large as in the upper jaw, Oo 2 and 283 284 AEP OP. OR Ni TSE oA: and clofe to the incifors. There are three cufpidati, the middle one the largeft, the laft the leaft; thefe are cones ftanding on their bafe, but not on the middle, rather on the anterior fide. There are four grinders, the two middle the largeft, and rather quadrangular, each of which has a high point or cone on the outer edge, with a fmaller, and three more diminutive on the inner edge, It is impoffible to fay critically, what the various forms of thefe teeth are adapted for from the general principles of teeth. In the front we have what may divide and tear off; behind thofe, there are holders or deftroyers; behind the latter, fuch as will affift in mafhing, as the grinders of the lion, and other carniverous animals; and laft of all, grinders, to divide parts into {maller portions, as in the graminiverous tribe: the articulation of the jaw in fome degree admits of all thofe motions. THE te Dal Z TO fg 09h) bow vag rpoypipy 7 CY fr, a eae, 2 2 27 aes a) Le —_——— PRY Va A? Pie Nw . eee. s: 285 wien Ty A POA TAF A: Another animal of the fame fpecies; only differing from the Tapoa Tafa in its external colour, and in being {potted. THE 286 AP FP. END fT THE POTO ROO, or KANGAROO RAT. The head is flat fideways, but not fo much fo as the true Scalpris Dentata. The ears are neither long nor fhort, but much like thofe of a moufe in proportion to the fize of the animal, | The fore legs are fhort in comparifon to the hind. There | are four toes on the fore feet, the two middle are long, and nearly of equal lengths, with long narrow nails, flightly bent; the two fide toes are fhort, and nearly equal in fize, but the outer rather the largeft. From the nails on the two middle toes, one would fuppofe that the animal burrowed. Their hind legs are long, and it is in their power to ftand either on the whole foot, or on the toes only. On the hind legs are three toes, the middle one large, and the two fide ones fhort. The tail is long. The hair on the body is rather thin ; it is of two kinds, a fur, and a long hair, which laft becomes exterior from its length. The fur is the fineft, and is compofed of ferpentine hairs; the long hair is fironger, and isalfo ferpentine, for more than two thirds OG G igigee, Q Libledtet ad the tet aeihtch ’ AU} nM, ; a 7 wt; _ re , a4; = it ba Tae . y % a 7 ¥ oe a UNE ’ a hy 11% a ° AP PORN De wy thirds of its length near to the fkin, and terminates in a pretty ftrong pointed end, like the quill of a hedge hog. It is of a brownifh grey colour, fomething like the brown, or erey rabbit, with a tinge of a greenifh yellow. It has a pouch on the lower part of the belly, the mouth opens forwards, and the cavity extends backwards to the pubis, where it terminates ; on the abdominal furface of this pouch are four nipples or two pair, each pair placed very near the other.. THE 287 ACR Pe Be Np, ek THE HEPOONA 2 ROD: This animal is of the fize of afmall rabbit: it has a broad flat body, the head a good deal refembles that of the fquir- rel: the eyes are full, prominent, and large: the ears broad and thin: its legs fhort, and its tail very long. Between the fore and hind legs, on each fide, is placed a doubling of the: fkin of the fide, which, when the legs are extended laterally, is as it were pulled out, forming a broad lateral wing or fin, and when the legs are made ufe of in walking, this fkin, by its elafticity, isdrawn clofe to the fide of the animal, and forms a kind of ridge, on which the hair has a peculiar appearance. In this refpect it is very fimilar to the flying {quirrel of America. It has five toes on each fore foot, with fharp nails. The hind foot has alfo five toes, but differs confiderably from the fore foot; one of the toes may be called a thumb, having a broad nail, fomething like that of the Monkey or Opoffum: what anfwers to the fore and middle toes are united in one common covering, and appear like one toe with *e Yc ) PUOO? TY ¢ 20 C ( Star yh eee es ‘ ‘ 7 * j » a ‘ q 2 i 4 Li 4 by aly aT yn 5 ASP &, Bon Det with two nails; this is fomewhat fimilar to the Kangaroo, the two other toes are in the common form, thefe four nails are tharp like thofe on the fore foot. This formation of the foot is well calculated for holding any thing while it is moving its body, or its fore foot, to other parts, a property belonging (probably) to all animals who move from the hind parts; fuch as the Monkey, Mocock, i Opoffum, Parrot, Leech, &c. Its hair is very thick and long, making a very fine fur, efpecially on the back. It is of a dark brown grey on the upper part, a light white grey on the lower fide of what may be termed the wing, and white on the under furface, from the neck to the parts adjacent to the anus, P p FEATHER 289 290 KP Pe Rew fe FEATHER ofr trHe CASSOWARY. The feathers of the New Holland Caflowary are of a remarkable conftru@ion ; and may, perhaps, be more eafily delineated than defcribed. The fpecimen is figured of the exact fize, and confifts of two long flender fhafts, extremely flaccid, iffuing from one fmall quill. The feather at the bafe of each fhaft is clofely fet, foft, and floffy, widening and growing harder gradually to the tip, refembling the texture of a dried plant. The colour brownifh afh, whitening towards the quill. Ttfeems incapable of refifting water, or of holding air. This circumftance in the feather, added to the great pliability of the fhaft, is a moft admirable provifion for a bird whofe fafety is entrufted folely to its feet. FISH oe B OC: Konnewn delen: London, Lublifhed as the Act directs, Dec! 29. 1789, by TDebrett. bas a vie AS la | enhevt UT ae Ag PL Po TN | Oe B90: FISH HOOKS or NEW SOUTH WALES. Fig. A. reprefents a hook of the fame fize, formed of a hard black wood-like fubftance, neatly executed, and finifhed with a fmall knob to affift in faftening it to the line; it is well mounted: the line confifts of two ftrands very evenly laid, and twifted hard; made with a graffy fubftance dark in colour, and nearly as fine as raw filk: the length of it is fhewn by the top of the rod being broken off. Fig. B. isa hook of mother of pearl, formed by an internal volute of fome fpiral fhell, affifted by grinding it a little on one fide only: the point of this hook, as well as of the for- mer, feems, to an European, to turn fo much as to render them almoft ufelefs, Pp 2 IMPLEMENTS 291 i) AY PD RE RANDE Tew IMPLEMENTS or NEW SOUTH WALES, AA. isa War Spear, formed of a light reed-like fubftance produced by the Yellow Gum Tree, vide p. 235, which if the ends marked with the letters were joined together, would fhew its full length: the long pointed head is of hard wood, of a reddifh colour, and is faftened into the fhaft in the firmeft manner by a cement of the yellow gum only. B. is a Stick, at one end of which is a fmall peg faftened with the fame cement, and forming a hook: the other end is ornamented with the fhell of the Limpet or Patella, ftuck on with the gum; and, thus conftructed, it is ufed to throw the fpear— in this manner: The fhell end of the ftick being held in the tight hand, and the fpear poifed in the left, the end of the hook at B. is inferted into a hollow at the foot of the fpear at D. and thus thrown with a force fimilar to that of a ftone from a fling: this is {hewn more particularly in a reduced figure at the upper part of the Plate, a. 4. CC. is a Spear or Gig, of a fubftance fimilar to the former, for firiking fifh in the water: the true length of which will be known is Implements of O Ver Sortth Wilor) i i yj i cF —————— ——— — Londen Pubtistved ao thertob dévecto Deo: 2g 1789, by LD chrett / / wiawd = 5 fig, la ory fi? C amin of saerl in Teh an Te | sy > ‘lon het ty) ti 1 fay * Shue a tal ‘ee 4 et ee | hace! j wis anh ji earch AL iia . a Ny ‘he oe _ ki » v ee gS . } x af m ; " i ¥, | ¥ il 3 ‘ A - . , . 2 4 ve d ¥ 4 + A "4 #2 ¥> < A i 7 4 bel | my. he -" at a * Oy ip Ane a epi te mG * a burp FI estan ing) it ‘bing {3 % david te nie ago aE: jai A asah a Weece AST Ke ay Limusl ih UD te ‘ale Te | sb wa in T¢ iy y, a i ; Mrvtie jo sea oe ae se ie unt 4 4 FPP EN Be? X. known by fuppoling the parts joined together at the lettered ends : the fhaft confifts of two pieces, a large anda {mall one, joined by the gum: and the head is compofed of four fticks inferted into the fhaft with gum, and tied together above with flips of bark, which are afterwards tightened by little wedges, driven within the bandage: each of thefe fticks is terminated by the tooth of a fifth, very fharp, and ftuck on by a lump of the gum cement: the fhaft of this inflrument is punctured in many places with very fmall holes, to the pith in the centre, but for what purpofe is not known. H. is a Hatchet, of which the head isa very hard black pebble ftone, rubbed down at one end to an edge; the handle is a ftick of elaftic wood, fplit, which being bent round the middle of the ftone, and the extremities brought together, is ftrongly bound with flips of bark, and holds the head very firmly, as fmiths chiffels are held by hazel fticks in Europe. S. is a kind of blunt Sword, of hard wood, like the head of the fpear A. F, feems to be an inftrument of offence ; it is a flick of the natural growth, with the bark on; the root of which is cut round into a large knob; the end F. is made rough with notches, that it may be held more firmly in the hand. R. is 293 204. OP PY BN OD Te R. is a Bafket, formed by a fingle piece of a brown fibrous bark. This feparated whole from the tree is gathered up at each end in folds, and bound in that form by withes, which alfo make the handle. The Bafket is patched in feveral places with yellow gum, from which it appears to have been fometimes ufed for carrying water. Thefe Implements are drawn from exact meafurements, and fitted to a {cale of three feet, inferted at the foot of the Plate. FLYING- A ae OR my IR a eX, Pik Neu ON: Core ee ye St Ee Exoca&tTus VoLiTANs. This fifth is fo well known to Naturalifts, and is fo fre- quently feen in every voyage, that it is unneceflary to give a particular defcription of it. See Plate page 266. SEA-HORSE, or HIPPOCAMPUS. This animal, like the Flying-fifh, being commonly known, a defcription is not neceffary. It is the Syngnathus Hippo- campus of Linnzus, See Plate page 264. GRANULATED BALISTES. BALISTES GRANULATA. Baliftes pinna dorfali antertore biradiata, corpore granof). Valde affinis B. Papillofo Linnei. Corpus albido-cinerafcens, papillis par- vulis afperfum. Thorax velut in facculum productus. Baliftes with the anterior dorfal fin two-{pined, and the body covered with granules. This fith is extremely nearly allied to the Baliftes Papillofus of Linnzus. The body is of a whitith ath-colour, and covered with {mall papilla. The thorax as it were produced into a Sacculus beneath. See Plate page 254. SOUTHERN 495 AP cP We ND aie. $ OU T. BLE .R N- ACT EE ER ENE: \ ATHERINA AUSTRALIS, Au vere diftinéta ab A. Hepfeto Lin. 2 A. pinna ani radiis fedecim. Corpus fubferrugineum. Cauda forficata. Fafcia lateralis nitidifima. Doubtful whether really diftinét from the A. Hepfetus of Linneus. Atherine with the anal fin furnifhed with fixteen rays. The body is of a fubferruginous caft. The tail ‘forked. The lateral line extremely bright. THE TOBACCO-PIPE Fisk. This fifth is fo well known, that a particular defcription need not be given. It is the Fiftularia Tabacaria of Linneus. REMORA, or SUCGCKING-FISH. The Echeneis Remora of Linnzus. ° This fith, like the preceding, does not require a particu- lar defcription ; is met with in moft feas, and: poffeffes power- fully the faculty of adhefion, by the top of the head; fre- quently to fhips bottoms, whence it is named Remora. NEW COMPO C% a 7 Pe SE Ws Ie. YZ OZ on / Shes We Q The Debacn Vipes CI L. Be eL COTMET ES: Londen , Lu Lhishd. as the Met dtecd Mee. 29 1759 vy 4. Dobrelt wi a oe AY ; a i ; Ue a al fl Can een Lee a 1 ain ¥ (i ‘ i : pay \ eh ae p on UE be ye’ ee ' ut Tif Os ON ah = rae i ; nl EP inh a pA at i ; ee , el pV Cy ML ee AL Bele oN be A ae ae, @ = sa c7 otir Ht lanl C, reefer, as London Pultushd as thedd diredi Dec 2g, YE by TDehrete. APR BM D's x. 297 NEW HOLLAND CREEPER, Female. The general colours of the female are the fame as in the _ male, but lefs vivid; nor has it the white markings on the front of the head and over the eye, but on the cheeks only. The back and breaft are black without white interfperfions. The abdomen black, ftreaked with dufky white ; the yellow on thewings and tail inclining to an olivaceous green, the feathers in the latter obtufely pointed. A {capulary of brown adorns the fhoulders, terminating in a lanceolate fhape, half way down the back. In this bird the bill is longer, and the legs and general form ftouter than the male. Qq DEATHS 298 x? A BM Ee DEATHS between Decemerr 1786 and Jury 1788. On the Paffage. DV amines) «mel Pein arrive Sikh ee ded ive) 6 Meeks bea tae ee Marines: Wivesiys S00 came te he) 8 ie me ee dae After the Landing. Marines’) <2! Ga) VSO £30" OFRROL ROA MSOs 3g Marines Children Die ROME OE APOE REE es dh On the Paffage. Male Convicts -- - - -- = - = = = = 4 = = -~]| 36 Bereleh Gon wide: arty Sire: wosietat- aie bled eile Rortsare 4 Convicts Children’ =) Sov rman bare m 22 eat MR ees Skene eee ‘ After the Landing. Male Conviéts, including two murdered - - - - - - | 22 Female Ditto — (20 2-95) (i ee ee ee ee ee re g Gonvicts (Children ih = ta eee lt Pe et 9 Total 84 Executed, by a fentence of the Criminal Court - - - - - Condemed to death by the Court, but pardoned by the? 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