LA ati amet — - eae lt a. e ty flnke = es adel A PE rng tary tag ip - ee eee ee ee Pap gn gsi tn, ow es PP St ~ ~ “ F NN RT AN GP Fm PF RR Ig = ~ apa ee “ EE ye On we Ne OE ~s - am OP SET POE ORNS nt rar A DEOL O LAA PAE PP a OD ALAR LL DAP EE ee ee " ek ee _p ne etna ~ met ot Ree Te gene Oey gt. Arena ame (CIS WP A pe a a et ee ee DILDO Plt! get Ting a we gti I Si to - ng Ny - Petes Hee jetliner eee —_— A I Sel aay tag Ri late iee ~~ ; a a pews : a = EN RN NE TR PEAR tn Mrs ght ae - . — pm a A Crm OR — yoy es SPI ong LY 2 re eed - Aen e* L-F9- Ce msi 20 Library Arnold Arboretum Harvard University Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 httos://archive.org/details/journalotwashing5219wash JOURNAL of the WASHINGTON ACADEMY of ENCES ‘ \ \ Vol. 52 -* No. 1 JANUARY 1962 sn Wel AR- One RECEIVED JAN 23 1962 aw” JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Editor: SAMUEL B. DETWILER, JR., Department of Agriculture £ a“ . A a ft / ~, j oo = J -~ for . 7 ‘ of A f : Associate Editors FRANK L. Campsett, National Academy of Heinz Specut, National Institutes of Health Sciences Harotp T. Coox, Department of Agriculture RicHarp P. Farrow, National Canners Asso- ciation JoHN K. Tay tor, National Bureau of Standards LAwRENCE A. Woop, National Bureau of Standards RusseLL B. StTEveNs, George Washington University Contributors ALBERT M. Stoner, Applied Physics Laboratory ALPHONSE F, Forziati, National Bureau of Joun A. O’Brien, Jr., Catholic University Standards ELtioTT B. RosBerts, Coast & Geodetic Survey Howarp W. Bonn, National Institutes of Health Marcaret D. Foster, Geological Survey ILEEN E. Stewart, National Science Foundation RussELL B. STEVENS, George Washington ALLEN L. ALEXANDER, Naval Research Laboratory University Victor R. BoswEtt, USDA, Beltsville MoppiEe D. Taytor, Howard University Harotp T. Coox, USDA, Washington FRANK L. CAMPBELL, NAS-NRC Witiiam J. BarLey, University of Maryland This Journal, the official organ of the Washington Academy of Sciences, publishes historical articles, critical reviews, and scholarly scientific articles; notices of meetings and abstract proceedings of meetings of the Academy and its affiliated societies; and regional news items, including personal news, of interest to the entire membership. The Journal appears eight times a year in January to May and October to December. Subscription rate: $7.50 per year (U.S.), $1.00 per copy. Foreign postage extra. Subscription Orders or requests for back numbers or volumes of the Journal, or copies of the Proceedings, should be sent to the Washington Academy of Sciences, 1530 P St., N.W., Washing- ton, D.C. Remittances should be made payable to “Washington Academy of Sciences”. Claims for missing numbers will not be allowed if received more than 60 days after date of mailing plus time normally required for postal delivery and claim. No claims will be allowed because of failure to notify the Academy of a change of address. Changes of address should be sent promptly to the Academy Office, 1530 P St., N.W., Washington, D. C. Such notification should include both old and new addresses and postal zone number, if any. Advertising rates may be obtained from the Editor, care of Academy Office. Second class postage paid at Washington, D. C. OFFICERS OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES President: BENJAMIN D. VAN Evers, George Washington University President-Elect: HkEINz SpEcHT, National Institutes of Health Secretary: GeorcE W. Irvinc, Jr., Department of Agriculture Treasurer: MALCoLM C, HENDERSON, Catholic University Academy to Honor Six Outstanding Scientists Six Washington-area scientists will re- ceive awards for scientific achievement at the Academy’s 64th Annual Meeting and | Dinner, scheduled for January 18 at the Cosmos Club. Recognition for significant achievement will be extended to Robert W. Krauss of the University of Maryland, in the biologi- cal sciences; John D. Hoffman of the National Bureau of Standards, in the physical sciences; Rodney E. Grantham of | the Naval Ordnance Laboratory, in engi- neering; and Lawrence E. Payne of the | University of Maryland, in mathematics. _ Additionally, Charles R. Naeser of George Washington University and Ralph D. Myers of the University of Maryland both will be recognized for outstanding service in the teaching of science. The awards, consisting of scrolls en- erossed with a citation, will be presented by retiring Academy President Philip H. Abelson, following introductions by Chair- man Norman Bekkedahl of the Awards Committee. The awards also include elec- tion to membership in the Academy— where the recipient is not already a mem- ber—with remission of dues for the first two years. The Academy’s awards program was initiated in 1939 to recognize young scientists of the local area for “noteworthy discovery, accomplishment, or publica- tion” in the fields of biology, engineering. and the physical sciences. Awards for outstanding teaching were added in 1955, while mathematics was included for the first time in 1959. Award winners must be under 40 years of age except in science teaching, where _ there is no age limit. This year’s nomina- tions. received from Academy members and from local scientific groups, were evaluated by a series of panels under the JANUARY, 1962 general chairmanship of Dr. Bekkedahl. with panel chairmen as follows: Harald A. Rehder (biological sciences), Malcolm C. Henderson (physical sciences), Free- man K. Hill (engineering), Harry Pola- chek (mathematics), and John K. Taylor (teaching of science). Biological Sciences Cited “for meritorious researches and publications in the physiology of algae,” Robert W. Krauss is professor of plant physiology in the University of Mary- land’s Department of Botany. Born in 1921, he received the B.S. degree from Oberlin in 1947, the M.S. degree from the University of Hawaii in 1949, and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Maryland in 1951. Dr. Krauss held ap- pointments at the Carnegie Institute of Washington (1951-54) and the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole (1955-57) before joining the Maryland staff in 1958. He has numerous publica- tions. Dr. Krauss has been a pioneer in the applied development of algae cultures, and at present directs a very significant project in this field. He is known as an inspiring teacher and colleague. Physical Sciences John D. Hoffman, currently chief of the Dielectrics Section in the Electricity Divi- sion, National Bureau of Standards, was born in 1922. He received a pre-War B.S. degree from Franklin and Marshall, and post-War M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Princeton University. His professional ex- perience includes research at Oak Ridge as a diffusion-plant group leader, and _ re- search in physical chemistry at General Electric. Dr. Hoffman was cited “for fundamental Award Winners at Annual Academy Meeting LL. E. PAYNE contributions to the science of polymer physics.” His theoretical work on dielec- tric relaxation has become an accepted part of the theory of dielectric materials. and his recent concept and analysis of folded-chain polymer crystals has received international acclaim. This theory resolves some paradoxes in the field of polymer behavior. Engineering Rodney EK. Grantham is a supervisory electronic engineer and chief of the Ad- vanced Engineering Division, Air and Sur- face Evaluation Department, at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. Born in 1921, he received the B.S. degree in electrical engi- neering from Purdue University in 1942, and the M.S. degree in physics from George Washington University in 1951: additionally, he has studied at the Uni- versity of Maryland and at MIT Radar School. Mr. Grantham served as an electronic J. D. HorrMAN C. R. NAESER R. E. GRANTHAM RD: Mines scientist at the National Bureau of Stand- ards in the period 1946-1950, and there- after transferred to NOL. During the last 11 years at NOL he has earned an impres- sive number of awards and commendations for his work in missile and communica- tions systems; this work has resulted in 10 patents and about 20 publications. He was cited “for technical management in development of the Polaris arming and fuzing system.” Mathematics Lawrence E. Payne, born in 1923, re- ceived the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from Iowa State College in 1946, 1948, and 1950, respectively. After teaching ex- perience at lowa State and the University of Arizona, he joined the University of Maryland staff in 1951 as research asso- ciate, and advanced to research professor in 1960. Dr. Payne has about 50 publications in various fields of higher mathematics. He je JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES was cited “for his contributions to the theory of partial differential equations.” Teaching of Science Charles R. Naeser is professor of chem- istry and chairman of the Chemistry De- partment of George Washington Uni- versity. After receiving the B.S. degree from the University of Wisconsin and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the Uni- versity of Illinois, he joined the George Washington faculty in 1935. Except for three years of Army service, he has de- voted his entire professional career to teaching and research at that institution. His field of specialization is the lesser- known elements. Dr. Naeser has conducted a very active graduate and undergraduate teaching pro- gram, and has directed the research of many graduate students, particularly in the chemistry of the rare earths. Among his former students now engaged in re- search and teaching throughout the coun- try are the dean of the Graduate School of the University of Nevada, a professor of inorganic chemistry at the University of Minnesota, and a professor of chemistry at George Washington. Dr. Naeser has been very active in af- fairs of the Chemical Society of Washing- ton and the Washington Academy of Sciences, and participates in many second- ary school science education activities. He was cited “for contributions to chemical education, particularly at the university level.” . Ralph D. Myers, co-recipient with Dr. Naeser of the science teaching award, was cited “for outstanding contributions to postgraduate education of area physicists.” He was educated at Cornell University. with B.S., M.A., and Ph.D. degrees in 1934, 1935, and 1937 respectively. His early research was in nuclear theory, and most recently he has been working in solid state theory. Dr. Myers joined the Physics Depart- ment of the University of Maryland in 1936, and became a full professor in 1948. He is chairman of the Depart- ment’s Graduate Committee, and leader of the University’s large research program in solid state phenomena. Dr. Myers is de- scribed as a truly outstanding teacher, who has taught nearly all the regular courses offered in the Physics Department at one time or another during his 23 years at the University. He is called upon by graduate students and his colleagues for advice in problems of physics, more than any other member of the Department. During 1962 Dr. Myers is serving as president of the Philosophical Society of Washington. Soil Reservoirs of Pathogenic Fungi Chester W. Emmons National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health Your invitation that I give the Annual Dinner Lecture this year was highly grati- fying to me as a recently elected Life Member of this Branch and as a medical mycologist. Even when I became an active member of the Branch 25 years ago, medi- cal mycologists felt at home among bac- JANUARY, 1962 teriologists. Now that a legal change in the name of our national society has formally sanctioned the fraternization of *Lecture presented at the Annual Dinner Meet- ing of the Washington Branch of the American Society for Microbiology, November 28, 1961. we) bacteriologists and mycologists, we can anticipate that the bonds between us _ will be strengthened. Mycology and bacteriology have several common meeting grounds. One is in and around that group of microorganisms (the actinomycetes) which have been claimed by both mycologists and bacteriologists. Some of the actinomycetes produce chronic eranulomatous diseases which resemble in certain respects the systemic mycoses. The species of Streptomyces and Nocardia which are the etiologic agents of these diseases grow in soil or compost, and these environmental sources of infection also are reminiscent of mycoses. Morphologi- cally the actinomycetes produce extensive branching hyphae by terminal growth, after the manner of fungi. I concede, how- ever, that these hyphae are narrower than many bacteria and if you all follow Ber- gey's Manual in classifying them among the higher bacteria, I shall not dispute the point. Let me emphasize, however, that soil and humus rather than diseased man or animals are the reservoirs from which pathogenic species of Streptomyces and Nocardia enter the respiratory tract or the subcutaneous tissues of the patient. The free saprophytic growth of fungi which EDITOR’S NOTE—The four principal diseases discussed in this article are defined as follows in “The American Illustrated Medical Dictionary,” 22nd edition (W. B. Saunders Company, 1951) : Coccidioidomycosis.—A disease caused by in- fection of the lungs with Coccidioides immitis. It is marked in initial stages by symptoms re- sembling those of pulmonary tuberculosis. Histoplasmosis——A_ disease of the reticulo- endothelial system caused by infection with the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. It is character- ized by enlargement of the liver and_ spleen, fever, anemia, and leukopenia. Aspergillosis——A diseased condition caused by species of Aspergillus and marked by inflam- matory granulomatous lesions in the skin, ear, orbit, nasal sinuses, lungs, and sometimes in the bones and meninges. Cryptococcosis——An infection by Cryptococcus neoformans which may involve the skin, lungs, or other parts, but has a predilection for the brain and meninges. cause human disease is the subject of my lecture this evening. It is a fundamental concept in any consideration of the sys- temic and subcutaneous mycoses that, with very few exceptions, these mycoses are in- fectious but not contagious diseases, that they do not spread from man to man or animal to man, and that the fungi which cause them are normal components of the varied and complex microflora of the soil or of organic debris in the soil. Man and animals are exposed to infection from this environmental source, most cases of coc- cidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis (and perhaps of other mycoses) are asympto- matic or mild, and contact with the patient is not hazardous. Probably the human or animal host does not play an essential role even in reseeding soil. The pathogenic fungi, once established in a favorable en- vironment, are capable of indefinite growth as saprophytes in suitable soil. These con- cepts are basic to the epidemiologic aspects of the systemic mycoses. They furnish re- liable clues to the solution of many of the previously puzzling aspects of the geo- graphic distribution and sporadic occur- rence of mycoses. For many years before the saprophytic habitats of pathogenic fungi were well known, localized epidemiologic data of various kinds strongly suggested environ- mental sources of infection in the systemic and subcutaneous mycoses. Most of our first attempts to isolate these fungi were like the proverbial search for a needle in the haystack. We still are groping for some of these pathogenic fungi but for Alle- scheria. Nocardia, Histoplasma, Crypto- coccus, some dermatophytes and Asper- villus, we now know where to take samples and we have effective if not efficient methods of isolating these fungi. Once you know how and where to look, the search becomes easy. A similar phenomenon was immortalized by that poet of American foibles and folkways, Ogden Nash: “You shake and shake the catsup bottle: first none ll come and then a lot'Il.” Some of the early reports of the free- 4 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES living saprophytic occurrence of patho- genic fungi were imaginative, and the epidemiological significance of others is equivocal. Bostroem’s report 70 years ago that Actinomyces bovis grows in soil and vegetation and that the disease is acquired by chewing straws resulted from mistaking a contaminant for the pathogen, and this erroneous concept was perpetuated by repetition in some textbooks for 50 years. Beurmann and Gougerot reported 40 years ago the isolation of Sporotrichum schenckii from the scouring rush (Equisetum) and from the beech tree. These sources have not been confirmed by modern studies, but perhaps no one has looked for the fungi in these habitats. We do know that typical strains of S. schenckii are isolated occa- sionally from sphagnum moss, mulching materials, and soil with which gardeners work. More spectacularly, S. schenckii was isolated repeatedly by Brown and associates from timbers and ground waters of certain gold mines in the vicinity of Johannesburg, and nearly 3000 cases of sporotrichosis were seen in miners during a three or four year period before the epidemic was con- trolled by sanitation and by rot-proofing of mine timbers. It may be appropriate to return to the actinomycetes to begin a review of modern studies of the habitats of pathogenic fungi. Two of our former members, Ruth Gordon and W. A. Hagan, in 1936 first isolated Nocardia asteroides from soil by using the time honored “baiting” technic. Taking ad- vantage of the ability of N. asteroides to utilize paraffin, they buried paraffin-coated glass rods in soil and isolated several strains of N. asteroides on this selective medium. The success of their search can be regularly duplicated, but we do not know from systematic studies the extent to which this pathogenic microorganism is distributed geographically in soil. A per- sistent search for Nocardia in sputum has indicated that pulmonary nocardiosis is more prevalent in man than present mor- bidity and mortality statistics record and suggests that this disease sometimes mas- JANUARY, 1962 querades as tuberculosis in the wards of hospitals. A closely related species, JN. brasiliensis, which causes mycetoma in tropical and subtropical areas of the Americas, also probably is a frequent in- habitant of soil. A similar saprophytic habitat is well known for Allescheria boydw and can be confidently assumed for the numerous other fungi which cause mycetomas. A systematic enumeration of all the etio- logic agents of mycoses which are known or suspected to be present in soil would be tedious and out of place on this occasion. I propose to spend the remainder of my) time in discussing four of the important pathogens of man about which we have interesting and well-documented informa- tion. Such a review must include Cocci- dioides immitis. Its first isolation from soil was reported by Stewart and Meyer in 1932 from a soil specimen taken from near a house occupied by patients with coccidi- oidomycosis. In 1942 | isolated this fungus from soil and from many desert rodents in southern Arizona, and interest in the dis- tribution and occurrence of C. immitis has continued. The geographic distribution of C. un- mitis is limited to desert areas, and ani- mals as well as man are accidental hosts to the fungus. The rodents apparently play only an incidental role in maintenance of the fungus in soil, and even reseeding of soil from the carcasses of animals which die of the mycosis probably is of no im- portance in the life history of the fungus. The fungus survives the intense solar radiation of summer in the sheltered and cooler microclimate of the rodent burrow. From this haven it grows (according to the observations and hypothesis of Ege- berg and his associates) after the rainy season makes the desert floor more toler- able to life. It has been assumed that at this time the competition from other fungi and from bacteria in soil is reduced and C. immitis is able to grow rapidly in a soil relatively free of antagonists. C. im- mitis is less thermophilic than many other fungi and its limitation to desert areas cannot be explained merely by its ability to grow at high temperatures. There is no evidence that it has become established, however, in cooler and more humid cli- mates, to which it surely must have been introduced many times by the migrations of human hosts who were infected while resident or in transit in endemic areas of the fungus. Three other pathogens of man have no such geographic limitation but occur around the world. Histoplasmosis was first described in’ Panama in 1905 by Darling, who reported three cases of this mycosis. It is characteristic of this elusive disease that it remained almost unknown in Panama for 50 years thereafter, al- though modern studies now _ indicate clearly its present prevalence there. Path- ologists have uncovered evidence that it was present in this area during the long interval while it was not observed. It was nearly unrecognized in Panama for 50 years because, like coccidioidomycosis. most cases are asymptomatic or are so mild as to be confused with a common cold. Like coccidioidomycosis, the disease is not contagious and the source of infec- tion is in man’s environment. Histoplasma capsulatum was _ isolated from soil first in Loudoun County, Va. The soil specimen was taken under a small chicken house. We made this isolation during an intensive study of histoplasmosis begun after the death of two brothers (the first time two associated cases of histo- plasmosis had been diagnosed.) In a community-wide study we found that hy- persensitivity to the antigen, histoplasmin, began to appear shortly after infancy, that the percentage of histoplasmin reactors rose very sharply in the early school years, and that 84 per cent of the general popula- tion presented evidence of past infection by reacting to histoplasmin. The disease is similarly prevalent in Maryland. In the search for environmental sources of infection, I examined 382 soil specimens before finding the fungus. Now we know where to look and can depend upon finding the fungus regularly in cer- tain areas. Zeidberg and Ajello first called attention in a publication to the frequent association between chicken houses and Histoplasma. No host-parasite relationship is involved. The chicken is not a host of the mycosis and is not susceptible to a progressive infection. The fungus finds an acceptable substratum and habitat in soil enriched by the excreta of the chicken, and can be isolated from the soil under or adjacent to the foundation of many chicken houses. However, it was soon observed that other habitats are equally acceptable to H. capsulatum. It grows in bat guano in caves in many parts of the world. In South Africa, speleologists from the Johannesburg area are generally histoplas- min positive, indicating a past infection. while speleologists from the Cape Town area are generally nonreactive unless they have entered caves in the north. The common brown house bat (£ptesi- cus fuscus) also can provide a suitable environment for the fungus, and we have for many years studied this relationship in an old house near Clarksburg, Md. A colony of more than 100 bats occupies the attic of this residence, and their drop- pings are apparent adjacent to the founda- tion walls of the house where the bats leave the house or approach it for ingress. or where droppings have fallen down be- tween the inner wall and the siding of the house. We isolate H. capsulatum with great regularity from soil collected next to the foundation wall of this house, but rarely find it beyond six feet from the house. With Arthur Greenhall, director of the bat rabies control program in Trini- dad, W. I., we have found a similar asso- ciation in that area where bat infestation of both urban and rural houses is com- monplace. Until recently, histoplasmosis thought to be predominantly rural in dis- tribution, and it was assumed that urban residents with histoplasmosis or evidence Was 6 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES of past infection had been infected during trips to the country. When it became evident that there must be also some ur- ban sources of infection, we began to take soil specimens from selected sites in cities. ‘You may remember the report in a news magazine of a school outbreak of histo- plasmosis in Milan, Mich., in which the children were infected from soil on the playground underneath trees in which starlings roosted. Furcolow and associates reported cases of histoplasmosis in Boy Scouts who helped clear a_ neglected forested ll-acre tract in Mexico, Mo., where starlings again were a factor. The first isolation of Histoplasma cap- sulatum from a congested downtown area was in Washington, D. C. A year ago we isolated the fungus from all of 10 soil specimens collected under sycamore trees in a tiny park at 7th Street and Pennsyl- vania Avenue, N. W., and we have isolated the fungus in subsequent samples from this site. These trees provide roosting sites for large numbers of starlings, and we be- lieve the contamination of the soil by these birds provides the environmental condi- tions suitable for the growth of this patho- genic fungus. Our studies of roosting sites of starlings in other cities on the eastern seaboard are not yet completed. Aspergillosis is a relatively rare disease in man, but it causes many deaths in chicks, turkey poults, wild geese, and quail. Most Emperor penguins brought to zoos die of aspergillosis. Renon reported in 1897 the first comprehensive study of aspergillosis in man. Five of his six cases were in either wig cleaners or pigeon feed- ers. The wig cleaners used meal from cereal grains to comb out the wigs, and Aspergillus was found in the meal. The pigeon feeders masticated grain and fed the enzymatic digest of this process direct- ly from their lips to pigeon squabs. As- pergillosis continued to appear in man after the decline of the wig-cleaning in- dustry, and the disease now is not statis- tically related to pigeon feeding. For 65 years it has been assumed that JaNuaARY, 1962 man, animals, and birds acquire asper- gillosis after exposure to moldy cereal grains upon which the pathogen, Aspergil- lus fumigatus, grows. It is probable that moldy grain or mash and the bedding in brooder and chicken houses are the most frequent sources of infection in domestic birds. A. fumigatus is a common fungus with a wide distribution, and man and birds must be frequently exposed by in- halation to it. In my presidential address to the My- cological Society of America a year ago. I described one type of habitat which supports luxuriant growth of A. fumigatus and, potentially, very heavy exposure to this pathogen. A. fumigatus is thermophilic and it probably grows very commonly in compost piles. One type of compost sup- ports an almost incredibly exuberant growth of this fungus. Leaves and branch- es of trees passed through “‘chippers”’ yield a type of coarse mulch that provides ap- parently optimum conditions for growth of A. fumigatus. A truck load of this material. dumped upon the lawn of a gardener who expects to use it as mulch around azaleas. is usually already undergoing biological “heating” at the time of its delivery. Within a few days, especially if it has been moistened by a shower, it is dusty with mold spores. If disturbed, a gray-green cloud of these spores floats away on the breeze. Microscopic examination reveals the characteristic conidiophores and spores of A. fumigatus. When suspensions of spores from such compost piles were mixed with agar, 90 to 96 per cent of the result- ant colonies were of this fungus. Fortunately, man appears to have a very high natural resistance to aspergillosis. In fact, pulmonary aspergillosis is rare in normal persons and perhaps is_ usually secondary to tuberculosis, silicosis, or some other primary lung disease. Ex- posure by inhalation of the spores is not equivalent to infection, but one of my gardening friends is allergic to this fungus, and on more than one occasion has had to go to bed for a day or two with asthma wi after handling compost heavily overgrown with A. fumigatus. Finally we come to a mycosis which has been known and diagnosed since 1894, but which, in my opinion, has a wider range of clinical manifestations than is now recognized. Cryptococcosis, caused by the yeast-like fungus Cryptococcus neo- formans, is the most frequent fungal cause of meningitis. Pulmonary lesions are fre- quently seen, and it is assumed that the disease begins as a respiratory infection. A prevalent, benign respiratory form, such as we know in coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis, is not recognized. I be- lieve such a respiratory form of the my- cosis occurs, and this belief is based upon some case reports, suggestive experimental data, and the known prevalence of C. neo- formans in man’s environment. In 1894 Sanfelice isolated C. neoformans from peach juice and it was reported in the same year as a cause of human disease. Its isolation was not reported again from sources unrelated to animals or man, until I isolated it from barnyard soil in 1950. In 1955 I found it was regularly present in old nests and droppings under roosting sites of pigeons. This ecological associa- tion was immediately confirmed — by Schwartz in Cincinnati, Littman in New York, and Yamamoto in Japan, and it is now generally recognized as common and almost constant in many parts of the world. Nevertheless, histoplasmosis (and not cryptococcosis) is still associated in the minds of some clinicians (erroneously. I believe) with exposure to pigeon ex- creta. Several outbreaks of pneumonitis in men exposed to old accumulations of pigeon excreta have been recorded in medical literature. The men were exposed to dust while cleaning or demolishing old buildings which had housed pigeons for many years. None of these outbreaks were studied at the time by laboratory proce- dures adequate to make a specific diag- nosis. The diagnosis of histoplasmosis was based (in one case 20 years after the episode) on the history of pneumonitis, roentgenographic changes, and the results of serologic studies which in the light of today’s knowledge must be considered equivocal. The most convincing evidence against the diagnosis of histoplasmosis in these cases is that Histoplasma has never been isolated from pigeon dung on the upper floors of buildings, but we almost invariably find virulent strains of Crypto- coccus neoformans in such accumulations. We have isolated strains of this fungus indistinguishable from those from fatal human cases of cryptococcal meningitis, from sidewalks under fire escapes in downtown Washington, from window ledges, from cupolas on school houses. from the attics of old buildings to which pigeons have had access, and from almost every spot in which we have been able to take specimens from old accumulations of this material. We have isolated it regu- larly in lowa, Virginia and Maryland from pigeon nests in barns and from haymows where the excreta from roosting pigeons accumulates on hay. In these cases, as in the other associations I have mentioned. the pigeon is not a host to the fungus. This is a saprophytic association in which the fungus grows in an unusual substratum which is inhospitable to other fungi. According to “Vital Statistics of the United States,” each of three of the my- coses I have discussed (coccidioidomy- cosis, histoplasmosis, and cryptococcosis ) kills 50 to 75 persons per year. Many medical mycologists and epidemiologists estimate that the actual numbers of diag- nosed and undiagnosed fatal cases may be many times these numbers. The numbers of nonfatal infections cannot be estimated with accuracy, but we know that most of the residents of some endemic areas of coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis are infected at some time. Our epidemiologi- cal tools are inadequate to estimate the frequency of mild forms of aspergillosis and cryptococcosis, but we know from en- vironmental studies that spores of the etiologic agents of these mycoses are 8 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES numerous in the soil we tread and the air we breathe. Man’s natural resistance to progressive infection by molds, and _ the acquisition of immunity after a mild in- fection, are fortunate defenses against ’ these agents of disease. We currently are seeking effective and practical methods of decontamination of soil, and investigating new drugs, in a search for safer and more effective therapy for those unfortunate in- dividuals who acquire progressive and potentially fatal mycoses. The ‘Tarnished Beetles’ A Study of Underpopulation Ross H. Arnett, Jr. Department of Biology, Catholic University of America Introduction Darwin gave us a unifying theme for all field studies of speciation when he pro- posed that a major cause of evolution is population pressure brought about by overpopulation. Almost as important, but generally overlooked or seldom stated, is speciation of underabundant populations, the cause of which is much more subtle than speciation brought about by the fac- tors discussed by Darwin. The under- abundant species represent 90 to 95 per- cent of the described animals and plants. A great majority of these do not occupy all possible areas, not because they are held in check by lack of food or by pre- dators and parasites, but because they are in the process of adaptation to particular environmental conditions. This adapta- tion is slowed down by lack of numbers sufficient to provide for the genetic varia- tion and selection needed, and for very little else at their present evolutionary stage. In support of these statements, | offer the following account of five years of con- * Condensation of a talk presented October 5, 1961, before the Entomological Society of Wash- ington. Paper No. 15, Entomological Series of the Department of Biology, Catholic University. Most of the work reported herein was made pos- sible by National Science Foundation Grant No. 14,272: this help is gratefully acknowledged. JANUARY, 1962 centrated field study of one such under- abundant and extremely variable group. the tarnished beetles, members of the genus Oxacis (family Oedemeridae). A specimen of this genus is shown in Figure Ile The Problem When I started this study of Oxacis beetles 13 years ago, there was an abun- dance of museum material, but all without data other than very general locality labels. Further, the numbers of specimens in each series were so limited that few statistical studies could be made. However, a study of type specimens and the usual museum taxonomic studies of this material per- mitted the separation and identification of many species (Arnett 1958). There remained however, the problem of the significance of the variation within species and the proper evaluation of this variation. In other words, are there many poorly formed (sibling) species, or a few large, but extremely variable, species? It seemed reasonable to suppose that field work could help to show the nature of the variation by finding specimens that were members of the same interbreeding population. Then if the variation were present among the offspring of a single female, one could conclude that it was random throughout the species and had 9 Figure 1. Oxacis subfusca Horn, female, 9 mm. in length, from Pena Blanca, Santa Cruz County Ariz., July 24, 1959, R. H. Arnett, coll. (from a watercolor painting by Eileen R. Van Tassell). no particular evolutionary significance. If, on the other hand, the members of a re- stricted population were uniform (that is, with no greater variation than that found among those species that are clear-cut and are readily separable from other species of their genus), then the variation seen in museum material should be of evolutionary significance. The problem then would be to determine the factors that had brought about the variation. With such observa- tions and thoughts in mind, field work was undertaken. Procedure During the first season (1957) a gen- eral survey was made of the entire area occupied by members of the genus Oxacis. My family and I (Fig. 2) spent nearly three months in the field. We covered 13,000 miles, collecting throughout south- western United States and visiting eleven states of Mexico (Arnett, 1959). During 1958 and 1959 comparative studies of populations in the Sonoran Desert were made. Both before and during the rainy seasons, collections were made at regular intervals at various altitudes on several mountains and adjacent desert areas in southern Arizona and northern Sonora. The 1960 season was spent in Oklahoma and northern Texas for the purpose of find- ing the easternmost extension of the range of the Sonoran Desert species, and to make comparative studies of these populations. In 1961 some of the lacunae were filled in by collecting from the Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas, through the Chihuahuan Desert, and north through New Mexico to northern Arizona. The greater part of the season, however, was spent in the Pena Blanca area near Nogales, Arizona, where several field experiments were undertaken on three separate populations of the tarn- ished beetle, O. subfusca (Fig. 1). The data gathered over this five-year period have made possible the following types of studies, all of which are still in- complete. 1. Statistical analyses of local popula- tions were made to determine the standard deviation and coefficient of variation of several morphological characteristics of these species. These have also been checked 10 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES by the computation of Student’s ¢ for the significance, or level of confidence, of these data. | 2. Comparative studies of the abun- dance and distribution of several species before and during the rainy season were made. 3. Comparisons of populations were made throughout the range for some of the species. For this it was determined by statistical methods that sample stations arranged on a 100-mile grid are of signi- ficance for variational studies within this genus. Further collecting has been under- taken by visiting as many grid stations as possible throughout the range of the species. 4. Studies of local ecological factors have been made as far as possible at each of the stations under survey. 5. During the 1961 season, extensive behavioral studies were made, so that some comparative ethology is now possible. 6. Anatomical studies in the field, which show changing conditions in the digestive tract and reproductive system throughout the adult life, are now underway. 7. Dispersal and movement studies were made by the use of the marking, release, and recovery procedure. (For this method, I suggest the name: PNMR system, stand- ing for Population density = Number ob- served multiplied by number marked and divided by number recaptured. ) 8. Host plant and habitat specificity data have been gathered where possible. The remainder of this paper will report some of the data obtained, and a pre- liminary interpretation of these data. Results Desert islands. The mountains of south- ern Arizona are isolated by a surrounding barrier of desert flatland. The 1957 sea- son of collecting showed that few tarnished beetles are desert inhabitants; most species are found in canyons or at higher levels in the mountains. The next two seasons of collecting before and during the rains yielded the following hypothesis: Most tarnished beetles apparently spend JANUARY, 1962 their larval life in canyons or on moun- tains. As the rainy season progresses, the pollen-feeding adults migrate to the mouth of the canyon where they feed on the new blossoms. Eventually they move out onto the desert floor where they meet members of neighboring populations. Copulation takes place throughout the adult life of these beetles. It may be supposed there- fore, that isolation is incomplete. There is enough intermixing of the respective gene pools to provide the variation seen in these species. This, if true, also ac- counts in part for the lack of clear geo- graphical races in these species. The material available is still under study. The statistical calculations made so far seem to bear this out, and have been partially reported (Arnett, 1960). This study indi- cates that centrifugal population variation has taken place in at least one species. The general effect of this desert island hypothesis seems to be the addition of another dimension, that of ecology. In the eastern United States where ecological change is more gradual, geographical races are more evident because of the absence of the additional complications of partial seasonal isolation and _ perhaps longer breeding seasons accompanied by greater dispersal. Behavior. Several interesting behavioral observations have been added to the grow- ing wealth of data. The best were obtained during the 1961 season, when the actions of the tarnished beetle, Oxacis subfusca, while feeding on prickly poppy were ob- served (Fig. 3) for many hours. In 1959 they were seen to feed on the pollen, not occasionally, as was earlier thought, but routinely. The following account is a typi- cal observation taken from notes made July 22, 1961 in Pena Blanca Canyon, be- sinning at 5:30 a.m. It was light at this hour, but of course the sun had not risen above the canyon rim. Even so, it was bright enough for the poppy blossoms, which close at night, to be open. Two blossoms were under observation, each harboring a single beetle. These were 1] SQW QW . W WRX : WH : RR ANOW N BX4Q RSS AS Kia YY Z Ves STON SS SS Ro GCG SSNS hs a a tarnished beetle in a poppy flower. re JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES called A and B, but B’s actions are omitted from the following record. (A measured 9 mm. in length. ) “A is under the anthers. It emerges _ once or twice during 10-minute periods to feed on the pollen. It keeps its body hid- den. 6:05—A is feeding on the anthers near the base. 6:07—-A emerges from among the anthers and is crawling on top of the pollen sacs. It is feeding by grasp- ing the sacs with its mandibles. It ruptures these and pushes the pollen into its mouth by means of the palpi. It continues to feed, going from anther to anther, leaving little nicks in the side of the partially de- flated sac. Feeding continues steadily. 6:20—an ant, one-half the length of A. crawls onto the flower. A leaves the anthers and moves much more quickly than before and with jerks, which are not characteristic of its normal gait. A is run- ning across the petals waving its antennae. When the ant comes close to A, it goes under a petal. 6:22—A and the ant are both active, neither of them approach the pollen sacs. 6:23—a small bee landed near A, which causes some nervous activ- ity. The bee flies away. (Several honey bees have flown by, but have not stopped to feed on the pollen or nectar.). 6:24— the ant leaves; A is still out on the petals. 6:33—A seems to be “licking” the petals with the ligula. 6:37—a honey bee lands on a petal and searches for the pollen sacs for a moment. and then flies away. A is only slightly excited, but remains on the petal. 6:40 to 6:50—A inactive on petal. 6:50—another ant arrives on the petal; A shows little excitment, but goes to the edge of the petal, where it nearly falls off. Now it crawls under the petal for a moment. but immediately reappears, then ducks back under when the ant approaches. 6:59 —two ants arrive on the poppy blossom and seem to be chasing A. 7:02—A actively runs for a moment, then rears up on the hind two pairs of legs and flies away toward the nearby mesquite trees.” Some tarnished beetles spend the night closed inside the blossoms of prickly JANUARY, 1962 poppy. Others leave the blossoms after feeding and rest in nearby trees. They have been observed to leave the blossoms. circle once or twice, apparently for orien- tation, and then fly to a mesquite or a walnut tree. Their actions in the trees have beeen observed by means of power- ful binoculars. When they first arrive. they are rather active and nervous. They will crawl up and down a leaf several times, but eventually come to rest on the bark of the branch where they remain in- definitely. Specimens have been watched for hours in this position with no move- ment of any sort observed. Beating trees at night has knocked specimens into nets, which shows that some spent the night in this position. Population movements. The first mark- ing experiments were conducted during the 1961 season. Marking was done by painting small spots of quick-drying enamel paint of various colors on the beetles. A code system was used. An as- sortment of colors and positions indicated the date and place of capture and release, so that upon recovery the exact flight dis- tance could be recorded. All marked speci- mens were released in the same quadrant in which they were captured. These first studies showed that these beetles readily fly at least 1500 feet from blossom to blossom, and probably further, although this is the greatest distance yet recorded. Specimens were marked and re- leased some distance from the gasoline lanterns at night. Releases were made at the four points of the compass about 500 feet from the light. Recovery was not made on the night of release, but from one to several nights later. These same speci- mens were also recovered on succeeding days on poppy blossoms up to 1500 feet away. Three areas of poppies were staked out in quadrants of 25 square feet for exten- sive marking experiments. Counts were taken over a period of fifteen days, four times a day at 8 and 10 a.m., noon, and 3 p.m. Up to 200 individuals were marked 3 for a single experiment. These studies showed that there is an hourly as well as a seasonal fluctuation in the population on the poppies. It is reasonable to conclude that the hourly fluctuation is brought about by changes in relative humidity, or more accurately, by rate of evaporation if the latter had been measured. Further, it seems reasonable to suppose that the popu- lation fluctuation over the period was due to the increase of rain, with an increase in the population, and then the drying after the rain, with a decrease in the population, this total population fluctuation being con- nected with the amount of rain falling in this particular area. The marking experiments have also shown that the beetles will move about in a poppy field at random for several days. Then they disappear, apparently going to nearby trees. After a week to ten days they again return to the poppies. This led to another interesting, but inconclusive dis- covery described below. Internal anatomy. When it was first ob- served that these beetles leave the poppies for awhile and then return, some dissec- tions were made in the field. These re- vealed that there is present in both sexes a large sac or diverticulum located im- mediately behind the oesophagus. This sac fills the major part of the abdomen and contains nothing but undigested pol- len. It is obvious that the beetles feed on the pollen until this sac is full, then leave the poppies. At the time they leave, the oviducts of the female are empty, with no sign of egg development, although copula- tion apparently has taken place. These dissections consistently show this condi- tion. Also, in the one case of a specimen recovered after an absence of several days, the sac as well as the oviducts were empty. As yet, full oviducts have never been ob- served. These facts may mean that pollen is used in egg development, which takes place during the absence of the individuals from the poppy fields, and that eggs are laid at this time. Miscellaneous. The total population of the Walker Canyon corral area has been estimated at between 1500 and 3000 adults. This has been done by making use of the PNMR method. The more refined methods of measuring total populations and adjust- ing for survival-rates (i.e., new emerg- ences, invasion, emigration, and death) have not been employed in these computa- tions. Never once was a predator noted. The most disturbing influence on the popula- tions under study were the grasshoppers that emerged at the end of the rainy season when the tarnished beetles had nearly dis- appeared. The grasshoppers eat both the petals and the pollen sacs of the poppies and quickly drive away any remaining tarnished beetles. No spider, bird, or in- sect was observed attacking these beetles. Interpretation of Present Data By all commonly understood definitions. the species of Oxacis are rare. Because of the confusion in the usage of this term, it seems more descriptive to apply the word underabundant when referring to populations such as these. The implication of the use of this term is that of a popula- tion potentially able to increase, and able to continue an adaptive pattern of specia- tion. This is in contrast to a rare popula- tion that has ceased to expand and develop. The rare population is heading toward ex- tinction, or at best, it has ceased to change and expand. Some of the data in support of the theory of underabundant populations have been given above. This may be summar- ized as follows: 1. Many of the species of Oxacis are extremely variable morphologically. so that the separation of species is difficult and is possible only after a study of a large population sample. 2. Partial isolation by desert islands has resulted in minute local population differ- ences, yet there is enough mixing of the various gene pools to keep the species intact and to prevent subspeciation. 3. Present evidence seems to indicate that predation, on the adults at least. does 14 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES not keep the population in check. Lack of food supply of the adults certainly is not a factor. It can only be concluded that the populations remain underabundant because of some unknown factors in their pre-adult ~ development, and some genetical factors which prevent them from occupying a larger range. These factors are many, no doubt, and warrant a much fuller study. At any rate, in contrast to the normal pat- tern of an abundant species, where food supply and predators may be the limiting factors, these conditions do not obtain in the adult tarnished beetles. Future Research Much remains to be done. These re- searches need to be refined by gathering more data in future years. The greatest handicap at the present time is the as-yet- unknown life cycle. During the course of this study it has become increasingly evident that much more could be accomplished by making use of more laboratory equipment in the field. By proper instrumentation, many refined measurements can be made in the field. Microhabitat studies should be made, including records of changes in relative humidity, local rainfall, temperature, and soil chemistry. Better facilities for a study of the changes in internal organs are need- ed and could be available in a mobile laboratory in the form of a converted “camper” type house trailer, equipped with a gasoline-operated power plant and the necessary laboratory equipment. It is hoped that future studies of this type in the Pena Blanca area can be made to test the present theory, not only by a study of the tarnished beetles, but by a study of other organisms, both animals and plants. Literature Cited menett, R. H., Jr. 1958. Contribution towards a monograph of the Oedemeridae. 11. Speciation and distri- bution in the genus Oxacis. Proc. 10th Inter- national Congress of Entomology J, 805-811. JANUARY, 1962 1959. Research report of grant no. 2205. Year Book of the American Philosophical Society 1958, 247-250. 1960. Contribution towards a monograph of the Oedemeridae. 13. The “Fragilis” com- plex of the genus Oxacis. Coleopt. Bull. 14, 33-44. THE BROWNSTONE TOWER Writing this col- umn just before Christmas, I can- not develop a sub- ject that requires time-consuming in- Vie Seino) a Eom. It seems best there- fore to write about the agency that employs me, the National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council (NAS-NRC), which should be better known in Washington than it is. | What is NAS-NRC? To Washingtonians it is a monumental white marble building on Constitution Avenue between 21st and 22nd streets. In the line of marble build- ings, it stands between the Federal Reserve and the American Institute of Pharmacy. To tourists it is a building that excites curiosity. It looks as if some interesting exhibits should be housed in it, but there are displayed only the medals and a copy of the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, and the building is not open to those passing by. To members it is a goal achieved and an opportunity for service— the building is a beautiful symbol of their professional eminence and a convenient place for holding small meetings. To the staff the building is the headquarters of a great variety of activities that depend upon voluntary participation of hundreds of scientists and engineers throughout the United States. There is probably no idea or plan for the improvement of American science or its applications in the United 15 States or abroad that has not been voiced by someone connected with NAS-NRC, and many of these plans are launched within it. Usually NAS-NRC acts in an advisory or catalytic capacity; it does not perform the teaching or research functions of a uni- versity, but it does influence what is done in the universities and in industrial and governmental research and development. A sharper explanation of the functions and activities of NAS-NRC would require, as examples, descriptions of many _ specific projects and proposals. I hope here only to leave with the reader a true, if indis- tinct, impression. As briefly as possible I shall try to answer certain questions: What is the origin of NAS-NRC, how does it work, and how is it supported ? The National Academy of Sciences was established by act of Congress in 1863. It is a private, self-perpetuating body now consisting of more than 600 distinguished natural scientists, who are pledged to ad- vise the Government upon request without financial compensation. During World War I the National Research Council was founded as a reservoir of this country’s scientific talent upon which the Academy could draw as needed for advisory services. Now, so far as public service is concerned, the Academy and the Research Council act as a single organization under President Detlev W. Bronk. The membership of the Academy is divided by scientific disciplines into 14 sections; the smallest with only 11 mem- bers, the largest with 96. There are three groups of members who constitute the Na- tional Research Council—those represent- ing national scientific societies, those repre- senting government, and those representing only themselves, called members-at-large. These three groups are divided among and attached to eight broad subject Divisions of NAS-NRC. They can control the policies of the Divisions and of NAS-NRC as a whole. They may also serve on appropriate committees of NAS-NRC. The majority of those who serve on NAS-NRC committees are neither members of the Academy nor of the Research Council; they are simply competent working scientists or engineers who upon invitation have agreed to give some of their time and contribute from their knowledge and experience, without financial compensation, to collective thought and action on problems, plans, or operations with which their committees are concerned, In addition to the eight subject Divi- sions of the Research Council, there are three Offices—International Relations. Sci- entific Personnel, and Documentation— that are concerned with the needs of all the natural sciences. The staff work of the NAS-NRC is done in its main building and is also scattered among 11 office buildings in Washington. Staff salaries, rental of space, supplies. equipment, communications, travel and subsistence of committee members and staff, etc., are paid from funds from a variety of public and _ private sources. NAS-NRC does not receive annual appro- priations from Congress, but most of its operating funds do come from Government agencies for advisory services requested by them. Useful projects may also be initi- ated in NAS-NRC and offered for support to interested Government or private agen- cies. From what I[ have just said, it should be clear that NAS-NRC is not a fund-granting agency. When and if it appears to be a giver, it is merely allocating funds pro- vided by another agency. Here on Consti- tution Avenue, the National Science Foundation, a Government agency, is the giver; NAS-NRC, a private organization, the receiver. —Frank L. Campbell 16 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Science in Washington SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS This column presents brief items concerning the activities of members of the Academy. Such items may include notices of talks given, im- portant conferences or visits, promotions, awards, election to membership or office in scientific and technical societies, appointment to technical com- mittees, civic activities, and marriages, births, and other family news. Formal contributors are as- signed for the systematic collection of news at institutions employing considerable numbers of Academy members (see list on masthead). How- ever, for the bulk of the membership, we must rely on individuals to send us news concerning themselves and their friends. Contributions may be addressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate Editor, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service, Room 2628 South Building, Washington 25, D. C. CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA W. Gardner Lynn, professor of biol- ogy and head of Department, has been ap- pointed associate editor in embryology for the American Midland Naturalist. Dr. Lynn presented a paper, “Effects of Thiou- rea Treatments on the Histology of the Pituitary in Gambusea,” at the Southeast- ern Regional Meeting of the Division of Comparative Endocrinology, American So- ciety of Zoologists, held in Atlanta Novem- ber 24-25. Frank A. Biberstein, professor of civil engineering and head of Department, has been appointed a member of the Stu- dent Award Committee, American Society for Testing Materials, Middle Atlantic Dis- trict. William R. Osgood, professor of civil engineering, has been appointed a member of the Editorial Subcommittee of the American Society for Testing Materials Committee C-15, Manufactured Masonry Units. JANUARY, 1962 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY George W. Morey visited the Law- rence Radiation Laboratory at Livermore, Calif., for some experimental work on No- vember 13-14, and the Geological Survey Laboratory at Menlo Park, Calif., for con- ferences on November 15. HARRIS RESEARCH LABORATORIES Alfred E. Brown has been appointed to the Scientific Manpower Commission for a three-year term commencing January 1. Dr. Brown also has been elected vice-presi- dent of the Commission. Milton Harris has been elected presi- dent of the Yale Chemists’ Association. Anthony M. Schwartz presented a paper on “Recent Developments in Surface Physics” at the semiannual meeting of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists in New York on November 28. Henry Peper gave a talk on “Inter- actions in Monolayers” at the Toni Com- pany in Chicago on October 26. Both Toni and Harris Research Laboratories are affili- ates of the Gillette Company. Mr. Peper also spoke before the American Home Laundry Conference in Chicago October 27, on the subject of “Soils, Stains, and Detergents.” Milton Harris has been elected to the Advisory Board of Chemical and Engineer- ing News. John Krasny presented a paper en- titled, “Fabric Construction for Wash-and- Wear Cottons,” at the 10th Annual Cotton Chemical Finishing Conference in Wash- ington on November 8. Lyman Fourt presented a paper en- titled, “Biophysics of Clothing for the Cold,” at a meeting of the Northern New England Section of the American Associa- tion of Textile Chemists and Colorists, held October 20 at Natick, Mass. Alfred E. Brown gave a talk before the Raritan Valley Subsection of the North Jersey Section of the American Chemical Society at New Brunswick, N. J., Novem- ber 8, on the subject of “Creative Scien- tists and their Stimulation in Research Laboratories.” Edmund M. Buras, Jr., addressed a luncheon meeting of the Washington Sec- tion, American Institute of Chemists, on ‘Soviet Synthetic Fiber Research,” Novem- ber 14. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS Lawrence M. Kushner has _ been named chief of the Metallurgy Division. Ralph P. Hudson has been appointed chief of the Heat Division. Dr. Hudson will continue to serve temporarily as chief of the Cryogenic Physics Section. NAS-NRC Clem O. Miller has resigned as ex- ecutive secretary of the Division of Chem- istry and Chemical Technology, and effec- tive December 1 has become executive secretary of the Research Fellowships Sec- tion, Division of General Medical Sciences. National Institutes of Health. USDA, BELTSVILLE James H. Turner, research parasitolo- gist at the Beltsville Parasitological Labora- tory. has been awarded a_ Fulbright Research Grant for 1962. Dr. Turner will investigate the pathogenicity and immu- nology of certain ovine parasites at the McMaster Animal Health Laboratory in Sydney, Australia. He will be granted leave from his position as leader of sheep and goat helminth research at the Belts- ville station for the duration of his stay abroad. E. E. Wehr gave talks on “Observa- tions on the Schizogony of Leucocytozoon smithi in the Turkey” at a recent meeting of the Virginia Academy of Sciences, Lex- ington, Va., and the Avian Diseases Meet- ing, Morgantown, W. Va. A. L. Taylor, leader of Nematology Investigations, recently spent two weeks at the Estacion Experimental Agricola, La Molina, Peru, conferring with Dr. Juan E. Simon, in charge of this station, and other research technologists on investigations on the nematode problems in that country. On his return trip he stopped in Biloxi, Miss.. to attend the American Phytopathological Society meetings, December 10-13. USDA, WASHINGTON Justus C. Ward presented a paper en- titled “Proper Use of Pesticides” at the meeting of Entomological Society of America held in Miami, November 27-28. On November 29, he became director of the newly established Pesticides Regulation Division, which will carry out the functions previously performed by the Pesticides Regulation Branch, Plant Pest Control Divi- sion. Harold H. Shepard, as_president- elect of the Entomological Society of Wash- ington, became president at the annual business meeting on December 7. UNCLASSIFIED Henry P. Kalmus, associate technical director of the Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratories. has been awarded the Army’s Gold Medal Award for Exceptional Service. This is the highest award the Army bestows upon a civilian. Dr. Kalmus has been is- sued over 30 patents for inventions, many of which are applicable to missiles, nuclear weapons, and radar and target detection systems which have contributed im- measurably to developments in modern weaponry. Frank M. Setzler has been appointed director of the Southeast Museum of the North American Indian in Marathon, Fla.. according to announcement by the Crane Foundation. Mr. Setzler retired on Janu- ary 1 from the Office of Head Curator of the Department of Anthropology, U. S. National Museum. 18 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AFFILIATED SOCIETIES American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Washington Section The Technical Group on Microelec- tronics, on December 5, sponsored a joint meeting with the Institute of Radio Engi- neers and the American Society of Naval Engineers. Gene Strull, of Westinghouse, spoke on “Molecular Electronics.” On December 6, the Technical Group on Nucleonics, jointly with the Professional Group on Nuclear Science of the Institute of Radio Engineers, met to hear Jack Greene, of the Office of Emergency Plan- ning, assisted by a panel of three (D. C. Cook, L. Costrell, and A. W. Carriker) discuss the problem of “Radiation Instru- ments for Family Use in Civil Defense Emergencies.” The December 12 general wrongly reported in the Calendar last month, presented Maurice J. Gelpi, of the Westinghouse Corporation, in an analysis of “Ultrasonics.” meeting, American Meteorological Society, D.C. Branch Helmut E. Landsberg, Office of Clima- tology, U.S. Weather Bureau, spoke to the Branch on December 20 on the general sub- ject “Modification of Climate by Urbaniza- tion,” pointing out the effects of radical changes in the earth’s surface and air pollu- tion on such factors as _ temperature, humidity, wind, cloudiness, and precipita- tion. This program was accompanied by a short PHS film on air pollution control. American Society of Civil Engineers, National Capital Section “The U.S. Highway Exchange Team Visit to the USSR” was selected as the title of a report by Francis C. Turner, Bureau of Public Roads, at the December 12 din- ner meeting. The group traveled about 8,000 miles through the Soviet Union by air, rail, bus, and automobile to observe construction practices, designs, traffic and equipment. JANUARY, 1962 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Washington Section Judging by the most recent issue of the Section Bulletin, the November meeting, featuring a talk by A. V. Kuznetsov and a film of the Soviet cosmonaut, Titov, was hugely successful. Two papers were presented at the De- cember 14 meeting: “Thermal Design for Power Reactors,” by James Coughlin of Babcock & Wilcox Co.; and “Mechanical Design for Power Reactors,” by Joseph V. Cupo, Allis-Chalmers. Botanical Society of Washington New officers of the Society for 1962 were elected on December 5. They are: A. C. Smith, president; L. C. Cochran, vice-presi- dent; Mason Hale, recording secretary; Marie L. Farr, corresponding secretary; A. A. Piringer, treasurer; and O. L. Justice and D. D. Keck, councillors. Following the installation ceremonies, the retiring president, W. D. McClellan, spoke on “Weeds, Worms, and Other Worrisome Things.” Chemical Society of Washington The December meeting, held at the Na- tional Institutes of Health, featured Karl A. Folkers, executive director of funda- mental research at Merck and Company and president-elect of the American Chemi- cal Society, who spoke on “Newer Aspects of Chemical and Biological Research on Coenzyme Q.” Four Topical Groups held before-dinner meetings. Paul L. Day of FDA addressed the Biochemical Group on “The Science of Biochemistry: Past, Present, and Future.” Milton Orchin of the University of Cin- cinnati addressed the Organic Group on “Cis-trans Isomerization Catalyzed by Selenium.” George F. Fraenkel of Colum- bia University addressed the Physical Group on “The Determination of Electron Distributions from Electron Spin Reson- ance Spectra.” And Bourdon F. Scribner of NBS addressed the Analytical Group on “An Analytical Tour of West Europe.” i Geological Society of Washington G. Arthur Cooper, retiring president, spoke at the December 13 meeting on the topic “Stratigraphy of Glass Mountains, Texas.” The 69th annual meeting of the Society followed, at which time officers for 1962 were elected. Institute of Radio Engineers, Washington Section At the general meeting on December 12, a program postponed from November pre- sented Paul H. Robbins, executive director of the National Society of Professional En- gineers, in an examination of the proposi- tion that “Your Technology is Not Enough.” Technical meetings during the month of December included the following: Decem- ber 4—‘‘Mohole Measurement Problems’”’; December 6—*Civilian Instruments for Measurement of Radiation Fallout’; De- cember 14—*‘Kilomegacycle Computer Cir- cuits and Systems”; December 19— “Scoring Criteria for Determining RFI Damage”; and “Electronically Scanned Satellite Antennas.” Measures are being taken looking toward eventual merger of the Institute of Radio Engineers and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. A detailed considera- tion of this problem appears in the De- cember issue of the Washington Bulletin, by L. V. Berkner. Philosophical Society of Washington The Tenth Annual Christmas Lectures, by Frank D. Drake of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, examined two topics, the first on December 21, the sec- ond on December 22: “Searching for Life in Space,” and “Cosmic Radio Waves.” Officers of the Philosophical Society for 1962 are R. D. Myers, president; F. N. Frenkiel and M. M. Shapiro, vice-presi- dents; L. Slack, corresponding secretary; M. C. Henderson, recording secretary; and J. S. Toll, treasurer. Members-at-large of the General Committee are L. M. Brans- comb, U. Liddel, B. W. Sitterly, and W. J. Youden. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, D.C. Section At the December 7 meeting, held jointly with the local chapter of the American Association of Clinical Chemists, four papers were presented, as follows: “On the Carbohydrate Moiety in Fibrinogen,” by Koloman Laki, NIH; “Development of the Laboratory Detection of Hepatoma in Rainbow Trout,” by S. F. Snieszko, Fish and Wildlife Service; ““Automation in the Clinical Laboratory,” by J. N. Stabile, Walter Reed; and “Effects of Mannitol on Renal Blood Flow in Experimental Hypo- tension,” by W. E. Braun and L. S. Lilien- field, Georgetown University. Society of American Military Engineers, Washington Post Herbert A. Swenson, Geological Survey. addressed the luncheon meeting on De- cember 18 on the topic, “Geological Survey Research in Water.” CALENDAR OF EVENTS Events which will take place, so far as we can determine at the time of writing, are noted below. Where no indication of the program other than date appears, it will in most instances be a regularly scheduled meeting of the society. Last- minute changes in time and place, or emergency cancellations, cannot be reflected here. January 11—American Society of Mechani- eal Engineers, Washington Section PEPCO Auditorium, 10th and E Sts., N.W., 8:00 p.m. 11—Chemiecal Society of Wash- January ington Two Topical Group meetings at 5 p.m.: Inorganic, D. L. Leussing, National Bu- reau of Standards, “The Transition Metal Ion-Mercaptide Coordination Compounds’; Analytical, L. T. Hallett, American Chemi- cal Society, “The Author, the Reader, and the Editor.” Social period at 6 p.m., and dinner at 6:45, at Holy Redeemer Catholic Church, Berwyn Road, College Park. The general meeting at 6:15 will feature 20 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES three concurrent sessions with two speak- ers each, as follows: I. “Recent Advances in Agricultural and Food Chemistry,” with Edward O. Haenni of FDA and Sam R. Hoover of USDA; II. ‘‘Recent Advances ‘in Chemotherapy,” with Abraham Goldin of GWU and Albert Sjoerdsma of NIH; III. “The Chemistry of Macromolecules in Biological Systems,” with Leo Mandelkern of NBS and Sterling B. Hendricks of USDA. All lectures in Nathan L. Drake Lecture Hall, University of Maryland, except that Session III will be held in the Physics Building. January 15—Acoustical Society of America, Washington Chapter National Bureau of Standards, 8:00 p.m. January 15—Institute of Radio Engineers, Washington Section Meeting of Professional Group on En- gineering Management. January 15—Society of American Military Engineers, Washington Post YWCA, 17th and K Sts., N.W. Luncheon at noon. January 16—Columbia Historical Society Annual Meeting in Heurich Mansion. Two papers will be presented: “Chron- icles,” by Miss Elizabeth Clark; and “Divided Loyalties in Washington at Time of the Civil War,” by James H. Whyte. January 16—Institute of Radio Engineers, Washington Section Meeting of Professional Group on An- tennas and Propagation. January 17—Insecticide Society of Wash- ington Symons Hall, University of Maryland, 8:00 p.m. January 17—Washington Society of Engi- neers Powell Auditorium, 8:00 p.m. January 18—Society of American Foresters, Washington Section YWCA, 17th and K Sts., N.W. Dinner meeting at 6:30 p.m. January 19—Institute of Radio Engineers, Washington Section Meeting of Professional Group on Re- liability and Quality Control. JANUARY, 1962 January 22—Institute of Radio Engineers, Washington Section Meeting of Professional Group on Elec- tron Devices. January 23—American Society of Civil En- gineers, National Capital Section Luncheon Meeting, YWCA, 17th and K Sts., N.W., noon. January 23—Institute of Radio Engineers, Washington Section Meeting of Professional Group on Space Electronics and Telemetry. January 23—Society of American Bacteriolo- gists, Washington Branch Walter Reed Medical Center, 8:00 p.m. January 25—American Society of Mechani- cal Engineers, Washington Section PEPCO Auditorium, 10th and E Sts., N.W., 8:00 p.m. BOARD OF MANAGERS MEETING NOTES The Board of Managers held its 541st meeting on November 7 at the National Academy of Sciences, with President Abel- son presiding. Dr. Abelson reviewed the successful out- come of the Institute on Isotopes and Radioactivity which had been concluded during the previous week. He read ex- cerpts of letters from the various high school teachers who had attended the lectures and laboratory as well as com- ments from auditors who also had been present. He indicated that it was planned to outline the whole procedure involved in organizing such an institute with the hope that it would be used as a model through- out the country. On motion of Dr. Rob- bins, the Board unanimously commended Dr. Abelson for his fine performance in organizing and conducting the Institute. The minutes of the 540th meeting were approved with minor corrections. Announcements. Dr. Abelson announced appointment of the Membership Com- mittee’s new Panel on Engineering, as fol- lows: William G. Allen (chairman), John A. Bennett, John L. Torgesen, William A. Geyger, and Joseph M. Caldwell. Meetings Committee. Dr. Frenkiel an- 21 nounced that the next meeting of the Acad- emy would be held on Friday, November 17, and that Roger Revelle of the Depart- ment of Interior would speak on “The Tragic Scissors of Pakistan” —a discussion of lands ruined by irrigation. He observed that the change from the regular Thursday meeting night had been necessitated by the Cosmos Club’s birthday celebration. Dr. Frenkiel also announced that the fol- lowing lecture would be held on Thursday, November 30, at which time Richard H. Bolt of NSF would speak on “Planning Re- sources for Scientific Progress.” Membership Committee. Dr. Robbins gave the first reading of the names of 35 candidates for membership in the Academy. Committee on Grants-in-aid. Dr. Me- Pherson reported that $854 remained for grants-in-aid, after action had been taken by the AAAS to reimburse the Academy for the $300 earlier donated for the sup- port of high school students engaged in summer research. The Board approved an increase in a previously-approved grant to Thomas G. Hoffman of Fairfax High School, from $55 to $100. It also approved a grant of $50 to Richard Peacock for a study of the re- cently-reported “mouse eruption” at Dulles Airport. Policy and Planning Committee. Dr. Campbell reported the Committee’s views on the Academy’s most urgent needs, as follows: (1) Consideration must be given to restaffing the Academy office, to furnish the officers with relief from the chores which beset them; (2) the membership should be increased, partly by reaching more eligible individuals under the present criteria, and partly through consideration of other membership structures which would broaden the base of support; (3) the proposed increase in dues is a vital need. Concerning these needs, Dr. Camp- bell observed that one of the chores, in- volving sales of back issues of the Journal and other Academy publications, might very well be turned over to a commercial organization; and that for staffing the office, it would be desirable to find a re- tired WAS member to serve as executive secretary, with such clerical assistance as could be afforded. Committee on Encouragement of Science Talent. The Secretary reported for Dr. Brenner that the Junior Academy has a growing interest in the publication of an- nual proceedings, and that he was making an effort to promote this in various practi- cal ways. He indicated that papers would be presented again this year at the Junior Academy’s December meeting. Secretary's report. The Secretary re- ported that, as of November 6, there were 641 resident active members, 66 resident emeritus members, 164 nonresident active members, 70 nonresident emeritus mem- bers, and 5 nonresident honorary members. As concerns patron members, of whom there are currently none, he referred to a discussion at the previous Board meeting. concerning the possibility of financial sup- port of the Academy by persons not other- wise qualified for membership. In_ this connection, he provided the Board with a list of names of the Academy’s eight former patrons, elected in the period 1899-1901. The Secretary also reported the names of members deceased since the May meet- ing, as follows: Herbert G. Dorsey, Sears P. Doolittle, Perey W. Bridgman, Gotthold Steiner, John W. McBurney, and Paul R. Heyl. New business. Dr. Frenkiel called atten- tion to the revised Bulletin of the Philo- sophical Society. He circulated copies of a reprint from this periodical, containing the 30th Joseph Henry Lecture by Frances Bitter, on “New Developments in High Magnetic Field Research.” Chicago Academy of Sciences. At the conclusion of regular business, Dr. Mc- Pherson presented a talk on the organiza- tion and program of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. This was one of a series of presentations on academies of science that have been undertaken by members of the Policy and Planning Committee. ip JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Miscellaneous. Dr. Van Evera suggested that the Board consider use of the Journal to carry notices of meetings, in place of the postcard notices presently used; this, he felt, would effect a considerable saving ‘in the Secretary’s budget, although it would require the planning of meetings perhaps five weeks in advance. In the ensuing dis- cussion by Drs. Abelson and F'renkiel, it was brought out that setting up a meeting so far in advance is not always feasible in view of limitations in the availability of speakers; also, that the Journal is geared to the regular “third Thursday” meeting date, and could not expect to handle notices of special meetings on other dates. No conclusions were reached. SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT A special transportation seminar for educators from the University of Belgrade was concluded November 10 at Catholic University. The seminar, sponsored by the International Coopera- tion Administration, was organized to as- sist the visiting professors in planning a school of transportation to be established in Yugoslavia. The Report of the President of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, released on December I1, is an in- teresting account of major advances in understanding the nature of the universe, the structure of the earth, and the mechanisms of life made by scientists of the six research depart- ments of the Institution during the past year. Many of these contributions were made by members of the Washington Academy of Sciences. The National Science Foundation has awarded a cost-sharing contract for research in mechanical language translation to the Ramo-Woolridge Corporation, Canoga Park, Calif. Re- search has been underway on mechanical translation of Russian to English in the Synthetic Intelligence Department of this corporation since 1958. Under this con- JANUARY, 1962 tract, Ramo-Woolridge will undertake to compile a dictionary of approximately 300,000 words of Russian text represent- ing five fields of study, a study on cyclical improvement of the translation program and dictionary, and a study of overall sys- tem considerations to determine how easily modifications and supplements can be in- troduced into the program. Forty meteorologists, representing the weather services of 30 nations, met in Washington on November 13 for a 10-day International Meteoro- logical Satellite Workshop. The pur- pose of the workshop was to share with weathermen throughout the world, the knowledge and _ skills obtained from America’s exploration of space for use in daily weather forecasting. Several days of laboratory work were scheduled to give the participants practice in using actual satel- lite photographs and infrared radiation data to prepare weather analyses. The University of Maryland has been awarded a contract of $912,000 for a four-year interdepartmental re- search study of materials in the solid state. The study is sponsored by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense. It will be con- ducted in the Departments of Physics and Chemistry and the Institute for Molecular Physics. The aim of the study is to aid scientists to understand better the physical properties of materials and their behavior in unusual states in the light of our present knowledge of the structure of matter. The Fourth Institute on Informa- tion Storage and Retrieval will be held February 12-16 at American University. Topics on the program are Organization and Management of Techni- cal Information Centers; Management In- formation Needs to Administer Technical Projects; Selective Dissemination of In- formation; Operation of Technical In- formation Centers; Decision-Making Proc- esses; Guidelines to Technical Library Automation; and Management Control Systems. 23 BYLAWS OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Last Revised in March 1960) ARTICLE [—PurposeEs Section 1. The purposes of the Washington Academy of Sciences shall be: (a) to stimulate interest in the sciences, both pure and applied, and (b) to promote their advancement and the development of their philosophical aspects by the Academy membership and through cooperative action by the affiliated societies. Section 2. These objectives may be attained by, but are not limited to: (a) Publication of a periodical and of occasional scientific monographs and such other publi- cations as may be deemed desirable. (b) Public lectures of broad scope and interest in the fields of science. (c) Sponsoring a Washington Junior Academy of Sciences. (d) Promoting science education and a professional interest in science among people of high school and college age. (e) Accepting or making grants of funds to aid special research projects. (f) Symposia, both formal and small informal, on any aspects of science. (2) Scientific conferences. (h) Organization of, or assistance in, scientific expeditions. (1) Cooperation with other Academies and scientific organizations. (j) Awards of prizes and citations for special merit in science. (k) Maintaining an office and staff to aid in carrying out the purposes of the Academy. ArticLeE II—MEMBERSHIP Section 1. The membership shall consist of three general classes: active members (including those in life and emeritus status), honorary members, and patrons. Section 2. Nominations for active membership shall be presented in writing at a meeting of the Board of Managers, each endorsed by at least two members of the Academy, one of whom shall have knowledge of the nominee’s field. They shall be accompanied by a statement of the qualifi- cations of the nominee and a list of his more important scientific publications and activities. Section 3. Election to active membership shall be by vote of the Board of Managers. Final action on nominations shall be deferred at least one week after presentation to the Board and three-fourths of the vote cast shall be necessary to elect. An election to active membership shall be void if the person elected does not within three months thereafter pay his dues or satisfactorily explain his failure to do so. Section 4. Active members shall be persons who by reason of original research or scientific attainment are deemed worthy of the honor of election to Academy membership. They shall be classed as resident and non-resident, those living within 25 miles of the White House, Washington, D. C., being considered resident members. The number of active members shall not exceed 1500, of whom not more than 1200 shall be resident members, provided that non-resident may become resident members regardless of this limitation. Section 5. Active members in good standing who have attained the age of 65 and are retired from the gainful practice of their profession, or are retired before the age of 65 because of disability, may become emeritus members. Upon request to the treasurer for transfer to this status, they shall be relieved of the further payment of dues, beginning with the following Janu- ary first. Such emeritus members shall receive notices of meetings without charge and, at their request, shall be entitled to receive the Academy periodical at one-half the price to non-members. Section 6. Life members shall be those active members who have made a single payment in accordance with Article III, Section 2, in lieu of annual dues. Section 7. Former active members who resigned in good standing may be reinstated upon application to the Secretary and approval of the Board of Managers, reinstatement being regard- less of the limitations as to size of membership. No consideration of the applicant’s qualifications need be made by the Membership Committee in these cases. 24 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Section 8. Honorary members shall be limited to 15 in number. To be nominated for honorary membership, no less than two-thirds of the number of members of the Membership Committee must (a) recognize the candidate to be distinctly outstanding in scientific accomplish- ments and preferably to have participated or have been interested in the scientific activities of the Washington area, and (b) recommend to the Board of Managers that the candidate be elected. A three-fourths affirmative vote of the Board shall be required for election to honorary ‘membership. The Board of Managers, as an alternative procedure, may nominate for honorary membership and, if two-thirds of the Membership Committee concurs, may then proceed to act on the nomination as though the Membership Committee had initiated the action. Section 9. Persons who have given to the Academy not less than one thousand (1,000) dollars or its equivalent in property shall be eligible for election by the Board of Managers as patrons of the Academy. ArticLeE I]J—DueEs Section 1. The annual dues of resident active members shall be six dollars and of non- resident active members five dollars, payable January 1. Dues for fractional parts of a year shall be at the monthly rate of one-twelfth the annual rate. Emeritus members, honorary members. and patrons shall pay no dues. Section 2. Active members in good standing may be relieved of further payment of dues by making a single payment to provide an annuity equivalent to the annual dues of resident active members (see Art II, Sect. 6). The annuity of such life members shall be computed on the basis of an interest rate to be determined by the Board of Managers. Section 3. Members whose. dues are in arrears for one year shall not be entitled to receive Academy publications. Section 4. Members whose dues are in arrears for more than two years shall be dropped from the rolls of the Academy, upon notice to the Board of Managers unless the Board shall other- wise direct. Persons who have been dropped from membership for nonpayment of dues may be reinstated upon approval of the Board and upon payment of back dues for two years together with dues for the year of reinstatement. ARTICLE [V—OFFICERS Section 1. The officers of the Academy shall be a President, a President-elect, a Secretary, a Treasurer, an Editor, a Managing Editor, an Archivist, and a Custodian of Publications. All shall be chosen from resident members of the Academy. Section 2. The President shall appoint all committees unless otherwise directed by the Board of Managers or provided in the bylaws. He (or his substitute—the President-elect, the Secretary, or the Treasurer, in that order) shall preside at all meetings of the Academy and of the Board of Managers. Section 3. The Secretary shall act as secretary to the Board of Managers and to the Academy at large. He shall conduct all correspondence relating thereto, except as otherwise provided, and shall be the custodian of the corporate seal of the Academy. He shall arrange for the publication in the Academy periodical of the names and professional connections of new members, and also of such proceedings of the Academy, including meetings of the Board of Managers, as may appropriately be of interest to the membership. He shall be responsible for keeping a register of the membership, showing such information as qualifications, elections, acceptances, changes of residence, lapses of membership, resignations and deaths, and for inform- ing the Treasurer of changes affecting the status of members. He shall act as secretary to the Nominating Committee (see Art. VI, Sect. 2). Section 4. The Treasurer shall be responsible for keeping an accurate account of all receipts and disbursements, shall select a suitable depository for current funds which shall be approved by the Executive Committee, and shall invest the permanent funds of the Academy as directed by that Committee. He shall prepare a budget at the beginning of each year which shall be reviewed by the Executive Committee for presentation to and acceptance by the Board of Man- agers. He shall notify the Secretary of the date when each new member qualifies by payment of dues. He shall act as business adviser to the Editor and shall keep necessary records pertaining to the subscription list. In view of his position as Treasurer, however, he shall not be required to sign contracts. He shall pay no bil! until it has been approved in writing by the chairman of the committee or other persons authorized to incur it. The fiscal year of the Academy shall be the same as the calendar year. Section 5. The President and the Treasurer, as directed by the Board of Managers, shall JANUARY, 1962 > 25 jointly assign securities belonging to the Academy and indorse financial and legal papers necessary for the uses of the Academy, except those relating to current expenditures authorized by the Board. In case of disability or absence of the President or Treasurer, the Board of Managers may designate the President-elect or a qualified Delegate as Acting President or an officer of the Academy as Acting Treasurer, who shall perform the duties of these officers during such dis- ability or absence. Section 6. The Editor shall have control of the scientific content of the Academy’s publica- tions. He shall be appointed for an indefinite term subject to annual review by the Board of Managers, on nomination of the Executive Committee. Section 7. The Managing Editor shall sign all contracts and is authorized to supervise all activities connected with the production of the Academy’s publications in accordance with fiscal and editorial plans to be approved annually by the Executive Committee and the Board of Man- agers. He shall be appointed for a term of one year by the Board of Managers on nomination of the Executive Committee. Section 8. The Archivist shall maintain the permanent records of the Academy, including important records Which are no longer in current use by the Secretary, Treasurer or other officer, and such other documents and material as the Board of Managers may direct. The Archivist shall be appointed by the President for a term of three years. Section 9. The Custodian of Publications shall have general supervision of subscriptions for the publications and of the sale of reserve stocks of publications of the Academy. He shall recommend jointly with the Treasurer to the Board of Managers changes in the procedures and prices relative to subscriptions, reserve stocks of publications and reprints. He shall have charge of and be responsible for reserve stocks of the Academy’s publications, and shall maintain a detailed inventory of reserve stocks. The Custodian of Publications shall be appointed by the President for a term of three years. Section 10. All officers and chairmen of standing committees shall submit annual reports at the January meeting of the Board of Managers. Section 11. No one shall be eligible to hold elective office until one year after election to membership. Section 12. Prior to November | of each year the Nominating Committee (Art. VI, Sect. 2), having been notified by the Secretary, shall meet and nominate by preferential ballot, in the manner prescribed by the Board of Managers, one person for each of the offices of President- elect, of Secretary and of Treasurer, and four persons for the two Managers-at-large whose terms expire each year. It shall, at the same time and in like manner, make nominations to fill any vacancy in the foregoing. Not later than November 15, the Secretary shall forward to each Academy member a printed notice of these nominations, with a list of incumbents. Independent nominations may be made in writing by any ten active members. In order to be considered, such nominations must be received by the Secretary before December 1. Section 13. Not later than December 15, the Secretary shall prepare and mail ballots to members. Independent nominations shall be included on the ballot, and the names of the nominees shall be arranged in alphabetical order. When more than two candidates are nominated for the same office the voting shall be by preferential ballot in the manner prescribed by the Board of Managers. The ballot shall contain also a notice to the effect that votes not received by the Secretary before the first Thursday of January, and votes of members whose dues are in arrears for one year, will not be counted. The Committee of Tellers shall count the votes and report the results at the annual meeting of the Academy. Section 14. The newly elected officers shall take office at the close of the annual meeting, the President-elect of the previous year automatically becoming President. ARTICLE V—BOoARD OF MANAGERS Section 1. The activities of the Academy shall be guided by the Board of Managers, con- sisting of the President, the President-elect, one Delegate from each of the affiliated societies, the Secretary, the Treasurer, six elected Managers-at-large, the Editor, the Managing Editor, the Archivist, and the Custodian of Publications. The elected officers of the Academy shall hold like offices on the Board of Managers. Section 2. One Delegate shall be selected by each affiliated society (see Art. VIII, Sect. 3). He shall serve until replaced by his society. Each Delegate is expected to participate in the meetings of the Board of Managers and vote on behalf of his society. 26 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Section 3. The Board of Managers shall transact all business of the Academy not otherwise provided for. A quorum of the Board shall be nine of its members. Section 4. The Board of Managers may provide for such standing and special committees as it deems necessary. Section 5. The Board shall have power to fill vacancies in its own membership until the next annual election. This does not apply to the offices of President and Treasurer (see Art. IV, Sect. 5), nor to Delegates (see Art. V, Sect. 2). ARTICLE VI—CoMMITTEES Section 1. An Executive Committee shall have general supervision of Academy finances, approve the selection of a depository for the current funds, and direct the investment of the permanent funds. At the beginning of the year it shall present to the Board of Managers an itemized statement of receipts and expenditures of the preceding year and a budget based on the estimated receipts and disbursements of the coming year, with such recommendations as may seem desirable. It shall be charged with the duty of considering all activities of the Academy which may tend to maintain and promote relations with the affiliated societies, and with any other business which may be assigned to it by the Board. The Executive Committee shall consist of the President, the President-elect, the Secretary and the Treasurer (or Acting Treasurer) ex officio, as well as two members appointed annually by the President from the membership of the Board. Section 2. The Delegates shall constitute a Nominating Committee (see Art. IV, Sect. 12). The Delegate from the Philosophical Society shall be chairman of the Committee, or, in his absence, the Delegate from another society in the order of seniority as given in Article VIII, Section 1. Section 3. The President shall appoint in advance of the annual meeting an Auditing Committee consisting of three persons, none of whom is an officer, to audit the accounts of the Treasurer (Art. VII, Sect. 1). Section 4. On or before the last Thursday of each year the President shall appoint a com- mittee of three Tellers whose duty it shall be to canvass the ballots (Art. IV, Sec. 13, Art. Wile Seet..1). Section 5. The President shall appoint from the Academy membership such committees as are authorized by the Board of Managers and such special committees as necessary to carry out his functions. Committee appointments shall be staggered as to term whenever it is determined by the Board to be in the interest of continuity of committee affairs. ArTICcLE VII—MEETINGS Section 1. The annual meeting shall be held each year in January. It shall be held on the third Thursday of the month unless otherwise directed by the Board of Managers. At this meet- ing the reports of the Secretary, Treasurer, Auditing Committee (see Art. VI, Sect. 3), and Committee of Tellers shall be presented. Section 2. Other meetings may be held at such time and place as the Board of Managers may determine. Section 3. The rules contained in “Robert’s Rules of Order Revised” shall govern the Academy in all cases to which they are applicable, and in which they are not inconsistent with the bylaws or the special rules of order of the Academy. ArticLe VIII—Corporation Section 1. The term “affiliated societies” in their order of seniority (see Art. VI, Sect. 2) shall be held to cover the: Philosophical Society of Washington Anthropological Society of Washington Biological Society of Washington Chemical Society of Washington Entomological Society of Washington January, 1962 27 National Geographic Society Geological Society of Washington Medical Society of the District of Columbia Columbia Historical Society Botanical Society of Washington Washington Section of Society of American Foresters Washington Society of Engineers Washington Section of American Institute of Electrical Engineers Washington Section of American Society of Mechanical Engineers Helminthological Society of Washington Washington Branch of American Society for Microbiology Washington Post of Society of American Military Engineers Washington Section of Institute of Radio Engineers District of Columbia Section of American Society of Civil Engineers District of Columbia Section of Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine Washington Chapter of American Society for Metals Washington Section of the International Association for Dental Research Washington Section of Institute of the Aerospace Sciences D. C. Branch of American Meteorological Society Insecticide Society of Washington Washington Branch of the Acoustical Society of America Washington Section of the American Nuclear Society and such others as may be hereafter recommended by the Board and elected by two-thirds of the members of the Academy voting, the vote being taken by correspondence. A society may be released from affliation on recommendation of the Board of Managers, and the concurrence of two-thirds of the members of the Academy voting. Section 2. The Academy may assist the affiliated scientific societies of Washington in any matter of common interest, as in joint meetings, or the publication of a joint directory: Provided. it shall not have power to incur for or in the name of one or more of these societies any expense or liability not previously authorized by said society or societies, nor shall it without action of the Board of Managers be responsible for any expenses incurred by one or more of the affiliated societies. Section 3. Each afhliated society shall select one of its members as a Delegate to the Academy who is a resident member of the Academy (Art. V, Sect. 2). Section 4. The Academy may establish and assist a Washington Junior Academy of Sciences for the encouragement of interest in science among students in the Washington area of high school and college age. ArTICLE [X—-AWARDS AND GRANTS-IN-AID Section 1. The Academy may award medals and prizes, or otherwise express its recognition and commendation of scientific work of high merit and distinction in the Washington area. Such recognition shall be given only on approval by the Board of Managers of a recommendation by a committee on awards for scientific achievement. Section 2. The Academy may receive or make grants to aid scientific research in the Wash- ington area. Grants shall be received or made only on approval by the Board of Managers of a recommendation by a committee on grants-in-aid for scientific research. ARTICLE X—-AMENDMENTS Section 1. Amendments to these bylaws shall be proposed by the Board of Managers and submitted to the members of the Academy in the form of a mail ballot accompanied by a state- ment of the reasons for the proposed amendment. A two-thirds majority of those members voting is required for adoption. At least two weeks shall be allowed for the ballots to be returned. Section 2. Any affliated society or any group of ten or more members may propose an amendment to the Board of Managers in writing. The action of the Board in accepting or reject- ing this proposal to amend the bylaws shall be by a vote on a roll call, and the complete roll call shall be entered in the minutes of the meeting. & JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Delegates to the Washington Academy of Sciences, Representing the Local Affiliated Societies* SEM SaGlely Of WaShINgtOny \..................... ccsessvessecsesssnsscsssssssssssovseneesenseceass Lawson M. McKenzie mmtnropological Society of Washington ......................csscssscsesesssessssssseseeeneeen Recina FLANNERY HERZFELD IME GLO IW SEMIN ELON 5. 5..5. =] i \ SN 7\ \ < vas | ETS Vi al fos —\— i WASHINGTON D.C COASTAL PLAIN BOUNDARY IN MARYLAND AFTER COOKE (1951, 1953); IN VIRGINIA ~ AFTER DARTON (1947) THE COASTAL PLAIN AND PIEDMONT a9 (or) chlorite—5 to 10 percent. Colors of the fresh rock are generally dark gray but range from nearly white to very dark, almost black. The darker, finer grained quartzite in hand samples resembles fer- romagnesian rock and may be mistaken for an intrusive. The schist and phyllite of the Wissa- hickon weather readily, producing a buff- colored, reddish, yellow, or drab micaceous clayey, silty soil; the quartzite is somewhat more resistant, but weathers to a fine silty to medium-grained sandy soil, similarly colored. Rocks of Unknown Age Serpentine. Serpentine occurs in various places in the Piedmont in large and small bodies. Only one body of any size has been recognized in the map area, this west of Rockville. The predominating rock, as observed in a quarry, is a gray to black serpentine cut in some places by fine vein- lets of calcite. Mafic Rocks. The formation designated mafic rocks occurs in two large bodies and many small ones in the Washington area. One large body occurs east of Rockville; and the second begins southeast of Rock- ville as a sliver in the Wissahickon and widens in a southerly direction toward the Potomac River, interfingering with other formations. Smaller bodies of mafic rocks occur in Virginia in the vicinity of McLean and elsewhere, scattered throughout the Piedmont part of the area. The mafic rocks encompass a variety of types including tonalite, coarse black gab- bro that is more or less altered, chlorite schist, biotite schist, tale schist, and soap- stone. Some bodies of quartz diorite con- tain so many mafic inclusions that they were mapped with the mafic rocks. Biotite schist, chlorite schist, and horn- blende schist developed from flows or in- trusives of relatively small size may be seen in most of the bedrock formations of the Washington area except in the younger granites. In most places these mafic rocks weather to a dark brown or reddish soil, but where much iron has been leached out a_ pale greenish soil may result. Weathering pro- ceeds to various depths; schist with little quartz weathers more readily than the more massive siliceous types. Laurel Gneiss of Chapman (1942). The Laurel Gneiss of Chapman (1942) was originally named the Laurel migmatite by Cloos and Broedel (1940) after its type locality near the town of Laurel in Prince Georges County, Md. Chapman (1942), in a study of the Laurel at its type locality, concluded that it was derived from the Wissahickon “‘under conditions of stress. high temperature and abundant water.” He therefore suggested that the nongenetic name of gneiss be assigned to the forma- tion; this is the name used on the Mont- gomery County map (Cloos and Cooke, $993). The Laurel Gneiss underlies the area just west of the Prince Georges-Montgomery County line and trends in a southwesterly direction, its west side grading into the Wissahickon, its east side concealed be- neath the Coastal Plain. On the south it is truncated by the Wissahickon in the Dis- trict of Columbia. The Laurel could not be traced in Virginia, but it may make up part of the area mapped as the Sykesville Formation of Jonas (1928) south of the Potomac. In outcrop, the Laurel Gneiss has much the same appearance as the Sykesville. The two formations weather similarly. The Laurel generally has a lighter color and a more uniform grain than the Sykesville. Sykesville Formation of Jonas (1928). The Sykesville Formation was first named the Sykesville Granite by Jonas and shown on the Carroll County, Md. map (1928) as schistose biotite-quartz monzonite. The formation was later described in detail by Stose and Stose (1946). On the Mont- gomery County map (Cloos and Cooke, 1953) the designation “Sykesville Forma- tion” is used, and it is described as “grani- tic-looking schistose rock with numerous inclusions, quartz pebbles, garnets, grading into schist east and westward. Probably 60 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES granitized schist.” The Sykesville Formation of Jonas (1928) underlies a discontinuous area east and southeast of Rockville, where it has a maximum width of a little more than a mile, pinching out about 5 miles farther to the southeast. Lenticular bodies aggre- gating nearly a mile wide occur along Cabin John Branch and extend across the Potomac, south of McLean. These bodies, which are entirely enclosed within the Wis- sahickon Formation, merge south of the river and appear to plunge beneath the Wissahickon south of McLean. A smaller lenticular body of Sykesville rocks lies athwart the Potomac River about 2 miles downstream from Great Falls. It splits into two sections and apparently dies out about a mile south of the river. The major body of Sykesville rocks parallels the Coastal Plain in a belt 2 to 4 miles wide in Virginia, extending north- ward across the Potomac River about 31/4 miles. On the southeast its margin is con- cealed beneath the Coastal Plain. On the south it passes with a gradational contact into granite. In the Washington area the Sykesville Formation of Jonas (1928) appears to be a modified facies of the Wissahickon which, before intrusion of the “Sykesville Granite” contained, along with schist and quartzite, a large component of mafic rocks, probably both intrusive rocks and interbedded flows. Granitic magmas were intruded into the Wissahickon. The resulting intrusive rocks include quartz diorite, biotite granite, granodiorite, and quartz monzonite. These granitic rocks are a very dark gray and contain inclusions of dark gray to black biotite schist or chlorite-epidote-quartz schist, sericite-quartz schist, and quartz fragments. It may be that the original mag- ma was of felsic composition, but because of assimilation of ferromagnesian rocks it took on a darker, mafic aspect. Included in the Sykesville Formation of Jonas (1928) are muscovite or sericite-biotite-quartz schist and gneiss, quartzite, epidote quartz- MarcuH, 1962 ite, and muscovite-biotite quartzite. Rocks of the Sykesville Formation, in spite of their dark-colored appearance, are highly quartzose. The Sykesville Formation of Jonas (1928) does not weather as deeply as the Wissahickon. Soils produced are light and springy and drain readily. When wet they are light brown, and they dry to a still lighter shade. In areas of abundant mafic inclusions the soil may be dark brown or red, approaching in appearance soils de- rived entirely from mafic rocks. Granitic Rocks. Granitic rocks are widely distributed; they range from small bodies covering a few square feet to large linear or irregularly-shaped bodies 6 to 10 square miles in area. Granite and aplite dikes up to several feet in width can be seen in many places. Included in the granitic rocks are the Kensington Granite Gneiss of Cloos (1951), the Bear Island Granodiorite of Cloos (1953), and the rocks mapped only as granite in Virginia. The only large body of Bear Island Granodiorite of Cloos (1953) in the area strikes northwestward across the District line southwest of Bethesda. This body is about 4 miles long and has a maximum width of about a half mile. Three large bodies of Kensington Gran- ite Gneiss of Cloos (1951) extend north from Georgetown in a strip about half a mile wide. Two other bodies, one half and three quarters of a mile wide and about 114 miles long, strike northward from the Potomac River 114 and 5 miles, respec- tively, upstream from Georgetown. In Virginia the rocks mapped as granite occur in three large bodies and many small ones. The largest underlies an area about 3 by 4 miles in the southwest corner of the map area. The second largest, near Falls Church, is about 4 miles long and 2 miles wide. A smaller granite body lies between these two larger areas, about | to 3 miles northwest of Annandale. Many small bodies of granite are scattered over the Piedmont. 61 Pleistocene and Recent Quaternary Ne pr Pleistocene eet eee i a = ) Cian ae _—— Pliocene (?) Tertiary — Miocene Geologic Column of Washington, D. C. and Vicinity Alluvium and Coastal Plain Deposits District of Columbia and Montgomery County, Md. Recent alluvium. Gravel, sand, silt, and clay Colluvium (slope wash). Sand, silt, and clay con- taining quartz frag- ments; on uplands and hillsides in Piedmont. Pamlico Formation and Recent alluvium. Gravel, sand and silt. Includes artificial fill. Terrace Gravels. Remnants of gravel terraces bord- ering the Potomac River and larger streams. Wicomico Formation. Gravel, sand and silt. Lo- cal basal deposits of car- bonaceous clay contain- ing tree stumps and other woody debris. Sunderland Formation. Coarse gravel, boulders, cross-bedded sand, silt and clay. Brandywine Gravel. Pre- dominantly well-rounded, polished pebbles of quartzite, sandstone, and chert with quartz sand. Bryn Mawr Gravel. Coarse, poorly sorted pebbles in red sand and silt Prince Georges County, Md. Pamlico Formation and Recent alluvium. Gravel, sand and silt. Includes artificial fill. Wicomico Formation. Gravel, sand and silt. Lo- cal basal deposits of car- bonaceous clay contain- ing tree stumps and other woody debris. Sunderland Formation. Coarse gravel, boulders, cross-bedded sand, silt and clay. Brandywine Gravel. Pre- dominantly well-rounded, polished pebbles of quartzite, sandstone, and chert with quartz sand. Bryn Mawr Gravel. Coarse, poorly sorted pebbles in red sand and silt Chesapeake Group. Light gray diatomaceous earth and fine yellow sand Virginia Recent alluvium and arti- ficial fill. Gravel, sand, silt, and clay. Artificial fill material Colluvium (slope wash). Sand, silt and clay con- taining quartz frag- ments; on uplands and hillsides in Piedmont. River Terrace deposits at various levels. Gravel, sand and loam; basal part generally unsorted boulders, pebbles and sand. Bryn Mawr Gravel. Coarse, gravel in red clayey silt matrix. Thin, iron ce- mented gravel beds Chesapeake (?) Group. Red and_ yellow silty sandy clay, thin white clay at base JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Cretaceous Potomac Group Alluvium and Coastal Plain Deposits clay varicolored sand and clay A Patuxent Formation. Large Patuxent Formation. Large 5 round pebbles, fine round pebbles, fine & white, pink or yellow white, pink or yellow sand and thin lenses of sand and thin lenses of z white or iron - stained white or iron - stained J clay clay (Contd. ) District of Columbia Prince Georges Virginia and Montgomery County, Md. County, Md. 4 Nanjemoy Formation. Massive pink clay 5 | overlain by fine gray | £ | micaceous glauconitic ~> o i) ‘ é e. sand B i| s | = z2!Aquia Greensand. = Coarse to fine green | glauconitic sand _ lo- | cally lime cemented o :| Brightseat Formation. Fine, és dark gray micaceous :| sandy clay Monmouth Formation. Fine black micaceous_ glau- conitic sand i Patapsco Formation and | Arundel Clay. Dark gray Patapsco Formation and 7 Clava containing ligni- Arundel Clay. Dark gray : 4 PF iecood and eaurian clay, containing ligni- Patapsco, Arundel and 3 bones. Overlain by mas- nae wood and saurian Patuxent Formations, un- = sive maroon clay and jones. Overlain by mas- differentiated, U pper eenlorede cian d and sive maroon clay and beds chiefly pink, red and gray clay with inter- bedded sand lenses that grade into clay lenses; basal part gravel, sand, or arkose in some places Piedmont Area District of Columbia Virginia and Maryland Bear Island Granodiorite (Cloos, 1953). Light colored, discordant, mostly un- Granite. Includes granite, granodiorite, quartz monzonite, and quartz diorite. | foliated Sheared in places, elsewhere undis- a torted. Commonly somewhat altered. E Kensington Granite Gneiss (Cloos, Probably in part equivalent to Bear 2 1951). Highly foliated, coarse; in- Island Granodiorite and Kensington < trusive into the schist complex and mafic rocks Granite Gneiss of Maryland —<— Marcu, 1962 63 Age Unknown > Piedmont Area (Contd.) District of Columbia and Maryland Sykesville Formation (Jonas, 1928). Granitic-looking schistose rock with numerous inclusions, quartz pebbles, and garnets, grading into schist eastward and westward Laurel Gneiss (Chapman, 1942). Very similar to the Sykesville Formation. Grades into Wissahickon Formation. Contains garnets and staurolite Mafic Rocks. Tonalite with inclusions, meladiorite, gabbro, amphibolite, and undifferentiated mafic rocks Serpentine. Black, gray and dark green serpentine Wissahickon Formation. Lower Paleozoic (7) magnetite. and conglomerate Quartz-mica schist and phyllite with garnet and Quartz veins, sandstone Virginia Sykesville Formation (Jonas, 1928). Quartz-mica schist and gneiss, and quartzite; intrusive granitic rocks con- taining inclusions of biotite schist. chlorite-epidote schist, quartz-mica schist, and quartz fragments. May in- clude Laurel Gneiss in Virginia Mafic Rocks. Coarse black gabbro. chlorite schist, chlorite-quartz schist, biotite schist, tale schist, and soap- stone. Wissahickon Formation. Quartz - mica schist, phyllite and quartzite. More or less biotite and chlorite, clinozoisite- epidote and garnet. Accessory sphene. ilmenite, magnetite, and tourmaline Note: Parts of table adapted from Darton (1947), Cooke (1951-1953), and Cloos (1953). The composition of the granitic rocks differs from place to place. Included are biotite granite, muscovite granite, biotite- muscovite granite, granodiorite, quartz monzonite, and quartz diorite. Some of these rocks have been subjected to intense shearing, while others appear undistorted. Much of the rock is altered, the feldspars having been converted to sericite or clino- zoisite-epidote. Most of the granitic rocks are highly siliceous; quartz ranges from 20 to 60 percent. The larger granitic bodies display grada- tional contacts with the surrounding schist, and remnants of schist remain imbedded in the granite in many places. The granite varies considerably in sus- ceptibility to weathering. Soils developed on granite are generally light-colored and sandy; but where many dark-colored in- clusions or schist bodies are in the granite, the soil tends to be reddish and clayey. Aplite. Fine-grained white granite, or aplite, bodies intrude all the Piedmont rocks. They can be seen in many places in the form of dikes, sills, and irregular bodies that range from a fraction of an inch to tens of feet across. Exposures are deeply weathered, except in stream channels, and resemble granulated sugar. They do not form prominences, and may be concealed because of deep weathering and movement of slope wash. All the aplite bodies are white, com- posed of fine-grained quartz and feldspar. In some places minor amounts of tour- maline and white mica are accessory minerals. Quartz Veins. Quartz veins from a frac- tion of an inch to tens of feet across occur in all the Piedmont rocks of the Washing- ton area. Some of the larger veins may be traced for a half mile or more. the smaller ones only a few feet. 64. JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS OF THE | COASTAL PLAIN Lower and Upper Cretaceous Series— Potomac Group In Maryland, the Potomac Group of - Early and Late Cretaceous age is divided into three formations; (1) the Patuxent Formation (Lower Cretaceous), (2) the Arundel Clay, and (3) the Patapsco For- mation (Upper Cretaceous). In nearby Maryland, the Arundel and the Patapsco are not separated, but are considered to- gether. In the Virginia part of the area, - the Potomac Group is considered as a unit. The following descriptions of the forma- tions are in part adapted from Cooke fm 1952). Patuxent Formation. The Patuxent For- mation contains large amounts of sand, | commonly mixed with more or less kaolin '-and mica, gravel composed of large, well- rounded, polished pebbles, and lenses of | vari-colored or white massive clay. The Patuxent is the basal formation of the Coastal Plain; it lies directly upon the crystalline basement and probably was de- posited as outwash from the Piedmont. Shifting stream currents have cut out parts _ of some beds, replacing them with other | materials, so that tracing any unit any great distance is difficult. The Patuxent is overlain unconformably by the Arundel | Clay. The outcrop of the Patuxent is a strip about 3 miles wide between the northeast | corner of the map area and Georgetown. _ An outlier is separated from the main body | by Rock Creek in the District. In Virginia | the Patuxent is included in the Potomac | Group, which crops out in a strip about | 4 to 8 miles wide south of the Potomac | River. Upper Cretaceous Series Arundel Clay. According to Clarke | (1897), “The Arundel Clay consists of a series of large and small lenses of iron-ore- bearing clays which occupy ancient depres- | sions in the surface of the Patuxent forma- tion. The clays are highly carbonaceous. Marcu, 1962 lignitized trunks of trees being often en- countered in an upright position with their larger roots still intact. Scattered through the tough, dark clays are vast quantities of nodules of iron carbonate, at times reach- ing many tons in weight. ... The largest clay lenses reach a thickness of nearly 125 feet.” The Arundel is separated from the under- lying Patuxent Formation by an uncon- formity, and from the overlying Patapsco Formation possibly by an unconformity (Cooke 1952). Patapsco Formation. ““The basal part of the Patapsco Formation is clayey; the upper part also contains clay but is more sandy and contains many lateral transitions from clay into sand. ... The lower clay is commonly maroon. The colors of the upper part are prevailingly lighter, espe- cially the sand, much of which is white. Most of the beds are lenticular but a few near the top are more even and appear to have been deposited in quiet water. Pos- sibly the basal maroon clay properly be- longs to the Arundel rather than the Patap- sco, and some of the upper beds may rep- resent the Raritan . . .” (Cooke, 1952). The Patapsco overlies the Arundel Clay unconformably, and in the Washington area is overlain unconformably by the Monmouth Formation of Late Cretaceous age. The Patapsco Formation crops out in a band east of, and parallel to, the outcrop of the Patuxent Formation north of the Potomac River, attaining a maximum width of about 6 miles in the Washington area. Magothy Formation. The Magothy For- mation was named by Darton (1893) for exposures on the Magothy River. It is not recognized by Cooke, who believes it to be overlapped by the Monmouth in the Wash- ington-Prince Georges County area. How- ever, Meyer (1952) describes it as a thin band paralleling the Patapsco Formation except locally. As described by Meyer it **. . consists essentially of light-gray cross- bedded coarse sand containing a_ small 65 amount of glauconite and pyrite, which oxidizes to iron oxide where exposed, and brown, white, or gray clay. Particles of carbonaceous matter or lignite are common throughout the formation.” Monmouth Formation. According to Cooke (1952) the Monmouth Formation in the Washington area ~* consists chiefly of very fine sand, commonly includ- ing more or less glauconite and mica. The base of the formation consists of a gravel bed about two feet thick containing well- rounded pebbles and coarse pink quartz sand. This bed merges upward into fine micaceous sand that weathers rusty brown. Fresher exposures are colored gray-green to nearly black by the unaltered glauconite. In this condition the Monmouth closely resembles the Eocene Aquia_ greensand, which overlies it, but from which it can be distinguished by its characteristic fossils. Moreover, the basal Aquia is commonly coarser and contains more and coarser grains of glauconite than the Monmouth.” The Monmouth Formation unconform- ably overlies the Patapsco Formation and is overlain unconformably by the Paleocene Brightseat Formation, or by the Miocene Chesapeake Group. The Monmouth For- mation crops out in the stream valleys of Oxon Run and Henson Creek in the south- east part of the map area. Tertiary System—Paleocene Series brightseat Formation. The Brightseat was named by Bennett and Collins (1952) from exposures about 1144 miles south- southeast of the east corner of the District. At this locality it is a light gray to dark gray micaceous sandy or silty clay, in- durated in places, the lower part fossili- ferous (Bennett and Collins, 1952). The thickness is extremely variable from place to place and it is not everywhere present. Eocene Series—Pamunkey Group The Pamunkey was considered a forma- tion by Darton (1891) from exposures on the Pamunkey River, Va. It was later divided by Clark and Martin (1901) into two formations, the Nanjemoy above and the Aquia below. Aquia Greensand. Cooke (1952) prefers the name “Aquia Greensand” for the for- mation in this region because glauconite is the dominant mineral in it. “The glauconite of the Aquia is com- monly in rather large grains, particularly in the lower part of the formation. It is nearly everywhere mixed with somewhat finer sand, which is less conspicuous be- cause of its neutral color, though it may exceed the glauconite in actual volume. The Aquia includes several local ledges of marlstone in which the glauconitic sand is cemented by lime. Fresh exposures of the Aquia are generally very dark green but this color alters to rusty-brown in time be- cause of oxidation of the iron in the glauconite.” “The Aquia lies unconformably on the eroded surface of the Paleocene Brightseat formation or overlaps on older forma- tions” (Cooke, 1952). In the map area it lies upon the Monmouth Formation. The Nanjemoy overlies the Aquia Greensand. probably with an unconformable relation- ship. The Aquia crops out in a band parallel to the Monmouth in the valleys of Oxon Run and Henson Creek. Nanjemoy Formation. The following description of the Nanjemoy Formation is from Cooke (1952). “The most distinctive part of the Nan- jemoy formation in Prince Georges County is a bed of pink plastic clay called the Marlboro clay member of the Nanjemoy (Clark and Martin. 1901: Darton, 1948). that lies directly on the Aquia Greensand. This is overlain by gray to green glauco- nitic sand very like the Aquia in appear- ance but commonly somewhat finer. . . . The full thickness of the overlying glauco- nitic sand is not known. Clark and Martin (1901) report the total thickness of the formation as 125 feet.” The Nanjemoy Formation crops out only along Tinkers Creek in the southeast corner of the Washington map area. 66 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Miocene Series—Chesapeake Group The Chesapeake Formation was the name given by Darton (1891) to the marine deposits of Miocene age in the Chesapeake Bay area. It now has the status of a group ‘which has been divided into three forma- tions (Shattuck, 1902) in descending order: The St. Marys, Choptank, and Cal- vert Formations. The Chesapeake Group is undifferentiated in the Washington area. “In Prince Georges County the Miocene consists chiefly of dark-gray to light-gray clay, which weathers readily into fine fluffy sand or silt. . . . At some places the basal Miocene deposits are carbonaceous. Else- where they contain enough glauconite to impart a green or gray color’ (Cooke, 1952). The Chesapeake Group crops out in southeast Washington and in stream valleys in the southeast corner of the map area. Pliocene(?) Series Bryn Mawr Gravel. “In this area the Bryn Mawr consists of coarse, poorly sorted pebbles in red sand and silt. The bright red color distinguishes it from the pink or yellow Brandywine formation, with which it is nowhere in contact. It is further distinguished by its altitude, being every- where higher. In the District of Columbia it ranges in altitude from approximately 390 to 410 feet above sea level, and near Tysons Crossroads in Fairfax County, Virginia, red gravel, presumably Bryn Mawr stands as high as 518 feet” (Cooke, 1952). Brandywine Gravel. The Brandywine is described by Cooke (1952) as “. . . pre- dominantly well-rounded, polished pebbles of quartzite, sandstone and chert mingled with fairly clean quartz sand. The pebbles are not well sorted as to size, but the size decreases toward the southeast and_ the gravel becomes progressively somewhat better sorted. The gravel is commonly over- lain by silt... . “The main body of the Brandwyine lies unconformably on the Chesapeake group, Marcu, 1962 (capping the uplands southeast of the Dis- trict). Outliers at the U.S. Soldiers Home, and on northern Sixteenth Street, in the District of Columbia, overlap the Miocene and lie on the Patuxent formation crystalline rocks.” and In Virginia the Brandywine, as limited by Cooke (1931) was mapped with River Terrace deposits by Darton (1947). Quaternary System—Pleistocene Series Sunderland Formation. “The Sunderland consists of coarse gravel, including cobbles (boulders) a foot or more in diameter, cross-bedded sand. silt and clay. The color ranges from orange-red to pink, yellow, and blue-gray. The maximum thickness of the Sunderland is probably about 40 to 50 feet. Variations in altitude of the Sunder- land seem to be caused by inequalities in the valley floor on which it was deposited = (Cooke, 1952): The Sunderland crops out near the east corner of the District of Columbia. in southeast Washington, in Maryland at Oxon Hill, and near Fort Foote. The Sunderland Formation was not dif- ferentiated in Virginia but was included by Darton (1947) in the River Terrace de- posits. “In this area (Prince Georges County) the Wicomico consists of a coarse gravel bed at the base and finer sand and silt above. The color of the silt ranges from yellow to drab to dirty white. There are also local deposits of carbonaceous clay containing tree stumps and other woody debris. The Wicomico formation rarely exceeds 30 feet in thick- ness” (Cooke, 1952). In the District of Columbia the Wicomico extends from Florida Avenue to the White House and from Rock Creek to the Ana- costia River. A narrow strip along the left bank of the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers broadens up the branches of the Anacostia. Other Wicomico outcrops occupy the val- leys of Henson Creek and Tinker Creek. The Wicomico Formation was not differ- Wicomico Formation. 67 entiated in Virginia, but was included by Darton (1947) in the River Terrace de- posits. Pamlico Formation. “In this region (Washington) the Pamlico is entirely flu- viatile and estuarine. It consists chiefly of gravel, sand and silt. The deposits probably do not exceed 30 feet in thickness. “The Pamlico formation occupies the valley floors of all streams except the very smallest below an altitude of 25 feet... . The area mapped as Pamlico includes also tidal marsh and other alluvial deposits of Recent age as well as artificial fill . . .” (Cooke, 1952). In Virginia the Pamlico Formation is undifferentiated and is included in the Re- cent Alluvium and artificial fill. Late Pleistocene and Recent Alluvium Colluvium. In addition to the deep re- sidual weathered mantle of the Piedmont. large areas are covered to various depths with transported deposits, sometimes called colluvium. Characteristically, the colluvium is composed of a pavement of angular weathered quartz fragments up to 6 inches long, lying directly upon the weathered bedrock surface and overlain by several feet of reddish or buff colored clayey silt which generally contains scattered quartz fragments. In some sections one or more thin beds of weathered quartz fragments, more or less parallel to the bedrock sur- face, are the only indication of bedding which elsewhere in the section may be obscure or lacking. Recent Alluvium. Recent alluvium is confined to stream channels and_ flood plains and is generally only a few feet thick, but in some places it may exceed 20 feet. It consists of clay, sand, and gravel, REFERENCES CITED Bennett, R. R., and Collins, G. G., 1952. Bright- seat formation, a new name for sediments of Paleocene age in Maryland. Washington Acad. Sci. Jour. 42. Chapman, R. W., 1942. “Pseudomigmatite” in the Piedmont of Maryland. Geol. Soc. America Bull. 52 (9), 1299-1330. Clark, W. B., 1897. Outline of present knowledge of the physical features of Maryland em- bracing an account of the physiography, geology, and natural resources. Maryland Geol. Survey 1, 139-228. and Martin, G. C., 1901. The Eocene deposits of Maryland. Maryland Geol. Survey. Cloos, Ernst and Broedel, C. H., 1940. Geologic map of Howard County and adjacent parts of Montgomery and Baltimore Counties, scale 1:62,500. Maryland Geol. Survey. —-— and Cooke, C. W., 1951. Geologic map of Prince Georges County, Maryland and the District of Columbia, scale 1:62,500. Maryland Dept. of Geology, Mines and Water Resources. , 1953. Geologic map of Montgomery County and the District of Columbia, scale 1:62,500. Maryland Dept. of Geology, Mines and Water Resources. Cooke, C. W., 1952. Sedimentary deposits of Prince Georges County and the District of Columbia. Jn Geology and water resources of Prince Georges County, Maryland. Mary- land Dept. of Geology, Mines and Water Re- sources, Bull. 10. Darton, N. H., 1891. Mesozoic and Cenozoic for- mations of eastern Virginia and Maryland. Geol. Soc. America Bull. 2, 431-450. , 1947. Sedimentary formations of Wash- ington, D. C., and vicinity. Map, scale 1:31,680. U. S. Geol. Survey. , 1948. The Marlboro clay Eocene. Econ. Geol. 43, 154-155. Jonas, A. L, 1928. Geologic map of Carroll County, Maryland. Maryland Geol. Survey. , 1929. Structure of the metamorphic belt of the central Appalachians. Geol. Soc. America Bull. 40, (2), 503-513. Meyer, Gerald, 1952. Ground-water resources of Prince Georges County (Maryland). Jn Geol- ogy and water resources of Prince Georges County. Maryland Dept. Geology, Mines and Water Resources, Bull. 10. Moore, R. C., 1933. Historical Geology. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 673 pp. Shattuck, G. B., 1902. The Miocene problem of Maryland [abs]. Science, new ser. 15, 906. Stose, G .W., and Stose, A. J., 1946. Geology of Carroll and Frederick Counties Maryland. In The physical features of Carroll and Frederick Counties, Maryland Dept. of Geo- logy, Mines and Water Resources. 68 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THE BROWNSTONE TOWER Everybody who ‘receives _ this Journal is aware of the initials DNA and RNA and of the current phrase “cracking t _h. € code,” carried by both nucleic acids, that determines what proteins shall be synthesized in living cells. | was curious to find out whether my unrefreshed, ante- bellum chemistry would enable me_ to understand what is going on in this ex- tremely active field of chemical genetics. For enlightenment I went to our own National Institutes of Health to see a young man, Marshall Nirenberg, whose name, not yet in American Men of Science or on the rolls of the Washington Academy of Sciences, is becoming known nationally and internationally as a pioneer in “crack- ing the code.” Organizationally, Dr. Nirenberg is a member of the staff of the Section on Metabolic Enzymes in the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Metabolism, National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Dis- eases. The chain of command begins with DeWitt Stetten, Jr., associate director in charge of research, over Leon A. Heppel. chief of the laboratory, over Gordon Tom- kins, chief of the section, over Dr. Niren- berg, who has three professional associates (Heinrich J. Matthaei, Oliver W. Jones. and Samuel H. Barondes) and two labora- tory assistants. Physically, Dr. Nirenberg is to be found in D Corridor on the eighth floor, north- west wing, of the big Clinical Center. His name appears beside the door of Room 13. Arriving ahead of the time of my appoint- ment, I retreated when I found standing room only in 13, and little of that. The hall. too, was lined with a variety of equipment that could not be accommodated in the Marcy, 1962 laboratory rooms. At noon [| met Dr. Nirenberg, and we went to lunch with Carl Brewer in the pleasant dining room of the new office building, No. 31, which houses the Division of General Medical Sciences, the Division of Research Grants, and extramural program staffs of the several Institutes. At lunch Dr. Nirenberg explained his work to me. As I understand it, he and his associates were the first to report synthesis of a known protein-like substance (polyphenylalanine) in a cell-free medium containing amino acids and a _ synthetic RNA, the synthesis of which was directed by polyuridylic acid. This RNA was spe- cific for the polymerization of phenylala- nine. Thus it was shown how to go about the business of synthesizing other proteins from other RNA’s of known composition. and eventually to relate the sequence of amino acids in the resulting protein to the sequence of basic groups in the tem- plate RNA; ie., to decipher the code, which may be universal. Carl Brewer pointed out that the whole story of the development of concepts of the DNA-RNA role in heredity, beginning in 1953, was well told in a long article in the New York Times of February 2, 1962; and, of course. many other popular articles have been written about the subject. Dr. Nirenberg. whose work is outlined in the Times story, endorsed it. | recommend it. Being engaged, as I am, in desk work in biology, it was refreshing to be in the presence of one who is in hot pursuit of knowledge, who has more experiments in mind than he can carry out. He is free to develop his research as he sees fit and is really not under scientific direction of those named in the second paragraph. His work is controlled by his own thinking and by results obtained by others working along similar lines. Communication is very important in such a rapidly developing subject, and there is a grapevine that car- ries the word among the members of the DNA-RNA fraternity. At NIH he is par- 69 ticularly indebted to Drs. Heppel, Singer. and Berman for advice and help. At lunch Dr. Nirenberg was wearing his torn white laboratory coat, a symbol of his absorption in his work. I surmised that he might not count the hours he spends in the laboratory. “True,” he said, and added that he lives on the campus in an apart- ment house built for physicians who must be close to the Clinical Center. Thus if an idea strikes him at home, he can be in the laboratory in a few minutes to try it out. He showed me around his laboratory and nearby instrument rooms. Electronics baffle me, and I could respond only to a very simple device in the hall, a large heavy thermos jug containing liquid nitro- gen in which tubes containing enzymes are suspended. At such low temperatures the activity of enzymes is preserved for months. Dr. Nirenberg was not always destined for biochemistry. He graduated from the University of Florida in 1948 not knowing what he wanted to do. He tried more than one occupation, and in 1952 took a master’s degree in entomology, also at the University of Florida. His dissertation was on the Trichoptera of Alachua County— aquatic insects of no economic importance. He had taken a minor in biochemistry, and decided to work for a Ph.D. degree in that subject at the University of Michigan, under James F. Hogg. He took his doctor’s degree in 1957. Since then he has worked at NIH, first on postdoctoral fellowships, then as a member of the staff. The attention he has received lately must be somewhat distracting, and he must be reluctant to give up his valuable time to instruct poorly prepared people like me in the purpose. methodology, and significance of his work. Yet he is doing so patiently and cheerfully. We hope that he may have the satisfaction of solving many of the problems now in his mind, and will enjoy both the regard of his colleagues and public recognition of his achievements. —Frank L. Campbell NOMINATIONS INVITED FOR WILEY AWARD The Association of Official Agricultural Chemists invites nominations for the sixth annual Harvey W. Wiley Award for the development and_ establishment of methods of analytical chemistry. This award, of $500 cash, is given in honor of Dr. Wiley, father of the Pure Food Laws and a founder of AOAC. Nominations, which must be accom- panied by a biographical sketch of the nominee, a list of his publications, specific identification of the work on which the nomination is based, and an appraisal of the nominee's accomplishments—particu- larly the work to be recognized by the award—must be received by the AOAC secretariat prior to April 1. Eight copies of the nominating material must be furnished. Nominations or re- quests for further information should be sent to the AOAC Secretary, Box 540. Benjamin Franklin Station, Washington 4. 70 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ORGANIZATION FOR 1962 Officers President BENJAMIN D. VAN EVERA George Washington University (FE 8-0250, X681; home CL 6-3298 : President-Elect HEINZ SPECHT National Institutes of Health (496-5730; home WH 2-4159) Secretary GEORGE W. I[RvING, JR. Department of Agriculture (DU 8-5134; home OL 2-8564) Treasurer MAtcoLm C. HENDERSON Catholic University (LA 9-6000 X313; home CO 5-1252) Managers Term through 1962 WiLtitiAM G. BROMBACHER National Bureau of Standards (EM 2-4040 X7619; home OL 2-5031) 1962 AUREL G. FOSTER Department of Agriculture, Beltsville (GR 4-4800 X387; home WA 7-4613) 1963 ALPHONSE F. ForzIatI Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratories (EM 2-8000; home JU 8-9617) 1963 LEO SCHUBERT American University (WO 6-6800 X267; home OL 4-7565) 1964. RussetLt B. STEVENS George Washington University (FE 8-0250 X459; home EL 6-2232) 1964 Haroutp H. SHEPARD (Home OT 4-7050) Committee Chairmen * Executive Committee BENJAMIN D. VAN EVERA George Washington University FE 8-0250 X681; home CL 6-3298) (The Executive Committee consists of the president, president-elect, secretary, treasurer, and Alfred E. Brown and Russell B. Stevens for the Board of Managers.) Meetings Francois N. FRENKIEL David Taylor Model Basin (EM 5-2600 X292; home WO 6-2344) Membership Mary Louise RopBins George Washington University (FE 3-9000 X510; home OL 2-5410) Publications DEAN B. CowlE Dept. Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution (WO 6-0863; home OL 2-7530) Grants-in-Aid ArcHIBALD T. McPuHerson’ National Bureau of Standards (EM 2-4040 X7218; home WH 2-4055) Policy and Planning Wayne C. HALL Naval Research Laboratory (JO 3-6600 X1864; home LO 7-3728) Encouragement of ABNER BRENNER National Bureau of Standards Science Talent (EM 2-4040 X7266; home OL 4-4191) Science Education JouHn K. Tayior National Bureau of Standards (EM 2-4040 X7855:; home WA 7-4659) Delegates of Affiliated Societies See inside rear cover. * Complete committee rosters will be published as soon as available. Marcu, 1962 fat The Journal Editor SAMUEL B. DETWILER, JR. Department of Agriculture (DU 8-6548; home JA 7-8775) Associate Editors FRANK L, CAMPBELL National Academy of Sciences Harotp T. CooKx Department of Agriculture RicHAgD P. Farrow National Canners Association HEINZ SPECHT National Institutes of Health RussELut B. STEVENS George Washington University JoHN K. TAYLOR National Bureau of Standards LAWRENCE A. Woop National Bureau of Standards 1962 BUDGET APPROVED The following budget for 1962 was approved by the Board of Managers at its meeting of February 6. For comparative purposes, actual expenses in 1961 also are shown. Also included are income figures for 1961 (actual) and 1962 (estimated). 1962 estimated 1961 actual Receipts | Dv eRe es, eC Ee ST oR ea A HC. Gh Meer en $9,930 $5,708 Journal subseriptions;, back assess Teprimts, ..6.2.2-<+.... chee 3,500 3,476 Interestidividends, ‘capital Sains cesses nh say oe a ee 4,000 3,944* Services: to. JOIME BOakd Ose, s hsb. eee eee 200 200 Miss bs Rene pe Stee tk oe en i eI nea, ee MOTE SS. kA Ba Tate kN Ba. $17,630 $13,328 *Plus $684 stock. Expenses Journal printing” (G4ssues at. $725 per Issue) oc cca ee eee ane $5,800 $5,708 (11 issues) Journal addressing, postage, miscellaneous ......................:cccccceccuseneeenee 700 600 (approx. ) Part-time employee in treasurer’s office at Academy headquarters ...... 2,880 1,639 Miscellaneous office expenses (FICA, telephone, supplies). .................. 480 0 Secretary (share of above, plus stenographic services) ......................- 500 0 Secretary (meeting notices, printing, addressing, list maintenance, mrscellaneGus ie pore erence ee Ee Ne Ne 2,500 2,254 Executive secretary at Academy headquarters ......................:0ccccceeeee 2,000 0 Meetings Committee (hall, refreshments, dinners) ...............0..0000..0.... 1,700 1,661 Other committees: Awards. for’ Scientific ‘Achievement: 22 oe oo ee ae 30 28 Grants-in-Aid tor Wweseatch sc) obs nee ee ee ere 400 376 Encouragement of Science -Lalente.u: 2. 5.7cen ee 250 310 Science “Education 5 oii ies ie ee oe se 500 500 Science ‘calendar: 275.22 ee ee 25 25 Miscellaneous ‘debits. (transfers, taxes; ete:)) 22... es 100 65 Total. cecnk bceeeertls eiesccs a ee ee $15,865 $13,166 72 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Science in Washington SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS Contributions to this column may be addressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate Editor, c/o U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Market- ing Service, Room 2628 South Building, Wash- ington 25, D.C. HARRIS RESEARCH LABORATORIES Louis R. Mizell has been re-elected chairman of the Washington Section of the American Association of Textile Chem- ists and Colorists.). Edmund M. Buras, Jr., was re-elected treasurer of the Sec- tion. Louis Mizell presented a talk entitled “Programming Inventions” before the R&D Roundtable Research Management Group on January 24. Milton Harris eulogized Raymond E. Reed, of the Toni Company, at a presenta- tion of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists medal to Mr. Reed in New York. Both Toni and HRL are affiliates of the Gillette Company. NAS-NRC K. Way of the Nuclear Data Project was a member of a Panel on Nuclear Data, convened by the International Atomic Energy Agency at Vienna, December 12- POOL, NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS G. A. Ellinger has been appointed as- sistant chief of the Metallurgy Division to replace T. G. Diggs, who retired on Janu- ary 5. He will also serve as chief of the Metal Reactions Section. J. A. Bennett, formerly chief of the Mechanical Metallurgy Section, has, in ac- cordance with his wishes, been relieved of his administrative responsibilities and will devote full time to the conduct of a labora- Marcu, 1962 tory program of research on fatigue in metals. L. L. Wyman has been appointed a consultant to the chief of the Metallurgy Division, and will be assigned to the Di- vision Office. Mr. Wyman was formerly chief of the Chemical Metallurgy Section. H. C. Vacher has been appointed chief of the Microscopy and Diffraction Section. The following recent talks have been given by NBS personnel: H. C. Allen, Jr.: ““NBS Materials Pro- gram —Army Materials Advisory Commit- tee, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Maryland, January 160; G. T. Armstrong: “The Heats of Formation of Inorganic Fluorine Compounds—A Survey”—Amer- ican Society of Mechanical Engineers, Princeton, January 22-26; D. C. Gin- nings: “Powell Comparator Method for Determining Thermal Conductivities—a Discussion” —American Society of Mechan- ical Engineers, Princeton, January 25; A. A. Maryott: “Collision-induced Micro- wave Absorption in Non-dipolar Gases”— University of Toronto, Canada, January 18; I. C. Schoonover: “The Role of Measurement in the Development of Com- merce and Industry’—Central Treaty Or- ganization (CENTO) Science Symposium, Lahore, Pakistan, January 7; and L. A. Wall: “Polymer Degradation”—Celanese Corporation of America, Summit, N. J., January 5. NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH Joseph J. Bunim, clinical director of the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, was moderator of a discussion of the biochemical abnormali- ties in hereditary diseases, at a combined clinical staff meeting January 11 in the Clinical Center auditorium. 73 USDA, WASHINGTON Edson J. Hambleton, in charge of For- eign Technical Programs, Plant Pest Con- trol Division, ARS, participated in a panel discussion entitled “Entomology in the World Today” at the Eastern Branch An- nual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America in Baltimore, October 31, 1961. He also traveled to Beirut, Lebanon, to be present at the annual conference of the Regional Insect Control Project, attended by personnel from the Near East and African countries. A major activity of this conference had to do with plans for U. S. expanded cooperative control of the desert locust in the Ethiopian-Somali area of East Africa. Following the Beirut meetings, Mr. Hambleton visited with project and Minis- try of Agricultural personnel in Tehran, Iran, and Ankara, Turkey, before return- ing to Washington. Kenneth W. Parker recently presented a paper on “The Forest Service Range Research Program” before the Phi Epsilon Phi chapter at George Washington Uni- versity. DEATHS Charles Gilman was killed in a plane crash in the Chilean Andes in January. Dr. Gilman had been in Chile since Octo- ber, 1960, on loan from the Weather Bu- reau to the World Meteorological Organi- zation of the United Nations. At the time of his death he was developing a hydro- meteorological network covering all of Chile. Dr. Gilman joined the Weather Bu- reau in 1937. He was chief of the Bureau’s hydro-meteorological section when he left for Chile. He was a native of Little Rock, Ark. Louis Bryant Tuckerman died Feb- ruary 4 at the age of 82. He retired in 1949 after 30 years of service as an engi- neer-physicist with the National Bureau of Standards. He optical-strain gauge, invented the Tuckerman and was_ interna- tionally known for his contributions to the mechanics of materials and structures. The optical-strain gauge was designed for measuring the strength of airships in con- nection with the failure of the dirigible Shenandoah. He cooperated with the Civil Aeronautics Board in studying the causes of aircraft accidents through analyzing the debris of crashed planes. Dr. Tucker- man was born in West Williamsfield, Ohio, and graduated from Western Reserve Uni- versity. He also studied at the University of Nebraska and the University of Berlin. He received the Ph.D. degree from Johns Hopkins University. AFFILIATED SOCIETIES Botanical Society of Washington The 479th meeting was addressed by Ernest Imle, research director of the American Cocoa Research Institute, on “Problems Related to Improvement of Theobroma cacao in Tropical America.” Open house was held after the lecture, in Catholic University’s new Ward Hall of Biology. Society of American Military Engineers Met on February 19 at the YWCA to hear Frank Turner, deputy commissioner of the Bureau of Public Roads, who re- viewed his recent trip through USSR to inspect Russian roads. Geological Society of Washington At the 83lst meeting on February 14, Irving Friedman of the Geological Survey spoke on “Deuterium in the Hydrologic Cycle”; Andrew Griscom, also of the Sur- vey, spoke on “Geologic Mapping in Montgomery and_ Frederick Counties, Maryland, by Airborne Geophysical Meth- ods”; and William D. Johnston, Jr., intro- duced a film by the Icomi-Bethlehem Steel Company entitled, “The Amapa Manganese Deposit, Brazil.” At the 832nd meeting on February 28, Marius Lecompte of the University of Louvain and the Belgian Royal Institute of 74 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Natural Sciences spoke on “Modern Reefs and Paleozoic Reefs”; also, John T. Hack of USGS and L. H. Durloo, Jr., of AMS spoke on “The Geology of Luray Caverns, Va.” Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine Met on February | at Georgetown Medi- cal Center to hear three papers: “Atropine- histamine Interaction,” by Gertrude Maen- ewyn-Davies, Sarah Eldar, and Stephen I. Oroszlam, all of the GU Schools of Medicine and Dentistry; “Biological Spe- cificity and Molecular Forces,” by Herbert Jehle of the GWU Physics Department; and “Application of Fluorescent Antibody Techniques to the Study of Anaplasma Marginale,’ by Philip Madden of the Beltsville Parasitological Laboratory. Washington Society of Engineers and American Society of Civil Engineers Collaborated on February 9 with the American Society for Testing Materials in a tour of Virginia highway projects. The sroup also visited Atlantic Research Corporation to hear a talk on “The Role of Materials in the Space Age” by Eugene G. Alcott, then attended a technical session on “Airports” conducted by Miles Clair, president of ASTM. American Society of Civil Engineers Met February 13 at dinner in Powell Auditorium, to hear Myers Van Buren describe the new bridge-tunnel currently being constructed across lower Chesapeake Bay. On February 27, a luncheon meeting was addressed by Paul C. Aebersold, di- rector of AEC’s Division of Isotope De- velopment, who described industrial uses of radioisotopes. The Associate Forum resumed its dinner meeting on February 20, and heard a talk on “Registration and the Professional Growth of the Engineer,” by Donald Mar- lowe of Catholic University. Marcu, 1962 American Meteorological Society Local members of the Society met to hear a discussion of “The Weather Bureau Meteorological Satellite Program” by Weather Bureau staff members. The dis- cussion included a survey of the opera- tional uses of the satellite output, as well as plans for future programs. Institute of Radio Engineers The annual banquet of the local section was held February 10 at the Statler Hilton. Patrick E. Haggerty, incoming national president of IRE, was speaker of the eve- ning; and Robert Page officiated in a tribute to new IRE fellows and a presenta- tion of outstanding university students. On February 19, at a general meeting in the National Museum, Francis J. Heyden, S.J., of Georgetown University, spoke on “The Use of Electronics in Modern Astron- omy.” Professional group technical meetings were held during February as_ follows: “Recent Developments in F-M Radar,” by W. K. Saunders, DOFL; “Tour of Rabi- now Engineering Company’s New Plant,” by J. Rabinow; “Microwave Advances at DOFL,” by Blyde D. Hardin, James Mc- Date, and Bob Garber, DOFL; “Confi- dence Limits for Reliability Estimates,” by Joan R. Rosenblatt, GWU; “Radio Astron- omy,” by Cornell H. Meyer, NRL; “Gov- ernment Evaluation of Your Technical Proposals,” by Carl D. Palmer, NASA; and “Applications of Information Theory to Radar,” by Merrill I. Skolnik, Electronic Communications, Inc. Chemical Society of Washington The 712th meeting was held on Febru- ary 8 at the National History Museum, jointly with the Washington Junior Acad- emy of Sciences. Louis F. Fieser of Har- vard University spoke on “Experiences b] with Incendiary Munitions.” Earlier in the evening, topical groups met to hear: “Problems in Evaluation of Toxicology,” ie by a panel comprising Harry Hayes, NAS, Seymour L. Friess, NMRI, and O. Garth Fitzhugh, FDA; “Some Unusual Reactions of Trinitromethyl Compounds,” by Morti- mer J. Kamlet, NOL; and “Chemistry in the Upper Atmosphere and Space.” by Robert F. Fellows, NASA. Society of American Foresters Held an all-day meeting on February 15, with a morning panel discussion moderated by Ralph Marquis, director of the Northeastern Forest Experiment Sta- tion. Panel members were V. L. Harper, assistant chief of the Forest Service; John Gray, North Carolina State extension for- ester; J. O. Artman, reports editor of TVA at Norris, Tenn.; and Charles Driver of International Paper Company. Norman Kraeft, farm director of the Mutual Broad- casting System, was the luncheon speaker. The general session in the afternoon was addressed by a panel comprising Frank W. Lara (moderator), forester at the Na- tional Wildlife Foundation, Hardy Shirley. dean of New York State University, and Albert G. Hall, forest counsel, Washington. DAG American Society for Metals In February, the local membership cele- brated Burgess Memorial Night with a banquet at the Ambassador Hotel. John R. Low, Jr., of General Electric spoke on “Dislocation Metallography.” On March 12 the membership celebrated Sustaining Members Night and heard “Metallurgical Developments in Microelectronics” by L. McD. Schetky of Alloyd Corporation. Cambridge, Mass. At recent technical meetings the follow- ing programs have been presented: Febru- ary 21, Roy M. Gustafson of BuWeaps, on “Welding Processes”; March 1, Alfred J. Babecki of NRL, on “Welding [ron and Steel”; March 7, George E. Linnert of Armco Steel, on “Welding Stainless Steel”: March 14, D. Wilcox of Reynolds Alumi- num Company, on “Welding Light Metals.” American Institute of Electrical Engi- neers At a general meeting on February 20. K. N. Mathes of General Electric spoke on “Electrical Insulation—a Dynamic Tech- nology.” On March 13, a ladies’ night was arranged at the Naval Weapons Plant. Helminthological Society of Wash- ington The 385th meeting on February 16 was held at Log Lodge, Beltsville. under the sponsorship of the Beltsville Parasitologi- cal Laboratory. A display of the Labora- tory’s work was presented, and two papers were given: “Excystation of Sporozoites and Locomotion of the Motile Stages of Eimeria acervulina and E. Tenella,” by David J. Doran, T.: Lo janeeeand =i. Rinaldi; and “Dentostomella grundmanni n.sp., an Oxyurid (Nematoda) from Eutamias quadrivittatus (Say, 1823)” by M. B. Chitwood. V. S. Ershov, director of USSR’s All Union Skrjabin Institute of Helminthology. was a guest of the Society. American Society of Mechanical Engi- neers At the February meeting, local section members heard John Srawley of NRL on ‘Fraction Mechanics and Fracture Transi- tions,” and Earl Angulo of Goddard Space Flight Center on “Satellite Design.” The meeting was preceded by a dinner at Cy Ellis’ restaurant. The ASME Women’s Auxiliary held a luncheon meeting on February 15 at the Naval Weapons Plant. Kenneth Squires of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center spoke on “A Trip to the Moon.” American Society for Microbiology Held its regular meeting on February 27: Elmer L. Becker of Walter Reed Army Institute of Research spoke on “Some General Aspects of Gel-precipitin Reac- tions.” In December, a group comprising A. C. Benenson, Elvio Sadun, Nathaniel Roth- 76 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES stein, and Charlotte Campbell attended the Second Latin-American Congress of Micro- biology, in San Jose, Costa Rica. _Acoustical Society of America The local chapter met on February 19 at NBS; Malcolm C. Henderson of Catho- lic University spoke on “Absorption of Sound in Gases at Sonic Frequencies.” The paper reported recent work in studies on the molecular structure of matter by sonic means. CALENDAR OF EVENTS March 21—American Society for Metals John Huminick, Jr., Value Engineering Company, Alexandria, on “Welding Dis- similar Metals.” March 22—American Society of Me- chanical Engineers Past chairman’s night. Annual elections. Program for students from Maryland, Catholic, Howard, and George Washington Universities. March 29—American Society for Metals John Huminick, Jr., Value Engineering Company, Alexandria, on “Welding Active and Refractory Metals.” March 29—Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine Regular meeting. April 5—American Society of Me- chanical Engineers Lecture on hydrofoils, sponsored by ASME Hydraulics Division. Speaker to be announced, April 9—American Society for Metals Silver certificates night. Panel discus- sion on “High Energy Forming of Metals.” | Marcu, 1962 April 10—Institute of Radio Engi- neers General meeting. Speaker, Leslie Ball, Boeing Company. Topic to be announced. BOARD OF MANAGERS MEETING NOTES The Board of Managers held its 543rd meeting on January 2 at the National Academy of Sciences, with President Abel- son presiding. The minutes of the 542nd meeting were distributed and approved with the proviso that any errors, when discovered, be re- ported to the secretary. Announcements. The secretary informed the Board that the affiliated societies should be made aware, if they are not already so, of the provisions in the new Bylaws with regard to the selection of delegates. It is no longer incumbent on the secretary to request the “nomination” of new repre- sentatives annually; rather, the affiliated societies have the privilege of selecting a new representative at any time, and the responsibility of making this known to the Academy officers. Dr. Abelson announced that a Tellers Committee (N. Bekkedahl, N. F. Braaten. and S. B. Detwiler, Jr.) had been ap- pointed to count the mail ballots currently being received, both for the election of officers and for the two Bylaws amend- ments which the Board had recommended to the membership. Meetings. Dr. Frenkiel indicated that the annual dinner meeting would be held on January 18 in the Powell Auditorium. The Board agreed to a price of $3.75 for the dinner, with any overage to be sub- sidized by the Academy. Dr. Frenkiel also reported that the next subsequent meeting would be held on February 15, and would be addressed by Dr. Abelson as retiring president. Membership. Dr. Robbins presented the names of 17 nominees for membership, for First Reading. fur Awards. Dr. Bekkedahl commented that selection of recipients of the Academy’s annual awards for scientific achievement (January Journal, page 1) had_ been difficult because of the high caliber of the nominees. There was a general discussion by the Board of the selection of sponsors to introduce the award-winners at the annual meeting. Dr. Abelson asked Mr. Detwiler to see to it that the award presentations received suitable publicity in the daily press. Encouragement_ of Science Talent. Dr. Brenner summarized the activities of the Washington Junior Academy of Sciences during the past year, with particular refer- ence to the recent all-day meeting at the Hamilton Hotel, at which scientific papers were presented in three simultaneous ses- sions. He also reported that a meeting had been scheduled for Saturday, January 6, at which the presidents of school science clubs would meet with Junior Academy officers to discuss common problems in science promotion, particularly the stimulation of science fair projects. He also discussed the periodic science trips sponsored by the Junior Academy, which had _ provided thousands of young people with an op- portunity to visit scientific demonstrations and museums in New York and Phila- delphia. He also pointed out that further planning was needed in the conduct of future joint meetings of the Senior and Junior Academies for the award of merit citations, since past meetings had turned out rather awkwardly. Joint Directory Feasibility. Dr. Me- Pherson presented a report prepared by Robert W. Krauss, chairman of a special committee appointed some months ago to study the feasibility of preparing a joint directory of the Academy and its affiliated societies. (See February Journal, page 43.) This stimulated a long discussion of the Academy’s responsibilities in the pub: lication of a directory, the need for up-to: date listings of the Academy membership per se, and the desirability of including affiliated society memberships in such pub: lications. At the conclusion of the dis: cussion, the Board accepted Dr. Krauss’ report. The Board then approved a motion authorizing the president to appoint a committee to implement the recommenda- tions of this report. Dr. Abelson indicated that he would work with Dr. Van Evera, the 1962 president, in setting up such a committee. Grants-in-Aid. Dr. McPherson reported that a grant of $60 had been made to a Fairfax High School student for a project on ion exchange resins. Election of Members. Following the Second Reading of their names by Dr. Robbins, seven nominees were elected to membership in the Academy, as follows: Milton L. Blanc, Bert Fisk, Rolf B. Johannesen, J. Murray Mitchell, Jr., Carl O. Muehlhause, Paul H. Putnins, and Her- bert C. S. Thom. JOINT BOARD ON SCIENCE EDUCATION The Joint Board is making plans to re- vise its roster of scientists and engineers who have expressed willingness to partici- pate in science education activities. The current file contains the names of 587 scientists and engineers, most of whom have been called upon to help in some capacity. Records show that 172 lectures and demonstrations were presented during 1961; many scientists helped in additional ways—such as, for example, in science fair judging, and in serving as substitutes for teachers who attended the Radioisotopes Institute in early November. As a first step in revising the roster, present participants will be contacted to indicate their willingness to continue. Scientific societies will be asked to furnish names of members known to be interested in science education. In addition, inter- ested individuals are invited to make their interest known by writing to the Joint Board (1530 P Street, N.W., Washington 78 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 5): a form will be sent on which the type of service can be registered. The Joint Board is cooperating with the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research on the occasion of the Junior Science and Hu- manities Symposium, to be held by the Institute March 29-30. This intensive two- day program will be devoted to the presen- tation of selected professional papers by local students, addresses by experts in sev- eral fields of science, and tours of research facilities. Some 50 high school science teachers and more than 175 of their stu- dents are expected to attend. The Joint Board’s participation will con- sist in providing 32 scientists to participate in an informal “curbstone clinic,” during which students can discuss the vocational aspects and career opportunities in science. The scientists will lunch with the students, and thereafter gather with them in small groups for the informal discussions. For the third year, the Joint Board is sponsoring a unique summer research op- portunity for high school students. For con- duct of this program it has received a grant of $6,046 from the National Science Foundation; additional sums will be con- tributed by several of the local scientific societies. Director of the program is Leo Schubert, chairman of the Chemistry Department at American University; he serves without compensation. Associate director is Mar- garet Maury of Sidwell Friends School. The administration of the program, as well as the orientation lectures and concluding meetings, will be centered at the Univer- sity. After two days of orientation lectures. the students will be required to work 40 hours per week for eight weeks in re- search laboratories. At the end of this period, they will meet for reports on the research in which they participated. The point of view is that these students are apprentices in science; the emphasis is on Marcu, 1962 the stimulation of enthusiasm for scientific research. Many Government laboratories will co- operate with the University in the conduct of this program. The important task of liaison and encouragement will be the re- sponsibility of Mrs. Maury, who will visit the students and laboratories on a regular basis to ascertain whether all is going well. A subcommittee of the Joint Board as well as the local science supervisors will oversee the entire program. Evaluation re- ports on the past two years of operation, received from both the students and their research sponsors, indicate that the pro- gram has been a resounding success. Forty students will participate this year. They will receive no compensation from the laboratories, but will receive a $10 weekly stipend from the grant to cover transportation and lunch expenses. Appli- cation forms may be obtained by writing to Dr. Schubert at American University. Closing date for applications is April 15. Dr. Schubert discussed this program on February 3, before a meeting of program directors called by the National Science Foundation. SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT The University of Maryland Physics Department has received a grant of $850,000 from the National Science Foundation for expansion of its grad- uate research programs. The grant has been matched by funds appropriated by the Maryland General Assembly. Increased facilities that are being built include an addition to the Van de Graff accelerator, a neutron pit, and a fourth floor addition to the present physics building, which are scheduled for completion in June. Plans call for a later addition to the present phys- ics building to provide more teaching and research facilities, and an addition to house a spiral high-ridge cyclotron. The Physics Department faculty has been in- creased by one-third. Sixteen students are expected to complete their Ph.D. require- ments this year. 79 Satellites and a newly-developed ballistic camera, recently acquired by the Coast and Geodetic Survey, are ex- pected to improve the accuracy of earth measurements tenfold. By current methods it is possible to chart a 3,000 mile distance to within 140 feet. The new sys: tem, called “Satellite Geodesy,” will be accurate within 14 feet. The “tighter” geodetic control network is vitally im- portant to surveyors, engineers, and the Nation’s missile defense system. The sys- tem involves photographing artificial satel- lites, such as ECHO, against a star back- ground. By using two or more ballistic cameras to record the same object in orbit, technicians will be able to compute exact positions on the earth’s surface. A Committee on Government Rela- tions has been organized by the Na- tional Academy of Sciences to assist the president and Council of the Acad- emy in responding to requests of the Executive Office of the President and Congressional committees, for studies and evaluation of competing scientific needs for Federal support and long- range planning of major facilities. The membership of the Committee includes senior scientists representing every branch of the natural sciences. It will serve to furnish over-all advice and to suggest steps by which the balance among competing needs can be soundly established. The Committee will limit its discussions to the needs of the scientific and technological community, without regard to existing pro- erams and budgetary requirements. Tangier disease, which was first dis- covered in two children on Tangier Island in Chesapeake Bay, offers scien- tists a rare opportunity to study factors affecting the transport and storage of cholesterol and other lipids (fat-like substances) in the human body. This rare familial disorder is char- acterized by enlarged, odd-colored tonsils and low blood cholesterol. It involves the accumulation of extremely large amounts of cholesterol esters in the tonsils and cer- tain other tissues of the body. In this disease, there is an almost com- plete absence of high-density lipoproteins from the blood serum. These are the large molecules that normally comprise one of the two major complexes that serve as carrier vehicles for all of the fats trans- ported in blood. They are normally found in relatively stable amounts in blood of men and animals, but their specific func- tion is unknown. Findings in the Tangier disease studies suggest that the high-density lipoproteins may be essential to normal handling of cholesterol. Possibly it plays an important role in the normal esterification with fatty acids. The Tangier Islanders and people on neighboring islands have cooperated close- ly with National Institutes of Health in- vestigators in contributing blood samples for the study. Resources for the Future, Inc., has just issued its annual report for the year ending September 30, 1961. This 111-page pamphlet includes an article, “Long-Range Research in Times Like These,” by RFF President Joseph L. Fisher; special reports on “The Three- Dimensional Problem of Pollution,” “The Long-Run Cost of Mineral Products,” and “The Small Forest in Perspective”; and reviews of the year’s work in water re- sources, energy and minerals, land use and management, etc. A new bimonthly magazine, “APL Technical Digest,” has begun publica- tion by the Applied Physics Labora- tory of Johns Hopkins University. The November-December issue carries articles on “An Airbreathing Mach 7.0 Transport,” “Low-Angle Beam Riding Over the Ocean,” Plasma Arc Heating for Hyper- sonic Wind Tunnels,” and “A System for Checking Hazardous Electrical Circuits.” 80 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Delegates to the Washington Academy of Sciences, Representing the Local Affiliated Societies* SEMENIGH! SOCIETY Of WaSHINGtON <........:.............c0ccseesssscsesesesssssscssseeesscatsossseonsnens Lawson M. McKenzie Sumranolopical society Of Washington ..............:......cccssecesseseccessccssesesssneeeecens REGINA FLANNERY HERZFELD MIITIMESULIELVITOL WASHING LON, 6....23:..00.000...sveoneonccucoevsrdssvatsueseseacsesusctvssonsessicevavectnaies HERBERT FRIEDMANN MTR CETED VOL) WV ASHANELOM, 2. ccc. - cas -o-stijess a oes-ssonoeersinecedesiaceseecesecacsdegscacesssansereadoneves: Joun L. TorcEsen MEMEO ICAIESOCIELY Of WASIITQTOMN ...............:.csci+ senceerseonsoesscncenessenceccccecsnenecsesscnniens Witutram FE. BickLey PPI BRET TSE ENCE YS oi ooo soe fee cea cn soc ncacosute-sacnsuesesdsconetueonsassedastencaensieueessenessets ALEXANDER WETMORE MMEPPTIGGIMESOGIELY OF WASHINGTON <..:....2.....000c <2, cidap eles a a 254.20 files ABC HUMIC OUILG Soest 2h oc e-hbc noc acs docnesecak cased scesiceeaceasescosvasdi@besees. $ 16.54 Income Credits (received in 1961) SM LE SILSEIRIDENS! A2ouoy. quiet et eee sc ne eae rr $2,382.20 SALES Ou TS GLE TSGEICESt 2 es pepe nr ne ee 617.00 (SELL cos sasbcuncbeecdekuleiece te Rhett ee ee $2,999.20 Summary 00) EES ESTIC@S ca sees anensenene ee $4,862.17 ere NCCE Ol Cs Pe 2 Gs het acascstasedisascabbaguesasnviadinagan asus cveesst $2,999.20 Re PaIPe PCG RETEPUTUMES 68 ox 5.555 ccinec ude. *Delegates continue in office until new selections are made by the respective affiliated societies. Volume 52 APRIL 1962 No. 4 CONTENTS Eradication of the Red Tick from a Wild Animal Compound o| m Plorida. os a ee ee 81 i Goals for Climatology 2£2-.-.525i2=_2_ 323522.) 3O | The Brownstone Tower Meetings. 222 2.- Le rr 92 Summary of Journal Operations for 196] __._____=___ 2 =a 93 Science in Washington | Scientists in the News .---...-..2=..+_-5--) 22. 04. | Affiliated Societies 232-5022 Suse le eee 96 | Galendar of Events = _.222 =. a ee 98 | Board of Managers Meeting Notes _____._______.2 = 98 Seience and Development _-2.-+..-.:..2..1.2 are 99 | il Washington Academy of Sciences 2nd Class Postage 1530—P St., N.W. Paid at | Washington, D. C. Washington, D. C. Return Requested LIBRARY OF ARNOLG ARBORETUM e2 DIVINITY AVE J CAMBRIOGE 28 mass wAS JOURN of the WASHINGTON ACADEMY of SCLIENC Vol 52 Note MAY 1962 i. ee Ey “Receive ~! MAY 1 8 1962 LIBRARY “oN JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Editor: Samuet B. Detwiter, Jr., Department of Agriculture Associate Editors Frank L. Camppett, National Academy of Heinz Specut, National Institutes of Health Sciences Harotp T. Coox, Department of Agriculture RicHarp P. Farrow, National Canners Asso- ciation Joun K. Tay or, National Bureau of Standards LAwRENCE A. Woop, National Bureau of Standards RusseLL B. Stevens, George Washington University Contributors ALBERT M. Stone, Applied Physics Laboratory GERHARD M. Braver, National Bureau of Joun A. O’Brien, Jr., Catholic University Standards CuarLes A. WHITTEN, Coast & Geodetic Survey Howarp W. Bonn, National Institutes of Health MarcaretT D. Foster, Geological Survey ILEEN E. Stewart, National Science Foundation RussELL B. STEvENs, George Washington ALLEN L. ALEXANDER, Naval Research Laboratory University Victor R. Boswet.t, USDA, Beltsville JosepH B. Morris, Howard University Harotp T. Coox, USDA, Washington FranK L. CAMPBELL, NAS-NRC WitiiAm J. Battey, University of Maryland This Journal, the official organ of the Washington Academy of Sciences, publishes historical articles, critical reviews, and scholarly scientific articles; notices of meetings and abstract proceedings of meetings of the Academy and its affiliated societies; and regional news items, including personal news, of interest to the entire membership. The Journal appears eight times a year in January to May and October to December. Subscription rate: $7.50 per year (U.S.), $1.00 per copy. Foreign postage extra. Subscription Orders or requests for back numbers or volumes of the Journal, or copies of the Proceedings, should be sent to the Washington Academy of Sciences, 1530 P St., N.W., Washing- ton, D.C. Remittances should be made payable to “Washington Academy of Sciences”. Claims for missing numbers will not be allowed if received more than 60 days after date of mailing plus time normally required for postal delivery and claim. No claims will be allowed because of failure to notify the Academy of a change of address. Changes of address should be sent promptly to the Academy Office, 1530 P St., N.W., Washington, D. C. Such notification should include both old and new addresses and postal zone number, if any. Advertising rates may be obtained from the Editor, care of Academy Office. Second class postage paid at Washington, D. C. OFFICERS OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES President: BENJAMIN D. VAN EverA, George Washington University President-Elect: Hetnz Specut, National Institutes of Health Secretary: Georce W. Irvinc, Jr., Department of Agriculture Treasurer: MALcotm C. HENDERSON, Catholic University Ground Water in the Washington, D. C. Area, and a Brief History of the Public Water Supply* Paul M. Johnston U. S. Geological Survey Ground Water Although the greater part of the water used in the Washington metropolitan area is surface water distributed by public sys- tems, a large volume of ground water also is used, both by public and individual sys- tems. All public systems, except that of the District of Columbia, use some ground water. However, ground water finds its greatest use in the suburban and rural areas where public supplies are not avail- able, as well as for industrial, commercial, and emergency use. The use of ground water has many ad- vantages. Besides the obvious advantage where it is present and surface water is not, the occurrence of ground water imparts qualities which make it superior to surface water in certain respects. In many places ground water can be produced near its point of use, thus eliminating the necessity of long pipelines. Filtration is generally not necessary, and its temperature remains nearly constant. It is commonly safe bac- teriologically and its source is not affected by military operations. Compared with surface water, ground-water sources are relatively immune to contamination. The location of successful wells in the Washington area is complicated by the di- versity of the geology. On opposite sides of the “Fall Line,” which crosses the area from northeast to southwest and separates the Piedmont from the Coastal Plain, very different geologic conditions prevail. (See map. ) * Publication authorized by the director, U. S. Geological Survey May, 1962 Northwest of the Fall Line, the Piedmont is underlain by deeply weathered crystal- line (metamorphic and igneous) rocks; to the southeast of the Fall Line these rocks are buried beneath the sedimentary rocks of the Coastal Plain (Johnston, 1962). The sedimentary formations (inter- bedded sand, gravel, and clay) thicken from the Fall Line to as much as 1800 feet at the southeast corner of the map area. They lie upon a bedrock surface which dips to the southeast about 125 feet to the mile. In the Piedmont, ground water moves under unconfined or water table conditions in the openings or fissures in the rocks, or in the weathered residual soil and subsoil above. Because of the compactness of the parent rock, little interstitial ground-water movement takes place below the weathered zone. Of that part of the precipitation which infiltrates into the ground, a part may be returned to the atmosphere by evaporation or by transpiration by vegetation. The re- mainder, seeping downward, reaches the water table, which marks the surface of the saturated zone, and becomes ground water. It then moves laterally under gravity flow toward lower elevations, unless inter- cepted by wells, to places of discharge such as springs, seeps, or surface water bodies. In the Coastal Plain, ground water moves both under unconfined (water-table) and confined ‘(artesian) conditions. Shallow wells obtain water from the water table, and their characteristics are similar to those of wells in the residual soils of the 101 Piedmont. At greater depth in the Coastal Plain, wells may penetrate a bed of clay and tap the water in a sand or gravel bed beneath. The water, being under pressure, rises above its source in the well, and may even flow at the surface. Although ground-water supplies — sufh- cient for domestic use—5 to 10 gpm (gal- lons per minute)—can be obtained in most places in the Piedmont, well locations should be determined with reference to the local geology to improve the chances of success. Geologic studies are even more es- sential if supplies of 50 to 100 gpm or more are required. Wells producing as much as 200 gpm are known in the Piedmont, but such high-yield wells are in particularly favorable geologic locations. Yields sufficient for domestic use gen- erally can be obtained from shallow wells in the Coastal Plain also, except where a considerable thickness of clay occurs near the surface. However, deep artesian wells producing as much as 800 gpm can be lo- cated only through a knowledge of Coastal Plain subsurface geology. Observations on water-table levels in the Piedmont for the last 30 years indicate no sustained downward trend. The present rate of ground-water withdrawal is not known, but it is safe to say that only a fraction of the potential is being utilized, except possibly in relatively small local areas. It is estimated that about 15 mgd (mil- lion gallons per day) were being pumped from the Coastal Plain formations of the Washington area in 1960. This is balanced against an estimated average recharge of 27 mgd. The amount withdrawn is thus equal to about 55 percent of the available recharge—a reasonably favorable water balance. However, future large-scale de- velopments should be carefully controlled so that safe limits of withdrawal are not exceeded. Wells in Piedmont yields ranging from 0.2 to 110 gpm from wells 21 to 825 feet deep, not including formations have 102 wells of the Pimmit Service Corporation in Fairfax County, which yield 45 to 212 gpm from wells 337 to 741 feet deep. The aver- age depth of wells in the Piedmont, exclu- sive of those of the Pimmit Service Corpo- ration, is 124 feet, the average yield 13 gpm. The average yield of Pimmit Service Corporation wells is 116 gpm, the average depth 550 feet. Wells in the Wissahickon Formation yield slightly more than the average of all wells in Piedmont formations, and those in the Sykesville Formation yield slightly less. Wells in serpentine have the lowest average yield of wells in any Piedmont for- mation. Table 1 briefly describes the Pied- mont formations and their water-bearing properties. In the Coastal Plain, yields of wells in the Patapsco Formation and Arundel Clay range from 10 to 120 gpm and average 40 gpm. Wells in the Patuxent Formation have yields of 10 to 300 gpm and average 80 gpm. In the Potomac Group, yields range from | to 800 gpm and average 96 gpm. The Coastal Plain formations and their water-bearing properties are described briefly in Table 2. The chemical quality of the water in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain formations is generally satisfactory for most uses. The water is soft to moderately hard—2 to 175 ppm (parts per million) of carbonate. High iron content and corrosiveness are prob- lems in some places, and some shallow wells are polluted. A Briet History of the Public Water Supply * Long before the coming of the white man to the confluence of the “Potowmack” and the Anacostia, the Indians were supplied with water from the many springs and * Acknowledgment is due to R. L. Orndorff, deputy director of sanitary engineering of the District of Columbia, and J. C. Smith, chief, Water Supply Division, Corps of Engineers, Washington Area Office, for much information and assistance in preparing this section. JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES V7) Gap POA IZA NY VON INNS NRE NAR CSI AW AU eNO UNINe VOY NS AISA CANT SI VALENS Bt STAID DS pRockvilleS 1k ala ENON SORIA SHS ED NIM ATEN ALS NTA NT AS SURED BREA ALANRIST AS NAA Ra MTB OT SIA SIENA ISI VIMIS LNAI AZAR ININ ISIN NS IVR NAA DN SAG RYIN NY =178 DARIN SES WSR A=IN STS NIN Sens NIN ISN! alte NEA A oe SANUS N= 1\ PLAS DNS VIA YIN AIS VATA SIIN GIANNIS SIT NAZAR RASTA LSIN ASAI < VA A\4 Sor PA \/ aN L YANE PA vAbAa Wie Ny SN ANINS APF -\-\ \ NS A\N SVS A~ \ Ze Sf iw Nwed Wi Saiior INA, \W= NZ IN IN ZA A= = apa a A NO RWAING CY ANCA BI ATS NerING Nese IN Ligon AN fh AN NIN I A NV ANA IN| SANS KY Bu \ IVANGZL RARSARE ST NISL AT IBIAS NAIA REA VEN SISA CERN, = aS” =—\~/ —_— _~ ZANT; | a Se Ss aan Ny ~ STASI SIN AISI URMS IN TALIS OAS RENT She « SG —\- “~~ a = < NINTSIN AT INAV ACR IN GNI Nae SDAIN SISA NIN) AIAN Oe VAG SIATAR AANA CS DRA RAL ANDI NAN NZISNZ A CY a Sa WNRACZ SEAN IY SIREN Nie Seiad aie lay Po VING ES NT e: BRINE AE RASS PAG BS NI OS) ARNIS 7 f NAS USSENING ZIVGASTINI NT WA LS NN AG) Sl WDA <1 7 NANT \- iN NS = ule 4=\\7— SINGS \ COIN ROS RYN ATR) ZN wal 7 IG ineZ 7s wy AININGANY nw Darl ES ANTE — Neher — GREAT A\ SN ONAN NI, ie NIN a AVS V7 WANs \ RAS ~! Pa A AT Raab CO RUAN VN A IN DIS RK MN NIM LINN INTSNS SIMINATISZR ACTS IS! MAA TALAINAIN ES SPSIVA I ZONIZAZ . prA~/\ AN AVAL AIRMAN WARSI STRAIN TOSSA DS EMA ARN Sears, Nyc 7 NIMS inwrANe— A WTEN LAI STA TKS SS) ZN 7 AS MD PIAS SS i Oe eee ZaACy SGI SS IOMAZ NS aie SIENA 7]. \ 2 SS. RV EVI Ge OD Ie LE ARNIAI NG asl Rien epee Hyattsville, Si Si VN7 SE AT De ZS Ae 0 SOS SN Ae < Yea RAN ea IA \ NTE — MIG ANIVEV SENS SOS AGN TAMSIN WAS AY, ZNEN\ANG VN IZ, = ; aS ~ SN \ JA ICN Pp RES SNF WAT NON EAK McLean ANZ SIZISNE\ —_ \ SUS af ee Nae PVA AY Georgetown Fres\: x ING Georgetown ie i TARGET Re SUD Ras IN exandria \— 3. Reservoir xf VYAsy fe) | 2 3 4 5 COASTAL PLAIN BOUNDARY /N MARYLAND —SS_—_ AFTER COOKE (/95/, 1953); /N VIRGINIA Scale of Miles AFTER DARTON (1947) EXPLANATION Piedmont MAP OF WASHINGTON, D.C. AND VICINITY SHOWING THE COASTAL PLAIN AND PIEDMONT May, 1962 103 brooks which watered the area. Captain John Smith described this region in 1629 as follows: “The country is not mountain- ous, nor yet low, but such pleasant plaine hils, and fertile valleys, one prettily cross- ing another, and watered so conveniently with fresh brookes and springs, no lesse commodious, then delightsome.” By the time the new capital city was es- tablished in 1800 some wells had been dug, and with the springs, furnished the sole source of supply until 1859. The area abounded in springs, some of which are still in existence. Place-names on present maps show locations of some of the large springs, many of which have been de- stroyed. Silver Spring is an example. The spring for which this community was named was destroyed in 1941 when Newell Street was built near the Silver Spring railroad station. Since then the spring and “Acorn” summer house have been “recon- structed” and city water is now piped into the spring! Hume Spring in Alexandria is now the site of a large apartment building. Custis, or Arlington Spring, on the grounds of the Custis estate, now Arlington National Cem- etery, was a favorite picnic spot before the Civil War. In the District of Columbia, the name Carroll Springs was given to a community surrounding a group of springs on New Jersey Avenue, two or three blocks south of the Capitol (Brown, 1930, p. 5). Ta- koma Spring, though now unused, is still in existence at the corner of Elm and Pop- lar Avenues in Takoma Park. Many anecdotes of fact and fiction about some of the springs in this region have come down through the years. The big spring at the Kingwood Farm southwest of Alexandria is said to have been a favorite “stopping place” of George Washington. A large spring (probably called Washing- ton Spa Springs), formerly at the east side of Bladensburg Road just south of the en- trance to Fort Lincoln Cemetery, figured in the battle of Bladensburg in 1814. Proc- 104 tor (1930, p. 357) wrote: “Commodore Barney was taken prisoner, having ordered his officers to leave him where he lay bleed- ing at the spring * * *.” Barney’s wounds were treated by the British, and he was later released. Silver Spring was named by Francis Preston Blair, the former owner of Blair House on Pennsylvania Avenue (now used as a guest house by the White House). In 1642 Blair happened on the spring while in pursuit of a runaway horse. The water bubbling up through the mica and sand glistened in the sunlight, and this effect suggested the name. Blair later purchased a large tract of land including the spring, and built a country home. In the Seventy-fifth Anniversary History of Takoma Park (Olmstead and others, 1958, p. 16), it is related that when the Indian Chief Powhatan was wounded near the present site of Philadelphia he was taken to a “wonderful, healing spring” north of the Potomac—presumably Takoma Spring—referred to as Big Spring to dis- tinguish it from lesser springs in the vicin- ity. The Takoma spring was sold to the Ta- koma Park Springs Company, which in 1891 began to bottle and sell the water. Ac- cording to Olmstead (1958, p. 17), this was tolerated until the company fenced in the spring to prevent access by the public, whereupon the irate citizenry took things in their own hands and tore the fence down. Investigation showed that “ * * * the terms of the sale specifically intended to retain the spring in public use and that the claim of the owners was void * * *.” The town then acquired possession of the spring and park. The Takoma spring was in use dur- ing the drought in 1932, when people came for water from many miles around. Numerous other springs, whose names are no longer recorded on maps, have been destroyed, but former locations may be determined from records of the District Government and the Corps of Engineers. and from newspaper files and local his- torical writings. JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Table 1—Piedmont Formations and Their Water-Bearing Properties, Washington, D: C., and Vicinity. Lithology Granite (undifferentiated) — Includes Bear Island Granodiorite of Cloos, 1953, and Kensington Granite Gneiss of Cloos, 1951 in Maryland, and un- differentiated granitic rocks in Vir- ginia. Sheared and massive. Sykesville Formation of Jonas, 1928— Quartz-mica schist and gneiss, and quartzite; intrusive granitic rocks containing inclusions of schist and quartz. May include Laurel Gneiss in Virginia. Age Unknown LEONE Laurel Gneiss of Chapman, 1942— Similar to Sykesville Formation of Jonas. Contains garnet and_ stauro- lite. orite, amphibolite, chlorite and biotite | | | Mafic rocks—Tonalite, gabbro, meladi- | | and_ undifferenti- schist, soapstone, ated mafic rocks. Water-Bearing Properties Thirty-eight wells yield an average of 9 gpm. Average depth 138 feet. One hundred forty-two wells yield an average of 12 gpm. Average depth 124 feet. Fifteen wells yield an average of 10 gpm. Average depth 198 feet. Twenty-five wells yield an average of 13 gpm. Average depth 126 feet. Five wells yield an average of 6 gpm. Average depth 104 feet. Three hundred twenty-four wells yield an average of 14 gpm. Average depth Serpentine—Black, gray, and _ dark L green serpentine. = z 3 Wissahickon Formation—Schist, phyl- an lite, and quartzite. a 118 feet. fhe Note: Fourteen wells in formational contacts yield an average of 16 gpm. Average depth 138 feet. Seven wells of Pimmit Service Corp. (Fairfax County Water Authority) in formational con- tacts, not included above, yield an average of 116 gpm. Average depth 550 feet. One of the largest springs in the city, “the celebrated Ridge [or City] Spring,” was located on the north side of C Street between 4th and Oth Streets N.W. Water from this spring was piped to the yard of Center House, which was opened in 1804 at the corner of 9th and D Streets N.W. (Brown, 1930, p. 321). In 1808, water from this spring was conveyed by wooden (bored-log) pipeline to residences in the 600 block of Pennsylvania Avenue N.W. This is the first record of water supply for May, 1962 public use by pipeline in the city (Orndorff. 1962). The cost of pipe and installation was borne by the owners who used the service. A large spring, known variously as Fed- eral, Caffrey’s, or Hotel Spring, at Ninth and F Streets N.W., was “concealed from view” when the Masonic Temple was built (Brian, 1914, p. 559). Water was piped from this spring in 1809 to Pennsylvania Avenue to serve the blocks between 9th and 14th Streets N.W. This was the first 105 pipeline to which the District Government contributed a part of the cost. One-third of the cost was borne by the District, two- thirds by the users. After this, no further extensions of pipelines were made until 1823, when water from a spring in the “public space” of 13th Street N.W., north of “Eye” Street, was piped southward along 13th and 14th Streets. During the course of several years these lines, which were partly of bored logs and partly of cast iron, were extended south to Ohio Avenue, east to llth Street, and west to 15th Street N.W. (Orndorff, 1962). Congressional or Smith Spring, now in- undated, but marked by a circular brick structure in McMillan Reservoir, was pur- chased in 1833. It supplied water by pipe- line to the Capitol building in 1834, and in 1837 the pipeline was extended to hydrants along Pennsylvania Avenue (Smith, J. C., 1962, written communica- tion). Delay in improving public facilities must have been as common in the nineteenth century as it is today. In 1819 Congress provided an appropriation to have water piped from a group of springs in what is now known as Franklin Park to the White House and executive buildings, which at that time were supplied from wells (Brian, 1914, p. 65). The project was not com- pleted until 1834 because of “unwillingness of the government to pay what was re- garded as a high price in 1819.” Cool Spring, a large spring near 15th and E Streets N.E., also was called Young’s or Stoddert’s Spring after former owners; later it became known as Federal Spring, a duplication of name with Caffrey’s Spring (Brian, 1914). An ice plant was built at this site, and the water is still in use for cooling at the plant. This is one of two springs in use commercially in the Wash- ington area. The other is southwest of Rockville, where the water is bottled and distributed for drinking. No details are available concerning a spring in City Hall Park, now Judiciary 106 Square, which supplied water by pipeline | to the nearby area. There were many | other springs of considerable importance | in the old city, but it is doubtful if any | of them were used to supply pipe systems. | The water lines from the springs were _ maintained and extended from year io year. | By 1850 most of the area south of the | springs to Pennsylvania Avenue, and be- | tween First and 15th Streets N.W., was | served by pipeline. Most of the lines were | connected to public hydrants or “pumps,” but some supplied service lines into private premises. | According to Orndorff (1962), “an act of the City Council dated August 5, 1812, provided general authority ‘for sinking of wells and erecting of pumps, conveying of water in pipes, and fixing of hydrants for the improvement of springs and other pur- poses.’ Under this act, the Mayor * * * could cause one-half of the cost of such improvements to be assessed against the resident beneficiaries. In addition to the construction, improvement, and mainte- nance of springs, wells, and pipelines, the city constructed large brick cisterns or reservoirs in strategic street intersections to store water for fire fighting.” Wells were a great convenience, even if located on the corner of a block. However, the more affluent had wells dug in their own yards. Others used the public pumps. Fortunately the chief source of soil con- tamination in centers of population was never a problem in Washington. The city fathers in their wisdom approved an ordi- nance May 13, 1805, prohibiting the use of privy pits. The /ntelligencer of December 1, 1849 stated that for more than a third of a cen- tury the city had made use of the “rich gifts of nature of under-ground springs which rise up wherever a well is dug.” However, by mid-century the supply was no longer adequate for a population that had increased to 51,000. The demand was so great that it was impossible to prevent private citizens from tapping the pipe lines to public buildings (Brian, 1914, p. 305). JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Table 2.—Coastal Plain Formations and Their Water-Bearing Properties, Washington, Quaternary Tertiary Cretaceous DEG... and Lithology Recent alluvium, Pamlico, Wicomico, and Sunderland Formations, Terrace grave! — Clay, silt, sand, gravel, and boulders. Pleistocene Miocene Pliocene (?) and Recent Brandywine and Bryn Mawr gravels— Gravel, sand, and silt. Chesapeake Group — Diatomaceous earth, sand, silty, sandy clay, and clay. Pamunkey Group Nanjemoy Formation—Massive pink clay overlain by fine gray micaceous glauconitic sand. Eocene —- A ——_-—_ 7 SS ee to fine sand, locally lime Aquia Greensand—Coarse glauconitic cemented. Brightseat Formation—Dark gray sandy clay (included in the mapped area of the Monmouth Formation). Paleocene ere ooo ([—- Monmouth Formation—Fine micaceous glauconitic sand. black, Potomac Group (undifferentiated in Virginia) Patapsco Formation and Arundel Clay—Dark gray clay containing lignitized wood and saurian bones. Overlain by massive maroon clay and varicolored sand and clay. Sand lenses grade into clay lenses. In some places basal gravel, sand or arkose. Patuxent Formation—Large round pebbles, fine sand, and thin lenses of white or iron stained clay. Vicinity. Water-Bearing Properties Yields small supplies to many shallow dug wells. do. do. Yields small supplies to a few dug wells. do. Not important as a_ water-bearing formation. do. Ninety-one wells in undifferentiated Potomac Group yield an average of 96 gpm. Eleven wells in the Patapsco and Arun- del yield an average of 40 gpm. Forty-five wells in the Patuxent yield an average of 80 gpm. Several surveys had been made for a public water supply. Notes on L’Enfant’s map of 1792 suggested that water from a branch of Tiber Creek be “conveyed to the high ground where Congress House stands,” and from Reedy Branch to the President’s House, also that Pine Creek (now Piney Branch) be “turned into James White Branch to supply the city.” These suggestions were never carried out, except May, 1962 that Congressional or Smith Spring, which was the source of a branch of Tiber Creek, was piped to the Capitol building. At various times consideration for public supply had been given to the Po- tomac above Great Falls, Rock Creek, the Anacostia River, and the numerous wells and springs in the District (Somervell, in Proctor, 1930, p. 613). In a letter written in 1798, General a 107 Washington expressed a belief “that the water of the Potomac may, and will be brought from above the Great Falls into the Federal City, which would, in future, afford an ample supply of this object” (Orndorff, 1962). In the years 1850-52, appropriations were made for a study of “the most avail- able mode of supplying water” to the city, and by 1853 Capt. M. C. Meigs of the Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, com- menced construction of a project to bring water from the Potomac to the city. The project consisted of a dam above Great Falls, 9 miles of 9-foot conduit to Dale- carlia Reservoir (a 46-acre reservoir in Little Falls Branch) and 2 miles of 9-foot conduit from Dalecarlia to Georgetown Reservoir. From Georgetown the water was to be distributed through cast-iron mains to other parts of the city. By 1859 construction had been partly completed, so that water from Little Falls Branch, impounded in Dalecarlia Reser- voir, was turned into the system. Finally, on December 5, 1863, after delays caused by the War, water from above Great Falls began flowing into the mains (Orndorff, 1962). When the system was first put into serv- ice, the water was at times polluted or made turbid by Little Falls Branch. Dalecarlia was then bypassed at times of pollution or turbidity by building a conduit around it. and water from Little Falls Branch was used only when in good condition or for emergencies. This was the situation until 1895, when a tunnel was built to carry Little Falls Branch around Dalecarlia Res- ervoir to the Potomac River. McMillan Reservoir (38 acres for sedi- mentation and storage) was completed in 1902 and connected to Georgetown Reser- voir. Even with the improvements at Dale- carlia the water, now all obtained from the Potomac, was frequently turbid and remained so periodically until a filtration plant was completed in 1905. The differ- ence in quality of the water after filtration can be imagined by the remark of a young 108 lady to the effect that “it was almost im- modest to take a bath in the clear water” (Somervell, in Proctor, 1930). The filtration plant left something to be desired—the water from the Potomac was still turbid at times and remained so until January 1911, when coagulant was added. After this the water was clear at all times (Somervell, in Proctor, 1930). The next year the problem of pollution of the ground water made its appearance. According to the Washington Evening Star of February 6, 1906: ““The recent action of Dr. W. E. Woodward, the health officer. in condemning the water from the springs in Franklin Square, between L, K, 13th and 14th Streets, declaring it to be delete- rious to the public health, has caused com- ment in various quarters. For 75 years the springs have furnished water for use at the White House, the State, Treasury, War and Navy Department, and many houses in that portion of the city during which time there has been no complaint of the quality of water. Many hale, hearty old men and women, some of them octogenarians, have been lifelong users of the water, it is claimed, and have fared fully as well as those supplied by other springs * * *.” Ground-water supplies from wells also became suspect according to the Washing- ton Evening Star of August 24, 1907: “Par- tisans of the public pumps, organized un- der the name of the District of Columbia Protective Association, held a meeting at Society Temple last night and condemned the action of the commissioners in aban- doning a number of wells about the city. The health officials and the local Govern- ment in general got it good and hard. The association has already held four meetings to protest against the public pump removal * * *. Mr. R. S. Thorin got a good hand when he declared: “The reason you poor mortals have no pure water is because you have no say in your own affairs. We have suffered from an autocracy, an oligarchy.’ ” In spite of the protests the city fathers remained adamant, and the use of public shallow wells and springs was discontinued, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES at least in the central part of the city. But the objections had become so violent that when pollution was suspected in the spring on 13th Street, water from the Potomac was turned into the lines at night, and the un- suspecting public apparently was none the wiser. Although the public use of shallow wells and springs was forbidden, many that were privately-owned remained in use until a few years ago, and at the present time the District does not require permits for drill- ing private wells. However, cross-connec- tions with the public system are strictly forbidden, and large commercial wells are metered so that a sewer charge can be made. Long after the central part of the Dis- trict was supplied with city water from the Potomac, the District Government con- tinued to contract for the drilling of deep wells for schools in the outlying parts of the District. The Annual Report of the District for 1910 listed 11 shallow and 30 deep wells in use, presumably for public supply. The 1920 report shows that care and maintenance work was done on 2 springs and 23 wells. In 1920 it was again found necessary to augment the public water supply. At this time additional sources considered were the Patuxent River, the Potomac River at Little Falls, and the Potomac above Great Falls. A new intake was installed about 100 feet above the old dam above Great Falls. and a new conduit was built parallel to the old one, to Dalecarlia. A new filtration plant was constructed just below Dalecarlia (Somervell, in Proctor, 1930). As the suburbs expanded, water had to be provided for communities adjacent to the District. In March 1917 and April 1926, legislation was enacted to allow water to be supplied to the Washington Suburban Sanitary District in adjoining Maryland, and to Arlington County Sanitary District in Virginia. These areas encompassed 95 square miles in Maryland and 25 square miles in Virginia. May, 1962 In 1928 Washington had a water supply “* * * so abundant that it will provide water for several more decades though the population increases at the present rate of 11,000 a year’ (Proctor, 1930). In the early 1900’s, drilled wells began to supplant dug wells which had served the purpose for so many years. Most of these wells were artesian, drilled in the Coastal Plain for commercial establishments. Many of these wells are still in use within the District of Columbia and in nearby Mary- land and Virginia. Of course, many of the outlying sub- urban and rural sections within the metro- politan area are not supplied with city water. In those areas wells and springs are the sole source of supply. Until 1959 the public water supply for the District of Columbia, Arlington, and Falls Church was taken from the Potomac River by means of the diversion dam above Great Falls. A new diversion dam and pumping station with installed pumping capacity of 450 mgd were constructed at Little Falls and put into operation in the summer of 1959. When the present filtering capacity of 204 mgd is increased to 333 mgd, the system will be capable of sup- plying the District and adjacent parts of Virginia until the early 1980’s (Smith, J. C., 1962, written communication). The Army Engineers are now (1962) com- pleting a comprehensive study of the Po- tomac River basin in order to select ihe best plan to supply needs in the more dis- tant future. Within the District, approximately 14 private wells in Coastal Plain formations supply water for a variety of commercial establishments such as a storage warehouse, a railroad terminal, a dairy, a hotel, a theater, retail establishments, and_ light industry. These wells together pump ap- proximately 1.5 mgd. Two wells in the Piedmont west of Rock Creek supply a few gallons per minute for irrigation. Public water supply in Maryland, in a 427-square-mile area adjoining the District 109 of Columbia, is furnished by the Washing- ton Suburban Sanitary Commission. In 1961 an average of 49 mgd was supplied to a population of about 600,000. Water was obtained from two reservoirs on the Pa- tuxent River, and from diversion works on the Potomac River placed in operation in 1960. A small reservoir and filtration plant on Northwest Branch are maintained at Burnt Mills, near Silver Spring, to provide for emergencies and peak loads. Three wells are operated by the Commission in Prince Georges County, and others are planned. : In all, the facilities of the Sanitary Com- mission have a total capacity of about 110 mgd, and an additional 90 mgd can be pro- vided by expansion of the Potomac River plant. These facilities are considered ade- quate to supply the population expected in the area until the year 2000. The city of Rockville, until October 1958, was supplied with water from 35 wells. Since that time the city has obtained its water from a plant on the Potomac River opposite Beall’s Island. The city maintains 17 of its wells on a standby basis for emergency use. Arlington County and Falls Church ob- tain public water supplies from the Dis- trict of Columbia system. Falls Church, in turn, sells water to the Fairfax County Water Authority, and also supplies resi- dents in a 22-square-mile area in adjacent Fairfax County. At least 10 privately owned water companies, most of which rely on wells or a combination of ground water and surface water, supply northern Virginia in the Washington area. The Alexandria Water Company, the largest system in Northern Virginia, ob- tains most of its water from a dam on Occoquan Creek, about 20 miles southwest of Alexandria; it supplies the city of Alex- andria and the adjacent part of Fairfax County, including Fort Belvoir. In 1957 the Fairfax County Water Au- thority was established to purchase the private water companies and _ integrate 110 them into a county system. By the end of 1961, four private companies had been acquired. References Brian, W. B., 1914. A history of the National Capital. New York, MacMillan. Brown, G. W., 1930. Washington, a not too seri- ous history. Baltimore, Norman Publishing Company. Chapman, R. W., 1942. “Pseudomigmatite” in the Piedmont of Maryland. Geol. Soc. Amer- ica Bull., v. 52, no. 9, pp. 1299-1330. Cloos, Ernst, and Cooke, C. W., 1953. Geologic map of Montgomery County and the Dis- trict of Columbia. Scale 1:62,500. Mary- land Dept. of Geol., Mines, and Water Resources. Cooke, C. W., and Cloos, Ernst, 1951. Geologic Map of Prince Georges County, Maryland and the District of Columbia. Scale 1:62,500. Maryland Dept. of Geol., Mines, and Water Resources. Cooke, C. W., 1952. Sedimentary deposits of Prince Georges County and the District of Columbia, in Geology and water resources of Prince Georges County, Maryland. Maryland Dept. of Geol., Mines, and Water Resources, Bull. 10. Darton, N. H., 1947. Sedimentary formations of Washington, D. C., and vicinity. Map, scale 1:31,680. U. S. Geol. Survey. Jonas, A. L., 1928. Geologic map of Carroll County, Maryland. Maryland Geol. Survey. Johnston, P. M., 1962. The geology of Washing- ton, D. C., and vicinity. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, v. 52, no. 3,-p: al. Olmstead, C. E., and others, 1958. Takoma Park; a photo history of its people by its people (Seventy-fifth Anniversary History of Takoma Park, Md.). Orndorff, R. L., 1962. Introductory history, in Public water system. District of Columbia, District of Columbia Dept. of Sanitary En- gineering, Information Pamphlet, duplicated copy, 29 pp. Proctor, J. C., 1930. Washington, past and pres- ent. New York, Lewis Historical Publishing Go.,._Inc. C= JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES The Genesis of Living Matter ‘Francis O. Rice Chemistry Department, Georgetown University One of the most perplexing questions that has faced mankind throughout the ages is comprised in the three words “Whence and Whither.” Many attempts, some based on scientific knowledge + and some not, have been made to provide an answer at least to the first part of the ques- tion. The difficulties confronting the scien- tist in attempting any sort of answer are formidable: the chemist may, however, make a modest beginning by attempting to discover the genesis of the chemical compounds that constitute living matter. How did the sugars, starches, fats, proteins, hormones, etc., come into being? Could they have been formed in an originally “dead” world before any living matter ap- peared? It turns out that it is now possible to make constructive hypotheses which permit us to understand how these sub- stances could be formed in the absence of living matter. It must be emphasized that under primi- tive planetary conditions, the process whereby the small stable molecules (car- bon dioxide, water, etc.) could be con- verted into high molecular weight organic compounds, can hardly bear much resem- blance to the incredibly 7 complex series of reactions in the green plant through which, in the presence of chlorophyll and various enzymes, these simple molecules are incorporated into its structure. Matter recognizes only two driving forces; the first is the tendency for atoms to assume as low a potential energy as possible, and the second is the tendency for the motion of atoms to become as dis- orderly or random as possible. Left to itself matter will, under the influence of these forces, move inexorably toward a config- uration consisting of small stable particles. What is it then that can undo the effect of these forces and bring into existence large May, 1962 complicated molecules, in the absence of any kind of molecule consisting of more than very few atoms? Under these primi- tive conditions, surely only the very sim- plest sort of mechanism could be expected to function. There seems to be only one _ plausible solution, viz., to look for all possible means whereby the small stable molecules are broken down into the high energy particles that we call free radicals. Fortunately, throughout space, several ways exist to ac- complish this: thus, the absorption of short-wavelength light by ammonia, water, methane, etc., decomposes them into free radicals; moving electrons such as occur in thunderstorms can bring about the same decomposition; and finally, heating fol- lowed by sudden cooling * also results in the production of free radicals. The production of free radicals solves the most difficult part of our problem. While it is true that even after the forma- tion of free radicals, the march toward equilibrium starts again, the path back is long and tortuous, chiefly because free radicals are so high in the energy scale. We may make an analogy by considering the evaporation of water from the sea and its precipitation on a high mountain, as rain or snow. Hardly ever does it return to the sea directly through a high water- fall. Normally it gets back to the ocean through winding streams, lakes, rivers, etc. The rain or snow on the mountain represents the high energy free radicals, the sea represents the small stable mole- cules, and the intermediate levels represent the substances that constitute living matter. Thus we see that synthetic processes must be rather common throughout the universe; the countless millions of heavenly bodies are passing through a period of evolution, some of them being at millions HEA of degrees Centigrade, some of them near the absolute zero. Our own earth is pass- ing through such a period of evolution, having originated probably together with other planets from a giant explosion in the sun. It seems reasonable to suppose that chemical synthesis is proceeding on an immense number of planets, resulting in the production of vast quantities of the sub- stances that make up living matter. Life, as we know it on this planet, is intimately connected with compounds of carbon. Even such oddities as the sulfur bacteria, that may contain upward of 90 percent sulfur, are not essentially different from other forms of living matter.* These bacteria obtain the energy necessary for erowth by oxidizing hydrogen sulfide to elementary sulfur, which is stored in the body cells. However, the cells themselves are composed of carbon compounds, which differ in no way from those found in all other living cells; the sulfur plays no part in the essential structure of the cell, simply providing the necessary energy. We should, however, recognize the possibility that under different conditions of temperature, etc., the chemical behavior of sulfur and its compounds might be greatly modified, so that a planet may exist that is inhabited by beings whose organic chemistry is the chemistry of the sulfur compounds: the shores of this dismal planet would be washed not by H2:O but by HS! Distribution of the Elements A clue to the origin of the compounds occurring in living matter arises from the recognition of the fact that all the chemical elements of which they are composed are common throughout space.? The total matter of the observable universe is con- tained partly in the huge bodies which we call stars, partly in smaller and smaller ageregations such as planets, comets, meteors. and interstellar dust, until finally we come to the molecules and atoms. A tacit assumption that seems to be reason- able is that the various bodies in space have evolved from a_ huge, chemically jb 7 homogeneous dust cloud. Evidence obtained from the spectra of stars and interstellar material, etc., tells not only what elements are present but also their relative abun- dances. Meteorites give us information about the non-volatile material of the original dust cloud, whereas comets con- tain volatile substances that produce the spectra of such particles as CH, CO, NH, OH, Cy, CN, etc. In general, stellar data are used for the evaluation of materials which condense with difficulty, and mete- oric data are used for the more readily condensable substances. Excluding the rare gases, it turns out that hydrogen is by far the most abundant element; it is followed by oxygen, nitro- gen, and carbon listed in order of abun- dance, although the amounts do not differ greatly. A third group consisting of mag- nesium, silicon, sulfur, and iron comes next in abundance, but these are at least an order less common than the members of the previous group; all other elements are much less common. Owing to the difficulty of making meas- urements of abundances, the actual num- bers are known within a factor of perhaps +3. Fortunately, however, we are con- cerned with the atmospheres of planets, more particularly those of the solar sys- tem, and here our information is much more dependable and extensive. As material condenses, fractionation will occur, resulting in the lighter elements pre- dominating in the outer layers where living matter may be expected to originate. The major planets all contain hydrogen, am- monia, and methane in their atmospheres: the terrestrial planets are now highly oxidized and may contain in their atmos- pheres free oxygen, free nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water—free hydrogen usually being absent. The Characteristics of Carbon Compounds Among all the chemical elements, carbon has no close competitor in the vast num- ber and diversity of compounds it is JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES +—lO cm— Fig. 1. Formation of amino acids, etc. in an electric discharge. The apparatus contains meth- ane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water, which about half fill the small bulb. By boiling the water, the vapors are circulated through the large bulb, where they are subjected to an electrical dis- charge after which they are condensed and re- turned to the small bulb. See Reference 8. known to form, many of which are neces- sary in order to provide those qualities which we associate with living matter. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that living matter as we know it is composed of compounds of carbon, and that the chemistry of carbon compounds is still known by its old name, “organic chem- istry.” One of the extraordinary phenom- ena that occur in living matter is the uniqueness of each individual being. While this is self-evident in human beings, it extends also to lower forms of life (per- haps even to microscopic life) so that we must find some explanation to account for this astonishing diversity. The difference in properties between different substances which permit us to distinguish one from the other, resides in the last analysis, in May, 1962 the make-up of the molecules of which each is composed. Thus, ordinary oxygen, Oz, and ozone, Oz, bear no resemblance to each other, although each contains only oxygen atoms; the same is true of water, H2,O, and hydrogen peroxide, H.O», although each contains nothing except hy- drogen and oxygen. Normal octane, CsH;s, which has its eight carbon atoms in a straight chain, is a liquid which smells like gasoline and has a boiling point of 126°C. The octane, hexamethylethane, CsH;,, hav- ing the formula (CH;)3C-C(CH3)3, is a solid (M.P. 104°C.) and smells like cam- phor. It is important therefore, to con- sider whether carbon compounds exist in suficient diversity to account for the ma- terial differences of the countless numbers of living creatures. The capacity of carbon to form a huge number of compounds is due to several factors among which may be mentioned (a) its power of combining with itself to form long chains and (b) the curious phenomenon of isomerism. For example, oxygen and nitrogen have each only two hydrides: Water H-O-H Hydrogen peroxide H-O-O-H H We Ammonia H—N ~ H Hydrazine H H If oxygen and nitrogen had the power of forming long chains, we might expect such compounds as ies H—0—0—0—H: - and H H H P< ae but none such have ever been found. In contrast, carbon not only forms CH, and CoH, but a whole series of hydro- carbons containing up to several hundred carbon atoms. Thus, instead of having only two hydrides, carbon has several hundred in which fhere is a straight chain of carbon atoms, merely because of the property possessed by the carbon atom, of forming strong carbon-carbon bonds. Actually this is only the beginning of the story: owing to its ability to form isomers, the number of hydrides of carbon is in- creased beyond any possibility of count- ing them. Thus by following the valency rules, we may construct altogether 18 octanes having the formula CgHis. Each one is a separate and distinct chemical entity having its own characteristic prop- erties which permit its separation and identification. As the number of carbon atoms increases, the number of isomers increases extremely rapidly. Thus, while octane has 18 isomers, decane, C, 9H22, has 75 isomers, and the numbers (rounded off to the nearest power of ten) of isomers of some higher hydrocarbons © are as follows: Ronee N—N—N » H Name Empirical Number oj formula isomers Eicosane CopHae 10° Triacontane CapH¢e 10° Tetracontane CaoHe OH Pentacontane CsoH102 1022 Decacontane Ci00H 202 Lee Eicontane Co200H402 Toe" Each protein molecule in our bodies con- tains far more than 200 carbon atoms, and contains in addition, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, so that the number of isomers possible increases to a fantas- tically huge number. Since the number ‘ of electrons in the whole of the known 114 universe (we have to count electrons be- cause molecules and even atoms could not exist at the high temperature of the stars) is about 10°°, there is no possibility what- soever of nature running out of enough molecules to make each living being characteristic in a material sense. Generation of Free Radicals It has already been pointed out that the effect of short wavelength light, elec- trical discharge, or intense heating on methane, ammonia, water, carbon dioxide, etc. would be to generate various free radicals including the free atoms them- selves. Under primitive earth conditions, therefore, we may expect the formation of such particles as CH3, CHa, CH, NH»o, NH, and OH, as well as free atoms. Reactions of the radicals with each other would be expected to produce a great variety of small stable molecules. Furthermore, re- action of the free radicals with the unsatu- rated molecules would cause polymeriza- tion and the formation of large molecules. Free radicals can be generated by the action of heat alone, and can even be stabilized under certain very special con- ditions. While these conditions probably did not exist at any time on our own earth, it is possible that on other planets throughout the universe, the generation of free radicals by heat may have contributed to the formation of high molecular weight organic compounds. Conditions of extreme cold, combined with localized high temperatures, would obtain on any planet far away from a sun when struck by meteorites. A similar situation obtains on a _ planet such as Mercury, that rotates round the sun and on its own axis in the same period of time so that the same side of Mercury always faces the sun. The face of Mercury toward outer space would obtain heat only by conduction from the side facing the sun (assuming that Mercury has no in- terior heat of its own), and would finally JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ( - 3 if i | } Progesterone (A female sex hormone) 1 { it | : } } ! \ \ Ht i ij | 5 | } sin Androsterone (A male sex hormone) Gancer producing hydrocarbons Methylcholonthrene Dibenzanthracene Fig. 2. Diagrams showing the structure of two of the sex hormones and two of the cancer-produc- ing hydrocarbons. The small white circles represent hydrogen atoms, the smaller black circles represent carbon atoms, and the larger black circles represent atoms of oxygen. obtain a very low temperature; Mercury is both the hottest and the coldest of the planets. If a meteor should strike a surface near the absolute zero of temperature, and as- suming the presence of compounds con- May, 1962 taining carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, etc., free radicals would be formed at the lo- calized high temperature areas and would be frozen out and stabilized in the sur- rounding cold areas. If at some later period these cold areas become warm, the WS Cholesterol Vitamin 2 Fig. 3. Diagrams showing the structure of three compounds containing the sterol nucleus. The small white circles represent hydrogen atoms, the smaller black circles represent carbon atoms, and the larger black circles represent atoms of oxygen. radicals would react to form small mole- cules followed by polymerization to form molecules of high molecular weight. Experiments under Primitive Earth Conditions Numerous experiments® (see Fig. 1) have been performed in the last few years in which a mixture of gases consisting of methane, ammonia, water, and hydrogen was subjected to the action of an electrical discharge; a great variety of amino acids were formed, some of which were specif- ically identified. Since the amino acids 116 are the units out of which proteins are synthesized, these experiments give con- siderable support to the hypothesis that proteins themselves could have been formed prior to the appearance of living matter. In addition to the amino acids, there was evidence of the formation of some poly-hydroxy compounds which were not identified. Glycerine, which is an essential constituent of all fats, as well as the carbohydrates—the sugars and starches —are all polyhydroxy compounds. While no experiments have as yet been per- formed substantiating the hypothesis that JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fig. 4. The above sequence of reactions acetylene. only the carbon skeleton is shown, hydrogen atoms being omitted. nucleus. shows the These reactions, together with hundreds of others, could occur in a heated tube. second reaction is an isomerization which could occur on the walls of the tube. In the above diagram, 1,3-butadiene with vinyl The condensation of The last structure is the sterol protein, fats, and carbohydrates actually were formed under non-living conditions, the difficult step has been accomplished, namely, of proving that the units that go to make up these complicated compounds can be produced under primitive planetary conditions; the condensation and polymeri- zation of these units, especially in the presence of free radicals, would be ex- pected to occur and would lead to a whole host of complicated organic compounds, May, 1962 including the known proteins, carbohy- drates, and fats. The Sterol Nucleus There are several other classes of com- pounds, essential for living matter, the members of which do not appear to be formed under the conditions described in the foregoing section. As an example, we may mention the class of compounds con- taining the sterol nucleus (see Figs. 2 and Lyi on HO,,NH,NH,, POLYMERIZATION [CH,=CH,,CH=CH,CH,=C=CH, CH3,CH,,CH,ETC./ DIELS-ALDER/REACTION \CH,=CHCH=CH,,CH,=CO0,ETC FREE RADICALS UNSATURATED COMPOUNDS AMINO ACIDS HORMONES PROTEINS STEROLS SUGARS, FATS VITAMINS CARBOHYDRATES CANCER PRODUCING HYDROCARBONS uJ a — < S 2 a. © = 4 Ww = F = z 9g = ra = rr x. S ro) 5 4 n K KE = ys >| o o YU =" = TE Academy Honors Forty-four Students _-__..____=__ 2. ———— 120 Science in Washington Scientists-in*the News. ...122__+_{+.4._____-_. = =a gall The Brownstone Tower _._2---..-.-i-_-....__ Ee 124 Afhliated Societies 22.2922 <._..... 2 — Ee 125 Calendar of Events ..-222.._..2.20 12 E—> 27 Joint Board on Science Education _______________ = —— 128 Science and Development —1....-_._ _2-_-__ = 128 Washington Academy of Sciences 2nd Class Postage 1530—P SiN WwW Paid at Washington, D. C. Washington, D. €. Return Requested LEBAAARY CF AANGLO Ke GORE TUM c2 GHVINETY AVE r CAMGAEOGE 28 MASS wAS JOURNAL of the WASHINGTON ACADEMY of SCIENCES Directory Issue Vol. 32 * Now G SEPTEMBER 1962 RECEIVED “ OCT 2 6 1962 <{e) ee JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Editor: SAmuet B. Detwiter, Jr., Department of Agriculture Associaie Editors Frank L. Camppett, National Academy of Russert B. Stevens, George Washington Sciences University Harotp T. Coox, Department of Agriculture JoHN K. Taytor, National Bureau of Standards RicHarp P. Farrow, National Canners Asso- LAwreNcE A. Woop, National Bureau of ciation Standards Contributors ALBERT M. Stone, Applied Physics Laboratory GERHARD M. Braver, National Bureau of Joun A. O’Brien, Jr., Catholic University Standards CHARLES A. WHITTEN, Coast & Geodetic Survey Howarp W. Bonp, National Institutes of Health Marcaret D. Foster, Geological Survey ILEEN E. Stewart, National Science Foundation Russet B. Stevens, George Washington ALLEN L. ALEXANDER, Naval Research Laboratory University Victor R. Boswett, USDA, Beltsville JosepH B. Morris. Howard University Haroitp T. Cook, USDA, Washington Frank L. Campsett, NAS-NRC WititiamM J. Bartey, University of Maryland This Journal, the official organ of the Washington Academy of Sciences, publishes historical articles, critical reviews, and scholarly scientific articles; notices of meetings and abstract proceedings of meetings of the Academy and its affiliated societies: and regional news items, including personal news, of interest to the entire membership. The Journal appears eight times a year in January to May and October to December. Subscription rate: $7.50 per year (U.S.), $1.00 per copy. Foreign postage extra. Subscription Orders or requests for back numbers or volumes of the Journal, or copies of the Proceedings, should be sent to the Washington Academy of Sciences, 1530 P St., N.W., Washing- ton, D.C. Remittances should be made payable to “Washington Academy of Sciences”. Claims for missing numbers will not be allowed if received more than 60 days after date of mailing plus time normally required for postal delivery and claim. No claims will be allowed because of failure to notify the Academy of a change of address. Changes of address should be sent promptly to the Academy Office, 1530 P St.. N.W.. Washington, D. C. Such notification should include both old and new addresses and postal zone number, if any. Advertising rates may be obtained from the Editor, care of Academy Office. Second class postage paid at Washington, D. C. OFFICERS OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES President: BENJAMIN D. VAN Evera, George Washington University President-Elect: Hretnz Specut, National Institutes of Health Secretary: Georce W. Irvinc, Jr., Department of Agriculture Treasurer: Matcotm C. HENpeERSON, Catholic University CHashinaton Academy of Sciences Directory, 1962 Foreword The last previous editions of the Acad- emy’s directory, in various degrees of elaborateness, appeared in 1947-8, 1953, 1956, and 1959. In the 1956 directory, for the first time, members were listed not only alphabetically but also by place of employment; the latter classification was accomplished by use of a semi-mnemonic code and mechanical punch cards. In discussions over the past three years, it has been the sense of the Academy’s Board of Managers that directories rapidly become out-of-date, and one that is more than a year old serves no very useful purpose; that if a directory is pub- lished annually, its cost must be within the Academy’s means; and that the Academy should look forward to regular publication of a joint directory that would include the membership of affiliated so- cieties as well as of the Academy itself. The present, 37th, directory is the re- sult of these discussions. It is, we hope, the first of an annual series that can be brought up to date each year at minimum cost to the Academy, and with minimum expenditure of effort by an already-over- burdened volunteer staff. The classifica- tion of members by place of employment has been retained, at least as concerns resident, active members; and a new clas- sification, by membership in affiliated societies, has been introduced for resident, active members of the Academy. Addresses of members have been eliminated, since keeping them up to date would add in- ordinately to the cost of the directory in future years; however, it is felt that be- tween the classified listing and the Wash- ington telephone book, little difficulty should be involved in getting in touch with local members. Finally, the directory has SEPTEMBER, 1962 been issued as a regular number of the Journal, rather than as a separate publica- tion. As a first step toward a joint directory of the Academy and its affiliated societies, the punch cards for the present directory have been designed to be consonant with those used by the Chemical Society of Washington in the preparation of its an- nual directory. It is entirely feasible to consider that, in subsequent years, the punch cards of the two groups could be integrated at little or no additional ex- pense, for the publication of a joint direc- tory of the two groups. The later inclusion of other affiliated societies in such an op- eration likewise should offer few dif- culties. In the present directory, because of time limitations, codes have not been as- signed to nonresident members, nor to emeritus members whether resident or nonresident. Consideration will be given to their inclusion in subsequent issues of the directory. Assignment of codes for place of em- ployment and membership in affiliated so- cieties is based upon results of a postcard questionnaire sent to active, resident mem- bers. Where members did not answer the questionnaire, the coding was made on the basis of other available information. Corrections should be called to the atten- tion of the Academy office, at 1530 P St., N.W. Besides the listing of members, this is- sue of the directory contains supplemen- tary information on the Academy’s or- ganization and objectives, etc. It does not contain the Bylaws, which appeared in the January 1962 issue of the Journal. 129 Explanation of Listings The alphabetical listing purports to in- clude all members on the Academy rolls as of July 1, 1962, whether resident or nonresident, and whether active (dues- paying), emeritus (retired), or honorary. The first set of code symbols after the name is a cross-reference to place of em- ployment, as shown in the first classified list. The second set of code symbols is a cross-reference to membership in affliated societies (identified below), as shown in the second classified list. The third set of code symbols refers to status of mem- bership in the Academy, as follows: R = Resident (living within 25 miles of the White House) N = Nonresident A = Active (dues-paying) EK = Emeritus (retired, non-dues-pay- ing ) H — Honorary Those emeriti who choose to continue to pay dues have been listed as active members. Affiliated Societies and Year of Affiliation Code Philosophical Society of Washington (1898) Anthropological Society of Washington (1898) Biological Society of Washington (1898) Chemical Society of Washington (1898) Entomological Society of Washington (1898) National Geographic Society (1898) Geological Society of Washington (1898) Medical Society of the District of Columbia (1898) Columbia Historical Society (1899) Botanical Society of Washington (1902) Society of American Foresters, Washington Section (1904) Washington Society of Engineers (1907) American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Washington Section (1912) American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Washington Section (1923) Helminthological Society of (1923) American Society for Microbiology, Wash- ington Branch (1923) SO SSS soi Washington © Soe ae, Pim R_ Society of American Military Engineers, Washington Post (1927) S_ Institute of Radio Engineers, Washington Section (1933) American Society of Civil Engineers, Na- tional Capital Section (1942) Society for Experimental Biology and Medi- cine, D. C. Section (1952) American Society for Metals, Washington Chapter (1953) International Association for Dental Re- search, Washington Section (1953) Institute of the Aerospace Sciences, Wash- ington Section (1953) American Meteorological Branch (1954) Insecticide Society of Washington (1959) Acoustical Society of America, Washington Chapter (1959) 3 American Nuclear Society, Washington Sec- tion (1960) 4 Institute of Food Technologists, Washing- ton Section (1961) Society, D. C. NN K «eM @ st aa Organization, Objectives, and Activities The Washington Academy of Sciences had its origin in the Philosophical Society of Washington. The latter, organized in 1871, was for a few years the only sci- entific society of Washington. As other more specialized local scientific societies were formed, need was felt for federation of all such societies under an academy of sciences. Therefore 14 local scientific leaders moved to establish the Washington Academy of Sciences, which was _in- corporated on February 18, 1898. In that 130 year the first eight societies listed above became affiliated with the Academy. The Philosophical Society heads the list be- cause of its key position in the estab- lishment of the Academy; the other seven are listed in alphabetical order, and the remaining 20 in chronological order of affiliation. Some of these 28 societies are local, without other affiliation; most are local sections or branches of national societies; one, the National Geographic Society, became a popular national society, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES whose present affiliation with the Academy is only of historical . significance. The primary purpose of the Academy is the promotion of science in various ways through cooperation among natural sci- entists and engineers of the Washington metropolitan area. Except during the summer, the Academy holds monthly meet- ings, stressing subjects of general scientific interest. It publishes a monthly journal, which is intended to facilitate and report the organized scientific activity of the Washington area. It may sponsor con- ferences or symposia and publish their proceedings, or it may publish suitable scientific monographs. In many ways, the Academy encourages excellence in sci- entific research and education, e.g., by sponsoring the Washington Junior Acad- emy of Sciences; by sponsoring through the Joint Board on Science Education, experiments in and services to secondary scientific education in the public and private schools of the area; by making annual awards to promising high school students and to a few outstanding young professional scientists for their achieve- ments in research or teaching; and by making small grants-in-aid for support of research. The Academy also may aid public understanding of important sci- entific developments through sponsored conferences and teacher training. It may make recommendations on public policy involving scientific matters. The Academy acts as the federal head of its affiliated societies, each of which is represented on the Board of Managers by a delegate appointed by his society. An- nual elections are by mail ballot. The membership is composed principally of resident active members who by reason of scientific attainment are deemed eligible. Nominations for membership, endorsed by at least two members of the Academy, and changes in the status of members, are acted upon by the Board of Managers upon recommendation of the Committee on Membership. As of December 31, 1961, the member- ship of the Academy was: Resident Members: active, 830, emeritus, 68. Nonresident Members: active, 159, emeritus, 68, honorary 4. Total, 1129. Organization for 1962 George Washington University (FE 8-0250, X681; home CL 6-3298) National Institutes of Health (496-5730; home WH 2-4159) Department of Agriculture (DU 8-5134; home OL 2-8564) Officers President BENJAMIN D. VAN EVERA President-Elect HEINZ SPECHT Secretary GeorcE W. IrRvING, JR. Treasurer MaAtcotm C. HENDERSON Catholic University (LA 9-6000 X313; home CO 5-1252) Managers Term through 1962 WILLIAM G. BROMBACHER 1962 AuREL G. FOSTER 1963 ALPHONSE F. ForziAtTi 1963 Leo SCHUBERT 1964 RussELL B. STEVENS 1964 Harotp H. SHEPARD SEPTEMBER, 1962 National Bureau of Standards (EM 2-4040 X7619; home OL 2-5031) Department of Agriculture, Beltsville (GR 4-4800 X387; home WA 7-4613) Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratories (EM 2-8000; home JU 8-9617) American University (WO 6-6800 X267; home OL 4-7565) George Washington University (FE 8-0250 X459; home EL 6-2232) Department of Agriculture (DU 8-3561; home OT 4-7050) 131 Standing Committee Chairmen Executive Committee BenyJAMIN D. VAN Evera George Washington University (FE 8-0250 X681; home CL 6-3298) (The Executive Committee consists of the president, president-elect, secretary, treasurer, and Alfred E. Brown and Russell B. Stevens for the Board of Managers.) Meetings Francois N, FRENKIEL David Taylor Model Basin (EM 5-2600 X292; home WO 6-2344) Membership Mary Louise Rossins George Washington University (FE 3-9000 X510; home OL 2-5410) Monographs DEAN B. Cowie Dept. Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution (WO 6-0863; home OL 2-7530) Awards for Scientific Joun S. Toi University of Maryland Achievement (WA 7-3800; home OL 4-0404) Grants-in-Aid for ARCHIBALD T. McPHERsSoN National Bureau of Standards Research (EM 2-4040 X7218; home WH 2-4065) Policy and Planning Wayne C. HALL Naval Research Laboratory (JO 3-6600 X1864; home LO 7-3728) Encouragement of ABNER BRENNER National Bureau of Standards Science Talent (EM 2-4040 X7266; home OL 4-4191) Science Education JoHn K. TAYLOR National Bureau of Standards (EM 2-4040 X7855; home WA 7-4659) Delegates of Affiliated Societies See inside rear cover. The Journal Editor SAMUEL B. DETWILER, Jr. Department of Agriculture (DU 8-6548; home JA 7-8775) Associate Editors FRANK L. CAMPBELL National Academy of Sciences Harotp T. Cook Department of Agriculture RicHARD P. FARROW National Canners Association RussELL B. STEVENS George Washington University JouHn K. TAYLor National Bureau of Standards LAWRENCE A. Woop National Bureau of Standards Past Presidents 1898 John R. Eastman 1926 George K. Burgess 1944 Clement L. Garner 1899- 1927 Alexander Wetmore 1945 John E. Graf 1910 Charles D. Walcott 1928 Robert B. Sosman 1946 Hugh L. Dryden 191] Frank W. Clarke 1929 Ales Hrdlicka 1947 Waldo L. Schmitt 1912.‘ Frederick V. Coville 1930 William Bowie 1948 Frederick D. Rossini 1913. Otto H. Tittmann 1931 Nathan Cobb 1949 F. H. H. Roberts, Jr. 1914 David White 1932. Leason H. Adams 1950 + Francis B. Silsbee 1915 Robert S. Woodward 1933 Robert F. Griggs 1951 Nathan R. Smith 1916 Leland O. Howard 1934 Louis B. Tuckerman 1952 Walter Ramberg 1917 William H. Holmes 1935 George W. McCoy 1953. Frank M. Setzler 1918 Lyman J. Briggs 1936 Oscar E. Meinzer 1954 Francis M. Defandorf 1919 ‘Frederick L. Ransome 1937 Charles Thom 1955 Margaret Pittman 1920 Carl L. Alsberg 1938 Paul E. Howe 1956 Ralph E. Gibson 1921 Alfred H. Brooks 1939 Charles E. Chambliss 1957 William M. Rubey 1922 William J. Humphreys 1940 Eugene C. Crittenden 1958 Archibald T. McPherson 1923. Thomas W. Vaughan 1941 Austin H. Clark 1959 Frank L. Campbell 1924 Arthur L. Day 1942 Harvey L. Curtis 1960 Lawrence A. Wood 1925 Vernon Kellogg 1943. Leland W. Parr 1961 Philip H. Abelson 132 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Alphabetical List of Members ABBOT» CHARLES G ABELSON» PHILIP H ST GEE ACHTER»s MEYER R 1LDNRL ADAMS» ELLIOT Q ADAMS» LEASON H AKERS» ROBERT P 1HNIH ALDRICH» JOHN W lIFWS ALEXANDER» ALLEN L 1DNRL ALEXANDER» LYLE T lARFR ALEXANDER» SAMUEL N 1CNBS ALLARD» H A ALLENs HARRY C JR 1CNBS ALLENs WILLIAM G 1CMAA ALLISON» FRANKLIN E lARFR ALT» FRANZ L 1CNBS ALTER» HARVEY SHARE AMESs LAWRENCE M 3INAS AMIRIKIANs ARSHAM 1DNBY ANASTOS» GEORGE 2HUMD ANDERSONs EVELYN ANDERSONs MYRON S fRETD ANDERSONs WENDELL L 1DNRL ANDERSONs WILLIAM H LARFR ANDREWS» HOWARD L LHPHS ANDREWS» JOHN S 1ARFR ANDREWS» T G 2HUMD APPEL» WILLIAM D ZAATC APPLEMANs CHARLES O APSTEIN»s MAURICE 1DAOF ARMSTRONGs CHARLES ARMSTRONGs GEORGE T 1CNBS ASLAKSONs CARL I 4CONS ASTINs ALLEN V 1CNBS ATTIX»s FRANK H 1DNRL AXILROD»s BENJAMIN M 1CNBS BABERS» FRANK H BAILEY» WILLIAM J 2HUMD BAKER» ARTHUR A LIGES BAMFORD» RONALD 2HUMD BARBEAUs MARIUS BARBROW»s LOUIS E 1CNBS BARKER» ROY J 1LARFR BARNES» R PERCY 2HHOU BARNHARTs CLYDE §S 1DAER BARON» LOUIS §S 1DAWR BARRETT» MORRIS K 1HNIH BARRETT» MORRIS K MRS I1HNIH BARSS» H P BASS» ARNOLD M 1CNBS BATEMANs ALAN M BATESs P H BATES» ROGER G 1CNBS BAUER» HUGO lHNIH BEACHs LOUIS A 1DNRL BEANs HOWARD S 4CONS BEARCEs HENRY W BECKER» EDWIN D 1HNIH BECKETT» CHARLES Ww 1CNBS BEHREND» EDWIN H BEIJs K HILDING BEKKEDAHL » NORMAN 1CNBS SEPTEMBER, 1962 BEG BEG BELKIN» MORRIS BELOREs GARE S BELSHEIMs ROBERT BENDER» MAURICE BENEDICTs WILLIAM S BENJAMINs CHESTER R BENNETT» JOHN A BENNETT» MARTIN T BENNETT» WILLARD H BERKNER»s L V BERL» WALTER G BERLINER» ROBERT W BERNHARDs SIDNEY A BERNTON»s HARRY S BIBERSTEINs BICKLEYs WILLIAM E BIRCKNER» VICTOR BIRD» HR BIRKS». LS BISHOPP»s F C BLACK» RICHARD B BLAIR» WILLIAM R BLAKEs DORIS H BLANCs MILTON L BLOOMs MORTIMER C BLUMs WILLIAM BLUNT» ROBERT BOGLEs ROBERT BOHNERT» JOHN BOLTON»s ELLIS BONDs HOWARD W BONDELIDs ROLLON O BORTHWICKs HARRY A BOSWELL» VICTOR R BOUTWELL»s JOHN M BOWERs VINCENT E BOWLES» ROMALD E BOWMAN» JOHN R BOWMANs PAUL W BOWMAN» THOMAS E BOYDs FRANCIS R BOZEMANs F MARILYN BRAATENs NORMAN F BRANHAMs SARA E BRANSCOMBs LEWIS M BRANSON» HERMAN BRAUER» GERHARD M BRECKENRIDGEs F C BRECKENRIDGE » BREIT» GREGORY BRENNER» ABNER BREWER» A KEITH BREWER» CARL R BRICKWEDDEs F G BRIERLEYs PHILIP BRIGGS» LYMAN J BRODIE» BERNARD B BROMBACHERs W G BROOKS» HERBERT B BROWNs ALFRED E BROWNs B F BROWNs EDGAR BROWNs JRC = FRANK A JR ROBERT G l1HNIH 1ONRL LHPHS 2HJHU 1LARFR 1CNBS 4CONS 3T APL LHNIH LHNIH 4PHYS 2HCUA 2HUMD 1DNRL 1CWEB 1DNRL 1CNBS LONRL 31CIW LHNIH 1ONRL 1ARFR LARFR 1CNBS 5BOEN 2HGWU 1X SMI S-HGEL 1DAWR 1C€G$S 1CNBS 2HHOU 1CNBS 1CNBS 1CNBS 1DNNO LHNIH LARFR 1HNIH TRE TD SHARE LONRL 2HUMD BE EZ BEV DK BROWN» RUSSELL G 2HUMD K RA COOLIDGEs HAROLD J 3INAS G RA BROWNs THOMAS M 2HGWU RA COOLIDGEs WILLIAM D NA BUCKLEY» FLOYD W 1CNBS E RA COONSs GEORGE H RE BUHRER» EDNA M LARFR P RA COOPER»s G ARTHUR 1XSMI H RA BUNNs RALPH W 8CLUN RA COOPERs STEWART R 2HHOU E RA BURAS»s EDMUND M JR 5HARE E RA COOTERs IRVIN L 1CNBS BN RA BURGERS» JM 2HUMD BX RA CORNFIELD» JEROME LHNIH RA BURINGTONs RICHARD S 1DNBW BG RA CORRELL» DONOVAN S NA BURK»s DEAN LHNIH EU RA CORY» ERNEST N RE BURKEs BERNARD F 3ICIW RA COTTAMs CLARENCE NA BURKEs FREDERIC G 4PHYS I RA COULSONs E JACK lARUR EU RA BURKEY:s LLOYD A 7TRETD Q RA COWANs RICHARD S 1XSMI RA BURNETT» H C 1CNBS V RA COWIEs DEAN B 3ICIW RA BURSTEINs ELIAS NA COXs HIDEN T Z31AIB RA BUTLER» JAMES W IDNRL RA CRAFTONs PAUL A ZHGWU NOX RA BYERLY»s PERRY NA CRAGOEs CARL S ; RE BYRNE» ROBERT J 2HUMD Q RA CRAVEN» JOHN P 1DNBW O RA CREITZs E CARROLL 1CNBS E RA a CRESSMANs GEORGE P 1XNMC RA CABALLERO» EDUARDO NA CULLINANs FRANK P LARFR K RA CALDWELL» FRANK R 1CNBS B RA CURRAN» HAROLD R LARUR Q RA CALDWELL» JOSEPH M 1DAEB T RA CURRIER» LOUIS W 7RETD H RA CALLEN» EARL R 1DNOL B RA CURTIS» ROGER W NA CAMPAIGNEs HOWARD H NA GURTISSs LEON F NE CAMPBELL» FRANK L 3INAS BDEFZ RA CUTTITTAs FRANK LIGES EGA RA CANNON» EDWARD W 1CNBS RA CARDER»s DEAN S VGEGs (BA RA CAREYs FRANCIS E 5ASPR RA DAETs FEO Des LHNIH EU RA CARHART»s HOMER W 1DONRL E RA DALZELL» R CARSON 1XAEC RA CARMICHAEL » LEONARD 1XSMI RA DANEs CARLF H 1IGES H RA CARRINGTONs TUCKER LENBSE RA DARWENTs BASIL DE B 2HCUA E RA CARROLL» DOROTHY LIGES XH RA DAUERs CARL C 1HPHS RA CARROLL» THOMAS J NA DAVIDSONs ROSS W NE CARROLL» WILLIAM R LHNIH E RA DAVIS» DORLAND J lHNIH Q RA CARRON»s MAXWELL K ITGES EH RA DAVIS» MARION M 1CNBS EG RA CARTER» HUGH 1HX RA DAVIS» PHILIP J 1CNBS RA CASHs EDITH K RE DAVIS’s R F 2HUMD RA CASSELs JAMES M LGNBS VE RA DAVIS» WATSON 31SES RA CAULs HAROLD J 1CNBS EVW RA DAVISSONs JAMES W 1DNRL B RA CHALKLEYs HAROLD W RE DAWSON» PAUL R NA CHAPINs EDWARD A NE DAWSON» REED NA CHAPIN» EDWARD J 1DNRL V RA DAWSON» ROY C 8CLUN RA CHAPLINs HARVEY JR 1DNDT X RA DE FERIETs J KAMPE NA CHAPLINEs WR RE DE LAUNAYs JULES NA CHASE» AGNES RE DE PUE»s LELAND A 1DNRL V RA CHRISTENSON» LEROY D 1ARFR F RA DEANs H TRENDLEY NE GRAPREYs PAU ZHGUAY Ti RA DEBORD»s GEORGE G NE CLAIRE» CHARLES N 1CCGS BM RA DEFANDORF»s FRANCIS M 1CNBS BGN RA CLARKs FRANCIS E NA DEIGNANs HERBERT G 1XSMI RA CLARKs GEORGE E JR 5REAN RA DEIGNANs STELLA L 1XSMI RA CLARK» KENNETH G lARFR E RA DEITZs VICTOR R 1CNBS RA CLAUSENs CURTIS P NE DERMEN» HAIG 1ARFR K RA GREAVER's: OSGAR PF 1DAER NR RA DETWILER» SAMUEL B TRETD’ LK RA CLEMENT» J REID JR 1DONRL RA DETWILER» SAMUEL B JR 1ARUR E RA COATNEYs G ROBERT LHPHS RA DIAMOND» JACOB MRS 2SMOC RA COBLENTZ»s W W RE DICKSONs GEORGE 1CNBS W RA COCHRAN» DORIS M 1XSMI G RA DIEHL» WALTER S TREMOR RA GOEs FRED 0 4PHYS I RA DIEHL» WILLIAM W 7RETD DK RA COEs MAYNE R NE DIGGES» THOMAS G 8CLUN RA COHNs ROBERT 1DNX B RA DOCTORs NORMAN 1DAOF RA COLEs HOWARD I NA DOETSCHs RAYMOND N 2HUMD Q RA COLEs KENNETH S LHNIH RA DOLECEK»s RICHARD L 1DNRL RA COLEMANs JOHN S 3INAS 2 RA DORNs HAROLD F lLHNIH RA COLLINS» HENRY B 1XSMI C RA DOSSs MILDRED A 2HUMD P RA COMPTONs W DALE NA DOUGLAS» CHARLES A 1CNBS RA CONGER» PAUL S 1XSMI RA DOUGLAS» THOMAS B 1CNBS E RA COOKs HAROLD T LAMMR BK4 RA DOWNINGs LEWIS K 2HHOU T RA COOKs RICHARD K 1CNBS B2 RA DRAEGER»s R HAROLD NA GOOK’s ROBERT “4 3A AGA RA DRECHSLER»s CHARLES 7TRETD K RA COOKEs C WYTHE RE DRESSLERs ROBERT F NA 134 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES DRUMMETER»s LOUIS F JR DRYDEN» HUGH L DU SHANEs GRAHAM P DUERKSENs JACOB A DUNCAN» HELEN M DUNCAN» ROBERT C DUNNINGs K L DUTILLY»s A EARLE» WILTON R ECKERT» W J ECKHARDT» E A EDDY» BERNICE E EDDY» NATHAN B EDMUNDS» LAFE R EDSONs JAMES B EGLI» PAUL H EHRMAN»s JOACHIM B EITSENHART»s CHURCHILL EISENSTEINs JULIAN C ELBOURN» ROBERT D ELLINGERs GEORGE A ELLIOTT» CHARLOTTE SeetOlts FE ELLIS» NED R EMERSON» W B EMERY» ALDEN H EMMARTs EMILY W SROWELLERs SL ENDICOTT» KENNETH M ENNIS» WILLIAM B JR ERICKSENs JL ESTERMANNs IMMANUEL ETZEL» HOWARD W EVANS» ALICE C EVANS» W DUANE EWERS»s JOHN C FABER» JOHN E JR FAHEYs JOSEPH J FARR» MARION M FARROWs RICHARD P FAUST» GEORGE T FAUST» WILLIAM R FERGUSON» HENRY G FERGUSONs LLOYD N FERGUSONs ROBERT E FERRELL» RICHARD A FIELD» WILLIAM D FIELDNER» ARNO C FINLEY» HAROLD E EPfOCKs -ERNEST F FISKs BERT FIVAZs ALFRED E PEETCHERs HEWITT G JR FLORINs ROLAND E FONERs SAMUEL N FOOTEs PAUL D FOOTEs RICHARD H FORD» T FOSTER FORZIATI» ALPHONSE F FORZIATI» FLORENCE H FOSTERs AUREL O FOSTERs MARGARET D FOURNIERs ROBERT O FOURTs LYMAN FOWELLS» HARRY A FOXs MATTIE R S SEPTEMBER, 1962 1ONRL 1XNAS BOX 3AAAS 1CCGS B TEGES ‘H 1DNRL B 2HCUA K LHNIH U LHNIH GQU LHNIH U 1XNSF F 1XNAS 1DNRL E 1D NRL 1CNBS B 1CNBS 1CNBS BNS 1CNBS GV LARFR EGU 3AACS G LHNIH U l1ARFR K LHNIH U 1ARFR 1XNSF ILBLS 1XSMI C 2HUMD Q VIGES: ‘EHG lARFR P 3ANCA E4 LIGES A IDNOR TE NBS: -E 2HUMD 1XSMI 4CONS EM 2HHOU D 1DNRL 1CBDS L LHNIH E ICNBS GE 3I1IAPL B 3INAS B 1ARFR LONRL E 1DAOF EW lARHE E 1ARFR P VIGES EH LIGES 5HARE E LAFOR L THN E FOX» ROBERT B FRAME» ELIZABETH G FRANKs BERNARD FRANCK» JAMES FRANKs KARL FRANKLIN» PHILIP J FRANKLIN» TEMPIE R FRAPSs RICHARD M FREDERIKSEs HP R FREEMANs MONROE E FRENKIEL» FRANCOIS N FRIEDMAN» ABRAHAM S FRIESSs St FRUSH»s HARRIET L FULLER» HENRY S FULLMER»s IRVIN H FULTONs ROBERT A FURUKAWAs GEORGE T GABRIELSONs IRA N GAFAFERs WILLIAM M GALTSOFFs PAUL S GAMOWs GEORGE GARDNER» IRVINE C GARNER» CLEMENT L GARSTENSs HELEN L GARVIN»s DAVID GATESs G E GAZIN»s CL GEIL» GLENN W GELLER» ROMAN F GELTMANs SYONEY GEYGERs WILLIAM A GHAFFARI » GIBSON» KASSON S GIBSON» RALPH E GILLMANs JOSEPH L JR GINNINGS»s DEFOE C GINTHER» ROBERT J Gishs CLIVER A GLASGOW » GLASSs JEWELL J GLASSER» ROBERT G GODFREY» THEODORE B GOLDBERGs MICHAEL GOLUMBIC»s CALVIN GONETs FRANK GORDON» CHARLES L GORDON»s RUTH E GOULD» I A GRAF» JOHN E GRAHAMs EDWARD H GRANTs ULYSSES S II! GRASSL:*+ CARL O GRATONs L C GRAVATT» G FLIPPO GREENs MELVILLE S GREENOUGHs M L GREENSPAN» MARTIN GRIFFINGs VIRGINIA GRISAMOREs NELSON T GROSVENOR»s GILBERT GUARINOs P A GURNEY» ASHLEY B HACSKAYLOs EDWARD HAGENs JOHN P HAGUE» JOHN L ABOLGHASSEM AUGUSTUS R JR LONRL LHNIH LHNIH 10=S 2SARC 1ARFR 1XSMI 1DNDT 1DNMR 1CNBS 1DAWR 1CNBS 1ARFR 1CNBS 3IT WMI 1HPHS 7TRETD 2HUMD 8CLUN 1XSMI 1CNBS TRETD 1CNBS 1DNOL 1CNBS ST APL 4CONS 1CNBS 1ONRL 1CNBS LIGES 1DNRL 1DAOF 1ONBW 1AMMR 1XUST 1CNBS 1XSMI 1AX TRETD 1CNBS 1CNBS ICNBS 2HCUA Z2HGWU 3INGS 1DAOF l1ARFR 1AFOR 1XNAS 1CNBS ENS GV BG HAHN» FRED E 1DAWR HAINES» KENNETH A 1ARAO HAKALAs REINO W 2HHOU HALL» E RAYMOND HALL» R CLIFFORD HALL» STANLEY A LARFR HALL» WAYNE C LONRL HALLER» HERBERT L lARFR HALSTEADs BRUCE W HAMBLETONs EDSON J 1LARFR HAMBLETON»s JAMES I TRETD HAMER»s WALTER J 1CNBS HAMPPs EDWARD G 1CNBS HAND» CADET H JR HANSEN» IRA B 2HGWU HANSENs MORRIS H 1CBUC HARDENBURG» ROBERT €E 1AMMR HARDER» E C HARRIS» FOREST K- 1CNBS HARRIS» MILTON SHARE HARRISONs WN 8CLUN HART» ROBERT W 3T APL HARVALIKs Z V 1DAER HARWOODs PAUL D HASELTINEs NATE 5WAPO HASKINS» CARYL P 31CIW HASS»s GEORG H 8CLUN HAUPTMANs HERBERT 1ONRL HAUTs IRVIN C 2HUMD HAWTHORNEs EDWARD W 2HHOU HAYMAKER»s WEBB HAZLETON» LLOYD W 5HALA HEINZE» PETER H 1AMMR HELLER» ISIDOR HENDERSON» E P 1XSMI HENDERSON» MALCOLM C 2HCUA HENLEY» ROBERT R HENNEBERRY»s THOMAS J 1ARFR HENRY» THOMAS R 7TRETO HERMAN» CARLTON M lIFWS HERMAN» ROBERT C HERSCHMAN»s HARRY K 8CLUN HERSEY» MAYO D HERZ» NORMAN HERZFELD»s CHARLES M 1D-S HERZFELEDs KARE F 2HCUA HERZFELD»s REGINA F 2HCUA HESS s WALMTERaG 2HGEU HEYDENs FRANCIS J 2HGEU HICKLEYs THOMAS J 8CLUN HICKOX» GEORGE H 1DAER HICKS» V HIDNERT» PETER HIGGINSs ELMER HILL» FREEMAN K 3TAPL HILTONs JAMES L LARFR HINMAN»s WILBUR S 1DAOF HOBBS» ROBERT B 1CNBS HOERINGs THOMAS C 31ICIW HOFFMANN» C H lARFR HOFFMANs JAMES I HOFFMANs JOHN D 1CNBS HOFFMANs RICHARD L HOGEs HAROLD J HOLLIES» NORMAN R S SHARE HOLLINGSHEADs R §S HOLMGREN»s HARRY D 2HUMD HOLSHOUSER»s WILLIAM L-~ 1XCAB HOOKER» MARJORIE LEGES HOOVER» JOHN I 1ONRL 136 KG4 GQRT or<® HOPPs HENRY HORTON» BILLY M HOSTETTER®: oc HOTTLE»s GEORGE A HOUGHs FLOYD Ww HOWARD» FRANK L HOWARD» GEORGE W HOWEs PAUL E HUBBARD» DONALD HUMPHREYS» CURTIS J HUNDLEY» JAMES M HUNTERs GEORGE W III HUNTER» RICHARD S HUNTOONs ROBERT D HUTCHINSs LEE M HUTTONs GEORGE L IMAIs ISAO INSLEY» HERBERT IRVINGs GEORGE W JR IRWINs GEORGE R ISBELL» HORACE S JACKSONs HARTLEY H T JACKSONs JULIUS L JACOBs KENNETH D JACOBS» WALTER W JACOBS» WOODROW C JAMES» LH JAMES» MAURICE T JASTROWs ROBERT JAY» GEORGE E JR JENs CK JENKINSs ANNA E JENNESSs DIAMOND JESSUP ss: RS JOHANNESENs ROLF 8B JOHNSONs BERTRAND L JOHNSONs DANIEL P JOHNSTONs FRANCIS E JOHNSON»s KEITH C JOHNSONs PAUL E JOHNSONs PHYLLIS T JONESs HENRY A JONESs JACK C JOYCEs J W JUDD» DEANE 8 JUDD» NEIL M JUDSONs LEWIS V JUHNs MARY KAGARISEs RONALD E KAHNs ARNOLD H KALCKARs HERMAN W KALMUS»s HENRY P KANAGY» JOSEPH R KANEs EDWARD A KARLE»s ISABELLA KARLEs JEROME KARR» PHILIP R KARRER» ANNIE M KARRER» SEBASTIAN KEEGAN» HARRY J KEGELES» GERSON KELLUM»s LEWIS B KEMPTONs JAMES H KENKs ROMAN 1DAOF 1HPHS GQU 7RETD GRT 1CNBS E 1DAER RT 4CONS E 1CNBS GE 1HPHS S5HUAS G4 1CNBS BS 1DONBY F 4CONS 1LARUR 1DNRL 1CNBS moOm@ 1CNBS B TRETD 1XNSA 1XNOD Y 1XNAS 5MIAS G 31APE BS 7TRETD B 1CNBS E 1CNBS B 2HGWU B 2SDCP 3INAS 2HUMD 1XNSF 1CNBS Oo 1CNBS 2HUMD 1D-X 1CNBS 1DAOF 1CNBS 1lARFR 1D NRL 1DONRL Dammmn 1CNBS EG 1XLIC G JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES KENNARD»s RALPH B KENNEDYs E R KERESZTESYs JOHN C KESSLER» KARL G KEULEGANs GARBIS H KIES»s JOSEPH A Rieoos CARL C KILLIAN» THOMAS J SeuLiPs ELLSWORTH P KINGs PETER KINNEYs J P KLEINs RALPH KLINE» GORDON M KLUTEs CHARLES H KNAPP» DAVID G KNIPLINGs EDWARD F KNIPLINGs PHOEBE H KNOBLOCKs EDWARD C KNOPF s ELEANORA B KNOWLTONs KATHRYN KOHLER» HANS W KOLB» ALAN C KOPPANYIs THEODORE KOSTKOWSKI»s HENRY J KOTTER» F RALPH KRASNY»s J F KRAUS» CA KRAUSS» ROBERT W KREITLOWs KERMIT W KRUGER» JEROME KULLBACK»s» SOLOMON KULLERUD» GUNNAR KURTZ» FLOYD E KURZWEGs HERMAN H KUSHNER» LAWRENCE M LAKI» KOLOMAN LAKINs HUBERT W LAMBs FRANK W LAMBERTs EDMUND B LAMBERT» WALTER D LANDIS» PAUL E LANDSBERG» H E LANGs WALTER B LANGFORDs GEORGE S LAPHAMs EVAN G LAPP» C J LAPPs RALPH E LARRIMERs W H LASHOFs THEODORE W LASTER» HOWARD J LATTA» RANDALL LE CLERGs ERWIN L LEDER» LEWIS B tees R H BPEtGHTYs CLYDE E LEIKINDs MORRIS C LEINER» ALAN L LEONARD» EMERY C LEONARD» MORTIMER LEVY» SAMUEL LEYs HERBERT L JR cis HUI-LIN LIDDEL» URNER LIDE»s DAVID R JR LIEBERMAN» MORRIS LIEBSON»s SIDNEY H LIKINSs ROBERT C LILLYs JOHN C SEPTEMBER, 1962 TRETD B 2HCUA Q LHNIH EU 1CNBS B 1CNBS 1ONRL BGV 2HGEU 1DNOR 1DNRL E 1CNBS 1CNBS 1DAOF 1€GGsS lARFR 2SARC 1DAWR E omm TRETD: EU 1DAOF 1DNRL 2HGEU 1CNBS 1CNBS SHARE i) zW 2HUMD K 1ARFR 1ENBS € 2HGWU ST GEL LARUR E 1XNAS BX LGNBS: V LHNIH DEG 1ARFR GK 1DAOF §S 1CWEB Y 2HUMD FZ 3INAS 5QUSI B 3INAS GLZ 1CNBS BG 2HUMD B LARFR K 1DNMR LHNIH MRETO F 2HGWU 1CNBS LHNIH W LINDQUIST» ARTHUR W BING: LEE LIPPINCOTTs ELLIS R JR 2HUMD LITOVITZ»s THEODORE A CITTLEs ECBERT Lb OR LOCKHART» LUTHER B JR LOGANs HUGH L LORINGs BLAKE M LOTHROP»s S K LOVEs S KENNETH LUDFORDs G S S LUTZ» JACOB M LYMANs JOHN LYNNs W GARDNER MAC CARDLE»s ROSS C MADORSKY»s SAMUEL L MAHANs ARCHIE I MANDEL» H GEORGE MANDEL» JOHN MANNs DAVID E MARCUS» MARVIN MARSHALL» LOUISE H MARSHALL» WADE H MARTIN» GEORGE W MARTIN» JOHN H MARTINs MONROE H MARTONs L MARVIN» ROBERT S MARYOTTs ARTHUR A MARZKE» OSCAR T MASONs EDWARD A MASONs MARTIN A MASSEY» JOE T MATHERS» ALEX P MATLACKs MARION B MATOSSI» FRANK MAUSS»s BESSE D MAXWELL» LOUIS R MAYs DONALD C JR MAYs IRVING MAYERs CORNELL H MAYORs JOHN R MAZUR» JACOB MC BRIDE» GORDON W MC CABEs LOUIS C MC CLAINs EDWARD F JR MC CLELLANs WILBUR D MC CLURE»s FLOYD A MC CLUREs FRANK J MC CLURE»s FRANK T MC CULLOUGH»s N B MC DONALD» EMMA J MC ELHINNEYs JOHN MC GUIREs THOMAS R MC ILWRAITHs T F MC INTOSHs ALLEN MC KEEs SAMUEL A MC KENZIE» LAWSON M MC KINNEYs HAROLD H MC KNIGHTs EDWIN T MC MILLENs J HOWARD MC MULLEN» DONALD B MC MURDIEs HOWARD F MC MURTREY» JAMES E JR MC NESBY»s JAMES R MC NISHs ALVIN G MC PHEE»s HUGH C MC PHERSONs ARCHIBALD 2HCUA 1AFOR 1DNRL 1CNBS 4CONS lIGES 1AMMR LXNSF 2HCUA LHNIH 7RETD 3TAPL 2HGWU 1CNBS 1CNBS LHNTH LHNIH 1ARFR 2HUMD 1CNBS 1CNBS 1CNBS 2HUMD 2HGWU 3TAPL 1TATT 1ARFR 8CLUN 1DNOL 1DNBW ITGES 1DNRL 2HUMD 1CNBS 5UNCA 5RERS 1DNRL 1LARFR 1XSMI LHNIH STAPLE LHNIH 1CNBS 1DNRL 1ARFR TRETD LIGES 1XNSF 1CNBS 1ARFR 1CNBS 1CNBS FCOTS MOT MC WHORTER»s FRANK P MEADE» BUFOR K MEARS» ATHERTON H MEARS» FLORENCE MEBS» RUSSELL W MEGGERS» W F MEINESSs F A MENDLOWITZs HAROLD MENKART»s JOHN H MERRIAMs CARROLL F MERZ» ALBERT R ME YERHOFFs HOWARD A MEYERSONs MELVIN R MEYROWITZs ROBERT MICKELSENs OLAF MIDDLETONs HE MIDER»s G BURROUGHS MILLER»: CARLY F .- MILLER» CLEM O MILLER» JOHN C MILLER» PAUL R MILLER» ROMAN R MINARD»s DAVID MINARD» JAMES P MISER»s HUGH D MITCHELL» JOHN W MITCHELL» J MURRAY JR MITTLEMANs DON MIZELL» LOUIS R MOHLERs FRED L MOLLARI» MARIO MONTROLL» ELLIOTT W MOORE» GEORGE A MORGAN» RAYMOND MORRIS» JOSEPH B MORRIS» KELSO B MORRISONs BENJAMIN Y MORRISONs HAROLD MORRISONs JOSEPH P MOSTOJI» F K MUEHLHAUSEs CARL O MUELLER» E F MUESEBECKs CARL F W MURPHY» LEONARD M MYERS» ALFRED T MYERS» RALPH D NACEs RAYMOND L NAESER»s CHARLES R NAMIASs JEROME NELSON» RH NEUENDORFFER»s J A NEUMANN» FRANK NEWMANs MORRIS NEWMAN» SANFORD B NEWTONs CLARENCE J NICKERSONs DOROTHY NIKIFOROFFs C C NOLLA»s JOSE A B NORRIS» KARL H NOYES» HOWARD E O BRIENs JOHN A JR O BRYAN» H M O KEEFEs JOHN A O NEILL» HUGH T OBERHOLSER» HARRY C OBOURN» ELLSWORTH S 138 8CLUN 2HGWU 1CNBS 1CNBS 1CNBS 5HARE 1XSMC 1CNBS lIGES LHNIH LHNIH 1XSMI LHNIH LIGES 1ARFR 1DNRL 1DNMR lIGES 1ARFR 1CWEB 1CNBS SHARE TRETD 2HGEU 1CNBS 2HUMD 2HHOU 2HHOU TRETD 1XSMI 1DINP 1CNBS 1CCGS 2HUMD LIGES 2HGWU 1CWEB 3AESA 8CLUN 1CNBS 1CNBS 1CNBS 1AMCD 1AMMR 8CLUN 2HCUA 5BECO 1XNAS 1HX NA OEHSER»s PAUL H 1XSMI BD RA RA OKABEs HIDEO 1CNBS E RA RE OLSONs BYRON J NA RA OLSONs HENRY W 2HOCT RA MV RA OPPENHEIMs IRWIN NA B RA OREMs THEODORE H 1CNBS V RA NH OSAWAs MISS ETSUKO 1DAWR U RA RA OSBORNE» M F M 1DNRL RA E RA OSGOOD»s WILLIAM R 2HCUA OT RA NA OSMUNs J W 1CWEB Y RA RE OSTERHOUTs W J V NE H RA OVERTON»s WILLIAM C JR NA V RA OWENS» HOWARD B 2SPGC DOF RA E RA OWENSs JAMES P 1IGES H RA EU RA NE G RA PAFFENBARGER» GEORGE C 1CNBS W RA CG RA PAGEs BENJAMIN L 7RETD B RA E RA PAGE, CHESTER H 1CNBS S RA H RA PAGEs RM 1DNRL S RA K RA PARK» HELEN D 1HNIH RA = RA PARKs JOHN H NA RA PARKER» KENNETH W 1AFOR L RA RA PARKER» MARION W 1ARFR K RA RE PARR» L W NE RA PARSONSs DOUGLAS E 1CNBS BT RA GY RA PATTERSON» MARGARET E 8CLUN RA RA PEARL» MARTIN H 2HUMD RA E RA PEISERs H STEFFEN 1CNBS BE RA B RA PELCZAR» MICHAEL J 2HUMD Q RA RA PELLAMs JOHN R NA NA PELLINI»s WILLIAM S 1DNRL V RA Vv RA PENNINGTON» WA 2HUMD EV RA RA PENTZER»s WILBUR T 1AMMR RA E RA PERROS»s THEODORE P 2HGWU BE RA E RA PETRITZs RICHARD L NA RA PHAIRs GEORGE lIGES H RA RE PHILLIPSs MRS ML 4CONS S RA D RA PIGMAN»s WARD NA RA PIKts J NA RA PIOREs E R NA RE PITTMANs MARGARET 1CNBS QU RA RE PLYLER» EARLE K 1CNBS BE RA RA POLACHEKs HARRY 1DNDT B RA NA POLINGs AUSTIN C 1CCGS § RA B RA POLLOCKs BRUCE M LARFR K RA POMMER» ALFRED M 1ARHE EGH- RA POOSs FRED W 3AESA FGZ RA H RA POPEs MERRITT N NE EH RA POPENOEs WILSON NE Y RA PORTERs BA 7RETD FGZ~ RA FZ RA POSNER» AARON S 1HNIH W RA RA PRATT» HARRY D NA NA PRESLEY» JOHN T 1ARFR RA RA PRICEs E W NE RA PRO» MAYNARD J thE E RA RA PROSEN» EDWARD J 1CNBS E RA = PUTNINS» PAUL H 1CWEB GY RA NA 4 RA RABINOWs JACOB 5RBEN RA RA RADOs GEORGE T 1DNRL B RA RALL» DAVID R 1HNIH U RA RAMBERG»s WALTER NA K RA RANDS»s ROBERT D NE BNS RA RAPPLEYE»s HOWARD S 7RETD BGMRT RA B RA RAUSCH» ROBERT NA NE RAVITSKYs CHARLES 1DAOF RA NE READs WT 4CONS E RA B RA READING» O S NE JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES DONALD F REEDs WILLIAM D REEVEs WILKINS REHDER» HARALD A REICHELDERFER» REICHENs LAURA E REIDs MARY E REINHART» FRANK W REINHART» FRED M REITEMEIER»s R F RENKIN» EUGENE REYNOLDS» HOWARD REYNOLDS» ORR E RHODES» IDA RICE» DONALD A RICEs FRANCIS O RICEs STUART A MmrCKERs PERCY L RIDDLE» OSCAR RIOCHs DAVID M RITTs PAUL E RIVELLO» ROBERT M RIVLIN»s RONALD S ROBBINS» MARY L MOBERTSs ELLIOTT B ROBERTS» FRANK H H ROBERTS» RICHARD B ROBERTSONs A F ROBERTSONs MYRNA J ROBERTSONs RANDAL M ROBINSONs HENRY E ROCKs GEORGE D RODNEY» WILLIAM S RODRIGUEZ» RAUL ROEDDER» EDWIN ROESER» WILLIAM F ROGERSs L A ROLLER» PAUL S ROMNEYs CARL F ROSE» JOHN C ROSENBLATT» DAVID ROSS» CLARENCE S ROSSs CULBERTSON W ROSS» SHERMAN ROSSINI» FREDERICK D ROTHs FRANK L ROTKIN»s ISRAEL ROWE» WALLACE P RUBEYs WILLIAM W RUBINs MEYER RUBIN»s ROBERT J RUBINs VERA C RUDD» VELVA E RUMBAUGHs LYNN H RUSSELL» LOUISE M RYALL» A LLOYD RYERSON» KNOWLES A REAM» SAENZ» SAGER » SAGER » ALBERT W ELIZABETH THERON P SAGER» WILLIAM F SAILERs REECE I SALKOVITZ» EDWARD I SANDERSONs JOHN A SANDOZ» GEORGE SANFORD» RAYMOND L SARLES» MERRITT P SAUNDERS» JAMES B SR SEPTEMBER, 1962 FRANCIS Bz SAVILLE» THORNDIKE JR SAYRE» A NELSON SCHAEFFER» CLAUDE E SCHAFFER» ROBERT SCHALLER» WALDEMAR T SCHAMPs HOMER W JR SCHECTER» MILTON S SCHEER» MILTON D SCHIEFFER’ HERBERT F SCHINDLERs ALBERT I SCHMITT» WALDO L SCHOENBORN»s HENRY W SCHOENEMANs ROBERT L SCHOENINGs HARRY W SCHOOLEY»s A H SCHOONOVERs IRL C SCHRECKER»s ANTHONY W SCHREINERs OSWALD SCHREMP»s EDWARD J SCHUBAUER»s GALEN B SCHUBERT» BERNICE G SCHUBERT s LEO SCHULMANs JAMES H SCHULTZ» EUGENE: S$ SCHWARTZ» ANTHONY M SCHWARTZs BENJAMIN SCOFIELDs CARL S SCOTT» ARNOLD H SCOTT» DAVID B SCOVILLE» HERBERT JR SCRIBNER»s BOURDON F SEEGER» RAYMOND J SERV ICE's: JERRY, H SETZLER»s FRANK M SHALOWITZs AARON L SHANAHANs A J SHANNONs JAMES A SHAPIRO» LEONARD SHAPIRO» MAURICE M SHAPLEYs AH SHAPOVALOVs MICHAEL SHAWs JOSEPH C SHEAR» MURRAY J SHELTON» EMMA SHEN» SHAN-FU SHEPARD» HAROLD H SHERESHEFSKY» J LEON SHERMAN» KENNETH L SHIMER»s H W SHIMKIN»s D B SHINNs LEO A SHORBs DOYS A SHORBs MARY S SHULER» KURT E SIEGLER» EDOUARD H SILBERSCHMIDT » SILSBEEs FRANCIS B SILVERMAN» SHIRLEIGH SIMHA»s ROBERT SIMMONS» LANSING G SIMMSs B T SIMPSON» ROBERT H , SINGER» SIEGFRIED F STNGEETIERRY 9. 'C oR SIPLEs PAUL A SITTERLY» BANCROFT W SITTERLY » SLADEK»s JAROMIL V SLAWSKYs MILTON M SLAWSKYs ZAKA I KARL M CHARLOTTE M 1DAEB 4CONS 1CNBS 2HUMD 1LARFR 1CNBS 1CNBS 1DNRL 1XSMI 2HUMD LETRS TRETD LONRL 1CNBS LHNTH IDNRL 1CNBS 2HAMU 1DNRL TRE TD 5HARE TRETD 1CNBS LHNIH 1XCIA 1CNBS ICCGs 1ARAO LHNIH TIGES 1ONRL lHNIH LHNIH LAASC 2HHOU 1DNOR 1ARFR 2HUMD 31IDA TRETD 1DNOR 1CcGS 1SAID 1CWEB 2HUMD 1DNRL 1DAX 2HAMU 1CNBS 1HFDA 1DFOS 1DNOL OmcoyD BG GM SLOCUMs GLENN G lHFDA Q RA STUART» NEIL W l1ARFR K RA SMALL» JAMES D 8CLUN RA SULLIVANs EUGENE C NA SMARTs J SAMUEL NA SULLIVANs MICHAEL X RE SMITHs CHARLES M RE SUTCLIFFEs WALTER D NE SMITHs EDGAR R NE SWEENEYs WILLIAM T LCNESHE RA SMITHs FALCONER 1HNIH BU RA SWICK» CLARENCE H RE SMITHs FLOYD F LARFR FZ RA SWINDELLS»s JAMES F 1CNBS B RA SMITH» FRANCIS A NE SWINGLE»s CHARLES F NE SMITHs HENRY L JR NA SMITHs JACK C 1CNBS RA SMITHs NATHAN R NE TALBERT» PRESTON T 2HHOU E RA SMITHs PAUL A 5RACO GHTX RA TALBOTTs F LEO 2HCUA RA SMITHs PAUL L 1DNRL BS RA TALIAFERRO»s WH NA SMITHs SIDNEY T IDNRL S RA TASAKIs ICHIJI L1HNIH B RA SMITHs WILLIE W LHNIH U RA TATEs DOUGLAS R 1CNBS BG RA SNAVELYs BENJAMIN 1DNOL 2 RA TAUSSKY»s OLGA ; NA SNAY»s HANS G IDNOL 2 RA TAYLOR» ALBERT L 1ARFR P RA SNOKEs HUBERT R 5 LENBS. E RA TAYLOR» GEORGE C JR 1SX RA SOKDELLI» A NH TAYLORs JAMES H RE SOLLNER» KARL 1HNIH E RA TAYLOR» JOHN K 1CNBS BE RA SOMMER» HELMUT 1DAOF S RA TAYLOR» LAURISTON S 1CNBS RA SOOKNE» ARNOLD M 5HARE E RA TAYLOR» MODDIE D 2HHOU E RA SOUDER» WILMER 4CONS EW RA TAYLOR» RAYMOND L 3AAAS RA SPARHAWKs WILLIAM N NE TCHENs CHAN-—MOU 1CNBS RA SPECHT» HEINZ 1HNIH BU RA TEELEs RAY P 1CNBS B RA SPENCERs J T 1XNSF RA TELFORD» IRA R 2HGWU U RA SPENCERs LEWIS V NA TEPPER» MORRIS 1XNAS Y RA SPENCERs RR NE THALER»s WILLIAM J 2HGEU 2 RA SPICER»s-H CECIL LIGES #H RA THAYERs THOMAS P LIGES-# RA SPIES» JOSEPH R 1ARUR E RA THOMs HC S 1CWEB Y RA SPOONERs CHARLES S JR 5AUCO RA THOMAS» JAMES L 1CNBS RA SPRAGUEs GEORGE F lLARFR RA THOMAS» PAUL D 8CLUN V RA ST GEORGE» RAYMOND A 1AFOR DFLZ RA THOMPSON» JACK C 1CWEB Y RA STADTMANs E R IHNIH E RA THOMPSON» PHILIP D NA STAIR» RALPH 1CNBS §S RA THURMAN» ERNESTINE B 1HPHS F RA STAKMANs E C NA TILDEN» EVELYN B NA STAUSS»s HENRY E 1XNAS V RA FILLYER'’s -E DO NA STEARN»s JOSEPH L 1GCGS RA TIPSONs R STUART 1CNBS E RA STEERE» RUSSELL L lLARFR K RA TITTSLERs RALPH P lLARUR Q4 RA STEFANSSONs VILHJALMUR NE TITUS» HARRY W NA STEGUN»s IRENE A 1CNBS RA TODDs FRANK E l1ARFR DFZ RA STEINER» ROBERT F 1DNMR EB RA TODD» MARGARET R lIGES H RA STEINHARDT» JACINTO 1DNX EB RA TOLL» JOHN S 2HUMD B RA STEPHANs ROBERT M LHNIH W RA TOOL» ARTHUR Q 7TRETD RA STEPHENS» ROBERT E 1CNBS B RA TORGESENs JOHN L 1CNBS E RA STEPHENSON» L W NE TORRESONs OSCAR W 5REAN BG RA STERN» KURT H 1CNBS E RA TOULMIN»s PRIESTLEY III 1IGES H RA STETTENs DEWITT JR 1HNIH BU RA TOUSEYs RICHARD 1DNRL B RA STEVENS» HENRY LARUR E RA TOWNSENDs JOHN R 1DNRL RA STEVENS» ROLLIN E NA TRAGER» GEORGE L NA STEVENSs RUSSELL B 2HGWU K RA TRAUB» ROBERT 1DAWR F RA STEVENSONs FREDERICK J NA TREADWELL» CARLETON R- 2HGWU U RA STEVENSONs JOHN A RE TRENT» HORACE M 1DNRL B2 RA STEWART» DEWEY LARFR K RA TRESSLER»s WILLIS L 1DNHO RA STEWART» ILEEN E 1XNSF RA TREXLER» JAMES H 1DNRL BGS RA STEWART» JAMES E NA TROMBA»s FRANCIS G LARFR P RA STEWART» SARAH E LHNIH U RA TRUEBLOODs CHARLES K 8CLUN RA STEWART» T DALE 1XSMI E RA TRUESDELL» PAGE E 1DNPI H RA STIEBELINGs HAZEL K LARHE E RA TRYONs MAX 1CNBS E RA STIEHLERs ROBERT D 1CNBS BEGO RA TULANEs VICTOR J NA STILL» JOSEPH W NA TUNELL» GEORGE NA STILLER» BERTRAM 1DNRL B RA TURNER» JAMES H LARFR P RA STIMSON» HAROLD F 7RETD B RA TURRELL» GEORGE C 2HHOU RA STIRLINGs MATHEW W TRETD C RA TUVEs MA 3ICIW B RA STONEs AM 3IAPL B RA STRASBERG»s MURRAY 1DNDT 2 RA STRAUBs HARALD W 1DAOF RA UHLER»s FRANCIS M LIFWS RA STRINGFIELDs V T 1IGES GH RA UMPLEBY» JOSEPH B NE STRONGs WILLIAM D NA STROUD» W G 1DAX E RA VACHER»s HERBERT C 1CNBS GV RA 140 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VAN DERSAL»s WILLIAM R_~ 1AX RA WOLICKI»s E A 1ONRL RA VANDERSLICEs J T 2HUMD E RA WOMACK» MADELYN LARHE EU RA VAN EVERAs BENJAMIN D- 2HGWU EG RA WOODs LAWRENCE A 1CNBS BE RA mer rchs FLETCHER P 2HUMD EU RA WOODs REUBEN E 2HGWU E RA VELDEE» M V NE WOODS» G FORREST 2HUMD E RA VESTINEs EH NA WOODS» MARK W LHNIH K RA VIGNESS» IRWIN 1IDNRL 2 RA WORKMAN» WILLIAM G LHNIH G RA VINAL» GEORGE W NA WORTHLEYs HARLAN N 8CLUN RA VINTI»s JOHN P 1CNBS BG RA WRATHER»s W E 1IGES H RA VOLWILER» ERNEST H NA WRENCH» JOHN W JR 1DNDT RA VON BRANDs THEODOR P ~~ 1HNIH UP RA WULEs OLIVER R NA VORIS»s LEROY 3INAS G RA WYMAN» LEROY L SR 1CNBS V RA VOSS» GILBERT L NA YAPLEEs BENJAMIN S 8CLUN RA WACHTMANs J B JR 1CNBS G RA YEAGER» J FRANKLIN 1HNIH RA WADA» WALTER W IDNRL RA =YEOMANS» ALFRED H LARFR RA WADDEL» RAMOND C 1DONRL RA YOCUMs L EDWIN NE WALKER» E H 3INAS K RA YODER» HATTEN S JR 31GEL EH RA WALL» LEO A 1CNBS E RA = YOUDEN» WILLIAM J 1CNBS BEG RA WALTHER» CARL H 2HGWU T RA YOUNGs DAVID A JR NA WALTON» GEORGE P RE YOUNGs ROBERT T JR 1DAOF RA WALTON» WILLIAM W SR 1CNBS E RA VULLee J Ss LAFOR FLZ RA WARD» HENRY P 2HCUA E RA WARDs JUSTUS C 1ARRP RA WARGA» MARY E 3A0SA B RA ZELENY» LAWRENCE 1AMMS E RA WASHER» FE 1CNBS RA ZELLER» JOHN H 8CLUN RA WATERMAN» ALAN T 1XNSF RA ZEN, E-AN LIGES H RA WATERMANs PETER 1DNRL GS RA 7165S 3 EMANUEL G RE WATSTEINs DAVID 1CNBS RA ZISMAN» WILLIAM A 1DNRL E RA WATTS» CHESTER B 7RETD B RA ZMUDA»s ALFRED J 31 APL RA WAYs KATHARINE 3INAS B RA = =20CHs RICHMOND T 8CLUN RA WEAVER» E R TRETD E RA ZWANZIGs ROBERT 8CLUN RA WEBBs ROBERT W 1AMMR BGK RA = ZWEMER»s RAYMUND L 3AFEB RA WEBBER» ROBERT T NA WEBER» EUGENE W 1DAX MT RA WEIDAs FRANK RE WEIDLEINs E R NE WEIHE» WERNER K 1DAER GS RA WEIL» GEORGE L 4X 3 RA WEINBERG» HAROLD P 8CLUN M RA WEINTRAUBs ROBERT L NA WEIR» CHARLES E 1CNBS RA WEISS» FRANCIS J 1XLIC BEQ34 RA WEISS» FREEMAN A RE WEISSs RICHARD A 1DAX RA WEISSBERGs SAMUEL 1CNBS BE RA WEISSLER» ALFRED 1DFOS BE RA WELLMAN» FREDERICK L NA WELLS» H W + SX RA WENSCHs GLEN W 8CLUN V RA WETMORE» ALEXANDER 7RETD DG RA WEXLER» ARNOLD 1CNBS BY RA WEXLER» HARRY 1CWEB RA WEYL» F JOACHIM 1DNX B RA WHERRY»s EDGAR T NE WHITE» CHARLES E 2HUMD E RA WHITE» ORLAND E NE WHITTAKER» COLIN W LARFR EG RA WHITTEN» CHARLES A 1CCGS BGR’ RA WICHERS» EDWARD 3INAS E RA WILDHACK»s W A 1CNBS BX RA WILSON» BRUCE L 1CNBS BG RA WILSON» R E NA WILSON» WILLIAM K 1CNBS E RA WINTs CECIL 2HHOU N3 RA WITHROWs ALICE P 1XNSF RA WITKOP» BERNHARD LHNIH E RA WOLFLE» DAEL 3A AAS RA SEPTEMBER, 1962 141 Classification by Membership in Affiliated Societies l1 GOVERNMENT HALLERs HERBERT L HAMBLETONs EDSON J 1A DEPT OF AGRICULTURE HENNEBERRYs THOMAS J HILTONs JAMES L 1AASC AGRI STAB & CONS SER HOFFMANNs C H SHEPARD» HAROLD H KANEs EDWARD A KNIPLINGs EDWARD F 1AFOR FOREST SERVICE KREITLOWs KERMIT W FOWELLS» HARRY A LAMBERT» EDMUND B HACSKAYLOs EDWARD LE “GLERGs “ERWIN iL LITTLE» ELBERT L JR MARTINs JOHN H PARKERs KENNETH W MATLACKs MARION B ST GEORGE» RAYMOND A MC CLELLANs WILBUR D WUTLtant st S MC INTOSHs ALLEN MC MURTREYs JAMES E JR 1AMCD COTTON DIVISION MILLERs PAUL R NICKERSONs DOROTHY MITCHELL» JOHN W PARKERs MARION W l1AMMR MARKETING RESEARCH POLLOCK» BRUCE M COOK» HAROLD T PRESLEY» JOHN T GOLUMBICs CALVIN RUSSELL» LOUISE M HARDENBURGs ROBERT E SCHECTER» MILTON S HEINZEs PETER H SHORBs DOYS A LUTZ» JACOB M SMITHs FLOYD F NORRIS» KARL H SPRAGUEs GEORGE F PENTZER»s WILBUR T STEEREs RUSSELL L RYALL» A LLOYD STEWART» DEWEY WEBBs ROBERT W STUARTs NEIL W TAYLORs ALBERT L 1AMMS MARKETING SERVICES TODDs FRANK £ ZELENYs LAWRENCE TROMBAs FRANCIS G TURNERs JAMES H 1AR AGRI RESEARCH SER WHITTAKER» COLIN W YEOMANS»s ALFRED H LARAO OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATOR HAINESs KENNETH A 1ARHE HOME ECONOMICS INST SHANAHANs A J FORZIATI»s FLORENCE H POMMERs ALFRED M LARFR FARM RESEARCH REYNOLDS» HOWARD ALEXANDER» LYLE T STIEBELINGs HAZEL K ALLISONs FRANKLIN E WOMACKs MADELYN ANDERSONs WILLIAM H ANDREWS» JOHN S 1ARRP REGULATORY PROGRAMS BARKER»s ROY J WARDs JUSTUS C BENJAMINs CHESTER R BORTHWICKs HARRY A 1ARUR UTILIZATION RESEARCH BOSWELL» VICTOR R COULSON» E JACK BRIERLEYs PHILIP CURRANs HAROLD R BUHRER»s EDNA M DETWILER» SAMUEL B JR CHRISTENSONs LEROY D IRVINGs GEORGE W JR CLARK» KENNETH G KURTZs FLOYD E CULLINANs FRANK P SPIESs JOSEPH R DERMEN»s HAIG STEVENSs HENRY FLLISs NED R TITTSLERs RALPH P EMSWELLERs S L ENNIS» WILLIAM B JR LAX. DEPT OF AGRI MISE FARR» MARION M GRAHAMs EDWARD H FOOTEs RICHARD H VAN DERSAL»s WILLIAM R FOSTERs AUREL O FRAPS» RICHARD M 1c DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE FULTON» ROBERT A GURNEYs ASHLEY B 1CBDS BUSINESS & DEF SERVICES ADM HALL» STANLEY A FIVAZs ALFRED E 142 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES GORDON» CHARLES L GREENs MELVILLE S GREENOUGHs ML GREENSPANs MARTIN. HAGUEs JOHN L HAMERs WALTER J HAMPPs EDWARD G HARRIS» FOREST K HOBBS» ROBERT 8B HOFFMANs JOHN D HOWARD» FRANK L HUBBARD» DONALD HUNTOONs ROBERT D ISBELL» HORACE S JACKSONs JULIUS L JOHANNESEN»s ROLF B JOHNSONs DANIEL P JUDDs DEANE B JUDSON»s LEWIS V KAHN» ARNOLD H KANAGYs JOSEPH R KEEGANs HARRY J KESSLER» KARL G KEULEGANs GARBIS H KLEINs RALPH KLINE» GORDON M KOSTKOWSKI» HENRY J KOTTER»s F RALPH KRUGERs JEROME KUSHNERs LAWRENCE M LASHOFs THEODORE wW LIDEs DAVID R JR LOGANs HUGH L MANDEL» JOHN MANNs DAVID E MARTONs L MARVINs ROBERT S MARYOTTs ARTHUR A MAZUR» JACOB MC DONALD» EMMA J MC MURDIEs HOWARD F MC NESBYs JAMES R MC NISHs ALVIN G MEBS»s RUSSELL W MEGGERS» W F MENDLOWITZs HAROLD MEYERSON»s MELVIN R MITTLEMANs DON MOOREs GEORGE A MUEHLHAUSE»s CARL O NEWMANs MORRIS NEWMANs SANFORD B NEWTON» CLARENCE J OKABEs HIDEO OREM» THEODORE H PAFFENBARGER»s GEORGE C PAGEs CHESTER H PARSONS» DOUGLAS E PEITSERs H STEFFEN PITTMAN» MARGARET PLYLERs EARLE K PROSEN»s EDWARD J REINHART» FRED M ROBERTSON» A F ROBINSON» HENRY E ROESERs WILLIAM F ROSENBLATT» DAVID ROTH» FRANK L RUBIN» ROBERT J SAGER» ELIZABETH SEPTEMBER, 1962 1CBUC 1cCGS 1CMAA 1CNBS HANSENs MORRIS H BRAATENs NORMAN F CARDERs DEAN S CLAIRE» CHARLES N DUERKSENs JACOB A KNAPPs DAVID G MURPHY» LEONARD M POLINGs AUSTIN C RICE» DONALD A SHALOWITZs AARON L SIMMONSs LANSING G STEARNs JOSEPH L WHITTEN» CHARLES A ALLENs WILLIAM G ALEXANDER» SAMUEL N ALLENs HARRY C JR ALTs FRANZ L ARMSTRONGs GEORGE T ASTINs ALLEN V AXILRODs BENJAMIN M BARBROW»s LOUIS E BASS» ARNOLD M BATESs ROGER G BECKETT» CHARLES W BEKKEDAHL » NORMAN BENNETT» JOHN A BLUNTs ROBERT F BOWER» VINCENT E BRANSCOMBs LEWIS M BRAUER» GERHARD M BRECKENRIDGEs F C BRENNER»s ABNER BUGKLE Ys FLOYD. W BURNETT» HC CALDWELL» FRANK R CANNONs EDWARD W CARRINGTONs TUCKER CASSEL» JAMES M CAUL» HAROLD J COOKs RICHARD K COOTER» IRVIN L CREDIT Zs, E CARROLL DAVIS» MARION M DAV ISs. (PHTELP 2 DEFANDORF»s FRANCIS M DEITIZs VICTOR R DICKSONs GEORGE DOUGLAS» CHARLES A DOUGLAS» THOMAS B EISENHARTs CHURCHILL EISENSTEINs JULIAN C ELBOURN»s ROBERT D ELLINGERs GEORGE A FERGUSONs ROBERT E FLORINs ROLAND E FRUSHs HARRIET L FULLMER»s IRVIN H FURUKAWA» GEORGE T GEIL» GLENN W GELTMANs SYDNEY GHAFFARI» ABOLGHASSEM GINNINGSs DEFOE C GLASGOWs AUGUSTUS R JR BUREAU OF THE CENSUS COAST & GEODETIC SURVEY MARITIME ADMINISTRATION NAT BUREAU OF STANDARDS SAUNDERS» JAMES B SR SCHAFFER»s ROBERT SCHEERs MILTON D SCHIEFER» HERBERT F SCHOONOVERs IRL C SCHUBAUVER»s GALEN 8B SCOTT» ARNOLD H SCRIBNER»s BOURDON F SITTERLY» CHARLOTTE M SMITHs JACK C SNOKEs HUBERT R STAIRs RALPH STEGUNs IRENE A STEPHENS» ROBERT E STERNs KURT H STIEHLER»s ROBERT SWEENEYs WILLIAM SWINDELLS» JAMES TATE» DOUGLAS R TAYLOR» JOHN K TAYLORs LAURISTON S TCHENs CHAN-MOU TEELEs -RAY (P THOMASs JAMES L TIPSONs R_ STUART TORGESEN»s JOHN L TRYONs MAX VACHERs HERBERT C VINTIs JOHN P WACHTMANs J B JR WALL» LEO A WALTONs WILLIAM W SR WASHERs F E WATSTEINs DAVID WETR»s CHARLES E WETSSBERGs SAMUEL WEXLER» ARNOLD WILDHACKs W A WILSON» BRUCE L WILSONs WILLIAM K WOOD» LAWRENCE A WYMANs LEROY L SR YOUDENs WILLIAM J ag) oN) LEOtS CFFICE OF TECH SERVICES MC PHERSON»s ARCHIBALD 1CWEB WEATHER BUREAU BLANCs MILTON L LANDSBERGs HE MITCHELL» J MURRAY JR NAMIASs JEROME OSMUNs J W PUTNINS»s PAUL H REICHELDERFERs FRANCIS SIMPSONs ROBERT H THOMs. H CS THOMPSON» JACK C WEXLER» HARRY DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 1p=S' OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY FRANKLINs PHILIP J HERZFELD» CHARLES M 1N-X DEFENSE MISCELLANEOUS KAGARISE»s RONALD E REYNOLDS» ORR E DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY 1DAEB CORPS ENG BEACH EROSION BOARD CALDWELL» JOSEPH M ROSSs CULBERTSON W SAVILLE» THORNDIKE JR 1DAEC OFF OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS REED» WILLIAM D 1DAER ENGINEER RES & DEV LAB BARNHART» CLYDE S CLEAVER» OSCAR P HARVALIKs 2 V HICKOX»s GEORGE H HOWARD» GEORGE W WETHEs WERNER K 1DAOF DIAMOND ORDNANCE FUZE LABS APSTEINs MAURICE DOCTORs NORMAN FORZIATI» ALPHONSE F GODFREY» THEODORE B GUARINOs P A HINMANs WILBUR S HORTON» BILLY M KALMUS»s HENRY P KLUTEs CHARLES H KOHLER» HANS W LANDISs PAUL E RAVITSKY» CHARLES ROTKINs ISRAEL SOMMERs HELMUT STRAUBs HARALD W YOUNGs ROBERT T JR 1DAWR WALTER REED MEDICAL CENTER BARONs LOUIS §S BOZEMAN» F MARILYN FULLER» HENRY S HAHN» FRED E . KNOBLOCKs EDWARD C OSAWA»s MISS ETSUKO RIOCHs DAVID M TRAUBs ROBERT 1DAX ARMY MISCELLANEOUS RODRIGUEZ» RAUL SIPLEs PAUL A STROUDs W G WEBERs EUGENE W WETSSs RICHARD A 1DF DEPT OF THE ATR UOFPGREE IDFOS OFFICE OF SCIENTIR@ESRes SLAWSKYs MILTON M WEITSSLERs ALFRED 1DFX AIR FORCE MISCELLANEOUS ROMNEYs CARL F 1DINP ARMED FORCES INST PATHOLOGY MOSTOJI»s F K 1DN DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY 1DNBS BUREAU OF SHIPS REAM» DONALD F 1ONBW BUREAU OF NAVAL WEAPONS BURINGTONs RICHARD S JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES CRAVENs JOHN P FOX» ROBERT B GOLDBERG» MICHAEL GINTHER»s ROBERT J MAY» DONALD C JR GLASSER» ROBERT G HALL» WAYNE C 1DNBY BUREAU OF YARDS & DOCKS HAUPTMAN»s HERBERT AMIRIKIANs ARSHAM HOOVER» JOHN I HUTTON» GEORGE L IRWIN» GEORGE R KARLEs ISABELLA' 1DNDT DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN KARLEs JEROME CHAPLIN» HARVEY JR KIESs JOSEPH A FRENKIEL» FRANCOIS N KINGs PETER POLACHEK» HARRY KOLB» ALAN C STRASBERG» MURRAY LOCKHART» LUTHER B JR WRENCHs JOHN W JR MAYER» CORNELL H MC CLAINs EDWARD F UR 1DNHO HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE MC ELHINNEY»s JOHN TRESSEER’s WILLIS: Lt MILLERs ROMAN R OSBORNE» M F M 1DNMR NAVAL MEDICAL RESEARCH INST PAGEs RM FRIESSs SL PELLINI»s WILLIAM S EEEs RH RADO» GEORGE T MINARDs DAVID SAENZ» ALBERT W STEINERs ROBERT F SANDERSON» JOHN A SCHINDLER» ALBERT I 1DNNO OFFICE CHIEF NAVAL OPERATIONS SCHOOLEYs AH BREWER» A KEITH SCHREMP» EDWARD J SCHULMAN» JAMES H 1DNOL NAVAL ORDNANCE LAB SHAPIRO» MAURICE M CALLEN» EARL R SINGLETERRYs C R GEYGERs WILLIAM A SMITHs PAUL L MAXWELL» LOUIS R SMITHs SIDNEY T SLAWSKY»s ZAKA I STILLER» BERTRAM SNAVELYs BENJAMIN TOUSEYs RICHARD SNAY» HANS G TOWNSEND» JOHN R TRENT» HORACE M 1DNOR OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH TREXLER» JAMES H FAUST» WILLIAM R VIGNESS» IRWIN KILLIAN» THOMAS J WADA» WALTER W SALKOVITZs EDWARD I- WADDELs RAMOND C SHINNs LEO A WATERMANs PETER SILVERMANs SHIRLEIGH WOLICKI» E A ZISMANs WILLIAM A 1DNPI PHOTO INTERPRETATION CENTER TRUESDELL» PAGE E 1DNX NAVY MISCELLANEOUS COHN» ROBERT 1DNRL NAVAL RESEARCH LAB STEINHARDT» JACINTO ACHTERs MEYER R WEYL» F JOACHIM ALEXANDER» ALLEN L ANDERSON» WENDELL L 1H DEPT OF HEALTH EDUCATION @ WEL ATTIX» FRANK H BEACHs LOUIS A 1HFDA FOOD & DRUG ADMN BELSHEIMs ROBERT SLADEKs JAROMIL V BIRKS» L S SLOCUMs GLENN G BLOOMs MORTIMER C BOHNERT» JOHN I 1HHOU HOWARD UNIVERSITY» SEE 2HHOU BONDELIDs ROLLON O BROWNs B F LHNIH NATIONAL INSTS OF HEALTH BUTLERs JAMES W AKERS» ROBERT P CARHART»s HOMER W BARRETTs MORRIS K CHAPINs EDWARD J BARRETT» MORRIS K MRS CLEMENTs J REID JR BAUER» HUGO DAVISSON»s JAMES W BECKER» EDWIN D DE PUEs LELAND A BELKIN» MORRIS DOLECEKs RICHARD L BERLINER» ROBERT W DRUMMETER»s LOUIS F JR BERNHARD» SIDNEY A DUNNINGs KL BOND» HOWARD W EGLI»s PAUL H BREWER» CARL R EHRMAN» JOACHIM B BRODIEs BERNARD B FISKs BERT BURK» DEAN FORD» T FOSTER CARROLL» WILLIAM R SEPTEMBER, 1962 145 COLE» KENNETH S CORNFIELD» JEROME DAFT» FLOYD S DAVISs DORLAND J DORN» HAROLD F EARLEs WILTON R EDDY» BERNICE E EDDY» NATHAN B EMMARTs EMILY W ENDICOTT» KENNETH M FLETCHER» HEWITT G JR FOXs MATTIE R S FRAME» ELIZABETH G FRANKs KARL KERESZTESY» JOHN C LAKI» KOLOMAN LEIKINDs MORRIS C LIKINSs ROBERT C MAC CARDLE»s ROSS C MARSHALL» LOUISE H MARSHALL» WADE H MC CLURE»s FRANK J MC CULLOUGH>s N B MICKELSENs OLAF MIDERs G BURROUGHS MILLER» CLEM O PARK» HELEN D POSNER» AARON S RALL» DAVID R ROWEs WALLACE P SCHRECKERs ANTHONY W SCOTTs DAVID B SHANNONs JAMES A SHEAR» MURRAY J SHELTON» EMMA SMITH» FALCONER SMITHs WILLIE W SOLLNER»s KARL SPECHT s HEINZ STADTMANs E R STEPHAN» ROBERT M STETTENs DEWITT JR STEWART» SARAH E TASAKIs ICHIJI VON BRANDs THEODOR P WITKOPs BERNHARD WOODSs.MARK W WORKMANs WILLIAM G YEAGER» J FRANKLIN 1HPHS PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE ANDREWS» HOWARD L BENDER» MAURICE COATNEYs G ROBERT DAUER»s CARL C GAFAFER»s WILLIAM M HOTTLE» GEORGE A HUNDLEY» JAMES M THURMANs ERNESTINE B 1HX DEPT OF HEW MISCELLANEOUS CARTERs HUGH OBOURNs ELLSWORTH S 1° DEPT OF THE: INTERIOR LIFWS FISH G6 WILDLIFE “SERVICE ALDRICHs JOHN W HERMAN» CARLTON M UHLERs FRANCIS M 146 1IGES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BAKER» ARTHUR A CARROLL» DOROTHY CARRONs MAXWELL K CUTTITTA»s FRANK DANE» CARLE H DUNCAN» HELEN M FAHEY» JOSEPH J FAUSTs GEORGE T FOSTER» MARGARET D FOURNIER» ROBERT O GLASS» JEWELL J HOOKER» MARJORIE LOVEs S KENNETH MAYs IRVING MC KNIGHTs EDWIN T MEYROWITZs ROBERT MILLER» JOHN C MINARD» JAMES P NACEs RAYMOND L OWENS» JAMES P PHAIRs GEORGE REICHENs LAURA E ROEDDER» EDWIN ROSS» CLARENCE S RUBIN» MEYER SHAPIRO» LEONARD SPICERs H CECT STRINGFIELDs- VT THAYERs THOMAS P TODDs MARGARET R TOULMINs PRIESTLEY III WRATHERs WE ZENs E-AN 1L DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 1LBLS BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS EVANSs W DUANE 1S DEPARTMENT OF STATE 1SAID AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEV SIMMSs B T 1SX STATE MISCELLANEOUS TAYLORs GEORGE C JR WELLS» H W 1T DEPT OF THE TREASURY 1TATT ALCOHOL & TOBACCO TAX DIV MATHERS» ALEX P 1TIRS INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE SCHOENEMANs ROBERT L 17TX DEPT OF THE TREASURF Mise PROs MAYNARD J 1X OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES 1XAEC ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION DALZELL» R CARSON REITEMEIERs R F 1XCAB CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD HOLSHOUSERs WILLIAM L 1XCIA CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES SCOVILL 1XLIC Es» HERBERT JR LIBRARY OF CONGRESS KENK» ROMAN 2H HIGHER EDUCATION 2HAMU AMERICAN UNIVERSITY SCHUBERTs LEQ WEISSs FRANCIS J SITTERLY» BANCROFT W 1XNAS NAT AERONAUTICS & SPACE AGY 2HCUA CATHOLIC UNIV OF AMERICA DRYDEN» HUGH L BIBERSTEIN»s FRANK A JR EDSON» JAMES B CLAFFEYs PAUL J HAGENs JOHN P DARWENT»s BASIL DE B JASTROWs ROBERT DUTILLY» A KURZWEGs HERMAN H GRIFFINGs VIRGINIA O KEEFEs JOHN A HENDERSONs MALCOLM C STAUSS» HENRY E HERZFELD»s KARL F TEPPER» MORRIS HERZFELDs REGINA F KENNEDY» E R 1XNMC NAT METEOROLOGICAL CENTER LITOVITZs THEODORE A CRESSMANs GEORGE P LYNNs W GARDNER O BRIENs JOHN A JR 1XNOD NAT OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA CENTER OSGOOD>s WILLIAM R JACOBS» WOODROW C ROCKs GEORGE D SARLES»s MERRITT P 1XNSA NAT SECURITY AGENCY TALBOTTs F LEO JACOBS» WALTER W WARD» HENRY P 1XNSF NAT SCIENCE FOUNDATION 2HDCT D C TEACHERS COLLEGE EDMUNDS» LAFE R OLSON» HENRY W ETZEL» HOWARD W JOYCEs J W 2HGEU GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY LYMAN» JOHN HESS» WALTER C MC MILLENs J HOWARD HEYDEN» FRANCIS J ROBERTSON» RANDAL M KTESSs CARL C RODNEYs WILLIAM S KOPPANYI» THEODORE SPENCER» JT MOLLARI»s MARIO STEWARTs ILEEN E RICE» FRANCIS O WATERMAN» ALAN T WITHROWs ALICE P ROSE» JOHN C RUBIN»s VERA C THALERs WILLIAM J 1XSMC SCIENTIFIC MANPOWER COMM MEYERHOFFs HOWARD A 2HGWU GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIV BOWMANs PAUL W 1XSMI SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BROWNs THOMAS M BOWMANs THOMAS E CRAFTONs PAUL A CARMICHAEL» LEONARD GRISAMOREs NELSON T COCHRAN» DORIS M HANSEN» IRA B COLLINS» HENRY B JOHNSTONs FRANCIS E CONGERs PAUL S KULLBACK»s SOLOMON COOPER» G ARTHUR LEYs HERBERT L JR COWAN» RICHARD S MANDEL» H GEORGE DEIGNAN»s HERBERT G DEITGNANs STELLA L EWERS» FIELD» JOHN C WILLIAM D FREEMANs MONROE E GAZINs» Cri GRAF» JOHN E HENDERSON» E P MC CLURE» FLOYD A MILLER» CARL F MORRISON» JOSEPH P OEHSER» REHDER » PAUL H HARALD A ROBERTS» FRANK H H RUDDs VELVA E SCHMITTs WALDO L MASONs MARTIN A MEARS» FLORENCE NAESER» CHARLES R PERROS»s THEODORE P RENKINs EUGENE ROBBINS» MARY L SAGER» WILLIAM F STEVENS» RUSSELL B TELFORD»s IRA R TREADWELL» CARLETON R VAN EVERAs BENJAMIN D WALTHER» CARL H WOOD» REUBEN E Z2HHOU HOWARD UNIVERSITY BARNES» R PERCY STEWART» T DALE BRANSON» HERMAN COOPERs STEWART R 1XUST U S TARIFF COMMISSION DOWNINGs LEWIS K GONET » FRANK 2 EDUCATION SEPTEMBER, 1962 FINLEY» HAROLD E HAKALAs REINO W 147 HAWTHORNE» EDWARD W MORRIS» JOSEPH B MORRIS» KELSO B SHERESHEFSKYs J LEON TALBERT» PRESTON T TAYLOR» MODDIE D TURRELL» GEORGE C WINTs CECIL 2HJHU JOHN HOPKINS UNIVERSITY BENEDICT» WILLIAM S 2HUMD UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND ANASTOS» GEORGE ANDREWS» T G BAILEYs WILLIAM J BAMFORD» RONALD BICKLEY» WILLIAM E BROWNs J RC” BROWNs RUSSELL G BURGERS» JM BYRNE» ROBERT J DAVISs R F DOETSCH»s RAYMOND N DOSS» MILDRED A FABER» JOHN E JR FERRELL» RICHARD A GARSTENS»s HELEN L HAUT» IRVIN C HOLMGREN»s HARRY D JONESs JACK C JUHN»s MARY KRAUSS» ROBERT W LANGFORD» GEORGE S$ LASTER» HOWARD J LIPPINCOTTs ELLIS R JR MARTIN» MONROE H MASONs EDWARD A MAYOR» JOHN R MORGAN» RAYMOND MYERS» RALPH D PEARL» MARTIN H PELCZAR» MICHAEL J PENNINGTONs WA REEVEs WILKINS RIVELLO»s ROBERT M SCHAMPs» HOMER W JR SCHOENBORN» HENRY W SHORBs MARY S SINGER» SIEGFRIED F TOLL» JOHN S VANDERSLICE»s J T VEITCHs FLETCHER P WHITEs CHARLES E WOODS» G FORREST 2S SECONDARY EDUCATION 2SARC ARLINGTON CO SCHOOLS FRANKLIN» TEMPIE R KNIPLINGs PHOEBE H 2SDCP DC PUBLIC SCHOOLS JOHNSONs KEITH C 2SMOC MONTGOMERY CO BD EDUCATION DIAMOND» JACOB MRS 2SPGC PR GEORGES CO BD EDUCATION OWENS» HOWARD B 148 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 3INAS NAT ACADEMY SCI 3. NON-GOVT ORGANIZATIONS 3A ASSOCIATIONS 3AAAS AMER ASSOC FOR THE ADV SCI DU SHANE» GRAHAM P TAYLORs RAYMOND L WOLFLE» DAEL 3AACS AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY EMERY» ALDEN H 3AAGA AMERICAN GENETIC ASSN COOK» ROBERT C 3AAPS AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC ROSS» SHERMAN 3AATC AMER ASSOC TEXTILE CHEMISTS APPELs WILLIAM D 3AESA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC OF AMER NELSON» RH POOS»s FRED W 3AFEB FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL ZWEMERs RAYMUND L 3ANCA NAT CANNERS ASSOCIATION FARROWs RICHARD P 3AOSA OPTICAL SOC OF AMERICA WARGAs MARY E 31 INSTITUTIONS 3TAIB AMER INST BIOL SCIENCES COX» HIDEN T Z3IAPL APPLIED PHYSICS LAB JHU BERL» WALTER G FONERs SAMUEL N GIBSONs RALPH E HART» ROBERT W HILL» FREEMAN K JEN» C K MAHANs ARCHIE I MASSEY» JOE T MC CLURE»s FRANK T STONEs AM ZMUDA»s ALFRED J Z3ICIW CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF WASH BOLTONs ELLIS T BURKEs BERNARD F COWIEs DEAN B HASKINS»s CARYL P HOERINGs THOMAS C ROBERTS» RICHARD B TUVEs MA 3IGEL GEOPHYSICAL EABs ere ABELSON» PHILIP H BOYD» FRANCIS R KULLERUD»s GUNNAR YODERs HATTEN S JR 3TIDA INST FOR DEFENSE ANALYSIS SHULERs KURT E - RES COUNCIL AMES» LAWRENCE M CAMPBELL» FRANK L COLEMAN» JOHN S | COOLIDGE» HAROLD J FOOTE» PAUL D JOHNSON» PAUL E LAPP» C J LARRIMER» W H VORIS» LEROY WALKER» E H WAYs KATHARINE WICHERS» EDWARD 3INGS NAT GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY GROSVENOR»s GILBERT meeecs SCIENCE SERVICE DAVIS» WATSON 3IWMI WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INST GABRIELSONs IRA N Be SELF EMPLOYED 4CONS CONSULTANTS ASLAKSON»s CARL I BEAN» HOWARD S BENNETT» MARTIN T FIELDNER» ARNO C GILLMAN» JOSEPH L JR HOWE» PAUL E INSLEY» HERBERT LORINGs BLAKE M PHILLIPS» MRS ML READ» WT REINHART» FRANK W ROLLER» PAUL S$ SAYRE» A NELSON SOUDER» WILMER 4PHYS PHYSICIANS BERNTON»s HARRY S BURKEs FREDERIC G COE» FRED O 4X MISCELLANEOUS SELF EMPLOYED WEIL» GEORGE L 5 BUSINESS CONCERNS 5ASPR ASSOCIATED PRESS CAREYs FRANCIS E 5AUCO AUTOMETRIC CORP SPOONERs CHARLES S JR 5BECO BENDIX CORPORATION O BRYAN» HM S5BOEN BOWLES ENGINEERING CO BOWLESs ROMALD E ~ 5HALA HAZLETON LABORATORIES HAZLETON» LLOYD W 5HARE HARRIS RESEARCH LABS ALTERs HARVEY BROWNs ALFRED E BURASs EDMUND M JR FOURTs LYMAN SEPTEMBER, 1962 HARRIS» MILTON HOLLIES» NORMAN R S KRASNY»s J F MENKART»s JOHN H MIZELL» LOUIS R SCHWARTZ» ANTHONY M SOOKNEs ARNOLD M 5HUAS HUNTER ASSOCIATES LAB HUNTERs RICHARD S 5MELP MELPAR INC RITTs PAUL E 5MIAS MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATES JAYs GEORGE E JR WARD» THOMAS G 5QUSI QUADRI-SCIENCE INC LAPP» RALPH E 5RACO RAND CORPORATION SMITHs PAUL A SRBEN RABINOW ENGINEERING CO RABINOWs JACOB. 5REAN RESEARCH ANALYSIS CORP CLARKs GEORGE E JR RUMBAUGH»s LYNN H TORRESON»s OSCAR W 5RERS RESOURCES RESEARCH INC MC CABEs LOUIS C 5SSURE SURVEYS & RESEARCH GORP RICEs STUART A 5UNCA UNION CARBIDE CHEMICALS MC BRIDE» GORDON W 5WAPO WASHINGTON POST HASELTINEs NATE TRETO .RET PRED ANDERSONs MYRON S BROMBACHERs W G BURKEYs LLOYD A CURRIER» LOUIS W DETWILER» SAMUEL B DIEHL» WALTER S DIEHL>s WILLIAM W DRECHSLER» CHARLES GARDNER» IRVINE C GELLER» ROMAN F GRANTs ULYSSES S III HAMBLETON»s JAMES I HENRY» THOMAS R HOUGHs FLOYD W JACOBs KENNETH D JESSUPs R S KENNARDs RALPH B KNOWLTON» KATHRYN LEONARD» MORTIMER D MADORSKY»s SAMUEL L MC KEE» SAMUEL A MOHLER»s FRED L MORRISON» BENJAMIN Y PAGEs BENJAMIN L PORTERs BA 149 RAPPLEYE» HOWARD S ROBERTS» ELLIOTT B ROBERTSON» MYRNA J SCHOENINGs HARRY W SCHULTZ» EUGENE S SCOFIELDs CARL S SILSBEE» FRANCIS B STIMSON» HAROLD F STIRLING» MATHEW W TOOL» ARTHUR Q WATTS» CHESTER B WEAVERs E R WETMORE» ALEXANDER 8CLUN CLASSIFICATION UNKNOWN 150 BUNNs RALPH W DAWSONs ROY C DIGGESs THOMAS G GARVIN»s DAVID HARRISONs W N HASS» GEORG H HERSCHMANs HARRY K HICKLEYs THOMAS J MAUSS»s BESSE D MEADEs BUFOR K NEUENDORFFER»s J A NOYESs HOWARD E PATTERSONs MARGARET E RHODES» IDA SANDOZ» GEORGE SMALL» JAMES D THOMAS» PAUL D TRUEBLOOD»s CHARLES K WEINBERGs HAROLD P WENSCHs GLEN W WORTHLEYs HARLAN N YAPLEE»s BENJAMIN S ZELLER» JOHN H ZOCHs RICHMOND T ZWANZIGs ROBERT JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Classification by Place of Employment B PHILOSOPHICAL SOC OF WASH ABELSON» PHILIP H ALEXANDER» SAMUEL N ALLEN» HARRY C JR ALT» FRANZ L ARMSTRONGs GEORGE T ASTINs ALLEN V AXTLROD» BENJAMIN M BARBROWs LOUIS E BEACHs LOUIS A BEKKEDAHL » NORMAN BELSHEIMs ROBERT BERL» WALTER G BLOOMs MORTIMER C BRAATENs NORMAN F BRECKENRIDGEs F C BROMBACHER>s W G BURGERS» JM BURINGTONs RICHARD S CALDWELL» FRANK R CALLEN» EARL R CAMPBELL» FRANK L CARDER»s DEAN S CLAIREs CHARLES N COHN» ROBERT COOK» HAROLD T COOK» RICHARD K COOTERs IRVIN L DAVISSONs JAMES W DEFANDORF» FRANCIS M DRYDEN» HUGH L DUERKSEN»s JACOB A DUNNINGs KL EISENHARTs CHURCHILL ELBOURN»s ROBERT D FONERs SAMUEL N FOOTE» PAUL D FRENKIELs FRANCOIS N FULLMER»s IRVIN H FURUKAWA»s GEORGE T GARDNER» IRVINE C GELLER» ROMAN F GHAFFARI»s ABOLGHASSEM GOLDBERGs MICHAEL GORDON» CHARLES L GREENs MELVILLE S HENDERSONs MALCOLM C HENRY» THOMAS R HERZFELD»s CHARLES M HEYDENs FRANCIS J HILL» FREEMAN K HOBBS» ROBERT B HOLMGREN»s HARRY D HOOVER» JOHN I HUNTOON»s ROBERT D INSLEYs HERBERT IRWIN» GEORGE R JACKSON» JULIUS L JENs C K JESSUP» R S JOHNSONs DANIEL P JOHNSTONs FRANCIS E JOYCEs JW SEPTEMBER, 1962 JUDD» DEANE B KARLEs JEROME KENNARD»s RALPH B KESSLERs KARL G KIESs JOSEPH A KLUTEs CHARLES H KOSTKOWSKI» HENRY J KURZWEGs HERMAN H LAPP» RALPH E LASHOFs THEODORE W LASTER» HOWARD J LITOVITZ» THEODORE A LYNN» W GARDNER MAC CARDLE»s ROSS C MAHANs ARCHIE I MARSHALL» WADE H MARTON» L MASON» EDWARD A MAXWELL» LOUIS R MAYs DONALD C JR MAZUR» JACOB MC CLAINs EDWARD F JR MC CLUREs FRANK T MC ELHINNEYs JOHN MC NISH»s ALVIN G MC PHERSONs ARCHIBALD MEGGERS» W F MOHLER»s FRED L MYERS» RALPH D O BRYANs H M O KEEFEs JOHN A OBOURNs ELLSWORTH §S OEHSERs PAUL H PAGEs BENJAMIN L PARSONS» DOUGLAS E PEISERs H STEFFEN PERROSs THEODORE P PLYLER» EARLE «K POLACHEKs HARRY RADO» GEORGE T RAPPLEYE»s HOWARD S ROBERTS» ELLIOTT B ROBERTSONs RANDAL M RODNEYs WILLIAM S ROEDDER»s EDWIN ROLLER» PAUL S ROSENBLATT» DAVID ROTKINs ISRAEL RUBIN» ROBERT J RUBINs VERA C RUMBAUGHs LYNN H SALKOVITZ»s EDWARD I SANDERSON» JOHN A SCHAMPs» HOMER W JR SCHEERs MILTON D SCHUBAUER»s GALEN B SCHUBERT» LEO SCHULMANs JAMES H SCOTT» ARNOLD H SHAPIRO» MAURICE M SHULER» KURT E SILSBEE» FRANCIS B SILVERMANs SHIRLEIGH Jol 152 SITTERLYs CHARLOTTE M SLAWSKY»s ZAKA I SMITHs FALCONER SMITHs PAUL L SPECHTs HEINZ STEINERs ROBERT F STEINHARDTs JACINTO STEPHENS» ROBERT €E STETTENs DEWITT JR STIEHLERs ROBERT D STILLER» BERTRAM STIMSONs HAROLD F STONEs A M SWINDELLS»s JAMES F TASAKIs ICHIJI TATE» DOUGLAS R TAYLOR» JOHN K TEELEs RAY P . TOLL» JOHN S TORRESONs OSCAR W TOUSEYs RICHARD TRENT» HORACE M TREXLERs JAMES H TUVEs MA VINTI» JOHN P WARGAs MARY E WATTS» CHESTER B WAYs KATHARINE WEBBs ROBERT W WEISS» FRANCIS J WEISSBERGs SAMUEL WEISSLER»s ALFRED WEXLER» ARNOLD WEYLs F JOACHIM WHITTENs CHARLES A WILDHACKs W A WILSONs BRUCE L WOODs LAWRENCE A YOUDENs WILLIAM J ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOC OF WASH COLLINS» HENRY B EWERS»s JOHN C HERZFELD»s REGINA F MILLER» CARL F ROBERTS» FRANK H H STIRLINGs MATHEW W BIOLOGICAL SOC OF WASHINGTON ALDRICHs JOHN W BENJAMIN» CHESTER R BORTHWICKs HARRY A BOWMANs PAUL W BOWMANs THOMAS E CAMPBELL» FRANK L DIEHL» WILLIAM W FINLEYs HAROLD E FULLERs HENRY S GAZINs CL GURNEY» ASHLEY B HAMBLETONs EDSON J HANSENs IRA B LAKI» KOLOMAN MORRISON» JOSEPH P OEHSERs PAUL H OWENS» HOWARD B REHDERs HARALD A RUSSELL» LOUISE M ST GEORGE» RAYMOND A TODDs FRANK E WETMOREs ALEXANDER CHEMICAL SOC OF WASHINGTON ABELSON» PHILIP H ALEXANDERs ALLEN L ALEXANDER» LYLE T ALLEN» HARRY C JR ALLISONs FRANKLIN E ALTER» HARVEY ANDERSON» MYRON S ANDERSON» WENDELL L APPELs WILLIAM D ARMSTRONGs GEORGE T BAILEY» WILLIAM J BARNES» R PERCY BATESs ROGER G BAUERs HUGO BECKER» EDWIN D BECKETT» CHARLES W BEKKEDAHL» NORMAN BENDERs MAURICE BERL» WALTER G BLOOMs MORTIMER C BONDs HOWARD W BRAUER» GERHARD M BRENNER» ABNER BREWER» A KEITH BRODIE» BERNARD B BROWNs ALFRED E BUCKLEY» FLOYD W BURAS»s EDMUND M JR BURK»s DEAN CAMPBELL» FRANK L CARHART» HOMER W CARRINGTONs TUCKER CARROLL» WILLIAM R CARRONs MAXWELL K CASSEL» JAMES M CAUL» HAROLD J CLARKs KENNETH G COOPERs STEWART R COULSON» E JACK CREITZs» E CARROLL CUTTITTA»s FRANK DAFTs FLOYD S DARWENT»s BASIL DE B DAVISs MARION M DETWILER» SAMUEL B JR DOUGLAS» THOMAS B EGLI»s PAUL H ELLIS» NED R EMERYs ALDEN H FAHEYs JOSEPH J FARROWs RICHARD P FERGUSON» ROBERT E FIELDNER» ARNO C FLETCHER» HEWITT G JR FLORINs ROLAND E FORD» T FOSTER FORZIATI» ALPHONSE F FORZIATIs» FLORENCE H FOSTER» MARGARET D FOURT»s LYMAN FOX» MATTIE RS FOXs ROBERT B FRAMEs ELIZABETH G FRANKLIN»s PHILIP J FREEMAN» MONROE E FRIESS»s S$ L FRUSH»s HARRIET L JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FULTON» ROBERT A FURUKAWA» GEORGE T GINNINGS»s DEFOE C GLASGOW » AUGUSTUS R JR GOLUMBIC»s CALVIN GONET» GORDON » FRANK CHARLES L GRIFFINGs VIRGINIA HAGUE » HAKALA» JOHN L REINO W HALL» STANLEY A HALLER» HERBERT L HAMBLETONs EDSON J HAMER » HARRIS» WALTER J MILTON HARVALIKs Z V HAZLETONs LLOYD W HESS» WALTER C HOBBS» HOERING» HOFFMAN» HOLLIES» HOWARD » ROBERT B THOMAS C JOHN D NORMAN R S FRANK L HOWE» PAUL E HUBBARD » IRVINGs ISBELL » DONALD GEORGE W JR HORACE S JOHANNESENs ROLF 8 KANAGY 9 JOSEPH R KANEs EDWARD A KARLE » KEEGAN 9 JEROME HARRY J RERESZTESYs JOHN C KINGs PETER KLEIN» KLINE» KLUTE>s RALPH GORDON M CHARLES H KNOBLOCKs EDWARD C KNOWLTON» KATHRYN KRUGER » KURTZ» JEROME FLOYD: /E LAKIs KOLOMAN EIPPENCOTTs ELLIS R JR LOCKHART» LUTHER B JR LOVE» S LYMAN» KENNETH JOHN MADORSKYs SAMUEL L MANDEL » MANDEL » H GEORGE JOHN MANNs DAVID E MARVINs» MARYOTT » EDWARD A MATHERS » MATLACK >» MASON» ROBERT S ARTHUR A ALEX P MARION B MAYs IRVING MC BRIDE» GORDON W MC CLURE» FRANK T MC CLURE»s FRANK J MC DONALDs EMMA J MC PHERSON»s ARCHIBALD MENKART » JOHN H MEYROWITZs ROBERT MICKELSENs OLAF MILLER» MILLER» MIZELL» MORRIS» MORRIS» NAESERs SEPTEMBER, CLEM O ROMAN R LOUIS R JOSEPH B KELSO B CHARLES R 1962 OKABEs HIDEO PEISERs WH OSTEFFEN PENNINGTONs W A PERROS»s THEODORE P PLYLERs EARLE K POMMER»s ALFRED M PROs MAYNARD J PROSENs EDWARD J READs W T REEVEs WILKINS REICHENs LAURA E RETNHART» FRANK W RICE» FRANCIS O ROLLER» PAUL §S SAGER» ELIZABETH SAGERs WILLIAM F SCHAFFER» ROBERT SGHEGTER:s: MIE TONGS SCHEERs MILTON D SCHOONOVERs IRL C SCHRECKER»s ANTHONY W SCHUBERT» LEO SCHWARTZs ANTHONY M SCRIBNER» BOURDON F SHAPIRO» LEONARD SHERESHEPSKY:s: J LEON SHINNs LEO A SHULER» KURT E SINGLETERRYs CC R SLADEKs JAROMIL V SNOKEs HUBERT R SOLLNER»s KARL SOOKNEs ARNOLD M SOUDER»s WILMER SPTESs. JOSEPH R STADTMANs E R STEINER» ROBERT F STEINHARDT» JACINTO STERN» KURT H STEVENS» HENRY STEWARTs T DALE STIEBELINGs HAZEL K STIEHLERs “ROBERT D STROUDs W G SWEENEYs WILLIAM T TALBERTs PRESTON T TAYLOR» JOHN K TAYLORs MODDIE D TIPSONs R STUART TORGESENs JOHN L TRYONs MAX VAN EVERA»s BENJAMIN D VANDERSLICEs J T VENT Chis PEE TCHERS P. WALL» LEO A WALTON» WILLIAM W SR WARD» HENRY P WEAVER» E R WETSS»s FRANCIS J WEISSBERGs SAMUEL WEISSLER»s ALFRED WHITEs CHARLES E WHITTAKER» COLIN W WICHERSs EDWARD WILSON» WILLIAM K WITKOPs BERNHARD WOMACKs MADELYN WOODs LAWRENCE A WOOD» REUBEN E WOODS» G FORREST YODER» HATTEN S JR HICKOXs GEORGE H YOUDENs WILLIAM J HOBBS» ROBERT B ZELENYs LAWRENCE HOTTLE»s GEORGE A ZISMANs WILLIAM A HOUGHs FLOYD W HUBBARDs DONALD ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC OF WASH HUNTERs RICHARD S ANDERSONs WILLIAM H JAYs GEORGE E JR BARKER» ROY J KARLE» ISABELLA BARNHART» CLYDE §S KEEGANs HARRY J BICKLEYs WILLIAM E KENK»s ROMAN CAMPBELL» FRANK L KIESs JOSEPH A CHRISTENSON» LEROY D LAKI» KOLOMAN EDMUNDS» LAFE R LAMBERT» EDMUND B FULLER» HENRY S LARRIMERs WH GURNEY» ASHLEY B LASHOFs THEODORE wW HAINES» KENNETH A MARTIN» JOHN H HALLER» HERBERT L MC CABEs LOUIS C HAMBLETONs JAMES I MC CULLOUGH» N B HASKINSs CARYL P MIDERs G BURROUGHS HENNEBERRYs THOMAS J MILLER» CARL F HOFFMANNs CH MITCHELL» J MURRAY JR HUTTONs GEORGE L POMMER»s ALFRED M LANGFORD» GEORGE § POOS»s FRED W LEONARDs MORTIMER D PORTER» BA NELSON» RH PUTNINSs PAUL H OWENS» HOWARD B RAPPLEYE» HOWARD S POOS»s FRED W REED» WILLIAM D PORTER» B A REHDER»s HARALD A REED» WILLIAM D REINHART» FRANK W RUSSELL» LOUISE M ROBERTSON» A F SHEPARD» HAROLD H ROBERTSON» RANDAL M SMITHs FLOYD F ROTHs FRANK L ~ ST GEORGE» RAYMOND A SCHUBAUER»s GALEN B THURMANs ERNESTINE B SHEARs MURRAY J TODDs FRANK E SIPLE>s PAUL A TRAUBs ROBERT SITTERLY» CHARLOTTE M YUILL> JS SLAWSKY» MILTON M SMITHs PAUL A NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY STIEHLER»s ROBERT D AKERS» ROBERT P STRINGFIELD» V T ALLISONs FRANKLIN E TATEs DOUGLAS R ARMSTRONGs GEORGE T TORRESONs OSCAR W BEACHs LOUIS A TREXLERs JAMES H BEKKEDAHL » NORMAN VACHERs HERBERT C BELSHEIMs ROBERT VAN EVERAs BENJAMIN D BRIERLEY» PHILIP VINTIs JOHN P BURINGTONs RICHARD §S VORIS»s LEROY COCHRANs DORIS M WACHTMANs J B JR COOLIDGEs HAROLD J WATERMANs PETER CUTTITTAs FRANK WEBB» ROBERT W DAVIS» MARION M WEIHEs WERNER K DEFANDORF» FRANCIS M WETMOREs ALEXANDER EDDY» BERNICE £ WHITTAKER» COLIN W ELLINGER»s GEORGE A WHITTENs CHARLES A ELLIS» NED R WILSON» BRUCE L EMERY» ALDEN H WORKMAN» WILLIAM G FAHEYs JOSEPH J YOUDENs WILLIAM J FLORIN»s ROLAND E FURUKAWAs GEORGE T H GEOLOGICAL SOC OF WASHINGTON GEIL» GLENN W ABELSONs PHILIP H GELLER» ROMAN F BAKER» ARTHUR A GLASGOWs AUGUSTUS R JR BOYD» FRANCIS R GORDON» CHARLES L CARDER» DEAN S GROSVENOR» GILBERT CARROLL» DOROTHY GURNEY» ASHLEY B CARRON» MAXWELL K HAGUEs JOHN L COOPER» G ARTHUR HAMERs WALTER J CURRIER» LOUIS W HANSEN» IRA B CUTTITTAs FRANK HEINZE» PETER H DANE» CARLE H HEYDENs FRANCIS J DUNCANs HELEN M 154 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES : 9 FAHEY» JOSEPH J FAUST» GEORGE T FOSTER» MARGARET D GAZIN»s CL HENDERSON» E P HOERINGs THOMAS C HOOKERs MARJORIE INSLEY» HERBERT LOVEs S KENNETH MAYs IRVING MC KNIGHTs EOWIN T MEYERHOFFs HOWARD A MILLER» JOHN C NACEs RAYMOND L NAESER» CHARLES R OWENSs JAMES P PHAIRs GEORGE POMMER»s ALFRED M ROEDDER» EDWIN ROMNEYs CARL F RUBIN» MEYER SAYRE» A NELSON SMITHs PAUL A SrrCERs H. CECIL STRINGFIELDs V T THAYER» THOMAS P TODD» MARGARET R TOULMIN»s PRIESTLEY ITI TRUESDELL»s PAGE E WRATHERs WE YODER» HATTEN S JR ZENs E-AN MEDICAL SOC OF THE DIST COL BERNTON»s HARRY S BURKE» FREDERIC G COEs FRED.O MC CULLOUGHs N B WARD» THOMAS G COLUMBIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY GRANT» ULYSSES S II! BOTANICAL SOC OF WASHINGTON AMESs LAWRENCE M BAMFORDs RONALD BENJAMIN» CHESTER R BORTHWICK»s HARRY A BOWMANs PAUL W BRIERLEY» PHILIP BROWN» RUSSELL G COOK» HAROLD T CULLINANs FRANK P DERMEN»s HAIG DETWILER» SAMUEL B DIEHL» WILLIAM W DRECHSLER»s CHARLES DUTILLY» A EMSWELLER»s S L HACSKAYLO» EDWARD HEINZE» PETER H KRAUSS» ROBERT wW LAMBERTs EDMUND B LE CLERGs ERWIN L ERIILEs ELBERT L JR LUTZ» JACOB M MARTIN» JOHN H MC CLELLAN»s WILBUR D MILLER» PAUL R O BRIEN»s JOHN A JR SEPTEMBER, 1962 PARKER» MARION W POLLOCKs BRUCE M SCOFIELD» CARL S STEEREs RUSSELE .C STEVENS» RUSSELL B STEWART» DEWEY STUART» NEIL W WALKER» E H WEBBs ROBERT W WOODS» MARK W SOC OF AMERICAN FORESTERS DETWILER» SAMUEL B FIVAZs ALFRED E FOWELLS» HARRY A HOFFMANNs C H LARRIMER»s W H LITTLEs “ELBERT i YR PARKER» KENNETH W ROBERTSON» RANDAL M ST GEORGEs RAYMOND A YUIEEs JCS WASHINGTON SOC OF ENGINEERS BRAATEN» NORMAN F CLAIRE» CHARLES N FIELDNERs ARNO C MASON» MARTIN A MEBS»s RUSSELL W RAPPLEYEs HOWARD S SLAWSKY» MILTON M WEBERs EUGENE W WEINBERGs HAROLD P AMER INST OF ELECTRICAL ENG ALEXANDER» SAMUEL N BARBROWs LOUIS E CLEAVERs OSCAR P COOTERs IRVIN L CRAFTON»s PAUL A DEFANDORF» FRANCIS M ELBOURNs ROBERT D FRANKLINs PHILIP J GEYGERs WILLIAM A HALL» WAYNE C HAMERs WALTER J KOTTER»s F RALPH O BRYANs H M ROTKINs ISRAEL SCOTT» ARNOLD H SILSBEE»s FRANCIS 8B WINTs CECIL AMER SOC OF MECHANICAL ENG ALLENs WILLIAM G BEANs HOWARD S BELSHEIMs ROBERT CRAFTON»s PAUL A CRAVEN» JOHN P DRYDEN» HUGH L FULLMER» IRVIN H MASONs MARTIN A OSGOODs WILLIAM R RIVELLO» ROBERT M STITEHLERS ROBERT D HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOC OF WASH ANASTOS» GEORGE ANDREWS» JOHN S BUHRER»s EDNA M 155 156 DOSS» MILDRED A FARR» MARION M FOSTER» AUREL O MC INTOSHs ALLEN ROBERTSONs MYRNA J SARLES» MERRITT P SHORBs DOYS A TAYLOR» ALBERT L TROMBAs FRANCIS G TURNERs JAMES H VON BRANDs THEODOR P AMER SOC FOR MICROBIOLOGY ABELSON» PHILIP H ALLISON»s FRANKLIN E BARONs LOUIS § BREWER» CARL R BURKEYs LLOYD A BYRNE» ROBERT J CURRAN» HAROLD R DAVISs DORLAND J DOETSCHs RAYMOND N EDDYs BERNICE €E FABERs JOHN E JR FULLERs HENRY S HAMPPs EDWARD G HICKOXs GEORGE H HOTTLE»s GEORGE A KENNEDYs E R MC CULLOUGH»s N B PELCZAR»s MICHAEL J PITTMANs MARGARET REYNOLDS» HOWARD ROBBINS» MARY L ROWEs WALLACE P SHANAHAN» A J SHORBs MARY S SLOCUMs GLENN G TITTSLER»s RALPH P WARDs THOMAS G WEISSs FRANCIS J SOC OF AMER MILITARY ENG ARSHAM CARL I NORMAN F OSCAR P GEORGE H FEOYD “Ww GEORGE W MC CABEs LOUIS C RAPPLEYE»s HOWARD S REED» WILLIAM D RODRIGUEZ» RAUL SHALOWITZs AARON L WHITTENs CHARLES A AMIRIKIAN» ASLAKSON >» BRAATEN» CLEAVER s HICKOXs HOUGH » HOWARD » INSTITUTE OF RADIO ENG ALEXANDER» SAMUEL N APSTEINs MAURICE ELBOURN»s ROBERT D FRANKLIN»s PHILIP J GUARINO» P A HUNTOONs ROBERT D KALMUS»s HENRY P KOHLERs HANS W LANDIS» PAUL E MAYERs CORNELL H MC CLAINs EDWARD F JR O BRYANs H ™M PAGE» CHESTER H PAGE» RM PHILLIPS» MRS ML POLINGs AUSTIN C RITTs PAUL E ROTKINs ISRAEL SCHOOLEY» A H SMITHs PAUL L SMITHs SIDNEY T SOMMER» HELMUT STAIRs RALPH TREXLER» JAMES H WATERMAN» PETER WEIHEs WERNER K T AMER SOC OF CIVIE ERG AMIRIKIANs ARSHAM ASLAKSONs CARL I CALDWELL» JOSEPH M CLAFFEYs PAUL J DOWNINGs LEWIS K HICKOXs GEORGE H HOUGHs FLOYD W HOWARD» GEORGE W MASONs MARTIN A OSGOODs WILLIAM R PARSONS» DOUGLAS E RAPPLEYE»s HOWARD S SAVILLEs THORNDIKE JR SIMMONS» LANSING G SMITHs PAUL A WALTHER» CARL H WEBER» EUGENE W U SOC FOR EXP BIOL & MEDICINE MORRIS K MORRIS K MRS BARRETT» BARRETT» BELKIN» MORRIS BERLINER» ROBERT W BRODIE» BERNARD B BURK» DEAN COULSON» E JACK DAFT» FLOYD S EARLE» WILTON R EDDY» BERNICE E EDDY» NATHAN B FLLIS» NED R EMMART» EMILY W ENDICOTT» KENNETH M FRAMEs ELIZABETH G FREEMAN» MONROE E GOLUMBIC»s CALVIN HAZLETON» LLOYD W HESS» WALTER C HOTTLE» GEORGE A KERESZTESY» JOHN C KNOWLTON» KATHRYN MAC CARDLE» ROSS C MICKELSENs OLAF OSAWA» MISS ETSUKO PITTMAN» MARGARET RALL» DAVID R ROBBINS» MARY L ROSE» JOHN C SHANNON» JAMES A SHEAR» MURRAY J SHINN» LEO A SHORB» MARY S SMITH» FALCONER SMITH» WILLIE W JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES SPECHT» HEINZ Y AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOc STETTENs DEWITT JR BLANC+ MILTON L STEWART»s SARAH E FRENKIELe FRANCOIS N TELFORDs IRA R YACOBS+ WOODROW C TREADWELL» CARLETON R LANDSBERG+ HE merits, FLETCHER P LYMANe JOHN VON BRANDs THEODOR P MITCHELL «+ J MURRAY JR WARDs JUSTUS C NAMIASe JEROME WARD» THOMAS G OSMUNe J W WOMACK» MADELYN PUTNINS+« PAUL H SIMPSON» ROBERT H TEPPERs MORRIS THOMs HC S THOMPSON» JACK C WEXLERs ARNOLD V AMERICAN SOC FOR METALS ACHTER»s MEYER R BENNETT» JOHN A BLOOMs MORTIMER C BROWNs B F BURNETT» HC CAUL» HAROLD J CHAPINs EDWARD J Z INSECTICIDE SOC OF WASHINGTON ANDERSONs+ WILLIAM H BARKERe ROY J te ner . BICKLEYe WILLIAM E = ’ CAMPBELL+ FRANK L GEIL» GLENN W FULTONe ROBERT A HOLSHOUSERs WILLIAM L HAINES *« KENNETH A KIES» JOSEPH A HALL « STANLEY A KUSHNER» LAWRENCE M HOFFMANNe C H LOGANs HUGH L : LANGFORD. GEORGE S LORINGs BLAKE M LARR IMERe WH MEBSs RUSSELL W NEL SONe R H MEYERSONs MELVIN R a 00S. FRED w MOOREs GEORGE A a ORTERs BA OREM» THEODORE H SAR MERR p PELLINI» WILLIAM S Became Ae SCHECTER+s MILTON S PENNINGTONs W A REINHARTs FRED M SIAUSS»s HENRY. E THOMASs PAUL D VACHERs HERBERT C WENSCHs GLEN W WYMANs LEROY L SR SHEPARD+s HAROLD H SMITHe FLOYD F ST GEORGE» RAYMOND A TODD. FRANK E YUILL»s JS 2 ACOUSTICAL SOC OF AMERICA W INTERNATL ASSOC FOR DENTAL RES COLEMANse JOHN S BRAUER» GERHARD M COOK. RICHARD K CAULs HAROLD J GREENSPANs MARTIN DICKSONs GEORGE HENDERSON+ MALCOLM C FORZIATI» ALPHONSE F LITOVITZ* THEODORE A HAMPP, EDWARD G SNAVELY+ BENJAMIN HESS» WALTER C SNAY« HANS G LIKINSs ROBERT C STRASBERG+ MURRAY MC CLURE»s FRANK J THALERs WILLIAM J PAFFENBARGER»s GEORGE C TRENT» HORACE M POSNER» AARON S VIGNESS« IRWIN REYNOLDS» ORR E SCHOONOVERs IRL C 3 AMERICAN NUCLEAR SOCIETY SCOTTs DAVID B ABELSONe PHILIP H SOUDER»s WILMER BEACHs LOUIS A STEPHANs ROBERT M WEIL, GEORGE L X INST OF THE AEROSPACE SCIENCES Srl taee Sai 2 BOWLES» ROMALD E BURGERS» JM 4 INSTITUTE OF FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS CRAFTONs PAUL A FARROWe RICHARD P Sane, sae GOLUMBIC+s CALVIN : HEINZE*« PETER H FRENKIEL»s FRANCOIS N HUNTERe RICHARD 5S ee enn MC BRIDE* GORDON w RIVELLOs ROBERT M A eat gaan aie Dice. o : TITTSLER*+ RALPH P WEISS~* FRANCIS J SEPTEMBER, 1962 157 , fh i Delegates to the Washington Academy of Sciences, Representing the Local Affiliated Societies* SMM SPOCIETY OL WASRIMBION ...... nc... 6.2... cncceesscccssssssesssssscssescacecesescsavacseaceveses Delegate not appointed Anthropological Society of Washington .......................csscsscsssesssssseeesensesteeees RECINA FLANNERY HERZFELD IP ETOUR OT) WASHINGTON oo... 2. cc... .0scic.sseccecseconssesssesessssesssqessessedanesasscnseens Delegate not appointed TU USS COED Ca 2 7 ALFRED E. Brown Mememiral Soeicty Of Washington ..............c.0..0065 .cccccscsecessesssesevneissessoeesasesecevasees FRANK L. CAMPBELL SI EAR MEREARINC OGCUEEY 0.0 2...- 525 c5cc0-c<5-i< dacs poncucsecssvaisasussncoressosscvossecusnesdvesseeseonsrverstosee ALEXANDER WETMORE SMERERESSOCICLY GL WASHINGTON ones cscsescesnsesseanecenseens tt ccsnsetenveiaveenvoensoeenes G. ARTHUR COOPER Medical Society of the District of Columbia ...........0...0.0..0.0..0ccccceeeseeeeeeees Ln SAC RE FREDERICK O. COE TCE ooo occ e co cice conc scetvacoevdenesssasvesseen, cnsesecavecnsossavsensseossoessvessessusonse U. S. Grant, III NIGMS WEE NY WSINITIGEOM, .....oc..-<6c.-..sc0ce--0nsciecpcnsmessssccetcesssesossecessonsnsseonsecustnnsonssseseesvess Harotp T. Coox Mmeeiw a American POresteTs. ............-...c-c.c.cescseccecccceeeeeeeses Fe Ree AO Ran cee AR RTE Le Harry A. FoweE tts OO THE NINCCT Sooo occcn essences vsnssssncvnsvesscentedecscsscacenesteasencoassccars Howarp S. RAPPLEYE American Institute of Electrical Engineers 0.000.000.0000... cccccccscscsccescecscesceasessceseecsceseens WILuiAM A. GEYGER American Society of Mechanical Engineers ................0...ccccccscccesssscescscesceseeseecssessesseseaees Wituiam G. ALLEN Helminthological Society of Washington ooo... see cseseccecsssteseeseeseeteneenes LN rok ete Doys A. SHORB mamerican society for Microbiology ....................0....0..0.cccccscccccecceccsccscescsscscescscssecssessseseeees Howarp REYNOLDS Bectety of American Military Engineers ..........................cccccssocsecessesssseecosssccssseesesenens Delegate not appointed IR POUT AP OEIEO TP TIZAMEETS io... 0c... edesesenesesenovseeeecnisneveeseves-csosenconcssesceessacsaseseossnssacness RosBert D. HuNTOON mumerennr society Of Civil Engineers. ...........:............cc.cccccsccceseseneeceseteseeeecerseeaesenseees THORNDIKE SAVILLE, JR. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine .........0......0....cccccccccceeseseseseteeseeteesteeeees KATHRYN KNOWLTON NR SIRE MBE 2a, ecco cet vnucencaicidvnsasncdnensecnssdasaseroseasoossesecssandsssnessueses Joun A. BENNETT International Association for Dental Research ........0.0........ccccccccccccecccececeseeeeetteesetseseeseeaeees GERHARD BRAUER MEME UOT EMC FIETOSDACE SCIENCES ....................0..csec-ccessscseerssocssncvassnesaveceneassecrssensracaes Francois N. FRENKIEL SPISITCECOLDIOBICH) SOCICLY 2. o.....2.c....c-k:cccecceceeccssavscvecossosseseccccessveceersecensanvecctesscesson caresses JAck THOMPSON SST Ty VEE CO 0) | Mitton S. SCHECHTER SCT DE NIVETIECH 60.5.5. 6550 -cvecicsndnenes¥oevevcesvoasvneceesssupsescusouccesetscseeasevousevetscnseeseses RicHarp K. Cook NTE NG EE ease ones chceesec ss einseeccocseJbuedeceseutesesvnecsendsstousessavesssenanevsnsess GeorcE L. WEIL OGG PCCHMOlO PIS oo... s....cccsccocoevseeces sovdesessoeesesossdlacsvoeseesen-setscvesecaeneesnenees RicHAarD P. Farrow *Delegates continue in office until new selections are made by the respective affiliated societies. SEPTEMBER, 1962 159 - ’ “i . ey i ve r+ Ye - tt a) oY : | ie fj ee Volume 52 SEPTEMBER 1962 No. 6 CONTENTS Directory, 1962 General Information ..... 222.-25-.2s_-2...25..5 ee 129 Alphabetical: List of Members:_2-__.________3=2__ =r 133 Classification-by Place of Employment ._________-__- === 142 Classification by Membership in Affiliated Societies ___________ bol Washington Academy of Sciences 1530—P St., N.W. Washington, .D. C. Return Requested 2nd Class Postage Paid at Washington, D. C. WAS ee JOURNAL of the WASHINGTON ACADEMY , ! F ante are Nee May ee ee Pete ee ie a 4 a ' 4 ae ee a aa CH pee ® ¢ of SCIENCES a Vol. OCTOBER 1962 \ ere ARBOR CEIVED NOLD per RE Tit v7::: JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Editor: Samuer B. Detwiter, Jr., Department of Agriculture _ Associate Editors Frank L. Camppett, National Academy of Russet. B. Stevens, George Washington Sciences University Harotp T. Coox, Department of Agriculture JoHN K. Taytor, National Bureau of Standards RicHarp P. Farrow, National Canners Asso- LAwreNcE A. Woop, National Bureau _ of ciation Standards Contributors Apert M. Stone, Applied Physics Laboratory GERHARD M. Brauer, National Bureau of JoHn A. O’BriEN, Jr., Catholic University Standards CHARLES A. WHITTEN, Coast & Geodetic Survey Howarp W. Bonp, National Institutes of Health Marcaret D. Foster, Geological Survey ILEEN E. Stewart, National Science Foundation RussELL B. SteveENs, George Washington ALLEN L. ALEXANDER, Naval Research Laboratory University. Victor R. BoswetLt, USDA, Beltsville Joseph B. Morris, Howard University Harotp T. Cook, USDA, Washington Frank L. CampsBetLt, NAS-NRC Wiiuiam J. Barttey, University of Maryland This Journal, the official organ of the Washington Academy of Sciences, publishes historical articles, critical reviews, and scholarly scientific articles; notices of meetings and abstract proceedings of meetings of the Academy and its affliated societies; and regional news items, including personal news, of interest to the entire membership. The Journal appears eight times a year in January to May and October to December. Subscription rate: $7.50 per year (U.S.), $1.00 per copy. Foreign postage extra. Subscription Orders or requests for back numbers or volumes of the Journal, or copies of the Proceedings, should be sent to the Washington Academy of Sciences, 1530 P St., N.W., Washing- ton, D.C. Remittances should be made payable to “Washington Academy of Sciences”. Claims for missing numbers will not be allowed if received more than 60 days after date of mailing plus time normally required for postal delivery and claim. No claims will be allowed because of failure to notify the Academy of a change of address. Changes of address should be sent promptly to the Academy Office, 1530 P St., N.W., Washington, D. C. Such notification should include both old and new addresses and postal zone number, if any. Advertising rates may be obtained from the Editor, care of Academy Office. Second class postage paid at Washington, D. C. OFFICERS OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES President: BeNyAMIN D. Van Evera, George Washington University President-Elect: Hrtnz Specut, National Institutes of Health Secretary: Georce W. Irvine, Jr., Department of Agriculture Treasurer: Matcotm C. HENDERSON, Catholic University The New Genetics and Its Implications* T. M. Sonneborn Indiana University Within the past decade, the problems of genetics have been attacked by new tech- niques and with a new approach warrant- ing recognition of a “new genetics.” Of its implications for biology (and as will appear, also for Man), there are two op- posed views. On the one hand, some hold that the essence of biology is complexity, that the new genetics is not biology at all, but chemistry and physics, and that it can never progress to understanding of “real” biology such as ecology or evolu- tion. On the other hand, some of those who are inspired by the accomplishments of the new genetics maintain that it will progressively reduce all biology to bio- chemistry and biophysics, and that it is already a waste of time to work in the old biological ways. What does an at- tempted objective look at the old and the new genetics reveal about this conflict of views ? The significance of the old or classical genetics lies in its type of methodology as much as in its results. By mere observa- tion of the characteristics of organisms and their relative frequencies in succes- sive generations, it was possible to make valid inferences about the existence, or- ganization, and behavior of unseen and otherwise unsuspected entities, sets of * At ceremonies on April 26, 1962, marking the opening of the new McCort-Ward Biology Building at Catholic University of America, the principal speaker was Tracy M. Sonneborn, Dis- tinguished Service professor of zoology at In- diana University. Dr. Sonneborn, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and 1961 pres- ident of the American Institute of Biological Sci- ences, is internationally known for his research on the genetics of certain protozoa. The present paper is his own résumé of the address, which will be published in full in the AIBS Bulletin.—Ed. OcToBER, 1962 genes. These achievements of purely bio- logical methodology were the essential prerequisites for the new genetics; they set the problems to be attacked. With this background, the new genetics went on to tremendous accomplishments. They resulted from two essentially new ap- proaches—simplification of materials and problems, and intensive concentration on a maximally limited area. The new gene- tics stripped away the complexities that impeded the further progress of classical genetics. It worked on cells instead of complex higher organisms; it worked on the underlying biochemical, instead of the more complex morphological, traits. And the new genetics posed only the simplest— that is, the most fundamental—questions: What is the gene? How is it organized? What is its chemical composition? How does it reproduce itself? What, at the genic level, is a mutation? What are the steps leading from the gene to its first product functional in the metabolic ma- chinery of the cell? And it sought an- swers in the simplest organisms, mainly viruses and bacteria. In seeking them, it concentrated the attention of whole schools of researchers not just on the same or- ganism, but on the same gene, and even— when a whole gene was recognized to pose problems too vast—on a delimited part of a gene. The rewards of this simplification and concentration have been fantastic. All of these problems, commonly believed 20 years ago to be beyond foreseeable solution, have been solved, or work to- ward their solution is far advanced; and much of this has been accomplished with- in the past decade, some within the past year. No wonder, then, that many practition- 16] ers of the new genetics and of the closely allied molecular biology believe that every problem of biology will yield to work guided by the same point of view—pro- ceeding step by step to the next more com- plex set of problems after the underlying, simpler ones have been solved. They are, in fact, already beginning to train their guns on the next set of problems, the prob- lems of cellular differentiation. Is the old sort of biology passé? No! Just as clas- sical genetics — old-fashioned biology— yielded the prerequisite theoretical con- structs and methodologies and posed the problems for the new genetics, so it is doing the same at the next level of com- plexity. This interplay of purely biologi- cal and molecular methodologies appears to be required at every step in the attack on progressively higher and more com- plex biological problems. It therefore seems necessary, for the long-range future advancement of biology, to nurture both approaches to biological problems. What, if any, are the implications of the new genetics for the future of Man? Dramatic predictions have been publicly attributed to eminent researchers whose opinions are not to be taken lightly. They are said to hold that the findings of the new genetics are about to provide Man with great new powers to make the hered- itary constitution of the human race ac- cording to his plans and wishes. They have urged that Man lose no time in meet- ing this new challenge before it comes upon him unprepared. On the other hand, there are doubtless some who believe that our present knowledge or presently fore- seeable knowledge could not make such human genetic engineering possible. To what conclusions does an analysis of the evidence lead? The control of human heredity can come, so far as we at present know, in only one of three ways: By selective breed- ing; by directed mutation; or by directed replacement of genes of one individual by genes extracted from another individual. All three methods have been to some ex- | 162 tent successfully applied to bacteria. The first method is not new, and its limitations are well-known. In any case, the present division of opinion concerns only the two new methods. Is their early extension to Man likely to be feasible? Examination of the facts shows that directed mutation is still far away. Only the first step has been taken: the use of chemical mutagens which act specifically on the genic material. Such mutagens do not act randomly. Nevertheless, each can mutate any gene, and can mutate each gene in many ways. Further, although these mutagens are more powerful than radiations, still only a small percentage of exposed cells show detectable muta- tions. With bacteria, the rarer desired mutants can be selected, the many un- desired ones thrown away. Both the rela- tively high risk of getting no mutation or the wrong one, and the need to throw away the failures, make this an impractic- able approach to human genetic engineer- ing. It is imaginable that more specific and more efficient mutagenic chemicals could be constructed, but the first steps toward this have not been taken, and their application to Man, even if they were available, would present formidable purely scientific difficulties. Similar limitations beset the isolation, transfer, and substitution of genes. In bacteria this is a very rare event and still quite undirectable. Two approaches to directed genic substitutions are possible. but neither has yet been accomplished, even with bacteria. Limited success for certain relatively unimportant genes is possible in the near future. However, the greatest presently forseeable successes with micro- organisms do not include any satisfactory solution of the problem of low yield, and therefore of great wastage, due to radi- cally selective procedures. Hence there appears to be no present indication that such approaches to human genetic en- gineering are likely to succeed in the fore- seeable future. Even if methods were now available JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES along these or related lines for complete directed control of the hereditary constitu- tion in bacteria, the chance for their early extension to Man would be slim. The nec- essary knowledge of the genetics of human cell cultures is almost totally lacking. Spe- cial features of the genetics of higher organisms, that do not complicate the pic- ture in bacteria, may be expected to im- pede the acquirement of the needed knowl- edge and to limit the applicability of methods of control which might be ade- quate for bacteria. Among these features, two are outstanding. One is the fact that the nuclei of human cells have two genes of each kind, while those of bacteria have only one. This renders much more dif- ficult all work on mutations and on gene replacements in human cell cultures. The second fact is that most genes which are active in cells while they are in the human body, appear to lose their activity when the cells are taken out of the body and grown like protozoa. This has virtually prevented human cell genetics from get- ting off the ground. Until we learn how to make active the genes we want to study in cell cultures (and almost nothing is yet known about this), great progress in the new genetics of human cell cultures can hardly be expected. But, if and when that is accomplished, progress may be rapid. Meanwhile, it must be said that present knowledge of the genetics of microbes and Man appears to be a long way from pre- dictable human genetic engineering. Many gaps in knowledge and methods would first have to be filled. How, when or if they will be filled is at present unfore- seeable. All in all, the prospects of suc- cessfully using the new genetics to tamper with the genetic constitution of Man seem remote. Pest Controland Wildlife Relationships: W. H. Larrimer National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council Introduction When national or international prob- lems involving the applications of scienti- fic research require examination by spe- cialists and recommendations for their solution, the National Academy of Sciences —National Research Council (NAS-NRC) is often called upon to establish a suitable committee to take such action. Sometimes an ad hoc, or temporary, committee is first called upon to advise NAS-NRC on personnel, program, and support of a standing committee to be appointed later. Such was the case in 1959 after the great cranberry scare, when many people began to wonder about the alleged untoward effects of pesticides** on organisms, in- OcTOBER, 1962 cluding man, that might inadvertently be exposed to them. The Food Protection * This brief account of an important activity of the National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council is published in the JourNAL because it is centered in Washington; because it is an example of the quiet, competent, public service characteristic of NAS-NRC; because the work of the Committee on Pest Control and Wildlife Relationships deserves more publicity than it has yet received, especially at this time when chemical pest control is under severe attack; and finally because the author—executive secretary of the committee whose conclusions are reprinted here—is a member of the Washington Academy of Sciences. (Complete reports appear in NAS-NRC publications 920A and 920B.)—Ed. ** “Pesticide” has come into use in recent years as a general term for chemicals used for 163 Committee of the Food and Nutrition Board, an important unit of the Division of Biology and Agriculture, NAS-NRC, already had a Subcommittee on Pesticides concerned with safeguarding human food from contamination by pesticides; but there was no committee looking into the side-effects of pesticides on fish, birds, and other wildlife that are so important to sportsmen and nature lovers. The manu- facturers and users of pesticides on the one hand, and wildlife conservationists on the other, were eager to reduce to a minimum the damage to wildlife result- ing from the application of pesticides. Committees and Meetings To gauge the problem, an ad hoc com- mittee (see addendum), approved by the president of the National Academy of Sciences (then Detlev W. Bronk) was ap- pointed by the former chairman of the Division, H. Burr Steinbach. Three of the members were officially concerned with pest control, three with the conservation of wildlife, and one with the protection of Man. The neutral chairman was Herbert E. Longenecker, now president of Tulane University. Thus it was hoped that diverse interests could be brought together and fused for the common good. This committee met on July 7 and 8, 1959. It concluded that the need to define the nature and extent of possible hazards to wildlife, and to outline a continuing program of investigation and evaluation, could not be met adequately by a single conference of experts. This could best be accomplished, in the committee’s view, by the formation of a standing NAS-NRC Committee on Pest Control and Wildlife Relationships, charged with responsibility (1) to identify and draw together the available scientific information and (2) to point out gaps in present knowledge and areas of needed research related to the the protection of Man and his goods, domestic animals, crops, and forests against attack by insects, plant pathogens, nematodes, weeds, ro- dents, etc. 164 ecological and economic implications and consequences of pest control operations. In order to evaluate the possible moral and financial support, the ad hoc commit- tee proposed that a conference be called of invited representatives of organizations that should be interested in such a con- tinuing program. Such a conference was held on January 15, 1960. Opening this meeting, S. Doug- las Cornell, executive officer of the Na- tional Academy of Sciences—National Re- search Council, explained that the NAS- NRC is a private, non-profit corporation dedicated to the furtherance of science for the general welfare and required by its Congressional charter to act as an of- ficial adviser on scientific matters to the Federal Government. Thus is provided an independent, unbiased organization through which knowledge, experience, and thinking of the top scientific talent of the country may be brought to bear on problems of great public concern. After presentation of background in- formation by members of the ad hoc com- mittee, there was general discussion. It was the sense of the meeting that (1) a standing Committee on Pest Control and Wildlife Relationships should be estab- lished in the Academy-Research Council and (2) financial support should be sought from diverse groups concerned, in order to assure broad interest in the problem and freedom of action on the part of the committee. In response to this recommendation and after considering over 50 nominations, made by those who attended the meeting and others, a Committee on Pest Control and Wildlife Relationships (see adden- dum) was appointed by the president of NAS-NRC on May 12, 1960. At the first meeting of this Committee the following objectives were defined: (1) To provide technical advice and guidance to Government agencies, industries, and other public and private organizations and individuals on problems involved in the maximum control of pests with a minimum of damage to other forms of plant and animal life. JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (2) To provide critical evaluation of infor- mation concerning the direct and indirect ef- fects of various pest control operations on plants and animals, particularly fish and wildlife. (3) To stimulate and encourage research and investigations to obtain factual information, as a basis for sound guiding principles and policy determinations. (4) To foster cooperation among various agencies, organizations, industries, and individ- uals concerned with pest control operations and with their effects on plant and animal life. (5) To provide a forum for the discussion of problems of pest control and wildlife rela- tionships. It was also decided that three subcom- mittees (see addendum) would be needed (1) to define, delimit, and evaluate areas that pose wildlife loss problems, (2) to develop guiding principles for control op- erations, and (3) to review past, present, and needed research. Reports Reports were prepared by the respec- tive subcommittees, approved by the com- mittee, and published by NAS-NRC in January, 1962. The conclusions are re- printed below. Evaluation of Pesticide— Wildlife Problems Destructive pests make difficult the pro- duction of food, fiber, and timber needed for man’s survival, while still other or- ganisms threaten his health or comfort. Through years of research, the use of chemical pesticides has evolved as one of the several pest-control practices essen- tial to the adequate production of farm crops, forests, and livestock, and in the control of pests detrimental to man’s health, comfort, and general welfare. On the other hand, there have been instances where pesticides under certain conditions of use have brought about a reduction in numbers of desirable forms of life. There is broad public interest in wild- life, representing individuals from all walks of life. Wildlife ownership is vested in the State, despite the fact that a high percentage of the birds and mammals are now produced on privately-owned land, OcTOBER, 1962 largely agricultural in character. Although the Indians and early settlers relied upon wildlife to meet a substantial portion of their essential food requirements, today’s emphasis, excluding commercial fisheries, is placed largely upon recreational and esthetic values. Because of increases in population, individual wealth, and leisure time, the number of people interested in the conservation of wildlife is increasing steadily. While biologists generally regard the use of pesticides as an emergency meas- ure, it seems obvious that their use will continue until such time as suitable sub- stitutes can be developed. Efforts to hold pests in check through biological, cultural, and ecological measures have been and are being made, but such efforts alone are not enough. Increases in the population, modern trends in automation, and rising labor costs which demand increased effi- ciency preclude continuing the practice of sharing crops with pests. Pesticide use imposes certain hazards on wildlife that are not shared by man and his domestic animals, which are afforded considerable protection by the observance of specified intervals between pesticide ap- plication, the occupation of treated areas, and the consumption of treated produce. Wildlife receives no such protection. Sweeping generalizations must be avoided in drawing conclusions regarding the danger from use of pesticidal chemi- cals. Pesticides are used in many ways, for many purposes, and in many situa- tions. Thus, as would be expected, many valuable uses for pesticides are practically devoid of any pronounced hazard to wild- life, while certain other practices pose very real hazards that at times have caused serious damage. Four general conclusions stand out: (1) Because they were developed as toxi- cants for certain species of animals, in- secticides and rodenticides tend to pose greater hazard to wildlife than do other classes of pesticides; (2) although wild- life may at times be adversely affected by 165 the normal use of pesticides, it is the mis- use of those pesticides highly toxic to specific plants or animals that poses the greatest hazards to wildlife; (3) greater damage to wildlife may occur in eradica- tion and other programs requiring pesti- cide dosage application rates considerably higher than those used in the routine agricultural, forest, and public health pest-control programs; and (4) heavy losses in aquatic life, especially fish, often can be traced to lack of proper safeguards to prevent unintended spread of the chem- ical over water areas. In order to hold wildlife losses to a minimum, scientists representing all of the disciplines involved should unite forces in an all-out effort to identify and evaluate specific hazards and to develop corrective measures for objectionable practices. Policy and Procedures for Pest Control Careful organization and conduct of pest-control programs will do much to in- sure effective results with minimum dam- age to wildlife. The tested procedures de- scribed in this report are recommended to all those responsible for pest-control pro- grams. In summary, these procedures are: (1) Identify the problem. Organize and make systematic surveys promptly to detect and specifically identify the damaging pests. Review the literature. (2) Make biological evaluation. Deter- mine the status of each pest and its trend. Appraise probable damage. (3) Choose control method. Determine for each pest situation the possible courses of action and evaluate their relative merits for controlling the pest with the least adverse effects on wildlife and other values. Choose the most suitable from the following methods: (a) Exclusion or con- finement by quarantine, (b) eradication, or (c) supression. If supression is the course indicated, select from the following methods: (a) _ Bio- logical, (b) cultural (manipulation of host or environment), (c) chemical, and (d) integrated. Decide whether pilot operations are necessary to test feasibility of large-scale work. (4) Weigh costs of protection against values to be protected. Weigh costs of control, including hazard to fish and wildlife, against the economic and social values threatened. Take 166 into account alternative courses of action and the relative urgency of competing projects. (5) Recommend course of action. Make technical recommendations based on nature of the threat, available control measures, expected tangible benefits, and feasibility of control ob- jectives. (6) Decide on action. Review the technical recommendations with all affected groups par- ticipating. Decide (a) whether to undertake control, (b) how it will be done, (c) by whom it will be done, (d) whether legal authority and funds are adequate, and (e) what precautions are necessary. (7) Allocate costs. Assign proportion of con- trol costs on the basis of benefits to be derived. (8) Plan the_ project. Define objectives clearly, determine the scope of the project, and plan carefully and realistically. Integrate into the plan positive measures for protecting wild- life values. Draft contracts to insure administra- tive control at all times. (9) Carry out the project. Insure adequate supervision of the control program, keep pro- cedures flexible enough to adjust to changing conditions. Measure effectiveness of control and impact on wildlife as work progresses. Con- sistent with public interests, respect private property rights. (10) Appraise results. Review and _ assess project accomplishments to devise means for in- creasing effectiveness and lessening harmful side-effects. (11) Keep people informed. Let the pub- lic know at all stages what is being done and why it is being done. (12) Conduct research. Establish an active program of research to develop new methods and increase effectiveness of control, yet min- imizing harmful effects to wildlife. Research Needs This report has not been completed. It will review the research that has been done on pest control, and on the effects of pesti- cides on wildlife. It will include a discus- sion of current research programs and re- search that needs to be done. Many of the honest differences of opinion in the field of pest control and wildlife relationships are due to lack of dependable information on the various phases of the problem. This emphasizes all the more the need for a sound research program, manned by competent researchers in the various disciplines and under experienced and skilled leadership. JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ADDENDUM Membership of Committees Ad Hoe Committee on Pest Control and Wildlife Relationships Herbert E. Longenecker, vice-president, Univer- sity of Illinois, Urbana, III. George C. Decker, head, Economic Entomology Section, State Natural History Survey, Urbana, Tl. Ira N. Gabrielson, president, Wildlife Manage- ment Institute, Washington 5, D.C. Wayland J. Hayes, Jr., chief, Toxicology Sec- tion, Communicable Disease Center, Technical Deveolpment Laboratories, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Savannah, Ga. L. S. Hitchner, executive secretary, National Agricultural Chemicals Associations, Washing- ton -6,..D.C, E. F. Knipling, director, Entomology Research Division, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Md. Daniel L. Leedy, chief, Branch of Wildlife Re- search, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wild- life, Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Depart- ment of the Interior, Washington 25, D.C. Robert L. Rudd, assistant professor of zoology and assistant zoologist in the Experiment Sta- tion, University of California, Davis, Calif. Committee on Pest Control and Wildlife Relationships lra L. Baldwin (chairman), special assistant to the president, University of Wisconsin, Madi- son 6, Wis. George C. Decker, head, Economic Entomology Section, State Natural History Survey, Urbana, I. Ira N. Gabrielson, president, Wildlife Manage- ment Institute, Washington 5, D.C. Tom Gill, executive director, Charles Lathrop Pack Forestry Foundation, Washington 6, D.C. George L. McNew, managing director, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Yonk- Cro 3; N.Y. E. C. Young, dean of Graduate School, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. Mitchell R. Zavon, professor of industrial medi- cine, University of Cincinnati, Kettering Lab- oratory, Cincinnati 19, Ohio. Subcommittee on Evaluation of Pesticide Wildlife Problems George C. Decker (chairman and member of the parent commitiee). Edward L. Kozicky, director, Conservation De- partment, Olin Mathieson Chemical Company, East Alton, Ill. Daniel L. Leedy, Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington 2ose:C., OcTOBER, 1962 George L. McNew, managing director, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Yonk- Efs-=on IN: Ys L. D. Newsom, head of entomological research, Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 3, La. H. P. Nicholson, chief, Pesticide Pollution Studies, Public Health Service, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Atlanta 23, Ga. Robert L. Vannote, national advisor, American Mosquito Control Association, Morris Plains, Neds Mitchell R. Zavon, professor of industrial medi- cine, University of Cincinnati, Kettering Lab- oratory, Cincinnati 19, Ohio. Subcommittee on Policy and Procedures for Pest Control Tom Gill (chairman and member of the parent committee). E. D. Burgess, director, Plant Pest Control Divi- sion, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. De- partment of Agriculture, Washington 25, D.C. C. C. Compton, division representative, Shell Chemical Company, Washington, D.C. W. W. Dykstra, Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. R. L. Furness, chief, Division of Forest Insect Research, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Portland 8, Ore. R. D. Hale, Conservation Foundation, New York GS INEY. E. L. Kolbe, forester, Western Pine Association, Portland, Ore. S. W. Simmons, Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta 22. Ga. Subcomittee on Research Needs Ira N. Gabrielson (chairman and member of the parent committee). James A. Beal, director, Division of Forest In- sect Research, Forest Service, U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, Washington 25, D.C. Clarence Cottam, Welder Wildlife Foundation, Sinton, Tex. Samuel A. Graham, School of Natural Resources, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. C. H. Hoffmann, assistant director, Entomological Research Division, U.S. Department of Agri- culture, Beltsville, Md. Donald A. Spencer, Pesticide Regulation Divi- sion, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. De- partment of Agriculture, Washington 25, D.C. Clarence M. Tarzwell, Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, U.S. Public Health, Cincinnati 26, Ohio. John A. Zapp, Jr., director, Haskell Laboratory, E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Wil- mington 98, Del. 167 THE BROWNSTONE TOWER ‘Please send me all information about . . .” Who in Washington has not received such requests, either di- rectly or from a buck passer? What should one do with such innocent in- quiries? Destroy the faith of children in Santa Claus by ignoring them, or by telling them the facts of life? Or should one try to send some information? I have not adopted any one formula. As I like to think of myself as an altruist who tries to encourage science tal- ent, I ignore only very stupid letters. To most I try to offer some helpful advice, often writing a note on the bottom of a letter and returning it to the sender. This I did on a letter of March 5 from a girl in Philadelphia. My note caused the child’s mother to rush to her defense, whereupon I tried to make amends. This correspondence quoted below, except for names of those in- volved, might be helpful to some, amusing to others. It represents a large unresolved problem in scientific communication. March 5, 1962 Dear Sirs: I am working on a science project for the Delaware Valley Junior Science compe- tition. My project is on the mosquito and how it carries the malaria parasite. I would appreciate it greatly if you would send me some information on this topic as soon as possible as it is needed by March 15, 1962. Sincerely, LS: 6 March 1962 Dear L: Hurry to the nearest public library and look up your subject in one of the standard encyclopedias. The National Research Council does not rush information to stu- dents who need it for science projects. 168 Please learn to use libraries Sincerely yours, Frank L. Campbell Executive Secretary Division of Biology and Agriculture NAS-NRC March 7, 1962 Dear Mr. Campbell: Enclosed is a letter written by my daugh- ter, and your reply of March 6th; it is to your reply that | now make reference. It was not her intention to impress you with the fact that this was a “rush job.” L— has been working very diligently on this science project, and has been to three (3) libraries and has obtained to this point fifteen (15) references on the subject. One of the books entitled “‘Medicine in Action,” by Margaret O’Hyde has a list of thirty (30) “Sources of Further Information.” Due to her eagerness to obtain as much lit- erary information as she could (in addition to her fifteen (15) reference books, plus the two (2) sets of encyclopedias we have at home) she wrote to you, as you were on the list of “Sources of Further Informa- tion.” It is quite feasible that you receive many inquiries from students “looking for an easy out”; however, in this case you truly were a very poor judge, as L— happens to be a straight “A” student in all subjects. I am just wondering at this time, how many more truly interested and eager stu- dents received the same sarcastic reply. Yours very truly, (Mrs?) Vek: March 27, 1962 Dear Mrs. S: Thank you very much for your letter of March 7. It is unusual for anyone to ac- knowledge my inadequate but sincere at- tempts to help young people who write to this Division of the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council. To be sure, you were less than pleased with my suggestion that L—learn to use libraries, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES because, unknown to me, she had already exhausted her local library resources. | am sorry that neither of us knew enough about the other to make a really helpful contact. In this one instance I shall try to close the gap. I wonder what image you have of the National Academy of Sciences-National Re- search Council. You may imagine it to be a large Government agency employing many people who do nothing but answer requests for information, to which you as a taxpayer are entitled. Actually this is a relatively ‘small private organization, whose princi- pal duty is to advise the Government through the voluntary services of many scientists who serve without compensation and for a limited time on committees deal- ing with various scientific problems. These committee activities do lead to publications, usually containing facts and recommend- ations. All we have to offer the public are these publications, which are listed in the enclosed catalog. You will note that a charge is made for most of them and that few of them would be of any use to a secondary school student. In other words, we have practically nothing in print that we can drop into an envelope and send to a good student like L— to supplement in- formation she has already obtained. Nor can we take the time of specialists, whom we cannot pay, to answer inquiries from students. We have only one information officer on the staff of NAS-NRC. It is his duty to inform public information outlets of the activities of our committees; he has - neither the time nor the knowledge to reply to letters from students. Nevertheless, our information officer and the whole profes- sional staff of NAS-NRC want very much to do what they can to encourage science talent in young people. That is why we take time to reply to carefully written, naive letters, like that from L—, instead of drop- ping them into the waste basket (the cruder sorts do go into my wastebasket). Going back to L—’s letter, which you kindly returned to me, I remind you that she told me nothing about her previous OcToBEerR, 1962 studies in malariology. She merely defined her science project and on March 5 asked for “information on this topic as soon as possible as it is needed by March 15, 1962.” Assuming that she had no information at all and knowing that I could not take time to do her library work for her, I urged her on March 6 not to depend on strangers to help her, but to meet her imminent deadline by using her local libraries. ’'m sure you know now that I was not being “sarcastic” but was trying, too briefly, to give her sound advice. I want to thank you particularly for cit- ing “Medicine in Action,” by Margaret O’Hyde as the source of our address to which L— wrote for ‘further information.” I had often wondered how young students all over the country get the name of this Division. You have given me one answer. I am a native of Philadelphia and grad- uated from the West Philadelphia High School (1916) and the University of Penn- sylvania (1921). There were no “science projects” in those days, but I had some ex- traordinarily good teachers who were a source of inspiration to me. [| still think that the student-teacher relationship is most important and leads naturally to self-im- provement in libraries and laboratories. I hope L— is enjoying similar privileges and will have a useful and satisfying career in whatever she chooses to do later. Very sincerely yours, Frank L. Campbell Abelson Named Editor of Sicence The new editor of SCIENCE is Philip H. Abelson, who served as president of the Washington Academy of Sciences in 1961. He succeeds Graham DuShane, another member of the Washington Academy, who is now dean of graduate sciences at Van- derbilt University. In addition to being editor of SCIENCE, Dr. Abelson plans to continue his research activities as director of the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of 169 Washington, and to serve as one of the editors of the JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. As editor of ScrENcE, Dr. Abelson will have the opportunity to guide the develop- ment of this very important journal to meet the rapidly changing needs of the scientific community. His broad editorial experience and his own achievements in research fit him well for this task. Dr. Abelson graduated in chemistry from the State College of Washington (now Washington State University) and earned a master’s degree in physics at the same institution. He received the Ph.D. degree from the University of California in 1939. He has made major scientific contributions in the fields of biochemistry, chemistry, en- gineering, geophysics, microbiology and physics. During World War II Dr. Abelson was a key figure in the Manhattan Project. He was awarded the Navy’s Distinguished Civilian Service Medal for his war work. Achievement Award Nominations Requested The WAS Committee on Awards for Scientific Achievement has announced that nominations for the Academy’s annual scientific achievement awards are currently being solicited. Each year the Academy gives awards for outstanding achievement in five areas—bio- logical sciences, engineering sciences, physi- cal sciences, mathematics, and teaching of science. Award winners are honored at the Academy’s annual dinner meeting in Janu- ary. All members of the Academy are invited to submit nominations as early as possible. Information on nomination procedures can be obtained from the general chairman of the Awards Committee, Professor John S. Toll of the University of Maryland (WA 7-3800; home OL 4-04.04) . JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Science in Washington SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS Contributions to this column may be addressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate Editor, c/o U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Market- ing Service, Room 2628 South Buildings, Wash- ington 25, D.C. AMERICAN UNIVERSITY Alfred Weissler, adjunct professor in the Departments of Chemistry and Physics, has received a research grant from the Office of Naval Research for the study of “Cavitation Intensity Measurements by Chemical Means.” APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY R. E. Gibson gave a lecture to the Brookings Institution Conference on Pub- lic Affairs, held for Federal science execu- tives at Williamsburg, Va., April 8-14, Dr. Gibson’s talk was entitled, “Systems Ap- proach to the Management of Research and Development.” A. M. Stone was recently appointed as a fellow member of the Hudson Institute. This is a non-profit research organization devoted to studies of national security and international order. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, director of the Sur- vey and recent past president of the Geo- logical Society of America, received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of St. Andrews, Scotland, at its commencement on June 29. HARRIS RESEARCH LABORATORIES Alfred E. Brown, president of Harris Research Laboratories, has been presented with a certificate of award by the Metro- politan Washington Board of Trade, for distinguished service as chairman of the Science Committee of the Science Bureau. He has just completed his term. Dr. Brown OcToBER, 1962 also has been elected to the Board of Directors for a three-year term. Harris Research Laboratories again par- ticipated in the Summer Institute for High School Science Teachers sponsored by the National Science Foundation. This was the seventh year of HRL participation. Ten out- standing science teachers from various parts of the country spent half their time work- ing on research programs at HRL to broad- en their science background; the other half of their time involved course work at Amer- ican University. Several members of the staff attended the Gordon Research Conferences, held last summer at New London, N. H., as follows: Milton Harris and John Menkart at- tended the Textile Conference, Anthony M. Schwartz attended the Friction and Wear Conference, and Henry Peper at- tended the Conference on Interfaces. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS Allen V. Astin is chairman of a Federal Council for Science and Technology panel, composed of heads or deputy heads of Gov- ernment research organizations, which for the past year has been studying ways to improve the Government’s capabilities for conducting and managing its expanding program of research and development. NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY Herbert Friedman, superintendent of the Atmosphere and Astrophysics Division, presented the fifth in a series of Forum lec- tures on space science for overseas broad- cast by the Voice of America on February 5». Dr. Friedman’s lecture was about re- search on solar flares. Leland A. DePue presented a talk on May 7 at the 29th International Foundry Conference in Detroit. The title of his talk was “The Influence of Silicon on Gun Metal Alloys.” el Maurice M. Shapiro, superintendent of the Nucleonics Division and head of the Cosmic Ray Branch, has been awarded a Guggenheim fellowship for 1962-63. He will spend the academic year as visiting professor at the Weizman Institute of Science in Rehovoth, Israel. During his absence, John McElhinney will serve as acting superintendent of the Nucleonics Di- vision, and Bertram Stiller will be acting head of the Cosmic Ray Branch. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION The following scientists have recently joined the staff of the Smithsonian Institu- tion’s Museaum of Natural History: J. Lawrence Angel, formerly associate pro- fessor of anatomy at Jefferson Medical College, as curator, Division of Physical Anthropology; Stanwyn G. Shetler, re- cently of the University of Michigan, as as- sistant curator, Division of Phanerogams; Philip S. Humphrey, formerly assistant curator of orinthology, Peabody Museum, and assistant professor of zoology at Yale University, as curator, Division of Birds; George E. Watson, recently of Yale Uni- versity, as assistant curator, Division of Birds; Paul J. Spangler, formerly of the Insect Identification and Parasite Introduc- tion Laboratories, Department of Agricul- ture, as associate curator, Division of Insects; W. Donald Duckworth, recently of North Carolina State College, as associ- ate curator, Division of Insects; and Don- ald F. Squires, formerly of the American Museum of Natural History, as associate curator, Division of Marine Invertebrates. USDA, BELTSVILLE Lawrence Zeleny made a four-week tour of ten European countries in May under the auspices of Great Plains Wheat, Inc., during which time 11 group meetings and 20 conferences were held on the subject of the wheat sedimentation test. The pur- poses were to assist in standardizing pro- cedures and equipment in Europe, to fur- nish information and answer questions concerning the test, and to correct miscon- ceptions concerning the use of the test in 172 the United States. Dr. Zeleny found that a number of the larger European flour millers are using the test routinely, and that the test is being used rather widely and suc- cessfully as an aid in wheat-breeding pro- grams. L. D. Christenson has been promoted to head the Fruit and Vegetable Insects Research Branch, Entomology Research Division, ARS. He succeeds B. A. Porter, who was retired in July. Calvin Golumbic represented the Mar- ket Quality Research Division, AMS, at the 13th International Seed Congress of the International Seed Testing Association in Lisbon, Portugal, in May. C. H. Hoffman was guest speaker before the Washington, D. C. Chapter of the Soil Conservation Society of America, on May 16. Subject of Dr. Hoffman’s talk was “Role of Agricultural Chemicals in Relation to Water Pollution and Wildlife.” USDA, WASHINGTON H. L. Haller spoke at the annual meeting of the American Chemical Society in Wash- ington, D. C., on March 21, on the role of chemical research in food protection. George W. Irving, Jr., gave a paper at the same meeting of the American Chemical Society, on the role of chemical research in giving cotton and wool fabrics new proper- ties that help them compete with synthetics. Harold T. Cook was awarded an alum- ni citation in recognition of outstanding achievements and services by DePauw Uni- versity at the 123rd Annual Commencement in June. In August, Dr. Cook gave a series of six lectures on the principles of post- harvest plant pathology, at a conference for college teachers of general botany and biol- ogy which was held at Washington State University, Pullman, Wash., under the sponsorship of the National Science Foun- dation. W. T. Pentzer was chairman of local arrangements of the U.S. National Com- mittee for the International Institute of Refrigeration, for the meeting of several commissions and the technical board of IRR in Washington last August. About 225 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES persons attended, representing 14 countries. Fifty-eight papers were presented. UNCLASSIFIED Hugh L. Dryden, deputy administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Ad- ministration, was awarded the Langley Gold Medal of the Smithsonian Institution on April 27 at the annual meeting of the American Philosophical Society in Phila- delphia. The medal was awarded to Dr. Dryden in recognition of his “important applications of experimental science to the problems of flight and for his wise and courageous administration of much of America’s research and technical develop- ments that now make possible the conquest of air and space.” Richard A. Weiss, Department of De- fense, is a member of the Federal Council for Science and Technology. CALENDAR OF EVENTS October 18—Society of American Foresters Slide-illustrated lectures: (1) C. A. Gillett, managing director, American Forest Products Industries, Inc.. “The Organization, Work, History, and Objectives of AFPI.” (2) J. C. McClellan, chief forester and assistant managing director, AFPI, “The Presentation of Recreational Use of Forest Industry Lands in the United States.” Dinner meeting, 6:30 p.m., YWCA, 17th and K Streets, N.W. - JOINT BOARD ON SCIENCE EDUCATION The Joint Board on Science Education has reorganized for a busy school season with the election of Ralph I. Cole of Melpar as its chairman. Mr. Cole, who holds de- grees in both electrical engineering and physics, is manager of military projects planning at Melpar. He has been on the Joint Board for two years, and served last year as its secretary. He is also a past chair- man of the D. C. Council of Engineering and Architectural Societies. OcToBER, 1962 The newly elected vice-chairman of the Board is John K. Taylor of the National Bureau of Standards. Lowell E. Campbell of USDA’s Agricultural Research Service is secretary, while Churchill Eisenhart of NBS is treasurer. Three new members were appointed to the Board during the summer. Academy ap- pointees are Howard E. Finley (Howard University) and Theodore H. Lashof (Na- tional Bureau of Standards). The new D. C. Council] appointee is Mr. Campbell, while Joseph H. Broome (Minneapolis-Honey- well) was reappointed to membership on the Board. Chairman Cole has announced the ap- pointment of the following to serve as chairmen of the committees indicated: School Contracts Committee—Walter H. McCartha (Department of Defense); Fi- nance Committee—Russell W. Mebs (Na- tional Bureau of Standards) ; Science Fairs Committee—Theodore H. Lashof (National Bureau of Standards); Teacher Awards Committee—Joseph E. Guidry (Bureau of Reclamation); Curriculum and Advisory Committee—Howard A. Meyerhoff (Scien- tific Manpower Commission) ; Frontiers of Science Lectures—Howard E. Finley (How- ard University); Research Participation Committee—Leo Schubert (American Uni- versity) ; editor of THE REPORTER, and di- rector of science projects—John K. Taylor. The Joint Board adopted a budget of $7825 to carry on its various activities during the coming school year. These in- clude the sponsorship of the five local area science fairs, an extensive program of awards to outstanding local teachers, the Frontiers of Science lecture series for students, and publication of THE Re- PORTER. An extensive program of lecture- demonstrations available under the title, “Visiting Scientists and Engineers,” and a series of Saturday conferences on science education also are being planned under a National Science Foundation grant to the Academy, which is administered by the Joint Board. The budget of $7825 mentioned earlier must be raised through contributions from 173 local scientific societies and other organiza- tions interested in promoting science educa- tion. Affiliated societies are reminded that they can help support this comprehensive program by making provision for a contri- bution to the Board in their own budgets. Wade M. Edmunds, recently retired elec- trical engineer with the Rural Electrification Administration, is the new executive secre- tary of the Joint Board’s science projects carried on under NSF grant. He replaces Gravatt Coleman, who deferred his retire- ment from the telephone company to serve in this capacity for the past two years. Mr. Coleman has built a new home in Virginia’s Northern Neck, and has now retired in earnest “to fish.” Mr. Edmunds is a native of South Da- kota who received his E.E. degree from Wisconsin. He has done graduate work at Arizona and has also studied nuclear engi- neering at the Argonne National Labora- tory. His early engineering experience was in Mexico and Venezuela. For 25 years he was in Government service, and was spe- cial advisor on nuclear projects for REA at the time of his retirement. Mr. Edmunds will spend half time in the Academy-Joint Board office at 1530 P Street. About two-thirds of his tour will be devoted to Joint Board work, and the rest to Academy affairs. The office hours are from 9:00 am. to 1:00 p.m., Monday through Friday. The Joint Board has prepared an annual report of the activities carried on last school year under a grant from the National Science Foundation. This booklet describes the “Visiting Scientists and Engineers” pro- gram, contains summaries of the various science-education conferences held last year, and includes reports on the various experimental educational programs carried out by several schools under Joint Board sponsorship. Copies of the report are avail- able on request to the Joint Board office. 174 JUNIOR ACADEMY NEWS This year, the Washington Junior Acad- emy of Sciences has vigorous plans and high hopes. The opening meeting will be held on October 6 in the Hall of Nations at Georgetown University at 10:00 a.m. The guest speaker will be Marie C. Taylor of Howard University, who will talk on “Effortless Achievements by Plants.” This fall the Junior Academy will again sponsor trips to the Fels Planetarium, Franklin Institute, and Academy of Natural Science, in Philadelphia. The science club workshop for officers of area school science clubs will be held in November. During the Christmas holidays, the Junior Academy will hold its annual science convention. In January, a meeting will be held to present summer jobs in science which are available in the Washington area. In the spring come the joint meetings with the Chemical Society and the Washington Academy of Sciences. Finally, the National Science Fair finalists will present their projects at the election meeting in May. The Junior Academy plans to publish the papers presented at the science conven- tion, sometime in January. It also hopes to publish an edition of the Redbook, a report of the year’s activities. This year’s officers are Stewart Wood, president (AP 7-2943); David Zalkind, vice-president; Virginia Fano, secretary: and Stanley Shapiro, treasurer. —Stewart Wood BOARD OF MANAGERS MEETING NOTES The Board of Managers held its 545th meeting on March 7 at the American Chem- ical Society Building. President-elect Specht presided in the unavoidable absence of President Van Evera. Meetings. Abner Brenner, reporting for the absent chairman, F. N. Frenkiel, re- ported that at the April 19 meeting of the Academy, Samuel Eilenberg of Columbia University would speak on “New Horizons in Pure Mathematics.” JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Membership. W. G. Allen, reporting for the absent chairman, M. L. Robbins, pre- sented the names of eight nominees for membership, for First Reading. A. T. McPherson reminded the Board of his feel- ing that in the selection of nominees for membership, particular attention should be given to younger men who might contribute to the vigor of the Academy, and enjoy at an early age the stimulation that Academy membership could afford. Grants-in-Aid. On motion of Dr. McPher- son, the Board approved a grant of $150 to Ashley B. Gurney of the Department of Agriculture, on assignment to the National Museum, for a project on collection and study of Orthoptera of the Great Dismal Swamp. Encouragement of Science Talent. Abner Brenner, chairman, announced that a buffet dinner honoring 43 outstanding high school science seniors would be held at Georgetown University on April 4. Election of Members. Following the Sec- ond Reading of their names by Dr. Allen, seven nominees were elected to membership itistne’ Academy, as follows: Orr E. Reynolds, Frederic G. Burke, Howard J. Laster, George C. Taylor, Norman Herz, James P. Owens, and James P. Minard. Secretary. The Secretary indicated that transfer of the accoutrements of office from former Secretary Specht had been initiated, and would soon be completed. Treasurer. The Treasurer reported that his new office assistant was functioning effectively; that about two-thirds of mem- ber dues had been received; that separate checking accounts had been established for the Academy, the Junior Academy, and the Joint Board on Science Education; and that he was asking Messrs. Cowie and Roberts to serve as an investment advisory committee. Dr. McPherson suggested that the Treasurer ascertain whether the Brook- ings Institution would be willing, as in some years past, to advise the Academy on its investments. Old Business. During a discussion of the proposed Academy directory, Mr. Detwiler presented some approximate cost figures OcToBER, 1962 on the annual directory of the Chemical Society of Washington. The cost of the 1960 and 1961 directories, involving 2400 to 2800 names, 35 pages, and runoffs of about 3000 copies each, was from $700 to $750. New Business. The chairman read a let- ter addressed to Dean Van Evera from Frank W. Clayton of the Organization of Professional Employees, Department of Agriculture, requesting financial assistance for the high school science fair exhibit held annually in the USDA patio. The Board suggested that the letter be referred to the Joint Board on Science Education, for which it was apparently intended. The Board approved an allotment of $200 to the Joint Board for the support of its summer research program for gifted high school students, directed by Leo Schu- bert. The Board of Managers held its 546th meeting on April 5 at the National Acad- emy of Sciences, with President Van Evera presiding. Meetings. Dr. Van Evera, reporting for the absent chairman, F. N. Frenkiel, re- minded the Board that at the April 19 meeting of the Academy, Samuel Eilenberg of Columbia University would speak on “New Horizons in Pure Mathematics.” Membership. Chairman M. L. Robbins presented the names of ten nominees for membership, for First Reading. Grants-in-Aid. Chairman A. T. McPher- son reported no recommendations to the Board, and requested cooperation in en- couraging young scientists to apply for grants for the coming summer vacation period. Policy and Planning. Chairman Wayne Hall presented the application of the Balti- more-Washington Section of the American Ceramic Society for affiliation with the Academy. The Board approved a motion to recommend acceptance of the application by the Academy’s membership. Encouragement of Science Talent. Chair- man Abner Brenner reported a most suc- cessful dinner was held April 4 at George- EUs town University, when certificates of merit and technical books were presented to 44 outstanding senior high school students of the Washington area. The program in- cluded presentation of certificates and books by Dr. Van Evera, and a talk by Chester I. Page on “Mathematics: A Use- ful Game.” The Board approved the Com- mittee’s expenditure of $35 to $50 more than had been budgeted for the affair. Dr. Brenner indicated that manuscripts of the 26 papers presented at the Junior Academy meeting in December were still being assembled for publication in the spring of 1962. Science Education. In the absence of Chairman J. K. Taylor, Dr. Van Evera re- ported that the National Science Founda- tion had renewed (through August 31, 1963) the following three grants: Support of State Academy of Science programs ($10,550); support of Visiting Scientist programs ($5,550); and publication of The Reporter ($2,500). Election of Members. Following the Second Reading of their names by Dr. Robbins, eight nominees were elected to membership in the Academy, as follows: Edward J. Chapin, Robert O. Fournier, Joseph L. Gillman, Jr., Harry K. Hersch- man, George L. Hutton, George Sandoz, John R. Townsend, and Glen W. Wensch. Secretary. The Secretary indicated that transfer of the Secretary’s records from Dr. Specht to himself had been all but completed. Negotiations were under way with the Treasurer to consolidate the Academy’s address files, in the hope that a single master file could be set up and supervised by the part-time assistant in the Academy office. Treasurer. The ‘Treasurer reported balances as follows: Senior Academy, $8,073.40; Junior Academy, $5,088.22; Joint Board, $6,976.39. Dividends received in March amounted to $609.96. and other receipts to $1,952.96. The treasurer re- ported a modest number of unpaid dues, but no resignations attributable to the recent dues increase. 176 New Business. Leo Schubert urged Board members to stimulate area high school students to submit applications for summer research in area laboratories. Final date for receipt of applications was April 23. It was indicated that interest is increasing in area laboratories in mak- ing opportunities available for outstanding students; currently, there are more op- portunities than applicants. Dr. Van Evera announced that Presi- dent-elect Specht expected to undertake a two-year assignment in Japan beginning January 1, 1963, making it impossible for him to serve as President during the com- ing calendar year. He asked the Board to consider courses of action in this situation, in view of the Bylaws, so that appropriate steps could be taken at the next Board meeting. The next meeting was set for May 3, instead of May 4 as originally scheduled. The Board of Managers held its 547th meeting on May 3 at the American Chem- ical Society Building, with President Van Evera presiding and H. Specht acting as Secretary. Appointments and Announcements. Dr. Van Evera announced that W. W. Smith and Maurice Apstein had been appointed as new members of the Committee on Policy and Planning. Meetings. The speaker at the next meet- ing (third Thursday in May) was an- nounced as Marshall Nirenberg of NIH, who was to speak on genetic coding. Grants-in-Aid. Chairman McPherson reported on a plan for the support of “family research projects,” the object of which is to solicit applications from one or both of the scientists parents of high school students, for grants that would enable such junior scientists to carry out research projects with their parents during the summer vacation. There is a precedent for such grants: the Board had previously approved a grant to the 15-year-old son of an entomologist to carry out insect collec- tions in the Dismal Swamp area with his parents. Dr. McPherson pointed out that JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES such family collaboration was common in the past, extending to such renowned investigators as Marie Curie and_ her daughter, Irene Curie Joliot. Regulations now forbid such collaboration in the Gov- ernment, and it is only rarely found in private laboratories; but he felt that re- establishment of such collaboration would be useful. He asked that written applica- tions be sent to him at NBS; no special form is required. Grants in the amount of $50 to $150 could be entertained. Policy and Planning. Chairman Hall reported that the Committee had discussed changes in the Bylaws to broaden the basis of regular membership, but that at the present time agreement had not been reached on the wording of the qualifica- tions. When the matter is stabilized it will be brought before the Board. Dr. Campbell brought up the recent Board action to permit affiliation of the Baltimore-Washington Section of the Amer- ican Ceramic Society, and pointed out that this action removed the restrictions which previously had been applied against afhlia- tion of societies with geographical jurisdic- tions existing beyond the Washington metropolitan area. Dr. Campbell suggested that the Society of Teachers of Mathemat- tics, which earlier had been denied affilia- tion, might well again apply with the expectation of receiving favorable con- sideration; also, that the Baltimore-Wash- ington Section of the Society of Plastics Engineers might desire to be reconsidered. Dr. Van Evera pointed out that still other groups, such as the Washington Section of the Psychological Society, might feel it desirable to approach the Academy again. Membership. Chairman M. L. Robbins presented the names of 13 nominees for membership, for First Reading. Treasurer. Dr. Henderson summarized the year’s fiscal transactions. He reported that about 190 members had not paid cur- rent dues. Editor. Dr. Van Evera reported that Editor Detwiler was on his way to India, but that Dr. Campbell and Mr. Farrow OcToBER, 1962 were currently processing the page proofs of the May Journal. Election of Members. Following the Second Reading of their names by Dr. Robbins, 10 nominees were elected to membership in the Academy, as follows: Rucker Carrington, Roy C. Dawson, David C. dePackh, Charles G. Durbin, Blake M. Loring, Vincent E. McKelvey, George A. Moore, Howard E. Noyes, Thorndike Saville, Jr., and Harold P. Weinberg. New Business. Dr. Schubert reported that activity in support of summer work in science laboratories by high school students, was coming along very well. Of a hundred applications, some 80 students had been selected. In response to a ques- tion, he indicated that the support per student amounted to $85; the financing came from various sources, including the Academy. Dr. Van Evera announced that Gravatt Coleman, employed in the Academy office on Joint Board affairs, was leaving in July, and that Wade Edmonds had been engaged to take his place, on a half-time basis. Dr. Van Evera also announced that a new chairman of the Meetings Committee would have to be appointed, since Dr. Frenkiel had agreed to carry this respon sibility only through the spring months. He briefly discussed a suggestion that meet- ings be held at various places in the metro- politan area (NIH, Walter Reed Hospital, Navy Medical Center, etc.), in order to sample the attendance from these areas; and he hoped that a broad interdisciplinary approach could be taken in regard to the program. He hoped also to copy the Chemical Society practice of having dinner meetings beforehand, since these seemed to be quite effective in stimulating attend- ance and interest. Dr. McPherson suggested that, because of the current expeditious conduct of Board meetings, it might be appropriate at the meetings to schedule brief reports on the activities and hopes of the affiliated societies, with regard to the help which the Academy and the Board could give Meigs them. In the ensuing discussion, Dr. Camp- bell asserted that even Board members appeared to have too little knowledge of the Academy’s objectives. He briefly dis- cussed the activities of the Maryland Academy of Sciences, which under its new president, Nigel Wolfe, proposes to set up a science center for Baltimore and_ the State, hoping in this way to attract many new afhiliated societies; he pointed out that affiliation is largely a matter of having something to offer. He urged that Dr. McPherson’s vision_of a separate building and facilities for the Academy offices should be taken seriously. Mr. Farrow announced the sudden death of Arthur Sidwell, chairman of the local section of the Institute of Food Technol- ogists, the Academy’s newest affiliate. The next Board meeting was set for June 4. The Board of Managers held its 548th meeting on June 4 at the National Academy of Sciences, with President Van Evera presiding. Grants-in-Aid. On motion of Chairman McPherson, the Board approved a grant of $75 to Karen Ann Thomas of Fairmont High School, for a project concerned with stalistical studies of tree leaves. Policy and Planning. Chairman Hall dis- cussed a report of the Committee that was circulated to the Board with the minutes of the 547th meeting. He explained that the Committee proposes to enlarge mem- bership in the Academy by adding a new class of membership for persons interested in supporting science but not otherwise qualified for membership. Present mem- bers would become fellows. The intent is to enlarge the usefulness of the Academy to the scientific community in and around Washington. A statement indicating necessary changes in the Bylaws which would be needed to implement the proposal was present to the Board, and amended after discussion. The Board then approved the amended statement and directed the Secretary to sub- mit the Bylaws changes to the Academy’s 178 membership for approval at the 1962 elec- tions. Membership. Chairman Robbins _ pre- sented the name of one nominee for mem- bership—C. W. Hiatt, I1I]—for First Read- ing. In view of the forthcoming summer recess, the Board agreed that if no objec- tions were received by the Secretary before June 19, Dr. Hiatt should be considered as having been elected. Following the Second Reading of their names by Dr. Robbins, 13 other nominees were elected to membership in the Acad- emy, as follows: Pierre J. Ausloos, R. Carson Dalzell, Leo Friedman, David Gar- vin, Edward A. Kane, Edward C. Knoblock, Buford K. Meade, Marshall W. Nirenberg, Hideo Okabe, Louis J. Schoen, James B. Small, Merrill J. Whitman, and Robert W. Zwanzig. Science Education. Chairman Taylor reported that the Committee’s annual re- port was being prepared for publication. He expected that next year’s program, for which funds already had been received, would continue in the same pattern as in the past year. Secretary. Dr. Irving reported that his office, now in possession of the Academy’s official records, had been briefed by Dr. Specht, the previous Secretary, on the com- plex mechanics of handling the member- ship files. Treasurer. Dr. Henderson presented a brief fiscal report, indicating that all mem- bers delinquent in dues had received a second billing. Prompted by suggestions at previous Board meetings, he will invest Academy bank surpluses in 90-day 2.7- percent Treasury bills, that are subject to continuation for a second 90-day period. Dr. Henderson also reported that he had considered the Academy’s stock invest- ments in the light of present market con- ditions, and intended to take no action with respect to these investments unless directed to do so by the Board. The Board took no action. New Business. Dr. Henderson reported that the Cosmos Club had requested indi- JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES cation of the Academy’s intentions con- cerning monthly meetings during 1962-63. Since the Board was about evenly divided when asked to express preferences for meeting at the Cosmos Club or at various other places in the metropolitan area, it was felt that the latter course should be explored, but that as a safeguard, reserva- tions should also be made for holding the meetings at the Club. Such reservations are subject to cancellation on suitable prior notification. Dr. Van Evera agreed to reserve the Club’s Powell Auditorium for the third Thursday of each month from October 1962 through May 1963. The next meeting of the Board was set for October 2. SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT August 17 marked the completion of one year of operation of the world’s first isotope-powered, automatic weather station. It was installed on Axel Heiberg Island in Canada’s Northwest Ter- ritories, only 700 miles from the North Pole, by scientists from the Weather Bu- reau, the Martin Company of Baltimore, and the Canadian Department of Transport. This unattended station measures wind di- rection and speed, barometric pressure, and temperature, and transmits them every three hours to the Joint Canadian-United States Weather Station at Resolute, Canada. The information has been used to improve weather forecasts and pilot briefings. Even- tually, the Weather Bureau hopes that hundreds of these automatic stations will be placed in mountainous and polar regions, oceans, and deserts, where it is not practi- cable to establish and maintain manned weather stations. Lamb meat gets its characteristic flavor from the fat, probably from minor constituents called carbonyls, according to a recent report by Irwin Horn- stein and Patrick F. Crow of the Depart- ment of Agriculture at Beltsville. Similar OcToBER, 1962 results have been obtained in earlier work with beef and pork. Cooked patties made from ground lamb with all the fat removed had only the general taste of meat; they had no characteristic lamb flavor. Aromas produced by heating rendered lamb fat had a strong mutton odor. Further research showed that if the carbonyls were removed, the remaining fat did not have a mutton aroma when heated. The Hall of Life Sciences, con- structed as the west wing of the Na- tional Academy of Sciences, was dedicated on June 27. Construction was made possible by a million-dollar gift from the Equitable Life Assurance Society in 1959. The new wing will house the many activities of the Academy and its National Research Council in the biological, medical and behavioral sciences. It contains two stories and a ground floor, and is con- structed in the same architectural style as the main building. The exterior is of Im- perial Danby marble quarried in Proctor, Vt. The first floor provides an 800-square- foot conference room and eight offices. The second floor has a conference room of the same size and 14: offices. There is an 88-by- 28 foot refectory on the ground floor that can be used as a cafeteria, or as a banquet hall for Academy dinners. X-ray technologists at the Naval Ord- nance Laboratory have developed a ‘“‘cinefluorographic” system for de- termining the effect of separations, cracks, and voids in solid missile pro- pellants on motor performance. The system utilizes an X-ray source and a 35-mm camera coupled to a nine-inch image inten- sifier tube which has a light intensification of 3,000. As the rocket motor burns, its changing internal dynamics are recorded by the movie camera focused on the tube. Results so far indicate that small uniform voids located in the center of the solid pro- pellant merely result in a slight increase in the burning area with no observable effect on pressure. But multiple voids located along a crack nearer the side of the rocket motor may cause a blowout. 179 A small acoustics research device developed by the Naval Ordnance Lab- oratory to determine the velocity of sound in sea water may have possible use for controlling quality in the pro- duction of commercial products rang- ing from gasoline to milk. The device is called a velocimeter. It is essentially a d-inch long stainless steel tube equipped with a signal-generating crystal on one end and a receiving crystal on the other. The velocity of a sound impulse transmitted through a liquid sample is determined by recording the time the pulse traverses the known distance through the sample. Since the velocity of sound in a liquid depends upon the impurities present, the velocimeter may be used to detect the presence of im- purities. Automatic stereomapping equip- ment, designed to produce _ topo- graphic data faster and more accur- ately than equipment currently in use, is being tested at the Army Engineer Geodesy, Intelligence and Mapping R&D Agency (GIMRADA) at Fort Belvoir. This system obtains topographic data from the processing of profiling a stereophotogram- metric model. The inputs of the system are glass diapositives of overlapping photog- raphy, camera calibration data, and ground control information. The outputs are con- tours, orthophotomap, and elevations of a number of selected points within the stere- omodel. The Army Engineers also have an nounced the development of a light- 1380 weight 24-volt battery for military use. Called the 4-HN Battery, it was produced by a private firm under contract. It weighs 38 pounds, compared to 74 pounds for the battery currently used by the military, and has half the volume displacement of its counterpart. A lead-acid, 21-ampere-hour, 12-cell battery, it can be used to crank any engine up to about 40 horsepower. It out- performs its bigger counterparts when start- ing at —65° F. | American University’s Biology De- partment has received a grant of $8,000 from the Atomic Energy Commis- sion, for the acquisition of undergraduate teaching equipment in nuclear technology as applied to life sciences. Last year the Department received a similar grant of $15,000. The equipment will be used in various courses in physiology, which all biology majors must take. Forty-five outstanding _ scientists from 14 foreign countries and the United States will conduct research in this country during the present year as fellows of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Stipends connected with the fellowships to- tal $152,500, the largest sum so far granted for this purpose in any one fiscal year by CIW. The number of fellows, also, is the largest for any year since the program was begun in 1947. The program is partly fi- nanced by the Carnegie Corporation of New York, which has appropriated $250,000 for the purpose, to be used at the rate of $50,- 000 annually. Of the 45 fellows, 19 will work here at the Geophysical Laboratory. and 13 in the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism. JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Delegates to the Washington Academy of Sciences, Representing _ the Local Affiliated Societies* BPI CPPCGIGSOCIely OL WASHINGTON o.oc.c.ccc.cnecessececeeccssnsosssceseveisesansssesoucsvetsaveshsneseavanensonoysavennse R. D. Myers Anthropological Society of Washington .....................ccccccccseteesetsessseeeseneeee REGINA FLANNERY HERZFELD Bmetentroociety, OF WASNINGION ................0...c0c.cccceeecessestsssecsesesseeyetbsenesentevensane Delegate not appointed DIMES GOISEY OF WASHINGTON ooo... ccc. cseceseeseseont dassecosiesesssesuupeesvvedsssdeesusivsoesuideseveneanes ALFRED E. Brown Emromolonrcal Society Of Washingtom ........0.....c.cccc.. ceccenecleessscessseessssencrssecseeseectensenees FRANK L. CAMPBELL RUPEE CUT ADINE SOCIELY” 52.5-.5-...d-c-22)ccdese0scestbsnsnannstecsocediscosnvoesstsnssivansivcctvetesssesaccuves ALEXANDER WETMORE Meealomicale society Of Washimgton ..................ccccccccce sssscsesessisccsssesesccsssentaceseussecaseeeceesaees G. ARTHUR COOPER Beledicalpsociety of the District of Columbia ................:..-.0..-sseccccsecesee estes, coneectesenteennen FREDERICK O. COE MppImET IT IRPMEA TST OGIGALSOCICLY) fc50 152. cc. chathccs cesen cede ieeedeessetccaesis decedsontucneanensattdevdesdesssaseseeacsabe! U. S. Grant, III Bape IB SOCTELYIOL] WASHINGTON 2. ......0..5.c0.5c 0-0. co .ce-sesceeneecsvecesenselestorvosssseessvunvesasvassvesrunenn Haroitp T. Cook PISBME EVM MP ATNEIICATY MOPESUEDS) 6.0.00 .c.dcre.s.00c.ceesecsorssseessneensesesnevsesesessevaesnceseercoservesesconsecsets Harry A. Fowe.is Washington Society of Engineers ...0..0.0.00000000000cecce. CE APES hee PaO Howarp S. RAPPLEYE American Institute of Electrical Engineers 2000000000000... ceccccccccceccecccscssseescesecssesecsseens WILLIAM A. GEYGER American Society of Mechanical Engineers ...............c..cccccccccccecccccccescscescesesceseescseesseses Witutiam G. ALLEN Helmintholozical Society of Washington ..........0.0........lceccccccccccccsccsesccsccecceccesesecceceesccsocesceseees Doys A. SHORB American Society for Microbiology ............................. fe RE eT RA a UM oon fe ce Howarp REYNOLDs pocierorenmerican Military“Engineers .......)...............c00c.scceesoneenedncensceesceeecanenneesseess Delegate not appointed WESUIENEE MOL MIVACIO—EUMPITCETS (0..-6.0 0.2... 2-ccsecedcccv-scceceeosccsevencosthdecosecescudecsseseescsssssensseecseeeess Rosert D. Huntoon Mnenicamesociety Of Civil EMgineers, .............5.0s0.s..00leuseneserecaseneccessececceceseseeaceneeceaees THORNDIKE SAVILLE, JR. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 00.0.0... cecccceeeeeeteeteetetees KATHRYN KNOWLTON PME PHM SOCIOL YTOL VICES oo. 23e ccc ceccc cece ct ei ce cccesncsessesncncdauvcesesneessssuncssiacutecevsoseceesees cesneety Joun A. BENNETT International Association for Dental Research 220000000000... cece eceteeeteeseeeeeeneeeees GERHARD BRAUER Institute of the Aerospace Sciences ...................... SPN ch, REO Se oe ne ma FrANcots N. FRENKIEL PURE TIe AIM MELCOTOIOZICAl SOCIELY ooo g cehocc.ccsecde-cdeecescccnsstnecegecscececcssvesssessssssneslabesmussessnsegverneses JAcK THOMPSON ESSEC GICLE “SUES Ie Conte ES) 000 010) 0 eee re MILTon S, SCHECHTER PMNS INE AMO OCICLY OL VATICLICE ig... cotet.n-c-ccccccevesseecenseucsass) senssesesennceacessese ssaccusssessencsavseesseens Ricuarp K. Cook Pe apemer TMM ICC SCTE OYA Re eee apn oho ce eanogihnncutbsnaseat cabeeaegsvolotissevnsnssssuectyapaeonseeeest Greorce L. WEIL Sig a a eMO PM OO CE TECIMOLOPISES, sac25.so:ec-.c-vec..veceeneessors evsnoshovesscesessossesevenssay-svaeesesserseeesnetney: RicuHarp P. Farrow *Delegates continue in office until new selections are made by the respective affiliated societies. Volume 52 OCTOBER 1962 CONTENTS The New Genetics and. ts Implications’ -2__-—-=22=— Pest Control and Wildlife Relationships ~-_-___---_- The: Brownstone lower 224s eo ee Science in Washington Scientists am thee News: - = = oe eee Calendar: of sh. venis: == =20 2 eee oe Joint Board on Science Education —~____ 2 jninioreAcademy) News 222-5 eee Se eee Board of Manasers Mecetme Notes) = eee science and, Development [22-20 22—255—. Washington Academy of Sciences 1530—P St., N.W. Washington, D. C. Return Requested LhGRARY OF ARNOLD AR EORE TUM e DIVINITY AVE AMWEOREOGE 28 MASS. WAS No. 7 2nd Class Postage Paid at Washington, D. C. JOURNAL of the WASHINGTON ACADEMY of SCIENCES Vol.52 ¢ No.8 NOVEMBER 1962 WOLD ARBOR RECEIVED NOV:2 6 1962. LIBRARY ET pe & = JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Editor: SAMUEL B. Detwi er, Jr., Department of Agriculture Associate Editors FRANK L. CaAmpsett, National Academy of Russert B. SrTEvENs, George Washington Sciences University Harotp T. Coox, Department of Agriculture JoHn K. Tay or, National Bureau of Standards RicHarp P. Farrow, National Canners Asso- LAwreNcE A. Woop, National Bureau of ciation Standards Contributors Apert M. Stone, Applied Physics Laboratory GrerHARD M. Brauer, National Bureau of Joun A. O’Brien,-Jr., Catholic University Standards CuHaArLes A. WHITTEN, Coast & Geodetic Survey Howarp W. Bonn, National Institutes of Health Marcaret D. Foster, Geological Survey ILEEN E. Stewart, National Science Foundation RusseLtL B. Stevens, George Washington ALLEN L. ALEXANDER, Naval Research Laboratory University Victor R. BosweL.t, USDA, Beltsville JoseEpH B. Morris, Howard University Haroitp T. Coox, USDA, Washington FRANK L. CampsBELL, NAS-NRC WitutiAM J. BatLey, University of Maryland This Journal, the official organ of the Washington Academy of Sciences, publishes historical articles, critical reviews, and scholarly scientific articles; notices of meetings and abstract proceedings of meetings of the Academy and its affiliated societies; and regional news items, including personal news, of interest to the entire membership. The Journal appears nine times a year, in January to May and September to December. Subscription rate: $7.50 per year (U.S.) or $1.00 per copy; foreign postage extra. Sub- scription orders should be sent to the Washington Academy of Sciences, 1530 P St., N.W.., Washington, D.C. Remittances should be made payable to “Washington Academy of Sciences.” Back issues of the Journal and Proceedings of the Academy have been taken in charge by the Johnson Reprint Corporation of New York City, which will handle sales on a commission basis. This firm expects to be set up early in 1963 for the direct handling of orders for back numbers. Meanwhile, requests for back numbers should continue to be addressed to the Academy Office at 1530 P St., N.W., Washington, D.C. Claims for missing numbers will not be allowed if received more than 60 days after date of mailing plus time normally required for postal delivery and claim. No claims will be allowed because of failure to notify the Academy of a change of address. Changes of address should be sent promptly to the Academy Office, 1530 P St., N.W., Washington, D. C. Such notification should include both old and new addresses and postal zone number, if any. Second class postage paid at Washington, D.C. OFFICERS OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES President: BENJAMIN D. Van Evers, George Washington University President-Elect: Heinz Specut, National Institutes of Health Secretary: Grorce W. Irvinc, Jr., Department of Agriculture Treasurer: MAtcotm C. HENDERSON, Catholic University Electrical Energy from Microbiological Processes Frederick D. Sisler General Scientific Corporation, Washington, D. C. The concept that living organisms can produce electricity is as old as the concept of electricity itself, which was formulated during the eighteenth century. One recalls the dispute at that time between Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta, as to the nature and cause of the “‘animal electricity” observed in Galvani’s frog muscle experi- ments and “fish electricity” in Volta’s studies of electric fish. It is of historical interest that this dispute led to the dis- covery by Volta of the galvanic cell, or electrochemical battery, and to the founda- tion of the field of electrophysiology by Galvani. As to the latter, practically all of the early work on electrical phenomena of biological systems was concentrated on the higher animals. That simple unicellular organisms, such as bacteria, exhibit elec- trical effects, seems to have escaped notice of the electrophysiologists until the present century. With the advent of modern instrumenta- tion techniques for the measurement of microbiological processes, it became ap- parent that single cells change the oxida- tion-reduction potential of the medium in which they grow and metabolize. Thus bacteria, for example, by virtue of their enzyme activity and their ability to couple exergonic and endergonic chemical reac- tions, may raise or lower the electronic charge in the chemical components of the medium. Through their ability to change the oxidation-reduction potential, or the hydrogen ion concentration, or the con- centration of the metabolites, bacteria and other microorganisms posses the inherent ability to create conditions which could NOVEMBER, 1962 yield electrical energy under appropriate conditions. For many years microbiologists have been measuring the oxidation-reduction or redox potential of cultures of microbes and their media. The purpose of these measure- ments for the most part was to study the oxygen requirements of the cells rather than their electrical properties. Actually, however, when such redox measurements were made they represented the potential values of an electrical half-cell. Potter in 1911 was among the first to point out and demonstrate that a microbial half-cell, when connected to a_ sterile medium half-cell, could generate electrical energy. His studies were prompted in part by the investigations of Haacke and Klein, who measured electrical production by green plants (plant electricity) around the turn of the century. Potter’s researches in the electrophysiology of microorganisms was a truly pioneering endeavor and a classic example of carefully controlled ex- perimentation and accurate interpretation. Potter used a galvanometer to measure electrical current, and a capacitor con- nected to the galvanometer for E.M.F. Potter recognized the importance of ruling out possible spurious recordings of E.M.F. from causes other than microbial activity. His controls and check tests eliminated E.M.F. differences due to (1) differences in temperature between the media, (2) osmotic or concentration effects, (3) evapo- ration currents, (4) thermo-electric effect at platinum-to-copper junctions, (5) elec- trode oxidation, (6) galvanic effects of dis- similar metals, and (7) local charge of 181 EUPHOTIC ZONE (pH > 8) Algae CO> + H20———> [CH0] + O02 “_—— | Oxidation Electro- CHEMICAL Photosynthesis Phytoplankton | | | / } BiG: = Zooplankton Logical | | | | DIFFUSION NO OH——>2H,0 Fish | APHOTIC ZONE (pH ~ 7.5) | Scavengers Detritus biota l nw. electron electromagnetic Bacteria 1 ie [(CH20] + HpS04———- HS + CO + HO BENTHIC ZONE HoS—>S +2 ae | Fermentation | lonization Figure 1. Example of a natural biochemical fuel cell system in the ocean. (Reproduced from “New Scientist,” by permission.) platinum electrodes as may occur from friction. Working with cultures of yeast in sugar solution and various bacterial species in nutrient media, Potter recorded the fol- lowing potentials: SUCCHATOMMVEES 2620) ee 0.32 volts Bacillus coli communis .... 0.35 BIOMOPESCENS- LAU CS... 0 BO DlOlaceus’ eee 0 Darcie “liled: fae i) The zero potential of the last three species was attributed to unsuitable culture media. The peak potential of 0.32 volts, registered by yeast cells in sugar solution, was reached in less than 10 minutes at 25°C. following a short lag phase of no E.M.F. immediately after adding the cells to the substrate. The potential/time slope appeared to be inde- pendent of the concentration of the sugar solution between 5 and 20 percent, but de- pendent on the initial temperature and number of cells used as inoculum. No in- 182 crease in E.M.F. was observed with plati- num electrodes of greater area or thickness than those used in the initial tests, or with larger quantities of yeast cell—sugar solu- tion. Potter also showed that the enzyme systems invertase, with sugar, and diatase, with starch, produced a small potential, i.e., 0.02 and 0.05 volts respectively. Through- out his experiments on bio-potentials, he used a standard electric cell rather than a reference electrode, such as the calomel half-cell, to establish a reference potential. By connecting six of his cells in series and using carbon electrodes, Potter pro- duced a microbial-powered battery which yielded a current of 1.25 milliampere. This was perhaps the first man-made “living” battery of its type ever designed. He noted that in several respects, such as current direction. his microbial cell was similar to a galvanic cell. An interesting sidelight here is that Potter may have been the first to de- sign a true “galvanic cell,” in that Luigi JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Galvani’s early experiments with electricity dealt with that of living organisms. Cohen in 1931 pointed out that a bac- teria-powered electrical cell that he had assembled was capable of performing work. By connecting his cells in series, he re- ported that he was able to obtain a current of 2 ma. at a pressure of 35 volts. His unit cell consisted of 10 cc. of culture in medium which was connected to a sterile control. The electrical output was 0.2 ma. at 0.5 volts for at least 5 minutes. Cohen worked with cultures of Bact. dysenteriae, C. diphtheriae, Bact. coli, B. subtilis, and Proteus vulgaris. The differ- ence in reduction potential between these cultures and sterile controls ranged be- tween 0.15 and 0.90 volts after several days’ growth in a beef extract—peptone phos- phate broth of pH 7 at 30°C. He attributed the rapid discharge of these cells to lack of poise. Performance was improved some- what by addition of poising agents such as potassium ferricyanide. Cohen’s disclosure was forecast ten years previously by extensive experiments of W. M. Clark with collaborators in his labora- tories at Johns Hopkins University. Clark’s work and observations on oxidation-reduc- tion of living cell suspensions did much to clarify the mechanisms involved in these phenomena, as well as to point out the electromotive limitations of such systems (Clark 1960, 1962). The development of applications of microbial batteries of the type described above, that would produce electric power for useful work, has not received public attention until fairly recently. Several rea- sons could account for this situation. One is the rapid discharge of the bio-cells under load. As Cohen observed, most microbial media do not contain sufficient poising agents for a substantial charge to accumu- late. A second reason may be attributed to unfavorable reaction kinetics leading to sluggish electromotive response. Another possible reason lies in the general concept that biological systems are too unstable and unpredictable for serious consideration as NOVEMBER, 1962 electric energy converters under practical conditions. Still another reason may be the general misconception that living cells can- not tolerate a large electric charge, and therefore could not possibly be used to generate electric power. Since electric fish can generate pulses of current of 50 am- peres and more than 500 volts without committing suicide, it appears that living cells have an amazing tolerance for elec- tricity. The tremendous progress that has been made in recent years in such fields as microbial physiology, biochemistry, and biophysics throws a more optimistic light on those other above-cited limitations to the development of practical electric power from microbiological processes. As an example, we may cite the rapid strides now being made in the isolation, in pure form, of stable cell enzymes, co-enzymes, and other large molecules concerned with respi- ration and energetics of living cells. Bio- catalysis is another fast-expanding field which promises to produce more favorable reaction kinetics involved in energy conversion systems. bioelectric Although we may expect a continual improvement in microbiological processes involved in the production of electrical energy as we expand our knowledge in bio- energetics, we are faced with upper limita- tions on energy yield imposed by chemical thermodynamic laws. For example, if one considers the chemical-to-electrical-energy conversion of an ideal substrate of micro- organisms, viz. a carbohydrate, the maxti- mum yield would hardly exceed one milli- watt-hour of electrical energy from one gram-calorie of carbohydrate. Because of adverse osmotic effects, most microbial cells do not thrive in a medium where the carbohydrate content exceeds 20 percent. Since the concentration of the chemical fuel in a microbiai battery is limited to this extent, the resultant potential electric energy capacity is likewise limited. In other words, one would expect a microbial bat- tery to be quickly discharged, assuming a reasonable reaction rate, unless provisions 183 MINERAL OIL Lf ih Beet SEAL 4 | NN’ ELECTRODE _- SOLUTION CONTAINING: REDUCTANTS => \ carbohydrates organic matter Ho, CHa, etc. ELECTROLYTES CATALYSTS cells or enzymes YU, f KCL AGAR BRIDGE ELECTRODE SOLUTION CONTAINING: OXIDANTS Gir O2 Ho Oo, ete. ELECTROLYTES Figure 2. Biochemical fuel cell. (Reproduced from “New Scientist”. by permission.) are made to replenish the chemical sub- strate more or less continuously. One ob- vious solution to the above limitation would be to apply the principle of the fuel cell. where fresh fuel is fed continuously into the reaction chamber. A fuel cell is an electrochemical device. in which part of the energy derived from a chemical reaction maintained by the con- tinuous supply of chemical reactants is converted to electrical energy. Grove is generally recognized as the originator of the fuel cell because of his description of a device he made to demonstrate reverse electrolysis in 1842. Although the fuel cell concept has been known for over a hundred years, it was not until fairly recently that a concerted effort has been made to develop the device for widespread usage. Conven- tional fuel cells employ various fuels capa- ble of oxidation, including hydrogen, water gas and hydrocarbon gases, coal dust. oxidizable metals, and organic compounds such as petroleum, alcohol, etc. Oxidants include oxygen, air. peroxides. chlorine. acids, etc. Usually a catalyst is employed to accelerate the reaction rate. As mentioned above. the application of the fuel cell principle. where fuel is con- tinuously fed into a reaction chamber. appears to be one solution to the capacity limitation of microbiological — electrical energy production. A device referred to as a biochemical fuel cell has been described, which combines the fuel cell concept with the microbial battery (Sisler 1961). In such a device. the output of electrical energy is limited only by the rate of oxida- tion of the substrate (chemical energy source), by the fugacity of the system. and by the microorganisms or their en- zymes. Thus far, current densities obtained in a biochemical fuel cell have been low in com- parison with those of improved conven- tional fuel cells. Where non-consumable electrodes have been employed, the current output per cell is less than one milliampere at 0.7 volts using lactate as an energy source, sea water as an electrolyte. and a marine strain of Desulfovibrio, an anaerobe which oxidizes carbohydrate with — sul- JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES eeeee SIELESIEOBOEEMEEEEESL ABLES S @ or “= SDAA RAIA J POPP SILIT ELAS A TASES KZ Reducing Tube SAME AERO ABAD LAER satsctasssisssstsssaes Meme C// [ern Oxidizing Tube Figure 3. Design of a compound biochemical fuel cell system for experimental purposes. fate, as the self-reproducing catalyst. If consumable electrodes are employed in combination with a biochemical fuel cell or microbial battery using organic nutrients as fuel, a considerable increase in current densities may be obtained. Such devices have been under development by the Navy. Project “BEEP” (for Biological Electrical Energy Production) is one proj- ect of a program to examine the feasibility -of using biological engineering principles for military purposes. This project is under the supervision of Lt. Cmdr. Frank W. Anders, director of the Advanced Concepts Division, Bureau of Ships. With various combinations of electrodes, microbial cells including bacteria, yeasts and algae, and NOVEMBER. 1962 enzymes, current densities have been ob- tained which range between 0.1 to 10.0 amperes per square foot of electrode sur- face. Another such project is “BIG” (for Bioelectric Generator). Both “BEEP” and “BIG” are, besides developing bioelectric energy conversion systems, exploring the possibilities of tapping the oceans for new energy sources. Independent investigators have shown that the ocean environment may provide unique sources of energy which could be tapped for man’s use. For example, the natural electrolytes and dissolved organic matter in sea water have led to the develop- ment of a highly efficient sea battery (Sar- backer 1962). Sarbacker’s design employs 185 magnesium and iron electrodes, the latter coated with sulfate-reducing bacteria and other microorganisms. Prototypes of the Sarbacker Sea Battery have been operating for months at sea with constant output. In principle, part of the electrical energy comes from the ionization of magnesium, or electrochemical corrosion, and part from the oxidation of hydrogen and organic matter by sulfate-reducing bacteria grow- ing on iron electrodes.* Where sea water electrolytes such as magnesium and sulfate ions are involved in the electrode reactions. the electric potential will be limited partial- ly by the thermodynamic equation, some- times referred to as the Nernst equation: RE i Eo —— i K. 2k K is the equilibrium constant of the re- action between the metal and ions. At 25°C. this equation reduces to: 0.05915 E=— Eo + ——— log K, stay, indicating a change of potential of 0.059/z volts per tenfold change in concentration of the reactants. Nernst equation limitations would not influence sea battery operation provided there is some slight water circulation. In a closed system, however, the electrolyte as well as the corrosive electrode would have to be replenished at intervals. There exist also in the ocean environ- ment natural counterparts of a biochemical fuel cell or sea battery. For several years the writer has been investigating bioelectric phenomena of microorganisms in the sea. Initially these investigations were prompted by the concept that submarine telluric cur- rents may have played a part in the forma- tion of petroleum. Field and laboratory tests showed that a portion of the stray * The role of sulfate-reducers in rapid corrosion of iron is well established. Starkey of Rutgers Uni- versity has shown that such action leads to the production of large galvanic currents. The iron of the sea battery described above is not extensive- ly corroded because of the sacrificial electrode effect of the magnesium. 136 electrical currents measured in the sea bot- tom were caused by microbiological proc- esses rather than geophysical forces such as differential solar heating of the earth, a possible mechanism to account for telluric currents. Further examination of natural processes in the sea led to the concept that this environment can be considered a gigan- tic biochemical fuel cell. Ways and means of successfully tapping this energy source remain to be developed. One obstacle to exploiting this natural electrical source is the lack of more efficient and practical means of large-scale storage of weak elec- tric currents. In view of today’s emphasis on energy conversion processes, one may look for- ward to the continued exploration and de- velopment of electrical energy from micro- biological processes. At the present time. prototype microbial electric cells have been developed which have the power to operate radio receivers and transmitters, sono- buoys, electric lights, small boats, and a number of other devices. Other applications of this principle appear evident in such matters as utilization of waste material. im- proved electronics (bioelectronics), space habitability and exploration research and development, civil defense, corrosion pre- vention, energy for underdeveloped coun- tries, medical, sanitary and other types of instrumentation, military uses, and many others. Moreover, a more thorough study of microbial electrophysiology should throw new light on the nature of living systems besides other natural phenomena in the fields of geology and paleontology. References Clark, W. M. 1960. Oxidation-reduction potentials of organic systems. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore. 584 pp. Clark, W. M. 1962. Personal communication. Cohen, B. 1931. The bacterial culture as an elec- trical half-cell. Journal of Bacteriology 21: 18-19. Grundfest, H. 1960. Electric fishes. American 203, No. 4, 115-124. Haacke, O. 1892. Ueber die Ursachen Electrischer Strome in Pflanzen. Flora 75. Scientific JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Klein, B. 1898. Zur Frage Uber die Elektrischen Stréme in Pflanzen. Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 16. Potter, M. C. 1911. Electrical effects accompany- ing the decomposition of organic compounds. Proc. Univ. Durham Phil. Soc. 4, 260-276. Sarbacher, R. I. 1962. Personal communication. (Dr. Sarbacher is currently president of Gen- eral Scientific Corporation, Washington, D. C., a company specializing in bioelectronics and electrical energy conversion systems.) Sisler, F. D. 1961. Electrical energy from bio- chemical fuel cells. New Scientist 12, 110-111. Young, G. J. 1960. Fuel cells. Reinhold Publish- ing Corporation, New York. 154 pp. The Metropolitan Washington Science Bureau—lts Origin and Development Alfred E. Brown Director of Research, Harris Research Laboratories The 1962 “Directory of Scientific Re- sources in the Washington, D. C. Area,” published on October 11, is tangible evi- dence of the growth of research and devel- opment facilities in the Metropolitan Wash- ington area. The group responsible for the publication of this document is a new organization in the local scientific com- munity, the Science Bureau of the Metro- politan Washington Board of Trade. In addition to preparing and publishing a directory of scientific resources in the Washington area, the Science Bureau has accomplished many other things since its birth early last year. However, the activi- ties of the Science Bureau are still not well known to the broad scientific community. Many members of the Academy have asked me not only about the workings of the Science Bureau, but also about its begin- nings, its objectives, the people associated with it, and its accomplishments. I hope to discuss all of these points in this article. The impact of science and technology on industrial, governmental, and educational activities has been enormous in_ recent years. This is particularly evident in de- fense, space, health and welfare, and allied activities. Many members of the Academy are familiar with such figures as the twelve- billion-dollar one which is the total ex- penditure for research and development activities in America in 1961, and the esti- mated one of 13.5 billion dollars, an in- NOvEMBER, 1962 crease of 12.5 percent, for 1962. Approxi- mately two-thirds of these dollars were provided by the Federal Government. I am sure that you have all heard what these expenditures mean in terms of numbers of scientists and engineers now employed, and the new numbers that will be needed if the present rate of growth of R&D continues. There are today somewhat less than a million engineers and scientists in the coun- try. Approximately 150,000 additional people are being trained each year, and the National Science Foundation estimates that there will be more than two million scien- tists and engineers by 1970.4 The enormous R&D expenditures in re- cent years, particularly those supported by Government, have been translated into a proliferation of research and development activities, or a science complex, in the Metropolitan Washington area. While much publicity about the Boston and California science complexes appears regularly in technical and popular press media, the growth and development of the local sci- ence complex has been relatively unnoticed. In fact, the growth of R&D activities here has been so rapid that not only have people outside the technical community been un- aware of the situation, but also many people squarely within the R&D complex here have not fully grasped its scope. For example, did you know that there are in the Wash- ington area approximately 200 private re- 187 search and development firms concerned primarily with the physical and life sci- ences? that the number of such R&D firms here has more than doubled since 1955? that there are approximately 21,000 scien- tists and engineers employed in the area? that the total number of scientists here is now approximately 6,400, a 22 percent in- crease over last year? and that the local area ranks first in the country in the num- ber of technical people per thousand popu- lation ? Obviously, this growth is not only of great interest to scientists, but also it is of importance to the local community because there are many advantages in having R&D industry and the highly skilled people en- gaged therein in a community. Civic leaders strive to attract R&D industry because it contributes to the tax base, is clean, and does not present nuisance problems typical of many industries. R&D activity brings in technical people not only of higher income, who in turn contribute their expenditures and taxes to the welfare of the community, but also of high intelligence, who are active in local government, are interested in fight- ing for better schools, work for the support of adult education, colleges, and universi- ties, and engage in cultural activities such as symphony orchestras, art galleries, and theaters. Scientists also like to associate with other scientists, so that the presence of scientists in an area tends to attract addi- tional scientists to that area. During the late 1950’s, various people in the R&D community recognized this growth of scientific and technical activities in the Washington area, and appreciated its value both for their own organizations and for the area. Informal sessions among such people indicated that the disciplines en- compassed by the various R&D organiza- tions were varied. Many leaders in these organizations hardly knew each other and rarely communicated with each other, despite the fact that they had such common problems as the need for attracting highly qualified technical people to the Washing- ton area. Moreover, unlike the two cultures of the scientific community on the one hand. and the remainder of the world on the other, and their communication problems which C. P. Snow discussed in his book. “The Two Cultures’, we found in the sci- entific community widely separated “sub- cultures’ which were unaware of each other's existence. There were the defense- oriented and the non-defense oriented or- ganizations, the documentation and com- puter people, and people in the foundations and academies. It was found that the in- dustrial R&D community had only hap- hazard relationships with the university people, and, indeed, that scientific people in the universities had no organized com- munications with their colleagues in other universities, directed toward the goal of improving university services for the in- dustrial scientific complex. Because the industrial R&D people, with their growing needs, were most anxious to know about, and coordinate information about, the scientific resources of the area. it is only natural that they were most active in seeking a new means, such as a Science Bureau, for fulfilling these needs. Of course, there are many _ professional scientific societies affiliated with the Academy, and the engineering societies affiliated with the D. C. Council of Engineering and Archi- tectural Societies, which are concerned with the professional needs of their membership: but the Science Bureau was not to be con- cerned with professional activities. Our purpose in the early days was to get to- gether to determine the scope of the local scientific community and what the needs of the R&D industry were, to increase its growth and reputation. Since R&D indus- try has a very tangible value to the eco- nomic well-being of the community. the Metropolitan Board of Trade had an in- terest in our activities: and in 1959. a Science Advisory Committee of the Metro- politan Washington Board of Trade was formed. Many people were involved in the discussions which followed: some of those who played leading roles were William Eaton. Martin Mason, Philip Reily. Arch Scurlock, Harold Timken, Jr., Julian Ray. Karl Mayer. Dewey Starnes. James Reeves. 188 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES John Geist, John Gearing, Leon Thomas, Colonel Stribling, and M. H. Trytten. Preliminary deliberations resulted in preparation of a report, “Progress and Prospects of Research and Development in Metropolitan Washington.” In the develop- ment of this report it became clear to the 30 or so people involved that the science- related organizations in Washington had to be understood and recognized as a_ho- mogeneous “industry” or “science com- munity” in order to permit tangible progess in the solution of some of its problems. The plan to achieve such an industrial R&D eroup resulted in the formation of the Science Bureau guided by a Science Com- mittee and various subcommittees, all com- posed of volunteers from the local R&D community. It was thus that the Science Bureau of the Metropolitan Washington Board of Trade was born, in January 1961. I was selected as chairman of the Science Committee, which was composed of the following: Donald M. Allison, Jr., president, Vitro Electronics Robert T. Bower, director, Bureau of Social Science Research, Inc. Hugh P. Donaghue, president, Datatrol Corpora- tion Joseph H. Engel, associate director, MIT Opera- tions Evaluation Group Carl L. Frederick, president, Pyroxite Corporation J. D. Graves, general manager of Alexandria De- partment, American Machine and Foundry Com- pany Walton J. Greer, president, Welex Electronics Corporation H. H. Greger, president, Trans-Tech, Inc. Lloyd W. Hazleton, president, Hazleton Labora- tories, Inc. James L. Hollis, president, Rixon Electronics, Inc. C. Lincoln Jewett, manager of Washington Office, Arthur D. Little, Inc. Ellis A. Johnson, director, Operations Research, Johns Hopkins University Martin A. Mason, dean of School of Engineering, George Washington University Louis C. McCabe, president, Resources Research, Inc. Russell W. McFall, vice president and general manager of Maryland Division, Litton Systems Gomer T. McNeil, president, Photogrammetry, Inc. Ralph E. Mock, executive vice president, Materials Testing Company, Inc. DeWitt O. Myatt, executive director, Greater Wash- ington Industrial Council |. NovEeMBER, 1962 Walter B. Nelson, vice president, Computer Usage Company, Ine. Henry C. Nickel, manager of Nuclear Power De- partment, Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Com- pany Harry J. Older, president, The Matrix Corporation Leon Ourusoff, director of research, Washington Gas Light Company Jacob Rabinow, president, Rabinow Engineering Company Julian H. Ray, president, Washington Technologi- cal Associates, Inc. William H. Reynolds, chairman of Board, Amer- ican Instrument Company Paul E. Ritt, director of research, Melpar, Inc. Herbert W. Robinson, president, CEIR, Inc. Eugene P. Rubacky, president, Drug Detection & Development Organization, Inc. L. E. Saline, manager of Information Systems Sec- tion, General Electric Company Arch C. Scurlock, president, Atlantic Research Corporation George B. Shaw, general manager of ACF Elec- tronics Division, ACF Industries, Inc. Tad Stanwick, poration president, Pneumo-Dynamics Cor- G. Russell Tatum, president, Vitro Laboratories Louis S. Taylor, administrative director, W. R. Grace & Company Research Division Leon L. Thomas, vice president, Systems Planning & Research Corporation Bruno O. Weinschel, president, Weinschel Engi- neering Company Geoffrey Woodard, president, Woodard Research Corporation William H. Press, executive vice presi- dent of the Board of Trade, was enthusiastic about this activity, and he appointed Gor- don Kennedy, Jr., a qualified economist on the staff of the Board of Trade, as Sci- ence Bureau manager. This was an excel- lent choice, since Mr. Kennedy worked diligently and effectively with our Com- mittee. Mr. Kennedy left the Science Bureau last spring, and M. W. Veren was appointed to take his place. It soon became obvious that to reach our broad objective of increasing the growth, reputation, and prosperity of scientific enterprise in the Metropolitan Washington area, many things could be done in the area of information collection and dissemi- nation, in areas concerned with improve- ment in educational facilities, particularly in scientific graduate education, and in 139 developing means for attracting top-flight scientists and engineers to the area. Because many problems affecting the science community involve educational and governmental institutions, the founding group arranged to have these groups eligi- ble for membership in the Bureau. At present, the Bureau is composed of private research and development organizations, universities, and Government research or- ganizations. Thus. Metropolitan Washing- ton now has a Bureau which is a focal point for cooperative action not only among private R&D firms themselves, but also be- tween industry and university. As far as we are aware, this is the first attempt of a scientific community in an area to form such a concerted group to span the interests of so many diverse R&D resources. The first meeting of the Committee was held in March 1961. It was decided to hold monthly luncheon meetings, and such meet- ings have been successfully held, with no summer break. up to the present time. At these meetings, plans are discussed and activities are reported. All activities are channeled through subcommittees composed of able and energetic members of the R&D community. The Bureau is organized on a fiscal year basis. and all original appoint- ments were made to serve through June 30, 1962. The original subcommittees and their chairmen were: (1) Policy and Plan- ning—William W. Eaton, chairman: (2) Education—Philip K. Reily, Jr., chairman: (3) Information Development and Dissemi- nation—John C. Geist, chairman: (4) Membership—Harold Timken, chairman. In its early deliberations, the Policy and Planning Subcommittee set the following policy: “The purpose of the Science Bureau is to serve science-related organizations in the Washington area by furthering the growth, reputation, and prosperity of local scientific enterprise. Its purpose is not to serve the scientific interests of scientists: this is the province of the individual pro- fessional societies, academies and councils. The Bureau’s activities will be directed more toward community-wide endeavors 190 than toward specific concerns. It will also serve social and psychological science or- ganizations as well as those concerned with the physical and life sciences. Membership dues will be related to the size of the organi- zation.” The primary objective of the Education Subcommittee is to help to improve the stature of higher education, and particular- ly graduate resources, in the sciences in the Washington area. The subcommittee is ap- proaching its objective along two lines: (1) The principal approach is to identify and review the educational needs of the Washington scientific community, and to recommend means for fulfilling them. This approach should produce the information on (a) major needs of the Washington R&D community in the field of higher edu- cation. and the extent to which these needs are presently unfilled: and (b) recom- mended means for improving the utilization of our present educational resources to achieve a graduate-level institution or in- stitutions of international reputation to fulfill future needs. (2) A second approach was to cooperate with, and to review the direction and prog- ress of efforts by, several groups in the community which are interested in estab- lishing in Washington a major new gradu- ate institution of the highest caliber. Through the work of the Information Development and Dissemination Subcomit- tee we wished to make known the fact that there is indeed a science complex in Wash- ington, with extensive capabilities in many areas. Information development was con- cerned with collection of information, data, and analysis of data ranging from some- thing as simple as a central file of informa- tion about local science organizations. to something as complex as a study to deter- mine how much of the national research expenditure is made in the Washington area, and in which activities. Information dissemination was con- cerned with the following: (1) A central office. with competent staff, capable of providing the answers to questions about JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Washington organizations capability in research and development; (2) publication of a periodic scientific newsletter; (3) pub- lication of a specific personnel recruitment piece which could be adapted to the needs of many organizations; and (4) release to the press of timely news items about Wash- ington scientists and engineers, and about local organizations. These activities help to create and support a nation-wide image of Washington as a science center. The Science Committee meetings are not only concerned with subcommittee reports, but also include other activities such as panel discussions and talks by prominent people associated with local institutions. Specific illustrations of programs are: (1) Presentation by Spencer M. Smith, Jr., of the University of Maryland, of the results of a survey supported by the Small Busi- ness Administration, on “Problems of Re- search and Development Firms in Wash- ington’; (2) presentation by Martin A. Mason of a new tuition plan now in effect in the School of Engineering at George Washington University; (3) a panel dis- cussion by the technical personnel man- agers of the Goddard Space Flight Center, Vitro Laboratories, Litton Systems, Inc., and Operations Research, Inc., on the re- cruiting problems facing their organiza- tions; (4) a panel discussion, held on the day of Colonel Glenn’s space flight, of con- tributions of local R&D firms to the Mercury space program; and (5) a pres- entation by Col. James O. Vann, com- mander of the Armed Services Technical Information Agency (ASTIA) on its role in helping R&D organizations to obtain in- formation. Before summing up the accomplishments of the Science Bureau during the past 18 months, I should point out that we have had excellent cooperation from the local press about R&D activities. Almost daily, stories or announcements about technical people and their organizations may be found in the Post, the Star, and the News. The Daily News honored local R&D with a special edition on “Science in the Nation's Capital,” which described both private and NoveMBER, 1962 Government science activities. It is always appropriate to report mem- bership growth in the initial stages of an organization’s existence, because this con- notes the interest of the R&D community. There has been solid accomplishment here in fine membership growth: we now have 70 regular members, 14 associate members, and 8 academic members. In the field of Information Development and Dissemination, the most tangible ac- complishment was the publication, in July 1961, of an extensive directory entitled “Scientific Resources in the Washington, D.C. Area.” This was the first document of its kind in this area. It lists all of the R&D resources in the Washington area under the following groupings: Part I, Research and Development Firms, Physical and Life Sciences; Part II], Research Groups, Sociai and Psychological Sciences: Part III, Doc- umentation, Operations Research, and Computer Specialists; Part IV, Scientific Foundations and Institutions: Part V, Fed- eral Government Research Facilities; Part VI, Scientific Activities of Colleges and Universities; Part VII, Scientific Acade- mies, Associations and Societies; Part VIII, Libraries. Each organization is listed by name and address, executive officer, fields of interest, facilities maintained in this area, activities carried out in this area, date of founding, number of people, and number of scientific and engineering people engaged. This first issue of the directory attracted nation-wide attention in the technical press. Chemical and Engineering News, the Amer- ican Chemical Society’s weekly journal, de- voted a page to the Directory under the title, “R&D Becomes Capital’s Growth In- dustry.” More than 5,000 copies of the di- rectory were sold distributed. The second edition was issued on October 11, 1962; it also was widely reported by the technical press. Summary tables from this second edition * are as follows: and * Available from The Metropolitan Washington Science Bureau, 1616 K St., N. W., Washington 6, D.C. Price $2.50. 191 Table I1—Summary of Organizations, Employees, Scientists, and Engineers in the Washington Area, August 1962 Organiza- Total Scientists tions employees and engineers Research and development: <.o.0.0:suscccchussctete es 198 24,611 6,423 OCIA! SETENGE SEROUS ccc acer ae ee 56 982 51D Documentation, operations research, and computer . 34 3,116 1,018 Govefnment lahoratories oni cock Sie ee ees 32 43,214 Po dZ ol YT, 7: | gehen ee EE ORRIN ERE e ld Pi Riis cs Me. ee le 320 71,923 21,128 Table I1—Growth of Research and Devel- Table III.—Size of Research and Develop- opment, Washington Area ment Organizations, Washington Area, =~ New Organizations August 1962 organizations in existence see 1962 (July 61-Aug.’62).. 32 198* gePRyencut we 1961 (Jan.-June) ........... 7 190 ee Organizations —_ Employees . EST eee aie ieee 22 86 FOG: Foes 5 ly: Fone mettek 24 183 GlOh3 at ee es 28 272, |S 55 We ie ae Whee he a hee 1 1,840 SOO 194 lair cee 10 13 2185 (Tohns Homans 1848-1899 Wapelevicia sintatewsiatelentalelaaletayata 3 3 APL) ch 1 ee l 2,135 * Because of mergers, transfers, or other business 2,764 (Melpar) ............. _i 2,164 reorganizations, the number of organizations in Total 198 24,611 existence is 198, 8 more than were in existence * Both Vitro Corporation divisions account for in 1961. 2,265 employees. Table I1V.—Employees in Research and Support, by Research Activity, 32 Federal In- stallations, Washington Area, 1962 Activity Employment Activity Employment Weapons development ........................ 13,308 Weather and astronomy .................... 1,594 ; Documentation. i. ka6c.c0:..:. ee 1,347 Medical” G5 527- oe eae 11,824 e ys Postofficé: ick bol 350 SPACE onic eeereteeecetecceeecceneeeteeerecetee 4,572 Roads: | 22...) knee. 303 Merieulpire, Vee kee. eae 4,357 Mines © 4).232.0.0.2.ceun ee. =e 180 DEANGQEOS) oh: 552 cda Saas ae eee 2,601 Natural history <2.:)....0.22).. ae 155 Map pieey. © 27845) on hee 29 Coastal. areas, 4..4...0c.5.8).. eee 104 192 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Another high spot of the year in publi- city about the Washington science complex was the feature article, “Washington Turns into Capital for Nation’s Science Con- - cerns,” in the New York Times for March 11, 1962. The Science Bureau also has had radio and TV coverage. We have established a “News and Notes” newsletter by which we distribute notices, reports of meetings, and information of interest to the science industry in the area. The Bureau office has answered hundreds of inquiries in regard to the local R&D complex. Plans are well along for a recruit- ment piece which can be adapted to indi- vidual use by the Washington R&D indus- try. This will be a boon to the smaller firms which cannot afford elaborate brochures of their own. Our efforts in the field of education have aroused the most interest locally, and have been a source of great satisfaction to the people working on this subcommittee. For the first time in history, scientists and engi- neers from industry, universities, and Gov- ernment are getting together to discuss problems of mutual interest. Moreover, we have greatly stimulated interchange of ideas among the universities themselves. Specific accomplishments and __ projects initiated have included: 1. Initiation of a study of the educational needs of the Washington area, which is now being conducted by Research Analysis Corporation. Irving H. Siegel, director of the Economics and Costing Division of RAC, has been assigned to the project. The study is concerned with determining ways to improve and augment the area’s graduate educational capabilities in the sciences: identifying roads to increased participation in academic programs by members of Washington’s research and development community; and improving the interaction and cross-fertilization within the Washing- ton academic, governmental, and industrial complex. This study was started in June, and Dr. Siegel has visited and interviewed many people in universities and R&D indus- tries since that time. We are awaiting the NOVEMBER, 1962 final report, which is scheduled for com- pletion by the end of November. 2. Preparation of a list of university people who are available as consultants to the R&D industry. 3. Preparation of a list of qualified in- dustrial scientists who are available for part-time teaching and other assistance to universities. 4. Interest in a study by the five uni- versities in the District of Columbia which have joined to develop cooperative efforts and exchanges of credits at the graduate level. We have helped to develop a real under- standing of the value of being located in an area with a strong university complex. In recent years, it has become obvious that strong R&D industrial growth has occurred in areas containing universities with strong scientific graduate schools, and excellent technological institutions.’;7»? It is no coincidence that the science industry in Southern California is located near UCLA and California Institute of Technology, or that the Boston science complex is located near Harvard and MIT. We found that in both communities, R&D industry was often started by people who came from those educational institutions. Close relationships continued between R&D industry, started by these scientific entrepreneurs, and uni- versities in the area. Moreover, top-notch scientific and engineering graduates from the universities were recruited by the local R&D industry. Because scientific brain- power enjoys being associated with creative scientists and engineers, this complex had a magnetic effect, attracting scientists of high caliber from outside the particular areas. One need merely recall the number of Nobel prize winners in science who work in these geographical areas. Whereas R&D industry in the Boston. Southern California and San Francisco Bay areas derived their birth, growth, brain- power, and stimulus from nearby universi- ties, many of Washington’s R&D industries were started by scientists and engineers who came from Government laboratories. 193 Therefore, Washington is unique in that its R&D industry had strong Government laboratories as its counterpart of the uni- versities in the other areas. It becomes ob- vious that if our Government complex is augmented by educational institutions of the highest caliber in science and engineer- ing, Washington could easily become the outstanding science center of the nation. In addition to these tangible accomplish- ments of the Science Bureau, there have been intangible ones. We have been amazed at the benefits that have resulted from hav- ing people, particularly from various disciplines from industry and universities, get to know each other better at our meet- ings. Not only has the social aspect been important, but at several sessions repre- sentatives of particular companies, in brief talks, have told the Committee about their companies and activities. This has helped all of us to appreciate and to benefit from the many resources available locally. 1 am delighted to have had the opportuni- ty to be the first chairman of the Science Committee, and to have participated in the rapid growth of the Bureau. I am most pleased with the present chairman, Philip K. Reily, whose enthusiasm and leadership will assure the continued growth of the Science Bureau, and help make Washington an even greater scientific center than it is today. References (1) Wiesner, J. B. Proc. Maryland Science- Industry Conference, pp. 37-44 (January 1962). (2) Fischer, John. Harper’s Magazine, pp. 11- 15 (September 1961). (3) Linville, T. M. The American Engineer, pp. 33-35 (March 1962). Achievement Award Nominations Requested Chairman John S. Toll of the WAS Com- mittee on Awards for Scientific Achieve- ment has called attention of the member- ship to the Academy’s annual scientific achievement awards program. Each year the Academy gives awards for outstanding achievement in five areas— biological sciences, engineering sciences, physical sciences, mathematics, and teach- ing of science. The 1962 winners of these awards will be presented at the dinner meeting of the Academy in January 1963. It is appropriate that all members of the Academy be aware of these awards, and, if they so desire, actively participate in mak- ing nominations. These nominations, how- ever. must be submitted in accordance with established procedures, which are listed below: Eligibility. Candidates for the first four awards must have been born in 1922 or 194. later; there is no age limit on the Teaching of Sciences Award. All candidates must re- side within a radius of 25 miles from the zero milestone behind the White House. It is not necessary that a candidate be a mem- ber of a society afhliated with the Wash- ington Academy of Sciences. Recommendation. Sponsor’s recommen- dation should include (1) general biogra- phy of candidate, including date of birth. residence address, academic experience with degrees and dates, and post-academic experience with particular detailed refer- ence to work for which an award is recom- mended; and (2) list of publications with reprints, particularly of that work for which recognition is suggested. If reprints are not available, complete references to publica- tions must be included. Citation. Particular attention should be given to preparation of a citation (80 type- JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES writer spaces or less) which, in summary, states the candidate’s specific accomplish- ments and which can be used in connection with presentation of the award to the suc- cessful candidate. Re-nomination. Former nominees may be re-nominated with or without additional evidence, provided the sponsors make known their desires by letter to the general chairman. Initial compliance with the request for biographical and publications data will facilitate evaluation of the nominations without delay. For further information, phone John S. Toll (general chairman) University of Maryland WaArfield 7-3800, Ext. 294 Don Marlowe (Engineering Sciences) Catholic University LAwrence 9-6000, Ext. 246 Ugo Fano (Physical Sciences) National Bureau of Standards EMerson 2-4040, Ext. 7820 Robert Berliner (Biological Sciences) National Heart Institute 496-2116 F. Joachim Weyl (Mathematics) Office of Naval Research OXford 6-4356 or OXford 7-431] Leo Schubert (Teaching of Science) American University WOodley 6-6800, Ext. 265 NBS Announces First Stratton Awards The National Bureau of Standards has announced that three of its staff members— James R. Wait, Peter L. Bender, and Ray- mond L. Driscoll—are the first recipients of the newly-established Samuel Wesley Stratton Awards. These awards, which were presented on September 21 by NBS Director Allen V. Astin, are given in recog- nition of outstanding contributions by NBS scientists. Each award consists of a sculp- tured bronze plaque and $1500. The awards are named for the first di- rector of the National Bureau of Standards. In 1901, Dr. Stratton organized NBS as a unique scientific institution, and during a 2l-year tenure of office, he firmly estab- lished its position in the scientific and in- dustrial community. Dr. Wait was cited for “his contributions to a better understanding of the mechanisms of electromagnetic radiation and _ radio wave propagation.” Dr. Bender and Mr. Driscoll were honored for “their contribu- tions to precision electromagnetic measure- ment and, particularly, the determination of the gyromagnetic ratio of the proton.” Their work provided a better standard for magnetic fields and made possible more accurate values for many other funda- mental constants of physics. NoveEMBER, 1962 Dr. Wait, a consultant to the director of the Bureau’s Boulder (Colo.) Laboratories, is internationally known in the field of radio wave propagation. He has published over a hundred papers, and was the first editor of Section D (Radio Propagation) of the Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards. Dr. Wait was born in Ottawa, Canada in 1924, and educated at the University of Toronto. He received the B.A.S. degree in 1948 and the M.A.S. de- gree in 1949 in engineering physics, and the Ph.D. degree in 1951 in electromagnetic theory. Before joining the Bureau’s staff in 1955, he investigated theoretical problems in antenna research at the Defense Re- search Telecommunications Establishment in Ottawa. Dr. Wait received the Excep- tional Service Award from the U.S. De- partment of Commerce in 1959. Dr. Bender joined the Bureau’s Washing- ton staff in 1956 as a postdoctoral research associate, and became a regular staff mem- ber a year later. In addition to his work with Mr. Driscoll on the gyromagnetic ratio of the proton, Dr. Bender has applied the principle of optical pumping to other measurements of atomic constants and to the development of a rubidium clock. In 1959 he received an Exceptional Service 195 Award from the Department of Commerce for this work. He is now at the National Bureau of Standards—University of Colo- rado Joint Institute for Laboratory Astro- physics at Boulder. Born in New York City in 1930, Dr. Bender did his undergraduate work at Rutgers University. After receiving the B.S. degree in physics in 1951, he spent a year studying at Leiden University in the Netherlands as a Fulbright scholar. From 1952 to 1956 he studied at Princeton Uni- versity. receiving an-M.A. degree in mathe- matics and the Ph.D. degree in physics. Mr. Driscoll, an NBS staff member since 1936, has won worldwide recognition for his determination of the national ampere in absolute measure, as well as for his work in atomic constants. Born in James City County, Va. in 1905, Mr. Driscoll received the B.S. degree in mathematics from William and Mary College in 1928 and the M.A. degree in physics from the Uni- versity of North Carolina in 1936. Before joining the NBS staff, he conducted re- search for General Electric Company and the Bureau of Mines. In 1959 Mr. Driscoll received an Exceptional Service Award from the Department of Commerce; and in 1950 he received a Meritorious Service Award for his work in absolute electrical measurements. Academy Bylaws Changes Proposed Proposed Bylaws revisions, designed to enhance the Academy’s usefulness to the local scientific community by providing a new class of membership, will be voted upon by the Academy in the near future. These revisions would establish the new class of members from among persons in- terested in supporting science but not other- wise qualified for membership; present members would become fellows. The changes were proposed by the Committee on Policy and Planning and endorsed by the Board of Managers, and will be sent to the membership sometime in December, for ratification by mail ballot. Other proposed Bylaws changes would remove the numerical limitation on mem- bership in the Academy, drop the honorary membership category, and extend the Acad- emy s geographical boundaries for resident members and fellows. The proposed changes are given below, together with parenthetical explanatory notes where appropriate. Article [I—Membership Section 1. The membership shall consist of three general classes: members, fellows, and patrons. (Now, membership consists 196 of three general classes: members, honor- ary members, and patrons. ) Section 2. Members shall be persons who are interested in and will support the objec- tives of the Academy and who are other- wise acceptable to at least two-thirds of the Committee on Membership. A letter or ap- plication form requesting membership and signed by the applicant may suffice for action by the Committee; approval by the Committee constitutes election to member- ship. (This class of membership will in- crease the sphere of influence of the Acad- emy and increase its financial support.) Section 3. Fellows shall be persons who by reason of original research or other out- standing service to the sciences, mathemat- ics, or engineering are deemed worthy of the honor of election to Academy fellow- ship, which may be attained only through nomination as provided in Section 4. (This category of membership includes all of the present members: it bases fellowship in the Academy on “original research” as of now and adds “outstanding service to the sciences” as a second criterion. This is particularly appropriate to an Academy serving Washington, D. C.) Section 4. Nominations of fellows shall JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES be presented to the Committee on Member- ship on a form approved by the Committee. The form shall be signed by the sponsor, a fellow who has knowledge of the nominee’s field, and shall be endorsed by at least one other fellow. An explanatory letter from the sponsor and a bibliography of the nominee’s publications shall accompany the completed nomination form. (A letter from the sponsor is often included now and is of much value to the Membership Committee in passing on the applicant. ) Section 5. Election to fellowship shall be by vote of the Board of Managers upon recommendation of the Committee on Mem- bership. Final action on nominations shall be deferred at least one week after presenta- tion to the Board, and two-thirds of the vote cast shall be necessary to elect. Section 6. Persons who have given to the Academy not less than one thousand (1,000) dollars or its equivalent in prop- erty shall be eligible for election by the Board of Managers as patrons (for life) of the Academy. (Unchanged. ) Section 7. Life members or fellows shall be those individuals who have made a single payment in accordance with Article III, Section 2, in lieu of annual dues. (Minor change to add “fellow” class. ) Section 8. Members or fellows in good standing who have attained the age of 65 and are retired, or are retired before the age of 65 because of disability, may be- come emeritus. Upon request to the treas- urer for transfer to this status, they shall be relieved of the further payment of dues, beginning with the following January first; shall receive notices of meetings without charge; and, at their request, shall be en- titled to receive the Academy periodical at cost. (Minor change to add “fellow” class. ) Section 9. Members or fellows living more than 50 miles from the White House, Washington, D. C., shall be classed as nonresident members or fellows. (Raises present limitation of 25 miles to 50 miles for resident class of membership, and is in keeping with improved transportation facilities. ) NOVEMBER, 1962 Section 10. An election to any dues-pay- ing class of membership shall be void if the candidate does not within three months thereafter pay his dues or satisfactorily explain his failure to do so. (Unchanged. ) Section 11. Former members or fellows who resigned in good standing may be re- instated upon application to the Secretary and approval of the Board of Managers. No reconsideration of the applicant’s quali- fications need be made by the Membership Committee in these cases. to add “fellow” class. ) (Minor change Article UI—Dues Section 1. The annual dues of resident fellows shall be $10.00 per year. The an- nual dues of members and of nonresident fellows shall be $7.50 per year. Dues for fractional parts of a year shall be at the monthly rate of one-twelfth the annual rate. No dues shall be paid by emeritus members and fellows, life members and fellows, and patrons. (Dues for members are set lower than those for fellows on the basis of probable ability and willingness to pay.) Section 2. Members and fellows in good standing may be relieved of further pay- ment of dues by making a single payment to provide an annuity equal to their annual dues (see Article II, Section 7). The amount of the single payment shall be com- puted on the basis of an interest rate to be determined by the Board of Managers. (Same as in present Bylaws for members. ) Section 3. Members or fellows whose dues are in arrears for one year shall not be entitled to receive Academy publica- tions. (Same as in present Bylaws for mem- bers. ) Section 4. Members or fellows whose dues are in arrears for more than two years shall be dropped from the rolls of the Acad- emy, upon notice to the Board of Managers, unless the Board shall otherwise direct. Persons who have been dropped from mem- bership for nonpayment of dues may be reinstated upon approval of the Board and upon payment of back dues for two years together with dues for the year of reinstate- 17 ment. (Minor change to add “fellow” class. ) Article [V—Officers Section 1. The officers of the Academy shall be a President, a President-elect, a Secretary, a Treasurer, an Editor, a Man- aging Editor, an Archivist, and a Custodian of Publications. All shall be chosen from resident fellows of the Academy by a vote of all members and fellows. (Minor change to give voting privilege to new class of members. ) A Sections )2,)0) 45 0) 6,7, 3,9; 10; laeaand 12 unchanged. Section 13. Not later than December 15 the Secretary shall prepare and mail ballots to members and fellows. Independent nomi- nations shall be included on the ballot, and the names of the nominees shall be ar- ranged in alphabetical order. When more than two candidates are nominated for the same office the voting shall be by pre- ferential ballot in the manner prescribed by the Board of Managers. The ballot shall contain also a notice to the effect that votes not received by the Secretary before the first Thursday of January, and votes of individuals whose dues are in arrears for one year, will not be counted. The Com- mittee of Tellers shall count the votes and report the results at the annual meeting of the Academy. (Minor change to give ballots to new class of member.) Section 14. (Unchanged. ) Article VIII—Cooperation Sections 1 and 2 unchanged. Section 3. Each affiliated society shall select one of its members as Delegate to the Academy who is a resident member or fellow of the Academy. (Based on past experience, afhliated societies will on occa- sion desire to name Delegates who are not fellows of the Academy. ) Section 4 unchanged. Transitional Arrangements 1. All present members are to become fellows. 2. All present honorary members are to 198 become emeritus fellows (regardless of age), subject to no further charges for dues. THE BROWNSTONE TOWER This is being written just before the deciding game of the rain-inter- rupted “World Ser- ious.” I have been impressed by the remarkable ability of Mr. Povich to write a rainy-day column based on nothing but his desire to keep the Series warm in the minds of his readers. So, while shaving this morning, I decided to try a Povich myself—a miscellaneous Povich. It had been my intention to devote this column to the District of Columbia Chap- ter of the Sigma Xi, of which I have been a member for many years without knowing much about it. Thanks to the secretary, Harriet L. Frush (National Bu- reau of Standards), | am now better in- formed, but do not feel that I am ready to give it full treatment. However, I should like to point out that this Chapter, founded in 1915, is the only one not affliated with a degree-granting institution. It is the natural home for members of Sigma Xi who come to Washington to do scientific work in a non-academic environment. The Chapter elects only three members each year, persons who have distinguished themselves in re- search but who have not previously been available for election to Sigma Xi. They are asked to talk about their work at the annual meeting and dinner of the Chapter. at which they are initiated. An extra dinner meeting of the Chapter is being planned for Monday, December 3, under the direction of President Philip H. Abelson. The meeting will be largely social and will be held in the Great Hall of the National Academy of Sciences. Dinner will be served in the cafeteria in the basement of the new wing (Hall of Life Sciences of the National Academy). A panel represent- JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ing government, industry, and the univer- sities will discuss “Research Resources of the Washington Area.” It is hoped that members of the D.C. Chapter will try to identify members of Sigma Xi who ought to be transferred to it and will urge them to attend this meeting, preferably as their guests. The D.C. Chapter now cooperates with the Washington Academy of Sciences by sending notices of the Academy’s meet- ings to the Chapter members; thus we are here returning the favor, and hope that collaboration between the two local general scientific organizations will continue to erow. There is a relatively new luncheon club in town that seemed to arise by spontaneous generation, as indeed it should, for it is known as the “Eunuchs.” There are in Washington many biologists who are no longer productive either in research or in teaching. They are engaged in_ helping others to be productive biologists. They are administrators, directors of grant programs, executive secretaries of societies, etc. Though they believe in the value of their work, they are more certain of the values they left behind in teaching and research. One of them, feeling somewhat emasculated, dubbed these desk-bound biologists “‘Eu- nuchs.” They are to be found in various Government and private agencies and or- ganizations, and if not disturbed would pursue their own programs with quiet in- tensity, hardly aware of what went on around them. So it was proposed by Mil- ton O. Lee that the Eunuchs meet for lunch once a month, not to give undivided atten- tion to a speaker, but merely to get ac- quainted with one another, as chance might dictate. Once the time and place of periodic meetings were made known, no_ notices would be sent out. And there would be no officers or bylaws. The proposed simplicity of the meetings was very appealing. One would go when able without knowing whom he might meet. In practice the business was not quite so simple, because it was hard to find a place where an unpredicted number NovEMBER, 1962 of people could sit together for an inex- pensive lunch not ordered in advance. So it became necessary for someone to serve as the Eunuchs’ Eunuch, a post to which | appointed myself. We think we have solved the problem of a suitable meeting place; henceforth the Eunuchs will gather in the cafeteria in the basement of the new wing of NAS-NRC on the third Thursday of each month at 12 o’clock. Any male biol- ogist who feels emasculated will be welcome at these luncheons. If he has not previously attended, I should appreciate advance no- tice of his intention. Someone remarked that we should not expect cross fertilization at our meetings, but breezy company is ouaranteed. I suppose we should be grateful to Miss Carson for temporarily diverting our at- tention from the really serious facts of life: namely, the expansion of heterogeneous human populations in a world without effec- tive international law and loaded with lethal weapons that make pesticides seem entirely benign. Certainly, | am grateful for the excuse she gave me to place in the October issue of this Journal some of the conclusions of the NAS-NRC Committee on Pest Control and Wildlife Relationships. At the time there were only a few pages of manuscript on hand. Since then I have taken every opportunity to call to the attention of the editorial staff of the Journal, the mem- bers of the Committee on Policy and Plan- ning, the delegates from the afhiliated so- cieties, and the officers of the Academy the need of the Journal for interesting feature articles that can be understood by any member. Such articles are generated nat- urally in the meetings of the Academy and of its afhliated every reader of these lines of his oppor- tunity to publish in the Journal and hope he will take advantage of it. To be accept- able a manuscript must be connected with the Washington scene; i.e., it must have been written by a Washington scientist or presented at a meeting in Washington, or must be concerned with societies. [ now remind some aspect of 199 scientific life in Washington. What a great Journal we shall have here when people be- come really aware of its possibilities! —Frank L. Campbell ACADEMY OFFICE NOTES Disposition of Back Journals The Carnegie Institution of Washington is the gracious host of the Washington Academy of Sciences at 1530 P Street, N.W. Nearly a year ago the Institution requested the use of some of its storage space which was occupied by back issues of the Acad- emy’s Proceedings and Journals. It is true that vast stretches of shelves were filled with bound and unbound copies of these publi- cations. There were also 628 volumes of a monograph published by the Academy, called “Parasitic Cuckoos of South Africa.” About 900 copies of the “Index to Proceed- ings and Journal” filled a number of shelves, together with numerous volumes of reprints of particularly important articles. Many copies of a maroon-covered booklet of his- torical interest, published in 1918 and en- titled, “Scientific Aspects of the War,” also occupied a certain amount of space. Late last spring, the Institution again made it clear that it needed the storage space that the Academy was occupying. The Johnson Reprint Corporation of New York had already been approached, and had pur- chased two complete sets of the Journal to refer to in coming to a decision about tak- ing over the back issues. After some hesita- tion, the firm made an acceptable offer in September, and this was approved by the Academy’s Board of Managers at its meet- ing on October 2. The firm agreed to re- move, at its own expense, all back issues of the Journal and Proceedings, and available reprints and monographs; to advertise this material: and to give the Academy 50 per- cent of the net income from sales. It also 200 agreed to pay the Academy a 10 percent royalty on the net price of any reprints that may be made and sold. Treasurer Malcolm Henderson attempted to estimate the tonnage, purchased 200 book cartons, and arranged for porters from the Carnegie Institution to work after hours and on Sunday in packing the material. The work proceeded systematically for nearly a week. Some of the back issues and “Cuckoo” books were stored in a remote corner that had to be entered by crawling through a low archway. More cartons and large rolls of gummed paper had to be ordered. Dr. Rehder, the custodian of pub- lications, found that he had 53 cartons of Journals still in storage at the Smithsonian Institution. When the Herculean task was finished, 406 cartons and packages awaited shipment. many of them weighing about a hundred pounds each. Each received a label showing the contents, the name of the sender, and the receiver. On moving day—October 11—a 40-ton trailer truck drove into the alley alongside the Carnegie building and—unable to make a sharp right turn—came to a halt 40 feet from the shipping entrance. Unfortunately the porters were occupied elsewhere; so Dr. Henderson, Editor Detwiler (who just hap- pened to be passing by), and I took over the job of loading the truck. After we had loaded three-fourths of the material, the porters appeared to finish the job. The load was estimated at about 15 tons. The shelves are clear, the dust has set- tled, slipped-discs were miraculously avoided, and the weighty published product of the members of the Washington Academy of Sciences is now in the hands of the Johnson Reprint Corporation of New York. —Delight Hall JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ; | Science in Washington SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS Contributions to this column may be ad- dressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate Edi- tor, c/o U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service, Room 2628 South Building, Washington 25, D.C. APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY, JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY A. M. Stone attended a conference on future strategy at the Hudson Institute, Harmon, N. Y., September 21-23. Dr. Stone is a fellow member of the Institute, which is devoted to problems of national security and international order. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Clarence S. Ross and George T. Faust attended the 11th Clay Minerals Conference in Ottawa, August 14-18. Dr. Faust was ap- pointed to the Subcommittee on Nomencla- ture and Liaison. of which Dr. Ross has been a member for several years. Raymond L. Nace visited Moscow, Rus- sia, and Tashkent, Uzbek SSR, during August, as consultant to the Advisory Com- mittee on Arid Zone Research of UNESCO. He spent the month of September in Paris on detail as a consultant to the Department of Natural Sciences of UNESCO. HOWARD UNIVERSITY Lloyd N. Ferguson, head of the Depart- ment of Chemistry, returned in August from a year’s sabbatical leave under a National Science Foundation science faculty fellow- ship, spent at the Swiss Federal Institute in Zurich. During the year he gave talks at the Institute and at the University of Saar- brucken, Saarlandes, Germany. Moddie D. Taylor is on leave for the school year 1962-63 to take up a National Science Foundation science faculty fellow- ship. He plans to study mathematics and physics at area universities, and will be in residence at Catholic University. NovEMBER, 1962 John R. Sutter, formerly of Louisiana Polytechnic Institute, has been appointed assistant professor of chemistry. J. L. Shereshefsky, professor of chem- istry, read two papers before the 36th Na- tional Colloid Symposium, Stanford Uni- versity, June 25-27. They were “Surface Tension of Liquids in Microscopic Capil- laries’” (with J. Wilson, J. Bryant, and J. Carter), and “Monolayers of Myristyl and Cetyl Esters of Oxalic, Malonic, Succinic, Glutaric, Adipic and Pimalic Acids” (with H. Carter, E. Nichols, and P. Robinson). Dr. Shereshefsky was a faculty member and principal investigator of a summer work- shop at Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, at Greenbelt, Md. The workshop, composed of faculty members and graduate students of several universities, was con- cerned with problems related to simulation of space from the aspects of vacuum, radia- tion, magnetism, and heat transfer. NASA Hugh L. Dryden, deputy administrator, will receive the 1963 John Fritz medal of the American Society of Mechanical Engi- neers for his “scientific, engineering, and administrative leadership in all phases of aeronautics and of space exploration.” NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS Lewis V. Judson, physicist in the Office of Weights and Measures, has received a ruby-studded pin symbolizing 45 years of service with NBS. Charlotte M. Sitterly received an hon- orary D.Sc. degree from Swarthmore Col- lege, her alma mater, at its 89th Commence- ment on June 11. Mrs. Sitterly has received recognition throughout the world for her fundamental research in the field of atomic spectra, for her investigation of the new element, technetium, in the sun’s atmos- phere, and for her discovery of the element gold in the sun. 201 Karl G. Kessler has been appointed chief of the Atomic Physics Division. He succeeds L. M. Branscomb, who has trans- ferred to the NBS-University of Colorado Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics at Boulder. The Molecular Kinetics Section of the Physical Chemistry Division has been di- vided in order to acknowledge and _ recog- nize differences in technique and approach to the study of chemical kinetics. Robert E. Ferguson, who had been chief of the original Section, will now head the Ele- mentary Processes Section; he will continue to place emphasis on microscopic tech- niques. James R. MeNesby will be chief of the Photochemistry and Radiation Chem- istry Section, which will emphasize macro- scopic techniques. Recent talks by NBS personnel have in- cluded: Before the International Symposium on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy, Tokyo: H. C. Allen, Jr.: “Sum Rules for Vibration-Rotational Energy Levels Includ- ing Centrifugal Distortion”; D. R. Lide: “Microwave Spectra and Internal Rotation of Some Butadiene Derivatives”; D. E. Mann: “The Infrared Spectra of Matrix- Isolated HCl and HBr”; E. K. Plyler: “The Determination of Molecular Constants from High Resolution Spectra”: C. M. Sit- terly: “A Report on Atomic Spectra.” S. N. Alexander: “Machines of the Near Future’—Gordon Research Confer- ence on Scientific Information Problems in Research, New Hampton, N. H. F. L. Alt: “Syntactic Resolution of Semantic Ambiguities’—International Fed- eration of Information Processing Societies, Munich. R. G. Bates: “Quantitative Interpreta- tion of pH Measurements in Alcohol-Water Solvents” —7th International Conference on Coordination Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm. G. M. Brauer: “Improved Zinc Oxide Eugenol Type Cements”—13th Internation- al Dental Congress, Cologne, Germany. A. Brenner: “The Speed of Plating 202 Processes: Movement of Solute, Attainment of the Steady State, and Formation of Metal’”—American Electroplaters’ Society, Milwaukee. C. Eisenhart: “On the Realistic Evalua- tion of the Precision of a Measurement Process”—Section on Physical and Engi- neering Sciences, 122nd Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association. Minneapolis. G. T. Furukawa: “Some Investigations to Improve Energy Measurements in Low Temperature Calorimetry” — Calorimetry Conference, University of California, Berkeley. M. S. Green: “The Theory of the Criti- cal Point of a Simple Fluid’”—California Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pasadena, Calif. M. Greenspan: “Audio-Frequency Com- pliances of Prestressed Quartz, Fused Silica, and Aluminum” — Fourth International Congress on Acoustics, Copenhagen. J. L. Hague: “Past, Present, and Future of Standard Analyzed Samples’”—American Society for Testing Materials, New York. R. B. Hobbs: “Paper Testing”—Uni- versity of Maine, Orono. J. D. Hoffman: “Theoretical Interpre- tation of Some Aspects of Crystallization of Bulk Polymers with Chain Folding”— American Chemical Society, Atlantic City. H. S. Isbell: “Study of Ring Structure of Aldoses by Oxidation with Bromine”— International Symposium on Carbohydrate Chemistry, University of Birmingham; and “Carbon-14 and Tritium for Research”— Cotton, Silk, and Man-made Fibres Re- search Association, Shirley Institute, Man- chester, England. C. C. Kiess: “Evidence for Nitrogen Dioxide in the Martian Atmosphere”— American Astronomical Society, Yale Uni- versity, New Haven. J. Kruger: “Optical Studies of the For- mation and Breakdown of Passive Films Formed on Iron Single Crystal Surfaces in Organic Inhibitor Solutions’—Second In- ternational Symposium on Passivity, Uni- versity of Toronto. JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES G. M. Kline: “Polymer Research at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards”— Fourth Annual Symposium on Polymer Re- search, Politechnika Lodzka, Lodz, Poland. D. E. Mann: “Recent Developments in Matrix-Isolation | Spectroscopy’—Gordon Research Conference on High Temperature Chemistry. L. Marton: “A Study of Atomic Beam Packets in Flight’—Third International Symposium on Rarefied Gas Dynamics, University of Paris, Paris. A. G. MeNish: “Accuracy of Determina- tions of the Physical Constants’”—National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, England. E. J. McDonald: “Reducing Sugars” — International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis, Hamburg, Ger- many. G. C. Paffenbarger: “The Formulation of Federation Dentaire Internationale Spec- ifications’ — 13th International Dental Congress, Cologne; and “Dimensional Changes in Dentures’—American Dental Society of Europe, Scheveningen, Holland. H. S. Peiser: “The Characterization of Large Single Crystals by High-Voltage X-Ray Laue Photographs’—Eleventh An- nual Conference on Applications of X-Ray Analysis, Denver Research Institute, Uni- versity of Denver. E. K. Plyler: “Methods of Measurement in the Far Infrared Region’”—Materials Central, Aeronautical Systems Division, In- ternational Symposium on Far Infrared Spectroscopy, Cincinnati. R. J. Rubin: “Nonequilibrium and Transmission Coefftcient Problems in Ex- change Reactions’ —Gordon Research Con- ference on Chemistry and Physics of Iso- topes; and “Machine Calculations of Time- Dependent Properties of Disordered Lat- tices” —International Conference on Crystal Lattice Defects, Physical Society of Japan, Kyoto. R. D. Stiehler: “Standardization in Rubber Industry” — Industrial Rubber Products Division, Rubber Manufacturers Association, Seaview Country Club, Abse- con, N. J. NOVEMBER, 1962 W. T. Sweeney: “Dental Research at the National Bureau of Standards’—Na- tional University of Dublin, Dublin, Ive- land; and “Research in Relation to Filling Materials’—British Dental Nottingham, England. Association, R. S. Tipson: “Some Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy to Sugars ’—Interna- tional Symposium on Carbohydrate Chem- istry, University of Birmingham; and “The Nomenclature of Sugar Conformers’— Department of Chemistry, University of Edinburg, and Cotton, Silk, and Man-made Fibres Research Association, Shirley Insti- tute, Manchester, England. NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH Chester W. Emmons, chief of the Med- ical Mycology Section, Laboratory of In- fectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, conducted a Symposium on Influence of the Environ- ment on the Epidemiology of the Mycosis at the Eighth International Congress for Microbiology. Heinz Specht has been appointed chief of the Pacific Office of International Re- search in Tokyo, Japan. Prior to his new appointment, Dr. Specht was chief of NIAMD?’s Laboratory of Physical Biology. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY Charles A. Whitten has been appointed chief of the Electronic Computing Division in the Office of Physical Sciences. He had served as chief of the Triangulation Branch, Geodesy Division, since 1946. B. K. Meade has been appointed chief of the Triangulation Branch, Geodesy Divi- sion. He had been assistant chief of that Branch for many years. Donald A. Rice attended the fourth triennial meeting of the International Gravi- metric Commission, held in Paris Septem- ber 10-15. David G. Knapp attended a Symposium on Equatorial Aeronomy, held September 18-27 in Lima and Huaychulo, Peru. He presented a paper, “A New Longitude Effect 203 in the Geomagnetic Solar-Daily Variation” (with John Gettemy ). Dean S$. Carder, chief seismologist of C&GS. attended the 32nd _ International Meeting of the Society of Exploration Geo- physicists at Calgary, Alberta, September 16-20. Dr. Carder also attended a meeting of the Air Force Office of Scientific Re- search in the same city on September 21. Carl I. Aslakson was moderator of a panel at the St. Louis convention of the ACSM-ASP on September 13. The subject of the discussion was “Field Measurements and Geodetic Requirements for the Space Age.” Among the subjects discussed were lunar mapping, precision geodetic measure- ments required for Telstar, Project Mer- cury geodetic requirements, the highly ac- curate Mistram surveys, and the standard- ization of error definition. USDA, WASHINGTON Hazel K. Stiebeling, deputy adminis- trator, ARS, after attending the scientific sessions of the World Poultry Congress and the 50th anniversary of the Poultry Science Association, at Sydney, Australia, August 10-18, served on a six-week detail from USDA to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. Enroute to Rome from Syd- ney. Dr. Stiebeling stopped at Kuching (Sarawak), Bangkok (Thailand), and New Delhi (India) to see FAO work in prog- ress: and she spent the month of September in Rome preparing a report for FAQ's director general on the development, present status, and outlook for home economics activities in FAO, with recommendations regarding personnel and organization. NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY W. A. Zisman, superintendent of the Chemistry Division. has been selected as recipient of the Kendall Company Award in Colloid Chemistry for outstanding con- tributions to colloid science. The award presentation will be made at the 1963 na- tional meeting of the American Chemical Society in Los Angeles. The award includes an honorarium of $1000. The specific scien- 204 JOURNAL OF tific accomplishment on which the award is based is Dr. Zisman’s contribution to the understanding of the principles involved in the wetting of liquids on solid surfaces. DEATHS Herbert B. Brooks, one of the coun- try’s senior electrical scientists, died Octo- ber 1 at Suburban Hospital, aged 93. He had retired in 1939 as chief of the Electrical Instruments Section at the National Bureau of Standards. Dr. Brooks, a native of New Bremen, Ohio, left high school at the age of 16 to join the Edison Electric Illuminating Com- pany at Piqua, Ohio, becoming superin- tendent of the plant two years later. In 1898 he resigned to enter Ohio State University. working his way through in five years and receiving the degree of mechanical engineer in electrical engineering. He joined NBS in 1903, and in 1906 became the first chief of the Electrical Instrument Section. In 1926 he received the Ph.D. degree from Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Brooks’ many technical publications covered a wide range of subjects and re- flected his interest in instrument design. Among the numerous instruments developed by him are four to which his name is at- tached—a potentiometer, an inductometer, a two-stage current transformer, and an attracted-disk electrometer for high volt- ages. In 1944 he received the Lamme Medal from OSU for outstanding contribu- tions to engineering: and in 1959 he was the first recipient of the Leeds Medal for outstanding contributions to _ electrical measurement. Dr. Brooks came out of retirement dur- ing World War II to assist NBS in a military research study. He wrote his last research paper at the age of 88. CALENDAR OF EVENTS November 19—American Society for Metals Dr. Pond. Johns Hopkins University. Subject to be announced. 6:00 p.m., fellowship hour: 6:30 p.m., THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES dinner; 8:00 p.m., technical meeting. AAUW building, 2401 Virginia Ave., N.W. November 19—Naval Research Labo- ratory Chemistry Colloquium R. W. Taft, Jr., professor of chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, “Theoret- ical Organic Chemistry.” 10:00 a.m., Auditorium of Building 69, NRL. November 19—Society of American Military Engineers Program to be announced. Luncheon, noon. YWCA, 17th and K Sts., N.W. November 21—Washington Society of Engineers “The Experimental House.” Exhibits. 7:00 p.m., National Housing Center, 1625 Boots N.W. November 26-29 — Joint ANS-AIF Meeting and Atom Fair Includes 10th Hot Laboratory and Equip- ment Conference. Shoreham and Sheraton Park Hotels. November 27—American Society for Microbiology Carl Lamanna, Life Science Division, Army Research Office, “Role of Microbiol- ogist in Foreign Assistance Programs.” 8:00 p.m., banquet. Sternberg Auditor- ium, Walter Reed Army Institute of Re- search. November 27—American Society of Civil Engineers Luncheon meeting. Noon, YWCA, 17th and K Sts., N.W. November 28—Geological Society of Washington Program to be announced. 8:00 p.m. John Wesley Powell Audi- torium, Cosmos Club. November 29—American Society of Mechanical Engineers “Fuels” (general topic). 38:00 p.m. PEPCO Building, 9th floor. JOINT BOARD ON SCIENCE EDUCATION Biology Conference Well Received The Joint Board on Science Education NovEMBER. 1962 opened its fourth series of conferences on science education with a conference on biology teaching held at the NEA Building on Saturday, October 13. The writer, in opening the meeting, stated that its purpose was “to become bet- ter acquainted with our colleagues rather than to solve actual problems,” and stressed the importance of making use of the services afforded by the scientific community. The first speaker of the day was Russell G. Brown of the Botany Department, Uni- versity of Maryland, whose topic was “Biology Around Us.” His outlook, which was essentially ecological, met with the approval of the group. The placement of biology to follow the teaching of chemistry was applauded. Beginning with the definition of an edu- cated person as one who has a reasonable knowledge of his environment and how it affects him, Dr. Brown discussed environ- ments and their variations. He advocated the taking of pictures for class use as one means of taking students from the known to the unknown. Doing the actual photography rather than using commercially prepared slides did, he felt, make the biological ma- terial really live. Many participants felt that one factor in Dr. Brown’s well-known success in ac- quainting students with biology, is due to the quality of the wonderful slides with which he documents his talks. Oliver S. Flint of the Smithsonian In- slitution, the second speaker, defined insects and discussed their use in the classroom. His suggestions for the use of insects for science projects were excellent. He felt that areas, species, habitats, and successions all could be advantageously used. Dr. Flint spoke of experiments demonstrating the economic importance of insects. Investiga- tion of the life history of insects is import- ant, since many are at the present time un- known and such knowledge would be of great value. The idea of ecological succession, whether limited to the rotting of a log or expanded to an extended geographical area. 205 would be of tremendous interest and value. So vital were the ideas presented by Dr. Flint that it was requested that he prepare a reading list: this he graciously consented to do. The writer assured the participants that this list would be published in the Reporter. The next speaker was Father Robert F. Mullan, S. J.. who gave a report on the Summer Biological Science Seminar held at Gonzaga High School, June 11-July 13. Nine organizations of national eminence participated in the seminar, which consisted of reading recommended by the AAAS: lec- tures on such subjects as chemotherapy, endocrinology. genetics, immunity, space biology. and world health problems: tours of local research laboratories; and lectures on scientific and technical writing. The final speaker of the day was Ernes- tine Thurman of the National Institutes of Health, who spoke of the need for more women in science. She discussed the ways in which each girl may find her own field and work for success in that field, and pointed out that each girl who succeeds results in more girls being accepted in the field of science. The home. friends, and_ school should encourage an interest in science on the part of girls, for such interest is never lost. In marriage, a girl uses her interest in science in help for her husband; and cer- tainly such interest frequently inspires an interest in science on the part of her chil- dren. The hundred participants were unani- mous in their opinion that it was a most stimulating day, made particularly enjoy- able by the wonderful lunch and general hospitality of the Joint Board on Science Education. Project Ideas Now Available The Joint Board’s very popular book, “Project Ideas for Young Scientists,” has been received from the printer. This paper- back book has been extensively revised and enlarged. and should furnish a wealth of ideas for science projects that involve in- vestigation or research. Any of these ideas would make good student projects; many 206 would challenge more mature students: and some could be investigated at a high level of professional research. The revised edition has had five chapters added to it. Two of these are concerned with the mechanics of organizing a science fair, and were included at the request of out-of-town purchasers of the first edition, who wanted to know how things were done locally. Some helpful information on actual construction of a science display also is given. A chapter on engineering projects, and one on pharmaceutical science projects, are newcomers. A chapter, “Just Titles,” lists some 200 thought-provoking titles that could be studied extensively or to a lesser extent. as desired. For the benefit of newcomers. “Project Ideas” contains suggestions for investiga- tions at student level that were submitted by many scientists of the Washington area. The book was edited by the writer in col- laboration with Phoebe Knipling and Fal- coner Smith. Each idea is described briefly, and references are given for further work. With this book, students should not find it necessary to “hound” a teacher or scientist for ideas for science projects. In fact, they should be encouraged not to do so. The first edition of the book sold some 4000 copies, about 90 percent outside of the local area. Copies were distributed to local libraries; many libraries outside of the area were purchasers. Reviewers were unanimous in praise of the book. For ex- ample, the editor of the Journal of Chemical Education states in his review. “A book that is worth many times its cost is rare indeed; this should prove to be such a volume.” Copies of “Project Ideas for Young Scientists” may be obtained from the Joint Board Office. The price is: Single copies, $1.25; 10 to 49 copies to one address. 10 percent discount; 50 or more copies to one address, 20 percent discount. All prices are postpaid. Please enclose check for pay- ment for single copies, payable to the Joint Board on Science Education. Larger orders may be billed if more convenient. —John K. Taylor JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES BOARD OF MANAGERS MEETING NOTES October Meeting The Board of Managers held its 549th meeting on October 2 at the National Academy of Sciences, with President Van Evera presiding. In the absence abroad of Dr. Irving, Dr. Henderson served as acting secretary. Announcements. Dr. Van Evera an- nounced that John S. Toll of the University of Maryland had been named chairman of the Awards Committee. Also, he pointed out that in view of the extended foreign as- signment proposed for Heinz Specht, the Academy is lacking a president-elect to take office in 1963. Meetings. Dr. Van Evera, acting as Meetings Committee chairman, announced that at the general meeting of October 18, a panel composed of C. H. Hoffman, Walter W. Dykstra, and Russell Stevens would dis- cuss the subject, “Insecticides: Benefit or Peril.” Membership. Chairman Mary L. Robbins presented the names of five nominees for membership, for First Reading. Policy and Planning. Chairman Wayne C. Hall reported that favorable discussions had been held with American University officials, looking toward establishment of the Academy’s headquarters in a new sci- ence building that is being planned for the University campus. The subject will be fur- ther explored. Science Education. Chairman John K. Taylor presented an extensive report of the Committee’s activities, particularly as concerns the recent Interacademy Confer- ence on Science Education. He also reported that several other conferences, concerned with science teaching, had been scheduled— the next such meeting, on physics, was to be held on November 3. Treasurer. Dr. Henderson reported bal- ances as follows: Academy, $8,427.60; Joint Board, $12,201.80; Junior Academy, $3,570.16; total interest earned on Treasury bills, $115.60; dividends and other interest NoveMBER, 1962 income received during the previous four months, $1481.24. He also reported sale of two complete sets of the Journal for $780.48. and sale of 800 face value New York City bonds for $752.93. Dues-delinquent members were tabulated as follows: Last paid in 1959, 12: in 1960, 14; in 1961, 83. The Board agreed that the 12 members in arrears since 1959 should be dropped from membership, unless their dues were received within the next month. Dr. Henderson reported that the Acad- emy's property—four investment trusts— had depreciated in value almost exactly by the same amount as the Dow-Jones Average, and was currently worth (at DJ = 575) about $65,000. The Board agreed to his request that he be authorized to continue the workmen’s compensation insurance that had been taken out last year for Joint Board staff personnel, and to extend it to cover Academy staff personnel as well. Journal. Editor Detwiler reported that the September (directory) issue had gone to press, and that the October issue was hard on its heels. The directory has not only an alphabetical listing of members, but also a classification by place of em- ployment and a classification by member- ship in affliated societies. New Business. Dr. Van Evera outlined a proposal by the Johnson Company of New York, to take over custody of back issues of the Journal, and sell them on a 50:50 basis. The Board accepted the offer. Dr. Van Evera again referred to the problem caused by the recent resignation of Heinz Specht as president-elect. He sug- gested that if the Academy should decide to operate on a fiscal-year basis, the present officers might continue until June 1963, thus giving the new president-elect (pre- sumably elected in January) a six-month overlap. No action was taken. In a discussion of the proposed new By- laws changes, whereby two membership categories—members and _ fellows—would be established, the treasurer suggested (1) that all members of afhliated societies should become members of the Academy auto- 207 matically. on their request; and (2) that all officers of the constituent societies should automatically be fellows. The matter of paying for the Science Calendar was raised. It is the Academy’s turn to issue the Calendar this year; and it seems likely to cost $400, of which the D.C. Council of Engineering Societies is expected to pay half. After some discussion it was agreed to add $400 to the Academy’s budget and to request half of this from the D. C. Council. SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT Controlled-environment tests at the Agricultural Research Center, Belts- ville, have shown that an ozone con- centration of 100 parts per billion for 4 hours is sufficient to cause “weather fleck’? injury to tobacco leaves. “Weath- er fleck” is a widespread disease of tobacco that occurs when weather conditions prevent polluted surface air from mixing with air at upper atmosphere levels, allowing toxic concentrations of ozone to develop. Concen- trations of 10 to 30 parts per billion occur naturally in the atmosphere. However, ozone is formed in excessive amounts when sunlight contacts air contaminated by fumes from auto exhausts, industrial plants, and other sources. The research was done by Howard E. Heggestad, Harry A. Menser, Gustave Silber and John J. Grosso of the Agricultural Research Service, USDA. A joint Weather Bureau-Navy proj- ect to study modification of hurricanes will begin this year. Called “Project Stormfury,” it will be headed by R. H. Simpson, under the general direction of F. W. Reichelderfer, chief of the Weather Bureau, and Capt. W. R. Franklin, director of the Naval Weather Service. The object of the experiment is to create instabilities in the hurricane wind system which will cause 208 the ring of maximum winds near the eye to expand outward and by doing so diminish their intensity. It will involve the use of specially modified Navy aircraft for seed- ing operations, and improved new devices for the generation and dispensing of silver iodide crystals for cloud seeding. The proj- ect is expected to continue for about three years. Seven Geological Survey engineers. four from the Washington area, were to go to Antarctica to conduct field sur- veys for topographic mapping in late September or early October. The expe- dition personnel will obtain control and other mapping data in previously unmapped areas, and will serve as navigators of trav- erse parties engaged in various types of scientific work. This is the sixth consecutive year that Geological Survey personnel have participated in topographic mapping § ac- tivities in Antarctica as part of the U.S. Antarctic Research Program. The local members of the survey team are Peter F. Bermel and William R. MacDonald of Washington, and Donald C. Barnett and Ezekiel Soza of Arlington. The Smithsonian Institution’s Na- tional Air Museum placed a beautiful photographic mosaic of a large seg- ment of the earth on display on October 5. It is made up of 181 individ- ual exposures from a camera 100 miles above the earth. The mosaic was presented by Capt. A. E. Krapf, USN, director of the Naval Research Laboratory, which spon- sored the flight of October 5, 1954, during which the photos were taken. The camera was carried aloft by a two-stage Navy Aero- bee rocket. The composite photograph gives a realistic view of the earth showing many recognizable areas: it also shows a clear image of a hurricane over southern Texas and Mexico. JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Delegates to the Washington Academy of Sciences, Representing the Local Affiliated Societies* ; Philosophical PeerPeVeROG TINY QSPELIVO TON) sc ths see tank c chaser hou cs teadevakeuss.dchcctarcusosuasroasdvel Meqvadierss R. D. Myers Pmtaroneipeical society Of Washington ..............:....c:.csccssesseesessesesesesencstneceseaess REGINA FLANNERY HERZFELD SPIER SO CICEY TOF WW ASMINGEON ..5..-.60.0.5....0q.0se0ceeceecseseneecenestenestessansnecscanscessucensvecseenenperdnaes JoHn A. PARADISO McaIIeISRciety Of Washington .c...c.....c...e.ce.sccecsesessesssssnsidivdessecssssnuossbsvotsasdassnsdeesseueanes AtFrreD E. Brown PmtomulopiealeSocicty of Washington ..................c....: .s-eccscescseectecssssnsssseereenetenesensesees FRANK L. CAMPBELL Retr COST HIVNIG) SOCIELY occ... occu sostc cviecdav-peonossssvesessseenssceeseabesssascesooensestoonennetie seneens ALEXANDER WETMORE Meralerigeltomciety Of Washington .......0.3.00..ic es tssssescsseengssossesesstssseesssesnasonsnousnssssconnss G. ARTHUR COOPER J Medical society of the District of Columbia ...:................--c.:c:sssceccssssessescessseseeneeseesessneensass FREDERICK O. COE DUP MeaT EN HME A ISPOTVE TI SOCICLY, ccs cesecc cco esssnsssodesoccnsecsentacndecesacetsden stecsnanlineteesasseessrnceacciseaseertvones Ue Se GRANT, IIT 3 PP OtIIG AI SORTER TOl> WASMINPTOM ..0:...-..-.....0-ce2eceenncst,.ceesereueenesersacsntarsusanesseceseadacramaesaeees Witsur D. McCLeLLAN eT PINETIC ATI MOFESEETS -2...5..0.501..--.ncevsvesesdtesiee cc cceeessceanceadsesesledeccatsccebecnscsatencontsensees Harry A. FoweLts a Washington Society of BE TEGAN CRS MMM ee ce ci cad ce ect nc oe ce acdc ects neue accion ee. Cart I. ASLAKSON mmericaneinstitute of Electrical Frngineers .......0.........ccccseccecccesecosscccsocccecceoscesecccenscesceees WittiAmM A. GEYGER American Society Gia VWiechamical “PMP IME ELS! 6.x cciosnnacosoAedoecosisscensossteoceaccvoccvskdessvees Gace: Wittiam G. ALLEN | Helmmtnolorical Society of Washington ..............:.............:.c.cccsseccecsesscoccecesstecuec Sess css neeeees Doys A. SHORB | MrretuermmeSaeiety efor MMicrObiOlO gy. ...co..c:.-..c0: Li Shear, Ho J; Webber, T. A. Williams, J. N. Rose. Gilbert H. Hicks, L. H. Dewey, F. H. Knowlton, C. L. Pollard, J. G. Smith, David White, Frederick V. Coville, and Thos. H. Kearney. During the brief existence of the club but four additional members were added. unanimous consent by secret ballot being necessary for such action. Several noted botanists, it may be noted, fell by the wayside. E. L. Greene was permanent president. Both these societies were very successful but the rapidly increasing number of work- ing botanists in Washington made a broader plan desirable. Rather reluctantly the established societies in 1901 appointed a joint committee to draw up plans for such action. This committee recommended a merger of the Club and the Seminar to form the Botanical Society of Washington. Accordingly the two organizations met together for the first time on November 23, 1901, and after the necessary for- malities adjourned “sine die,” permitting the infant Botanical Society to hold its first meeting. A. F. Woods was elected president, serving through 1903. The sug- gestion of the organizing committee “that monthly meetings be held in a private room 220 at some suitable restaurant at which an informal dinner and brief period of social intercourse shall be followed by the sci- entific program’ was followed for some years. About 1909 the Society changed to its present plan of regular meetings at the Cosmos Club with occasional meetings on invitation elsewhere. The Society voted at its eighth meeting to hold an open meeting each year to which ladies might be invited. The first of these was held on June 7, 1902, at the Portner Hotel. The custom of calling on the retiring president for an address was inaugurated in 1903. A. F. Woods delivering the first on January 30, 1904, his subject being “Plant Pathology.” The constitution and bylaws as adopted at the first meeting have been changed from time to time as circumstances war- ranted, the most precedent shattering in that direction being the amendment adopted at the 17lst meeting. December 4, 1923, admitting women to membership. [In recent years the Society has indulged in occasional field trips in addition to the eight regular monthly meetings (October- May). The Society affliated with the Washing- ton Academy of Sciences in January 1903 and annually nominates one of its mem- bers to represent it on the Academy’s Board of Managers. The proceedings of the Society have been published in part, during certain years only, in Science and the Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. Similarly some of the addresses of retiring presidents have been published in these Journals. The proceedings and presidential addresses as reprints were brought together for the period 1913-1918 and reissued by the Society in three booklets. Further than this the Society has not engaged in pub- lication. MN JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THE BROWNSTONE TOWER As I sit down to write this column, I am infused with missionary zeal to promote science and music simul- taneously. Last night I attended a Schubertiad at the home and_ studio of John Yard, who works for agricultural science by day and sings and teaches singing at night. The original Schubertiads were small gatherings of the friends of Franz Schubert, joining with him to play and sing his music. At last night’s Schubertiad, John Yard took Schu- bert’s place at the piano, and five of John’s students sang 13 of Schubert’s songs. All have derived from their music personal satisfactions and personal relations of rare quality. What music means to them was perfectly expressed by Franz von Schober, one of Schubert’s best friends: “Du holde Kunst, in wieviel grauen Stunden, Wo mich des Lebenswilder Kreis umstrickt, Hast du mein Herz zu warmer Lieb entzunden, Hast mich in eine bess’re Welt entriickt.” And Schubert made of it a moving hymn to Music. It was not sung last night, but may have been in the mind of Sam Woo, one of the singers, who works for the Voice of America. Conscious of the need for “eine bess’re Welt” and of “des Lebens- wilder Kreis,” he would break our present crises through singing. It is wishful think- ing, of course, and he knows it, for the number of people who sing to express their feelings and aspirations is probably not increasing in the global population. Yet the number of people who listen to music, both vocal and instrumental, may be increasing at a greater rate than the total population, thanks to modern science and technology which have given us LP records, magnetic tape recording, Hi Fi systems, radio, TV, and electronic devices that enable people like myself who have a DECEMBER, 1962 moderate hearing loss to hear well. If | sing in praise of Music, I am equally fervent in appreciation of Electronics. And now comes the drive for popular support of the proposed National Cultural Center. I am for it. Here is the op- portunity for everyone who loves music and believes in it as Sam Woo does to prove it. How proud I shall be, if the Center becomes a reality, to tell a visitor in the future that [ helped to build it. When plans for the Center were incubating a few years ago, I thought that provision might be made in the Center for scientific meet- ings, since pure science is a cultural sub- ject. The idea was passed on to the Wash- ington Board of Trade, but nothing came of it. Washington scientists are not yet aroused and determined to have a National Science Center, yet the need for a center where large international scientific congresses can be proudly staged is as great as that for a National Cultural Center where the best of national and international performing arts can be presented to residents of and visitors to Washington. In New York and Baltimore and perhaps elsewhere in the United States, plans are being made for science centers to house the local academy of sciences and for other purposes. How much greater is the need in Washington. the scientific capital of the nation—need not only for spacious modern meeting fa- cilities, but also for offices for scientific and science related organizations! A Na- tional Cultural Center is attractive to private wealth and society; a National Sci- ence Center does not have the same appeal. and probably cannot be built without some Government subsidy. The Washington Academy of Sciences, lacking a satisfac- tory home of its own, ought to take the lead in making plans for a National Sci- ence Center. Its sights have been set too low. Any rent-free space within the build- ing of another organization should be re- garded as temporary, and plans should be made and goals set for a great Center. PPA Washington has not been lacking in leadership necessary to acquire new sci- entific facilities for public and private or- ganizations. Among private organizations, one thinks of Georgetown University and its Science Center, dedicated last October 13: the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology and its new office building on its campus in Bethesda, dedicated on October 12; the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council and its new Hall of the Life Sci- ences, dedicated on June 27; and Catholic University of America and its new biology building, dedicated on April 26. I was fortunate to have been invited to attend all these dedications. With what pride and gratitude do the successful leaders view the results of their efforts! May [I live to be present when the leaders of a drive to build a National Science Center as- semble at last to dedicate it, not only to the service of the scientists of the United States but also to those of the world! —Frank L. Campbell Membership to Vote On Officers for 1963 Annual elections of Academy officers for 1963 will be held in December as usual, by mail ballot. About December 15 the secretary will send out the following slate of candidates for approval of the member- ship: 222 For president: Benjamin D. Van Evera of George Washington University. For president-elect: Francois N. Fren- kiel of the David Taylor Model Basin; Marion W. Parker of the Agricultural Re- search Service. For Secretary: George W. Irving, Jr., of the Agricultural Research Service. For treasurer: Malcolm C. Henderson of Catholic University. For manager-at-large, 1963-65 (two to be elected): Allen L. Alexander (NRL), Harold T. Cook (USDA), Mary Louise Robbins (GWU), and John K. Taylor (NBS). Election of a president is necessitated this year by the recent resignation of Pres- ident-elect Heinz Specht to accept a foreign assignment. The new officers will take office at the close of the annual meeting in January. Previously-elected managers-at-large who will continue in office during 1963 are Alphonse F. Forziati and Leo Schubert (class of 1961-63) and Russell B. Stevens and Harold H. Shepard (class of 1962-64). Delegates of affliated societies to the Board of Managers (see inside rear cover of this issue) continue in office until new selections are made by the respective affiliates. Concurrently with the voting on officers, the membership will be asked to ratify several Bylaws changes recently endorsed by the Board of Managers. (See November issue, page 196.) JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Science in SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS Contributions to this column may be ad- dressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate Edi- tor, c/o U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service, Room 2626 South Building, Washington 25, D.C. APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY R. E. Gibson, director, addressed the School of Advanced International Studies of Johns Hopkins University on October 23, with a lecture entitled “The Impact of Re- cent Scientific Advances on Politics and Diplomacy.” On October 26, 1962, Dr. Gibson ad- dressed a luncheon group—the Career Science Executives, Office of Career Devel- opment—at the Civil Service Commission. The talk was entitled ““The Environment of Research.” A. M. Stone lectured on October 22 at the University of Maryland’s Institute for Space Research and Technology, on “The Navy Navigational Satellite System.” CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA Paul J. Claffey, associate professor of civil engineering, presented a paper en- titled, “The Evaluation of User Benefits Accruing Through Highway Improvement,” at the Fourth World Meeting of the Inter- national Road Federation, held in Madrid during October. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY Aaron L. Shalowitz, special assistant to the director, is the author of a two-vol- ume legal-technical treatise on “Shore and Sea Boundaries.” Volume 1 was recently released for distribution by the Govern- ment Printing Office. David G. Knapp, assistant chief of the Geomagnetism Branch, reported on his re- DECEMBER, 1962 Washington cent studies of geomagnetic daily variation along the magnetic dip equator, as a par- ticipant in the First International Sym- posium on Equatorial Aeronomy, held at Concepcion and Lima, Peru, September 18-27. Charles A. Whitten, chief of the elec- tronic Computing Division, was in Europe October 1-17, for conferences on interna- tional geodetic activities and to attend the Symposium on the New Adjustment of European Triangulation. He also attended the centenary celebration of the Interna- tional Association of Geodesy as the Asso- clation’s president for the term 1960-1963. B. K. Meade, chief of the Triangulation Branch, attended a Symposium on the New Adjustment of European Triangulation Net- works and the centennial celebration of the International Association of Geodesy, held October 9-13 at Munich, Germany. HARRIS RESEARCH LABORATORIES Many staff members attended the 11th annual Chemical Finishing Conference con- vened by the National Cotton Council in Washington, October 3-5. Henry Peper presented a report on “The Effect of Surface Modification on Wet Soiling.” This re- search was carried out on a project super- vised by the Southern Regional Research Laboratory of the Department of Agricul- ture at New Orleans. Alfred E. Brown, Milton Harris. Anthony M. Schwartz, and Leonard W. Fine attended the ACS National Meeting in Atlantic City, September 9-14. Dr. Fine presented a paper on “A New Method of Synthesizing Alpha-Amino Acids” at the meeting; the research leading to this paper was performed at the University of Mary- land, under E. W. Reeve, as a part of Dr. Fine’s program for his Ph.D. degree. 223 Alfred E. Brown attended a conference of the administrative council of the Metro- politan Washington Board of Trade at Airlie, Va., on September 28, and discussed interrelationships between higher educa- tional institutions and R&D industry in the Washington area. Norman R. S. Hollies presented a pa- per on “The Effects of the Thermal Trans- mission Properties of Clothing Fabrics” at the annual meeting of the Fiber Society in Boston on October 11. Henry Peper also gave a talk at this meeting, presenting a progress report on “The Effect of Fabric Surface Modification on Wet Soiling.” Milton Harris attended a meeting of the Industrial Research Institute in Mon- treal, Canada. from October 31 to Novem- ber 3. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS I. C. Schoonover, associate director. has been detailed to the Department of Commerce where he is acting deputy to the Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology. L. S. Taylor, chief of the Radiation Physics Division, has been appointed act- ing associate director. Dr. Taylor will per- form those functions previously assigned to Dr. Schoonover in his position as NBS associate director. Talks by NBS personnel: H. C. Allen, Jr.: “Crystal Chemistry at the National Bureau of Standards’”—Sym- posium on Lattice Defects and _ Lattice Dynamics, National Physics Laboratory, New Delhi, India. A. V. Astin: “International Measure- ment Standards’—American Society for Quality Control, New York. F. K. Harris: “Precise Electrical Mea- surements in the Engineering Curriculum” —First Peruvian Congress of Electrical Engineers, Lima, Peru. J. D. Hoffman: “Fundamental Molecu- lar Science in Postgraduate Engineering Studies” —First Peruvian Congress of Elec- trical Engineers, Lima, Peru. 224, R. D. Huntoon: “Research at the Na- tional Bureau of Standards and its Role in the Space Program’”—Joint Meeting of the Boston Section of the IRE and the Pro- fessional Group on Instrumentation, Boston. L. V. Judson: “Quality Considerations in Quality Control’”—17th Midwest Quality Control Conference of American Society for Quality Control, Denver. The following talks were presented before the annual Instrument-Automation Confer- ence, New York, October 15-18: D. P. Johnson: “Design Features of Instruments for the Standards Laboratory”; J. Man- del: “Intercomparisons of Laboratory Test Results’: W. J. Youden: “Realistic Esti- mate of Errors in Measurement.” K. G. Kessler: “Standard Wavelengths from Atomic Beams and Zeeman Filters” — International Bureau of Weights and Meas- ures, Comite Consultatif pour la Definition du Metre, Sevres, France; and “Some Re- searches in Spectroscopy at the National Bureau of Standards”—Lunds Universitat, Sweden. The following talks were presented be- fore the annual session of the American Dental Association (closed TV program), at Miami Beach: G. C. Paffenbarger: “Direct Filling Resins”; and G. C. Paffen- barger, W. T. Sweeney, and J. W. Stanford: “Research and Practice.” C. H. Page: “A New Type of Comput- abie Inductor” — International Scientific Radio Union, Ottawa, Canada. NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH Nathan B. Eddy, former chief of the Section on Analgesics, participated in the White House Conference on Narcotics and Drug Abuse, held here on September 27-28. Dr. Eddy acted as panel chairman of sev- eral sessions of the Expert Committee on Drugs Liable to Produce Addiction. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Albert C. Smith, who has been director of the Smithsonian’s Museum of Natural History since 1958, has been appointed an JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES assistant secretary of the Institution. Dr. Smith is a leading scientist in the field of phanerogamic botany. T. Dale Stewart has been appointed director of the Museum of Natural History. Dr. Stewart will continue as head curator of the Department of Anthropology. USDA, BELTSVILLE R. L. Steere recently visited the Plum Island (N.Y.) Laboratory of USDA and presented a seminar on “Agar Filtration in Virus Purification.” Dr. Steere also at- tended the 5th International Congress of Electron Microscopy and served as chair- man of tle session on virus reproduction. John H. Martin returned on September 7, from a 314-month trip to eight countries of equatorial Africa. He visited 15 experi- ment stations, conferred with agricultural officials, and observed grain production methods. Milton S. Schechter, chemist with the Entomology Research Division, Pesticide Chemicals Research Branch, has been given the Harvey W. Wiley Award by the Associa- tion of Official Agricultural Chemists for achievements in developing sensitive analyt- ical methods for DDT, benzene hexa- chloride, and other insecticides in foods. and for the discovery of a route to the synthesis of the outstandingly safe insecti- cide allethrin and related pyrethrin-type esters. C. H. Hoffmann participated in the 3rd Seminar on Biological Problems in Water Pollution at Cincinnati, and on August 15 gave a paper on “How Should Agricultural Pollutants be Controlled?” J. E. McMurtrey, Jr. is recovering from a hernia operation which had made it nec- essary to be absent from work for about a month. Karl H. Norris, Instrumentation Re- search Laboratory, MQRD, AMS, was the research seminar speaker November 15 for the Research Branch of the Canadian De- partment of Agriculture, Ottawa. Mr. Norris discussed “Instrumentation to Mea- sure the Internal Quality of Agricultural Commodities.” DECEMBER, 1962 Lawrence Zeleny attended the Seventh Annual Extension Conference of Grain Elevator Operators at Stillwater, Okla., October 4-5, and spoke on the subject of the wheat sedimentation test. This test for wheat quality, devised by the Department of Agriculture, was used for the first time this year as a basis for loan value premiums paid to farmers in connection with the Government’s wheat price support program. Sedimentation value replaced protein con- tent as a basis for such premiums. Frank P. Cullinan, Neil W. Stuart, and Victor R. Boswell of the Crops Re- search Division attended the 16th Interna- tional Horticultural Congress in Brussels, Belgium, August 30-September 9. Dr. Cul- linan visited a number of horticultural laboratories in England before the Con- gress, and afterward in France, Germany, and Italy. Dr. Stuart conferred with work- ers in England, Belgium, the Netherlands, and France on production and research problems of commercial ornamental crops, especially those entering into international trade. After the Congress, Dr. Boswell visited a number of vegetable crop research agencies in Poland with a view to develop- ing research contracts under Public Law 450. Alfred M. Pommer, Nutrition and Consumer Use Research, attended the 8th National Analysis Instrumentation Division Symposium of the Instrument Society of America, held May 1 at Charleston, W. Va., and presided over the session, “Emerging Techniques in Biochemical Analysis In- strumentation.” M. S. Anderson attended the first an- nual meeting of the newly-organized Peat Producers Association of the United States, held in New York on September 27. He presented a paper entitled, “Scientific Data as an Aid to the Peat Industry.” C. W. Whittaker and his wife have re- turned from a two-week tour of Mexico. USDA, WASHINGTON K. A. Haines, Agricultural Research Service, was a member of the United States 225 delegation to a meeting of the Food and Agriculture Organization Council held in Rome, October 15-26. The FAO Council, which has 27 member countries. is the governing body of the organization in non- conference years. UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND Zaka I. Slowsky of the Naval Ordnance Laboratory and George T. Rodo of the Naval Research Laboratory have accepted part-time professorships in the Department of Physics and Astronomy, to supervise the work of graduate students who are em- ployed in their laboratories. CALENDAR OF EVENTS December 6—Society for Experimen- tal Biology and Medicine Joint meeting with American Association of Clinical Chemists. Program to be an- nounced. 8:00 p.m., Rm. 101, Georgetown Univer- sity School of Medicine. December 10—American Society for Metals Joint meeting with American Welding Society. Discussion of “Welding Using Lasers” by Charles E. Church and William N. Platte of Westinghouse Research Lab- oratories and Harry Thurman of Westing- house Electric Corporation. Dinner at 6:30 p.m., meeting at 8:00, AAUW headquarters, 2401 Virginia Ave.. N.W. December 11—American Institute of Electrical Engineers John G. Anderson, General Electric Com- pany, “Extra High Voltage Transmission.” Dinner at 6:00 p.m. at O’Donnell’s, 1221 E. St., N.W.; meeting at 8:00 in PEPCO Auditorium, 10th & E Sts., N.W. December 11—American Society of Civil Engineers Program to be announced. Dinner at 6:30 p.m., meeting at 8:15 p.m., Powell Auditorium, Cosmos Club. December 11—Institute of Environ- mental Sciences Robert Belsheim. Naval Research Lab- 226 oratory, “Data Reduction and Analysis.” (Eleventh lecture of Dynamic Environment Series. ) 7:45 p.m., Rm. 100 Corcoran Hall, GWU. 21st & G Sts., N.W. December Il — IRE Professional Group on Microwave Theory and Technology George F. Hambleton, Army Electronics R&D Laboratory, “Semiconductor Devices in Microwave Applications.” Dinner at 6:00 p.m., Yenching Palace. Connecticut Ave. & Porter St., N.W.; meet- ing at 7:30, Conference Room of Materials Testing Laboratory, NBS. December 12—Geological Society of Washington Program to be announced. 3:00 p.m., Powell Auditorium, Cosmos Club. December 17—Society of American Military Engineers Luncheon; program to be announced. Barker Hall, YWCA, 17th & K Sts., N.W. December 18 — IRE Professional Group on Information Theory Salomon Kullback, professor of statistics. GWU, “Error Detection and Correction in Telegraph, Cable, and Radio Communica- tions.” Dinner at 6:00 p.m., O’Donnell’s, 1221 E- St., N.W.; meeting at 8:00, PEPCO Auditorium, 10th & E Sts., N.W. December 18—Institute of Environ- mental Sciences William R. Forlifer, head of Structural Dynamics Branch, Goddard Space Flight Center, “Environmental Testing.” (Twelfth lecture of Dynamic Environment Series. ) 7:45 p.m., Room 100 Corcoran Hall. GWU, 21st & G Sts., N.W. December 19—American Meteorolog- ical Society Program to be announced. 3:00 p.m., National Academy of Sciences. December 19—Washington Society of Engineers E. H. Rietzke, president, CREI Atomics. Topic to be announced. 8:00 p.m., Powell Auditorium, Cosmos Club. JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES December 26—Geological Society of Washington Program to be announced. 8:00 p.m., Powell Auditorium, Cosmos Club. December 28—American Society of Civil Engineers Annual Christmas party. 6 to 9 p.m., Shoreham Hotel. NEW MEMBERS ELECTED The following persons were elected to membership in the Academy at the Board of Managers meeting of November 7: Robert R. Bennett, research geologist, Geological Survey. “In recognition of his contribution to geology and_ hydrology, especially hydrogeology.” (Sponsors: V. T. Stringfield, G. W. Taylor, Jr., R. L. Nace.) Hyman P. Kaufman, supervisory geo- desist, Coast and Geodetic Survey. “In recognition of his contribution to geodesy, end in particular the development of ad- justment techniques of triangulation; his contribution of instrumentation; and his correlation of legal and technical precepts.” (Sponsors: A. L. Shalowitz, N. F. Braaten, H.S. Rappleye. ) Ruth M. Leverton, assistant adminis- trator, Agricultural Research Service. “In recognition of her research contributions to human nutrition, especially in respect to acid requirements, mineral metabolism, and nutritional status as related to dietary intake.” (Sponsors: Hazel K. Stiebeling, G. W. Irving, Jr., Florence H. Forziati.) Harvey C. Moore, professor of anthro- pology and sociology, American University. “In recognition of his contributions to anthropological theory, especially concern- ing cultural process and his field research among the Navaho Indians. (Sponsors: Regina Flannery Herzfeld, W. G. Lynn, R. M. Nardone.) Gustave Shapiro, chief of the Engi- neering Electronics Section, National Bu- reau of Standards. “In recognition of his contributions to the development of elec- tronic miniaturization techniques and com- DECEMBER, 1962 ponents.” (Sponsors: M. Apstein, P. J. Franklin, P. E. Landis.) JOINT BOARD ON SCIENCE EDUCATION Junior Academy Publishes Proceedings The Washington Junior Academy of Sciences has published the first volume of what is intended to be an annual Proceed- ings of the Washington Junior Academy of Sciences. Consisting of 144 pages, it con- tains the extended abstracts of 22 talks pre- sented by as many junior scientists at the Junior Academy’s annual meeting, held during the Christmas vacation period of 1961. For a number of years, the Junior Academy has held an annual meeting for the presentation of student papers. Since so many of these have been outstanding, the Governing Council of the Junior Academy felt they should be preserved to benefit a wider audience, including future members of their organization. The Advisory Com- mittee, under the chairmanship of Abner Brenner, agreed to cooperate by reviewing manuscripts and arranging details of pub- lication. The first volume is the result, and one in which all who participated may feel proud. Twelve hundred copies of the Proceed- ings have been printed. A copy has been sent to each member of the Junior Acad- emy. In addition, a copy has been given to each senior high school in the Washington area for placement in the school library. In the letter of transmittal, it is pointed out that the Proceedings has two objectives— to record the scientific accomplishments of local students, and to inspire other junior scientists to achieve. It is also noted that the first contributions of future leaders in science may well be recorded in the pages of the Proceedings. This is certainly a strong inducement for a school library to place the publication in its permanent col- lection. In order to extend the area of influence of the Proceedings, copies are being sent 220 to all junior academies in this country. No doubt a reciprocal arrangement will result with those junior academies that are now publishing journals. Perhaps the receipt of the Proceedings may inspire other organi- zations not now publishing to undertake such an activity. The publication of the Proceedings has been financed from net proceeds realized from the science tours sponsored by the Junior Academy each year. The Board of Managers of the senior Academy, at its November meeting, voted to underwrite the printing of 200 copies for such members of the Academy who might be interested in the publication. Accordingly, copies are avail- able for free distribution as long as the supply lasts. Requests should be directed to the Washington Academy of Sciences, 1530 P Street, N.W., Washington 5, D.C. —John K. Taylor SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT The Department of Physics and Astronomy of the University of Mary- land has announced graduate study research programs in 14 areas. They are astronomy, astrophysics, cosmic rays, elementary particle theory, quantum field theory, fluid dynamics, gaseous electronics, high-energy physics, molecular physics, nuclear physics, plasma physics, radio- astronomy, general relativity and_ solid state physics. A number of assistantships and fellowships are offered which provide tuition and stipends starting at $2000. Two additional Institutes at the National Institutes of Health were authorized by the 87th Congress. They are an Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and an Institute of General Medical Sciences; this will increase the number of Institutes to nine. The new In- 228 stitute of Child Health and Human Devel- opment will be concerned with research on the continuing process of growth and development that characterizes all biologi- cal life, from reproduction and _ prenatal development through infancy and _child- hood, and on into the stages of maturation and aging. The responsibilities of the new Institute of General Medical Sciences will be the support of research and research training in those scientific areas which pro- vide a common basis for understanding a wide range of disease and health problems. The “robber flies’ (Asilidae) are both beneficial and harmful. Some kill and eat bees, and in some places they des- troy whole apiaries and make commercial beekeeping impossible. But they also des- troy many insects that are destructive to crops and that way are beneficial to man. There are nearly 5,000 species distributed over most of the earth. The Smithsonian Institution recently published a two-volume report on the taxonomy of these insects by Frank M. Hull. A new modernized hall of the Na- tional Museum, devoted to North American archeology, was opened on November 16. There are 38 display units in the new hall. The first section of the hall consists of a series of displays devoted to the methods and objectives of systematic archeology. The theme is set by a wall map on which are depicted the principal food areas of North America, with superimposed vignettes showing the diversity of lifeways based on the major regional food resources available to prehistoric man. The rest of the hall illustrates, region by region, the diverse character of the archeological materials in the Southeastern United States, the North- east, the Mississippi-Ohio Valleys. and the Great Plains. JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Delegates to the Washington Academy of Sciences, Representing the Local Affiliated Societies* MMPI SOCICEY VOL) WASHING EOIN oc c.cs:5.cccs cece dese: seseceusssesevesessevecssessvsvcsvsssstesvesessvebesesneesscess R. D. Myers Metirepelecical society Of Washington .......................scc.ccccsscsescecessceteneseeseseeeese REGINA FLANNERY HERZFELD NP IPEI STEPS COE NV ASOIM ELON, oocec. cs. oc cece cess ccacecevionceesenceecsvacousscisssstoaserssssvieabevssessinessnn Joun A. Parapiso MRIMMPESGGIED TOL | WASHINGTON... .-.... Pe cce ene neonen s sesscedisnsncesecevecacnsanscccetecensenssesataensessae ALFRED E. Brown PETE eSOCICLY Of WaShIMStOM .......5..-.c0.-.cc1cie. cocsssetenescsaceeescscessncreeenssenannesteeesees FRANK L. CAMPBELL NEERING | SOCICLY. 2.06. fee-es-ssonksaxecocunscncsesnte sedoncdenesdsuessnedsesenescscesasueide 4 sucess ALEXANDER WETMORE eee NET EE Ye FOL) WASHINGTON 65...6..05 505654. .evesasvneecsecvesssendscodssvescltenecnneadsoeadsssnutsntencenses G. ARTHUR COOPER | femme society of the District of Columbia .....:..0.....:....1...cccsscelescsescesoecssees csccsetencnesceneess FREDERICK O. COE pe RIAMREBE A SOTO A SOCICLY 2 5.2. c en) oie. cc. dope cv nov aversiacusossoene-cneses sescdeensasgasentoersacstsecsuedaauntnnasee. U. S. Grant, III RSMMC CVELY OL WASHINGTON <......0..::.-...veeeccteonsgactoesseeseececeesensseceeroneducenetenesssedereeess Wivsur D. McCLeLLAN SURI MMOMEINVETNG ANT “FOEESELS, c..c..0.022:sscse-00e ove sa erevdsocesstodenoteedececosneszeanceacuecsennéedesseesseenesnns Harry A. FoweEtts OS EME SUGGS (ya 0eE Ss Re Cart I, AsLAKSON Mmeceany institute of Electrical Engineers. .........../...:......0.. ..ccccececsesseceescececeeseeseeeeeeeeeees- WILLIAM A. GEYGER American Society of Mechanical Engineers ............... Tibco ees te toe ne ee Witutiam G. ALLEN Heimmenolotical Society Of Washington ..............:...:000.00c..0ccscssececeeeccocceceeccesssaeesecedevseveceseees Doys A. SHORB American Society for Microbiology ............................. Ree ed ee aes ht Oe § Howarp REYNOLDS Socremaoteamernican Military Hngineers <...................-......c0sesscssssesceeseeessesseessseeenenseone® Delegate not appointed Meme eV eMN GMP EN NO © FCT PENCETS occ cce ae spzcolose cts cesesnnessonepeecsscvase cenennsansecceseetonscesecasuassceace Rosert D. Huntoon Pimemiemamoociety OF Civil Hmgineers: ...:...................cscecececenecessececeseececeseeeeseaeeceseneaeeees THORNDIKE SAVILLE, JR. Society for experimental Biology and Medicine .......................-.:..cccscs0ecscesecseeesecsssesoceesessaeaees FALCONER SMITH “OSD PTR TED) Sey SASTe ITO AY G) n Hucu L. Locan International Association for Dental Research ...................0cccccccccecseseseevesevesesveveveeseseeveveeee, AARON S. POSNER PCPMPEMONEINE MN ETOSPACCL SCIENCES ......0.40.0..c+0sceeeessoescecsessesvsonesseveedunseensoensonssneceupesesoues. Francois N. FRENKIEL PUIEEIGATPENICLEOLOIOZICAL SOCIETY o.......cc.c.csceeccccceseceoesnsesereesecesscseesessvessensseceetenness eS. JAcK THOMPSON Mts Mote MS ORLCEN OL WASIITOTON ee... oon. 0:- £5 .ocecn vee scendecedccnssvesoeseseeessueqnessosavessvsssreveseeases Rosert A. FULTON EMEC MIMO GCISLY OL CAUMETICA, 655.25..5..00ccc.cbacicccvoesncdesesvecoseoescvtesssadsateasbaseseeestssctvesesoes Matcoim C. HENDERSON ia meeN PRIM IRE ATS OCTEEY oo eacs eect dee cn scansiesspsnncsvtasensvasaededeessteeonssssuactenvvedhenstsavandcontt Grorce L. WEIL MRMPTE MO MULOMG ME CITMOLOSISES. oo... cec02..0.c0:.eccececneacease ceeceosevevessceodeoceseecederss, seedevusiessesansivere RicHarpD P. Farrow *Delegates continue in office until new selections are made by the respective affiliated societies. Volume 52 DECEMBER 1962 No. 9 CONTENTS Recent Developments in Chemotherapy of Cancer ~___---+---~-- 209 Use of the ‘*Peek-a-Boo” Information Retrieval Technique for a Personal Reference File _ 2 > 2254 _____2_ 2. 2) Se 216 The Botanical Society of Washington: A Brief History ______-______ 219 The Brownstone’ Tower. 2 > o5_ ai. = PRA: Slate of Officers for) 1963 2205-2. ol er 222 Science in Washington Scientists a the News .. 82° "2.5... pad Jomt Board on’ Science Education _._____2__ Ee 22 Science. and: Development —_._...._______/-_-=2 2 228 Washington Academy of Sciences 2nd Class Postage 1530—P St., N.W. Paid at Washington, D. C. Washington, D. C. Return Requested LISRARY OF ARNOLD ARBORETUM 22 DIVINITY AVE J CAWVERIOGE 38 MASS wAS