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“ACADEMY OF
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JANUARY 1968
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Electronics as a Means
For the Advancement

Of Biomedical Research*

Winston H. Starks

Head of Applied Research, American Electronic Laboratories Inc., Colmar,

Pa.

Although the subject, “Electronics as a
Means for the Advancement of Biomedi-
cal Research,” may upon first considera-
tion seem relatively straightforward, the
scope is monumental as a result of the
endless opportunities and __ possibilities
that elecironics offers as a tool for re-
search. |

Some basic definitions concerning the
subject should be interesting and thought-
provoking. | recall a physics professor of
the “old school” who delighted in
wrapping definitions up in precise and
neat packages. One of his favorite defini-
tions was:

“A science is an organized body of
knowledge consisting of a set of exact
definitions and standards.”

I should like to take the liberty of
paraphrasing to define electronics as a
massive disorganized body of knowledge,
having a set of inexact definitions and
secondary standards. However, in fairness
to the vast capability of electronics, it is
intriguing to think of it as the art of en-
slaving the tiny electron to serve as a
giant Aladdin’s lamp that will perform
any task envisioned by man in a real and
practical form.

In what is still the infancy of its appli-
cation, electronics now plays a major role

*An address before the Washington Academy
of Sciences on May 18, 1967.

JANUARY, 1968

in the manufacture or function of numer-
ous devices in our daily life. It gives us
computer and data storage systems, and
makes possible systems of sensing, com-
munications, and control which challenge
the imagination in terms of size, com-
plexity, and extension through time and
space.
The deliberate and planned utilization
of electronics as a tool for research can
be aided by categorizing the types of func-
tions and services which it is capable of
providing.
There are many ways to clarify the
services and functions which electronics
can perform, but for the purpose of this
discussion, four basic categories are con-
sidered, each having three sub-categories:
1) Data Acquistion
A) Sensing of Information
B) Measuring by Calibration or Comparison
C) Recording or Display of Information

2) Data Analysis
A) Processing of Information
B) Interpretation of Information
C) Conclusions, Interpolations,

tions, and Predictions

3) Communications and Propagation

A) Communications and _ Propagation of
Information

B) Communications and
Energy

C) Communications and
Actions and Effects

4) Energy Utilization
A) Physical Control
B) Projection of Work

C) Conversion and Concentration

Extrapola-

Propagation of

Propagation of

Fig. 1. Battery-operated biodata acquisition system.

Fig. 2. Radio telemetry transmitter mounted on porpoise.

2 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Fig. 3. Tracking beacon showing method of mounting on turtle.

Interdisciplinary Application

The field of biomedical research offers
one of the greatest interdisciplinary op-
portunities for scientific advancement via
the “catalytic effect’ of the numerous
powerful tools of electronics. In addition
to the basic measurement applications,
electronics has provided specialized tools
such as diathermy, the electron micro-
scope, X-ray and fluoroscopic machines,
and more recently, the thermograph.

It is very likely that scientific progress
would “skyrocket” if each scientist had a
working knowledge of all disciplines. At-
tempts to provide combinations of knowl-
edge in one brain, as typified by the “Med-
ical Electronic” degrees, can only partially
meet this need.

Improved means for interdisciplinary
communications and cooperation must be
developed before we can approach the
full potential for scientific and technolog-
ical advancement.

JANUARY, 1968

The Black Box Concept

A useful technique for communicating
problems to electronic engineers is em-
bodied in the “black box” concept. The
essence of this concept is that a problem
or objective may be defined in terms of
“inputs” or effects going into the black
box and “outputs” such as signals from,
or reactions by, the “black box.” In this
way a problem, or a “system,” may be
described in its simplest and most general
form, thus allowing the maximum degree
of freedom for analysis and solutions.

Typical Applications of Electronics
to
Biomedical Research
One of the most important services
electronics can provide to biomedical
research is the acquisition and analysis of
data. Electronic systems for data acquisi-
tion can provide the speed and conven-
ience inherent in automatic sensors, long-

Fig. 4. Disposable biotelemetry buoy in test tank.

or short-range telemetry, automatic re-
cording, and analysis of data.

The basic elements of the telemetry
system consist of one or more sensors
placed at the point of measurement, a
transmitter which is modulated by sig-
nals from the sensors, and a receiving
station which may include data displays
and data recorders.

The required complexity of biophysical
telemetry systems, and the type of energy
propagation, will be determined to a
great extent by the degree of animal free-
dom to be allowed, and by the composi-
tion of the medium which surrounds the
subject. In the case of animals having
the limited freedom of a cage or pen,
short-range telemetry may be accomplish-
ed by a simple system, using ultrasonics
or magnetic coupling with a surrounding
medium of water, air, or soil. For long-
range monitoring applications, radio tele-
metry is normally used because of the
ability to propagate usable signals over
relatively great distances with a_ small
amount of energy.

A battery-operated biodata acquisition
system, consisting of miniature radio te-
lemetry transmitters, and an eight-element

Yagi antenna for direction finding, a 140
MC telemetry receiver, and a digital data
display for real time viewing of data is
shown in Figure 1. Although data such as
temperature are displayed in numerical
form, they can also be recorded to pro-
vide a permanent record for analysis at
a later time. The miniature telemetry
transmitter, mounted on the back of the
pigeon, weighs one ounce and will provide
an operating test time of approximately
25 hours. .

A variation of the Bird Telemetry Trans-
mitter utilizes solar cells to recharge the
battery, to provide several months of
continuous operation. Experimental ver-
sions also have incorporated miniature
radio command receivers for remote con-
trol of the device, sometimes referred to
as a “transponder.”

Another version of the radio telemetry
transmitter, with pressurized housing, is
shown in Figure 2, as it would be applied
in the monitoring of a porpoise. The par-
ticular model shown here is larger than

Fig. 5. VLF underwater telemetry and communi-
cations transmitter.

4 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Fig. 6. Swimmer radio EKG telemetry transmitter.

necessary for the porpoise, since it was
also designed for monitoring whales.

Figure 3 depicts the use of a similar
radio transmitter as it would be applied
to research studies of migratory habits of
the green turtle. Radio telemetry tracking
of both the turtle and the porpoise is
dependent on the periodic surfacing of
the animals for air.

A Marine Bio-Telemetry Buoy of the
free-floating, disposable type is shown
under test in Figure 4. This buoy is de-
siened for temperature telemetry _ but,
with appropriate sensors, may be used
to monitor salinity, sound, light, and other
oceanographic parameters.

An experimental VLF Underwater Tele-
metry and Communications Device, Figure
5, provides a means for limited freedom
in underwater communications and _tele-
metry for man and animals. The use of

JaNuaARY, 1968

VLF technology in this instrumentation
enables propagation with low background
noise and minimized directivity as com-
pared to ultrasonic propagation in water.

As a variation on the theme of tele-
metry data from a free-moving animal,
Figure 6, a swimmer is being monitored
for the effects of stress on the human
heart. This instrument, operating at VHF
frequencies, has an effective range of
approximately one mile or more, depend-
ing on the power used.

An example of the employment of
magnetic induction telemetry for the
study of animals with limited freedom of
movement is a_ temperature telemetry
system, utilizing a miniature subcutaneous
transmitter and a pick-up loop incorpo-
rated in a cage. This system is common-
ly used for study of drugs with animals
such as the rabbit.

A similar instrument, called the Basal
Temperature Telemetry System, is em-
ployed as a research tool for the study of
fertility cycles. This system consists of a
vaginal temperature telemeter, a pickup
loop installed around the edge of the bed,
a special radio receiver, and a chart
recorder. The system provides constant
chart recording of. basal temperature dur-
ing sleep, thus providing more consistent
and reliable information.

Conclusions

Inherent in the capability of electronics
to serve science, and specifically the areas
of biomedical research, is the challenge to
be bold enough to use this powerful tool
for investigating beyond the anticipated
and into the dark unknown.

Realizing that electronics may be a key to
opening certain “Pandora’s Boxes” of
nature, some of which might cause vehe-
ment public disapproval, I should like to

conclude with the following thought-
provoking questions which typify this
challenge. Considering these questions as
examples without any implied scientific
merit:

e Dare we use electronics to investi-
gate the effect of magnetic and electro-
static fields on memory, learning, think-
ing ability, creativity, and moods?

e Dare we use it to investigate repro-
duction of the species and_ biological
aging?
and finally,

e Dare we employ it to investigate
other controversial areas such as “ESP”
and perhaps even the soul of man?

The examples of telemetry instrumen-
tation in this paper were developed by the
American Electronic Laboratories. Re-
search and development on items related
to birds and aquatic animals were con-

ducted under the sponsorship of the Office
of Naval Research.

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

The Role of the Science

Fair in Education*

Phoebe H. Knipling

Science Supervisor, Arlington County Public Schools

While the science fair is a relatively
new co-curricular activity, the idea is a
very old one. Throughout the history of
human society, fairs and exhibits of var-
ious kinds have stimulated interest in
ideas, processes, and commodities and
thus have been major forces in world
progress. The science fair today is merely
this old idea, developed especially as an
educational tool to create interest in
science and engineering. There can be
little doubt that, along with the phenome-
nal growth of the science fair movement,
interest in science has increased among
school administrators, students, and pa-
rents.

The development of projects has proved
to be an effective means of extending
science beyond the classroom. Since this
is true for the average student as well as
for the more academically able student, a
project may take any of many forms and
deal with any of many subjects. The best
project is not necessarily the most com-
plex nor the most expensive; it is rather
the project which best shows ability of
the student to solve a problem whether it
be large or small. The quality of exhibits
displayed at regional, state, or national
fairs is remarkable, and the investigations
and interpreparations that are being made
by high school students continues to
amaze both the judges and the general
public. It must be remembered, however,
that learning occurs during the develop-
ment of every project and many of these

*Presented at a joint meeting of the Washing-
ton Academy of Sciences and the Washington
Junior Academy of Sciences, held October 28,
1967 at Georgetown University.

January, 1968

never get beyond the school fair. For this
reason, the school fair is the most impor-
tant one in the chain of the school, region-
al, state, and national fairs. These larger
fairs, however, are very important as
incentives to the student and in stimulat-
ing public interest, and should be sup-
ported to the fullest extent. These larger
fairs serve the same purposes as do the
bowl games or the world series—namely,
to stimulate interest and motivate effort
at the local level.

Rewards are many for each student who
plans a project and carries out the investi-
gations to solve the problem. During the
process he has gained educational ex-
periences that are of lasting importance:
he has gained information about a given
subject, he has learned how to identify
problems and undertake investigations
toward the solution, he has learned and
developed an understanding of the basic
principles of research, he has acquired an
appreciation of the implications of
science, he has learned to use material
resources, he has become acquainted with
scientists and their work, he has had ex-
perience in communicating his ideas to
others, he has developed self-confidence,
and, by developing critical thinking, he is
in a better position to evaluate himself
for determining the course of study or
career he should choose. Many of these
junior scientists are stimulated to become
senior scientists of tomorrow; others who
find that they should not pursue science
as a career will, nevertheless, make up a
citizenry which will be appreciative of
science.

The science fair program, in addition to
the basic function of inspiring young

t

people to do some creative thinking and
to conduct research, offers an opportunity
for students to gain recognition for their
efforts. Every scientist,. whether he be
seven or seventy, is encouraged and in-
spired to further his research if he is
aware that his endeavors are being re-
warded by recognition. Recognition does
not mean that large sums of money must
be spent on prizes. In fact, large cash or
material prizes, if allowed to become the
primary emphasis in a science fair pro-
gram, would cause the fair to lose its
worth as an educational experience. The
recognition that a high school student
wants is an appreciation for his efforts,
praise for worthwhile work accomplished,
and encouragement and suggestions for
advancing his study.

The opportunity to exhibit a project
serves as an inducement for its develop-
ment but the product for exhibition
should not be the primary aim. The real
value of a project is in the process of
developing. The more people with whom.a
student discusses his project, the more
ideas and suggestions for solving his prob-
lem will evolve for evaluation. This type
of help is valuable and the student should
be encouraged to seek it. There are, of
course, limits on both the amount and
type of outside assistance that a student
should accept. If, however, the student,
the teacher, the parent, and outsiders of-
fering the assistance keep in mind the
purpose of doing a project, this will
not become a problem. The student should
learn early that it is very important to
keep a record of the people he talks with,
the references he uses, and accurate data
on his trials and errors. All of this in-
formation should be recorded and_be-
come a part of his exhibit at the time of
the fair. Care should be taken to give
recognition to any and all persons who
have helped in any way.

Many students begin an investigation
and fail to progress to a point where they
think they want to display their findings
because they think their data are not con-

~~
—_

clusive or significant, or perhaps they
think that their project is not a winner.
Perhaps too much emphasis is being
placed on competition with other stud-
ents and whatever awards may be given
rather than personal satisfactions and
personal rewards gained. The rewards
are there for each student!

When the projects are displayed in a
science fair, they are reviewed by a panel
of senior scientists. We usually refer to
this team as the judges. These men and
women should be more than judges. They
should be consultants, counselors, and
advisors.

Every student who conducts an investi-
gation and enters an exhibit in a fair
should have an opportunity to discuss
his project with practicing scientists. This
is usually done at area fairs, but is some-
times overlooked at the local or school
level. I feel that since this does provide
an opportunity for counseling, it is most
important that every student be granted
this opportunity the first time that his
project is shown. No investigation is
really ever complete and the sooner the
student can get the advice of the experts,
the greater will be the benefits. Many
students never get beyond the school fair
because they got started on the wrong
track. If these same students, however,
are given the proper counseling, they can
be encouraged to correct their methods
and procedures in future studies, and
thus be encouraged to continue their in-
terest in science.

Frequently, fair directors think that
having each student interviewed by the
judges would make the job of getting
enough judges too difficult. This is not
actually the case because scientists are
much more willing to give their time if
they can have the opportunity to discuss
the project with the student rather than
merely making judgments on the basis of
hurriedly examining an exhibit. Only by
talking with the student can anyone know
how well the exhibitor really understands
what he is trying to show and what ques-

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

ee ) — ———EEEE—eEEE————EE—E—=E

tions he needs to have answered in order
to continue his study.

In evaluating the role of the science
fair in education, one must consider all
of the benefits to be received by all who
participate. These would include those de-
rived from selecting and defining a suit-
able problem, carrying out the investiga-
‘tion, use of human and material re-
sources, interpretation of data, prepara-
tion of exhibit, procedures of judging,
the awards and recognition, and arousing
public interest and support. When all of
these are considered, the rewards are
many for those who choose this way to
extend science beyond the classroom.

T-THOUGHTS

Standardization

Those who seem impatient with cur-
rent progress on the so-called problem of
“excessive numbers of makes and models
in our armamentarium” may find solace
in King Charles’ dilemma. In June 1631,
he published orders on the subject. A
transcript of an extract* is given hereon:

“And because we are credibly given to
understand that the often and continuall
altering and changing of the fashion of
armes and armours, some countrys and
parts of the Kingdome having armours of
one fashion, and some of another, do put
many of our subjects to a great and un-
necessary charge, and more than need
requireth;—for the avoiding whereof, our

* Patent Rolls (Chancery), 7 Charles I, Part 20
(C66/2579) .

January, 1968

will and pleasure is, and wee doe hereby
appoint and command, that hereafter
there shall be but one uniform fashion of
armours of the said common and trayned
bands throughout our said Kingdome of
England and domynion of Wales, when as
any of the said armours shall be sup-
plied and new made, and that that form
and fashion of armour shall be agreeable
to the last and modern fashion lately set
downe and appoynted to be used by the
lords and others of our Councel of Warre
(the patterns whereof are now and shall
remayn in the office of our ordinance
from tyme to tyme, which is our pleasure
likewise concerning gunnes, pikes, and
bandaliers whereof patterns are and shall

remayn from tyme to tyme in our said
office) .”

Worry-Bridges

Some people seem to exhibit a propen-
sity about crossing worry-bridges before
they come to them. They have the extra-
ordinary talent of hanging black draperies
and readying funeral sermons in excited
anticipation, only to find out later that
there was no problem after all. They re-
mind me of Sancho.

Perhaps you remember Sancho Panza in
Cervantes’ Don Quixote. The poor fellow
found himself clinging desperately one
night to a window ledge. He sweated,
squirmed, and prayed for dear life all
through the night. When day broke, he
found that his feet had been only an
inch from the ground!

= Ralph Goi- Sm

Academy Proceedings

ACADEMY ANNOUNCES
AWARD WINNERS

Recipients of the 1967 Awards for
Scientific Achievement, sponsored annually
by the Academy, have been announced.
They are as follows:

Biological Sciences: Marie M. Cassidy
and Charles S. Tidball, George Washington
University School of Medicine, a joint
award “for basic contributions on mecha-
nisms of transport across biological mem-
branes.”

Engineering Sciences: Robert D. Cut-
kosky, National Bureau of Standards, “for
his contributions to the science of pre-
cision electrical measurements.”

Physical Sciences: Charles W. Misner,
University of Maryland, “for important
contributions in relativity theory and as-
trophysics.”

Mathematics: Leon Greenberg, Univer-
sity of Maryland, “for new results from
classical interactions among algebra, ge-
ometry, and analysis.”

Teaching of Science: Raymond A. Gallo-
way, University of Maryland, “for out-
standing service as teacher, researcher,
and advisor to students.”

The selections were made by the Acad-
emy’s Committee on Awards for Scienti-
fic Achievement and were approved by the
Board of Managers on December 21. The
awards will be presented at the Academy’s
meeting on January 25.

ACADEMY ISSUES
NEW MONOGRAPH

“Oxygen and Oxidation Theories and
Techniques in the 19th Century and the
First Part of the 20th” is the title of a new
monograph published by the Academy in
November 1967. The author is Eduard Far-
ber, adjunct professor at American Uni-
versity and the Academy’s archivist. The

publication, containing results of studies
begun with a two-year grant from the
National Science Foundation, is arranged
in three parts: Oxygen and the course of
oxidation research; oxygen and color; and
partial combustion. It is available from
the Academy office, 1530 P St., N.W., at
a cost of $4.25 (vii + 111 pages; 9 illus-
trations of apparatus and processes).

This is the third monograph to be
sponsored by the Academy. The first, “The
Parasitic Cuckoo of Africa,’ by Herbert
Friedmann, was published in 1948. The —
second, ‘“‘Microsomal Particles and Protein
Synthesis,” edited by Richard B. Roberts,
was published in 1958 by Pergamon Press,
on behalf of the Academy; it contained
the proceedings of the First Symposium of
the Biophysical Society, February 5-8,
1958.

BOARD OF MANAGERS
MEETING NOTES

November

The Board of Managers held its 588th
meeting on November 16, 1967, at George-
town University, with President Specht
presiding.

The minutes of the 587th meeting were
approved as previously distributed.

Announcements. Dr. Specht reported
that he had not yet appointed the ad hoc
committee to review the Academy’s activi-
ties, which was authorized at the Octo-
ber Board meeting. Dr. Stern suggested
that the Committee on Policy Planning
might carry out this assignment; and Dr.
Specht ageed that the Committee should
certainly be involved.

Dr. Specht announced the death of Carl
C. Kiess, who retired recently after a 40-
year career at the National Bureau of
Standards.

Dr. Sherlin announced the Philosophical
Society’s plans for its Annual Christmas

10 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Lecture, on the afternoon of December
27 at Georgetown University. It was to be
held in conjunction with the Christmas
Convention of the Washington Junior
Academy of Sciences; and George B. Chap-
man of Georgetown University was expect-
ed to speak on “Comparative Studies of

Cell Fine Structure.”

Secretary. Mr. Farrow reported that the
Academy’s Nominating Committee had met
on October 19 following the 587th
Board of Managers meeting, to select a slate
of officers for 1968. An announcement of
the nominees was mailed to the member-
ship together with a ballot concerning a
Bylaws amendment and a proposal for
affiliation. see

Mr. Farrow also reported that in ac-
cordance with custom, Science Service had
been given permission to use the Acad-
emys mailing list for an announcement
of its annual science talent search.

Membership. Chairman Mitchell had no
new nominations to submit at the present
meeting. He suggested that Board mem-
bers consider submitting the names of
their associates eligible for fellowship in
the Academy. He also renewed his sug-
gestion that the Academy should have a
membership brochure, perhaps in_ the
form of an attractive four-page folder, out-
lining its history and objectives. Dr. Tay-
lor indicated that he would prepare a
specimen of such a folder.

Meetings. In the absence of Chairman
Galler, Dr. Specht reported that there was
some question about holding a regular
December meeting, since the heavy Christ-
mas schedule would probably limit attend-
ance.

Grants-in-Aid, Chairman Sherlin advised
that a report, to be provided by Dr. Schu-
bert, would be used in preparing a letter to
AAAS, requesting its approval for charg-
ing the Academy’s $300 contribution to
Dr. Schubert’s student employment pro-
gram as a grant-in-aid, reimbursable from
AAAS funds.

Encouragement of Science Talent. Chair-
man Heyden announced that the field

JANUARY, 1968

trips operated by the Junior Academy
were now over-subscribed. At the last
Board meeting he had indicated that
these trips, which provide a major source
of income to the Junior Academy, might
not be as well attended as in the past.
He was pleased to announce that a last-
minute rush of applications had corrected
this situation.

Father Heyden also reported that the
October 28 joint meeting of the Junior
and Senior Academies had been attended
by a number of Senior Academy members.
Sessions with representatives from the
Senior Academy and the Council of Engi-
neering and Architectural Societies pro-
vided Junior Academy members with
answers to questions about Science Fair
projects. Attendance by Junior Academy
members was estimated at 150 students.

Editor. Editor Detwiler reported that the
October issue of the Journal had appeared
some time ago, and that the November
issue had just been mailed. Each issue
contains an article on the geology of the
Washington area, developed through the
initiative of members of the Geological
Society of Washington. The October article
already has attracted attention in Wash-
ington newspapers, and aroused interest
among geologists and other scientists of
the area.

Archivist. Dr. Farber reported that he
had reviewed the files in the Academy’s
office, and estimated that it would require
a half man-year to organize them into
usable form. He asked that Board mem-
bers consider whether it would be worth
while to invest this effort and, if so, what
questions would likely be asked by per-
sons using the files.

NEW AFFILIATION,

BYLAWS CHANGE APPROVED
Returns from a special mail ballot of

the membership, sent out in mid-Novem-

ber, were tallied on December 18 by a

Committee of Tellers.

11

The first question concerned a proposal
for affiliation with the Academy of the
- Washington Section, Instrument Society of
America. It was approved by a vote of
402 to 16.

The second question concerned minor
revisions of the Bylaws (Article IV, Sec-

tion 8, and Article VII, Section 1) to
change the time of the annual meeting from
January to May, and make the terms of
office of the Academy’s officers expire at

this time. It was approved by a vote of
406 to 10.

Science in Washington

CALENDAR OF EVENTS

Notices of meetings for this column
may be sent to Mary Louise Robbins,
George Washington University School of
Medicine, 1331 H Street, N. W., Washing-
ton, D. C., 20005, by the first Wednesday
of the month preceding the date of issue of
the Journal.

January 16—University of Maryland
Physics Colloquium
Speaker to be announced.
Building C-132, University of Mary-
land, 4:30 p.m.

January 17—American Meteorologi-

cal Society

Capt. W. L. Somervell, U.S.N., officer
in charge, Fleet Weather Facility, Norfolk
Naval Air Station, will speak on “Weather
Operations in Southeast Asia.”

National Academy of Sciences, 2101
Constitution Ave., N. W., 8:00 p.m.

January 17—University of Maryland
Astronomy Colloquium
Speaker to be announced.
Building C-132—University of Mary-
land—4::30 p.m.

January 19—Helminthological Soci-
ety of Washington
Charles S. Richards, Laboratory of
Parasitic Diseases, NIH, “Genetic Aspects
of Susceptibility of Biomphalaria glabrata
to Infection with Schistosoma mansoni.”
Kendall G. Powers, Laboratory of Par-
asite Chemotherapy, NIH, “Activity of

Lincomycin Analogs Against Plasmodium
cynomolgi in Rhesus Monkeys.”

Milford N. Lunde and Louis S. Dia-
mond, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases,
NIH, “Studies on Antigens from Axenic-
ally Cultured Entamoeba histolytica.”

J. Eckert, guest worker, Laboratory of
Parasitic Diseases, NIH, and H.-J. Burger,
Germany, “Studies on the Parasitic Gas-
troenteritis in Cattle in Germany.”

G. Pacheco, Laboratory of Parasitic Di-
seases, NIH, “Infection of Meriones un-
guiculatus, M. hurrianae, Mesocricetus
auratus, and Cricetulus griseus with Di-
petalonema witet.”

Wilson Hall, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, Md., 8:00 p.m.

January 19—Philosophical Society of

Washington

Speaker to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-
mos Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N.W.
8:15 p.m.

January 23—American Society for

Microbiology

“Mycoplasmata and L Forms.” Speak-
ers to be announced.

Veterans Administration Hospital, 50
Irving St., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

January 23—University of Maryland
Physics Colloquium
Speaker to be announced.
Building C-132, University of Mary-
land, 4:30 p.m.

12 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

January 24—Geological S ociety of
Washington
Speaker to be announced.
John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-
mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W., 8:00

p-m.

| January 24—University of Maryland
Astronomy Colloquium
Speaker to be announced.
Building C-132, University of Mary-
land, 4:30 p.m.

January 25—American Society of
Mechanical Engineers
Speaker to be announced.
PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E St, N.W.,
8:00 p.m.

January 25—Society for Experimen-
tal Biology and Medicine

Elmer L. Becker, Department of Im-
munochemistry, Walter Reed Army Insti-
tute of Research, Moderator. Topic: “Im-
munochemistry.”

Panelists :

William Terry, National Cancer Insti-
tute, NIH, “Antibody Activity of Sub-
classes of Immunoglobulin G.”

Henry Metzger, National Institute of
Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, NIH,
“Paraprotein Antibodies.”

Tibor Borsus, National Cancer Insti-
tute, NIH, “Complement Fixation on a
Molecular Basis.”

Main auditorium, Naval Medical Re-
search Institute, Naval Medical Center,
Bethesda, Maryland, 8:00 p.m.

Formal and informal discussion of the
topic and the presentations is encouraged.

Phone Dr. Becker, 576-3665.

January 30—University of Maryland
Physics Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.
Building C-132, University of Mary-
land, 4:30 p.m.

January 31—University of Maryland
Astronomy Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

JANUARY, 1968

Building C-132, University of Mary-
land, 4:30 p.m.

February 1—Electrochemical Society
Ernst M. Cohn, National Aeronautics
and Space Administration, “Forecast for
Space Fuel Cells.”
Beeghly Chemistry Building, American
University, 8:00 p.m.

February 1—Entomological Society
of Washington
Speaker to be announced.
Room 43, Natural History Building,
Smithsonian Institution, 8:00 p.m.

February 2—Philosophical Society of

Washington

Speaker to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-
mos Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N.W.
8:15 p.m.

February 6—Botanical Society of

Washington

John Buckley, director, Office of Ecol-
ogy, Department of Interior, will speak on
the International Biology Program and
Conservation.

Administration Building, National Ar-
boretum, 8:00 p.m.

February 6—Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers, Geo-
science Electronics Group
Arthur Markel, vice-president, Reynolds

Company, “Operations with the Alumin-

aut Submarine.”

PEPCO Building, 929 E St., N.W., 8:00

p-m.

February 6—University of Maryland
Physics Colloquium
Speaker to be announced.
Building C-132, University of Mary-
land, 4:30 p.m.

February 7—University of Maryland
Astronomy Colloquium
Speaker to be announced.
Building C-132, University of Mary-
land, 4:30 p.m.

13

February 8—American Society of
Mechanical Engineers
Speaker to be announced.
PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E St, N.W.,
8:00 p.m.

February 8—Chemical Society of

Washington

Main speaker: Robert W. Holley, pro-
fessor of biochemistry, Cornell University,
“Transfer RNA Structure.”

Naval Medical Center, 8:15 p.m.

Topical groups:

E.C. Horning, professor of biochemis-
try, Baylor University, “Steroid Chroma-
tography.”

C. N. R. Rao, visiting professor, Purdue
University (Indian Institute of Technol-
ogy. Kanpur, India), “Some Aspects of
Electron Donor-Acceptor Systems.”

William J. LeNoble, State University of
New York at Stony Brook, “Chemical Re-
activations under High Pressure.”

H. K. Livingston, professor of chemistry,
Wayne State University, “Polymorphism
in Nylon Single Crystal”.

Naval Medical Center, 5:00 p.m.; social
hour, 6:00 p.m., dinner 7:00 p.m.

February 12—American Society for

Metals

Burgess Memorial Lecture. E. Parker,
professor, University of California, “New
Materials and Fabrication Processes in
Metallurgy.”

Three Chefs Restaurant, River House,
1500 S. Joyce Street, Arlington, Virginia,
social hour and dinner, 6:00 p.m.; meet-
ing, 6:00 p.m.

February 12—Institute of Electrical

and Electronics Engineers

Speaker to be announced; general sub-
ject, FM Interference to TV.

PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E Street,
N.W., 8:00 p.m.

February 13—American Society of
Civil Engineers
Arvin H. Saunders, director, Bureau of
National Capital Airports, Federal Avia-

tion Administration, “The Future of Na-
tional and Dulles Airports.”
YWCA, 17th and K Sts., N. W., noon.
Luncheon meeting. For reservations,
phone Mr. Furen, 521-5600, ext. 4470

February 13—University of Maryland
Physics Colloquium
Speaker to be announced.
Building C-132, University of Mary-
land, 4:30 p.m.

February 13—Geological Society of

Washington

Speaker to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-
mos Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N.W..,
8:00 p.m.

February 14—University of Maryland
Astronomy Colloquium
Speaker to be announced.
Building C-132, University of Mary-
land, 4:30 p.m.

SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS

Contributions to this column may be
addressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate
Editor, c/o Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service, Federal
Center Building, Hyattsville, Maryland.

AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT

CHESTER R. BENJAMIN was a mem-
ber of the U.S. delegation at a USS.-
Japan Conference on Exchange of Bio-
logical Materials held in Washington
November 1-3. The Conference was staged
as an.activity of the U.S.-Japan Coopera-
tive Science Program administered on the
U.S. side by the National Science Foun-
dation.

L. D. CHRISTENSON, chief of the
Fruit and Vegetable Insects Research
Branch, Entomology Research Division,
Agricultural Research Service, retired
from Government service on December 1.

W.B. ENNIS, Jr., Agricultural Research
Service, gave an invited paper at an FAO-
sponsored Symposium on Crop Losses,

14, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Se ae

held in Rome October 2-6. Afterward he re-
viewed Public Law 480 research projects
in Israel, Yugoslavia, and Poland.

C. H. HOFFMANN, Entomology Re-
search Division, participated in the Youth
Conference Program at the Entomological
Society of America meeting held in New
- York City. His presentation on November
30 was entitled, “Challenges Facing En-
tomologists in Meeting World Food
Problems.”

GEORGE W. IRVING, Jr., spoke before
the Annual Conveniion of the National
Agricultural Chemicals Association held
in Palm Springs, Calif., on-November 6.

PAUL R. MILLER was a U.S. delegate
to an International Symposium on Crops
Losses sponsored by FAO in Rome, Italy,
October 2-6, 1967. He presented a paper
on “Plant Disease Epidemics, Their Ap-
praisal and Forecasting’, and at the con-
clusion of the Symposium he served as a
consultant to FAO in the development of
a worldwide program for the evaluation
of crop losses.

REECE I. SAILER has replaced W. H.
Anderson as chief of the Insect Identi-
fication and Parasite Introduction
Research Branch, Entomology Research
Division, Agricultural Research Service.

AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
MILTON HARRIS, Board chairman of

the American Chemical Society, delivered
the keynote address at the annual meet-
ing of the Israel Chemical Society on
October 23, which was held in Rehovoth,
Israel. His subject was, “Science and
Technology in a Modern Economy.” Also,
Dr. Harris has been selected to receive
the Distinguished Service Award pre-
sented by Oregon State University.

AMERICAN UNIVERSITY
LEO SCHUBERT, chairman of the

Chemistry Department, received four Na-
tional Science Foundation grants during
December. One, in the amount of $61,270,
will support the 10th Summer Institute
for College Professors in the History and

JANUARY, 1968

Philosophy of Science and Mathematics,
to be held from June 20 to July 31, 1968.
A second, for $60,490, will support the
13th Institute for Secondary School
Teachers of Chemistry and Physics, to be
held June 17 to August 2. A third, for
about $8,000, will support the 9th Re-
search Participation Program for Senior
High School Students, to be held June 21
to August 20. The fourth, for $39,215,
will support a cooperative college-school
science program for the summer of 1968
and the academic year 1968-69: it is a
new program designed to upgrade the
level of elementary-school science instruc-
tion in the District of Columbia public
school system.

CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY
STEPHEN D. BRUCK, research pro-

fessor in chemical engineering, has been
elected a fellow for life of the American
Association for the Advancement of Sci-
ence, in recognition of his outstanding
work on the properties of polymers. He

had been a member of AAAS since 1956.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
CHARLES F. WITHINGTON received

the Survey’s Oral Communications Award
in early November, “for exceptional
achievement in improving communications
and services to the public in general, and
in stimulating the interest of youthful
students in the earth sciences and in the
work of the Geological Survey in particu-
lar.” Over the past three years, Mr.
Withington has addressed classrooms—
ranging from the 3rd to the 12th grades—
in more than 30 area schools, his talks
ranging from general discussions of rocks
and minerals to explanations of the geol-
ogy of the Washington area and how it
has affected community growth patterns
and influenced business enterprise. Much
of this activity was carried out in collab-
oration with the Joint Board on Science
Education.

NATIONAL BUREAU
OF STANDARDS

Foreign talks have been given as fol-
lows: J. K. TAYLOR—“Recent Advances
in High Precision Chemical Analysis,”
Chemistry Department, Seminar for Fac-
ulty and Graduate Students, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Oc-
tober 10; C. S. MC CAMY—‘The Stability
of Silver-Gelatin Microfilms,’ Second In-
ternational Congress on Reprography, Co-
logne, West Germany, October 26; C. P.
SAYLOR—“The Freezing Staircase Meth-
od of Purification,” Metallurgical Cen-
ter of the National Center for Scientific
Research, France, Staff of Chemical Met-
allurgy, University of Paris, September

Sy

NATIONAL INSTITUTES
OF HEALTH

JAMES A. SHANNON, director of
NIH, received the honorary doctor of sci-
ence degree from Columbia University’s
College of Physicians and Surgeons on
October 20, in recognition of his leader-
ship of the National Institutes of Health
during a period of phenomenal growth.

MARSHALL NIRENBERG of the Na-
tional Heart Institute received a $20,000
Special Award of Merit from the Gairdner
Foundation on November 17 in Toronto,
Canada. He received the award for his
work in deciphering the genetic code and
in controlling protein synthesis within the
cell.

BERNARD BRODI, chief of the Labor-
atory of Chemical Pharmacology, Na-
tional Heart Institute, received an annual
Albert Lasker Medical Research Award
worth $10,000, on November 9 in New
York City, in honor of his “extraordinary
contributions to biochemical pharmacol-

99
ogy.

NATIONAL SCIENCE
FOUNDATION
RAYMOND J. SEEGER recently spoke

on “Humanism of Science” before groups

at the State University College of Buffalo,
Eastern New Mexico University, and
Clark College, Atlanta. He spoke on “Art,
Nature, and Mathematics” at the National
Gallery of Art on January 14. And he was
scheduled to be the principal speaker at
the installation of Sigma Xi clubs in Alex-
andria, La., and Arkansas State University
on January 25 and 26, respectively.

NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY

HERBERT FRIEDMAN, chief scientist
of the Hulburt Center and superintend-
ent of the Atmosphere and Astrophysics
Division, is one of five Federal Govern-
ment career men who have been named
to receive this year’s Rockefeller Public
Service Awards.

DEATHS
ALAN T. WATERMAN, 75, first di-

rector of the National Science Foundation,
died November 30 at the National Insti-
tutes of Health from complications follow-
ing surgery.

Dr. Waterman became head of NSF
when it was established in 1951, and held
the post until his retirement in 1963. Dur-
ing his incumbency, as NSF has pointed
out, he “successfully guided this organi-
zation from a small beginning to a posi-
tion of strength and influence.”

A native of Cornwall-on-Hudson, N. Y.,
Dr. Waterman received the doctorate in
physics in 1916. After serving with the
Army as a scientist during World War I,
he joined the faculty of Yale University,
where he was a member of the physics
department for 25 years. During World
War II, he served on the National Defense
Research Committee, on the National De-
fense Committee, and in the Office of
Scientific Research and Development. His
wartime experience made him aware of
the need for a closer relation between sci-
ence and government, a relation that he
helped foster through the Foundation in
the post-war years.

Dr. Waterman won recognition as one
of the country’s leading physicists for his

16 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

research in electrical conduction through
solids; thermionic, photoelectric emission,
and allied effects; and the _ electrical
_ properties of solids. He was a member of
the American Association of University
Professors, the Scientific Research Society
of America, the Washington Academy of
Sciences, the Cosmos Club, Phi Beta
Kappa, and Sigma Xi.

SAMUEL N. ALEXANDER, an interna-
tionally-known pioneer in the automatic
digital computer field, died December 9
at the age of 57. He had been a senior
research fellow with the National Bureau

of Standards.

Less than a month before his death,
Mr. Alexander had received the Harry
Goode Memorial Award of the American
Federation of Information Processing So-
cieties. The citation for this award summed
up his career: “For almost 22 years,
Samuel N. Alexander has probably in-
fluenced more than any other individual
the introduction and development of au-
tomatic data processing techniques and
systems into the operations of the Federal
Government.”

Born in Wharton, Texas, he received
physics and electrical engineering degrees
from the University of Oklahoma in 1931
and from MIT in 1933. He continued
graduate study at MIT until 1935, when
he became a physicist for the Simplex
Wire and Cable Corp. in Massachusetts.
He came to Washington in 1940 as a phy-
sicist for the Navy Department; and from
1943 to 1946, he was senior project engi-
neer for the Bendix Aviation Corp. He
joined NBS in 1946, as chief of the Elec-
trical Components Laboratory. Here he
had the responsibility of organizing a
group to conduct an R&D program for
the Army in electronic components suit-
able for use in automatic digital compu-
ters. From this beginning he established
the first laboratory entirely devoted to
the promotion of automatic data process-
ing devices and systems for the Govern-
ment, and to the extension of ADP tech-

JANUARY, 1968

niques from the solution of scientific
problems to more complex information-
handling and management problems.

In addition to the Harry Goode Award,
Mr. Alexander’s many honors included a
Department of Commerce gold medal in
1964, and in 1956 the Distinguished Serv-
ice Medal of the Swedish Royal Academy

of Engineering Scientists.

SCIENCE AND
DEVELOPMENT

Six major research programs and 162
individual projects aimed at preserving
the habitability of the earth have been
announced by the U.S. National Committee
for the International Biological Program
(IBP). The projects are the first to be
identified and described as part of the
U.S. contribution to the IBP.

The major studies, referred to as inte-
grated research programs, consist of (1)
an aerobiology investigation, (2) research
on large ecosystems, (3) a study of Es-
kimo populations, (4) an investigation of
terrestrial life in the Hawaiian Islands,
(5) research in phenology (the science of
relations between climate and the behav-
ior of plants and animals), and (6) a
study of the migration of persons from
rural to urban areas. It is expected that
about nine more integrated research pro-
grams will be developed in the coming
months.

Fifty nations are participating in the
International Biological Program, which
has as its goal the understanding of the
biological basis of productivity and human
welfare. As such it will instigate and cor-
relate worldwide research efforts directed
toward understanding man’s effects on
his environment. IBP entered its five-year
operational phase on July 1, 1967, after
three years of planning. U.S. participation
is directed by the National Committee.
within the Division of Biology and Agri-
culture of the National Research Council.

Fy

The Commonwealth Fund announced
on November 30, 1967 a grant of $500,-
000 to the endowment of the National
Academy of Sciences for use in further-
ing the Academy’s ability to exercise in-
dependent initiative and judgment con-
cerning vital problems and issues in sci-
ence. Earlier in 1967 the Ford, Rocke-
feller, and Sloan Foundations contributed
a total of $7 million.

The gift is unrestricted; it is the design
of the donor, however, to strengthen the
work of the Academy and its chief oper-
ating agency, the National Research
Council, in the identification and study of
important medical and health problems
and in the advancement of the underlying
science of medicine. Founded in 1918 by
Mrs. Stephen V. Harkness “to do some-
thing for the welfare of mankind,” the
Commonwealth Fund works largely in the
field of medical education and_ health
care.

Instruments that measure the earth’s
magnetic field may some day be used to
forecast earthquakes. Such
called magnetometers, have been posi-
tioned at several locations along Califor-
nia’s San Andreas Fault to detect changes
in the geomagnetic field resulting from
increased stress on subsurface rocks. In
April 1967, simultaneous changes were
observed on magnetometers in the Hollis-
ter, California, area. Slight dislocation
(creep) of the fault occurred 16 hours
later. Within two days after the geomag-
netic changes, a series of earthquakes oc-
curred.

A magnetometer array was established
on the San Andreas Fault in late 1965 by
Stanford University. The objective of the
array was to detect local changes in the
earth’s magnetic field and determine the
relationship between such events and
seismic occurrences.

From December 1965 to October 1966,
small changes in the geomagnetic field
were observed on five occasions. In each

instruments,

case, the changes were followed by creep,
or slight dislocation of the fault, and oc-
casionally by earthquakes.

These local changes prompted a more
dense magnetometer array to be estab-
lished south of Hollister in late 1966.
With more instruments there would be no
question as to the reality of the observed
magnetic variations. Also, more informa-
tion on the spatial distribution and pos-
sible relative time variations at the differ-
ent sites was desired.

On April 18, 1967, a local decrease in
the magnetic field of the earth was ob-
served simultaneously on four instruments
positioned over a 25-km span along the
fault. Creep displacement of 4 mm _ oc-
curred 16 hours after the magnetic event,
and a series of local earthquakes, the
largest not exceeding Richter magnitude

3.6, followed on April 20-22, 1967.

Throughout the United States, 8,000
pairs of twins, all men between the ages
of 45 and 50, are being asked to partic-
ipate in a major study of the effects of
environment on human health. The re-
search seeks information on the relation-
ship of such environmental factors as to-
bacco smoking and air pollution to cer-
tain cardiovascular and respiratory com-
plaints.

Questionnaires mailed in late September
ask the twins for information about their
general health. Questions cover such res-
piratory symptoms as coughing and short-
ness of breath; such cardiovascular symp-
toms as pain or discomfort in the chest;
diet, smoking, and drinking habits; phy-
sical exercise and leisure activities; resi-
dential and family history.

The study, sponsored by the Public
Health Service and the American Medical
Association, is the first to make use of
the National Research Council’s Twin
Registry. This roster of 16,000 pairs of
male twins was compiled over a 12-year
period from the medical and vital statis-
tics records of World War II veterans.

18 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

OOO Eee

The registry is designed as a resource for
use by authorized investigators interested
in the relative influence of environment
and heredity in chronic disease. All proj-
ects are carefully evaluated, however, by
an NRC advisory committee to protect the
twins from unwarranted invasions of pri-
_vacy.

Conducting the current study are two
noted Swedish scientists, visiting scholars
this year at the University of Cincinnati’s
new Center for Study of the Human En-
vironment. They are Dr. Lars Friberg and
Dr. Rune Cederlof, colleagues at the

Stockholm Karolinska Institute and at the
National Institute of Public Health of
Sweden. The questionnaire sent to the
twins is based on research they have done
with twins in their homeland.

The Second Conference on Neutron
Cross Sections and Technology will be
held March 4-7 at the Shoreham Hotel.
This conference is sponsored by the
American Nuclear Society’s Divisions of
Reactor Physics and Shielding, the Amer-
ican Physical Society’s Division of Nu-
clear Physics, the National Bureau of
Standards, and the Atomic Energy Com-
mission. Topics of invited and contributed
papers include the following general sub-
ject areas: (1) The need for and use of
neutron data in the fields of basic and
applied science; (2) standard data, flux
measurements, and analysis; (3) the need
for and use of neutron data in reactor
design applications; (4) measurement
and analysis of total and partial cross
sections for fissile nuclei; (5) measure-
ment and analysis of total and _ partial
cross sections for non-fissile nuclei; (6)
theory of nuclear cross sections and the
analysis of neutron interactions; (7) data
storage, retrieval, and evaluation: and
(8) the use of differential data in an-
alyzing integral experiments. Further in-
formation on the meeting is available
from F. J. Shorten, Rm. A106 Reactor
Building, National Bureau of Standards.
Washington, D. C. 20231.

JANUARY, 1968

On December 7 the National Bureau of
Standards reactor achieved criticality. A
self-sustaining chain reaction was ob-
tained after 20 fuel elements had been
loaded into the reactor. Located at the
Bureau’s Gaithersburg laboratories, the
facility will be operated at low power for
testing purposes until funds become avail-
able for operation at its full power ca-
pacity of 10 megawatts.

Initial planning for the facility began
in 1958 and construction was started in
1963 under an Atomic Energy Commis-
sion license. The building was occupied
in 1965 and the reactor completed late in
1967. It was designed to provide NBS
and other laboratories in the Washington
area with an extensive central facility
where neutron beams can be used for
fundamental research on materials of all
kinds. The primary need of these labora-
tories in a research reactor is for high-
intensity thermal and subthermal neu-
trons. Such neutrons are used primarily
to measure fundamental properties of or-
dinary matter, such as the location of
atoms in a crystal or the forces between
atoms. Knowledge of these basic proper-
ties of matter is needed to provide more
precise standards for industry and new
tools for research.

American scientists have discovered an-
other “hot spot” in the ocean bottom, a
mysterious hole in the sea in an area where
the water reaches a temperature of 133° F.
The new hot spot was found in the Red Sea
by the Coast and Geodetic Survey ship
OCEANOGRAPHER which is now on a

slobal scientific expedition.

What is unusual about the hot spots—
this is the fourth to be discovered in the
Red Sea—is that normally the water gets
colder the farther down you go. The re-
verse is true in the hot spots, which are
essentially ocean deeps or basins at the sea
botttom, since the temperature of the water
increases the farther down one goes.

Another unusual feature of the hot spots

19

is that the salt content is as high as 27
percent, almost eight times the ocean’s nor-
mal salt content of 3.6 percent. In the Red
Sea it is normally about 4 percent.

Bottom sea water with unusually high
temperatures and salt content was first ob-
served in this region in 1948 by the
Swedish Deep Sea Expedition, but it re-
mained for the British research vessel DIS-
COVERY to determine in 1964 that the
lowest 600 feet in a depth of 6600 feet was
filled with extremely dense brine with a
temperature of about 111 degrees. The
expedition named it the Discovery Deep.
Another hot spot in the same general cen-
tral Red Sea was found by the research
vessel ATLANTIS II of the Woods Hole
(Mass.) Oceanographic Institution to
reach a temperature of 133° F. and was
named the Atlantis I] Deep. The only other
hot spot discovered until now was the
Chain Deep, which was found by another
Woods Hole ship.

The hot spots are all located within a
10-mile area, and surveys by other ships
as late as April revealed no other examples
of this unusual phenomena until the fourth
was discovered by the USC&GSS OCEAN-
OGRAPHER as it passed recently through
the Red Sea enroute to the Indian and
Pacific oceans.

Oregon and Utah recently became the
third and fourth states to receive new
weights and measures standards under a
program to replace the standards of all 50
states.

Many of the standards and instruments
used by the states in weights and measures
administration were provided by the Fed-
eral Government 100 years ago or more.

The National Bureau of Standards is su-
pervising replacement of the state stand-
ards to update and extend measurement
competence throughout the nation, as re-
quired by scientific and technological ad-
vances. Within the next few months sets
will be presented to California, Connecti-
cut, Delaware, Kentucky, New Mexico, and
Tennessee.

It is expected that new standards and
instruments will be provided to about 10
states per year until all state standards
facilities have been modernized.

Each new set includes standards of mass
(weight), length, and volume and _neces-
sary laboratory instruments, including
high precision balances, all specially de-
signed to meet state weights and measures
requirements. Each set costs the Federal
Government about $70,000, including cali-
bration, installation, and training of lab-
oratory personnel. The state contribution
to the program, in the form of new or
expanded laboratory facilities and better
qualified personnel, will be considerably
more than the Federal cost.

Measurement uniformity among the
states began in 1838 when Congress au-
thorized the Féderal Government to supply
each state with “. . . a complete set of
weights and measures adopted as standards
—to the end that a uniform standard of
weights and measures may be established
throughout the United States.”

In the United States, the actual regula-
tion of weighing and measuring equipment
in commerce is retained largely by the
states. The National Bureau of Standards
is the principal technical resource for the
states in this area.

po me

20 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

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Volume 58 JANUARY 1968

CONTENTS

W. H. Starks: Electronics as a Means for the Advancement of Biomedical Res care |

Phoebe H. Knipling: The Role of the Science Fair in Education... we
ToT hoviabite | oi. cise) ise viasewingonnecinig reaming Oaetes Orsi ieee Se a neue
Academy Proceedings | | y:
Academy Announces Award Winners MER TORRENO ecyok +
New Monograph ‘Teaued. :\...:...56:Vissrisyitreessiicabiteasen efibe sec teary ns cain ea mer .

Board of Managers Meeting Notes (November) 000.00... ite
Results of Balloting sesssenueveefuaduaageennsnitrarennces Goons Gaatdanssney iced tees iasg ene an
Science in Washington AS

Calendar of Event. ....cc1...03.i0f0,fccuuctissctssttsectsetts apdeslansy ope oe nae
Scientiaty is the News «ci. csiassericsivesdevnetteltss gant arrnorn ign gart areaame oe
Science:and Development .......:.4).i)scgsetieoitonaces oat mtenenny nee oe

Washington Academy of Sciences 2nd Class |
1530—P St., N.W. Pai
Washington, D.C., 20005
Return Requested

VOLUME 58 NUMBER 2

Journal of the
WASHINGTON >
ACADEMY OF

SCIENCES —

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FEBRUARY 1968

Six Scientists Receive

Academy’s Annual Awards

Awards for outstanding _ scientific
achievement were conferred upon five
research scientists and one science teacher
at the Washington Academy’s 70th Annual
Dinner Meeting on January 25 at the
Cosmos Club.

The research investigators honored were
Marie Mullaney Cassidy and Charles S.
Tidball of the George Washington Uni-
versity Medical Center, in the biological
sciences; Robert D. Cutkosky of the Na-
tional Bureau of Standards, in the engi-
neering sciences; Charles W. Misner of the
University of Maryland, in the physical
sciences; and Leon Greenberg of the
University of Maryland, in mathematics.

The science teacher was Raymond A.
Galloway of the University of Maryland.

Award winners were introduced by John
Park, dean of the George Washington Uni-
versity Medical School; C. H. Page of the
National Bureau of Standards; and How-
ard Laster, J. L. Walsh, and R. W. Krauss,
all of the University of Maryland.

The Academy’s awards program was
initiated in 1939 to recognize young sci-
entists of the area for “noteworthy discov-
ery, accomplishment, or publication” in
the biological, physical, and engineering
sciences. An award for outstanding teach-
ing was added in 1955, and another for
mathematics in 1959. Except in teaching,
where no age limit is set, candidates for
awards must be under 40. The: previous
award winners are listed at the end of this
article.

Biological Sciences
Marie Mullaney Cassidy and Charles S.

Tidball were cited jointly “for basic con-
tributions on mechanisms of transport
across biological membranes.” As an out-

FEBRUARY, 1968

growth of a long-standing interest in ab-
sorptive and secretory mechanisms in the
gastrointestinal tract, Dr. Tidball studied
the role of divalent cations in regulating
permeability of physiological membranes.
He confirmed the extensive increase in
permeability of the intestinal epithelial
membrane following chelation depletion
and established the reversibility of the
phenomenon when appropriate concentra-
tions of divalent cations were restored to
the membrane. In 1963 he was joined by
Dr. Cassidy, who had previously studied
ion transport in skeletal muscle. They were
able to correlate the permeability status of
intestinal epithelium with the calcium and
magnesium content of the tissue. Further
experiments clarified that the moiety re-
sponsible for this regulation was associated
with the cell membrane fraction of the
tissue. Ultrastructural studies with the
electron microscope revealed a reversible
morphological alteration which accompa-
nied the permeability alteration. These
findings led to a hypothesis that the effect
of the divalent cations was to modulate the
size of the aqueous pores of the mucosal
membrane. Subsequent studies of cellular
ionic composition and specific pore radius
estimates confirmed this hypothesis.

Current theories of water movement
across epithelial tissues have implicated the
intercellular channel as the locus of equili-
bration between actively transported solute
and moving solvent. The detailed investiga-
tion of this permeability phenomenon by
Drs. Tidball and Cassidy has not only
helped to confirm the role of the intercellu-
lar channels as an osmotic equilibration
device but has also suggested the basic
mechanism by which calcium and mag-
nesium regulate transport across ail bio-

21

Award Winners at Annual Academy Meeting

M. M. Cassipy

C. W. MIsNER

logical membranes. Furthermore, recent
electron microscopy studies by Drs. Tidball
and Cassidy demonstrate, for the first time,
a specific localization of sodium within the
intercellular channel. These studies offer
unique evidence for the delineation of the
active sodium transport mechanism across
epithelial tissue. The application of coor-
dinated structural and functional tech-
niques as employed by these investigators
should lead to a better understanding of
similar transport mechanisms in other
tissues.

Dr. Cassidy was born in Dublin, Ireland
on July 30, 1936. She received the B. Sc.
degree in 1957 from the National Univer-
sity of Ireland, the M. Sc. degree in 1959
and the Ph. D. degree in 1962 from the
same university. From 1960 to 1963, she
was assistant lecturer in the Department
of Biochemistry, University College, Dub-
lin. At present, she is assistant professor of
physiology at the George Washington Uni-
versity Medical Center. She also serves as
a member of the teaching faculty of the
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

C. S. TIDBALL

LEON GREENBERG

BRS SER.

R. D. CutKosky

R. A. GALLOWAY

Dr. Tidball was born in Geneva, Switzer-
land on April 15, 1928. He received the
B.A. degree in 1950 from Wesleyan Uni-
versity, the M.S. degree in 1952 from the
University of Rochester, the Ph. D. degree
in 1955 from the University of Wisconsin,
and the M.D. degree in 1958 from the Uni-
versity of Chicago. After interning at Madi-
son, Wis., he came to George Washington
University in 1959. He is now Henry D.
Fry professor of physiology and chairman
of that Department at the University’s

Medical Center.

Engineering Sciences

Robert D. Cutkosky was cited “for his
contributions to the science of precision
electrical measurements.”” Among his ac-
complishments are the determination, with
Raymond Driscoll, of the ampere in terms
of the mechanical force between current-
carrying conductors. This value of the
ampere is presently used internationally in
assigning the values of various atomic con-
stants. Mr. Cutkosky was the first worker

22, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

to use a capacitance technique in determin-
ing the ohm in terms of the mechanical
units of length and time. The estimated un-
certainty of this determination was 2 parts
in a million, an improvement of a factor
of two over the best previous value. At
present, Mr. Cutkosky is engaged in a new
determination of the ohm, using a refined
capacitance technique. This determination
is expected to improve the assignment of
this unit in the United States by a full
order of magnitude. Mr. Cutkosky’s ac-
complishments also include the develop-
ment of a standard of capacitance which
is stable within one part in 10’ per year, a
ten-fold improvement over the best stand-
ard previously available. Copies of this
standard are being circulated among the
various national standards laboratories of
the world to bring their capacitance meas-
urements to a common basis.

Born in Minneapolis, Minn. on October
24, 1933, Mr. Cutkosky received the B.S.
degree in physics from Massachusetts In-
stitute of Technology in 1955. Since then
he has been a physicist in the Electricity
Division of the National Bureau of Stand-
ards.

Physical Sciences

Charles W. Misner was cited for “im-
portant contributions in relativity theory
and astrophysics.” Dr. Misner has been
able to show that neutron stars can be
dynamically stable and that their integrated
properties are relatively insensitive to the
form of the ultra high density equation of
state. He developed greatly improved rela-
tivistic equations to describe the gravita-
tional collapse currently believed to be a
possible source of the energy of the quasi
stellar radio objects (quasars). Subse-
quently, he modified the equations to allow
a heat transfer process in which internal
energy is converted (at some rate con-
trolled by an equation of state) into an
outward flux of neutrinos.

In addition, Dr. Misner has investigated
the geometry outside a dense star when
radiation is included and has analyzed the

FEBRUARY, 1968

behavior as the star collapses through the
Schwarzschild “singularity.” Most recently
he has devoted himself to the cosmological
problem of how the universe evolved, mak-
ing important contributions to the under-
standing of the mode of formation of
galaxies.

Dr. Misner was born on June 13, 1932
in Jackson, Mich. He received the B.S.
degree in 1952 from the University of
Notre Dame, the M. A. degree in 1954, and
the Ph. D. degree in 1957, both from
Princeton University. He remained at
Princeton as a faculty member until 1963,
then came to the University of Maryland,
where he now holds the rank of professor.

Mathematics

Leon Greenberg was cited for “new re-
sults from classical interactions among
algebra, geometry and analysis.” Dr.
Greenberg moves freely among these dif-
ferent fields in his investigations, employ-
ing the most advanced tools of modern
mathematics. In his seminar on the pro-
found researches of Jakob Nielsen and W.
Fenchel, he has displayed a mastery of
exposition as well as mathematics.

One of Dr. Greenberg’s interests is the
field of discontinuous groups. In his paper,
“Maximal Fuchsian Groups,” he proved a
theorem on the automorphisms of a closed
Riemann surface, which is a “best possi-
ble” result and so represents the final chap-
ter of an investigation opened by the Ger-
man mathematician Hurwitz in 1891. In
“Fundamental Polygons for Fuchsian
Groups,” Dr. Greenberg provided a simple
proof of a basic result heretofore available
only in very complicated and not com-
pletely satisfactory form.

Born in New York City on September 8,
1931, Dr. Greenberg completed his under-
graduate work at the College of the City of
New York. He obtained the Ph. D. degree
from Yale in 1958 and taught at Brown
University from 1958 to 1964. He then
moved to the University of Maryland,
where he is now professor.

23

Teaching of Science

Raymond A. Galloway was cited as an
“outstanding teacher, researcher, and ad-
viser of students.” In recognition of his
teaching abilities, enrollments in his grad-
uate courses in plant biochemistry and
plant biophysics have soared, largely due
to students attracted from the Departments
of Microbiology, Zoology, Horticulture,
and Agronomy. He gives generously of his
time in counseling numerous graduate stu-
dents in their researches in the Botany De-
partment as well as other departments. He
also directs the research of a number of
undergraduate honor students. In addition
to his teaching responsibilities Dr. Gallo-
way has carried on a productive research
program in plant biochemistry and _ bio-
physics and in the physiology of algae,

resulting in some 12 publications. He is
a past president of the Washington Section
of the American Society of Plant Physi-
ologists.

Dr. Galloway was born in Arbutus, Md.
on May 12, 1928. He was an outstanding
undergraduate student at the University of
Maryland, achieving the highest four-year
average of any student in the College of
Agriculture (Class of 1952). He obtained
the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the Uni-
versity of Maryland in 1956 and 1958, re-
spectively. During the period of his grad-
uate studies he had summer assignments at
the Woods Hole Marine Biological Labora-
tory. Dr. Galloway became a staff member
of the Department of Botany, University of
Maryland, in 1958, where he is currently
an associate professor.

24. JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Past Winners of Scientific Achievement Awards

1939 Herbert Friedman
1940 No award given
1941 G. Arthur Cooper
1942 Robert S. Campbell
1943 Jason R. Swallen
1944. Norman H. Topping
1945 Henry K. Townes
1946 Waldo R. Wedel
1947 No award given
1948 Robert J. Huebner

1939 Wilmot H. Bradley

1940 Ferdinand G. Brickwedde

1941 Sterling B. Hendricks
1942 Milton Harris

1943 Lawrence A. Wood
1944 George A. Gamow
1945 Robert Simha

1946 G. W. Irving, Jr.

1947 Robert D. Huntoon
1948 J. A. Van Allen

1949 John A. Hipple

1950 Philip H. Abelson

1939 Paul A. Smith

1940 Harry Diamond

1941 Theodore R. Gilliland
1942 Walter Ramberg
1943 Lloyd V. Berkner
1944 Galen B. Schubauer
1945 Kenneth L. Sherman
1946 Martin A. Mason
1947 Harry W. Wells

1959 Geoffrey S. S. Ludford
1960 Philip J. Davis
1961 Lawrence E. Payne

1955 Helen N. Cooper
1956 Phoebe H. Knipling
1957 Dale E. Gerster

1958 Carol V. McCammon
1959 Betty Schaaf

Helen Garstens

1951 Howard B. Owens

FEBRUARY, 1968

Biological Sciences

1949 Edward G. Hampp
1950 David H. Dunkle
1951 Edward W. Baker
1952 Ernest A. Lachner
1953 Bernard L. Horecker
1954 Leon Jacobs
1955 Clifford Evans
Betty J. Meggers
Robert Traub
1956 Earl Reese Stadtman
1957 Maurice R. Hilleman

Physical Sciences

1951 Milton S. Schechter
1952 Harold Lyons
1953 John R. Pellam
1954 Samuel N. Foner
1955 Terrell Leslie Hill
1956 Elias Burstein
1957 Ernest Ambler
Raymond Hayward
Dale Hoppes
Ralph P. Hudson

Engineering Sciences

1948 Maxwell K. Goldstein
1949 Richard K. Cook
1950 Samuel Levy

1951 Max A. Kohler

1952 William R. Campbell
1953 Robert L. Henry

1954 W. S. Pellini

1955 Arthur E. Bonney
1956 M. L. Greenough

1957 Joseph Weber

Mathematics

1962 Bruce L. Reinhart
1963 James H. Bramble
1964 David W. Fox

Teaching of Science

1960 Karl F. Herzfeld
Pauline Diamond

1961 Ralph D. Myers
Charles R. Naeser

1962 Francis J. Hewden, S.J.

1963 Frank T. Davenport
George M. Koehl

1952 Keith C. Johnson

Washington Academy of Sciences

1958 Ellis T. Bolton

H. George Mandel
1959 Dwight W. Taylor
1960 Louis S. Baron
1961 Robert W. Krauss
1962 Marshall W. Nirenberg
1963 Brian J. McCarthy
1964 Bruce N. Ames
1965 Gordon M. Tomkins
1966 James L. Hilton

1958 Lewis M. Branscomb
Meyer Rubin

1959 Alan C. Kolb

1960 Richard A. Ferrell

1961 John Hoffman

1962 Edward A. Mason

1963 George A. Snow

1964 James W. Butler

1965 Albert J. Schindler
Robert P. Madden
Keith Codling

1966 Robert W. Zwanzig

1958 San-fu Shen

1959 Harvey R. Chaplin, Jr.
1960 Romald E. Bowles
1961 Rodney E. Grantham
1962 Lindell E. Steele

1963 Gordon L. Dugger
1964 Thorndike Saville, Jr.
1965 Ronald E. Walker
1966 Henry H. Plotkin

1965 Joan R. Rosenblatt
1966 George H. Weiss
Marvin Zelen

Leo Schubert
1964 Donald F. Brandewie
Herman R. Branson
1965 Irving Lindsey
Stephen H. Schot
1966 Martha Walsh

Teaching of Science Special Awards

25

Review of Visual Observations
Of Solar Granulation*

Thomas E. Margrave, Jr.

Department of Astronomy, Georgetown University

The first visual telescopic observations
of the solar surface were made in 1610
and marked the birth of solar physics. (1)
However, the telescopes used were not of
the size and optical quality necessary to
reveal the existence of the solar granula-
tion, which has an angular size of the
order of 1”.

An early observation of solar granula-
tion may have been made by the opti-
cian James Short in 1748. According to G.
Chambers, Short “noticed during the
eclipse of July 14, 1748 that the surface
of the Sun was covered with irregular
specks of light, presenting a mottled ap-
pearance not unlike that of the skin of an
orange, but relatively much less
coarse.” (2) Chambers went on to explain
that “The term luculi (Latin lucus, a
shining) has been applied to the consti-
tuent specks.”(3) He tentatively con-
cluded that this term “may perhaps only
be an allusion, and the first recorded, to
the ‘granulations’ recognized in modern
times.” (4)

In 1799, Sir W. Herschel began a visual
study of the solar surface. H. C. King
noted that Herschel used either a 12-inch
or 18-inch speculum reflector for his
solar work.(5) The question of whether
or not he actually saw the individual
granules was discussed in a monograph
on solar photography by the Rev. S. Che-
valier, S.J.(6) According to him, Herschel

*Dr. Margrave received his doctorate in astron-
omy from the University of Arizona in June 1967.
This article is concerned with the subject matter
of his thesis.

stated, in his 1801 memoir to the Royal
Society, that

“I call corrugations that very particular
and remarkable unevenness, ruggedness,
or asperity, which is peculiar to the lu-
minous solar clouds, and extends all over
the surface of the globe of the sun. As
the depressed parts of the corrugations
are less luminous than the elevated ones,
the disk of the sun has an appearance
which may be called mottled.

“Indentations are the depressed or low
parts of the corrugations; they also ex-
tend over the whole surface of the lumi-
nous solar clouds.” (7)

In the record_of his observational study,
which was conducted from 1799 to 1801,
Herschel commented, “The whole disk is
very much marked with roughness like
an orange;”(8) however, Chevalier ex-
pressed doubt that Herschel was actually
able to resolve individual granules. Indi-
cating that unresolved groups of granules
may have been observed, he said,

“D’aprés sa définition et les observa-
tions qu'il rapporte, il ne semble pas
qu’il ait remarqué cette forme de gran-
ules, qui a tant frappé les observateurs
venus aprés lui; on peut méme se de-
mander s'il les a apercus distinctement.
Il semblerait plutét n’avoir vu que les
amas de granules, qui donnent a la sur-
face solaire une apparence ridée, lorsque
les images sont médiocres.” (9)

There appear to have been no further
observations of solar granulation until
1860, when James Nasmyth, using a 20-
inch speculum reflector,(10) observed
some fine structure on the solar surface.

26 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

In his 1864 paper he described this
phenomenon by the term “willow-
leaves;”(11) however, a brief mention of
his discovery first appeared in 1861. In a
letter that year to W. de la Rue, he wrote
that “the entire luminous surface of the
sun is resoluble into the most complex
superposition of elementary lens-shaped
figures, arranged without any approach
to symmetrical order in the details, but
rather (if the term may be used) in a
sort of regular random scattering.” (12)
Believing that he was the first observer of
this phenomenon, he illustrated his find-
ings with a drawing which he made at the
time of the observation. In connection
with this sketch, he explained, “The chief
object which I had in making this draw-
ing is to exhibit (as far as such a draw-
ing can enable me to do so) those remark-
able and peculiar ‘willow-leaf’-shaped fil-
aments, of which I find the entire lumi-
nous surface of the Sun to be formed.”
(13)

Nasmyth estimated that his “willow-
leaves” had an average length of about
1000 miles and an average width of
about 100 miles;(14) these dimensions
are equivalent to an angular size of
about 2” by 0”.2 at the center of the
solar disk. He further stated that the
granules did not appear to occur in any
definite pattern, but that instead they
seemed to overlap one another haphaz-
ardly.(15) This early description of Na-
smyth’s, although historically interesting,
bears scant resemblance to what high-
resolution solar photographs later reveal-
ed about solar granulation. Nevertheless,
S. P. Langley, whose visual work in the
1870’s will be discussed later, remarked
that, although Nasmyth “ ... was misled
in a matter of detail, we should remem-
ber that he appears to have been the first
to distinctly call attention to the singular
individuality of the minute components of
the photosphere, and this in fairness
seems to entitle him to the credit of an
important discovery. . . .” (16)

FEBRUARY, 1968

Among the members of the Royal As-
tronomical Society in England, Nasmyth’s
observations set off a major scientific
debate which at times became rather
heated. Support for his discovery was
not lacking, as independent visual obser-
vations were made by E. J. Stone,(17) E.
Dunkin,(18) W. Huggins,(19) and others.

In 1864, Stone first described the form
of the bright granules as being “rice-
like;”(20) the term “rice-grains,” which
is still in use, appears to have evolved
from his description. His observations
were made with the 12.8-inch refractor
of the Greenwich Observatory. (21)

Dunkin, also at the Greenwich Observ-
atory, used a refractor of about 3.75-
inch aperture to estimate the number of
granules within a region of known angu-
lar dimensions on the solar surface. With
an instrument of this size, he would have
been unable to resolve structure smaller
than about 1”.2 in size. He found that
there were about 300 granules in a rec-
tangle 48” by 56”; from these figures
Langley calculated that the average dist-
ance between the granules was about
3’.4, which is somewhat large, as Langley
remarked.(22) Dunkin considered the
average length of the “willow-leaves” to
be about 2”. He pointed out that some
were larger and that many were smaller
than this value. (23)

Huggins described the granules as being
in general more or less oval in shape, al-
though not elongated as in the “rice-
grain” picture of granulation.(24) He
stated, “An important character common
to all these bodies, whatever their form,
is the irregular broken outline by which
they are bounded.” (25) Huggins estimat-
ed the sizes of the granules by means of
a micrometer attached to his telescope.
He found an average size of 1” to 1”.5.
Regarding the range in granule sizes, he
commented, ‘Occasionally a much larger
granule was seen which might measure
from 2” to 3” in diameter. Many of the
granules were smaller than 1” in diam-

27

eter.”(26) From King’s remarks, it ap-
pears that Huggins probably used an 8-
inch Clark refractor for his solar obser-
vations. (27)

The chief critic of Nasmyth’s announced
discovery of solar granulation was the
veteran observer, the Rev. W. R. Dawes.
He stated that, as early as 1848, he ob-
served, with his 6-1/3-inch refractor at a
magnification of 65, “bright particles
scattered almost all over the Sun, which
I compared to excessively minute frag-
ments of porcelain—not, however, all of
the same shape or size.”(28) He identi-
fied these objects with the “rice-grains”
of Stone and Dunkin. After further observa-
tion with the aid of a new solar eye-
piece usable at magnifications as high as
600, Dawes came to the conclusion in
1852 that “these brilliant objects were
merely different conditions of the sur-

face of the comparatively large luminous

clouds themselves—ridges, waves, hills,
knolls, or whatever else they might be
called—differing in form, in brilliancy,
and probably in elevation....”(29) As
pointed out by Langley, Dawes was essen-
tially denying the existence of the gran-
ules as distinct elements of the solar sur-
face.(30) It was mentioned earlier, that
Chevalier doubted that Herschel had
actually observed the individual granules
on the solar surface. His doubt appears
to be borne out by the fact that Dawes
quoted, with abundant praise, Herschel’s
1799-1801 solar observations in a paper
in which he rejected the existence of solar
granulation as being incompatible with
his own observations.(31) It seems un-
likely that Dawes would have even men-
tioned Herschel’s observations if he did
not feel that they added credence to his
own view that solar granules did not
exist. Thus Dawes, as well as Herschel,
may have seen conglomerations of un-
resolved granules, which gave them the
impression of a mottled solar surface.
The fact that Dawes’ telescope had an
aperture of 6-1/3-inches indicates that the
observation on the solar surface of fine

structure having a characteristic angular
diameter of 1” should have been within
the limit of resolution of his instrument.
His use of magnifications as high as 600,
combined with the lack of steadiness of
daytime seeing, probably produced a
rather blurred solar image, thus reducing
his ability to distinguish individual gran-
ules. It is also possible that the entire
dispute was a matter of semantics.

Langley mentioned that the Rev. A.
Secchi, S. J., of the Roman College Ob-
servatory, also entertained doubts not con-
cerning the existence of the granules but
concerning the accuracy of Nasmyth’s de-
scription of them. Secchi asserted that he
had seen multitudes of small! discrete
bodies of a much smaller size than
the so-called ‘“willow-leaves.” (32) By com-
paring them with the fine threads of his
micrometer, he estimated their diameters
to be 1/4” to 1/3”. (33) He noted that,
in the penumbrae of sunspots, there can
be seen an “agglomeration of oblong
and white bodies, having 1/3 or 1/4
second of arc in breadth and of very
different lengths”’(34) Furthermore, his
impression was that “the general ground
of the Sun is also. made up of these ob-
long bodies, but of every form and di-
mensions. A great many black pores seem
to show that the photosphere is not a
continuous stratum, but at the first sight
it appears made of little lumps, like so
many little cumuli of cotton-wool.” (35)
According to H. Strebel, Secchi’s visual
measurements gave a mean granule size
of 1”, with the minimum size estimated
as 1/3” and the maximum as 2”. (36)
Strebel did not cite the original reference,
so the validity of this mention of Secchi’s
results has not been verified. Similarly, H.
Siedentopf referred to an average gran-
ule diameter of 1/2” to 3/4” found by
Secchi in 1872.(37) Secchi concluded from
his visual examination of the granulation
around sunspots that such granules were
larger than those observed in quiet
regions of the photosphere. (38)

28 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

The telescopes available to Secchi for his
solar observations were the 6-inch Cau-
choix and the 9-inch Merz refractors of
the Roman College Observatory. (39)
Neither of these telescopes could have
resolved granules smaller than about
0’.5 in size even under perfect seeing
conditions. Chevalier stated that Secchi’s
estimate that the granule sizes were
1/3” to 1/4” was a rough one subject
to great error. (40)

Langley also called attention to the
fact that J. Chacornac observed the solar
granulation visually and found “the aver-
age diameter of the rice-grains to be one
hundred and sixty leagues, which is almost
precisely 1” of arc.”(41) Chacornac be-
gan his visual studies of the solar sur-
face in 1849, concentrating mainly on
sunspots.(42) Among the telescopes used
in these investigations were the 4-inch, 5-
inch, and 9-inch refractors at the Observa-
tory of the University of Paris(43) and
the 25-centimeter (10-inch) refractor at
Marseilles Observatory.(44) Regarding his
impressions of the structure of the solar
surface, Chacornac stated that

“L’enveloppe resplenissante qui limite
les contours du disque solaire n’est pas
une enveloppe continue environnant le

corps central, c’est un réseau a maille

subelliptique, ou plus certainement a
forme diversement mamelonnée, offrant
presque autant d’espaces vides que
d’escapes pleins.

“Les plus petits espaces visibles form-
ant les interstices de ce réseau lumineux
ayant un diametre de 160 lieues,. . . .”’(49)
It is not clear exactly when Chacornac first
noticed “les plus petits espaces visibles,”
but the fact that he published no refer-
ence to them until 1865 may have cost
him recognition as the discoverer of solar
granulation.

5. P. Langley himself made extensive
visual observations of the sun with the
13-inch Clark equatorial refractor at the
Allegheny Observatory.(46) He gave a
picturesque description of the appearance

FEBRUARY, 1968

of the solar surface to the eye when he
said, “Under high powers used in favor-
able moments, the surface of any one of
the fleecy patches is resolved into a con-
geries of small, intensely bright bodies,
irregularly distributed, which seem to be
suspended in a comparatively dark me-
dium.” (47) Concerning the size of the
bright granules, Langley found _ that,
when observed at a magnification of at
least 240, their centers lay an average of
2”.57 apart, but that an increase in the
magnification reduces this average separa-
tion to 1”.42. The telescope aperture was
diaphragmed to nine inches for these
observations. He found that as he in-
creased the magnifying power, the num-
ber of objects counted as rice grains was
increased, and the mean distance between
their centers was decreased. (48)

Langley claimed to have seen even
finer structure within the granules them-
selves. He stated, “In moments of rarest
definition I ‘have resolved these ‘rice-
grains’ into minuter components, sensibly
round, which are seen singly as points of
light, and whose aggregation produces the
‘rice-grain’ structure.”(49) He called
these “minute components” the granules,
and he claimed that they were probably
less than 0”.3 in diameter. (50) There
is particular difficulty in accepting Lang-
ley’s observations of the extremely mi-
nute granules, which would have been at
the very limit of resolution of the full
aperture of his 13-inch refractor. The
disturbances of the image due to turbu-
lence in the earth’s atmosphere would
have degraded the resolving power from
its theoretical value. Langley estimated
that the granules covered less than
one-fifth the total area of the solar sur-

face. (51)

In the last quarter of the nineteenth
century, O. Lohse at the Potsdam Astro-
physical Observatory made some visual
observations of the granulation. A draw-
ing by Lohse in E. Pringsheim’s book on
solar physics depicted the granulation as

29

consisting of bright granules separated by
narrow dark interstices.(52) The gran-
ules on his drawing were of different
shapes and sizes, but a definite tendency
towards polygonality was evident. Larger
dark areas devoid of granules were rep-
resented, and the interstices seemed to be
darker in some places than in others.
Pringsheim stated that Lohse considered
the granulation to consist in general of
small roundish Kornern, or grains, fre-
quently aligned in string-of-pearls fash-
ion. He estimated that their diameters
ranged from 1” to 2”.(53) Siedentopf
quoted the same values for Lohse’s work,
which he said was carried out in 1874. (54)
Lohse’s drawing and description of the
appearance of solar granulation come
closer than those of any other early
visual observer to what is actually seen
on a high-resolution photograph of the
solar surface.

Subsequent photographic studies failed
to substantiate much of what was ad-
vanced about solar granulation during
this early period of visual observations.
Nevertheless, these early pioneers did
focus attention upon the existence, if
not the precise nature, of solar granula-
tion. It was the application of the photo-
graphic method which later placed the
observational study of the fine structure
of the solar surface upon a much more
secure and quantitative foundation.

However, the story of visual observa-
tions of solar granulation does not end
here. In more recent times, G. Thiessen
conducted a program of visual observa-
tions designed to provide accurate esti-
mates of the size and shape of solar
granules as well as their distribution on
the solar disk and the contrast between
the brightness of the granules and that of
the intergranular regions.(55, 56) He
used the 60-centimeter (23.5-inch) refrac-
tor of the Hamburg-Bergdorf Observa-
tory. This instrument has an optical reso-
lution limit of 0.17. (57)

From his observations, Thiessen con-

cluded that granules from 1” to 2” in
size actually existed and had pronounced
polygonal boundaries.(58) In the brief
moments of perfect seeing, he was able
to observe granules ranging in size from
several seconds of arc down to below
0.2, with the most frequent size being
1” to 2’.(59) The average granule size
was about 1”.3.(60) Regarding the dis-
tribution of granules on the surface of
the sun, he found that on the average
roughly one-half of the solar surface was
covered by granules. (61)

Thiessen also determined the contrast of
the granules with the darker background
of the intergranular regions in a direct
fashion. He compared the solar granula-
tion seen through the 60-centimeter re-
fractor to a series of artificial granula-
tion photographs viewed through a guide
telescope having the same f-ratio as the
main telescope. In this way, the bright-
ness of both images was made equal. The
artificial granulation photographs were
of accurately known contrasts. With this
procedure, he found an average cohtrast
between granules’ and background of 25
per cent at an effective wavelength of
5650 A. After a correction for scattered
light, he obtained a contrast of 35 per
cent, which means that, on the average,
a granule is 35 per cent brighter than its
surroundings. (62)

In addition, in the umbrae of sunspots
Thiessen observed granulation which oc-
casionally was of a still smaller size than
the normal photospheric granulation.
He found the umbrae of two large spots
to be almost entirely covered with a uni-
form distribution of bright objects having
average diameters of 1”. The contrast of
these umbral granules relative to the dark
background was much greater than for the
photospheric granules.(63) His visual
observations confirmed in general the
earlier results of S. Chevalier, who con-
cluded from his sunspot photography that
“C’est en général une structure granuleée,
mais moins délicate, plus grossiére que la

30 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

photosphére.” (64)

In addition, Thiessen mentioned that
several very bright and very small gran-
ules of 0”.3 or less in diameter were
visible within the umbrae even when the
umbral granulation itself was absent. (65)

Thiessen’s observations of solar granu-
lation marked the last of the visual
studies which the author has been able to
find in the literature. Of course, the di-
rect visual study of solar granulation has
been rendered obsolete by high-resolution
solar photography, which dates back to
1876 and the herculean efforts of P. J.
Janssen at Meudon Observatory. (66)

Notes and References

(1) C. A. Young, 1892, The Sun (4th ed.; Lon-

don: Kegan Paul, Trench, Triibner, and Co.),
_ 143.

(2) G. F. Chambers, 1889, A Handbook of
Descriptive and Practical Astronomy (4th ed.;
Oxford: Clarendon Press), 1, 46.

(3) Ibid.

(4) Ibid.

(5) H. C. King, 1955, The History of the
Telescope (Cambridge, Mass.: Sky Publishing
Corp.), pp. 137 and 140.

(6) S. Chevalier, S. J., 1914, Annales de
Observatoire astronomique de Z6-Sé, 8, Cl.

(7) Ibid.

(8) W. Herschel, 1801, Philosophical Transac-
tions of the Royal Society, 91, 265, cited by W. R.
Dawes, 1864, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astro-
nomical Society, 24, 59.

(9) Chevalier, p. Cl.

(10) King, p. 217.

(11) J. Nasmyth, 1864, Monthly Notices, 24,
66.
(J2) Ibid., 1861, 21, 169.
(13) Ibid., 1864, 24, 66.
(14) Ibid.

(15) Ibid.

(16) S. P. Langley, 1874, American Journal of
Science and Arts, 7, 95.

(17) E. J. Stone, 1864, Monthly Notices, 24,
124.

(18) E. Dunkin, 1864, Monthly Notices, 24,
123.

(19) W. Huggins, 1866, Monthly Notices, 26,
261.

(20) Stone, p. 124.

(21) The aperture of the Great Equatorial of
Greenwich Observatory was given elsewhere

(Langley, 1874, Monthly Notices, 34, 256).

FEBRUARY, 1968

(22) Langley, p. 90. There is a misprint in this
reference which gives 3’.4 instead of 3”.4 as in-
tended. Also, Langley assumed that 250 granules
were present within the area in question.

(23) Dunkin, p. 123.

(24) Huggins, p. 261.

(25) Ibid.

(26) Ibid.

(27) King, p. 285 of ref. in n. 5.

(28)
140.
(29)
(30)
(31)

W. R. Dawes, 1864, Monthly Notices, 24,

Ibid.
Langley, p. 87 of ref. in n. 16.
Dawes, 1864, Monthly Notices, 24, 56.

(32) Langley, p. 87 of ref. in n. 16.

(33) A. Secchi, S. J., 1875-77, Le Soleil (2nd
ed.; Paris: Gauthier-Villars), 1, 54.

(34) Secchi, 1865, Monthly Notices, 25, 149.

(35) [bid §-p.150:

(36) H. Strebei, 1933, Zeitschrift fiir Astrophy-
sik, 6, 325.

(37) H. Siedentopf, 1941, Vierteljahrsschrift
der astronomischen Gesellschaft, 76, 193.

(38) Secchi, Le Soleil, p. 55.

(39) Secchi, 1871, Comptes Rendus de I Aca-
demie des Sciences, 72, 365.

(40) Chevalier, p. C12 of ref. in n. 6.

(41) Langley, 1873, Proceedings of the Ameri-
can Association for the Advancement of Science,
22% 170:

(42)
6l.

(43)

(44)

(45)

(46)

(47)

(48)

(49)

(50)

J. Chacornac, 1865, Comptes Rendus, 60,

Ibid., 1858, 47, 1066.
Ibid., 1858, 46, 365.
Ibid., 1865, 60, 170.
Langley, p. 88 of ref. in n. 16.
Ibid., p. 89.
Ibid., p. 90.
Ibid., p. 91.
Ibid.
(51) Ibid., p. 92.
(52) E. Pringsheim, 1910, Physik der Sonne
(Leipzig: B. G. Teubner), p. 30, Figure 13.
(53) Ibid., p. 30.
(54) Siedentopf, p. 193 of ref. in n. 37.
(55) G. Thiessen, 1950, Naturwissenschaften,

af, 421.
(56) Thiessen, 1955, Z.f.Ap., 35, 237.
(57) Ibid., p. 238.
(58) Ibid.
(59) Ibid.
(60) Thiessen, Naturwiss., p. 427.
(61) Thiessen, Z.f.Ap., p. 239.
(62) Ibid.
(63) Thiessen, 1950, Observatory, 70, 235.

(64) Chevalier, 1916, Annales de l’Obs. astr. de
Z6-Sé, 9, B10, cited by Thiessen, Observatory,
p. 234.

(65) Thiessen, Observatory, p. 235.

(66) P. J. Janssen, 1876, Comptes Rendus, 82,
1364.

31

Geological Society of Washington:
Proceedings For 1967

All meetings were held in the John Wes-
ley Powell Auditorium. President Michael
Fleischer presided except as noted.

S89th Meeting

The 889th meeting of the Society was
held on January 11. A memorial to H. G.
Ferguson was read by T. B. Nolan. The
president announced the death of Brian

C. T. Davis.

Program

John C. Reed, Jr. and Bruce Bryant:
“Tectonic Significance of the Brevard
Zone—A Journey through Moonshine and
Magnolias with Brunton and Broad Brush.”

Kenneth M. Towe: “The Size and Shape
of Crystals in Shelled Organisms.”

John D. Bredehoeft: “Water Wells as

Strain Seismometers.”’

S90th Meeting

The 890th meeting of the Society was
held on January 27.

Informal Communications. Isadore Zietz
described three posters on aeromagnetic
methods posted in the GSA Building. E. L.
Yochelson reminded the membership that
this was the centennial year of the found-
ing of the Hayden Survey and discussed a
plaque commemorating the Survey which
had been on the old Evening Star building.

Program

W. H. Bradley, A. J. Tousimis, R. W.
Visser and M. Sato: “Chemical and Bac-
terial Environment of an Algal Ooze.”

Alfred T. Anderson, Jr.: “Massif Type
Anorthosite—A Widespread Precambrian
Igneous Rock.”

E-an Zen: “The Taconic Allochthon in
Southwestern Massachusetts; Some Struc-
tural Evidence.”

89Ist Meeting

The 891st meeting of the Society was
held on February 8.

Program

J. O’Keefe: “Evidence of Acid Volcan-

ism on the Moon.”

A. Helz: “Automation in Spectroscopy.”

J. B. Rucker: “Seafloor Strength Obser-

vations from the Alvin.”

$92nd Meeting

The 892nd meeting of the Society was
held on February 23.

Informal Communication. Jerry Har-
bour discussed mass movement of lunar
soils based on Lunar Orbiter photographs.

Program

Othmar T. Tobisch: “The Las Palmas
Gneissic Amphibolite, Puerto Rico, and Its
Significance in the Caribbean.”

Motoaki Sato: “Oxygen Fugacity and
Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology—A
Newcomer’s Approach.”

Paul D. Lowman, Jr. and Herbert Tiede-
mann: “Geological Photography During
Gemini Missions.”

$93rd Meeting

The 893rd meeting of the Society was
held on March 8.

Program

I. Zietz, E. R. King, and E. R. Lorentzen:
‘Magnetic Lineaments and Crustal Struc-
ture in a Strip Across USA.”

J. Haas and M. Nicholson: “Hydrology
of a Karst Aquifer—An Underground
View.”

G. H. Espenshade: ‘“‘Petrology and Struc-
ture of Northeastern Part of the Moxie
Pluton, Maine.”

32 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

894th Meeting

The 894th meeting of the Society was
held on March 22.

Program

R. I. Tilling: “Crystallization History of
Some Alkali Feldspars from the Boulder
Batholith.”

R. B. Perry:
Aleutian Arc.”

D. L. Jones: “Structural Significance of
Late Mesozoic Pelecypod Zones in Cali-

“Geomorphology of the

fornia.”

895th Meeting

The 895th meeting of the Society was
held on April 12. The president called all
members’ attention to two honors awarded
Society members by the National Academy
—to W. P. Woodring, the Mary Clark
Thompson Medal; and to A. R. Palmer, the
Walcott Medal.

Informal Communication. W. P. Wood-
ring discussed K-Ar dating of marine
Pleistocene strata in California.

Program

E. L. Boudette, N. L. Hatch, and D. S.
Harwood: “Geology of Upper St. Johns
and Allagash River Basins, Maine.”

S. J. Gawarecki and R. M. Moxham:
“Infra-red Survey of Irazi Volcano and
Vicinity, Costa Rica.”

P. E. Hare and R. M. Mitterer: “Dia-
genesis of Organic Matter in Shells—A Po-
tential Geochronometer.”’

896th Meeting

The 896th meeting of the Society was
held on April 26.

Program

EK. H. Baltz: “Overthrusting and Up-
thrusting on S.E. Sangre de Cristo Moun-
tains.”

Stephen Richardson: “Geologic Implica-
tions of Some Experimentally Determined
Reactions Involving Fe-Staurolite.”

Frank C. Whitmore, Jr.: “Rise and Fall

of Mammoths and Sea Levels.”

FEBRUARY, 1968

897th Meeting

The 897th meeting of the Society was
held on October 11. The president an-
nounced the deaths of W. D. Collins, Wat-
son Davis, C. E. Dobben, Maxim Elias,
Depue Falck, Waldemar Schaller, and M.
G. Walters.

Program

Allen V. Heyl: “Genetic Aspects of
Zinc-Lead-Barite-Fluorite Deposits in the
Mississippi Valley.”

W. A. Radlinski: “Research and De-
velopment in Topographic Mapping.”

J. P. Owens: “Post-Triassic Tectonic
Movements in the Central and Southern
Appalachians, as Recorded by the Sedi-
ments of the Atlantic Coastal Plain.”

898th Meeting

The 898th meeting of the Society was
held on October 25. Vice-president Ralph
L. Miller presided and announced the
deaths of A.'N. Sayre, Junius Van Lieu,
and M. S. Thorson.

Informal Communication. W. L. New-
man discussed the need for earth science
consultants in local schools.

Program

N. F. Sohl: “Provenance and Paleoge-
ography of Upper Cretaceous Gastropods
in the Western Interior.”

J. J. Papike, Joan R. Clark, and Mal-
colm Ross: “Petrologic Significance of
Cation Distributions in Pyroxenes and
Amphiboles.”

John Byrne: “Geology of the Oregon
Continental Margin in Relation to the East

Pacific Rise.”

899th Meeting

The 899th meeting of the society was
held on November 8. S. K. Love read a
memorial to W. D. Collins. The president
announced the death of R. B. Sosman.

Informal Communication. Professor Bed-
rick Bouéek, chief paleontologist of the
Czechoslovakian Academy of Sciences, de-

33

livered an illustrated invitation to see the
Barrandian section and Prague during the
International Geological Congress in Au-
gust 1968.

Program

Edward Hansen: “Near-Parallelism of
Fold Axes and Movement Directions in
Trollheimen, Norway.”

Erle G. Kauffman: “Cyclic Aspects of
Cretaceous Marine Rocks, Central Western
Interior.”

900th Meeting

The 900th meeting of the Society was
held on December 13. An amendment to
the Bylaws raising dues from $1 and $3 to
$2 and $5 was passed.

Program
Presidential address by Michael Flei-

scher: ‘‘Minor Elements as Tracers in
Igneous Rocks.”

75th Annual Meeting

The 75th Annual Meeting was held im-
mediately following the 900th regular
meeting. The reports of the treasurer, sec-
retaries, Auditing Committee, and Public
Relations Committee were read and ap-
proved. The award for the best paper of
the year went to D. L. Jones for his paper,
“Structural Significance of Late Mesozoic
Pelecypod Zones in California”. E. H.
Baltz received second prize. The Great
Dane Award for the best informal com-
munication was presented to W. L. New-
man; the Sleeping Bear Award went to
N. F. Sohl. Officers for 1968 were elected

as follows:

President: S005 ste ere Ralph L. Miller
First Vice-President ...Charles S. Denny
Second Vice-President . Paul B. Barton, Jr.
Meetings Secretary .... Wm. L. Newman
Tresstirer 05 es hoe Wilna B. Wright
Counell) 407) iF Pho Jack W. Pierce
William C. Prinz
Thomas W. Stern

George V. Cohee was named delegate to
the Washington Academy of Sciences for
1968. Carryover officers are Council Sec-
retary William A. Oliver, Jr. and members-
at-large B. Carter Hearn, Blair F. Jones,
and E-an Zen.

—William A. Oliver, Jr., Secretary

NOMINATIONS OPEN
FOR AOAC AWARDS

Nominations are invited for the 12th
annual Harvey W. Wiley Award of $750
for contributions to analytical chemistry
and the third scholarship, both sponsored
by the Association of Official Analytical
Chemists. The Wiley Award was estab-
lished in 1956 to honor the “Father of the
Pure Food Law” and to recognize out-
standing contributions and achievements in
analytical methodology of interest to agri-
cultural and public health scientists. The
scholarship was established in 1965 and
consists of $300 for each of two years to
an undergraduate student majoring in a
scientific area important to agriculture or

public health.

Details of both the Wiley Award and the
scholarship may be obtained from Luther
G. Ensminger, Association of Official Ana-
lytical Chemists, Box 540, Benjamin Frank-
lin Station, Washington, D.C. 20044.
Nominations for the Wiley Award must be
received by April 1, 1968; nominations for
the scholarship by May 1.

T-THOUGHTS

Critical Project Evaluation

Let me commend the following legend to
those seeking a model of thorough project
evaluation:

Many years ago a Roman civil engineer,
who was a high official in Alexandria, was
approached by a young Arabian mathema-
tician with an idea which the Easterner
believed would be of much value to the
Roman government in its road-building,
navigating, tax-collecting, and census-

34 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

taking activities. As the Arabian explained
in his manuscript, he had discovered a new
type of notation for number writing, which
was inspired by some Hindu inscriptions.

The Roman official studied this manu-
script very carefully for several hours, then
wrote the following reply:

“Your courier brought your proposal at
a time when my duties were light, so for-
tunately I have had the opportunity to
study it carefully, and am glad to be able
to submit these detailed comments.

“Your new notation may have a number
of merits, as you claim, but it is doubtful
whether it ever would be of any practical
value to the Roman Empire. Even if au-
thorized by the Emperor himself, as a
proposal of this magnitude would have to
be, it would be vigorously opposed by the
populace, principally because those who
had to use it would not sympathize with
your radical ideas. Our scribes complain
loudly that they have too many letters in
the Roman alphabet as it is, and now you
propose these ten additional symbols of
your number system, namely, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, and 0.

“It is clear that your l-mark has the
same meaning as our I-mark, but since this
I-mark already is a well-established char-
acter, why is there any need for yours?

“Then you explain that last circle-mark,
like our letter O, as representing an empty
column, or meaning nothing. If it means
nothing, what is the purpose of writing it?
I cannot see that it is serving any useful
purpose; but to make sure, I asked my
assistant to read this section and he drew
the same conclusion.

“You say that the number 01 means the
same as just 1. This is an intolerable am-
biguity and could not be permitted in any
legal Roman documents. Your notation has
other ambiguities which seem even worse;
you explain that the 1-mark means ONE,
yet on the very same page you show it to
mean TEN in 10, and ONE HUNDRED in
your 100. If my official duties had not been
light while reading this, I would have

FEBRUARY, 1968

stopped here; you must realize that exam-
iners will not pay much attention to ma-
terial containing such obvious errors.

“Further on, you claim that your system
of enumeration is much simpler than with
Roman numerals. I regret to advise that |
have examined this point very carefully and
must conclude otherwise. For example,
counting up to FIVE, you require five new
symbols whereas we Romans accomplish
this with just two old ones, the I-mark and
the V-mark. At first sight the combination
IV (meaning ONE before FIVE) for four
may seem less direct than the old IIII, but
note that this alert representation involves
LESS EFFORT, and that gain is the con-

quering principle of the Empire.

“Counting up to twenty (the commonest
counting range among the populace), you
require ten symbols whereas we now need
but three: the I, V, and X. Note particu-
larly the pictorial suggestiveness of the V
as half of the X. Moreover, it is pictorially
evident that XX means ten-and-ten, and this
seems much preferred over your 20. These
pictorial associations are very important to
the lower classes, for as the African says,
‘Picture tells thousand words.’

“You claim that your numbers as a
whole are briefer than the Roman numer-
als, but this is not made evident in your
proofs. Even if true, it is doubtful that this
would mean much to the welfare of the
Empire, since numbers account for only a
small fraction of the written records; and
in any case there are plenty of slaves with
plenty of time to do this work.

“When you attempt to show that you can
manipulate these numbers much more
readily than Roman numerals, your ex-
planations are particularly bad and ob-
scure. For example, you show in one addi-
tion that 2 and 3 equal 5, yet in the case
which you write as 79 and 16 equal 95,
this indicates that 9 and 6 also equal 5.
How can this be? While that is not clear,
it is evident that the other part is in
error, for we know that 7 and 1] equal 8,
not 9.

35

“Your so-called ‘repeating and dividing’
tables also require much more explanation,
and possibly correction of errors. I can see
that your ‘nine times’ table gives sets which
add up to nine, namely, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54,
63, 72, 81, and 90, but I see no such useful
correlation in the ‘seven times’ table, for
example. Since we have SEVEN, not nine,
days in the Roman week, it seems far more
important to have a system that gives more

sensible combinations in this ‘seven times’
table.

“All in all, I would advise you to forget
this overly ambitious proposal, return to
your sand piles, and leave the number
writing to the official census takers and tax
collectors. I am sure that they give these
matters a great deal more thought than
you or I can.”

—Ralph G. H. Siu

Academy Proceedings

ELECTION RESULTS
ANNOUNCED

Returns from the annual mail balloting
for officers, sent out in mid-December, were
tallied on January 5 by a Committee of
Tellers consisting of Samuel B. Detwiler,
Jr., Norman Bekkedahl, and Joseph R.
Spies.

George W. Irving, Jr., administrator of
the Agricultural Research Service, USDA,
was named president-elect. Richard P.
Farrow of the National Canners Associa-
tion, and Richard K. Cook of ESSA, were
re-elected secretary and treasurer, respec-
tively. Lawrence M. Kushner of NBS and
Allen L. Alexander of NRL were elected
managers-at-large for the term 1968-1970.

According to a recent Bylaws revision,
the new officers will be installed at the close
of the May meeting instead of at the close
of the January meeting, as previously. At
the same time, Malcolm C. Henderson of
Catholic University, the current president-
elect, will automatically assume the presi-
dency.

The recent change in the annual meeting
from January to May will necessitate that
the present officers and committee chair-
men continue in office during the interim

period.

In the current election, 421 ballots were
returned by the membership.

BOARD OF MANAGERS
MEETING NOTES

December

The Board of Managers held its 589th
meeting on December 21, 1967, at the
Cosmos Club, with President Specht pre-
siding. :

The minutes of the 588th meeting were
approved as previously distributed.

Announcements. Dr. Specht announced
that an ad hoc committee for review of the
Academy’s activities had been appointed,
consisting of the members of the Commit-
tee on Policy Planning plus two additional
individuals.

Secretary. Mr. Farrow reported that the
annual ballot for election of officers and
managers-at-large had been mailed to the
membership prior to December 15.

Membership Promotion. On motion of
Chairman Diamond, the Board voted to
offer Academy fellowship to John F. Kin-
caid, Assistant Secretary of Commerce for
Science and Technology, under the “emi-
nent scientist” provision of the Bylaws.

Review of Academy Activities and Meet-
ings. Chairman Stern reported that the

36 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

ad hoc committee had met just prior to the
Board meeting, to discuss such topics as
the type and form of the Academy’s meet-
ings, the meeting place, and suitable activi-
ties in addition to monthly meetings. While
the committee was not yet prepared to make
formal recommendations, it had consid-
ered new meeting places such as the Car-
negie Institution, Georgetown University,
and other universities, where parking might
be more convenient than at the Cosmos
Club. Dr. Stern also reported a concensus
that a greater variety of types of meetings
should be considered, some of which might
have a somewhat lower scientific content
but would still be of interest to the scien-
tific community. It was suggested that the
meetings schedule be prepared a year in
advance if possible, and published in the
Journal.

Awards. On motion of Chairman Flor-
ence Forziati, the Board named the follow-
ing persons to receive the Academy’s 1967
Awards for Scientific Achievement:

Biological Sciences: Marie M. Cassidy
and Charles S. Tidball, George Washington
University School of Medicine, “for basic
contributions on mechanisms of transport
across biological membranes.”

Engineering Sciences: Robert D. Cut-
kosky, National Bureau of Standards, “for
his contributions to the science of precision
electrical measurements.”

Physical Sciences: Charles W. Misner,
University of Maryland, “for important
contributions in relativity theory and
astrophysics.”

Mathematics: Leon Greenberg, Univer-
sity of Maryland, “for new results from
classical interactions among algebra, geom-
etry, and analysis.”

Teaching of Science: Raymond A. Gal-
loway, University of Maryland, “for out-
standing service as teacher, researcher, and
advisor to students.”

Dr. Forziati noted that a total of 32
award nominations had been reviewed by
the Committee. Three of the award winners
are currently fellows of the Academy. The

FEBRUARY, 1968

others will be presented to the Board for
election to fellowship, as provided in the
Bylaws.

Grants-in-Aid. Pending receipt of addi-
tional information, the Board tabled a re-
quest from the radio club at an area high
school, for a grant of $150 to help it com-
plete a radio station.

Encouragement of Science Talent. Chair-
man Heyden announced that the Christmas
convention of the Junior Acedamy would
be held December 27 at Georgetown Uni-
versity. The speaker at the Christmas lec-
ture would be George B. Chapman, chair-
man of the Biology Department at George-
town.

Father Heyden also announced that a
Junior Academy member, Mr. Tickle,
would present a paper at the New York
AAAS meeting.

Tellers. For the Committee of Tellers,
Mr. Farrow reported results of the mail
ballot sent to the membership in mid-
November, as follows:

(1) Affiliation with the Academy of the
Washington Section, Instrument Society of
America: For, 402; against, 16; not vot-
ing, 2.

(2) Amendment of the Bylaws to change
the inauguration of officers and the annual
meeting from January to May: For, 406;
against, 10; not voting, 4.

Joint Board. It was announced that the
annual request for financial support had
been received from the Joint Board on
Science Education.

AAAS Council Delegate. It was an-
nounced that Dr. Mary L. Robbins would
serve as the Academy’s delegate at the New
York meeting of the AAAS, in late

December.

Old Business. Dr. Taylor reported that
he had collected several brochures prepared
by professional societies, and used to an-
swer inquiries about their organization and
objectives. He and Dr. Honig expected to
draft a similar brochure concerning the
Academy, for the Board’s inspection.

37

Annual Report of the Treasurer for 1967

Washington Academy of Sciences

Statement of Income and Expenses

Income
Dues; 1967) oiee el os PSD cab wapa hie tne tue kta Bald caatebe also @ Usha es alc ea Pe Se ee $10,019.50
TOGB) os 5. tie, coe Cee em <iierihintiaa 5% = « exale Gao Alege Ss cipias ERE oe pa cht ee 6,775.00
Journal
Subsertptrons: 49. tes ak oa eee ess ne ge ae reo Welgenia-s ys ee $3,838.70
Salevot xeprite, ti eects eR ee. Le ee a ey hoes ee ee 408.60 4,247.30
Investment INCOME: ° 6. gsc cps ois. Sewn dope ce ec go 4) Ree ae ceed Eee ae 5,927.76
Miscellaneous. cg voc 2. 2k a cis eles os oo ecele wa. cos wige aia ao Sea een ae Ga 111.50
otal aneome 42% 8 Sat RS Ces ES ss vn ee elec Hoe stun oo eee $27,081.06
Expenses
Headquarters office
Salaries Sack: eae was. SEO A ee ote pete surae eee $3,895.84
Supplies; materials,and S€rvices .% . . cactysigd - oss es ce awibe once cme de tees 1,501.91
MGA. PAROS es his oS ots aah aia sae eae ta Bad 4, 8 apeenl 1S oes et oT ne A 152.79 5,550.54

Washington Junior Academy of Sciences

lournal, (printing, mailing, reprints, etc.) +... 26.262 2) ld as des Deas eee dee eee 8.800.97
Arrangements... ¢c...- suns osc cass eee as Xpele wees all RE. See 2,511.79
Program. ogee Set ee ee otek ooo ae POON oc Mais one eee eee ae 369.65 2,881.44
Anmniial, AaWatOS: 0 i026 4 20h cine can wl ba elie ew 5 0 hate On ee eae So eee 327.77
Monograph: INO. 3). @ sce ste 56 ocsae) og oo ae eee Gldaies. ke tek. cee 268.50
Gifts and" contributions 00 200s. ce ee eee: os oe peek oun aaeiee Jas be ade dae 925.62
Miscellaneous 2222S... Sat Bt tke oe aon os Oe re eee Oe. tems tiwsias. eae 63.07
Total, Expenses: .. 0)...» seovs dss ae w Helos + + a Ra ae eee $18,817.91

Capital Assets and Cash
The capital assets are in mutual funds whose total market value on December 31, 1967 was
$93,972.80. Of this total, $2900.72 is in shares received as capital gains during 1967. The total
market value on December 31, 1966 was$ 77,466.36.
The checking account balance on December 31, 1967 was $8,325.20.

Meetings
Checking Account ; Savings Account
Balance 12/31/66"... 228 ma stieee $1,189.98 Balance 12/31/67 ~~... 26 aneee $156.99
RECESS xis on) 1gys LTE AOS 5,083.20
Oba ey far avid ovate zie OE eet shez $6,773.18
Disbursements =. 5.55 2 200s bac06>- 3,493.25
Balance 12/21/67. 32.285... $3,279.93
—Richard K. Cook, Treasurer
JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

38

Science in Washington

CALENDAR OF EVENTS

Notices of meetings for this column may
be sent to Mary Louise Robbins, George
Washington University School of Medicine,
1331 H. Street, N.W., Washington, D. C.
20005, by the first Wednesday of the month
preceding the date of issue of the Journal.

February 12—American Society for
Metals
Burgess Memorial Lecture. E. Parker,
professor, University of California, “New
Materials and Fabrication Processes in
Metallurgy.”

Three Chefs Restaurant, River House,
1500 S. Joyce Street, Arlington, Va. Social
hour and dinner, 6:00 p.m.; meeting,
8:00 p.m.

February 12—Institute of Electrical

and Electronics Engineers

Speaker to be announced; general sub-
ject, FM Interference to TV.

PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E Street, N. W.,
8:00 p.m.

February 13—American Society of
Civil Engineers
Arvin H. Saunders, director, Bureau of
National Capital Airports, Federal Avia-
tion Administration, “The Future of Na-
tional and Dulles Airports.”

YWCA, 17th and K Sts., N. W., noon.

Luncheon meeting. For reservations,

phone Mr. Furen, 521-5600, Ext. 4470.

February 13—University of
Maryland Physics Colloquium
Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Maryland,

4:30 p.m.

February 14—Institute of Food
Technologists

R. E. Hardenburg, Marketing and Qual-
ity Research Division, USDA Plant In-

FEBRUARY, 1968

dustry Station, Beltsville, Md. “Recent
Developments in the Use of Controlled
Atmospheres During the Marketing of
Horticultural Crops.”

National Canners Association, 1133 20th
St., N. W.,, 8:00 p.m.

February 14—Geological Society of

Washington

Symposium on the structure of the con-
tinental margin of eastern United States.

Speakers: John C. Reed, Jr., Isidore
Zietz, Martin F. Kane, U.S. Geological
Survey; Charles L. Drake, Lamont Geo-
logical Observatory.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cosmos
Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N. W., 8:00 p.m.
February 14—University of

Maryland Astronomy Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Maryland,
4:30 pm. |

February 15-17—Geological Society
of America, Northeastern Section

About 100 technical papers will be pre-
sented, representing research in quaternary
geology and geomorphology, paleontology
and stratigraphy, mineralogy and _ petrol-
ogy, structural geology and _ tectonics,
marine geology and diagenesis, and remote
sensing. A special symposium, “Financing
of Earth Sciences,” also is planned. The
president of GSA, Dr. Ian Campbell, will
address the Society on February 16. Addi-
tional information can be obtained from
the local chairman, Meyer Rubin, U. S.
Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.
20242.

Shoreham Hotel.

February 15—Developmental
Biology Seminar
James D. Ebert, Department of Embry-
ology, Carnegie Institute of Washington,
Baltimore, “Changing Concepts of the Re-
lationship Between DNA Synthesis and
Differentiation.”

39

Museum of History and Technology,
14th St. & Constitution Ave., N.W.,
7:30 p.m.

February 16—Philosophical Society

of Washington

Speaker to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cosmos
Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N. W.,
8:15 p.m.

February 19—Acoustical Society of
America
Speaker to be announced.
National Academy of Sciences, 2101
Constitution Ave., N. W., 8:00 p.m.

February 20—University of
Maryland Physics Colloquium
Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Maryland,

4:30 p.m.

February 21—American
Meteorological Society
Speaker to be announced.
National Academy of Sciences, 2101
Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

February 21—Insecticide Society of
Washington
Speaker to be announced.
Symons Hall, Agricultural Auditorium,
University of Maryland, 8:00 p.m.

February 21—University of
Maryland Astronomy Colloquium
Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Maryland,

4:30 p.m.

February 23—Society of American
Military Engineers
Annual dinner dance.
Bolling Air Force Base Officers’ Club,
7:30 p.m.

February 27—American Society for
Microbiology
Wallace P. Rowe, Laboratory of Infec-
tious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy
and Infectious Diseases, NIH, “Defective
Animal Viruses.”

Wilson Hall, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, Md., 8:00 p.m.

February 27—University of
Maryland Physics Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Maryland,
4:30 p.m.

February 28—Geological Society of
Washington

Speaker to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cosmos
Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N.W., 8:00

p-m.

February 28—University of
Maryland Astronomy Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.
Building C-132, University of Maryland,
4:30 p.m.

February 29—Developmental
Biology Seminar

Malcolm Steinberg, Department of Biol-
ogy, Princeton University, “Reconstruction
of Tissues from Disassociated Cells.”

Museum of History and Technology, 14th
St. & Constitution Ave., N.W., 7:30 p.m.

February 29—American Society of
Mechanical Engineers
Speaker to be announced.

PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E St.,
8:00 p.m.

N.W.,

February 29—Society for
Experimental Biology and
Medicine
H. George Mandel, Department of Phar-

macology, George Washington University,

moderator. Topic: “Mechanisms of Drug

Resistance.”

Panelists to be announced.

Main auditorium, Naval Medical Re-
search Institute, Naval Medical Center,
Bethesda, Md., 8:00 p.m.

Formal and informal discussion of the
topic and the presentations is encouraged.

Phone Dr. Mandel, 331-6542.

40 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

March 1—Philosophical Society of
Washington
Speaker to be announced.
John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cosmos
Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N.W., 8:15

p.m.

March 5—Botanical Society of
Washington .
Harold Elser, Department of Chesapeake

Bay Affairs, State of Maryland, “The De-

cline of Water Milfoil and Other Aquatic

Plants.”

Administration Building, National Ar-

boretum, 8:00 p.m.

Mareh 5—University of Maryland
Physics Colloquium
Speaker to be announced.
Building C-132, University of Maryland,
4:30 p.m.

March 6—Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers,
Electronic Computers Group
Speaker to be announced.

PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E St., N.W.,

8:15 p.m.

March 6—University of Maryland
Astronomy Colloquium
Speaker to be announced.
Building C-132, University of Maryland,
4:30 p.m.

March 7—Electrochemical Society
N. Corey Cahoon, vice-president (na-
tional), Electrochemical Society, “New
Developments in Batteries.”
Beeghly Chemistry Building, American
University, 8:00 p.m.

March 7—Entomological Society of
Washington
Speaker to be announced.
Room 43, Natural History Building,
Smithsonian Institution, 8:00 p.m.

March 9—American Association of
Physics Teachers
Fletcher G. Watson, professor of educa-
tion, Harvard Graduate School of Educa-

FEBRUARY, 1968

tion, will speak on the Harvard Project
Physics Program.

Panel discussion, led by Haven White-
side, Department of Physics, University of
Maryland.

Philip DeLavore, Commission on College
Physics, will speak on the Commission’s
Junior College Study.

Montgomery Junior College, Rockville
Campus, 9:30 a.m.-3:30 p.m.

March 11—American Ceramic
Society and American Society
for Metals (Joint Meeting)

EK. Epremian, Union Carbide Corp.,
“New Developments in Graphite.”
Three Chefs Restaurant, River House,

1500 S. Joyce St., Arlington, Va. Social
hour and dinner, 6:00 p.m.; meeting,

8:00 p.m.

March 11—Institute of Electrical

and Electronics Engineers

Speaker to be announced; general sub-
ject, Navigational Satellites.

PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E St, N. W.,
8:00 p.m.

March 12—American Society of
Civil Engineers
Speaker to be announced.
YWCA, 17th and K Sts., N. W., noon.
Luncheon meeting. For reservations,

phone Mr. Furen, 521-5600, Ext. 4470.

March 12—University of Maryland
Physics Colloquium
Speaker to be announced.
Building C-132, University of Maryland,
4:30 p.m.

March 13—Geological Society of
Washington
Speaker to be announced.
John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cosmos
Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N. W., 8:00 p.m.

March 13—Institute of Food
Technologists
Richard Stein, Division of Microbiology,
Food and Drug Administration, “Auto-

Al

mated Analysis for Extraneous Matter in
Foods.”

National Canners Association, 1133 20th
St., N. W., 8:00 p.m.

March 13—University of Maryland
Astronomy Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.
Building C-132, University of Maryland,
4:30 p.m.

March 14—American Society of
Mechanical Engineers

Speaker to be announced.

PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E St., N. W.,
8:00 p.m.

March 14—Chemical Society of

Washington

Hillebrand Award dinner and _ lecture.
Award winner to be announced.

Knights of Columbus Activities Hall,
9115 Little Falls Rd., Arlington, Va. Social
period at 7:00 p.m., dinner at 7:30.

For reservations call Guido Cammisa,

KI 9-7196.

March 15—Philosophical Society of
Washington
Speaker to be announced.
John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cosmos
Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N. W., 8:15

p.m.

SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS

Contributions to this column may _ be
addressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate
Editor, c/o Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service, Federal

Center Building, Hyattsville, Md.

INTERIOR DEPARTMENT
JOHN W. ALDRICH of the Fish and

Wildlife Service has received a distin-
guished service citation for outstanding
scientific contributions in ecological and
taxonomic research.

NATIONAL BUREAU OF
STANDARDS

NORMAN BEKKEDALL retired on De-
cember 15, after almost 40 years of service
at the Bureau. JAMES F. SWINDELLS,
Heat Division, retired on December 31
after 40 years at the Bureau.

Foreign talks have been given as fol-
lows: G. T. FURUKAWA, “Application
of Precise Heat-Capacity Data to the
Analysis of Temperature Scales,’ Japan
Atomic Energy Research Institute, Tokai
Research Establishment, December 8, and
‘‘Automation Problems in Calorimetry and
Thermometry,” Third Japanese Calori-
metry Conference, Osaka, November 27-28,
and JT. CARRINGTON, “Molecular Exci-
tation Mechanisms in Helium Discharges,”
Center for Research in Experimental Space
Sciences, York University, Toronto, No-
vember 22.

On January 5, Director ALLEN V. AS-
TIN, presented the 1967 Samuel Wesley
Stratton Award to JOHN D. HOFFMAN
for “outstanding contributions in relating
physical properties of solids to molecular
phenomena and particularly with respect to
chain folding in polymers.” Dr. Astin also
presented the Edward B. Rosa Award to
FORREST K. HARRIS for “contributions
to the development of standards for elec-
trical measuring instruments.” Each of
these awards consists of a bronze plaque
and a $1,500 honorarium. Dr. Hoffman is
chief of the Polymers Division and Dr.
Harris is chief of the Absolute Electrical
Measurements Section, Electricity Division.

NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
V. J. LINNENBOM is now acting associ-

ate director for Research in Oceanology.
He was recently elected to the New York
Academy of Sciences.

HERBERT FRIEDMAN has been named
president of the newly-established Inter-
Union Commission for Solar Terrestrial
Physics, International Council of Scientific
Unions. He has also been named chairman

42 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

of the Panel for Solar-Terrestrial Research,
NAS-NRC Committee. This committee has
been established to further research activi-
ties of the type carried out during the co-
operative International Years of the Quiet
Sun.

SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT
A study by the Office of Scientific Per-

sonnel of the National Academy of Sciences
gives solid confirmation of the trend to-
ward domination of doctoral education by
the large public universities. In 1920,
twelve of the nation’s top twenty institu-
tions (as measured by the number of
Ph.D.’s granted) were private, including
four of the top five. By 1966, only seven
of the top twenty were private and only
one of these was in the top five. The Uni-
versity of California at Berkeley is the
largest (637 granted in 1966), followed by
the University of Wisconsin (543), Uni-
versity of Illinois (536), Harvard (503),
and University of Michigan (432). The
others in the top twenty are, in order,
University of Minnesota, Columbia Uni-
versity, Stanford University, Indiana Uni-
versity, New York University, Ohio State
University, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Michigan State University,
Purdue University, University of Texas,
Cornell University, Yale University, Uni-
versity of California at Los Angeles, Uni-
versity of Chicago, and Pennsylvania State
University. The foregoing ranking for 1966
is based on unpublished data in the NRC

doctorate records file.

A National Bureau of Standards study
has verified that extreme ultraviolet de-
tectors based on the principle of rare-gas
photoionization give direct and accurate
measurements of spectral irradiance. UI-
traviolet detectors of spectral irradiance—
and means for their calibration—have re-
cently become of increased importance,
particularly in space applications. The de-
tector most commonly used for spectral

FEBRUARY, 1968

measurements in the extreme ultraviolet is
a phosphor - sensitized photo - multiplier
which is calibrated using a thermopile as
a reference. However, disadvantages have
long been known to be associated with the
comparison calibration in that a prelim-
inary study is required of the variation in
sensitivity over the active area of the
thermopile, and of the variation in the
intensity through a cross section of the
incident beam. The thermopile must also
be corrected for the loss of sensitivity due
to energy being carried away by photo-
ejected electrons. In addition, thermopiles
lack sufficient sensitivity to enable their
use on more than a very few of the spectral
lines that are typically available in the
laboratory. In the NBS study, an ion
chamber with argon gas was checked
against a calibrated thermopile and found
to be accurate within 3 percent.

Chemists of the National Bureau of
Standards have found that certain crystal-
line compounds containing a beta-naphthy]
group produce an increase in the modulus
of vulcanized rubber under certain condi-
tions. The most pronounced reinforcement
is obtained with phenyl B-naphthylamine
(PBNA), which is about four times more
effective than carbon black in stiffening
rubber. Interestingly, when the PBNA is
extracted with benzene the rubber returns
to its original degree of stiffness.

A new agreement between the United
States, Canada, Denmark, and France has
made possible an international study of a
notable example of human adaptability—
the ability of Eskimos to thrive in the
earth’s most hostile environment.

The agreement, an expansion of an
earlier joint U.S.-Canadian program, grew
out of a recent conference on circumpolar
peoples held at Point Barrow, Alaska,
under the sponsorship of the International
Biological Program (IBP).

The remarkable success of Eskimos in
adapting to difficult circumstances is re-

43

flected in their geographical distribution.
Over the centuries, they have migrated
around a large sector of the circumpolar
world so that with their close relatives, the
Aleuts, they occupy the longest linear dis-
tance of any group in the world.

To measure how genetically similar
groups of Eskimos have adapted to the
varying environments within this vast dis-
tance, American, Canadian, and Danish-
French research sites have been situated at
points along the original routes of Eskimo
migration. The U. S. research effort will
be concentrated near the origins of the
Eskimo wanderings at Wainwright, Alas-
ka, a village with 300 residents, 90 miles
from Point Barrow. The Canadians will
work near the center of the circumscribed
migration route at Igloolik, a remote set-
tlement in the Northwest Territories, while
Danish and French scientists investigate

Eskimo adaptation at Upernavik in north-
eastern Greenland, one of the farthermost

points in the Eskimo migratory pattern.

The four-nation study will be conducted
under the auspices of the International
Biological Program, a 50-nation study of
the biological basis of productivity and
human welfare. The U. S. portion of the
Eskimo study was developed by the Human
Adaptability Subcommittee of the U. S.
National Committee for the IBP, which is
itself within the Division of Biology and
Agriculture of the National Research Coun-
cil. Frederick A. Milan of the University
of Wisconsin has been appointed director
of the American study and coordinator of
the international effort. William S. Laugh-
lin, also of the University of Wisconsin,
will serve as co-principal investigator with
Dr. Milan for the Wainwright project.

4A, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

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Volume 58 FEBRUARY 1968 —

CONTENTS
Six Scientists Receive Academy’s Annual Awards | Bent? rts are
T. E. Margrave, Jr.: Review of Visual Observations of Solar Granulation . csohetee .
Geological Society of Washington: Proceedings for 967 4c F
Nominations Invited for AOAC Awards | eA. : : |
PTdeahwrcd ce Ls IN die MA hoor ch So
Academy Proceedings ;
Election Results Announced ___. Al hs catuniamends deste <dt> cotds th ae
Board of Managers Meeting Notes (December) |
Annual Report of Treasurer for 1967 | ...)..0.4:.30: 02.) sdnstinoveoueanieeen er}
Science in Washington -"
Calendar of Eiventa 0.) .:..507:4 ln cusso-sstadbvcighetens agente tae ea Me mt
Scientists in the Neowd 25 /.50.04.5,.2cdas..b dytin Aut, va eth ae ee ae
Science and Developaenit 0.00. 5..j).65sccscsscerdcssysss 0b aeeah ergs tcigyn ee ue re

Washington Academy of Sciences
1530—P St., N.W.

Washington, D.C., 20005

Return Requested

VOLUME 58 NUMBER 3

— Journal of the

WASHINGTON
ACADEMY OF
SCIENCES ~

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U. S. Participation in the

International Biological Program

W. Frank Blair

Professor of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas. Chairman,

U.S. National Committee for IBP.

The International Biological Program
(IBP) had its beginnings almost as a pro-
gram in search of a cause, but in the United
States it has envolved into a program that
is appropriate to the times and of great po-
tential importance to our society.

The origin of IBP has been credited to
conversations early in 1959 between Sir
Rudolph Peters, president of the Interna-
tional Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU)
and Professor G. Montalenti, president of
the International Union of Biological Sci-
ences (IUBS). Stimulus for these talks had
come from the late Lloyd U. Berkner and
other influential members of ICSU, who
had suggested that it would be desirable to
initiate an International Biological Year.
Discussions of this proposal were held by
the Executive Board of the IUBS during
1959, and at the Ninth General Assembly
in London in 1961, ICSU appointed a Plan-
ning Committee for IBP under the chair-
manship of Professor Montalenti, with rep-
resentation from several scientific unions.
The late E. H. Graham and plant geneticist
G. Ledyard Stebbins were the U.S. members
of this committee, and Stebbins in partic-
ular was active in the early promotion of
IBP among U.S. biologists.

The ICSU resolution that established the
Planning Committee also indicated that the
program would focus on “(1) the effect on
living communities of changes in the nat-
ural environment, and (2) the augmenta-
tions through basic research of natural
resources and the reduction of losses and
waste for the benefit of mankind.” As will
be evident, this focus was altered at the

AprIL, 1968

First General Meeting of IBP, held in Paris
in 1964, with emphasis being shifted to
item 2, and it has been further modified,
for better or worse, in the development of
the national programs under IBP.

The Planning Committee for IBP at its
third meeting, in Edinburgh during Novem-
ber of 1963, presented a suggested plan for
IBP. This plan was approved in principle
by the Executive Committee of the TUBS
and by the General Assembly of ICSU as
the basis for an International Biological
Program. ICSU also authorized the estab-
lishment of a Special Committee for IBP
(SCIBP).

In response to the call from ICSU for a
general meeting of scientists from all parts
of the world to make a critical examination
of the plan for IBP, Frederick E. Seitz,
president of the National Academy of Sci-
ences, appointed an ad hoc committee
chaired by Stanley A. Cain, then chairman
of the Department of Conservation at the
University of Michigan and_ presently
Assistant Secretary of Interior for Fish and
Wildlife and Parks. This committee was
charged with examining the matter of U.S.
participation in IBP. In addition to the
chairman, five of ten committee members
were recognized ecologists, while the re-
maining five members represented a var-
iety of interests ranging from sociology
and anthropology to plant or animal
physiology and nutrition. After four meet-
ings between December 1963 and May
1964, the ad hoc committee recommended
that the U.S. participate in further planning
and that a U.S. delegation be sent to the

45

Paris planning meeting of ICSU in July
1964.

The U.S. delegation to the Paris meeting
was co-chaired by Stanley Cain and T. C.
Byerly, then chairman of the Division of
Biology and Agriculture of the National
Research Council. In addition to these,
there were eight members of the U.S. dele-
gation and nine other interested U.S. sci-
entists. Representatives of scientific acade-
mies in 30 countries participated in the
Paris meeting.

The basic philosophy of the IBP that
came from the Paris meeting has been the
dominant philosophy in the evolution of an
IBP program in many countries, particu-
larly in the developing countries and in the
scientifically less sophisticated ones. This
philosophy is set out in the preamble of the
ICSU proposal for an IBP:

“As a consequence of the rapid rate of
increase in the numbers and needs of the

human populations of the world and their

demands on the natural environment, there
is an urgent need for greatly increased
biological research.

“It is proposed that there shall be an
International Biological Program (IBP)
entitled The Biological Basis of Productiv-
ity and Human Welfare, with the objectives
of ensuring a world-wide study of (1)
organic production on the land, in fresh
waters, and in the seas, so that adequate
estimates may be made of the potential
yield of new as well as existing natural
resources, and (2) human adaptability to
the changing conditions.

“In proposing such a program it is con-
sidered essential that it shall be limited to
basic biological studies related to produc-
tivity and human welfare, which will bene-
fit from international collaboration, and
are urgent because of the rapid rate of the
changes taking place in all environments
throughout the world.”

The Planning Committee recommended
that the IBP be developed on the basis of
seven sections, each dealing with a distinct
area of concern, as follows:

Productivity of Terrestrial Communities

(PT)

Production Processes (PP)
Conservation of Terrestrial Communities

(CT)

Productivity of Freshwater Communities
(PF)

Productivity of Marine Communities
(PM)

Human Adaptability (HA)

Use and Management of Biological Re-

sources (UM)

The limitations in scope imposed by the
Planning Committee for IBP, and the em-
phasis on productivity which is only one of
the many problems challenging the bur-
geoning human population, led to early
disenchantment of various U.S. biologists
with the IBP. It even caused some division
of opinion in the U.S. ad hoc committee, of
which I was a member. Nevertheless, the
U.S. delegation to the Paris meeting recom-
mended (1) that the U.S. participate in the
IBP through the National Academy of Sci-
ences-National Research Council, (2) that
a U.S. National Committee for the IBP be
formed, and (3) that the U.S. subscribe,
through ICSU, $10,000 a year in dues to
SCIBP and assume an appropriate share
of additional international costs of the pro-
gram. U.S. participation in the IBP was
officially approved when the Governing
Board of the National Research Council
met on September 27, 1964. Action phase
of the program had been scheduled to begin
July 1, 1967, and, with appointment of a
U.S. National Committee — headed by
Roger Revelle of Harvard University’s
Population Center—planning of the U.S.
effort under the IBP began.

Evolution of the U.S. Program

Two additional sections were added to
the U.S. program very early in the plan-
ning by the U.S, National Committee
(USNC). Primarily at the instigation of
Ernst Mayr, director of the Museum of
Comparative Zoology at Harvard Univer-
sity, a section was established and a sub-
committee appointed for Systematics and
Biogeography (SB). Similarly, at the insti-
gation of T. H. Bullock, physiologist at

46 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

the University of California, a section was
established and a subcommittee appointed
for Environmental Physiology (EP) com-
posed not only of physiologists but also
of evolutionists.

Each of the nine U.S. subcommittees
was charged with generating a program
or series of programs pertinent to the
objectives of the IBP and of the U.S.
National Committee. There was a great
deal of muddling and lost motion as seems
always to be the case when a committee
undertakes the planning of anything.
Eventually, a large group of subcommittee
members and others were assembled in
Williamstown, Massachusetts, late in 1966
to put together the U.S. program for par-
ticipation in the IBP. Report Number 2
of USNC for the IBP resulted from this
meeting. Problem areas were delineated
and a projected plan of action was pro-
posed. The ultimate broadening and sophis-
tication of the U.S. program far beyond
that of the program of any other par-
ticipating country was already beginning
to take substance, but it was not then as
apparent as it was to become later. The
“Johnny-come-lately” program of the EP
Subcommittee was featured in the discus-
sion of the “plan of action” probably be-
cause its planning was more advanced than
that of the other programs. The several-
faceted HA program was also well spelled
out as was a program called “Productivity
of Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems”
which revealed an anticipated merger of
the efforts of the PT and PF sections. The
introductory statement of this program was,
“much of the efforts of the Terrestrial
and Freshwater Productivity Subcommit-
tees will be focused on intensive, multidis-
ciplinary analyses of ecosystems.”

Many of the programs planned in Report
Number 2 of USNC/IBP resulted in work-
ing conferences involving selected groups
of interested biologists for the purpose of
planning integrated research programs.
Twelve of these integrated programs have

received approval of the USNC/IBP and a

APRIL, 1968

few more may do so. A few of these have
reached the stage of actual research pro-
posals to permit their initiation or expan-

sion in 1968 or’/1969.

Four of these integrated programs have
been given priority by the Executive Com-
mittee of the US/IBP National Committee
—the analysis of ecosystems program,
studies on the ecology of migrant popula-
tions, investigations of Eskimo adapta-
bility, and research in convergent and
divergent evolution in the Americas.

The aims and potentialities of these
four reflect the distance that the U.S.
National Committee has gone beyond the
IBP national committee of most countries
in imagination and sophistication so as to
merit such comments as, “a model of how
a sophisticated country should approach
IBP” (Sir Otto Frankel, chairman, Aus-

tralian National Committee for IBP).

The most significant thing about the
U.S. plan for participation in the IBP
is that after all of the committee debates, a
certain number of false starts and abortive
efforts, and a not-unexpected appearance
at times of indirection, the U.S. program
has come into focus on some of the most
pressing problems that have faced man in
all of his history. It has come to center
around man as a component of an eco-
system, and not just on what he can do
to increase productivity because this also
increases his stresses on the biosphere of
which his population is only a part. The
really exciting thing, both scientifically
and with respect to the future of our civili-
zation, is that somewhere back down the
trail, the program for analysis of ecosys-
tems came to be the central core of the
U.S. program. I am not completely sure
when this occurred, but occur it did. Such
understanding is vital to our mounting
efforts to abate our harmful effects (e.g.
air, water, and land pollution, and eutro-
phication) on our environment and to live
in better harmony with it. Anti-pollution
legislation has already run head-on into
ignorance of reasonable baseline standards.
Consequently, it has not been possible to

47

define just what is air or water pollution.
Ecosystem studies can provide these base-
lines.

These integrated ecosystem studies by
their very nature are going to be big
science—probably the biggest science that
biologists have ever undertaken as _ inte-
grated programs. However, this is the only
route to the answers we need about the
functioning of ecosystems. Acquisition of
these answers seems essential to our ability
to maintain a world worth living in. Big
science is seemingly less attractive to many
biologists than to a physical scientist. How-
ever, the hard planning for the first part
of this ecosystem program, the “Grasslands
Study,” has revealed a potential bonus with
respect to graduate training and research
that might well justify the cost of the
program even if there were not other pres-
sing reasons for it. I am referring to the
response of many biologists in small and
usually “‘have-not” colleges. More than 80
senior scientists from 20 universities, col-
leges, and Government laboratories in the
West involved themselves in this project
when given the opportunity. Many people
in the smaller colleges have research talents
that are going to waste because they lack
local stimulus, have inadequate local facili-
ties, and are unable to compete with sci-
entists in the larger and more prestigious
universities for scarce Federal research

funds.

Involvement of these small college sci-
entists and their students should improve
the level of research and teaching in such
institutions and it should help toward an
increase in the training of ecologists—
already in short supply as our society
begins to think about and do something
about the quality of the environment.

The Analysis of Ecosystems program is
headed by Frederick E. Smith of the School
of Conservation, University of Michigan.
An ecologist known for his competence
in using systems analysis for solution of
ecological problems, Smith will head the
entire Ecosystems investigation. Studies in
six major biotic formations (biomes) will

each have a biome director, who will be
responsible for the work in that biome.
In addition to the work at an “intensive”
site in each biome, supporting work will
be encouraged at other sites. The five
biomes selected in addition to the grass-
lands are eastern forest, tropical rain-
forest, coniferous forest, tundra, and desert.
Comparison of these very different regions
as functioning systems will yield better
understanding of our environment and of
how any given action of many may affect
it. The IBP is officially scheduled to last
five years ending June 30, 1972, but it
is quite obvious that major programs such
as the Analysis of Ecosystems study will
be far from complete and will unquestion-
ably continue beyond that date. We shall
return to this point later. The grasslands
study has been given top priority in
the Ecosystem program and hopefully will
stand as a model for the others which will
be phased in as funds become available.

Since U.S. efforts in the IBP are pri-
marily concerned with ecosystems, they
are also concerned with man as a part
of his ecosystem. How man adjusts to his
environment, be it city or farm, is of great
concern today.

Much of man’s history has been mobile:
he has moved wherever there are more
food, more money, and better living con-
ditions. Right now, there is a great migra-
tion occurring in the United States from
the rural south to the industrialized north.
The Ecology of Migrant Peoples research
program will attempt to learn more about
the many physiological and psychological
problems man encounters while adapting
to an urban environment.

The program will consist of a series of
social, economic, and medical studies of
Negro residents in Holmes County, Missis-
sippi, and then, research on their move-
ment to Chicago. In adition to the sur-
veys, the scientists will work with children
in a Head Start program in Holmes County
and try to determine its effect on their
health and learning ability. They will also
try to find out how much of an effect a

48 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

health information program for pregnant
women will have on lowering the very high
occurences of fetal and neonatal deaths
found in the County. At the same time,
Chicago-bound migrants and _ former
Holmes County residents now in Chicago
will be interviewed to determine charac-
teristics that can predict successful adapta-
tion to an urban environment. Other mi-
grant populations also will be studied, both
in the United States and internationally, as
the IBP continues.

Another major development insofar as
the U.S. is concerned has been the emerg-
ence of some truly international and truly
cooperative research efforts. One of these
is the Program for Study of Eskimo Peo-
ples, with U.S., Canadian, Danish, and
French scientists working in a closely co-
ordinated study of the adaptation of these
peoples to their harsh environment. An-
thropologists have been more prone to
work cooperatively on an_ international
scale than have biologists, and the expan-
sion of previously existing cooperation into
an IBP effort was probably easier here
than in the other international programs.

A second of these international pro-
grams is one with which I have been
deeply involved and to which I have de-
voted much of my time. My involvement
really began in late 1966 at Tucuman, Ar-
gentina, where I was participating in a
symposium at the Primeras Jornadas de
Zoologica. At this congress, I found the
opportunity to present a discussion of
the aims and state of progress of the IBP
in the United States. The obvious enthusi-
asm for IBP on the part of these people—
most of whom were hearing it described
for the first time—prompted me to volun-
teer to return early in 1967 to publicize
IBP in the major countries of South
America. At that time, no national orga-
nization for the IBP existed in any Latin
American country and few Latin American
biologists knew anything of its scope and
objectives. I visited 17 cities in 7 countries,
and talked with interested local biologists.
One of the things discussed at all of these

APRIL, 1968

places was the possibility of organizing
a truly cooperative research program in-
volving South American and North Ameri-
can biologists. The idea of cooperative
research was received with enthusiasm
when it became apparent that we really
meant the word “cooperative.” In some of
the countries, especially in Brazil and Ven-
ezuela, there is justified suspicion of North
American biologists who want to do field
work. A number of Latin American sci-
entists feel that their countries have been
exploited by many of the museum expedi-
tions from the United States which have
collected new forms and put the type speci-
mens—and often the entire collection—in
a museum in North America. If a South
American biologist wants to work with
this material from his own country, he
usually must come to the United States
to see M.

A main stimulus for the development of
a cooperative inter-American program was
the discovery that scattered throughout
South America there are bright, enthusi-
astic, young, field-oriented biologists who
are obviously ready to break away from
the traditional Latin American nationalism
in science and work cooperatively among
themselves and with North Americans.

At Tucuman in 1966, Dr. Marcos A.
Freiberg, president of the Association of
Latin American Ichthyologists and Herpe-
tologists (ALAIH), Dr. Bertha Lutz of
the Brazilian National Museum, Dr. Ave-
lino Barrio, director of the Institute of
Microbiology in Buenos Aires, Dr. Jose
M. Cei, director of the Institute of Biology
in Mendoza, and I held informal discus-
sions about a possible program of coopera-
tive research on the evolutionary history
of certain groups of amphibians that range
into or through both North and South
America. This was to be modeled after
a much less ambitious cooperative effort
that had been in existence among myself,
Cei, and Asvaldo Reig, formerly of the
University of Buenos Aires. A network
of investigators would be established, line
materials would be exchanged for use in

49

modern techniques of analysis, and the
efforts would be coordinated.

As the integrated program developed
under the EP Subcommittee of the US/
IBP, the plan originated at Tucuman was
expanded and combined with a plan to
study the convergent evolution of species
and ecosystems under similar physical en-
vironments in the Southern and Northern
Hemispheres. As this latter plan developed,
emphasis was put on the Argentine “Chaco”
and its counterpart in the southwestern
U.S., and on the deserts of South and
North America dominated by the same
species of creosote bush.

In November 1967, a conference of
North American and South American
biologists was convened at Caracas,
Venezuela, under auspices of the U.S.
National Committee, to plan this coopera-
tive research program. This conference was
held simultaneously with another confer-
ence generated in the EP Subcommittee on
the “Physiology of Colonizing Species,”
convened by Dr. Calvin McMillan of the
University of Texas. Twenty-four South
American and 23 North American biolo-
gists were invited participants in the Cara-
cas conference. Observers and Venezuelan
scientists swelled the number to about 150.
The program of cooperative inter-Ameri-
can research centering on “Convergent and
Divergent Evolution in the Americas” that
resulted from this conference has reached
the stage of presentation as a formal pro-
posal for possible funding. At present, 64
scientists, more or less equally divided
between South and North American, are
involved, and inquiries are being received
from others who have heard of the pro-
gram. As now set up, the program is
open-ended and is expected to grow.

Just as the program in Analysis of
Ecosystems sets a new dimension in eco-
logical research, so does this program set
a new dimension in evolutionary studies.
The pattern laid down here is apt to be
the pattern of the future because of its
greater efficiency over the limited, national-
istically-determined patchwork of efforts

in the past.

Timeliness of the IBP

It seems almost entirely coincidental that
the IBP is developing at a time when, vir-
tually for the first time in U.S. history, the
thinking in both the excutive and the legis-
lative branches of the Government is being
directed to tthe quality of the environment
and to what we must do to preserve and
improve it. There are a series of bills both
in the House and the Senate calling for a
national panel of ecological, or environ-
mental, advisors to the President. There are
also bills that address themselves to the pro-
blems of pollution of air, of our fresh
waters, of our lands, and of our estuaries.
It seems entirely credible that the IBP can
furnish an important input into whatever
panel may be established by the Adminis-
tration in the next few months or by future
legislative.

Another related phenomenon at _ the
national level is the developing sentiment
for a National Institute of Ecology. Such an
institution seems inevitable in the very
near future, and when it comes into exist-
ence, it could be the organization for con-
tinuing much of the research started in and
related to the various IBP programs. For
example, the entire ecosystems program,
with its potential for providing the envir-
onmental baselines called for in currently
proposed legislation, would fall logically
under the administration of such an insti-
tute. The Ecological Society of America
has made a feasibility study of such an
institute through a subcommittee of its
Ecology Study Committee, and a recom-
mendation has been made for an organi-
zation patterned after the National Center
for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). Ecolo-
gists feel that a semi-autonomous agency
comparable to NCAR is far preferable to an
in-house agency under, for example, the
Department of the Interior as has been pro-
posed in some of the bills introduced into
Congress.

At the international level, it is entirely
possible that the “Biosphere Conference,”

50 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

planned under UNESCO for the fall of
1968, will develop into an international
action program that will be the successor to
IBP at its official temination and that the
more viable parts of IBP will continue
indefinitely. There is a considerable amount
of reservation on the part of some U.S.
ecologists about the desirability of having
the IBP move eventually under the aegis
of UNESCO. However, this is a problem
that will have to be faced some time in the
future. At the present time, the IBP organ-
ization has a strong input into planning of
the Biosphere Conference in anticipation of
a coordinated effort rather than a competi-
tive program.

Management and Funding

Two committees have played a dominant
role in the development of U.S. participa-
tion in the IBP up to the present. One of
these has been the U.S. National Committee
comprised of chairmen of the various sub-
committees and of others, with Roger
Revelle as chairman until recently and
T. C. Byerly and Stanley Cain as vice-chair-
men. During the past four years, this com-
mittee has been a policy-making body and
has reviewed for approval, as a part of the
U.S. participation in IBP, the programs
generated in the various subcommittees. In
addition, the USNC through its subcom-
mittees has reviewed individual projects for
pertinence to IBP when the principal inves-
tigator submitting these to granting agen-
cies requested such a review.

With near completion of the planning
phase in the U.S., I see the role of the
National Committee shifting to one of
something of a board of overseers for the
U.S. effort as the various integrated pro-
grams pass through the years of the action
phase. I also see the desirability of some
restructuring and streamlining of the USNC
to reflect the programs that have emerged
as active ones. For example, most of the
executive work, previously done by the
entire 19-man committee, will now be the
responsibility of the executive committee,
which I expect to be enlarged from three

APRIL, 1968

to five members.

Staff support at the National Academy of
Sciences presently involves three staff offi-
cers for the IBP, although they do have
other responsibilities to the Academy, and
one full-time person in the Office of Infor-
mation assigned to IBP.

The current functioning of the various
committees within US/IBP may be illus-
trated by briefly outlining the procedures
that are involved in formulating and
approving an integrated research program.
The concept for the program is first pre-
sented to and approved by the USNC. In
the majority of cases, a planning conference
is then convened to formulate the research
scheme and a program director selected.
Subsequently he prepares, often with the
assistance of other scientists involved in the
planning stages, a program proposal. This
is then submitted for approval to the sub-
committee in which the program was gener-
ated and if approved, goes to the Executive
Committee. Once approved by the Execu-
tive Committee, the program is considered
a part of the U.S. effort and is forwarded
for funding consideration.

Funding of the IBP has been the respon-
sibility of the other important group,
the Interagency Coordinating Committee
(ICC). This committee is chaired by Dr.
Harve J. Carlson, director of the Division
of Biology and Medicine at the National
Science Foundation, and made up of one
representative from each of the various
Government agencies with natural interests
in one or more aspects of the IBP. It has
played an important role during the plan-
ning stages for U.S. participation in IBP
by providing funds for modest staffing of
the central office, for meetings of the USNC
and its subcommittees, and for the various
planning conferences such as those in
Caracas.

Now that U.S. participation in the IBP
has reached the stage where funding is
being sought for the high priority inte-
grated programs, the activities of the com-
mittee become even more important.
Recently some concern has been expressed

ol

in various scientific quarters about the
amount of funding available for the
research phase of the IBP. Members of the
ICC, along with representatives of the Ad-
ministration and Congress, are all consid-
erably involved in finding the best methods
for obtaining the necessary funding during
this very tight budget situation. Without
being unduly optimistic, I feel that certain
amounts will most likely become available
through these efforts as well as those of
private foundations and __ international
organizations.

Where Do We Stand in the US/ IBP?

The National Committee has spent a
long time in planning U.S. participation in
the IBP. This has been criticized in some
quarters as a lot of talk and “beautiful
essays.” However, it is probably most for-
tunate that the program grew slowly, for in
this time it came into sharp focus on the
crucial question of how man is going to
establish a better harmony with the eco-
sphere he has been exploiting with reckless
disregard.

As a result of the recognized necessity
for systems analysis of ecosystems, a new
kind of integrated research program in
biology is emerging. The same may be said
for the inter-American program to investi-
gate convergent and divergent evolution.
It seems to me that programs like these
have set the stage for a new perspective in
biological research. It is a prespective that
has existed in the physical sciences for a
long time and it has accounted in large part
for their greater support by Federal funds.
People simply expect physicists to think
big and to generate expensive projects. Up
to now they have expected biologists to
think small and speak softly. But with
man’s ever-inreasing damage of the envir-
onment, this can no longer be the case.
Biologists must work together on large-
scale programs if the answers needed for
controlling the quality of environment are
to be found. The day of big biology has
arrived with the IBP, and it is destined to
become more and more evident in the
future.

A CONTRIBUTION
FROM THE ARCHIVIST

The War Year 1918 and the Academy
The Journal for 1918, Volume 8, con-

tains many items that show the impact of
the war on the Academy and its affiliates.
Obituary notes are dedicated to casualties,
many members are reported as performing
special duties, lectures on war topics are
mentioned in the reports of meetings, and
several of them are printed in full.

Thus the report about the 118th meeting
of the Academy, on January 8, 1918, men-
tions “the Corresponding Secretary, Dr. R.
B. Sosman, elected by the Board of Man-
agers in September, 1917, to fill the unex-
pired term of Dr. F. E. Wright, on account
of the latter’s continued absence from the
city while engaged upon war work” (p.
67). At the 575th meeting of the Biologi-
cal Society on December 1, 1917, the
speaker, Dr. Charles Wardwell Stiles “be-
ing out of the city on sanitary work at one
of the southern military camps, the paper
was presented by Dr. T. S. Palmer” (p.
42). The attendance was 26 persons. The
occasion for the 119th meeting of the
Academy on January 17, 1918, was “the
first of a series of illustrated lectures deal-
ing with Science in Relation to the War.
The speaker, Maj. S. J. M. Auld, of the
British Military Mission, delivered an ad-
dress on the subject, Methods of gas war-
fare” (p. 69). At the meeting on March 5,
1918, the Board. of Managers decided:
“The dues of members absent from the
United States on military or naval duty
were remitted. Dr. Woodrow Wilson, The
White House, Washington, D. C., was
elected an honorary member of the Acad-
emy in recognition of his contributions to
economic and political history” (p. 208).
On October 28, the Board adopted the rec-
ommendation of the Executive Council
that “those honorary members of the
Academy who are enemy subjects be sus-
pended until the end of the war, and their
case be again considered at that time” (p.

634).

52 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Of the seven public lectures on “the
scientific and engineering aspects of the
war, six were reprinted in a_ brochure,
“substantially bound in flexible cloth
covers,’ and sold at 75 cents a copy. Not
included was the second lecture, given on
February 21 by Dr. George E. Hale, direc-
tor of the Mt. Wilson Solar Observatory
and chairman of the National Research
Council, on “Astronomy and War—Some
Examples of the Close Parallelism Between
the Methods and Work of the Astronomer
and Those of the Military Engineer.”

John Headlam, major-general in charge
of the British Artillery Mission, surveyed
“Developments in Artillery During the
War” (pp. 301-19). Comparing the use of
shrapnel versus high explosives, he said:
“The English, as befits the country of the
inventor, General Shrapnel of the British
Army, have always been great shrapnel ad-
herents; our 18-pounder was designed as a
shrapnel gun, and has undoubtedly the
most powerful shrapnel in existence. | ad-
mit we carried this too far in having no
high explosive at all... . We saw the effect
of our shrapnel on the German infantry in
1914, and we have not forgotten it” (p.
303). He concluded with the assurance
that “we artillerymen have maintained our
traditional interest in science. ...

Raymond Pearl, U. S. Food Administra-
tion, reflected on “Biology and War” (pp.
341-50). Pearl was particularly concerned
with the many and influential, wrong ideas

99

about war as a means for or against natu-
ral selection. “I believe it to be literally
true that the one event in the history of
Western Europe which more than any
other single one laid the foundation for
the situation in which Western Europe
finds itself today, was the publication in
1859 of a book called “The Origin of Spe-
cies.” With what horror would that gent-
lest and kindest of souls, whose mind con-
ceived and executed this work, have been
filled could he have foreseen the frightful

welter of blood which has resulted from

APRIL, 1968

the gross perversion of his views by Ger-
man biologists” (p. 355). “As a biologist
I can come to no other conclusion than
that wars will occur in the future as they
have in the past until such time as civi-
lized man has become a different kind of
animal than he now is. Happily every war
advances him by some degree on the road
to that much-to-be-desired goal” (p. 360).

Arthur A. Noyes, MIT, chairman of the
Committee on Nitrate Investigation, Na-
tional Research Council, lectured on “The
Nitrogen Problem in Relation to the War”
(pp 381-94). He mentioned a report “that
the Minister cf Munitions of England has
said that this war must be won with am-
monium nitrate, as no other explosive can
be produced in quantity adequate to meet
the enormous demands of the Allied ar-
mies in Europe” (p. 381).

X. Reille, lieutenant colonel, chief of ar-
tillery in the French Advisory Mission,
presented “The Problem of Anti-aircraft
Firing” (pp. 465-80) and remarked: “The
flying machine should be considered not
so much one of the arms of the artillery as
one of its eyes—and that eye the better
one. In fighting the enemy aircraft our
guns fight the artillery of the enemy in its
most vital part.” Anti-aircraft firing will re-
main ineffective “so long as there shall not
have been found a gun of fantastic muzzle
velocity, capable of pouring into space pro-
jectiles of a speed infinitely superior to that
of the flying machine. .. .” (p. 480).

Pertinent to this topic are the following
items among the “Scientific Notes and
News”: “The National Research Council.
at the request of the Secretary of War and
the Secretary of the Navy, has organized a
explosives investigations.
The former Chemical and Explosives Sec-
tion of the War Industries Board has been
reorganized into two divisions, a Chemi-

committee on

cals Division in charge of Mr. Charles N.
MacDowell, and an Explosives Division in
charge of Mr. M. F. Chase” (p. 508).

Much of the personal news is related

o3

to the war. One man was removed from
office by reason of “friendly sympathies
for the imperial German government” and
requested “‘an opportunity to reply to any
charges presented” (p. 509). “Moses Gom-
berg, professor of organic chemistry at the
University of Michigan, has been commis-
sioned a major in the Ordnance Depart-
ment and is stationed in Washington.
Prof. R. C. Tolman, formerly of the Uni-
versity of Illinois, who has been on leave
of absence for work at the American Uni-
versity Experiment Station, has been com-
missioned a major in the Chemical War-
fare Service. Dr. H. S. Washington, of the
Geophysical Laboratory, has been appoint-
ed chemical associate to the scientific at-
tachés at the American embassies in Paris
and Rome” (p. 543 f.).

—Eduard Farber

T-THOUGHTS
Problem Solution

In a talk by D. W. Taylor of Yale in

1956, he made some interesting remarks.

on the behavior of average individuals.
Some of his principal conclusions are pre-
sented in the subsequent paragraphs.

In general, men are better than women
in solving problems that need restructur-
ing, 1.e., re-formulation or approach from
a different angle. This is probably to be
attributed to differences in childhood
training. After group discussion, women
improved to a significantly greater degree
than did men.

Men showed a _ significant negative
correlation between willingness to conform
and ability to solve problems; women
showed a similar but not significant tend-
ency.

Amongst men, those who showed a more
“masculine” social role tended to be supe-
rior in problem solving; no such correla-
tion appeared amongst women.

While simple probability theory would
suggest increased frequency of solution
with increased size of group, this was not
established. Two performed better than

one; but groups of four were not superior
to groups of two. (Most experienced
leaders said that four would be the opti-
mum group size.) Taylor injects his own
opinion that “for many kinds of problems,
working in a group will turn out to have
little, if any effect upon individual per-
formance, and that for a number of kinds
of problems the effect will be significantly
negative.”

Groups of five persons were set up with
four different patterns of intercommunica-
tion: circle, straight chain, Y, and wheel.
A person was permitted to communicate
only with those to whom he is connected
by a line. The results were surprising:

(a) Achievement was least with the cir-
cle, greater with the chain, still greater
with the Y, and greatest with the wheel.

(b) Morale was in the reverse order.

It almost looks as though, in group
work, you should not expect to be both
happy and productive.

Criteria for selecting individuals are not
very reliable. The best of the methods
tried gave a correlation of only 0.40. Con-
trary to some persons’ views, one does bet-
ter to hire “A” than “B” students. Those
who reported a high reading frequency in
the age period 10 to 12, and came from
middle income families, tended to be more
productive.

In the matter of atmosphere for creative
thinking, Taylor believes that “the most
important single factor is the relation be-
tween the scientist or engineer and his
immediate supervisor, or more precisely,
the supervisor who determines the atmos-
phere in which he works. What is empha-
sized is the importance of a climate or at-
mosphere receptive to new ideas.”

Taylor concludes, “let me suggest one
factor which, I think, often inhibits the
thinking of individuals who would other-
wise be creative: the fear of making mis-
takes.”

—Ralph G. H. Siu

54 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Academy Proceedings

1968 Budget Approved
The following budget for calendar year 1968 was approved by the Board of Managers

at its meeting on February 15.

Estimated Receipts

Dues of members and fellows
Investment income

Reimbursements for grants-in-aid (AAAS)
Miscellaneous

Total

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Journal (subscriptions, back issues, reprints)

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Amount

$10,000
6,000
4,000
600
300

$20,900

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Estimated Expenses

Journal (printing, reprints, etc.)
Headquarters office
Operations
Typewriter
Cabinets

Meetings

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Program
Grants-in-aid (AAAS)

Contribution to Joint Board

Total

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Miscellaneous committee and Board expenses

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300
1,000
$20,900

Annual Report of Secretary for 1967

The “Academy Proceedings” sections of
the regular issues of the Journal constitute
a detailed record of the activities of the
Academy. The Directory Issue (September
1967) should be consulted for a complete
list of standing and special committees,
statistics on the membership, and _ the
officers of affiliated organizations.

Membership. During the 1967 calendar
year, 18 new members and 41 new fellows
completed membership requirements. Six

Marcu, 1968

of the latter were elevations from member
to fellow. On December 31 the Academy
records listed 1260 persons as follows: res-
ident fellows 820, nonresident fellows 159,
resident members 115, nonresident
members 9, emeriti 159.
The following deaths were reported to

the Academy in 1967:

T. G. Andrews

Morris K. Barrett

L. V. Berkner

99

Watson Davis

Lewis K. Downing
Henry G. Ferguson
Edward H. Graham
Carl C. Kiess

Clyde E. Leighty
Albert V. H. Masket
Donald B. McMullen
Atherton H. Mears
David L. Mills
Edward J. Osten
Frank H. H. Roberts
Irena Z. Roberts
Raymond L. Sanford
Claude E. Schaeffer
Henry W. Schoenborn
Francis B. Silsbee
Ralph P. Tittsler
Arthur Q. Tool

J. B. Umpleby
George P. Walton
Alan T. Waterman
Alfred G. Zimermann

Meetings. The Academy held seven reg-
ular monthly meetings. Retiring President
John K. Taylor addressed the 502nd meet-
ing in February on “Problem Areas in
Professional Employment.”

In March, Donald M. MacArthur of the
Office of the Secretary of Defense dis-
cussed “Project Hindsight,” a Department
of Defense study to determine how science
and technology were used in advanced
weapons systems. The address was pub-
lished in the April issue of the Journal.

Edward McCrensky, of the United Na-
tions Bureau of Technical Assistance
Operations, discussed “Scientists in the
Public Service of the World” at the 504th
meeting in April; the address was pub-
lished in the December issue of the Jour-
nal. The May meeting heard Winston H.
Starks discuss “Electronics as a Means for
the Advancement of Biomedical Re-
search”; the address was published in the
January 1968 issue of the Journal.

The 506th meeting in October was a
joint meeting of the Junior and Senior
Academies, at which Senior Academy

members provided counseling services to
students on Science Fair projects. It was
attended by about 150 students.

In November the Academy heard Dale
W. Jenkins, of the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration, discuss “Per-
spectives in Space and Planetary Biology.”
There was no December meeting.

The Academy’s Annual Awards Dinner
was held as the 508th meeting in January,
1968. Six Washington area scientists were
honored for outstanding achievements in
science and in the teaching of science. The
speaker, Henry van Zile Hyde, discussed
“The Doctor in the World.”

Monograph. The Academy published its
third monograph, “Oxygen and Oxidation
—Theories and Techniques in the 19th
Century and Early Part of the 20th,” by
Dr. Eduard Farber.

Junior Academy. The Washington Jun-
ior Academy of Sciences is a leader among
the nation’s junior academies. Annual ex-
cursions to Philadelphia and New York
City museums and similar points of scien-
tific interest are sponsored by the Junior
Academy and are ordinarily attended by
800 to 900 high school students. Its Jan-
uary meeting, attended by 300 students,
heard a discussion of summer employment
opportunities for high school students. The
February meeting was a joint meeting
with the Chemical Society of Washington.
At its annual awards dinner in April, the
Junior Academy honored 40 young high
school students for their achievements in
science.

New Affiliations and Bylaw Changes. A
proposal for the affiliation of the Washing-
ton Section, Instrument Society of Ameri-
ca, was approved by the members of the
Academy in a ballot distributed in No-
vember. This was the 35th local scientific
organization to associate itself with the
Academy. The Academy membership also
approved a Bylaws amendment changing
the annual meeting from January to May,
and causing the terms of the officers of the
Academy to end in May rather than Jan-
uary.

56 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Reassessment of Academy’s Role. To in-
sure that the Academy is serving the
Washington area scientific public in the
most effective way possible, President
Specht appointed a special committee to
review the role of the Washington Acad-
emy of Sciences in the scientific communi-
ty. The Committee will reexamine the poli-
cy on meetings in an effort to determine if
the present practice meets today’s needs.
Other activities suitable for the Academy
will be examined.

Journal. Volume 57 of the Journal of
the Washington Academy of Sciences pub-
lished 252 pages in 9 issues. In addition to
approximately 13 feature articles, the
Journal continues to publish “Academy
Proceedings” as a regular feature, a meet-
ings calendar, and other news of interest
to the Washington scientific public.

—R. P. Farrow, Secretary

ELECTIONS TO FELLOWSHIP

The following persons were elected to
fellowship in the Academy at the Board of
Managers meeting on February 15:

WITOLD M. BOGDANOWICZ, profes-
sor, Catholic University, “in recognition of
his contributions to integration and meas-
ure theory, generalizing previous work.”

Sponsors: W. W. Jacobs, S. H. Schot.
WILLIAM S. BOWERS, JR., research

entomologist, Insect Physiology Laborato-
ry, Agricultural Research Service, USDA,
“in recognition of his significant con-
tributions in the field of insect hormones.”
Sponsors: Carl Lamanna, J. M. Mitchell,
Jr:

HENRY M. CATHEY, horticulturalist,
Vegetables and Ornamentals Research
Branch, Crops Research Division, Agricul-
tural Research Service, USDA, “in recog-
nition of important developments of chem-
icals useful in the control of plant
growth.” Sponsors: Carl Lamanna, R. W.

Kreitlow, J. T. Presley.

WILLIAM P. FLATT, Energy Metabo-
lism Laboratory, Dairy Cattle Research

Marcu, 1968

Branch, Animal Husbandry Research Di-
vision, Agricultural Research Service, US-
DA, “in recognition of his significant
work leading to understanding of energy
metabolism in cattle.” Sponsors: Carl La-

manna, R. W. Kreitlow, J. T. Presley.
DANIEL R. FLYNN, physicist, National

Bureau of Standards, “in recognition of
his superior advances in methods of meas-
uring the thermal conductivity of metals.”

Sponsors: H. E. Robinson, J. L. Torgesen,
J. A. Bennett.

CYRIL J. GALVIN, JR., oceanographer,
Army Coastal Engineering Research Center
and assistant to chief, Oceanographic
Branch, “in recognition of his work and
contributions in the fields of earth sciences
and oceanography, particularly relating to
advancement of knowledge in sediment
transport and the generation of longshore
currents by wave action.’ Sponsors:

T. Saville, Jr., J. M. Caldwell.

MARTIN ‘E. GLICKSMAN, research
metallurgist, Metal Physics Branch, Metal-
lurgy Division, Naval Research Laborato-
ry, “in recognition of his outstanding con-
tributions to the field of solidification and
crystal growth in metals.” Sponsors: R. E.

Wood, G. T. Faust.
NATHAN GORDON, chemist, Depart-

ment of the Army, “in recognition of his
contributions to the chemistry of pesti-
cides, and in particular his researches on
methods of analysis for the herbicides 2,4-
D and 2,4,5-T.” Sponsors: T. H. Harris,
M.S. Schechter, A. J. Shanahan.

IRWIN HORNSTEIN, chief, Food Qual-
ity and Use Laboratory, Human Nutrition
Research Division, Agricultural Research
Service, USDA, “in recognition of his con-
tributions to flavor research: in particular
his research on meat flavor that has estab-
lished the nature of the precursor systems
responsible for meat flavor, the source of
differences in the flavor of meat from dif-
ferent animal species, and the nature of
some of the volatile compounds responsible
for meat flavors.” Sponsors: M. S. Beroza,

A. M. Pommer.

o7

ROYAL B. KELLOG, research associate

professor, Institute for Fluid Dynamics

and Applied Mathematics, University of

Maryland, “in recognition of his work in
numerical analysis and the light it has
thrown on physical problems.” Sponsors:

W. W. Jacobs, S. H. Schot.
AUSTIN LONG, geochemist, Radiation

Biology Laboratory, Smithsonian Institu-
tion, “in recognition of his contributions
to geochronology, particularly in the de-
velopment of new techniques for carbon-14
dating and its application to paleoclimatol-
ogy.” Sponsors: W. Shropshire, R. L.
Weintraub.

WENDELL V. MICKEY, geophysicist
and chief, Vibration and Engineering
Projects Branch, Seismology Division,
Coast and Geodetic Survey, “in recogni-
tion of his contributions to seismology and
in particular his researches on the seismic
effects of high-energy source releases such
as nuclear detonations and large-scale mis-
sile launches.” Sponsors: L. M. Murphy,
C. A. Whitten.

HANS J. OSER, chief, Mathematical
Physics Section, Applied Mathematics Di-
vision, National Bureau of Standards, “in
recognition of his highly significant math-
ematical solution to the physical sciences.”

Sponsors: W. W. Jacobs, S. H. Schot.
EDWARD D. PALIK, research physi-

cist, Naval Research Laboratory, “in rec-
ognition of his magneto-optical investiga-
tions of energy band _ structures of
semiconductors.” Sponsors: R. E. Wood,

G. T. Faust.
GLENN W. PATTERSON, assistant pro-

fessor, Department of Botany, University
of Maryland, “in recognition of distin-
guished research in the biochemistry of

lipid and sterol synthesis in plants.” Spon-
sors: Carl Lamanna, J. M. Mitchell, Jr.

JOHN C. REED, JR., chief, Eastern
States Branch, Geological Survey, “in rec-
ognition of his many and wideranging
contributions to the geological sciences.”

Sponsors: R. E. Wood, G. T. Faust.

FRANK S. SANTAMOUR, JR., research

geneticist, National Arboretum, “in recog-

nition of his contributions to tree genetics

and in particular for his research on the
cytological and biochemical aspects of tree
improvement.” Sponsors: H. A. Fowells,

S. B. Detwiler, Jr., G. W. Irving, Jr.
JAMES F. SCHOOLEY, Cryogenic

Physics Section, National Bureau of Stand-
ards, “in recognition of his distinguished
research in cryogenics, notably in studies
of semiconductor superconductors.” Spon-

sors: R. E. Wood, G. T. Faust.
PETER J. VAN SOEST, chemist, Nutri-

tion Investigations, Dairy Cattle Research
Branch, Animal Husbandry Research Divi-
sion, Agricultural Research Service, USDA,
“in recognition of his contributions to ani-
mal husbandry, and development of chemi-
cal methods for evaluating animal feeds
and forage.” Sponsors: Carl Lamanna,

K. W. Kreitlow, J. T. Presley.
LESZEK J. WOLFRAM, group leader,

Gillette Research Institute, “in recognition
of his contributions to understanding of
the structure and chemistry of natural
fibers, particularly wool and hair.” Spon-

sors: R. E. Wood, G. T. Faust.
DANIEL B. LLOYD, professor of math-

ematics, D. C. Teachers College, “in recog-
nition of his contributions to mathematical
education and his research on the theory,
applications, and computational techniques
for the factorization of the general polyno-
mial.”” Sponsors: J. K. Taylor, R. W.
Moller, M. Goldberg.

WALTER E. STEIDLE, specialist for
science, U. S. Office of Education, “in rec-
ognition of his many significant con-
tributions to science education.” Sponsors:

K. C. Johnson, R. W. Mebs, H. B. Owens.

ELECTIONS TO MEMBERSHIP

The following persons were elected to
membership in the Academy by action of
the Committee on Membership in Febru-
ary 1968:

98 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

CHARLES W. BUGGS, professor and
chairman, Department of Microbiology,
College of Medicine, Howard University.

CHARLES A. BLANK, physical scien-
tist, Defense Atomic Support Agency.

HOWARD DeVORE,- mechanical en-

gineer, Naval Ordnance Laboratory.

JAMES E. FEARN, chemist, Polymer
Chemistry Section, National Bureau of

Standards.
CONRAD M. SEEBOTH, teacher and

assistant to mathematics supervisor, Math-
ematics Department, Board of Education,

Upper Marlboro, Md.
GNANAMONY J. THABARAJ, gradu-

ate research assistant, School of Civil En-
gineering, Oklahoma State University,
Stillwater, Oklahoma.

BOARD OF MANAGERS
MEETING NOTES

January

The Board of Managers held its 590th
meeting on January 18, 1968, at the Cos-
mos Club, with President Specht presiding.

The minutes of the 589th meeting were
approved as previously distributed, with a
minor correction.

Secretary. Secretary Farrow presented a
listing of changes in the membership dur-
ing calendar year 1967. This showed 32
resignations, 9 persons dropped, 16 per-
sons transferred to emeritus status, and 26
persons deceased. An informal count as of
December 31, 1967, showed a total mem-
bership of 1260 persons.

Treasurer, Treasurer Cook presented his
annual report for calendar year 1967,
showing income of $27,081 (including
$6,775 for dues applicable to 1968); ex-
penses of $18,818; checking balance on
December 31, $8325; capital assets on De-
cember 31, $93,973 (market value). (For
detailed report see February Journal, page

38.)

Marcu, 1968

Executive Committee. Dr. Cook reported
that at its meeting on January 15, the
Committee had given preliminary consid-
eration to the 1968 budget. He asked the
chairmen of committees involved in the ex-
penditure of funds to send in their esti-
mates of 1968 expenses, so that a budget
could be prepared for consideration at the
February Board meeting. Mr. Detwiler in-
dicated that Journal expenses would be
about the same as in 1967. Pending pas-
sage of the budget, the Board adopted a
continuing resolution to permit needed ex-
penditures.

The Board approved the Committee’s
recommendation of a $100 fee as the life
membership dues for Grover C. Sherlin,
and a $50 life fellowship fee for Marion
M. Davis. It was suggested that a system-
atic schedule of dues for life fellowship or
membership be prepared, based on actuar-
ial considerations.

Membership. As provided in the Bylaws,
Academy award winners Marie M. Cas-
sidy, Robert D. Cutkosky, and Leon
Greenberg were elected to _ fellowship.
Their dues, and those of three award win-
ners who were already Academy fellows
(Charles S. Tidball, Charles W. Misner,
and Raymond A. Galloway), were remit-
ted for one year.

E. O. Haenni, new delegate from the
Chemical Society of Washington, was
elected to fellowship.

Ad Hoc Committee for Review of Acad-
emy Activities. Chairman Stern presented
an outline of the topics under review by
his Committee. A primary conclusion of
the Committee is that the monthly meeting
schedule should not be abandoned until al-
ternative formats have been tested for
member interest. The meeting location has
been extensively discussed; American Uni-
versity, Georgetown University, the Carne-
vie Institution, the Smithsonian, the Na-
tional Academy, and the Archives are
among locations under consideration. A
question for the Board to consider is,
Should the meetings always be in the same
place? The Committee recommended that

39

a schedule of meetings be prepared for the
entire year and published in the September
issue of the Journal.

Several types of meetings are under
discussion, including interdisciplinary lec-
tures; semi-popular lectures; “conversa-
ziones”; symposia; and meetings sponsored
jointly with an affiliated society.

Several Board members commented that
many different formats should be tried.
Dr. Fowells said that the Foresters hold
luncheon meetings which draw about 100
out of a total of 400 members.

The format for the annual meeting in
May was discussed. It was decided to re-
serve the May meeting for the annual pres-
idential address, and to have a dinner in
conjunction with the meeting.

The Committee also that
specific invitations might be sent to affiliat-
ed societies when a meeting topic is of spe-

suggested

cial interest. Similar invitations could be
sent to peripheral science groups, for ex-
ample, the Astronomers. A survey of such
groups is needed.

Additional Academy activities under
discussion include study groups for con-
tinuing education, and groups for special
scientific or public service projects. Dr.
Stern reported that his group would con-
tinue its review of Academy activities and

report further to the Board at a later meet-
ing.

Grants-in-Aid. Chairman Sherlin report-
ed that the IEEE had taken under consid-
eration the previously-reported request
from a local high school group for assist-
ance in constructing a radio station. IEEE
decided not to support the project finan-
cially; however, it suggested the names of
individuals who would be willing to pro-
vide advice to the students.

Tellers. For the Committee of Tellers,
Mr. Detwiler reported the results of the
ballot counting on January 5, in the an-
nual mail election of officers. George W.
Irving, Jr., was elected president-elect; Ri-
chard P. Farrow was re-elected secretary ;
and Richard K. Cook was re-elected treas-
urer. Lawrence M. Kushner and Allen L.
Alexander were elected managers-at-large
for three-year terms.

New business. The Virginia Academy
has again requested that the Washington
Academy review papers submitted for
prize awards sponsored by the Virginia
Academy. A similar service was performed
two years ago. Dr. Forziati agreed to orga-
nize a series of review panels to critically
examine and comment on the papers. It
was recommended that a February 15
deadline be established for receipt of the
papers. .

60 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Science in Washington

CALENDAR OF EVENTS

Notices of meetings for this column may
be sent to Mary Louise Robbins, George
Washington University School of Medi-
cine, 1331 H St., N.W., Washington, D.C.,
20005, by the first Wednesday of the
month preceding the date of issue of the
Journal.

Mareh 14—Consortium of Universi-
ties of the Washington Metropoli-
tan Area and the Smithsonian In-
stitution

Seminar in Developmental Biology.

F. C. Steward, Laboratory for Cell
Physiology, Growth and Development,
New York State College of Agriculture,
Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., “Cell and
Tissue Culture in Plants: Its Significance
for Morphogenesis.”

Auditorium, Museum of History and

Technology, Constitution Ave. between
12th and 14th Sts., N. W., 7:30 p.m.

March 15—Philosophical Society of
Washington
Speaker to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-
mos Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N.W.,
8:15 p.m.

Mareh 18—Acoustical

America

Society of

Speaker to be announced.

National Academy of Sciences, 2101
Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

March 19—Sigma Delta Epsilon
(Graduate Women’s Scientific Fra-
ternity )

“A Woman Scientist Looks at her
Boss.” Round table with bosses.
Dinner meeting. For time and _ place,

telephone 331-6587.

Marcu, 1968

March 19—Society of American Mili-
tary Engineers

Speaker to be announced.

Ft. Myer Officers Club, 11:30 a.m.

March 19—University of Maryland
Physics Colloquium
Speaker to be announced.
Building C-132, University of Maryland,
4:30 p.m.
March 20—American Meteorological
Society
Speaker to be announced.
National Academy of Sciences, 2101
Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

Mareh 20—-Insecticide
Washington

Society of

Speaker to be announced.

Symons Hall, Agricultural Auditorium,
University of Maryland, 8:00 p.m.

March 20—University of Maryland
Astronomy Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Maryland,
4:30 p.m.

March 20—Washington Society of

Engineers

An engineer in the Forest Service Divi-
sion of Engineering will speak about engi-
neering in the Forest Service.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-
mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W., noon.

March 21—Consortium of Universi-
ties of the Washington Metropoli-
tan Area and the Smithsonian In-
stitution

Seminar in Developmental Biology.

John Tyler Bonner, Department of Biol-

61

ogy, Princeton University, “Morphogene-

sis in the Cellular Slime Molds.”
Auditorium, Museum of History and

Technology, Constitution Ave. between

12th and 14th Sts., N.W., 7:30 p.m.

March 22—Helminthological Society
of Washington

Joseph K. Adaramola, Howard Univer-
sity, “Oxygen Uptake by Trypanosoma
lewist Grown in Young and Old Rats.”

Mohamed S. El Helu, Howard Univer-
sity, “Oxygen Uptake by Trypanosoma
lewist Grown in Albino and Black Rats.”

John I. Bruce, Howard University, “Me-
tabolism of Glycolytic and Citric Acid In-
termediates in Cercariae and Schisotosom-
ules of Schistosoma mansoni.”

G. Riou, Institut Gustave, Roussy,
France, “Electronmicroscopic Study of
Kinetoplastic DNA from Trypanosoma
cruzi.”

Reena Fried, Lafayette College, Eas-_

ton, Pa., “A Look at Tropical Medicine in
Central America and Mexico.”

Biology Building, Howard University,

8:00 p.m.

March 26—American Society for Mi-
crobiology

Graduate student night.

Richard Mageau, University of Mary-
land, “Studies on the Pathogenicity of
Gaffkya tetragena.”

Edwin Murphy, Jr., George Washington
University, “Some Studies on Mycobacte-
rial Antigens.”

John Hooks, Catholic University, “Stud-
ies on the Uptake of Interferon.”

R. V. Citarella, Georgetown University,
“Nucleic Acid Homology of the Genus Vi-

brio.”

Yong Ki Lee, American University,.

“Curing of Lysogeny in Staphylococcus
aureus.”

Joy Ozer, Georgetown University, “A
Possible Cellular Role for beta-Lactamase
Involvement in Cell Wall Metabolism Dur-
ing Spore Maturation.”

Howard University, 8:00 p.m.

March 26—Georgetown University
Biology Department Seminar

Sidney W. Fox, Institute of Molecular
Evolution, University of Miami, “Self-As-
sembly of a Model Protocell from Self-Or-
dered Polymer.”

Reiss Science Building, Room 112,
Georgetown University, 4:30 p.m.

March 26—University of Maryland
Physics Colloquium
Speaker to be announced.
Building C-132, University of Maryland,
4:30 p.m.

March 27—Geological
Washington

Society of

Speaker to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-
mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W., 8:00

p-m.

March 27—University of Maryland

Astronomy Colloquium
Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Maryland,
4:30 p.m.

March 28—American Society of Me-
chanical Engineers

Program to be announced.

PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E St., N.W.,
8:00 p.m.

Mareh 28—Consortium of Universi-
ties of the Washington Metropoli-
tan Area and the Smithsonian In-
stitution

Seminar in Developmental Biology.

Allison L. Burnett, Biological Laborato-
ry, Western Reserve University, Cleveland,
Ohio, “Problems of Growth and Regenera-
tion in Hydra—The Acquisition and Mo-
bility of the Differentiated State.”

Auditorium, Museum of History and

Technology, Constitution Ave. between

12th and 14th Sts., N.W., 7:30 p.m.

62 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

March 28—Society for Experimental
Biology and Medicine

Mihaly Bartolos, clinical assistant pro-
fessor of pediatrics, medical geneticist,
Howard University Medical School, mod-
erator. Topic: “Inherited Metabolic Dis-
eases.”

Panelists :

Donald Tschudy, Metabolism Branch,
National Cancer Institute, “Biochemical
Aspects of Acute Intermittant Porphyria.”

Mary Bazelon, associate director, Clini-
cal Research Center, Children’s Hospital,
“Administration of 5-Hydroxytryptophan
in Down’s Syndrome.”

Javis Seegmiller, chief, Human Biochem-
ical Genetics Branch, National Institute
of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, NIH,
“An Inherited Abnormality of Purine Me-
tabolism Associated with Neurological Dis-
function and a Compulsive Behavior.”

Main auditorium, Naval Medical Re-
search Institute, Naval Medical Center,
Bethesda, Maryland, 8:00 p.m.

March 29—Philosophical Society of
Washington

Speaker to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-
mos Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N.W.,
8:15 p.m.

April 1 and 2—American Ceramic
Society

Continuing Education Symposium.
National Bureau of Standards.

April 2—Botanical Society of Wash-

ington

Richard H. Eyde, associate curator, Di-
vision of Plant Anatomy, Smithsonian In-
stitution, “The Search for the Ancestry of
the Dogwoods.”

Administration Building, National Ar-
boretum, 8:00 p.m.

April 2—University
Physics Colloquium

of Maryland

Speaker to be announced.

Marcu, 1968

Building C-132, University of Maryland,
4:30 p.m.

April 3—Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers, Electronic
Computers Group

Speaker to be announced.

PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E St., N.W.,
8:15 p.m.

April 3—University of Maryland As-
tronomy Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Maryland,
4:30 p.m.

April 3—Washington Society of En-
gineers

George Morehead, D.C. Department of
Sanitary Engineering, “The Dulles: Inter-
ceptor Sewer.”

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-
mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W., 8:00

p.m.

April 4—Consortium of Universities
of the Washington Metropolitan
Area and the Smithsonian Institu-
tion
Seminar in Developmental Biology.

Marcus Singer, Department of Anatomy,
School of Medicine, Western Reserve Uni-
versity, Cleveland, Ohio, “The Role of the
Nerve in Regeneration of Body Parts in
the Vertebrate.”

Auditorium, Museum of History and
Technology, Constitution Ave. between

12th and 14th Sts., N.W., 7:30 p.m.

April 4—Electrochemical Society

H. H. Uhlig, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, “Corrosion Research.”

Beeghly Chemistry Building, American
University, 8:00 p.m.

April 4—Entomological

Washington

Society of

Speaker to be announced.

Room 43, Natural History Building,

63

Smithsonian Institution, 8:00 p.m.

April 4—Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers, Geoscience
Electronics Group

Speaker to be announced.

PEPCO Building, 929 E St., N.W., 8:00

p-m.
April 8—American Society for Metals
Family night.

Neil F. Lamb, National Aeronautics and
Space Administration, “A Round Trip to
the Moon.”

Three Chefs Restaurant, River House,
1500 S. Joyce St., Arlington, Va., social
hour and dinner, 6:00 p.m.; meeting, 8:00
p-m.

April 8—Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers

Speaker to be announced; general sub-—

ject, “Licensing and Regulation of Nuclear
Power Plant Reactors.”

PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E Street,

N.W., 8:00 p.m.

April 9—American Society of Civil
Engineers
Speaker to be announced.

YWCA, 17th and K Sts., N.W., noon.
Luncheon meeting. For reservations,

phone Mr. Furen, 521-5600, ext. 4470.

April 9—University
Physics Colloquium

of Maryland

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Maryland,
4:30 p.m.

April 10—Geological Society of
Washington

Speaker to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-
mos Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N.W.,
08:00 p.m.

April 10—Institute
nologists

of Food Tech-

Speaker to be announced.

1133

National Canners Association,

20th St., N.W., 8:00 p.m.
April 11—Chemical Society of Wash-

ington

Main speaker: Paul Bartlett, professor
of chemistry, Harvard University, “Mecha-
nisms of Cycloaddition Reactions.”

Howard University, 8:15 p.m.

Topical groups:

Charles N. Reilley, professor of chemis-
try, University of North Carolina, “Elec-
trochemistry Using Thin-Layer Cells.”

Arthur Patchett, Merck, Sharp & Dohme,
“Some Structural Modification Studies on
Estrogens.”

Bodie E. Douglas, professor of chemis-
try, University of Pittsburgh, “Circular
Dichroism Studies of the Stereochemistry
of Coordination Compounds.”

William Klemperer, professor of chemis-
try, Harvard University, “Molecular Beam
Electric Resonance Spectra.”

Howard University, 5:00 p.m.; social
hour, 6:00 p.m., dinner 7:00 p.m.

April 12—Philosophical Society of
Washington
Speaker to be announced.
John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-

mos Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N.W.,
8:15 p.m.

April 16—Society of American Mili-
tary Engineers
Thomas D. Morris, Assistant Secretary
of Defense (Installations and Logistics) ;

subject to be announced.

Ft. Myer Officers Club, 11:30 a.m.

April 16—University of Maryland
Physics Colloquium
Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Maryland,
4:30 p.m.

64 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

April 17—University of Maryland As-
tronomy Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Maryland,
4:30 p.m.

SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS

Contributions to this column may be ad-
dressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate Edi-
tor, c/o Department of Agriculture, Agri-
cultural Research Service, Federal Center

Building, Hyattsville, Maryland.

AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT

GEORGE W. IRVING, JR., opened the
20th Anniversary Symposium on Photo-
periodism at the Plant Industry Station,
Beltsville, Maryland, on January 26, 1968.
Dr. Irving also spoke before the Propeller
Club of the United States and introduced a
plant and animal quarantine motion pic-
ture “Among Your Souvenirs” on January

11, 1968.

A. M. POMMER was appointed delegate
to the Washington Academy of Sciences
by the Washington Section, Instrument So-
ciety of America.

L. D. CHRISTENSON retired December
1, 1967 from the position of chief of the
Fruit and Vegetable Insects Research
Branch, Entomology Research Division,

ARS.
C. H. HOFFMANN, Entomology Re-

search Division, ARS, spoke before an
open joint meeting of the Western Agricul-
tural Chemicals Association, Pacific
Northwest Vegetable Insects Conference,
Western Cooperative Spray Project, and
the Northwest Conference, on January 10,
1968, at Portland, Oregon. The title of his
talk was “What Does the USDA Forsee on
Policy and Procedures of Integrated Con-
trol?”

GILLETTE RESEARCH INSTITUTE
ARNOLD M. SOOKNE, a vice president

of GRI and manager of Harris Research

Marcu, 1968

Laboratories, has accepted a United Na-
tions appointment in Israel as_ technical
advisor on textile research programs for a
3-month period which began in mid Feb-
ruary. Mr. Sookne will be stationed at the
Institute for Fibres and Forest Products
Research in Jerusalem.

ANTHONY M. SCHWARTZ was elected
chairman for 1968-69 of Committee D-12
on Soaps and Other Detergents of the
American Society for Testing and Materi-
als in recognition of his leadership and
contributions in the development of tests
and standards for surfactants.

NATIONAL BUREAU OF
STANDARDS

JOHN D. HOFFMAN was presented the
1967 Samuel Wesley Stratton Award and
FORREST K. HARRIS the 1967 Edward
Bennett Rosa Award in ceremonies Jan-
uary 5 in the Green Auditorium at NBS
Gaithersburg. ‘The Stratton Award is given
each year for outstanding scientific engi-
neering achievements in support of the
NBS mission by a member of the staff.
The Rosa Award is presented annually for
outstanding achievement in the develop-
ment of standards of practice. With each
award goes a $1,500 honorarium and a
bronze plaque.

JOAN R. ROSENBLATT of the Statisti-
cal Engineering Laboratory has been elect-
ed a Fellow of the American Statistical As-
sociation for her contribution to the field
of systems reliability theory, pioneering
work in the application of statistical meth-
ods in the physical sciences and for dis-
tinctive service to the statistical profession
as officer, organizer, editor, writer and lec-
turer.

NORMAN BEKKEDAHL retired De-
cember 29 after 39 years of Government
service. Dr. Bekkedahl was named chief of
the Polymer Structure Section in 1954,
and since 1963 he has been deputy chief

of Polymer Division.

J. F. SWINDELLS, assistant chief for

65

Thermometry of the Heat Division, retired
December 29 after 40 years of service at
the Bureau.

SANFORD B. NEWMAN has been ap-
pointed chief of the Materials Evaluation
Laboratory Division. He succeeds ROB-
ERT B. HOBBS, who has become assistant
director of the Division of Tests and Tech-
nical Control at the Government Printing
Office.

Foreign talks have been given as fol-
lows: R. G. BATES—“FEquilibrium Prop-
erties of Acids and Bases in Amphiprotic
Mixed Solvents,” Symposium on Equilibri-
um and Reaction Kinetics in Hydrogen-
Bonded Solvent Systems, University of
Newcastle upon Tyne, England, January
11; and “Meaning and Standardization of
pH Measurements,” Unilever Research
Laboratory, Port Sunlight, Cheshire, Eng-
land on January 15, and Bedford, Eng-
land, January 16.

SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT

The bottom of the South Pacific, a vast
area of the globe virtually unexplored un-
til recently, has many more undersea
mountains and plateaus than was previous-
ly reported, according to the Environ-
mental Science Services Administration.

Furthermore, ESSA oceanographers re-
vealed, many portions of the South Pacific
are deeper than had been thought and are
marked with some unusual features for
which explanations are not yet available.

These include giant fractures of the
ocean floor, created years ago by the rest-
less earth. These South Pacific fractures
extend in a north-south direction, rather
than the east-west direction which charac-
terizes such splits in the bottom in the
North Pacific.

The discoveries are based on data gath-
ered by the oceanographic survey ship
OCEANOGRAPHER of ESSA’s Coast and
Geodetic Survey during her recently con-
cluded global expedition.

Preliminary studies of data gathered

during the South Pacific leg of the trip
reveal the following:

1. Twenty-five previously unreported
submerged mountains (sea-mounts) were
located. Eleven ranged in height from
about 6,000 to 10,800 feet, or one to two
miles above the sea floor.

2. In a number of areas, the sea floor
had been uplifted and was characterized by
a series of step-like features extending in
what appeared to be a north-south direc-
tion. These steps ranged from 900 to 1200
feet in height. In each instance, seamounts
were found alongside these steps on the
side where the seabed had been uplifted.

3. Portions of the South Pacific ocean
basin were found to be generally deeper,
by as much as 3000 feet, than had pre-
viously been known from data published
on nautical charts.

4. A mountain range about 180 miles
wide was located west of the crest of the
East Pacific Rise, a major underwater
ridge which extends alongside the west
coasts of South and Central America and
underneath California. The ESSA scien-
tists said the ridge may represent the
southeastward extension of the submerged
Austral Seamount Chain, which extends
east from the Fiji and Samoan Islands to-
ward South America.

5. Various unreported “rock areas”
were found, some of them rising to within
1800 feet of the surface.

6. Another rock mass, a seamount re-
corded on nautical charts as rising 40 feet
above sea level, was found to be non-exist-
ent at the location given for it, 32° 15’S.
89°05’W. The OCEANOGRAPHER
crossed over the specified position, but no
indication of Podesta Island, as it is
known, was found.

The 24-day survey covered about 5400
miles from a position about 350 miles
north of Wellington, New Zealand (the
Kermadec Trench) to the continental shelf
off Valparaiso, Chile. The ship crossed the
South Pacific at the 35° South parallel.

66 JoURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

The U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey
Ship DISCOVERER is now engaged in a
three-month, 20,000-mile expedition, gath-
ering information from the depths of the
South Atlantic. The expedition is part of a
long-range deep-sea scientific program by
the Environmental Science Services Ad-
ministration.

During February and March, as part of
its geophysical investigations off the west
coast of Africa, the DISCOVERER will
search for evidence that the continent
might once have been connected to North
America as part of an ancient superconti-
nent. According to the continental drift
theory, the continents are constantly drift-
ing in the earth’s mantle, the part of the
earth’s interior which rests above the mol-
ten central core.

Among the scientists who espouse this
theory, some believe there was once a sin-
gle supercontinent called Panagea (univer-
sal continent) ; others that there were two,
referred to as Gondwana and Laurasia.
The supporters of the two-continent theory
believe that Gondwana was composed of
Australia, Antarctica, India, South Ameri-
ca, Africa, Malagasy, and various sub-
merged fragments, while Laurasia consist-
ed of North America and Eurasia.

The DISCOVERER’s survey off west
Africa will be along the 1200-mile edge of
the continent between Dakar and Abidjan.
Sub-bottom penetration soundings will be
made along the 1000-fathom (6000-foot)
isobath or contour line, using a seismic
reflection profiler which will detect the
geologic structure below the sea bottom.

The purpose is to try to match the conti-
nents at a point halfway between the sur-
face of the continents and the deep sea.
The 24-mile-high continental slopes which
connect the continental shelves with the
deep-sea floor are the true geologic bound-
aries of the continents.

If the Panagea concept of one supercon-
tinent is correct, then the DISCOVERER
should find evidence linking Africa to
North America. The bulge of Africa

Marcu, 1968

around Dakar would fit in a jigsaw puzzle
manner into southeastern United States
from about Cape Hatteras to Florida and
then outside of the Bahama Islands.

On the other hand, evidence that the
area around Abidjan fits against north-
eastern Brazil off the Amazon River,
would tend to support the two continent
theory.

A contract for eleven high-powered
weather radars has been awarded by the
Environmental Science Services Adminis-
tration as part of the Natural Disaster
Warning System to improve detection and
warning of tornadoes, hurricanes, snow-
storms, and other environmental hazards.

The radar instruments are scheduled for
installation within the next 18 months in
the vicinity of Garden City, Kansas;
Grand Island, Nebraska; Midland, Texas;
San Antonio, Texas (at © Hondo);
Springfield, Missouri (at Monett); Way-
cross, Georgia; Nashville, Tennessee;
Green Bay, Wisconsin; Denver, Colorade;
Medford, Oregon; and Bristol, Virginia/
Tennessee.

The new radars will improve weather
service by providing ESSA-Weather Bu-
reau forecasters with continuous surveil-
lance of the location, intensity, and move-
ment of severe storms and heavy rain or
snow within a radius of more than 100
miles. Weather radar vastly extends the
area which can be observed from a single
location and supplies vital information for
public weather warnings and for short-
range forecasts for air routes, airports,
and metropolitan areas.

Purchase and installation of the eleven
new instruments is a major step in the na-
tionwide Natural Disaster Warning (NAD-
WARN) system, a plan instituted by ES-
SA to improve detection, warning, and
community preparedness for the multitude
of hazards the environment presents.

The most realistic prospect for reducing
sonic boom from supersonic aircraft lies

67

in successive small reductions brought
about by refinements in conventional air-
craft design, a- better understanding of
theory, and improvements in propulsive
efficiency and operating procedures, ac-
cording to a report issued by the Nation-
al Academy of Sciences.

However, the report does not rule out
the possibility that future aircraft designs
may yield significant reductions in boom
intensities and urges that studies be under-
taken by both government and industry on
less conventional configurations.

The brief report, Generation and Prop-
agation of Sonic Boom, was prepared by
the Subcommittee on Research of the NAS
Committee on the SST-Sonic Boom. The
committee was established in 1964 at the
request of President Johnson to study the
effects of sonic boom as they relate to the
development of supersonic transport in the
United States. |

Although the subcommittee feels much
outstanding sonic boom research has been
accomplished, it singles out five areas that
need additional study.

Theoretical studies. More theoretical
work on the generation and propagation of
shock waves is needed together with a pro-
gram of controlled experiments both in the
laboratory and in nature. Especially in
need of study is the travel of shock waves
through the frequently turbulent layers of
atmosphere nearest the ground, which may

be responsible for many aberrations noted
during field tests.

Topographic effects. Hills, valleys, and
tall buildings can reflect and focus the im-
pinging shock waves, affecting boom inten-
sity. The group finds present research on
this aspect of sonic boom inadequate and
urges as a first step the construction of a
facility in which the impact of typical son-
ic boom signatures on various types of to-
pography may be simulated and studied in
the laboratory.

Effects of acceleration and maneuvers.
The subcommittee recommends carefully
controlled laboratory and flight tests to im-
prove current ability to predict the ways
in which sonic boom will be altered by
changes in the speed and direction of an
aircraft flying supersonically.

Design studies. Studies of aircraft de-
sign aimed at minimizing sonic boom
effects should be carried on continuously
by both government and industry, the
group says. It urges that more attention be
given to unconventional designs in future
studies.

Statistical compilations. Because there
will exist for some time an imperfect un-
derstanding of the details which help in
predicting the occurrence of specific sonic
boom signatures on the ground, the sub-
committee emphasizes the need to gather
enough additional field test data to insure
the successful application of the latest sta-
tistical techniques.

68 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

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Volume 58 MARCH 1968

CONTENTS

W. F. Blair: U. S. Participation in the International Biological Program: ¥

.

Contribution from the Archivist ee re eer Pree eae ee

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T-Thougints 00.0.5... ceese ene ied Lcty abs cteh bey ALSO esd igy aE earn Wig

Academy Proceedings :
1068- Budget -.:..icncurccorieanineianecBiamnsihacasc tyne eta
Annual Report of Secretary for 1967 el rh

Elections to Fellowsliip ....<.:.::.:c-0.-sss-cetethesntterecsvin iia scares sthos ana Bie
Elections to Membership... 1 ilod oldu ste: ae ou
Board of Managers Meeting Notes (January) 0.000 2 ae
Science in Washington
Calendar of Everts. .....:0:cccisosseeetscqeassvet cxest sivas ayreah catesnapige anaeeinent i
Scientists in the News .2........:.0sccssssssssessesnsssnteeseseaptoaandancteseanerd eh teanntaeg | - ae
Science and Development ......:..<5.0:.cscrsescesstenecseenetserternennnagsereent nase fa! 7

Washington Academy of Sciences
1530—P St., N.W

Washington, D.C., 20005
Return equested with Form 3579

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VOLUME 58 NUMBER 4

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APRIL 1968

Photoperiodism After 50 Years

Sterling B. Hendricks

Soil and Water Conservation Research Division, Agricultural Research
Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture

The time was midsummer of 1918—the
place then was the Arlington Experimental
Farm of the U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture near where the Pentagon building now
stands. H. A. Allard and W. W. Garner
were starting an experiment on Maryland
Mammoth tobacco to see if its flowering
really depended on the length of the day as
their preliminary observations suggested.
The results (1) showing the anticipated
dependence were soon followed by similar
findings on a soybean variety-and many
other plant species. Through the ensuing
years, photoperiodism has been intensively
studied and many unexpected ramifica-
tions have been found. To mark the 50th
anniversary, a symposium on current find-
ings was held by the Agricultural Research
Service at Plant Industry Station, Belts-
ville, Md., on January 26 and 27, 1968.

Three main channels of discovery are
now recognized in photoperiodism. The
first is the ubiquity of the phenomenon in
all plant and animal phyla. The other two
are light and time dependencies implied
respectively by “photo-” and “‘periodism.”
Ubiquity was first sensed by Garner and
Allard (1) who wrote “. . . in certain
species of red algae, there is a definite
periodicity in the appearance of sexual and
asexual forms” and “. . . the animal orga-
nism is capable of responding to the stimu-
lus of certain day lengths. It has occurred
to the writers that possibly the migration
of birds furnishes an interesting illustra-
tion of this response.” It remained, how-
ever, for S. Marcovitch (2) in 1924 to
prove the point in “The Migration of the
Aphididae and the Appearance of the
Sexual Forms as Affected by the Relative

APRIL, 1968

Length of Daily Light Exposure.” He was
soon followed by W. Rowan (3) who wrote
in 1926, “On Photoperiodism, Reproduc-
tive Periodicity, and the Annual Migration
of Birds and Certain Fishes.” A photo-
periodic change in red algae, suspected by
Garner and Allard in 1920, was not shown
until 1967. The conchocelis phase of
Porphyra tenera Kjillmn was found by
M. J. Dring (4) to be induced by short-
day conditions achieved by light interrup-
tions of long-dark periods.

In the 1968 symposium, Dora K. Hayes
of the Entomology Research Division,
Agricultural ‘Research Service, gave the
first precise measurements on the breaking
of diapause of insects by light. These re-
sults (5) with diapausing larvae of the
codling moth (Carpocapsa pomenella L.)
and the Chinese oak silkworm (Antheraea
pernyt Guer.) show a maximum response
in the blue region of the spectrum, with
several subsidiary maxima in the green and
yellow and some action in the red near 630
nm. Hayes discussed the way in which light
action on the insect brain takes part in the
hormonally determined responses leading
to eclosion and metamorphosis. Results ob-
tained in 1954 on gamete release from a
Coelenterata (Hydractinia echinata), which
were discussed by S. B. Hendricks, show a
closely similar action spectrum to that of
the codling moth and silkworm. Action
maxima are in the regions expected for
light aksorption by a porphyrin.

The symposium dealt mostly with light
control of plant development. Attention
centered around the action of the blue
chromoprotein phytochrome, which was
recognized from physiological work in

69

1952 (6, 7) as determining the light con-
trol. Phytochrome (P) is photolabile and
can be changed by irradiation from a red
(660 nm maximum) to a far-red (730 nm
maximum) absorbing form. The far-red
form, P;, is physiologically active. An in
vivo assay, based on the photoreversibility,
was devised in 1959 (8) and through its
use P was isolated in 1964 (9).

H. Linschitz of Brandeis University gave
results of flash excitation of P in which a
number of short-lived intermediate forms
are observed between P, — P;, and P;, >
P,. A transient form P,, with an absorp-
tion maximum at 695 nm appears with a
first-order rate constant of about 5300 sec"?
at 0.6°C (10) when P, is flashed. This is
quickly followed, in half times from milli-
seconds, by three other intermediate forms
before final appearance of P;,. A question
exists as to whether these changes take
place in series or are parallel in part. Evi-
dence bearing on this point is obtained at
low temperatures, between O°C and
— 196°C, where the transitions are slowed
down. Linschitz concludes that the transi-
tions are parallel in part and that the first
intermediate can be held at low tempera-
tures (—196°C) where it is photoreversi-
ble to P,. Anderson, of E. I. DuPont de
Nemours Company, stated that in flash ex-
citation, as observed by him, isobestic ab-
sorptions are seen between the intermedi-
ates, suggesting a series conversion. W. R.
Briggs, of Harvard University, described
observations on the kinetics of P,— P;,
photo-intermediates over a time of many
minutes, which is longer than would be
expected from Linschitz’s results. Conver-
sions of P;,— P, observed by Linschitz
took place in milliseconds with two inter-
mediates being involved. There was some
speculation, but no actual evidence, that the
several intermediates might be involved in
physiological display.

Isolated P has been brought to a high
state of purity by groups at the Smith-
sonian Institution (11) and at E. I. Du-
Pont de Nemours and Company (12). Ob-

servations of possible multiple forms of

isolated P at 25° were described by D. L.
Correll, J. L. Edwards, and W. A. Shrop-
shire, Jr. of the Smithsonian Institution.
They conclude that the P chromophore can
exist in four forms over long periods lead-
ing to absorption maxima at 580 and 660
for P, and 730 nm for P;, (13). These
might be involved in the observations made
by Briggs (above). Information on the

ce raga?
a He ee CH3
cra eile GE CHa CHs cite

somowol ol

fe (oes
i CH, CHe2 CH3
H3 ie Gis Wee: CH CHs H3 we

oa Je me

Figure 1. Structure of phycocyanobilin (upper)
compared with that of mesobiliverdin (lower).

constitution and behavior of the protein
moiety of P was exchanged in discussion
by the two groups. One question concerns
the presence or absence of sulfur in the
protein. There is the eventual hope in this
approach of establishing the protein rela-
tionship to the chromophore of phyto-
chrome. Linschitz, upon question, stated
that the entropy of activation for the first
intermediate in flash excitation is of the
order of one entropy unit, whereas that for
some of the later intermediates is high
(> 20 EU), suggesting considerable pro-
tein rearrangement.

The possibility that the chromophore of
P is related to bile pigments was recog-
nized in 1950 from the action spectra con-
trolling flowering. H. W. Siegelman of
Brookhaven National Laboratory described
work leading to a full understanding of
the structure of the phycocyanin and
phycoerythrin bile-pigment type of chromo-

70 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

phores (14). These serve as abundant
model substances for chemistry related to
the still scarce phytochrome. The phy-
cocyanin chromophore, phycocyanobilin,
was shown by Siegelman to have the struc-
ture shown in Figure 1.

W. L. Butler reported that the optical
activity expected from this structure has
been observed in his laboratory at the Uni-
versity of California, San Diego. Siegelman
speculated that the phytochrome chromo-
phore might have similar arrangements in
groups A and D. The phytochrome trans-
formation between the P, and P;, forms
might involve hydrogen migration.

The manners in which many responses
of plants are related to phytochrome action
were described by Daphne Vince of Read-
ing University, England, M. J. Schneider
of Wisconsin University, R. J. Downs of
North Carolina State University, H. M.
Cathey of the Agricultural Research Serv-
ice, W. R. Briggs of Harvard University,
and W. S. Hillman of the Brookhaven
National Laboratory. The responses dis-
cussed included flowering of both long- and
short-day plants, stem elongation, and
tuber formation. These were related to pro-
duction of agronomic and ornamental
plants and to the ecology of seed plants.
Flowering and growth responses of many
plants to short light breaks of normal dark
periods show the controlling function of
phytochrome. A more secure basis for P
involvement is reversibility found for a
potentiated response by far-red light. Sur-
vival in the wild and best use of plants in
culture are closely dependent on adaptation
to the photoperiodic conditions imposed by
the season and the latitude.

Agronomic use of photoperiodism de-
pends chiefly on breeding of varieties for
limited latitudes. Wheat, maize, sorghum,
and soybean varieties have been selected
with respect to latitude against photoperi-
odism as a leading background factor. In
the ornamentals industry, chrysanthemum
production depends fully upon control of
day length, both in reducing long days by
darkening of plants to promote flowering

APRIL, 1968

and by light breaks during long nights to
maintain vegetative conditions. Light rou-
tines are carefully assessed for use with
other ornamentals (bedding plants, carna-
tions, and azaleas) in combination with
growth—modifying chemicals and aspects
of management. Competition and _persist-
ence of species in open fields and in forests
under natural conditions deeply involve
photoperiodic responses to an extent that is
still poorly assessed.

The photoperiodic control of flowering
and stem elongation of long-day plants is
much less understood than are those phe-
nomena for short-day ones. Control
through phytochrome depends markedly
upon the previous main light period, the
duration of the night—interrupting irradia-
tion, and the interval chosen for the ex-
posure. Preferred experimental long-day
plants have been darnel (Lolium temulen-
tum), henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), and
duckweed (Lemna perpusilla). The first of
these has the merit of flowering induction
by a single long night for one selection. L.
perpusilla 6746 is very small and can be
handled in sterile culture. Hillman found
that L. perpusilla flowering is favored by
the presence of a high level of P;, during
one part of the daily cycle and a low level
during another part. Blue light (15), which
maintains an intermediate level of P;,, can
act either like red light (producing pre-
dominate P;,) or far-red light (low P;,)
depending on the situation. While the ob-
served flowering responses of L. perpusilla
can be fully accounted for by phytochrome
action, responses of several long-day plants
(Vince) appear to require some further
light action in the blue part of the spectrum
as contrasted with far-red.

Control of dormancy was discussed by
P. F. Wareing of the University College of
Wales. Some woody plants grow continu-
ously on long days. As days shorten, the
vegetative buds form a number of scales
and become dormant. This dormancy is
usually broken only by a period of a
month or more at temperatures below
40°F. In a few cases, returning to long-

71

day conditions causes resumption of
growth. The response is controlled through
the leaves. It is a leading factor in the
growth and overwintering of trees in tem-
perate climates and in many of the plant
growth features accompanying autumn.

Wareing and his associates extracted an
active compound from leaves of the Euro-
pean sycamore (Acer pseudo-platanus)
that is effective in inducing bud dormancy.
It has been given the trivial name abscisic
acid (ABA). ABA has been isolated and
synthesized by teams of workers in both
England (16) and the United States (17).
It is a sesquiterpene acid with the formula
shown in Figure 2.

ecole nina Teal
nee en ike
Decal

C.

C
A NX “ae

H

H

Figure 2. Structure of abscisic acid (ABA).

The cis, trans isomer is the active form.
ABA accumulates in the buds of woody
plants as the days become short in the
autumn. It induces the dormancy or cessa-
tion of growth, causes abscission of leaves,
inhibits flowering of long-day plants and
promotes the flowering of some short-day
plants. The concentration of ABA in a bud
decreases throughout the winter such that
growth can be resumed under the favorable
long days of spring. ABA is one of the
short, but growing, list of isolated, identi-
fied, and synthesized plant hormones. It
interplays with gibberellic acid, kinetins,
and auxins in its several functions.

Seeds also show pronounced dormancies
which resemble diapause in insects as well
as bud dormancies in principle. Such dor-
mancies were discussed by A. L. Mancinelli
of Columbia University. Many seeds after
a period in storage or overwintering in the
soil require light to germinate. This light
action is a response to change of phyto-

chrome from the P, to P;, form. Dormant
seeds with phytochrome in the P, form are
known to have remained viable in soil for
more than 16 centuries (18). They germi-
nated quickly upon exposure to light. Many
seeds are also suppressed in germination
by prolonged exposures to light. This in-
volves phytochrome action in part as well
as some further light action which has
come to be known as the high-energy re-
action or the HER.

The nature of the HER is under debate
at this time. H. Mohr of the University of
Freiburg has measured its effect particu-
larly as a control of stem lengthening and
other aspects of growth of etiolated seed-
lings upon exposure to light. A maximum
of light action is usually found near 720
nm in the far-red part of the spectrum.
Action is also present in the blue part of
the spectrum. Because of the position of the
far-red action maximum and the effects of
simultaneous irradiation of mustard seed-
lings (Sinapis alba) with two wavelengths
of radiation in the 600 to 800 nm regions,
Mohr (19) considers the HER to be an
aspect of phytochrome action.

Control of flowering of the long-day
plants, spinach, annual sugarbeet, and hen-
bane were shown by M. J. Schneider to
depend upon the HER as well as phyto-
chrome action. H. A. Borthwick and S. B.
Hendricks presented results on control of
germination of Ameranthus arenicola
seeds. They interpret their results and pre-
vious findings on control of flowering, stem
elongation, and anthocyamin formation as
an HER display. They differ from Mohr
in considering the HER to depend upon a
previously unobserved pigment rather than
phytochrome. Measurements of absorption
spectra of turnip seedling tissue known to
display an HER as control of anthocyamin
production gave evidence of a weak ab-
sorption near 720 nm (Norris).

A role of phytochrome in control of
enzyme synthesis was discussed by H.
Mohr. He has found that the level of
phenylalanine-deaminase activity (20) in
mustard seedlings is enhanced by exposure

72 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

to far-red radiation. He interprets this re-
sult as arising from gene depression as a
consequence of phytochrome action.

The nature of the first or early processes
in phytochrome action has been under dis-
cussion during recent years. Mohr (20)
holds that gene derepression is such a proc-
ess. Others have pointed out (21) that an
approach to the early action can be found
only in very quick responses to the change
in form of phytochrome. The natures of
several rapid responses suggest that modi-
fication of membrane behavior is involved.

T. Tanada reported on the rapid photo-
reversibility involved in adherence of root
tips to glass. This response to phytochrome
is obtained only in the presence of indol-
acetic acid (10-°m), adenosine triphosphate
(10-°m), ascorbic acid (10-°m), and sev-
eral inorganic ions that are known to in-
fluence membrane permeability.

Time measurement in photoperiodism—
the “Periodism’”—is thought to involve the
“biological clock” of the organism. The
display of the circadian rhythm of several
ecological types of Chenopodium rubrum
under many conditions of long dark peri-
ods was reported by B. G. Cumming of the
University of Western Ontario. Induction
of flowering depends cyclically on the
length of the dark period irrespective of
whether a light break is used at various
hours or plants are returned to continuous
light. The rhythm is shown by plants main-
tained on glucose or sucrose—that is,
plants not strictly dependent on photo-
synthesis—although it damps out after
about 72 hours in darkness. In work of
this type, it is essential to deal with large
plant populations. The C. rubrum ecologi-
cal types used by Cumming are ideal in
this respect. Varieties can be selected that
flower after a single long night. Flowering
can be observed 7 days after planting the
seed.

Development of knowledge about photo-
periodism has depended chiefly on use of
light with appropriate biological material.
The great advantage of photostimulation in
studies of causation is that the initial act is

APRIL, 1968

fixed as a single photoexcitation irrespec-
tive of complexities of later expression in
flowering, stem elongation, or seed germi-
nation. Measurements of action spectra, ex-
pressing the energies required at various
wavelengths for a given response, have
formed the basic procedure in studies of
photoperiodism. These led to the discovery
of phytochrome and to its photoreversibil-
ity. Optical devices are used in physical
assays for phytochrome. Results of flash
excitation are followed by measurements of
light absorption in periods as rapid as milli-
seconds to detect short-lived intermediates.

K. H. Norris of the Agricultural Re-
search Service described various spectro-
scopic and light-measuring devices for use
in photoperiodic work. Among these was a
simple spectrometer made with one or two
wedge interference filters. He also de-
scribed the measurement and analysis of
absorption spectra for detection of ex-
tremely minor constituents. These methods
were applied to detection of possible ab-
sorbing compounds in the spectral region
involved in the HER.

Advances in knowledge of photoperiod-
ism during the last 50 years have increased
practical use and have brought the more
basic questions to a point of reasonable
study. Among these questions are the exact
character of the first biological change in-
duced by phytochrome. Another question,
now amenable to study, concerns the inter-
play of hormonal activities in both plants
and animals in their dependence on en-
vironmental factors, chief among which is
the length of the day. There is hope of bet-
ter understanding the determinative steps
in biological rhythms. More remote, but
still involved in the photoperiodic re-
sponses, is development of an understand-
ing of control of differentiation, as ex-
pressed in flowering, and of structure elon-
gation and expansion.

References
(1) Garner, W. W., and H. A. Allard. Effect of
the relative length of the day and night and other
factors of the environment on growth and repro-
duction in plants. J. Agr. Research 18: 553-606
(1920).

~]

Qo

(2) Marcovitch, S. The migration of aphididae
and the appearance of the sexual forms as af-
fected by the relative length of daily light ex-
posure. J. Agr. Research 27: 513-522 (1924).

(3) Rowan, W. On photoperiodism, reproduc-
tive periodicity, and the annual migration of birds
and certain fishes. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.
38: 147-189 (1926).

(4) Dring, M. J. Phytochrome in red algae,
Porphyra tenera. Nature 215: 1411-1412 (1967).

(5) Hayes, D. K., M. S. Schecter, and W. N.
Sullivan. A biochemical look at insect diapause.
Bull. Etomol. Soc. Amer. (in press, 1968).

(6) Borthwick, H. A., S. B. Hendricks, M. W.
Parker, E. H. Toole, and V. K. Toole. A reversi-
ble photoreaction controlling seed germination.
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 38: 662-666 (1952).

(7) Borthwick, H. A., S. B. Hendricks, and
M. W. Parker. The reaction controlling floral ini-
tiation. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 38: 929-934 (1952).

(8) Butler, W. L., K. H. Norris, H. W. Siegel-
man, and S. B. Hendricks. Detection, assay, and
preliminary purification of the pigment controll-
ing photoresponsive development of plants. Proc.
Nat. Acad. Sci. 45: 1703-1708 (1959).

(9) Siegelman, H. W., and E. M. Firer. Purifi-
cation of phytochrome from oat _ seedlings.
Biochem. 3: 418-423 (1964).

(10) Linschitz, H., and V. Kasche. Kinetics of
phytochrome conversion: Multiple pathways in
the Pr to Pfr reaction as studied by double-flash
technique. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 58: 1059-1064
(1967).

(11) Correl, D. L., J. L. Edwards, W. H. Klein,
and W. Shropshire, Jr. Phytochrome in etiolated
annual rye III. Isolation of phytoreversible phyto-

chrome. J. Mol. Biol. (in press, 1968).
(12) Mumford, F. E., and E. L. Jenner. Purifi-

cation and characterization of phytochrome from
oat seedlings. Biochem. 5: 3657-3662 (1966).

(13) Correll, D. L., J. L. Edwards, and W.
Shropshire, Jr. Multiple chromophore species in
phytochrome. Photochem. and Photobiol. (in
press, 1968).

(14) Cole, W. J., D. J. Chapman, and H. W.
Siegelman. The structure of phycocyanobilin. J.

Am. Chem. Soc. 89: 3643-3645 (1967).

(15) Hillman, W. S. Blue light, phytochrome,
and the flowering of Lemna perpusilla 6746.
Plant and Cell Physiol. 8: 467-473 (1967).

(16) Cornforth, J. W., B. V. Milborrow, G.
Rybak, and P. F. Wareing. Identity of sycamore
“dormin” with abscisin II. Nature 205: 1269-1272
(1965).

(17) Ohkuma, K., J. L. Lyon, F. T. Addicott,
and O. E. Smith. Abscisin II, an abscission-

accelerating substance from young cotton fruit.
Science 142: 1592-1593 (1963).

(18) Wesson, G., and P. F. Wareing. Light
requirement of buried seeds. Nature 213: 600-601
(1967).

(19) Wagner, E., and H. Mohr. Kinetic studies
to interpret “high energy phenomena” of photo-
morphogenesis on the basis of phytochrome.

Photochem. and Photobiol. 5: 397-406 (1966).

(20) Mohr, H. Differential gene activation as
a mode of action of phytochrome. Photochem. and
Photobiol. 5: 469-483 (1966).

(21) Hendricks, S. B., and H. A. Borthwick.
The function of phytochrome in the regulation
of plant growth. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 58: 2125-
2130 (1967). .

74, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Review of Early Photographic

Observations of Solar Granulation

Thomas E. Margrave, Jr.

Georgetown College Observatory, Washington, D. C.

In a recent paper (1) a review of visual
observations of solar granulation was pre-
sented. However, photographic studies of
this phenomenon have yielded far more
exact information about its nature. Of
course, modern-day efforts in this field are
of much greater scientific value; but it is
of some historic interest to trace the early
applications of photography to the study of
solar granulation.

In his monograph on solar photography,
P. J. Janssen recounted the efforts of J. B.
Reade in England (2). Possibly observing
with the 24-inch Craig refractor (3),
Reade obtained some solar photographs
which showed, he said, “the rugged aspect
of the surface” (4). This work, which was
performed in about 1854 (5), constituted,
in Janssen’s opinion, “un premier ache-
minement vers la granulation” (6).

In 1858, I. Porro took some photographs
of the sun with a large telescope of his own
construction; it had an aperture of 52
centimeters, or 20.8 inches, and a focal
length of 15 meters (7). These photographs
measured 0.14 meter in diameter and were
said by H. A. E. Faye to display evidence
of “les plus délicates marbrures qui sillon-
nent les bords du Soleil” (8).

Janssen also made a passing reference
to solar photographs taken in 1860 by J.
Challis, who diaphragmed the 12.8-inch
aperture of the Great Equatorial of Cam-
bridge Observatory to 35 millimeters (9).
The use of such a small aperture eliminated
any possibility of observing the solar gran-
ulation. The projected image of the sun
was 11.42 inches in diameter, and one of
the photographs obtained revealed two
groups of spots of moderate size. Faculae

APRIL, 1968

were visible around the spot nearest the
solar limb, and the limb darkening of the
solar disk was very apparent (10).

Great efforts were made by Warren de
la Rue, who in 1857 designed the first
photoheliograph. This instrument consisted
of a 3144-inch achromatic objective cor-
rected for the violet region of the spectrum,
an enlarging lens behind the primary focus
to form a 4-inch image of the sun on a
photographic plate, and a spring-loaded,
roller-blind shutter located in the focal
plane (11). This instrument, installed at
Kew Observatory in 1858, was used in
making a daily photographic record of
the solar surface (12). However, the spa-
tial resolution of the photographs taken
with the Kew photoheliograph was inade-
quate for revealing the granulation on the
solar surface (13).

L. Rutherford appears to have been
somewhat more successful, although his ef-
forts drew scant attention. In 1871, he ob-
tained, at his private observatory in New
York, a photograph of a small portion of
the solar surface; he used a 13-inch achro-
matic refractor which was “corrected for
photography by the attachment of a cor-
recting meniscus of flint glass” (14). He
also stated that he used “a very short ex-
posure time” (15). In 1878, in a letter to
the Royal Astronomical Society, he ad-
vanced his claim to having obtained the
first photographs of solar granulation; he
noted that “on inspection with a proper
lens . . . the granulations, rice grains, or
willow leaves are quite fairly visible” (16)
on the copy of his photograph which was
presented to the Royal Astronomical So-
ciety. However, he does not seem to have

75

followed his early success with a detailed
investigation.

A major step forward in the technique
required for high-resolution solar photog-
raphy was accomplished by P. J. Janssen,
the founder of the Meudon Observatory
(17). In 1876, he began his elaborate
photographic study of the solar surface
with a 5-inch refractor at the Meudon Ob-
servatory (18). According to J. Rosch,
Janssen obtained a total of about 6000
solar photographs taken on wet collodion
plates (19). The first announcement of his
success came in 1876, as follows:

“Sur les photographies que nous avons
Vhonneur de présenter, le disque solaire a
22 centimetres de diamétre, et malgré cette
dimension, qui est actuellement trés-con-
sidérable pour une photographie solaire, la
pureté et la netteté des clichés sont trés-
grandes. Les taches, les facules, les granu-
lations apparaissent ici a une échelle qui
soulage l’oeil” (20).

The earliest photograph among those re-
produced in his 1896 memoir bears the
date 23 July 1877 (21). The majority of
his solar photographs were 30 centimeters
in diameter with an image scale of 1” =
0.156 millimeter (22). His exposure times
were of the order of 1/3000 of a second
(23). Although he worked with integrated
sunlight, the objective was achromatized
for the spectral region near Hy at 4340A.
As a result of absorption by the glass of
the objective, this spectral region was also
the location of the maximum brightness of
the solar image. Since his photographic
plates were sensitized for the same spectral
region, he was in effect working with
monochromatic light, with all the attend-
ant advantages (24).

Janssen’s work in solar photography is
held in high regard, as is illustrated by
P. C. Keenan’s remark that “The best of
Janssen’s photographs have never been sur-
passed in clarity of detail” (25). K. O.
Kiepenhauer has given an easily accessible
example of Janssen’s solar photography
(26).

The photographs of Janssen often dis-

played a large-scale pattern of distortion
in the form of fairly regular polygons. This
distortion was in addition to the normal
irregular blurring caused by turbulence in
the earth’s atmosphere. Janssen gave the
name réseau photosphérique to this large-
scale pattern of distortion, which he be-
lieved to be an actual feature of the solar
surface (27). Keenan explained that its
probable cause was the use of an enlarging
camera, which caused thermal currents in
the air near the camera lens (28). This
explanation was first advanced by Cheva-
lier in 1908; he stated that the “7eseaw is
quite frequent when working with an en-
larging camera” but that “it is but slightly
marked here and there on the plates placed
at the focus of the refractor (29).

From the study of his photographs,
Janssen concluded that the solar photo-
sphere was covered by granules having a
more or less spherical shape (30). In gen-
eral, their diameters were found to range
from 1” to 2”, although quite a few had
diameters as small as 14” and 44” (31).
It should be noted, however, that since his
objective had a theoretical limit of resolu-
tion only slightly smaller than 1”, he could
not have resolved granules as small as he
claimed to have done. This fact has already
been pointed out by Rogerson (32).
Janssen felt that granules larger than 2”
were agglomerations of smaller granules.
He claimed that this situation was verified
on photographs of very good definition. He
also noted that the granules themselves did
not all have the same brightness (33), and
that in addition there was a considerable
difference in brightness between the
granules and the intergranular regions
(34). He concluded that solar granulation
was a general phenomenon of the photo-
sphere and was independent of solar ac-
tivity (35).

In 1879, Janssen estimated that the sun
would emit 10 to 20 times as much energy
if its entire surface were covered with the
bright granules (36). This estimate implies
that Janssen considered only about five to
ten per cent of the solar surface to be

76 JoURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

occupied by the granules. However, by
1896, he had modified this view, since he
then indicated that the radiating power of
the sun would be only five times larger if
its entire surface were covered by the
eranules (37). In this case, the granules
would occupy a relative area of about 20
per cent of the solar surface.

Janssen also discovered that the faculae
and penumbrae associated with sunspots
were formed of granules like the rest of
the solar surface (38). Furthermore, a
photograph taken of a sunspot group on
June 22, 1885, revealed that bright mate-
rial in the umbrae of the spots also pos-
sessed granular structure similar to that on
other parts of the solar surface (39).

High-resolution solar photography next
occupied the attention of a young Russian
astronomer, Alexis Hansky, who carried
out his main work in this field at Pulkovo
Observatory from 1905 to 1907 (40). He
did his apprenticeship in solar photography
at the University of Odessa in 1895 under
the direction of Professor A. P. Konono-
vich (41). At Odessa, Hansky worked with
a d-inch photographic refractor to which
he attached a Dallmeyer portrait lens in
order to obtain solar images 87 millimeters
in diameter (42).

For his work at Pulkovo, Hansky used
an astrograph which produced a solar
image three centimeters in diameter at its
focus, but he did not give the aperture of
this instrument (43). However, G. A. Tik-
hoff remarked that one of the astrographs
at Pulkovo had an aperture of 13 inches
and a plate scale of Imm = 59.6 (44).
At this scale, the image of the sun would
have a diameter of 3 centimeters; this size
agrees with that mentioned by Hansky.
Thus it appears to be quite likely that
Hansky did his solar photography at Pul-
kovo with the 13-inch astrograph.

Since he worked with a telescope that
had more than twice the aperture of the
one used by Janssen, Hansky had at his
disposal a theoretical resolving power of
somewhat better than 14” of arc. He en-
larged the solar image to a diameter of 54

APRIL, 1968

centimeters by means of an achromatic
enlarging lens. His procedure consisted of
taking a series of exposures at intervals of
15 to 30 seconds. Then he made positive
prints of the resultant negatives which
were enlarged by an additional factor of
five to give a final image scale of 1” =
1.41mm. He found that the form of the
granulation changed very little between two
consecutive exposures (40). After a one-
minute interval it became harder to recog-
nize the same granules (46). Hansky esti-
mated a mean granule lifetime of five min-
utes (47). He also noticed that the diam-
eters of granules differed considerably
from one granule to the next. Measuring
10 granules chosen at random, he found
the following diameters: 1.8, 1.8, 2.’’1,
2iastelid Paulie Abi Oe OW 2 Ro 27 Oyan dies
The average diameter was 1.9, or about
1400 kilometers at the center of the solar
disk. The smallest of the 10 granules meas-
ured had a linear size of 670 kilometers
and the largest a size of almost 2000 kilo-
meters (48).,

In comparing successive photographs
separated by short intervals of time,
Hansky became aware of apparent horizon-
tal displacement of individual granules. He
measured periodic velocities of the order
of 30 kilometers per second. He felt that
these were caused by turbulence in the
earth’s upper atmosphere, but he also de-
tected a residual non-periodic horizontal
motion with velocities of up to four kilo-
meters per second. He believed that this
residual motion indicated actual horizontal
motions of the granules (49). Hansky did
not make any estimate of the relative area
of the solar surface which the granules
occupy.

Another early practitioner of the art of
high-resolution solar photography was the
Reverend Stanislas Chevalier, S.J., who,
beginning in 1904, carried out solar pho-
tography with a 40-centimeter photo-
eraphic refractor of 7 meters focal length
at the Zo-Sé Observatory near Shanghai
(50). The objective was diaphragmed to
36 centimeters, or 14.2 inches, for the pho-

77

tographic work (51). The scale of his
original prime-focus plates was 1” =
0.033mm (52). Thus details 1” in size
were practically at the limit of resolution
of the photographic plates, although they
were well within the 0.4” theoretical limit
of resolution of the diaphragmed refrac-
tor (53). The use of an enlarging camera
for some photographs gave an image scale
of 1” = 0.37mm. Some of the photographs
were enlarged by an additional factor of
three to give an image scale of 1” =
l.llmm (54). The exposure times used
varied from 0.003 second to as long as 0.01
second (55). Chevalier’s first paper de-
scribing his successful granulation photog-
raphy appeared in 1907 (56). Photographs
which he had taken under favorable atmos-
pheric conditions distinctly showed the
granules with diameters ranging from
about 1” to 3” (57).

The extensive photographic records of
solar granulation accumulated by Chevalier
from 1906 to 1912 were dealt with in a
paper on the subject which was published
in 1914 (58). On his photographs, the
granules appeared to be more or less
rounded and oval, but the larger the plate
scale was made, the more angular the shape
of the granules became. Chevalier deter-
mined the average granule diameter to be
1.75, with granules ranging in diameter
from 0.5 to 3.”0. Granules which had
diameters of 1” to 2” were the more nu-
merous ones (959). Chevalier noted no
change in the nature of the granulation
from sunspot maximum to sunspot mini-
mum. In agreement with a similar conclu-
sion drawn by Janssen, he decided that
there was no connection between solar ac-
tivity and granulation. The granules ap-
peared to be continuously changing their
appearance, but the granulation itself was
found to occur over the entire photosphere
(60).

Chevalier considered Hansky’s estimate
of an average granule lifetime of five min-
utes to be exaggerated. Instead, he felt that
five minutes was the maximum lifetime of
a granule. In fact, the identity of the

granules in any particular group appeared
to become confused after three or four min-
utes had elapsed (61). Chevalier estimated
that the granules occupied more than 31
per cent but probably less than 50 per cent
of the solar surface. He also commented
on the brightness of the intergranular re-
gions and stated that Janssen greatly
underestimated their brightness. In his
opinion, the darkest intergranular regions
were at least as bright as the edges of the
solar disk (62).

Chevalier expressed skepticism at the
reality of actual horizontal motions of the
granules. Hansky proposed such motions
to explain the residual horizontal granule
displacements, which Chevalier himself also
had measured (63). In the latter’s opinion,
random high-speed motions of neighboring
granules were not possible; he pointed out
that granules never seemed to move farther
than a fraction of their own diameters
during their lifetimes. According to Cheva-
lier, the apparent horizontal motions were
probably caused by shifts of the centers of
gravity of the surface brightness of the
granules (64).

The efforts of Janssen, Hansky, and
Chevalier were sufficient to establish the
existence of solar granulation beyond any
doubt. They also delimited the possible
range of such basic parameters as the aver-
age granule size, mean lifetime, and the
relative area of the solar surface occupied
by granules. Of course, accurate photom-
etry of the granules had not yet been done,
but some major features of the solar
granulation had been established with a
greater degree of certainty than before.
Bray and Loughhead, in their volume on
sunspots, stated that the observational tech-
niques developed by Janssen, Hansky, and
Chevalier were unsurpassed until rather re-
cently (65). The years 1876-1912, which
span the work of these three investigators,
witnessed the coming of age of photogra-
phy as an indispensable tool for the study
of solar granulation.

78 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

References

(1) T. E. Margrave, Jr., 1968, Journal of the
Washington Academy of Sciences, 58, 26.

(2) P. J. Janssen, 1896. Annales de [Observa-
toire d’Astronomie Physique de Paris (Meudon),
I, 91.

(3) Hi. C. King, 1955, The History of the
Telescope (Cambridge, Mass.: Sky Publishing
Corp.), p. 254. This is probably the large tele-
scope at Wandsworth to which Janssen (2) was
referring.

(4) Janssen, p. 92 of ref. in (2).

(5) J. B. Reade, 1854, Reports of the British
Association, 2, 10, cited in J. C. Houzeau and
A. Lancaster, eds., 1964, General Bibliography of
Astronomy to the Year 1880 (New ed.; London:
The Holland Press), 2, 845.

(6) Janssen, p. 92 of ref. in (2).

(7) H. A. E. Faye, 1858, Comptes Rendus
Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Academie des
Sciences, 46, 705.

(8) Janssen, p. 92 of ref. in (2).
(9) Ibid.

(10) J. Challis, 1860, Monthly Notices of the
Royal Astronomical Society, 21, 36.

(11) R. J. Bray and R. E. Loughhead, 1965,
Sunspots (New York: John Wiley and Sons,
Inc.), p. 6.

(12) Ibid., pp. 6-7.
Vip) Tbid:,.p. 7:

(14) L. M. Rutherford, 1878, Monthly Notices,
38, 410.

(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)

Ibid.

Ibid.

J. Rosch, 1957, L’Astronomie, 71, 130.
Bray and Loughhead, p. 7 of ref. in (11).
Rosch, p. 130.

Janssen, 1876, Comptes Rendus, 82, 1364.
Janssen, Plate 2 of ref. in (2).

Ibid., p. 103.

(23) Ibid., p. 99.

(24) Ibid., pp. 94-95.

(25) P. C. Keenan, 1953, The Sun, ed. G. P.
Kuiper (Chicago: University of Chicago Press),
p. 598.

(26) K. O. Kiepenheuer, 1953, The Sun, ed.
G. P. Kuiper (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press), p. 341, Figure 13.

(27) Janssen, p. 106 of ref. in (2).
(28) Keenan, p. 598.

(29) S. Chevalier, S. J., 1908, Astrophysical
Journal, 27, 14.

(30) Janssen, pp. 103-104 of ref. in (2).

APRIL, 1968

(31) Ibid., pp. 104-105.

(32) J. B. Rogerson, Jr., 1958, Sky and Tele-
scope, 17, 113.

(33) Janssen, p. 105 of ref. in (2).
(34) Ibid., p. 114.
(35). Ibid. p. 113.

(36) Janssen, 1879, Annuaire du Bureau des
Longitudes, p. 679, cited by A. M. Clerke, 1893,
A Popular History of Astronomy (3rd ed.; Lon-
don: Adam and Charles Black), p. 205.

(37) Janssen, p. 114 of ref. in (2).
(38) Ibid., pp. 110-112.

(39) Ibid., p. 111.

(40) Bray and Loughhead, p. 8.

(41) P. G. Kulikovskii, ed., 1956, Istoriko-
Astronomicheskie Issledovaniya (Moscow: State
Publishing House), Vol. 2, p. 343.

(42) Ibid., pp. 343-344.

(43) A. Hansky, 1905, Mitteilungen der Niko-
lai-Haupt-Sternwarte zu Pulkowo, 1, 82.

(44) G. A. Tikhoff, 1909, Mitteilungen der
Nikolai-Haupt-Sternwarte zu Pulkowo, 3, 91-92.

(45) Hansky, p. 82.

(46) Ibid., p. 84.

(47) Hansky, 1908, Mitteilungen, 3, 20.

(48) Hansky, 1905, Mitteilungen, 1, 84.

(49) Hansky, 1908, Mitteilungen, 3, 20.

(50) Bray and Loughhead, p. 8.

(51) Chevalier, 1914, Annales de l’ Observatoire
Astronomique de Z6-Sé, 8, C9.

(52) Ibid., p. C6.

(53) Ibid., p. C9.

(54) Ibid., p. C6.

(55) Tbid.. “p./ C10!

(56) Chevalier, 1907, Astrophysical Journal,
255213:

(57) bid.) p2275.

(58) Chevalier, p. Cl of ref. in (51).

(59) Ibid., p. C11.

(60) Ibid., p. C14.

(61) Ibid.; p. C15.

(62) Ibid., p. C20.

(63) Chevalier, 1908, Astrophysical Journal,
QT ADA:

(64) Chevalier, p. C17 of ref. in (51).

(65) Bray and Loughhead, p. 13.

DF

T-THOUGHTS
The “What” and the “How”

For quite a few years now we have held
discussions on the relation of staff and line
elements. The tune goes something like
this: “Washington,” being a staff agency,
should restrict itself to what is to be done;
the field installation, being a line agency,
should restrict itself to the how. Crossing
over is regarded as a sign of managerial
deficiency.

Offhand this does not sound unreason-
able. But it seems to me that there are
very scraggly edges indeed underlying the
proposition.

In the first place, it assumes that the
what of a problem can be packaged sepa-
rately from the how. Next it assumes a
monopoly of capabilities to frame the
whats in the staff unit and a monopoly of
capabilities to frame the hows in the line
unit. Finally, it assumes that increasing
expertness in the how does not lead to ex-
pertness in the what and vice-versa.

I am not so sure that the what of a re-
search problem can always be cleanly sepa-
rated from the how.

When. the demarcation involves a leap
of several echelons, such as the what of a
new weapon system requested by the Joint
Chiefs of Staff as contrasted to the how of
a fuse design conceived by the electronics
expert in the laboratory, there can be little
argument. The problem of separation be-
comes acute, however, in the case of con-
tiguous echelons.

The distinction of the what from the
how is also clear when simple job-shop
types of requests are involved. But the
vanguard of science and knowledge is not
constituted of such stuff. The very essence
of the what in the latter instance is the
how.

Everybody has known for a hundred
years, for example, that the challenging
what of physics is the synthesis of the wave
and the corpuscular theories of light. There
is no point for a staff agency to harp con-
stantly on the what in this case and to hiss

and holler for “bold approaches.” A sheer
directive to create or solve neither creates
nor solves. Neither is there any point for a
line agency to become preoccupied with
warding off other thinkers from _ its
guarded domain of the hows. Everybody
is stymied at this point and there is no
telling where the inspirational manna will
fall.

It would appear that the what-how equi-
librium should only be regarded as a good
point of model departure for contiguous
staff-line echelons—a sort of a measure of
central tendency. There is good reason for
a staff echelon to consider the how, as there
is good reason for the line to consider the
what. It’s a matter of degree, I should say.
Otherwise what would we do, as a staff
agency, if, confronted with the March
Hare’s explanation after failing to fix the
Mad Hatter’s watch—“‘and it was the best
butter too, the best butter’”—we somehow
do not appreciate the how?

—Ralph G. H. Siu

NEW BOOKS RECEIVED

MODERN GENETICS. Haig P. Pa-
pazian. 350 pages. W. W. Norton & Com-
pany, Inc., New York, 1967. Price $7.50.

A HANDBOOK OF LIVING PRI-
MATES. J. R. Napier and P. H. Napier.
456 pages. Academic Press, London and
New York, 1967. Price $21.50.

ORNITHOLOGY: AN INTRODUC-
TION. Austin L. Rand. 311 pages. W. W.
Norton & Company, Inc., New York, 1967.
Price $8.50.

THE FREE-LIVING LOWER INVER-
TEBRATES. Frederick M. Bayer and
Harding B. Owre. 229 pages. The Macmil-
lan Company, New York, 1967. Price
$11.95.

GREY SEAL, COMMON SEAL. R. M.
Lockley. 175 pages. October House, Inc.,
New York, 1967. Price $7.95.

80 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL GEOG-
RAPHY. F. J. Monkhouse. Sixth Edition.
976 pages. Philosophical Library, Inc.,
New York, 1966. Price $10.00.

THE WEAPONS CULTURE. Ralph E.
Lapp. 230 pages. W. W. Norton & Com-
pany, Inc., New York, 1968. Price $4.95.

GOVERNMENT IN SCIENCE: THE
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 1867-1894.
Thomas G. Manning. 257 pages. Univer-
sity of Kentucky Press, Lexington, 1967.
Price $7.00.

DICTIONARY OF APPLIED GEOL-
OGY: MINING AND CIVIL ENGINEER-
ING. A. Nelson and K. D. Nelson. 421
pages. Philosophical Library, Inc., New
York, 1967. Price $17.50.

MARINE SCIENCE AFFAIRS — A
YEAR OF PLANS AND PROGRESS. Sec-
ond Report of the President to the Congress
on Marine Resources and Engineering De-
velopment. 228 pages (paperback). Super-
intendent of Documents, Washington, 1968.
Price $1.00.

LETTERS ON WAVE MECHANICS:
SCHROEDINGER, PLANCK, EINSTEIN,
LORENTZ. K. Przibram, Editor; Martin
J. Klein, Translator. 75 pages. Philosophi-
cal Library, Inc., New York, 1967, Price
$6.00.

. IMAGINATION AND THE GROWTH
OF SCIENCE. A. M. Taylor. 110 pages.
Schocken Books, Inc., New York, 1967.
Price $3.95.

BEGINNER’S GUIDE TO ELECTRON-
ICS. Terence L. Squires, 194 pages. Philo-
sophical Library, Inc., New York, 1967.
Price $6.00.

YEARBOOK OF ASTRONOMY, 1968.
Patrick Moore, Editor. 225 pages. W. W.

Norton & Company, Inc., New York, 1967.
Price $4.95,

THE NEW LOOK OF THE UNIVERSE.
Patrick Moore. 126 pages. W. W. Norton
& Company, Inc., New York, 1967. Price
$3.95.

THE AMATEUR ASTRONOMER’S
GLOSSARY. Patrick Moore. 162 pages.
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York,
1967. Price $5.95.

AMATEUR ASTRONOMY. Patrick
Moore. 328 pages. W. W. Norton & Com-
pany, Inc., New York, 1968. Price $6.95.

THE CRATERS OF THE MOON: AN
OBSERVATIONAL APPROACH. Patrick
Moore and Peter J. Cattermole. 160 pages.
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York,
1967. Price $5.95.

INTRODUCTION TO RADIO AS-
TRONOMY. Roger C. Jennison. 160 pages.
Philosophical Library, Inc., New York,
1967. Price $4.75.

INTRODUCTION TO ARITHMETIC.
C. B. Piper. 211 pages. Philosophical Li-
brary, Inc., New York, 1968. Price $6.00.

INTRODUCTION TO GEOMETRY. G.
A. Dickinson. 174 pages. Philosophical
Library, Inc., New York, 1967. Price $6.00.

INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOME-
TRY. C. C. T. Baker. 166 pages. Philo-
sophical Library, Inc., New York, 1967.
Price $6.00.

DICTIONARY OF INVENTIONS AND
DISCOVERIES. E. F. Carter. 193 pages.
Philosophical Library, Inc., New York,
1967. Price $6.00.

A REFERENCE BOOK OF CHEMIS-
TRY. J. H. White. 310 pages. Philosophical
Library, Inc., New York, 1967. Price
$10.00.

Zi

APRIL, 1968

81

Academy Proceedings

SCIENCE TALENT AWARDS
DINNER ANNOUNCED

The annual awards banquet for the 40
student winners of the Greater Washington
Science Talent Search will be held at 6
p-m. on Monday, April 29, in the faculty
lounge of New South Building, at George-
town University.

Father Francis J. Heyden, chairman of
the Academy’s Committee for the Encour-
agement of Science Talent, has extended
a cordial invitation to Academy members
and their guests to attend the dinner.
Tickets are $3.10 each, payable at the
door. Reservations may be made by calling
Mrs. Elizabeth Humphrey at the Academy
office (234-5323), preferably by April 15.

WASHINGTON JUNIOR
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Activities, 1967-68
In 1952, the Washington Academy of

Sciences set up a special committee to study
means to effect the establishment of a
junior science group. The present Wash-
ington Junior Academy of Sciences is the
result of the special committee action; the
junior group is specifically required to
diversify each year’s program.

The first meeting of the year, under the
presidency of John F. Williams, was held
in August 1967. By tradition, this is a get-
acquainted picnic at the cottage of the Ob-
servatory at Georgetown University. Guests
consist of the membetship, and the occa-
sion honors the ‘Westinghouse Science
Talent Search winners who are spending
the summer in the area.

The September meeting was a service
activity which brought together the officers
of all the secondary-school science clubs
throughout the area. The conference dealt
with all aspects of science club operation
and was judged a success by the participat-

ing club representatives.

In October a joint meeting of the Senior
and Junior Academies took the form of a
workshop on science fairs. President Heinz
Specht and other members of the Senior
Academy, and representatives of the Acad-
emy’s affiliated societies, advised the par-
ticipants concerning projects in various
subject areas. A member of the Profes-
sional Artists of the Federal Government
conducted a clinic on presentation tech-
niques. Atttended by 200 students, the
workshop will no doubt be a factor in the
quality of the area’s science fair projects.
This meeting, extending throughout the
day, was in celebration of the 15th anni-
versary of the founding of the Junior
Academy.

The November meeting of each year is
the Greater Washington Area Junior Sci-
ence and Humanities Symposium, which
this year was co-sponsored by the Smith-
sonian Associates, the Harry Diamond
Laboratories, the Army Research Office at
Durham, N. C., and Georgetown Univer-
sity. As participants and enthusiastic work-
ers, the Governing Council and membership
make a genuine contribution to the success
of this regional activity.

The annual Christmas Convention was
held on December 27. Excellent student
papers were presented. Abstracts of these
papers may be found in the Proceedings
of the Washington Junior Academy of
Sciences.

For the first time, the Christmas Lecture
of the Philosophical Society of Washing-
ton was delivered in conjunction with the
WJAS Christmas Convention. The after-
noon session was devoted to a most in-
teresting talk by George B. Chapman, chair-
man of the Biology Department at George-
town University, entitled, “Comparative
Studies of Cell Find Structure.”

The January 1968 meeting, held at

American University, welcomed the mem-

82 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

bership and any interested students in the
area to an exploration of opportunities
for science-oriented summer employment.
This meeting is considered a major service
of WJAS.

The February meeting was held jointly
with the Chemical Society of Washington?
Such meetings provide association with
adult scientists which often is of value both
in the immediate inspiration gained by the
students and as an aid in vocational selec-
tion.

The closing meeting of the year is the
election meeting, held in March. This year,
for the first time, written ballots will be
used, thus bringing the election in line
with the system used by the Senior Acad-
emy and other scientific organizations.

The Governing Council of WJAS meets
monthly with its advisors. Any member
of the Senior or Junior Academy is most
cordially invited to attend these meetings.

New York tours via the Pennsylvania
Railroad were conducted on October 14
and 21, and November 4, 11, and 18. These
tours and membership dues are the major
sources of income for WJAS. Among an-
nual expenditures are contributions of $200
to the Joint Board on Science Education
and $600 to the Summer Science Research
Program. When needed, pins and certifi-
cates for the five area science fairs are
provided; $122 is appropriated for the
certificates and $510 for the pins.

Thus, with its present diversified and
expanded yearly program, the Washington
Junior Academy of Sciences has prospered
and truly fulfills the purpose for which it
was established, to “—provide to young
scientists and their sponsors, (1) valuable
training through cooperative endeavors;
(2) association with other young scientists
and with adult scientists; (3) incentives
to students through exhibits, fairs, and
congresses, to engage in creative activities;
(4) incentives and assistance to the adult
sponsors; (5) insight into senior scien-
tific organizations and their activities; and
(6) opportunities to take an active part
in adult scientific projects.”

APRIL, 1968

A summary of the history and organiza-
tion of the Junior Academy was submitted
recently to Robert Barlow, special assistant
to the director of the President’s Office of
Science and Technology. He had requested
it so that the office might have a better
knowledge of the work deing done by the
Junior Academy. In his letter of acknowl-
edgement, Mr. Barlow states, “Not only
is this a very select group, but it sounds
like a very active one as well.”

—Francis J. Heyden, S. J.

JOINT BOARD ON
SCIENCE EDUCATION

A behind-the-scenes tour of the Smith-
sonian Institution’s Museum of Natural His-
tory highlighted the JBSE Conference on
Biology Teaching on Saturday, February
24. This unusual opportunity to visit the
Museum’s laboratories and observe the ac-
tual preparation of museum displays at-
tracted 115 secondary school teachers and
scientists from the greater Washington
area, including some from as far away as
Frederick, Md. The program was arranged
so that each participant could select and
go on any two tours. Joseph Britton de-
scribed the five available tours and led the
tour, “Invertebrate Zoology—Collections
and Exhibits.” Three other tours were led
by Museum personnel: “Anthropology—
Conservation Laboratory” by Mrs. Bethune
M. Gibson; “Exhibit Preparation” by Miss
Thais Weibel; and “Exhibits—Graphic
Production” by Wallace X. Conway and
Vincent Mackey. The fifth tour, “Paleobiol-
ogy,” was led by Ellis L. Yockelson of the
Geological Survey.

The tours on paleobiology and zoology
were concerned primarily with the extrac-
tion and isolation of specimens, their re-
construction if imperfect or broken, and
their classification. The teachers were
shown how geologic formations were being
identified by classification studies on a col-
lection of minute fossils extracted from ma-
terial recovered during oil-drilling opera-
tions. In some cases, fossil shells were

83

isolated from a CaCO; matrix by the action
of dilute hydrochloric acid, with the shells
surviving intact because their original
carbonates had been replaced by silicates
during fossilization. In other cases, fossils
embedded in rock were viewed under a
microscope after the rock matrix had been
mounted in plastic and ground down until
it was essentially transparent. An awe-
some specimen was an animal recovered
from frozen tundra. It had been preserved
by being frozen and still retained some
fleshy material despite its age of some
9,000 to 6,000 years.

The Conservation Laboratory tour was
concerned with the restoration or reju-
venation of man-made articles. The teach-
ers were shown how Indian leather goods
could be safely divested of the accumulated
dirt of centuries by an air-blast technique
employing glass beads as a gentle abrasive.
They saw how split wooden or ivory arti-
facts could be treated with water, followed

by successively more concentrated Carbo-

wax solutions, until the cracks had been
closed and the article repaired.

During the exhibit preparation tour, a
visit to the Model Shop included a step-
by-step demonstration of the molding,
painting, and mounting of individual plas-
tic replicas of leaves to be used as foliage
in permanent displays. Other realistic
models included an aged, rust-encrusted
cannon ball constructed from a thin-walled
plastic shell (formed from a mold of the
original cannon ball), painstakingly hand
painted on the outside, and filled, with
plaster and a lead weight to give it an
authentic heft. The model most popular
with the visiting teachers, however, was a
full-size, prickly textured iguana. This
model was made from a silicone rubber
mold formed around a recently deceased
lizard from the Zoo. The use of a soft
plastic mold mounted on a flexible arma-
ture resulted in an accurate, full size model
which could be adjusted to represent char-
acteristic body positions.

The remainder of this tour centered on
the Freeze-Drying Laboratory where new,

low-temperature, high-vacuum techniques
for removing volatile components without
damaging cell structure make it possible
to preserve a dead animal in toto without
the necessity for conventional, but demand-
ing, taxidermy procedures. Basically, the
process involves making the cells rigid with
ice and then removing the ice crystals by
sublimation. The resulting specimens are
free from decay and have the added virtue
of being extremely light in weight. Thanks
to the skill and artistry with which the ani-
mal corpses had been wired into natural
poses prior to freeze-drying, specimens
prepared by this technique are unbeliev-
ably lifelike. Time and again a visitor
would reach out to touch an animal “just
to make sure this one isn’t alive.”

The artistry needed for museum displays
also was in evidence throughout the
graphic-production tour. Here the visiting
teachers were able to observe the silk-
screen method of reproduction in detail
and to examine various samples prepared
by this technique.

The Conference ended with a chance
for all of the participants to exchange de-
tails of their tours during a luncheon held
in the Museum of History and Technology,
in the company of the imaginative crea-
tures of the carousel.

—Elaine G. Shafrin

BOARD OF MANAGERS
MEETING NOTES

February
The Board of Managers held its 591st

meeting on February 15 at the Cosmos

Club, with President Specht presiding.
The minutes of the 590th meeting were

approved as previously distributed.

Secretary. Secretary Farrow reported
that the American Institute of Mining,
Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers
had inquired about affiliation with the
Academy. They had been informed of the
information required and the customary
procedure for affiliation.

84. JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Treasurer. Treasurer Cooke presented a
budget for 1968, with estimated receipts
and expenses of $20,900. This was accepted
by the Board. (For details, see under Acad-

emy Proceedings in March issue. )

In response to inquiries, it was explained
that the fiscal year of the Academy remains
on a calendar year basis, despite the recent
Bylaws changes whereby the terms of of-
ficers expire in May, and the annual meet-
ing is held in May. Two items in the bud-
get provide for the acquisition of a rebuilt
typewriter and storage cabinets for the
Academy office. As concerns headquarters
office operations, the budget takes cog-
nizance of an estimated cost of living in-

crease for 1968.

Membership. On motion of Chairman
Mitchell, 22 persons were elected to fellow-
ship in the Academy, as follows: Witold
M. Bodganowicz, William S. Bowers, Jr.,
Henry M. Cathey, William P. Flatt, Daniel
R. Flynn, Cyril J. Galvin, Jr., Martin E.
Glicksman, Nathan Gordon, Irwin Horn-
stein, Royal B. Kellogg, Austin Long, Wen-
dell V. Mickey, Hans J. Oser, Edward D.
Palik, Glenn W. Patterson, John C. Reed,
Jr., Frank S. Santamour, Jr., James F.
Schooley, Peter J. Van Soest, Leszek J.
Wolfram, Daniel B. Lloyd, and Walter E.
Steidle.

Dr. Mitchell announced that six persons
had been elected to membership in the
Academy, as follows: Charles W. Buggs,
Charles A. Blank, Howard DeVore, James
E. Fearn, Conrad M. Seeboth, and Gnana-
mony J. Thabaraj.

March Meeting. It was announced that
the March meeting of the Academy would
be held on Thursday, March 21, and that
the speaker, Anthony J. Goodhart of the
Coast and Geodetic Survey, would discuss
“Instrumentation for Oceanography.”

APRIL, 1968

Archivist. Dr. Farber inquired about the
status of his earlier proposal to organize
the archives of the Academy in some usable
form. He had estimated that about one-half
man-year would be required. The sugges-
tion was made that American University
has special training for archivists; the job
might be one for a student project if a
suitable individual could be found.

Grants-in-Aid. The Board approved a
grant of $110 to Bruce Stancomb, a student
at West Springfield High School in Fairfax
County, Va., for purchase of supplies for
a project in which he proposed to grow
crystals, containing various impurities, at
high temperatures, and examine them spec-
trophotometrically.

Awards. Chairman Florence Forziati sug-
gested that the Academy consider making
its annual awards at a date later in the
year. The present practice of making
awards in January provides little oppor-
tunity for collecting award nominations and
evaluating them properly. Ordinarily the
Committee does not begin operations until
sometime after September. The suggestion
was referred to the Committee on Policy
Planning.

New Business. Mr. Sherlin inquired
about the requirements for emeritus mem-
bership. He mentioned an instance in which
a resignation was thought to result because
the fellow was no longer gainfully em-
ployed but not yet 65. The Bylaws require
that fellows or members not gainfully em-
ployed must have attained the age of 65 or
have a disability in order to be considered
for emeritus status. Mr. Sherlin thought
the Academy should consider amending this
provision since a number of Government
employees are now retiring before reaching
the age of 65. After a brief discussion the
question was referred to the Committee on
Policy Planning for consideration.

85

Science in Washington

CALENDAR OF EVENTS

Notices of meetings for this column may
be sent to Mary Louise Robbins, George
Washington University School of Medi-
cine, 1331 H. Street, N.W., Washington,

D. C, 20005, by the first Wednesday of the

month preceding the date of issue of the
Journal.

April 15 — Acoustical Society of

America

Speak to be announced.
National Academy of Sciences, 201 Con-
stitution Ave., N. W., 8:00 p.m.

April 16—Society of American Mili-

tary Engineers

Hon. Thomas D. Morris, Assistant Sec-
retary of Defense (Installations and Logis-
tics) will speak on the Southeast Asia
Construction Program.

Fort Myer Officers Club, 11.30 a.m.

April 16—University of Maryland
Physics Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Maryland,
4:30 p.m.

April 17—American Meteorological
Society
Speaker to be announced.

National Academy of Sciences, 2101
Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

April 17—Helminthological Society
of Washington
Program to be announced,

Naval Medical Research Institute, Beth-
esda, Maryland, 8:00 p.m.

April 17 — Insecticide Society of
Washington

Speaker to be announced.

Symons Hall, Agricultural Auditorium,
University of Maryland, 8:00 p.m.

April 17?—University of Maryland
Astronomy Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Maryland,
4:00 p.m.

April 17—Washington Society of En-
gineers

Maj. Gen. C. H. Dunn, director, Military
Construction, Army Corps of Engineers,
“The World’s Largest Construction Or-
ganization.”

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cosmos
Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N. W., noon.

April 18—American Society of Me-
chanical Engineers

Program to be announced.

PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E Street, N. W.,
8:00 p.m.

April 18—Consortium of Universities
of the Washington Metropolitan Area
and the Smithsonian Institution

Seminar in Development Biology.

Carroll Williams, Biological Labora-
tories, Harvard University, “Hormones,
Genes, and Metamorphosis.”

Auditorium, Museum of History and
Technology, Constitution Avenue between

12th and 14th Streets, N.W., 7:30 p.m.

April 23—American Society for Mi-
crobiology

Stanley Falkow, Department of Micro-
biology, Georgetown University, session
chairman. Topic: “Molecular Genetics.”

Speakers:

Donald Brenner, Walter Reed Army In-
stitute of Research, “A Molecular Approach
to Bacterial Evolution.”

David Kohne, Department of Terrestrial
Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Wash-
ington, “Isolation of a Gene.”

Loretta Leive, National Institutes of
Health, subject to be announced.

86 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Carl Merrill, Laboratory of Cellular
Pharmacology, NIH, “Sequence Analysis
of S-RNA.”

Reiss Science Building, Georgetown Uni-

versity, 37th and O Sts., N. W., 8:00 p.m.

April 23—tUniversity of Maryland
Physics Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Maryland,
4:30 p.m.

April 24 — Geological Society of
Washington

Speaker to be announced.
John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cosmos
Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N.W., 8.00 p.m.

April 24—Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers, Reliability
Group

Jack Q. Reynolds, manager of reliability,
Collins Radio Co., Cedar Rapids, Iowa,
“Effects of Sustained Temperature Cycling
on Electronic Parts.”

PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E St., N. W.,
8:00 p.m.

April 24—University of Maryland

Astronomy Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.
Building C-132, University of Maryland,
4:30 p.m.

April 25-26—American Institute of
Metallurgical Engineers, Institute of
Metals Division

Refractory Metals’ Committeee Sympo-
sium, “Metallurgy and Technology of Re-
fractory Metal Alloys—State of the Art
Review.”

Washington Hilton Hotel.

April 25—Consortium of Universities
of the Washington Metropolitan Area
and the Smithsonian Institution

Seminar in Developmental Biology.

Dorothy Price, Department of Zoology,
University of Chicago, “Fetal Hormones
and Adaptive Growth in Mammalian Re-
productive Systems.”

Aprit, 1968

Auditorium, Museum of History and
Technology, Constitution Avenue between

12th and 14th Streets, N.W., 7:30 p-m.

April 26—Philosophical Society of
Washington

Speaker to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-
mos Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N.W..,
OLS (p.m.

April 27—American Society of Me-
chanical Engineers

Speaker to be announced.

PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E Street, N.W.,
8:00 p.m.

April 30—University of Maryland
Physics Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Maryland,
4:30 p.m.

May 1—Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers

Electronic Computers Group.

Speaker to be announced.

PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E Street,
N. W., 8:15 p.m.

May 1—tUniversity of Maryland As-
tronomy Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.
Building C-132, University of Maryland,
4:30 p.m.

May 2—Electrochemical Society
Fair

Laboratory Tour and _ Science

Awards.
Goddard Space Flight Center, 8:00 p.m.

May 2—Entomological Society of

Washington

Speaker to be announced.

Room 43, Natural History Building,
Smithsonian Institution, 6:00 p.m.

May 7—Botanical Society of Wash-
ington
Speaker to be announced.
Administration Building, National Ar-
boretum, 8:00 p.m.

Stel
O48

May 7—University of Maryland Phys-
ics Colloquium

Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Maryland,
4:30 p.m.

May 8—Geological Society of Wash-
ington

Speaker to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-
mos Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N. W.,
8:00 p.m.

May $—Institute of Food Technolo-
gists
Speaker to be announced.
National Canners Association,

20th Street, N. W., 8:00 p.m.
May 8—University of Maryland As-

tronomy Colloquium

1133

Speaker to be announced.
Building C-132, University of Maryland,
4:30 p.m.

May 9—American Society of Mechan-
ical Engineers

Speaker to be announced. |
PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E Street,
N. W., 8:00 p.m.

May 9—Consortium of Universities
of the Metropolitan Area and _ the
Smithsonian Institution

Seminar in Developmental Biology.

Viktor Hamburger, Department of Biol-
ogy, Washington University, St. Louis,
Mo., “Some Aspects of Neurogenesis.”

Auditorium, Museum of History and
Technology, Constitution Ave. between

12th and 14th Sts., N. W., 7:30 p.m.

May 10—Philosophical Society of
Washington

Speaker to be announced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos-
mos Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N. W..,
6:15 p.m.

May 10—Society for Experimental
Biology and Medicine

Program to be announced.

Main auditorium, Naval Medical Re-
search Institute, Naval Medical Center,

Bethesda, Md., 8:00 p.m.

May 13—American Society for Metals

National officers’ night.

T. C. DuMond, American Society for
Metals, “ASM, Today and Tomorrow.”

Three Chefs Restaurant, River House,
1500 S. Joyce Street, Arlington, social
hour and dinner, 6:00 p.m.; meeting, 8:00
p-m.

May 13—Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers

Speaker to be announced; general sub-
ject, “Information Retrieval.”

PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E Street,
N. W., 8:00 p.m.

May 14—American Society of Civil
Engineers

Speaker to be announced.

YWCA, 17th and K Streets, N. W.,
noon.

Luncheon meeting. For reservations,

phone Mr. Furen, 521-5600, ext. 4470.

May 15—University of Maryland
Physics Colloquium
Speaker to be announced.
Building C-132, University of Maryland,
4:30 p.m.
May 16—University of Maryland As-
tronomy Colloquium :
Speaker to be announced.

Building C-132, University of Maryland,
4:30 p.m.

SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS

Contributions to this column may be
addressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate
Editor, c/o Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service, Federal

Center Building, Hyattsville, Maryland.

AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT

KENNETH W. PARKER, director of
Range Management and Wildlife Habitat

88 JoURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Research, Forest Service, has been honored
with a “Certificate of Merit” by the Ameri-
can Society of Range Management. The
award was in recognition of Mr. Parker’s
outstanding achievements as a range sci-
entist, for his inspirational leadership in
range management research, and for his
contributions to the advancement of im-
proved range management practices. Pre-
sentation of the award was made February
13, at the annual meeting of the Society
in Albuquerque, N. M.

GEORGE W. IRVING, JR., spoke before
the 1968 Pest Control Conference held at
the University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.,
on February 27.

CALVIN GOLUMBIC has been named
assistant deputy administrator for market-
ing research, Agricultural Research Ser-
vice. Formerly he was asSistant director of
the Market Quality Research Division,
ARS.

HAROLD H. SHEPARD retired from
the Agricultural Stabilization and Conser-
vation Service at the end of March after
27144 years of service in the Department.

W. H. ANDERSON, who retired last
June as chief of the Insect Identification
and Parasite Introduction Research Branch
Entomology Research Division, is now
editor of the Annals of the Entomological
Society of America. Dr. Anderson lives

at Snow Hill, Md.,

NATIONAL BUREAU
OF STANDARDS

KURT E. SHULER, senior research fel-
low at NBS, has been named professor of
chenfistry and chairman of the Department
at the University of California, San Diego.
Dr. Shuler, who is currently serving as a
visiting professor of chemistry at UCSD,
will take over his new post as chairman at
the start of the Fall, 1968, quarter.

W. WAYNE MEINKE, chief of the Ana-
lytical Chemistry Division, has been elected
1968 chairman of the American Chemical
Society’s Division of Nuclear Chemistry
and Technology.

APRIL, 1968

JOHN K. TAYLOR has been named to
receive the 1968 Honor Award of the
Washington Chapter, American Institute of
Chemists. The award will be presented at
the Chapter’s annual dinner meeting in

May.

NATIONAL INSTITUTES
OF HEALTH

JAMES A. SHANNON received Hadas-
sah’s Myrtle Wreath from Mrs. Avraham
Harman, wife of the ambassador from
Israel, on January 15. The award was pre-
sented to Dr. Shannon “in recognition of
his pioneering service in raising the health
standards of our nation and the world
and in appreciation of the development of
a research institution distinct in its quality
and effectiveness.”

KENNETH COLE, senior research bio-
physicist at the National Institute of Neur-
ological Diseases and _ Blindness, was
awarded the 1967 National Medal of Sci-
ence in ceremonies at the White House.
The award recognized Dr. Cole for his
pioneering studies of electrical properties
of nerves and other cells, especially cell
membranes.

NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
W. A. ZISMAN, for the past 12 years

superintendent of the Chemistry Division,
at his own request has been relieved of
his duties as superintendent. He has been
appointed to head the Laboratory for
Chemical Physics, a position in which he
will be able to devote his time entirely to
research. A. L. ALEXANDER, head of the
Organic and Biological Chemistry Branch,
has been appointed acting superintendent
of the Chemistry Division.

JOHN C. MUNSON, formerly of ONR
and NOL, has been named superintendent
of the newly formed Acoustics Division. He
will administer a broad program of theo-
retical and experimental research in physi-
cal acoustics, ocean acoustics, and predic-
tive oceanography to develop theory and

89

models of the interaction of acoustic fields
with structures and ocean environment.

LEWIS B. WITZEL has been named
head of the Radio Division. He comes from
the Institute for Defense Analysis.

UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND
MAURICE LEVY, director of the Sci-

entific Mission to the French Embassy in
Washington, has accepted an appointment
as part-time visiting professor in the Cen-
ter for Theoretical Physics of the Univer-
sity’s Department of Physics and Astron-
omy. Under this appointment, Dr. Levy will
conduct research and graduate teaching in
theoretical physics at the Center, while
continuing his Embassy duties concerned
with French-American scientific relations.

DEATHS

JACOB M. LUTZ, assistant chief of the
Horticultural Crops Research Branch, Mar-
ket Quality Research Division, ARS, USDA,
died of a heart attack on February 26. He

would have been 60 years old in March.

Dr. Lutz joined the Department of Agri-
culture in 1929 as a junior plant physiolo-
gist. He served as head of field stations at
Meridian, Miss., East Grand Forks, Minn.,
and the market pathology laboratory in
New York City.

THOMAS R. HENRY, well-known Wash-
ington science columnist, died March 3 of
leukemia, at the Veterans Administration
hospital. He lacked two weeks of being 75.

Mr. Henry was a native of Boston and
a graduate of Clark University in Wor-
cester, Mass. During his early newspaper
career, he served as a general assignment
reporter for the old Washington Herald
and as city editor of the Washington Daily
News. He joined the Evening Star in 1923
and spent 37 years with that paper, func-
tioning as science writer and war corre-
spondent. He formally retired about 10
years ago, but continued to write the Star’s
“Vistas in Science” column until shortly

before his death.

Mr. Henry won an honorable mention
among the Pulitzer Prize awards for 1932,
for his stories on the Bonus Army march
on Washington. He received the Army
Medal of Freedom during World War II
for his coverage of action on the European
front, as correspondent for the Star. He also
won the Westinghouse Award for his gen-
eral science reporting in 1946, at which
time he was elected president of the Na-
tional Association of Science Writers.

Also in 1946, Mr. Henry’s trip to Ant-
arctica with Richard E. Byrd’s expedition
resulted in a best-selling book, “The White
Continent.” He visited the Arctic also, dur-
ing the winter of 1948-49, on a Navy ice-
breaker. In 1957 his reporting of the In-
ternational Geophysical Year won him a
Washington Newspaper Guild award.

Mr. Henry was a member of the Cosmos
Club, the National Press and Overseas
Writers Clubs, the Explorers’ Club of New
York, the Washington Academy of Sci-
ences, and the American Legion.

SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT

The Weather Bureau will be engaged in
a program of official bird watching this
spring—all for the sake of science and air-
craft safety. |

The weather component of the Environ-
mental Scence Services Administration
(ESSA) will help track, via radar, the mi-
gration of the whistling swan from Chesa-
peake Bay to its nesting grounds in North-
west Canada.

The project will be conducted at the re-
quest of the U. S. Air Force Office of Scien-
tific Research and the Canadian Wildlife
Service. The purpose is to gain an insight
into the migratory habits of the whistling
swan, which weighs up to 20 pounds and
constitutes a serious. hazard to aviation.
Several years ago, a plane crashed in Mary-
land after striking two of these birds.

Scientists want to know how fast and
how high the whistling swan flies, its route,
and how its progress is affected by weather
conditions. In studies of other years, it was

90 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

learned that ducks will migrate with a
tailwind, but will not migrate into a head-
wind. Information of a similar nature is
desired of the whistling swan.

The Weather Bureau will assist by assign-
ing selected stations along the migratory
path the task of taking radarscope photo-
graphs from the second week in March to
the second week in April.

Americans are asked to return a found
radiosonde—that balloon-borne package of
weather instruments that flashes back in-
formation to weathermen around the world.

Such thoughtful acts by citizens today
are already saving the American taxpayer
about $180,000 a year over the cost of
buying new instruments of this type, ac-
cording to the Environmental Science Serv-
ices Administration.

A small Weather Bureau facility in Joliet,
Ill., called the National Reconditioning
Center, recently repaired its 400,000th ra-
diosonde since the facility was established
in 1945.

Radiosondes, which measure tempera-
ture, humidity, and air pressure as they
rise through the atmosphere and radio this
information back to the ground, are
launched from stations around the world
more than 300 times each day. Most of
them are lost in remote or uninhabited
areas or in the sea when their balloons
burst and they parachute back to earth.
But about 25 percent of them are found and
returned to the Weather Bureau where they
are reconditioned for use again. (One rec-
ord-making radiosonde was flown, recov-
ered, and reconditioned seven times.)

Printed on the side of each radiosonde
is a legend asking the finder to deliver the
instrument (in a postage-paid mailing sack
which is provided) to the nearest post office
or mailman for return to the National Re-
conditioning Center.

A new radiosonde costs from $15 to $30.
The average cost of reconditioning one is
$6.37 which includes parts, labor, and

overhead expenses at the Joliet center.

APRIL, 1968

Potential tornado weather over the
United States will be photographed every
15 minutes by a camera 22,300 miles
above the Equator.

The photographs of developing severe
local storm systems will be taken by
the multicolor spin-scan camera aboard
NASA’s ATS-III (Applications Technology
Satellite), now in an earth-synchronous or-
bit over the equator.

On days when weather patterns favor
tornado development, NASA will program
the camera to photograph the northern
hemisphere at 15-minute intervals from 7
a.m. to 9 p.m. Eastern standard time.

Normally, the camera photographs the
earth from pole to pole, once every 30 min-
utes. In the current experiment, the camera
will sweep only from the North Pole to the
equator and then begin another picture, in
a 15-minute cycle.

Although the polar-orbiting ESSA space-
craft provide complete photographic cov-
erage of the earth’s weather once every
day, their coyerage is not continuous in
time. The present experiment will permit
an uninterrupted look at developing severe
storm situations.

Some meteorologists believe that poten-
tial tornado-breeding situations can be
identified from characteristic cloud mo-
tions long before the tornadoes actually
develop. The ATS-III pictures will provide
an unprecedented opportunity to observe
cloud movements prior to and during tor-
nado formation and to confirm or disprove
this theory.

This project is mainly a research effort,
since the pictures will not be available in
time to be used in the tornado warning
process. If the space-platform movies do
help to identify and track the storm-pro-
ducing clouds, the next step is to provide
these views in time for operational use in
actual storm forecasts and warnings.

A laser light-scattering apparatus con-
structed at the National Bureau of Stand-
ards provides a rapid and convenient, yet
highly sensitive, method for determining

91

extremely ‘small concentrations of solid
particles suspended in liquids. The method
should be of broad utility in such fields as
water and air pollution, medical and bac-
teriological research, particle-free lubrica-
tion, and manufacturing process control in
micro-miniaturization.

While the laser scattering technique is
applicable to a number of fields, it was
devised primarily to solve problems that
have arisen in analytical chemistry. In the
past several years, analytical chemical
measurements have become sensitive to the
effects of extremely small quantities of
chemical contamination. One of the more
difficult problems has been the presence in
liquids of solid particles that are not large
enough to be removed by conventional fil-
ters and whose concentration is below the
level of detection by the usual methods of
measurement. The NBS scientists therefore

set out to build an apparatus for this pur-
pose that would not require much time for
operation and maintenance.

The use of a laser for particle contami-
nation measurement is based upon the fact
that such small particles are a billion times
more effective in scattering light than are
the liquids in which they are suspended.
The laser has the important advantage of
providing a very highly concentrated beam
of light, making feasible the use of small
sample volumes and a relatively simple de-
tection device such as a photomultiplier.

The method was found to be so sensitive
that concentrations corresponding to the
ultimate limit of light scattering were read-
ily obtained. For practical purposes this
concentration is a few hundred particles
per milliliter, or one part by weight of
particles to a billion parts by weight of the
liquid.

CTY

92 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

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Volume 58 APRIL 1968

No. 4

CONTENTS
S. B. Hendricks: Photoperiodism After 50 Years 00000... cn esses ome
T. E. Margrave, Jr.: Review of Early Photographic Observations =
of Solar Gramtlation ..)..:..cc-.ccisssdesssocsctefenssecvesnsopoactanpncseiveaeats Mueapaan cont congener «.shae
T-Thoughts 0.2... c.cccccececcstte cs eeensetenreenbecsonneenenranerrestanseneys fecscrscepvenetnnesesnrnsenens ‘ ,
New Books Received u

Academy Proceedings

Science Talent Awards Dinner Announced ............:..::::.0s00:c080ce eters

a

peeve 4 \

a

Washington Junior Academy of Sciences .............. uiwce-aiphee ae a ar,

Joint Board on Science Education .........0...:..00.0: sce ceeseeecresinsneee renee eceeee ae

Board of Managers Meeting Notes (February) jo i.::ficct decasdaeontae sevnean
Science in Washington

Calendar of Eivemite .:.:.aisscsssssoseivicdsjon cotiovielsoviecttins ititi skola bein gira ea ne

Scientists in the News: .......:cilssocsivisscdidsssceeersseasec ny sasornntyrngeenen nai _ hen

Science and Development DM et

Washington Academy of Sciences
1530—P St., N.W.

si

Washington, D.C., 20005 Washing

Return Requested with Form 3579

06-75
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MAY 1968

The Washington Academy of Sciences:
Scientific Wheel Horse?

Or Merely a Fifth Wheel?

Malcolm C. Henderson
Academy President, 1968-69

As most of our members know by now.
the Washington Academy of Sciences and
the Joint Board on Science Education.
which for some eight or ten years have
been housed rent-free in the Carnegie In-
stitution of Washington at 1530 P St.,
N.W., have had to move out and find new
quarters for their operating offices. The
Urban Coalition of Mr. John Gardner has
moved in and occupies so much space in
the CIW that there is now no longer room
for us.

The Academy’s first words about this
circumstance must of course be those of
sincere thanks to the CIW for its long con-
tinued hospitality to us, amounting in
effect to a very considerable subsidy. We
owe a great debt of gratitude to our host
organization and we have profited much
by our association with it. The search for
new quarters has made it clear to your
Executive Committee how very great our
debt and profit are.

Luckily, finding new and suitable quar-
ters has proved not to be too difficult,
considered purely as a physical matter of
searching. What it may imply for the fu-
ture of the Academy is another matter
which I shall deal with in a moment. Your
officers have now leased for a year two
laree rooms in the Lee building of the
Federation of American Societies for Ex.
perimental Biology (FASEB) at 9650
Wisconsin Ave., a half mile beyond NIH
and just short of the Beltway. This action
has been taken with the concurrence of
the Executive Committee and on the au-

May. 1968

thority of the President and Treasurer.
The move took place on April 18.

So much for the bare facts of the exo-
dus. To me this happening has sharply
emphasized a serious question as to the fu-
ture of the Academy itself that has been
bothering many of us for a long time.
What should the Academy activities be in
order to justify the very considerable
extra expense of moving and setting up
new and expensive quarters? What
should the Academy do for the Affiliates
and for the scientific community of Wash-
ington generally? What indeed can we do
in this environment, now so vastly more
complex and diverse than it was at the
Academy’s founding 70 years ago? Can
we justify ourselves through the service
we render, or should we in effect fold up?
We cannot in good conscience allow our
considerable prestige to atrophy when we
have such substantial financial, as well as
intellectual, resources. But what to do?

I do not need to rehearse a list, almost
fantastically numerous, of the scientific
societies and groups that exist here in
Washington and nearby, not even count-
ing our own 35 affiliates. As individuals
most of us belong to at least two of them,
so where does the Academy fit in? Is it in
competition or in cooperation with them?
A number of them publish their own
journals; nearly all hold meetings cover-
ing their own specialties. What then do
they get out of the fact of affiliation
with us?

Many circumstances conspire to make

93

some decision—some answer—to these
questions particularly needed at this par-
ticular moment. The move from Carnegie
to 9650 Wisconsin Ave. with rent to be
paid; the serious reduction in the scope of
activity of the Joint Board, and its move
out of a joint office with us—a relation-
ship that has been most useful to both
our organizations; the proposal from
the Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers that it move its local operation
to Washington from Baltimore, possibly
coming into our office; the receptiveness
of at least two others of our affiliates to
the idea of having a foothold in an office
with us; and lastly the thriving state of our
capital funds, which amount to almost five
times our annual expenses. Besides this,
our annual budget is substantially in bal-
ance at about $20,000 per year of income
and expense.

As I write this, the arrangements with

the IEEE have not been concluded, and —

what precise form they will take we do
not know. We hope very much that a

satisfactory financial agreement can be

reached and that IEEE will move in with
us. The facilities of the FASEB establish-
ment could scarcely be improved as a
place from which we might operate, no
matter how much reasonable expansion
we contemplate. There are reproduction
and mailing facilities, meeting rooms for
committees, a modern building only two
years old, several not-too-distantly-related
scientific groups already housed in the
rest of the building, and all the regular
services—cafeteria, etc.—besides. The ac-
tual space we have rented, while larger
than we need for the moment, will permit
us to have other societies in with us if
suitable arrangements for sharing the cost
and staff work can be worked out. As you
will have gathered, it is in this direction
that I feel the Academy should move in
order to justify itself. This is the first
part of my “platform” for the year.

When any professional group or society
first organizes, the secretary and treas-
urer operate out of their own homes or

offices in their spare time. However, as
soon as it achieves more than a hundred
or two members, the group will require a
particularly devoted volunteer if the
burden is to be carried this way. In the
past the Academy itself has been the bene-
ficiary of the unpaid help of several such
devoted amateurs. We have, of course,
long passed the time when we should im-
pose on anyone to that extent. However,
several of our affiliates are at a point
where it would be of real value to them
if the Academy could offer them a place
in which to keep operating files, to list a
permanent telephone number, to have a
desk for the secretary or treasurer to use
as needed, to provide professional secre-
tarial assistance, and to keep track of
mailings and general correspondence. All
of this in return for a suitable financial
compensation, of course. Such an arrange-
ment, even if only a few of our affiliates
took advantage of it, would help us not
only in the financial support of the quar-
ters, but would make the preparation of
the Science Calendar, the arrangement of
meeting schedules, the recruitment of lec-
turers and speakers, and the overall co-
ordination of general scientific activities
in Washington much easier than at pres-
ent. Merely to provide the subscribing
group an office with a permanent tele-
phone listing, with a secretary at the other
end who knows who their current officers
are, would be a useful service. Our office
has handled such calls for a long time,
but unofficially, and without always hav-
ing full information about the individual
society. We hope for example, that the
Joint Board on Science Education will
eventually come back in with us to our
mutual advantage. Since we share spon-
sorship of the Board with the Engineering
Societies, it would be particularly ap-
propriate to have it do so.

The second point in the “platform” is
that the Academy’s activities should be
re-examined overall. This examination is a
function of the Policy Planning Commit-
tee, and I propose merely to list, without

94, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

extended comment, the things that we
actually now do in order for you to assess
their importance and to ask your consid-
eration of their worth and possible change.
In the rough order of decreasing annual
expenditure they are as follows.

(1) The Journal. This costs us roughly
$9,000 a year.

(2) The office and staff. Currently
about $5,600 a year; with the new of-
fice, not counting possible and expected
expense sharing, about $8,000.

(3) Meetings, with speaker, about 9
times a year; $4,300.

(4) Cosponsorship of the Joint Board
of Science Education; our contribution is
$600.

(5) Annual awards for
achievement in five categories of teaching
and research, $350.

(6) Guidance and sponsorship for the
Junior Academy of Sciences.

(7) Small grants-in-aid ($50 to $200)
to young students for their research proj-
ects, gifts and contributions; $900.

scientific

May, 1968

(8) The selection and election of new
fellows is not an easy activity to set a price
on, but costs much time and care never-
theless.

(9) Filling orders for back numbers of
the Journal is very time consuming and
of problematical value.

Of these activities, the outstanding prob-
lem is that of poor attendance at meet-
ings. To discuss this and a possible solu-
tion for it is more than should be done
here; suggestions will be welcome.

In conclusion, then, it is clear to me
that to improve our effectiveness in the
Washington scientific scene, we shall have
to spend several thousand more a year for
a year or two until we can render such
reimbursable service to the Affiliates and
the community that we again can operate
entirely from income. The necessary dip
into capital will be more than justified if
we thereby achieve a new usefulness, uti-
lize the unique structure of our organiza-
tion for new service, and justify our in-
herited prestige.

95

First Portable and First
Airborne Electric System

Ernst M. Cohn

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D. C.

In October 1965 I visited the Universi-
tets Myntkabinett at Oslo. This coin mu-
seum owns seven commemorative medals
made of a copper-zinc alloy. Struck with
probably two obverse and three reverse
dies, they are 15 millimeters in diameter
and of different thicknesses. Most have
small loops at the top, some are silvered
and some gold-plated. They are among
the few surviving remnants of the first
airborne electric power system, flown on
at least two of the manned balloons out of
besieged Paris during the Franco-German
War.*

A six and one-half month war—from
July 19, 1870, to essentially the surrender
of Paris on January 28, 1871—is too brief
for introducing new emergency techniques
or products, unless they are already
available in such an advanced state as to
require little or no further improvement.
The conflict of 1870 is remarkable because
of the many aerial improvisations made
by the Parisians. These included the first
massive air lift of people (164), mail
(over 10 tons), homing pigeons (over
390), and cargo (astronomical and pho-
tographic equipment, two cases of dyna-
mite); the first V-mail by micropho-
tography on pigeon back; the first airmail
newspaper editions and newspaper-letter
combinations; and the first airborne elec-
tric system, an electric light.

*Though often mistakenly called the Franco-
Prussian War, it was fought by the French
against a coalition of German states that joined
to form the German empire in January 1871.

The many articles, chapters, and books
on the 1870-71 balloon and pigeon opera-
tions are incomplete and contradictory in
numerous ways, as | found upon trying
to reconstruct the sequence of what is per-
haps the most bizarre flight in history,
that of the balloon “La Ville d’Orléans”
from Paris to Norway on November 24-25,
1870. To ascertain some of the missing
facts and to resolve contradictions, I had
to range far from the immediate topic.
Norwegian newspaper accounts made brief
references to “electrical apparatus” aboard
the balloon, with absurd speculations on
its use. I surmised that this equipment
was a lamp.

It could not have been an incandescent
lamp, since the first satisfactory filament
was invented by Edison 8 years after the
Franco-German War. Nor could it have
been an arc lamp, such as those used for
lighting the Paris forts at night and for
the first electric street lighting experi-
ment.* * Thece lights required 50-cell
batteries. Not only would that size bat-
tery have made an _ unwieldy balloon
cargo, but the arc would have been a
serious fire hazard, in view of the coal
gas used to fill the gas bags of the bal-
loons. With these questions in mind, I
chanced upon an article in the Paris
newspaper Le Rappel, quoted below, that
provided the clue to the answer. Here,
then, is the history of that lamp.

** Engineer Georges Delaporte installed and
used an arc lamp on the Place du Carrousel for
one night, January 21-22, or 22-23, 1871, with
the backing of Minister of Public Works Dorian.

96 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

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Figure l.

Origins and Description of
Dumas Lamp

The original electric miners’ lamp, de-
veloped by A. Dumas and Benoit, was de-
scribed in a note read to the French
Academy of Sciences on September 8,
1862. Its designers pointed out that they

were not the first to employ Geissler
[Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Geissler (1814
Igelshieb—1879 Bonn) ] tubes for light-
ing, but that du Moncel had used specially-
shaped tubes for mouth examinations. The
technique, adopted by Despretz at the
Sorbonne and by Gavarret at the School
of Medicine, had inspired Dumas and
Benoit to design an electric mine-safety
lamp, applicable also in gas works, sewers,
factories, arsenals, ships, and in war for

May, 1968

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Original design of the Dumas and Benoit portable electric mine-safety lamp.

night reconnaissance and electric firing of
explosives (after detaching the light).

In January 1863, Ernest Saint-Edme.
professor of physics and Préparateur de
Physique at the Conservatoire des Arts et
Meéetiers, wrote an article about the
‘“Dumace” system in the Economic Ma-
chinery Journal, its English subtitle. He
stated that Heinrich (Henri) Daniel Ruhm-
korff (1803 Hannover—1877 Paris) was
building the equipment with a _ spiral-
shaped Geissler tube for Dumas, the direc-
tor of the Lac mines at Privas, and that
tests had already been made with such
lamps in the coal mines of Bességes (Oc-
tober 1862), Alais, and Grand’-Combe by
Dumas and Department Engineer Parran,
who was also president of the Southeast
District of the Société de |’Industrie Min-

97

érale. Though not as simple as the Davy
lamp, the new system was considered to be
suitable for many mine uses. In mid-
1863, Dumas presented its complete de-
scription to the Society of the Mineral
Industry. :

A brief, clear account of the components
and their functions was carried in Le
Rappel for December 8, 1870. It must be
remembered, however, that the system de-
scribed at that time embodied a number
of improvements over the first version
that is illustrated on Figure 1, taken
from Dumas’ 1863 paper.

(4

‘. . . On a shoulder strap, the [user]
carries a pouch containing 3 _ objects:
battery, induction spool, and lamp [Figure
1, left, center and right, respectively]. All
of this takes barely more space than a
pouch. . . . The battery is the potassium
bichromate type (zinc, carbon, potassium
bichromate with sulfuric acid) ; its special
construction is such that, carried in one
position it does not operate, while current
is produced when the system is inverted.

“It is thus used up in proportion to the
required output only. The battery is en-
closed in a hard rubber bottle that is ab-
solutely impermeable. The spark gen-
erator is an induction spool, often re-
ferred to by the name Rumhkoff [sic].
The apparatus is reduced to the smallest
dimensions and fastened in the pouch near
the battery. A switch, thrown one way or
the other, starts the discharge or stops it.

“As for the lamp, it is based on a very
interesting principle which combines sev-
eral physical observations. A spark struck
in an evacuated tube produces a feeble
light; but let us imagine that this tube
becomes a tight and long spiral, turned
around itself so as to form a_ short
cylinder, then the illumination will be
quite bright. If the glass is _ phos-
phorescent, i.e., itself capable of giving off
luminous excitation produced by the spark,
the lighting effect will be greatly ampli-
fied.

“The electric spark can pass only in a

tube from which air has been evacuated;
thus, if a fracture occurs, the air re-
enters and the electric current is inter-
rupted, so that a spark cannot pass. .. .”

Underground Tests of Dumas Lamp

The lamp was evaluated by a commis-
sion, consisting of Messrs. Pouillet, Reg-
nault, and Balard; also at the School of
Saint-Etienne and then at Echelles; at
Chateau-Creux on January 5, 1863; and
at the mines of Monthieux on April 7,
1863, in the presence of President Dupont
and of several members of the Society of
the Mineral Industry. The test was
satisfactory from the point of view of
both light and safety.

From August 3 to November 1863,
several electric lamps were tested in the
Firminy mines. H. Luyton, a council
member and secretary of the Society,
wrote about these experiences to Presi-
dent Dupont, chief Mining Engineer, Di-
rector of the School of Mines of Saint-
Etienne. Luyton first mentioned that the
pale blue light was only one-quarter as
intense as that from a Davy lamp, as meas-
ured in April 1863 at the School of
Mines. Considering that, in a gas-filled
gallery, the wick of the Davy lamp must
be lowered and that it burns poorly and
gives less light in a badly aerated mine,
this drawback was smaller in practice
than it appeared to be. In any case there
was enough light for mine work, and the
lamp survived ordinary rough usage and
water falling down a shaft.

At a depth of 250 meters, the Chapelon
shaft of Firminy ran into a layer of coal
that gave off enough gas to make work
dangerous. Ventilation from a column of
iron pipes of 22-cm. diameter, extending
the height of the shaft, had been suffi-
cient until coal was found. Gas then ac-
cumulated at the bottom of the shaft
and promptly filled the lower part, so
that the wire mesh of Davy lamps became
red 30 meters above the floor.

Luyton did not want to invest more
time and money on the work without fur-

98 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

ther exploration, particularly since his
men could remain at the bottom of the
shaft for several hours, if they only had a
safe light. That is how he thought about
the electric lamp. Equipped with three
Dumas lamps, Edouard (later director of
the Mines of Vernade at Firminy), Mirc
(mining engineer of Firminy), and Luy-
ton went down on August 3 and, during
more than one hour, assured themselves
that the miners would have sufficient
light for working.

From that day on, digging continued
without accident. Two lamps generally
sufficed for each working post in the shaft
of three-meter diameter. The usual lamp
caretaker quickly learned how to main-
tain a lamp and charge its cell. The
miners, too, became familiar with the ap-
paratus, which they hung on the wood-
work and didn’t have to worry about.

Later, the same lamps were used suc-
cessfully in the neighboring Saint-Thomas
shaft to complete an air shaft, where
Davy lamps burned with difficulty. Fi-
nally, the lamps were employed during
October 1863 in the Lachaux shaft at
Firminy, where a reconnaisance gallery
into a virgin coal layer gave off a great
deal of firedamp. Later, the coal bed had
to be approached through a lower level
and the gallery had filled with water,
under such conditions that the bottom was
probably filled with gas under a pressure
of 12 meters of water.

Piercing, necessary to get air moving,
was effected on October 23 with a probe.
Gas escaped from the opening of the probe
and filled the little-developed mine in
an instant. The workers got back to the
shaft without trouble. The inrushing gas
would likely have blown out any Davy
lamps. There would also have been danger
of the flame being forced outside the wire
mesh, with an immediate accident.

In his report, Luyton hoped the lamp
might be made more powerful and sold
more cheaply. But he recommended it
highly, even in its then current form, for

May, 1968

work where the oxygen content of the air
was low, particularly for building fire
barriers and for rescue operations.

Safety Evaluation of Dumas Lamp

On Saturday, January 28, 1864, the
Rescue Commission’s subcommission tested
the Dumas equipment for safety. In
their published report, Messrs. Dupont,
Luyton, Meurgey, Grand’Eury, and Mal-
lard found that the ends of broken wires
from the secondary spool produced sparks
not only from one to the other wire, but
also from at least one wire to ground.
Such sparks were able to inflame a jet of
illuminating gas immediately. A powerful
spark was also produced when the second-
ary circuit was broken. It was recom-
mended that stronger connectors be used
to lessen the danger of accidental break-
age; other structural changes were thought
possible, too.

Even a blank spot on the wire of the
secondary ,winding could cause a danger-
ous spark, requiring careful inspection be-
fore use. The very weak spark between
striker and anvil of the interrupter was not
considered hazardous, because this portion
of the apparatus was well enclosed. The
lamps, though not absolutely safe, were
considered to be acceptable.

The commission found this to be the
only lamp that permitted continuation of
work in bad but still respirable at-
mospheres.

Dumas and Benoit had informed the
commission, by letter of January 24, 1864.
that they intended to change the construc-
tion so that the wire from the primary
winding would have to be cut before that
from the secondary could be ruptured by
an accidental blow. The commission said
it would be happy to test this modification
and report the results.

A postscript warns users to place the
lamps far enough from compasses to avoid
spurious readings due to the magnetic
field generated by the coil.

This report was followed by one from
engineer Ch. Ledoux of the Imperial Mine

99

heen OMIZS—-- --—--»

~~

0,08— ->

!

Figure 2. Arrangement for testing safety of Geissler tubes.

Corps, concerning experiments made by
Dumas, in Ledoux’s presence, on Febru-
ary 16, 1864. The purpose of these tests
was to show that a broken light tube
could not cause an explosion. (That was
to be expected, considering that the elec-
trodes were 10-15 cm. apart and the in-
ternal pressure of carbon dioxide had to
be no more than 20—25 torr.) Dumas
took two pieces of wood (Figure 2, a and
b), each with a cylindrical hole and a
4.5-cm. wide flange. They were con-
nected by a rubber sleeve, firmly fitted
over their edges(e). Two little holes 0
and 0’ (a) were drilled through the flange
for the guttapercha-wrapped wires of the
lamp. The two large cylindrical holes
held rubber tubes, the openings of which
could be tied off with wires (c). The lo-
cation of the light tube between the wood
blocks is shown in (d).

One rubber tube was closed, and il-
luminating gas was passed into the equip-
ment to obtain a 20-25% gas-air mix-
ture. The wires from the tube were con-
nected to a Ruhmkorff coil 11 cm. in
diameter and 21 cm. long, with a soft iron
core 3 cm. long and 8 cm. in diameter.
Two large cells furnished the electricity.

While the tube was operating, it was
smashed with a hammer, but no explosion
occurred. When, after this demonstration,
two wires for an air spark-gap in the
other wood block were connected to the
secondary of the coil, the sparks between
the wires set the mixture on fire. Twelve

100

tubes were destroyed in these tests.

There followed a third publication, a
letter from Dumas, dated March 4, 1864,

at Privas, and addressed to Dupont:

“|. In the apparatus as constructed,
nothing need be exposed except the length
of the capillary glass that is lit. If neces-
sary, we can put one or more Covers over
the rest of it. The apparatus will func-
tion the better and furnish the more light
as the insulation of the conductors be-
comes more perfect. Furthermore, after
two or three days ‘of use, the worker or
the lamp caretaker will know perfectly by
touch or from the way the lamp functions
whether the wires are in _ good
condition. ...”

Awards for the Designers

A general assembly of 32 members of
the Société de lIndustrie Minérale was
opened at 2:30 p.m. on December 6, 1863,
under the presidency of Dupont. Dupont
mentioned that the Society rewarded and
encouraged discoveries or useful improve-
ments for the mineral industry. One of
these awards, a silver medal, was pro-
posed by the Administrative Council for
Dumas, Engineering Director of the Iron
Mines of Lac and Saint-Priest, and
Benoit, Doctor of Medicine. He recalled
that the principles on which their lamp
was based were known from the experi-
ments of Grove, Ruhmkorff, and Quet;
and that Geissler, ‘an artist of Bonn,” was
fabricating such tubes of different shapes

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

and filled with different gases. But,
whereas the laboratory experiments re-
quired large and heavy equipment, these
two men had miniaturized the system.
The complete apparatus now weighed
around 5 kilograms but could probably be
made still lighter. It furnished light con-
tinuously for 24 hours. ;

Dupont stated that the award was a
solemn sign of gratitude for services
rendered to the art of mining by their
lighting equipment. This was in accord-
ance with Article 12 of the prize program:

The safest method of destroying firedamp or
operating underground light by means of electric
fluid in vacuum, so that the inflammation of
hydrogenous gas need not be feared.

He recognized that this problem was
not yet completely and rigorously solved
by this lamp, which had not eliminated all
possible chances of explosion. Neverthe-
less, their apparatus came sufficiently close
to the desired solution to merit the medal.

A little over a year later, on Monday,
February 6, 1865, the Commission of the
Insalubrious Arts of the Academy of
Sciences proposed an award of 1,000
francs to Engineer Dumas and Dr. Benoit
at Privas (Ardéche) for use of the elec-
tric light to light mines infested with
flammable gas or liable to fire, in which
it is necessary to save workers, or where
aeration or sanitation work has to be per-
formed. This prize was obviously granted,
because the recipients sent a letter of
thanks to the Academy soon afterwards.

The last pre-war publication on the
lamp appears to be that in the Economic
Machinery Journal of January 1867, again
by Saint-Edme, who mentions that the
secondary wire in the induction coil is only
1,500 meters long. The battery at that
time consisted of “four mercuric sulfate
couples . . . that retain a constant force
[charge] for several months.” The Geiss-
ler tube was still spiral-shaped, phos-
phors had been incorporated, and a re-
flector added. Furthermore, the lamp had
been found suitable for use by divers.

May, 1968

Although a scientific and a technologic
institution both bestowed high honors on
the designers of an electric coal miners’
lamp that preceded the portable incan-
descent one by more than 30 years, the
first fluorescent safety light was already
forgotten by 1900. It appears to have
been too weak, heavy, and costly to be-
come popular. But before its extinction,
it was to find yet another use.

The First Air Lift

The Franco-German War consisted of a
series of almost uninterrupted defeats for
the French armies. On September 19,
1870, two menths to the day after its
start, Paris was completely surrounded
by German troops. A provisional govern-
ment had been set up at Tours; connec-
tions between it and Paris headquarters
were vital for continuing the fight. Be-
sides, it seems that the Parisian populace
was willing to suffer any privation except
being cut off from the rest of the world.

Ovid’s lines from Daedalus and Icarus
must have been quoted many times in
late September 1870: “he may obstruct the
earth and the waters, but the sky is cer-
tainly open.” It was; and thanks to a
small group of skilled balloonists, who
built about 70 coal-gas balloons of 2000
cubic meters’ content; who “trained” vol-
unteer marines, soldiers, guerrillas, and
civilians as pilots; and who themselves
piloted both tattered old silk balloons and
the big new cotton ones, 66 manned
aérostats left Paris during 41% months.

From September 23, 1870, until mid-
November, balloons ascended by day. Al-
though the Germans tried to shoot them
down, they succeeded only once. Rumor
had it that a balloon gun was being built
by Krupp. Indeed, this was Germany’s
new war technology, 150-lb. guns that
shot 3-lb. grenades up to 2000 feet high;
20 of these were donated to the German
armies. They were ineffectual weapons,
because the balloons normally could, and
did, quickly rise to twice that height and
more. Yet the Parisian government was

101

afraid and ordered a switch to night
flights, with the assent of one, and over
the protests of another (former) balloon
manufacturer.

Night Flights, Pro and Con

A personal disagreement between bal-
loonists Eugene Godard (1827-1890) and
Nadar (Gaspard-Félix Tournachon, 1820
—1910) erupted in the newspapers soon
after night flights were inaugurated. Nadar
started it when he wrote a letter, pub-
lished in Le Gaulois, La France, and Le
Moniteur Universel on November 25. He
pointed out that it was “difficult enough,
particularly for a beginning balloonist, to
orient himself on a map, even in plain
daylight; all the more so when the weather
is more or less overcast, when flying at
successively different altitudes, and be-
cause of rotations of the balloon. This
difficulty is considerably greater at night,
as is obvious.

‘At best, I would say that virtually the
sole guides in night flights are bodies of
water which, even at new moon and under
cloud cover, appear to the aeronaut like
threads or slabs of molten lead. But this
means of orientation can only be used
with a certain amount of practice, which
we cannot expect from new aeronauts, such
as those we are employing; and also—
most important — by consulting hydro-
graphic maps. But we don’t have such
maps....

“It is generally agreed that we are be-
calmed more at night than during the day.
To leave without being able to move does
not seem very useful to me. But the
uselessness becomes harmful when gas
bags of new material (for which we pay,
I suppose, what they are worth) lose gas
so quickly on the way, by exo- and endo-
osmosis, that they cannot carry our bal-
farther than
when they take off in daytime. ...

loonists Ferrieres, even
‘Much concerned about this grave ques-
tion of night flights, I again recommend

strongly that departures of postal or other

102

balloons should reasonably continue to
take place in daylight as did all those de-
partures, always successful, under our di-
rection, starting with the ascension of our
first mail balloon, at which I had the
satisfaction to preside. ...”

Nadar’s allusion to leaky gas _ bags
refers to Godard’s balloon “Daguerre”,
the only one shot down by the Germans.
It was not leaky, as he supposed; but it
does seem to have carried rotten sand
bags, which broke open and released their
ballast into the bottom of the balloon
basket. Thus, the balloonists could not
lighten the load fast enough when they
came under fire at Ferriéres, 42 km. from
Paris.

On December 6, the Electeur Libre in a
harmless looking paragraph wrote that
the landing of Godard’s “Archimede”
in the Netherlands and of Dartois’ “Ville
d’Orléans” in Norway “rebut the allega-
tion of M. Nadar condemning night
flights and pretending that nothing can
overcome nocturnal calm.”

Nadar, in his reply published on De-
cember 9, suspected that some outside con-
tributor to the paper had been responsible
for the item of December 6. He then goes
on to say that “Furthermore, one needs to
have a lamp on board and, even if it is
a Mueseler or a Davy, I don’t like a [pe-
troleum safety] lamp one meter below
my gas.” Thus, Nadar was unaware of, or
chose to ignore, the electric lamp, even
though it had been used at least twice by
December 6.

Eugéne Godard Sr. finally wrote a
signed letter, published on December 16,
giving his reasons for preferring night
starts: A neophyte need not know where
he is going, as long as he gets out of Ger-
man reach. A _ lighthouse, signaling the
nearness of the ocean, is easier to see
farther away at night; but fog obscures
the sea at any time. The balloon leaks
less gas at night, leaving the pilot more
vas and ballast after dawn if he needs
them. The Germans can signal ahead of a

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

mi

LES
+ DC

\

\

Ny
Rahat ee =
\

Y

TT

Ups b
STEP ERALS RAR

UTE

IU
i

Pas oy

Figure 3. Originally published in 1872, this appears to be the only sketch (except for a
mirror image imitation) showing the Dumas lamp in action. It depicts the balloon
“La Ville d’Orléans” some 20 minutes after leaving Paris on November 24, 1870.

balloon that must follow the wind, and
they are using long-range siege guns.
Anyway, Nadar’s advice is not very au-
thoritative, and night departures will con-
tinue despite his opinion.

On December 19 followed Nadar’s final
retort. His principal factual observation
was that night starts were already being
moved. from 10, 11, or 12 PM to 2: and

4 AM, thus cutting the night portion of

May, 1968

the trip. “Let us accept this progress as
cold cash, without bargaining about
words. It would have been lacking in
grace not to agree to these night de-
partures that already take place in the
morning, which is good enough, and that
will soon take place by day.”

The First Balloon Lamps
In any case, night balloons needed a
light, as explained in Le Rappel:

103

“Before the siege of Paris, no one both-
ered with the problem of how to light a
balloon. Aeronauts left by day and de-
scended at nightfall. Today, since good
King William condemns to death all air
travelers that come down in the Prussian
lines, one must break through the encircle-
ment around Paris at night.

‘Hence the aeronaut must have a light.
But a flame, subject to the capricious in-
fluence of the wind, would be terribly
dangerous. The Aeronauts’ Lamp must
thus be precisely the one that protects
miners from their enemy firedamp, the
lamp that is operated by an _ electric
spark....

“The aeronaut thus has at his disposal
a lamp that is powerful enough to permit
him to read, to check his equipment, to
study the surrounding atmosphere, and to
search for terrain suitable for landing.”

Despite positive statements, by a num-
ber of sources, that no balloon lamps of
any kind were used during the 1870-71
airlift, we have incontestable proof that at
least two types of lights were flown: |

(1) A. Doering, who, on December
15, 1870, led the party that captured two
of the balloonists and the basket of the
“Ville de Paris” near Wetzlar, Germany,
gave the Davy safety lamp from the bal-
loon to his brother-in-law as a souvenir.

The lamp had been built by the pilot, Dela-

marme.

(2) Shortly after take-off on December
1, Alfred Martin, pilot of the “Jules
Favre No. 2”, gave the Rumskhorff ap-
paratus to his passenger du Caurroy to
hold. He promptly dropped and broke it.
It turned out to be fail-safe and irrepara-
ble, so the rest of the night was spent
safely and in the dark.

(3) Paul-Valéry Rolier, pilot of the
“Ville d’Orléans” (Figure 3), used the
electric lamp on November 24, as men-
tioned in his story of the Paris-Norway
flight, published a scant 39 years after the
event. While he was being celebrated in
Christiania (now Oslo) in November-

104

December 1870, he donated the French
government’s balloon and its equipment
to the university there. The lamp was
given to Rolier personally by a Mr. AI-
vergniat as his contribution to the nation-
al defense, hence it was not standard bal-
loon equipment.

The Norwegians, whose sympathies
were overwhelmingly on the French side,
capitalized on this extraordinary event to
express their political feelings. Among
many tokens of affection and methods
for helping the French, they coined the
commemorative medal mentioned above.
It was struck and sold at a French bene-
fit bazaar in Oslo late in January 1871
(Figures 4 and 5). The most obvious dif-
ferences among the obverse dies are in the
shape of “D,” the netting near the top of
the gas bag, and the spacing of “S” in
“Orleans” from the right edge of the gas
bag. On the reverse, the single and double
stop (colon) after 1870 are the most dis-
tinct differences. The inscription on the
back reads “air journey 25 November
1870; metal from balloon.” The last state-
ment is explained in an article about that
bazaar in Dagbladet for January 23,
13871: j

“There is a large crowd around a great
press, where 5 or 6 men in smocks are
hard at work. What is it? We read a sign
that Goldsmith Tostrup is minting bronze
medals from the copper [connectors] and
zinc plates in the electrical battery from
the balloon “Ville d’Orleans” that landed
on Lifjeld [that is where the two balloon-
ists jumped out; the balloon landed more
than 80 kilometers farther northeast].
The aeronauts carried it so that they
might quickly transmit news from Paris to
the government delegation at Tours,
should they land near a telegraph line
[this is pure fantasy, of course]. The
small, pretty balloon medals are quickly
struck and naturally find many buyers.
Those who want the medal gold-plated
can have it done on the spot; an electric
battery is in use; it can be noticed in the

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Figure 4. Fronts of six commemorative medals
struck in January 1871 at Oslo from zine and
copper in the Dumas lamp carried by the “Ville
d’Orléans.” (Courtesy of the late Dr. C. Svars-
tad, Myntkabinett, Oslo.)

Figure 5. Backs of same medals.

air even before one pushes to the fore to
see how galvanoplastic gold finishing is
done.”

Drammens Blad and Shkilling-Magazin
mention that a package accompanying the
balloon contained two galvanic zinc-car-
bon cells for telegraphing. Or perhaps this
was a 4-cell battery, as described by Ni-
audet (see below) ?

May, 1968

Thus, at least two of the 1870 siege bal-
loons carried the Dumas lamp, a spin-off
from industrial technology.

Later Developments and Descriptions

A post-war reference to the Dumas-
Benoit-Ruhmkorff equipment is made by
Cassé:

“To remedy this state of affairs [lack
of light for balloon flights at night] we or-
dered from Monsieur Gaiffe, in Septem-
ber 1867, a special form of Geissler tube;
he modified for us a tube that he is still
constructing for miners.

“The modified apparatus consists of a
crystal tube, closed at one end, containing
a Geissler tube of uranium glass that is
coiled in a spiral. The two branches of
this tube are brought together at the top
of the former that is closed by a stopper.
Only two platinum hooks pass through
[the stoppers] to connect to the wires of
a small Ruhmkorff coil, activated by two
Bunsen cells. The outer tube is covered
with bitumen of Judea. The conductors
are placed in rubber tubes. The coil is put
in x case that is also made of rubber and
con \etely insulated. One has, therefore,
not’ \g to fear from the spark of the coil.

“This apparatus, which operated about
a month ago at a meeting of the School
of French Aeronauts, adequately fulfils
the purpose for which it was created.”

Cassé’s article was published early in
1877. He referred to Geissler as “‘Gessler,”
an obvious slip. But did he also slip and
really mean “in September 1876” instead
of 1867? Apparently so, because the
lamp “operated about a month ago”. Per-
haps Cassé did not remember or know
about the 1870 flights and thought this
was his own idea. Incidentally, Gaiffe was
probably Ruhmkorff’s successor, not rival.

Niaudet mentions what may have been
the energy storage and conversion device
in the siege balloons that carried Dumas
lamps; unfortunately, he doesn’t specify
the battery’s use:

“During the siege of Paris, 4-cell batter-
ies were constructed. Each cell contained

105

semi-cylindrical zinc and carbon elec-
trodes, separated at the top by a little
plate of hard rubber. They were inserted
into holes in a wooden plate. These holes
can also be lined with two semi-cylinders
of copper to make very good contact
with the electrodes and with the connect-
ing wires. A wooden sleeve permits ma-
nipulation of all 4 cells together and their
simultaneous immersion into bottles con-
taining the electrolyte. The box contains
a compartment on the right in which the
electrodes are kept apart from the liquid
while the battery is not in use.”

Niaudet thus described a multiple-re-
serve battery, i.e., one in which electrodes
and electrolyte can be physically sepa-
rated whenever the battery is not needed.
Although single-reserve batteries are now
highly developed, multiple-reserve batter-
ies had fallen into disuse. Rediscovered
only a few years ago, albeit in a much
more elegant version, they are now being

developed for NASA.

Cazin and Angot added the economics
touch:

“Furthermore, the shapes of the zinc
and carbon plates have been varied to in-
crease their surfaces and diminish their
resistances, which can be made as low as
that of the Bunsen cell. This cell was
employed in the siege of Paris to produce
electric light. It is less expensive than the
Bunsen battery, but less energetic and
much more irregular. But when high con-
stancy is not needed, it is considerably
more economical.”

Again, the authors do not say whether
these cells were used in conjunction with
the Dumas lamp.

In any case, four such 6-cell Poggen-
dorff batteries furnished the energy to
propel the Tissandier dirigible in 1883,
thus making them part of the first air-
borne electric propulsion system.

Poggendorff batteries are also men-
tioned by Captain Picardat, who indicates
that the Ruhmkorff equipment served dur-
ing the war for setting off explosives. The

106

details of its use can be found in the Oc-
tober 14, 1870, issue of Le Gaulois, where
Paul Laurencin mentioned how one man,
far from all danger, seated by the fire-
place, can blow up hundreds of victims
“by pushing a little piece of copper with
one finger.” Does this make a French
science writer the author of the phrase
“push-button war’?

Conclusion

The first airborne electric system con-
tained all the elements required in its
modern counterpart: An energy source
(chemicals), conversion device (battery),
power conditioning (coil), and using de-
vice (lamp). It was the culmination of a
most peculiar type of French-German col-
laboration. Poggendorff’s (German) cell
was improved by Grenet (French).
Ruhmkorff was born in Hanover but
moved to Paris, where he lived for the
rest of his life. Geissler’s (German) tube
was improved by Edmond _ Becquerel
(French). The lamp was eventually flown
out of Paris at night by French balloon-
ists, because German troops had _sur-
rounded the French capital and were
threatening to use Krupp’s anti-aircraft
gun against the balloons. All this would
seem much too artificially contrived if it
weren't true.

Well over 100 years after the first
portable fluorescent lamp was built, an
improved version came on the market. In
1966, Burgess Company introduced the
Safari Lite, a 1234” & 734” * 4” unit
with a fluorescent tube, claimed to last
over 100 hours on two batteries.

Acknowledgments

This paper was written with the gen-
erous help of a number of people and or-
ganizations in the U.S., France, and Nor-
way, foremost among them Dr. R. Loison
of Cerchar at Paris, Mr. V. Elvestrand of
Universitetsbiblioteket at Oslo, Mr. A.
Renstrom of the Library of Congress,
and Mrs. L. J. Lanham of the U.S. Patent

Office Library. I wish to express my sin-

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

cere thanks for their wonderful re-

sponses to my inquiries.

References

(Note: Since many of the old sources are dif-
ficult to locate, the call number, when available,
and a library are shown in brackets after the
first citation of a publication. A call number
without a library name refers to the Library of
Congress. )

E. Cassé, Eclairage Aérostatique: L’Aérostat,
1877, No. 3, 11-12; No. 10, front page; No. 12,
45-46 [Musée de l’Air, Paris].

Achille Cazin with Alfred Angot, Traité théo-
rique et pratique des piles électriques: Gau-
thiers-Villars, Paris, 1881, p. 162 [QC603.C4].

Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Prix dit des arts
insalubres: 60, 1865, p. 273; ibid., 1865, p. 343
[506.44.A167c, Smithsonian Instituiton].

Dagbladet, Udstillingen paa Klingenberg for de
franske Saarede og Nodlidende: 23 Jan. 1871
[University Library, Oslo].

A. Doering, Eine franzoesische Poststation im
deutschen Walde: Die Gartenlaube, 1871, No. 1,
p. 10 L[AP30.G2].

Drammen’s_ Blad:
Library, Oslo].

A. Dumas, Note descriptive de la lampe photo-
électrique: Bull. Soc. Industrie Minérale, 9,
1863-4, 5-14 [TN2.S7; figures in TN2.S7f, Acad.
Natural Sci., Phila.].

Idem, (letter to the president), ibid. 9, 1863-4,
121-23. .

A. Dumas and Benoit, Note sur un appareil
propre a éclairer les ouvriers mineurs dans leur
travaux souterrains au moyen de la lumiére d’in-
duction: Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., 55, 1862,
439-40.

Dupont (presidential address): Bull. Soc. In-
dustrie Minérale, 9, 1863-4, 127-37.

Eugéne Godard (letter to the editor) ; L’Elec-
teur Libre, 16 Dec. 1870 [DC281.S6]; excerpted
in La France, 18 Dec.. 1870 [DC281.F8].

Chr. Holst, Kortfattet Fortegnelse over norske
Medailler siden 1814: Christiania, 1879, p. 8,

1 Jan. 1871 [University

May, 1968

item 32 [Universitets Myntkabinett, Oslo].

Paul Laurencin, Le tirage des mines par |’étin-
celle électrique: Le Gaulois, 14 October 1870
[DC281.G3].

Ch.Ledoux, Note sur la lampe photo-électrique
Dumas et Benoit: Bull. Soc. Industrie Minérale,
9, 1863-4, 118-20.

Paul Maincent, Histoire du ballon “George
Sand”: Echo de la Timbrologie, 1965, pp. 36-38.

E. Mallard, Lampe Dumas: Bull. Soc. Industrie
Minérale, 9, 1863-4, pp. 113-17.

Alfred Martin, Sept heures cinquante minutes
en ballon: Paris, 1871 [TL620.M3A3].

Nadar, (letter to the editor): Le Gaulois, 25
Nov. 1870 [DC281.G3]; also in Le Moniteur Uni-
versel, 25 Nov. 1870 [DC281.M6] and La France,
25 Nov. 1870 [DC281.F8].

Idem, (letter to the editor): L’Electeur Libre,
9 Dec. 1870 [DC281.S6]; also in La Patrie, 9
Dec. 1870 [DC281.P33].

Idem, (letter to the editor): L’Electeur Libre,
19 Dec. 1870.

A. Niaudet, Traité élémentaire de la pile
électrique: Second ed., Paris, 1880, 208-9
[QC603.N55]; transl. as Elementary Treatise on
Electric Batteries: Third ed., Wiley, 1884, 220-21
[QC603.N57].

Le Capitaine A. Picardat, Les mines dans la
guerre de campagne: Gauthiers-Villars, 1874
[UG490.P5, Smithsonian, Museum of History and
Technology Branch Library].

Le Rappel, La lampe des aéronautes, 8 Dec.
1870 [DC281.R3].

Paul Valéry Rolier, in Henri Bergeron, Les
aéronautes du Siege: Le Monde Illustré, 53,
1909, 170-72, 218-20, 275-77 [AP20.M7].

Ernest Saint-Edme, Application de l’électricité
au sauvetage des ouvriers dans les mines: Por-
tefeuille Economique des Machines de ]’Outillage
et du Matériel, 8, Jan. 1863, cols. 19-20. [TJ2.P85,
U. S. Pat. Office].

Idem, Eclairage des mines par 1’étincelle d’in-
duction: ibid., 12, Jan. 1867, cols. 12-13.

Skilling-Magazin, De franske Luftseilere i
Silgjord: 47, 1871, No. 1, pp. 6-7 [University

Library, Oslo].

Veron of the Ratio Ni/Co
In Igneous Rock Series*

Michael Fleischer

U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.

Introduction

Determinations of minor and trace ele-
ments in rocks and minerals have been
made for more than a hundred years, but
quantitative determinations were scarce
until forty years ago, when the develop-
ment of optical spectrographic and X-ray
spectrographic methods made them pos-
sible. During the following twenty years,
our knowledge of the abundance and dis-
tribution of many rare elements was
greatly enlarged, especially by the work of
V. M. Goldschmidt and his coworkers, Ida
and Walter Noddack, and Georg von

Hevesy and his coworkers.

During the past twenty years, with the
refinement of optical spectrographic and
X-ray fluorescence methods and the in-
troduction of new and accurate methods
using colorimetry, mass _ spectrometry,
atomic absorption spectrometry, neutron
activation, and isotope dilution, a flood of
new determinations of trace elements in
rocks has poured out, so much so that
computer methods will be necessary to
evaluate them. Emphasis has shifted from
obtaining data on more or less random
samples of geological materials to obtain-
ing data on geologically studied samples
and to using the data on minor elements
for the solution of geological problems.

The general field has been reviewed re-
cently by Taylor (1966) and by Turekian
(1963) and need not be discussed further

*Abridged from presidential address, Geolog-
ical Society of Washington, December 12, 1967.
Publication authorized by the Director, U. S. Geo-
logical Survey.

108

here. Taylor expresses optimism about
the value of such work, but Turekian,
who has contributed heavily to the field,
States:

“On the basis of thousands of trace-ele-
ment determinations of variable quality by
many investigators on geologically inter-
esting materials, it appears that the use of
trace-element geochemistry in providing
solutions to classic and specific geologic
problems has been only rarely successful.
In many cases, what is reflected in the
trace element distribution may as easily
be seen by more direct and immediate
field or petrographic observations, making
the trace-element contribution neither a
unique nor a strongly confirmatory com-
ponent to the solution of the geologic
problem.”

Despite this somewhat gloomy pro-
nouncement, it seemed worthwhile to ex-
amine the literature with relation to a
specific problem, the variation shown by
the ratio Ni/Co in igneous reck series.

Similar ratios have been widely applied
to petrological problems, those used most
often being ratios of a trace element to an
abundant element of similar charge and
ionic ratio, for example, Rb/K, Ga/Al1,
Ni/Mg, Co/Fe+?, and Hf/Zr. The pos-
sible usefulness of the ratio Ni/Co was
pointed out by Lundegardh (1946, esp. p.
150-157), who states: “From the above
considerations, it is obvious that the quo-
tient Ni:Co forms a useful indicator of the
relative ages of various basic rocks as
compared with other rocks belonging to
the same suite of magmatic differentia-
tion.” The use of the ratio has been
mentioned occasionally since then, e.g., by

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Ni_in diabase W-|

Co in diabase W-|

20 30 40 50 60 70

Open = 1951-1959
Filled- 1960-1967

A = Colorimetric

© = Optical spectrographic
O = Neutron activation

V = X-ray fluorescence

X = Mass spectrometer

80 90 100 iiTe) 120

Parts per million

Figure 1. Determinations of Ni and Co in diabase W-1.

Taylor (1966, p. 171-175), who states:
“The Ni/Co ratio is a very good index
of fractionation, since both elements are
divalent.” Nevertheless, no systematic re-
view of the variation of this ratio in ig-
neous rocks series seems to have been
_ made previously.

Accuracy of Analyses

The data have been obtained by many
different laboratories, using many meth-
ods. It is difficult to judge the accuracy
of the results, but some insight is given
by the results reported from 1951 to 1967
on a diabase sample labelled W-1, from
Centerville, Va., prepared by the U-S.
Geological Survey, which had been ana-
lyzed repeatedly the world over. The data
are shown in Figure 1; they include de-
terminations by laboratories that have
provided most of the minor element de-
terminations in the literature. The results
leave much to be desired, yet 70 percent
of the determinations of nickel fall within
the limits 78 + 10 ppm and 72 percent of

May, 1968

the determinations of cobalt fall within
the range 50 + 10 ppm. It is to be ex-
pected that data on a single rock series ob-
tained by a single laboratory are likely to
be consistent, but the results show that
there is some hazard in comparing dif-
ferent series analyzed by different labora-
tories.

Abundances of Nickel and Cobalt
In Igneous Rocks

Average abundances of nickel and co-
balt in some of the common igneous
rocks are given in Table 1. These, except
for the figures for ultramafic rocks, were
obtained by averaging analyses of rocks
for which complete chemical analyses were
available, so that a check on the classifica-
tion of the rock was possible. The data
show a sharp decrease in the ratio Ni/Co
with increasing silica content, in agree-
ment with Lundegardh (1946), which
makes it desirable to examine the variation
in different igneous rock series.
have been used to

Several methods

109

O
40 30 60

MAFIC

Line = Skaergaard

x=Great Lake Tasmania

o = Dillsburg, Pa.

LO

INDEX :

Figure 2. Plot of Ni/Co ratio versus mafic index for the diabase-granophyre series of Dillsburg, Pa.,
and Great Lake, Tasmania. The encircled X marks the chilled phase of the Great Lake series.

represent the variation of major element
composition in igneous rocks (Simpson,
1954). In this paper, the variation of the
ratio Ni/Co is plotted against the “Mafic
index’’, which is

FeO + FeO

ees Se ee ae Oe See ee ee O7
EO Ser pre PSRs own ee

Table 1. Average Contents of Nickel

and Cobalt in Rocks
No. of Ni Co
Rock type analyses (ppm) (ppm) Ni/Co
Ultramafic* — 2000 150 13.3
Basalt 193 ay! 48 DATE
Andesite 165 50 33 1.52
1.07

Dacite 95 16 15

“Turekian and Wedepohl (1961). Stueber and
Goles (1967) give 110 ppm Co for ultramafic
rocks.

110

In the normal rock series, MgO decreases
more sharply than the iron oxides as
silica increases, so that the mafic index is
usually highest for the most siliceous
rocks. The mafic index seems to be the
most logical one to use in a study of the
ratio Ni/Co, because both these elements
are similar in ionic radius and other geo-
chemical properties to magnesium and
ferrous iron.

Series of Known Sequence of
Formation

Let us examine first the variation in
series for which the sequence of crystalli-
zation is known with some certainty. In
the diagrams that follow, data for the
Skaergaard intrusion, East Greenland

(Wager and Mitchell, 1943, 1951) are

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

40 30 60
MAFIC

Line = Skaergaard
x = Hawaii, Tholeiites

° = Hawali, Basalt- Trachyte

70 80 90 Tele)

INDEX

Figure 3. Plot of Ni/Co ratio versus mafic index for Hawaiian igneous rocks.

plotted as a solid line as the basis for
comparison with other rock series. The
Skaergaard rocks, ranging from gabbros
to ferrogabbros to granophyres, have
been thoroughly studied, and are consid-
ered to be reasonably representative of
this type of differentiation series, al-
though somewhat higher in iron and lower
in potassium than the average. The cumu-
late rocks of the series, rich in olivine,
show considerable scatter on the dia-
grams and have been omitted.

Figure 2 compares the Skaergaard rocks
to those of two series representing the
sequence diabase (dolerite) to granophyre,
from Dillsburg, Pennsylvania (Hotz,
1953) and from Great Lake, Tasmania
(McDougall, 1964; Greenland and Lover-
ing, 1966). The data for the Dillsburg

rocks fit the Skaergaard curve extremely

May, 1968

well; those for the Great Lake rocks
show lower values of the Ni/Co ratio at
each value of mafic index. Data for a
similar series of diabase-granophyre
rocks from Red Hill, Tasmania (Mc-
Dougall, 1962; McDougall and Lovering,
1963) give a curve intermediate between
those for the Great Lake and Dillsburg
rocks, and closer to the latter.

Data available for three Keweenawan
lava flows from Michigan (Cornwall,
1951; Cornwall and Rose, 1957) do not,
however, fit any of these three curves.
They show considerable scatter, but fit
the curve approximately for mafic indexes
above 70; at lower values of mafic index,
the Ni/Co ratio rises very steeply (4.5—5
mafic index 60).

“The chilled margin of an intrusion is
generally accepted as an approximation to

lll

Line = Skaergaard

x = Snake River, Idaho
o = Hood River, Oregon
4 = Columbia River, Oregon

40 50 60 70 80. 90
MAFIC INDEX

Figure 4. Plot of Ni/Co ratio versus mafic index for igneous rocks of the Snake River region in
Idaho and the Hood River and Columbia River regions in Oregon.

the composition of the original magma”
(Greenland and Lovering, 1966, p. 977),
but these authors give reasons for doubt-
ing this in some instances. It is neverthe-
less of interest to compare the composi-
tions of such chilled margins for the intru-
sions and flows mentioned above. The

The two

data are given in Table 2.

Michigan lava flows differ markedly from
all the others in their high contents of
Fe,03. The four intrusions are very simi-
lar in their contents of MgO, FeO, Fe203
and Co, but differ considerably from one
another in contents of Ni and in Ni/Co
ratio. The Ni/Co ratio of the chilled
phase of the Great Lake sheet plots nicely

Table 2. Compositions of Chilled Phases of Flows and Intrusions

Ni Co Mafic MgO FeO = Fe2Os

Name (ppm) (ppm) Ni/Co index (%) (%) (%)
Skaergaard, Greenland 150 50 3.00 55.9 7.92 8.87 1.16
Dillsburg of Pennsylvania (av. of 2) 87.5 35 2.50 98.6 Ca 8.66 1.61
Red Hill, Tasmania (av. of 2) 93.5 47 1.99 57.8 6.71 8.59 0.62
Great Lake, Tasmania 67 42 1.29 56.9 6.88 7.43 1.64
Copper City flow, Michigan 200 40 5.00 63.5 T20 6.58 6.03
Greenstone flow, Michigan 50 40 1.25 61.2 7.62 tor 4.64

ET JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Ni
Co

MAFIC

Line = Skaergaard
x = Lassen Peak, Calif.

o = Medicine Lake, Calif.

e = Pacific Ocean Basalts

INDEX

Figure 5. Plot of Ni/Co ratio versus mafic index for rocks of Lassen Peak and Medicine Lake,

Calif., and for Pacific Ocean basalts.

to the position of the curve for the Great
Lake sheet (Fig. 2), and the intermediate
ratio for the Red Hill intrusion also cor-
responds, but one might reasonably expect
more difference between the curves for
the Skaergaard and Dillsburg intrusions.

Series of Less Certain Sequence of
Formation

We shall now briefly consider similar
diagrams for rocks of other areas where
the relations are more complex. It is
easy to slip into the error of assuming
that plots of this kind can be translated
into a time sequence, with the basaltic
rocks (of low mafic index) older than the
silicic rocks (of high mafic index). It is

May, 1968

well known that this is wrong. For some
of the areas discussed below, several cycles
of igneous activity are known to be repre-
sented; for some of the others, there is
good reason to believe that this is so. It
is not possible to discuss this here or for
each area, but the point should be borne

in mind.
Data for the Hawaiian rocks are plotted
in Figure 3; they are mainly from

Nockolds and Allen (1954, 1956), with
some from Peck, Wright, and Moore
(1966). Figure 3 shows that the points
for the tholeiitic series lie somewhat above
the Skaergaard line, those for the alkali
basalt-trachyte series somewhat below the

113

40 50 60
MAFIC

Line = Skaergaard
x = Hakone, Japan
o = Aleutian

A= Guam, Pagan
e

= Paricutin

10 80 90
INDEX

100

Figure 6. Plot of Ni/Co ratios versus mafic index for rocks from the Aleutian Islands, Guam and
Pagan Islands, Hakone Volcano, Japan, and Paricutin Volcano, Mexico.

Skaergaard line. The tholeiitic basalts
have slightly higher cobalt and much
higher nickel contents than those pre-
viously discussed; in the rocks with mafic
index 50-60, Ni ranges from 150 to 350
ppm, Co from 45 to 60 ppm (compare
Table 2). The rocks of the Honolulu Vol-
canic series, which are nepheline-contain-
ing basanites and the like (not plotted in
Fig. 3), fall close to the points for the
alkali basalt-trachyte series, which indi-
cates that this method of plotting does not
distinguish these two distinct series.

Figure 4 is a similar plot for basaltic
to rhyolitic rocks from the Snake River

114

region, Idaho (unpublished data of How-
ard Powers and Frank Armstrong, U.S.
Geol. Survey) and from the Columbia
River and Hood River regions, Oregon
(mainly unpublished data of A. C. Waters
and R. E. Wilcox). These follow the
Skaergaard trend in part and the Red Hill,
Tasmania, trend in part, but the rocks of
the Columbia River region depart no-
ticeably from the general trend. Rocks of
the John Day region, Oregon (unpub-
lished data of T. P. Thayer, U.S. Geol.
Survey) give a plot similar to that of the
Columbia River rocks.

Figure 5 is a similar plot of rocks rang-

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Table 3. Ratios of Ni/Co Ratios in Coexisting Olivine, Orthopyroxene,

md Clinopyroxene

No. of

analyses

Name of rock

Ni/Co olivine
Ni/Co orthopyroxene

Ni/Co olivine

Ni/Co clinopyroxene

Dunite
Dunite
Eclogite
Harzburgite
Basalt
Basalt
Basalt
Gabbro

Teschenite

OPN ROHN fp

Range

1.23—3.51

1.08-3.51

Name of rock

Dunite 1.14—1.79
Dunite
Eclogite
Harzburgite
Basalt
Basalt
Basalt
Gabbro

Teschenite

0.71-0.76

0.81—2.17

0.56—1.11

ing from basalts to rhyodacites from
Lassen Peak and Medicine Lake, Cali-
fornia (Nockolds and Allen, 1953, and
G. A. Macdonald, unpublished data).
These follow the Skaergaard trend fairly
well. For comparison, data are plotted
for the Pacific Ocean basalts described by
Engel and Chase (1965) and by Engel,
Engel, and Havens (1965). It will be
noted that these Pacific Ocean basalts fit
the plots of the various continental rocks
discussed above very well. Furthermore,
the rocks which Engel, Engel, and Havens
consider to represent primitive tholeiites
(the points at mafic index 43, 52, 54, 61,
and 63) are not distinguishable on this
plot from those which they consider to be
fractionated alkali basalts, although these
two types can be distinguished by other
criteria, including their contents of Zr, U,
Rb, and rare earths. Here again is an in-
dication that the Ni/Co ratio may not dis-
tinguish different rock series.

The foregoing data are representative of

May, 1968

Ni/Co orthopyroxene
Ni/Co clinopyroxene

Av. Range Av.
2.03 1.25—4.00 2.28
1.18 0.85
1.81 1.30
1.83 1.88—3.62 2.65
— 2.05—5.76 3.90
= 1.42—1.67 155
— 0.89-—3.20 1.79
References
1.38 Ross, Foster, and Myers, 1954
0.72 Challis, 1965
0.74 Matsui and others, 1966
0.72 Challis, 1965
157 Ross, Foster, and Myers, 1954

— Muir and Tilley, 1964

— Cornwall and Rose 1957
0.78 ' Carstens 1958

— Wikinson, 1959

most of the rock series that have been
studied, but there are some that deviate
widely. Some of these are plotted in
Figure 6, including data on rocks from
the Aleutian Islands (basalts to rhyoda-
cites) (Byers, 1961; Coats, 1952, 1953,
1959; Coats and others, 1961); Guam
and Pagan Islands (basalt to dacite)
(Stark and Tracey, 1963, and unpublished
data of Gilbert Corwin, U.S. Geol. Sur-
vey); Hakone Volcano, Japan (basalt to
dacite) (Nockolds and Allen, 1956); and
Paricutin Volcano, Mexico (basalt to
andesite) (unpublished data of R. E.
Wilcox, and K. J. Murata, U.S. Geol.
Survey ).

The reasons for the divergences in be-
havior of these rock series are not clear
and lack of space precludes discussion
here of possible explanations. The data
for the Paricutin lavas are especially
striking; analyses within the narrow range
of mafic index from 54.0 to 61.3 show a
range of Ni/Co ratio from 2.50 to 8.82.

115

The Ratio Ni/Co in Coexisting
Mineral of Igneous Rocks

It would be very useful to know how
nickel and cobalt are distributed among
the coexisting minerals of igneous rocks,
but the data are insufficient and frag-
mentary, except for olivine, (Mg,Fe)»
SiO,. orthopyroxene (Mg, Fe)SiO:;, and
clinopyroxene, Ca(Mg, Fet+?, Al) (A1,Si) »
O,;. The analyses show that, as might
be predicted, the contents of Ni and Co in
these co-existing minerals vary roughly
with the amounts of (MgO + FeQ), that
is, they are much the highest in olivine
and higher in orthopyroxene than in
clinopyroxene. There is, however, no evi-
dent reason why the ratio Ni/Co should
differ in these three co-existing minerals,
but the data given in Table 3 show that
they do. The most extensive set of values
is by Ross, Foster, and Myers (1954),
who analyzed these minerals separated
from 9 basalts and 4 dunite; their de-
terminations show consistently the high-
est Ni/Co ratios in olivine, next highest
in orthopyroxene, and lowest in clino-
pyroxene. The other determinations in
Table 3, however, show higher Ni/Co
ratios for clinopyroxenes than for ortho-
pyroxenes. No relationship could be found
with mafic index of the rocks or with
Mg/Fe ratios of the minerals. It is evi-
dent that more work is needed.

Conclusions

The data reviewed show that for most
series the ratio Ni/Co varies in a regular
fashion with differentiation and can serve
to locate a rock within a given series.
There are, however, unexplained aber-
rant results, so that comparisons of dif-
ferent series must be made with caution
and individual determinations of the ratio
cannot be used to judge degree of dif-
ferentiation.

References

Byers, F. M. (1961), Petrology of three vol-
canic suites, Umnak and Bogoslof Islands, Aleu-

116

tian Islands, Alaska: Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., v. 72,
p. 93-128.

Carstens, Harold (1958), Note on the distribu-
tion of some minor elements in coexisting
ortho- and clino-pyroxene: Norsk, Geol. Tidsskr.,
v. 38, p. 257-260.

Challis, G. A. (1965), The origin of New
Zealand ultramafic intrusions: Jour. Petrology, v.
6, p. 322-364.

Coats, R. R. (1952), Magmatic differentiation
in Tertiary and Quaternary volcanic rocks from
Adak and Kanaga Islands, Aleutian Islands,
Alaska: Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., v. 63 p. 485-514.

Ibid., (1953), Geology of Buldir Island, Aleu-
tian Islands, Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull.
989-A, p. 1-26.

Ibid., (1959), Geologic reconnaissance of
Semisopochnoi Island, western Aleutian Islands,
Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1028-0, p. 479-
519.

Coats, R. R., Nelson, W. H., Lewis, R. Q., and
Powers, H. A. (1961) Geologic reconnaissance of
Kiska Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska: U. S.
Geol. Survey Bull. 1028-R, p. 563-571.

Cornwall, H. R. (1951), Differentiation in
lavas, of the Keweenawan series and the origin
of the copper deposits of Michigan: Geol. Soc.
Am. Bull., v. 62, p. 159-202.

Cornwall, H. R. and Rose, H. J., Jr. (1957),
Minor elements in Keweenawan lavas, Michigan:
Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 12, p. 209-224.

Engel, A. E. J., Engel, C. G. and Havens, R. G.
(1965), Chemical characteristics of oceanic
basalts and the upper mantle: Geol. Soc. Am.,
Bull. v. 76, p. 719-734.

Engel, C. G. and Chase, T. E. (1965), Com-
position of basalts dredged from seamounts off
the West Coast of Central America: U. S. Geol.
Survey Prof. Paper 525-C, p. 161-163.

Greenland, L. and Lovering, J. F. (1966),
Fractionation of fluorine, chlorine, and other
trace elements during differentiation of a tholeii-
tic magma: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v.
30, p. 963-982.

Hotz, P. E. (1953), Petrology of granophyre
in diabase near Dillsburg, Pennsylvania: Geol.
Soc. Am. Bull. v. 64, p. 675-704.

Lundegardh, P. H. (1946), Rock composition
and development in central Roslagen, Sweden:
Arkiv. Kemi, Mineral, Geol., v. 23A, no. 9, p. 1:
160.

McDougall, Ian (1962), Differentiation of the
Tasmanian dolerites: Red Hill dolerite-grano-
phyre association: Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. v. 73,
p. 279-316.

Ibid., (1964), Differentiation of the Great
Lake dolerite sheet, Tasmania: Geol. Soc. Aus-
tralia, Jour., v. 11, p. 107-132.

McDougall, Ian and Lovering, J. F. (1963)

Fractionation of chromium, nickel, cobalt, and

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

dolerite-granophyre

Geol, Soc.

copper in a_ differentiated
sequence at Red Hill, Tasmania:
Australia, Jour., v. 10, p. 325-338.

Matsui, Y., Banno, S. and Hernes I. (1966).
Distribution of some elements among minerals of
Norwegian éclogites: Norsk. Geol. Tidsskr v. 46,
p. 364-368.

Muir, I. D. and Tilley, C. E. (1964), Basalts

from the northern part of the rift zone of the

Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Jour. Petrology, v. 5, p.
409-434.
Nockolds, S. R. and Allen, R. (1953), The

geochemistry of some igneous rock series: Geo-
chim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 4, p. 105-142.

Nockolds, S. R. and Allen, R. (1954), The
geochemistry of some igneous rock series. II.:
Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 5, p. 245-285.

Ibid., (1956), The geochemistry of some igne-
ous rock series. IIJ.: Geochim. et Cosmochim.
Acta, v. 9, p. 34-77.

Peck, D. L., Wright, T. L., and Moore, J. G.
(1966), Crystallization of tholeiitic basalt in
Alae lava lake, Hawaii: Bull. Volcanol., v. 29,
p. 629-655.

Ross, C. S., Foster, M. D. and Myers, A. T.
(1954), Origin of dunites and of olivine-rich in-
clusions in basaltic rocks: Am. Mineralogist v.
39, p. 693-737.

Simpson, E. S. W. (1954), On the graphical
representation of differentiation trends in igne-
ous rocks: Geol. Mag., v. 91, p. 238-244.

Stark, J. T. and Tracey, J. I., Jr. (1963), Pet-
rology of the volcanic rocks of Guam: U.S. Geol.
Survey Prof. Paper 403-C, p. 1-32.

Stueber, A. M. and Goles, G. G. (1967), Abun-
dances of Na, Mn, Cr, Sc, and Co in ultramafic
rocks: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 31, p.
75-93.

Taylor, S. R. (1966), The application of trace
element data to problems in petrology in Physics
and chemistry of the earth, eds., v. 6, p. 133-213;
Pergamon Press, London.

Turekian, K. K. (1963), The use of trace-ele-
ment geochemistry in solving geologic problems:
Roy. Soc. Canada Spec. Pub. no. 6, p. 3-24.

Turekian, K. K. and Wedepohl, K. H. (1961),
Distribution of the elements in some major units
of the earth’s crust: Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., v. 72,
p. 175-192.

Wager, L. R. and Mitchell, R. L. (1943), Pre-
liminary observations on the distribution of trace

elements in the rocks of the Skaergaard intrusion,
Greenland: Mineralog. Mag., v. 26, p. 283-296.

Ibid., (1951), The distribution of trace ele-
ments during strong fractionation of basic
magma—a further study of the Skaergaard in-

trusion, East Greenland: Geochim. et Cosmo-
chim. Acta, v. 1, p. 129-208.

May, 1968

Wilkinson, J. F. G. (1959), The geochemistry
of a differentiated teschenite sill near Gunnedah,
New South Wales: Geochim. et Cosmochim.
Acta v. 16, p. 123-150.

T-THOUGHTS

Reject Too Soon

We hear many explanations for intel-
lectual infertility: depressing environ-
ment, excessive harrassment, ambiguous
guidance, inadequate personnel, deficient
funds, insufficient time, and so on. Simi-
lar complaints have existed for centuries,
as you know. It is not surprising, there-
fore, to read about the great poet-philoso-
pher Friedrich Schiller having to bend a
sympathetic ear to the same subject in his
day. His letter of reply to his bemoaning
friend on December 1, 1788, may be of
some interest in our own revival of the
problem. The relevant excerpt follows:

“The reason for your complaint lies, it
seems to me, in the constraint which your
intellect imposes upon your imagination.
Here | will make an observation and il-
lustrate it by an allegory. Apparently it
is not good—and indeed it hinders the cre-
ative work of the mind—if the intellect
examines too closely the ideas already
pouring in, as it were, at the gates. Re-
garded in isolation, an idea may be quite
insignificant and venturesome in the ex-
treme, but it may acquire importance from
an idea which follows it; perhaps, in a cer-
tain collocation with other ideas, which
may seem equally absurd, it may be
capable of furnishing a very serviceable
link. The intellect cannot judge all these
ideas unless it can retain them until it has
considered them in connection with these
other ideas. In the case of a creative
mind, it seems to me, the intellect has
withdrawn its watchers from the gates,
the ideas rush in pell-mell, and only then
does it review and inspect the multitude.
You worthy critics, or whatever you may
call yourselves, are ashamed or afraid of
the momentary and passing madness which
is found in all real creators, the longer

ERY

or shorter duration of which distinguishes
the thinking artist from the dreamer.
Hence your complaints of unfruitfulness,

for you reject too soon and discriminate
too severely.”

—Ralph G. H. Siu

Academy Proceedings

BOARD OF MANAGERS
MEETING NOTES

March
The Board of Managers held its 592nd
meeting on March 21, 1968, at the Cosmos
Club, with President Specht presiding.

The minutes of the 591st meeting were
approved as previously distributed.

Committee on Policy Planning. Chair-
man Stern reported that the Committee
had favorably considered a request for af-
filiation with the Academy of the American
Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and
Petroleum Engineers. The Board ap-
proved the affiliation, subject to ratifica-
tion by the membership of the Academy.

The Committee had favorably consid-
ered a suggestion that the annual awards
program be changed from January to May
in order to give the Awards Committee
more time to consider nominations. As a
second point, the Committee felt that the
education award should be restricted to
college teachers, since the Joint Board
presents an award in high school teach-
ing at its May meeting, and the close prox-
imity of the two awards for high school
teaching might be considered inappropri-
ate. Some Board members questioned the
desirability of having the address of the
retiring president at the same meeting as
the awards ceremony. Additional ques-
tions were raised by other Board mem-
bers; and at the suggestion of Dr. Specht,
Dr. Stern agreed to have the Committee
give further consideration to award pro-
gram matters.

Since retirement before age 65 is be-
coming more common in recent years, the
Committee had been requested to re-
examine the Bylaws requirement for emeri-
tus membership (Article II, Section 10).

118

It was the Committee’s recommendation
that the age requirement for emeritus
status should be dropped, and that the cri-
terion should be the absence of regular,
gainful employment. The Board approved
the recommendation.

It had been suggested that the Commit-
tee examine the possibility of hiring a per-
son to put the Academy’s archives in
order; it had been estimated that about
one-half man-year would be required for
the job. The Committee recommended that
an effort should be made to have the job
done by volunteers who would be reim-
bursed only for expenses.

The Committee also recommended that
the Academy should encourage the forma-
tion of study and special project groups
by appropriate announcement in the Jour-
nal and by appointing a coordinator to
assist in the formation of such groups. Dr.
Stern reported that the Committee was
looking for a suitable person to coordi-
nate these activities.

New Business. At Dr. Specht’s request,
Dr. Henderson reported the results of his
search for new office space for the Acad-
emy. The Academy office must vacate the
space it has occupied at the Carnegie In-
stitution, on a rent-free basis, for the past
several years. Dr. Henderson indicated
that a thorough canvass had been made of
scientific and educational organizations in
the Washington area, with a view to find-
ing suitable space on a cost-free basis.
There were a few possibilities for free
space on a temporary basis, including the
Smithsonian Institution. If this space were
accepted, it would probably be necessary
to move again within a few months.

The Joint Board on Science Education
is interested in continuing to share the

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Academy’s office space. Various organiza-
tions affiliated with the Academy also are
interested in sharing space or office serv-
ices; for example, the Institute of Electri-
cal and Electronics Engineers is actively
interested in developing such an arrange-
ment. Discussion by the Board developed
the consensus that it should be possible for
the Academy to pay for the 500 or 600
square feet of office space that would be
required.

Dr. Henderson described a suite of of-
fices available at 1507 M St., N.W., avail-
able at $167.50 per month or about $2000

per year. The advantages of rented space
of this type included accessibility after
regular office hours, one of the disadvan-
tages of the present location at the Car-
negie Institution.

Further discussion developed the con-
sensus that if free space were not avail-
able for a period of a year or longer, it
would be desirable to rent the space on M
Street. The Board accordingly approved
the rental of the M Street space at a cost
of about $2000 per year, and Dr. Hender-
son was authorized to proceed with the
negotiations.

Science in Washington

CALENDAR OF EVENTS

Notices of meetings for this column may
be sent to Mary Louise Robbins, George
Washington University School of Medicine,
1331 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C.
20005, by the first Wednesday of the
month preceding the date of issue of the
Journal.

May 18—American Society for
Microbiology

Joint meeting, Washington and Mary-
land Branches.

Dennis Watson, University of Minne-
sota, president, American Society for Mi-
crobiology, after dinner speaker.

Afternoon session: short papers of gen-
eral microbiological interest.

Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.; afternoon
session, 2:00 to 5:00 p.m., followed by so-
cial hour, dinner, and speaker.

May 21—Society of American
Military Engineers
Edward Wenk, Jr., executive secretary,
National Council on Marine Resources
and Engineering Development, will speak
on the work of the Council.

I't. Myer Officers Club, 11:30 a.m.

May, 1968

May 25—Helminthological Society of
Washington
Program to be announced.
University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton
Center, Kennett Square, Pa.

June 7—Washington Statistical
Society

Annual dinner meeting.

Philip Hauser, director and professor of
sociology, Population Research and Train-
ing Center, University of Chicago, “Popu-
lation Models and Muddles: Perspectives
on Contemporary Problems.”

Presidential Arms, 1320 G St., N.W.,
social hour, 6:00 p.m.; dinner, 7:00 p.m.

Send reservations to Maurice Bresnahan,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, Room 2818
GAO Bldg., Washington, D.C. 20212.
($5.00 payable to “Washington Statistical
Society.”’)

June 8—Helminthological Society of
Washington

Annual HelmSoc picnic (potluck).
Beltsville Parasitological Laboratory,

Beltsville, Md., 4:00 p.m.

119

June 10—Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers

Speaker to be announced; general sub-
ject, “Outlook for Stocks in the Scientific
and Engineering Area.”

PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E Street, N.W..,
3:00 p.m.

June 18—Society of American
Military Engineers
Brig. Gen. Robert P. Young, division
engineer, Huntsville Division, Corps of
Engineers, U.S. Army, will speak on con-
struction for the Sentinel Anti Ballistic
Missile Program.

Ft. Myer Officers Club, 11:30 a.m.

June 27—Sigma Delta Epsilon
(Graduate Women’s Scientific
Fraternity )

Annual picnic.

For time and place, telephone 331-6587.

SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS

Contributions to this column may be ad-

dressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate

Editor, c/o Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, Federal
Center Building, Hyattsville, Maryland.

AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT

GEORGE W. IRVING, JR., participated
in the 155th National Meeting of the Amer-
ican Chemical Society held in San Fran-
cisco, California, March 29-April 2.

NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF
HEALTH

JEROME CORNFIELD, chief of the
Biometrics Research Branch, retired in
February following 31 years of Federal
service. Mr. Cornfield will become re-
search professor in biostatistics at the
University of Pittsburgh, and act as a con-
sultant to NHI.

MARSHALL W. NIRENBERG, chief of
the Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics,
was named the 17th recipient of Dickin-
son College’s Priestley Memorial Award.
The award was presented to Dr. Niren-

berg on March 14.

120

NATIONAL BUREAU OF
STANDARDS

ALLEN V. ASTIN received a_Distin-
euished Alumni Award from the Univer-
sity of Utah Alumni Association on Febru-
ary 28. This award annually honors
alumni of the University who have served
the nation, the University, or their profes-
sion with distinction. Dr. Astin was a
member of the class of 1925 at the Uni-
versity of Utah.

J. A. SIMMONS gave a talk on “The
Geometric Foundations of the Non-Linear
Deformation of an Imperfect Solid” be-
fore the United Kingdom Atomic Energy
Authority, Theoretical Physics Division,
Harwell, England, on April 2.

SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT

Automation of information retrieval
processes should help keep- museums from
bogging down in massive quantities of
data. What’s more, it should change the
museums from being mere passive re-
positories of millions of non-unique ob-
jects to participating dynamically in edu-
cation and in management of the environ-
ment and the biota—essential functions in
today’s world. That is the expectation of
the developers of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion Information Retrieval System
(SIIRS) in a pilot effort to automate the
Museum’s accumulation of data on three
of its collections. The Museum now houses
some 50,000,000 specimens and is acquir-
ing specimens at a rate of 1,000,000 an-
nually.

The Museum of Natural History has 36
collection units identifiable as discrete
scientific areas with specialized require-

The tackled,

oceanic birds, marine crustacea, and ma-

ments. initial collections
rine rocks, have already proved so amen-
able to incorporation in the system that
extension to related areas has begun.
Promise of eventual cross-disciplinary in-
formation retrieval is offered by SIIRS.

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

“a Delegates to the Washington Academy of Sciences, Representing

the Local Affiliated Societies*

5

ee ebica Society of Washington
eye Society of Washington
iological Society of Washington
Society of Washington .....0.0..0000.0005.
tomological Society of Washington
National Geographic Society
¢ ‘ological Society of Washington
edical Society of the District of Columbia
umbia Historical Society
Botanical Society of Washington
rs riety of American Foresters
Washington Society of Engineers
-! stitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Ame ican Society of Mechanical Engineers
- Helminthological Society of Washington
Amerciar Society for Microbiology.
of American Military Engineers
n Society of Civil Engineers
siety for Experimental Biology and Medicine
erican Society for Metals
national Association for Dental Research |

Ar erican Meteorological Society
Insecticide Society of Washington
A roustical Society of America
‘American Nuclear Society
Institute of Food Technologists
American Ceramic Society
Electrochemical Society _

ashington History of Science Club

Opt cal Society of America (oct Sena

Amer an Society of Plant iti aye Ny
shington Operations Research Council

strument Society of America ...................... Gon

a

a)

ican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics a

Association of Physics Teachers |... cu

M. M. SHaPiro

Delegate not appointed
Delegate not appointed
. Epowarp O, HAEnni
Haroip H. SHEPARD
ALEXANDER WETMORE
Georce V. Conee
Delegate not appointed
U. S. Grant, II

Peter H, Heinze
Harry A. Fowets
Martin A. Mason
Grorce ABRAHAM

_ Delegate not appointed
Auret O. Foster
Evizasetu J, OSwALp

H. P. DemutH
THORNDIKE SAVILLE, Jr.
WiturAM H. SuMMERSON
Hucu L. Locan

Water E. Brown
Water G. Bere

J. Murray Mircue ct, Jr.
H. Ivan RAINWATER
Aurrep WEISSLER
Georce L. Wei.

Lowrit M. BEACHAM

J. J. Diamonp

Kurt H, Stern

Morris LetKinp
Bernarp B. WATSON

.. Frep Paut

WaLTer SHROPSHIRE
Joun G. Honic

. Atrreo M, Pommer

_ * Delegates continue in office until new selections are made by the respective affiliated societies,

Volume 58 MAY 1968

: he

M. C. Henderson: The Washington Academy of Sciences: Scientific Wheel : orse’
Or Merely a Fifth Wheel? ccccs.csssscessscsestsesssinsecstsssuantinnineneneme’ ate
ee

i

E. M. Cohn: First Portable and First Airborne Electric System 00...
M. Fleischer: Variation of the Ratio Ni/Co in Igneous Rock Series ... Soi

Academy Proceedings
Board of Managers Meeting Notes (March) .,.....:.:.::cteenesrateerrnten

Science in Washington
Codendlar Of Biventt .c-:.ssisstonsteisgencansscaqesrn ocereipap ota rinta hts Sa ‘ Pe .
Scientists in the News ON Oe ahead .

Science and Development i sgecdashaladeasshpsansuadigs Qe TE Haoe Gaye Ona $9 rade :

ov

Washington Academy of Sciences
Rm. 29, 9650 Rockville Pike (Bethesda)
Washington, D. C. 20014

Return Requested with Form 3579

mL, 7?
D2. W23

VOLUME 58 NUMBER 6&

~ Journal of the

WASHINGTON

ACADEMY OF
SCIENCES —

Directory Issue

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Washington Academy of Sciences
1968 Directory

Foreword

The present, 43rd issue of the Academy’s
directory is again this year issued as the
September number of the Journal.

Following a pattern established in 1962,
we have attempted to produce an up-to-
date listing of the membership, as of July
1, at minimum cost to the Academy. Mem-
bers are classified by three listings—alpha-
betically, by place of employment, and by
membership in local societies affiliated with
the Academy. For most members in the
Washington area, this information will pro-
vide the basic clues on their fields of pro-
fessional interest, and how to get in touch
with them. Complete addresses, if needed,
can be provided by the Academy office at
9650 Rockville Pike (Bethesda), Washing-
ton, D. C. 20014 (phone 530-1402).

Explanation

The alphabetical listing purports to in-
clude all fellows and members on the Acad-
emy rolls as of July 1, 1968, whether resi-
dent or nonresident (i.e., living more than
90 miles from the White House), and whe-
ther active (dues-paying) or emeritus (re-
tired).
_ Employment.—The first column of code
symbols after the name is a semi-mnemonic
cross-reference to place of employment, as
shown in the first classified listing. In the
employment code, 1 refers to Government
agencies (and 1A to Agriculture, 1C to
Commerce, etc.; and 1CNBS refers to the
National Bureau of Standards in the De-
partment of Commerce); 2 refers to edu-
cational institutions, both higher (2H) and

SEPTEMBER, 1968

With a few exceptions, we have not in-
dicated places of employment for non-resi-
dent members, since this would lead to a
very complex coding system. Nor, generally,
have we classified emeritus members by
place of employment, since most of them
presumably have retired from gainful em-
ployment.

Assignment of codes for place of em-
ployment and membership in affiliated so-
cieties is based upon results of a postcard
questionnaire’ sent to the Academy member-
ship. Where the questionnaire was not an-
swered, the coding was made on the basis
of other available information. Corrections
should be called to the attention of the
Academy office.

of Listings
secondary (2S) (2HUMD is the University

of Maryland); 3A refers to associations
and 3] to private institutions; 4 refers to
consultants, physicians, and other self-em-
ployed persons; 5 refers to business con-
cerns (SHALA is the Hazleton Laborato-
ries, for example) ; 6 refers to foreign and
international groups (embassies, UN orga-
nizations, etc.) ; 7 refers to retired persons:
and 8 and 9 refer to persons whose places
of employment, if any, are not known or
not coded.

Places of employment are given pri-
marily for resident active fellows and mem-
bers, with few exceptions.

Affiliation.—The second column of code
symbols refers to the person’s membership

12]

in one or more of the societies affiliated
with the Academy, as given in the following
list, which includes also the year of the so-
cieties’ affiliation with the Academy:

2B Philosophical Society of Washington (1898)

-2C Anthropological Society of Washington
(1898)

2D Biological Society of Washington (1898)

2E Chemical Society of Washington (1898)

2F Entomological Society of Washington
(1898)

9G National Geographic Society (1898)

94, Geological Society of Washington (1898)

91 Medical Society of the District of Columbia
(1898)

2J Columbia Historical Society (1899)

2K Botanical Society of Washington (1902)

2L,_ Society of American Foresters, Washington
Section (1904)

2M _ Washington Society of Engineers (1907)

2N Institute of Electrical and Electronics En-
gineers, Washington Section (1912)*

20 American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
Washington Section (1923)

2P Helminthological Society of Washington
(1923)

20 American Society for Microbiology, Wash-
ington Branch (1923)

2R_ Society of American Military Engineers.
Washington Post (1927)

2S American Society of Civil Engineers, Na-
tional Capital Section (1942)

2T Society for Experimental Biology and Medi-
cine, D. C. Section (1952)

2U American Society for Metals, Washington
Chapter (1953)

2V_ International Association for Dental Re-
search, Washington Section (1953)

2W American Institute of Aeronautics and As-
tronautics, National Capital Section (1953) ”

2X American Meteorological Society, D. C.
Chapter (1954)

2Y Insecticide Society of Washington (1959)

2Z Acoustical Society of America, Washington
Chapter (1959)

3B American Nuclear Society, Washington Sec-
tion (1960)

3C Institute of Food Technologists, Washing-
ton Section (1961)

3D American Ceramic Society, Baltimore-Wash-
ington Section (1962)

3E Electrochemical Society, Washington-Balti-
more Section (1963)

3F Washington History of Science Club (1965)

3G American Association of Physics Teachers,
Chesapeake Section (1965)

3H Optical Society of America, National Capi-
tal Section (1966)

31 American Society of Plant Physiologists,
Washington Section (1966)

3J Washington Operations Research Council
(1966)

3K: Instrument Society of America, Washing-
ton Section (1967)

Academy Status.—The third column of
symbols refers to membership status in
the Academy. AF refers to a fellow of the
Academy, and AM to an Academy member.
RA refers to -a resident active fellow or
member; NA refers to a nonresident active
fellow or member (living more than 50
miles from the White House) ; and RE and
NE refer respectively to resident and non-
resident emeritus fellows.

Also in this column, for the first time,
life fellows and members (see Bylaws, Ar-
ticle II Section 9 and Article III Section 2)
have been designated by appropriate codes
(AFRL, AFNL, AMRL). Currently there

are seven life fellows and one life member.

Organization, Objectives, and Activities

The Washington Academy of Sciences
had its origin in the Philosophical Society
of Washington. The latter, organized in
1871, was for a few years the only scien-

*In 1963 the American Institute of Electrical
Engineers (affiliated 1912) was merged with the
Institute of Radio Engineers (affiliated 1933) to
become the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers. IEEE has been assigned the same

i222

tific society of Washington. As other more
specialized local scientific societies were
formed, need was felt for federation of all
such societies under an academy of sciences.

seniority as the elder of the two merged societies.
* In 1963 the Institute of the Aerospace Sciences
(affiliated 1953) absorbed the American Rocket
Society and assumed the new name, American
Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Therefore 14. local scientific leaders moved
to establish the Washington Academy of
Sciences, which was incorporated on Febru-
ary 18, 1898. In that year the first eight so-
cieties listed above became affiliated with
the Academy. The Philosophical Society
heads the list because of its key position in
the establishment of the Academy; the oth-
er seven are listed in alphabetical order, and
the remaining 27 in chronological order of
affiliation. Some of these 35 societies are
local, without other affiliation; most are
local sections or branches of national so-
cieties; one, the National Geographic So-
ciety, became a popular national society.
whose present affiliation with the Academy
is of only historical significance.

It should be noted that the Academy has
had a total of 36 affiliations, but that two
societies—the electrical engineers and the
radio engineers—were merged in 1963 as
mentioned above.

The primary purpose of the Academy is
the promotion of science in various ways
through cooperation among natural scien-
tists and engineers of the Washington met-
ropolitan area. Except during the summer
the Academy holds monthly meetings,
stressing subjects of general scientific in-
terest. It publishes a monthly journal, which
is intended to facilitate and report the orga-
nized scientific activity of the Washington
area. It may sponsor conferences or sym-
posia and publish their proceedings, or it
may publish suitable scientific monographs.
In many ways, the Academy encourages ex-
cellence in scientific research and education,
e.g., by sponsoring the Washington Junior
Academy of Sciences; by sponsoring
through the Joint Board on Science Edu-
cation, experiments in and services to sec-
ondary scientific education in the public
and private schools of the area; by making
annual awards to promising high school
students and to a few outstanding young
professional scientists for their achieve-
ments in research or teaching; and by mak-
ing small grants-in-aid for support of re-

SMITHSONIAN
WES TITUTION

SEPTEMBER, 1968

OCT .8 1968

search. The Academy also may aid public
understanding of important scientific de-
velopments through sponsored conferences
and teacher training. It may make recom-
mendations on public policy involving sci-
entific matters.

The Academy acts as the federal head of
its affiliated societies, each of which is rep-
resented on the Board of Managers by a
delegate appointed by his society. Annual
elections are by mail ballot.

The membership consist of three general
classes: members, fellows, and patrons. At
present the membership is composed prin-
cipally of resident active fellows who by
reason of scientific attainment are deemed
eligible. Nominations for fellowship, en-
dorsed by at least two fellows of the Acad-
emy, and changes in the status of members,
are acted upon by the Board of Managers
upon recommendation of the Committee on
Membership. The newer category of “mem-
ber” is open,.upon application, to any in-
terested person who is approved by the
Committee on Membership.

Further information on membership in
the Academy is given in a statement else-
where in this issue, at the end of the Gen-
eral Information section.

Statistics

The directory lists 1278 persons, classi-
fied as follows: fellows, 1151, members,
127; resident, 1042, nonresident, 236;
active, 1113, emeritus, 157, life, 8.

As concerns place of employment, 642
members and fellows are employed in gov-
ernment; 143 in universities; 13 in second-
ary schools; 67 in associations and insti-
tutions; and 35 in business concerns. There
are 48 self-employed persons, while 204 are
retired. Of the government employees, 159
are located at NBS; 80 in USDA; 64 at
NRL; 55 at NIH; 43 in ESSA; 37 in the
Geological Survey; and 20 in the Smith-
sonian Institution.

As concerns membership in affiliated so-
cieties, the National Geographic Society

123

heads the list with 382 Academy members,
while the Philosophical Society has 268
members and the Chemical Society has

256 members.

President
President-Elect
Secretary
Treasurer

1966-69
1966-69
1967-70 -
1967-70
1968-71
1968-71

Executive
Membership
Policy Planning
Ways and Means
Meetings
Awards for Scientific
Achievement
Grants-in-Aid for
Research
Encouragement of
Science Talent
Public Information

Science Education * * *

Bylaws and Standing
Rules

Meetings Arrangements

Tellers

In addition to its regular mailing list,
the Journal has over 300 subscribers—
chiefly libraries—in most of the 50 States

and about 30 foreign countries.

Officers *

Matcotm C. HENDERSON
GEoRGE W. IRVING, JR.
RicHARD P. FARROW
RicHARD K. Cook

Managers-at-Large **

ALPHONSE F. ForztatTI
Joun H. MENKART
ERNEST P. GRAY

PETER H. HEINZE
ALLEN L. ALEXANDER
LAWRENCE M. KUSHNER

Standing Committees *

Matcoto C. HENpDERSON, Chairman
Maurice APSTEIN, Chairman

Kurt H. Stern, Chairman

Joun H. Menxanrt, Chairman
ZAKA I. SLAwsky, Chairman

Joun L. Torcesen, Chairman

GROVER C. SHERLIN, Chairman
FrAncis J. HEYDEN, S.J., Chairman
CHARLES DEVORE, Chairman

ELIZABETH J. OSWALD, Chuirman

Special Committees

LAwreENcE A. Woon, Chairman

CHARLES RaAbDER, Chairman
Harry A. Fowe ts, Chairman

Academy Organization for 1968-69

Catholic University of America

Agricultural Research Service

National Canners Association

Environmental Science Services
Administration

Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration

Gillette Research Institute

Applied Physics Laboratory

Agricultural Research Service

Naval Research Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Catholic University of America
Harry Diamond Laboratory
Naval Research Laboratory
Gillette Research Institute
Naval Ordnance Laboratory
National Bureau of Standards

National Bureau of Standards
Georgetown University

Office of Naval Research

Food and Drug Administration

National Bureau of Standards

Gillette Research Institute
Agricultural Research Service

* Officers and committee chairmen serve from close of annual meeting in May 1968 through May

1969 meeting.

** Managers serve three-year terms, from May to May.
*** This committee also constitutes the Academy’s membership on the Joint Board on Science Ed-
ucation, which is cosponsored by the Academy and the D. C. Council of Engineering and Architectural

Societies.

124,

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Editor

Associate Editors

The Journal

SAMUEL B. DETWILER, JR.

Harotp T. Cook

RicHARD P. Farrow
Harry A. FOWELLS
HELEN L. REYNOLDS
ELAINE G. SHAFRIN

Delegate to AAAS

ALPHONSE F, ForziAtTI

Agricultural Research Service
Agricultural Research Service
National Canners Association
Agricultural Research Service
Food & Drug Administration
Naval Research Laboratory

Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration

Delegates of Affiliated Societies

See inside rear cover.

Office Secretary

President

Vice-President

Secretary

Treasurer

1898
1899-10
1911
£912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924

1925

Sa

1926
1927
1928

* Served in calendar year 1967 and through May 1968 meeting.

Academy Office

ELIZABETH OSTAGGI

9650 Rockville Pike
(Bethesda) , Washington,
D. C. 20014. Phone
530-1402.

Washington Junior Academy of Sciences

CARL HEMENWAY

PAauL DONOVAN

DEBORAH LEFF

KENNETH GALLANT

John R. Eastman
Charles D. Wolcott
Frank W. Clarke
Frederick V. Coville
Otto H. Tittmann
David White

Robert S. Woodward
Leland O. Howard
William H. Holmes
Lyman J. Briggs
Frederick L. Ransome
Carl L. Alsberg
Alfred H. Brooks
William J. Humphreys
Thomas W. Vaughan
Arthur L. Day
Vernon Kellogg
George K. Burgess
Alexander Wetmore
Robert B. Sosman

SEPTEMBER, 1968 ~

2
as
~

1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
194]
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948

Past Presidents

Ales Hrdlicka
William Bowie
Nathan Cobb

Leason H. Adams
Robert F. Griggs
Louis B. Tuckerman
George W. McCoy
Oscar E. Meinzer
Charles Thom

Paul E. Howe
Charles E. Chambliss
Eugene C. Crittenden
Austin H. Clark
Harvey L. Curtis
Leland W. Parr
Clement L. Garner
John E. Graf

Hugh L. Dryden
Waldo L. Schmitt
Frederick D. Rossini

Wakefield High School
(Home 671-9244)
Yorktown High School
(Home 536-8402)
Walt Whitman High School
(Home 365-0809)
Montgomery-Blair High School
(Home 587-7952)

1949 F. H. H. Roberts, Jr.
1950 Francis B. Silsbee

1951 Nathan R. Smith

1952 Walter Ramberg

1953 Frank M. Setzler

1954 Francis M. Defandorf
1955 Margaret Pittman

1956 Ralph E. Gibson

1957 William M. Rubey

1958 A. T. McPherson

1959 Frank L. Campbell
1960 Lawrence A. Wood
1961 Philip H. Abelson

1962 Benjamin D. Van Evera
1963 Benjamin D. Van Evera
1964 Francois N. Frenkiel
1965 Leo Schubert

1966 John K. Taylor

1967-68 Heinz Specht *

125

Bylaws and Standing Rules

The Bylaws of the Academy, as amended
in December 1966, were printed in the Oc-
tober 1967 issue of the Journal, pages 203-
208. New amendments were approved by
the membership in the mail balloting of
December 1967. An up-to-date version of
the Bylaws will appear in the Journal in
the near future.

The Academy’s original Act of Incorpo-
ration, dated February 18, 1898, appears
in the Journal for November 1963, page
212. A revised Act of Incorporation, dated
September 16, 1964, appears in the Journal
for October 1967, pages 208-209.

The Standing Rules of the Board of Man-
agers appear in the December 1964 issue
of the Journal, pages 360-364.

Officers of Affiliated Societies
Subject Key

Acoustics: 2Z
Aeronautics: 2W
Anthropology: 2C
Astronautics: 2W
Biology: 2D, 2T
Botany: 2K
Ceramics: 3D
Chemistry: 2E, 3E
Dental research: 2V
Electrochemistry: 3E

Food technology: 3C
Forestry: 2L
Geography: 2G
Geology: 2H
Helminthology: 2P
History: 2J, 3F
Insecticides: 2Y
Instruments: 3K
Medicine: 2], 2T
Metallurgy: 2U

Engineering: Meteorology: 2X°
civil: 2S Microbiology: 2Q
electrical and electronic: 2N Nuclear science: 3B
general: 2M Operations research: 3J
mechanical: 20 Optics: 3H
military: 2R Physics: 2B, 3G
Entomology: 2F Plant physiology: 31
Term
ends
2B Philosophical Society of Washington
President: George T. Rado, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.
20390 (767-3603) 12/68
President-elect: John A. O’Keefe, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center (474-9000) 12/68
Secretary: Harold Glaser, NASA Headquarters (962-0157) 12/69
Delegate: William J. Youden, George Washington University (EM 2-7357) 12/68
2C Anthropological Society of Washington
President: Conrad C. Reining, Dept. of Anthropology, Catholic University,
Washington, D.C. 20017 (LA 9-6000, X605) 5/69
Vice-president: Gordon D. Gibson, Smithsonian Institution (381-5961) 5/69
Secretary: Mary Elizabeth King, Howard University (797-1862) 5/69
Delegate: Priscilla Reining, Catholic University (LA 9-6000, X605) 5/69
2D __ Biological Society of Washington
President: Joseph Rosewater, Dept. of Mollusks, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C. 20560 (628-1810, X5151) 6/69
Secretary: Richard C. Banks, Smithsonian Institution 6/69

126

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

2

2F

2G

2H

2I

2J

2K

2L

Chemical Society of Washington

President: Robert B. Fox, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.
20390 (574-1730)

President-elect: Edward O. Haenni, Food & Drug Administration (963-6152)

Secretary: Mary H. Aldridge, American University (244-6800, X265)

Delegate: : Edward O. Haenni

Entomological Society of Washington

President: -Richard H. Foote, Entomological Research Division, USDA, ARS,
Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md. 20705

President-elect: Helen Soller-Riedel, Agricultural Research Service, USDA

Secretary: David R. Smith, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA
(RE 7-4142, X5345)

Delegate: W. Doyle Reed (retired) EM 2-6577

National Geographic Society

President: Melvin M. Payne, National Geographic Society (296-7500)

Chairman: Melville B. Grosvenor, NGS

Secretary: Robert E. Doyle, NGS

Delegate: Alexander Wetmore, Smithsonian Institution

Geological Society of Washington

President: Ralph L. Miller, Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 20242
(343-3437)

Vice-president: Charles S. Denny, Geological Survey (343-2127)

Secretary: William A. Oliver, Jr., Geological Survey (381-5364)

Delegate: George V. Cohee, Geological Survey (343-2784)

Medical Society of the District of Columbia

President: William S. McCune, 2520 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C.
(333-0123)

President-elect: Frank S. Bacon, 2141 K Street, N.W. (223-3940)

Secretary: Thomas Sadler, 2007 I Street, N.W. (223-2230)

Delegate:

Columbia Historical Society

Vice-president: Homer Rosenberger

Exec. Director: Robert J. McCarthy, 1307 New Hampshire Ave., N.W. (234-5068)
Secretary: Winifred M. Pomeroy, 4550 Connecticut Ave., N.W.

Delegate:

Botanical Society of Washington

President: H. Rex Thomas, Plant Industry Station, USDA, ARS, Beltsville,
Md. 20705 (474-6500, X367)

Vice-president: H. D. Hammond, Howard University

Secretary: Ruby Little, Agricultural Research Center (474-4800, X685)

Delegate: P. H. Heinze, Plant Industry Station, USDA (474-6500, X404)

Society of American Foresters, Washington Section

President: John H. Farrell, 11738 Devilwood Drive, Rockville, Md. (762-6650)

_ Vice-president: Philip L. Thornton, 7509 N. Hamlet St., Springfield, Va. (321-7406)
Secretary: Malcolm Hardy, 6942 Fern Lane, Annandale, Va. (CL 6-8229)
Delegate: Harry A. Fowells, USDA, Agricultural Research Service (DU 8-7145)

SEPTEMBER, 1968

Term
ends

12/68
12/68
12/68
12/68

12/68
12/68

12/68
12/68

12/68
12/68
12/68
12/68

12/68
12/68
12/68

12/68
12/68
12/68

127

2M

2N

20

7a)

2Q

2R

28

Pah

128

Term

ends
Washington Society of Engineers
President: Robert A. Weiss, 1116 18th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036
(657-3737) 12/69
Vice-president: William J. Ellenberger, 6419 Barnaby St., N.W. 20015 (EM 3-9033) 12/69
Secretary: _ Gerald S. McKenna, 9520 Bulls Run Parkway, Bethesda, Md. 12/69
Delegate: M. A. Mason, 3621 Raymond St., Chevy Chase, Md. (OL 2-8767) 12/69
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Washington Section
Chairman: — George Abraham, 3107 Westover Dr., S.E., Washington, D.C. 20020
(582-7210) 7/69
Vice-chairman: Walter N. Pike, Federal Aviation Agency (962-7031) 7/69
Secretary: Charles deVore, Office of Naval Research (OX 7-4048) 7/69
Delegate: George Abraham 7/69
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Washington Section
Chairman: Charles P. Howard, Mechanical Engineering Dept., Catholic Univ. of
America, Washington, D.C. 20017 (529-6000, X251) 7/69
Vice-chairman: Robert A. Cahn, Agency for International Development (383-7383) 7/69
Secretary: Patrick F. Cunniff, University of Maryland (454-2411) 7/69
Delegate: William G. Allen, 8306 Custer Rd., Bethesda, Md. (652-7457) 7/69
Helminthological Society of Washington
President: David R. Lincicome, Parasitology Lab. (Zoology Dept.) Howard Univ.,
Washington, D.C. 20001 12/68
Vice-president: Alan C. Pipkin, Naval Medical Research Inst. 12/68
Secretary: Edna Buhrer, 5415 Connecticut Ave., N.W. 20008 12/68
Delegate: Aurel O. Foster, Parasitological Lab., USDA, Beltsville 12/68
American Society for Microbiology, Washington Branch
President: Ruth G. Wittler, Dept. of Bacteriology, Walter Reed Army Inst. of
Research, Washington, D.C. 20012 (576-3058) 12/68
Vice-president: William A. Clark, American Type Culture Collection (949-5610) 12/68
Secretary: Hope E. Hopps, National Institutes of Health (496-6968) 12/68
Delegate: Elizabeth J. Oswald, Food & Drug Administration (963-6123) 12/68
Society of American Military Engineers, Washington Post
President: Capt. James Moreau, Coast Guard, 9412 Wadsworth Drive, Bethesda,
Md. 20034 (469-8328) 6/69
Vice-president: Capt. M. J. Tonkel, ESSA 6/69
Secretary: Cdr. Howard Pagel, Coast Guard 6/69
Delegate: Cdr. Hal P. Demuth, ESSA (768-6014) Indef.
American Society of Civil Engineers, National Capital Section
President: Donald A. Giampaoli, 1957 E St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006
(EX 3-2040) 6/69
Vice-president = Albert A. Grant, 2208 Quinton Rd., Silver Spring, Md. (223-5800,
X202) . 6/69
Secretary: Frank Schneller, 1957 E St., N.W. (EX 3-2040) 6/69
Delegate: Thorndike Saville, Jr., 5601 Albia Rd., Westwood, Md. 20016
(HO 2-8000) 6/69
Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, D. C. Section
Chairman: Fred Sperling, Dept. of Pharmacology, Howard Univ. Medical School,
Washington, D.C. 20001 (797-1422) 6/69
Vice-chairman: Abe Dury, National Inst. of Gen. Med. Sci. (496-7061) 6/69
Secretary: Earl Usdin, Atlantic Research Corp. (FL 4-3400, X831) 6/69
Delegate: Emilio Weiss, Naval Medical Research Inst. (295-0104) 6/71

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Term

ends
2U_ American Society for Metals, Washington Chapter
Chairman: Richard Schmidt, 1710 Rupert St., McLean, Va. 22101 (356-8730) 5/69
Vice-chairman: Joseph R. Lane, 7211 Rebecca Dr., Alexandria, Va. 22307 (765-5570) 5/69
Secretary: Eugene A. Lange, 4201 Mass. Ave., N.W. 5/69
Delegate: | Melvin R. Meyerson, National Bureau of Standards (921-2082) 5/69
2V International Association for Dental Research, Washington Section
President: _ Col. P. M. Margetis, Director, Medical Biomechanical Research
Lab., Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20012
(576-5151) 6/69
Vice-president: Capt. N. W. Rupp, National Naval Medical Center (295-0065) 6/69
Secretary: Walter E. Brown, National Bureau of Standards (921-3336) 6/69
Delegate: Walter E. Brown
2W American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Capital Section
Chairman: Robert C. Smith, Jr., Atlantic Research Corp., Shirley Highway at
Edsall, Alexandria, Va. 22314 (354-3400, X425) 5/69
Vice-chairman: Henry H. Hovland, 11252 Knightsbridge Ct., Potomac, Md.
(762-7068 ) 5/69
Secretary: James D. Redding, Univac (338-8500, X317) 5/69
Delegate: Henry H. Hovland
2X American Meteorological Society, D. C. Chapter
Chairman: Clifford J. Murino, Program Coordinator for NCAR, National Science
Foundation, Washington, D.C. 20550 (343-4812) 5/69
Vice-chairman: James K. Angell, Air Resources Lab., ESSA (495-2284) 5/69
Secretary: Mary Ann Ruzecki, Nat. Environmental Satellite Center, ESSA
(440-7541) 5/69
Delegate: Harold A. Steiner, Air Force (OX 7-4648) 5/69
2Y Insecticide Society of Washington
President: Victor E. Adler, Room 1, Bldg. CH-C, Agricultural Research Center,
Beltsville, Md. 20705 (474-4800, X422) 7/69
Vice-president: Morton Beroza, Agricultural Research Center (474-4800, X219) 7/69
Secretary: Robert E. Menzer, Univ. of Maryland (454-3841) 7/69
Delegate: H. Ivan Rainwater, Plant Quarantine Div., USDA, ARS (388-8441) 7/69
2Z Acoustical Society of America, Washington D. C. Chapter
Chairman: Ronald K. Eby, Polymer Div., National Bureau of Standards,
Washington, D.C. 20234 (921-3343) 6/69
Vice-chairman: Sam A. Elder, Naval Academy (Govt. Line 1229, X2204) 6/69
Secretary: Gerald A. Franz, Naval Ship R & D Center (995-3126) 6/69
Delegate: Alfred Weissler, Food and Drug Administration (962-8028) 6/69
3B American Nuclear Society, Washington Section
Chairman: Oscar M. Bizzell, Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D.C.
20545 (301-973-3471) 6/69
Vice-chairman: Justin L. Bloom, Atomic Energy Commission (973-7340) 6/69
Secretary: Leslie S. Ayers, Arms Control & Disarmament Agency 6/69
Delegate:
3C_ Institute of Food Technologists, Washington Section
Chairman: William L. Sulzbacher, Meat Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Beltsville,
Md. 20705 (GR 4-4800, X394) 12/68
Vice-chairman: Victor H. Blomquist 12/68
Secretary: Cleve B. Denney 12/68
Delegate: Lowrie M. Beacham, Jr., Food & Drug Administration (RE 7-4142)
SEPTEMBER, 1968 129

3D

3E

ab

3G

3H

31

3J

3K

130

American Ceramic Society, Baltimore-Washington Section

Chairman: David W.: Robertson, General Refractories Co., P.O. Box 1673,
Baltimore, Md. 21203 (301-355-3400, X40)

Chairman-elect: Joseph L. Pentecost, MELPAR, Inc. (703-534-6000, X2381)

Secretary: ‘John B. Wachtman, Jr., National Bureau of Standards (921-2901)

Delegate: J. J. Diamond, National Bureau of Standards (921-2893)

Electrochemical Society, National Capital Section

Chairman: R. T. Foley, Chemistry Dept., American University, Washington, D.C.
20016 (244-6800, X266)

Vice-chairman: F. X. McCawley (UN 4-3100, X2)

Secretary: S. D. James, Naval Ordnance Laboratory (495-7742)

Delegate: Kurt H. Stern, Naval Research Laboratory (767-3549)

Washington History of Science Club

Chairman: Richard G. Hewlett, Atomic Energy Commission, Germantown, Md.
(973-5431)

Vice-chairman: Deborah Warner, Smithsonian Institution (381-5330)

Secretary: Dean C. Allard (OX 3-3170)

Delegate:

American Association of Physics Teachers, Chesapeake Section

President: William Achor, Dept. of Physics, Western Maryland College,
Westminster, Md. (301-848-7000)

Vice-president: Graham D. Gutsche, Naval Academy (301-268-7711)

Secretary: John Miller, III, University of Delaware (302-738-2660)

Delegate: Bernard B. Watson, Research Analysis Corp. (893-5900)

Optical Society of America, National Capital Section

President: Arnold M. Bass, Physics B-214, National Bureau of Standards,
Washington, D.C. 20234

Vice-president: David L. Ederer, National Bureau of Standards

Secretary: Terence L. Porter, National Science Foundation

Delegate: Arnold M. Bass

American Society of Plant Physiologists, Washington Section

President: Edward P. Karlander, Dept. of Botany, University of Maryland,
College Park, Md. (454-3821)

Vice-president: James E. Leggett, Plant Industry Station, USDA (454-6500, X532)

Secretary: Patricia Jackson, Plant Industry Station, USDA (454-6500, X533)

Delegate: Walter Shropshire, Smithsonian Institution (381-5524)

Washington Operations Research Council

President: Joann H. Langston, GEOMET, Inc. 12280 Wilkins Avenue, Rockville,
Md. 20852 (933-5525)

President-elect: Howard Berger, OASD (SA)-SP, Pentagon (OX 7-0361)

Secretary: Murray Kamrass, Institute for Defense Analyses (558-1620)

Delegate: John Honig, Army (OX 7-1107)

Instrument Society of America, Washington Section

President: Gerald G. Vurek, 5623 Huntington Parkway, Bethesda, Md. 20014
(657-1931)

President-elect: Leopold Perlaky (577-5355)

Secretary: Edward Popolak (WH 2-9189)

Delegate: Alfred M. Pommer, (933-2268)

Term
ends

12/68
12/68
12/68
12/68

5/69
5/69
5/69
5/69

6/69
6/69
6/69

4/69
4/69
4/70
6/70

6/69
6/69
6/69

6/69
6/69
6/69
Indef.

6/69
6/69
6/69
6/69

6/69
6/69
6/70
6/69

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Objectives

The objectives of the Washington Academy of Sciences are (a) to stimulate interest
in the sciences, both pure and applied, and (b) to promote their advancement and the
development of their philosophical aspects by the Academy membership and through
cooperative action by the affiliated societies.

Activities

The Academy pursues its objectives through such activities as (a) publication of
a periodical and of occasional scientific monographs; (b) holding of public lectures
on scientific subjects; (c) sponsorship of a Washington Junior Academy of Sci-
ences: (d) promotion of science education and a professional interest in science
among people of high school and college age; (e) accepting or making grants of
funds to aid special research projects; (f) sponsorship of scientific symposia and
conferences; (g) assistance in scientific expeditions; (h) cooperation with other
academies and scientific organizations; and (i) award of prizes and citations for
special merit in science.

Membership

The membership consists of two major classes—members and fellows.

Members are persons who are interested in science and are willing to support
the Academy’s objectives as described above. A letter or form initiated by the appli-
cant requesting membership may suffice for action by the Academy’s Committee
on Membership; approval by the Committee constitutes election to membership.

Dues for members are $7.50 a year.

Fellows are persons who have performed original research or have made other
outstanding contributions to the sciences, mathematics, or engineering. Candidates
for fellowship must be nominated by at least two fellows, recommended by the Com-
mittee on Membership, and elected by the Board of Managers.

Dues are $10.00 a year for resident fellows (living within 50 miles of the White
House) and $7.50 a year for nonresident fellows.

Persons who join the Academy as members may later be considered for fellowship.

Application forms for membership may be obtained from the office of the
Washington Academy of Sciences, 9650 Rockville Pike (Bethesda), Washington,
D.C. 20014.

SEPTEMBER, 1968 131

ABBOTs« CHARLES G
ABELSONe PHILIP H
ABRAHAMs GEORGE
ACHTERe MEYER R
ADAMS+« CAROLINE L

ADAMS» ELLIOT @
AFFRONTIe LEWIS
AKERSe ROBERT P
ALDRICHs JOHN Ww
ALEXANDERe AARON D
ALEXANDERe ALLEN L
ALEXANDER+ BENJAMIN H
ALEXANDERe LYLE T
ALGERMISSENe SYLVESTER
ALLANe FRANK D
ALLENe HARRY C JR
ALLENe WILLIAM G
ALLISONe FRANKLIN E
ALTERe HARVEY

AMBSe WILLIAM J
AMIRIKIAN+* ARSHAM
ANDERSONe. ELIZABETH
ANDERSONe MYRON S
ANDERSONe WENDELL L
ANDREWS+« JOHN S
APPEL>s® WILLIAM D
APSTEINe MAURICE
ARMSTRONGe GEORGE T
ARSEMe COLLINS
ASLAKSONe CARL I
ASTINe ALLEN V
AUSLOOS+ PIERRE J
AXILROD» BENJAMIN M
AXLERe MARJORIE F
AYENSUse EDWARD S

BABERS«
BAILEY e
BAILEY e
BAKER +s
BAKER e
BALDESe

FRANK H

J MARTIN
WILLIAM J
ARTHUR A
LOUIS C wW
EDWARD J
BAMFORD+ RONALD
BANKSe« HERVEY W
BARBEAUe MARIUS
BARBROWs+ LOUIS E
BARGERe GERALD L
BARNHART+s CLYDE S
BARRETT+ MARGARET D
BARSS« HOWARD P
BARTONE*s JOHN C
BASS~« ARNOLD M
BATEMAN+ ALAN M
BATES*+ PHAON H
BATES+ ROGER G
BEACHse LOUIS A
BEACHs PRISCILLA A
BEACHAMs LOWRIE M
BEACHEMe CEDRIC D
BEANe HOWARD S
BECKERe EDWIN D
BECKETT+ CHARLES w
BECKMANNs+ ROBERT B
BEDINI+« SILVIO A
BEIJe K HILDING
BEKKEDAHL + NORMAN
BELKINs MORRIS
BELSHEIMse ROBERT O
BENDER» MAURICE
BENEDICT+s WILLIAM S

132

Alphabetical List of Members

7RETD
31GEL
1DNRL
1DNRL
2HGwU
8NRNC
2HGWU
1HNIH
1IFWS
1DAWR
1DNRL
1HNIH
7RETD
1CESS
2HGWU
118MI
1CMAA
7RETD
8NRNC
BNRNC
1DNFE
1HNIH
7RETD
1DNRL
1ARFR
7RETD
1 DAHD
1CNBS
1DAHD
4CONS
1CNBS
1CNBS
ax

8NRNC
1xSMI

1DAx
2HGWU
2HUMD
1IGES
2HGEU
1DAx
2HUMD
2HGEU
8NRNC
1CNBS
1CESS
1DAX
7RETD
7RETD
2HHOU
1CNBS
4CONS
7RETD
1CNBS
1DNRL
4CONS
1HFDA
8NRNC
4CONS
1HNIH
1CNBS
2HUMD
1XSMI
7RETD
7RETD
1HNIH
1DNRUL
1HAPC
2HUMD

2B2x3H AFRE
2B2E2H2Q ~=AFRA
2B2G2M2N3G AFRA
2uU AFRA
2K AMRA

AFNE
2Q2T AMRA
2G AFRA
2D AFRA
2Q2T AFRA
2E AFRA
2E AFRA
2E AFRA

AFRA
2G62T AMRA
2B2E2G AFRA
20 AFRA
2E2G6 AFRE

AFNA

AFNA
2R2S AFRA

AMRA
2E AFRA
2E AFRA
2p AFRA
2E2G AFNE
2B2G2N AFRA
2B2E2G AFRA
2B2G2N AMRA
2B2G2M AFRA
2B2N2wW3G AFRA
2E AFRA
2B AFRA
2B AFNA

AFRA
2G AFNA

AMRA
2E AFRA
2H AFRA
2E AFRA

AFNA
2K AFRA

AFRA

AFNA
2B2N3H AFRA
2x AFRA
2F2G62Y AFNA
26 AFRA
202G2kK AFNE
2T AMRA
2B3H AFRA

AFNE

AFNE
2E3E AFRA
2B2G AFRA

AMRA
2E3C AFRA
2u AFNA
20 AFRA
2E AFRA
2B2E AFRA
2E AFRA
3F AFRA
2B AFNL
2B2E2G AFNA

AFRA
2m20 AFRA
2E2G63C AFRA
3H AFRA

BENESCHe WILLIAM
BENJAMINe CHESTER R
BENNETT*s JOHN A
BENNETTe LAWRENCE H
BENNETTe MARTIN T
BENNETTs ROBERT R
BENNETTs WILLARD H
BERCHs JULIAN
BERLINERe ROBERT WwW
BERNTONe HARRY S
BEROZAe MORTON S
BESTUL»+ ALDEN B
BIBERSTEIN»® FRANK A JR
BICKLEYe WILLIAM E
BIRCKNERe VICTOR
BIRDe HR

BIRKS» LAVERNE S
BISHOPPe FRED C
BLAKE. DORIS H
BLANCe MILTON L
BLANDFORD:« JOSEPHINE
BLANKe CHARLES A
BLOCKe STANLEY
BLOOMe MORTIMER C
BLUMe WILLIAM
BLUNTe ROBERT F
BOGLEe ROBERT w
BOLTONe ELLIS T
BONDELID» ROLLON O
BORTHWICKs HARRY A
BOSWELL« VICTOR R
BOWERe VINCENT E&
BOWLES« ROMALD E
BOWMANe PAUL WwW
BOWMANe THOMAS E&
BOZEMANe F MARILYN
BRAATENe NORMAN F
BRADLEY+ WILLIAM’ E
BRANCATOs EL
BRANDEWIE*+ DONALD F
BRANDTNERe FRIEDRICH J
BRANSONe HERMAN i
BRAUERe GERHARD M
BRAZEE+ RUTLAGE J
BRECKENRIDGEe F C
BRECKENRIDGE* ROBERT G
BREEDLOVE+ C H JR
BREITe GREGORY
BRENNERe ABNER
BREWERe CARL R
BRICKWEDDE+ F G
BRIERe GLENN W
BRODIE+ BERNARD B
BROMBACHERe W G
BROOKS+ RICHARD C
BROWNe ALFRED E
BROWNe BF

BROWNe EDGAR

BROWNe JOSHUA RC
BROWN» RUSSELL G
BROWNe THOMAS M
BROWNe WALTER E
BRUCKse STEPHEN D
BRYANe MILTON M
BUGGS+* CHARLES w
BUNNs RALPH w
BURAS* EDMUND M JR
BURGERS* JM
BURINGTONe RICHARD S
BURKs DEAN

BURKE+ BERNARD F

2HUMD
1ARFR
1CNBS
1CNBS
4CONS
11GES
8NRNC
3I1GRI
1HNIH
4PHYS
1ARFR
1CNBS
2HCUA
2HUMD
7TRETD
8NRNC
1DNRL
7TRETD
1xXSMI
8NRNC
1CNBS
1D-AS
1CNBS
1DNRL
4CONS
1CNBS
8NRNC
31CIW
1DNRL
7TRETD
1AX

1CNBS
5BOEN
1HNIH
1XSMI
1DAWR
1GESS
311DA
1 ONRL
2SARC
STRwS
2HHOU
1CNBS
1cESS
7TRETD
8NRNC
2HMIC
8NRNC
1CNBS
LHNIH
8NRNC
1cESS
1HNIH
7TRETD
1HPHS
8NRNC
1DNRL
7TRETD
2HUMD
2HUMD
2HGWU
1CNBS
2HCUA
1AFOR
2HHOU
3AESA
3IGRI
2HUMD
1DNAS
1HNIH
8NRNC

263H
262K
2uU

2U

2e

2H

2B

2
2BeT
21
2E2T2yY
2B2E2G
2B2mM2S
erey

2D2F2G
(al

2E2G2H
2E
2B2E2G3E
2E2G2VU3E

2B2G

202K31
2G
3E
aw

2D
2Q2T
2B2M2R
2N
262M

2G2H
2836
2E2v

2B3H

ee

2E2G3E
2Q

2B

2G

2
2B3K
2N
2B2E2G
2U3E
202k
2G

2k

2!
2Eev
2E2G
ec
262Q2T
ar

ee

2B
2B2G
2E31

AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFNA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRE
AFNA
AFRA
AFNE
AFRE
AFNA
AFRA
AMRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRE
AFRA
AFNA
AFRA
AFNA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AMRA
AFRA

“AFRA

AMRA
AFRA
AFRA
AMRA
AFRA
AFNL
AMRA

‘AFNA

AFRA
AFRA
AFNU
AFNA
AFRA
AFRE
AMRA
AFNA
AFRA
AFRE
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AMRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFNA

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

BURKE» FREDERIC G
BURKEYs LLOYD A
BURNETT+s HARRY C
BUTLERe FRANCIS E€
BYERLY» PERRY
BYERLY»s THEODORE C
BYRNE*® ROBERT J

CALDWELL + FRANK R ©
CALDWELL+« JOSEPH M
CALLENe EARL R
CAMERONe JOSEPH M
CAMPAIGNE+« HOWARD H
CAMPANELLAs S JOSEPH
CAMPBELL + FRANK L
CANDELA*s+ GEORGE A
CANNONes E W
CARDER+ DEAN S
CAREYe FRANCIS E
CARHARTe« HOMER wW
CARLSTONe RICHARD C
CARMICHAEL s+ LEONARD
CARROLL« THOMAS J
CARROLL + WILLIAM R
CARRONe» MAXWELL K
CARTERe HUGH

CASHe EDITH K
CASSEL + JAMES M
CASSIDYe MARIE M
CATHEYe HENRY M
CAULe HAROLD J
CHALKLEYs+ HAROLD w
CHAPINe EDWARD A
CHAPINs EOWARD J
CHAPLINe HARVEY R JR
CHAPLINEs wR
CHAPMANe GEORGE B
CHEEKs CONRAD H
CLAIRE+ CHARLES N
CLARKe FRANCIS E
CLARKe GEORGE E JR
CLARKe JOAN R
CLARKe KENNETH G
CLAUSENe CURTIS P
CLEAVERe OSCAR P
CLEMENTse J REID JR
CLEVENse G W
CODLINGe KEITH
COHEE+ GEORGE v
COHN. ERNST M
COHN. ROBERT

COLE. KENNETH S
COLLINS» HENRY B
COLWELLe« RR
COMPTONe W DALE
CONGERe PAUL S
CONTEEe CARL T
COOKs HAROLD T
COOKe RICHARD K
COOK. ROBERT C
COOKEs. C WYTHE
COOLIDGEs+ HAROLD Vv
COOLIDGEs+ WILLIAM D
COONS+ GEORGE H
COOPERe G ARTHUR
COOPERe STEWART R
CORNFIELDs JEROME
CORRELLe DAVID L
CORY.+ ERNEST N
COSTRELL+ LOUIS
COTTAMs CLARENCE
COULSONe E JACK
COX+ EDWIN L

COYLE+ THOMAS D
CRAFT+s CHARLES C
CRAFTONe PAUL A
CRAGOE+ CARL S

SEPTEMBER, 1968

4PHYS
31IATC
1CNBS
1 DNOL
4CONS
1ACSR
1HNIH

7RETD
1DACE
2HAMU
1CNBS
1D-x

SMELP
7RETD
1CNBS
1CNBS
7RETD
SASPR
1DNRL
1 DNX

3INGS
2HGWU
1HNIH
11GES
1HPHS
7RETD
1CNBS
9CLUN
1ARFR
1CNBS
7RETD
7RETD
1 DNRL
1DNSR
1AFOR
2HGEU
1DNRL
7RETD
1ARFR
5ARCO
11GES
7RETD
7RETD
9CLUN
1DNRL
1XTRA
8NRNC
11GES
1XNAS
1DNHS
1HNIH
1XSMI
2HGEU
8NRNC
7RETD
2SDcP
1ARMR
1CESS
5PORB
7RETD
3INAS
7RETD
7RETD
1xSMI
7RETD
8BNRNC
1XSMI
7RETD
1CNBS
8NRNC
1ARNI
1ARFR
1CNBS
1 ARMR
2HGWU
7RETD

el AFRA
20 AFRE
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DE FERIETe J KAMPE
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FLETCHER+ DONALD G 1CNBS 2E AMRA GOULD» IRA A 8NRNC AFNA
FLETCHER» HEWITT G JR IHNIH 262G AFRA GRAFe JOHN E 7RETD 2D2F2G AFRA
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FRANKs WILLIAM M 1 DNOL AFRA HAENNI« EDWARD O 1HFDA 2E AFRA
FRANKLIN»s PHILIP J 1XGSA 2E2N AFRA HAGUE + JOHN L 1CNBS 2E2G63H AFRA
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FREEMANe ANDREW F 1ARNI 2E AMRA HALL» E RAYMOND B8NRNC 20D2G AFNA
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FURUKAWA, GEORGE T 1CNBS 2B2E2G AFRA HAMERe WALTER J 1CNBS 2E2G2N3E AFRA
FUSILLO»s MATTHEW H 1XVET 2G62Q AMRA HAMILTONe C E MIKE 1xFPC 2G2H AMRA

134. JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

HAMILTONe MICHAEL
HAMMERSCHMIDT+ WM W
HAMMONDs H DAVID
HAMPPs« EDWARD G
HANDe CADET H JR
HANSBOROUGHs+ LOUIS A
HANSENe IRA B
HANSENe LOUIS S
HANSENe MORRIS H
HARDENBURGe ROBERT E
HARDER: E C
HARRINGTON» MARSHALL C
HARRIS* FOREST K
HARRISe MILTON
HARRIS« THOMAS H
HARRISON+ MARK
HARRISONe WILLIAM N
HARTMANNe GREGORY K
HARVALIKs Z V.
HASELTINEs NATE
HASKINS» CARYL P
HASSe GEORGE H
HAUPTMANs HERBERT
HAWTHORNE + EDWARD w
HAZLETON+ LLOYD W
HEINZEs PETER H
HELLERe ISIDORE
HENDERSONe E P
HENDERSON» MALCOLM C
HENLEY+ ROBERT R
HENNEBERRY» THOMAS J
HENNEY e DAGMAR
HERMACHe FRANCIS L
HERMAN« CARLTON M
HERMANe ROBERT C
HERSCHMANe HARRY K
HERSEYe« MAYO D
HERZFELDe KARL F
HERZFELDe REGINA F
HESSe WALTER C
HETRICKe FRANK
HEWITT+« CLIFFORD A
HEYDEN» FRANCIS J
HIATT+s CASPAR W
HICKLEYe THOMAS J
HICKOX* GEORGE H
HICKSse GRADY T
HICKS»e VICTOR
HILDEBRAND» EARL M
HILL« FREEMAN K
HILSENRATHse JOSEPH
HILTONe JAMES L
HINMANe WILBUR S JR
HOBBSe+e ROBERT B
HOCHMUTHe M S
HOCHWALD» FRITZ G
HOERINGe THOMAS C
HOFFMANe JOHN D
HOFFMANNe CLARENCE H
HOGEs HAROLD J
HOLLIES* NORMAN R S
HOLLINGSHEADse ROBERT S
HOLLINSHEADs ARIEL C
HOLMGREN+ HARRY D
HOLSHOUSERs WILLIAM L
HONIGse JOHN G
HOOKER+« MARJORIE
HOOVERs+ JOHN I
HOOVER» THOMAS B
HOPP» HENRY

HORNIG+s DONALD F
HORNSTEINe IRWIN
HORTON+ BILLY M
MOSTETTER's J C
HOUGHs FLOYD w
HOWARD+ GEORGE w
HOWARDs ROBERT E
HOWEs PAUL E

SEPTEMBER, 1968

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JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Classification

1 GOVERNMENT
1A AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT

1ACMS CONSUMER & MARKETING SERVICE
ZELENYe LAWRENCE 26

1ACSR COOP STATE RESEARCH SERVICE
BYERLYe THEODORE C LE

1AFOR FOREST SERVICE

BRYANes MILTON M ea
CHAPLINEs WR ; 2G2KeL
HACSKAYLO+« EDWARD 2G62KeaL31
JEMISONse GEORGE M 2
LITTLE» ELBERT L JR 2Kkeu
PARKERe KENNETH W 202kK2L

1AM AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE

1AMRP MARKETING REGULATORY PROGRAMS
HUNTs W HAWARD 2G

1AR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE

1ARAO OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATORe ARS

FOWELLSe HARRY A 2c31

HAINESe KENNETH A 2F2G62Y

IRVINGe GEORGE W JR 2E3C
1ARFR FARM RESEARCH

ANDREWS+ JOHN S 2P

BENJAMINe CHESTER R 262K

BEROZAe MORTON S 2E2T2y

CATHEYs HENRY M
CLARKe FRANCIS E

COX» EDWIN L 26
EGOLF» DONALD R 2k
ENNISe WILLIAM B JR 26
FARR» MARIE L 2k
FLATTs WILLIAM P

FOSTER» AUREL O 2p
FRAPS+ RICHARD M 2B2T
GRASSL»+ CARL O

GURNEY» ASHLEY B 2D2F 26
HALL « STANLEY A 2E2Y
HENNEBERRY» THOMAS J 2F2Y
HILDEBRANDs EARL M 262K203C31
HILTONe JAMES L 31
HOFFMANNe CLARENCE H 2F2L2y
JACOBSONs MARTIN 2E2Y
KNIPLINGe EDWARD F 2F
KREITLOWs KERMIT Ww 262K
LENTZe PAUL L 262k
MC CLELLANe WILBUR D 262k
MILLER+ PAUL R 2k
MITCHELL» JOHN Ww 31
PRESLEY* JOHN T

RUSSELL + LOUISE M 2D2F 26
SAILER» REECE I 2F2y

SAN ANTONIOe JAMES P
SANTAMOURs FRANK S JR als

SCHECHTERe MILTON S 2F2yY
SHANAHANe ARTHUR J 2a
SMITHe FLOYD F 2F2y
SPALDING» DONALD H 2G
SPRAGUEe GEORGE F

STEERE.» RUSSELL L 262K
STEWARTs DEWEY 262K
STUART» NEIL w 2K31I
TAYLORe ALBERT L 2P

SEPTEMBER, 1968

by Place of Employment

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TROMBAs FRANCIS G 2P AFRA
WISEs GILBERT H 2G AMRA

1ARMR MARKETING RESEARCH

COOKe HAROLD T 2B2K3C AFRA
CRAFT+ CHARLES C AFNA
GOLUMBICe CALVIN 3C€ AFRA
HARDENBURGs ROBERT E 2G AFRA
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LIEBERMANs MORRIS 2E2G3I AFRA
NORRIS*+ KARL H Se AFRA
RYALL+ A LLOYD 2G62K3C AFRA

1ARNI NUTR* CONSUMER & INDUSTRIAL USE

COULSONs E JACK 2E2T AFRA
DETWILERe SAMUEL B JR SE AFRA
FORZIATI«+« FLORENCE H Ze AFRA
FREEMANe ANDREW F 2E AMRA
HORNSTEINe IRWIN Z2E3c AFRA
KURTZ*+ FLOYD E 2E AFRA
LEVERTONe RUTH M AFRA
PATTERSON» WILBUR I 2E2G2T3C AFRA
POMMERse ALFRED M 2E2G2H2T3K AFRA
REYNOLDSe HOWARD 2Q3C AFRA
SPIESe JOSEPH R 2E2T AFRA
SULZBACHERe WILLIAM L 2E2Q3C AFRA
WOMACKs MADELYN ZEST AFRA

1ARRP ARS REGULATORY PROGRAMS

RAINWATERe H IVAN 2F2G2Y AFRA
SAULMONe ERNEST E AMRA
WHEELER», WILLIS H 262K AMRA

1ASCS SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
VAN DERSAL +» WILLIAM R 2G AFRA

1AX AGRICULTURE MISC
BOSWELL e VICTOR R 2G AFRA

1C COMMERCE DEPARTMENT

1C-S OFFICE OF SECRETARY
KINCAIDe JOHN F AFRA

1CBDS BUSINESS & DEFENSE SERVICES ADM
HERSCHMANe HARRY K 2u AFRA

1CBUC BUREAU OF THE CENSUS
DALYs JOSEPH F AFRA
HANSENe MORRIS H 3J AFRA
1cCGS COAST & GEOD SURVEYe SEE 1CESS

1CESS ENVIRONMENTAL SCI SERV ADM

ALGERMISSENe SYLVESTER AFRA
BARGERe GERALD L 2x AFRA
BRAATENe NORMAN F 2B2M2R AFRA
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GARNER. CLEMENT L 2B2G2M2R2S = AFRE
HICKLEYe THOMAS J 2N AFRA
HUBERTe LESTER F 2x AFRA
KLEINe WILLIAM H 2x AFRA
KNAPPs+ DAVID G AFRA
KOHLERs MAX A 2S2x AFRA
LANDERe JAMES F 26 AFRA
LISTe ROBERT J 2x AFRA
MAC DONALDe TORRENCE H 2X AMRA

141

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1CNBS

MACHTAs LESTER
MEADE+ BUFORD K
MICKEYe WENDELL V

MITCHELL» J MURRAY JR

MURPHYe LEONARD M
NAMI ASe JEROME

NOFFSINGERe TERRELL L

OLIVER» VINCENT J
ORLIN*® HYMAN
OSMUNe JAMES W
PACKs DONALD H
PUTNINS» PAUL H
RICE* DONALD A
RINEHARTs JOHN S
RUBIN» MORTON J
SCHMID» HELLMUT H
SHAPLEYs A H
STEWARTs HARRIS B JR
STRAUBe HARALD Ww
TEWELESe SIDNEY
THOMs HERBERT C S
WHITE* ROBERT M
WHITTENe CHARLES A
WINSTONs JAY S
YAOs AUGUSTINE Y M
ZIKEEVe NINA

ALLENe WILLIAM G

ARMSTRONGe GEORGE T
ASTINe ALLEN V .-
AUSLOOSe PIERRE J
BARBROWes LOUIS E
BASSe ARNOLD M
BATESe ROGER G
BECKETTe CHARLES WwW
BENNETTe JOHN A
BENNETTe LAWRENCE H
BESTULe ALDEN B
BLANDFORD:e JOSEPHINE
BLOCKe STANLEY
BLUNTe ROBERT F
BOWERe VINCENT E
BRAVERe GERHARD M
BRENNERe ABNER
BROWNe WALTER E
BURNETTe HARRY C
CAMERONe JOSEPH M
CANDELAe GEORGE A
CANNONe E W

CASSELe JAMES M
CAUL s+ HAROLD J
COSTRELL*+ LOUIS
COYLEe THOMAS D
CREITZe E CARROLL
CUTHILtLs+ JOHN R
CUTKOSKY*+ ROBERT D
DE VOE. JAMES R

DE WITe ROLAND
DESLATTES+ RICHARD D
DIAMOND. JACOB J
DICKSONe GEORGE
DOUGLASe CHARLES A
DOUGLASe THOMAS B
EISENHARTs+ CHURCHILL
ELBOURNs ROBERT D
FEARNe JAMES E
FERGUSONe ROBERT E
FLETCHERe DONALD G
FLORINe ROLAND E
FLYNNe DANIEL R
FREDERIKSEs+ HP R
FREEMANs DAVID H
FURUKAWAs GEORGE T
GARVINe DAVID

GEIL « GLENN W

142

NATIONAL BUREAU OF

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GINNINGS+ DEFOE C
GRAY» VANNIE E
GREENOUGHs M L
GREENSPAN+ MARTIN
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HAGUE*s JOHN L
HALLERe WOLFGANG
HAMER» WALTER J
HARRIS* FOREST K
HERMACHs FRANCIS L
HILSENRATHs JOSEPH
HOFFMANe JOHN D
HOOVERse THOMAS B
HOWARD» ROBERT E
ISBELL» HORACE S$
JENKINSe WILLIAM D
JOHANNESEN+ ROLF B
JOHNSON» DANIEL P
JUDD+ DEANE B
KANAGYs JOSEPH R
KELLERs RICHARD A
KESSLERe KARL G
KLEBANOFFs PHILIP S
KOSTKOWSKIe HENRY J
KOTTERs F RALPH
KRUGER+ JEROME
KUSHNERe LAWRENCE M
LASHOF » THEODORE W
LEVINe ERNEST M
MADDEN» ROBERT P
MANDEL e JOHN
MANNINGe JOHN R
MARTONe L

MARVIN» ROBERT S
MARYOTTse ARTHUR A
MASONe HENRY L
MAZUR» JACOB

MC ALLISTERe ARCHIE J

MC CAMYe CALVIN S
MC NESBYe JAMES R
MEARS» THOMAS w
MEBS» RUSSELL W
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MELMEDs ALLAN J
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MILLIKENe LEWIS T
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MUEHLHAUSE» CARL O
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PAFFENBARGERe GEORGE C

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PARKERe ROBERT L
PASSAGLIAs ELIO
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ROTHe ROBERT S
RUBINe ROBERT J
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SAYLORe CHARLES P
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SCHOENe LOUIS J
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JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

SCHOONOVERs IRL C 2B2E2vV
SCHWERDTFEGERe WM J 2N
SCRIBNER» BOURDON F 2E3H
SHAPIROe GUSTAVE 2N
SHERLINe GROVER C 2B2G2N3G

SHIELDSe WILLIAM R
SILVERMANs SHIRLEIGH 2B
SIMMONSe« JOHN A
SITTERL Ys CHARLOTTE M
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SORROWSe HOWARD E 2G2N
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STIEHLERe ROBERT D 2B2E2G20
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TAYLOR» JOHN K 2B2E2G3E3G
TCHENs CHAN-MOU 26
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TORGESENs JOHN L 2E2G
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WAGMANe DONALD D 2e€
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WASIKe STANLEY P 2E

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WEISSBERGe SAMUEL G 2B2E
WEXLERe ARNOLD 283K
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WILDHACKe WILLIAM A 2B2G2W3G3K
WILSONe BRUCE L 2B2G
WILSONe WILLIAM K 2e€
WOLCOTTe NORMAN M

WOODe LAWRENCE A 2B2E

1CWEB WEATHER BUREAUe SEE 1CESS
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1D-AS ATOMIC SUPPORT AGENCY
BLANKs CHARLES A 2E2G2H
HAAS» PETER H

10-I1C ARMED FORCES INDUST COLLEGE
WARINGe JOHN A 2B3F

1D-RP ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJ AGENCY
RAVITSKYs CHARLES 3H

1D-S OFFICE OF SECRETARY
HAMMERSCHMIDTe WM W 2B

10-X DEFENSE MISC

CAMPAIGNE + HOWARD H
JACOBSe WALTER w 2B

1DA DEPARTMENT OF ARMY

1DABS ARMY BEHAVIORAL SCI RES LAB
UHLANERe JE

1DACE COASTAL ENGINEERING RES CTR
CALDWELL + JOSEPH M 2s
GALVINe CYRIL J YR 2H3F
SAVILLEe« THORNDIKE JR 2G62S

I1DACS OFFICE OF CHIEF OF STAFF
HONTGe JOHN G 262E3J
SASMORe ROBERT M 3J

1DAEC ARMY ELECTRONICS COMMAND
STREEVERs RALPH L JR

WETHEs WERNER K 2G2N3H

1DAER ENGINEER RES & DEV LABS

DINGER» DONALD B 2N
HARVALIKe Z V 2E2G63G
HASS» GEORGE H 3H

SEPTEMBER, 1968

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1DAHD HARRY DIAMOND LABORATORIES

APSTEIN»s MAURICE 2B2G2N
ARSEMe COLLINS 2B2G2N
DOCTOR+ NORMAN J 2N
GUARINOe P A 2N
HORTONe BILLY M 2B2N
KALMUSe HENRY P 2B2N
KLUTEs CHARLES H 2B2E
KOHLERe HANS WwW 2G2N3G
LANDISe PAUL E 2G
ROTKINe ISRAEL 2B2N3I
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1DAIP ARMED FORCES INST PATHOLOGY

MOSTOF Ie F K 38

1DARO ARMY RESEARCH OFFICE
LAMANNAs CARL 2Q2T
WEITSSe RICHARD A 2G2N

1DAWC WEAPONS COMMAND
HUDSONe COLIN M

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ALEXANDER+s AARON D 2Q2T
BOZEMANe F MARILYN 2Q2T
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BARNHART. CLYDE S 2F2G2Y
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1DN DEPARTMENT OF NAVY

I1DNAS NAVAL AIR SYSTEMS COMMAND
BURINGTONs RICHARD S 2B2G
MUELLERs HERBERT J

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REINHARTe FRED M 2u

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AMIRIKIANe ARSHAM 2R2S
HUTTONe GEORGE L 2Fec
WEBERe ROBERT S 2N2R

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KINGe PETER 2E2G AFRA
1DNOS NAVAL ORDNANCE SYSTEMS COMMAND
MAY* DONALD C UR AFRA
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ACHTERs MEYER R 2u AFRA
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2H HIGHER EDUCATION

2HAMU AMERICAN UNIVERSITY
CALLEN» EARL R 2B

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WOODs REUBEN E 2E3E AFRA

2HHOU HOWARD UNIVERSITY

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2HUMD UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND

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SEPTEMBER, 1968

VANDERSLICEs JOSEPH T 2B2E2G
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WHITE*s* CHARLES E& 2eE
ZWANZIGe*e ROBERT Ww 2B2G

2S SECONDARY EDUCATION

2SARC ARLINGTON COUNTY SCHOOLS
BRANDEWIEs DONALD F
KNIPLINGs PHOEBE H

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CONTEEs CARL T
JOHNSONe KEITH C 2B3G

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EULERe ELVIRA A
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2SSTA ST ALBANS SCHOOL
LEE» RICHARD H 3G

3 ASSOCIATIONS & INSTITUTIONS
3A ASSOCIATIONS

B3AAAS AMER ASSN FOR ADV OF SCIENCE
KABISCHe WILLIAM T 2G
MAYOR+ JOHN R 2G
WOLFLEe DAEL

3AACS AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

HARRISe MILTON 2eE
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3AAPS AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSN
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3ADIS DAIRY INDUSTRIES SUPPLY ASSN
WILLIAMSe DONALD H SIE

3AESA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC OF AMERICA
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BANCA NAT CANNERS ASSOCIATION
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3ANPL NATIONAL PLANNING ASSN
WOODe MARSHALL K 3J

BANPV NAT PAINT VAR & LACQUER ASSN
SCOFIELDs FRANCIS 2E3H

BANST NAT SCI TEACHERS ASSN
CULBERTe DOROTHY K 2G

BAOSA OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA

SANDERSONs JOHN A 2B3H
WARGAe MARY E 2B62E2G3H

3H HOSPITALS

BHDCG D C GENERAL HOSPITAL
PERKINSe LOUIS R

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147

31 INSTITUTIONS 3IWMI WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE
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BERCHs JULIAN B= AFRA ROSENBLATT+ DAVID 2B AFRA
BURAS* EDMUND M JR 2e AFRA ST GEORGE+ RAYMOND A 2D2F2L2Y AFRA
ELLISONe ALFRED H 2E AFRA STEVENSONs FREDERICK J AFRA
FOURTs LYMAN 2E AFRA TEELEs RAY P 2B2G3H AFRA
HOLLIES» NORMAN R S 2E AFRA THOMASe JAMES L AFRA
KRASNY* JOHN F AFRA WEBERe EUGENE w 262mM2R2S AFRA
MENKART* JOHN H 2E AFRA WEIL * GEORGE L 2638 AFRA
RADER: CHARLES A PE AFRA WORKMANe WILLIAM G 2621 AFRE
SCHWARTZ+s ANTHONY M 2e€ AFRA WYMANe LEROY. L 2G62U AFRA
SOOKNE« ARNOLD M 2E AFRA
WOLFHAMs LESZEK J 2E AFRA 4PHYS PHYSICIANS
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3I1ICE AMER INST OF CROP ECOLOGY BURKEs FREDERIC G 21 AFRA
NUTTONSONe M Y 2K AMRA DRAEGER+e R HAROLD AFNE
GANT+* JAMES @ UR 2621 AMRA
31I1IDA INST FOR DEFENSE ANALYSIS -STILL*s JOSEPH w 2B AFNA
BRADLEYe WILLIAM E 2N AMRA
LEIKINDe MORRIS C 3F AFRA 4X MISCELLANEOUS SELF-EMPLOYED
AXILROD+s BENJAMIN M 2B AFRA
3148S JOINT BD ON SCIENCE EDUCATION HOCHWALDe FRITZ G 2E2k AMRA
EDMUNDSe WADE M 2G62M2N38 AMRA MEYERHOFFe HOWARD A 2H AFNA
' PARK» J HOWARD 2N AFNA
3INAS NAT ACADEMY SCIENCES — NRC ROBERTS» ELLIOTT B 2B2G2R2S AFRE
COOLIDGE+ HAROLD J AFRA
DE CARLOe MICHAEL 2G AMRA S BUSINESS CONCERNS
GROVESe DONALD G AFRA
KLINGSBERGe CYRUS 3D AFRA SAPSY APPLIED SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY
MARSHALL» LOUISE H AFRA SMITHe BLANCHARD D 2N AFRA
MC KENZIE* LAWSON M 2B AFRA
SFEITZ:+ FREDERICK AFRA SARCO AVERBACH CORP
STEVENSe RUSSELL B 2k AFRA CLARKe GEORGE E JR AFRA
TAYLORe LAURISTON S AFRA
WEYL e« F JOACHIM 2B AFRA 5ASPR ASSOCIATED PRESS
CAREYs FRANCIS E AFRA
3INGS NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY
CARMICHAEL + LEONARD 2G2UN2T AFRA S5BIRE BIONETICS RESEARCH LABS
OEHSERe PAUL H 2B2D3F AFRA PALLOTTAs ARTHUR J 2E2T AMRA
31SCP STRUCT CLAY PROD RES FOUND S5BOEN BOWLES ENGINEERING CO
WATSTEINe DAVID AFRA BOWLESe ROMALD E 2w AFRA
31WAC WASHINGTON CATHEDRAL S5CODC CONTROL DATA CORP
HAMILTON» MICHAEL AMRA RABINOWs JACOB 2N AFRA

148

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY

OF SCIENCES

5ENDE ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT INC 6I1NWS INTERNATIONAL WOOL SECRETARIAT

MC CABEs LOUIS C 2E2G2R AFRA MIZELL+ LOUIS R 2e AFNA
5GEEL GENERAL ELECTRIC CO 6MOCO MONOCAN CONSUL ATE
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GILLMAN» JOSEPH L JR 2E2G2M202U) AFRA BROMBACHERs WG 2B3K AFRE
BROWNs EDGAR 202K AFRE
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RANDOLPH+ WILLIAM D AMRA CAMPBELL» FRANK L 2F2y AFRA
MOSHMANs JACK au AMRA CARDER» DEAN S AFNE
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ORDWAYs FRED D UR 2E2G3D AFRA CRAGOE»s CARL S 2B2G AFRE
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DEBORD+ GEORGE G 2620 AFNE
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DIEHL>+ WILLIAM w 202K AFRE
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FOOTEe PAUL D 2B AFRA
STELE TELEDYNE INC FRUSHe HARRIET L 2E2G AFRA
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FULTONs ROBERT A 2E2y AFNE
STRWS _TRW SYSTEMS GROUP GAFAFER» WILLIAM M AFNE
BRANDTNER+ FRIEDRICH J 2G2H AMRA SALTSOFE sO .S 2D peas
GARDNER» IRVINE C 2B2G3H AFRE
SVAEN VALUE ENGINEERING CO GELLFRe ROMAN F 2B2G63D AFRE
WEINBERGe HAROLD P 2u AFRA GIBSONe JOHN E AFNE
GIBSONe KASSON S 2B2G3H AFRE
SWAPO WASHINGTON POST GISH+ OLIVER H 2B AFNE
HASELTINEs NATE 2x AFRA GODFREY+ THEODORE B AFRA
GOLDBERG: MICHAEL 2B AFRA
6 FOREIGN & INTERNATIONAL GORDONe CHARLES L 2B2E2G AFRA
GRAF» JOHN E 2D2F 2G AFRA
6FAOR FOOD & AGRICULTURE ORGe UN GRANTe ULYSSES S III 2G62u2R2S AFRA
DAWSONe ROY C 2a AFRA GRAVATTs G FLIPPO 2K2L AFRE
LINGe LEE AFNA HALL» R CLIFFORD 26 AFRE

SEPTEMBER, 1968 149

HALLER» HERBERT L
HAMBLETONe EDSON J
HAMBLETONs JAMES I
HENLEY» ROBERT R
HERSEYs MAYO D

HOLL INGSHEAD+ ROBERT S
HOUGH+s FLOYD w
HUBBARDs DONALD
HUNTERs GEORGE w IIt
HUNTOON+s ROBERT D
JACKSONe HARTLEY H T
JACOB. KENNETH 0
JENKINSe ANNA E
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JOHNSTON» FRANCIS &
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JUHNe MARY

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KARRER»s ANNIE M H
KARRER+ SEBASTIAN
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KENK» ROMAN
KENNARDe RALPH B
KINNEYe JAY P
KNOPF +s ELEANORA B
KNOWLTONe KATHRYN
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LAMBERTs EDMUND B
LAMBERT+ WALTER D
LANGe WALTER B
LAPHAM. EVAN G
LINDQUISTe ARTHUR W
LINDSEYs IRVING
MADORSKYs SAMUEL L
MARTINe JOHN H
MATLACKe MARION B
MAUSS+ BESSE D

MC CLUREe FRANK J
MC KEE*® SAMUEL A

MC KIBBENe EUGENE G
MC KINNEYe HAROLD H
MC PHEE*« HUGH C
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NEPOMUCENEs SR ST JOHN
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JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

DU PONTs JOHN E& AMNA PAYNEs LAWRENCE E AFNA

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GORDON+ RUTH E _- 2a AFNA SCOTT» DAVID 6 ay AENA
GOULD+ IRA A AFNA SHAWs JOSEPH C 2T AFNA
HAKALAs REINO Ww AFNA SHIMKIN»s DEMITRI B AFNA
HALL « E RAYMOND 2D2G AFNA SHMUKLERe LEON AMNA
HALSTEAD+ BRUCE w 2T AFNA SHUL=Re KURT E 2B2E AFNA
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HANSEN» LOUIS S 2v AFNA SLACKs LEWIS AFNA
HARDER+ E C DENA SMART*+ J SAMUEL 2B AFNA
HERMANe ROBERT C 2B AFNA SMITHe HENRY L JR 2c AFNA
HIATTe CASPAR w 262Q AFNA SNODGRASS» REX J AFNA
HICKOXe GEORGE H 2G AFNA SONNe MARTIN AFNA
HOSTETTERe J C AFNE STAKMANs EC AFNE
HOWARDe GEORGE Ww AFNA STEVENSe ROLLIN E AFNE
HUNDLEYs JAMES M AFNA SWINGLEe CHARLES F AFNE
HUTCHINSe LEE M 2K2L AFNA TALTAFERROs WH AFNA
IMAT* ISAO AFNA TAUSSKYs OLGA AF NE
IRWINe GEORGE R 2B AFNA TEAL» GORDON K AFNA
JAMESe L H AFNL THABARAJ. G J AMNA
JAMESe MAURICE T 2F AFNA THOMPSON» JACK C 2x AFNA
JOHNSONe PHYLLIS T 2F2G AFNA TILLYERe E D AFNA
JORDANs GARY B 2N AMNA TOLL»* JOHN S AFNA
KARR» PHILIP R AFNA TULANEe VICTOR J AFNA
KEGELES« GERSON AFNA TUNELL e GEORGE 2H AFNA
LAMBs FRANK W 26 AFNA VESTINE*s E H AFNA
LEINERe ALAN L AFNA - YVINTIe® JOHN P 2B2G AFNA
LEVY» SAMUEL 202w2z AFNA VON HIPPEL*+ ARTHUR 26 AFNA
LIe HUI-LIN AFNA WELLMANe FREDERICK L AFNE
LICKLIDERe JOSEPH C R AFNA WILSONe RAYMOND E 2B2G AFNA
LIEBSONe SIONEY H 2B AFNA WINTe CECIL T AFNA
LILLY* JOHN C 2N2Z3H AFNA WULF se OLIVER R AFNE
LUDFORDe GEOFFREY S S AFNA YOUNGs DAVID A JR 2F AFNA
LYMAN+. JOHN AFRA ZELENe MARVIN 26 AFNA
MARCUSe MARVIN AFNA
SSUES SS 2 altel pe QCLUN CLASSIFICATION UNKNOWN
MARZKEe OSCAR T AFNA SASe Tor ennerean AFRA
MASONs EDWARD A AFNA

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OBOURNs ELLSWORTH 5S 2836 AFNA fa SIS Cle i Sil cote
OLIPHANTs MALCOLM w AFNA
OVERTONe WILLIAM C UR 2B2G AFNA QNCOC NOT CLASSIFIED BY OCCUPATION
‘PATTERSON® MARGARET E AFNA PEACOCK» ELIZABETH D AMRA

SEPTEMBER, 1968 151

2B

Classification by Membership in Affiliated Societies

2B PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON GAMOW+ GEORGE BNRNC AFNA
ABBOTe CHARLES G TRETD AFRE GARDNERe IRVINE C 7TRETD AFRE
ABELSON+ PHILIP H 3I1GEL AFRA GARNER» CLEMENT L 1CESS AFRE
ABRAHAMs GEORGE 1DNRL AFRA GELLER» ROMAN F 7TRETD AFRE
ALLEN» HARRY C JR 11BMI AFRA GHAFFARI+« ABOLGHASSEM 1XNAS) AFRL
APSTEIN+ MAURICE 1DAHD AFRA GIBSON» KASSON S 7TRETD AFRE
ARMSTRONG*+ GEORGE T 1CNBS AFRA GIBSONe RALPH £& 31APL AFRA
ARSEMs COLLINS 1DAHD- AMRA GISH»+ OLIVER H 7TRETD AFNE
ASLAKSONe CARL I 4CONS AFRA GLASSER» ROBERT G 2HUMD AFRA
ASTINe ALLEN V 1CNBS AFRA GOLDBERG. MICHAEL 7TRETD AFRA
AXILROD+ BENJAMIN M 4x AFRA GORDON+s CHARLES L 7TRETD AFRA
AXLER«e MARJORIE F BNRNC AFNA GRAY e ERNEST P 31 APL AFRA
BARBROWs LOUIS E 1CNBS AFRA GREENSPANe MARTIN 1CNBS AFRA
BASSe ARNOLD M 1CNBS AFRA GRISAMORE+ NELSON T 2HGWU AFRA
BEACHs LOUIS A 1DNRL AFRA GUILDNERe LESLIE A 1CNBS AFRA
BECKETT» CHARLES W 1CNBS AFRA HALL» WAYNE C 1DNRL AFRA
BEIJe K HILDING 7TRETD AFNL HAMMERSCHMIDT. WM W 1D-s AMRA
BEKKEDAHL» NORMAN 7TRETD AFNA HARRINGTON» MARSHALL C 1DFOS AFRA
BENESCHe WILLIAM 2HUMD AFRA HARRISONe« MARK 2HAMU AFRA
BENNETTe WILLARD H 8NRNC AFNA HARRISONe WILLIAM N 4CONS AFRA
BERLINER» ROBERT W 1HNIH AFRA HARTMANNe GREGORY K 1DNOL AFRA
BESTUL + ALDEN B 1CNBS AFRA HAUPTMANe HERBERT 1DNRL AFRA
BIBERSTEIN+s FRANK A JR 2HCUA AFRA HENDERSON» MALCOLM C 2HCUA AFRA
BLOOMe MORTIMER C 1DNRL AFRA HENN=Ye DAGMAR 2HGWU AMRA
BOGLE» ROBERT w BNRNC AFNA HERMACHs FRANCIS L 1CN3S AFRA
BRAATEN+s NORMAN F 1CESS AFRA HERMANe ROBERT C 8BNRNC AFNA
BRANSONe HERMAN 2HHOU AFRA HERSEYe MAYO D TRETD AFNA
BRECKENRIDGE*s F C TRETD AFRA — : HERZFELDe KARL F 2HCUA AFRA
BRICKWEDDE+ F G 8NRNC AFNL HEYDENe FRANCIS J 2HGEU AFRA
BROMBACHER»s W G 7TRETD AFRE HILL» FREEMAN K 3IAPL AFRA
BROWNe ALFRED E 8NRNC AFNA HILSENRATHs JOSEPH 1CNBS AFRA
BURGERS» J™M 2HUMD AFRA HOBBSe ROBERT B 1XGPO AFRA
BURINGTON»s RICHARD S 1DNAS AFRA HOFFMANe JOHN D 1CNBS AFRA
CALDWELL» FRANK R 7TRETD AFRE HOGE» ‘HAROLD J 1DAx AFNA
CALLENe EARL R 2HAMU AFRA HOLMGRENe HARRY D 2HUMD AFRA
CAMERONs JOSEPH M 1CNBS AFRA HONIGe JOHN G 1DACS AFRA
CANNONes E W 1CNBS AFRA HOOVERe JOHN I 1DNRL AFRA
CARROLL» THOMAS J 2HGwU AFRA HORTON. BILLY M 1DAHD AFRA
CLAIREs CHARLES N 7TRETD AFRA HUMPHREYSe CURTIS J 1DNOL AFNA
CLEVENe G W 1XTRA AFRA HUNTER»e WILLIAM R 1DNRL AFRA
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COLE + KENNETH S 1HNIH AFRA IRWINe GEORGE R 8BNRNC AFNA
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COOKse RICHARD K 1CESS AFRA JACOBS+ WALTER Ww 1D-xX AFRA
COSTRELL« LOUIS 1CNBS AFRA JENe CHIH K BIAPL AFRA
CRAGOEs CARL S 7TRETD AFRE JESSUP. RALPH S TRETD AFRA
CRANE+ LANGDON T JR 1XNSF AFRA JOHNSON» DANIEL P 1CN3S AFRA
CRAVENe JOHN P 1DNSP AFRA JOHNSONe KEITH C 2S0CP AFRA
CURTISSs LEON F TRETD AFNE JOHNSTONe FRANCIS E 7RETD AFRE
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DIAMONDe JACOB J 1CNBS AFRA KENNARDe RALPH B 7RETD AFRE
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DUERKSEN» JACOB A 7TRETD AFRE KEULEGANe GARBIS H 1DAx AFNA
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ELSASSER» WALTER M 2HUMD AFRA KURZWEGe HERMAN H 1XNAS AFRA
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FAUST» WILLIAM R 1DNRL AFRA LANDERe JAMES F 1CESS AFRA
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FULLMERs IRVIN H 7RETD AFRA LIPPINCOTTe ELLIS R 2HUMD AFRA.
FURUKAWAs GEORGE T 1CNBS AFRA LITOVITZe THEODORE A 2HCUA AFRA

152 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

LYNN» W GARDNER
MAC DONALDe WILLIAM M

MAENGWYN-DAVIESe G D
MAHAN» ARCHIE I
MALONEY» CLIFFORD J
MANDEL + JOHN
MARSHALL + WADE H
MARTONe L

MARVINe ROBERT S
MASONe* HENRY L
MASSEY* JOSEPH T
MAXWELL» LOUIS R
MAYER» CORNELL H
MAZUR» JACOB

MC CLAINe EOWARD F JR
MC CLURE+ FRANK T
MC ELHINNEY* JOHN
MC KENZIE+ LAWSON M
MC MILLEN+ J HOWARD
MC NESBY» JAMES R
MC PHERSON+ ARCHIBALD
MEARS» THOMAS W
MICKEY» WENDELL Vv
MILLIKEN» LEWIS T
MITTLEMANs DON
MOHLERs FRED L
MONCHICKs LOUIS
MORGAN» RAYMOND
MUEHLHAUSE» CARL O
MURPHY » LEONARD M
MYERS+ RALPH D
NICODEMUS+ ROBERT B
O KEEFE* JOHN A
OBOURN+ ELLSWORTH S
OEHSER» PAUL H
OVERTON+ WILLIAM C UR
PAGE» BENJAMIN L
PAGE+ CHESTER H
PARSONS» DOUGLAS E
PEISER» H STEFFEN
PERROS» THEODORE P
PHILLIPS» MARCELLA L
PIOREs ER

PLOTKINe HENRY H
POLACHEK+ HARRY
RADO+ GEORGE T
RAMBERG» WALTER
RAPPLEYE+ HOWARD S
READINGe+ OLIVER S
REICHELDERFER+ F W
RICHMOND» JOSEPH C
ROBERTS» ELLIOTT B
ROBERTSON+s RANDAL M
RODNEYs WILLIAM S
ROLLER» PAUL S
ROSENBLATT» DAVID
ROSENBLATT» JOAN R
ROSSINI+ FREDERICK D
ROTKIN» ISRAEL
RUBIN» ROBERT J
RUBIN*® VERA C

RUFF» ARTHUR W JR
SANDERSON+ JOHN A
SAYLOR+s CHARLES P
SCHAMP» HOMER w
SCHEER+ MILTON D
SCHINDLER» ALBERT I
SCHOONOVER+ IRL C
SCHUBAUER+ GALEN B
SCHUBERT+ LEO
SCHULMANs JAMES H
SCOTT» ARNOLD H
SEEBOTH» CONRAD M
SEEGER» RAYMOND J
SHAPIRO» MAURICE M
SHERLIN+ GROVER C
SHULER» KURT E
SILVERMAN+ SHIRLEIGH

SEPTEMBER, 1968.

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2C ANTHROPOLOGICAL
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EWERS* JOHN C

HERZFELDe REGINA F

MILLERe CARL F
MOOREe HARVEY C

REININGse PRISCILLA

SETZLER»+ FRANK

SMITHe HENRY L JR

STEWARTs+ T DALE

STIRLINGse MATHEW W

2D BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF

ALDRICHs JOHN w
BARSS+« HOWARD P
BISHOPP+ FRED C

BORTHWICKe HARRY A

BOWMANe THOMAS
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SOCIETY OF WASH

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153

2D-2E

HALL» E RAYMOND
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2E CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

ABELSONe PHILIP H
ALEXANDERe ALLEN L
ALEXANDER» BENJAMIN H
ALEXANDERe LYLE T
ALLEN* HARRY C JR
ALLISONe FRANKLIN E
ANDERSONe MYRON S
ANDERSONe WENDELL L
APPEL+ WILLIAM D
ARMSTRONGs* GEORGE T
AUSLOOSe PIERRE J
BAILEY+ WILLIAM J
BAKERe LOUIS C w
BATESe ROGER G
BEACHAMe LOWRIE M
BECKER+ EDWIN D
BECKETTs« CHARLES WwW
BECKMANNe ROBERT B
BEKKEDAHL + NORMAN
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BENNETTe MARTIN T
BERCH+s JULIAN
BEROZAe MORTON S
BESTUL»+ ALDEN B
BLANKe CHARLES A
BLOCKe STANLEY
BLOOMse MORTIMER C
BLUMs WILLIAM
BRAUERe GERHARD M
BREEDLOVE+ C H JR
BRENNERe ABNER
BROWNe ALFRED E
BROWNe WALTER E
BRUCKe STEPHEN D
BURAS+« EDMUND M JR
BURKe DEAN

CARHARTe« HOMER W
CARROLL+ WILLIAM R
CARRON>» MAXWELL K
CASSEL + JAMES M
CAUL*+ HAROLD J
CHEEK+ CONRAD H
CLARKe KENNETH G
COHN+ ERNST M
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COULSONs E JACK
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CREITZe E CARROLL
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CUTTITTAs FRANK
DARWENTs+ BASIL DE B
DAVIS+ MARION M
DAVIS+ RAYMOND

DE VOE+ JAMES R
DEITZ+ VICTOR R
DETWILER»e SAMUEL B JR

154,

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FORZIATIe« FLORENCE H

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FRAME ¢»

ELIZABETH G

FRANKLINe PHILIP J
FREEMANe ANDREW F
FREEMANe DAVID H
FREEMANe MONROE E
FRIEDMANe LEO
FRIESSe SEYMOUR L

FRUSHe

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FURUKAWAs GEORGE T
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GILLMAN+e JOSEPH L JR
GINNINGSe DEFOE C
GLASGOWs AUGUSTUS R JR

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GORDON’ CHARLES L
GORDONe NATHAN

GRAY e
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» EDWARD O
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HOCHWALDe FRITZ G
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JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

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SOOKNE+» ARNOLD M 3IGRI AFRA MERGU TET GRECHURE be aReTD ARMA
SPIES+ JOSEPH R LARNI AFRA MOLLARIe MARIO 7RETD AFRE
STEINHARDT+ JACINTO 2HGEU AFRA NELSONe RH BAESA AFRA
STERN+ KURT H 1DNRL AFRA came. anwtca te SeeEE WEE
STEVENS+ HENRY 7RETD AFRA Bede. aes 7RE<O., APGR

SEPTEMBER, 1968 155

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RAINWATER+s H IVAN 1ARRP AFRA DE PUEs LELAND A 1DNRL AFRA
REED» WILLIAM D T7RETD AFRA DE VOE+ JAMES R 1CNBS AFRA
RUSSELL e« LOUISE M 1ARFR AFRA DE wlTe ROLAND 1CNBS AFRA
SAILERe REECE I 1ARFR AFRA DEBORD. GEORGE G 7RETD AFNE
SCHECHTER» MILTON S . 1ARFR AFRA DETWILER» SAMUEL B 7RETD AFRA
SHEPARDe HAROLD H TRETD AFRA DICKSON» GEORGE ' 1CNBS AFRA
SIEGLER»+ EDOUARD H TJRETD AFRE DOFTe FLOYD §S 7RETD AFRE
SMITHs FLOYD F 1ARFR AFRA DOUGLAS*« CHARLES A 1CNBS AFRA
ST GEORGE» RAYMOND A 4CONS AFRA DRECHSLER» CHARLES 7RETD AFRA
THURMAN» ERNESTINE B LHNIH AFNA DUERKSEN» JACOB A 7RETD AFRE
TRAUBs ROBERT 2@HUMD AFRA DURBINe CHARLES G 1HFDA AFRA
TRAVIS+« CLARENCE W 1XDCG AMRA EDDY. BERNICE £ LHNIH AFRA
YOUNGs DAVID A JR 8BNRNC AFNA EDDY+ NATHAN B 4CONS AFRA
YUILL» JOSEPH § 7RETD AFRA EDMUNDS» WADE M 31UBS AMRA
ELLINGERe GEORGE A 7RETD AFRA

2G NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY ELSASSER» WALTER M 2HUMD AFRA
ABRAHAM. GEORGE 1DNRL AFRA EMERSONe WALTER B 7RETD AFRE
AKERSe ROBERT P 1HNIH AFRA ENNIS» WILLIAM B JR 1ARFR AFRA
ALLAN» FRANK D 2HGWU AMRA ETZEL+« HOWARD w 1XNSF AFRA
ALLENe HARRY C JR 1IBMI AFRA FAHEYs+ JOSEPH J 1IGES AFRA
ALLISON» FRANKLIN E 7RETD AFRE FARROWs RICHARD P BANCA AFRA
APPEL» WILLIAM D TRETD AFNE FAULKNERe JOSEPH A 1DNOL AFRA
APSTEINe MAURICE 1DAHD AFRA . FAUSTe WILLIAM R 1DNRL AFRA
ARMSTRONGe GEORGE T 1CNBS AFRA FELSENFELD»® OSCAR 8NRNC AFNA
ARSEMe COLLINS 1DAHD AMRA ' FERRELL» RICHARD A 2HUMD AFRA
ASLAKSONes CARL I 4CONS AFRA FISKe BERT 1DNRL AFRA
BABERS» FRANK H 1DAx AFNA FIVAZs ALFRED E TRETD AFRE
BARNHART»+ CLYDE S 1DAx AFNA FLETCHER» HEWITT G JR LHNIH AFRA
BARRETT» MARGARET D TRETD AFRA FLORINe ROLAND. E 1CNBS AFRA
BARSS» HOWARD P 7RETD AFNE FOCKLER+s HERBERT H 1HNLM AMRA
BEACHs LOUIS A 1DNRL AFRA FORDs DECLAN P 1TIRS AMNA
BEKKEDAHL » NORMAN 7RETD AFNA FOURNIER+ ROBERT O 1I1GES AFNA
SENDER» MAURICE 1HAPC AFRA FOXs M R SPIVEY LHFDA AFRA
BENJAMIN» CHESTER R 1ARFR AFRA FOXs ROBERT B 1DNRL AFRA
BESTUL.» ALDEN B 1CNBS AFRA FRANZe GERALD J 1DNSR AMRA
BISHOPP.» FRED C T7RETD AFNE FRIEDMANe LEO 8NRNC AFNA
BLANKe CHARLES A 1D-AS AMRA FRUSHe HARRIET L TRETD AFRA
BLOOMe MORTIMER C 1DNRL AFRA FULLMERe IRVIN H 7RETD AFRA
BLUMs WILLIAM 4CONS AFRE FURUKAWAs GEORGE T 1CNBS AFRA
BOGLE+ ROBERT Ww BNRNC AFNA FUSILL:O+. MATTHEW H 1XVET AMRA
BOSWELL» VICTOR R 1AX AFRA GABRIELSONe IRA N 3IWMI AFRA
BRANCATOe E L 1DNRL AFRA GALLOWAY*® RAYMOND A 2HUMD AFRA
BRANDTNERe FRIEDRICH J 5TRWS AMRA GANT« JAMES Q@ UR 4PHYS AMRA
BRENNERe+ ABNER 1CNBS AFRA GARDNER« IRVINE C 7RETD AFRE
BRIER* GLENN w 1CESS AFNA GARNER» CLEMENT L 1CESS AFRE
BROWNs ALFRED E BNRNC AFNA GEIL* GLENN w 1CNBS AFRA
BROWN» JOSHUA R C 2HUMD AFRA GELLERe ROMAN F 7RETD AFRE
BRUCKs STEPHEN D 2HCUA AFRA GIBSON» KASSON S 7RETD AFRE
BUGGSs CHARLES Ww 2HHOU =AFRA GILLMAN+ JOSEPH L UR SJOGI AFRA
BURINGTONe RICHARD S I1DNAS AFRA GINNINGSe DEFOE C 1CNBS AFRA
BURNETT* HARRY C 1CNBS AFRA GLASGOW» AUGUSTUS R JR 1HFDA AFRA
BUTLER+ FRANCIS E 1DNOL AMRA GLASSER+ ROBERT G 2HUMD AFRA
CALDWELL« FRANK R TRETD AFRE GLICKSMANe MARTIN E 1DNRL AFRA
CARHART*« HOMER WwW 1ONRL AFRA GORDON» CHARLES L 7RETD AFRA
CARLSTONe RICHARD C 1DNx AFNA GRAF e JOHN E 7TRETD AFRA
CARMICHAEL «+ LEONARD 3INGS AFRA ; GRANTe ULYSSES S III TRETD AFRA
CHAPINe EDWARD J 1DNRL AFRA GRISAMORE+ NELSON T 2HGwU AFRA
CHAPLINE+ WR 1AFOR AFRE: GUILDNER+ LESLIE A 1CNBS AFRA
CLARK» KENNETH G 7TRETD AFRE GURNEYe ASHLEY B 1ARFR AFRA
CLEVENe G W 1XTRA AFRA HACSKAYLOe EDWARD 1AFOR AFRA
COLWELL» RR 2HGEU AFRA HAGUE+ JOHN L 1CNBS AFRA
COTTAMs CLARENCE 8BNRNC AFNA HAINESe KENNETH A 1ARAO AFRA
COXs EDWIN L 1ARFR AFRA HALL +» E RAYMOND BNRNC AFNA
COYLE*+ THOMAS D 1CNBS AFRA HALL» R CLIFFORD 7RETD AFRE
CRAGOEs CARL §S 7RETD AFRE HALL « WAYNE C 1DNRL AFRA
CRANE*+ LANGDON T JR 1XNSF AFRA HALLER» HERBERT L 7RETD AFRA
teeta pmo) les SANS T: AMRA HAMBLETON+ EDSON J 7RETD AFRA
CULLINANs FRANK P TRETD AFRE HAMERe WALTER J 1CNBS AFRA
CURRANe HAROLD R 7RETD AFRE HAMILTONe C E MIKE 1xXFPC AMRA
CURTIS» ROGER Ww 1XGSA AFRA HAND+ CADET H JR BNRNC AFNA
CUTHILL+® JOHN R 1CNBS AFRA HANSENe IRA B 2HGWU AFRA
CUTKOSKYs ROBERT D 1CNBS AFRA HARDENBURG+ ROBERT E 1ARMR AFRA
CUTTITTAse FRANK 1IGES AFRA HARRISONe WILLIAM N 4CONS AFRA
DAVIS* MARION M 7RETD AFRL HARVALIKe Z V 1DAER AFRA
DAVISs RF 2HUMD AFRA HASKINSe CARYL P 3ICIW AFRA
DAVIS» STEPHEN S 2HHOU AMRA HAUPTMANe HERBERT 1DNRL AFRA
DAWSON» VICTOR C D 1DNOL AFRA HEINZE+ PETER H 1ARMR AFRA
DE CARLO» MICHAEL 3INAS AMRA HENDERSONe MALCOLM C 2HCUA AFRA

156 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

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HESSe* WALTER C S9CLUN AFRE MILLER. CARL F 7TRETO AFRE
HEWITT» CLIFFORD A LHNIH,, AMRA MILLER» CLEM O 1HFDA AFRA
HEYDEN+ FRANCIS J 2HGEU AFRA MILLER» ROMAN R 1DNRL AFRA
HIATT» CASPAR w BNRNC AFNA MILLIKENs LEWIS T 1CNBS AMRA
HICKOX»s GEORGE H BNRNC AFNA MISER*« HUGH D 1IGES AFRE
HICKS+ GRADY T 1DNRL AMRA MITCHELL» J MURRAY uR 1CESS AFRA
HILDEBRAND+s EARL M 1ARFR AMRA MOHLER+ FRED L JRETD AFRE
HILL» FREEMAN K 3IAPL AFRA MOORE+ GEORGE A 1CNBS AFRA
HOBBSs ROBERT B aE ae 2 MORAN» FREDERICK A 1XMDG AMRA
HOERINGs THOMAS C 3IGEL AFRA MORRIS+s J A IHNIH AMRA
HOLSHOUSERs WILLIAM L 1XTRA AFRA MYERS+ ALFRED T LIGES AFNA
HOUGH+s FLOYD w TRETD AFNA NELSONs-R H BAESA AFRA
HUBBARD« DONALD PRETO: <AFRA NEUENDORFFER+ J A 1DNX AFRA
HUNT» W HAWARD 1AMRP AMRA NICKERSON+ DOROTHY 7RETD AFRA
HUNTERe GEORGE wW III TRETDs “ARNE NIKIFOROFFe CC TJRETD AFRE
HUNTER» RICHARD S 5HUAS AFRA NOLLAe JOSE AB 4CONS AFNA
HUNTER» WILLIAM R 1DNRL AFRA ORDWAY. FRED D UR SMELP AFRA
HUTTONs+ GEORGE L 1DNFE AFRA OSER+ HANS J 1CNBS AFRA
INSLEYs« HERBERT 4CONS AFRA OSMUNe JAMES w 1GESS' SAPNA
JAYs« GEORGE E JR }HNIH° AFRA OVERTON+s WILLIAM C UR BNRNC AFNA
JENKINS» ANNA E 7FRETO AMNE OWENS* HOWARD B 2SPGC AFRA
JESSUP. RALPH S 7TRETD AFRA OWENS+* JAMES P 1IGES AFRA
JOHANNESEN® ROLF B 1CNBS AFRA PAGE+ BENJAMIN L 7TRETD AFRE
JOHNSONe PHYLLIS T B8NRNC AFNA PAGEe CHESTER H 1CNBS AFRA
JOYCE+ J WALLACE 1Sx AFRA PARSONS+« DOUGLAS & 7TRETD AFNE
JUDSON+s LEWIS v TRETD AFNE PASSAGLIA»s ELIO 1CNBS AFRA
KABISCHe WILLIAM T BAAAS AMRA PATTERSON+ WILBUR I 1ARNI AFRA
KAISERe HANS E 2HGWU AMRA PELL+ WILLIAM H 1XNSF AFRA
KARLE+ ISABELLA 1DNRL AFRA PITTSe JOSEPH w 1CNBS AFRA
KARRERe SEBASTIAN 7RETD AFRA POMMERs ALFRED M 1ARNI AFRA
KENKe ROMAN 7TRETD AFRA , POOS»s FRED w 7RETD AFRA
KENNARDs RALPH B TRETD AFRE PRO* MAYNARD J 1TIRS AFRA
KENNEDYs E R 2HCUA AFRA PUTNINSe PAUL H 1CESS AFRA
KESSLER» KARL G 1CNBS AFRA RAINWATER» H IVAN LARRP AFRA
KEULEGANe GARBIS H 1DAx AFNA RALL», DAVID P 1HNIH AFRA
KINGe PETER 1DNOR AFRA RANDS+« ROBERT D 7TRETD AFNE
KNOXe* ARTHUR S 1IGES AMRA RAPPLEYEs HOWARD S 7RETD AFRA
KOHLERe HANS w 1DAHD AFRA REED+ WILLIAM D TRETD AFRA
KOLB. ALAN C 1DNRL AFRA REHDER+ HARALD A 1XSMI AFRA
KREITLOWe KERMIT w 1ARFR AFRA REICHELDERFER. F W 4CONS AFRA
KULLERUDe GUNNAR 7TRETD AFRA REINHARTe FRANK wW 4CONS AFRA
LAMB» FRANK WwW BNRNC AFNA REYNOLDOSe+ HELEN L 1HFDA AMRA
LAMBERTs EDMUND B TRETD AFRE RICE*s FREDERICK AH 2HAMU AFRA
LANDISe PAUL E 1DAHD AFRA RICHMOND: JOSEPH C 1CNBS AFRA
LANGe WALTER B 7TRETD AFRE RINEHARTs* JOHN S 1CESS AFNA
LARRIMERe WALTER H 4CONS AFRE RIOCHe DAVID M 1DAWwR AFRA
LASHOF s+ THEODORE W 1CNBS AFRA ROBERTS+ ELLIOTT B 4x AFRE
LATTAs RANDALL 4CONS AFRE ROBERTS« RICHARD C 2HUMD AFRA
LENTZe PAUL L 1ARFR AFRA ROBERTSON+ RANDAL M 1XNSF AFRA
LIEBERMANs MORRIS 1ARMR AFRA ROBINSONe HENRY E 1CNBS AFRA
LLOYDe DANIEL B 2HFCC AFRA ROLLERe PAUL S SLIPR AFRA
LORINGse BLAKE M 4CONS AFRA ROTHe FRANK L 7RETD AFNE
LOVEs S KENNETH 1IGES AFRA RUFF e ARTHUR W JR 1CNBS AFRA
MAENGWYN-DAVIESe G D 2HGEU AFRA RUSSELLe LOUISE M 1ARFR AFRA
MANNINGs JOHN R 1CNBS AFRA RYALL»® A LLOYD 1ARMR AFRA
MARTINe JOHN H TRETD AFRE RYERSONes KNOWLES A 7TRETD AFNA
MARVINe ROBERT S 1CNBS AFRA SALISBURY+ HARRISON B 1D0FX AMNA
MARYOTTs+ ARTHUR A 1CNBS AFRA SALISBURYs LLOYD L 1DAwR AMRA
MASON+* HENRY L 1CNBS AFRA SANDOZ+ GEORGE 1DNRL AFRA
MATLACKs MARION B 7RETD AFRE SAVILLE+ THORNDIKE UR 1DACE AFRA
MAY» IRVING 1IGES AFRA SCHERTENLEI8»s CHARLES 6MOCO AMRA
MAYER» CORNELL H 1DNRL AFRA SCHMID>+ HELLMUT H 1CESS AFRA
MAYOR+ JOHN R BAAAS AFRA SCHOENINGe HARRY WwW TRETD AFRA
MAZURe JACOB 1CNBS AFRA SCHOOLEYe ALLEN H 1DNRL AFRA
MC CABE+ LOUIS C SENDE AFRA SCHOOLEYe JAMES F 1CNBS AFRA
MC CLELLANe WILBUR D 1ARFR AFRA SCHRECKER+ ANTHONY w LHNIH AFRA
MC CLURE+» FRANK J 7RETD AFRA SCHULTZ+ EUGENE S 7TRETD AFRE
MC CULLOUGHs NORMAN B 1HNIH AFRA SCOTT*+ ARNOLD H 7TRETD AFNE
MC ELHINNEYs* JOHN 1DNRL AFRA SERVICE+ JERRY H 7TRETD AFNE
MC INTOSHe ALLEN 2HUMD AFRA SETZLER+ FRANK M 7TRETD AFNE
MC KINNEY* HAROLD H 7RETD AFRE SHERLINe GROVER C 1CNBS AMRL
MC KOWNe BARRETT L 2SPGC AMRA SHROPSHIREe WALTER A 1XSMI AFRA
MC PHEEs HUGH C 7RETD AFRE SITTERLY* CHARLOTTE M 1CNBS AFRA
MC PHERSONe ARCHIBALD 4CONS AFRL SLAWSKY+« MILTON M 1DFOS AFRA
MEARSe THOMAS w 1CNBS AFRA SMITHe FRANCIS A 7TRETD AFNE
MERRIAMs CARROLL F 7RETD AFNA SMITHe NATHAN R TRETD AFNE
MIDERe G BURROUGHS JHNIH AFRA SMITHs PAUL A SRACO AFRA

; ! SEPTEMBER, 1968 | 157

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SNAVELYs BENJAMIN L 1DNOL AFRA WYMANe LEROY L 4CONS AFRA
SNAY* HANS G 1DNOL AFRA YOUDENes WILLIAM J 7TRETD AFRA
SORROWS+s HOWARD E 1CNBS AFRA YOUNGe ROBERT T JR 1DAHD AFRA
SPALDINGs DONALD H 1ARFR AFRA YUILL«® JOSEPH S 7TRETD AFRA
SPECHTs HEINZ LHNIH AFRA ZELEN« MARVIN BNRNC AFNA
SPOONERe CHARLES S JR- 5RAYC AFRA ZELENYe LAWRENCE 1ACMS AFRA
STAIRe RALPH 7TRETD AFRA ZIES* EMANUEL G 7TRETD AFRE
CSTBERECERUSSEEE TE 1ARFR AFRA ZWANZIGe ROBERT wW 2HUMD AFRA
STEPHANe ROBERT M LHNIH AFRA
STEVENSs HENRY 7TRETD AFRA 2H GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
STEVENSONe JOHN A 7TRETD AFRE ABELSONe PHILIP H 3IGEL AFRA
STEWARTs DEWEY 1ARFR AFRA BAKER» ARTHUR A 1IGES AFRA
STEWARTse T DALE 1XSMI AFRA BENNETT+ ROBERT R 1IGES AFRA
STIEHLERe ROBERT D 1CNBS AFRA BLANKe CHARLES A 1D-AS AMRA
SPREE s) PETER: IB 2HUMD AMRA BRANDTNERe FRIEDRICH J STRwS AMRA
STILLER+s BERTRAM 1DNRL AFRA CARRONe MAXWELL K 1IGES AFRA
STIMSONe HAROLD F TRETD AFRE CLARKe JOAN R 1IGES AFRA
STIRLINGs MATHEW W 7TRETD AFRA COHEEs GEORGE v 1IGES AFRA
STRINGFIELD+ VICTOR T 11GES AFRA L COOKE+ C WYTHE 7TRETD AFNE
SUMMERSONe WILLIAM H 1HFDA AFRA COOPERe G ARTHUR 1XSMI AFRA
SUTCLIFFEs WALTER D 7TRETDO AFRE CURRIERe LOUIS w 7TRETD AFNE
SWICKe CLARENCE H 7TRETD AFRA CUTTITTAse FRANK 1I1GES AFRA-
SWINDELLSe JAMES F 7TRETD AFRA DUNCANe HELEN M 1I1GES AFRA
TALBOTT+s F LEO 2HCUA AFRA FAHEY+s JOSEPH J 1I1GES AFRA
TAYLOR» JOHN K 1CNBS AFRA FAUST+« GEORGE T 1IGES AFRA
TEELEs RAY P 4CONS AFRA FORDs+ DECLAN P 1TIRS AMNA
THOMse HERBERT C S 1CESS AFRA FOURNIERe ROBERT O 1IGES AFNA
THURMANe ERNESTINE B IHNIH AFNA GALVINe CYRIL J JR 1DACE AFRA
TILDENs EVELYN 8B 7TRETD AFNE GAZINe CHARLES L 1XSMI- AFRA
TITUS*+ HARRY w 7TRETD AFNA GRATONs»s LOUIS C 4CONS AFNE
TODD» MARGARET R 11GES AFRA HAMILTONe C E MIKE 1XFPC AMRA
TORGESENe JOHN L 1CNBS AFRA HENDERSONe E P 1XSMI. AFRA
TORRESONe OSCAR w 7TRETD AFRE HOERINGe THOMAS C BIGEL AFRA
TOULMINs PRIESTLEY III 1IGES AFRA HOOKER+ MARJORIE 11GES AFRA
TRYONs MAX 1CNBS AFRA INSLEYe HERBERT 4CONS AFRA
VAN DERSAL + WILLIAM R 1ASCS AFRA KNOXe ARTHUR S 11GES AMRA
VAN EVERAs BENJAMIN D 2HGwU AFRA LANGe WALTER B TRETD AFRE
VAN TUYLe ANDREW H 1DNOL AFRA LEOPOLD.» LUNA B 1IGES AFNA
VANDERSLICEs« JOSEPH T 2HUMD AFRA LOVE+ S KENNETH 1IGES AFRA
VANGELI+ MARIO G 2HGWU AMRA MAGINe GEORGE B JR 1xXAEC AFRA
VINAL + GEORGE w 7TRETD AFNE MARTINe BRUCE D 1XMDG AFNA
VINTI«® JOHN P 8NRNC AFNA MAYs IRVING 11GES AFRA
VOLWILERe ERNEST H 7TRETD AFNA MC CABE. WILLIAM J 1xXFPC AMRA
VON HIPPEL» ARTHUR 8NRNC AFNA - MC KELVEYs VINCENT E 1IGES AFRA
WACHTMANe JOHN B JR 1CNBS AFRA MC KNIGHTFe EDWIN T ' 1IGES AFRA
WALKER» RAYMOND F 1DAx AFNA MEYERHOFFse HOWARD A 4x AFNA
WALKERe RONALD E 3BIAPL AFRA MILLERe J CHARLES 7TRETD AFNE
WALLENe IRVIN E 1XSMI AFRA e MILLER» RALPH L 11GES AFRA
WALTERs DEAN I 1DNRL AFRA MILLIKENe LEWIS T 1CNBS AMRA
WALTHERe CARL H 2HGwU AFRA MILTONe CHARLES 2HGWU AMRA
WARDs HENRY P TRETD AFRE MISERe HUGH D 1IGES AFRE
WARGA»s MARY E BAOSA AFRA MYERSe« ALFRED T 1IGES AFNA
WATERMANe PETER 1DNRL AFRA NAESERe CHARLES R 2HGWU AFRA
WATSONe BERNARD B SREAN AFRA NEUSCHEL e+ SHERMAN K 1IGES AFRA
WATTS+ CHESTER B 7TRETD AFRA NIKIFOROFFe C C 7TRETD AFRE
WEAVERe ELMER R 7TRETD. AFRE OLSENe HAROLD w 1IGES AMNA
WEBERs EUGENE Ww 4CONS AFRA -- OWENS» JAMES P 11IGES AFRA
WEIDLEINe EDWARD R 7TRETD AFNE PECORA»s WILLIAM T 1IGES AFRA
WEIHE*+ WERNER K 1DAEC AFRA PHAIRe GEORGE 11GES AFRA
WEIL *« GEORGE L 4CONS AFRA POMMERe ALFRED M 1ARNI AFRA
WEIRe CHARLES E 1CNBS AFRA ROMNEYe CARL F 1DFx AFRA
WEISSe FRANCIS J 1XLIC AFRA RUBEYe WILLIAM w 8NRNC AFNA
WEISS* FREEMAN A TRETD AFNE RUBIN» MEYER 1IGES AFRA
WEISS* RICHARD A 1DARO AFRA SALISBURYe HARRISON B 1 OFX AMNA
WENSCHe GLEN W 1XAEC AFRA SMITHe PAUL A SRACO AFRA
WETMOREe ALEXANDER 1XSMI AFRA SPICERe H CECIL 7TRETD AFNE
WHEELERs WILLIS H 1ARRP AMRA STEWARTe HARRIS B JR 1CESS AFNA
WHITTENs CHARLES A 1CESS AFRA STIFELe PETER B 2HUMD AMRA
WIEDEMANN»s HOWARD M 1Sx AFRA STRINGFIELDse VICTOR T 1I1GES AFRA
WILDHACKe WILLIAM A 1CNBS AFRA THAYERs+e THOMAS P 1IGES AFRA
WILSONe BRUCE L 1CNBS AFRA TODD + MARGARET R 1IGES AFRA
WILSONe RAYMOND E BNRNC AFNA TOULMINe PRIESTLEY III 1IGES AFRA
WINSTONe JAY S 1CESS AFRA TUNELL +» GEORGE 8NRNC AFNA
WISE+ GILBERT H 1ARFR AMRA WESTe WALTER S 11IGES AMNA
WOLFF e EDWARD A S5GEON AFRA WITHINGTONe CHARLES F 1I1GES AFRA
WORKMANe WILLIAM G 4CONS AFRE YODERe HATTEN S JR 3IGEL AFRA
WRENCHe CONSTANCE P LHNIH AMRA ZEN+e E-AN 1I1GES AFRA
WRENCHs JOHN w JR 1DNSR AFRA ZIES* EMANUEL G 7TRETD AFRE-

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2i1 MEDICAL SOCIETY OF THE DIST OF COL WHEELERe WILLIS H 1ARRP AMRA
BERNTON» HARRY S 4PHYS AFRA wOODS+ MARK w LHNIH AFRA
BROWNe THOMAS M 2HGWU AFRA YOCUMs L EDWIN 7RETD AFNE
BURKEs FREDERIC G 4PHYS AFRA
GANT« JAMES Q JR 4PHYS AMRA 2L SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS
HAWTHORNE s EDWARD Ww 2HHOU AFRA BRYANs MILTON M 1AFOR AMRA
MC CULLOUGHe NORMAN 8B 1HNIH AFRA CHAPLINEs wR 1AFOR AFRE
RIOCH+ DAVID M 1DAWR AFRA DETWILER+ SAMUEL B 7TRETD AFRA
ROSE+ JOHN C 2HGEU AFRA - DHILLONe P S 4CONS AMNA
TIDBALL+ CHARLES S 2HGWU AFRA FIVAZe ALFRED € 7TRETD AFRE
WORKMANes WILLIAM G 4CONS AFRE FOWELLSe HARRY A 1ARAO AFRA

GRAVATT+ G FLIPPO TRETD AFRE

2J COLUMBIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY HACSKAYLOs EDWARD 1AFOR AFRA
CARMICHAEL « LEONARD BINGS AFRA HOFFMANs JOHN D 1CNBS AFRA
GRANTs ULYSSES S II! TRETD AFRA HOFFMANNe CLARENCE H 1ARFR AFRA

HOPPs HENRY 1Sx AFRA

2k BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON HUTCHINSe LEE M BNRNC AFNA
ADAMS CAROLINE L 2HGwWU = AMRA JEMISON+ GEORGE M 1AFOR AFRA
BAMFORDs RONALD 2@HUMD AFRA KINNEYe JAY P TRETDOD AFNE
BARSS« HOWARD P TRETO AFNE GITTEEs, ELBERT it. JR 1AFOR AFRA
BENJAMINe CHESTER R 1ARFR AFRA MORRISSs DONALD J TRETD AFNE
BORTHWICKs HARRY A TRETD AFRA PARKERs KENNETH W 1AFOR AFRA
BROWNe EDGAR TRETD AFRE POPENOEs WILSON 7TRETD AFNE
BROWNe RUSSELL G 2HUMD AFRA ROBERTSON*+ RANDAL M 1 XNSF AFRA
CASHe EDITH K TRETOD AFRE SANTAMOURs FRANK S JR 1ARFR AFRA
CHAPLINEs® W R 1AFOR AFRE ST GEORGE+ RAYMOND A 4CONS AFRA
COOKe HAROLD T 1ARMR AFRA STRINGFIELDe VICTOR T 11GES AFRA
COOKs ROBERT C SPORB AFRA
COONSe GEORGE H TRETD AFRE 2M WASHINGTON SOCIETY OF ENGINEERS
CULL INANe FRANK P TRETO AFRE ABRAHAMs GEORGF 1DNRL AFRA
DERMENe HAIG TRETD AFRE ASLAKSONe CARL I 4CONS AFRA
DETWILER» SAMUEL B TRETD AFRA BELSHEIMs ROBERT O 1ONRL AFRA
DIEHL s+ WILLIAM w TRETD AFRE BIBERSTEINe FRANK A JR 2HCUA AFRA
DRECHSLER»+ CHARLES TRETD AFRA BRAATENe NORMAN F VCESS AFRA
DUTILLYe ARTHEME 2HCUA AFRA BRANCATOse EL 1DONRL AFRA
EGOLFe DONALD R 1ARFR AFRA CLALREe« CHARLES N TRETD AFRA
FARR»se MARIE L 1ARFR AFRA CLEAVERs OSCAR P OCLUN AFRA
GALLOWAYs+ RAYMOND A 2HUMD AFRA DE VOREe CHARLES 1DNOR AMRA
GRAVATT+ G FLIPPO TRETD AFRE EDMUNDS+« WADE ™ 31J4BS AMRA
HACSKAYLO+s EDWARD 1AFOR AFRA GARNERe CLEMENT L ICESS AFRE
HAMMONDe H DAVID BNRNC AMNA GILLMANe JOSEPH L JR SJOGI AFRA
HEINZEs« PETER H 1ARMR AFRA KAUFMANe H PAUL TRETD AFNA
HILDEBRANDs EARL M 1ARFR AMRA MASON» MARTIN A 2HCIT AFRA
HOCHWALDs FRITZ G 4X AMRA MC KIBBENe EUGENE G T7RETD AFRA
HUTCHINS+ LEE M 8BNRNC AFNA MEBS~* RUSSELL W 1CNBS AFRA
JENKINSe ANNA E TRETD AMNE RAPPLEYE« HOWARD S TRETD AFRA
KRAUSSe ROBERT w 2HUMD AFRA RICHMONDe JOSEPH C 1CNBS AFRA
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SEPTEMBER, 1968. 159

2N-28

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160 JOURNAL-OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

28-2W

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SEPTEMBER, 1968 | 161

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164 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON A

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i Delagatee continue in office until new selections are made by the rote weit i

Volume 58 SEPTEMBER 1968
CONTENTS
1968 Directory
General Informatiton ss... «dicsipfaes hrs cook ganar ah ia
Alphabetical List of Members .........0000....:001:1.y ses vesnsssssvssoisercnmanecen 7

_
7
he

Classification by Place of Employment es

Classification by Membership in Affiliated Societies

Washington Academy of Sciences

Rm. 29, 9650 Rockville Pike (Bethesda) a
Washington, D. C. 20014 Washingt
Return Requested with Form 3579 ‘on

VOLUME 58 NUMBER 7

Journal of the
WASHINGTON
ACADEMY OF
SCIENCES

OCTOBER 1968

Ane
ey

o
s
ie

a:
4 a,

: v

Engineering Geology—lIts Role
In the Development and Planning
Of the Washington Metro*

Larry H. Heflin

Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, Washington, D.C.

The Washington Metropolitan Area is
the fastest growing region of over two
million population in the United States.
With few exceptions it is one of the
largest cities in the United States without
a system of rapid rail transit. Congress
provided for creation in 1960 of the Na-
tional Capital Transportation Agency,
forerunner to the present interstate Wash-
ington Metropolitan Area Transit Author-
ity. This agency, charged with develop-
ment and construction of a rapid rail
transit system for the nation’s capital,
dealt with many pitfalls, real and
imagined, in developing a design for the
Metro. One of the most often cited ob-
stacles against construction of a subway
was the rumored “bad ground”, the er-
ratic water courses, and the unquestioned
varying geology of the Washington area.

Within the limits of the city of Wash-
ington are found two distinct physio-
graphic provinces which embrace, within
their parts, a need for the entire gamut of
construction techniques and the resulting
demand for a wide range of information
on the physical characteristics of the ma-
terials encountered. The Piedmont prov-
ince consists of metamorphic rocks cov-
ered, to the east, by the unconsolidated

* An address before the Association of Engi-
neering Geologists on September 15, 1967. Mr.
Heflin is currently chairman of the Association’s
Baltimore-Washington Section.

OCTOBER, 1968

sediments of the Coastal Plain province.
(For a more detailed description of gen-
eral Washington geology, see Withington,
J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 56, 1967.) The point
of contact is the fall line, originally de-
fined by joining points where rivers or
streams grade from the more resistant
Piedmont rocks to the softer sediments of
the Coastal Plain. At this point falls or
rapids are developed. The contact be-
tween the two rock types dips southeast-
ward at 60 to 125 feet per mile. Hence,
the same rocks seen at Rock Creek are
buried some 300 feet below sea _ level
beneath the Capitol. For engineering pur-
poses the intersection of the transit profile
with this contact becomes, within wide
limits, the dividing line between rock tun-
nel construction and earth tunneling or
cut and cover methods where a subsurface
route is called for. The line thus defined
intersects the basic transit system at three
points: near Blair Park, between Lafay-
ette Park and Farragut Square, and just
south of the Pentagon.

Subsurface profiles along the lines of
the studied routes have been plotted by
grouping the materials into broad geo-
logic categories and _ subdividing this
grouping according to the physical prop-
erties of the materials encountered. Five
major categories of materials have thus
been segregated: bedrock, Cretaceous sedi-
ments, Pleistocene terrace deposits, recent
river alluvium, and “drainage channels

165

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Pentagon

Pentagon (
@

City

, S. Capitol

AUTHORIZED BASIC SYSTEM
RAPID RAIL TRANSIT

166 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

and (man-made) fills.”

Bedrock

Bedrock consists, along the routes
studied, of crystalline metamorphic schists
and gneiss of Precambrian age. The main
rock types encountered are mapped under
the broad categories of schistose gneiss,
chlorite schists, and quartz-diorite gneiss.

The schistose gneiss unit, as broadly
identified, includes complex interfinger-
ings of varying amounts of quartz-horn-
blende gneiss, and quartz-biotite gneiss.
The relationship between these rock types
cannot be seen in the individual widely
spaced boreholes but by the use of closely
spaced cores, the borehole camera, and
in situ physical testing with the Menard
Pressuremeter, a closer correlation of
these rock types can be determined in
station areas. For design purposes this
broad category of schistose gneiss appears
sufficient. An increase in the percentage
of hornblende-gneiss apparently correlates
with a decrease in the modulus of elas-
ticity and compressive strength whereas
an increase in quartz content generally
tends to raise these values. The schistose
gneiss is the broadly mapped bedrock
from Klingle Valley on Connecticut Ave-
nue southward and is of primary design
interest along the Connecticut Avenue
route and the Pentagon route. The latter
includes the river crossing just north of
Roosevelt Island.

The chlorite schist unit, corresponding
to the soapstone mapped by others from
outcrops west of the fall line, is mapped
primarily at the transit crossing of Rock
Creek Park. A zone of chlorite schist oc-
curs in the running tunnel section extend-
ing northward from here through the
Woodley Road Station location. The oc-
currence of talc and joint planes fre-
quently altered to clay makes the chlorite
schist the least desirable of the bedrock
units from a structural standpoint.

The quartz-diorite gneiss unit is the
most structurally favorable bedrock en-
countered and has, in general, the least

OcTOBER, 1968

support requirement. This material is
found north of Klingle Creek and con-
tinues, with intermixings of schistose
gneiss, to the northern terminus of the
basic system near Van Ness Street. Often
described as “granite gneiss”, “biotite
granite”, or in older literature, as “bas-
tard granite”, this material is broadly
banded with a makeup of 80 to 90%
quartz and feldspar.

Saprolite is encountered in remnants
over 60 feet thick northwest of the fall
line. East of the fall line erosion has re-
moved much of this material, leaving an
average thickness of about 5 feet. This
material, the decomposed remnants of the
underlying bedrock, has been treated as a
soil for testing purposes. The standard
penetration resistance of the saprolite
ranges from a low of 4 or 5 blows per
foot in shallow, highly weathered areas to
a range of 50 to 100 blows per foot in the
deeper, less altered sections. The material
corresponds to a sandy loam where en-
countered over the diorite gneiss, and de-
creases in sandiness over the chlorite
schist and schistone gneiss bedrocks. In-
crease in natural moisture content cor-
responds to a decrease in strength. In
the higher, more deeply weathered areas
west of the fall line, the transition from
saprolite to bedrock is transitional; the
contact becomes sharper and more easily
defined east of the fall line.

Cretaceous Sediments

Cretaceous sediments overlie weathered
bedrock throughout most of downtown
Washington. Mapped predominantly as
the Potomac Formation, these sediments
dip gently southeastward and range from
weathered softened clayey materials along
the northern portions of the B&O-C&O
tracks to very firm materials sampled
only with difficulty in most of the down-
town area. Underpinning piling with a
general working load capacity in the
range of 60 to 80 tons may be carried to
the Cretaceous where required in _ the
downtown area, and where the depth to

167

ADOPTED REGIONAL

SYSTEM

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crystalline bedrock is too great. Along
the “G” Street portion of the line, the
elevation of the top of the Potomac
Formation is generally near elevation

30:

Pleistocene Terrace Deposits

Pleistocene terrace deposits overlie the
cretaceous as a complexly interlayered se-
ries of lenses of gravel, sand, silt, and
clay mixtures. It is these materials which

168

Doe amma e KING uf

Saul NGTON

4) we
7
hy,

csi 5

are of primary concern in the open cut
and cover and earth-tunnel construction
methods proposed for the downtown sec-
tions of the subway. Many of the clays
encountered have been stiffened by des-
iccation to as much as 40 feet below sea
level, giving them a prestress of nearly
one ton per square foot. The swelling
index of some of the clay layers has been
computed as 0.015, which can, where
these clays are thickest, produce a swell

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

and subsidence of between one and two
inches during construction. Draw-down of
groundwater levels will, in the down-
town area, be no greater than dewatering
which has already taken place for previ-
ous excavations for structures near the
proposed lines. Previous dewatering by
others for these excavations has resulted
in no evidence of detrimental settlements.

River Alluvium

Recent deposits of river alluvium have
been encountered only near and beneath
much of the Potomac in the exploration
of the route leading to the Pentagon.
These deposits are generally the weakest
structurally of the in sitw sediments tested.
Two time divisions of deposition appear:
an older organic sand with a standard
penetration resistance of about 15 blows
per foot and a younger silty to sandy
clay with lenses of peat with an average
blow count of about 5 per foot. The al-
luvium overlies the schistose gneiss where
the river bed has not been scoured clean;
it also fills stream channels that enter the
Potomac from the southwest. Tests show
the upper alluvium has been pre-consol-
idated by drying which occurred at some
time of lower sea level, probably during
the last glacial period some 10,000 years
ago.

Artificial Fill

Filling and grading of irregular top-
ography has been extensive in Washington.
Reference to old maps shows extensive fill-
ing operations along almost all points of
the waterfront, resulting in much man-
made land, including East Potomac Park,
the National Airport area, and much of
the Navy Yard and Southwest Mall area.
The Mall area was largely a low-land
swamp at the time of the settlement of
Washington’s predecessor towns: George-
town, just upstream of Rock Creek;
Hamburgh, in the Foggy Bottom area
near George Washington University and
the State Department; and Carrollsburg,
bordering the Anacostia River (then the
Eastern Branch) near the present Buz-

OCTOBER, 1968

zards Point. The watergate was the mouth
of Goose (or Tyber) Creek fed in turn
by the drainage of Goose Creek (approxi-
mately paralleling Delaware Avenue
north, and about a block to its west) and
St. James Creek (approximately parallel-
ing Delaware Avenue south, and about a
block to its east). The topography in this
area was dominated by Jenkins Hill, made
up of materials from the 90-foot terrace
to the east and the 50-foot terrace to
the west of what is now the west front
of the Capitol. United States Coast and
Geodetic Survey maps dated 1893 were
used to plot the original rolling topog-
raphy of the route of Connecticut Avenue.
Dramatic changes to this area have oc-
curred as a result of grading. Several
cuts of over 40 feet have removed hills
and provided fills of nearly equal depth.
Undisturbed samples of saprolite used as
fill frequently show the original struc-
ture disoriented but undisturbed, and test-
ing proves the material’s retention of a
natural pre-consolidation found in the in-
situ material.

The Connecticut Avenue route, between
De Sales and L Streets, crosses the rem-
nants of a Pleistocene lowland called
Walker Swamp, as well as the drainage
channel of Slash Run, a historical stream
that drained westward to Rock Creek and
was later covered with nearly 15 feet of
fill. The 1791 topographic map of Lau-
rence LaFarge was used in establishing
the original ground contours here. The
soft organic Pleistocene clays of Walker
Swamp, which contain the well known
cypress stumps, will provide no especial
engineering problems to the open cut
construction proposed for this section.
(For more detailed information on the
Walker Swamp, see Knox, J. Wash. Acad.
Sct. 56, 1966)

Groundwater

Close observations have been made on
wells maintained along the proposed lines
of the basic system since 1966, a period
covering the exceptionally dry period of

169

August 1966 and near normal rainfall con-
ditions in the following year. The maxi-
mum range between the observed ground-
water record high and record low was 16
feet, although the typical yearly varia-
tion is expected to be about 5 feet. As
might be expected, permeability generally
decreases with depth and increasing age of
the deposits, ranging from a low perme-
ability coefficient for bedrock, which has
a median of 4 x 10~*fpm. Major ground-
water problems are not expected to occur
during construction, and the pumping
rate for open excavations will not be ex-
cessive. Extensive pumping tests have been
run in Lafayette Square, N. W.; near the
intersection of Canal and D Streets, S. W.;
and New York Avenue and 12th Streets,
N. W. The Lafayette Square pit involved
excavation of a 66-foot deep shaft through
the Pleistocene deposits to weathered
bedrock and steady pumping for 30 days.
Average water flow measured during a
10-day stabilized period in the Layfayette
pit was only 4.6 gpm while incurring only
small measurable drawdowns.

Both soil and water were analyzed in
a corrosion testing program instituted to
permit the evaluation of potential cor-
rosion tendencies on underground siruc-
tures associated with the subway system.
Soils proved to be generally acidic with
a pH ranging from 5.0 to 6.1. Average
percentage of total chlorides as NaCl was
0.031 and of sulfates as SO, was 0.004.
The average resistivity of soils was about
8,000 ohms/cm? varying as the inverse of
the plasticity index and with increasing
grain size of the material sampled. Gen-
eral values of resistivity of the recent de-
posits ranged from an average of 14,330
ohm/cm? for gravelly sands to 7,950
ohms/cm? for silty clays, and 4,940
ohm/cm? for clays. Organic Pleistocene
clays averaged 5,720 ohms/cm?. Water
corrosion test data are generally con-
sistent although an expected variation
was found in samples taken from filled
areas. Bicarbonates provide a mild alkalin-
ity, in the range of 7.3 to 7.9, in sam-

170

ples from the soils and bedrock. A more
pronounced alkalinity, from both car-
bonates and_ bicarbonates, occurs in
filled areas. Chloride and sulfate con-
tents were found to decrease with the in-
creasing age of the overburdened de-
posits. The topmost fill deposits showed
respective values of 89 and 178 ppm. The
average for recent deposits was between
40 and 69 ppm, and for Pleistocene de-
posits 25 and 32 ppm. Water samples
analyzed from saprolite and_ bedrock,
however, average 75 ppm chloride and 67
ppm sulfate.
Conclusions

The subsurface investigation for the 25-
mile basic system will, upon its comple-
tion, have included the drilling of over
600 borings and the retention of over 15
tons of rock and soil samples for inspec-
tion by section designers, prospective bid-
ders, and contractors. Some 25 geological
reports have provided the source of the
conclusions cited herein. These reports
have been completed by the Authority’s
General Soils Consultant, Mueser, Rut-
ledge, Wentworth & Johnston of New
York City, for the National Capital Trans-
portation Agericy and the Washington
Metropolitan Area ‘Transit Authority.
Final reports for. each of the four routes
of the authorized basic system are also
being prepared.

The type of construction required and
the variety of subsurface materials to be
dealt with have posed a challenge in de-
sign and construction techniques and will
provide an excellent opportunity to eval-
uate and compare alternative construc-
tion methods, especially in tunnel driving
techniques. Aesthetic and economic con-
siderations have led to the decision to
put some 14 miles of the basic system in
subway, 2 miles as aerial construction and
9 miles as surface construction.

Investigations have already begun on a
97.2-mile adopted regional system. First
rapid rail transit service is scheduled for
1972, with completion of the basic system
in 1974, and the regional system in 1980.

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Flight from Paris*

Ernst M. Cohn

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D. C.

Astronomically, the Franco-German
War** was poorly timed, in view of the
fact that it included December 22, 1870.
On that day, an eclipse of the sun was to
be visible in Algeria. The war would have
been of small consequence to astronomers
if France had been winning. But the Ger-
man confederation kept advancing almost
from the very start (July 19), so that
several armies had surrounded Paris and
cut it off from free France and the rest of
the world by September 19; until its sur-
render on January 28, 1871, the only reg-
ular, non-diplomatic | communications
were via the world’s first airlift—by bal-
loon out of, and by homing pigeons into,
the capital of France.

For a while it looked as though astron-
omer Jules Janssen would not be able to
leave in time for observing the eclipse.
That is why his British colleagues had
petitioned Prussia for a safe-conduct pass,
to let Janssen and his equipment go
through the investment lines. Chancellor
Bismarck had notified U.S. Ambassador
Washburne that the request was approved
and had asked him to inform the Paris
government of this fact. But Janssen re-
fused the offer, not wanting to accept

* A sequel to Mr. Cohn’s article, “First Portable
and First Airborne Electric System,” that ap-
peared in the May 1968 Journal. Curiously, the
hero of the present story, Jules Janssen, appears
to be the same astronomer who is discussed in
Thomas E. Margrave’s paper, “Review of Early
Photographic Observations of Solar Granulation,”
in the April 1968 issue of the Journal.

** Often called the Franco-Prussian War, de-
clared by Emperor Louis Napoleon on July 19,
1870, against King Wilhelm of Prussia; ended by
treaty signed on May 10, 1871, between the
German Empire and the French Republic.

OCTOBER, 1968

any favors from the enemy. Instead, he
proposed departing by balloon. The Acad-
emy of Sciences and the Bureau of Longi-
tudes supported his plan; and the Minis-
try of Public Instruction donated a bal-
loon for this sole purpose.

Paris had long since run out of old silk
balloons. Two private companies were
chartered in September to mass-produce
new cotton ones. Most of the gas bags,
varnished with linseed oil, held 70,000
cubic feet of coal gas, enough to lift a
one-ton payload. The wicker baskets, 4x4
feet in area and 3 feet high, held two
benches and were considered ample for
four aeronauts. Both factories were lo-
cated in temporarily useless railway ter-
minals, where the new pilots received
their training, too. Thirty of the 66 airlift
pilots were sailors, because - sailing
through the air was considered to be com-
parable to sailing the seas.

Janssen’s balloon, the “Volta,” was
piloted by a sailor named Chapelain,
from the ship ‘“Zénobie.” The balloon,
manufactured under the direction of the
Godard family of professional balloon-
ists at the Gare d’Orléans (now called
Gare dAusterlitz), cost about 4,000
francs ($800), including the pilot’s fee
of 300 francs. The fee was reduced to 200
francs during the siege, but the exact date
seems not to be known anymore. The
weight of the “Volta,” translated into
pounds, was

Balloon with accessories .............. 1144 lbs.
Astronomical instruments ................. 352
Janssen and Chapelain ................ 330
Sand-bag ballast ...... valet 1254
a eee eee 3080 lbs.
171

Though it had been hastily constructed
in 12 days or less, there being a penalty
of 50 francs per day for any delay, this
aérostat had proven itself airworthy by
not losing any large amounts of gas dur-
ing several days of inflation before de-
parture. It was equipped with an equa-
torial parachute, a Godard invention, con-
sisting of a 3-foot wide strip of material.
One edge was fastened around the equator
of the gas bag, the other to the ropes of
the net. It was supposed to slow down
the descent.

To minimize the weight, Janssen took
along only the most important portions of
three telescopes, spectroscopes, polarim-
eters, barometers, etc., and planned on
buying the remainder at a large town on
the way. Interchangeable duplicate parts
were also packed in case of breakage
upon landing. Each of the 4 heavy wooden
cases contained instruments and _ spare
parts, all separately packaged in tightly
wadded, shredded paper. The boxes, held
together by screws, strapped with iron
tapes, and externally padded, were ar-
ranged around the basket and mounted
just above the floor to avoid shocks.

Janssen and Chapelain left Paris on
December 2 in the 36th manned siege bal-
loon, without the usual mail bags and
cages of homing pigeons that were car-
ried by most of the government-chartered
balloons. Because the Germans had cap-
tured the crews of three balloons and
threatened to court-martial aerial P.W.’s
as spies and line-crossers, Paris had de-
cided to shift from publicized day to se-
cret night starts. But the poor experience
of several of these night flights that al-
most ended in the Channel and the North
Sea (the loss of one balloon off Lizard
Point was not yet known) had finally
convinced the authorities to shift the de-
parture time to the early morning hours.

Released at 6 a.m., the “‘Volta” was im-
mediately lightened by four sand _ bags,
about 100 pounds, and rose to 3000 feet.
The lights and fires of Paris disappeared
rapidly as the baloon moved towards the

L772

southwest. At 6:30 a fifth sand bag was
emptied. From 7:15 on, Janssen could
read his instruments and took frequent
thermometer and barometer readings. The
sunrise at 7:35 caused the air to cool
rapidly, and more sand was released.
Ten minutes later, the sun started to heat
the gas bag and to spin the balloon be-
cause of uneven heating. Flying at 50
m.p.h. and in clear weather, the aero-
nauts could see the ground in great de-
tail. By 9:45 they were at their peak alti-
tude, 6500 feet. About 11:15, Janssen
noted from the more numerous lakes, the
wider river beds, and the flatter land that
they were approaching the sea coast. He
asked Chapelain to open the gas valve.
Realizing that they were now dropping
too fast, he made Chapelain empty 3 sand
bags. The maneuver was repeated twice
more. At a height of 160 feet, Chapelain
released the 1000-foot long drag rope—
about three times the usual length, as re-
quested especially by Janssen.

After clearing a tower by quickly
dumping sand, they dropped anchor,
opened the vent, and were dragged

through an orchard and hedge rows. The
anchor caught on a tree and broke, but
the drag rope finally stopped the “Volta”
at 11:30. Farmers helped hold the balloon
until it was deflated near the village of
Briche-Blanc, community of Beuvron, ar-
rondissement of Saint-Nazaire. As Jans-
sen learned from the stream of people on
foot and on horse that had followed the
balloon, its passage over Mamers at 9
a.m. had already been telegraphed to
LeMans and to Tours.

The balloon was packed into the basket
and all equipment carted to the station.
Despite rumors, the astronomical equip-
ment had been unscathed. Janssen and
Chapelain were the guests of a local land-
owner, Monsieur Paul Serrant, and en-
joyed a mid-day dinner such as had be-
come unobtainable in beleaguered Paris—
eges, butter, and poultry. The luncheon
was not exactly undisturbed, since every
local dignitary appears to have dropped

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

in to meet the balloonists and get first-
hand news about Paris. The aeronauts
and their balloon were then taken by
special train to Nantes and from there
went to Tours, the temporary government
seat, where they arrived at 1] p.m.

In Tours, Janssen reported to Post-
master Steenackers, who in 1883 still
hadn’t forgotten that Paris had squan-
dered a balloon in this manner, instead of
sending official and regular mail as well
as more homing pigeons. Nevertheless,
the next day (December 3) Steenackers
sent a message of the safe arrival of Jans-
sen by pigeon mail to Paris, where it ar-
rived on the 16th and was telegraphed
to the Governor, the Minister of the In-

OctosBeErR, 1968

terior, the Minister of Public Instruction.
the Minister of Finance, the president of
the Academy of Sciences, the Minister
of Posts, the National Observatory, and to
the Janssen family by the Ministry of
Telegraphs. Janssen sent a private pigeon-
gram, too.

From Tours, Janssen went via _ Bor-
deaux and Marseille to Oran, where he
arrived on December 10. Aided by the
local officials, he made elaborate prep-
arations for observing the eclipse. A few
days later, he also met the British Com-
mission and thanked them for their in-
tervention with the Prussian authorities

in his behalf.
On December 22, 1870, it rained.

Academy Proceedings

ELECTIONS TO
FELLOWSHIP

The following persons were elected to
fellowship in the Academy at the Board
of Managers meeting on June 6:

CHARLES W. BUGGS, professor and
chairman of the Department of Microbiol-
ogy, College of Medicine, Howard Uni-
versity, “in recognition of his commit-
ment to medical education, with special
concern for preparation of disadvantaged
young people for the study of medicine;
and in recognition of his research on
antibiotic therapy of bacterial infections.”
(Sponsors: Mary L. Robbins, R.C. Par-
lett. )

WALTER M. ELSASSER, research pro-
fessor, Institute for Fluid Dynamics and
Applied Mathematics, University of Mary-
land, “in recognition of his outstanding
contributions to the understanding of
the physics of the solid earth, especially
his work on the magnetic field of the
earth and on convective currents in the
earth.” (Sponsors: H. E. Landsberg, W. C.
Jacobs, J. M. Mitchell, Jr.)

EINAR P. FLINT, staff metallurgist,
Bureau of Mines, “in recognition of his
contributions to inorganic chemistry as a
research administrator and as an investi-
gator of phase equilibria and mineral
synthesis, and in particular for his dis-
covery and synthesis of the class of min-
erals known as the hydrogarnets.” (Spon-
sors: J. J. Diamond, J. K. Taylor, W. J.

Hamer. )

LAURA GIUFFRIDA, research chem-
ist, Food and Drug Administration, “in
recognition of her contributions to the
field of gas chromatography, and in par-
ticular her development of the thermionic
detector which is now widely used for
pesticide analysis.” (Sponsors: M. Ber-
oza, A. M. Pommer.)

174

ARIEL C. HOLLINSHEAD, associate
professor of medicine and director, Labo-
ratory for Virus and Cancer Research,
George Washington University, “in recog-
nition of her research on the relation-
ships between viruses and cancer, and in
particular her studies on antigens in
virus-induced malignant tumors.” (Spon-
sors: B. D. Van Evera, Mary L. Robbins,
H. G. Mandel.)

DAVID BOSIE-SEURS MILLAR, bio-
chemist, Laboratory of Physical Bio-
chemistry, Naval Medical Research Insti-
tute, “in recognition of his outstanding
contributions to basic understanding of
the physical properties of ribonucleo-
tides.” (Sponsors: C. Lamanna, F. B. Gor-
don. )

RALPH L. MILLER, staff geologist,
U.S. Geological Survey, “in recognition
of his contributions to geology, especially
to the Paleozoic stratigraphy and _ struc-
tural geology of the Appalachian Moun-
tain region, and to mineral resources eval-
uation and geologic education in Mexico,
Central America, Colombia, and Af-
ghanistan.” (Sponsors: S. B. Detwiler, Jr.,

C. H. Dane, G. V. Cohee.)
MOSES PASSER, Educational Secre-

tary, American Chemical Society, “in rec-
ognition of his outstanding work as pro-
fessor and researcher in organic chemis-
try while at the University of Minnesota
and his imaginative leadership as Educa-
tional Secretary of the American Chemical
Society, and particularly his initiation of
its Short Courses Program.” (Sponsors:

L. Schubert, G. M. Brauer, J. K. Taylor.)
ROBERT G. L. REEVES, geologist,

U.S. Geological Survey, “in recognition
of his important contributions to eco-
nomic geology in the western United
States and Brazil.” (Sponsors: W. T. Pec-
ora, G. V. Cohee, E. T. McKnight.)

DONALD #H. SPALDING,

research

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

plant pathologist, Agricultural Research
Service, Department of Agriculture, “in
recognition of his contributions to knowl-
edge of enzyme and ethylene production
by fungi and the tole of pectic enzymes in
plant disease.” (Sponsors: P. H. Heinze,
M. Lieberman, R. E. Hardenburg.)

FREDERICK SPERLING, associate
professor of pharmacology, Howard Uni-
versity Medical School, “in recognition
of his important studies of the distribution
and fate of toxic agents in the animal
body, including both ordinary and labeled
compounds; and in particular his devel-
opment of methods for studying volatile
toxic agents using the isolated rat lung.”
(Sponsors: Mary L. Robbins, H. G. Man-
del, J. M. Mitchell, Jr.)

HOWARD M. WIEDEMANN, special
assistant for science affairs, Bureau of In-
telligence and Research, Department of
State, “in recognition of his contribu-
tions to Scientific Intelligence during a
career extending over 25 years; and of
his continuing interest in the significance
of science in international affairs.”
(Sponsors: M. C. Henderson, S. B. Det-
wiler, Jr.)

CHARLES F. WITHINGTON, geolo-
gist, U.S. Geological Survey, “in rec-
ognition of his contributions toward the
greater use of geology in an urban en-
vironment, especially his contribution to a
general understanding of the necessity of
using geology in land-use planning by
guidance of planning and municipal of-
ficials in the Washington Metropolitan
Area.” (Sponsors: G. V. Cohee, E. T.
McKnight, S. B. Detwiler, Jr.)

ELECTIONS TO
MEMBERSHIP

The following persons were elected to
membership in the Academy by action of
the Committee on Membership on May
27:

J. MARTYN BAILEY, associate profes-
sor of biochemistry, George Washington
University School of Medicine.

OCTOBER, 1968

MARIAN B. DeBERRY, teacher of
mathematics, McKinley High School.

STEPHEN HOPKINS, assistant direc-
tor of science, D.C. Public Schools.

BOARD OF MANAGERS
MEETING NOTES
April

The Board of Managers held its 593rd
meeting on April 18, 1968, at the Cos-
mos Club, with President Specht presiding.

The minutes of the 592nd meeting were
approved with one addition.

Announcements. Dr. Specht announced
that Dr. Curtis W. Law, the scheduled
speaker for the 511th meeting of the Acad-
emy, had died suddenly on April 15.
Fred Hurley, who was familiar with the
subject material, had agreed to substi-
tute on short notice.

Treasurer. Mr. Cook reported that the
lease for the new office had been signed,
effective from April 15. Additional ex-
penditure will be about $1,900 during
1968. Academy affiliates including Oper-
ations Research Council and IEEE may
share the office space and expenses. The
officers are also considering the employ-
meni of additional office help.

President Elect Henderson read a state-
ment on the acquisition of the new quar-
ters and plans for providing limited of-
fice services for some of the affiliates.
Dr. Honig reported that the Washington
Operations Research Council had endorsed
the proposal to share the space and that
the Philosophical Society is interested in
a similar arrangement.

Dr. Taylor moved that the President
express to the officers of the Carnegie In-
stitution the formal appreciation of the
Academy for the rent-free office space
provided to the Academy by the Carnegie
Institution for several years. The motion
was carried.

Committee on Arrangements. Chairman
Rader reported that the May meeting was
scheduled as a dinner meeting featuring

175

an address by the retiring president and
installation of new officers. Officers of
the affiliates were to be invited and given
recognition at the meeting.

Grants-in-Aid. Chairman Sherlin had
spent $110 of the $900 originally avail-
able, and expected more requests in the
summer.

Science Education. Mr. Sherlin re-
ported on plans for a dinner to be held at

the University of Maryland at which the
Joint Board on Science Education would
recognize those serving the Joint Board
for 34 years or more by presenting them >
with certificates.

He also described a program in which
some 300 scientists visited high schools in
the area to lecture to classes interested in
science. The project was very well re-
ceived.

BYLAWS OF

THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
(Last Revised in December 1967)

Section 1. The purposes of the Washington Academy of Sciences shall be: (a) to stimulate
interest in the sciences, both pure and applied, and (b) to promote their advancement and the
development of their philosophical aspects by the Academy membership and through cooperative

action by the affiliated societies.

Section 2. These objectives may be attained by, but are not limited to:

(a) Publication of a periodical and of occasional scientific monographs and such other pub-

lications as may be deemed desirable.

(b) Public lectures of broad scope and interest in the fields of science.

(c) Sponsoring a Washington Junior Academy of Sciences.

(d) Promoting science education and a professional interest in science among people of

high school and college age.

(e) Accepting or making grants of funds to aid special research projects.

({) Symposia, both formal and small informal, on any aspects of science.

(g) Scientific conferences.

(h) Organization of, or assistance in, scientific expeditions.

(i) Cooperation with other Academies and scientific organizations.

(j) Awards of prizes and citations for special merit in science.

(k) Maintaining an office and staff to aid in carrying out the purposes of the Academy.

ARTICLE IJ—MEMBERSHIP

Section 1. The membership shall consist of three general classes: members, fellows and

patrons.

Section 2. Members shall be persons who are interested in and will support the objectives of
the Academy and who are otherwise acceptable to at least two-thirds of the Committee on Mem-
bership. A letter or application form requesting membership and signed by the applicant may
suffice for action by the Committee; approval by the Committee constitutes election to member-

ship.

Section 3. Fellows shall be persons who by reason of original research or other outstanding
service to the sciences, mathematics, or engineering are deemed worthy of the honor of election

to Academy fellowship.

Section 4. Nominations of fellows shall be presented to the Committee on Membership as a
form approved by the Committee. The form shall be signed by the sponsor, a fellow who has
knowledge of the nominee’s field, and shall be endorsed by at least one other fellow. An ex-
planatory letter from the sponsor and a bibliography of the nominee’s publications shall

accompany the completed nomination form.

176

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Section 5. Election to fellowship shall be by vote of the Board of Managers upon recom-
mendation of the Committee on Membership. Final action on nominations shall be deferred at
least one week after presentation to the Board, and two-thirds of the vote cast shall be necessary
to elect.

Section 6. Each individual (not already a fellow) who has been nominated as a Delegate by
a local affiliated society or who has been chosen to be the recipient of an Academy Award for
Scientific Achievement shall be considered nominated for immediate election to fellowship by the
Board of Managers without the necessity for compliance with the provisions of Sections 4 and 5.

Section 7. An individual of unquestioned eminence may be recommended by vote of the Com-
mittee on Membership Promotion for immediate election to fellowship by the Board of Managers,
without the necessity for compliance with the provisions of Sections 4 and 5.

Section 8. Persons who have given to the Academy not less than one thousand (1,000) dollars
or its equivalent in property shall be eligible for election by the Board of Managers as patrons

(for life) of the Academy.

Section 9. Life members or fellows shall be those individuals who have made a single pay-
ment in accordance with Article III, Section 2, in lieu of annual dues.

Section 10. Members or fellows in good standing who have attained the age of 65 and are
retired, or are retired before the age of 65 because of disability, may become emeritus. Upon
request to the treasurer for transfer to this status, they shall be relieved of the further pay-
ment of dues, beginning with the following January first; shall receive notices of meetings with-
out charge; and at their request, shall be entitled to receive the Academy periodical at cost.

Section 11. Members or fellows living more than 50 miles from the White House, Wash-
ington, D. C., shall be classed as nonresident members or fellows.

Section 12. An election to any dues-paying class of membership shall be void if the
candidate does not within three months thereafter pay his dues or satisfactorily explain his
failure to do so.

Section 13. Former members or fellows who resigned in good standing may be reinstated upon
application to the Secretary and approval by the Board of Managers. No reconsideration of the
applicant’s qualifications need be made by the Membership Committee in these cases.

ARTICLE IIJ—DuvueEs

Section 1. The annual dues of resident fellows shall be $10.00 per year. The annual dues ot
members and of nonresident fellows shall be $7.50 per year. Dues for fractional parts of the year
shall be at the monthly rate of one-twelfth the annual rate. No dues shall be paid by emeritus
members and fellows, life members and fellows, and patrons.

Section 2. Members and fellows in good standing may be relieved of further payment of
dues by making a single payment to provide an annuity equal to their annual dues. (See Article
II, Section 9.) The amount of the single payment shall be computed on the basis of an
interest rate to be determined by the Board of Managers.

Section 3. Members or fellows whose dues are in arrears for one year shall not be entitled
to receive Academy publications.

Section 4. Members or fellows whose dues are in arrears for more than two years shall be
dropped from the rolls of the Academy, upon notice to the Board of Managers, unless the Board
shall otherwise direct. Persons who have been dropped from membership for nonpayment of
dues may be reinstated upon approval of the Board and upon payment of back dues for two
years together with dues for the year of reinstatement.

ARTICLE ,[V—OFFICERS

Section 1. The officers of the Academy shall be a President, a President-elect, a Secretary,
and a Treasurer. All shall be chosen from resident fellows of ihe Academy.

Section 2. The President shall appoint all committees and such non-elective officers as are
needed unless otherwise directed by the Board of Managers or provided in the Bylaws. He (or

OcTOBER, 1968 177

his substitute—the President-elect, the Secretary, or the Treasurer, in that order), shall preside
at all meetings of the Academy and of the Board of Managers.

Section 3. The Secretary shall act as secretary to the Board of Managers and to the Academy
at large. He shall conduct all correspondence relating thereto, except as otherwise provided,
and shall be the custodian of the corporate seal of the Academy. He shall arrange for the
publication in the Academy periodical of the names and professional connections of new
members, and also of such proceedings of the Academy, including meetings of the Board of
Managers, as may appropriately be of interest to the membership. He shall be responsible for
keeping a register of the membership, showing such information as qualifications, elections,
acceptances, changes of residence, lapses of membership, resignations and deaths, and for inform-
ing the Treasurer of changes affecting the status of members. He shall act as secretary to the
Nominating Committee (see Art. VI, Sect. 2).

Section 4. The Treasurer shall be responsible for keeping an accurate account of all receipts
and disbursements, shall select a suitable depository for current funds which shall be approved
by the Executive Committee, and shall invest the permanent funds of the Academy as directed by
that Committee. He shall prepare a budget at the beginning of each year which shall be reviewed
by the Executive Committee for presentation to and acceptance by the Board of Managers.
He shall notify the Secretary of the date when each new member qualifies by payment of dues.
He shall act as business adviser to the Editor and shall keep necessary records pertaining to
the subscription list. In view of his position as Treasurer, however, he shall not be required to
sign contracts. He shall pay no bill until it has been approved in writing by the chairman of
the committee or other persons authorized to incur it. The fiscal year of the Academy shall
be the same as the calendar year.

Section 5. The President and the Treasurer, as directed by the Board of Managers, shall
jointly assign securities belonging to the Academy and indorse financial and legal papers neces-
sary for the uses of the Academy, except those relating to current expenditures authorized
by the Board. In case of disability or absence of the President or Treasurer, the Board of
Managers may designate the President-elect or a qualified Delegate as Acting President or an
officer of the Academy as Acting Treasurer, who shall perform the duties of these officers
during such disability or absence.

Section 6. An Editor shall be in charge of all activities connected with the Academy’s
publications. He shall be nominated by the Executive Committee and appointed by the President
for an indefinite term subject to annual review by the Board of Managers. The Editor shall
serve as a member of the Board.

Section 7. An Archivist may be appointed by the President. If appointed, he shall maintain
the permanent records of the Academy, including important records which are no longer in
current use by the Secretary, Treasurer, or other officer, and such other documents and material ~
as the Board of Managers may direct.

Section 8. All officers and chairmen of standing committees shall submit annual reports
at the May meeting of the Board of Managers.

Section 9. Prior to November 1 of each year the Nominating Committee (Art. VI, Sect.
2), having been notified by the Secretary, shall meet and nominate by preferential ballot,
in the manner prescribed by the Board of Managers, one person for each of the offices of
President-elect, of Secretary and of Treasurer, and four persons for the two Managers-at-large
whose terms expire each year. It shall, at the same time and in like manner, make nominations
to fill any vacancy in the foregoing. Not later than November 15, the Secretary shall forward
to each Academy member a printed notice of these nominations, with a list of incumbents.
Independent nominations may be made in writing by any ten active members. In order to be
considered, such nominations must be received by the Secretary before December 1.

Section 10. Not later than December 15, the Secretary shall prepare and mail ballots to
members and fellows. Independent nominations shall be included on the ballot, and the
names of the nominees shall be arranged in alphabetical order. When more than two candi-
dates are nominated for the same office the voting shall be by preferential ballot in the man-

178 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

ner prescribed by the Board of Managers. The ballot shall contain also a notice to the effect
that votes not received by the Secretary before the first Thursday of January, and votes of
individuals whose dues are in arrears for one year or more, will not be counted. The Com-
mittee of Tellers shall count the votes and report the results at the annual meeting of the
Academy.

Section 11. The newly elected officers shall take office at the close of the annual meeting,
the President-elect of the previous year automatically becoming President.

ARTICLE V—BoarpD OF MANAGERS

Section 1. The activities of the Academy shall be guided by the Board of Managers, con-
sisting of the President, the President-elect, the immediate past President, one Delegate from
each of the affliated societies, the Secretary, the Treasurer, six elected Managers-at-Large, and
the Editor. The elected officers of the Academy shall hold like offices on the Board of Managers.

Section 2. One Delegate shall be selected by each affiliated society. He shall serve until
replaced by his society. Each Delegate is expected to participate in the meetings of the
Board of Managers and vote on behalf of his society.

Section 3. The Board of Managers shall transact all business of the Academy not other-
wise provided for. A quorum oi the Board shall be nine of its members.

Section 4. The Board of Managers may provide for such standing and special committees
as it deems necessary.

Section 5. The Board shall have power to fill vacancies in its own membership until
the next annual election. This does not apply to the offices of President and Treasurer (see

Art. IV, Sect. 5), nor to Delegates (see Art. V, Sect. 2).

ARTICLE VI—CommMITTEEs

Section 1. An Executive Committee shall have general supervision of Academy finances,
approve the selection of a depository for the current funds, and direct the investment of the
permanent funds. At the beginning of the year it shall present to the Board of Managers
an itemized statement of receipts and expenditures of the preceding year and a budget based
on the estimated receipts and disbursements of the coming year, with such recommendations
as may seem desirable. It shall be charged with the duty of considering all activities of the
Academy which may tend to maintain and promote relations with the affiliated societies, and
with any other business which may be assigned to it by the Board. The Executive Committee
shall consist of the President, the President-elect, the Secretary and the Treasurer (or Acting
Treasurer) ex officio, as well as two members appointed annually by the President from the
membership of the Board.

Section 2. The Delegates shall constitute a Nominating Committee (see Art. IV, Sect. 9).
The Delegate from the Philosophical Society shall be chairman of the Committee, or, in his
absence, the Delegate from another society in the order of seniority as given in Article VIII,
Section 1.

Section 3. The President shall appoint in advance of the annual meeting an Auditing Com-
mittee consisting of three persons, none of whom is an officer, to audit the accounts of the

Treasurer (Art. VII, Sect. 1).

Section 4. On or before the last Thursday of each year the President shall appoint a com-
mittee of three Tellers whose duty it shall be to canvass the ballots (Art. IV, Sec. 10, Art. VII,
Sect. 1).

Section 5. The President shall appoint from the Academy membership such committees as
are authorized by the Board of Managers and such special committees as necessary to carry out
his functions. Committee appointments shall be staggered as to term whenever it is determined
by the Board to be in the interest of continuity of committee affairs.

Octoser, 1968 179

ARTICLE VIJ—MEETINGS

Section 1. The annual meeting shall be held each year in May. It shall be held on the
third Thursday of the month unless otherwise directed by the Board of Managers. At this meet-
ing the reports of the Secretary, Treasurer, Auditing Committee (see Article VI, Sect. 3), and
Committee of Tellers shall be presented.

Section 2. Other meetings may be held at such time and place as the Board of Managers
may determine.

Section 3. The rules contained in “Robert’s Rules of Order Revised” shall govern the
Academy in all cases to which they are applicable, and in which they are not inconsistent with
the bylaws or special rules of order of the Academy.

ArTICLE VIII—CoopEeRATION

Section 1. The term “affiliated societies” in their order of seniority (see Art. VI, Sect. 2)
shall be held to cover the:

Philosophical Society of Washington

Anthropological Society of Washington

Biological Society of Washington

Chemical Society of Washington

Entomological Society of Washington

National Geographic Society

Geological Society of Washington

Medical Society of the District of Columbia

Columbia Historical Society

Botanical Society of Washington

Washington Section of Society of American Foresters

Washington Society of Engineers

Washington Section of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Washington Section of American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Helminthological Society of Washington

Washington Branch of American Society for Microbiology

Washington Post of Society of American Military Engineers

National Capital Section of American Society of Civil Engineérs
District of Columbia Section of Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
Washington Chapter of American Society for Metals

Washington Section of the International Association for Dental Research
National Capital Section of American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
D. C. Chapter of American Meteorological Society

Insecticide Society of Washington

Washington Chapter of the Acoustical Society of America

Washington Section of the American Nuclear Society

Washington Section of Institute of Food Technologists
Baltimore-Washington Section of the American Ceramic Society
Washington-Baltimore Section of the Electrochemical Society

Washington History of Science Club

Chesapeake Section of American Association of Physics Teachers
National Capital Section of Optical Society of America

Washington Section of American Society of Plant Physiologists
Washington Operations Research Council

Washington Section of the Instrument Society of America

and such others as may be hereafter recommended by the Board and elected by two-thirds of the
members of the Academy voting, the vote being taken by correspondence. A society may be
released from affiliation on recommendation of the Board of Managers, and the concurrence of
two-thirds of the members of the Academy voting.

Section 2. The Academy may assist the affiliated scientific societies of Washington in any

matter of common interest, as in joint meetings, or in the publication of a joint directory: Pro-
vided, it shall not have power to incur for or in the name of one or more of these societies any

180 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

expense or liability not previously authorized by said society or societies, nor shall it without
action of the Board of Managers be responsible for any expenses incurred by one or more of
the affliated societies.

Section 3. No affiliated society shall be committed by the Academy to any action in conflict
with the charter, constitution, or bylaws of said society, or of its parent society.

Section 4. The Academy may establish and assist a Washington Junior Academy of Sciences
for the encouragement of interest in science among students in the Washington area of high
school and college age.

ARTICLE J[X—AWARDS AND GRANTS-IN-AID

Section 1. The Academy may award medals and prizes, or otherwise express its recognition
and commendation of scientific work of high merit and distinction in the Washington area. Such
recognition shall be given only on approval by the Board of Managers of a recommendation by a
committee on awards for scientific achievement.

Section 2. The Academy may receive or make grants to aid scientific research in the Wash-
ington area. Grants shall be received or made only on approval by the Board of Managers of a
recommendation by a committee on grants-in-aid for scientific research.

ARTICLE X—AMENDMENTS

Section 1. Amendments to these bylaws shall be proposed by the Board of Managers and
submitted to the members of the Academy in the form of a mail ballot accompanied by a state-
ment of the reasons for the proposed amendment. A two-thirds majority of those members voting
is required for adoption. At least two weeks shall be allowed for the ballots to be returned.

Section 2. Any affiliated society or any group of ten or more members may propose an
amendment to the Board of Managers in writing. The action of the Board in accepting or reject-
ing this proposal to amend the bylaws shall be by a vote on roll call, and the complete
roll call shall be entered in the minutes of the meeting.

4

ACT OF INCORPORATION OF
THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

We, the undersigned, persons of full age and citizens of the United States, and a majority
being citizens of the District of Columbia, pursuant to and in conformity with sections 545 to
oo2, inclusive, of the Revised Statutes of the United States relating to the District of Columbia,
as amended by an Act of Congress entitled “An Act to amend the Revised Statutes of the
United States relating to the District of Columbia and for other purposes,” approved April 23,
1884, hereby associate ourselves together as a society or body corporate and certify in writing:

1. That the name of the society is the Washington Academy of Sciences.

2. That the term for which the Corporation is organized shall be perpetual.

3. That the Corporation is organized and shall be operated exclusively for charitable, educa-
tional and scientific purposes and in furtherance of these purposes and for no other purpose shall
have, but not be limited to, the following specific powers and purposes:

a. To encourage in the broadest and most liberal manner the advancement and promotion of
science.

To acquire, hold, and convey real estate and other property and to establish general and
special funds.

c. To hold meetings.

d. To publish and distribute documents.

e. To conduct lectures.

f. To conduct, endow, or assist investigation in any department of science.

s

h

=

To acquire and maintain a library.
. And, in general, to transact any business pertinent to an academy of sciences.

OcTOBER, 1968 18]

Provided, however, that notwithstanding the foregoing enumerated powers, the Corporation shall
not engage. in activities, other than as an insubstantial part thereof, which are not in themselves
in furtherance of its charitable, educational and scientific purposes.

4. That the affairs, funds, and property of the Corporation shall be in general charge of a
Board of Managers, the number of whose members for the first year shall be nineteen, all of
whom shall be chosen from among the members of the Academy.

5. That in the event of dissolution or termination of the Corporation, title to and possession
of all the property of the Corporation shall pass to such organization, or organizations, as
may be designated by the Board of Managers; provided, however, that in no event shall any
property of the Corporation be transmitted to or vested in any organization other than an or-
ganization which is then in existence and then qualified for exemption as a charitable, edu-
cational or scientific organization under the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, as amended.

Editor’s Note: This Act of Incorporation is shown as amended in 1964 by Francois N. Frenkiel,
President, and George W. Irving, Jr., Secretary, acting for the Washington Academy of Sciences,
in a Certificate of Amendment notarized on September 16, 1964. A copy of the original Act of
Incorporation dated February 18, 1898, appears in the Journal for November 1963, page 212.

182 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Science in Washington

CALENDAR OF EVENTS

Notices of meetings for this column may
be sent to Elaine G. Shafrin, Apt. N-
702, 800-4th St., S. W., Washington, D. C.,
20024, by the first Wednesday of the
month preceding the date of issue of the
Journal. 7

October 15—American Society for
Microbiology
Annual banquet, to be held jointly with
the Washington Academy of Sciences.
Wilbur E. Garrett, National Geographic
Magazine, will speak on travels in Mexico,
with colored slides.
John Wesley Powell Auditorium, 2170
Florida Ave., N.W.; social hour 6 p.m.;

dinner 7 p.m.; meeting 8 p.m.

October 15—Society of American
Military Engineers
Brig. H. W Love, Canadian Army
(Ret.), executive director, Arctic Institute
of North America, will speak on engi-
neering applications and forecast of de-
velopments in polar regions.

Fort Myer Officers Club, 11:30 a.m.

October 16—American Meteorologi-
cal Society
Speaker to be announced.

National Academy of Sciences, 2101
Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

October 16—Insecticide Society of
Washington
Speaker to be announced.
Symons Hall, Agricultural Auditorium,
University of Maryland, 8:00 p.m.

October 16—Washington Society of
Engineers
James Webber, manager for Statistics,
Prices, and Costs, Engineering News-
Record, “The Construction Industry, To-
day and Tomorrow.”

OcToBER, 1968

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, 2170
Florida Ave., N.W., noon.

October 31—Society for Experimen-
tal Biology and Medicine
Moderator: Dr. George Vahouny, De-

partment of Biochemistry, George Wash-

ington University School of Medicine,

“Cardiac Metabolic Regulation.”
Auditorium, Naval Medical

Institute, Bethesda, Md., 8 p.m.

Research

November 5—Botanical Society of
Washington
E. Ayensu, Department of Botany,
Smithsonian Institution, “Anatomy of the
Monocotyledons with Special Reference to
the Dioscoreaceae and the Velosiaceae.”
Administration Building, National Ar-
boretum, 8:00 p.m.

November 7—Entomological Society
of Washington
Speaker to be announced.
Room 43, Natural History
Smithsonian Institution, 8:00 p.m.

Building.

November 7—Electrochemical
Society
Speaker to be announced.
Beeghly Chemistry Building, American
University, 8:00 p.m.

November 6—Washington Society of

Engineers

Actor T. Abbott, Jr., engineering man-
ager, Liaison and Right-of-Way, Ameri-
can Telephone and Telegraph Co., “Liai-
son in the Bell System.”

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, 2170
Florida Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

November 12—American Society of
Civil Engineers

Jack I. Bragman, Deputy Assistant
Secretary of Interior for Water Pollu-
tion Control. “The Engineering Aspects

183

of the Construction Grants Program.” —
YWCA, 17th and K Sts., N.W., noon.
Luncheon meeting. For reservations

phone Floyd E. Curfman, 557-4586.

November 12—Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers
Reliability Group.
Subject: computer

Speaker to be announced.
PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E St, N.W.,

8:00 p.m.

aided _ design.

November 12—Society of American
Foresters
Luncheon meeting.

nounced.

Occidental Restaurant,
vania Ave., N.W., noon.

Speaker to be an-

1411 Pennsyl-

November 13 — Institute of Food
Technologists
Speaker to be announced.
National Canners Association, 1133 20th
St., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

November 18—American Society for

Metals

Joint meeting with SAMPE. Harry H.
Kessler, consulting metallurgical engineer,
Sheldon Weinig, president, Materials Re-
search Corp., and Daniel D. Roman, pro-
fessor of business administration, George
Washington University, will speak on
“The Metallurgical Entrepreneur.”

Three Chefs Restaurant, River House,
1500 S. Joyce St., Arlington, Virginia,
social hour and dinner, 6:00 p.m.; meet-
ing, 6 p.m.

SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS

Contributions to this column may be
addressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate
Editor, c/o Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, Federal
Center Building, Hyattsville, Maryland
LO TaZ:

AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT
C. H. HOFFMANN, Entomology Re-

search Division, participated in the Tropi-
cal Medicine and Parasitology Study Sec-

184

tion Workshop sponsored by the National
Institutes of Health at Berkeley, California,
on April 25. Dr. Hoffmann spoke on
“Integrated Insect Control Projects of the
USDA.”

MORTON BEROZA, Pesticide Chemi-
cals Research Branch, has been named
to receive the American Chemical Society
Award in Chromatography and Electro-
phoresis. The award of $1000, sponsored
by Lab-Line Instruments, Inc., will be
presented at the April 1969 ACS meeting
in Minneapolis. Dr. Beroza is _ being
honored for his contributions to chroma-
tography, including rapid determination
of pesticide residues in foods.

FOOD AND DRUG
ADMINISTRATION

HELEN L. REYNOLDS has _ been
elected a fellow of the Association of
Official Analytical Chemists. The award
will be made at the Association’s 82nd
Annual Meeting, October 14.

HEALTH, EDUCATION,
AND WELFARE

MAURICE BENDER has _ transfered
from special assistant to the commis-
sioner of the National Air Pollution Con-
trol Administration, DHEW, to the office
of the assistant administrator for research
and development of the newly-established
Consumer Protection and Environmental

Health Service, DHEW.

NATIONAL BUREAU
OF STANDARDS

ROBERT D. STIEHLER, | standards
manager, Materials Evaluation Division,
was presented the American Society for
Testing and Materials Award of Merit on
June 26. The award was made at a
luncheon at the San Francisco Hilton
during the ASTM’s 7lst annual meeting.
Dr. Stiehler was cited for his participa-
tion in the work of ASTM Committee
E-20 on Temperature Measurement, con-
tributions to the tire industry, standard-

ization of test procedures for rubber

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

products, and establishment of safety
standards for brake fluids and_ safety
belts.

ROGER G. BATES, chief of the Elec-
trochemical Analysis Section, has been
named to receive the American Chemical
Society Award in Analytical Chemistry.
The $2000 award, sponsored by Fisher
Scientific Company, will be presented at
the April 1969 ACS meeting in Minneap-
olis. Dr. Bates is being recognized for his
research on the behavior of electrolytes
in solutions.

NATIONAL INSTITUTES
OF HEALTH

MARSHALL NIRENBERG and
JOSEPH E. RALL received the Nation’s
highest civilian honor, the Distinguished
Service Award, at the Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare annual
awards ceremony on April 11.

JOHN C. KERESZTESY retired from
the National Institute of Arthritis and
Metabolic Diseases on March 31 after
more than 20 years service.

ROBERT W. BERLINER, director of
Intramural Research for the National
Heart Institute, has been elected to the
National Academy of Sciences.

G. B. MIDER, formerly director of
Laboratories and Clinics, is now special
assistant to the director of the National

Library of Medicine. He has been suc-
ceeded by ROBERT W. BERLINER.

JAMES A. SHANNON received a
Doctor of Laws degree from Yale Uni-
versity on June 10 and from the Uni-
versity of California on March 23; the
degree of Doctor of Human Letters from
the College of Mount St. Vincent on May
24; and an honorary Doctor of Science
degree from the University of Kentucky
Medical School on May 23. On June 7,
Dr. Shannon received the Jesse L. Rosen-
berger Medal for his achievements in
public medicine and medical education.
Dr. Shannon retired as director of the
National Institutes of Health on August

OctoBer, 1968

31 after 13 years in that position. He has
accepted an appointment as special advisor
to the president of the National Academy
of Sciences.

BERNARD B. BRODIE, chief of the
Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology,
National Heart Institute, was awarded an
honorary Doctor of Medicine degree by
the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm,
Sweden.

THEODOR C. VON BRAND, National
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Dis-
eases, has been elected an _ honorary
member of the German Society of Para-
sitology.

NAVAL ORDNANCE LABORATORY
LOUIS R. MAXWELL, solid state

physicist, has been named senior research
consultant to the associate technical direc-
tor for Research. Dr. Maxwell. was
formerly chief of the Applied Physics
Department.

NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
ISABELLA L. KARLE, research physi-

cist on the structure of matter, has been
named to receive the 1968 Achievement
Award of the Society of Women Engi-
neers, in recognition of her contributions
to unique procedures for crystal struc-
ture analysis. Dr. Karle, who has been
with NRL since 1946, is conducting re-
search in electron and X-ray diffraction.
Previous honors include Phi Beta Kappa,
Phi Kappa Phi, Sigma Xi, the Horace H.
Rackham predoctoral fellowship,
American Association of University
Women fellowship, Navy Superior Civil-
ian Service Award, and the NRL-RESA
Applied Science Award.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
CHARLES ABBOT, former secretary of

the Smithsonian Institution, was honored
at a luncheon on June 5 at the Museum of
History and Technology. The guest list in-
cluded Mrs. Abbott, three other secre-
taries—S. Dillon Ripley, Leonard Car-

185

michael, and Alexander Wetmore and
their wives. Mr. Abbot who is 96, still
maintains an office in the Smithsonian
and was recently granted a U.S. patent
for a method to convert solar energy into
electric power.

MISCELLANEOUS
CARL LAMANNA, Office of the Chief

of Research and Development, Depart-
ment of the Army, has been elected
councilor-at-large of the American Society
for Microbiology. In addition, Dr. La-
manna has been appointed to the Inter-
national Activities Committee of the
Society.

RAYMOND J. SEEGER lectured on
“Nature, Art, and Mathematics” on the
occasion of a convocation honoring the
2oth anniversary of the founding of the
Sigma Xi Chapter at Polytechnic Institute
of Brooklyn, May 10; on the occasion
of a program for graduating honor
students in the tri-state areas of Ohio,
Kentucky, and Indiana, at the Cincinnati
Science Center, May 17 and 18; and at
the annual banquet of the Sigma XI
Chapter, University of Delaware, on May
18.

EMANUEL R. PIORE, vice president
and chief scientist of the International
Business Machines Corporation, was
elected on April 23 to a four-year term
as treasurer of the National Academy of
Sciences, a position which he has filled
since the death in June 1967 of Lloyd V.

Berkner.

DEATHS

JOHN MASON BOUTWELL died in
Salt Lake City, Utah, on March 2. He was
93 years old. Mr. Boutwell received a
master’s degree from Harvard University
in 1889 and taught there in the Depart-
ment of Geology from 1896 to 1900,
when he was employed by the U.S. Geo-
logical Survey. In 1908 he became a
private consulting mining geologist. He
served as president of the Society of

186

Economic Geologists from 1944 to 1945,
and was director of the Mining and
Metallurgical Engineers from 1937 to
1943.

OLLIE E. REED died June 4 at the
Washington Sanitarium, Takoma Park,
Md. He was 82. Dr. Reed served with the
Department of Agriculture from 1928
until his retirement in 1956. He received
the bachelor’s and master’s degrees from
the University of Missouri and was
awarded an honorary degree of doctor of
science by Purdue University in 1947.
Prior to joining the USDA as chief of
the Bureau of Dairy Industry, he taught
at Kansas State Agricultural College and
Michigan State College. Dr. Reed was a
past president of the American Dairy
Association and a member of the Agricul-
tural Board of the National Research
Council.

SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT

The Federal Government is undertaking
an extensive survey of the continental
shelf beneath the Bering Sea, including a
search for indications of gold, tin, plati-
num, or petroleum beneath the sea floor.

The coordinated survey is being con-
ducted by scientists of the Department of
Commerce’s Environmental Science Ser-
vices Administration and the Interior
Department’s Geological Survey as part
of a long-range national program to map
the 862,000 statute square miles of the
continental shelf, America’s last frontier.

The survey is concentrated in the area
off Nome, Alaska, between St. Lawrence
Island and the Seward Peninsula, in
Western Norton Sound. It is the most
comprehensive survey of these waters
ever made.

The Norton Sound area was uncovered
during the Ice Ages when the sea level
was much lower than it is today, and
gold was concentrated along streams and
beaches just as today. This was con-
firmed by U.S. Geological Survey recon-
naissance investigation of the area last

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

year, conducted in cooperation with the
University of Washington and the USS.
Bureau of Mines. The survey also showed
the presence of thick layers of sedimen-
tary rock under much of the northern
Bering Sea, raising the possibility of
petroleum deposits under Norton Sound.

The ships’ survey is being carried out
under the direction of Richard B. Perry,
of Williamstown, Mass., a Coast and Geo-
detic Survey oceanographer who is ESSA
scientific coordinator for the project.
David M. Hopkins, an authority on Alaska
geology, is serving as scientific cordina-
tor for the U.S. Geological Survey.

The Bering Sea survey is a pilot proj-
ect in line with the recommendations of
the National Council on Marine Re-
sources and Engineering Development,
with a future view to extending the pro-
gram to the continental shelves off the
Pacific, Gulf, and Atlantic coasts. The
Alaskan shelf comprises about two-thirds
of the entire submerged area. An ESSA
program is already underway to survey
the entire shelf, and bathymetric maps
of its topography have already been
issued for portions of the coast off the
Aleutian Islands, Oregon, Southern Cali-
fornia, New England, and the mid-Atlan-
tic Coast. The Geological Survey will use
these maps of the geology and mineral
resources of the submerged continental
margin.

On January 1, 1969, the National Bu-
reau of Standards expects to introduce a
new base of reference for the volt, the
practical unit of electromotive force
(emf) or voltage. Under this change, the
value of the U.S. legal volt, as maintained
by a group of standard cells at NBS, will
differ by about 10 ppm from its previous
value. The new value represents a_ better
measurement of the voltage of these cells
in terms of the theoretical unit of emf
derived from the basic mechanical units
of length, mass, and time.

The proposed action by NBS will be co-
ordinated with planned international ac-

OcToBER, 1968

tion to bring the volt units of 10 countries
into agreement. This action is expected to
be taken by the International Committee
on Weights and Measures at its meeting
during October 1968, on the recommenda-
tion of its Advisory Committee for Elec-
tricity. It will be the first change in the
volt that the International Committee has
made since 1946, when it recommended a
conversion from the “international” elec-
trical units to the “absolute” system. The
recommendation of 1946 was universally

adopted on January 1, 1948.

A major breakthrough in surveying has
been achieved with lasers, according to
the Environmental Science Services Ad-
ministration. Lasers have enabled survey
teams to expand by 20-50% the amount
of terrain covered and to increase their
accuracy. Two transcontinental traverse
teams, which are establishing geodetic
controls across the country, are the first
to use the lasers here. They are achieving
an accuracy in their measurements of 1]
ppm, akin to'an error of approximately
1% inch in 10 miles.

The laser is a concentrated red light
which is being used with a geodimeter, a
surveying instrument which utilizes the
approximately 186,000-m i | e s-per-second
speed of light to measure linear distances.

Scientists are today using a “seismolog-
ical level” to determine when the earth’s
crust tilts. Called a tiltmeter, it is another
tool in man’s effort to devise a method
for predicting earthquakes.

The degree of the earth’s tilt may vary
daily or even hourly. The tiltmeter
measures changes in level as small as 2
microns (.0001 inch) and provides read-
ings every 10 minutes.

Tiltmeters have been installed in Cali-
fornia and Alaska by the Environmental
Science Services Administration of the
Department of Commerce. They are
located in the Buena Vista Oil Field at
Taft, Calif.; the Stone Canyon Geophysi-

187

cal Laboratory, directly on the San An-
dreas Fault, a geological weakness in the
earth’s crust, south of Hollister, Calif.;
and Kodiak Island, in southern Alaska,
southwest of the area where the massive
1964 earthquake occurred.

The Japanese, who developed the first
practical tiltmeter, found that following
a destructive earthquake some after-
shocks were preceded, several days in
advance, by tilts which corresponded in
direction with the foci (points of initial
rupture of the earth) of the aftershocks.
The Japanese seismologists estimated from
their studies that large blocks in the
earth, perhaps 10 miles on a side, have
tilted in many earthquakes. In California,
however, small irregular tiltings have
shown no correlation with large shocks.

A modified vinyl type of coating for
use as a camouflage and solar reflecting
coating on neoprene and rubber type sub-
strates has been developed by the U.S.
Army Mobility Equipment Research and
Development Center, Fort Belvoir, Vir-
ginia.

Laboratory and field tests reveal that
the coating has excellent adhesion, oil
and fuel resistance, and _ exceptional
resistance to water swell and weathering.
High abrasion resistance, good color re-
tention, and flexibility are other features
that make the coating highly versatile. It
also has been modified as an anti-fouling
coating for rubber pontoons, and prelimi-
nary reports, after 7 months of testing in
Vietnam, indicate that the coating has ex-
cellent service characteristics.

Other uses contemplated for this coat-
ing are pattern paint for camouflage of

rubber items, camouflage and solar re-
flecting coating for collapsible fuel tanks
(to cut down fuel evaporation), radomes,
abrasion and fuel resistant coating for
solvent resistant hose and wire, and high
visible color coatings for rubber life rafts.

BOOK REVIEW

Potomac Trail Book. By Robert Shosteck. ;
Foreword by Justice William O. Doug-
las. 167 pages and map. Potomac
Books, Inc., 1518 K St., N.W., Wash-
ington, D.C. 20005. $1.95.

This excellent pocket-size paperback is
a second edition of a 1935 publication.
It is a detailed guide to what an observant
hiker, bicyclist, or car-driver can see in
the Washington area on a day’s trip and
covers varied fields of natural history, as
well as historical sites and local lore. The
author has drawn freely on the knowledge
of dozens of scientific authorities, so that
the information given is adequate and
reliable. Among the many features that
distinguish this book is a list of organiza-
tions which should interest amateur
naturalists; chapters on poison ivy, chig-
gers, ticks, and other varmints; on geology,
mammals, birds, fishes, trees, mines,
minerals, quarries, and many more.
Forty-five separate hikes are detailed with
42 strip maps.

This book would be an excellent gift
for a family coming to the Washington
area, partciularly if there are youngsters
who enjoy the outdoors.

| Charles Milton
Research Professor
of Geology, George
Washington University

cM.

188

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

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Volume 58 OCTOBER 1968

CONTENTS

L. H. Heflin: Engineering Geology—tts Role in the Development and PI nning,
of the Washington Metro 0.0.0.0... cess rere tr omer

7s
E. M. Cohn: Flight from Paris ..........0.:c.csccrcteceesc reste ents rtatoeeere antes ee
Academy Proceedings .
Elections to Fellowship |... ithe: ea aia Ae ee Oe ‘a

Elections to Membership ..............000:00cscseccp tens steer neen ester tesenen ene ee
Board of Managers Meeting Notes (April) 00.00.
Bylaws of the Academy ........2:.::::)::0scssc cert etcen ssctenes en eaetnnetene aaa
Act of Incorporation of the Academy 0... 2000s z 7 f

Science in Washington
Calendar of Events ........:.ccc:cc:cecsesesccssecceersceensentesseversettenseceenseneesseenpay ertndins ae

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Scientists in the News 0.0.0... rongaindsicraiess eh eenkivee ite aut eae idee
Science and Development ............ sesapayneypb rane plage dtc hea aan ae
Book FReview .j.ccssticlessseccccdscasevunssedeieasss hs wR ences Se ot ee ee

Washington Academy of Sciences
Rm. 29, 9650 Rockville Pike (Bethesda)
Washington, D, C. 20014

Return Requested with Form 3579

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5 “

Marshall W. Nirenberg,

Nobelist

On the morning of October 16, 1968,
Marshall Nirenberg was in his laboratory
at the National Institutes of Health as
usual. He received a totally unexpected
telephone call informing him that he had
been selected to receive one-third of the
1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medi-
cine. The members of his staff were
quickly informed and gathered in his of-
fice for a family celebration. Later in the
day there was a large press conference in
Building 31, which led to public announce-
ments and stories in the newspapers.

This news came as no surprise to the
members of the Washington Academy of
Sciences who had read about Nirenberg in
their Journal in March 1962; or who had
attended a meeting of the Academy on
May 17, 1962, at which he spoke; or who
were present at the annual dinner meeting
of the Academy on February 21, 1963, at
which he received the annual award of
the Academy in the biological sciences.

Although few members of the Academy
at that time could have fully appreciated
the significance of Nirenberg’s research,
it must have been clear to all that he had
done something extraordinary when he
succeeded in synthesizing protein in a cell-
free system, in proving that synthetic ri-
bonucleic acid (RNA) would stimulate
such syntheses, and in demonstrating that
a synthetic RNA of a relatively simple
structure would synthesize a certain rela-
tively simple protein.

The basic advances just mentioned had
already been made when I visited Niren-
berg in his laboratory at NIH on Febru-
ary 5, 1962. The resulting Brownstone
Tower, beginning on page 69 of the March
1962 issue of the Journal, was not the
first popular account of his work, which

NovEMBER, 1968

began at NIH in 1959, but it
early recognition by the Academy and to
his membership in it. Thus the Academy
is elevated by his distinction.

My meeting with Nirenberg in 1962 was
not prompted by my prescience in genetics
or biochemistry, in which I was and still
am poorly informed; it resulted from in-
formation available to me as executive
secretary of the Division of Biology and
Agriculture, National Academy of Sci-
ences-National Research Council. In 1961
the United States Steel Foundation wished
to establish an award in molecular biology
to be presented annually by the National
Academy to the nominee of its special
committee on the award. I knew that Niren-
berg was the choice of the committee for
the first presentation of this new award in
April 1962 and therefore visited him as

led to his

189

a reporter of the Journal of the Washing-
ton Academy. This was not only a new
award; it was Nirenberg’s first also. His
second award came from the Washington
Academy of Sciences. Since 1962 not a
year has passed without one or more
awards or honors for Nirenberg. The total
score is 14 awards, four honorary degrees,
three lectureships, and the crowning honor,
prior to the Nobel Prize, of election to
the National Academy of Sciences in 1967
at the early age of 40!

My previous report in 1962 gives me
an opportunity to point out the progress
of six years of Nirenberg’s devotion to
research on the “genetic code.” A new
word, “codon,” has come into scientific
use. It seems to mean an RNA that carries
in its chemical structure a code for the
production of a protein containing certain
amino acids. | quote now from further in-
formation provided for science writers.

“Although the base composition of RNA

codons and many properties of the genetic
code were clarified with the use of synthet-

ic polynucleotides, the sequences of the

bases (purines and pyrimidines) within
each codon remained unknown. More re-
cently, a general method of great simplic-
ity was found by Nirenberg and coworkers
for determining the base sequence of co-
dons...”

To sum up, “Nirenberg has deciphered
the genetic code. His work has given us
understanding of much of the mysterious
way information is coded into the nucleic
acids and used to direct the incorporation
of specific amino acids into proteins. It
represents a major contribution toward
understanding on a molecular basis how
the chemicals of the cell nucleus carry the
hereditary message from one generation
to the next.”” Of course there is no end to
the detail that remains to be worked out—
no end to the questions that will arise
and the problems to be solved as the work
continues.

Did all this recognition have a noticea-
ble effect on Nirenberg and his laboratory
during the past six years? I decided to go
out to NIH and see for myself. Yes, there
has been a great change, but not in Niren-
berg. He is the same modest gentleman
that he was before, but he now has an
office to himself where he can shut the
door and think. He is now a Chief—of the
Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics, Na-
tional Heart Institute, of NIH, and of
course he has a protective secretary’s of-
fice outside his own. His laboratory space
has expanded severalfold and now occupies
all the north side of the D wing, sixth
floor, of the Clinical Center. I counted 14
doors as I walked from one end of the
corridor to the other within his domain.
All led into laboratory rooms except those
already mentioned and one that opened
into a conference room and library. Orga-
nizationally, Nirenberg heads the whole
Laboratory, one of several under the intra-
mural research program of the National
Heart Institute. These laboratories are
divided into Sections. Within his labora-
tory Nirenberg heads also the Section of
Molecular Biology, which is much larger
than the other Section on Macromolecules
headed by Alan Peterkofsky. The subordi-
nate professional personnel of both sec-
tions, all Ph.D.’s, add up to 19, three of
them women, not counting Mrs. Nirenberg.
Not one of them is old enough to be listed
in the current edition of American Men of
Science! We find therefore, the young
master, Marshall Nirenberg, surrounded by
his school of younger disciples, seeking
inspiration from him and providing him
with many pairs of extra hands and with
many keen minds to react with his in the
ongoing search for fundamental biologi-
cal truth.

—Frank L, Campbell
October 21, 1968

WW

190

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

The Smithsonian Oceanographic

Sorting Center

I. E. Wallen, H. A. Fehlmann,

Background

During the past 20 years a world-wide
explosion of activity has occurred in the
field of oceanography, involving a rapidly
increasing number of research vessels and
oceanographic expeditions. The systematic
handling and processing of data and sam-
ples collected during these expeditions
have become an increasing problem to all
the world’s marine scientists. An urgent
need arose prompt efficient
handling of world-wide oceanographic
data and samples. Representative as they
are of unique times and places within a
continually changing and
marine samples and data, often collected
at great cost and difficulty, are virtually
irreplaceable. Each sample may be rep-
resentative of vast populations in the sea,
and scientists from all over the world are
entitled to share the basic
that is available in each sample.

To facilitate and hasten results of studies
of the oceans, the Smithsonian Oceano-
graphic Sorting Center (SOSC) was
established in Washington, D.C., in Decem-
ber 1962. Its initial purpose was to serve
marine scientists in the United States and
abroad as a temporary repository and a
sorting and distribution center for the
large collections of marine specimens

for and

shifting sea,

information

* Dr. Wallen is head of the Office of Oceanog-
raphy and Limnology, Smithsonian Institution.
Dr. Fehlmann is chief of the Smithsonian Ocean-
ographic Sorting Center. Mrs. Stoertz is a former
staff member of SOSC and currently associate
editor of Geo Marine Technology magazine.

See also Dr. Wallen’s article, “The International
Indian Ocean Expedition: A Status Report,” in
the March 1964 issue of the Journal.

NovEeMBER, 1968

and Cynthia Stoertz*

which were expected to be gathered by
the International Indian Ocean Expedi-
tion, a research effort sponsored by the
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commis-
sion and having lead funding in the United
States by the National Science Foundation.
NSF had established a scientific committee
for the Indian Ocean Expedition, and this
committee urged that the Smithsonian
develop a center for equitable distribution
of the specimens expected to be collected
by NSF-supported participants in cruises
of the two biological ships of the expedi-
tion, ANTON BRUUN and TE VEGA.
More than 140 scientists from the United
States participate in the two years of in-
tensive collecting in the Indian Ocean,
and literally tons of biological and geolo-
gical collections came to SOSC to
be sorted.

The principles of operation of the Cen-
ter were developed at a conference in De-
cember 1963. The 46 participants from five
eS: four

oceanographic

government organizations,

institutions, seven inde-
pendent museums, six universities, and one
foreign government, all with a strong in-
terest in taxonomy, came to Washington
and considered the new operation, with
special regard to the distribution of speci-
mens for scientific study. Prior to the es-
tablishment of SOSC, it was not uncom-
mon for samples to wait for years. even
decades. before being examined, and even
then only taxonomic groups of special
interest were sorted out and studied sys-
tematically. Much of this material was
never utilized, nor was its potential con-
tribution to knowledge of productivity of

191

the oceans fully realized. It was the ob-
jective of SOSC to help remedy this situ-
ation for the Indian Ocean and future ex-
peditions.

SOSC was rapidly equipped to handle
and sort these large collections of surface,
midwater, and benthic marine organisms.
Technicians were employed in SOSC to
work under supervisors skilled in the col-
lecting, handling, preserving, labeling,
storing, and shipping of valuable speci-
mens.

The organization, now located in a
building of the Navy Yard Annex which
had been declared surplus by the Navy,
has gained the respect of marine scien-
tists. Material sorted by the Center is
available to all qualified scientists for
study regardless of their institutional
affiliations. Eight advisory committees of
five scientists each advise the SOSC staff

as to which specialists and institutions

should receive material.

Collected specimens are shipped to the
Sorting Center in crates, drums, and _ bar-
rels from many national and international
oceanographic expeditions. The Center
currently is receiving material from the
U.S. Antarctic Research Program of the
National Science Foundation, and sorting
has been continued on the samples from
the Indian Ocean Expedition. Collections
from expeditions to the tropical Atlantic
have been sorted. Collections have been re-
ceived also from about 55 other national
and international sources from various
parts of the world.

Primary Functions of SOSC

SOSC’s scientific interest and aid begin
at the time of collection. Research ships
have been provided with record forms to
ensure that specific categories of data are
recorded which are essential to the scien-
tist in his evaluation of the sample. Pre-
ferred collection and preservation techni-
ques have been demonstrated by SOSC
personnel while aboard ship. Shipping con-
tainers and other supplies have been pro-

Ue

vided for shipboard use after tests were
made at SOSC and in the field to deter-
mine the most effective and efficient me-
thods of handling the specimens.

At SOSC a reference number is given
to all preserved biological materials and
sediments received either for sorting or
for transshipment. This is primarily a
records check, since the material is not
actually accessioned in the sense of being
permanently acquired, as, for example, in
the U. S. National Museum. Once regis-
tered, material received only for trans-
shipment is checked for the adequacy of
preservation, then repacked and forwarded
to the designated recipient at SOSC ex-
pense. Specimen shipments destined for
SOSC processing are unpacked; the pre-
servative is examined and replaced if
necessary; specimens are packaged in suit-
able containers; and the lots are given
shelf space for temporary storage. Fre-
quent checks are made of pH level during
storage to prevent disintegration or
damage of specimens. Fishes are separated
from the other specimens and the field
preservative, usually formalin, is removed
and replaced with alcohol. Washing out
the formalin is a -week-long process, in-
volving soaking the specimens in water
which must be changed daily. Inverte-
brates and fish are stored in various con-
tainers to be sorted as quickly as possible.

When the material is removed from
storage for sorting, the samples are sorted
into taxa depending upon the specialists’
needs and the technicians’ capabilities for
specialization. The Algal Section generally
sorts to genus for marine benthic algae,
dispatches phytoplankton by aliquots, and
sorts the remaining plants to the highest
category, i.e., lichens, mosses, and fungi.
Net-plankton and midwater trawl collec-
tions are sorted to about 60. categories,
while benthic invertebrates are separated
into 90 groups. Fishes are sorted generally
to species level, but are identified to fami-
lies. Only preliminary efforts have been
made in sorting marine sediments. Sorted

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Figure 1. Dried collections of species of algae are displayed before storage for use by specialists.

specimens are counted, placed in fresh
preservative along with permanent labels
detailing collection data, and filed.

Plankton

Net-plankton presents a special problem.
Samples sometimes consist of as much as
two quarts of material. Even a pint of
plankton may contain tens of thousands
of minute organisms. Sorting only to 50
major groups would take a skilled techni-
cian at least four weeks of full time work.
Under a stereomicroscope, technicians use
extremely fine forceps, wire loops, or pi-
pettes to remove minute specimens without
crushing them. To process the maximum
number of plankton samples, technicians
work with a small statistically representa-
tive subsample which can be sorted in one
day. To obtain this subsample the larger-
size specimens are removed from the whole

NOVEMBER, 1968

sample and their volume measured. The
remaining plankton sample is volumet-
rically measured and then subsampled,
using the Folsom Plankton Splitter—a de-
vice that divides the plankton sample ver-
tically so that both the heavier organisms,
such as foraminifera and pteropods, and
the lighter organisms, such as medusae
and siphonophores, are represented. When
a subsample of perhaps 2000 organisms
has been sorted into different groups,
specialists can estimate the numbers of
these organisms present in the total sam-
ple and compute oceanic populations.

The Sorting Center continually develops
methods to incorporate more efficiency
and speed into the sorting operations. The
staff not only works to improve its own
methods but it cooperates with the staffs
of U.S. and foreign research laboratories

193

to overcome problems with the processing
of the various marine groups. Before using
new methods there are _ consultations
between SOSC and the specialists con-
cerned with the _ particular groups.
Selected techniques are used on the valua-
ble specimens only with the approval of
the specialists involved.

Although technicians are trained to
recognize about 60 groups from the net-
plankton, any one sample usually contains
only about 20 to 30 different groups.
Recognition of specified groups may be
complicated by the different body forms
of a species. Male, female, adult, and
larval forms are often radically different
in appearance; this factor makes the job
a challenging one for the sorter, who
learns to recognize far more than the
typical animal groups that he may have
encountered in school.

Algae

Macroscopic algae are sorted to the
generic level, while the plytoplankters and
other microscopic algae are subsampled
into 10-cc aliquots. Sorted macro-algae
generally are placed in glass containers
with liquid preservative. Regardless of
size, each container with sorted algae is
called a “lot” and the samples are sent
to specialists as lots. After identification,
these lots are returned to SOSC where the
specimens are dried and mounted on
standard herbarium mounting sheets. Each
labelled herbarium sheet with mounted
alga or algae is then designated as a
“specimen” (Figure 1).

The phytoplankton samples collected
with a very fine mesh net, initially are
split into halves. One half is transferred
to the Plankton Section for zooplankton
analysis; the other is destined for algal
specialists. The phytoplankton specialists
receive about a 10-cc portion of each
sample. Samples from which aliquots have
been taken generally are not sorted. Ali-
quots may be drawn from phytoplankton
samples repeatedly, as the supply lasts,

194,

depending on the demand from special-
ists.

The Sorting Center has developed files
of photographs and drawings to help the
technicians with sorting. Pictures are re-
produced for internal use from journals,
periodicals, keys, and specialists’ sketches.
More than 260 taxonomists presently are
involved in studies of the specimens sorted
by the Center. Located in 27 countries,
they are interested in a wide variety of
samples—plankton and benthic organisms,
geological samples, fishes, and algae.
Many specialists visit the Sorting Center
to help the technicians with difficult iden-
tifications, to provide training in special
handling procedures, and to see groups
new to the scientist.

The SOSC staff use scientists and facil-
ities of the Museum of Natural History
for assistance with all aspects of the op-
eration.

Handling of Data

The SOSC exists as a service organi-
zation and publishes no material of its
own. Its purpose is to assist specialists
outside the Sorting Center in any way nec-
essary to increase their productivity in
systematics and ecology. To accomplish
this, not only are specimens sorted, but
also collections are made, cruise summa-
ries are prepared, and biological field data
are reduced to usable station lists.

Upon request, sorted groups are distrib-
uted according to the commitments made
by expedition leaders and principal inves-
tigators and/or the recommendations of
the advisory committees to SOSC, which
are composed of prominent systematists
around the country and of which the
chairman is usually a specialist from the
National Museum.

Before shipment, all specimens are re-
checked by an experienced Museum spe-
cialist for proper identification. The speci-
mens are invoiced, with copies of all as-
sociated data supplied for the scientist’s
reference. Specimen containers are sealed

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

to prevent leakage; fish specimens are
placed either in jars or carefully wrapped
in muslin, tagged separately, and sealed in
polyethylene bags. All shipments are sup-
ported by SOSC funds.

Inherent in the type of service provided
by SOSC is the requirement for accumu-
lation and dissemination of data. Prior to
Fiscal Year 1967 most of the record-keep-
ing tasks were scattered among the section
supervisors, the technicians, and the regis-
trar—a situation that was inefficient be-
cause it delayed the technical staff in ac-
complishing its primary duty of specimen
sorting.

In 1967 the decision was made to con-
solidate record-keeping on all specimen
collections. The objectives were to improve
manpower usage by freeing technicians
from record-keeping chores and to provide
more accurate, complete, and_ efficient
services to scientists. In view of the vast
and growing volume of data at SOSC, it
became evident that these objectives could
be met only by instituting automatic data
processing (ADP) along with improved
manual procedures in all possible areas.

Improvements have included the use of
a card-filing system and/or statistical mas-
ter lists to maintain a station-by-station
report of sorting progress. Sorting sheets
have been designed to allow rapid enu-
meration of data, to call attention to or-
ganisms likely to be encountered in samp-
les, and to indicate relationships between
taxa as an aid to association of group
characteristics.

Two SCM Typetronic units for auto-
matic preparation of labels, inventory
cards, and invoices have been purchased
and installed at SOSC. These units save
time in typing information that must be
duplicated many times over and also consid-
erably reduce human errors during the
transcription of data. The SCM also cap-
tures sampling and inventory data on
punched paper tape which can then be used
for rapid transfer of data to the magnetic
tapes required for a computer storage

NoveMBER, 1968

and retrieval system. New label and in-
ventory card formats have been designed
and programmed fer use on the Type-
tronic. Catalogues have been prepared on
taxonomic names, institutions, and collect-
ing gear; and code systems have been de-
veloped for some categories of data. An
ADP system has been developed to suit SO-
SC’s specific requirements. Since initia-
tion of this system in April 1968, sorting
data have been correlated by machine with
reduced data sheets of sampling and en-
vironmental information obtained from col-
lectors’ field logs. Standard reports have
been programmed for rapid location of
data on specific parameters—for example,
the determination of geographic areas in
which given taxa have been found. When
the data are available, another report will
list all taxa present in each sample pro-

cessed at SOSC. These reports include in-

formation on the present location of
specimens either at SOSC or at other in-
stitutions for identification and study.

Through the NSF Office of Antarctic
Programs, SOSC maintains a centralized
record of all marine and terrestrial speci-
mens collected by past and continuing
U.S. expeditions in the Antarctic Province,
as provided for under the International
Antarctic Treaty. Also, a descriptive file is
maintained of the ocean-bottom photo-
graphs taken from the NSF-funded An-
tarctic research ship, USNS ELTANIN.
These prints and negatives are duplicated
and sent to scientists studying the topo-
graphy and bottom communities of the
ocean floor. For rapid retrieval of photo-
graphs by selected biological and geologi-
cal parameters, a descriptive filing system
of end-punch cards has been developed.
Through use of this card file, photographs
may be located by index of special feat-
ures, such as sandy substrata, recogniza-
ble animal groups, or conditions occur-
ring at specific depths or locations. A file
of collecting permits issued by the Inter-
national Cooperation and_ Information
Program, NSF, is maintained at SOSC as a

195

preliminary record of material removed
from Antarctica.

Curatorial Investigations

Because SOSC is a new concept in org-
anization in the field of oceanography,
the technical and supervisory staff finds
itself pioneering in many directions. Pro-
gress has been made especially in con-
tributions to curatorial research, as in-
dividual sections have developed tech-
niques and materials suited to the specific
problems encountered in dealing with
each group of organisms.

Relatively little is being done commer-
cially to satisfy the special supply and
equipment needs that arise daily, and the
staff often provides the stimulus for such
development by manufacturers and engi-
neers. Efforts to interest commercial
suppliers in the development of adequate
containers and closures has led to the

manufacture of different-sized jars with

uniform mouth openings and of polypro-
pylene closures to fit a variety of glass
containers commonly used for other pur-
poses in industry. These improvements
reduce the stockpiling of many different
sizes of closures and jars and permit the
use of relatively inexpensive containers for
museum collections.

The search for new techniques has been
most successful when the individual concen-
trates upon the simplest items commonly
in use around him. A most useful source
of needed materials has been the excess
property available through the General
Services Administration. Alcohol, packag-
ing containers, tools, and optical and pre-
cision equipment are among the items ob-
tained on “surplus.” Commercially-avail-
able materials of an elementary nature
that have been adapted for specific labor-
atory purposes include the following: A
square of black glass under the micro-
scope stage provides a background against
which organisms are most easily seen.
A U.S. Royal adhesive mixture is used to
seal vials and bottles before shipment,

196

thus avoiding the problem of leakage
common to many biological containers.
The Plastic Peel-a-Way Blood Sampler
(Scientific Products) provides a quick
and reasonably accurate method of ob-
taining and holding representative aliquots
phytoplankton. This method also elim-
inates the problem of contamination of
the sample and loss of samples due to
breakage during shipment. Multipurpose
biological trays have been adapted for
washing and rinsing marine macroscopic
algae. Use of different sizes of mesh
openings prevents loss of minute fila-
mentous algae carried away in the water
overflow. During sorting of the smaller
marine animals, a plastic tray with a
numbered grid of 12xl12-mm_ compart-
ments facilitates handling and _ sorting
specimens. This has been found to be
less cumbersome than the use of a larger
maze of dividers. An enlarged version of
the Folsom Plankton Splitter can handle
the greater volume of midwater-trawl
specimens per sample. Small desk-air fans
direct a confined stream of air across the
top of the sorting tray, helping to pre-
vent inhalation of preservative fumes
without causing a draft on the sorter.
Miniature egg boxes are used to facilitate
storage of specimens in five-dram vials.

Several methods have been tried to
handle the most fragile specimens: Thistle
tubes with ultra-fine mesh netting draw
off fluid from samples without removing
the microscopic organisms. A scoop-type
device has been developed to pick up these
fragile animals without injuring them.
Fine flexible forceps and Irwin loops
and broaches have been found to be more
satisfactory than the stiffer jeweler’s for-
ceps previously used in separating and
sorting these organisms.

Two of the techniques adapted for more
efficient record-keeping are the banks of

which hand

movement in enumeration of animals by

multiple counters reduce
taxa and a metal plate one-fiftieth the

area of the sorting tray, which is used

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Figure 2. Processing laboratory of the Benthic Invertebrates Section, showing various activities in-
volved in sorting benthic invertebrate organisms.

to estimate copepods when their numbers
would cause prohibitive loss of time if an
organism-by-organism count were made.
The use of various solutions in process-
ing marine organisms at the time of col-
lection and in the laboratory is a continu-
ing concern at SOSC. Experiments have
been conducted with formalin in natural
sea water, artificial salt-water, and fresh-
water to determine the most satisfactory
solution for preservation of animals and
for handling large numbers of specimens.
For example, it has been found that Ionol
is useful in preserving color, but causes
organisms to stick together and makes
sorting more difficult. Its use has also
resulted in the destruction of certain plas-
tic containers in the laboratory.
Investigation is under way of the use of
mechanical sorting devices to speed

NOVEMBER, 1968

tedious and time-consuming manual sort-
ing. Based on the mechanical sorter de-
veloped by Dr. John McGowan of the
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
(McGowan and Fraundorf, 1964), a mod-
ified sorter was designed and built. This
mechanical sorter would utilize the organ-
isms’ specific gravity in a given “sorting
solution.” When fully developed, the me-
chanical sorter should substantially in-
crease the volume of material sorted per
man-hour for certain groups of pelagic
organisms.

Working Group 23 on plankton collec-
tion and preservation was established by
the Special Committee on Oceanic Research
of the International Council for Scientific
Unions and advisory to the Intergovern-
mental Oceanographic Commission of

UNESCO, and held its first meeting in

197

Washington, under SOSC auspices. Under
the guidance of WG-23, SOSC has engaged
in a series of experiments involving repli-
cated, diversified collection and preserva-
tion of plankton samples. The results of
these curatorial experiments will be of
great value in developing the plans for
the U.S.—announced International Dec-
ade of Exploration, now under develop-
ment.
Training of Personnel

Because of the unique services it per-
forms, SOSC cannot expect to hire persons
already trained as sorters. At first it was
believed that only persons with college
backgrounds in some aspect of biology
could be utilized as sorters. However, ex-
perience has shown that this is not neces-
sary nor even particularly desirable, and
many persons with limited backgrounds
have been successfully employed at SOSC.
The training of responsible unskilled new
employees as competent technicians has
been more easily accomplished than had
been expected.

Training in general sorting techniques
and specimen identification is provided
under the daily supervision of the super-
visors and of the senior technicans (Fig-
ure 2). Training tools available in each
section include reference textbooks, atlases
compiled with specimen descriptions and
illustrations, photograph and slide files of
infrequently-seen specimens, and such de-
vices as the Nikon Comparator available
in the Plankton Section which provides a
TV-screen-size view of specimens for a
large group.

Training is based upon recognition of
gross external morphological features,
since no dissection of specimens is_per-
mitted. Formal lectures are supplemented
by demonstration laboratory sessions, and
technicians are often provided with illus-
trative literature to aid in continuing this
training.

SOSC also provides training and edu-
cational services to laymen and _ students
seeking assistance on matters related to
biological oceanography.

198

Section supervisors at SOSC are in-
vited to give lectures describing the func-
tions of SOSC, and in biological oceano-
graphy.

Many college and high school students
under the sponsorship of NSF’s Summer
Educational Programs are working in the
Sorting Center, learning to recognize var-
ious types of marine organisms. During
the training period, some students under-
take research projects under the direct
supervision of SOSC supervisors. Also,
students have come to work at SOSC on a
volunteer basis. They are provided the
same types of training given to technic-
ians and NSF-sponsored students.

Susan Fitzwater, one of our NSF-spon-
sored students, did a project on the growth
of a unicellular green alga in a nutrient
solution. This project was a part of the
Science Talent Search competition spon-
sored by Westinghouse. Sharon McCarthy,
from a local junior high school, was pro-
vided with materials for a project on the
economic uses of algae. Larry Fallon, a
volunteer student trainee in the Algal
Section, undertook a science project en-
titled “Culturing Chlorella.”

Gwen Bayley, a local high school stud-
ent, received assistance with culture media
for growing green algae.

Visiting Scientists

In addition to the training given by the
SOSC staff, visiting consultants provide
information in specialized areas:

Dr. John Wickstead of the Plymouth
Marine Laboratory (England), was
brought to the United States for three
months during the summer of 1963 to es-
tablish the plankton sorting operation and
to provide training in the sorting of the
plankton from the International Indian
Ocean Expedition.

Mr. E. C. Jones of the Hawaii Labora-
tory, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, a
participant in the Indian Ocean Expedi-
tion, was brought to Washington for two
weeks to assist in processing copepods
from those samples.

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Dr. Ruth Patrick of the Philadelphia
Academy of Sciences spent a week at
SOSC in developing procedures for the
algae section.

Dr. Allan Bé of the Lamont Geological
Observatory and one of his technicians
spent a week training SOSC technicians
in the processing of foraminifera.

Dr. Saul Saila of the University of
Rhode Island spent a week at SOSC in de-
veloping a records system.

Dr. Shoji Ueyanagi, Tokyo fisheries ex-
pert, spent two weeks working with tech-
nicians on the processing of fish larvae.

Drs. Isabel Canet and Jack Pierce were
associated with the Center for more than
a year with adjunct responsibilities for
shrimps and for sediments.

Dr. J. L. Hart of the University of Brit-
ish Columbia, Canada, visited SOSC for a
month to assist with the recognition of
the various groups of decapod crustacean
larvae. During her stay, Dr. Hart also
developed a key to the larvae for the sort-
ers’ use.

Dr. Jan Kohlmeyer gave an illustrated
lecture on recognition of higher marine
fungi to be found on macro-algae, in-
vetebrates, and driftwood. Dr. Kohlymer
is with the Institute of Fisheries Research
at the University of North Carolina.

Dr. Robert P. Higgins of Wake Forest
College instructed technicians and con-
sulted with the supervisory staff on tech-
niques of sorting meiofauna.

Preliminary training has been given to
technicians by Drs. Joseph Rosewater and
Klaus Rutzler, Museum of Natural History,
in the identification of prosobranch gastro-
pods, pelecypods, decapods, and sponges.

Dr. Robert F. Scagel, University of
British Columbia, provided consultative
service to the Algal Section of SOSC.
Methods of handling algal collections re-
ceived by SOSC, and procedures to follow
for encouraging better relations with legal
specialists, were the main topics of the
discussion.

NOVEMBER, 1968

Accomplishments

The Smithsonian Oceanographic Sort-
ing Center had been in operation for well
over five years. As of April 30, 1968, the
Center had received 34,545 samples from
51 national and international sources. Of
these, 15,000 non-vertebrate samples and
23,000 vertebrate- species units were
sorted to yield 17,000,000 specimens. Some
51,000 sorted lots consisting of 7,000,000
specimens were shipped. An additional
11,000 lots of unsorted samples were
shipped.

Both logistic and personnel support
were given to scientific expeditions. To
the end of April 1968, technicians and
specialists had spent 1,204 man-days in
the field. One hundred and _ fifty-five
shipments of collecting gear and curator-
ial supplies were provided to 36 national
and foreign oceanographic cruises and
other scientific collecting and processing
endeavors. In addition, about 40 shipments
of supplies and equipment were made to
support the operations of the Mediterran-
ean Marine Sorting Center in Tunisia.

The six SOSC sections were staffed with
16 Federal and 26 private roll employ-
ees. Four high school students worked at
SOSC on an educational summer program
sponsored by NSF. Others who have
worked at SOSC during the past five years
include 17 Federal and 63 private roll
employees, six NSF-sponsored college stu-
dents, and 13 consultants.

At least 255 specialists have received
SOSC-processed material: 139 received
benthic and midwater trawl invertebrates:
64 (50 duplicates) received plankton
sroups; 80 (6 duplicates) received fishes:
15 received algae and 3, other plant
groups; and 10 received geological speci-
mens. Of these, 196 are U.S. specialists
and 58 are from 26 foreign countries.

Mediterranean Marine Sorting Center

Growing out of SOSC and using Public
Law 480 funds, the Mediterranean Marine
Sorting Center (MMSC) began operations
November 2, 1966 in an office and two

199

laboratories of the Institut National
d’Oceanographie et de Péche, in Salam-
mbo, Tunisia. Plans had been made in
1965 to create a facility similar to the
Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center,
which would provide sorting services in
the Mediterranean-Red Sea region. Several
sites were available for the establishment
of this regional center. Tunisia was chosen
primarily for its location in the central
Mediterranean and because of the en-
thusiasm of the scientists and government
of Tunisia for cooperation with the Smith-
sonian Institution in this project. Repre-
sentatives of the Smithsonian Institution
met with Tunisian government officials
in late 1965 and mid-1966 and, with the
assistance of the Embassy of the United
States, an agreement to establish the Medi-
terranean Marine Sorting Center was
signed in September 1966. The Center is
situated on the Gulf of Tunis, 12 km north
of Tunis, at the traditional site of the
ancient and important seaport of Carth-
age.

During the first 18 months of opera-

tion, collections have been received by the

Center from Tunisia, Italy, Yugoslavia,
and Malta. Others are anticipated from
France, Algeria, and Cyprus. About a mil-
lion specimens were sorted and the first
20,000 specimens (chaetognaths, fish eggs
and larvae, siphonophores) have been sent
to specialists. Half of a set of 175 well-
documented samples has been sorted and
a good collection of local fish families
was obtained.

Because the Smithsonian has developed
the physical facilities, procured the equip-
ment, and provided the training and su-
pervision of the technicians, other agencies
had realized by 1964 that SOSC could pro-
vide a complete specimen service of value
in advancing their missions. Funds for
special sorting projects have been pro-
vided by NSF for the Indian Ocean and
Antarctic expeditions, by the Office of
Naval Research, by the Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries Laboratories in Wash-
ington, Miami, and Hawaii, and by the Na-

200

val Oceanographic Office. The Link Foun-
dation supported publication of an SOSC
brochure.

The Center has established its reputa-
tion, and at least partial replication has
occurred in India, Japan, Canada, and
Singapore. Although many of the aspects
of SOSC duplicate long-established prac-
tices of the Bureau of Commercial Fisher-
ies and other marine research laborator-
ies, it has focussed the service concept in
a way that has become an important part
of the National Oceanography effort.

ACHIEVEMENT AWARD
NOMINATIONS REQUESTED

The Committee on Awards for Scientific
Achievement has called attention to the
Academy’s annual scientific achievement
awards program. Nominations for awards
will be received at the Washington Acad-
emy of Sciences office, 9650 Rockville
Pike (Bethesda), until December 13.

Each year the Academy gives awards for
outstanding achievement in each of five
areas — biological sciences, engineering
sciences, physical sciences, mathematics,
and teaching of science (including mathe-
matics). The 1968 winners of these
awards will be honored at the annual
award dinner meeting of the Academy on
Feburary 20, 1959. Academy fellows and
members are invited to submit nomina-
tions for the awards, in accordance with
the following procedures.

Eligibility. Candidates for the first
four awards must have been born in 1929
or later; there is no age limit on the
teaching of science award. All candidates
must reside within a radius of 50 miles
from the zero milestone behind the White
House. It is not necessary that a candidate
be a member of a society affiliated with
the Washington Academy of Sciences.

Recommendation. Nomination forms
can be obtained from the Academy office.
Use of these forms is not mandatory, but
the sponsor’s recommendation should in-
clude the following: (a) General bio-

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

graphy of candidate, including date of
birth,

perience with degrees

residence address, academic ex-
and dates, and
post-academic experience with particular
detailed reference to work for which an
award is recommended; (b) list of pub-
lications with reprints, particularly of
that work for which recognition is sug-
gested. If reprints are not available, com-
plete references to publications must be

included.

Citation. Particular attention should be
(80

typewriter spaces or less) which, in sum-

given to preparation of a citation

mary, states the candidate’s specific ac-
complishments and which would be used
in connection with presentation of award
to the successful candidate.

Re-nomination. Former nominees may be
re-nominated with or without additional
evidence, provided sponsors make known
their desires to the general chairman of
the Committee.

Early submission of biographical and
publications information will facilitate the
evaluation of nominations. Further infor-
mation can be obtained from Dr. John
L. Torgesen, general chairman of the
Awards Scientific
Achievement, Inorganic Materials Divi-
sion, National Bureau of Standards (921-
2891).

Committee on for

NOVEMBER, 1968

Environmental Development, Inc.
Enters Research and Consultation
Field
Environmental Development, Inc., has
announced its recent establishment with
Louis C. McCabe, an Academy fellow, as
president and chairman of the board.
Composed of outstanding scientists who are
prominent in air and water pollution, ma-
rine biology, oceanography, occupational
medicine, and meteorology, the corpora-
tion will offer consultation and research
services to industry and all levels of

Government.

Among those associated as consultants
with the new organization are Adm. A. L.
Danis, USN (Ret.), meteorologist and
professor at the University of Florida,
with experience in environmental air pol-
lution and diffusion of air contaminants;
Dr. A. Joel Kaplovsky, head of the De-
partment of Environmental Sciences at
Rutgers University; Dr. Morris Katz, pro-
fessor at the University of Syracuse, with
40 years’ experience in air pollution re-
search and control; and Dr. Willard
Machle, with experience in occupational
medicine and toxicological research.

In addition to Dr. McCabe, senior staff
members of EDI are Stephen Megregian,
vice-president, Water Resources Division;
Dr. Ivor Cornman, vice-president, Marine
Biology Division; and D. A. Sullivan,
senior vice-president, Midwest Division.

Offices of the corporation are at 1000
Vermont Avenue, N.W., Suite 209, Wash-
ington, D. C. 20005 (phone 347-4747).

WW

201

Academy Proceedings

WASHINGTON JUNIOR
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

A joint meeting of the Junior Academy
and Senior Academy was held October 19
in the Reiss Science Building at George-
town University. This is an annual affair,
ordinarily devoted to the reporting of re-
search projects completed by the junior
members. This year, in view of the ap-
proaching International Science Fair sched-
uled for 1970 in Washington, the discus-
sions were concerned with the nature of
possible projects for presentation at the
fair.

Attendance was about 40 from the
Juniors and about a dozen from the Senior
usual, but

Academy—not as large as

Gladys was still pouring with rain.

The morning session was taken up by a
panel discussion led by Grover Sherlin of
the Joint Board on Science Education, and
a talk on project presentation by George
Baka of the Society of Federal Artists
and Designers. The discussion before the
panel, consisting of Jerry Tickell, Karen
Bayer, John Cybolski, and Elaine Shafrin,
was vigorous and elicited a number of
interesting facts about the young scien-
tists. None of them admitted to using
their parents’ money for their projects,
either borrowing the materials from labor-
atories or friends, or earning the money
themselves to buy them. When they were
asked how they had first become inter-
ested in science, there proved to be almost
an equal division: a third through school
insistence on doing a science project; a
third through a scientific environment in
the home; and a third through random,
self-excited interest such as coming on an
walking

interesting book in a_ library,

through a greenhouse and buying an at-

202

tractive plant, or chancing to visit the
laboratory of a friend’s father.

The afternoon sessions were in four
groups. Physics, Electronics, and Engi-
neering was led by Grover Sherlin, with
George Waldo and Malcolm Henderson
collaborating; Chemistry was led by
Elaine Shafrin, with Frank Roegner,
Walter Benson, and Roy Foresti collabor-
ating; Louise Marshall had Life Sciences;
and Harvey Banks had Earth and Astro-
nomical Sciences.

The Juniors made up in interest and
attractiveness what they lacked in num-
bers: fully half the audience was girls.

—M. C. Henderson

JOINT BOARD ON
SCIENCE EDUCATION

The National Bureau of Standards at
Gaithersburg was the scene of a Confer-
ence on Mathematics Teaching, held Oc-
tober 12 under Joint Board sponsorship.
About 160 teachers attended this half-
day meeting.

The meeting, with Russell W. Mebs as
chairman, opened with a “Welcome to.
NBS” by Morris Newman, chief of the
NBS Numerical Analysis Section. This
was followed by three technical discus-
sions, as follows: “Dissection Problems in
Two and Three Dimensions” by Michael
Goldberg, mathematics and
author of mathematics textbooks; “An Aid
to the Solution of Verbal Problems in
Mathematics” by Grover C. Sherlin of the
NBS Environmental Engineering Section;
and “Building of Computational Skills”
by Jacqueline W. Perreault, visiting profes-
sor in the Projects De-
partment of the University of Maryland. A
courtesy luncheon was followed by ad-

consultant

Mathematics

journment.

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

ELECTION TO FELLOWSHIP

One person was elected to fellowship in
the Academy at the Board of Managers
meeting on October 17, as follows:

JEAN K. BOEK, anthropologist and
visiting professor at the University of
Maryland, “in recognition of her interest
in urban problems, particularly as_ re-
gards public school education.” Sponsors:

N. D. Stewart, Priscilla Reining, J. C.

Ewers.

ELECTIONS TO MEMBERSHIP

The following persons were elected to
membership in the Academy by action of
the Committee on Membership in October,
1968:

MARIA L. AMBROSE, teacher of phy-
sical science, E. B. Wood Junior High
School, Rockville, Md.

GEORGE CROSSETTE, chief, Geo-
graphic Research Division, National Geo-
graphic Society.

REGINALD C. JORDAN, chemist, Gil-
lette Research Institute, Rockville, Md.

OREST A. MEYKAR, engineer, Naval
Ship Systems Command, Washington, D. C.

SIDNEY SCHNEIDER, director, Policy
and Planning Division, Program Manage-
ment Office, General Services Administra-
tion, Washington, D. C.

BOARD OF MANAGERS
MEETING NOTES

June

The Board of Managers held its 594th
meenmne jen June’6,, 1968, :at. the FASEB
Building at Bethesda, with President Hend-
erson presiding.

The minutes of the 593rd meeting were
approved as previously distributed, with
a minor correction.

Dr. Henderson announced that the Ex-
ecutive Committee would consist of the of-
ficers plus Editor Detwiler and Dr. J. K.
Taylor. He also announced the appoint-
ment of chairmen of standing commit-
tees for the coming year (see September
Journal, page 124).

NOvEMBER, 1968

Dr. Henderson also announced that due
to her extended absence from the country,
Dr. Mary L. Robbins had resigned as
manager-at-large for the term 1966/7
through 1968/9. The Board named John
H. Menkart to fill the unexpired term,
inasmuch as, at the last election, he had
received the third largest number of votes
for manager.

Membership. Chairman Mitchell an-
nounced the following elections to mem-
bership in the Academy: J. Martyn Bailey,
Marian B. DeBerry, and Stephen Hop.-
kins.

On Dr. Mitchell’s motion, the Board
elected the following persons to fellow-
ship in the Academy: Charles W. Buggs,
Walter M. Elsasser, Einar P. Flint, Laura
Giuffrida, Ariel C. Hollinshead, David B.
Miller, Ralph L. Miller, Moses Passer,
Robert G. L. Reeves, Donald H. Spalding,
Frederick Sperling, Howard M. Wiede-
mann, and Charles F. Withington.

Emilio Weiss, the new delegate from
the Society for Experimental Biology and
Medicine, and Priscilla Reining, the new
delegate from the Anthropological Society
of Washington, were elected to fellowship
in the Academy.

Grants-in-Aid. Chairman Sherlin re-
minded the Board that the Academy re-
ceives about $450 yearly from AAAS to
be used for grants for student research. Of
the funds currently available, about $340
will be lost if not used before December
1968. He suggested that if sufficient ap-
plications for these funds were not re-
ceived through the usual channels, some
of the money might be used in support of
the Youth Opportunity Corps, to provide
supplies for one or more of the groups
working in area high schools under super-
vision of volunteer scientists. A short dis-
cussion developed the consensus that, at
the discretion of the Executive Commit-
tee. up to $500 might be approved for
such use.

Encouragement of Science Talent. Chair-
man Heyden reported that the Junior
Academy’s program planning for 1968-69

203

was well under way. Proposed activities
would include the customary rail excur-
sions to museums in New York and Phila-
delphia. The WJAS treasury had a current
surplus of about $1,000. It was proposed
to offer several $100 scholarships each
year to Washington area high school
eraduates.

Father Heyden indicated that his com-
mittee was concerned about the lack of
participation of D.C. high school students
in science fair activities; most of the
JWAS members come from suburban
areas. He inquired about expanding the
committee’s activities into science fair ac-
tivities; there was no objection from the
Board.

Editor. Mr. Detwiler reported that an
article in the October 1967 Jounal, on the
role of geology in the development and
planning of metropolitan Washington,
had been quoted extensively in a brochure
recently published by the Washington
Board of Trade, describing the natural
features of the Washington area. He also

commented that Eduard Farber’s historical —

monograph on oxygen and_ oxidation,
sponsored by the Academy, had received
favorable reviews in Science, Endeavor,
and the Journal of Chemical Education.

Joint Board. Dr. J. D. Lockard reported
that the Joint Board had undertaken to
sponsor the International Science Fair for
1970, which will be held in Washington at
the Sheraton Park Hotel. So far, the
Board had collected about $5,000 of the
$32,000 or more that would be needed to
finance the fair.

Other Business. Dr. Honig reported that
the Washington Operations Research Coun-
cil was considering the use of the Acad-
emy’s office services to assist in its treas-
urer’s operations. Dr. Rado indicated that
the Philosophical Society also was consid-
ering some use of the office services.
Others reported that IEEE and the Amer-
ican Society for Microbiology also might
be interested in some office services.

Dr. Gray inquired about the status of

204

the review of Academy meetings and ac-
tivities that had been initiated by the im-
mediate past president, Dr. Specht. Dr.
Henderson advised that Dr. Stern, chair-
man of the Policy Planning Committee,
was out of the country but would pre-
sumably resume consideration of the mat-
tern on his return. Among other sugges-
tions, the committee had been consider-
ing joint meetings with affiliates of the
Academy on special meeting nights. Dr.
Oswald stated that the American Society
for Microbiology would have its annual
dinner at the Cosmos Club, and had
thought to ask the Academy, or some
other group, to supply a speaker. Dr.
Gray suggested that an annual symposium
might be considered in lieu of monthly
meetings. Mr. Detwiler felt that regular
monthly meetings should not be aban-
doned; also, that percentagewise, the at-
tendence record at Academy meetings was
about the same as that of some other
local societies. Dr. Haenni indicated that
the Chemical Society expected to experi-
ment with an all-day symposium in May
1969. Mr. Pike, vice-chairman of the IEEE
Washington Section, indicated that his
group had 6,158 members with an aver-
age meeting attendance of 66. The 20 in-
dividual chapters of IEEE, with member-
ships ranging from 55 to 750, had an
average meeting attendance of about 55..
He reported that IEEE had experimented
with shifting meeting nights, and in so do-
ing had nearly lost its identity as an or-
ganization.

Dr. Lockard reported that the Joint
Board had lost its financial support for the
visiting scientists and engineers program.
Last year, 250 to 300 scientists
visited local high schools as a part of this

some

program; and he suggested that the Acad-
emy consider supporting it. Support for
the Collegiate Conference also had been
lost. In the past, the program cost about
$700 per conference; but it could be sup-
ported to some extent at a lesser figure—

say $200 to $300 per conference.

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

September

The Board of Managers held its 595th
meeting on September 26, 1968 in the
National Academy of Sciences building,
with President Henderson presiding.

The minutes of the 594th meeting were
approved as previously circulated, with
two corrections: (1) Dr. Haenni stated that
the Chemical Society of Washington would
hold its first all-day symposium in Decem-
ber next, instead of in May 1969 as pre-
viously reported. (2) Dr. Henderson in-
dicated that the Junior Academy’s all-day
meeting was currently scheduled for Sat-
urday, October 19.

Secretary. Mr. Farrow circulated a pro-
gram received from the Indiana Academy
of Science, listing the speakers participating
in its Speakers Bureau.

Treasurer. In the absence of Dr. Cook,
Miss Elizabeth Ostaggi, the Academy’s of-
fice manager, reported that 96 copies of
the Academy’s most recent monograph
had been sold at a return of $496. The
Junior Academy’s current checking balance
was $4,056; it was planned to transfer
$2,000 of this amount to the savings ac-
count.

Membership. In the absence of Chair-
man Apstein, Dr. Henderson presented
the following new delegates of affiliated
societies: Lt. Col. Harold A. Steiner of the
American Meteorological Society ; Mr. Rob-
ert C. Smith, Jr., of the American Institute
of Aeronautics and Astronautics; and Dr.
Oscar M. Bizzell of the American Nuclear
Society. The Board elected these persons
to fellowship in the Academy, under the
Bylaws provisions for election of dele-
gates.

Policy Planning. Chairman Stern an-
nounced that the Smithsonian Institu-
tion was currently publishing a unified
science calendar, similar to the one that
had been proposed by his committee.
Delegates may supply meeting informa-
tion from their to the
Smithsonian staff in charge of the cal-

organizations
endar. »

NOVEMBER, 1968

Meetings. Chairman Slawsky reported
that the regular October meeting would
be superseded by a joint meeting with the
Junior Academy on Saturday, October 19.
The November meeting was scheduled for
the regular “third Thursday” meeting
night, November 21, at the Cosmos Club;
a William Harvey film on blood circula-
tion would be shown. The annual Acad-
emy Award dinner has been scheduled for

February 20, 1969.

As to locations for the Board of Man-
agers meetings, opinion was about equally
divided between the NAS building and
the FASEB building in Bethesda.

Encouragement of Science Talent. In
the absence of Chairman Heyden, Carl”
Hemenway, president of the Junior Acad-
emy, was present to answer questions
about the group. During the school year
1968-69, five rail excursions to New York
City are planned. He indicated that par-
ticipation in these trips of D.C. high
school students was good, although their
participation in science fair activities was
considerably less than that of suburban
high school students.

Joint Board. Dr. Henderson reported
that Edward Hacskaylo had resigned as an
Academy member on the Joint Board on
Science Education, and that he was seek-
ing a suitable replacement. Dr. Slawsky
indicated that he was handling the grant
program in Dr. Hacskaylo’s stead.

Other Business. Dr. Henderson
cated that several societies were interested
in the Academy’s offer to provide office
services. These include the Geological
Society, the Instrument Society of America,
and IEEE.

He also announced that the Applied
Physics Laboratory was seeking a suitable
sponsor for an annual publication to be
issued primarily for the benefit of librar-
ies. APL produces the scientific data; the
publication would be financed by funds
provided through the State Technical Serv-
ices Act. A suitable non-profit organiza-
tion is needed to serve as the sponsor.

indi-

205

Science in Washington

CALENDAR OF EVENTS

Notices of meetings for this column may
be sent to Elaine G. Shafrin, Apt. N-702,
800—4th St., S: W., Washington, D. C.,
20024, by the first Wednesday of the
month preceding the date of issue of the
Journal.

November 26—American Society for

Microbiology

Daniel E. Thor, Division of Biologics
Standards, National Institutes of Health,
“In vitro Correlates of Delayed Hypersen-
sitivity in Man.”

Henry Godfrey, Division of Biologics
Standards, National Institutes of Health,
“Inhibition of Migration of Lymphocytes
by a Carbohydrate Fraction of BCG.”

Joost Oppenheim, National Institute of
Dental Research, “Immunological Relev-
ance of Lymphocyte Transformation.”

Naval Medical Center, School Hospital
Administration Building Auditorium,

Bethesda, Md., 8:00 p.m.

November 29—Philosophical Society

of Washington

Robert Henkin, National Institutes of
Health, “Molecular Basis of Taste.”

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, 2170
Florida Ave., N.W., 8:15 p.m.

December 3—Botanical Society of
Washington

H. R. Thomas, director of Crops Re.
search Division, Agriculture Research
Service, USDA, subject to be announced.

Administration Building, National Ar-
boretum, 8:00 p.m.

December 3—IEEE

Engineering Management Group

Dwin R. Craig, Fairchild-Hiller Corp.,
‘“Product/Project Selection.”

Blackie’s House of Beef, 1219 22nd St.,
N.W., noon.

206

December 4—Washington Society of

Engineers

Annual meeting.

Harry Crull, Naval Observatory, will
give an illustrated lecture on the work of
the Observatory.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, 2170
Florida Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

December 5—Society for Experimen-
tal Biology and Medicine
Moderator: Donald E. Kayhoe, Trans-

plantation and Immunology Branch, Na-

tional Institute of Allergy and Infectious

Diseases, NIH, “Transplantation Perspec-

tives.”

Auditorium, Naval Medical Research

Institute, Bethesda, Md., 8:00 p.m.

December 5—Entomological Society
of Washington
Speaker to be announced.

Room 43, Natural History Building,

_ Smithsonian Institution, 8:00 p.m.

December 5 — Electrochemical So-
ciety
Speaker to be announced.
Beeghly Chemistry Building, American
University, 8:00 p.m.

December 9—American Society for

Metals

Joint meeting with AWS. Paul H. Rob-
bins, executive director, National Society
of Professional Engineers, “Your Tech-
nology Is Not Enough.”

Three Chefs Restaurant, River House,
1500 S. Joyce St., Arlington, Va., social
hour and dinner, 6:00 p.m.; meeting, 8:00
p-m.

December 10—American Society of
Civil Engineers
Lt. Gen. William F. Cassidy, chief,
Corps of Engineers, “Decisions Needed
for a Long-Range Water Resources Pro-
gram.”

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

YWCA, 17th and K Sts., N.W., noon.
Luncheon meeting. For reservations

phone Floyd E. Curfman, 557-4586.

December 12—Chemical Society of

Washington

Symposium on “Natural Products.”

9:00 a.m. Nathan F. Cardarelli, Univer-
sity of Akron, “Marine Biological Ad-
hesives.”

10:00 a.m. Nelson J. Leonard, Univer-
sity of Illinois, “The Chemistry of Cytok-
inins.”

11:00 am. John C. Sheehan, Mass-
achusetts Institute of Technology, ‘“Macro-
cyclic Peptides.”

1:30 p.m. Jack Schubert, University of
Pittsburgh, “Chemistry and Biology of Ir-
radiated Food Components.”

2:30 p.m. Byron Riegel, G. D. Searle
and Company, “The Syntheses of Steroi-
dal Drugs from Dioscin.”

3:30 p.m. Bernhard Witkop, National
Institutes of Health, “Arene Oxides as In-
termediates in the Metabolism of Aroma-
tic Substrates.”

National Bureau of Standards, Gaithers-
burg, Md. Advance registration requested;
registration fee of $3.00 for ACS member
or $5.00 for non-ACS member. Contact
Irwin Hornstein, Human Nutrition Re-
search Division, Agriculture Research

Service, USDA, Beltsville, Md. 20705.

December 12—Chemical Society of

Washington

Topical Group Meetings:

Analytical: Robert S. Braman, profes-
sor of chemistry, University of South Flor-
ida, “Emission Type Detectors in Gas
Chromatography.”

Physical Chemistry: Robert G. Parr,
professor of chemistry, Johns Hopkins
University, “The Problem of Understand-
ing Vibrations of Diatomic and Polyatomic
Molecules.”

Inorganic: Douglas Bodie, professor of
chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, “Cir-
cular Dichroism Studies of the Stereo-
chemistry of Cobalt (III) Complexes of
Coordination Compounds.”

NOVEMBER, 1968

Organic: Harold Shechter, professor of
chemistry, Ohio State University, “Physi-
cal-organic Chemistry of the Reactions of
Hydrazoic Acid and Carboxylic Acid.”

Polymer Chemistry: Lawrence E. Niel-
sen, Monsanto Chemical Company, “Rheo-
logy and Physical Properties of Poly-
mers.”

General meeting:

William Kellogg, director, National
Center for Atomospheric Research, “The
Chemistry of the Atmosphere.”

Topical groups will meet at the Na-
tional Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg,
Md., at 5:30 p.m. The general meeting
will be held at the Washingtonian Country
Club at 8:00 p.m.

December 13—Philosophical Society

of Washington

Annual meeting. Speaker to be an-
nounced.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, 2170
Florida Ave., N.W., 8:15 p.m.

December 17—Anthropological So-
ciety of Washington
Speaker and location to be announced.
Contact Conrad Reining, Department of
Anthropology, Catholic University.

December 18—American Meteoro-
logical Society
Speaker to be announced.
National Academy of Sciences, 2101
Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS

Contributions to this column may be
addressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate
Editor, c/o Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service, Federal
Center Building, Hyattsville, Md. 20782.

AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT
GEORGE W. IRVING, JR., ARS Ad-

ministrator, participated in a U.S.-Japan
Conference on Toxic Microorganisms held

in Honolulu, October 5-7.

207

ASHLEY B. GURNEY, Systematic En-
tomology Laboratory, spent three weeks
in Oregon and California in late August
and early September, engaged mainly in
field observations of insects. The grass-
hoppers occupying high elevations of the
Klamath Region (southwestern Oregon and
northwestern California) were of special in-
terest because of the distributional isola-
tion of some of the flightless species. On
September 13 he spoke at a meeting of the
Pacific Coast Entomological Society, held
in San Francisco.

WILLIAM L. SULZBACHER received
the American Meat Science Association’s
award “for signal service in the field of
meats” at its annual meeting last summer.
The award has been given to USDA em.-
ployees on two previous occasions, in
1956 and 1958.

MARTIN JACOBSON, Entomology Re-

search Division at Beltsville, attended the

13th International Congress of Entomol-—

ogy held in Moscow, August 2-9, where
he presented an invitational paper, “The
Present Status of Insect Attractants.”

GILLETTE RESEARCH INSTITUTE
JOHN H. MENKART, former execu-

tive vice-president of GRI, has been made
president of the organization, replacing
Raymond E. Reed. The appointment, an-
nounced September 18 by Paul Cuenin,
senior vice-president of the parent Gillette
Research Company in Boston, became ef-
fective October 1.

NATIONAL BUREAU OF
STANDARDS

Four employees of long standing have
retired from the Bureau, as follows:

WILLIAM T,. SWEENEY, chief of the
Dental Research Section, retired on April
30. He joined the National Bureau of
Standards as a scientific aid in 1922, and
was in private industry from 194] to 1949.

FRANCIS E. WASHER, a consultant in
the Metrology Division, retired April 5.
Dr. Washer joined NBS in 1935.

208

BRUCE L. WILSON, chief of the Me-
chanics Division, retired April 29. He
joined the Bureau staff in 1929, after his
graduation from Reed College.

ROBERT D. HUNTOON retired from
NBS on July 30, after some 27 years of
service with the Bureau. His most recent
position was chief of the Office of Pro-
gram Development and Evaluation.

Foreign talks have been given in recent
months by the following staff members:

R. G. BATES, “Standard Scales for
Practical Measurements of Ionic Activity,”
International Symposium on Analytical
Chemistry, sponsored by the Society for
Analytical Chemistry and IUPAC, Bir-
mingham, England, July 21-25.

J. R. McNESBY, “Vacuum Ultraviolet
Photolysis of n-Butane,” Academy of the
Socialist Republic of Romania, Bucharest,
September 2-5.

L. A. WOOD, “The Creep of Pure-Gum
Vulcanizates of Natural Rubber,” Inter-
national Conference on Natural Rubber
1968, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Septem-
ber 2. Also, “The Creep of Pure-Gum Vul-
canizates of Natural Rubber,” Rubber As-
sociation of Japan, Tokyo, September 10.

H. P. R. FREDERIKSE, ‘‘Piezoresistive
Effects in Semiconducting Strontium
Titanate,” Ninth International Conference
on the Physics of Semiconductors under
the auspices of the International Union of
Pure and Applied Physics, Academy of
Sciences, Mowcow, July 23-29.

J. MAZUR, “Stochastic Processes and
Excluded Volume in Polymer Chains,”
Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, July
de

R. J. RUBIN, “Transmission Properties
of an Istopically Disordered One-Dimen-
sional Harmonic Crystal,” International
Conference on _ Statistical Mechanics,
Kyoto, September 9.

R. P. MADDEN, “Absolute Detectors
and the Transfer Standard Problem in
the VUV,” European Space Research
Organization, Symposium on Calibrations
Methods in the UV and X-ray, Munich,
May 27-31.

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

A. J. MELMED, “Single Specimen FEM-
LEED Studies” and “Field Emission Shad-
ow Microscopy,” 15th Field Emission
Symposium, Bonn, September 10.

E. J. PROSEN, “A Solution Calorimeter
and Heat of Solution Standards,” All-
Union Conference on Calorimetry, Tech-
nological Institute, Leningrad, May 20-25.

NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF
HEALTH

NORMAN B. McCULLOUGH, chief of
the Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases,
NIAID, retired September 1 after 21 years
as a PHS commissioned officer. Dr. Mc-
Cullough becomes professor of microbiol-
ogy and public health and professor of
medicine at Michigan State University.

ICHIJI TASAKI, Laboratory of Neuro-
biology, received a Superior Service
Award at the HEW awards ceremony in
the Clinical Center Auditorium on May
28.

HEINZ SPECHT, the Academy’s imme-
diate past president and formerly special
assistant’ to the director of the John E.
Fogarty International Center for Advanced
Study in the Health Sciences, arrived in
Paris September 30 for a two-year tour at
the American Embassy. As head of the
NIH European Grants Office, he will serve
as NIH scientific representative in Europe.
Dr. Specht’s current assignment is com-
parable to his tour at the NIH Tokyo Of-
fice in 1963-64.

NATIONAL SCIENCE
FOUNDATION

RAYMOND J. SEEGER gave his lect-
ure, ““Humanism of Science” at the installa-
tion of Sigma Xi clubs on September 15
at Regis College, Massachusetts, and on
October 23 at Bowdoin College, Bruns-
wick, Me. He will present another of his
lectures, “Nature, Art, and Mathematics,”
at the 1968 National Youth Conference in
Chicago on November 22.

NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
J. H. SCHULMAN, associate director of

NOVEMBER, 1968

Research in Materials, attended the rec-
ent 2nd _ International Conference on
Luminescence Dosimetry, at Gatlinburg,
Tenn., at which he served as general vice-
chairman of the Conference and moder-
ator of a panel discussion.

JEROME KARLE, head of the Labora-
tory for Structure of Matter, has been
awarded the Navy’s Distinguished Civilian
Service Award in recognition of his “pio-
neering advances, both theoretical and ex-
perimental, and for his leadership in the
fields of the structure analysis of matter
by electron, X-ray, and neutron diffrac-
tion.” Dr. Karle’s work has made it pos-
sible to study the structure of a large
variety of materials of interest to the
Navy.

WILLIAM A. ZISMAN, head of the
Laboratory for Chemical Physics, was pre-
sented the Captain Robert Dexter Conrad
Award for Scientific Achievement on Sep-
tember 25 by the Secretary of the Navy.

SCIENCE AND
DEVELOPMENT

August 15 marked the second anniver-
sary of the National Earthquake Informa-
tion Center (NEIC), established by the
Federal Government to provide prompt
and accurate information on large earth-
quakes. During its brief history, trained
seismologists have issued reports on over a
hundred earthquakes, including their lo-
cation, magnitude, and significance. The
reports are usually issued within a few
hours of an earthquake’s occurrence.

The center is linked with ESSA seis-
mological observatories at College and
Palmer, Alaska; Tucson, Arizona; Hono-
lulu, Hawaii; Guam, Mariana Islands;
and Newport, Wash. Reports are received
also from foreign observatories. Each ob-
servatory is equipped with alarms which
are triggered whenever a large earthquake
occurs anywhere in the world. The seis-
mologists report their observations to
NEIC where accurate determinations are
made, using these data as well as readings

209

from a three-station network in the Wash-
ington, D. C., area.

NEIC also serves as a focal point for
numerous additional seismological serv-
ices. One is the Preliminary Determina-
tion of Epi-centers Program which _lo-
cates up to 6000 earthquakes a year, using
a high-speed computer and thousands of
recorded observations from global seis-
mograph stations. This information, in-
cluding the location, magnitude, and re-
ported damage of the earthquakes, is pub-
lished and distributed to seismologists
twice weekly.

The preparation of seismic histories of
selected areas of the United States is
another service for engineers, actuaries,
and scientists. NEIC maintains extensive
earthquake files, including an IBM card
file of more than 50,000 instrumentally-
located earthquakes of the past 70 years,
that is used for these studies. NEIC is
operated on a 24-hour basis, seven days a
week.

An image
veloped by the Army for land use may
also prove a boon in ship navigation, and
may help as well to reduce the rescue time
for survivors from a shipwreck.

The Starlight Scope is an image intensi-
fication device developed by the Night Vi-
sion Laboratory, Fort Belvoir, a field
agency of the Army Electronics Command
of Fort Monmouth, N.J. It utilizes a spec-
ial electron tube to intensify the natural
low level of starlight, moonlight, or sky-
glow to produce a visible image. It re-
quires no artificial radiation.

In two tests conducted by the Army
Mobility Equipment Research and De-
velopment Center at Fort Belvoir, results
have indicated that the “Starlight Scope”
would be of great value in the nighttime
navigation of ships.

The Starlight Scope is a “tool” that of-
fers possibilities in nighttime sea rescues.
A flashlight is part of the standard equip-
ment for lifeboats and, in the event of a
shipwreck, the light could be flashed sky-

210

intensification device de-.

ward in SOS coded signals. Ships equip-
ped with the Starlight Scope, even though
great distances away, would be able to
pick up the light, and thereby be guided
directly to the lifeboat without trial-and-
error search and wasted time, as often
happens with the use of the hand-cranked
lifeboat transmitter and the ship’s radio
direction finder. It also would increase the
survival chances of individuals in a single
liferaft or lifejacket, as long as they are
able to send flashes from their flashlight.

Aquaculture—farming the sea—can
make a significant contribution to the
war on hunger and to the domestic eco-
nomy, according to a report by Professor
John E. Bardach of the University of
Michigan’ and Dr. John H. Ryther of
the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institu-
tion. The report was prepared pursuant to
a contract between AIBS and the National
Council on Marine Resources and Engi-
neering Development, Executive Office of
the President. . |

The researchers conclude that aquacul-
ture, particularly of the highly efficient
and productive herbivorous forms, can
make a very significant contribution to
alleviating hunger, and that this may be
accomplished by (1) application of rec-
ent scientific and technological advances
to existing practices; (2) development of
new techniques involving such fields as
genetics, nutrition, pathology, ecology,
and engineering; and (3) opening up new
geographical areas of aquaculture.

With the passing of the first year of
the International Biological Program,
U.S. scientists are heartened by grants to
support the integrated research program.
A two-year grant by NSF was awarded for
a central management of the Analyses of
Ecosystems program. An earlier NSF
erant for a grasslands-study site in the
Ecosystems analysis was supplemented by

AEC. Also, funding by the Air Force,

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

other Federal agencies, and a_ private
foundation has enabled scientists to begin
work on Eskimo adaptation.

The grasslands study is the first of
five biomes to be included in the Eco-
systems program. Location of the study is
the 15,000 acre Central Plains Experi-
mental Range, administered by the Agric-
ultural Research Service, USDA. Also
available for study is part of the 110,000-
acre Pawnee National Grasslands, operated

by the Forest Service, USDA.

The study will involve four components
of the grasslands: the physical factors of
the environment, the plants, the animals
which eat the plants, and the organisms
which break down waste products and in-
corporate them in to the soil.

A network of studies will be organized
throughout the Great Plains in coordina-
tion with those at the Central Plains Range.
Similar studies are underway in Canada
and planned in Mexico, and 20 other coun-
tries are proposing grassland programs un-

der IBP.

The conversion to computerized photo-
typesetting at the Government Printing
Office will result in savings because of the
40 percent reduction in bulk for publica-
tions formerly produced by computer
print-out. Some 20 percent of all com-
position of government publications was
in the form of computer print-out before
GPO’s new and unique high-speed photo-
typesetting machine, the Linotron, went
into operation. Linotron is the only such
machine in the world that sets an entire
page at one time. Now the government’s
computers can whip out magnetic tapes of
information—a much speedier operation
than computer print-out onto paper. From
the tapes the Linotron can set copy in
book-quality type at the rate of 1,000
characters a second while composing an
entire page at a time. When computer-
generated copy, with all capital letter and
wide-line spacing, is used as camera copy
for offset printing, it wastes paper, press-

NOVEMBER, 1968

work, and binding, and results in an in-
ferior typographic end-product.

A precision temperature-controlled water
bath developed at the NBS Radio Stand-
ards Laboratory provides temperatures
constant to +0.000025°C. over a 24-hour
period. Its stability is estimated to be an
improvement of one to two orders of mag-
nitude over that provided by previous
systems. This development allows NBS
and industry to perform accurate micro-
wave power calibrations more quickly.

More than a century after a British sea
captain measured the deep ocean for the
first time, a U.S. oceanographic vessel has
revisited the scene and_ scientifically
gauged the depth.

The new sounding was made January
22, 128 years after Captain Sir James Clark
Ross, commander of HMS EREBUS,
proved that the sea was not bottomless, as
had generally been believed until then.

Using modern electronic equipment, the
U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Ship
DISCOVERER resurveyed the site in the
South Atlantic where Ross in 1840 meas-
ured a depth of 2425 fathoms (14,550
feet) using a specially constructed line
attached to a 76-pound weight. This depth
is still shown on modern small-scale
charts of the South Atlantic.

The DISCOVERER found a depth of
2312 fathoms (13,872 feet), or 678 feet
less than that recorded by Ross. The
ship determined the more than 2!2-mile
depth with an echo sounder, an electronic
device which records depth by measuring
the time it takes for a sound to travel to
the bottom and return.

The soundings were made at latitude
27°26’S., longitude 17° 29’W., about 600
miles north-northwest of Tristan da Cunha
and roughly half way between the lower
halves of South America and Africa on
the western flank of the submerged Mid-
Atlantic Ridge.

211

Ross’ sounding took one hour. That of

the DISCOVERER was made in seconds.

A committee of the National Research
Council has recommended that the use of
whole, pooled human plasma “be discour-
aged and even discontinued,” because of
strong new evidence that it often trans-
mits hepatitis.

The NRC Committee on Plasma and
Plasma Substitutes based its recommenda-
tions on the report of a three-year study
by two Los Angeles researchers in which
10 percent of the patients receiving the
plasma became ill with acute hepatitis
within six months. In all cases, the
plasma had been subjected to a commonly
accepted two-part sterilization procedure,
consisting of storage in the liquid state at
slightly greater than room temperature
(86-90°F.) for six months and then treat-
ment with ultraviolet radiation.

Plasma is the cell-free, liquid portion of
uncoagulated blood. Because it does not
deteriorate in the manner of whole blood,
it can be separated from outdated whole
blood and preserved. Pooling, the mix-
ing together of large quantities of plasma
from the blood of many individuals, is
widely practiced both as an economy and
because it is thought that such mixing
will neutralize dangerous antibodies.

The committee estimates that more than
300,000 units of pooled plasma are admin-
istered in the United States each year, pri-
marily in the treatment of severely burned
patients and as a plasma volume expander
for the severely injured.

To help in the fight against air pollu-
tion, NBS scientists are developing new
gas analysis methods and improving ex-
isting ones, as well as preparing new gas
standard reference materials. The ex-
panded gas analysis program at the Bu-
reau has resulted so far in an improved
method for determining the carbon dioxide
content of air, a new absolute method to

A212

determine the oxygen content in air, and a
new method to determine low concentra-
tions of oxygen in inert gases. In addition,
nine new standard gases, including a “stan-
dard air,” have been prepared.

A new isotope separator laboratory at
the National Bureau of Standards Center
for Radiation Research (Department of
Commerce) in Gaithersburg, Md., has
greatly increased the Bureau’s capability
for separating and studying isotopes, both
radioactive and nonradioactive. Equipped
with an electromagnetic isotope separator,
the laboratory has already proved highly
useful to NBS in the preparation of iso-
topically pure sources, irradiation of
various materials, in studies of nuclear
structure, and ion implantation in semi-
conductors.

National Bureau of Standards modifi-
cations to the nullpoint potentiometric
technique have made this method one of
the most sensitive tools for chemical
analysis. The improved method requires
only a 10 microliter sample and can
determine as little as 4 & 10°'° g of
fluoride and 5 & 10-® ¢ of silver with less
than 1% error.

A new image converter that permits
viewing and photographing of normally
invisible infrared and ultraviolet radia-
tion has been described by C. S. McCamy
of the National Bureau of Standards. Ob-
jects emitting heat, even though they are
not ordinarily visible by their own radia-
tion, can be made visible by the image
converter and can be photographed in
color.

Image converters that change infrared
into visible images have widespread appli-
cations. They are used, for example, in
military night-vision devices and in the
medical diagnosis of certain types of
cancer. These converters are generally ex-
pensive and complicated.

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Delegates to the Washington Academy of Sciences, ee
the Local Affiliated Societies *

Philosophical Society of Washington Wittiam J, Youpen
Anthropological Society of Washington _... Pruscrtra Remninc
Biological Society of Washington Delegate not appointed
Chemical Society of Washington Epwarp O. HAeNnni
Entomological Society of Washington W. Doyie Reep
National Geographic Society ALEXANDER WETMORE
Geological Society of Washington Georce V. Congr
Medical Society of the District of Columbia Delegate not appointed
Columbia Historical Society Delegate not appointed
Botanical Society of Washington Perer H, Heinze
Society of American Foresters - Harry A, Fowetts
Washington Society of Engineers Martin A, MASON
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Georce ABRAHAM
American Society of Mechanical Engineers Wittiam G, ALLEN
Helminthological Society of Washington . Auret O. Foster
American Society for Microbiology + EvizasetH J. Oswarp
Society of American Military Engineers ir H. P. Demutu
American Society of Civil Engineers F THORNDYKE SAVILLE, Jr.
Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine Emiio Weiss
American Society for Metals . 7 Metvin R. MeYerson
International Association for Dental Research Water E. Brown
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics . = Rosert C. Smiru, Jr.
American Meteorological Society . Harovp A. STEINER
Insecticide Society of Washington H. Ivan RAINWATER
Acoustical Society of America AtFrep WEISSLER
American Nuclear Society ..... if; Oscar M. Bizzeu
Institute of Food Technologists Lowrie M. Beacham
American Ceramic Society J. J. Diamonp
Electrochemical Society Kurt H. Stern
Washington History of Science Club Delegate not appointed
American Association of Physics Teachers Bernarp B. Watson
Optical Society of America Arno.tp M, Bass
American Society of Plant Physiologists WALTER SHROPSHIRE
Washington Operations Research Council Joun G. Honic
Instrument Society of America | Atrnep M. PoMMER

* Delegates continue in office until new selections are made by the respective societies.

Volume 58 NOVEMBER 1968
CONTENTS

Marshall W. Nirenberg, Nobelist
I. E. Wallen et al.: The Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center
Achievement Award Nominations Requested
Academy Proceedings

Washington Junior Academy of Sciences

Joint Board on Science Education

Election to Fellowship

Elections to Membership )

Board of Managers Meeting Notes (June)

Board of Managers Meeting Notes: (September)

Science in Washington
Calendar of Events

Scientists in the News

Science and Development

Washington Academy of Sciences

Rm. 29, 9650 Rockville Pike (Bethesda)
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SCIENCES >

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American Scholars and Scientists
With Czechoslovak Roots—
Some Key Characteristics

Miloslav Rechcigl, Jr., and Jiri Nehnevajsa *

Introduction

This study provides an essentially de-
scriptive account of some of the salient
characteristics of Czechoslovak scholars
and scientists whose brief biographical
sketches appear in the Directory of Amer-
ican Scholars (1) or in the volumes of
American Men of Science (2).

Three categories of scholars and scien-
tists were considered. All those who could
be classified in any one of these categories
were defined as “Czechoslovak” scholars
and scientists:

(A) Those who were born in Czechoslovakia
(3).

(B) Those who resided or were educated in
Czechoslovakia (4).

(C Those who are of Czechoslovak descent, al-
though they need not have resided, or been edu-
cated, in Czechoslovakia (5).

The term “scholars” seems somewhat
less problematic than the term “humanists”
and we shall employ it to refer to the
Directory inclusions. The source gener-
ally covers disciplines often thought of as
the humanities—literature, languages, his-
tory, philosophy, law, speech, and dra-
matic arts. To be sure, many historians
view themselves, most properly, as social
scientists. Some social scientists, in turn,
might prefer the label of “chumanists” when
describing their orientations to their re-
spective specializations. To avoid any

* Dr. Rechcigl is located at the National In-
stitutes of Health, Bethesda, and Dr. Nehnevajsa
at the University of Pittsburgh.

The opinions expressed in this article are those
of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the
views of the institutions with which they are
associated.

DECEMBER, 1968

evaluative connotations of this type,
“scholars” are those persons who are
identified in the Directory; “natural sci-
entists” are those who are included in the
physical and biological sciences volumes
of the American Men of Science, and “so-
cial scientists” are those who are found
in the volume on social and _ behavioral
sciences in the latter source.

The stated criteria for inclusion in these
major reference volumes are:

(1) Achievement, by reason of experience or
training, of a stature in scholarly (scientific)
work equivalent to that associated with the doc-
orate degree, coupled with presently continued
activity in such work; or

(2) Research activity of high quality in science
as evidenced by publications in reputable scientific
journals; or, those whose work cannot be pub-
lished because of governmental or commercial or
industrial security, research activity of high
quality in science as evidenced by the judgment
of the individual’s peers among his immediate co-
workers (in the case of scientists).

Achievements as evidenced by publication of
scholarly works either in book form or in reput-
able journals; or scholarly research activity of
high quality as evidenced by the judgment of the
individual’s peers (in the case of scholars).

(3) Attainment of a position of substantial re-
sponsibility requiring scholarly (or scientific)
training and experience of approximately the
extent described under the previous criteria.

Table 1 gives a summary of the listings.

Thus one in two hundred (as among the
scholars and the social scientists) or one
in three hundred (as in the case of the
natural scientists) fall within the scope
of this inquiry. Whether this represents
many, or few, inclusions cannot be ascer-
tained. Such an evaluation is relative to
the distributions of scholars and scien-

213

tists of other backgrounds, and it is fur-
ther affected, as seems obvious, by the
size of various ethnic strains in the United
States as well as in the native countries,
or in the nations of parental origins.

Not all scholars and scientists who
meet the criteria for inclusion in these
major reference sources are listed, how-
ever. By design or by default, quite a few

Table 1.
Approximate
listings A
Scholars 23,300 83
Social scientists 22,000 96
Natural scientists 90,000 250
Total 135,000 429

the 1964 edition. The result is summar-
ized in Table 2.

Hence, the overall increase in listings
over a seven-year span amounts to some 60
percent and there is little doubt that the
data on natural and social scientists would,
at least, parallel this. A simple projection
would show that, apart from all other
qualifications, the 1966 situation would re-

Czechoslovak Scholars and Scientists

Total
Categories * Czechoslovak
B G listings
35 6 124
11 6 113
47 11 308
93 23 545

*The categories A-C are those previously mentioned as criteria for inclusion in this study.

may not have submitted their biographies
to the compilers for a vast variety of rea-
sons (6). The sources thus underestimate,
of necessity, the numbers and distributions
of scholars and scientists although it is
quite difficult to establish the extent of
such built-in distortions.

Furthermore, a good number of other-
wise eligible scholars and scientists may
not have been even approached for the
submission of their background data. This
is only natural in a context in which no
central registration files of any kind ex-
ist, so that editors of reference volumes
cannot but fail to contact many potential
biographical subjects for want of infor-
mation (7). Finally, the sources are dated.
The Directory’s publication date is 1964.
and the American Men of Science volumes
appeared even earlier than that. The in-
flux into American scholarly and scientific
life of younger professionals, particularly
those of Czechoslovak nativity, cannot be
reflected as accurately as it might be in
the mid-sixties.

To test, in part, the magnitude of the
possible shifts, a comparison was made
between the listings as they appear in the
1957 edition of the Directory and those of

214,

veal close to 1,000 scholars and scientists
in these categories (8).

Educational Background

It should, of course, not be surprising
that by far most biographical subjects have
attained the doctoral degree. After all, this
is one of the minimal criteria for inclu-
sion in either the Directory or American
Men of Science.

Table 2. 1957 and 1964 Listings of Scholars

Category 1957 1964 Change, %
Czechoslovak born 48 83 + 73
Czechoslovak resi-

dence and/or

education 30 35 + 15
Czescholovak

descent — 6 +100
Total 78 124 + 60

In Table 3 we find that nine in ten
scholars or scientists have their doctorates.
Indeed, just about 12 percent can boast
of more than one doctorate, a pattern least
prevalent among the natural scientists. In
each group—scholars, social scientists, and
natural scientists alike—American and Ca-
nadian doctorates are more frequent than
corresponding degrees from either Czecho-

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Table 3. Educational Background by the Highest Degree *

Highest Social Natural All
degree Scholars, % scientists, % scientists, % groups, %
Three doctorates a 0.9 0.6 0.6
Two doctorates 12.9 15.9 8.4 11.0
One doctorate 77.4 76.1 80.5 78.9
Master’s degree 4.0 5.3 3.9 4.2
Bachelor’s degree 0.8 2 1.8 Za 1.8
Other diplomas,

degrees WW — 3.3 2.6
No degrees 1.6 — 1.0 0.9
Total (99.9) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0)

* Honorary doctorates are not included in this tabulation.

slovak universities or universities of other
nations. The difference is particularly pro-
nounced among the social scientists, of
whom almost one in two are holders of
(predominantly) American or (occasion-
ally) Canadian degrees. Table 4 contains

oslovak doctorates to the total is quite
uneven as soon as we consider the type
of degree involved. Of the 192 doctorates
awarded in Czechoslovakia to all the
groups, some 55) percent represent the
Ph.D. (or direct equivalent, such as the

Table 4. Doctorates by Countries and by Groups

Social Natural All
Scholars, % scientists, % scientists, % Groups, %
Czechoslovakia 315 36.8 32.0 34.3
United States or
Canada 39.8 48.0 41.8 42.8
Other countries T27, 15:2 26.2 22.9
Totals (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0)

the basic data. A good number of the
subjects are, furthermore, holders of hon-
orary doctorates. The honorary degrees
are not included in the overall summary
in any manner.

In any event, the contribution of Czech-

Doctor of Science degree), whereas of the
239 doctorates obtained by the subjects
from American or Canadian schools, just
about 95 percent have the Ph.D. Many of
the Czechoslovak degrees are medical (21
percent) or legal (23 percent). Still an-

Table 5. Type of Doctorate by Country of Award *

United States Other
Czechoslovakia or Canada countries Total
Ph.D. 106 226 93 425
M.D. 41 10 18 69
J.D. (JUDr,LLD) ” 4A 2 15 61
D.Th. (D.D.) ° 1 1 2 4
Total (192) (239) (128) (559)

*The data are given in numbers of doctorates and not in terms of individuals. Holders of
two or more degrees are thus included in the table separately for each doctorate.

> Whether or not the JUDr degree is equivalent to the LLD is an open question. In terms
of the Czechoslovak system, it is the highest degree in law and it is comparable in this sense,

and possibly in this sense alone.

°D.Th.: is doctor of theology, comparable also to the D.D., or doctor of divinity degree in

the West.

DECEMBER, 1968

215

other lock is provided by Table 5, which
shows that of the Ph.D.’s, 23 percent are
from Czechoslovakia’s institutions of high-
er learning, while over 53 percent come
from Canadian or American universities.
Among the M.D.’s, the corresponding fig-
ures are 60 percent and 14 percent respec-
tively; for the legal doctorates (JUDr or
the North American equivalents), Czecho-
slovak degrees account for 72 percent, and
American-Canadian degrees for about 16
percent.

Among the social scientists with Ph.D.’s,
American-Canadian doctorates are by far
most prevalent. Of the 82 subjects in this
subgroup, 72 percent received their doc-

Table 6. Specialization of Scholars

Jo
Literature and languages 47.6
History 38.7
Philosophy, religion, law 12.1
English, speech, dramatic arts 1.6
Total (124)

torates on the North American continent,
and somewhat less than 20 percent in
Czechoslovakia. The Ph.D.’s among natu-
ral scientists, 237 in all, were recipients of
U.S. or Canadian degrees in 50 percent
of the instances, and holders of Czecho-
slovak degrees in 24 percent of the cases.

In the Ph.D. group of scholars, 106 of
them in all, North American doctorates
amount to 46 percent, while Czechoslovak
doctorates characterize 32 percent of those
listed. The scholars, regardless of degree,
are thus particularly grounded in the
Czechoslovak educational background,
whereas the scientists, both natural and
social, underwent significantly more for-
mal educational experiences in the wider
international setting.

Professional Specialization

Table 6 shows that the scholars are par-
ticularly active in the fields of literature,
languages, and history. Relatively few
seem specialized in philosophy, religion,
law, English, speech, or dramatic arts. Al-

216

Table 7. Specializations of Social Scientists

Jo
Economics 38.0
Political science 20.4
(Comparative government,
international relations) ( 6.2)
Psychology 19.5
Sociology 14.2
Geography 2.6
Anthropology 1.8
General social science 18
Statistics 0.9
Jurisprudence 0.9
Total (113)

though many scholars have legal training,
and predominantly of Czechoslovak source,
exceptionally few have found any way to
be active, as scholars, in their primary
field of education. This is, of course, not
surprising in view of the fact that legal
degrees are of all degrees the least trans-
ferrable from country to country.

In the group of social scientists, econo-
mists are clearly dominant. If specializa-
tions in comparative government or inter-
national relations were included as aspects
of political science, as seems altogether
appropriate, political scientists and psy-
chologists represent the two largest groups
other than that of the economists. Very
few subjects identify their specializations
as anthropology or geography. Just about
one in seven social scientists work in so-
ciology. Table 7 gives the summary.

The summary provided in Table 8 shows
that physical scientists account for more
entries in the American Men of Science
than do either biological scientists or pro-
fessionals in the various branches of en-
gineering.

In the group of 119 biological scientists,
those with medical training are predomi-

Table 8. Specializations of Natural Scientists

%
Physical scientists 47.4
Biological scientists 37.8
Engineering 14.8
Total (308)

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

nant. Furthermore, it must be realized
that the source does not consider prac-
ticing physicians at all, but only those
who are also, or only, involved in research
and/or teaching in their respective fields.
Biochemists form the second largest group,
while remaining listings of biological sci-
entists are scattered over a variety of dis-
ciplines with one scientist each in agri-
culture, forestry, zoology, and veterinary
medicine. Table 9 contains the summary.

Table 9. Specializations of Biological Scientists

Jo

Medicine 16.9
Pathology 9.2
Physiology 9.2
Surgery 3.4
Anatomy Were
Psychiatry Mag
Anesthesiology 1.0
Biochemistry 17.7
Microbiology 10.1
Other fields 29.1

Total (119)

Table 10 provides a summary of the
specializations of physical scientists. Chem-
ists, physicists, and mathematicians are
most frequent but the chemists, in par-
ticular, represent a major subgroup.

' Table 10. Specializations of Physical Scientists

Jo
Chemistry 59.6
Physics 23.3
Mathematics 9.6
Other fields * 7.5
Total (146)

“Including a few listings in astronomy, geo-
physics, geology, and meteorology.

Among the 43 scientists with engineer-
ing as their key specialization, mechanical
and chemical engineers are the two larger
groups. Table 11 gives the summary.

Patterns of Employment

As might be expected from Table 12,
the predominant employment pattern is
academic. But there are sharp differences
among the three groups. Very few of the

DECEMBER, 1968

Table 11. Specializations in Engineering

Jo
Mechanical 34.9
Chemical 18.6
Aeronautical 9.3
Electrical 9.3
Civil 9.3
Other specialties 18.6

scholars listed in the sources are found
outside of the academic setting; more than
half of the natural scientists are employed
either in industry or Government. This
mirrors the basic distribution of employ-
ment opportunities to some extent. But in
all groups, and especially among the schol-
ars, individuals eligible for inclusion in
the reference works are harder to identify
when they are active outside of the uni-
versities and colleges. The compilers can-
not avail themselves readily of published
catalogues and listings, and must rely, to
a considerable degree, on information pro-
vided by peers.

Among the academicians, rank is an ob-
vious index of particular levels of achieve-
ment, at least, within the context of a
particular university or college. The three
groups are exceptionally similar in the
extent to which senior academic positions
—those of professor or associate profes-
sor—were reported. Just about seven in
ten of the biographical subjects are found
in the two highest ranks. This is, of
course, not unrelated to the criteria for
inclusion of biographic data in the sources,
but the similarity of scholars, social scien-
tists, and natural scientists in this regard
is quite striking.

Table 13 contains the relevant data. Its
interpretation is, in part, influenced by
the date of publication of the source. On

Table 12. Employment of Scientists and Scholars

Academic, Non- Total,

% academic, % %

Scholars 93.5 6.5 124
Social scientists 70.8 29.2 113
Natural scientists 48.3 By 308
All groups 63.3 36.7 545
217

Table 13. Academic Rank of Scholars and

Scientists
Social Natural
Scholars, Scientists, Scientists,
(1964) * (1962) * (1961) *
Jo Jo Jo
Professor 43.9 41.2 43.6
Associate
professor 26.7 26.3 26.8
Assistant
professor 23.3 21.3 14,1
Lecturer 2.6 6.2 Zeit
Other academic
ranks 3.5 5.0 12.8
Total (116) (80) (149)

"Date of publication of the source book. Per-
haps one to two years after actual submission
of information by the subjects of the biographies.

the whole, the more recent the publication
the more likely the higher ranks should
be. Looking at the information from this
vantage point, it would be fair to assert
that the natural scientists have “done bet-
ter” than the social scientists who, in turn,
have “done better” than the scholars. Or
better yet, the 1964 published achieve-
ments of the scholars correspond to the
1962 pattern among the social scientists
and the 1961 pattern of the natural scien-
tists.

Some of the changes can be observed
by comparing the 1957 edition of the Di-
rectory with the 1964 version. Table 14
summarizes the data.

The basic composition of the group did
not change, save for the sharp increase
in the component of associate professors.
The 1964 results thus include not only new

listings, but also the effect of intervening
promotions and other appropriate shifts in
the career patterns of the scholars. The
net increments in the higher rank categories
cannot, however, be accounted for solely
by the inclusion of new biographical sub-
jects. Indeed, most of these are instances
of upward mobility. If newer data were
available on the natural and social scien-
tists, similar changes could certainly be ex-
pected.
Age

At the time of the publication of each
of the source volumes, the median age of
scholars is approximately 50, that of the
natural scientists just about 47, and that
of social scientists a little below 46. Among
the social scientists, some 35.6 percent
were born in 1921 or later, and 17.0 per-
cent before 1900. Among scholars, 27.1
percent were born after 1920, and 17.7
percent before 1900. In the group of nat-
ural scientists, 29.9 percent are of the
post-1920 generations, and 26.5 percent of
the pre-1900 era.

Table 15 is more detailed in this regard.
It shows the percentage distributions for
each group of subjects for each decade.
Indeed, the basic age distributions are dis-
proportionately affected by the inclusion
of scholars and scientists of categories B
and C, that is, all others except those
who were actually born in Czechoslovakia.
The latter group is younger, and the per-
centage decreases are noticeable mainly in
the 1900-1920 age groups in which, in
turn, categories B and C tend to be over-
represented.

Table 14. Academic Rank of Scholars: 1957-1964

%, 1957
Professor 43.0
Associate professor 16.9
Assistant professor 22.0
Lecturer 1 ey
Other 6.4
Total (77)

Change in Per cent

number of change,

%, 1964 listings * 1957-64
43.9 + 18 + 54.5
26.7 + 18 Ss ee ets)
23.3 + 10 + 588
2.6 — 6 — 66.7
2.0 — | — 20.0
(116) + 39 + 50.6

* Additional scholars listed in 1964 of corresponding rank.

218

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Residence

Table 16 indicates the geographic dis-
tribution of the subjects in terms of the
United States census regions and other
countries of residence. Clearly, there are
no important differences in the pattern of
(at least, temporary) settlement and lo-
cation of the various groups of scholars
and scientists considered in this study.
Most subjects—more than nine in ten—
are working in the United States: this is,
of course, anything but surprising in view
of the American origin of the source vol-
umes. There are more biographies, in all
groups, in the Mid-Atlantic states of New
York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania than
anywhere else. East North Central states
of the United States include the second
largest percentages of scholars and scien-
tists. Relatively few listings are recorded
from the belt of states which includes
the Mountain region, East South Central
and West South Central parts of the coun-
try.

cent) as there are others of Czechoslovak
origins (34.7 percent). In any event, Amer-
icans of foreign ethnic strains are over-
represented in these three major states
(32.6 percent of inhabitants of foreign
stock) although the area accounts for but
19.1 percent of the total U.S. population.
Of course, this is accounted for by the
New York megalopolitan region, and by
Philadelphia and Pittsburgh in particular.
In the East North Central states, scholars
and scientists are fewer (18.8 percent)
than there are residents of Czechoslovak
backgrounds (35.6 percent).

The importance of the Washington, D.C.
area to professional activities, both schol-
arly and scientific, is noticeable from the
relatively high proportion (11.7 percent)
of biographical subjects in the South At-
lantic area compared with some 3.9 per-
cent of Czechoslovak-descent inhabitants of
the same region. And finally, the schol-
ars and scientists are more frequently to
be found in the Pacific states (13.5 per-

Table 15. Age Distribution of Scholars and Scientists

Birth years Scholars, % Social
1871—1880 —
1881—1890 6.5
1891—1900 10.6
1901-1910 22.8
1911—1920 33.3
1921—1930 23.6
1931-1940 3.5
Total (123)

The distribution of scholars and scien-
tists throughout the United States is quite
different from the pattern of habitation
of Americans of Czechoslovak descent as
reported by the Bureau of the Census. In
the New England tier of states, 3.7 per-
cent of American residents of Czechoslovak
descent are to be found. Among the schol-
ars and scientists, 10.9 percent of the list-
ings come from these states, reflecting par-
ticularly the centrality to professional life
of such centers as Boston and New Haven.
In the mid-Atlantic states, the subjects are
proportionately about as many (34.9 per-

DECEMBER, 1968

scientists, %

Natural scientists, % All groups, %

— 1.0 0.6
4.5 4.9 5.2
12.5 15.6 13.8
17.9 23.1 22.0
28.6 20.4 27.9
33.9 28.3 28.4
IAT 1.6 2.2
(112) (307) (542)

cent) than are other residents of Czecho-
slovak ethnic origins (5.6 percent).

All in all, the pattern of settlement of
the scholars and scientists is clearly more
affected by the employment opportunity
structures of the nation as a whole than
by considerations of affinity to centers of
Czechoslovak life in America. Many of
the differences would become even more
pronounced if we were to consider only
those scholars and scientists who were,
themselves, born in Czechoslovakia (cate-

gory A).

219

Conclusions

The results of our inquiry, limited
though they may be in scope, are inter-
esting in their own right. They lead to
establishing some benchmarks concerning
the main traits of Czechoslovak profes-
sionals on the North American continent,
and particularly, in the United States. The
sources, the Directory of American Scholars
and American Men of Science, obviously
underestimate the numbers of scholars and
scientists eligible for inclusion, but this is a
more general difficulty associated with bio-
graphic compilations which must rely on
voluntary compliance of biographees, and
on dissemination of information about can-
didates for inclusion. The point is this:
many more Czechoslovak scholars and sci-
entists probably might have been included
as seems clearly indicated by a compari-
son of the 1957 and 1964 Directories. Yet
the basic pattern would also remain the
same. The group is a fairly young one
relative to the prevalence of senior aca-
demic ranks; it is a very well educated
group; except for the scholars, it is a
group of professionals who acquired con-

siderable educational background abroad,
most frequently in the United States and
Canada; it is a group which does not
follow the patterns of previous Czecho-
slovak settlements, but rather reflects the
employment opportunity structures of the
imbedding society. It is clearly more cos-
mopolitan in its tone than comparable
groups, although this cannot be known
with confidence without a good deal of
further research.

Despite their difficulties in applying their
professional expertise directly, Czechoslo-
vaks with doctorates in law seem to have
been absorbed into the mainstream of pro-
fessional and educational life of the con.
tinent. Thus the pattern of expertise tended
to be redefined and redirected most often
among the holders of Czechoslovak law de-
grees, and usually without the necessity
for formal educational remolding.

The physicians with Czechoslovak medi-
cal doctorates also do not find their de-
grees directly transferrable. Requirements
for internships, residences, and appropriate
professional requirements have had a sig-

Table 16. Geographic Distribution of Scholars and Scientists

Scholars Social scientists Natural scientists All groups
New England * 12.1 8.2 10.1 10.1
Mid Atlantic ” 30.6 31.9 33.1 32.3
East North Central ° 16.1 esr 17.9 17.4
West North Central 4 4.8 3.5 3.6 3.9
South Atlantic ° 8.1 18.6 9.1 10.8
East South Central * — 2 1.3 13
West South Central ® 1.6 Dah 2.3 aan
Mountain states" 3.2 1.8 1.6 2.0
Pacific states ' 13.7 10.6 1257 12:5
Total U.S. 90.3 97.3 91.6 92.5
Canada 9.7 0.9 1.0 6.6
Other countries — 1.8 1.0 0.9

* Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut.

"New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania.
© Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin.

‘Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas.
* Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, District of Columbia.

* Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi.
® Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas.

"Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada.
' Washington, Oregon, California, Alaska, Hawaii.

220

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

nificant delaying effect on the full assimi-
lation into the professional fabric of North
American life. But the evidence indicates
that the M.D.’s have generally not sought to
redirect their efforts. The overwhelming
majority complied with whatever require-
ments may have been in their way and they
are to be found active in their own pro-
fession: the number of M.D’s in the whole
group is considerable, and thus indicative
of the significant achievements which the
physicians have been making despite the
initial obstacles in their way.

The transferability of other specializa-
tions is, on the other hand, quite high.
Furthermore, the doctoral degrees in phy-
sical and biological sciences are more
ubiquitous than any others simply because
of the more crystallized universality of the
“hard” sciences as a whole. Among the
social scientists, American and Canadian
doctorates are predominant: this, too, is in
keeping with reality which would suggest
that in most of the social sciences, some-
what different, more empirical, training is
provided on the Continent than elsewhere
(at least, in the past). In some sense, the
Czechoslovak Ph.D’s are directly transfer-
rable into the American-Canadian context,
but the Continental doctorates are somewhat

different in character and provide, fre-
quently, an improved opportunity for up-
ward mobility.

The study represents also a convenient
point of departure for more intensive in-
quiries into the actual impact of Czecho-
slovak scholars and scientists abroad and in
their new homelands. It is, however, at
best a beginning. Our study identifies the
extent to which opportunities to make sig-
nificant contributions in the world system
exist: it does not, at this time, address itself
to the problem of availing oneself of these
opportunities, and the successes or failures
experienced along such difficult paths. At
the same time, the biographical subjects in
the source books are invariably individuals
who have already gained recognition, sufh-
cient at least to be included given the

DECEMBER, 1968

criteria for selection of persons listed.
Both the United States and Canada are, in
a significant sense, “melting pots.” This in
itself is a trivial observation; but it must be
recognized that the “melting” process par-
takes of variably important effects of the
divergent groups and aggregates of people
who have been developing a common
American or common Canadian culture. It
goes without saying that, apart from any
problems of scientific investigation, it is
our purpose to help re-enforce the process
whereby the best components of the Czecho-
slovak cultural heritage become integral as-
pects of the “American way of life” or of
the “Canadian way of life.” Achievements
of Czechoslovak scholars and scientists in
their own fields of specialization are one
of the most significant avenues of such im-
pact.

Footnotes

(1) Directory of American Scholars, 4th edi-
tion, R. R. Bowker Co., New York, Vols. I-IV,
1963-1964. 3rd edition, 1957.

(2) American Men of Science, 10th edition,
Jacques Cattell Press. The Physical and Bio-
logical Sciences, 1960-61; The Social and Be-
havioral Sciences, 1962.

(3) Of course, this includes locations in the
Austrian-Hungarian monarchy prior to 1918.
Municipalities which became parts of Czechoslo-
vakia were included.

(4) A few of those listed may not be of
Czechoslovak descent. Their residence or educa-
tion, in Czechoslovakia renders them, to a point,
carriers of at least some aspects of the Czechoslo-
vak culture.

(5) This group grossly underestimates the num-
bers of persons listed. Only those individuals
were selected whose names were clearly of Czech
or Slovak origin, or where other information in-
dicated that they were of Czechoslovak descent.
All doubtful cases were excluded from the study.

(6) For quite some time, a number of Czecho-
slovaks preferred not to have their names listed
in any manner. This was particularly so with re-
gard to some of the post-1948 migrants.

(7) Biographees are asked to suggest addi-
tional names of eligible professionals. But they
have no way of knowing who may have been
contacted. Relatively new members of faculties
or research staffs thus are much less likely to
have an opportunity for inclusion than the already
more-established professionals.

221

(8) This is based on applying the approximate
factor of listing increment characteristics of the
scholars between 1957 and 1964. It amounts to a
rate of about 9 percent per annum. Assuming
similar growth rates for the scholars between
1964 and 1966, for the social scientists between
1962 and 1966, and for the natural scientists be-
tween 1961 and 1966, a figure in the vicinity of
1,000 can be arrived at. Even this may be con-
servative as an estimate of the projected 1966
listings on the assumption that the sources were
republished at that time and the identical criteria
for inclusion were employed.

T-THOUGHTS
After You, Alphonse

If you are out to win friends and influ-
ence people, Sir Richard Steele has a com-
ment to offer:

‘When you fall into a man’s conversa-
tion, the first thing you should consider is
whether he has a greater inclination to hear
you, or that you should hear him.”

Folly Shielding

Kind-hearted managers hesitate to point
out the errors of subordinates even though
such actions may help them considerably.

222

Herbert Spencer thinks such practices to be
unwise. “The ultimate result of shielding
men from the effects of folly,” says he, “is

to fill the world with fools.”

It’s Policy
Sticking to the traditional way of things
just because “‘it’s policy” and can’t be
changed seems to be the refuge of many a
conscientious soul. Yet, it reminds me of
Plutarch’s story of Hiero.

Hiero was reviled by one of his enemies
for his bad breath. When he went home, he
said to his wife, “Why haven’t you told me
of this?” But the wife, being virtuous and
innocent, said, “I supposed that all men
smelt so.”

Big Wind
Some executives remind us of what Dis-
raeli (1804-1881) called Gladstone: “a
sophistical rhetorician inebriated by the
exhuberance of his own verbosity.”
As my Master says, “big wind, long talk,
no rain.”

—Ralph G. H. Siu

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Academy Proceedings

MEMBERSHIP TO VOTE
ON OFFICERS FOR 1969-70

The Academy’s Nominating Committee,
headed by William J. Youden as delegate
from the Philosophical Society, met on
October 17 to select the following candi-
dates for office in 1969-70 (year beginning
May 1969):

For president-elect: Alphonse F. Forziati
of the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration.

For secretary: Mary L. Robbins of
George Washington University.

For treasurer: Richard K. Cook of the
Environmental Science Services Adminis-
tration.

For manager-at-large for three-year terms
beginning May 1969 (two to be elected) :
Richard P. Farrow (National Canners As-
sociation) ; Robert B. Fox (Naval Research
Laboratory) ; John G. Honig (Department
of the Army) ; and Zaka I. Slawsky (Naval
Ordnance Laboratory).

These candidates, together with any in-
dependent nominations that may have been
made before December 1, will be voted
upon by the membership during December,
by the usual mail ballot.

The successful candidates will take office
at the close of the annual meeting in May
1969. At this time, current President-elect
George W. Irving, Jr., will automatically
assume the presidency.

Previously elected manager-at-large who
will continue in office during the term be-
ginning May 1969 are Ernest P. Gray,
Peter H. Heinze, Allen L. Alexander, and

Lawrence M. Kushner.

ELECTIONS TO FELLOWSHIP

The following persons were elected to
fellowship in the Academy at the Board of
Managers meeting on November 21:

DECEMBER, 1968

HALVOR T. DARRACOTT, Operations
Analysis Division, Advanced Material Con-
cepts Agency, “in recognition of his con-
tributions to technological forecasting and
in particular his researches on the meth-
odolgy of forecasting and of research plan-
ning for government and industry.” (Spon-
sors: Z. V. Harvalik, Leo Schubert.)

ALAN C. PIPKIN, protozoologist and
deputy director, Department of Parasito-
logy, Naval Medical Research Institute, “‘in
recognition of his numerous contributions
to various aspects of medical parasitology,
and in particular, his application of tech-
niques of cell culture and time-lapse photo-
microcinematography to studies of para-
site protozoa.” (Sponsors: F. B. Gordon,

Mary L. Robbins.)
MILOSLAV RECHCIGL, JR., grants as-

sociate, Division of Research Grants, Na-
tional Institutes of Health, “in recognition
of his contributions to biochemistry, and in
particular his researches on the rates of
synthesis and degradation in the regulation
of enzyme levels in normal and cancerous
animal tissues.” (Sponsors: Mark W.

Woods, Dean Burk, Sarah E. Stewart.)
BERNARDO F. GROSSLING, research

geophysicist, Geological Survey, “in recog-
nition of his outstanding contributions to
the field of geophysics.” (Sponsors: V. E.
McKelvey, W. Pecora, George V. Cohee.)

BOARD OF MANAGERS
MEETING NOTES
October

The Board of Managers held its 596th
meeting on October 17, 1968 at the FASEB
Building in Bethesda, with President Hen-
derson presiding.

The minutes of the 595th meeting were
approved as previously distributed.

Secretary. Mr. Farrow reported that NSF
had requested assistance in the design of a

223

questionnaire to be used in a survey of re-
search and development activities in local
and state governments. Since the Washing-
ton Academy has no activities relating to
state and local government agencies, it was
the consensus that we would not be able to
be of material assistance in the survey.

Treasurer. Dr. Cook reported that, as
anticipated when the Academy’s office serv-
ices were expanded, it may be necessary to
cash some of the capital assets. A detailed
proposal will be presented to the Board
when this action becomes necessary. Miss
Ostaggi, office manager, reported that as
of September 16, the checking account bal-
ance in the American Security and Trust
Company was $3,119.24. On the same
date the balance of the Washington Junior
Academy was $4,116.68.

Membership. On motion of Mr. Farrow,
in the absence of Chairman Apstein, Dr.
Jean K. Boek was elected to fellowship.

Mr. Farrow announced that Maria L.
Ambrose, George Crossette, Reginald C.
Jordan, Orest A. Meykar, and Sidney
Schneider had been elected members of the
Academy by recent action of the Member-
ship Committee.

Awards. In the absence of Chairman
Torgesen, Mr. Detwiler reported that an
announcement would be published in the
Journal, requesting nominations for the
Academy’s annual awards. The 1969
awards dinner will be held next February,
instead of in January as in previous years.

Bylaws. Mr. Farrow reminded the Board
that its action at the 592nd meeting, recom-
mending changes in the requirements for
emeritus status, required a change in the
Bylaws. The draft of the Bylaws amend-
ment should be approved by the Board in
November, then submitted to the member-
ship for ratification. Mr. Farrow was in-
structed to request Chairman Wood to
prepare a draft Bylaw.

Editor. Mr. Detwiler reported that the
September (directory) issue of the Journal

had been published, and that the October

issue would soon be in the mails.

224

Old Business. Dr. Henderson announced
that the Applied Physics Laboratory had
decided to sponsor the journal mentioned
in the minutes of the 595th meeting; hence
the Washington Academy need not consider
serving aS sponsor.

Dr. Abraham indicated that IEEE was
interested in sharing the Academy’s office,
and that it expected to move its journal
operations to the office. Service required
would involve some letter writing, prepara-

tion of minutes, and mailing the minutes to

about 50 persons each month. IEEE has a
membership of some 6500 persons. Dr.
Henderson appointed a special committee
consisting of the Policy Planning Commit-
tee, the Treasurer, and appropriate repre-
sentatives of IEEE to work out the details
of an agreement.

Dr. Henderson indicated that the local
section of the Society of American For-
esters was interested in some special office
services, and that the special committee
just appointed should also consider SAF
interests in formulating a schedule of
charges.

Announcement: Mr. Sherlin announced
that the DC Council of Engineering and
Architectural Societies was sponsoring a
series of programs at the National Bureau
of Standards, aimed at introducing high
school students to engineering. Programs
have been scheduled for November 16 and
23, and for two Saturdays in December. A
20-minute film is scheduled for the Novem-
ber 16 meeting. Awards will be presented
to the high school students based on the

results of an examination.

Nomination of Officers. Immediately fol-
lowing the meeting of the Board of Man-
agers, the Nominating Committee met
under the chairmanship of the Philsoph-
ical Society delegate, Dr. Youden. The
Committee selected the following nominees
for office in the year beginning May 1969:
Alphonse F. Forziati for president-elect;
Mary L. Robbins for secretary; Richard
K. Cook for treasurer; and Richard P. Far-
row, Robert B. Fox, John G. Honig, and

Zaka I. Slawsky for managers-at-large.

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Science in Washington

CALENDAR OF EVENTS

Notices of meetings for this column may
be sent to Elaine G. Shafrin, Apt. N-702,
800 4th St., S.W., Washington, D. C. 20024,
by the first Wednesday of the month pre-
ceding the date of issue of the Journal.

December 18 — Washington Opera-
tions Research Council

John E. Walsh, Southern Methodist Uni-
versity, “Validation of Simulation Models
Illustrated for Traffic Flow.”

Room 1, Beeghly Chemistry Building,
American University, 8:00 p.m. Pre-meet-
ing dinner, Faculty Dining Room, Mary
Graydon Center, 6:15 p.m.; for dinner
reservations, contact B. Gordon Smith at

933-5525.

January 2—Entomological Society of
Washington
Speaker to be announced.
Room 43, Natural History Building,
Smithsonian [nstitution, 8:00 p.m.

January 2—Electrochemical Society
Speaker to be announced.
Beeghly Chemistry Building, American
University, 8:00 p.m.

January 8—Institute of Food Tech-
nologists
Speaker to be announced.
National Canners Association, 1133 20th
St., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

January 10—Philosophical Society of

Washington

George Rado, Naval Research Labora-
tory, will present retiring president’s ad-
dress.

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cosmos
Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N.W., 8:15

p.m.

January 13—Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers

Instrumentation and Measurement

DECEMBER, 1968

Group.
Subject: Instrumentation for Automated
Mail Handling. Speaker to be announced.
PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E St, N.W.,
8:00 p.m.

January 13—American Society for

Metals

William C. Coons, staff scientist, Lock-
heed Research Laboratory, “New Tech-
niques in Metallography.”

Three Chefs Restaurant, River House,
1500 S. Joyce St., Arlington, Va. Social
hour and dinner, 6:00 p.m.; meeting, 8:00
p.m.

January 14—Society of American

Foresters

Luncheon meeting. Speaker to be an-
nounced.

Occidental Restaurant, 1411 Pennsyl-
vania Ave., N.W., noon.

January 14—American Society of
Civil Engineers
E. P. Cliff, chief, U.S. Forest Service,
“The Role of the Engineer in Resource
Management.”
YWCA, 17th and K Sts., N.W., noon.
Luncheon meeting. For reservations

phone Floyd E. Curfman, 557-4586.

January 15—American Meteorolog-
ical Society
Speaker to be announced.
National Academy of Sciences, 2101
Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

January 15—Insecticide Society of
Washington
Speaker to be announced.
Symons Hall, Agricultural Auditorium,
University of Maryland, 8:00 p.m.

January 17—Washington Operations
Research Council
Dennis Dugan, Notre Dame University.
Topic to be announced.

225

Room 1, Beeghly Chemistry Building,
American University, 8:00 p.m. Pre-meet-
ing dinner, Faculty Dining Room, Mary
Graydon Center, 6:15 p.m.; for dinner
reservations, contact B. Gordon Smith at

933-5525.

January 21—Anthropological Society
of Washington.
Speaker and location to be announced.
Contact Conrad Reining, Department of
Anthropology, Catholic University.

SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS
Contributions to this column may be

addressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate

Editor, c/o Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, Federal
Center Building, Hyattsville, Md. 20782.

AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT

More than 60 American and Japanese
scientists met at the East-West Center of

the University of Hawaii, Honolulu, dur-

ing the period October 7-10 for a joint
technical conference on toxic microorgan-
isms. Held under the auspices of the U.S.-
Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Re-
sources (UJNR), the conference was or-
ganized and sponsored by counterpart U.S.
and Japanese toxic microorganisms panels
headed by CHESTER R. BENJAMIN
(USDA, Beltsville) and Komei Miyaki
(National Institute of Health, Tokyo). The
program consisted of four days of con-
current sessions of symposia on botulism
and mycotoxins. The proceedings are ex-
pected to be published in the Spring of
1969. Besides Dr. Benjamin, Washington
area participants included J. A. Slater
(USDI), who was chairman of the confer-
ence, R. F. Brown (FDA), A. D. Campbell
(FDA), R. B. Casady (USDA), S. R.
Hoover (USDA), R. W. Howell (USDA),
GC. W. IRVING, JR. (USDA), D. A.
Kautter (FDA), C. LAMANNA (USA), J.
C. Olson, Jr. (FDA), and E. M. Sporn
(USA).

226

After addressing the foregoing confer-
ence in Honolulu, Dr. Irving continued on
to Taiwan, the Philippines, and India,
where he reviewed some of the foreign
agricultural research programs sponsored
by USDA. After returning to Washington,
he served as program chairman of the
Federal Council for Science and Technol-
ogy’s Symposium on Education and Fed-
eral Laboratory-University Relationships,
held October 29-31 at the Museum of His-
tory and Technology. He was scheduled to
address a meeting of the Puerto Rican
Sugar Technologists Association in San
Juan on November 23.

AMERICAN UNIVERSITY

LEO SCHUBERT, chairman of the
Chemistry Department, is a member of the
Board of Trustees of Saint Augustine’s Col-
lege at Raleigh, N. C., and chairman of the
Board’s Academic Policies Committee. Dr.
Schubert is also chairman of an American
Chemical Society program that expects to
place at least 500 disadvantaged high school
students in university chemistry labora-
tories during the summer of 1969.

NATIONAL BUREAU OF
STANDARDS

WILLIAM A. WILDHACK of the Insti-
tute for Basic Standards has been recog:
nized by the Instrument Society of America
with an honorary membership, the highest
grade bestowed by ISA. The award was
presented to Mr. Wildhack at the Annual
ISA Honors and Awards Luncheon on Oc-
tober 29 in New York City.

JOHN B. WACHTMAN was appointed
chief of the Inorganic Materials Division on
August 25. Dr. Wachtman had been acting
chief of the Division, and before that, chief
of the Physical Properties Section, a post
to which he was appointed in 1962.

CHARLES P. SAYLOR, chemist, has
retired from NBS after 37 years of service.

H. S. ISBELL, retired December 1 after
45 years of Government service, 41 of
which were at NBS.

Foreign talks have been given as follows:

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

P. J. AUSLOOS—“Photoionization du
Methane a 584 A,” Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique, Equipé de Recher-
che No. 57, Ecole de Physique et de
Chimie, Paris, October 18; J. A. -SIM-
MONS—The Incompatibility Problem for
a General Linear Anisotropic Solid.”
Max Planck Institut fur Metallforschung,
Institiit fur Physik, Stuttgart, October 17;
R. S. MARVIN—“Rheological Models and
Measurements,” International Congress
on Rheology Kyoto, October 7-11; J.
KRUGER—“Studies on the Breakdown of
the Passive Film on Iron,” Electrochemical
Society, Montreal, October 7.

SCIENCE AND
DEVELOPMENT

The value of neutron activation analysis
as a non-destructive analytical tool has
been increased markedly by recent work at
the National Bureau of Standards. A ten-
fold increase in accuracy and precision has
been achieved by use of a new sample-irra-
diation system together with a procedure
for evaluating and correcting for systematic
errors. The method has been used to de-
termine the total elemental analysis of
oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur in
biological materials such as protein; silicon
in borosilicate glass and silicon carbide;
and the metallic components of various
metallo-organic standard reference mate-
rials. The possibility of determining halo-
gens in silver bromide photographic emul-
sions is being investigated.

In general, neutron activation analysis
uses high-energy neutrons to irradiate an
element in some material, causing that ele-
ment to change from its normal state to a
radioactive state. Once radioactive, the ma-
terial begins to revert to its normal state by
emitting various radiations (typically, high-
energy gamma photons). These radiations
are monitored and the amount of radiation
emitted is indicative of the amount of the
element present in the material being
studied. The process has been used to detect
art forgeries, to detect metals and pesticide

DECEMBER, 1968

residues in wines and biologicals, to match
human hair samples in criminal cases, and
in numerous other analytical tests, particu-
larly where non-destruction of the sample
1S important.

William W. Rubey, professor of geology
and geophysics at UCLA, has been named
director of the Lunar Science Institute in
Houston, Texas. The National Academy of
Sciences has accepted interim responsibility
for operation of the Institute until a con-
sortium of universities can be formed to
take over its direction.

Formation of the Lunar Science Institute
was announced by President Johnson on

March 1.

The chief objective of the Institute is to
provide a base for academic scientists par-

_ticipating in the lunar exploration program,

working in the Lunar Receiving Labora-
tory, or using other facilities of the Manned
Spacecraft Center devoted to study of the
moon. Lunar samples gathered by Amer-
ican astronauts will be brought first to the
Lunar Receiving Laboratory. The Institute
will also serve as a center for the analysis
and study of lunar data obtained as the
result of NASA unmanned missions, such
as Surveyor and Orbiter.

Three widely used types of artificial
weathering machines were recently studied
at the NBS Institute for Applied Tech-
nology to determine the radiation char-
acteristics of the devices. Such characteri-
zation should make possible better simula-
tion of solar radiation, which is consid-
ered to be one of the most important
factors in the deterioration of polymers.

Degradation of polymers exposed to
weather is caused primarily by solar radia-
tion (ultraviolet, visible, infrared), tem-
perature, water (dew, rain, humidity,
snow), and other atmospheric constituents
(such as oxygen, ozone, oxides of sulfur).

227

Duplicating these environmental causes materials to natural and to artificial
of degradation should allow the effects of weathering. A major cause for this lack is
weathering to be reproduced in the labora- the scarcity of significant data defining
tory. However, there is a lack of general both the natural and artificial exposure
correlation of results between exposure of conditions.

228 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Delegates to the hing, Ae Academy of Scien
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* Delegates continue in office until new selections are mude by the respective societies,
ay ’ ; ; Yours é F io ¥ 7 di
: ,9 e : : 5 | 4

oe we
Volume 58 DECEMBER 1968
CONTENTS
M. Rechcigl, Jr., and J. Nehnevajsa: American Scholars and .
Scientists with Czechoslovak Roots—Some Key Characteristics ............ eae
PT Aacatete osciia cs ddecsean OM Aa oe |
Academy Proceedings |
Membership to Vote on Officers for 1969-70 2000000. oc es sess
Eloctionss:to Fellow ebidppe cs. o:i.jedshccecsocstisasisyshensedoleactsp intl ipa a aha sina a
Board of Managers Meeting Notes (October) 00.000... os
Science in Washington
GCabematlar col Evatt o..c5io5. scissile parted bs Adtaws bso lcemh bed a
Scdenitints im the. New : sisi... s-nc0sessccss ines overt ed tasassbade sh veeeen deco
Sofencb and Developement «05.5 ssscsiscsceeiee vege soeesnsssenvahredenee age on gto eso eae

Washington Academy of Sciences
Rm. 29, 9650 Rockville Pike (Bethesda)
Washington, D. C. 20014

Return Requested with Form 3579

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VOLUME 59 NUMBERS 1-3

avnal of the
WASHINGTON

ACADEMY OF
SCIENCES

HSONay

‘
of
Ard 11 Woy

JANUARY - MARCH 1969

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Editor: Samuet B. Detwiter, Jr., Department of Agriculture
_ Phones: JA 7-8775 (home) ; DU 8-6548 (office)

Associate Editors

Harotp T. Coox, Department of Agriculture Harry A. Fowetts, Department of Agriculture
RicHarp P. Farrow, National Canners Asso- Heten L. Reynotps, Food and Drug Adminis-
ciation tration

Ricuarp H. Foote, Department of Agriculture ExLaine G. SHarrin, Naval Research Laboratory

Contributors

Frank A. BrperstTEIN, Jr., Catholic University JosepH B. Morris, Howard University
Cuartes A. WHITTEN, Coast & Geodetic Survey Jacos Mazur, National Bureau of Standards

Marjorie Hooker, Geological Survey Heten D. Park, National Institutes of Health

Reusen E. Woop, George Washington Univer- ary en L. ALEXANDER, Naval Research Laboratory
sity -

Epmunp M. Bunas, Jr, Gillette Research In- !70M4S H. Hannis, Public Health Seruee
stitute Eart M. Hitpesranp, USDA, Beltsville

This Journal, the official organ of the Washington Academy of Sciences, publishes historical
articles, critical reviews, and scholarly scientific articles; notices of meetings and abstract proceed-
ings of meetings of the Academy and its affiliated societies; and regional news items, including
personal news, of interest to the entire membership. The Journal appears nine times a year, in
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Subscription rate to non-members: $7.50 per year (U.S.) or $1.00 per copy; $14.00
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direct from Walter J. Johnson, Inc., 111 Fifth Avenue, New York 3, N. Y. This firm also handles

the sale of the Proceedings of the Academy (Volumes 1-13, 1898-1910) and the Index (to Volumes —

1-13 of the Proceedings and Volumes 1-40 of the Journal).

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Washington, D. C. 20014.
The Academy office phone number is 530-1402.

ACADEMY OFFICERS FOR 1968-69*
President: Matcoim C, Henperson, Catholic University of America
President-Elect: Georce W. Irvinc, Jr., Agricultural Research Service
Secretary: RicHarp P. Farrow, National Canners Association
Treasurer: RicHarp K. Cook, Environmental Science Services Administration

* According to Bylaws revision approved in December 1967, the officers’ terms expire in May
instead of January.

“A Pepi igs

*
Research as an Investment

George W. Irving, Jr.

Administrator, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of

Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

Everyone who is involved in the field of
scientific research is aware, I think, that
the profession is undergoing a period of
readjustment.

That point is made painfully clear in an
article in this month’s issue of Fortune
Magazine. The article is entitled “U.S. Sci-
ence Enters a Not-So-Golden Era.”

It begins as follows:

After a quarter century of unparalleled public
favor and unstinting government patronage, the
U.S. scientific community suddenly faces an un-
certain future. . . . Despite the contributions of
basic scientific research to the Nation’s produc-
tive capacity and defense capability, from the
atom bomb to the laser, a few Congressmen have
gone so far as to disparage it as an unproductive
activity, a hobby too expensive for an age that
calls for quick solution to immediate problems.

Scientists and technologists, in other
words, aren’t as popular as they once were.

We are under increasing pressure to
prove our worth—in terms of dollars and
cents. How much is a project going to
cost? What will it accomplish? Who will
profit? This is what people and legislators
want to know.

All of us here—scientists and technolo-
gists in agricultural research—would think
that other agricultural research should fare
well under such a system. The value of the
nation’s agricultural output has almost
doubled in the past two decades. Output
per man-hour has tripled. This increased
efficiency was brought about by research
and its effective application. According to

* An address before a meeting of the Puerto
Rican Sugar Technologists Association, on No-
vember 23, 1968 in San Juan, P.R.

JANuARY-MarcH, 1969

one estimate, resources saved by agricul-
tural research during the period 1950-1965
amounted to thirteen billion dollars, or
nearly a billion dollars a year. Another es-
timate indicates that money spent on agri-
cultural research returns not less than 35
percent per annum for every dollar invest-
ed.

But these are only estimates. We are
confident that they are valid; but because
of modern-day research, because of the
subtle interrelationships among different
laboratories, among disciplines, among in-
stitutions public and private, local and na-
tional, we have never been able to add up
the net value of research and enter it on a
balance sheet for all to see.

As a result, we have critics—within the
agricultural establishment as well as out-
side of it—who question the value of
agricultural research as an investment.

Yes, they admit, you’ve done well in the
past.

Yes, you’ve made food plentiful.

Yes, you've raised living standards.

Yes, you’ve bolstered the economy.

But haven’t you done enough for the
time being, or possibly too much? Look at
all the surpluses and their effect on farm
income.

Let’s cut back on agricultural research,
our critics say, and use the money for
some other, more pressing farm problem.
At the least, let’s postpone research until
there’s some indication that we really
need it again.

This is a shortsighted view, and anyone
who is concerned with research, or indeed
the economy as a whole, should be pre-

1

pared to refute it. Some day we may be
able to predict just what research needs to
be done and what doesn’t. Some day the
gap between what man knows and what he
needs to know may disappear altogether.
But that day has not yet arrived in agricul-
ture, and critics of research must be so ad-
vised.

We members of the scientific community
in particular must learn to speak out on
the importance of research. We have been
quick to admit our worth to ourselves, but
we have not done an adequate job of tell-
ing others about it. We have not sold the
public on the merits of research as a long-
term investment.

How can we do this?

To begin with, it seems to me, we must
somehow make clear—clearer than we have
in the past—that the work going on in our
laboratories today is part of a continuum,
a succession of events and discoveries that
will help us solve future problems. One
finding begets another, then another. From
this process comes knowledge, knowledge
that is durable, knowledge that can be used
over and over on problem after problem.
This process has been going on since the
dawn of civilization. The one notable ex-
ception occurred during a period that we
now refer to as the Dark Ages.

If continuity in the search for knowledge
is important from an intellectual stand-
point, it is also important from a manage-
rial standpoint. To attract the skilled and
talented employees needed for scientific re-
search, we must be able to offer stability of
surroundings, and a chance for profes-
sional advancement. Similarly, investments
in costly scientific hardware are practical
only on a long-term basis.

Another thing that I think we must
stress, in our case for agricultural research,
is that no one knows exactly what the
problems of the future are going to be. Na-
ture and circumstances may not permit us
to choose the pace at which we will con-
duct research. History tells us that the
crash program in research often breeds dif-
ficulties. Many of you will recall, I am

sure, the situation in the American sugar
industry following the outbreak of World
War II:

Sugar imports from the Philippines and
other sources were cut off. Shortages and
rationing followed. American growers were
called upon to increase domestic produc-
tion, and to do it with a drastically re-
duced labor force. The result was almost
instant mechanization. By war’s end, 90
percent of all cane and beet crops on the
mainland were being harvested by ma-
chine.

This was a notable achievement. But it
generated many new problems for the
sugar industry. The mechanically-harvested
crops contained far more soil and field
trash than hand-picked ones. Varieties that
seemed well suited for machine harvest
proved wanting in other respects. Problems
arose in storage, in handling, in process-
ing. There was nothing wrong with
mechanization per se, but the research data
needed to make it an unqualified success
were simply not yet available.

By way of contrast, let us look at the
way mechanization developed in another
specialized segment of agriculture: The to-
mato industry. |

Like all stoop labor, tomato picking is a
laborious and time-consuming chore. As
with so many difficult jobs, there just
didn’t seem to be any other way to do it.

Scientists in California began working
on a mechanical tomato harvester about 25
years ago. It was obvious at the outset,
however, that no ordinary tomato would
withstand machine handling. So at the
same time, they began developing a tomato
to fit the machine.

By the early 1960’s, plant breeders had
the tomato they wanted: A firm, oblong
fruit that resisted bruising. Engineers
were also putting the finishing touches on
their mechanical picker, a contraption that
picks up tomato vines, strips off the fruits,
and leaves the debris behind.

Up to that time, tomato growers had
shown little interest in the research. But at

2 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

_ just that juncture, a momentous announce-
ment emanated from the U.S. Department
of Labor: Immigrant laborers would no
longer be allowed to pass freely into the
United States in search of work. This
meant, of course, that the number of hands
available for the vegetable harvest in Cali-
fornia would be sharply reduced.

Now the idea of mechanical harvesting
gained favor rapidly. In a few years, 90
percent of the processing tomato crop in
California was being harvested by ma-
chine. Some work remains to be done to
improve the quality of machine-harvested
tomatoes. Nevertheless, growers are al-
ready crediting research with saving their
industry.

If the research had not got underway
many years earlier, the story almost cer-
tainly would have been different. Engineers
might conceivably have been able to devel-
op a harvester on short notice, but there
would have been no way to speed up the
breeding experiments that were necessary
to produce the new tomato. It was only
through a sustained effort that researchers
were able to have a workable solution
ready when the problem arrived.

And it is this type of sustained effort
that is needed to solve agricultural prob-
lems all over the world. For despite recent
bumper crops in many regions, the world’s
food problems have not been solved. Grow-
ing populations still threaten to nullify the
production gains that have been made to
date. Through research, man can hope to
match population increases with increases
in food production. Not indefinitely, but
for a time; for a grace period, so to speak,
during which he can learn to control his
own reproduction rate and bring popula-
tion into line with available food.

One of the finest scientific success stories
of this decade, from the standpoint of in-
creasing world food supplies, has been the
development of dwarf, or _ short-stem,
wheat. This plant was bred by scientists of
the Rockefeller Foundation in an effort to
raise wheat production in Mexico. Seeds

JANUARY-MarcuH, 1969

were first released to Mexican farmers in
1961. The very first year, wheat yields on
many Mexican farms more than doubled.
Since then, Mexico has been transformed
from an importer to an exporter of wheat.

In this remarkable development, we have
further proof of the importance of continu-
ity in research. For the story of dwarf
wheat really began back in 1946, when S.
C. Salmon, a scientist with the Agricultural
Research Service, U.S. Department of Ag-
riculture, went to Japan to help with post-
war reconstruction.

While there, he noticed that farmers
were growing a number of remarkably
stiff, short-stemmed wheat varieties. Unlike
most wheats, these varieties responded fa-
vorably to fertilizers, remaining erect to
maturity and giving excellent yields.

Dr. Salmon brought several of the varie-
ties back to the United States with him.
The seeds themselves did not perform well
in this country, but the potential was there,
and they became the basis for extensive
crossbreeding experiments under the direc-
tion of O. A. Vogel, a USDA scientist
stationed in Washington State. One result
of this research was the now-famous vari-
ety Gaines, which has broken all winter
wheat yield records in the Northwest.

N. E. Borlaug, a Rockefeller Foundation
research leader in Mexico, learned of Vo-
gel’s work in 1953. He obtained some of
Vogel’s crosses and succeeded in making
crosses of his own, joining the short-stem
wheat with Mexican and Colombian lines.

In addition to its astonishing success in
Mexico, dwarf wheat is now being planted
in parts of Africa, India, Pakistan, South
America, and Turkey. Further breeding
programs are under way in many of these
countries to make the grain even more pro-
ductive. If current plans succeed, Pakistan,
for example, will be self-sufficient in wheat
production by 1970. Short-stem wheat has
become a prominent feature of the so-
called “green revolution”’—the trend to-
ward increased agricultural productivity in
underdeveloped countries.

Over the years, wheat has been one of
the most vigorously damned of all Ameri-
can farm commodities. The surpluses that
the Government has seen fit to carry have
been the subject of perennial attack. Spend
money to improve wheat yields? Perish the
thought! And yet just such an enterprise,
carried out over a period of years by
skilled and dedicated scientists, has
spawned a beneficence that could change
the world.

Thus far I have limited my remarks to
food production, the traditional concern of
the agricultural scientist. Research achieve-
ments in this area have been outstanding,
to be sure; but they don’t tell the half of it.
They don’t begin to show the pervasive ef-
fect that agricultural research has had on
the everyday lives of all citizens. In cities
as well as in the country, in homes and
factories as well as on the farm, agricul-
tural research findings are being put to
increasingly profitable use. And more often
than not they are being taken for granted.

Look at wash-wear cotton, for example.

This product is the commercial success
that it is today largely because of research
performed in a USDA laboratory. Our sci-
entists learned how to alter the chemical
makeup of the fabric so that it would be
comfortable to wear as well as wrinkle-
resistant. They did the basic research that
led to permanently pressed wash-wear gar-
ments. Then they found ways to improve
the durability and soil resistance of the
product. USDA scientists hold patents for
more than a dozen important processes in-
volved in wash-wear manufacturing.

Wash-wear has earned the enthusiastic
endorsement of millions of American con-
sumers; yet how many of them associate
the product with agricultural research ?

Let’s look at anther phase of agricul-

tural science that affects millions of people:

Pollution control.

Environmental pollution is a threat to
human health and comfort in almost every
major population center in the country.
The problem is not likely to be resolved

without the extensive use of agricultural re-
search data.

Water quality, for example, is closely re-
lated to land use. Bare land erodes rapidly,
filling streams and reservoirs with mud.
This is precisely what is happening around
many fast-growing cities, where thousands
of acres of land have been scraped bare to
make way for construction.

Who is better prepared to deal with this
problem than the agricultural scientist?
Principles developed by our watershed ex-
perts have helped innumerable farmers
cope with the problems of water conserva-
tion. These same principles can be used to
preserve water quality in cities.

Of at least as much concern as water
quality, in many areas, is the quality of the
air that people must breathe. Agricultural
scientists have concentrated primarily on
learning how smog affects plants. But their
findings have advanced the cause of human
health as well. Plant tissue, they have
learned, responds to pollution in much the
same way as animal tissue. Plants, there-
fore, are useful tools in the search for ways
to repair pollution damage. Too, they pro-
vide a warning system by which man can
judge the level of toxicity in the air.

Finally, agricultural scientists are check-
ing soil samples from all over the country,
to guard against any buildup of chemical
residue in cropland. We must have farm
chemicals to produce the food we need, but
we must also make sure that their use is
safe beyond question.

Water, air, soil—all are resources that no
one can do without. And agricultural sci-
ence is providing the means to keep them
free of pollution.

In the area of business and industry, we
find still other adaptations of agricultural
research. In 1941, two USDA scientists—
Lyle Goodhue and William Sullivan— fig-
ured out a way to put insect spray in a
pressurized can. Today that invention—the
aerosol bomb—is put to so many uses that
it is hard to keep up with them all, and

4 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

industry representatives estimate that the
gadget brings in something like two billion
dollars a year.

Other bestsellers with origins in USDA
research include frozen orange juice con-
centrate and instant mashed potatoes. In
industry, USDA-developed compounds are
being used in the manufacture of paper,
plastics, paints, detergents, and many other
products.

One does not normally think of agricul-
tural research as a means of curing human
disease. Nevertheless, USDA scientists are
helping conduct one of the most important
campaigns in the annals of medical re-
search: The fight against cancer. Our bo-
tanists have found that the bark from a
certain tree—Camptotheca acuminata—
yields a substance that shows excellent po-
tential as an anticancer agent. Other USDA
researchers are studying avian leukosis, a
malignant disease of chickens; this work
should furnish information that will be
useful in related studies on man.

Space travel has captured the imagina-
tions of all of us, and one cannot fail to
marvel at the possibilities for new knowl-
edge that this technological miracle af-
fords. Here, too, USDA scientists are in-
volved. Working cooperatively with the
National Aeronautics and Space Adminis-
tration, we have developed a remarkable
system of collecting data for agriculture,
known as remote sensing. This system fea-
tures sensing devices that record images of
what’s happening on earth on as many as
18 different electromagnetic wavelengths.
The images can be converted to punched
tape and run through a computer, permit-
ting rapid analysis of huge volumes of
data.

Such a sensing system, mounted in an
orbiting space vehicle, would do much to
take the guesswork out of agriculture’s re-
source inventory. The probabilities are ex-
citing. New farmland could be located, wa-
ter supplies checked, out-of-the-way places
surveyed. Forest fires, insect infestations,
salinity buildup, and other trouble spots
could be identified. Crop yields could be

JaNuARY-Marcu, 1969

predicted, and animal herds counted. In
time, remote sensing may prove to be one
of our most important applications of the
new space technology, and we are already
putting it to use.

All of these achievements mean some-
thing to the man on the street. They are
the result of efforts to cure specific ills. For
the most part, they constitute the attain-
ment of stated goals. We set out to do
something and we did it.

There is another form of research pay-
off: The unexpected one. Many of our
greatest scientific discoveries came about,
not because of the need to solve a particu-
lar problem, but because some inquisitive
human wanted to known more about na-
ture’s machinery. One thinks of Galileo, of
Newton, of Darwin, of Mendel patiently
tending his pea plants. —

Hybrid corn was developed by research-
ers who were really more interested in
abstract, genetic theories than in yield in-
creases. Penicillin was discovered by a bac-
teriologist who was studying staphylococ-
cus organisms. Think of all that man has
derived from these two discoveries alone.
Think how difficult it would have been to
work out a cost/benefit ratio that would
have justified the research.

During the past decades, scientists in
USDA laboratories have uncovered the se-
crets of photoperiodism, that fascinating
process by which light governs the rhythms
of living organisms.

They have determined the structure of
some of the nucleic acids, thus helping
man move closer to an understanding of
protein synthesis. This work earned former
USDA scientist R. W. Holley a share of the
1968 Nobel prize for medicine and physiol-
ogy.

Such projects, though they solve few
everyday problems, provide the stimulus
for decades of applied research.

Let us summarize our case for research
as an investment:

e Research has increased food supplies
throughout the world.

e It has improved the lot of producer
and consumer.

e It has provided tools for a pollution-
free environment.

e It has laid a foundation of knowledge
for discoveries as yet undreamed of.

Here is a story worth telling. It must be
told. It must be told in language that the
layman can understand. Research as we
know it cannot survive wihout public sup-
port. People have a right to know what
they are getting for their dollar, and we,
within the limits of our ability, must show
them. We must prove to them that their in-
vestment in research is sound.

Beyond. that, and perhaps more
important, we must do more than we have
done to make people feel that they are a
part of research; that they are themselves
instruments for scientific advancement,
not merely paying spectators; that the
course of scientific progress is influenced
by their needs, their wants, their ambi-
tions, their beliefs, and not entirely by sci-
entific whim.

They must be encouraged to explore the
effects that science has on society. Scien-
tific advancement, after all, brings problems
as well as blessings. In agriculture, we
point to the farm labor that we have freed
through production efficiency. But not all
farmers who leave the land are freed in the
sense that they go on to better things. So
too with the victims of progress in other

fields. People must be made aware of these
considerations, so that they do not blindly
accept the gifts of research and ignore the
responsibilities that it imposes.

Science, in other words, faces an enor-
mous educationl task. In agriculture, the
task is complicated by a dwindling poltical
base. Still, our research affects everyone.
We deal with the essentials of life. The ag-
ricultural research story is sound. All we
need is spokesmen to carry it to the public.

So I want to ask your help. Your organi-
zation, and others like it, can do much to
focus public attention on the merits of re-
search. I know that you can be counted on
to back research affecting your own indus-
try. But I hope you will not hesitate to
speak for the many other aspects of agri-
cultural research as well. Many research
ideas are cross-pollinating, and a successful
innovation in one field often stimulates ad-
vances in another.

More significant, though, is the fact that
no one area of research is going to prosper
if the agricultural research complex as a

whole is allowed to deteriorate. We must

have broad support for research in general
or our specialized efforts will lose their
vigor. :

Take the research story to your friends
in and out of the agricultural community.
Tell them what they’re getting for their re-.
search dollar. I think they will agree, as we
have known for a _ long time, that
agricultural research is a good investment.

6 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

The Navy Navigation Satellite

System and Its Applications

J. B. Oakes

Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Silver Spring, Md.

Introduction

The Navy Navigation Satellite System
represents the implementation of one of the
earliest suggested uses of near earth satel-
lites, that of global navigation. The
original work leading to the present system
began as a purely scientific investigation
by Drs. G. C. Weiffenbach and W. H.
Guier of the Johns Hopkins University
Applied Physics Laboratory, who were
able to accurately describe the orbit para-
meters of several early earth satellites by
detailed analysis of doppler shift of the re-
ceived radio frequency signals. Dr. F. T.
McClure of the Laboratory then advanced
the inverse concept, that of determining
one’s position, given an accurate orbit de-
scription, by a similar detailed analysis of
the received doppler signal. Support for
the initial development of such a system
was made available by the Advanced Re-
search Projects Agency in 1959, and re-
sponsibility for further development was
subsequently transferred to the Navy in
1960. A successful development phase fol-
lowed, and the system has been in
continuous use for the past several years.

The material which follows will describe
briefly the various components of the oper-
ating system, discuss some sources of error
in such a system, and describe in detail
some ground receiving systems.

System Concept

The concepts involved in the satellite
navigation system are rather simple, and
can best be briefly explained by separating

January-Marcu, 1969

the problem into two sections. The first
problem is that of determining the orbit
parameters of the satellite. This is accom-
plished by radiating a very stable carrier
frequency from the satellite. The signal, as
received on the ground, will be modified in
accordance with the doppler effect, wherein
a frequency higher than that transmitted
will be received if the transmitter is mov-
ing toward the receiver, and a frequency
lower than that transmitted is received if
the transmitter is receding from the receiv-
er. The amount of doppler frequency shift
observed is directly proportional to the
radial component of velocity as seen by the
observer. It is possible to describe the dop-
pler curve which should be received at a
ground station of known position in terms
of the orbital parameters of the satellite
(1). The computing routine then consists
of varying the orbit parameters until the
best fit is achieved between the actual re-
ceived doppler curve and the theoretically
generated curve. Accurate knowledge of
time is, of course, implicit in this computa-
tion. A knowledge of the earth’s gravita-
tional field is also implied, and in fact, as
we will see later, system accuracy is inti-
mately related to such knowledge.

The second part of the problem is
involved in the use of a satellite whose or-
bit is known to obtain one’s position. Here
again, the stable transmitter on board the
satellite provides the user with doppler
data during the time the satellite is in view.
The user assumes a starting Jongitude and
latitude, and essentially computes a theoret-
ical doppler curve from the known satellite

7

APLAIBU PO

Figure 1. Navy Navigation Satellite System.

Y
iSO MHz
TRANSMITTER
FREQUENCY
STABLE MULTIPLIER
OSCILLATOR PHASE 17

MODULATOR

400 MHz

TRANSMITTER

CLOCK

NY, DIVIDER

COMMAND

RECEIVER MEMORY

COMMAND
LOGIC AND

SWITCHING

NAVIGATION SATELLITE
BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 2. Navigation Satellite Block Diagram.

8 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

orbit parameters, which he then compares
with the actual received doppler data. By a
method of successive approximation, he
moves his assumed position until the exper-
imental and theoretical doppler curves
coincide. Time, again, is implicit in this
calculation. Generally, the user equipment
computer can be an order of magnitude
less complex than the computer used in the
orbit parameter computations. This results
to a great extent from the lesser number of
variables in the case of the user.

From this overly simplified discussion,
the basic system requirements can be
listed:

(1) A satellite, carrying a stable trans-
mitter.

(2) A ground tracking network. and

computing facility for accurately

determining orbit parameters.

(3) A method of supplying orbit para-

meters to users.

A method of supplying accurate
time to the user.

(4)

(5) A navigating set, capable of receiv-
ing the satellite doppler signal and
computing its position from this
datum.

System Description

The basic elements which form the Navy
Navigation Satellite System are indicated
in Figure 1. All the basic requirements just
described are embodied in this system. A
number of satellites in polar orbit at an al-
titude of approximately 600 nautical miles
form the system constellation. The number
of satellites required depends, of course, on
the coverage, or frequency of passes, de-
sired. For example, one satellite in each of
four orbital planes spaced 45° apart pro-
vides a pass approximately once every two
hours on the average at the equator, or
more frequently at higher latitudes.

Each satellite in the constellation trans-
mits two coherent stable carrier frequen-
cies and carries a memory which can be
loaded from the ground with orbit parame-
ter information. The memory can also

January-Marcu, 1969

store data used to adjust the epoch and
rate of an on-board clock system. Memory
information and clock pulses are made
available to ground users by impressing
the data as phase modulation on the stable
carriers.

The injection stations, computing center,
and tracking stations shown in Figure 1 all
function in a service capacity. Measure-
ments of the received signal frequencies as
a function of time (i.e., doppler informa-
tion) and time epoch from all satellites in
the constellation are made at each of four
tracking stations located at known posi-
tions on the earth, and these data are for-
warded to the computing center. Here, by
appropriately combining the received data,
orbit parameters are generated which give
the best fit between actual and computed
doppler information. In addition, the orbit
is extrapolated into the future, and these
extrapolated parameters, along with a clock
correction message determined by compar-
ing satellite time marks to the UT, clock at
the Naval Observatory, are transmitted to
the appropriate satellite for storage in its
memory. In this manner current orbit in-
formation is made available to all naviga-
tion receivers within sight of any satellite.

The user equipment, as indicated in
Figure 1, consists of a receiver, data pro-
cessor, and computer. The navigation re-
ceiver recovers current time and orbit in-
formation as phase modulation on the
received carrier frequencies, and uses this,
along with doppler data accumulated dur-
ing the satellite pass, to compute the receiv-
er position.

The Satellite

With this rather gross system description
as a basis, let us now go into the system
components in somewhat more detail. A
general block diagram of the satellite itself
is shown in Figure 2. A redundant, oven-
controlled, quartz crystal oscillator forms
the basis of the system which generates two
stable, coherent carrier frequencies at ap-
proximately 150 and 400 MHz (the ap-

proximation arises because the oscillator is

9

Figure 3. Navy Navigation Satellite.

offset a nominal 80 parts per million below
an even megahertz). Suitable frequency
multiplication is employed, and an appro-
priate phase modulator is inserted between
the oscillator and transmitters.

The satellite memory employs magnetic
core storage, and is divided into a fixed
section and an ephemeral section. The
fixed section stores eleven parameters
which describe the precessing Keplerian el-
lipse that approximates the satellite orbit
(2). The ephemeral section stores an addi-
tional set of words which are used to de-
scribe the predicted deviation of the actual
satellite orbit from the assumed precessing
Keplerian, a situation arising because of
nonuniformities in the gravitational field
in which the satellite is moving (3). The
memory is so organized that the eleven
fixed words, plus eight ephemeral words,

are read out in exactly two minutes. A tim-.
ing word, which can be easily recognized
by the navigation receiver, is, in fact, in-
serted into each two-minute interval and
thus provides the time base for the entire
navigation system. The eight ephemeral
words transmitted each two minutes are ac-
tually orbit correction words which apply
at the present time mark, as well as at
three earlier time marks and four future
time marks (i.e., — 6,¢ — 4,¢ — 2,t, ¢
+2,¢+ 4, t + 6,¢ + 8). Every two
minutes, the (¢ — 6) ephemeral word is
replaced by the (¢ — 4), (¢ — 4) by the
(t — 2), etc., and a new (¢ + 8) word is
added. Since provision is made for 480
words in the ephemeral memory, the oper-
ating mode just described requires it to be
refilled at least once every 16 hours. This
“message injection,” in fact, completely re-

10 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

MODULATION

FREQUENCY

400 MHz
RECEIVER

STABLE
OSCILLATOR

DIPLEXER

DOPPLER

DOPPLER

RECEIVER MODULATION

LATITUDE

DATA

PROCESSOR CBMERTER

LONGITUDE

VACUUM
DOPPLER

GENERALIZED RECEIVER
BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 4. Generalized Receiver Block Diagram.

moves the information from both sections
of the memory, inserting new Keplerian
elements in the main memory and newly
extrapolated correction words in_ the
ephemeral memory. Time correction is pro-
vided to allow for initial clock setting as
well as a smail but finite oscillator drift
rate. This is achieved by setting aside one
bit in each memory word which allows ap-
propriate deletion of pulses in the satellite
clock divider. This deletion is accom-
plished in 10 microsecond steps, and the
total capability is extensive enough to al-
low considerable oscillator drift to be cor-
rected out.

An artist’s concept of the satellite in its
orbital configuration is shown in Figure 3.
The four blades gather solar power for
charging the satellite batteries. The exten-
dible boom structure provides single axis
gravity gradient stabilization (4), thereby
allowing a shaped antenna pattern for
efficient radiation of the generated radio
frequency signals. In its launch configura-
tion, the satellite weighs approximately 135
pounds.

The User Station

A number of equipments have been de-
signed to make use of signals from the

January-Marcu, 1969

Navy Navigation Satellite System. These
applications are discussed below. If one
looks at the various implementations, it
will be evident that each receiver embodies
a basic' block diagram, with added embel-
lishments depending on the use and user.
This basic block diagram is shown in Fig-
ure 4.

The receiving antenna generally takes
the form of a single structure, optimized
by design to receive both rf frequencies,
and provided with a diplexing circuit
which allows the two rf signals to be
directed to separate amplifiers. In some
cases, where the antenna and receiver must
be physically separated by considerable
distances, rf preamplifiers are supplied
with the diplexer to preserve an acceptable
receiver sensitivity. The 150 and 400 MHz
receivers are similar in form, but naturally
differ in circuit detail. Normally, received
carrier levels vary from about 120 decibels
below a milliwatt (—120 dBm) at point of
closest satellite approach to about —140
dBm at the horizon. In order to supply the
data processor with adequate signals, each
receiver channel supplies a maximum gain
of about 150 dB, with provisions for auto-
matic control of this gain to compensate
for satellite range.

A double conversion superheterodyne

1]

system is normally used with a gain of ap-
proximately 30 dB at the rf frequency and
60 dB at each intermediate frequency. A
phase locked design is generally employed
which allows the receiver to be narrow
band and still follow the received frequen-
cy variations caused by the doppler effect.
Modulation (orbit data and time marks) is
also easily recovered in such a receiver by
appropriate use of phase detectors. A phase
locked tracking bandwidth of 40 Hz is nor-
mally employed, thereby allowing adequate
sensitivity throughout the satellite pass.

Each receiver passes two signals to the
data processor, in parallel. One signal is
the modulation output of the carrier, con-
taining satellite message and timing infor-
mation, while the second is the doppler
frequency. More specifically, the modula-
tion is a series of “1’’s and “0’’s, at a rate
of approximately 50 bits per second, with
an easily recognizable word occurring
every two minutes which the data proces-
sor will interpret as a time mark. The dop-
pler frequency is characteristically a
variable frequency during the pass, as ex-
plained earlier. In most receiver implemen-
tations, a fixed offset frequency is added to
the doppler frequency for convenience in
circuitry.

Since both carrier frequencies are identi-
cally modulated, one may justifiably ask at
this point why two carriers are employed.
One of the greatest sources of error in sat-
ellite navigation systems employing a dop-
pler measurement at the frequencies uti-
lized here is ionospheric refraction.
Refraction adds to the path traveled by the
transmitted energy and modifies its veloci-
ty. With two frequencies transmitted from
the satellite, the doppler effect is directly
proportional to the transmitted frequencies,
but the refraction effect is inversely pro-
portional. Part of the function of the data
processor of Figure 4 is to determine the
refraction effect and correct for it. The in-
verse proportionality, and the fact that the
two carriers are coherent and integrally re-
lated when transmitted, allow this correc-

tion to be made electronically in the data
processor by suitable frequency multiplica-
tion and heterodyning, or subtraction,
circuits, forming what we shall refer to as
“vacuum doppler.” A second purpose of
the data processor is to segment the contin-
uously incoming doppler signals. It does
this by detection of the timing signal pres-
ent in the message. Accumulation of dop-
pler counts in a simple cycle counter
commences at the receipt of the first timing
signal during the satellite pass. Receipt of
the second time mark causes the accumu-
lated number to be recorded, the cycle
counter to be reset to zero, and a second
accumulation started. Message formatting
(for example, deciding when one memory
word ends and another word begins) is ac-
complished in parallel with this operation,
and correctly formatted words are sent on
to the computer for temporary storage un-
til the satellite pass is complete.

The user station computer performs
several functions in its normal operating
mode. The real time data accumulation
functions described: above are followed by
post-pass computations, which

(1) majority vote satellite message data,

(2) compute a series of theoretical two-
minute doppler counts based on ac-
tual satellite orbit and an assumed ~
longitude and latitude,

(3) compute a final longitude and lati-

tude by iteration, using as a

criterion the minimization of errors

between received and computed

doppler counts.

These computations, and the printing of
final position, normally take less than one
minute on the small general-purpose com-
puters available today. The majority voting
referred to is a common practice used to
reduce the effect of noise on transmission
accuracy. A bit-by-bit comparison of re-
ceived messages which have been transmit-
ted several times is employed, with the
majority ruling.

12 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

System Accuracy

A brief mental review of the system as
described above will indicate several poten-
tial sources of error. The main objective of
the tracking stations and the computer cen-
ter is to calculate the orbit parameters of
the satellite from tracking data and extrap-
olate this orbit into the future for at least
16 hours. The crux of the problem here,
then, is to employ an accurate measuring
system and to supply to the computer an
accurate model of the gravitational field in
which the satellite is moving. Interestingly
enough, one of the most powerful means of
measuring the earth’s gravitational field is
that employing observation of the motion
of earth satellites. Therefore, satellite geo-
desy and satellite navigation have prog-
ressed together, and in fact the doppler
measurement techniques used in navigation
equipment today are the same techniques
which have been applied over the past sev-
eral years to refine our knowledge of the
earth’s gravitational potential. Much of the
recent progress in geodesy has resulted
from data obtained from a world-wide net-
work of doppler tracking stations, the so-
called TRANET System, established early
in the Navy Navigation Satellite program
(5). More recently, several Nationa] Aero-
nautics and Space Administration satellites,
notably Beacon Explorers B and C and the
GEOS.-A satellite, have contributed heavily
to this effort. The literature has reported
the results of this work in the form of a
detailed series expansion, in spherical har-
monics, of the gravitational potential.

As indicated above, the TRANET Sys-
tem employs the same doppler measure-
ment techniques as the user navigation
equipment. This is also true of the tracking
stations of Figure 1 which make up part of
the support system. Therefore, as we de-
scribe error sources associated with the re-
ceipt of satellite doppler signals, we will be
describing errors which apply in both
tracking stations and in the user naviga-
tion equipment.

Ionospheric refraction effects were
discussed briefly above. The received fre-

JANUARY-Marcu, 1969

quency measured after passage through an
ionized medium can be expressed as an in-
finite series of terms, the first being the
non-refracted, or transmitted, frequency,
and the following being refraction correc-
tion terms. Since the satellite transmits two
coherent and related frequencies, one can
solve simultaneously for the first order re-
fraction correction coefficient from the two
equations which thereby result. This first
order refraction correction is, of course,
made in both the user equipment and in
the tracking stations. Experimental data in-
dicate that this first order correction is
normally a few tenths of a nautical mile in
any single satellite pass; the error made by
discarding higher order terms appears to
be negligible.

Increased solar activity, a cyclical phe-
nomenon, will tend to increase both the
size of the correction and the size of the er-
ror in the correction. Ionospheric errors at
a given site can be reduced somewhat by
statistical methods, i.e., by determining sta-
tion position based on a great number of
passes.

Tropospheric refraction errors are
caused by signal refraction in the earth’s
atmosphere. This refraction term is natu-
rally most serious at low satellite elevation
angles. A mathematical model of the tro-
posphere involving meteorological meas-
urements at the time of pass is used in the
tracking stations, which significantiy re-
duces this error. In addition, both the
tracking and the user stations normally de-
lete data taken at elevations below about
15°, i.e., early and late in the satellite pass.

The effect of time uncertainties on navi-
gation error can be estimated rather easily
for the system. A satellite in a 600 nautical
mile orbit has a period of about 100 min-
utes and travels about 25,000 miles in that
time. This equates to about 4 miles per sec-
ond, or about 25 feet per millisecond. If
satellite position uncertainty due to timing
error is to be made small compared to geo-
detic uncertainty, we would probably allow
total time uncertainty of no more than 250
microseconds. The system is, of course,

13

Figure 5. AN/SRN-9 Receiving Equipment.

theoretically capable of providing time to
this accuracy through the 10 microsecond
vernier capability of the satellite memory.
Some limitations on time recover accuracy
and timing jitter characteristics of the
tracking station receivers and user equip-
ment are implied, however.

A source of error of importance to some
users arises in those applications where the
navigation receiver is located on a moving
vehicle. In these cases, information con-
cerning the motion of the receiver during
the satellite pass is required. Fortunately,
most moving vehicles already have instru-
ments which indicate speed and heading,
and these data can be employed to reduce
the position error which would otherwise
occur. The amount of position error aris-
ing from uncertainties in the vehicle’s
motion is a function of the pass geometry
and is also dependent on the direction of
the uncertainty. As a general estimate, one
knot of velocity error results in a position
error of approximately 0.2 nautical mile. It

is important to note that it is not the veloc-
ity which is detrimental, but rather the er-
ror in that velocity. For example, ocean
currents in the case of a shipboard equip-
ment, or wind in the case of aircraft
equipment, can cause such errors because -
of true velocity uncertainty.

A final source of error arises from lack
of knowledge of the absolute frequency of
the satellite oscillator and of the user-re-
ceiver local oscillator. Working through
the mathematics (2) will reveal that the
difference between these two stable oscilla-
tor frequencies must be known to a high
degree of accuracy. In practice, it is nor-
mal, therefore, to make this frequency
difference an additional variable in the so-
lution. This additional variable is of no
great consequence in the computation of
orbital parameters, but does require the
user station to accumulate a minimum of
three 2-minute sets of data rather than two,
to account for longitude, latitude, and fre-
quency difference.

14 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Figure 6. Prototype Geoceiver.

Applications

The AN/SRN-9 navigation equipment is
in use by surface units of the U.S. Navy, the
Coast Guard, and several oceanographic ves-
sels. The photograph of Figure 5 shows the
major components of this system. The mast
unit on the left provides for signal recep-
tion at 150 and 400 MHz with a whip an-
tenna and a sloping ground plane for
proper pattern. A cylindrical, sealed con-
tainer beneath the ground plane houses two
rf preamplifiers with appropriate filters
and diplexers, which provide enough gain
that a cable of up to 200 feet in length can
be employed. The cabinet on the right
houses, from top to bottom, the data pro-
cessor, the receiver unit, and the system
power supply. The control group, at the
center, provides the operator with aural
and visual aids required in signal acquisi-
tion, which is manual in the SRN-9.
Operational status is indicated here also by
meter and appropriate lights, and a self-
contained printer automatically records

January-Marcu, 1969

satellite memory words containing the or-
bit constants and corrections, plus an accu-
mulated doppler frequency count at every
two-minute time mark. Normally, the mast
unit is mounted at a high point on the
ship, preferably at a location where other
larger conducting surfaces do not shadow
it from satellite signals. The other two
units are normally housed in the naviga-
tor’s compartment, and this is facilitated
by the long cable run allowed. The data ac-
cumulated during the pass can later be en-
tered appropriately into a_ properly
programmed digital computer, along with
information as to ship’s velocity, and a lo-
cation computed for a particular two-min-
ute time mark. For those ships which do
not have such computing equipment, a spe-
cial purpose computer, the CP-827, was
designed along with the SRN-9. The com-
puter occupies a space slightly larger than
that required by the SRN-9 receiver cabi-
net. This computer requires hand entry of
velocity information, but all other data are

15

directly entered as received. An externally
stored program is employed for reasons of
economy, and a position fix is normally
available about four minutes after end-of-
pass. Several users with sophisticated
time-sharing computational facilities have
also employed such equipment to solve the
navigation program. In such cases, a spe-
cial storage buffer is normally provided
with the SRN-9. Although the equipment
shown in the photograph is in prototype
form, the large demand has required the
construction of a number of such sets, and
these are serving the users admirably.

The second application of the integrated
doppler principle is to the Geoceiver. The
Geoceiver has as its primary purpose the
acquisition of high quality geodetic survey
data at fixed sites. The system concepts em-
ployed follow logically from the SRN-9,
but precautions have been taken to reduce
internal sources of navigation noise in the
receiver to an absolute minimum. Since
real time results are unimportant in this
application, use of fitted orbit data, availa-

ble after the pass, allows reduction of er-

rors caused by the orbit extrapolation nor-
mally employed in real time navigation.
This fact allows us to use satellites other
than those in the Navy Navigation Satellite
System constellation, provided their orbits
can be accurately determined. In particu-
lar, specific provision is made to track the

NASA GEOS satellites.

Figure 6 is a photograph of the proto-
type Geoceiver.

References

(1) W. H. Guier and G. C. Weiffenbach, A
satellite doppler navigation system, Proc. IRE, 48,
507-516 (April 1960).

(2) R. B. Kershner, Present state of navigation
by doppler measurement from near earth satel-
lites, APL Technical Digest, Nov.-Dec. 1965, pp.
2-9.

(3) R. R. Newton, Geodesy by satellite, Sci-
ence, 144, 803-808 (1964).

(4) R. E. Fischell, in Torques and Attitude
Sensing in Earth Satellites, Edited by S. F. Sing-
er, Academic Press, New York, pp. 13-30 (1964).

(5) R. R. Newton, The U.S. Navy doppler
geodetic system and its observational accuracy,
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
of London, A, 262, 50-66 (1967).

16 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Six Scientists Receive

Academy’s Annual Awards

Awards for outstanding scientific
achievement were conferred upon five re-
search scientists and one science teacher at
the Academy’s annual awards dinner meet-
ing on February 20 at the Cosmos Club. It
was the Academy’s 515th general meeting.

The research investigators honored were
Janet W. Hartley of the Nationa] Institutes
of Health, in the biological sciences;
Charles R. Gunn of the NASA Goddard
Space Flight Center, in the engineering sci-
ences; Marilyn E. Jacox and Dolphus E.
Milligan of the National Bureau of Stand-
ards, in the physical sciences; and Joseph
Auslander of the University of Maryland,
in mathematics.

The science teacher honored was Kelso
B. Morris of Howard University.

Award winners were introduced by Rob-
ert J. Huebner, chief of the Viral Carcino-
genesis Branch, National Cancer Institute;
John F. Clark, director of the Goddard
Space Flight Center; John D. Hoffman,
director of the Institute for Materials Re-
search, National Bureau of Standards;
Avron Douglis of the Mathematics Depart-
ment, University of Maryland; and
Vincent J. Browne, dean of the College of
Liberal Arts, Howard University.

The Academy’s awards program was ini-
tiated in 1939 to recognize young scientists
of the area for “noteworthy discovery, ac-
complishment, or publication” in the biol-
ogical, physical, and engineering sciences.
An award for outstanding teaching was
added in 1955, and another for mathemat-
ics in 1959. Except in teaching, where no
age limit is set, candidates for awards must
be under 40. Previous award winners are
listed at the end of this article.

Biological Sciences

Janet W. Hartley was cited “for her

January-Marcu, 1969

many contributions to animal virology”
which promise ultimately to have great sig-
nificance for human virology. Her first ma-
jor contribution concerned the develop-
ment of laboratory procedures and a sero-
logic classification for the then newly-
discovered adenoviruses. She performed
the bulk of the work on classifying the
first 18 adenovirus serotypes. She also suc-
ceeded in adapting the medically important
adenoviruses to growth in monkey cell
cultures, providing the vaccine strains
which for many years were used in com-
mercial vaccines.

As an outgrowth of her thesis work,
which was a landmark in the development
of knowledge of animal cytomegaloviruses,
she developed diagnostic viral isolation
and serologic procedures for the human cy-
tomegaloviruses. These procedures are still
the standard methods used in laboratories
throughout the world.

She played a vital role in launching the
new era of tumor virology by developing
sensitive virus isolation, hemagglutination,
and serologic systems for polyoma virus.
The immense amount of information on
the natural biology of this virus was made
possible by her technical developments.

Another area where her technical mas-
tery enabled a previously mysterious virus
group to be tamed involved mouse hepati-
tis viruses. She developed tissue culture
plaque and serologic procedures; played a
key role in delineating the natural history
of these murine viruses; and made the im-
portant finding that humans develop anti-
bodies to viruses of this group. A new
group of human respiratory viruses had
been discovered by other workers; on
seeing electron micrographs of these virus-
es, she recognized their similarity to mouse
hepatitis, raised the hypothesis that they

17

Award Winners at Annual Academy Meeting

JANET HARTLEY

D. E. MILuican

f.

C. R. Gunn

JosEPH

MARILYN JAacox

K. B. Morris

AUSLANDER

were antigenically related, and collaborated |

in demonstrating that this was the case.

The most important single area of Dr.
Hartley’s contributions is in her work with
murine leukemia viruses. She developed a
tissue culture system for virus isolation, ti-
tration, and neutralization, and has applied
these systems to the important job of eluci-
dating the natural biology of these agents.
She has now isolated more than 160 strains
of naturally-occurring mouse leukemia vi-
ruses: only 10 had been isolated prior to
the development of the Hartley test. She
also discovered that the sarcomagenic var-
iant of Moloney leukemia virus induced fo-
cal cellular changes in tissue culture, that
this provided a precise quantitative system,
and that the sarcoma virus is defective, re-
quiring leukemia virus as a helper. Finally
she developed an in vitro method for rescu-
ing the defective sarcoma genome from vi-
rus-free sarcomas induced in hamsters by
the murine sarcoma virus (MSV). With
this test she has literally manufactured
many different sarcoma viruses having dif-

ferent host ranges defined by the leukemia
virus used for the rescue. These in vitro
isolation, assay, and rescue systems are
now being adapted and tested by many lab-
oratories for the study of the leukemia and
sarcoma of man.

Dr. Hartley was born in Washington,
D.C. on March 25, 1928. She received her
professional education at the University of
Maryland and at George Washington Uni-
versity, where she received the Ph.D. de-
gree in bacteriology in 1957. During her
years as a graduate student she was a
Sanders fellow in bacteriology and a re-
search assistant at GWU; she also worked
for one year at the American Type Culture
Collection. In July, 1953 she joined the
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases, where she has occupied a series
of positions of increasing responsibility
and where she is still employed. Dr. Hart-
ley is a member of Sigma Xi, the Society
for Experimental Biology and Medicine,
the American Society for Microbiology,
and the American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science.

18 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Engineering Sciences

Charles R. Gunn was cited “for his
achievements in the technical direction of
the Delta Rocket Program.” Responsible
for the technical conduct of this program,
he is also chairman of the Delta Flight
Readiness Review Board for each launch.
Mr. Gunn has the responsibility for mak-
ing the critical decisions regarding the ade-
quacy of the design, fabrication proce-
dures, and test programs for all vehicle
and support equipment for each mission.
The import of his decisions is substantial
inasmuch as each launch vehicle costs ap-
proximately $4.5 million and carries a pay-
load which normally costs several times
that amount.

The technical adequacy of the launch ve-
hicle requires in-depth knowledge in
chemistry since propulsion is involved; me-
chanical engineering with emphasis on
structural dynamics; electrical engineering
since the vehicle is guided by a radio sys-
tem; and mathematics, especially orbital
mechanics. Mr. Gunn’s competence in all
of these areas has been proved repeatedly.

The degree of success of Mr. Gunn’s out-
standing efforts as technical director of the
Delta vehicle is_ reflected by the
phenomenal success of this vehicle, with
which 57 satellites were orbited out of 61
attempts since 1960. This record is even
more impressive when one considers the
complicated fact that R&D responsibility
for the first-stage Thor rests with an agen-
cy other than NASA, and the incorporation
of required technical improvements is
much more difficult. In this area Mr. Gunn
has proved that he is not only an outstand-
ing engineer but also an expert coordi-
nator and diplomat.

In addition to his contributions in de-
sign and development programs, Mr. Gunn
has played a primary role during critical
situations arising in final launch opera-
tions. Several examples can be given of his
quick and expert evaluation in preventing
launch delays and avoiding difficult situa-
tions.

The successful Delta Program, to which

JANUARY-MarcH, 1969

Mr. Gunn has contributed so vitally, has
made possible the following achievements,
many of which have directly benefited
most citizens of this country:

(1) The first demonstration of a geostationary
satellite (Syncom III).

(2) The first operational meteorological satel-
lite system (OT and TOS series) .

(3) The first operational communications satel-
lite system (Intelsat series).

(4) The first lunar orbit without the use of
mid-course correction (AIMP).

(5) The first commercial sale of a
launch vehicle (Telstar).

(6) The first polar orbit from the Eastern Test
Range (TIROS I).

(7) The first foreign cooperative satellite (UK
ID

(8) The first foreign sale of a U.S. space
launch vehicle (HEOS).

(9) Advance in our knowledge of the interpla-
netary solar winds (Pioneer).

(10) The most advanced knowledge of the
physics of the sun (OSO).

(11) Acquisition of the new knowledge from
satellites in the fields of atmospheric physics (At-
mospheric Explorers), energetic particle physics

(SERB), and geodesy (GEOS).

(12) First passive satellite communication sys-
tem (ECHO I).

(13) First NASA satellite exclusively devoted
to the biosciences (BIOS).

Mr. Gunn was born in Washington,
D.C. on April 23, 1934. He received the
B.S. and M.S. degrees in aeronautical en-
gineering from the University of Michigan
in 1956 and 1957 and did additional grad-
uate work in physics at Virginia Polytech-
nic Institute during 1959 and 1960. During
summers and at other various times during
his school years he was employed as an
aeronautical research engineer by the
Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Labora-
tory, the Ballistics Research Laboratory,
and NASA’s Langley Research Center. Mr.
Gunn joined the NASA Goddard Space
Flight Center in 1960, first as an aeronaut-
ical research engineer, then in electronics
flight and support, later in launch vehicle
propulsion, and finally, in February 1968,
as technical director of the Delta Rocket
Program. Mr. Gunn is a member of the

space

19

American Rocket Society and the Institute
of Aeronautical Sciences.

Physical Sciences

Marilyn E. Jacox and Dolphus E. Milli-
gan were cited jointly “for outstanding
spectroscopic studies of reactive molecules
in inert solid matrices.”

They are engaged in studies of the in-
frared and ultraviolet spectra of small po-
lyatomic free radicals and other highly
reactive species trapped in inert, rigid sol-
ids at cryogenic temperatures. Basic to
their experiments is the matrix isolation
technique, which involves the preparation
of a very dilute solid solution of the spe-
cies of interest in a material such as argon
or nitrogen. At the temperatures of these
experiments (4 to 20°K), these matrix ma-
terials are rigid, and molecular diffusion is
effectively inhibited. Under these condi-
tions, it has been possible to isolate indi-
vidual molecules of highly reactive species
in concentration sufficient for their direct
infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopic ob-
servation. Studies of their infrared spec-
tra have yielded much heretofore
inaccessible information regarding the
structure and the nature of the chemical
bonding of these species. In favorable cas-
es, it has been possible also to calculate the
temperature dependence of the thermody-
namic properties from the infrared absorp-
tion frequencies. The ultraviolet spectro-
scopic observations have provided consid-
erable new information on the pattern of
energy levels for excited electronic states
of these species.

In some of the experiments, the molecule
of interest has been prepared in the gas
phase by a process such as high tempera-
ture vaporization or the reaction of a gas
with a hot metal surface. After being
mixed with a large excess of argon or ni-
trogen, the products of such a process have
been frozen onto the cold sample window
for spectroscopic observation. An impor-
tant class of compounds which have been
studied by this means is the first-series
transition-metal fluorides and _ chlorides.

Because of the very strong crystal interac-
tion forces, the properties of the crystalline
material and those of individual molecules
of these species differ greatly. The geome-
tric structures and vibrational frequencies
of the gas-phase molecules in these series
are not known with certainty, and infrared
spectroscopic data on matrix-isolated sam-
ples are especially helpful in the determina-
tion of these properties. In gas-phase stud-
ies, the infrared absorption is extremely
broad, because of the extensive excitation
of molecular rotation and of “hot bands.”
However, in the matrix the absorptions are
so sharp that the individual isotopic contri-
butions have been resolved. Data hereto-
fore taken in the studies of Milligan and
Jacox have excluded the possibility that the
symmetric stretching absorption overlaps
the prominent asymmetric stretching ab-
sorption in the gas-phase studies, providing
further support for a linear structure, for

which the symmetric stretching absorption

is infrared-inactive.

In still other experiments, the spectra of
various reaction intermediates which are

themselves unstable, or highly reactive un-

der more usual laboratory conditions have
been studied. It has been found that CH;N,
produced by the photolysis of methyl
azide, undergoes very rapid rearrangement
to CH,=NH, a previously unobserved spe-
cies which has been stabilized in a matrix -
environment in concentration sufficient for
complete assignment of its vibrational fun-
damentals. Subsequent photolysis of this
species has been found to lead to the stabi-
lization of HNC, also previously detected.
The reaction of CH, with CO, has been
studied, as has been the reaction of NH
with CO,. In both systems, the infrared
spectra of the products have provided evi-
dence for the stabilization of a cyclic
reaction intermediate. In the reaction of
NH with CO, the ordinarily unstable spe-
cies HOCN has been obtained. The reac-
tion of CH, with actylene has been found
to lead to the production of the stable spe-
cies allene, but the analogous reaction of
NH with acetylene has been found to result

20 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

in the appearance of the unstable reaction
intermediate ketenimine, CH,.—C=NH.

The bulk of the work of Milligan and Ja-
cox has, however, been concerned with the
preparation and study of free radicals in
low-temperature matrices. In a typical ex-
periment, a free radical precursor trapped
in the matrix is subjected to ultraviolet or
vacuum-ultraviolet photolysis, and the spec-
trum of the resulting molecular fragments
is studied. Over three dozen different free
radicals have been prepared and studied by
these workers. With few exceptions, the
studies have provided the first information
on the vibrational frequencies of these free
radicals ‘in their ground state. Among the
previously unobserved species for which a
complete vibrational assignment has been
possible are CF3, SiF;, HO., CNN, CCO,
FCO, and CICO. In favorable circum-
stances, these observations have permitted
derivation of information regarding the
structure of the species of interest. For ex-
ample, CF; and Sik; have been found to be
pyramidal rather than planar, and it has
been possible to estimate an approximate
apex angle. Previously unobserved or unas-
signed ultraviolet absorptions have been
studied for CCl., NCN, CNN, FCO, and
HCO. Evidence has been obtained indicat-
ing that both the ground singlet state of C,
and its lowest triplet state, which lies some
600 cm-! above the ground state, are stabi-
lized in a matrix enviroment. Recent stud-
ies, as yet unpublished, have demonstrated
that the lower state of the hydrocarbon
flame bands, which for many years have
defied all attempts at a conclusive assign-
ment, is indeed the ground state of HCO,
and the first absorption studies of this
transition have been conducted. A detailed
assignment of both the absorption and
emission spectra of this electronic transi-
tion has been possible for both HCO and
DCO.

Marilyn Jacox was born in Utica, N. Y..,
on April 26, 1929. She received the B.A.
degree from Utica College, Syracuse Uni-
versity, in 1951 and the Ph.D. degree from
Cornell University in 1956. After postdoc-

January-Marcu, 1969

toral work at the University of North Caro-
lina until 1958, she became a research
fellow at Mellon Institute in Pittsburgh. In
1962 she joined the staff of the National
Bureau of Standards and is presently a
physical chemist in the Physical Chemistry
Division. She is a member of the American
Chemical Society, the American Physical
Society, and Sigma Xi.

Dolphus Milligan was born in Brighton,
Ala., on June 17, 1928. He received the
B.S. degree from Morehouse College in
1949, the M.S. degree from Atlanta Uni-
versity in 1951, and the Ph.D. degree from
the University of California, Berkeley, in
1958. He was a research fellow at Mellon
Institute through 1963 and since that time
has been a physical chemist in the NBS
Physical Chemistry Division. He is a mem-
ber of the American Chemical Society, the
American Physical Society, and Sigma Xi.

Mathematics

Joseph Auslander was cited for “impor-
tant contributions to topological dynam-
ics.” This field is an outgrowth of the
qualitative theory of ordinary differential
equations. Dr. Auslander’s work has in-
volved properties of the orbits of systems
of differential equations, and more gener-
ally, orbits of groups, operating on topo-
logical spaces. (A group operating on a
space is called a transformation group.
This is the basic object studied in topologi-
cal dynamics. )

One of the most important objects in the
theory is the minimal set. A minimal set is
a closed subset of the phase space, invar-
iant under the group, and minimal with re-
spect to these properties. It had been hoped
that any transformation group could be
obtained by gluing together minimal sets.
But Dr. Auslander produced examples of
transformation groups which have no mini-
mal sets. Dr. Auslander also succeeded in
classifying minimal sets which are well-be-
haved in a certain sense (the “regular min-
imal sets”). His paper “Prolongations and
Generalized Liapunov Functions” is an ex-

21

ample of work closely connected with dif-
ferential equations. Here he characterized
different types of stability by the existence
of different types of Liapunov functions.

Dr. Auslander’s work has had an impact
on the work of others in this field. In par-
ticular, his work on recurrence, endomor-
phisms of minimal sets, regular minimal
sets, proximal relations, and mean L-stable
systems has been used by other re-
searchers.

Born in New York City on September
10, 1930, Dr. Auslander completed his un-
dergraduate work at Massachusetts Insti-
tute of Technology, He obtained the Ph.D.
degree at the University of Pennsylvania in
1957. He taught for three years at Carne-
gie Institute of Technology, was a research
mathematician at RIAS for two years, and
then joined the faculty at the University of
Maryland, where he is now professor.

Teaching of Science

Kelso B. Morris was cited “for his dedi-
cated teaching of chemistry over a long pe-
riod of time.”

Dr. Morris, a native of Beaumont, Tex.,
received the B.S. degree from Wiley Col-
lege in 1930, and the M.S. and Ph.D. de-
grees from Cornell University in 1937 and
1940, respectively. His entire professional

career has been devoted to college teach-
ing. From 1930 to 1946 he was on the

faculty of Wiley College, rising to the posi-
tion of professor and head of the Chemis-
try Department in 1942. In 1946 he joined
the Chemistry Department of Howard Uni-
versity, and has headed that department
since 1965. At various times he has also
been a visiting professor at the Air Force
Institute of Technology, North Carolina
College at Durham, and Atlanta Univer-
sity.

Dr. Morris’ research interests have in-
volved the area of physical-inorganic chem-
istry to which he has made important
contributions. However, the present award
is given in recognition of his services to
chemical education, which have extended
over a period of 38 years at five different
universities, including two periods as head
of Howard’s Chemistry Department. An
educational byproduct of his work is the
publication of four textbooks; one of
these, “Principles of Chemical Equilibri-
um,” has appeared in American, British,
and Japanese editions, while Italian and
Spanish editions are in process.

Dr. Morris’ career may be succinctly

characterized by the phrases “effective ad-

ministrator, excellent teacher, and warm,
personable mentor to hundreds of stu-
dents.” His services to education, coupled
with his. research, make him one of the sig-
nificant educators in the Washington

community.

Past Winners of Scientific Achievement Awards

Washington Academy of Sciences

Biological Sciences

1939 Herbert Friedman
1940 No award given
1941 G. Arthur Cooper
1942 Robert S. Campbell
1943 Jason R. Swallen
1944 Norman H. Topping
1945 Henry K. Townes
1946 Waldo R. Wedel
1947 No award given
1948 Robert J. Huebner
1949 Edward G. Hampp
1950 David H. Dunkle

1951 Edward W. Baker
1952 Ernest A. Lachner
1953 Bernard L. Horecker
1954 Leon Jacobs
1955 Clifford Evans

Betty J. Meggers

Robert Traub
1956 Earl Reese Stadtman
1957 Maurice R. Hilleman
1958 Ellis T. Bolton

H. George Mandel
1959 Dwight W. Taylor

1960 Louis S. Baron

1961 Robert W. Krauss

1962 Marshall W. Nirenberg

1963 Brian J. McCarthy

1964 Bruce N. Ames

1965 Gordon M. Tomkins

1966 James L. Hilton

1967 Marie M. Cassidy
Charles S. Tidball

22 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

1939 Paul A. Smith

1940 Harry Diamond

1941 Theodore R. Gilliland
1942 Walter Ramberg
1943 Lloyd V. Berkner
1944 Galen B. Schubauer
1945 Kenneth L. Sherman
1946 Martin A. Mason
1947 Harry W. Wells

1939 Wilmot H. Bradley
1940 Ferdinand G. Brickwedde
1941 Sterling B. Hendricks
1942 Milton Harris

1943 Lawrence A. Wood
1944 George A. Gamow
1945 Robert Simha

1946 G. W. Irving, Jr.

1947 Robert D. Huntoon
1948 J. A. Van Allen
1949 John A. Hipple

1950 Philip H. Abelson

1959 Geoffrey S. S. Ludford
1960 Philip J. Davis
1961 Lawrence E. Payne

1955 Helen N. Cooper
1956 Phoebe H. Knipling
1957 Dale E. Gerster
1958 Carol V. McCammon
1959 Betty Schaaf

Helen Garstens

Engineering Sciences

1948 Maxwell K. Goldstein
1949 Richard K. Cook

1950 Samuel Levy

1951 Max A. Kohler

1952 William R. Campbell
1953 Robert L. Henry
1954 W. S. Pellini

1955 Arthur E. Bonney
1956 M. L. Greenough
1957 Joseph Weber

Physical Sciences

1951 Milton S. Schechter
1952 Harold Lyons
1953 John R. Pellam
1954 Samuel N. Foner
1955 Terrell Leslie Hill
1956 Elias Burstein
1957 Ernest Ambler
Raymond Hayward
Dale Hoppes
Ralph P. Hudson

Mathematics

1962 Bruce L. Reinhart
1963 James H. Bramble
1964 David W. Fox

Teaching of Science

1960 Karl F. Herzfeld
Pauline Diamond

1961 Ralph D. Myers
Charles R. Naeser

1962 Francis J. Heyden, S.J.

1963 Frank T. Davenport
George M. Koehl

1958 San-fu Shen

1959 Harvey R. Chaplin, Jr.
1960 Romald E. Bowles
1961 Rodney E. Grantham
1962 Lindell E. Steele
1963 Gordon L. Dugger
1964 Thorndike Saville, Jr.
1965 Ronald E. Walker
1966 Henry H. Plotkin
1967 Robert D. Cutkosky

1958 Lewis M. Branscomb
Meyer Rubin

1959 Alan C. Kolb

1960 Richard A. Ferrell

1961 John D. Hoffman

1962 Edward A. Mason

1963 George A. Snow

1964 James W. Butler

1965 Albert J. Schindler
Robert P. Madden
Keith Codling

1966 Robert W. Zwanzig

1967 Charles W. Misner

1965 Joan R. Rosenblatt
1966 George H. Weiss
Marvin Zelen

1967 Leon Greenberg

Leo Schubert
1964 Donald F. Brandewie
Herman R. Branson
1965 Irving Lindsey
Stephen H. Schot
1966 Martha Walsh
1967 Raymond A. Galloway

Teaching of Science Special Awards

1951 Howard B. Owens

JANUARY-MarcH, 1969

1952 Keith C. Johnson

Ansar ee

23

On the Origin of the
Sexagesimal System

K. Laki

National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, National

Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.

The question of how the sexagesimal sys-
tem originated is still not settled. We know
that the Sumerians were the first to apply
it in their economic records. The Babyloni-
ans further extended it in their complex ar-
ithmetical calculations. Some authorities
believe that metrology led to the invention
of the sexagesimal system. It is certainly
true that Sumerians expressed some of
their measurements as multiples and frac-
tions of 60, but this is not a strong argu-
ment because some measurements were
also multiples of ten.

M. Cantor, a student of Gauss and a
writer on the history of mathematics, sug-
gested that the sexagesimal system may be
an amalgamation of two earlier systems,
one based on six and the other based on
ten (1).

So far, little attention has been paid to
this suggestion in spite of the fact that the
earliest Sumerian records definitely exhibit
the existence of two number systems side-
by-side, often on the same clay tablet (2).
Some measurements are given as multiples
of ten, others as multiples 60 or 6.

The Sumerian surface unit, BUR, in-
creased as 1, 6, 18. The units of GUR, the
volume measure, increased as 1, 6, 36, 72,
144 and 288 (= 2.x 127). According to
Deimel, the names of the numbers 1, 6,
and 60 are phonetic variants (Ref. 2, p.
118). All these indicate that counting by
six must have been practiced in the early
Sumerian civilization.

In his recent book, Kramer, one of the
foremost experts in Sumarian language
and culture, writes (3a), “The Sumerian
system of numeration was sexagesimal in

character, but not strictly so since it makes
use of the factor 10 as well as 6... .”

Sumerians were not the original inhabit-
ants of Mesopotamia but as some
authorities believe, they came from the
north, perhaps from beyond the Caucasus
Mountains (3b). According to Kramer, the
arrival of the conquering and probably no-
madic Sumerians “who may have erupted
from either Transcaucasia or Transcaspia.

. must have taken place in the last
quarter of the fourth millenium B.C.”
(Ref. 3, p. 247).

In search for an evidence of the number
system based on six, it seemed reasonable
to look into archaeological finds at neolith-
ic sites to the north of Mesopotamia. Tran-
sylvania appeared to be a suitable starting
point for such a search because it was one
of the first areas where neolithic sites in
Europe were found and because the Tran- —
sylvanian sites are known to have been un-
der the influence of similar culture to the
north, south and east (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9).

As far back as almost one hundred years
ago, archaeologists in Transylvania carried
out excavations at Tordos and Nandor-
valya. The neolithic site at Tordos was
discovered accidentally (4). The changing
course of the river Maros cut into a mound
and brought into light its contents.
Youngsters frolicking on the frozen river
noticed the curious little figures and other
objects that fell out of a portion of the riv-
er bank.

Among the collections of Sofie Torma
(10, 11) who carried out the first system-
atic excavation at Tordos and Nandor-
valya, one finds round clay objects with a

24, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

i: ‘ soe? £

ey ES. to
ne SGA, ea

Fig. 1. (A) Drawing of a small brown clay
disc found by Sofie Torma (10, 11) at Tordos.
(B) A drawing of broken objects found in a stra-
tum belonging to the Bukk culture (14).

hole in the middle and which contain six
imprints close to their circumference (Fig.
la). According to Sofie Torma, these im-
prints, because of their distribution, sym-
bolize man: two imprints represent the
eyes, two the feet, and two the hands. To
the neolithic peasants, number six may
have represented the new moon which ex-
hibits its horns for six days and changes
into the half moon on the seventh day. In
connection with the disc-shaped objects of
the Tordos sites, we may also consider that
six could have signified the number of
times the radius has to be taken to give the
circumference of a disc. (Even to the Su-
merians, the numerical value of our 7 was
ol. 13)

Whatever the explanation turns out to
be, the fact is that these clay objects have
six imprints on them which very likely rep-
resent the number 6.

The Tordos finds may be contrasted with
objects found a few hundred miles to the
northwest which belong to the so-called
Bukk culture and exhibit imprints in

JaNnuary-Marcu, 1969

groups of five (Fig. lb) (14). The people
of the Bukk culture may have used a dif-
ferent technique of counting than the
people of the Tordos site. It is generally as-
sumed that counting on fingers led to the
adoption of the decimal system (15). The
technique of counting on only one hand by
placing the thumb against the three joints
of the four fingers and arriving at 12 as
the final number fits into a system based
on six.

There are further indications that in the
Tordos and Nandorvalya finds the imprints
represent numbers. Another disc-shaped
object found there contains 14 imprints
(Fig. 2a). These are arranged in such a
way that two groups contain six and a
third two weaker imprints. What gives
great importance to the Tordos and Nan-
dorvalya findings is a recent discovery by
Vlassa (9, 16) at Tartaria further along
the Maros River, of a clay tablet which
contains unquestionably Sumerian writing
(Fig. 2b). The Tartaria tablet, in addition
to the writing, also contains numbers. The
two full circles and the half circles in the
upper right hand corner of the tablet when
read from right to left represent 22 in the
Sumerian decimal system. In the system
based on six, this number is 14. Number
14 must be accepted as the correct reading
because of the evidence given by the Tor-
dos and Nandorvalya tablets showing the
prevalence of numbers based on six. Ap-
parently, the Tartaria tablet represents a
more advanced stage in the development of
the number system. On this tablet, the full

Table 1. A Typical Quinary System: The Api
Language of the New Hebrides (15)

Word Meaning
1 tai
2 lua
3 tolu
4 vari
5 luna hand
6 otai other one
7 olua other two
8 otolu other three
9 ovair other four
10 lua luna two hands

25

Fig. 2. (A) Clay disc showing 14 impressions,
Sofie Torma collection (Fig. XI, item 24). (B)
Clay disc from the excavation of N. Vlassa at
Tartaria showing Sumerian ideograms (16) and
numbers.

circle stands for the base (six) of the sys-
tem.

Number 14 on the Tordos and Tartaria
tablets indicates that this number may have
had a special significance. On the Tartaria
tablet, immediately below number 14, we
find the schematized picture of the rising
sun. This ideogram signified time to the
Sumerians (2). Number 14 in this context
very likely represents a fortnight, half of
the lunar month, as a time unit.

It is important for the topic I am dis-
cussing that there is also strong linguistic

evidence to conclude that the ancient Fin-
no-Ugric people (representing the bulk of
the Uralic language group) built up their
numbers in the number system based on
six (17, 18). The names of their cardinal
numbers up to six are identical and the
larger numbers beyond six are “compos-
ite’ numbers (18) (Table 2).

Archaeological and linguistic evidence
thus leaves little doubt that indeed a num-
ber system based on six existed in neolithic
times in Transylvania and in northern
Ukraine. These two cultures may not have
been connected; the evidence, however, in-
dicates that the two cultures had contacts.

Since the Tordos and Tartaria sites show
similarities to the Tisza culture (6, 7), it is
quite likely that these sites with their close
ties to the Tisza culture were actually un-
der the influence of a larger culture group
that extended far into Russia including
areas along the upper portions of the Dnie-
per and Don Rivers.

We know that at about 3500 B.C. the
Uralic language group occupied a territory
at the edge of the Russian portion of the
Eurasian steppe (19, 20). In Herodotos’
time (5th century B.C.) also, the Finno-
Ugric language group occupied a large ter-
ritory. . Their southernmost extension
reached down to just north of Chernigov

Table 2. Number System Based on Six Illustrated
With the Hungarian Numbers

Simple
numbers
J Egy
2 Ketto
3 Harom
4 Négy
5 Ot
6 Hat, Mis
Composite
numbers
| Hét (loan word)
8 Nyol-C
9 Kilen-C
10 Tiz (loan word)

The consonant -C in the number names 8 and 9
is a remnant of a base name mis. Th word kilen
in number 9 is a phonetic variant of harom
(=3). (For details see Ref. 17.)

26 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Distribution of Tripolye peasants. ee¢

Distribution of the North Pontic and North

Caucasian Neolithic

a

Ta rtarig
Tordos © °°

Culture

\e

Black Sea

Fig. 3. The map is a modified version of that given on page 248 in the book “History of Man-
kind”, Vol. 1 (28). “Tripolye peasants” represents neolithic settlements. The distribution of these
settlements indicates that there was communication across the passes of the Carpathian Mountains.

A similar spread of the wheeled vehicle by way of the Ukraine through Romania into Hungary
across the Carpathian Mountains or along the Danube’s Iron Gate is also indicated in the third

millenium B.C. (23, 24).

The Tripolye culture in the Ukraine, which lasted until about 1800 B.C., is attributed to people
who later became known as Tocharians. In the Tocharian language, was means gold and this

word, according to Aalto, corresponds to the Finn “vaski” (copper) and Hungarian

(=iron).

and Voronezh in the Ukraine (21). The
Hungarian plain with its extension along
the rivers into Transylvania is generally
considered to be an appendix of the Eura-
sian steppe. The steppe peoples always in-
cluded the Hungarian plains in their
westward movements (21) (Fig. 3). M.
Roska (7), a student of the neolithic cul-
tures in Transylvania, is of the opinion
that the Tisza culture is actually colored
by a Finno-Ugric influence.

Because of the close similarity of the
Tordos and Tartaria sites to the Vinca cul-
ture located at the Danube in Yugoslavia

January-Marcu, 1969

“6 ”

vas

(16), many authorities consider these sites
to be a northward extension of the Vinca
culture known to have existed about 4000
B.C. Since the Tartaria tablet came from a
stratum that puts the age of these finds sev-
eral hundred years earlier than 3200 B.C.
(earlier than the earliest Sumerian tab-
lets), the probability must be considered
that this Transylvanian culture not only
preceded the Sumerian but was a precursor
to it. Nevertheless, we should not conclude
that Sumerian writing spread from Tran-
sylvania since, as we have seen, this neo-
lithic site probably was part of a culture
which extended well into central Russia.

27

There is no difficulty in visualizing a
movement of people from this region
across the Caucasus and ending up in the
valley of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
The Cimmerians fleeing. from the Scythians
made that road in the 8th century B.C. The
Scythians pursuing them also ended up in
the immediate neighborhood of Assyria
(21,22).

At about the time the Sumerians ap-
peared in Mesopotamia (last quarter of the
Ath millenium B.C.), the northern edge of
the steppe in European Russia was in mo-
tion. This is the time of the first migration
of the people of the Indo-European lan-
guage group towards the east. This is the
time when the Samoyed separated (19)
from the Uralic language group while the
rest of this group, the ancient Finno-Ugri-
ans, yielding to the pressure from the west,
moved closer to the Ural Mountains. This
movement of people could have affected
other neolithic groups which, unlike the
Samoyeds going to the north, may have
moved south, crossed the Caucasus Moun-
tains, and reappeared in Mesopotamia.

An actual migration of people who
based their numbers on six through the
Caucasus into Mesopotamia, and the subse-
quent amalgamation of their numbers with
a local system based on ten, appears to be
a likely explanation for the generation of
the sexagesimal system by the Sumerians.

Gardner writes in a recent article in Sci-
entific American (27), “Primitive number
systems with bases 6 through 9 are ex-
tremely rare.” Nevertheless, in spite of
being a rare occurence, the invention of
the number system based on six in neo-
lithic times in eastern Europe left its mark
on our present day culture.

References
(1) Moritz Cantor, Vorlesungen tber Ge-
schichte der Mathematik, Vol. I, Third Ed.,

Leipzig (1907), p. 37.

(2) P. Anton Deimel, Sumerische Grammatik,
2. Aufl. Verlag des Papstl. Bibelinstituts, Roma
(1939), p. 60.

(3a) Samuel Noah Kramer, The Sumerians,
The University of Chicago Press, Third Impres-
sion (1967), p. 91.

(3b) Samuel Noah Kramer: From the tablets
of Sumer, The Falcon’s Wing Press, Indian Hills,
Colorado (1956).

(4) Téglas Gabor, A’Tordosi Ostelep, Archeo-
logiai Ertesit6, 2, 19(1882) (In Hungarian).

(5) Reinecke Pal, Emlékek és Leletek. A tor-
dosi dstelep agyagmiiveirél, Archeologiai Ertesité,
Budapest, 1898 (In Hungarian).

(6) Roska Marton, Adatok Erdély déskori
kereskedelmi, miivelédési és népvandorldsi utjai-
hoz. Archeologiai Ertesité, 47, 149(1934) (In
Hungarian).

(7) Roska Marton, ibid., 49, 72 (1936), Buda-
pest (In Hungarian).

(8) Roska Marton, Erdély Oskora, Budapest,
1936, p. 83 (In Hungarian).

(9) N. Vlassa, Chronology of the Neolithic in
Transylvania in the light of the Tartaria Settle-
ment’s Stratigraphy, Dacia, 7, 485-494 (1963).

(10) Torma Zs6fia, Hunyamegyei neolith
kokorszakbeli telepek és annak fiiggeléke. A nan-
dori barlang csoportozat. Erdélyi Muzeum

kiadvanyai, Volumes V, VI, VII (1879) and VI,
VII (1880) (In Hungarian).

(11) Torma Zséfia, a X. és XI. tabla abraiban
bemutatott tordosi ujabb nevezetesebb egyes lele-
tek ismertetése. Erdélyi Muzeum, Vol. 7 (1880),
Régészeti Fiizetek, sor. II. 2. szim, (p. 6 and p.
12), Budapest (1958) (In Hungarian).

(12) Mathematical Cuneiform Texts, O. Neu-
gebauer and A. Sachs (Eds.). American Oriental
Society, New Haven, Conn. (1945), p. 9.

(13) B. L. Van der Waerden, Science Awaken-
ing, p. Noordhoff Ltd., Groningen, Holland
(1954), p. 75.

(14) J. Korek and P. Patay, A bukki kultura
elterjedése Magyarorsz4gon Régészeti Fiizetek, II,
Budapest (1958), p. 6, 12. ;

(15) Tobias Dantzig, Number, the Language
of Science, Fourth Ed., The Macmillan Co., New
York (1954).

(16) M. S. F. Hood, The Tartaria Tablets, Sci-
entific American, 218, 30 (1968).

(17) K. Laki, The Number System Based on
Six in the Proto-Finno-Ugric Language, J. Wash-
ington Acad. Sciences, 50, 1 (1960).

(18) Orban Gabor, A Finnugor Nyelvek Szam-
nevei, Budapest (1932) (In Hungarian).

(19) Péter Hajdu, The Samoyed Peoples and
Languages, Uralic and Altaic Series, Vol. 14, In-
diana University, Bloomington; Mouton & Co.,
The Hague, The Netherlands (1963).

(20) Barczi Géza, A Magyar Nyelv Eletrajza,
Gondolatkiadé, Budapest (1963).

(21) Rene Grousset, L’empire des Steppes,
Fourth Ed., Payot, Paris (1960).

(22) Tamara Talbot Rice, The Scythians,
Frederick A. Praeger, New York (1957).

(23) Clay models of Bronze Age wagons and
wheels in the Middle Danube Basin. I. Rona in

28 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hun-
garicae Tomus XII, Akadémiai Kiadé, Budapest
(1960), pp. 82-111. |

(24) Stuart Piggott, The beginnings of
wheeled transport, Scientific American, 219, 82
(1968).

(25) O. Menghin, Weltgeschichte der Steinzeit,
Wien (1931).

(26) P. Aalto, Ein alter Name des Kupfers,
Ural-Altaische Jahrbiicher, 31, 33 (1959).

(27) Martin Gardner, Counting systems and
the relationship between numbers and the real
world, Scientific American, 219, 218 (1968).

(28) Jacquetta Hawkes and Leonard Woolley,
History of Mankind, Vol. 1, Harper and Row,
N.Y. and Evanston (1963).

Action to Avert the
Population-Food Crisis

Archibald T. McPherson

4005 Cleveland Street, Kensington, Maryland

The impending collision between popula-
tion and food supply has been termed “‘the
biggest, most fundamental, and most near-
ly insoluble problem that has ever con-
fronted the human race” (1). It transcends
all other problems of our day in urgency
and in potential effect on the future of the
world.

That the present increase in population
must be checked, almost all are agreed. At
best, however, this will require time—cer-
tainly until 1985 and perhaps until the
year 2000. Thus, the immediate problem is
to increase the food supply so that the pop-
ulation explosion can be brought under
control in an orderly manner and not
through mass starvation or through a
breakdown of the social order that might
even precede widespread starvation.

For the years immediately ahead, some
foresee only famine spreading to one after
the other of the developing countries. Oth-
ers voice cautious optimism that global
famine can be averted if a sufficiently mas-
sive effort is exerted without delay. Still
others see a green revolution in agriculture
in the making that will, at least, maintain
the admittedly inadequate standards of nu-
trition in the developing countries in the
coming critical years.

JANUARY-MarcuH, 1969

In this paper we shall examine some of
these seemingly disparate points of view as
presented in three recent books, and, from
what these authors and others say, we shall
set down some factors that may determine
whether or not catastrophe can be avoided.
The deficits in the world food supply are
large and varied. We shall mention some
of the most critical needs in the developing
countries and means of meeting them. In
conclusion we shall address ourselves to
constructive actions that scientists may
take in doing their part to meet the emer-
gency.

Statistics regarding the world popula-
tion-food problem have been so widely
publicized that there is need here only to
present a few figures emphasizing the wide
and growing gap between the industrially
developed and the developing countries.
Table 1 summarizes the differences be-
tween the “have” and the “have not”
countries in population, population growth,
food supply, income, literacy, and propor-
tion of children below the age of self-
support. Data for five countries—the
United States, Japan, Brazil, India, and
Nigeria—are given in Table 2. In these
countries the per capita annual income

ranges from $2898 to $63, and the illitera-

29

Table 1. The Gap Between the ‘Have’ and the ‘Have-not’
Regions of the World

Industrially Developed
Regions

Item

Temperate zone
North America,

Location

Oceania. Also U.S.S.R., Japan,

Underdeveloped and
Developing Regions
Largely in tropics
Most of Africa, Asia,
and Latin America

Europe, and

South Africa, and Argentina

Population, millions:

Mid-1968 1,081 2,400

1980, estimated 1,215 3,200

Gain, 1968-1980, percent 12% 33
Annual income, per capita,

dollars 1,332 125
Food supply, calories per person

per day 3,000 2,200
Population illiterate, 15 years of

age and over, percent 4 38
Population under 15 years of age,

percent 28 41

Table 2. Facts About Five Countries
United
Item States Japan Brazil India Nigeria

Population, 1968, millions 201 101 88 523 62

Rate of growth, percent per year 1.1 | 3.2 2.5 IAS

Years to double 63 63 22 28 28
Birth rate per 1000 population 18.5 13.7 41-43 41 45-53
Death rate per 1000 population 9.5 6.8 10-12 18 25-32
Infant mortality per 1000 live births,

first year 22.9 18.5 — 140 —
Annual income, per capita, dollars 2893. - 696 217 86 63
Food supply, calories per person per day 3140 2350 2950 2110 2180
Population illiterate, 15 years and over, 0-3 0-2 30-35 70-75 80-88

percent

cy from near zero to 80 to 88 percent.

A convenient summary of information
regarding the population of the world by
countries, regions, and continents is given
in the World Population Data Sheet of the
Population Reference Bureau (2). Detailed
information regarding the world food sup-
ply is to be found in publications of the
Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations, particularly in the annual
report on the State of Food and Agricul-
ture, and in the Production Yearbook (3).

I. Three Views of the Future

Three recent books have been selected to
illustrate the divergence in forecasts as to

30 JOURNAL OF

the course of events in the next one or two
decades. These books are by well qualified,
widely recognized authors who have made
first-hand observations in the developing
countries and have drawn on the very
extensive statistical and other information
now available regarding trends in popula-
tion and food supply. The principal differ-
ences, we shall see, lie in differences in es-
timates as to what people can and will do
to meet the coming emergency.
The three books are:
William and Paul Paddock, “Famine 1975.
America’s Decision: Who Will Survive?”, Lit-
tle, Brown & Co., Boston, 1967.
Orville L. Freeman, Secretary of Agriculture,

“World Without Hunger.” Frederick A. Prae-
ger, New York, 1968.

THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Max F. Millikan and David Hapgood, “No
Easy Harvest.” Little, Brown & Co., Boston,
1967.

As may be inferred from the titles, the
Paddock brothers and Secretary Freeman
are at the extremes of pessimism and opti-
mism, respectively, with Millikan and Hap-
good in an intermediate position. All three
regard the next one or two decades as criti-
cal.

1. Catastrophe Is Inevitable. “Famine
1975” was written on the basis of the Pad-
dock brothers’ long experience abroad, one
in the Foreign Service of the State Depart-
ment, and the other in agricultural
research, teaching, and administration.
Their view of the world situation is stated
in the title of the first chapter—“The Pop-
ulation-Food Collision Is Inevitable; It Is
Foredoomed.” This graphic analogy is pre-
sented:

“A locomotive is roaring full throttle down the
track. Just around the bend an impenetrable
mudslide has oozed across the tracks. There it
lies, inert, static, deadly. Nothing can stop the lo-
comotive in time. Collision is inevitable. Miles up
the track the locomotive could have been warned
and stopped. Years ago the mudsoaked hill could

have been shored up to forestall the landslide.
Now it is too late.

“The locomotive roaring straight at us is the
population explosion. The unmoveable landslide
across the tracks is the stagnant production of
food in the undeveloped nations, the nations
where the population increases are greatest.

“The collision is inevitable. The famines are in-
evitable.”

The Paddocks’ book proceeds to show
that the time will be too short for the un-
derdeveloped nations to bring up their
productivity, and that the United States
and other Western nations cannot continue
to make up the food deficit because the
numbers of people to be fed will soon be
too great.

The proposal is made that, in time of
widespread famine, the United States insti-
tute “triage” in allocating its food aid to
the developing nations. Triage is the prac-
tice followed by hospitals on the battlefield
when the number of wounded exceeds the
capacity to treat them. The casualties are
divided into three groups: those that could

January-Marcu, 1969

not be saved; those that would survive
without treatment; and those that could be
saved by treatment. The third group would
receive the limited attention that could be
given.

In applying triage to countries under
global famine conditions, the maximum
amount of food that the United States
could export would go to selected countries
that could be saved. Certain other coun-
tries would be able to get through the time
of famine by their own efforts, though with
difficulty. A third group of countries would
have to be cut off because, with all that
could be done, it would be impossible to
save them.

In the concluding chapter the authors
call on the United States to accept respon-
sibility and leadership, and take the diffi-
cult but necessary action. The title of the
chapter is “The Time of Famines Can Be
the Catalyst for a Period of American
Greatness.” The book ends with a section
headed, “Now It Is America’s Turn to
Shape History.”

2. The Problem Can Be Solved. “World
Without Hunger” by Freeman is described
on the jacket as “an eloquent, practical
guide to solving man’s ancient problem of
how to achieve a world without hunger.”
The concluding paragraph of the preface
states further:

“This book seeks to explore what you and I
can do as individuals and what our nation and
other nations must do as governments to free
mankind from the threat of famine. It is written
out of my conviction that, if all peoples work to-
gether, nightmares of starvation can be forgotten
and we can realize the age-old sweet dream of a
world without hunger.”

In the book Freeman deals with some of
the major complex and interrelated prob-
lems involved in augmenting the world
food supply. Attention is directed to the
number and variety of resources that must
be drawn upon in solving the problems.
Success stories used for illustrations con-
tribute to the optimistic outlook, but the
author admits that the achievements of the
past 20 years of American aid have been
inadequate in the face of total need. He

31

says (p. 175) “We have expected to ac-
complish too much in too short a period
with too little effort.”” He states further,—

“We have made other mistakes. The keys to
‘sound development—family planning, agriculture,
and education—were neglected until recently. We
underestimated the obstacles and overestimated
the transferability of technology. We promised
more than we could deliver, sometimes starting a
chain reaction of disillusionment and distrust,
which has increased the difficulty of develop-
ment.”

In conclusion, Freeman urges United
States leadership directed toward four spe-
cific goals: (1) the establishment of long
range nutrition targets and particularly the
redirection of food aid toward eliminating
malnutrition in children; (2) a ten-year
commitment of 1.5 percent of the United
States national income to development,
with emphasis on food production; (3)
the creation of a private-public corpora-
tion, perhaps patterned after Comsat, to
deal with agricultural problems; and (4)
the speedy mobilization of a wide range of
technical manpower.

As to the future, Freeman states: “The
road ahead is long and hard. The sands of
time are running fast. We have no more
than fifteen to twenty years to bring man
and his food supply into balance.” He
makes no prediction as to whether the pro-
gram that is proposed can and will be
implemented fully and quickly enough to
achieve the balance before time runs out.

3. A Gigantic Effort Will Be Required.
“No Easy Harvest” by Millikan and Hap-
good is in large part a product of the de-
liberations and conclusions of a six-week
conference by 44 experts at Massachusetts
Institute of Technology’s Center for Inter-
national Studies in the summer of 1964.
The 44 persons are described as “scholars
and practitioners, eminent in economics,
natural sciences, the behavioral sciences,
and the political sciences.”

An important contribution made by the
book is its emphasis on the need for an in-
terdisciplinary approach to the problems of
agriculture as a source of food. Millikan
and Hapgood state in the introduction,
“.. . the burden of our message is pre-

cisely that the agricultural problem is not
divisible. . . . The book is a whole, not
the sum of its parts.”

Emphasis is placed on the importance of
recognizing differences in local conditions.
Specific attention is given to four different
food-deficit regions: the Rice Regions; the
Rain-Forest Tropics; the Monsoon Regions
and the Sub-Tropics; and the High Allti-
tude Regions.

Far from purporting to have developed a
guide for solving the problem of hunger,
Millikan and Hapgood evaluate their book
in the following terms:

“We offer no panacea here. Those looking for a
blueprint will be disappointed. We did not find a
magic key to unlock the problems of agriculture,
nor do we present a program likely, in ten years
or a century, to assure the world’s supply of

food.”

“Finally, ours is not a cheerful report. Com-
pared to the urgency of the need, what we offer
here may seem meagre indeed. . . . To get the
people of the world a decent supply of food—that
most basic of man’s requirements—will require a
gigantic effort. It will cost a lot of money, but
money is probably the easiest need to fill. The
goal will not be met unless many millions of peo-
ple—technicians, officials, and, above all, farmers
—are willing to initiate a radical and often pain-
ful process of social change.”

‘Il. There Is Hope, if—

The foregoing authors and others who
have written or spoken on the population- |
food problem are in agreement that the
present rate of population growth must be
checked as quickly as possible so as to
bring the population into balance with the
food supply. Most of them would probably
agree, also, that widespread famine could
be averted by a sufficiently early and suffi-
ciently massive effort. They would disa-
gree, however, as to the probability that
such an effort will be made. As one author
put it, “The question is not, ‘Can we?,’ but
‘Will we?’” Thus, the future increase in
food supply will depend in large measure
on the magnitude of human effort. This
will involve a number of different factors,
some of which will be discussed in the fol-
lowing paragraphs. In addition, one signif-
icant factor in determining food supply,

32 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

the weather, will be beyond human control
except insofar as irrigation can be extend-
ed to mitigate the effect of drought.

1. If Weather Is Favorable. Projections
as to crop yields are necessarily based on a
number of assumptions. The first is usually
“normal weather,” meaning adequate rain-
fall, and the absence of destructive floods,
winds, hail, and unseasonable cold or heat.
In “World Food Budget 1970” (4) the
assumption of normal weather is qualified
as “probably more favorable than a statist-
ical average.” Abundant rains in India
have been a significant factor in the in-
crease in grain production in the past two
years. This increase has given hope of
self-sufficiency in food production in the
near future, but failure of the monsoons
could again lead to misery and dispair, as
in 1964 and 1965. The food supply in
Mainland China, the Middle East, and
North Africa is dependent to a very con-
siderable extent on rainfall so that any
time table of famine could be set ahead or
delayed by the weather.

2. If Existing Foods Are Used Most
Efficiently. The diet in the developing
countries is often inadequate for growth,
yet the grains, pulses, and oilseeds con-
sumed in these countries contain signifi-
cant percentages of protein. The vegetable
proteins, however, can be only partially
utilized in human nutrition because they
do not contain essential amino acids in the
proportion required by the body. They can
be employed for growth or maintenance
only to the extent that the most limiting
amino acid is present—which may be only
90 percent or less. This deficiency can be
corrected by adding the requisite amount
of the limiting amino acid or acids, which
are now produced synthetically at costs
which would render their large-scale use
entirely feasible. At present the amino acid
supplementation of wheat and wheat prod-
ucts is being practiced on a limited scale
in India and a few other developing coun-
tries.. Whether such supplementation will
be expanded and extended to other staple
grains is yet to be determined.

JaNnuary-Marcu, 1969

It is a fortunate circumstance that the
amino acid deficiencies in vegetable pro-
teins are such that the proteins of cereal
grains and oilseeds are, to a considerable
extent, mutually complementary. Thus, nei-
ther corn nor cottonseed flour, taken alone,
is adequate to support the growth of chil-
dren, but a mixture of the two is the basis
of Incaparina, a prepared food that is
being used successfully to combat child-
hood malnutrition in Latin America. A
number of other general purpose and mul-
tipurpose foods have been devised in dif-
ferent developing countries by blending lo-
cally available grains, pulses, and oilseeds
in proportions such as to give an optimum
amino acid pattern for human nutrition.
Vitamins and minerals needed in the diet
are routinely added to these prepared
foods. The success of these foods has been
abundantly demonstrated, but their produc-
tion is still relatively small in comparison
to the supply of food for children in devel-
oping countries.

3. If Non-agricultural Sources of Food
Are Fully Exploited. Several sources of
food other than conventional agriculture
can contribute significantly to the world
food supply and offer the advantages of
rapidly expanded and controlled produc-
tion, together with freedom from the effects
of weather, diseases, and insect pests. One
such source is protein concentrate made
from fish that are not now used for human
food. The potential production is large, but
at best it will be considerably less than
the supply of protein from agricultural
sources.

Another potential source of food which
has been widely publicized is the produc-
tion of microorganisms from petroleum
and other substrates. Primary attention is
being given to yeast and other organisms
as a source of protein, though fat can be
produced in a similar manner by the cul-
ture of different organisms. All of the
major petroleum companies are engaged in
this development and the world capacity
for microbial protein may reach a million

tons a year by 1970 (5). The product is

33

now intended for animal feed, though its
ultimate use for human food is undoubted-
ly the objective of the present intensive re-
search and development.

The culture of tissues, both plant and an-
imal, has long been practiced in the
research laboratory. Animal tissues of dif-
ferent kinds have been grown in nutrient
media of relatively simple composition, but
the techniques are quite elaborate, requir-
ing strict asepsis and precise control of all
conditions. In recent years, however, engi-
neering processes have been developed
with automated controls, that could render
it possible to manufacture animal protein
for use as food without the intervention of
the animal.

Another source of food of large potential
significance is production by direct chemi-
cal synthesis. It is surprising that this has
received so little attention from the chemi-
cal industry in view of the fact that every
important non-food agricultural product
except tobacco has one or more commer-
cially successful synthetic counterparts. At
present the principal synthetic products in
this area are vitamins, flavors and condi-
ments, and amino acids. Large quantities
of the vitamins and amino acids are em-
ployed in animal feeding in competition
with an abundance of feed from agricultur-
al sources.

4. If There Is General Economic
Development. Increased agricultural prod-
uctivity and improved nutrition can be
achieved only if there is corresponding
economic growth and rising per capita in-
come. Agriculture, by the primitive
methods now employed in large areas of
the developing countries, can produce only
a little more food than that required by the
farmer and his draft animals. More pro-
ductive agriculture will require large in-
puts of equipment, improved seeds, pesti-
cides, and fertilizer, all of which must be
supplied by the rest of the economy. Fur-
thermore, the increases in food production
brought about by these inputs can be sus-
tained only if the income of the non-agri-
cultural segment of the population is raised

sufficiently to buy the additional food. To
achieve the requisite over-all economic de-
velopment in a very few years will require
massive support from the United States
and other affluent nations in the form of
capital and technical assistance.

5. If the “Green Revolution” Continues.
Recent signal developments in agriculture
have been quite aptly termed the “Green
Revolution.” Three advances that have re-
ceived wide attention are Mexican wheat,
high-lysine corn, and “miracle” rice. The
wheat and the rice give promise of much
higher yields while the high-lysine corn
should greatly improve the nutrition of
both man and animal by providing protein
that possesses an amino acid pattern which
will permit it to be much more fully uti-
lized than the protein of conventional
varieties.

The successful application of these ad-
vances in the different developing countries
will involve many problems, not the least
of which will be a large expansion in the
production and use of fertilizer. The mira-

cle rice, for example, yields little if any

more than conventional varieties under the
same conditions. The sensational increases
in yield are obtained only with the liberal
use of fertilizer, and the production of the
necessary fertilizer will require time, tech-
nical assistance, and capital.

There is danger that success stories
regarding these new advances will generate
an unwarranted optimism regarding the fu-
ture. Agricultural production of food can
be markedly increased but it cannot long
keep pace with an exponential growth of
population. The best that can be hoped for
from the Green Revolution and _ other
means of increasing the food supply of the
developing countries is that they will buy
more time in which to bring the population
explosion under control.

Ill. Critical Food Needs

In the present shortage of food in devel-
oping countries it is important to know

just where the major deficiencies lie so as

to direct the limited supplies and research
efforts to meeting the most acute needs. It

34, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

is also important to make long range plans
so as to achieve the maximum nutritional
benefit. The new science of nutrition can
provide valuable guidance both in the allo-
cation of food supplies and in the planning
of new production. It is strange that food
—the oldest concern of man—has only so
lately become the subject of extensive sci-
entific investigation. Food for children has
been a concern of parents from the begin-
ning of the human race, but only within
the present decade has there been clear rec-
ognition and documentation of the relation
of protein in the diet of the young child to
its mental development and the mental as
well as the physical characteristics of the
adult into which the child develops.

In addition to this special need for ade-
quate protein for child development we
shall discuss briefly the related need for vi-
tamins and minerals, and the general need
for food to supply additional calories in
the diet of the developing countries.

1. Protein for the Growth of Children.
The most important single action that can
be taken to aid the developing countries is
to provide protein, adequate in quality and
quantity, to support the growth of children
between the time of weaning and the age
of four or five. Proper nutrition in this pe-
riod leads to alert, intelligent, and respon-
sive adults; lack of it, to dull, apathetic
adults, little interested in bettering their
lot. A recent book on this subject bears the
title, ““Pre-School Child Malnutrition. Pri-
mary Deterrent to Human Progress” (6).
Some of the distressing findings reported
in this book are:

“Pre-school malnutrition is basically respon-
sible for the early deaths of millions of children.

“Of those it does not kill, preschool malnutri-
tion permanently impairs physical growth and
probably causes irreversible mental and emotional
damage;

“Preschool malnutrition is a serious deterrent
to progress in developing countries; it weakens
the productive capacities of adults surviving from
the irreparable damages incurred in early child-
hood.

“In developing areas, as many as 70 percent of
the children suffer from malnutrition. The
maimed survivors become adults lacking in the
vigor and enterprise for productive advancement.”

January-Marcu, 1969

In the affluent Western countries the pro-
tein needs of children are met, for the most
part, by milk, meat, and eggs. These, how-
ever, are scarce in developing countries
and are probably the least available to
those that need them most. However, as
mentioned in an earlier paragraph, present
knowledge of the amino acid content of
foods renders it possible to make mixtures
of locally available cereals, pulses, and oil-
seed meals that are nutritionally adequate
for child growth.

Inasmuch as prepared foods designed to
meet the protein needs of young children
are now available in most developing coun-
tries, the major problem is one of securing
acceptance and providing for distribution
to those segments of the population that
cannot afford even the small additional
cost. General acceptance will involve the
slow and difficult process of educating
largely illiterate populations who have
deeply ingrained prejudices and supersti-
tions regarding food and nutrition.

2. Vitamins and Minerals. The addition
of vitamins and minerals to the diet in the
developing countries could make a very
significant contribution to the health and
well-being not only of the children but also
of the population as a whole. Unlike the
situation with regard to many other needs,
the materials required to fill this need
could be supplied in a relatively short time
at low cost. Vitamins are now made syn-
thetically by large scale production meth-
ods; hence production could be readily
stepped up to any desired extent by the
replication of present manufacturing units.
The cost of supplying all the vitamins in
the Recommended Dietary Allowances of
the Food and Nutrition Board (7) would
be only about 17 cents per person per year
on the basis of the values of vitamins pro-
duced in the United States, as reported by
the U.S. Tariff Commission (8). The mate-
rials cost of minerals such as calcium,
magnesium, and iron would be nominal,
and even the cost of iodine would be quite
small because of the minute quantities re-
quired per person.

35

Of the vitamin deficiencies, the most
tragic is the deficiency in Vitamin A which
causes 80,000 children to become blind
each year and leads to seriously impaired
vision in a much greater number (9). The
manufacturing cost of sufficient Vitamin A
to supply a child for a year is only about 6
cents.

Goiter is readily prevented by traces of
iodine in the diet, yet there are regions in
which goiter is so prevalent that it is some-
times taken as a mark of feminine beauty
and children’s dolls are made with promi-
nent goiters.

Anemia resulting from a deficiency of
iron and copper in the diet is widely preva-
lent in the developing countries and may
be responsible for the lack of vitality that
is often ascribed to the tropical climate.
Anemia and vitamin deficiencies taken to-
gether with a diet low in calories are un-
doubtedly responsible for the low produc-
tivity of labor that is so frustrating to

those undertaking new programs in the de-

veloping countries.

The major problem with vitamin and
mineral dietary supplements is that of get-
ting them to the people that need them. In
the United States certain of the essential
micronutrients are incorporated in bread,
other cereal products, margarine, milk, and
fruit juices, thus insuring that some of the
vitamins and minerals otherwise lacking in
the diet will reach a considerable segment
of the population. In the developing coun-
tries, however, much of the food does not
go through central process and distributing
channels, hence other means of distribution
must be found. Brooke (13) has suggested
admixing vitamins and minerals with salt
so as to reach an entire population. He has
also suggested, for voluntary use, a “pot
pill” containing the daily supply of vitam-
ins and minerals for a family. This would
be added to the rice, vegetables, or curry
being prepared for the main meal of the
day. So far as is known, neither of these or
any other distribution plan is in use or un-
der serious consideration at the present
time.

3. Calories for Doing Work. As stated
in a previous paragraph, the productivity
of labor depends in part on the number of
calories provided by the food of the work-
ers. This has been demonstrated by
correlations between the output of labor in
different countries and the amount of ener-
gy provided by the diet in those countries.
In industrially developed countries each
person consumes, on the average, about
3000 calories per day, whereas in the unde-
veloped countries the amount is only about
2000 calories. It is true that in the latter
countries the stature and body weight are
less, but more than offsetting this differ-
ence is the fact that in the undeveloped
countries a large part of the energy for
doing work must come from human mus-
cular power, rather than from motors as in

the West.

This gap in calories could be filled by
synthetic fats or by other synthetic, high-
energy foods that have been developed for
space nutrition (10). Synthetic fats were
used in Germany during World War II but
were given up when the cheaper natural
fats became available (11). Synthetic fatty
acids are currently produced in considera-
ble quantities for industrial use. The
manufacture of fats for human food would
involve no major technical problem, and
the output could be stepped up rapidly. Ac-
ceptance would present no problems be-
cause the synthetic products would be quite
similar to. natural products in both compo-
sition and properties. Furthermore, fats are
in demand in developing countries where
cereal grains make up a very large part of
the diet. Thus far, no comprehensive engi-
neering study seems to have been made of
processes and costs in connection with high
energy foods.

IV. What Can the Individual
Scientist and Engineer Do?

The population-food problem is so mas-
sive that the individual may think that only
national and international effort can make
any significant contribution to its solution.
True, the United States, many other na-

36 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

tions, and the United Nations, as well as
many nongovernmental organizations are
all engaged in pertinent activities. But the
sum total of effort is still far too small and
the scope is still too narrowly restricted.

The concerned individual who studies
the world situation can find ways to build
support for the programs of government,
industry, universities, and foundations that
are contributing effectively to the solution
of world problems. Further, he can provide
original ideas and take the lead in initiat-
ing programs in his own field of specializa-
tion, and, as opportunity develops, he can
participate in these and other programs.

1. Be Informed. One can make an effec-
tive contribution to the solution of the
population-food problem only after gaining
an understanding of the many complex fac-
tors involved. Nearly every one can read
and study the very extensive and rapidly
growing volume of literature on the subject
and attend some of the numerous symposia
and conferences that are being held. First-
hand knowledge can be gained by travel in
the developing countries with arrangements
to meet government officials, agricultural
agents, doctors and nurses, teachers, Peace
Corps workers, and missionaries. The in-
formed person will discount quick, easy so-
lutions of problems and will recognize the
signal advances that are being made in ag-
riculture in perspective as means of buying
a little more time in which to bring
population and food into balance.

2. Support Governmental and Other
Programs. If the massive effort that the
population-food problem will require for
its solution is to be exerted, the United
States must accept a position of leadership
and must provide much more technical as-
sistance and funds than at present. Scien-
tists and engineers, through their better un-
derstanding of many aspects of the
problem, can be of great assistance in
keeping the public more fully and correctly
informed. They can also aid by presenting
the needs clearly and in perspective to leg-
islators and other key officials who have
the responsibility for government partici-

JANUARY-MarcH, 1969

pation. They can, in addition, be helpful in
encouraging participation by industry, uni-
versities, foundations, and scientific and
engineering societies.

The Sierra Club has taken action
through publication of a book, “The Popu-
lation Bomb” (12). This book not only
emphasizes the importance of contact with
officials, but it also includes in an appendix
copies of letters that have been written by
members of the Club to members of Con-
gress, dignitaries of churches, and officials
of television networks.

3. Seek an Opportunity for Personal
Participation. Some jobs both in the Unit-
ed States and abroad are seeking people.
In the many ramifications of the world
population-food problem there are a great
many more jobs yet to be discovered, par-
ticularly in new and unconventional ap-
proaches to long-standing problems. There
is scarcely a discipline, a specialty, or an
interdisciplinary area in which there is not
a substantial contribution to be made by a
person of vision. As to time, there are chal-
lenging opportunities for a lifetime career,
or for a sabbatical year in a developing
country, or even for productive activity in
the retirement years of a septuagenarian
who is still fit.

In every major emergency the most sig-
nificant and original contributions are
made by those who find their own roles,
rather than waiting to be recruited.

References

(1) Ewell, Raymond. Population outlook in de-
veloping countries, Jn Agricultural Research
Institute, The Role of Agriculture in Meeting
World Food Needs, p. 3. National Academy of
Sciences—National Research Council, Washing-
ton, D.C. Oct. 10-11, 1966.

(2) Information Service, Population Reference
Bureau, 1755 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washing-
ton, D.C.

(3) Food and Agriculture Organization, United
Nations, Rome, Italy. Available in the United
States from the National Agency for International
Publications, 317 East 34th St., New York 10016.

(4) Foreign Agricultural Economic Report No.
19. U.S. Dept. Agriculture. Oct. 1964.

(5) Humphrey, Arthur E. Production of pro-

37

tein from petroleum. Western Hemisphere
Nutrition Congress II. San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Aug. 26-29, 1968.

(6) Publication 1282. National Academy of
Sciences—National Research Council. Washing-
ton, D.C. 1966. ;

(7) Publication 1146. National Academy of
Sciences—National Research Council. Washing-
ton, D.C. 1964.

(8) Synthetic Organic Chemicals. United
States Production and Sales. 1966. Tariff Commis-
sion Publication 248. Superintendent of
Documents, Government Printing Office, Washing-
ton, D.C. 1968.

(9) Schaefer, Arnold E. Epidemiological stud-
ies of Vitamin A deficiency. Western Hemisphere
Nutrition Congress IJ. San Juan, Puerto Rico.

Aug. 26-29, 1968.

(10) Miller, Sanford A. High energy nonfat
nutrient sources. In Conference on Nutrition in
Space and Related Waste Problems, pp. 343-351.
Tampa, Florida. April 27-30, 1964. Publication
SP-70. National Aeronautics and Space Adminis-
tration. Washington, D.C. 1964.

(11) Sonntag, N. O. V. Synthetic fatty acids.
In E. Scott Pattison, Fatty Acids and Their In-
dustrial Applications. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New
York. 1968.

(12) Ehrlich, Paul R. Ballantine Books, Inc.
New York. 1968.

(13) Brooke, Clinton L. Fortification of food
products with Vitamin A. Western Hemisphere
Nutrition Congress IJ. San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Aug. 26-29, 1968.

Chemical Opposites and

Their Ambiguities

Eduard Farber

4530 Brandywine St., N.W., Washington, D. C.

Progress through Reversions

In life and in science, the separation of
opposites can mean an important step in
the right direction, a feat of quick intui-
tion or the result of long investigation.
Yet after the opposites have been sharply
distinguished and defined, they may be rec-
ognized as variously related to each other.

When their relationship is only that of
complete opposition involving contradic-
tion, there is the possibility of complete
reversion. The Copernican reversion from
the geocentric to the heliocentric system is
a great historical fact, and it can serve as
the model or example for important events
in the history of chemistry (1). Other
historical examples show us the opposites
combined and new unity created out of
contradictions. Robert Grosseteste, or
Greathead (1175-1253), defined light,
which for him was the first form of corpo-

rality, as being a spiritual body or a bodily
spirit (“corpus spiritualis, sive mavis di-
cere spiritus corporalis’). Paracelsus
(1493-1541), whose great concern was the
relationship between human body and spir-
it, proclaimed triumphantly: “The life of
man is nothing else than an astralic bal-
sam, a balsamic ingression, a heavenly and
invincible fire.” Poetic visions perceive the
contradiction between opposites reconciled
in a primary unity, which for Grosseteste
is light, for Paracelsus life.

The wider the significance of the oppo-
sites, the greater the need to combine them
in their unity. This rule seems to follow
from the nature of opposites. When they
are limited and specific, they cannot be so
combined, and complete reversion is pre-
ferred, or rather specifically justified.
Joseph Black performed such a reversion
when he demonstrated that instead of the
addition of an invisible, fiery principle, it

38 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

is the loss of a recognizable kind of air
that turns mild magnesia into the caustic
burnt magnesia, or chalk into quicklime.

Lavoisier reversed the thoughts about
the presence of a metallizing agent, which
on disappearing also removed the metallic
character, and demonstrated the absence of
a demetallizing substance which, when add-
ed, converted the metal into its “calx.”

The Source of the Ambiguity

Black and Lavoisier were confronted
with the specific opposites of positive and
negative action, in combination with the
general contradiction between presence and
absence. Such a combination leads to an
ambiguity that can be presented in algebra-
ic symbols. Let the (+) sign stand for
presence and for positive action, the (— )
sign for absence and for negative action.
As in the theory of probability, conjunc-
ture is to be indicated by multiplication.
The formulas (+) (+) = (—) (—)
and -(-- ) (—) = (~) (+) then show
that presence combined with positive ac-
tion is equal to absence combined with
negative action, and that the presence of
the negative is equal to the absence of the
positive. The acceptance (+) of something
false (—) produces error (—), and so
does the rejection (—) of something true
ca

The simple scheme represents the basis
for ambiguities in our theorizing or inter-
preting, which require and lead to new ex-
periments for a decision. Without using the
symbolic signs above, the situation can be
described as involving two pairs of either—
or opposites at the same time, and the ex-
pression “equal to” can be replaced by
“looks like.” Even with this alternate de-
scription, the scheme remains separated
from reality by a wide gap; we can bridge
the gap by the following discussion, before
we fill it with accounts of specific experi-
ences.

For the discussion, we first introduce the
observer with the alternates he perceives:

(1) The expected happens: This can mean

JANUARY-Marcu, 1969

that an actor is present or that a preventer is ab-
sent.

(2) The expected does not happen: The actor
is absent or the preventer is present.

(3) The unexpected happens: An unknown ac-
tor is present or a known actor is absent.

(4) The unexpected does not happen: We
would notice this only if the “unexpected” were
actually something at least imagined, which
makes this alternative identical with (2) above.

In these formulations, the terms “actor”
and “preventer” are wide or indefinite
enough to mean a substantial amount of
reagent or the small catalytic quantity of a
promoter or an inhibitor. The ambiguities
are thereby multiplied, as shown in our
first specific example.

The Indophenine Reaction

In his 1882 course of lectures at the Uni-
versity of Zurich, Victor Meyer came to
the subject of benzene and was prepared to
demonstrate the indophenine reaction. This
reaction was quite “modern.” Adolf Bae-
yer had found it in 1879: When a little
isatin in sulfuric acid is mixed with a sam-
ple of benzene, a beautiful blue color ap-
pears. The product looked like indigo. Bae-
yer coined the name indophenine, with the
chemist’s usual disregard for philological
sensitivities, by adding the first syllable of
indigo to a derivative from the Greek work
pheinein for “shining” that had previously
been introduced into chemistry by Auguste
Laurent (1808-1853) and survives in the
familiar “phenol.” In Meyer’s lecture, right
before the expectant audience, the experi-
ment failed. The assistant, Traugott Sand-
meyer, explained that he had verified the
test just before the lecture with a normal
sample of benzene from coaltar; for the ac-
tual demonstration, however, he had
carefully prepared an especially pure ben-
zene from benzoic acid. Meyer immediately
promised “to look into this.” He saw the
following alternatives:

(1) A catalytic impurity is present in the nor-
mal benzene from coaltar distillates.

(2) An anticatalytic impurity is present in the
“chemical” benzene.

(3) An unknown substance is present in the

39

coaltar benzene. If so, it would be different from
impurities in the other sample.

These deliberations led to the discovery
that the “normal” benzene contained thio-
phen (2). Meyer formed this name by
combining the Greek for sulfur with the
“phen” from pheinein.

How fortunate that toluene, which really
gives the indophenine reaction, was absent
from the “chemical” benzene!

Here, an ambiguity according to the sec-
ond alternative of the general scheme start-
ed from the attempt to carry out a
chemical reaction. In the following exam-
ple, the start was the measurement of a
physical property, and the further develop-
ment followed along the third alternative
of the scheme.

The Discovery of Argon
Since 1892, Lord Rayleigh’s aim had

been to measure the specific gravity of ni--

trogen with precision. Nitrogen prepared
by removing the oxygen (and the carbon
dioxide) from air gave values between
2.3100 and 2.3103, whereas nitrogen ob-
tained by decomposing nitric oxide, ni-
trous oxide, or ammonium nitrate gave
2.2987 to 2.3001. Many tests confirmed
that the difference in the second decimal
place was beyond the experimental error.
Lord Rayleigh thought that the nitrogen
prepared from the air was the pure element
and the “chemical” nitrogen contained a
gas of lower specific gravity. He discussed
the findings with William Ramsay, who
strongly advocated the assumption that the
chemical nitrogen was pure and the atmos-
pheric nitrogen was contaminated by the
presence of a heavier gas.

The ambiguities can be formulated as
follows:

(1) Heavy nitrogen: Weight-reducer (—) ab-
sent (—) = weight-increaser (+) present (1)

(2) Light nitrogen: Weight-reducer (—) pres-
ent (+) = weight-increaser (+) absent (—).

The assumptions were formally equal
but chemically very different. Ramsay’s
intuition, which was fortified by his knowl-
edge of what Henry Cavendish had found

in 1784, proved correct (3).

Positive and Negative Pressure

An activator is a small quantity of a
substance that actuates the transformation
of much greater quantities of other sub-
stances. When the definition is formulated
in this way, the kinship to the primitive
concepts of ferment and _ philosopher’s
stone is permitted to shine through. An in-
hibitor is the negative correspondent to an
activator. What this relationship between
positive and negative means can be gener-
ally described in the words of Immanuel
Kant: “. . . Negative magnitudes are not
negations of magnitudes . . . rather they
are, in themselves, truly positive and sig-
nify only something that is opposed to the
other. Thus, negative attraction is not rest,
but rather true repulsion” (4).

In a system that is either activated or in-
hibited, the main bulk of the substances is
presumed to be passive or, at least, dor-
mant, and we remember that Berzelius
used this last expression for describing the
“catalytic force”. as an awakener. Sub-
stances do not all need to be awakened;
they can be “directly” engaged in activi-
ties. Even without activators and inhibi-
tors, however, the logical equivalence be-
tween positive and negative can turn into
practical ambivalence and become a source
of problems. In the history of science,
they are at the bottom of discussions on
preformation as opposed to new creation
(5). Another topic of this discussion is the
relationship between positive and negative
pressure.

One of its forms occurs in the letter
written by Evangelista Torricelli on June
11, 1644 concerning the problem of the
vacuum and what was later called the ba-
rometer: “ ... It may be supposed that the
force that prevents quicksilver from fall-
ing, in spite of its nature, has its cause in
the interior of the vessel, whether it comes
from the vacuum or is caused by some ex-
tremely rarefied matter. But I claim that
the force is external and that it comes from
the outside.” The controversy about the ex-

40 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

istence of a vacuum, in which René Des-
cartes and Blaise Pascal were opponents, is
illuminated by a passage in Pierre
Guiffard’s book of 1647: “ ... There (in
Pascal’s experiments) is observed that
brave nothingness against which so many
excellent philosophers have fought for such
a long time, that fearful void . . . that fine
nothing. . .”. While these “excellent philos-
ophers” debated the reality of nothingness,
Pascal declared “. . . that Nature has no
repugnance to a vacuum; .. . that all the
effects that have been attributed to this
horror proceed from the gravity and pres-
sure of the air..” (6).

In 1644, Torricelli rejected a force in-
side the tube, in which quicksilver was
kept from falling, and claimed that an ex-
ternal force was responsible. Formally re-
lated to this position is what Michael Fara-
day wrote in 1834 about “evolved
substances” as being expelled from the de-
composing mass, in contrast to assuming
that they were drawn out by an attraction,
from the outside (7). An outside force pre-
vents mercury from following its nature
and falling out of the tube. An inside force
causes the evolution of substances from a
decomposing mass.

According to the view of Walther
Nernst, it is also an inside “tension” that
causes a substance to dissolve, and a par-
ticular form of this tension is responsible
for the electrolytic dissolution of a metal
(8). In analogy to Faraday’s language, dis-
solving substances expand into the solu-
tion; they are not drawn into it by the sol-
vent.

The words of Henri LeChatelier express
in greater generality the difference that is
here involved. The natural phenomena are
of two classes, not with regard to their na-
ture, but according to their directions;
they are either spontaneous or provoked.
“By its evolution in one sense the system A
provokes the evolution of a system 6 in the
other sense; thereby, A loses its property
of developing spontaneously, and this is ac-
quired by 5.” This property is the same as
the motive power of Carnot, the available

JANUARY-Marcu, 1969

energy of Maxwell, the free energy of
Helmholtz (9).

Continuing in the direction of Le-
Chatelier’s thoughts, Johannes Brénsted
(1879-1947) sought the causal relation-
ships in thermodynamics, in preference to
the purely mathematical developments
(10). The heat absorbed by a system is
only the measure of the work in expansion,
not its cause. The cause is to be found in
the potential. When a gas expands sponta-
neously, the increase in volume is on the
side where initially the pressure was high-
er; thus, a volume moves from low
pressure to high pressure. The intensity
factor that belongs together and is conju-
gate with volume is, therefore, negative
pressure. Similarly, surface tension is a
negative potential; under its influence the
surface increases at the side of the initially
higher tension. In these cases, “higher”
means greater in negative value (]1).

Positive and Negative Food
Factors

The early history of the antineuritic vi-
tamin demonstrates the difficulty in distin-
guishing between the presence of a nega-
tive factor (poison) and the absence of a
positive or beneficial factor.

In 1886, the Pekelharing-Winkler Com-
mission studied beri beri (polyneuritis) in
the Dutch East Indies. Christiaan Eijkman
(1858-1930), as assistant to the Commis-
sion, had the good fortune to be there
when the disease also broke out among
chickens fed with polished rice. It was the
time when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch
had dramatically turned the general atten-
tion to the importance of microorganisms.
The first thoughts had, therefore, been di-
rected to a microbial cause. “Polymorphic
bacteria” were actually found in the blood
of the victims. The accidental new experi-
ence, however, made it seem plausible to
connect the cause of beri beri with some-
thing in the cortex of native rice. In what
manner could this something be responsi-
ble? Eijkman assumed it functioned by
“neutralizing” a nutritional error. Such er-

4]

ror had been established in food contain-
ing a relative excess of carbohydrate, an
experience summarized by Adalbert Czerny
(1863-1941) who designated it as “Mehl-
nahrschaden,” i.e., damage through food
consisting too exclusively of flour (12). By
its symptoms it resembled pellagra.

Gerrit Grijns (1865-1944) described the
argument as follows: “One may assume the
presence of a nerve-degenerating poison,
which is able to originate in the intestinal
canal, and of an antidote, which neutralizes
the poison or, at any rate, its action. The
absence of this antidote would then open
the door for the development of polyneuri-
tis and in that case, the development of the
disease would depend on the occurrence or
non-occurrence of the poison.” Grijns was
much more in favor of a different argu-
ment: “There is also much to be said for
the other explanation that we have to do
with a partial starvation” (13).

Frederick Gowland Hopkins
1947) described the events in these words:
“Eijkman’s own earlier teaching as based

on his experimental results was that the

function of the substance in the cortex was
to neutralize a nutritional error due to ex-
cess of carbohydrate in a diet of rice. A
substance which functions in the neutrali-
zation of an error is not the same thing as
a substance universally necessary, and it
was to the existence of substances of the
latter type that my own thoughts had
turned. Eijkman did not at first visualise
beri beri as a deficiency disease; but the
view that the cortical substance in the rice
supplied a need rather than neutralized a
poison was soon after put forward by
Grijns and ultimately accepted by Profes-
sor Kijkman” (14).

Hopkins here contributed the new con-
cept of “a substance universally neces-
sary.” He thus concluded that the specific
deficiency that Grijns had suspected was
only an example, and that its cause was the
absence of a positive food factor of univer-
sal importance. The quantity in which this
substance acted was very small; this in-
sight came as a great surprise to the nutri-

(1861-

tionists, although as biochemists they
should have been prepared for it by the de-
velopment of catalysis. The new experience
and explanation did not prove that the idea
of a massive “nutritional error” was
wrong; its role was stated again when
Cicely D. Williams published his investiga-
tion of the syndrome for which he used the
African (Gold Coast) dialect word kwa-
shiorkor (15).

The antineuritic substance, which
Hopkins extracted from rice hulls in 1906,
soon became an example for the “univer-
sally necessary” vitamins. What happened
when they were absent was then seen as the
result of deficiencies, but it was not entire-
ly unreasonable to explain a dificiency syn-
drome as being caused by the presence of a
poison. New questions arose concerning
the ways in which the effects were pro-
duced by the vitamins or by the “poisons.”

Promoters of Plant Growth and
Their Inhibitors

In 1926, E. Kurasawa reported that an
extract from the fungus Gibberella fujku-
rat promoted the growth of certain plants.
He did not arouse much interst. The effect
was different a few years later when it was
discovered that an extract from the coleop-
tyl of Avena plants (oats) contained
indoleacetic acid (IAA) which increases
the rate of elongation when used in very
small quantities at high dilution. As usual
in such events, other substances were tried.
For a time it seemed that certain diphenols
were also growth promoters, or auxins as
the class of these special activators was
called. These diphenols, especially caffeic
acid (3,4-hydroxycinnamic acid) did not
long remain in that class. They do not di-
rectly promote growth, but only prevent
the destruction of IAA by an oxidizing en-
zyme. New experiments led to the conclu-
sion “that IAA _ oxidation is usually
activated by monophenols and inhibited by
diphenols” (16).

A positive action of a promoter was here
simulated by the prevention of an inhibi-

tor, according to the formalism (+) =

42 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

(—) (—). But this formalism only equates
the results without identifying the compo-
nents that generated these results. In exper-
iments about biological regulations,
equation must be sharply distinguished
from identification. This is exemplified by
the following studies on the effect of pre-
vious incubation with “cofactors” on the
oxidase of IAA, carried out on peas: “Pre-
vious work has shown that a diffusible in-
hibitor of IAA oxidase is produced in the
terminal buds of etiolated peas previously
exposed to morphogenically active red
light. Preincubation of homogenates of
such tissue with manganese ion progres-
sively increases [AA-destroying capacity,
while preincubation with 2,4-dichlorophe-
nol decreases this activity. Manganese ap-
peared to activate the enzyme complex by
causing a disappearance of inhibitor. The
natural inhibitor has been isolated in crys-
talline form and partially characterized as
a flavonol complex” (17).

Parachlorophenoxy-iso-butyric acid
(PCIB) is an anti-auxin. The inhibition
exerted on the growth of Avena leaf sec-
tions by 100 ppm PCIB was reversed to 55
percent by the addition of 100 ppm IAA.
The effect of gibberellic acid on the elonga-
tion of the leaf proved to be much more
sensitive to the anti-auxin (18).

Under the artificial conditions of our ex-
periments, we encounter the problem of
having to differentiate between the pres-
ence of a suppressor for an inhibitor and
the absence of a promoter for an activator;
under natural conditions, inhibitor and ac-
tivator are often found together. The case
of gibberellin (19) is only one among
many examples for this kind of regulation
in organisms.

The premature application of the rule of
Ockham’s razor can produce short-circuits
in explanations that appear simple and di-
rect yet are chemically wrong. Often, the
cause is recognizable as an injudicious
combination of positive and negative fac-
tors. Thus the phototropism of plants is not
a direct and positive response to light. K.
Kogl has shown that it occurs because aux-
in is decomposed by light into lumiauxon.

JANUARY-MarcuH, 1969

A plant inclines towards the light through
the stretching action of the part in the
shade, where the auxin content is not di-
minished relative to that in the light (20).

Differentiations in the Inhibition
of Inhibitors and in the Promotion
of Promoters

Presence, absence, inhibitor, and pro-
moter can be used like four universal ele-
ments in their various combinations to
explain biological reactions. Nevertheless,
the right choice of elementary combination
is sometimes very difficult to establish and
to differentiate from other choices. The fol-
lowing few examples are selected from the
lecture by Jacques Monod, given when he
received the Nobel Prize on December 11,
1965 (21). His work was mainly con-
cerned with mutants of Escherichia coli.

Henri J. Vogel and B. D. Davis experi-
mented with a mutant requiring the addi-
tion of arginine or of N-acetylornithine.
The enzyme acetylornithinase is formed by
the bacteria when they are grown in the
presence of the substrate acetylornithine,
but not when, instead, arginine is present.
The direct conclusion was that the sub-
strate induced the synthesis of its enzyme.
Monod pointed out that the facts “could
just as well be explained as resulting from
an inhibitory effect of arginine as from the
inductive effect of acetylornithine.” Once
the alternative was formulated, it led to
new experimental arrangements, and they
proved it correct.

In their own research, Francois Jacob
and Jacques Monod tested the synthesis of
tryptophan by E. coli. “The formation of
the sequence of events responsible for the
synthesis of trytophan by wild E. coli can
be repressed by tryptophan. Non-repressi-
ble mutants have been isolated, where the
repressive effect of tryptophan is abolished
for the enzymes of the sequence all at
once. Therefore, these mutants have a ‘reg-
ulation’ gene distinct from those genes that
determine the capacity to synthesize each
individual enzyme. The repressible allele
R+, of the regulatory gene is dominant

43

over the non-repressible allele RT, . Its
role seems to be to provoke the synthesis,
in the presence of tryptophan, of a repres-
sor that inhibits the synthesis of each en-
zyme belonging to the sequence” (22).
Thus, the addition of tryptophan prevents
its own synthesis by the bacteria in those
mutants, in which tryptophan activates the
synthesis of an inhibitor against the en-
zymes the organism would need for the
synthesis of tryptophan.

This experience led Monod to the gen-
eral conclusion: “Why not suppose . . that
induction could be effected by an antire-
pressor rather than by repression by an
anti-inducer?” In the progress of this re-
search, things became so complex that it
was necessary to introduce an “operator”
system in the organism for explanation.

One last example may show that “sim-
ple” explanations are to be mistrusted in
biological reactions. This example refers to
the stomata of plant leaves. “In the light,
high concentrations of CO, cause stomata
to close, and low concentrations cause them
to open.” The simple explanation would be,
that the effect is due to the removal of CO,
by photosynthesis. More intimate study,
however, justified the hypothesis that the
cause should be sought in “essential prod-
ucts of photosynthesis rather than in the
depletion of CO, near the guard. cells.”
When the concentration of the CQ, is very
high, less of this essential product is pro-
duced and, therefore, the stomata close
(23). The presence of the opening reac-
tion had been thought to follow directly
from the absence of CO.; now it seemed
more reasonable to suppose that the stoma-
ta close when a substance responsible for
the opening is absent, or rather, is not
present in sufficient amount or concentra-
tion.

All these examples point toward the need
for introducing quantities as factors to the
basic four “universal” components.

Sources and Solutions of Chemical
Ambiguities

Ambiguities are painful and so plentiful
that they cannot be avoided; they invite
diligent work, which converts them from
problem to progress.

This occurs on many fronts. A recent
Supreme Court decision in a patent matter
starts with the statement: “. . . One may
patent only that which is ‘useful’” and
continues: “As is often the case, however,
a simple, everyday word can be pregnant
with ambiguity when applied to the facts
of life’ (24). The same is true for many
another “simple word” used for character-
izing patentable invention or its opposite,
such as novel, equivalent, or obvious.
Clear-cut strength is here combined with
the insidious weakness of ambiguity (25).

The source of such ambiguity is our ef-
fort to conquer reality by dividing it, and
to do it in the simplest manner by postulat-
ing only two polar opposites. We feel that
this is a creative effort, and it provides
much satisfaction and profit. In specifying
what these opposites are, we follow at first
along the lines of old thoughts. Activator
and inhibitor, promoter and preventer are
not quite as “everyday” words as useful
and useless or new and obvious, but they
contain much that has become familiar
from the old concept of the chemical prin-
ciples. For them, as for their descendants,
the solution of the ambiguity was reached
through the experimental test for presence
or absence, the isolation of the “principle”
as a reproducible substance, and the speci-
fication of the effect that characterizes the
agent. We started by constructing the op-
posites as representing our own strong
feelings, “in analogy to the notion we have
of the soul,” to use an expression of Leib-
niz; then we investigate the relationships
they have to each other in their systems of
substances and organisms. Instead of abso-
lute opposition, we there find cooperation,
and the either-or that seemed so attractive
when we discovered it yields to a delicate
balance that is much more intriguing for
thought and experiment.

44, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

(1) E. Farber, Copernicanische Umkehrungen
in der Geschichte der Chemie. Osiris 5, 479-98
(1938).

(2) V. Meyer, Ber. dtsch, chem. Ges. 16, 1465
(1883) .

(3) Lord Rayleigh and William Ramsay. Ar-
gon, a new constituent of the atmosphere. Proc.
Roy. Soc. 57, 265-87 (1895).

(4) Immanuel Kant. Versuch, den Begriff der
negativen Grdéssen in die Weltweischeit einzufiihr-
en. Konigsberg, 1763; in the edition by Karl Vor-
lander, Philosophische Bibliothek, Vol. 46a
(Leipzig, 1921), p. 75.

(5) Eduard Farber. Variants of preformation
theories in the history of chemistry. Isis 54, 443-
60 (1963).

(6) Rene Dugas. Mechanics in the 17th centu-
ry. Neuchatel, editions du Griffon, 1958, pp. 206,
Zit, and 222.

(7) Michael Faraday. XX: Experimental re-
searches in electricity. Eighth Series. Phil. Trans.
124, 425-70 (1834).

(8) Walther Nernst. Theoretische Chemie,
Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke, 1893, pp. 131, 383,
568.

(9) Henri LeChatelier. J. de Physique 23, 289,
352 (1894).

(10) Prosper Colment. L’énergetique de Henri
le Chatelier et celle de J. N. Brgnsted. Acta
Chemica Scandinavica 3, 1220-37 (1949).

(11) J. N. Brgnsted. The fundamental princi-
ples of energetics. Phil. Mag. (7) 29, 449-70
(1940).

(12) A. Czerny and A. Keller. Des Kimdes Er-
nahrung, Ernahrungsstoérungen und Ern&ahrungs-
therapie. Leipzig, Deuticke, 1906.

(13) G. Grijns. Researches on _ vitamins
1900-1911 and his thesis on the physiology of the
nervus opticus. Translated and re-edited by a
Committee of Honour on Occasion of his 70th
Birthday, Gorinchem, J. Noordyn en Zoon, 1935,
pp. 35-7.

JANUARY-MarcH, 1969

(14) F. G. Hopkins. The earlier history of vi-
tamin research. Nobel Prize Lecture (Medicine
and Physiology), 1929, p. 61.

(15) Cicely D. Williams. Lancet 229, vol. 2,
1151-2 (1935). See also J. C. Waterlow, J. Cravi-
oto, and Joan M. Stephen. Protein malnutrition
in man. Jn Adv. in Protein Chemistry 15, 131-238,
New York, Academic Press, 1960.

(16) K. V. Thimann, M. Tomaszewski, W.
L. Porter, Masaki Furuya, Arthur W. Galston,
and Brice B. Stowe. Isolation from peas of cofac-
tors and inhibitors of indole-3-acetic acid oxidase.
Nature 193, 456-7 (1962).

(17) Masaki Furuya and Arthur W. Galston.
Effect of in vitro preincubation with cofactors on
the activity of indoleacetic acid oxidase in peas,
Physiologia Plantarum 14, 750-66 (1961).

(18) Robert Cleland. The role of endogenous
auxin in the elongation of Avena leaf sections.
Ibid. 17, 126-35 (1964).

(19) Mary R. Corcoran, Charles A. West, and
Bernhard O. Phinney. Natural inhibitors of gib-
berellin-induced growth. In Gibberellins, Adv. in
Chem. Series No. 28, 1961. pp. 152-8.

(20) K. Kogl. Chemische, physikalische, und
pflanzenphysiologische Untersuchungen iiber Lu-
miauxon. Naturwiss. 30, 392 (1942).

(21) Jacques Monod. From enzymatic adapta-
tion to allosteric transition. Science 154, 475-83
(1966) .

(22) Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod.
Génes de structure et génes de régulation dans la
biosynthése des protéines. Compt. rend. 249,
1282-4 (1959).

(23) Paul E. Waggoner and Israel Zelitch.
Transpiration and the stomata of leaves. Science
150, 1413-20, esp. 1414 (1965).

(24) Official Gazette of the United States Pat-
ent Office 833 (Dec. 27, 1966), p. 1349.

(25) Eduard Farber. Patentability and the am-
biguities of its principles. The Chemist (New
York) 44 (6), 191-6 (1967).

45

Objective Diagnosis of Human Death

Joseph W. Still, M.D.

11401 East Valley Blvud., El Monte, Calif.

The successful transplanting of human
hearts has raised profound ethical and
medical-legal questions. Probably the key
questions are: When does human death oc-
cur? How can it be diagnosed objectively ?

Death has until recently been assumed to
be an instantaneous event. The idea in its
simplest form was expressed in the biblical
notion that the “breath of life” entered the
inert body of Adam to make him alive.
Death has been assumed to be due to the
exit of the “breath of life.”

Until recently medicine has in effect ac-

cepted these ideas. Its only refinement is:

that knowledge of the importance of the
circulatory system has led physicians to
add the cessation of heart action to the ces-
sation of breathing as criteria for deter-
mining the instant of death.

In an attempt to shed light on the
foregoing questions, I shall first show that
human beings in fact enjoy three separate
kinds of life and so undergo three separate

deaths.

Anatomical and Physicochemical
Distinctions Between the Three
Levels of Life and Death

Several years ago I had ‘occasion to
point out a mechanism whereby organis-
mal aging and aging death could occur
without having any vital cells of the orga-
nism die. In doing this a sharp distinction
was made between reversible organismal
(or physiological) death and irreversible
death due to chemical disorganization of
the cells of the vegetative brain. Surpris-
ingly, at that time I could find no scientific
definitions of death anywhere.

Subsequently it has become apparent to
me that a third level of irreversible death

—death of the cerebral cortex or psychic
death—also can be sharply distinguished
from vegetative death. Naturally, the three
levels of death must each be the result of
terminating the three related levels of life.
But since it is easier to distinguish these
levels of life by defining their absence—
that is, identifying the three levels of death
—we shall do this first by means of a sim-

ple chart (Table 1).

Organismal death is characterized by the
fact that—due to electric shock, drowning,
anesthesia, or certain other conditions—the
heart and lungs stop functioning, and the
individual loses consciousness; and unless
promptly resuscitated he will in a matter of
minutes be irreversibly and permanenily
dead. But if resuscitated within five min-
utes such an individual can be fully
revived without suffering any permanent
physical damage. In that case death has
been completely reversible. Obviously none
of the brain cells were damaged by the
brief period of anoxia. As is well estab-
lished, such organismal death is due to a
disruption of the nervous communications
between the cells of the vegetative brain
and the heart, and between the cells of the
vegetative brain and those of the dia-
phragm and other muscles involved in
breathing. In other words, it is inter ceilu-
lar—a physiological and not a cellular
event. Consequently no intra cellular dam-
age is involved. Therefore such people re-
cover completely without permanent phys-
ical damage of any kind.

Psychic death. If resuscitation is delayed
longer than 5 minutes, so that anoxia lasts
from 5 to 8 minutes, it then is possible in
some cases to restore the individual to a
limited form of organismal life—a form in

46 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Table 1. The Time Intervals Separating the Different Levels of Death *

Organismal Death :

Psychic Death

Vegetative Death

8 minutes of brain anoxia

* It needs to be acknowledged that the figures of 5 and 8 minutes are not quite as absolute as they
are used here. These are average figures based on clinical experiences which are not always accurately
timed. Young people and people who are chilled withstand longer periods of anoxia of their brains
than older people or people whose body temperature is normal.

which the individual remains in a state of
permanent coma. What has happened, in
such cases, of course, is that the cells of
the cerebral cortex have been destroyed by
the prolonged anoxia, thus ending all pos-
sibility of psychic life for that individual.
Obviously, since organismal life has been
restored to all parts of the body except the
cortex, it is clear that the cells of the vege-
tative brain had not been seriously dam-
aged by the few minutes of anoxia.

Vegetative death. If anoxia persists
beyond 8 minutes, then the cells of the veg-
etative brain also die. Naturally when that
occurs, not even the purely vegetative form
of organismal life is possible.

This brief recapitulation makes it appar-
ent that there are three clearly and objec-
tively distinguishable forms of death—
organismal death due to physiological
disorganization, and two other forms of
death that are due to chemical disorgan-
ization of brain cells. But the two latter
types of cellular disorganization involve
entirely different parts of the brain and oc-
cur at different points in time. To prove
that these are different kinds of death and
not mere stages of a single death process,
it is only necessary to point out that people
who recover from organismal death often
live on for years before their final irrever-
sible death occurs. Also, in cases of pro-
longed coma, vegetative death is delayed
for months or even years after psychic
death has occurred. These facts make it ev-
ident that although these three forms, or

January-Marcu, 1969

levels, of death usually occur in rapid se-
quence, they nevertheless are clearly distin-
guishable entities which can be objectively
distinguished from each other.

It should be said at this point that in
many cases the cells of the heart, kidneys,
and liver survive for some time after all
three forms of death have occurred. If this
were not the case it would be impossible to
salvage organs from cadavers.

Let us now turn our attention to the
three corresponding levels of life. The first
question that naturally arises is this: Do
the different levels of life begin at different
times in embryological and foetal develop-
ment?

It is not necessary to delve very deeply
into embryology to become convinced that
the three levels of life do in fact begin at
different times.

As every student of embryology knows,
an unfertilized ege has only half the total
chromosomes normally found in the cells
of the species. Fertilization restores the to-
tal number of chromosomes normal for the
species. After fertilization occurs the cell
begins to grow and soon multiplies to form
2...4...8... 16, etc., cells. Eventually,
in an adult human being the total number
of cells finally reaches an estimated total of
from 30 to 50 trillion cells.

There is good evidence that until the
16-cell stage is reached, each of the earlier
cells has the full potentialities of the origi-
nal fertilized egg. This is based on the fact
that quintuplets are supposedly the result

47

of the cells at the eight-cell stage becoming
separated to form 5, 6, 7, or 8 embryos.
But a uterus apparently is only large
enough to accommodate no more than five,
so the others almost always die.

Since undifferentiated cells are an indi-
cation that no form of specialization or
cellular cooperation has yet begun, it there-
fore follows that organismal life has not
yet begun. By definition, organismal life
implies intercellular cooperation. Though
the matter can undoubtedly stand more in-
vestigation, it appears that cellular differ-
entiation and specialization begins with the
16-cell stage in the development of the
blastula. Certainly it does not occur earlier
than the 16-cell stage, but by the time the
blastula is ready to be transformed into the
gastrula form, differentiation and intercel-
lular cooperation have gone a long way
and primitive intercellular endocrine con-

trols and cell cooperation are present.

Clearly, a primitive form of organismal life
has certainly begun by that time. But at
the gastrula stage there still is no activity
that suggests functions of the kind we ordi-
narily associate with psychic or vegetative
life. Heart and vessels, lungs and nervous
system have not yet reached a stage where
they exhibit the kinds of activity which we
normally associate with those organs.

The best evidence we have regarding the
time when vegetative (and possibly psy-
chic) life begins is the fact that EEG and
ECG waves have been obtained from 43- to
45-day embryos but not from younger
ones. At the 43-45 day stage the heart be-
gins to beat rhythmically and the brain be-
gins to produce EEG waves. We may
conclude, therefore, that vegetative life be-
gins at or about age 43 to 45 days. But
what about psychic life?

Defining the exact time when psychic
life begins seems more difficult. In fact, the
exact anatomical boundaries which sepa-
rate the vegetative from the cortical parts
of the brain are not entirely clear. Defining
the beginning of psychic life requires us to
answer the still more difficult questions:
When does the cortex begin to store bits

of information? When does it begin to
function—to transform sensations into
perceptions? When does it begin to create
thoughts? There is considerable evidence
that the storage of recallable experiences
begins before birth. And the ability to
think and reason is displayed in quite
young babies. On the other hand, self-con-
sciousness, which appears to be the begin-
ning of true human consciousness, does not
occur until a child is several years old.

Discussion

This brief outline of the evidence for
three different kinds of life and death
seems to demonstrate both their reality
and the importance of recognizing these
levels in order to answer the questions pro-
posed at the beginning.

At this point it is necessary to draw
attention to the world “human” in the title.
It is clear that all forms of multicellular
animals possess both organismal and vege-
tative life. And many sub-human species
also exhibit animal forms of psychic life.

But no animal‘has ever created a sym-
phony, or invented a language, or devel-
oped a scientific. theory. Clearly, the
psychic life of man enables him to perform
feats of imagination and creativity that are
in a different category from any activity
that the most intelligent animals can per-
form. These feats of imagination and crea-
tivity are the product of cortical (psychic)
activity of the human brain. In ways which
are not yet well understood, man is able to
rearrange his stored memories to create
new ideas. If we accept, therefore, the idea
that the part of a man which truly distin-
guishes him from animals is his cerebral
cortex, then clearly human death must be
related to the death of the cortex—psychic
death.

Since psychic death can occur before the
other kinds of death occur, and also before
death occurs in the cells of various organs
such as those of kidneys, livers, or hearts,
it can be said that human death and psych-
ic death are identical.

Though the technique can no doubt

48 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

stand further refinement, it seems clear
that the encephalogram is the tool which
will enable us to decide when irreversible
psychic death has occurred—even when
vegetative and organismal life continue.

T-THOUGHTS

Chinese Baseball

Now that the World Series is in the air,
I am reminded of some sporting advice on
acquiring managerial finesse in Washing-
ton. To quote my old Master:

“So you're going to Washington, eh?”

“Yes, Sir,” I replied.

“Well, son,” he warned, “‘you’d better be
good at Chinese baseball—that’s for sure!”

After I inquired about the nature of the
game, he explained:

“Chinese baseball is played almost exact-
ly like American baseball—same number of
players, same balls, same bats, same
scoring, and so on. The batter stands in the
batter’s box as usual, and the pitcher winds
up as usual. However, there is one impor-
tant difference. After the ball leaves the
pitcher’s hand, and as long as it is in the

air, anyone can move any of the bases any-
where!”

Direction of Basic Research

The following is the comment of one No-
bel laureate (Mme. Joliot-Curie) about
another:

“You cannot direct research. Research
must direct you. If my mother had been di-
rected in her researches she would have
found small things. She never would have
discovered radium.”

Surface Phenomenon

There seems to be a tendency to solve
management difficulties by interposing an-
other echelon.

Perhaps “Judge” Kindelberger of North
American Aviation preached a cogent les-
son when he appeared before the Senate
Preparedness Committee a couple of years

January-Marcu, 1969

ago. He said that the state of one of our
larger Government agencies reminded him
“of a skein of yarn with which the cat had
been playing for years—it is badly snarled
and loose ends stick out all over. .. . It
cannot be disentangled by wrapping more
yarn on the outside. It is a vast, intricate
thing and I do not think you can wind an-
other committee or another czar or another
group on the outside of a tangle and
straighten out the tangle.”

Research Philosophy

Here’s a bit of philosophy taken off the
wall of Dr. C. S. Draper at Fort Eustis:

“Research is a gamble. It cannot be con-
ducted according to the rules of efficiency
engineering. Research must be lavish of
ideas, money, and time. The best advice is,
Don’t quit easily. Don’t trust anyone’s
judgment but your own; especially, don’t
take advice from any commercial person or
financial expert.

“And finally, if you really don’t know
what to do, match for it. The best man to
decide what research work shall be done is
the man who is doing the research. The
next best man is the head of the depart-
ment. After that you leave the field of best
persons and meet increasingly worse
groups. The first of these is the research
director, who probably is wrong more than
half the time. Then comes a committee
which is wrong most of the time. Finally
there is the committee of company vice
presidents which is wrong all of the time.”

Able, Willing, and Necessary

In a previous T-Thought I forgot to clar-
ify the definition of a committee. So here it
is:

Committee: The unable who have been
asked by the unwilling to do the unneces-
sary.

—Ralph G. H. Siu

Ww

49

Geological Society of Washington:
Proceedings for 1968

Meetings were held in the John Wesley
Powell Auditorium, with President Ralph
L. Miller presiding, except as otherwise
noted.

901st Meeting

The 901st meeting was held on January
10. A memorial to Waldemar Schaller was
presented by Joseph Fahey.

Program

Francis Kohout: “Cyclic Flow of Saltwa-
ter in a Coastal Aquifer-Filmed Experi-
ment Using Time-lapse Photography on a
Hydraulic Model.” Discussed by Miller
and Guild.

Isadore Adler: “Lunar Geochemistry—
Analytical Problems and _ Solutions.”
Discussed by Sato, Duke, Robertson, and
Toulmin.

Dallas Peck: “Formation of Columnar
Joints in Kilauea Lava Lakes, Hawaii.”

Discussed by Bell, Roedder, and Sato.

902nd Meeting

The 902nd meeting was held on January
24.

Informal Communications: Priestley
Toulmin reviewed various features of the
Society’s Group Hospitalization Insurance
Program, then carried the audience aloft
on a remarkable flight through a geochemi-
cal aviary. E-An Zen reported on the possi-
ble existence of Pennsylvanian rocks in the

Bronx, New York.

Program

M. A. Lanphere, W. P. Irwin, and P. E.
Hotz: “Geochronologic Studies in the Kla-
math Mountains of California.” Discussed

by Thayer.

Harold Thomas: “Hydrology of Central
Tunisia.” Discussed by Miller, Guild, and
Nace.

Nicholas Short: “The Anatomy of a Me-
teorite Impact Crater: West Hawk Lake,
Manitoba, Canada.” Discussed by Papike,
Toulmin, Cargill, Kiilsgaard, and Chao.

Special Meeting

A special meeting, sponsored jointly by
GSW and the Geology Department of
George Washington University, was held in
the GSA Auditorium on January 29, at
10:00 a.m. and featured AAPG Distin-
guished Lecturer Professor Donn S. Gors-
line. Title of Professor Gorsline’s paper:
“Sedimentary Processes and Their Role in
the Formation of Future Source and Reser-
voir Rocks.”

903rd Meeting

The 903rd meeting was held on Febru-
ary 14. The President announced the
deaths of Sidney Paige and David Gallagh-

er.

Program

A “Symposium on the Structure of the
Continental Margin of Eastern United
States” featured Charles L. Drake, Isidore
Zeitz, John C. Reed, Jr., and Martin F.
Kane as panelists. An open discussion fol-
lowed between panelists and Kaye, E-An
Zen, Woodward, Fuller, Cox, and Demp-

sey.

904th Meeting

The 904th meeting was held on Febru-
ary 28. A memorial to A. Nelsen Sayre was
presented by Lee McGuiness.

Wilmot H. Bradley: “Remarks on the
Occasion of GSW’s 75th Anniversary.”

50 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Commented upon by Lee McGuiness.

George H. Chase: “Aquifer Geometry
and Geologic Structure at the National Re-
actor Training Station, Idaho.” Discussed
by Nace.

Lincoln R. Page: “Plutonic Rocks of
New England.” Discussed by Lanphere,
Hadley, Cox, Toulmin, and Herz.

905th Meeting

The 905th meeting was held on March
13.

Program

Patrick T. Taylor: “Interpretation of
the Heat-flow Pattern of the Sumatra
Trench.” Discussed by Gilbert.

John Van N. Dorr II: “With Hammer
and Camera Through African Manganese.”
Discussed by Guild, Thayer, Roedder,
Fleischer, and Cohee.

Thomas P. Thayer: “Igneous Sediments
from the Mantle.” Discussed by Herz, Rob-
ertson, Roedder, Shaw, Brown, and Peck.

906th Meeting

The 906th meeting was held on March
Zi.

Program

Gerhard W. Leo: “Geology and Geo-
chronology of Western Liberia.” Discussed
by Thayer, Anderson, Reeves, Kosanski,
Guild, and Herz.

Douglas W. Rankin: “Magmatic Activity
and Orogeny in the Southern Blue Ridge.”
Discussed by Zen, Herz, Cohee, Drake,
Hart, and Guild.

Philip W. Guild: “Metallotects of North
America.” Discussed by Miller, McKelvey,
Cox, Fleischer, Thayer, Weeks, Johnston,
Reeves, and Roedder.

907th Meeting

The 907th meeting was held on April 10.
The President announced that because of
the citywide curfew the discussion periods
would be eliminated.

January-Marcu, 1969

Program

Robert L. Kovach: “Some Magnetic and
Electrical Experiments on the San Andreas
Fault.”

R. R. Doell and G. B. Dalrymple: “Pa-
leomagnetic Studies of the Valles Caldera
and Their Contribution to Ocean Floor
Spreading.”

908th Meeting

The 908th meeting was held on April 24,
with Vice-President Charles S. Denny pres-
iding.

Informal Communications: John Huddle
reported on the biologic species of Cono-
donts; discussed by Whitmore and Peggy
Appleman. Bruce Martin gave a brief com-
mentary on the movie 2001.

Program

Cornelia:‘C. Cameron: “Relation of Com-
merical Quality of Peat to Bedrock and
Geologic Structure.” Discussed by Toul-
min, Roedder, Sato, and Martin.

Charles Milton: “New Carbonate
Minerals from East Africa.” Discussed by
Roedder, Hanshaw, Zen, Toulmin, Robert-
son, Weeks, Jones, Sato and Barton.

R. S. Fiske and W. T. Kinoshita: “De-
formation Studies on Kilauea Volcano
Prior to the Eruption of November 1967.”
Discussed by Davis, Cox, Stewart, Barton,
Toulmin, Roedder, Zen, and Robertson.

909th Meeting
The 909th meeting was held on May 8.

Informal Communications: James Clark
reported that the Department of Geology at
Duke University was compiling a directory
of geologic research underway in the
Southeastern States. Blair Jones described
what happens to trachyte when digested by
hot alkaline waters. Johannesh Schroeder
reported on variations in chemical compo-
sition of echinoid skeletal parts.

ol

Program

Lucien B. Platt: “Ordovician Gravity
Sliding in Pennsylvania.” Discussed by
Zen, Miller, and Clark.

Raymond C. Douglas: “Morphologic
Studies of Fusilinids from the Lower
Permian of West Pakistan.’ Discussed by
Kinney and Roedder.

P. R. Vogt and E. D. Scheider: “Discon-
tinuities in the History of Sea Floor
Spreading.” Discussed by Robertson,
Bisque, and Benson.

910th Meeting

The 910th meeting was held on May 22.
Council-approved changes and additions to
the Society’s Bylaws were passed by accla-
mation.

Program

Jules D. Friedman: “Infrared Surveys of
the Neovolcanic Median Zone of Iceland.”
Discussed by Toulmin and Roedder.

Harry E. LaGrande: “Classification of
Hydrogeologic Settings—a Type.” Dis-
cussed by Warren.

Larry H. Heflin: “Undermining Wash-
ington—Engineering Geology for the Tran-
sit System.” Discussed by Reed, Withing-
ton, and Toulmin.

911th Meeting

The 911th meeting was held on October
9.

Informal Communication: Ellis Yochel-
sen presented a pictorial review of the be-
ginning and tragic conclusion of the XXIII
International Geologic Congress held in
trouble-torn Prague, Czechoslovakia.

Program

Thomas G. Gibson: “Some Tectonic As-
pects of the Coastal Plain and Shelf.” Dis-
cussed by Miller.

Camilla A. Scott: “Geologic Maps and
the Three-color Printing Process.” Dis-
cussed by Neuman.

Norman Herz: “Anorthosites, Continen-
tal Drift, and the Origin of the Earth-Moon
System.” Discussed by Jackson, Bengtz,

Hart, Lindsley, Shaw, Roedder, Lanphere,
Stewart, and Klepper.

912th Meeting

The 912th meeting was held on Octeber
23. A memorial to Carl H. Dane was pre-
sented by George Cohee.

Program

Irving Breger, J. S. Chandler, and Peter
Zubovic: “Infrared Study of Structural
H.O in Heulandite and Clinoptilolite.” Dis-
cussed by Zen, Appleman, Roedder, Dorr,
and Sato.

Peter F. Bermel: “Antarctic Mapping—
Dog Teams to Satellites.” Discussed by
Miller and Guild.

Richard S. Fiske: “The 1967-68 Erup-
tion of Kilauea Volcano—First Color Mo-
tion Pictures.” Discussed by Roedder,
Warren, Davis, and Cox.

913th Meeting

The 913th meeting was held on Novem-
ber 13, with Vice-President Charles S.
Denny presiding. The Vice President an-

nounced the death of John P. Creel.

Program

Julian Feiss: “Utilization of Geothermal
Power in Japan.” Discussed by Thayer,
Hunt, Weeks, Kirkemo, and Peterson.

Frank E. Senftle: “Use of Californium
for Mineral Exploration by in situ Neutron
Activation.” Discussed by Toulmin, Shel-
don, Feiss, Cox, Warren, Miller, and Kin-
ney.

Gilbert Corwin: “Sea Floor Spreading:
Review, Critique, and a Suggestion.” Dis-
cussed by Robertson, Thayer, and Zen.

Special Meeting

A special meeting, sponsored jointly by

GSW and the Geology Department of

52 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

George Washington University, was held in
the GSA Auditorium on November 21, at
10:00 am., and featured AAPG Distin-
guished Lecturer Professor John Prucha.
Title of Professor Prucha’s paper: “Sedi-
mentary Rock. Deformation Related to
Structure in the Basement.”

914th Meeting

The 914th meeting was held on Decem-
ber 11.

Program

Presidential address by Ralph L. Miller:
“The Cumberland Overthrust Block, 1968.”

76th Annual Meeting

The 76th annual meeting was held
immediately following the 914th regular
meeting. The reports of the secretaries,
treasurer, Auditing Committee, Finance
Committee, and Public Service Committee
were read and approved. The award for
the best paper of the year went to Richard
S. Fiske for his paper, “The 1967-68 Erup-
tion of Kilauea Volcano—First Color Mo-

JANUARY-MarcuH, 1969

tion Pictures.” Douglas W. Rankin was
awarded second prize. The Great Dane
Award for the “best informal communica-
tion’”’ was presented to William L. Newman
in recognition of his minute taking. The
Sleeping Bear Award was presented to
President Ralph Miller. Officers for the

Year 1969 were then elected as follows:

Feresident x5 otis te» Montis R. Klepper
First Vice-President Frank C. Whitmore,
d hug

Second Vice-President Francis R. Boyd, Jr.
Secretary (two-year term) William D.
Carter

eAasuiner Mea. s os see «eo Wilna B. Wright

Council (two-year term) Wendell Coch-
rane

Douglas W. Rankin

James B. Rucker

The Society named Ralph L. Miller as
delegate to the Washington Academy of
Sciences for the year 1969. Carryover
officers are Secretary William L. Newman
and Councilors William C. Prinz, Thomas

W. Stern, and Jack W. Pierce.

—William L. Newman, Secretary

o3

Academy Proceedings

Annual Report of Treasurer for 1968

Washington Academy of Sciences

Statement of Income and Expenses

Income

Dues? dmeéembersitanad fellows) oaks SSeS Mace cies ws wie s ws chelates ea oe $ 9,682.19
Journal

Sins CriptiOmS: verse hla Aes eked s cue oo 2 terete Wel conte ere eee ee ee en eee $1,774.55

Salle: Of “REP RLWES: 5.5 wasce sc sece o.'as cose ane cated lehiw otis oh «Sea MRR eI aenae ERE Oe te 479.64 2,254.19
MTAVESUIMETAL MINCONIG coor oiese cies, coos Sine ee, URS eee os ee olla: ete Gu aoeaTare SR STONSIC EPS LATOR: aie ee 8,279.98
@rants-in-aid’ (reimbursements’trom™ WAAS) (2... 80.0.5. ececes ese ehe ee eos eee 510.00
Salecof: Monograph Noms: (Parber): >. a. deen tt... « SSS bok a Se eee 995.79
Niseellame ous yey oh Fo 27s he bs eee ends See Re SW Ge le © accion roraain ye Sear 39.08

Motal IMCOME \. s:s.sie%s lo sei © og Ss ek ea wale owe Ie eR ae Pe ae es, Se ee eee $21,361.19

Expenses

Journal (printing) mailines reprints, fete.) Haas. oaccas-s - - seebia seem. 6s «ten eee $ 6,407.66
Headquarters office

Rent «(April through December) —.. .d.c..c sts 4 eens sok Se chee ayonl sis Bee $2,045.73

ROTI eCPM PA EF Be ioe ACG RAN sR Ee RN Raat. llc RR tions, AIR Wend bi a 4,455.40

Supplies, materials, and services ............. ad ten ode atas Rke thks 2,087.79

RIGA, taxes tileak tea 37. Ses Soe hl ESP See or eel etal Seen eek, aoe oe 196.08

Personneli benents 4. sciegthiekicige «6 oo a Kavos Bouillet) Sesh ee eee 99.72

Movesto new headquarters \)5 o.c0c.c% «teas ogee niet meio «sicko een ene : 384.52 9,760.24
Meetings

IAT TANG OMEMES) 5.5 se acoud gio is ete ti Soopendiage vata ewe A Soa Pa eed Mey ae 2,951.52

PLOPTAM: Vb See ta ee. intakes Ame eye ae eT yaa cclleccli as Suave ee teh he ae nae re 0.00 2,951.52
Grants-in-aid (reimbursable by AAAS).-. 05.40.25. < 0000s cers socmence seers ene eee 310.00
Ammm@al \AWaATds> o's abcde mas eds Ses ay eet vata aie geek a 1G eb See ae ie reas, Se eg ew 32.32
Encouragement of Science Talent Committee ............ ccc cece eee e eect eee eeeees 426.73
Gifts and? contributions: 29 s.<...ch6q 5 s oece.ols eine adic san Seis oto A ce et ee eee 350.40
Miscellaneous Ps Pee ot i es tate oi hee e-caule pe eaete tpn OST phate see Ee Cee 66.93

Potal, Expenses ~ jas 0 b¢d-are ois est opete ssthere weve s OR RRIE Ta 1G solange Se eeeeolaie ile eeeeeaae $20,305.80

Capital Assets and Cash
The capital assets are in mutual funds whose total market value on December 31, 1968 was
$95,337.85. Of this total $1,339.45 is in shares received as capital gains during 1968. The total
market value on December 31, 1967 was $93,972.80.
The checking account balance on December 31, 1968 was $7,596.35.

Washington Junior Academy of Sciences

Checking Account Savings Account
Balance, 12/31) Gi ae eee $3,279.93 Balance 12/30/67 «22... sense cee aoe $156.99
Receipts, \ :o.dcnt neo Re Nee 3,963.11 Balance 12/31/6087 2.» st oss eee $2,164.97
Rotalis nates coe eee $7,243.04
Disbursements. #aaeesne comets 5,394.72
Balance’ 12/31/68 ‘20.2. eee $1,888.32

—Richard K. Cook, Treasurer

54. JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Annual Report of

A detailed record of the affairs of the
Academy is published under “Academy
Proceedings” in the regular issues of the
Journal. The September directory issue
lists the Academy’s officers and the chair-
men of standing and special committees.
Also listed are the officers of the Wash-
ington Junior Academy of Sciences and
the officers of affiliated societies.

Membership. During the calendar year
1968 the Academy elected 37 fellows, 7 of
whom were transfers from member to fel-
low. Fourteen new members were elected.

On December 31, 1968, the total mem-
bership of the Academy numbered 1,260.
Of these, 821 were resident fellows, 144
were nonresident fellows, 115 were resident
members, 19 were nonresident members,
and 161 were emeriti.

The following deaths were reported to
the Academy in 1968:

Samuel N. Alexander

Charles Armstrong

Hugo Bauer

Henry Bearce

John M. Boutwell

L. D. Christenson

Doris M. Cochran

Carle H. Dane

G. Gamow

Robert R. Henley

Thomas R. Henry

Harry J. Keegan

Walter D. Lambert

Jacob M. Lutz

F. Matossi

Meetings. At the annual awards dinner
held on January 25, 1968, the 508th meet-
ing of the Academy, Henry van Zile Hyde
spoke on “The Doctor in the World,” and
six area scientists received Academy
awards.

The 509th meeting on February 15 was
a joint meeting with the Instrument Socie-
ty of America, at which Vincent Marchesi
presented an address, “The Electron Micro-
scope as.a Tool for the Extension of
Knowledge.”

JANUARY-MarcuH, 1969

Secretary for 1968

On March 21, at the 510th meeting, the
Academy heard an address, “Instrumenta-
tion for Oceanography,” by Anthony
Goodhart. At the 511th meeting on April
18, Fred Hurley presented a report on
“High Speed Ground Transportation Re-
search.”

In accordance with Bylaws changes ap-
proved in the mail balloting of December
1967, the annual meeting of the Academy
was held on May 17 and featured an ad-
dress by the retiring president, Heinz
Specht, on “International Cooperation in
Research.”

The 513th meeting was held on Satur-
day, October 19, as a joint meeting with
the Washington Junior Academy of Sci-
ences. The speaker was David Johnson,
chairman of the Science Fair Committee of
the Joint Board on Science Education.

On November 21, at the 514th meeting,
members of ‘the Academy saw a William
Harvey film on the circulation of the blood
which reconstructed many of the dissec-
tions and observations which William Har-
vey used to demonstrate blood circulation.

No meetings were held in December
1968 or January 1969.

Junior Academy. Under the direction of
Father F. J. Heyden and his colleagues on
the Committee on Encouragement of Sci-
ence Talent, the Washington Junior Acade-
my of Sciences continues to be one of the
most active in the country. Each year the
Junior Academy sponsors a number of
trips to museums in the New York and
Philadelphia areas, in which hundreds of
Washington area high school students par-
ticipate. The annual Christmas convention
draws an excellent attendence from stu-
dents in Washington and suburban high
school systems. This year the Junior Acad-
emy offered a $100 scholarship for the best
high school research paper.

Office Operations. On April 15 the Acad-
emy acquired new office space on the
grounds of the Federation of American
Societies for Experimental Biology. These

39

new quarters, and the employment of a full
time staff assistant, will enable the Acade-
my to offer certain office services at cost to
interested affiliated organizations.

Grants-In-Aid. Two grants of $50 and
$110 were made to high school students to
provide equipment and supplies for indi-
vidual research projects.

Journal. The Journal of the Washington
Academy of Sciences was published as
Volume 58 in nine issues totaling 228
pages. The directory issue, appearing in
September, provided classifications of
Academy members by place of employment
and affiliation with scientific organizations,
in addition to an alphabetical listing.

ELECTION RESULTS
ANNOUNCED

Returns from the annual end-of-year
mail balloting for officers and Bylaws revi-
sions were tallied on February 12 by a
Committee of Tellers consisting of Harry
A. Fowells, Joseph R. Spies, and Samuel B.
Detwiler, Jr.

Alphonse F. Forziati of the Federal Wa-
ter Pollution Control Administration was
named president-elect; Mary L. Robbins of
George Washington University was elected
secretary, replacing Richard P. Farrow;
and Richard K. Cook of ESSA was re-
elected treasurer. The candidates were
unopposed.

In a contest for two manager-at-large po-
sitions, Richard P. Farrow and Robert B.
Fox defeated John C. Honig and Zaka I.
Slawsky. They will serve three-year terms
beginning in May 1969.

The new officers will be installed at the
close of the May meeting, together with
George W. Irving, Jr., the current presi-
dent-elect, who will automatically assume
the presidency.

In concurrent balloting, the membership
approved affiliation by the Washington
Section of the American Institute of Min-
ing, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engi-
neers, which thus becomes the Academy’s
36th active affiliate.

Also approved was a change in Article
II, Section 10 of the Bylaws, whereby the
first sentence now reads: “Members or fel-
lows in good standing who are no longer
engaged in regular gainful employment
may be placed in emeritus status.” This
change eliminates the previous age require-
ment applying to emeritus membership
status.

In the current election, 461 ballots were
returned, as compared with 421 ballots a
year previously.

ELECTIONS TO FELLOWSHIP

The following persons were elected to
fellowship in the Academy at the Board of
Managers meeting on February 13:

RONALD E. DEHL, chemist, National
Bureau of Standards, “in recognition of
his important contributions to polymer
physics and particularly to his studies on
application of nuclear magnetic resonance
to organic fibers.” (Sponsors: Jacob Ma-
zur, A. B. Bestul. )

RONALD K. EBY, acting chief, Poly-
mers Division, National Bureau of Stand-
ards, “in recognition of his contributions
to the physics of polymers, particularly his
research dealing with acoustics and the na-
ture of polymer crystals.” (Sponsors: L. A.
Wood, A. B. Bestul.)

JOSEPH H. FLYNN, chemist, National
Bureau of Standards, “in recognition of
his contributions to chemical kinetics, espe-
cially its non-isothermal aspects; and more
particularly his incisive applications of
thermogravimetric analysis to investiga-
tions of the thermal degradation of
polymers and of other chemical problems.”
(Sponsors: A. B. Bestul, L. A. Wood.)

EMANUEL HOROWITZ, assistant to
the director, Institute for Materials Re-
search, National Bureau of Standards, “in
recognition of his contributions to polymer
chemistry, and in particular his researches
on coordination compounds.” (Sponsors:
T. W. Lashof, S. B. Newman, John Man-
del. )

FRANK L. McCRACKIN, polymer phy-

sicist, National Bureau of Standards, “in

56 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

recognition of his accomplishments as a
high polymer physicist, in particular for
his contributions to the theory and applica-
tion of ellipsometry, and for his theoretical
studies of the conformations of polymer
molecules.”

ROBERT R. STROMBERG, chief, Poly-
mer Interfaces Section, National Bureau of
Standards, “in recognition of his contribu-
tions to polymer chemistry, and in
particular his researches on the absorption
of polymer molecules onto surfaces.”
(Sponsors: J. C. Smith, A. B. Bestul.)

PETER H. VERDIER, physical chemist,
National Bureau of Standards, “in recogni-
tion of his contributions to chemical phys-
ics, and in particular his researches in
molecular structure and dynamics.” (Spon-
sors: L. A. Wood, A. B. Bestul.)

HERMAN L. WAGNER, chemist, Na-
tional Bureau of Standards, “in recogni-
tion of his contributions to the fields of
polymer physics and chemistry and in
particular his research on high temperature
creep of fibers and plastics, dilute solution
properties of polymers, and developmental
work on glass-filled polyacetals.” (Spon-
sors: J. M. Cassel, Jacob Mazur.)

REPORT OF COMMITTEE
ON SCIENCE FAIRS

(At the November Board meeting, an ad
hoc committee was appointed to consider
the question of Academy support of science
fairs, particularly the International Science
Fair to be held in Washington in 1970.
The following report was submitted at the
December Board meeting.)

Members of the special committee for
recommendations on science fairs consisted
of Grover C. Sherlin, Peter H. Heinze,
Morris C. Leikind, and Francis J. Heyden,
S. J. (chairman). At a meeting at George-
town University on December 16, the com-
mittee reviewed statements submitted by
Howard L. Weisbrod, Richard Grossman,
Howard B. Owens, and Mrs. Phoebe H.
Knipling. (Their statements are attached to
the committee report, but not reproduced

here. )

JANUARY-Marcu,. 1969

The committee also considered the fol-
lowing material submitted by Mr. Sherlin:
(1) a statement, “Objectives of Science
Projects,” from the 1968-69 blue book of
the Joint Board on Science Education; (2)
the international science fair rules of the
International Science Youth Program; and
(3) a copy of the National Science Teach-
ers Association’s position on “Critical Is-
sues Confronting the Science Teaching
Profession.”

The committee agreed on the following
points:

(1) There must be guidelines for sci-
ence fairs which should be followed care-
fully; among these there should be empha-
sis on the student’s effort without undue
reliance on the assistance of parents, teach-
ers, or professional scientists. Guidance
should take the form of advice concerning
the value of the project, references for
background reading, sources of experimen-
tal materials, and perhaps a place in which
to work. Dr. Leikind suggested that there
is room in science fair exhibits for a cate-
gory on the history of science.

(2) In_~ dealing with professional
sciences, the student may have the advan-
tage of a laboratory or an observatory in
which to acquire observational material,
but he should do this with his own efforts
and not ask for data that has been ob-
tained by someone else, unless he intends
to develop his project as a further study of
that data.

(3) The science fair has the decided ad-
vantage of “getting the student started”
and the committee feels that in most in-
stances this start brings the student up to
the level where the program on summer ex-
perience in laboratories, papers for the
Westinghouse Science Talent Search, the
Junior Science and Humanities Symposia,
and other competitive meetings from which
students can obtain scholarships or awards,
are logical consequences. While not all stu-
dents who submit projects to science fairs
turn out to be scientists, all of the commit-
tee members can name several successful
scientists of today who started with simple

o7

exhibits in science fairs. Some of these
people will admit that they had their scien-
tific interest aroused in the process.

(4) A further approbation, tacit though
it may seem, is the number of scientists
who give up their time, year after year, to
serve as judges of area science fairs, not
only in the Washington area but in all
parts of the country. These men have been
doing this for ten or perhaps twenty years.
Assuredly they would not continue to serve
in this task if they felt that the science fair
is a waste of time and not a worthwhile
contribution to the future scientific man-
power of the country.

(5) In the matter of international
science fairs, it is felt that students who
have been chosen to exhibit their projects
are never ones who are inarticulate con-
cerning the work they have done and that
the chance to meet students from other

countries at their age is not offered prema-

turely.

(6) The committee recommends that the
Academy’s Board of Managers approve the
work of the science fairs despite past criti-
cisms, and, if possible, find some way to
help finance the 1970 International Science
Fair that will take place in Washington. It
further recommends that the Washington
Academy ask its members, at the time of
this International Fair, to attend a special
session or reception at which they could
show a personal interest in the young stu-
dent scientists, especially those from for-
eign countries.

Francis J. HEYDEN, S. J.
Committee Chairman

BOARD OF MANAGERS
MEETING NOTES

November

The Board of Managers held its 597th
meeting on November 21, 1968 at the
Cosmos Club, with President Henderson
presiding.

The minutes of the 596th meeting were
approved as previously distributed.

Announcements. Dr. Henderson reported

that he had written to Marshall W. Niren-
berg of NIH, on behalf of the Academy, to
congratulate him on his recent receipt of
the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medi-
cine (see November Journal, page 189).

Secretary. Mr. Farrow reported that he
had notified the membership of the slate of
nominees for Academy offices, as selected
by the Nominating Committee on October
ide

Treasurer. In the absence of Dr. Cook,
Miss Ostaggi reported current checking
account balances of $4,886.15 for the
Academy and $2,037.12 for the Junior
Academy. On November 5, the Junior
Academy purchased a guaranteed security
certificate for $2000.

Membership. Halvor T. Darracour, Alan
C. Pipkin, Miloslav Rechcigl, Jr., and Ber-
nardo F. Grossling were elected to fellow-
ship in the Academy.

Policy Planning. Chairman Stern re-
ported that the Committee was still actively
considering long-range plans for the Aca-
demy. He distributed a questionnaire to
Board members present, requesting com-
ments and suggestions on the Academy’s
regular activities.

Awards. Chairman Torgesen reported on
progress in selecting the Academy’s annual
award winners for 1968. Announcements
had appeared in the Journal and The Capi-
tal Chemist, and had been sent to 85 local
organizations and the Academy member-
ship. The Awards Committee panel chair-
men are Frederick E. Hahn (biological sci-
ences); Sidney T. Smith (engineering
sciences) ; Edward J. Prosen (physical sci-
ences); Leon Greenberg (mathematics) ;
and John K. Taylor (teaching of science).

Grants-in-Aid. Chairman Sherlin an-
nounced that Milton Tamm had been
awarded $150 for a project investigated
and approved during the past summer. At
the present meeting, the Board approved a
$50 grant to a student at West Springfield
High School for a project in biochemistry.

Encouragement of Science Talent. Chair-
man Heyden announced that the 1968 Jun-
ior Science and Humanities Symposium

58 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

would be held November 29 and 30. The
Junior Academy expected to make a $100
award for the best student research paper
presented at the meeting, and needed the
help of qualified judges in reviewing the
many papers to be presented.

Bylaws. Chairman Wood submitted a
proposed revision of language of Article
II, Section 10 of the Bylaws, whereby the
first sentence would read: “Members or
fellows in good standing who are retired
and no longer engaged in regular gainful
employment may be placed in emeritus sta-
tus.” This change, eliminating the previous
age requirement applying to emeritus
membership status, was approved by the
Board subject to ratification by the mem-
bership in the December mail ballot.

Joint Board. Dr. Henderson read a letter
from the Joint Board on Science Educa-
tion, requesting a donation of $5,000 to
support the 1970 International Science
Fair in Washington; the total budget of
this enterprise was estimated at $60,000. In
the ensuing discussion it was mentioned
that for some years past, individual mem-
bers of the Board had had mixed feelings
about the value of science fairs. The con-
sensus at the present meeting was that
some active support should be given to the
fair; and an ad hoc committee, consisting
of Messrs. Heyden, Sherlin, Heinze, and
Leikind, was appointed to consider and
recommend a suitable level of support.

December

The Board of Managers held its 598th
meeting on December 19, 1968 at the FA-
SEB Building in Bethesda, with President
Henderson presiding.

The minutes of the 597th meeting were
approved as previously distributed.

Announcements. Dr. Henderson an-
nounced that the Philosophical Society
expected to share the Academy’s office fa-
cilities, and expected to pay $1500 per year
in return for services rendered. The Acade-
my expects to develop a memorandum of
understanding with the Philosophical So-
ciety to cover the arrangements.

JANUARY-MarcH, 1969

Secretary. Mr. Farrow reported that
ballots for the annual election of officers
and amendment of Bylaws would be sent to
the membership within a few days.

Treasurer. Dr. Cook reported a current
checking account balance of $7,107.15 for
the Academy and $1,762.82 for the Junior
Academy. He indicated that a financial
statement would be available at the Febru-
ary Board meeting for use in consideration
of the annual budget. The fiscal year of the
Academy coincides with the calendar year.

Science Fairs. Father Heyden presented
the report of an ad hoc committee appoint-
ed at the November 21 Board meeting to
consider the question of Academy support
of science fairs. The report recommended
that the Academy approve the work of sci-
ence fairs despite past criticisms and, if
possible, help to finance the 1970 Interna-
tional Science Fair to be held in Washing-
ton. (See also the text of the report else-
where in this issue.) After discussion of
the report, the Board voted to contribute
$2500 in support of the Fair.

Edward A. Wolff, chairman of the Joint
Board on Science Education, expressed his
thanks for the donation. He said that if the
International Science Fair were to be suc-
cessful, the Joint Board would need much
help from individual members of the Acad-
emy.

Journal. Dr. Henderson reported that
Mr. Detwiler had expressed a wish to retire
from the editorship of the Journal. There
followed a discussion of suitable replace-
ments, as well as of the contents and
frequency of issue of future Journals.

New Business. The Board requested Dr.
Henderson to send to Mrs. Elizabeth Hum-
phrey, the former office secretary, a formal
expression of appreciation for her years of
service to the Academy.

January

The Board of Managers held its 599th
meeting on January 16, 1969 at the Cos-
mos Club, with President Henderson pre-
siding.

59

The minutes of the 598th meeting were
approved with minor corrections.

Announcements. Dr. Henderson read a
letter that he had sent to the officers and
delegates of affiliated societies, asking them
to assess their active members at least a
dollar each in support of the 1970 Interna-
tional Science Fair.

Treasurer. Dr. Cook presented the treas-
urer’s report for calendar year 1968 (see
elsewhere in this issue). He asked that
committee chairmen submit their estimated
expenditures for 1969, to be used in pre-
paring the 1969 budget for presentation at
the February Board meeting.

Membership. The Board elected E. A.
DiMarzio and Mary H. Aldridge to fellow-
ship in the Academy. Dr. Aldridge is the
incoming delegate from the Chemical So-
ciety of Washington.

Achievement Awards. The Board ap-
proved Chairman Torgesen’s recommenda-
tion that the following persons should
receive the Academy’s achievement awards
for 1968: Charles R. Gunn in engineering
sciences; Marilyn E. Jacox and Dolphus
EK. Milligan jointly in the physical sci-
ences; Joseph Auslander in mathematics;
and Kelso B. Morris in teaching of science.
Selection of an award winner in the
biological sciences was deferred, since the
committee panel concerned had not com-
pleted its considerations.

It was planned to honor the award
winners at an Academy dinner meeting
on February 20.

Journal. The Board continued discus-
sions begun at the December meeting, con-
cerning the impending resignation of Mr.
Detwiler as editor, the selection of a new
editor, and the content of future issues of
the Journal.

February

The Board of Managers held its 600th
meeting on February 13, 1969 at the Cos-
mos Club, with President Henderson pre-
siding.

The minutes of the 599th meeting were
approved with a minor correction.

Policy Planning. On recommendation of
Chairman Stern, the Board approved the
appointment of an ad hoc committee to de-
velop and distribute a questionnaire de-
signed to determine the interests of the
membership in the Academy’s activities,
particularly the kind of general meetings to
be held and meeting places.

Dr. Stern also recommended that sete
ed afhliated societies be invited to develop
programs for Academy meetings, each
meeting to be concerned with a particular
discipline but aimed at interesting Acade-
my members in general. In a subsequent
discussion of meetings, it was pointed out
that low attendance at meetings was com-
mon to many local scientific societies.

Membership. The following persons were
elected to fellowship in the Academy:
Ronald E. Dehl, Ronald K. Eby, Joseph H.
Flynn, Emanuel Horowitz, Frank L. Mc-
Crackin, Robert R. Stromberg, Peter H.
Verdier, and Herman L. Wagner.

Meetings. Dr. Henderson called attention
to the Academy’s award dinner meeting on
February 20. Chairman deVore of the Pub-
lic Information Committee reported that he
had sent a press release to local papers.

Journal. Dr. Henderson read Mr. Detwil-
er’s formal letter of resignation as editor of
the Journal, effective after publication of a
consolidated January-February-March is-
sue. Mr. Detwiler reported that copy edit-
ing for this issue was nearly complete. Dr.
Henderson introduced Dr. Richard H.
Foote of USDA, the editor-designate.

Joint Board. Mr. Sherlin reported that
the Joint Board was considering an amend-
ment to its bylaws to provide for three
additional members each from the Acade-
my and the D. C. Council of Engineering
and Architectural Societies.

BOARD OF MANAGERS
MEETING NOTES INDEX

Condensed minutes of the Academy’s
Board of Managers meetings from No. 570
(April 1965) to the present have been pub-
lished in the Journal for 1965 and subse-

quent years, as shown below. A previous

60 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

index, beginning with meeting No. 524
(December 1959) appears in the Journal

for April 1965, page 99.

Meeting Journal
No. Date | Issue Page
Leo Schubert, President
570 2/18/65 Apr 65 98
571 3/18/65 Nov 65 204
572 5/20/65 Nov 65 206
573 6/24/65 Dec 65 226
574 10/21/65 Dec 65 227
575 12/16/65 Feb 66 38
John K. Taylor, President
576 2/17/66 May 66 112
577 3/17/66 May 66 13
578 4/21/66 Oct 66 182
579 5/19/66 Oct 66 183
580 10/20/66 Jan 67 15
581 11/17/66 Jan 67 17
582 12/15/66 Mar 67 79

January-Marcu, 1969

Heinz Specht, President

2/16/67
3/16/67
4/20/67
5/18/67
10/19/67
11/16/67
12/21/67
1/18/68
2/15/68
3/21/68
4/18/68

Malcolm
6/ 6/68
9/26/68

10/17/68

11/21/68

12/19/68
1/16/69
2/13/69

Apr 67
May 67
Nov 67
Nov 67
Dec 67
Jan 68
Feb 68
Mar 68
Apr 68
May 68
Oct 68

C. Henderson, President

Nov 68
Nov 68
Dec 68
Mar 69
Mar 69
Mar 69
Mar 69

61

Science in Washington

CALENDAR OF EVENTS

Notices of meetings for this column may
be sent to Elaine G. Shafrin, Apt. N-702,
800 4th St., S.W., Washington, D.C. 20024,
by the first Wednesday of the month pre-
ceding the date of issue of the Journal.

March 11—Society of American For-
esters

All-day meeting.

Presidential Arms, 1320 G St., N.W., be-
ginning 9:00 a.m.
March 13—Consortium of Universi-
ties of the Washington Metropolitan
Area and the Smithsonian Institution

Seminar in environmental biology. John
E. Cantlon, Department of Botany and
Plant Pathology, Michigan State Universi-
ty, “A Species Population in a Temperate
Ecosystem.”

Auditorium, Museum of History and
Technology, Constitution Avenue between

12th and 14th Streets, N.W., 7:30 p.m.

March 13—Chemical Society of
Washington

Hillebrand award dinner.

Knights of Columbus Activities Hall, Ar-
lington, Va. For reservations contact Mrs.
Lee Goodall at the CSW office, 737-3337
Ext. 402, by Tuesday noon, March 11.

March 18—Sigma Delta Epsilon
(Graduate women’s scientific sorority).
Mattie R. Fox, Food and Drug Adminis-

tration, “Effect of Zinc on Malnourished

Iranian Boys.”

Francisco’s Restaurant, 4711 Montgom-
ery Lane, Bethesda, Md. Social hour,
6:15 p.m.; dinner, 7 p.m. Send reservation
to Elizabeth K. Weisburger, 5309 Mc-
Kinley St., Bethesda, Md., 20014 before 6
p-m. March 14. (Home phone 530-4042,
office phone 496-5688. )

March 18—Anthropotogical Society
of Washington
Speaker and location to be announced.

Contact Conrad Reining, Department of
Anthropology, Catholic University.

March 19—American Meteorological
Society

Program to be announced.

National Academy of Sciences, 2101
Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

March 19—Insecticide Society of
Washington

Program to be announced.

Symons Hall, Agricultural Auditorium,
University of Maryland, 8:00 p.m.

March 20—Consortium of Universi-
ties

Seminar in environmental biology. Law-
rence B. Slobodkin, State University of
New York at Stony Brook, “Evolutionary
Significance of Abundance.”

Auditorium, Museum of History and
Technology, Constitution Avenue between

12th and 14th Sts., N.W., 7:30 p.m.

March 21—Philosophical Society of
Washington |

Alan Kolb, Naval Research Laboratory,
“Shock Waves in Plasma.”

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, 2170
Florida Ave., N.W., 8:15 p.m.

March 21—Helminthological Society
of Washington
Program and speakers to be announced.
Howard University, 8:00 p.m.

March 27—Society for Experimental
Biology and Medicine

Topic: “Antimalarial Drugs.” Modera-
tor: David Jacobus, Walter Reed Army In-
stitute of Research.

Auditorium, Naval Medical Research In-
stitute, Bethesda, 8:00 p.m.

March 27—Consortium of Universi-
ties

Seminar in environmental biology. Rob-
ert L. Rausch, Arctic Health Research Cen-
ter, PHS, College, Alaska, “Distributional

62 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

History and Ecology of Some Parasites
and Their Hosts in the Arctic.”

Auditorium, Museum of History and
Technology, 7:30 p.m.

April 1—Botanical Society of Wash-
ington
Speaker to be announced.
Administration Building, National Ar-
boretum, 8:00 p.m.

April 3—Entomological Society of
Washington
Program to be announced.

Rm. 43, Natural History Bldg., Smith-

sonian Institution, 8:00 p.m.

April 3—Electrochemical Society
Speaker to be announced.
Beeghly Chemistry Building, American
University, 8:00 p.m.

April 8—American Society of Civil
Engineers

W. E. Naumann, M. M. Sundt Construc-
tion Co., Tucson, Ariz., “The Risks of
Doing Business.”

YMCA, 17th and K Sts., N.W., noon.
Luncheon meeting. For reservations phone

Floyd R. Curfman, 557-4586.
April 10—Chemical Society of Wash-

ington
(Joint meeting with Washington Junior
Academy of Sciences.)

Topical Group Meetings

Chemical Education: Howard Fawcett,
National Academy of Sciences, “Dangerous
Chemicals.”

Medicinal and Biochemical: John W.
Daly, National Institute of Arthritis and
Metabolic Diseases, NIH, “Microsomal Hy-
droxylation of Aromatic Substrates.”

Organic: Howard E. Simmons, Central
Research Department, E. I. du Pont de
Nemours and Company, Wilmington, “The
Chemistry of Macrobicyclic Amines.”

Polymers: Maurice Morton, University
of Akron, “Structure and Properties of
Thermoplastic Elastomers.”

JANUARY-MarcH, 1969

General Meeting

Hubert Alyea, Chemistry Department,
Princeton University, “Lucky Accidents,
Great Discoveries, and the Prepared
Mind.”

American University. Topical group

meetings at 5:00 p.m., general meeting at
8:30.

April 10—Consortium of Universities
Seminar in environmental biology. Wil-
liam S. Osburn, Jr., Division of Biology
and Medicine, AEC, “Patterns and Proc-
esses of Some High Mountain Ecosystems.”
Auditorium, Museum of History and
Technology, 7:30 p.m.

April 14—American Society for Met-
als
Ladies’ night meeting. Forrest Myers,
New York artist, “Art and Materials.”
Three Chefs Restaurant, River House,
1500 3S. Joyce St., Arlington. Social hour
and dinner, 6:00 p.m.; meeting, 8 p.m.

April 14—IEEE, Power Group
Raymond J. Seeger, NSF, “Nature, Art,
and Mathematics.”
PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E St., N.W.,
8:00 p.m.

April 15—Anthropological Society of
Washington

Speaker and location to be announced.
Contact Conrad Reining, Department of
Anthropology, Catholic University.

April 16—Washington Operations
Research Council

Rufus Isaacs, Johns Hopkins Univeristy,
“Differential Games.”

Rm. 1 Chemistry Bldg., American Uni-
versity, 8:00 p.m. Pre-meeting dinner in
faculty dining room, Mary Graydon Cen-
ter, 6:15 p.m. For reservations contact B.

Gordon Smith at 933-5525.

April 16—American Meteorological
Society

Program to be announced.

National Academy of Sciences, 2101
Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m.

63

April 16—Insecticide
Washington
Program to be announced.
Agricultural Auditorium, University of
Maryland, 8:00 p.m.

Society of

April 17—Consortium of Universities
Seminar in environmental biology. Davis
M. Gates, Washington University at St.
Louis, “Life and Energy.”
Museum of History and Technology,
7:30 p.m.

April 18—Philosophical Society of
Washington

R. Smoluchowski, Princeton University,
“Solid State Ventures into Planetary Phys-
ics.”

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, 2170
Florida Ave., N.W., 8:15 p.m.

SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS

Contributions to this column may be ad-
dressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate Edi-
tor, c/o Department of Agriculture, Agri-
cultural Research Service, Federal Center

Building, Hyattsville, Md. 20782.

AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT

JUSTUS C. WARD, who retired from
USDA in 1966, is now a consultant to the
War on Hunger program in AID.

A. M. POMMER has left USDA to be-
come an operations research analyst in
the Scientific and Technical Information
Office, Harry Diamond Laboratories. Also,
Dr. Pommer has been reappointed to the
Public Health Service Committee of the
National Association for Retarded Chil-
dren.

IRWIN HORNSTEIN has been elected
vice-chairman of the Division of Agricul-
tural and Food Chemistry, American
Chemical Society.

W. B. ENNIS, JR., chief of the Crops
Protection Research Branch, Crops Re-
search Division, ARS, gave an invited pa-
per at the Northeastern Weed Control
Conference in New York City on January

8. His topic was, “Weed Science—
Strengths and Weaknesses.”

A. LLOYD RYALL, chief of the Horti-
cultural Crops Research Branch, Market
Quality Research Division, ARS, retired on
December 27 after 40 years’ service in the
Department of Agriculture.

MARIE L. FARR has been appoined to
the Nomenclatural Committee of the My-
cological Society of America.

H. IVAN RAINWATER, Plant Quaran-
tine Division, ARS, presented an invited
paper, “Participation of Entomologists in
Public Hearings Involving Plant Quaran-
tine Changes,” at the annual meeting of
the Entomological Society of America,
held in Dallas, December 2-5. Also, he
was cospeaker on the topic, “New Ap-
proaches to Prevent Foreign Plant Pest In-
troductions.” He has been elected secretary
of the Regulatory Entomology Subsection
of ESA.

F. S. SANTAMOUR, JR., has delivered
the following recent talks: “Shade-Tree Re-
search at the U.S. National Arboretum” at
the 4th Pennsylvania Shade Tree Sympos-
ium, University Park, Pa., on January 21;
“Development of Disease-Resistant Trees”
at the Tidewater Virginia Nurserymen’s
Short Course, held in Portsmouth, Va., on
January 31; and “Trees for the Urban En-
vironment: Problems and Prospects” be-
fore the National Arborists Association
meeting at Fort Lauderdale Beach, Fla., on
February 10.

EARL M. HILDEBRAND has _ been
reappointed archivist of the Washington
Branch of the American Society for Micro-
biology for 1969.

R. E. HARDENBURG, research horticul-
turist with the Market Quality Research
Division, ARS, attended the First National
Controlled Atmosphere Research Confer-
ence at Michigan State University, January
26-28. He was chairman of the sessions on
commodity requirements and recommenda-
tions.

64. JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
MILTON HARRIS, chairman of the

Board, served as American delegate at the
meeting of the OECD Working Panel on
Chemical Information of the Scientific and
Technical Information Policy Group, held
in Paris October 17-18. He also presented
a paper, “Polymers in Industry,” at an In-
ternational Conference on Materials held
at Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh,
October 28-29.

Dr. Harris has been elected a director of
Warner-Lambert Pharmaceutical Co., Mor-

ris Plains, N.J.

FOOD AND DRUG
ADMINISTRATION

WILLIAM H. SUMMERSON, director
of the Bureau of Science, retired on Janu-
ary 25 after more than 21 years of Govern-
ment service. Dr. Summerson, formerly
chief scientist at the Army’s Edgewood Ar-
senal, came to FDA in August 1964 and
has directed FDA’s scientific research pro-
grams since that time.

HOWARD UNIVERSITY
NORMAN H. C. GRIFFITHS, professor

of prosthodontics, has been appointed a
consultant to the World Health Organiza-
tion, and a professor of prosthodontics at
Bangalore University, India, for a six-
month period beginning in February. Dr.
Griffiths expected to report to WHO head-
quarters in Geneva before proceeding to
his post in India.

NATIONAL BUREAU OF
STANDARDS

Recent gold medal winners have includ-
ed LOUIS COSTRELL, chief of the
Radiation Physics Instrumentation Section,
for proposing and implementing a system
for standardization of electronic nuclear
instrument modules, with universal poten-
tial; HENRY J. KOSTKOWSKI, chief of
the Radiation Thermometry Section, for
outstanding contributions to metrology in
the field of optical radiation and high tem-

JANUARY-MARCH, 1969

perature thermometry; LAWRENCE M.
KUSHNER, director of the Institute for
Applied Technology, for outstanding re-
search and research management; KURT
E. SHULER, former senior research fellow
now with the University of California at
San Diego, for outstanding contributions
to an understanding of physical rate proc-
esses in the field of chemical physics; and
for group accomplishment in the Reactor
Facility Group, CARL O. MUEHLHAUSE,
Harry H. Landon, Jr., and Robert S. Cart-
er, for unique and significant contributions
to NBS nuclear radiation research capabili-
ties and facilities.

Recent silver medal winners have in-
cluded JOHN R. CUTHILL of the Alloy
Physics Section, for valuable contributions
to the understanding of alloys through des-
ign and construction of a soft X-ray spec-
trometer; JAMES R. DEVOE, chief of the
Radiochemical Analysis Section, for highly
original contributions to radiochemical
analysis and effective scientific leadership;
WILLIAM W. WALTON, chief of the Sci-
entific and Professional Liaison Section,
Building Research Division, for exception-
ally high caliber leadership and the direc-
tion of research programs in the field of
organic building materials; HANS J.
OSER, chief of the Systems Dynamics Sec-
tion, for notable contributions to science
and technology through advanced mathe-
matical techniques and effective adminis-
tration; and JAMES F. SCHOOLEY,
acting chief of the Cryogenic Physics Sec-
tion, for distinguished research in cryogen-
ic physics. A joint award was presented to
WILLIAM R. SHIELDS and Thomas J.
Murphy, of the Analytical Mass Spectrome-
try Section for high-accuracy measure-
ments of atomic weights that have gained
international acceptance.

W. WAYNE MEINKE, chief of the
Office of Standard Reference Materials and
of the Analytical Chemistry Division, has
received the first George von Hevesy
Award, presented by the Journal of Ra-
dioanalytical Chemistry for his contribu-
tions to this field.

65

IRL C. SCHOONOVER retired on Janu-
ary 3 after more than 36 years at the Bu-
reau. Dr. Schoonover had been deputy
director of NBS since 1964. LAWRENCE
M. KUSHNER has been named to succeed
him. HOWARD E. SORROWS, now depu-
ty director of the Institute for Materials
Research, will become acting director of
the Institute of Applied Technology, re-
placing Dr. Kushner.

LADISLAUS L. MARTIN, chief of In-
ternational Relations and coordinator of
Special International Programs, has been
named a fellow of the Institute of Electri-
cal and Electronics Engineers; also, the
Electron Probe Analysis Society of Ameri-
can has elected him to honorary member-
ship.

The 1968 Edward Bennett Rosa Award
was presented to W. WAYNE MEINKE in
ceremonies on December 20. The award is
presented annually for outstanding achieve-
ment in the development of standards of
practice. With the award, Dr. Meinke re-

ceived a $1,500 honorarium and a bronze

plaque.

WILLIAM W. WALTON will retire on
February 28 after 41 years of Government
service.

NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF
HEALTH

KENNETH S. COLE, senior research
biophysicist in the Laboratory of Biophys-
ics, National Institute of Neurological Dis-
eases and Blindness, is author of the
recently published book “Membranes, Ions,
and Impulses.”

NIH has established an annual lecture-
ship award in honor of G. BURROUGHS
MIDER, who was director of laboratories
and clinics for 8 years. He became special
assistant to the director of the National
Laboratory of Medicine last spring. The
first NIH scientist to be awarded the lec-
tureship was GORDON M. TOMKINS,
chief of the NIAMD Laboratory of Molec-
ular Biology.

ROBERT W. BERLINER, deputy di-
rector for science, has received the 1969
Modern Medicine Award for Distinguished
Achievement, given in recognition of his
fundamental studies of renal physiology,
especially electrolyte transport and _ the
mechanism of urine concentration and di-
lution.

KENNETH M. ENDICOTT, director of
the National Cancer Institute, has been ad-
vanced to the two-star grade in his rank of
Assistant Surgeon General in the commis-
sioned corps of the Public Health Service.

BERNARD B. BRODIE, chief of the
Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology,
National Heart Institute, was awarded the
1968 National Medal of Science at White
House ceremonies on January 17. He was
honored “for pioneering qualitative con-
cepts that have revolutionized the develop-
ment, study, and effective use of therapeu-
tic agents in the treatment of human
disease.”

NATIONAL SCHEENCE FOUNDATION
RAYMOND J. SEEGER gave his lec-

ture, “Shockwave Interactions Covering
Reflection and Refraction,” at the Univer-
sity of Tennessee Space Institute in Tulla-
homa, on December 9. On December 12 he
lectured at the Institute for Aerospace
Studies at the Univeristy of Toronto, on
“Humanistic Aspects of Energy,” and on
February 5 he spoke on “The Humanism
of Science” at the Wesley Theological Sem-
inary, in Washington.

NAVAL RESEARCH
LABORATORY

VICTOR J. LINNENBOM, superintend-
ent of the Ocean Science Division, attended
a UNESCO-sponsored Symposium on the
Caribbean at Curacao, Netherlands An-
tilles, where he presented an invited paper,
“Distribution of Low-Molecular-Weight
Hydrocarbons in the Cariaco Trench.”

66 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT

The National Agricultural Library ex-
pects soon to begin moving into its new
building at Beltsville, Md. In preparation
for the move and for possible changes in
bibliographic services, the Library recently
awarded contracts for study of relocation,
consolidation, or disposition of collections
now in four locations in the metropolitan
area; a study of methods of relating the
Library’s automated program to other bib-
liographic data banks; and a study of the
use of the Bibliography of Agriculture in
relation to other announcement, indexing,
and abstracting services.

Microwave spectroscopy was first
achieved experimentally in very crude
form in 1933; however, it really came of
age in World War II in radar laboratories,
where it was found that many substances
can emit or absorb microwaves of particu-
lar frequencies, similar to the emission and
absorption of light in optical spectroscopy.

To assist microwave spectroscopists, the
National Bureau of Standards recently
published an important compliation of ref-
erence data as Volume V of NBS
Monograph 70, Microwave Spectral Tables.
Listed in this volume are the measured fre-
quencies of all microwave spectral lines
that could be found through an extensive
search of scientific literature up to about
1961. When data after 1961 were conven-
iently available, they also were included.
Microwave spectral lines are listed for
some 300 different molecules. The listing
represents precise, well-documented physi-
cal data.

This publication is the last contribution
to a five-volume NBS monograph which
presents a comprehensive compilation of
microwave spectra, including measured fre-
quencies, assigned molecular species, as-
signed quantum numbers, and molecular
constants determined from these data.

The National Bureau of Standards is
now prepared to offer information services
on published engineering standards and
specifications.

JANUARY-MarcH, 1969

The Information Section of the Bureau’s
Office of Engineering Standards Services
has, over the past several years, collected
16,000 engineering and related standards
and specifications published by more than
390 U.S. trade, professional, and technical
societies. These standards have been catal-
oged and indexed and are maintained in a
technical library. Additionally, a Key-
Word-in-Context (KWIC) index of all of
the standards in the collection has been
compiled by the Information Section. The
Section will function both as a technical li-
brary and as a referral activity in provid-
ing answers to questions on engineering
standards and standards activities, and in
directing inquirers to the appropriate
standards-issuing organizations for copies
of published standards.

The last of the high-energy particle ac-
celerators planned for the new NBS Center
for Radiation Research has now been in-
stalled and is in operation at the Bureau’s
Gaithersburg (Md.) campus. This device, a
180 million-electron-volt electron synchro-
tron, was recently moved from the Bu-
reau’s old grounds on Van Ness Street
to the new 565-acre laboratory complex.

The synchrotron is operated for users by
the Center for Radiation Research. Initial
experimental work with the synchrotron
will be primarily under the Center’s direc-
tion. The Far Ultraviolet Physics Section
of the Atomic Physics Division will be us-
ing the synchrotron as a unique source of
far ultraviolet radiation in analyzing gas-
absorption spectra and in studying the
optical and photoelectric properties of sol-

ids.

LETTER FROM THE EDITOR

Because of the flu epidemic last Decem-
ber, the 1969 Journal is off to a late start.
The present consolidated issue is intended
to get it back on schedule.

Quite apart from this contretemps, we
have long felt that Journal editors should
move along now and then, to make room
for new talent with fresh enthusiasms and

67

fresh ideas. The recent emergence of a
willing and able replacement editor has
provided the opportunity for such a
change. Hence this, the 80th issue with
which we have been connected, will be our
last.
The change in turn affords a convenient
opportunity for reassessment of Journal
policies. The current guidelines were estab-
lished by the 1959 Board of Managers and
ratified by referendum of the membership.
(See “The Journal for 1960” in the Jan-
uary 1960 issue, page 1.) In essence, they
provided that the previous archival type
of periodical would be discontinued, and
that instead the Journal would publish
(to quote the masthead) “historical artic-
les, critical reviews, and scholarly scientific
articles; notices of meetings and abstract
proceedings of meetings of the Academy
and its affiliated societies; and regional
news items, including personal news, of
interest to the entire membership.” It was
further provided that publication costs
should be kept to a minimum.

Admittedly the guidelines were experi-
mental. Have they worked? Is the present
Journal what the members want to read?
Is the directory issue useful? Are nine
monthly issues better than four quarterly
issues? Do we need any Journal at all?
Would a newsletter better serve our inter-
ests?

Now is a good time to consider these
questions.

The next issue will be in charge of the
editor-designate, Richard H. Foote of the
Agricultural Research Service. Dr. Foote
will find the job no sinecure, yet full of
rewarding associations and a sense of con-
structive accomplishment. We wish him
success.

SAMUEL B. DETWILER, JR.

A NOTE OF THANKS

The saying goes that a person can ac-
complish a lot of good in this life if he

doesn’t care who gets the credit for it.
Numerous Academy members have contrib-
uted a great deal to the Journal over the
past nine years, without bothering about
credit for their labors. We take this oppor-
tunity to acknowledge, with warmest
thanks, the efforts of the following persons:

The “contributors,” too numerous to
mention by name, who provided news of
Academy members in one institution or
another.

Helen L. Reynolds, Richard P. Farrow,
and Roger G. Bates, for editorial assist-
ance. Miss Reynolds, and Dr. Bates before
her, handled much of the copy editing. Mr.
Farrow was largely responsible for the an-
nual directory of members.

Harold T. Cook, Harry A. Fowells, Mary
L. Robbins, Russell B. Stevens, John K.
Taylor, and Elaine G. Shafrin, for contrib-
uting the calendar of events, “Scientists
in the News,” “Science and Development,”
and sundry other departmental features.

A number of persons, of whom George
V. Cohee, J. Murray Mitchell, Jr., and
William K. Wilson come particularly to
mind, who served as cheerful, enterprising
entrepreneurs in obtaining feature articles
for the publication. —

Ralph G. H. Siu, for permitting our use
of those gems of wisdom known as “T-
Thoughts.”

Two of our predecessors should be in-
cluded in this listing of contributors. Ileen
EK. Stewart, the managing editor in 1960,
designed the “new Journal,” developed the
business procedures, and almost single-
handedly performed the editing in that first
year. And Frank L. Campbell, Academy
president in 1959, conceived the new pub-
lication and provided the impetus to make
it a reality; he subsequently continued
with the Journal as columnist without com-
peer and a source of sound guidance in

time of need.—S.B.D.

68 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Delegates to the Washington Academy of Sciences, Representing
the Local Affiliated Societies *

TSMR SIOCIELY 100 W GRIIHP LOT 9.0. .0crcenccasesceccessnssospsoussntebbsisasvedeseorsosassvancdsdvaccecesecezs Gerorce T. Rapo
Seemrmpliocical Society Of WaSbingtOm .....02......0)..csccccssssoesensovesceresocsaneesesensstvorsscasdeosnes PriscitLaA REINING
Biological Society of Washington .............. FARE Nap an pee eA AE Delegate not appointed
INTHE SIE NY ASNINIO TON 0-00). cchecacessecabssessssnasescuacsescosesesvacuscersvecccseserbescnevsseceses Mary H. ALpRIDCE
SE TL OCIGEN OL OW ASHITICLON .........:-o-censesasensepesssssccaatdoucsosssuadacisessacovuasesbeasorsocaeeas W. Doyie REED
NM AC ATIONG SIOCLELY, fou ci5:5secneuo0cccs onecsvcosdacosasesanposciovassvansavavesbdsacsensacccsosensensose ALEXANDER WETMORE
IE IMELENY GTO WW ASDATESTON «5.05.5 cacu0dcbruscneserncascsnentecceencecsnsccssousceuccetensensecevesdsesedacae Raupu L. Miter
feemical cociety of the District of Columbia ......0.........0.:cccsccscsssececsssstacseosasorses Delegate not appointed
MEER EUR RCAUICRELY, 5.05 cccrnscsnckcnessicinbuelvatecosseasesarstcssonscasn/ponsedevseucarseesssessens Delegate not appointed
NM BEEN TIGT WV ASIAN LON (os 52-scccdscascartosscnccscuecdssvacnteescsasnaseseesucensaasoredsecdedeciesaocdebiice Peter H. HEINZE
RMR MANERA PAEE ROE CSLCES 55. 52s5c-529sd--osasst.dovavesdnosscevssvosaveceoseevesoenovisidarsvavursesedaderere Harry A. Fowe.ts
MIEN CIEE SOE) PUR PUCETS ...-.s.ce.-.snsncesesscecseecsacosncavasnenesessesesseecseeeserecovacssncteseacee Martin A. Mason
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers .............cccccccssssssssssscssescssscscsceecseseees GEORGE ABRAHAM
mmerean ooctely Of Mechanical Engineers. .......,....:cc..s00.ssscoscscsseccecssseconssesecessacncscses Wituiam G. ALLEN
PUMICE AL SUCICLY OL WASIINETON ...........2:.0.0.cceesacocooecocsssenconsnssasscsesenceccasansensecees AuREL QO. FostTER
MME ESOCLELY TT) WITCTODIONO ZY \....c.se..00.00eecascnvsceseornsnesonaoooseseosenunpecsenseveceoeneocenss ELIizABETH J. OSWALD
Peeeteat Peadeciean WMailitary PPineers: .......:...c:s.cssc.cscscecsssscceseseeneencsscessececesossncagsnzsesestence H. P. DemutH
Pee omerety. OF Giyal FNSinGers e...2.0.:6..:.ccescssovsassessonsessesssecsassessenecssesuns THORNDYKE SAVILLE, Jr.
Seciety tor Experimental Biology and Medicine ...........2.......cccccccsccoccscsscssessecocesssscsssencnsease Emitio WEIss
NIM EECRETE NOE, SVUCECUS 23 55.20 cap cas cnc suceasscncetsacvancesensacacsoscaasersacsantoccsscsdseroncaserveas MeEtvin R. MEYERSON
International Association for Dental Research ..0..........ccccssssssescsessssssescassecsnesecscceeees Water E. Brown
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astromautics ...........cccccccsescesesesseeessesceees Rosert C. Situ, Jr.
PUMMMEEEGRIN TVRELEOLOIOPICAl SOCIELY o....ccc.nccesnceecenssseodncsnsocanseccseasecsecsesssnssesssesesvcesvenneseosnees Haroip A. STEINER
MMPI SUCIEUY. OF « W ASMITLPION | c....iscsecsocisccscchsscsovcecdsievacescosecvosocsnsssdensictesenssesvacecee H. Ivan RAINWATER
MME EPIC TET OE CAMIICEUCE io )cehssaccorevesceisoceconcvovessdsavsesovecescssonssscnsesvosscusveceseorinsoxessonsens ALFRED WEISSLER
Nan BED AGNI) 6c Soo sacs co vaste osarecacaasvonsscayosanisUhavcadestslvessucsenestacascovbansuesevancnessht Oscar M. Bizzety
MRE MINE OG PE CHIAIOMSES | So .ic sa tavasocassasevs vovesanecevesssssadesnceasacasncocvacoecvanacbace Lowrie M. Beacuam, Jr.
a I RTT NCMTE EE aac elt cn GL angus ban edanmuvabinseutnsvdasnustenescenbebecaceersves J. J. Diamonpb
ESPEN CERN nL oc asd il Ue) ausesaSuynvsnenoavatus ounided aahicbosievicansshudicosacesssivesévehevadnavs Kurt H. Stern
MEEMNPRTIN TATE AOE SCVCTICG MCLUDD: fis oscisccecsassstancesvensaatsvsonesvecssecansevassevncdacvosscosesadeansecers Morris LEIKIND
memprean Association Of Phrysies Teachers ....:...0i065...cccocssscsescsccscsaseossesascsscessensonsnces BERNARD B. WATSON
Reg RAE EEN FAVE i PAMAMEP ICED (i, hoc uss cvecunkevssnujansisveveonevdensssshuassiasvasossavnedpunencvstedeseashexosnstasuszincns ARNOLD M. Bass
ECAR SOCIEHY) OF Plant PiysiGlogists:: .5..i:-ciyescesccsesccseacovescsssaevecesraccecuscsenaserencseos WALTER SHROPSHIRE
PRT OPERATIONS: FRCSPATCH COUNCIL, o.5.4.1..0:.-c.cccssesesesecsnvocsnncnseasanconsnseaqastentanasonseonste Joun G. Honic
NE RE MUNA IES OSES PAMINC TMDL, hgh 20a oe acad deta vacnaes a4 thvobenakyihdvadvesvndvivnavonsusnangeasshanecuesuc’ ALFRED M. PoMMER
American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers ........ Delegate not appointed

* Delegates continue in office until new selections are made by the respective societies.

Volume 59 JANUARY-MARCH 1969 Nos. 1-3

CONTENTS

G. W. Irving, Jr.: Research as an Investment ..............sssccsssssessesccesssseeressesessese 1
J. B. Oakes: The Navy Navigation Satellite System and Its Applications .......... 7
Six. Scientists Receive Academy’s Annual Awards .............:sscssssscssssscsesesscsencseeseces |
K. Laki: On the Origin of the Sexagesimal System ................:cssssscscssesececcseceeneecens 24
A. T. McPherson: Action to Avert the Population-Food Crisis ...............c.sssseseee 29
Eduard Farber: Chemical Opposites and Their Ambiguities ................:.sssssseeseeees 38
J. W. Still: Objective Diagnosis of Human Death ...............cesscsssceecsesesceeeeeeneenens 46
Ts Thoughits > eecuccs-clsnastedeas cnasur-oapouayadeabhibeusdenssnadnabonyuabty osu dey ventas dias pee xe aan aaa 49°
Geological Society of Washington: Proceedings for 1968 .............scssccsceseeeees sues
Academy Proceedings |

Annual Report of Treasurer for 1968 .......c.cccssssssssssesseesesseeneens eet ee onsaengoeeeaiane o4

Annual Report of Secretary for 1968 ............eesesecceseceseenees ater eee conte Sys)

Election Results Announced ............ CRE as eet 3 abate Sas pas nage Suen gsesedene 56

Elections ito Fellowsliipy 5.2.5. ies icot ee hiner ee ceaes or nen wilsucn esas eaeee en 56

Report of Committee on Science Fairs, .......:....-0c0:escscosceceecesnet ensencedunensssaet orem o7

Board of Managers Meeting Notes (November, eo J anuary,

February) __........ senwabiauadaestlicustnalsns ndlemnia yay ofeUidlegeban apt aac abel cept sate wana hee leet aaa 58

Board of Managers Meeting Notes Index .................:ccsssscsescessssesscseeeseseeesseeconesnees 60
Science in Washington

Calendar ‘of Events: j:...0cfsvsccsccéscetuebee-coha tnssoiecnytncdeteon to acteinseostaeuttyateaeas take aaa 62

Scientists in the News .............ccsssceesees ee MO eta A | ooo nadoanoaganshie aa O4

Science and Development ................::cse00e lesicasinevessWacsnechecdensiatc praghegsest tt aman 67
Letter from the- Editor s...0.0.0.2. skits cllsevodesavacncas cl ok 67

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Washington Academy of Sciences 2nd Class Postage
Rm. 29, 9650 Rockville Pike (Bethesda) Paid at
Washington, D. C. 20014 Washington, D.C.

Return Requested with Form 3579

106,77
)2 Wee

VOLUME 59 NUMBERS 4-5

Journal of the

WASHINGTON
ACADEMY OF
SCIENCES

JUL 24 1969
LIBRARIES

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Editor: Ricwarp H. Foote, Department of Agriculture
Telephones: 461-8677 (home) ; 474-6500, ext. 453 (office)
Editorial Assistant: ELiIzABETH OstAcci, Washington Academy of Sciences

Associate Editors

Harotp T. Cook, Department of Agriculture Harry A. FoweE tts, Department of Agriculture
SAMUEL B. DetwiLer, JR., Department of Agri- HELEN L. Reynoutps, Food and Drug Adminis-
culture tration

RicuHarp P. Farrow, National Canners Asso- ELAINE G. SHAFRIN, Naval Research Laboratory
ciation

Contributors

FRANK A, BIBERSTEIN, JR., Catholic University JosepH B. Morris, Howard University
CuarLes A. WHITTEN, Coast & Geodetic Survey Jacop Mazur, National Bureau of Standards
Marjorie Hooker, Geological Survey Heten D. Park, National Institutes of Health

bes Ee Woes Goer ees ALLEN L, ALEXANDER, Naval Research Laboratory
Epmunp M. Buras, Jr., Gillette Research In- THoMAs H. Harris, Public Health Service
stitute EarL M. Hitpesranp, USDA, Beltsville

This Journal, the official organ of the Washington Academy of Sciences, publishes historical
articles, critical reviews, and scholarly scientific articles; notices of meetings and abstract proceed-
ings of meetings of the Academy and its affiliated societies; and regional news items, including
personal news, of interest to the entire membership. The Journal appears nine times a year, in
January to May and September to December. It is included in the dues of all active members and
fellows. ra

Subscription rate to non-members: $7.50 per year (U.S.) or $1.00 per copy; $14.00
for two years; $19.50 for three years; foreign postage extra. Subscription orders should be sent
to the Washington Academy of Sciences, 9650 Rockville Pike, Washington, D. C. 20014. Remit-
tances should be made payable to “Washington Academy of Sciences.”

Back issues, volumes, and sets of the Journal (Volumes 1-52, 1911-1962) can be purchased
direct from Waiter J. Johnson, Inc., 111 Fifth Avenue, New York 3, N. Y. This firm also handles
the sale of the Proceedings of the Academy (Volumes 1-13, 1898-1910) and the Index (to Volumes
1-13 of the Proceedings and Volumes 1-40 of the Journal).

Most recent issues of the Journal (1963 to present) may still be obtained directly from
the Academy office.

Claims for missing numbers will not be allowed if received more than 60 days after date
of mailing plus time normally required for postal delivery and claim. No claims will be allowed
because of failure to notify the Academy of a change of address.

Changes of address should be sent promptly to the Academy office. Such notification
should show both old and new addresses and zip number.

Second class postage paid at Washington, D.C.

Postmasters: Send Form 3579 to Washington Academy of Sciences, 9650 Rockville Pike,
Washington, D. C. 20014.

The Academy office phone number is 530-1402.

ACADEMY OFFICERS FOR 1969-70

President: Grorce W. Irvinc, Jr., Department of Agriculture

President-Elect: ALPHONSE F. ForziAt1, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Secretary: Mary L. Rossins, George Washington University

Treasurer: RicHarp K. Cook, Environmental Science Services Administration

Editorial ©

Some scientists, like many other people these days, are perplexed.
Their local societies, of which our Washington Academy of Sciences is
one, seem to be at a crossroad. The way we have been traveling has been
a good road in its time, but we are not sure that continuing to travel
straight ahead is the way we should be going. Some of the things that
once satisfied the needs of members no longer seem to. At least increas-
ingly larger numbers of members regularly find something more re-
warding than attending monthly meetings or engaging in Academy
activities.

So we wonder about it. Have scientists outgrown the need for local
societies—groups sharing mutual disciplinary and geographic interests?
Must the scientist today belong to so many local and national societies
to satisfy the increasing breadth of his interest that he has neither time
nor inclination to participate as actively as when he belonged to fewer
societies? Does a scientist now accept society membership merely be-
cause it is the thing to do, or does he belong because he still hopes to
find there something that will contribute to his professional growth and
provide him the opportunity to contribute to others through it? Have
science societies failed to change as rapidly as the times have? Or are
societies still straining to continue to provide something no longer
needed and neglecting to provide what is? Does an academy such as
the Washington Academy of Sciences, in contrast to a society, offer a
“one-stop” solution to some of these problems and do we know how to
make it do so?

If we don’t know the answers to these questions we should try to find
them, and it seems to me that those who do not now participate in
WAS’s activities might be the best, if not the only source of answers.
The answers should give us clues as to how to change our course, a little
or a lot, so that our programs and activities will better serve all our
members. This could mean a full program for people in 1969-70—ask-
ing questions like these, considering answers, and examining everything
the Academy does—to determine what new and different activities will
better tomorrow’s Washington Academy of Sciences.

Georce W. Irvine, Jr., President
Washington Academy of Sciences

VoL. 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969 69

The Californium Hypothesis

Thomas E. Margrave, Jr.

Georgetown College Observatory, Washington, D.C.

Introduction

It was first suggested in 1956 that the
spontaneous fission of californium-254
(Cf?°+) with a half-life of 55 days might be
responsible for the exponential decay of the
light curves of Type I supernovae with a
half-life of around 55 days (1). A super-
nova is a star whose brightness suddenly
flares up by a factor of 10° or so and then
fades much more slowly. As Abell points
out (2), supernovae occur at the rate of
about one every few hundred years in a

typical galaxy. Their maximum brightness.

may for a brief period exceed that of the
parent galaxy. An excellent review article
on supernovae is that by Zwicky (3).

The introduction of the spontaneous
fission of Cf*** as a possible cause of the
decay of a supernova’s brightness after its
flare-up rested upon the earlier proposal
made in 1950 that the decay of Be’ by K-
capture with a half-life of 53-54 days could
provide sufficient energy to explain the ex-
ponential portion of the Type I supernovae
light curves (4).

Subsequently, an alternate explanation
was advanced (5) in 1959 which held that
the exponential decline of Type I super-
novae light curves is due to the decay of
45-day Fe*® rather than 56-61 day Cf?**.

Then in 1960 doubt was cast on the Fe*”
hypothesis, while at the same time it be-
came apparent that other heavy isotopes
besides Cf?°* may be of importance in the
Type I supernovae problem (6).

At the present time it is readily admitted
that the californium hypothesis is inad-
equate, since it explains neither the variety
of Type I supernovae light curves nor how
the energy of the radioactive decay is
transformed into the exponential decline in
the visible light output. Recent studies of

Type I supernovae light curves clearly show
that the assumption of a unique half-life
for the exponential portion of these curves
is a gross oversimplification.

II. Type I Supernovae

A study of the light curves of super-
novae has been used as the basis for their
classification into two basic types, Type I
and Type II (7). The Type I supernovae
have light curves which consistently ex-
hibit the following behavior (8):

(1) The time of rise to maximum light is
very short, being of the order of 10 days for
an increase in brightness of 3 to 4 magnitudes.

(2) After maximum light, a preliminary de-
cline of 2 to 3 magnitudes in about 30 days
takes place.

(3) Starting at about 80 to 120 days after
maximum light, the light curves show a linear
decline on a magnitude scale, which implies an
exponential decay in intensity units. This decline
has been followed as long as 640 days after
maximum.

The differences between spectra of Type
I and Type II supernovae also permit dif-
ferentiation between the two types. Even
though it has been suggested that as many
as five types of supernovae may exist (9),
the chief concern of this paper is that there
does exist one type, namely Type I, whose
light curve behaves consistently as de-
scribed above.

The basic characteristics of a Type I
supernova are summarized in the following
table (10, 11):

Characteristic Type I Supernova

Absolute magnitude
at maximum, cor-
rected for redden-
ing cas 18) to ae
=> 10°° ergs
ca. 0.1 M (M = solar mass)

Total energy release
Mass ejected

70 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Object _ Observations
NGC 1003 Photographic
NGC 1003 Photographic
NGC 4636 Photographic
NGC 5668 Photographic
NGC 4214 Photographic -
SN 64 Photoelectric
Notes

a. Baade’s original data.
b. Corrected data.

Slope of curve Half-life Note
(magnitude/day) (days)
0.0103 TZ b
0.0086 87.5 a
0.0158 47.7 a
0.0175 43.1 c
0.0175 43.1 c
0.018 41.9 c

c. Derived from analysis of Palomar supernova search data.

Since the californium hypothesis rests so
strongly on the datum of a half-life of
about 55 days for the exponential portion
of the Type I supernovae light curves, it
is necessary to review the various investi-
gations into this observational problem
which have been made during the past
thirty-odd years.

The classical work on this problem was
carried out by Walter Baade in the 1930's
and early 1940’s (12, 13). His results in-
dicated that from about 100 days after
maximum light, Type I supernovae light
curves decay both in the visual and the
blue spectral regions with a rate of de-
cline of 0.0137 mag. + 0.0012 mag. per
day, which corresponds to a half-life of
Do + 5 days.

More recently, Mihalas has suggested
that Baade may have systematically over-
estimated the brightnesses of the faintest
stars of the comparison sequence which
was used to assign magnitudes to the super-
novae (14). Thus the value for the rate of
decline of the Type I supernova light curve
determined by Baade may be too small.
Correction for this systematic error gives
a slope of 0.0147 mag. per day, which cor-
responds to a half-life of 51 days, still
within the dispersion given by Baade.
However, Mihalas stresses the fact that
the exact value of the decay rate depends
upon which interval of the observed light
curve is included in the analysis. He also
makes the following very important point:
“The assumption of a unique decay time

Vou, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969

in the tail of (Type I) supernova light
curves appears to be an oversimplification.
A sizeable dispersion in the observed decay
times exists and any theory that invokes a
particular gradient must be accepted with
caution.” The following excerpt from Table
II of Mihalas’ paper illustrates this point
by giving data for various Type I super-
novae (15) [see table top of page].

A similar theme has been stressed by
Minkowski (16). He = states: “The ex-
ponential or near-exponential decay (of
Type I supernova light curves) has possi-
bly been overemphasized. The light curves
are photographic, but the bolometric cor-
rection and the decay of the total light
are not known.” On the other hand, he also
feels that “minor deviations of the photo-
graphic light curve from a strictly ex-
ponential decay, and small individual dif-
ferences of the photographic decay con-
stant, do not necessarily show that the
decay of the total light is not exponential
and unique.”

More fuel is added to the fire by the
findings of Bertaud (17). He pointed out
that the available data on Type I super-
novae light curves are scarce, since prior to
1962 only 31 light curves of both types
of supernovae had been published. Of
these, only nine cover in detail a relatively
long interval of time. Bertaud used these
nine curves, plus 18 other curves for which
there were fewer observations, in making
his statistical study. The remaining four
curves were more fragmentary. Of the 27

71

curves which could be profitably studied,
only 11 were for Type 1 supernovae. He
found that these curves consisted of an
initial decrease with a well-defined dura-
tion of approximately 38 days and a mean
daily rate of decline of 0.076 mag. Then
the rate changed abruptly, and the weaken-
ing became much slower, remaining regu-
lar as long as the observations continued.
The rate of decline during this second
stage was found to vary from 0.011 mag.
to 0.022 mag. per day, according to the
supernova studied. Bertaud expressed the
feeling that such behavior could hardly
be explained in terms of the disintegration
of a single radioactive element.

In a discussion of the Type I supernovae
discovered in the Palomar supernova
search program, Zwicky commented that
“the light curves are more varied than was
originally thought” (18). He went on to
say, “Their ‘straight-line’ sections are
hardly straight lines, especially when
plotted in different color ranges, and their
rates of decline may vary by a factor of
almost two.” Finally he stated, “There is
no basis in fact for associating these de-
clines with the decay of any radioactive
isotopes.”

It is on this note, then, that we turn to a
discussion of the history of the californium
hypothesis itself.

If. The Californium Hypothesis

In their monumental work on nucleosyn-
thesis in stars, Burbidge, Burbidge, Fowler,
and Hoyle (19) proposed a process of
neutron capture on a very rapid time scale,
called the r-process, in order to explain
the abundances of a large number of
isotopes in the range of atomic weights
70 < A < 209, and among the heavier
transbismuth elements as well.

Since it is essential to the r-process that
an enormous neutron flux be available on
a time scale of the order of 10-100 sec-
onds, it is clear that the r-process will take
place only under catastrophic conditions
as far as the stellar structure is concerned.

They (Burbidge, Burbidge, Fowler, and

Hoyle) believed that such conditions occur

in the advanced evolutionary phases of
stars with masses of the order of 1.2-1.3 M.
When the nuclear fuels in such stars be-
come degenerate, a situation develops
where the temperature rise of the central
portions of the star is not accompanied by
a pressure rise which would halt the
gravitational contraction of the core. Con-
sequently, the thermostatic action which
is present in a nondegenerate gas is absent,
and the core temperature tends to rise
precipitously. According to Hoyle and
Fowler (20), an explosion can take place
in such a star during its advanced evolu-
tion, giving rise to a Type I supernova.

The fact that the spectra of these super-
novae reveal the scarcity or even absence
of hydrogen in the expanding envelope
(21) is looked upon as evidence that,
prior to the explosion, these stars were in
an advanced stage of evolution. Hoyle and
Fowler (22) argue that “a high degree of
nuclear evolution in the central regions of
a star of small mass implies a considerable
nuclear evolution throughout the whole
star (except perhaps in layers near the
surface) .” They add, “This would require
the initial supply of hydrogen to have been
effectively consumed throughout the whole
star, during the evolution that preceded the
supernova stage.” They conclude that “only
very little hydrogen would be expected in
Type I supernovae.”

The actual site within a Type I super-
nova where the r-process occurs has been
suggested (23) to be the core, where the
temperature is of the order of 10° °K and
the density after the explosion is about
10°-10° grams per cubic centimeter. The
actual details of the neutron production re-
quired for the r-process need not be dis-
cussed here. |

Roughly speaking, the picture presented
was that some of the helium in the core
undergoes the reaction 3a—C’*. The re-
sultant C’? adds more alpha particles very
quickly until the atomic weight reaches
60-70. These nuclei then act as the seed
nuclei for the r-process. The large flux of
neutrons assumed to be present permits

(2, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

these seed nuclei to add neutrons at a rate
which is much more rapid than the beta-
decay rate. Hence, neutron-rich isotopes
in the range A > 70 are synthesized. Ac-
cording to Hoyle and Fowler, the r-process
will be terminated by neutron-induced fis-
sion when the atomic weights of the syn-
thesized isotopes reach the range 270 < A
< 275 (24). There are certain waiting
points along the r-process chain due to
drops in the neutron binding energies. A
series of beta decays occur and single
neutron-capture events follow until the
neutron binding energy again exceeds ca.
1.6 Mev, at which time rapid neutron addi-
tion commences again (25). Once condi-
tions in the supernova become less violent,
the source of neutrons is effectively turned
off, and the abundances produced by the
r-process are more or less “frozen in.”

Proof that the r-process can occur under
the proper circumstances was provided by
the hydrogen bomb test at Bikini Atoll in
1952. Analysis of the debris from this ex-
plosion revealed the presence of Cf?*4
through its spontaneous decay by the fis-
sion process (26). The Cf?*+ and other
nuclei were produced by the instantaneous
irradiation of U?** by an intense neutron
source. The successive addition of neutrons
to U8S built U* and other neutron-rich
uranium isotopes. After the explosion, the

°°4 rapidly decayed to Cf?5+, which is
stable against beta decay (27).

Of course in the case of a supernova, the
r-process would start building isotopes out
of much lighter elements, namely in the
range 60 < A < 70. However, it can build
all the way up to isotopes having atomic
weights in the range 270-275. It is possi-
ble, as shown by Hoyle and Fowler (28),
that as many as four of the heavy isotopes
built in the r-process probably have spon-
taneous fission half-lives in the range of
30 to 100 days. The one isotope which
definitely has a half-life in this range is
Cf*°*, whose spontaneous fission half-life
has been found by different investigators
to be 55 days, 61 days, and 56.2 days
(29). The other three heavy isotopes be-

Vo, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969

lieved to have half-lives in the range 30-
100 days are Cf***, Fm?%°, and isotope
264 of element 102.

Prior to the prediction that other heavy
isotopes have spontaneous fission half-lives
of 30-100 days, the fact that Cf?°* has a
half-life around 55-61 days, along with the
knowledge that it could be produced in the
r-process, which is thought to occur in
Type I supernovae, led Burbidge, Hoyle,
Burbidge, Christy, and Fowler to suggest
that the spontaneous fission of Cf?°+ was
responsible for the form of the decay por-
tion of the light curves of Type I super-
novae (30). However, they did not explain
how the exponential decline in visible light
is reproduced without modification from
the exponential decline of the energy input
of a radioactive nucleus. Additional proof
was offered in that the energy of ca. 10*’
ergs under the exponential portion of the
light curve could be produced by about
1.2 X 10%° grams of Cf?°! synthesized in
the supernova explosion, since 220 Mev are
released in each spontaneous fission decay
of Cf?**. The assumption of one Type I
supernova every 500 years over the entire
lifetime of our galaxy, ca. 5 X 10° years,
was shown to yield about 600 M of Cf***,
which, when distributed among its fission
products, gave relative abundances of these
isotopes in good agreement with the ob-
served values (31). However, it is now felt
that the galaxy is perhaps as old as 20 X
10° years (32), while it is also recognized
that the assumption of a uniform super-
nova occurrence rate of one every 500
years over the entire lifetime of the galaxy
is not correct. (The rate of occurrence was
later quoted as one every 400 years (33)
and even one every 300 years (34).) Thus
the abundance picture would be considera-
bly altered as far as Cf°?** and its fission
products are concerned. In addition, later
estimates (35) place the total energy
emitted under the exponential part of the
light curve of Type I supernovae in the
range of 10'S ergs, which would require a
larger mass of Cf?°! to be synthesized by
the r-process.

73

It should be mentioned that much lighter
isotopes, such as Be’ and Sr®°, with half-
lives of 53-54 days and 55 days respec-
tively, have been proposed to explain the
exponential portion of the light curve of
Type I supernovae. These two particular
proposals were discussed and rejected by
Burbidge, Hoyle, Burbidge, Christy, and
Fowler. The main objection to them was
that the energy yield of the decay processes
involved was so low as to require
abundances which were several orders of
magnitude larger than the observed values.

Another hypothesis was advanced by
Anders (36), who suggested that the decay
of Fe®® with a half-life of 45 days was
responsible for the observed exponential-
decay section of the light curves of Type I
supernovae. This hypothesis was rejected
by Hoyle and Fowler on the grounds that
ca. 0.1 M of Fe’® was needed to supply

the 10** ergs of energy under the ex- |

ponential portion of the light curve (37).
Since the total mass of the gaseous rem-
nants of a Type I supernova are of the
order of ca. 0.1 M, the amount of Fe*®
required was much too large.

A later statement of the californium
hypothesis by Hoyle and Fowler (38) took
a broader view by considering a total of
four heavy neutron-rich isotopes as being
of importance in the Type I supernova
light-curve problem, namely, Cf?°*, Cf?>°,
Fm*®°, and isotope 264 of element 102.
They demonstrated that 6 X 10°* M of
these four isotopes is required to produce
the total energy of 10** ergs emitted under
the exponential portion of the light curve.
Then, assuming that all four isotopes are
of equal activity, they found that 1.5 X
10°* M of Cf?** is required per supernova.
It was shown by Burbidge, Burbidge,
Fowler, and Hoyle that about 1 percent of
the total mass of the r-process nuclei pro-
duced in a Type I supernova is due to
Cf?**, whence it follows that the total mass
of the r-process nuclei is ca. 1.5 & 10°? M.
This figure is consistent with the calcula-
tions carried out by Hoyle and Fowler on
the total energy budget of the supernova

explosion, taking into account the correc-

tion published later (39).

The idea behind the inclusion of several
heavy isotopes with different half-lives was
that if the maximum atomic weight pro-
duced in the r-process varied from one
supernova to another, depending on the
precise nature of the explosion in each
case, then a corresponding variation in the
exact form of the Type I supernova light
curve could result, leading to a difference
in the half-life of the exponential portion
from one curve to another.

However it must be emphasized that it
has not yet been demonstrated how the
energy input from the decay of radioactive
isotopes of appropriate half-lives is trans-
formed into light energy which undergoes
a similar exponential decay. In fact
Christy, one of the original proponents
of the californium hypothesis, later felt
(40) that it was “unlikely that the hypoth-
esis which relates the light curve directly
to nuclear decay can be correct.” On a
more optimistic note he added, “It is, how-
ever, still possible that the radioactivity
plays some role in some part of the light
curve of one or the other type of super-
novae, but probably the part is a minor
one or becomes prominent only after a
long time.”

In answer to this criticism, G. R. Bur-
bidge stated (41), “As far as the cali-
fornium hypothesis is concerned, I think
we have all realized that it is difficult to
reproduce the light curves.” However he
is more optimistic than Christy, in that he
feels that it is still possible to “relate the
light curves and element production . . . to
the Type I supernova.”

Zwicky, however, took a dim view of the
matter when he stated, “Both in view of
the observational characteristics of the
spectra of supernovae of Type I and the
disturbing influence on the light curves...,
any analysis of the light curves, no matter
how exact they be, in terms of unstable
nuclei would seem to be a futile under-

taking” (42).

74, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

More recent theoretical work by Hoyle,
Fowler, Burbidge, and Burbidge (43) has
sought to avoid the difficulty, mentioned
earlier, of the overproduction of the nuclei
associated with Cf in the cyclical portion
of the r-process by taking such small
masses and long evolution times for Type
I supernovae that none of them could have
completed their evolution prior to the for-
mation of the solar system, whose chemi-
cal composition establishes the limits on
the abundances of the elements in ques-
tion. Their alternate hypothesis (44) in-
volving the damping of relativistic oscilla-
tions in a massive star will not be devel-
oped here.

Clayton and Craddock have shown that
if the californium hypothesis is correct,
then there should be a characteristic
gamma-ray line spectrum emitted from the
remnants of Type I supernovae explosions
(45). As they point out, such observa-
tions will require good angular and energy
resolution in order to discriminate against
the sky background.

The idea that the r-process occurs in the
core of a star slightly more massive than
the sun during a supernova outburst has
also been amended. Later work (46, 47)
places the site of the r-process in very
massive stars (mass ca. 10° M), although
according to Clayton and Craddock (48)
the part of the r-process responsible for
the transbismuth nuclei could occur in
Type I supernovae. Colgate and White
have more recently argued for the parent
stars of Type I supernovae to be in the
mass range 1.16-2 M (49).

Thus at the present time it appears that
there is considerable doubt whether or not
the californium hypothesis is correct.

An independent laboratory experiment
which has some bearing on this subject is
the determination of the emission spectrum
of californium (50). In this experiment,

copper electrodes were coated with 0.4

pgrams of Cf, and a spark was passed be-
tween the electrodes. A grating spectro-
graph was used to observe the spectrum,
and fourteen lines between 3700 A and

VoL. 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969

4400 A were attributed to Cf. Comparison
of these lines with the spectra of the super-
novae IC 4182 and NGC 1003 proved
fruitless, possibly because of the large dif-
ferences in the source conditions. Tentative
identifications in the spectrum of a Type
I supernova have been made only of two
narrow emission lines of [O I] at 6300 A
and 6364 A, which appeared about 180
days after maximum light (51).* But no
definite proof for the presence of Cf?5*, or
any other heavy isotopes of appropriate
half-lives, is available.

It is possible, though, that the technique
of Bashkin and Meinel (52) could be
used to explore the emission spectrum of
Cf under conditions more representative of
a supernova envelope.

IV. Conclusion

On the basis of available information,
one is led to conclude that the californium
hypothesis is far from being proved. Re-
cent comments by Zwicky, Minkowski,
Bertaud, and Mihalas on the light curves
of Type I supernovae make it quite clear
that the earlier oversimplified picture of a
unique 50-day half-life is outdated.

Further, the lack of any detailed theory
to link the decay of the light output of a
Type I supernova with the decay of a ra-
dioactive isotope makes the acceptance of
the californium hypothesis difficult.

Admittedly, the nature of the Type I
supernovae light curves requires some
definite physical explanation, but the ob-
session with the nominal 55-day half-life
of the average light curve has been more
of a hindrance than a help. Nevertheless,
the californium hypothesis has stimulated
a great deal of thought on the nature of
supernovae, and hence it cannot be said
to have been entirely without value.

* An explanation of the absorption spectra of
Type I supernovae in terms of the strongest lines
of singly-ionized silicon, iron, magnesium, cal-
cium, and sulfur has recently been advanced by
the Russian astrophysicist Yu. P. Pskovskii
(1968, Astronomicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 45, No. 5,
pp. 945-952).

~]
wn

References

(1) G. R. Burbidge, F. Hoyle, E. M. Bur-
bidge, R. F. Christy, and W. A. Fowler. Physical
Review 103, 1145 (1956) (hereinafter referred
to as BHBCF). Also see W. Baade, G. R. Bur-
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and W. A. Fowler, Publications of the Astronomi-
cal Society of the Pacific 68, 296 (1956).

(2) G. Abell. Exploration of the Universe,
p. 444. (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston,
1964.)

(3) F. Zwicky. “Supernovae,” Chapter 7 of
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(4) L. B. Borst. Physical Review 78, 807
(1950).

(5) E. Anders. Astrophysical Journal 129, 327
(1959).

(6) F. Hoyle and W. A. Fowler. Astrophysical
Journal 132, 565 (1960) (hereinafter referred to
as HF).

(7) W. Baade and R. Minkowski. Astrophysi-
cal Journal 88, 411 (1938).

(8) D. Mihalas. Publications of the Astro-

nomical Society of the Pacific 75, 256 (1963).

(9) F. Zwicky. Problems of Extragalactic Re-
search, p. 347. Ed. G. C. McVittie. (New York:
The Macmillan Company, 1962.)

(10) A. McMahon. Astrophysics and Space.

Science, p. 72. (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-
Hall, Inc., 1965.)

(11) R. Minkowski. Annual Review of Astron-
omy and Astrophysics 2, 247 (1964).

(12) W. Baade. Astrophysical Journal 88, 285
(1938).

(13) W. Baade. Ibid. 97, 119 (1943).

(14) Mihalas. Ref. (8), p. 261.

(15) Ibid. p. 262.

(16) Minkowski. Ref. (11), p. 248.

(17) C. Bertaud. Annales d’Astrophysique 27,
548 (1964).

(18) Zwicky. Ref. (9), p. 356.

(19) E. M. Burbidge, G. R. Burbidge, W. A.
Fowler, and F. Hoyle. Reviews of Modern
Physics 29, 547 (1957) (hereinafter referred to
as BBFH).

(20) HF. Ref. (6), p. 570.

(21) McMahon. Ref. (10), p. 75.

(22) HF. Ref. (6), p. 572. (Permission to
quote granted by the publisher, the University
of Chicago Press.)

(23) Ibid., p. 589.

(24) Ibid., p. 585.

(25) A. G. W. Cameron. Stellar Evolution,
Nuclear Astrophysics, and Nucleogenesis, p. 136.
CRL-41, 2nd ed. (Atomic Energy of Canada,
Ltd., 1965.)

(26) P. R. Fields, M. H. Studier, H. Diamond,
J. F. Mech, M. G. Inghram, G. L. Pyle, C. M.
Stevens, S. Fried, W. M. Manning, A. Ghiorso,
S. G. Thompson, G. H. Higgins, and G. T. Sea-
borg. Physical Review 102, 180 (1956).

(27) BBFH. Ref. (19), p. 598.

(28) HF. Ref. (6), p. 584, Fig. 5.

(29) BBFH. Ref. (19), p. 498.

(30) BHBCF. Ref. (1), p. 1145.

(31) Ibid., p. 1146.

(32) R. L. Sears and R. R. Brownlee. “Stellar
Evolution and Age Determinations,” p. 623.
Chapter 11 of Stellar Structure. Eds. L. H.
Aller and D. B. McLaughlin (Chicago: Uni-
versity of Chicago Press, 1965.)

(33) HF. Ref. (6), p. 571. See also Minkow-
ski, Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences 46, 15 (1960).

(34) F. Hoyle, W. A. Fowler, G. R. Burbidge,
and E. M. Burbidge. Astrophysical Journal 139,
909 (1964) (hereinafter referred to as HFBB).

(35) HF. Ref. (6), p. 585.

(36) Anders. Ref. (5), p. 327.

(37) HF. Ref. (6), p. 586.

(38) Ibid., p. 585.

(39) Hoyle and Fowler. Astrophysical Journal
134, 1028 (1961).

(40) R. F. Christy. 1962, Interstellar Matter in
Galaxies, p. 286. Ed. L. Woltjer (New York:
W. A. Benjamin, Inc., 1962.)

(41) G. R. Burbidge. [bid., p. 289.

(42) Zwicky. Ref. (3), p..422.

(43). HFBB. Ref. (34), p. 923.

(44) Ibid., p. 925.

(45) D. D. Clayton and W. L. Craddock.
Astrophysical Journal 142, 189 (1965).

(46) F. Hoyle and W. A. Fowler. Nature 197,
533 (1963).

(47) P. A. Seeger, W. A. Fowler, and D. D.
Clayton. Astrophysical Journal Supplement 11,
190 (1965).

(48) Clayton and Craddock. Ref. (45), p. 190.

(49) S. A. Colgate and R. H. White. Astro-
physical Journal 143, 626 (1966).

(50) J. G. Conway, E. K. Hulet, and R. J.
Morrow. Journal of the Optical Society of Amer-
ica 52, 222 (1962).

(51) Minkowski.
156 (1939).

(52) S. Bashkin and A. B. Meinel. Astro-
physical Journal 139, 413 (1964).

Astrophysical Journal 89,

ee

76 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Occurrence and Significance of
Pesticide Residues in Water!

H. Page Nicholson

Southeast Water Laboratory, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
U.S. Department of the Interior, Athens, Georgia

Man throughout the civilized world is
rapidly coming to realize that environ-
mental contamination, with its harmful
ecological implications, is a matter to be
taken seriously. I bring to your attention
one facet of environmental contamination;
namely, water pollution by pesticides. It
is but another example of the adage that a
good thing in the wrong place can be
undesirable.

The Problem

Water pollution by pesticides became a
problem in the 1940’s concurrently with
rapid advances in pest control made possi-
ble by the development of new synthetic
toxicants. Many of these synthetics are
remarkably lethal to aquatic forms of life.
Farmers were startled at the sudden loss
of fish in their ponds and streams follow-
ing rains sufficient to cause runoff from
treated cropland (Young and Nicholson,
1951). Aerial applications of DDT to con-
trol forest insects were quickly followed
by losses of valuable sports fish and the
aquatic insects upon which they fed (Hoff-
man and Drooz, 1953; George, 1959).

Today we still experience periodic losses,
but we know considerably more than
formerly about their causes and _preven-
tion. We know that sublethal quantities of
pesticides, primarily chlorinated hydro-
carbon insecticides, occur widely and fre-
quently in our streams, lakes,~and even

1Presented at the Entomological Society of
America; Southeastern Branch Meeting, Biloxi,
Mississippi, January 27-30, 1969.

VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, ApriL-May, 1969

in the sea. This occurrence is indirectly
evident through the recovery of residues
from the tissues of fish (Nicholson, 1967;
Anon., 1963), and directly evident by
chemical analysis of water. In an effort to
determine the extent of pesticide pollution
throughout the United States, Weaver et al.
(1965) examined water samples in Sep-

tember 1964 from 56 rivers and 3 of the

Great Lakes. Chlorinated hydrocarbon in-
insecticides were found in 44 rivers and
in Lake Michigan at Milwaukee at con-
centrations ranging from 0.002 to more
than 0.118 g/liter. Dieldrin was found in
39 rivers and Lake Michigan; DDT, or
its metabolite DDE, was found in 25
rivers; and endrin was found in 22 rivers
and Lake Michigan.

The two principal sources of water con-
tamination by pesticides today are runoff
from the land and discharges of industrial
wastes. Other causes are (a) activities in-
tended to control aquatic life (plants, fish,
or insects), (b) carelessness and accidents.

Runoff from the Land

Consider first insecticide runoff from
the land. In 1959 my laboratory undertook
to follow the course of water pollution by
insecticides in a single large agricultural
watershed over a period of nearly seven
years (Nicholson et al., 1966). We selected
a 400-square-mile cotton-growing area in
northern Alabama in which cotton acreage
varied annually from 13,000 to 16,000
acres. From 8 to 84% of this acreage was
treated with insecticides each summer de-
pending upon the degree of boll weevil and

77

bollworm infestation. The quantity of tech-
nical grade insecticides used each year
varied from 12,000 to 140,000 pounds.
Toxaphene, DDT, and BHC accounted for
84-99% of all usage.

Water sampling was done nearly con-
tinuously at a municipal water treatment
plant situated at the downstream end of
the river basin. Thus, water samples rep-
resented drainage from the entire study
area. We learned the following:

(a) Insecticides did run off the land.
They entered the river from the
watershed in general, rather than
from a few favorably located cot-

ton fields.
Toxaphene, DDT and BHC were

recovered in water samples in con-
centrations generally less than 1
pg/l. Highest mean recoveries were
usually made during the summer,
the season of application.

(b)

(c) Nearly all water samples contained
insecticides year around during

years of heaviest application. To-—

ward the end of two years of
minimal application (12,000 and
14,000 Ibs., respectively), the fre-
quency of negative water samples
increased, indicating an improve-
ment in river water quality with
diminished insecticide usage.

Toxaphene and BHC, first and
third in poundage applied, were the
most frequently found in water.
DDT, which constituted 26-35% of

the pesticides used, was recovered

only during the fifth and sixth years.

of observation.

(e) DDT exhibited a marked affinity
for sediment, and suspended sedi-
ment was the primary vehicle for its
transport, thus accounting for its
tendency to appear less frequently
in water. Toxaphene and BHC, in
contrast, were found much _ less
frequently in association with sedi-
ment and were transported pri-
marily in solution in the water.

A study by Bailey and Hannum (1967)
reported from California sheds further
light on runoff as a means of pesticide
transport. Approximately 20% of all pesti-
cides used in the United States annually is
applied in California. The areas studied in-
cluded the agriculturally important Im-
perial, San Joaquin, and Sacramento Val-
leys, where irrigation is required for
successful farming.

Major findings were:

(a) DDT, DDD, toxaphene, heptachlor
epoxide, lindane, dieldrin, and BHC
were found both in surface water
and in tile drainage water in con-
centrations generally less than 1
g/l.
All aforementioned insecticides, ex-
cept BHC, were found in sediment
and ranged from 1 to 1200 pg/1.
(c) Thiophosphate insecticides, which
degrade more readily, were de-
tected primarily in agricultural
drainage, irrigation wastewater, and
surface water directly associated
with insecticide applications.

(b)

Pesticide concentrations were high-
est in agriculturally developed areas
and decrease in surface water in
‘proportion to inflow dilution and
uptake by sediment and aquatic
organisms.

Manufacturing Wastes

Manufacturing wastes also may contain
quantities of pesticides sufficient to have
a decided impact on water quality. The

types of industries involved include_pro-

ducers of basic pesticides, cooperage firms
that reclaim used pesticide drums, and
textile plants that mothproof woolen
yarns and fabrics with dieldrin. These
plants usually have liquid wastes requir-
ing disposal—wastes which frequently con-
tain residues of unrecovered pesticides.
Virtually all of these industrial plants
provide some sort of waste treatment, but
it is not always as effective as it should
be. Dilution in the receiving stream can-

78 JoURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

not be depended upon to eliminate the im-
pact of the waste load. Sublethal residues
of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides can
undergo a buildup in biotic components
of the receiving water body, and ordinarily
sublethal quantities of organophosphate
pesticides may, through extended exposure,
progressively inhibit the acetylcholines-
terase enzyme to a degree that can kill
aquatic life. Direct and _ catastrophic
damage also has occurred when in-plant
trouble resulted in an unanticipated slug
discharge of wastes containing concentra-
tions of a pesticide sufficient to be acutely
toxic. An example of such a situation and
its successful management follows.

A plant in Alabama which manufactures
parathion and methyl parathion experi-
enced a breakdown in its waste treatment
facility in May 1961 (Anon., 1961). Proc-
ess wastes were discharged to the sewer-
age system of an adjacent city and ap-
proximately 60% of the combined sewage
and industrial waste was diverted, un-
treated, to a small stream during the break-
down. Fish, turtles, and snakes died along
28 miles of the stream, the average dis-
charge of which at the time was 211 mil-
lion gallons a day at a velocity of three-
fourths mile per hour. The creek entered
the Coosa River the average discharge of
which was then about 28 times greater
than that of the creek. Yet even with that
dilution, parathion residues were recovered
90 miles down the Coosa and some lesser
fish kills occurred in it. After a second
fish kill in 1966, the company constructed
a basin for temporary containment of its
wastes, should another emergency arise.
This simple device, along with the usually
adequate waste treatment normally pro-
vided, should effectively prevent recurrence
of the problems previously experienced.

Accidents and Carelessness

Perhaps the third most significant cause
of pesticide pollution lies in accidents and
accident’s _handmaiden, carelessness. In-
tensive educational campaigns sponsored
by agricultural, conservation, water-pollu-

VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, ApriIL-May, 1969

tion-control, and public health agencies
and by the agricultural chemicals manufac-
turing industry have reduced the frequency
of such occurrences. Most farmers have
learned that it is inadvisable to dump un-
used spray residue where it might run into
a waterway, and that they should not wash
out spray equipment in a creek. Aerial
applicators now pay heed to the protec-
tion of ponds and rivers. Nevertheless,
some instances of water pollution by pesti-
cides still occur as a result of thoughtless-
ness and accidents. An instance in which
human health was at stake will serve as
an example (Anon., 1964).

In 1964 a rancher instructed his hired
hand to dispose of approximately fifty 4-lb.
bags of over-age 15% parathion dust. Un-
known to the rancher, this was done by
dumping the bags off a highway bridge
into the Peace River one mile upstream
from the municipal water intake of Arca-
dia, Florida, a town of about 6,000 people.
The act was discovered when some boys
fishing near the bridge hooked a bag and
had the foresight to report it.

The town fortunately had an auxiliary
well for emergency use and immediately
reverted to it. The citizens were instructed
not to use the water, and flushing of the
mains was begun. Subsequent analysis of
water samples showed that the parathion
concentration in the distribution system
after flushing was generally less than 1
pg/l. However, a series of samples taken
from a tap at the local bus station con-
tained amounts up to 380 pg/I.

Investigation revealed that the bags of
parathion had been dumped in the river
about 10 days before their discovery. The
bags were polyethylene lined and resisted
rapid disintegration. Many were recovered
unbroken and those that did disintegrate
apparently did so intermittently over a
period of several weeks. This may have
been the reason that residue levels suffici-
ently high to be a threat to human health
or the fish in the river did not occur. All
but 8-12 bags were eventually found.
Parathion residue occurred in river water

79

for about two weeks after discovery at
concentrations generally less than 1 pg/I.

Control of Aquatic Life

The chemical control of aquatic weeds,
rough fish, and aquatic insect pests is gen-
erally managed by professionals so that
undesirable consequences are minimized.
A need currently exists for herbicides ap-
proved for broader use in water. A joint
committee of the Departments of the In-
terior and Agriculture are seeking a solu-
tion to this need. A similar, but remotely
related, source of pesticide residues is
poaching for fish. We still have instances
where insecticides, frequently toxaphene or
DDT, are illegally released in water to

catch fish.

Ground Water Pollution

No broad discussion of this subject
would be complete without considering
ground water. The potential for pesticide
contamination of ground water is very

much less than for surface water. How-:

ever, it can occur.

A case is on record in Florida where
the municipal water supply wells of a city
of 25,000 contained low levels of parathion
(usually less than 1 pg/l) over a several
month period in 1962-63. The city’s
water supply consisted of both surface
water, which reached the municipal water
treatment plant via a canal from a citrus
fruit producing area, and of five wells
which were located in the vicinity of the
treatment plant. The water from both
sources contained parathion. The wells
were rather shallow—drilled to a depth
of about 100 feet and screened both at
the bottom and at about the 30- to 50-foot
levels. It is speculated that heavy pumping
from the wells drew down surface water
from the canal.

A more serious instance occurred in the
South Platte River Basin near Denver,
Colorado in the mid-1950’s, caused by
seepage of 2,4-D and related compounds
from an industrial waste lagoon (Cottam,

1960). Water from wells in a 6.5-square-
mile area when used for irrigation was
sufhciently contaminated to cause crop
damage.

Eye (1968) concluded after a study of
the physical-chemical behavior of dieldrin
in the soil that residues of this insecticide
cannot be transported in _ significant
amounts through soils into subsurface
water by infiltration, and therefore they
pose no threat to the quality of ground
water. We have examined many well water
samples from the Southeastern States and
only in a few instances have we detected
any evidence of chlorinated hydrocarbon
insecticides. In those few cases, | recall
only two in which direct contamination
did not seem to be a possible cause. On
the other hand, Bailey and Hannum
(1967) in California reported recovering a
broad range of chlorinated hydrocarbon
insecticides. In those few cases I recall un-
derground tile drains from irrigated crop-
land. They did not speculate on how in-
secticides entered the drains. A possible
route might be through cracks or other
direct passages from the surface.

In several of our mid-western States,
where water of high quality is in limited
supply, consideration is being given to
using runoff water collected seasonally in
playa lakes as a source from which to
recharge ground water aquifers. The Rob-
ert S. Kerr Water Research Center of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Admin-
istration at Ada, Oklahoma, is engaged in
studies to determine the quality of re-
charged water, including the persistence
and distribution of pesticides that may be
contained in such water, after being
pumped into the ground for storage.

Significance

We have seen that water contamination
by pesticides occurs widely and commonly
at concentrations generally less than 1
ug/l. Higher concentrations occur inter-
mittently. But of what significance. are
such occurrences?

80 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Aquatic Life

Quite clearly the unintentional killing of
fish and other aquatic life by overwhelm-
ingly lethal concentrations of pesticides is
harmful and undesirable. Occurrences of
this type are generally local, readily ap-
parent, and sporadic, with partial or total
repopulation quickly occurring.

Widespread, long-term, low-level con-
tamination of the environment is much
more difficult to evaluate and is a matter
of growing public concern. It is caused
primarily by a few compounds, members
of the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide
sroup—the so-called “hard” insecticides—
that persist so long in nature and therefore
escape our control after they are applied.
Other pesticides, by and large, either de-
srade with reasonable rapidity or are so
restricted in usage as to be of less con-
cern except in special cases. One is tempted
to speculate as to whether we would have
had the public outcry over pesticides that
we have experienced during the past 10
to 15 years had it not been for these few
“hard” insecticides. I am inclined to think
that it would have been much less ex-
tensive.

The single sublethal manifestation with
chlorinated hydrocarbons that is most ob-
vious, and the significance of which is
least understood, is that of biological ac-
cumulation. Biological accumulation may
occur through direct absorption from the
water or by absorption and _ passage
through the food chain. The implications
for damage are great, but well defined
examples of proved harm are few, perhaps
because biological accumulation is not as
generally damaging as feared, but also
perhaps because the ecological relation-
ships involved are so extremely complex
that they are difficult to unravel.

Light has been cast on this phenomenon
by numerous researchers. Cope (1965),
investigating the distribution of DDT
through various compartments of a simpli-
fied ecosystem, reported that two weeks
after the application of **C—DDT at a con-
centration of 20 yvg/l to aquarium water,

VoL. 59, Nos. 4-5, ApriL-May, 1969

the water contained 0.42 g/l, soil con-
tained 6 pg/kg, and vegetation contained
15,600 pwg/kg. Two weeks after fish were
placed into the aquaria, they contained
1,000 pg/kg of DDT. Woodwell et al.
(1967) investigated biological concentra-
tion of DDT among various trophic levels
of a Long Island salt marsh and reported
values increasing from 0.04 mg/kg in
plankton to 75 mg/kg in ring-billed gulls.
Highest concentrations occurred in scaveng-
ing and carnivorous fish and birds, al-
though the birds had 10-100 times more
than the fish. Gakstatter and Weiss (1967)
exposed bluegills and goldfish in aquaria
to 'C—DDT, dieldrin, and lindane to study
uptake, retention, and release by the fish.
They showed that the lindane was entirely
released within two days and that more
than 90% of the initial dieldrin was elimi-
nated within two weeks. However, more
than 50% of the DDT was still retained
after 32 days. More significant, they
showed that DDT and dieldrin were
readily transferred from contaminated to
uncontaminated fish held in clean water.
Apparently, some of the persistent insecti-
cides are capable not only of undergoing
biological magnification but also of cycling
between water and the organisms living
I, i

The accumulation of pesticides in the
bodies of fish has been cited as the proba-
ble cause of the secondary poisoning of a
variety of fish-eating birds. The most nota-
ble example is that described by Hunt and
Bischoff (1960) in which western grebes
overwintering on Clear Lake, California
died, presumably from eating fish contain-
ing high DDD residues. Keith (1966) re-
ported an unusually high mortality of fish-
eating birds between 1960 and 1962 at the
Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge in
California, which he attributed, circum-
stantially, to ingestion of toxaphene ac-
cumulated in fish. A study of this refuge
in 1965-66 (Godsil and Johnson, 1968),
when endrin was the principal insecticide
used on the nearby irrigated farmland,
indicated a marked increase of endrin in

sl

all trophic levels during the crop-growing
season (May-Sept.) with a subsequent de-
cline to near or below detectable limits in
the off season. Fish accumulated maxima
of 97 pwe/kg in 1965 and 107 pg/kg in
1966. Endrin was not established as a
permanent residue, and no wildlife losses
were recorded. It is apparent that the so-
called “hard” insecticides are not equally
accumulative or persistent in food chain
compartments.

Butler (1966 a, b, c) has done exten-
sive work on the effects of low levels of
chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides on or-
ganisms of the marine environment. He
showed that DDT in the water at levels
as low as | pg/l caused a 20% reduction
in oyster growth, and that oysters are
efficient concentrators of DDT in their
tissues. He believes that pesticides may be
the cause of ill-defined but significant
mortality, loss of production, and perhaps
changes in the direction of natural selec-
tion in estuarine fauna. Cope (1965) con-
cluded that exposure to sublethal amounts
of DDT increases fish mortality by reduc-
ing resistance to other stresses.

Burdick and his co-workers (1964)
in New York demonstrated that lethal
amounts of DDT can be transmitted from
female lake trout to their offspring through
the egg. Lethality bore no relation to the
concentration of DDT in the female. Fry
died when the final contents of the yolk
sacs were absorbed. These deaths occurred
when the eggs contained DDT equivalent
to 2.9 mg/kg or more of fry. This situa-
tion came to light when complete loss of
lake trout fry occurred in 1955 and 1956
at a Lake George fish hatchery. It is a

most subtle adverse effect that would be -

detected only under hatchery or laboratory
conditions.

The influence upon the survival of
aquatic organisms of transovarially con-
veyed pesticide residues is a _ subject
worthy of further research. The period of
dependence upon food stored in the egg
sac may be for numerous fish species the
most vulnerable period in their life his-

tories as far as pesticides are concerned.
If this is true, the chances are very slight
that population losses would be directly
observed in nature short of virtual elimina-
tion of a major species.

Much has been written about the effects
of long-term exposure of aquatic organisms
to pesticides at sublethal levels, but we still
have a remarkably small amount of com-
pellingly positive information indicating
danger from organic chlorinated insecti-
cides. DDT has received by far the most
attention, possibly because its residues are
so universally distributed. We need more
research on other persistent insecticides.
Although we do not have agreement within
the scientific community concerning the
danger of persistent residues in living or-
ganisms and in the environment, perhaps
all can agree that it would be better if we
did not have these uncontrolled residues.

Other Water Uses

In April 1968 the National Technical
Advisory Committee on Water Quality
Criteria of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration submitted its first
report to the Secretary of the Interior
(Anon., 1968). This volume constitutes
the most comprehensive document to date
on water quality requirements for various
uses. It contains recommendations for per-
missible limits for some pesticides.

The Subcommittee on Public Water
Supplies based its recommendations on
pesticides upon recommendations — sub-
mitted by the Public Health Service Ad-
visory Committee on Use of the Public
Health Service Drinking Water Standards.
The values were derived for that com-
mittee by an expert group of toxicologists
and were established at those levels which,
if ingested over extensive periods, could
not cause harmful or adverse physiological
changes in man. In the case of aldrin,
heptachlor, chlordane, and parathion the
values were set even lower than those
physiologically safe, to avoid levels that
could be tasted or smelled. Table 1 con-
tains these recommendations.

82 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Table 1. Surface Water Criteria for Pesticides
in Public Water supplies (mg/1).1

Permissible Desirable
criteria criteria
Aldrin 0.017 Absent
Chlordane 0.003 fe
DDT 0.042 ney
Dieldrin 0.017 %
Endrin 0.001 v8
Heptachlor 0.018 rh
Heptachlor epoxide 0.018 eS
Lindane 0.056 sf
Methoxychlor 0.035 $4
Organic phosphates
plus carbamates 0.12 .
Toxaphene 0.005 s
2,4-D plus 2,4,5-T,
plus 2,4,5-TP 0.1 *

1 Adapted from Water Quality Criteria, Report
of the National Technical Advisory Committee to
the Secretary of the Interior, April 1968. Wash-
ington, D. C.

2As parathion in cholinesterase inhibition. It
may be necessary to resort to even lower con-
centrations for some compounds or mixtures.

The subcommittees concerned with
criteria for aquatic and wildlife (both
freshwater and marine) and for agricul-
ture each considered pesticides. The
criteria, or formulae for determining
criteria values, are generally too complex
to justify discussion here, and the reader
is referred to the original source.

An alternative suggestion for a water-
quality criterion for fish, based on a group
effect of about 100 organophosphorus and
carbamate compounds, was derived at the
Southeast Water Laboratory (Nicholson,
1967). This practical suggestion was based
upon the ability of these compounds to
inhibit acetyl-cholinesterase activity in the
brains of fish. The degree of inhibition is
a function of the compound, its concentra-
tion in water, and the duration of ex-
posure. Death results from inhibition rang-
ing from 40 to 70%. As little as 10%
inhibition can be measured and statistically
confirmed in a group of ten fish of the
same species and of similar size. Therefore,
it was suggested that 10% acetylcholines-
terase inhibition in fish brain would serve

VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969

as a good criterion of water quality in-
volving chemicals capable of causing this
inhibition. Unfortunately, no group effect
for organochlorine insecticides has yet
been developed upon which a similar
criterion can be established.

Pesticide Pollution Control

The Southeast Water Laboratory has
national responsibility within the Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration
for research leading to the control of pesti-
cide pollution. Control is generally easiest
at point sources; i.e., at industrial sources
where waste effluent is discharged to a
stream at a single outfall. We are cur-
rently beginning an inventory of waste-
treatment practices at pesticide manufac-
turing and pesticide using industrial plants
to establish a mutually beneficial relation-
ship with some of these industries. Control
may be accomplished by a variety of waste-
treatment processes and by in-plant process
changes. Effective control may be as simple
as the provision of facilities for biochemi-
cal oxidation of effluents with auxiliary
provision of a basin for containing ex-
traordinary peak loads of wastes for more
leisurely disposal. Our Laboratory is
equipped with a variety of advanced
analytical instruments, including a 100-
megacycle high-resolution nuclear mag-
netic resonance spectrometer and a com-
puterized mass spectrometer, with which
we are able to determine the chemical
nature of industrial waste effluents and
assist in optimizing the design of advanced
waste treatment systems.

The control of pesticide pollution as-
sociated with rural runoff is much more
difficult to accomplish because its entrance
into watercourses is not localized. There-
fore, control must be accomplished by
other means and ultimately rests in the
hands of the users. Land-management
practices designed to retard water runoff
and soil erosion certainly are helpful meas-
ures. The retention of an untreated buffer
strip adjacent to mountain streams was
shown to prevent the runoff of DDT ap-

83

plied for forest insect control (Grzenda
et al., 1964).

We are conducting research with pure
clay mineral model soils to develop basic
concepts relative to the retention of rep-
resentative pesticides on the land or their
failure to be retained. Recently our sci-
entists, cooperating with associates at
Purdue University, demonstrated _ that
s-triazine herbicides may be irreversibly
adsorbed onto montmorillonite clay, and
in so doing, undergo a chemical change
to an innocuous compound (Russell eé al.,
1968). Basic concepts developed are later
confirmed with natural soils. The results
frequently are directly applicable to rural
runoff control recommendations.

Pesticide runoff from the land is directly
related to runoff losses of both water and
surface soil; the latter serve to transport
pesticides from farm or forest to water-
courses. Controlling this process are cli-
matic, edaphic, hydrologic, physiographic,
and cultural factors. If we knew more
about the interplay of soil type, slope of
the land, rainfall, and other climatic fac-
tors, cropping practices, and the behavior
of the pesticides in use, we should be able
to recommend measures to reduce the im-
portance of rural runoff as a source of
water pollution by pesticides. These rec-
ommendations might simply concern which
pesticides to use or not to use in a given
combination of circumstances. It might
develop into water-pollution-control rec-
ommendations for geographic zones.

A comparable development has already
been made in agriculture. I refer to the
universal soil-loss equation that is appli-
cable to guiding conservation farm plan-
ning throughout the United States (Wisch-
meier ef al., 1958; Wischmeier, 1969;
Wischmeier and Smith, 1960, 1965). The
factors upon which this equation is based
are rainfall, soil-erodibility, slope length
and gradient, cropping management, and
erosion control practices. The possibility
of extending the universal soil-loss equa-
tion and applying it to the prediction and
control of pesticide pollution associated

with rural runoff seems good and is being
explored.

In the meantime, socio-economic devel-
opments are occurring outside the field of
water pollution control that tend toward
reduction of the water pollutional impact of
the persistent organochlorine insecticides.
The development of resistance to insecti-
cides among cotton, corn, and sugarcane
pests, to name a few, has forced total or
partial abandonment of the formerly pre-
ferred “hard” insecticides in favor of more
effective and, incidentally, less persistent
types. Food and Drug Administration-con-
trolled tolerance levels have required other
changes. There is a growing public inter-
est in environmental contamination control
that may bring forth legislation outlawing
the use of the “hard” insecticides as
“hard” detergents were outlawed a few
years ago. I should not like to see this
happen, but would prefer to see sub-
stitutes used whenever it is feasible to do
so, retaining the troublesome insecticides

for use where they are absolutely neces-

sary and where their usage will not result
in further environmental contamination.

It is the responsibility of entomologists
and leaders in the field of pesticide usage
to take note, to look beyond the im-
mediate problem of controlling insects,

‘and to assume greater responsibility for

preventing undesirable side effects result-
ing from the use of pesticides.

References Cited

Anonymous. 1961. A report on fish kills occurring
on Choccolocco Creek and the Coosa River
during May 1961. Rep. of Ala. Water Improve-
ment Commission, Montgomery, Ala.

Anonymous. 1963. Use of pesticides. President’s
Science Advisory Committee Report. Gov't.
Printing Office, Washington, D. C.

Anonymous. 1964. Report of Peace River para-
thion incident, Dec. 23, 1964. Fla. State Board
of Health, Bur. San. Eng., Jacksonville, Fla.

Anonymous. 1968. Water Quality Criteria, Re-
port of the National Technical Advisory Com-
mittee to the Secretary of the Interior. Gov't.

Printing Office, Washington, D. C.

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Bailey, T. E., and J. R. Hannum. 1967. Distribu-
tion of pesticides in California. J. San. Eng.
Div., Proc. Amer. Soc. Civil Eng. 93(SA5):
27-43.

Bice GC. Ey EJ, Harms, H. J. Dean, J..M.
Walker, J. Skea, and D. Colby. 1964. The
accumulation of DDT in lake trout and the
effect on reproduction. Trans. Amer. Fisheries
Bec. 93(2) 2 127-136. :

Butler, P. A. 1966a. Fixation of DDT in estu-
aries. Trans. 3lst N. Amer. Wildlife and Natural
Resources Conf. Publ. by Wildlife Management
Institute, Washington, D. C.

. 1966b. The problem of pesticides in
estuaries. Amer. Fishéries Soc., Special Pub. 3,
pp. 110-115.

. 1966c. Pesticides in the marine environ-
ment. J. Appl. Ecol. 3 (Suppl.), pp. 253-259.

Cope, O. B. 1965. Research in Pesticides. Aca-
demic Press, N. Y., p. 115.

Cottam, C. 1960. Pesticides and water pollution.
Proc. Nat. Conf. on Water Pollution, Dep.
HEW, Washington, D. C., pp. 222-235.

Eye, J. D. 1968. Aqueous transport of dieldrin
residues in soils. J. Water Poll. Cont. Fed.,
Res. Suppl. 40(8) : R316-R332.

Gakstatter, J. H., and C. M. Weiss. 1967. The
elimination of DDT-C14, dieldrin-C1*, and
lindane—-C14 from fish following a single sub-
lethal exposure in aquaria. Trans. Amer. Fish-
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George, J. L. 1959. Effects on fish and wildlife
of chemical treatments of large areas. J. For-
estry 57(4) : 250-254.

Godsil, P. J., and W. C. Johnson. 1968. Pesticide
monitoring of the aquatic biota at the Tule
Lake National Wildlife Refuge. Pesticide Moni-
toring J. 1(4): 21-26.

Grzenda, A. R., H. P. Nicholson, J. I. Teasley,
and J. H. Patric. 1964. DDT residues in
mountain stream water as influenced by treat-
ment practices. J. Econ. Entomol. 57(5): 615-
618.

Hoffman, C. H., and A. T. Drooz. 1953. Effects
of a C47 airplane application of DDT on
fish-food organisms in two Pennsylvania water-

sheds. Amer. Midland Natur. 50(1): 172-188.

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Hunt, E. G., and A. I. Bischoff. 1960. Inimical
effects on wildlife of periodic DDD application
to Clear Lake. Calif. Game and Fish 46(1):
91-106.

Keith, J. O. 1966. Insecticide contaminations in
wetland habitats and their effects on fish-eating
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Nicholson, H. P. 1967. Pesticide pollution con-
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Nicholson, H. P., A. R. Grzenda, and J. I. Teas-
ley. 1966. Water pollution by insecticides: A
six and one-half year study of a watershed.
Proc. Symp. on Agr. Waste Waters. Water
Resources Center, Univ. of Calif., Davis, Rep.
10, pp. 132-141.

Russell, Jo De Graz 9. | Wiate,) GC. WV.
Bailey, W. R. Payne, Jr., J. D. Pope, Jr., and
J. I. Teasley. 1968. Mode of chemical degrada-
tion of s-triazines by montmorillonite. Science
160: 1340-1342.

Weaver, L., C. G. Gunnerson, A. W. Breiden-
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hydrocarbon pesticides in major U. S. river
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Wischmeier, W. H. A rainfall erosion index for
a universal soil-loss equation. 1959. Soil Sci.
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Wischmeier, W. H., and D. D. Smith. 1960. A
universal ‘soil-loss equation to guide conserva-
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Soil Sci., Madison, Wis., pp. 418-425.

Wischmeier, W. H., and D. D. Smith. 1965. Pre-
dicting rainfall-erosion losses from cropland
east of the Rocky Mountains: Guide for selec-
tion of practices for soil and water conserva-
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Wischmeier, W. H., D. D. Smith, and R. E.
Uhland. 1958. Evaluation of factors in the soil-
loss equation. Agric. Eng. 39(8); 458-462.

Woodwell, G. M., C. F. Wurster, Jr., and P. A.
Isaacson. 1967. DDT residues in an East Coast
estuary: A case of biological concentration of
a persistent insecticide. Science 156(3776):
821-824.

Young, L. A., and H. P. Nicholson. 1951. Stream
pollution resulting from the use of organic
insecticides. Progr. Fish-Culturist 13: 193-198.

85

Motivation and Selection

of Research Goals!
Kenneth D. Johnson

Chemical Engineer, Manufacturing Chemists’ Association

In the course of my search for an
executive now active in research direction
for tonight’s panel participation and of
my discussions with some that, unfortun-
ately, were not able to accept my invita-
tion, | was able to gather some of their
thoughts on the motivations for industrial
research in a capitalistic society. One of
them, when I introduced the topic of the
profit motive, replied in a facetious mood,
“Sure, what else? When you've said that
you've said it all!”

Such a generalization is, of couse, both
superficial and basic in its implications.

Men are motivated by many goals, and |

industry, in spite of its impersonal facade
of corporate structures and management
committees, is composed of individuals—
people who have personal goals and drives
that influence the conduct of their business
affairs no less surely than they do their
private lives.

It is certainly true that the more people
who are involved in an administrative de-
cision, the greater the pressure becomes
to reduce the immediate goals to a com-
mon denominator. In our capitalistic so-
ciety, this most nearly universal unit of
value is the monitary one—the dollar.
Profit, then, becomes the goal of business,
not because businessmen love money, but
because money is the most broadly ap-
plicable medium of exchange through
which a host of more immediate and per-
sonal goals may be secured.

1Text of a talk given as part ofa symposium
on R & D management before a joint meeting of
the Maryland and Washington chapters of the
American Institute of Chemists on November 16,
1967 at Laurel, Maryland.

36

But I do not believe that this panel is
an appropriate podium from which to de-
fend the American capitalistic system.
Rather, I will attempt to show how this
profit motive has led to a diversity of
research goals and business strategies that
have resulted in a chemical industry with
a record of growth and contributions to
our rising standard of living that is un-
excelled.

What are some of these personal goals

‘that, as primary drives, may modify or

even override the pressures for maximiza-
tion of profit? One of the most basic, and
the most directly transferable from the in-
dividual to the corporate personality, is
pride, the desire to be thought well of by
others, the need to be able to sense a
feeling of achievement, a job well done.

A reason that this striving for excellence
is an acceptable goal for a _ business
executive is that it can be justified to his:
board and stockholders in terms of dollar
values in both tangible and intangible as-
sets. The ability to satisfy personal striv-
ings for recognized excellence as well as
corporate directives for profit with a single
accomplishment is undoubtedly a signi-
ficant factor in the selection of the re-
search goals of many businesses, even
though this may never be identified as
such in the executive’s report to his board
of directors.

Recognition for technical excellence
brings its reward not only in the market
place where the prestige of a famous de-
signer or engineer or the reputation of its
maker can often ensure acceptance of a
new and relatively untried product, but in
less direct but no less real ways. Employee

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

recruitment, particularly of technical and
scientific personnel, is very closely keyed
to the prospects of (1) an association with
an organization or key individuals of that
organization that have achieved wide pub-
lic recognition for their achievements,
and (2) projects or activities of sufficient
public interest or national importance that
the new employee may either enjoy the
reflected glory of past achievement or
anticipate general recognition of meritori-
ous achievement at these new tasks. This
factor may not only play a significant role
in competition for, and retention of,
superior employees on other than a mone-
tary basis (thus lowering payrolls and em-
ployee recruitment and training costs) but
will motivate the employee to greater pro-
ductivity and company identification. The
aura of public approbation extends be-
yond the areas of market acceptance and
employee loyalty into the supposedly hard-
nosed and impersonal world of finance.
The remarkable early performance of the
Comsat stock when issued a few years ago,
in spite of the technical problems the or-
ganization faced, the certainty that regula-
tory agencies would predictably ban
“excessive” return on capital, and a gen-
eral recognition of the long wait that
would antecede any return to the investor
from earnings, was almost totally due to
the cachet imparted by the new “tech-
nology of space” aspects of Comsat’s ac-
tivities.

Another avenue to a favorable public
image is through altruistic actions. Al-
though altruistism or the desire for the
appearance of altruism may motivate dona-
tions to civic enterprises or the establish-
ment of educational grants and research
foundations, it seldom is the prime factor
in the selection of research goals or the
establishment of research priorities at the
corporate level.

Erhlich’s search for his “magic bullet”
may indeed have been sustained by his
burning drive to conquer syphilis, as his
cinematic biographers would have us be-
lieve, and not by more personally oriented

VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969

goals. But as retired Goodyear chairman
Eddie Thomas is quoted, “Business states-
manship is O.K., but the greatest sin is
still failure to make a good return on in-
vestment.”’ (1)

It isn’t that man, in the aggregate as a
board of directors, is any less _public-
minded than a single individual—it is
merely that whereas the individual can
skimp and starve and still function, the
corporate body must prosper or perish.
The finest of civic spirit and_ altruistic
fervor is useless in a bankrupt corporate
shell. Only a sound and profitable com-
pany can assume and discharge the re-
sponsibilities of corporate citizenship in
the community.

This brings us back again to our start-
ing point—the profit motive—and we now
turn to those factors that are considered by
management in making the decisions on
research that will maximize return on
capital within the company’s strategy for
growth. —

I will bypass the initial step, the identi-
fication of projects as candidates for re-
search. Anything from serendipity to frank
emulation of the competition may be in-
volved. How do we choose, then, among
the many proposed projects that compete
for a share of the company’s research
program?

Technical feasibility (the prospects of
technical success of the research or devel-
opment program) and market analysis (the
probability of salability at profitable
prices) are a “chicken-and-the-ege” pair.
Management can not justify a full-scale
research and development program with-
out some substantial assurance that the
products or services that may result from
the project will sell. The market analysis
team can not make a good prediction of
sales potential without knowing in some
detail the virtues or weaknesses of the
future product and the price at which it
must be sold as a function of sales volume.

In practice, research and development
and market analysis go on simultaneously.
A qualified “feel,” based on long sales ex-

87

perience, may justify a laboratory program
to demonstrate technological feasibility. At
the other extreme, the subjective opinion
by the R & D director that his team can
develop a product of specific properties
may itself lead management to conduct a
large scale consumer preference survey to
determine whether the potential sales of
this new product justify its development.

More typically, a limited demonstration
of technological feasibility is used to
justify a preliminary market analysis.
Favorable predictions of sales then sup-
port a more extensive investigation of de-
velopment problems, the generation of a
more detailed research budget, and the
setting of a time table for development.
Armed with this information on the de-
velopment costs to be recovered and the
time when the product could be ready, and
making estimates of the total market that
will then exist, marketing costs, and prob-
able market penetration, the market
analysis team can then forecast the sales
that can be anticipated under any as-
sumed marketing strategy and _ pricing
structure.

I have no intent to enter into the eco-
nomic or social thickets of debate on mar-
keting and pricing strategy and dare men-
tion them in passing only because I can
plead ignorance in the case that I offend
any of your pet theories. Suffice it to say,
as the successively more detailed analyses
develop, management is presented with
data that can be plotted as a cash flow
graph, with “most probable,” “most opti-
mistic,’ and “most pessimistic” curves
showing the accrual of the total project
costs, including capital charges against
accrued, unrecovered costs. If the “most
probable” degree of development and sales
success will lead to an acceptable return
on investment, and if the “most pessi-
mistic” curve never dips below the point at
which the project could be abandoned
without risking the financial stability of the
company, the project is eligible for con-
sideration for continuing support. If at the
time of any updating of such cash flow

graphs, it appears that these criteria are
not met, the project will be dropped.

A single entrepreneur can “shoot the
works” or “go for broke”, and gamble
his last dollar on a wildcat oil well, fully
recognizing the potentials for either bank-
ruptcy or wealth. A publicly held corpora-
tion ought not to subject its stockholders
to this kind of risk, and the ones that do
are sooner or later eliminated from the
business scene.

Assuming that several of the proposed
projects have demonstrated their eligibility
in this manner, how do we select the few
that we have capital, staffs, and facilities
to support? Sometimes the choice is simple
and obvious. If one project offers equal
prospects of and equal rewards for suc-
cess, but lower risks as reflected in less
maximum net cash outflows or earlier re-
coupment of development expenses, we
have no problem. Similarly, if the “opti-
mistic” and “pessimistic” curves for two
projects are comparable but the “most
probable” curve for project A surpasses
that of project B,. we certainly select the
former. Seldom, however, is our choice
this easy. Risks, rewards, development
times—all major factors—will vary, and
judgments must be made, whether by the
“old man,” the basis of his subjective
“feel” nurtured by a lifetime of experience
in the industry, or by an executive com-
mittee of vice presidents backed up by an
IBM 360 system and a library of linear
programming software.

Running a business is a lot like playing
bridge. There are lots of ways to bring in
a contract successfully. We can crossruff
the hand out, establish long suits, try a
dummy reversal, or strip and endplay our
opponents. Not all hands are suitable for
every strategy, and for hands that may be
played successfully in two or three dif-
ferent ways, success is attained only if a
proper strategy is selected and consistently
pursued throughout the play. If there are
two possibilities to win that last, contract-
fulfilling trick, we must select a sequence
and timing such that loss in the first effort

33 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

still leaves us an opportunity to test the
second. !

In business, as in bridge, our techniques
must be suited to the material with which
we have to work. Our goals must be com-
mensurate with our assets. Cashing in on
the hula hoop fad of a decade and a half
ago required the nimble footwork of the
small, individually managed plastic ex-
truder. The development of the extrudable
plastic industry and the production facili-
ties that made these plastics cheap required
the financial strength and_ technological
competence of a Union Carbide. Our
American private enterprise system has led
to the growth and prosperity of both kinds
of organizations.

In my discussion this evening, I have
not touched upon “planned research,” the
long-term programming of development
efforts toward the attainment of social
rather than economic goals. The efficiency
with which our society has met the ma-
terial demands of its citizens speaks well
for the effectiveness of the profit motive in
stimulating our many entrepreneurs and
corporations, large and small, to anticipate
future desires. The diversity of products
that have resulted from the ways in
which different assets, different business
strategies, and different goals have been
‘interpeted have greatly exceeded the pub-
lic demand. The inefficiencies in develop-
ment programs, uncontrolled by some
super-planning overlord, have been more
than compensated for by the hard and
impersonal verdict of the market place that
swiftly corrects earlier errors.

There are, however, proper socially de-
fined and politically determined goals that
may not have present economic justifica-

Vou, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969

tion. These, I feel, are a proper area for
government sponsorship, with present costs
borne by, and future benefits accruing to,
the society at large. As I think back over
the years, the failure of the United States
to develop a synthetic rubber industry be-
fore Pearl Harbor seems to be a rare ex-
ample of a significant unfilled gap between
the attainments of industry, made on the
basis of economic justification, and the
meeting of social and political goals under
government aegis. Today there is an over-
lap of government-sponsored research into
areas where the economic criteria of the
business world rather than the politically
motivated decision of our office holders
should perhaps govern.

But that is another topic that I most
willingly cede to some other speaker at
some other time. If my remarks tonight

have seemed to stray pretty far from

chemistry into economics, it is only be-
cause the economic factors are the common
denominator that allows us to compare
the merits of quite diverse research
projects. To make a quantitative compari-
son between any two things, we must find
a unit in which both items can be ex-
pressed. There are those who disdain the
dollar as that measuring unit. It may not
be perfect, and we ought not to abandon
our search for an improved one, but until
that better measure comes along, research
goals and business decisions will be based
upon return on capital. Business states-
manship is not a substitute for profits—its
very existence depends upon them.

References

(1) Forbes, November 18, 1967.

89

The Bocior in the World’

Henry van Zile Hyde, M.D.

Director, Division of International Medical Education

My subject is a large one. Tonight,
when we are in such national distress, it
might be heartening to glimpse something
suggestive of progress in peace. It is worth-
while to look now and then at some of the
areas of activity that do not command the
front pages—they are often more funda-
mental in the development of mankind and
his peaceful relationships than much that
is highlighted by the press. International
health is such an area.

U.S. scientists are not strangers to in-
ternational life, having played a leading
role in creating WHO, ICSU, UNESCO
and in organizing the triumphant Geophys-
ical Year, which stands as one of the
great events in man’s history. The medical
and health professions, internationally
oriented since Galen, have been active, as
well, in these times.

The physician, in my view, has a unique
position in world society—one that gives
him peculiar opportunities to affect the
course of events. He has, everywhere, a
shared ideal stemming from Hippocrates,
an ideal of service and truth and concern
for others, not only for self. He has at
his command a technology applicable to
all and desired by all. A vaccine has no
politics. He has a vast constituency. A con-
tinuing mystique attaching to the physician
brings to him some of the power of magic
as well as medicine. He is the hakim, the
medicine man, the bone setter—the man
the community looks to in times of dis-
tress. He has a world following and his
word is too little questioned.

As Osler pointed out, there is a soli-
darity in medicine that is a special source

1 An address before a meeting of the Washing-
ton Academy of Sciences, January 25, 1968.

of power. “The profession,” he said, “in
truth is a sort of guild or brotherhood,
any member of which can take up his call-
ing in any part of the world and find
brethren whose language and methods and
ways are identical with his own.” Having
been a peripatetic physician for over two
decades, I can attest to the spirit of
camaraderie and common concern that
prevails throughout the medical profession.

Thus, the physician can draw on com-
mon ideals and technology, fellowship, and
a wide built-in following in contributing to
international progress and amity. He can,
indeed, contribute to humanistic progress
in the advancement of knowledge through
research; to the progress of the economy
through more abundant health of the peo-
ples; and to the building of bridges of
understanding and hope between peoples.
This gives the physician a heavy charge.

Underlying this movement is a profound
change in man’s attitude toward his fellow
man. This is manifest in the human rights
movement and many other aspects of the
work of the UN. It can be seen dramati-
cally in attitudes toward illness and death.
On August 18, 1796, Harman Blenner-
hassett, writing from New Utrecht, Long
Island, to a friend in England, told the
following tale:

“Sometime last summer, a Yankee, at a little
town in the State of Massachusetts, learning
the times were mortally sickly at Port au
Prince, conceived a scheme of sending there
a cargo of coffins. These commodities were
made up in nests of sizes, from the largest
to those for infants; and, that no room
should be lost, the inner coffins of the nest
were packed with cakes of gingerbread. I
have only to add, that the speculation turned
out a capital hit,—our Yankee having ac-
tually returned full freighted with the best
West Indies produce, in return for his
timber.”

90 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

On March 17, 1953—157 years later—a
dispatch originating in Port au Prince ap-
peared in the New York Times under the
headline:

“U. N. AND U. S. HELP HAITI
FIGHT YAWS

Antibiotic Injections Rapidly Wiping Out
Disease Once Infecting 1,000,000”

This dispatch tells the dramatic story
of an international cooperative effort to
eradicate a disease that was holding back
the growth and development of a neigh-
boring nation. It tells of cooperation which
involves a number of agencies and govern-
ments—cooperation carried on under the
inspired and inspiring leadership of the
World Health Organization.

Between Blennerhassett’s letter of 1796
and the New York Times story of 1953
lies not only the discovery of the causes
of infectious disease and their methods of
control but an awakening to the fact that
prosperity for all lies in health rather than
in disease—in life, rather than in death.

Today the world reaches out with a help-
ing hand, not with coffins. International
machinery has been built to give tangible
expression to this new approach. A World
Health Organization has been created, and
the U.S. has contributed to international
health in amounts previously inconceivable
but still grossly inadequate to the need.

Before World War II, three international
health organizations were in existence: the
International Office of Public Health in
Paris, founded in 1907; our own Pan-
American Sanitary Bureau here in Wash-
ington, which was founded in 1902; and
the Health Section of the League of Na-
tions. The United States contributed to
them in the total amount of $26,000 a
year! A default during World War II
required special legislation for $30,000 to
pay our accumulated indebtedness to the
office in Paris. As for the League of Na-
tions, which pioneered much of interna-
tional health, the U.S. was not a member,
although the Rockefeller Foundation with

VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969

great foresight provided generous support
to its health work.

At the time of my first visit to the Pan-
American Sanitary Bureau, its files blocked
the upstairs hall of the Pan-American
Union building, I trust you are all familiar
with its magnificent new home on 23rd
Street adjacent to the Department of State,
now one of the most striking buildings in
this monumental city. It was designed, in-
cidentally, by a Uruguayan architect. One
of six such WHO buildings, it serves as
a symbol for us in Washington of growth
and commitment in international health
under medical leadership.

Under the stimulation of the WHO and
with assistance from many sources—WHO,
PAHO, UNICEF, the U.S. and other aid
programs—the developing nations have
built a rudimentary health structure reach-
ing from the presidential cabinet level into
distant hovels. It is often a new, shaky,
poorly supported and inadequate structure,
but one that exists as a framework for
great accomplishment.

Neither brick and mortar nor dollars
themselves are proper measures of accom-
plishment in health. This progress must be
measured in terms quantifiable only in
superficial human aspects, no true assess-
ment of their inner values being possible.
However, we can get some feel of the ex-
tent of the accomplishment and promise in
international health by looking at certain
dramatic programs.

In 1950 yaws was still the predominant
problem in Haiti. Those who have never
seen a case of that disease—and probably
few of you have—can accept my assurance
that it is a particularly gruesome, painful,
and debilitating disease. Prior to the fifties,
more than 80% of the population of Haiti
suffered from it, although it was totally
curable by means of a single injection of
penicillin. In 1950, with assistance from
WHO, the Pan-American Health Organiza-
tion, and the U.S. aid agency, yaws was
essentially eradicated from Haiti, recent
surveys revealing 0.03% infection in con-
trast to 80%. (“Papa Doc” worked in this

9]

program. He is a sterling example of how
even a physician can be undermined by
power. )

The story of malaria is perhaps even
more striking. Like the geophysical year,
it was and is a worldwide, carefully orga-
nized joint effort of all men and nations to
solve a discrete problem. At the time of
my first visit to India in early 1950,
100,000,000 cases of malaria and 1,000,000
deaths from it were occurring annually.
Now, the number is 100,000 cases with
1000 deaths per year. Throughout the
world 1,300,000,000 people who once lived
in malarious areas are protected against
that disease.

AID is presently assisting a program in
West and Central Africa designed to finish
the job, started by Jenner, of vaccinating
100,000,000 persons against smallpox—es-
sentially the total population in that area.
Concurrently measles vaccine is_ being
given to all children. The Surgeon General
of the Public Health Service himself gave
the 25th million vaccination in this pro-
gram within the past few days.

These are tremendous accomplishments,
but other great problems still await the
physician—throughout the world he is re-
assessing his social role, trying to deter-
mine how to discharge it most effectively.
It has been my privilege to sit with medi-
cal educators and other health officials in
essentially every part of the world in recent
months and years.

One finds physicians, particularly those
responsible for education, struggling uni-
versally with two interacting forces that
are well known to us here. One is the
growth of knowledge, bringing with it in-
creases in complexity and costs and infinite
demands on curricular time. Another is
the skyrocketing demand for service. The
peoples of developing countries have
learned through modern communications
that there is a better and more abundant
life; that it isn’t necessary for infants and
mothers to die in childbirth or from other
avoidable hazards of early years. The re-
sulting demands for service have been

given greater currency and force through
nationalism, with political leaders promis-
ing great new things.

I would like to identify some elements of
the world machinery being built to deal
with these great problems, I will not speak
further of the World Health Organization,
the Pan-American Health Organization, or
other multilateral agencies which are doing
remarkable things in health, but will speak
for a few minutes specifically about medi-
cal educators and the way they are ap-
proaching world problems through non-
governmental professional cooperative
action.

In a new worldwide movement, medical
educators are organizing themselves into
associations modeled, if you will, on our
own Association of American Medical Col-
leges. This Association, together with the
AMA, has been giving leadership in the

advancement of medical education in the

U.S., which in the minds of many now
ranks first in the world at large.

Today a national association of medical
schools exists in every country in the
Americas having more than one school. Six

of these associations have a full-time execu-

tive staff. In Central America, where each
country has but one school, regional
associations are tied together by a Pan-
American Federation of Associations of ©
Medical Schools headquartered in Bogota
and supported by contributions from mem-
ber schools and grants from some seven
foundations. It is a strong and growing
organization which is developing faculty
training centers in existing schools, im-
proving library facilities, conducting op-
erational and educational research, and
giving the lead to family planning activi-
ties in Latin America.

Looking across the Atlantic, we find that
the schools of Central Africa, meeting now
for seven years, have formed an Associa-
tion of Medical Schools in Africa which is
conducting programs of exchange at the
faculty and examiner level, focusing atten-
tion on the special needs of Africa, and

92 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

attempting to develop an African person-
ality in medicine.

The Association for the Study of Medi-
cal Education in England has done much
to combat British educational traditional-
ism and has recently commenced the pub-
lication of an excellent British Journal of
Medical Education. In Germany a Society
for the Study of Medical Education,
financed by the Volkswagenwerke Founda-
tion (which sent 15 German educators and
medical leaders to Denver to attend the
AAMC annual meeting in 1967) now has
a staff of some ten people. It is conducting
basic educational studies which are docu-
menting the weaknesses of the rigid Ger-
manic system of medical education—a sys-
tem in which the Geheimrat rides high and
the Ordinarius becomes wealthy, while the
student grinds away to take his chances on
oral exams. One of the programs of the
Society is the introduction of objective
testing within the German system.

The French Ministry of Education sent
six educators to the AAMC Annual Meet-
ing in San Francisco two years ago. On
their return home they established with
600 members a Society for Information
and Research in Medical Education
(SIREM) which now meets monthly in
Paris under the chairmanship of the dean
at Lyons. It also is introducing objective
testing, which has taken hold rapidly. The
AAMC, SIREM, the German Society, and
others are working together to test, through
a single examination, the strengths and
weaknesses in the various national systems
—preliminary studies suggest there may be
few differences. Other countries in Europe
have less structured organizations, but all
hold recurrent meetings of deans to ex-
amine common problems, while Scandi-
navia has organized Europe’s first regional
international association.

The Indian Association for the Advance-
ment of Medical Education has been meet-
ing every year for eight years with finan-
cial help from USAID. This organization
publishes the Indian Journal of Medical
Education, which is widely distributed in

VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969

Asia. Through this Association, medical
educators have been able to study and
openly discuss their problems as physicians
and educators without regard to Govern-
ment employment and hierarchy.

Six weeks ago I had the privilege of at-
tending a meeting in Baghdad of medical
educators who are launching an Associa-
tion of Medical Schools in the Middle East
that includes an area from Morocco to
Turkey and Iran and the Sudan. It is ex-
pected that this association will be formally
established in Khartoum in December 1969.

There has been and continues to be pro-
ductive interaction between initiatives of
professional and official health agencies in-
creasingly concerned with the shortage of
health manpower. WHO and PAHO have
underwritten much of the organizational
activity necessary to bring the professional
associations into being and have provided
support to cooperative projects. As ex-
amples, note the joint publication by
PAFAMS' and PAHO of Educacion y
Salud, a journal in Spanish, and the devel-
opment of a faculty exchange program in
Africa by WHO at the request of the

African Association.

It is hoped that this movement at the
professional level will expand and win
growing support from all sources—their
own membership, multilateral organiza-
tions, bilateral aid organizations, and pri-
vate foundations. The movement is impor-
tant because it gives voice and effect to
those who are dealing with the problems of
delivering medical and health services un-
der the most trying circumstances. It is
from this source that an increasingly in-
sistent demand emerges for support of
community health services, preventive
medicine, public health and_paraprofes-
sional education having less emphasis on
open heart surgery and cellular biology.

In the developing country the physician
is a member of the intellectual elite and
often has great political power. The medi-
cal school associations are providing him
with some of the concepts and information
he requires for effective political action in

93

health. Medical educators, through their
associations, are searching for new ways to
handle the great problems with which they
are faced—new concepts, new teaching
methods, new categories of personnel, and
new organizational patterns.

The Association of Medical Schools in
Africa is discussing the founding of an
African College of Physicians to provide
African physicians, in the African setting,
the same honors attached to similar col-
leges and societies in advanced countries,
not an easy task in the face of long-
established titles of distinction. Efforts are
being made to conceptualize a health team
for Africa in which the role of the doctor
is fractionated to allow less highly trained
personnel to carry out defined functions so
the doctor’s time can be used for doctor-
ing. Walsh McDermott has taken the stand
that the doctor should never go beyond the
most distal hospital, with service beyond
that point being provided by people trained
at a less exalted level.

Who trains the members of the team be-
low the rank of the doctor? Medical educa-
tors and medical schools and their univer-
sities are proud to train doctors, research
workers, and other leaders, any one of
whom may win a Nobel prize, but they
find it difficult to train people on a lower
plane of competence and skill. Questions of
prestige and tradition are involved. There
is conflict between the hallowed scholastic
tradition of schools such as Oxford and
Cambridge and the more pragmatic ap-
proach of the land grant college. It is difh-
cult for a university steeped in British
scholastic tradition to become earthy, as

Sir Eric Ashby has pointed out in his
Godkin lectures at Harvard.

New methods of teaching are looked to
as a possible educational panacea. There is
a widespread belief that we have some se-
cret magic in television, teaching machines,
and new fangled devices that can solve the
educational dilemma if we could only make
them available. This, of course, is not true.
Any such devices are of limited help, but
they can appear from a distance to be
much more than they are. |

In conclusion, I remind you that medi-
cine can contribute considerably to the de-
velopment of developing countries through
its impact on poverty, ignorance, disease,
and hunger. In attempting to perform its
role effectively, medicine will encounter
difficulties, uncover new assets, and be con-
fronted with grave deficiencies. The diff-
culties range from barriers caused by

deeply rooted cultural patterns and reli-

gious convictions to problems of cost, ad-
ministrative ineptitudes, sparsity of roads,
and absence of telephones. Conflicts of atti-

‘tude, uncertainties of goals, and change

itself add to the complexity of attaining
steady progress in the development of
sound and secure structures based on com-
petence and concern for man.

We cannot go it alone; we should harken
to the voice of Henry Pritchett in the intro- |
duction to Abraham Flexner’s report on
medical education in Europe in January,
1912: “Today in medicine, as in all other
larger human interests, the world is, in re-
ality, one, and it is a backward and narrow
national view which fails to take to heart
both the successes and failures of other
nations.”

94, JoURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

A Simple, Inclusive, and Versatile

Card Filing System!

W. A. Brindley and R. G. Jones’

Zoology Department, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321

Punch-card filing systems have proved
useful to entomologists and are widely used
(Foote, 1967). The system described here
is used in our laboratory as an index to
our reprint and literature reference files.
References or reprints may be retrieved by
author, date of publication, location of the
author, and content of the article from a
random collection of cards. The system is

equally useful to all entomologists and bi- —

ologists regardless of their specialty. Lit-
erature references, data, lecture or seminar
notes, procedural notes, or any other type
of information may be filed.

One deceptive aspect of the system is its
apparent complexity. The system appears
to be complex only because it is inclusive.
The rules are actually few and simple. The
alphabetical index (Table 2) is no more
difficult or inconvenient to use than a dic-
tionary and may be further simplified by
preparation of an abbreviated form for the
words most frequently coded (Table 1).

The card we use is a 5 x 8-inch card
printed by the Todd Division, Burroughs
Corporation, University and Thomas
Streets, Rochester, New York. We purchase
our cards from the Iowa State University
Bookstore, Memorial Union, Ames, Iowa
90010.

Coding by Author.—Authors are coded
in the “alphabetical index” in the upper

1 Journal paper number 745 of the Utah Agri-
cultural Experiment Station. Supported in part
by Project 696.

2 Assistant Professor and Graduate Assistant,
respectively. Mr. Jones’ current address: Depart-
ment of Entomology, University of Idaho, Mos-
cow, Idaho.

VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969

right hand corner of the card (Fig. 1).
The first three letters of the senior author’s
name are coded in the first, second, and
third triangular areas, respectively. Junior
authors are not coded. The intersection of
the punched channels (Fig. 1) determines
the letter pair coded and the use of punches
to the first or second row of holes deter-
mines whether the upper or lower letter is
coded. If the senior author’s name includes
two common letters as “s” in Sisson or “‘l”
in Leland, the letters marked with the sub-
script “2” are coded (Fig. 1). In the sec-
ond triangular field a box contains the
letters I, C, H, L, and R. R is considered
to be a lower level letter coded by punches
to the second row of holes. The others,
which may be taken singly or in units, are
upper level letters coded by punches to the
first row of holes.

Coding by Date of Publication—Dates
of publication are coded in the upper half
of the right-hand margin of the card. The
holes coded 18 and 20 (Fig. 1) are for the
19th and 21st centuries respectively. The
20th century is not coded but is assumed.
The last two digits of the year of publica-
tion are coded in the triangular fields by
intersection of punched channels as in the

Table 1. Examples of codes from Table 2 for
sample characterizing words.

Characterizing Word Code from Table 2

Ovariole 21-7-18

Oviduct 21-12-18
Oxidase 21-12-39
Panoistic 22-24-39
Polytrophic 24-30-10
Plecopters 23-21-34

Foote, R. H. 1967. Entomology looks at its mission.
Information storage and retrieval for entomology.

Bull. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 13: 99-104.

SUMMARY OF AREAS OF THE CARD

Q

B

SO,

A: First three letters of senior author’s name (FOO)

: Century of the date (20th)

B
C: Tens and hundreds of the date (67)
1p}

: Words characterizing the article (information, storage,

computer, tiling)

E: Available for expansion

X2QONI 133410

a ££ ct ie of 6u az Zt 9t St 7 " . Iz Ou ol Bt ra ot St vi

Fig. 1.

author coding. Tens are coded in the “T”
section. Units are coded in the “U” section.

Coding by Characterizing Words.—
Words characterizing the information on
the card are coded by punching the num-
bers from 1 to 39 in the “direct index” of
the card (Fig. 1). Numbers from 1 to 39
which are not italicized are obtained by
a slot punched to the outer row of holes at
the position numbered with the number to
be coded. Numbers from 1 to 39 which are
italicized are coded by a slot punched to
the inner row of holes at the numbered
position.

The words characterizing the informa-
tion to be filed are selected by the coding
person. The code for the word is obtained
from Table 2. Table 2 letter intervals cor-
respond to about 1 page interval in a
standard dictionary and the number codes
were selected from a computer list of all
possible combinations of the numbers from
1 to 78 taken three times.

Table 2 could form the basis for any fil-
ing system in which the numbers 1 to 39
may be coded.

96

A reference card for Foote (1967) showing how the card would be coded and punched.

Coding by Geographical Location of Au-
thor —Coding references by the location of
the author makes it possible to quickly se-
lect those references from a single labora-
tory without having to select a variety of
senior authors or characterizing words.
The city location is coded and other loca-
tion designations are ignored. Table 2 is .
used to find the code for the city and that
is coded as a characterizing word.

Provision for Expansion.—The “numeri-
cal and classified indices” in the upper left
margin of the card have not been assigned
a use. They are available for coding of
any type. Some may wish to devise a code
for specific journals or for indexing pur-
poses for articles or reviews. The numbers
1 2, 4, and 7 are coded directly in the
numerical index, whereas 0, 3, 5, 6, 8, and
9 are coded by selecting the appropriate
combinations of 1, 2, 4, and 7. Coding
the classified index would be done as with
the “numerical index” except that the num-
bers 1, 2, 4, and 7 should be punched to
the inner row of holes. This will provide
rapid selection of these “single figure”

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

digits from those’ used in combinations to
code 0, 3, 5, 6, 8, and 9.

Manipulating the Cards——The cards
should be filled with all the information
desired and needed for coding. We usually
use 5 to 7 words in the “direct index” to
characterize the reference. The slots are cut
with a special punch sold by the manufac-
turer of the cards or with scissors. Cards
are retrieved by passing a No. 2 knitting
needle through the appropriate holes and

lifting the cards by the needle. Cards coded
for that hole will fall from the pack. From
these cards, further needlings and selections
are made until the desired cards are ob-
tained. By this technique, packs of several
hundred cards can be quickly and readily
sorted.

REFERENCE CITED
Foote, Richard H. 1967. Entomology looks at
its mission: Information storage and retrieval

for entomology. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 13:
99-104.

Table 2. Alphabetical sequence for coding word and locations characterizing the reference to be filed.

1 2 3 a—aba 1 33 38 amr—amz
1 215 abb—abd 1 34 18 ana—anap
1 317 abe—abl 1 35 JJ anaq—anc
1 3 28 abm—abo 1 36 31 and—andz
1 411 abp—abr 1 37 38 ane—ange
1 5 12 abs—abt 1 39 21 angf—ango
1 6 9 abu—aca 1 39 38 angp—ani
1 616 acb—acce 1 211 anj—ann
1 711 = accf—acco 1 2 23 ano—ans
1 7 28 accp—acd 1 3 35 anta—ante
1 810 ace—ach 1 5 38 antf—anth
1 8 21] aci—acn 1 7 12. anti—antik
1 913 aco—acr 1 9 12 antil—antiq
11011 acs—act 1 9 37 antir—anz
110 31 acu—ada 1 10 32. aoa—aph
11112 adb—ade 1 11 29 api—apor
1 12 20 adf—adj 1 16 21 apos—

1 12 33 adk—adn appan
113 14 ado—adu 1 17 23 appao—
113 27 adv—ady appk

1 14 38 adz—aeq 1 19 33 appl—appq
115 23 aer—aes 1 22 38 appr—aps
116 21 aet—aft 1 25 29 apt—aqz
117 20 afg—aga 1 28 29 ara—arb
11819 agb—agh 1 31 38 arc—arche
118 39 agi—agq 1 32 33 archf—ard
119 30 agr—ahz 1 36 37 are—arg

1 20 21 aia—aiq 2 4 5 arh—ark
2b 2G air alte 2 429 arl—arm
1 22 24 ais—alba 2. 5Svdiy \arn—arr

1 22 25 alb—albz 2 5 16 ars—arth
1 23 30 alc—ale 2 6 7 arti-asa
123 5 alf—ali 2 611 asb—asd
1 24 29 alj—alle 2 6 37 ase—aso

1 24 27 alli—allo 2 7 8 asp—asr

1 25 31 allp—alo 2 712 assa—assi
1 27 39 alp—als 13 25 38 assj—assu
127 8 alt—alz 2 715 assv—astt
1 27 38 ama—amaz 2 7 32 = astu—asz
1 30 31 amb—amd 2 813 ata—ath

1 30 38 ame—ami 2 8 31 ati—atom
1 32 39 amj—amo 2 816 aton—atte
1 32 31 amp—amq 2 910 attf—attz

VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969

2 922 atu—auf 2 118 bej—bella
2 919 aug—aur 2 311 bellb—hbels
21011 aus—autg 2 412 belt—bend
210 35 auth—autod 2 5 22 bene—benn
21213 autoe— 2 8 9 beno—berf
autos 2 821 berg—bers
212 6 autot— 2 10 12 bert—bess
aver] 21219 best—betq
2 12 30 averm—awa 2 12 21 betr—bez
2 13° 28% awb—axk 2 16 34 bf—hbib
213 14 axl—azz 219 26 bic—bif
215 18 baa—bab 2 20 31 ~big—hbilk
2 15 20 bac—backf 2 21 37 bill—hbiln
215 30 backg— 2 23 28 bilo—biof
bacs 2 27 34 biog—hbirc
216 21 bact—bacz 2 31 32. bird—bisq
217 23 bad—bag 3 425 bisr—bits
217 24 bah—bak 2 4 37 bitt—blacj
2 18 31 _ bal—bale 3 422 blacka—
2 18 36 bali—ball blackg
2 30 31 balm—banc 3 512 blackh—
2°20 4 band—banh blacz
2 20 16 bani—banp 3 5 38 blad—blasp
221 7 banq—baq 3 615 blasq—blau
2 21) 3b bar—barb 3 619 blav—blem
2 22 38 barc—hbarj 3 6 22 blen—blinj
2 22 11 bark—barq 3 616 blink—
223 4 barr—bars bloch
2 25 13 bart—base 3. 715 bloci—
2 25 25 basi—hasr blooe
2 26 36 bass—bas 3 7 32 bloof—blos
228 4 bat—bats 3 8 29 blot—blt
2 29 32 batt—bau 3 8 2 blua—blue
2 29 35 ~bav—hbd 3 9 22 bluf—boara
2 29 32. ~be—beal 3 921 boarb—bob
2 31 33) beam— 3 10 16 boc—bog
beard 3 10 20 boh—bois
2 31 38 beare—beat 3 12 15 bolt—bonc
232 4 beau—bec 3 12 27 bond—bonu
2 32 28 bed—bedz 3 12 24 bonv—bool
2 33 19 bee—bees 3 13 34 boom—boq
2 112 beet—begh 3 13 31 bor—borz
2 115 begi—bei 3 15 12 bos—both

97

Ww wwwww w

is)

Www w ww Ww WwW WwW Ww WwW Ww

WwWwWwwWwwwwwwDwww www iw

LALA ALLA DL PP w

aS

boti—boul
boum—bov
bow—bowz

box—bq
braa—brag
brah—bram

bran—brau
bray—
bream
brean—
breec
breed—brib
bric—brif
brig—brip
brig—brn
bro—broj
brok—brooc
brood—brs
brt—bru
brv—bucj
buck—bucz
bud—buf
bug—bulg
bulh—
bullm
bulln—bunc
bund—buq
bura—burk
burl—burr
burs—bush
busi—butd
bute—butt
butu—bz
ca—cabe
cabf—cact
cacu—cad
cae—caj
cak—calec
cald—cali
calj—ealn
calo—cama
camb—
camo
camp—cam
can—canb
canc—cani
canj—cano

canp—canu
canv—caph
capi—capp
capq—caq
car—carbm
carbn—
carbo
carbp—
card
care—carn
caro—cars
cart—carv

ALAA D.AL ADD

PLALALALA SRD
www wo w Ww Ww

iy
(SC)

aA. Poe

Table 2. (Continued)

carw—casq
casr—cass
cast—Casz
cat—catam
catan—catd

cate—cath
cati—caur
caus—cave
cavi—cela
celb—celi
celj—cem

cena—cente
centi—centz
cenu—ceri
cerj—cest
cesu—chah
chai—chalk
chall—cham
chan—
chans
chant—
chaq
char—
charj
chark—
chart
charu—
chatz
chau—cheb
checa—
cheer
chees—
chern
chero—chev
chew—chid
chie—chil
chim—chio
chip—chiu
chiv—choi
choj—chog
chor—chq
chra—chrol
chrom—
chromz
chron—
chuf
chug—cib
cic—cind
cine—circt
clircu—
circum
circum—
citk
citl—ciz
cja—claq
clar—classh
classi—claz
clb—cleat
cleau—cleu

AMM MNINANINNNNNNNN PS SS

aon

a)

BY

6

6

6

Go ND Bo

27 30

28 35

2922

29 31

31 34

31 39

32.27

a2 a9

20 22

20 19

21 23

clev—clim
clin—clob
cloc—clor
clos—closz
clot—cloz
clp—cnz
coa—coar
coas—cobz
coca—coci
cocj—cock
cocl—coef
coeg—cof
cog—coil
coim—cold
cole—colld
colle—colli
collj—
colog
color—colp

colq—coma
comb—
come
com{—
comma
commb—
commir
commis—
commod
commoe—
commt
commu—
commz
comn—
compas

. compat—

complet
compleu—
compot
compou—
comg
comr—
concen
conceo—
concir
concis—
concz
cond—
condt
condu—
confed
confee—
confir
confis—
confz
cong—
congra
congrb—
conjt

NAD OD

2ihvot

16 26
18 28

20 25

222

6 2573!

conju—
conne
con{i—
consec
consed—
consir
consis—
consp
consq—
constra
constrib—
consz
cont—
contem
conten—
conting
continh—
contq
contr—
contrap
contrag—
contrz
contrs—
conven
conveo—
convl
convy—
rexexere)
coop—
coppeq
copper—coq
cor—cordob
cordoc—
corm
corn—cornu
cornv—
corpr
corps—
corre
corrf—coru
corv—coss
cost—cottn
cotto—
couns
count—
counterm
countern—
counto
countp—
countz
counu—
couoz
coup—cours
court—
coven
coveo—
cowk
cowl—craa
crab—crac

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

crad—cram

~]

Table 2. (Continued)

demom—

ec)
Ni
NO
on

draw—dreal

9 20 24 eq—equipa
cran—crash denb 8 23 30 dream—drh 9 20 21 equipd—
crasi— 7 denc—dens 8 25 31 dri—drip erad

cream t dent—depa 8 26 27 driq—droo 9 21 27 ~erae—erl
crean— 7 depb—depo 8 27 37 drop——drug 9 21 12 erm—erw
creel 7 depp—dera 8 28 35 druh—dryc 9 22 31 erx—escar
if creem— ai derb—derz 8 29 35 dryd—duch 9 24 36 escas—espe
crep 7 des—desig 8 29 39 duci—dui 925 5 espf—estel
q creq—cric v desih—dess 8 30 38 duj—dum 9 25 37 estem—estr
7 crid—crisr i dest—deten 8 30 1] dun—duo 9 26 36 ests—ethi
7 criss—crof 7 deteo—deus 9 30 32 dup—duss 9 26 37 ethj—ety
71012 crog—cror 7 13 24 deut—devik 8 31 21 dust—dv 9 27 33 etz—eups
7 10 24 cros—crosso 7 13 33 devil—devz 8 33 9 dw—dyk 9 27 18 eupt—eus
710 JI crossp— 7 15 32 dew—diab 8 33 21 dyl—dz 9 28 31 eut—eva
crowe 7 17 30 diac—diak 8 35 6 e—earm 9 29 30 evb—evh
71021 crowf—crud agile 23 dial—dian 8 36 29 earn—eash 9 30 15. evi—ew
710 26 crue—cruz 22 AE Ghee =alev 8 39 5 easi—easz 9 32 33 ex—exca
tle. erv—csa 7 26 29 dib—dics 8 I 3 eat—ecc 9 33 5 excb—excid
711 5 cesb—cuc 7 27 29 dict—dieb 8 127 ecd—ecn 9 33 29 +excie—
712.24. cud—cui 1 al, 39) ‘diec—ditz 8 2 26 eco—ecz excres
falselo. cuy;—cul 7 33 38 dig—dik 8 417 eda—edi 9 35, 2) excret—
71325 cum—cupf 8 917 dil—dim 8 5 17 edj—eez exeg
71417 cupg—curf 8 9 29 din—dion 8 7 12 ef—effl 9 36 32 exeh—exha
7 14 29° curg—curr 8 9 5 dioo—dipl 8 911 effm—egr 9 38 11 exhb—exora
714 2 curs—cuso 8 9 26 dipm—dirj 8 10 30 egs—ek 9 39 10 exorb—expa
7 14 38 cusp—cuta 8 9 29 dirk—disap 8 11 26 el—elc 9 1 8 expb—expf
715 11 cutb—cx 8 10 12 disaq— 8 15 20 eld—electo 9 1 32 expg—
716 9 cya—cyc discl 8 16 21 electp— expor
71735 cyd—cypq 8 10 21 discm— electrol 9 319 expos—exq
feo2s Cy pr— cz disco 8 17 35 electrom— 9 510 exr—exterm
felGogo.. da—dae 8 10 36 discp— elef 9 613 extern—
71815 daf—dak disep 8 20 23 eleg—elf extram
719 31 dal—damn Sey Liz diseq— 8 22 24 elg—ellir 9 811 extran—
719 16 damo— disim 8 23 36 ellis—elz exur
danh 8 10 21 disin—disn 8 24 25 em—embi 9 10 12 exus—ez
7 20 33 dani—dark 8 11 12 diso—displ 8 27 29 embj— 9 11 20 f—facc
7 20 30 darl—date 8 11 26 dispm— embru 9 12 17 facd—fae
7 21 36 datfi—daw dissec 8.28 30 embrv— 9 13 27 faf—fairb
7 23 32 dax—deac 8 11 11 dissed— emir 9 15 38 fairc—falc
7 24 11 dead—deal dissz 8 30 35 emis—empi 9 18 36 fald—fall
7 25 33 deam—deba 8 12 33 dist—disto 8 31 39 empj—enal 9 20 21 falm—fam
7 25 30 debb— 8 12 29 distp—dithe 910 3 enam—enc 9 23 30 fan—faq
decap 8 12 38 dithf— 9 if 23) end— 9 27 36 far—farre
7 27 32 ~decaq— dividd endoph 10 11 14 farrf—fash
decid 8 13 11 divide—diz 911 8 endopi— 10 11 13 fasi—fath
7 28 30 decie— 8 1417 dj—dock enerf 10 11 23 fati—fau
declin 8 14 26 dogl—dof 91217 energ—engi 101131 fav—feas
7 28 12 declio— 8 15 16 dog—doi 9 13 21 engj—enj 10 12 28 feat—fec
decre 8 15 18 doj—dol 9 13 33 enk—enr 10 13 34 fed—feek
7 29 11 decrf—dee 8 15 30 dom—domz 9 14 17. ens—enterp 10 14 18 feel—feln
7 30 11 def—defe 8 15 27 don—doo 914 2 enterq— 10 14 15 felo—fenm
7 31 12 = deff—defr 8 16 1 dop—dor entren 10 15 16 fenn—fers
733 5 defs—deif 8 17 25 dos—doua 9 14 38 entreo— 10 16 26 fert—fets
7 34 12 deig—delia 817 1 doub—douc enzo 10 16 11 _ fett—fibq
7 35 29 delib—deliu 8 18 25 doud—dowl 915 11 enzp—enz 10 18 37. fibr—fief
io ao. deliv-— 8 20 30 dowm— 9 16 36 eo—eph 10 18 34 fieg—fif
dema draa 9 18 23 epi—epid 10 19 23 fig—fild
7 37 18 demb— 8 20 27 drab—drag 9 18 20 epie—episo 10 20 1 file—fils
~ demol 8 21 33. drah—drav 9 19 22 episp—epz 10 20 24 filt—find

VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969 99

100

fine—finir
finis—firea
fireb—firr
firs—fishg
fishh—fiu
fiv—flaf
flag—flak
flal—flar
flas—flatt
flatu—fleer
flees—flie
flif—fliv
fliw—flop
flog—flou
flov—flul
flum—fluv
fluw—flyi
flyj—foin
foio—folk
foll—food
fooe—footh
footi—fora
forb—forea
foreb—
forem
foren—forez
forf—forl
form—
formu
formv—
fortr
forts—foug
fouh—fourf
fourg—fox
foy—fram
ipa
frank]
frankm—
fred
free—freem
freen—
french]
frenchm—
fres
fret—tfrig
frih—friz
frj—frontl
frontm—
frug
fruh—fueh
frei—fulll
fullm—fune
fund—furc
furd—fuse
fusd—fz
g—gae
gaf—galan
galao—galla

Table 2. (Continued)

gallb—
gallop
gallog—
gamb
gamc—gane
ganf—garc
gard—gars
gart—gastri
gastrj—
ganf
gang—ed
ge—gel
gem—gend
gene—genh
geni—gent
genu—geop
geoq—gere
ger{—gers
gert—get
geu—gibe
gibf—gilli
gillj—gira
girb—glab
glac—glar
glas—glib
elic—gloq
glor—
glucop
glucogq—
enas
gnat—gnz
go—goc
god—gole
gold—gole
golf—gooc
good—goop
gooq—gorl
gorm—gous
gout—egrac
grad—grah
grali—gram
gran—grand
grane—
grape
erap{—gras
grat—grav
graw—greas
great—
greau
greav—
greeng
greenh—
grem
gren—egrig
erih—grin
egrio—grog
groh—
groum

12 24 6

PAs Pas) 7483

12 26 36
aerate WG
12 28 30
T2933
2290
12 31 4
12 31 28
12732793
12) 33) -6
12) 33°30
12 34 7
12 34 Il
12 36 8
IZsSt 3

IZS Cac

12397 1

13 21 6
13 22 29

groun—
grouo
eroup—
grug
gruh—guara
guarb—gue
egruf—guip
guiqg—gum
gun—gus
gut—gym
gyn—gz
h—hab
hac—haf
hag—haip
haiq—hale
half—hali
halj—halu
halv—
hamm
hamn—
handb
handc—
handw
handx—
hanz
hao—hardb
hardc—harl
harm—harg
harr—hasr
hass—hats ‘
hatt—havn
havo—haym
hayn—hd
he—heade
headf—
hears
heart—heas
heat—
heaven
heaveo—
heck
hecl—heeh
heei—hej
hek—heli
helj—heln
helo—hemia
hemib—
hemo
hemp—hen
heo—herc
herd—herl
herm—hero
herp—hes
het—
heterod
heteroe—
hew
hex—hib
hic—hif

—
uw

me ODD AA NNN
co

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uw
La LN)

14 20 2]

14 21 12

hig—highl
highm—hils
hilt—hin
hio—histi
histj—hiv
hiw—hoc
hod—hok
hol—holi
holj—holu
holy—homd
home—homi
homj—homr
homs—honk
honl—hoog
hooh—hoov
hoow—
horm
horn—horr
hors—horz
hos—hotb
hotc—hour
hous—hov
how—huc
hud—hul
hum—humi
humj—hung
hunh—huro
hurp—huz
hvy—hydn
hydo—
hydra
hydrb—
hydrog
hydroh—
hydz
hye—
hyperb
hyperc—
hyph
hypi—hypoc
hy pod—
hypoz
hypp—hz
i—icd
ice—ick
icl—idd
ide—idl
idm—ign
igo—illa
illb—illu
illv—imid
imie—immi
immj—
impan
impao—
impen
impeo—
impes

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

14 22 31
14 23 36
14 24 30
14 24 I
14 25 35
14 27 32
14.27 3
14 28 30
14 28 39
14 30 2
14 31 3
14 32 36

14 33

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(Se)

NSO Ch ™ & ™ GW & OO

—
us
(Jt)
co
<=

Go
eer

4
3
14 5 10
6
9

14 32 34
15 16 36
lo 17 23
1s.
15 18.23
15 19 24
15 19 36
15 20: 26

15 20 11

impet—
impon
impoo—
impreg
impreh—
improo
improp—
1mz
in—ina
inb—ince
incf—inci
incj—
incomm
incomn—
incont
inconu—
incub
incuc—
indeh
indei—
index
indf—indie
indif—indiu
indiv—indr
inds—indv
indw—inev
inew—infa
infb—infin
infio—infl
infm—infz
ing—inha
inhb—inj
ink—innoc
innod—inp
ing—insc
insd—inse
ins{—insi
insj—insta
instb—insuf
insug—
integ
inteh—
intens
intent—
interc
interd—
_ Iinterk
inter]—
interm
intern—
interp
interq—
intez
int{—intri
intrj—intz
inu—inver
inves—
invok
invol—iod

16 27 37
16 28 32
16 29 31

Table 2. (Continued)

loe—ira
irb—ironh
ironi—irref
irreg—irrs
irrt—isl
ism—isol
isom—isop
isoq—isz
it—its
itt—iz
j—jack
jacl—jal
jam—jaq
jar—jau
jav—jek
jel—jer
jes—jez
jfi—jin
jlo—jog
joh—jok
jol—jour
jous—jude
judf—jui
juj—jum
jun—jur
jus—Jz
k—kal
kam—kar
kas—ked
kee—kem
ken—ker
kes—kg
kh—kid
kie—kim
kin—kingf
kingg—
kirm
kirn—kle
klf—knif
knig—knot
knou—knz
ko—kor
kos—kuk
kul—kz
1—labi
labj—lach
laci—lacz
lad—lagg
lagh—lama
lamb—
lamm
lamn—
lande
landf—lane
lanf—lant
lanu—lap
laq—lar
las—latc

latd—lath

16

30 31
aL 32

a 9

lati—laud
laue—lava
lavb—lax
lay—laz
lb—lead
leae—lear
leas—lec
led—lef
leg—legi
legj—lend
lene—leon
leoo—less
lest—letu
letv—levee
levef—levu
levv—libel
libem—
librar
libras—lid
lie—liez
lif—lifz
lig—lightl
lightm—
like
likf—lime
limf—lind
line—liner
lines—lino
linp—liqui
liquj—liteq
liter—liti
litj—liva
livb—livid
livie—lk
ll—loba
lobb—loca
locb—locz
lod—logg
logh—lom
lon—long]l
longm—
loon
looo—lordl
lordm—los
lot—loui
louj—love
lovfi—lowe
lowf—luce
lucf—lug
luh—luna
lunb—luri
lurj—luxe
luxf—lynm
lynn—lIz
m—mace
macd—
macq
macr—
madm

iz. 6

17.9

7%, i

12

27

18

Bi. 1227

i 2

17 14

17 14

17 20

39

24

36

20

1d. 21, 33

lf, 2a
17 25
17 28
17 32
17 33
18 20
18 20
18 21
18 22
18 22
18 23
18 23
18 24
18 25
18 26
18 27
18 28
18 29
18 30
18 30
18 32
18 33
18 34

18 35

24

31

31

33

39

37
30

3
36
31
39
36
35
34
34
31
37

1
37

3

madn—
magia
magib—
magneti
magnetj—
mahl
mahm—
maim
main—
maka
makb—
malab
malac—
mald
male—mall
malm—
mamme
mamm{—
mana
manb—
mand
mane—
manh
mani—
maniz
manj—
mans
mant—
manx
many—
mara
marb—
mare
mar{—
marim
marin—
marked
markee—
margq
marr—mars
mart—marz
mas—masq
masr—
masta
masth—
masti
mastj—
matc
matd—matq
matr—matti
mattj—maw
max—mayp
mayq—
mealh
meali—
meas
meat—
medh

VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969

101

18 26 9

18 38 39
18 39 21

1S ee
18 1 19
18 1 31
18 3 6

IG «47

102

medi—
medin
medio—mee
me{—
melang
melanh—
meloi
meloj—
memo
memp—
menol
menom—
mercan
mercao—
merd
mere—merq
merr—
mesom
meson—mes
met—
metam
metan—
meten
meteo—
methu
methv—
mets
mett—
michd
miche—
microm
micron—
middk
middl]—
midl
midm—milb
milc—milke
milk{f—
millik
millil—mim
min—mind
mine—
minin
minio—
minn
mino—minz
mio—mioe
miof—misg
mish—
missh
missi—mistr
mists—miw
mix—moch
moci—
moderni
modernj—
moi
moj—mollu

19 34 36
1930857
19 36 I
19 36 8
PAT)
19 39 10
1D Irs
LOE 20
19 43
19 5 10

19 6 13
Uo See
19 8 10

19 8 12
LZ) 9. NO

19 10 Il
Seti, iil

US) The As)
19 18 31
1) Zl A

19522729
19 24 34
WD) 27; ail
19 352 34
12 28 39
20 21 31
20 21 4
20 2016
20 22 32
20 2275
20 33 35
20 24 31
20 24 16
20 25 26
20 25 11
20 27 31
20 27 16
20: 28" 2

Z0) 290 a

Table 2. (Continued)

molly-
monan
monao—
mongq
mongr—
monob
monoc—
monol
monom—
monotr
monots—
monter
montes—
moonb
moonc—
moral
moraj—
mored
moree—
moro
morp—mort
moru—mote
mot{—
motorc
motord—
mounte
mount{—
movd
move—muci
mucj—
mugv
mugw—
multig
multih—
murc
murd—
musc
musd—muss
must—mutt
mutu—myq
myr—mz
n—nal
naj—napi
napj—nar
nas—natio
natip—nat
nau—naz
nb—necj
neck—needi
needj—nego
negp—neoc
neod—nep
neq—nes
net—neurop
neuroq—
newb
newc—
newsl

20 30 1

20 30 13
20732
20 33 4
20 33 34
20 34 38
20 35 4
20 36 37
20 37 5
20 38 1

20° FS 9

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20) Zane

ZO 2Rs2,

NO
—
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(oe)
i
™MO Mm ®ONAD OO ™

newsm—
nibd
nibe—nick
nicl—nighti
nightj—nim
nin—nis
nit—nn
no—noc
nod—nol
nom—nonb
nonc—
nonpo
nonpp—
norh
nori—
northa
northb—
northwa
northwb—
noss
nost—noth
noti—nova
novb—nuch
nuci—nul
num—nun
nuo—nuz
nvy—nz
o—obd
obe—obj
obk—obsc ‘
obsd—obsz .
obt—occ
ocd—octa
octb—ode
odf—oez
of—ofth
offi—oge
ogf—oki
okj—oldm
oldn—olio
olip—omi
omj—ond
one—onu
onv—opa
opb—opeq
oper—opi
opj—ops
opt—oral
oram—orch
orci—ord
ore—org
orh—ori
orj—orp
orq—ort
oru—osp
osq—ost
osu—oug
ouh—outd
out—outp

outq—ouz
ov—overb
overc—
overl
overm—
overs
overt—owi
owj—oxyg
oxyh—oz
p—paci
pacj—
paddo
paddp—pail
paim—
palate
palati—palg
palh—pall
palm—pals
palt—
panch
panci—
pang
panh—
panth
panti—pape
papf{—parab
parac—
parak
paral—
paran
parao—parb
parc—parh
pari—parl
parm—parr
pars—parth
parti—partl
partm—
pasq
pasr—passe
passf—passz
past—pasz
pat—pate
patf{—patric
patrid—
paul
paum—pax
pay—peach
peaci—peb
pec—pedal
pedam—
peel
peem—pek
pel—pem
pen—pene
penf—penn
peno—
penul
penum—
peq

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

22 18 38
7a A AS)
22 26 38
22 ot 37
22 53 36
23 24 30
23/24 3

2a'25 31
23 26 33

24 28 38

per—perc
perd—perf
perg—perin
perio—peris
perit—pero
perp—perse
persf{—
perso
persp—perz
pes—peth
peti—pett
petu—pham
phan—phaz

phm—phosg
phosh—
phosz
phot—
photop
photog—pht
phu—
physiog
physioh—
pice
picf—pick
picl—pieced
plecee—
pigg
pigh—pilk
pill—pim
pin—pinf
ping—pintl
pintm—
pipp
pipq—pis
pit—pits
pitt—
placem
placen—
planb
planc—
plano
planp—
plasti
plastj—plau

‘plav—plead

pleae—plen
pleo—plos
plot—plumo
plump—plu
plv—pob
poc—poe
pof—pointe
pointf{—
polarf
polarg—
polis

24 29 37

24 29
24 39

24 31

24 32
24 33
24 33
24 34

24 35
24 36
24 36

24 38
24 39
24 I

10
10

38

il
34
7
38

4

37
10

I
10
i

Senn Ov

Table 2. (Continued)

polit—pols
polt—polym
polyn—
pomd
pome—
ponth
ponti—poo
pop—porc
pord—porta
portb—
ports
portt—posi
posj—postd
poste—
postp
postq—pote
potf—pounc
pound—
powd
powe—prac
prad—prax
pray—prece
precf{—
prede
pred{—
prefa
prefb—
preli
prelj—
prepar
prepas—
presc
presd—
presi
presj—
presz
pret—preve
prevf—prier
pries—
prime
primf—
princ
prind—prit
priu—proa
prob—
procep
proceq—
proc
prod—proft
profg—prog
proh—prol
prom—
prone
pronf—
propa
propb—
propor
propos—
prose

VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, ApriL-May, 1969

29 34

29 30

25 36

25 38
Zour

Zar

ZONaS

26 13
26 14

36

2

8

Il
p

pros{—
proteg
proteh—
protom
proton—
prove
provfi—prud
prue—
pseudom
pseudon—
psychol
psychom—
pt
pu—pud
pue—pulj
pulk—puls
pult—punc
pund—puq
pur—purl
purm—push
pusi—putt
putu—pyra
pyrb—pyrot
pyrou—pz
q—quadric
quadrid—
quak
qual—
quarn
quaro—
quartern
quartero—
quec
qued—ques
quet—quill
quilm—
quin
quio—quiv
quiw—qz
r—racd
race—racke
rackf—
radiob
radioc—rae
raf—railq
railr—rak
ral—ram
ran—rank
ranl—raref
rareg—rath
rati—ratz
rau—raz
rb—reac
read—reag
reah—reas
reat—
recan
recao—rece
recf—recl

recm—
recons
recont—
recri
recrj—recz
red—redf
redg—redt
redu—reed
reee—refe
reffi—refo
refp—refz
reg—regim
regin—regt
regu—reim
rein—relas
relat—relaz
relb—trelie
relif—rema
remb—
remn
remo—renc
rend—rens
rent—repa
repb—repla
replb—
repreh
reprei—
reproo
reprop—req
rer—resg
resh—resi
resj—reso
resp—ress
rest—restz
resu—rete
retf—retra
retrb—retro
retrp—trevel
revem—
rever
reves—revol
revom—
rheos
rheot—trhi
rhj—rhz
ri—rich
rici—rie
rif—rigg
righ—rigo
rigp—ringe
ringf—ripp
ripq—rit
riu—robb
robc—robs
robt—roc
rod—rolf
rolg—romd
rome—roos
root—rosa

103

rosb—ross
rost—rotar
rotas—
rouge
rougfi—
roum
roun—rouz
rovV—Ir
rs—rubl
rubm—rufe
ruff—ruma
rumb—
rumz
run—runi
runj—rur
rus—russ
rust—1rz
s—sab
sac—sack
sacl—sad
sae—saf
sag—sail
saim—sala
salb—sall
salm—salt
salu—-sama
samb—sana
sanb—sandh
sandi—sani
sank—sao
sap—sara
sarb-sarz
sas—sati
satj—-sau
savV—Savz
saw—saz
sb—scale
sacl{—scant
scanu—scarl
scarj—scep
sceq—schi
schj—schoo
schop—scor
scos—scoz
scp—scra
scrb—scrim
scrin—scru
scerv—scute
scutf—seah
seali—seaq
sear—seaz
seb—seco
secp—secti
sectj—sedi
sedj—see
sef—seiz
sej—self
sele—semh
semi—sem]j

Table 2. (Continued)

semk—seni
senj—sens
sent—senu
senv—sept
sepu—serb
serc—serl
serj—serve
servi—sesz
set—seto
setp—seven
seveo—sexr
sexs—shade
shadf—shaj
shak-sham
shan—share
sharf—shaz
shb—shed
shee—shelk
shell—shes
shet—shinf
shing—shir
shis—shoe
shof—shore
shorf—shov
show—shre
shrf—shuc
shud—shz
si—sick
sicl—side
sidf—sigi
sigj—sik
sil—silj
silk—silv
silw—simo
simp—sind
sine—sing
sinh—sio
sip—siste
sistf—sixs
sixt—skel
skem—skill
skim—skir
skis—slab
slac—slat
slau—sled
slee—slic
slid—slio
slip—sloo
slop—slow
slox—slz
sm—smas
smat—smite
smitf—smoo
smop—snao
snap—snee
snef—snov
snow—snz
so—soch
soci—soco

35
35

20 25
22 28
27 30
24 4
34 16
39 36
30 19

39.
bod

socp—sofs
soft—sola
solb—solic
solid—solu
solv—somm
somn—soc
sop—sorl
sorj—soum
soun—sous
sout—south
souti—spac
spad—spanj
spank—
sparz
spas—speaq
spear—specs
spect—speec
speed—
spern
spero—
spher
sphes—spij
spik—spinm
spinn—
spiris
spirit—spit
spiu—splin
splio—spom
spon—spora
sporb—spot
spou—sprh .
spri—sprit
spriu—spuz
spv—squar
squas—
squee
squef—stabi
stabj—staf
stag—stak
stal—staml
stamm—
‘stand
stane—stare
starf—starz
stas—statin
statlo—staz
stb—steam
stean—steep
steeq—stenn
steno—stere]
stereo—
stern
stero—stib
stic—stif
stig—stim
stin—stiq
stir—stocj
stock—stoj

35 10
39 10
39 Il
35 16
35 8

37 10-13
31 di,2!

stok—ston
stoo—stoqg
stor—stov
stow—strai
straj—strat
strau—strem
stren—stric
strid—strik
stril—striq
strir—stro
strp—stuc
stud—stum
stun—stylh
styli—suba
subb—subja
subjb—
subme
subm{f—
subsh
subsi—subte
subtf—succi
succj—sude
sudf—suf
sug—su]
suk—sull
sulm—summ
sumn—sung
sunh—super
supes—
suppn
suppo—surd
sure—surm
surn—suru
surv—suso
susp—swag
swah—swas
swat—swed ~
swee—swell
swelm—
swing
swinh—swor
swos—sylu
sylv—sympg
symph—
sync
synd—syno
synp—sz
t—tab
tac—tae
taf—tail
taim—talk
tall—tamb
tamc—tangh
tangi—tao
tap—tara
tarb—tars
tart—tas
tat—taw
tax—teac

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Table 2. (Continued)

37 12 18 tead—teb 39 26 36 toxj—track 3 16 24 unwj—upb 7 11 22 wate—water
37 13 16 tec—tee 39 31 34 tracl—trade 3 17 26 upc—upse 7 12 19 wates—wax
37 14 15 tef—teleo tee? 5) tradi—traium 3 20 26 upsf—urani 7 14 16 way—weak
37 16 17 telep—telk I 2:17 train—tranr 13 16 20 uranj—urid 7 15 16 weal—weath
37 17 19 tell—tempe Jerson brans—— 3 21 32 urie—usab 7 16 17 weati—wedf
37 19 26 tempf—tena transl 3 22 27 usac—usz 7 21 25 wedg—weif
37 21 25 tenb—tenm Lindh, stransm— 3 25 30 ut—uz 7 24 25 weig—welk
37 22 32 tenn—tent transp 3 26 29 v—vaci 7 31 32 well—wels
37 31 32 tenu—terl 1 4 6 transq— 3 27 29 vacj—vai 8 910 welt—wg
39 39 1 term—terrd trape 3 31 39 vaj—vali 8 11 13 wh—whea
38 111° terre—tess I 5 8 trapf—trav 4 7 8 valj—valz 8 11 25 wheb—when
38 210 test—tete 1 611 traw—treb 4 813 vam—vanis 8 12 22 wheo—whif
38 2 22 tetf—teu I 715 trec—trenc 4 919 vanit—varia 81419 whig—
38 310 tev—thana 1 914 trend—trial 41014 varib—vasct whippe
38 4 11 thanb— 1 10 21 triam—tricg 412 19 vascu—vau 8 16 20 whippf—
thean ILI aries —trid 4 14 16 vav—veh whis
30° 513... theao—- 112 14 = trie—trilk 415 16 vei—vena 8 19 29 whit—whiz
theob I 13 24 trill—trin 4 21 25 venb—venis 8 21 28 whj—whori
38 5 25 theoc— 1 16 24 trio—tripo 4 22 32 venit—venur 8 23 31 whorj—widt
therd 119 21 tripp—trit 4 24 25 venus—verf 8 25 26 widu—wilk
38 616 there— I 20 26 triu—trok 4 31 32 verg—verm 8 28 38 will—wimo
thermol 13 19 29 trol—troph 4 34 38 vern—vers 8 31 35 wimp—
38 7 8 thermom— I 21 32 tropi—trou ~ 2 6 7 vert—vespe windf
thez I 23 35 trov—true 3 619 vespf—vets 9 10 14 windg—
38 8 12 thf—thine I 27 29 .truf—truss 9 711 vett—vib windz
38 9 18 thinf—thio 1 36 38 trust—tryo 9 11 13 vic—vicn 9 11 22. wine—winm
38 10 13 thip—thom 2 311 tryp—tube 39 12 22 vico—viev 9 12 19 winn—wirel
38 11 21 thon—thoug 2 412 tubf—tule 5 13 20 view—villa 9 14 16 wirem—wis
38 12 18 thouh— 2 5 14 tulf tune o 14 19 villb—vini 9 15 16 wit—with
three 2 617 tunf—turbo 5 15.19 vinj—vird 9 17 18 witi—wole
38 14 15 thref—thron 2 7 9 turbp— 5 16 20 vire—virs 9 18 21 wolf—wont
38 17 18 throo—thrz turna 5 19 29 virt—visib 9 21 24 wonu—wood
38 18 21 ths—thuz 2 814 turnb—turz 9 21 28 visic—vital 9 22 31 wooe—word
38 21 24 thv—ticke 21015 tus—twat 9 22 23 vitam— 9 32 36 wore—work
38 22 31 tickf—tieb 2 11 23 twau—twind vivan 10 11 23 ~worl—worr
23 27 = tiec—tilk 2 12 20 twine—two 3 24 28 vivao—voca 10 12 20 wors—wran
38 J 13 till—tim 213 18 twp—typg 9 25 26 vocb—volc 10 13 18 wrao—wrig
38 1 25 tin—tint 215 17 typh—tz 3 31 35 vold—volul 10 14 17 wrih—wrot
38 2 12 tinu—tis 2 136 18 au—uh 6 711 volum—vors 1015 17 wrou—xanth
38 3 12 tit—tiz 217 20 ui—ultg 6 8 16 vort—vt 10 17 20 xanti—xz
39 5 15 tj—tob 2 21 26 ultr—umb 6 910 vu—vz 10 19 27. y—yanj
39 710 toc—tog 2 24 26 umc—unc 6 11 13 w—waf 1 21 26 yank—yd
39 815 toh—toll 2 31 33° und—under 6 12 22 wag—wair 10 29 38 ye—yello
39 10 16 tolm—tond 3 4 6 undes—unfa 6 14 19 wais—wald 10 31 33 yellp—yoce
39 11 12 tone—tonn 3 5 8 unfb—unh 6 16 20 wale—walld I11 12 14 yod—yot
39 12 21 tono—toot 3 5 20 uni—unio 6 19 29 walle—walz 11 12 26 you—yz
39 13 19 toou—topp 3 611 unip—unit 6 21 28 wam—wan 113 24 z—za
39 15 18 topq—torpe 3 715 uniu—unl 6 22 35 wao—ward 11 15 23 zb—zet
39 16 19 torpf—torz 3 8 20 unm—ung 6 25 26 ware—warp Il 17 26 zeu—zoa
39 20 21 tos—touc 3 914 unr—unsh 6 30 31 warq—wasg 11 21 32 zob—zoom
39 21 27 ‘.toud—tout 3 11 17 unsi—unte 7 812 wash—waso Il 22 27 zoon—zz
39 23 30 touu—toxi 3 12 14 untf—unwi 7 919 wasp—watd

VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969 105

Ethan Allen Hitchcock and Alchemy

Sister St. John Nepomucene, S.N.D.’

Research Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, Trinity College, Washington, D.C.

Ethan Allen Hitchcock, born in Ver-
gennes, Vermont on May 18, 1798, was the
grandson of Colonel Ethan Allen, the most
famous of the Green Mountain Boys, who
took Ticonderoga in “the name of the great
Jehovah and the Continental Congress.”
His father was Samuel Hitchcock, a law-

yer whose appointment as judge in the

District Court in 1793 was signed by
George Washington.

Shortly after his father’s death, Ethan
was appointed to West Point, graduating
in 1817. From 1824 to 1827 he was an
instructor there and commandant of a
Cadet Corps in 1829. His excellent moral
character, his ability, and his sturdy sense
of responsibility were already well recog-
nized, and twice the American Coloniza-
tion Society offered him the governorship
of Liberia, which he declined, From 1833
to 1836 he was on frontier duty at Fort
Crawford, Wisconsin, followed by Indian
duty in the Northwest until 1840. The next
two years were spent in Florida where
he successfully terminated the struggle
‘with the Seminole Indians. Later, Hitch-
cock was engaged in the Mexican War
with General Taylor in the North and Gen-
eral Scott in the South, being the Inspector
General and right-hand man of the latter
from Vera Cruz to the Capital.

On February 10, 1862, Hitchcock was

1Grateful acknowledgment is made to the
staff of the Manuscript Room and to the librar-
ians of the Jefferson Room of the Library of
Congress. To Prof. C. Carroll Hollis, English
Department, University of North Carolina, who
suggested the topic of this paper while he was
Cultural Specialist of the Manuscript Division of
the Library of Congress, special gratitude is due.

106

assigned to special duty at Washington,
D. C. as Major-General of U.S. Volunteers
under the direction of the Secretary of
War. From November 15, 1862 until Octo-
ber 1, 1867, when he was among the last
mustered out, General Hitchcock was Com-
missioner for the Exchange of Prisoners.

Hitchcock in 1868 married Martha
Rhind, whose nephew by marriage is the
W. C. Croffut who edited a biography of
Hitchcock. The material in both the Hitch-
cock and Croffut Collections in the Library
of Congress (1) and the 90-odd volume
diary in the Gilcrease Collection in Tulsa,
which is probably unequaled for length
and continuity and describes in minute
detail all our wars from 1815, attests to
the probability that a military expert who
is also a writer should be able to produce
an important and fascinating book (2).

Hitchcock’s publications (3) began in
1846 while he was still in the Army, from
which he resigned only in 1855. Beginning .
with The Doctrines of Spinoza and ‘Swed-
enborg Identified, there followed in 1855
a pamphlet whose title page reads “Re-
marks Upon the Alchymists and the sup-
posed object of their Pursuit showing that
the Philosopher’s Stone is a mere symbol,
signifying something which could not be
expressed openly, without incurring the
danger of an Auto da Fé, by an officer of
the United States Army, Carlisle, Pennsyl-
vania.” An article published in the West-
minster and Foreign Quarterly Review of
October 1, 1856, described the oft-cited
Figuier, author of L’Alchimie et les Alchi-
mistes, as a parasite on Herman Kopp’s
invaluable Geschichte der Chemie. Two
quotations from this article are important
here:

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

“The Alchemists were not only uncon-
scious of the great work they were sev-
erally employed in forwarding but also
misguided and confused by fancies which
to us seem puerile, by reasonings which
would scarcely deceive any thinking mind
in our day and, as a consequence, pre-
senting the painful spectacle of dupes and
dupers, fools and charlatans, either mys-
tifying themselves or mystifying others.
An experimental element was mingled with
a mystical element; a coarse unscientific
materialism with a vague and ambitious
spiritualism. When Alchemy was de-
nounced as damnable, the credulous met
the denouncement by claiming for their
chimeras a religious inspiration and a re-
ligious aim. Not only were prayers and
religious invocations indispensable prelim-
inaries to the great work of the Alchem-
ists in later days—not only was their lan-
guage strangely coloured with religious
allusions—but it was their assimilation of
the transmutation of metals with the doc-
trine of the death and resurrection of
men, which Luther advanced as the reason
for his praises of Alchemy.” (4)

“The Arabian philosopher untroubled by
mystical abstractions was troubled only
with the positive difficulties. The unity
and simplicity of the Mussulman faith, or
more properly speaking, the national indif-
ference to mystical conceptions, kept these
men to the work of the laboratory; but
the Christians could not confine themselves
to mere experimental labour; religious
inspiration was deemed necessary as a pre-
liminary at least; and in a little while the
religious element became almost the dom-
inant element. It is this and this alone
which gave a sort of pretext for the views
put forward by the United States officer
in the pamphlet named at the head of
this article.” (5)

This article was written by George
Henry Lewes (6), whose Life and Works
of Goethe (7) had been published in 1855.
Although it is now held that Goethe was
not an alchemist, he had a good knowl-
edge of the subject first through a doctor
who produced a great improvement in the
still not understood illness from which
Goethe suffered in his youth, and even
more through the influence of his good
friend the Pietist, Fraiilein von Kletten-
berg.

In answer to the Westminster article,

Hitchcock published in 1857 Remarks

VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969

upon Alchemy and the Alchemists, in 1858
Swedenborg, a Hermetic Philosopher, in
1860 Christ the Spirit, in 1865 Remarks
on the Sonnets of Shakespeare and Spen-
ser’s Colin Clouts come Home againe and
The Red Book of Appin, A Story of the
Middle Ages With Other Hermetic Stories
and Allegorical Tales. A New Edition, En-
larged by A Chapter of the Palmerin of
England With Interpretations, And Re-
marks Upon The Arabian Nights’ Enter-
tainments, and in 1866 Notes on the Vita
Nuova.

Before even considering the works them-
selves, one is struck with wonder that an
Army officer would have the interest, the
background, and the time for such a sur-
prising list of works. The background
Hitchcock had acquired by reading from
his early youth—the interest surely came
from his lawyer-father’s influence upon his
sons to be scholars. Like Ethan, his brother
Samuel read widely in metaphysical and
philosophical works, and using the Uni-
versity of Vermont’s copy of Spinoza’s
works “thought he would secure a copy of
the Ethics by taking it himself.”. Hitch-
cock says Samuel translated the Ethics
into English from the Latin edition by
Paulus in 1843 at a time (February, 1854)
when perhaps no other English translation
existed. Three complete and two unfinished
copies are in the Hitchcock collection.

The interest is explained in a discourag-
ingly good essay by I. Bernard Cohen (8),
who quotes the D. A. B.: “He had plunged
into the study of philosophy in an effort
to answer various doubts that troubled him
on the subject of religion.” Years of read-
ing and collecting books had given him the
knowledge. In 1851, when Hitchcock went
to California to assume command of the
Pacific Division, his library of some 2,500
volumes “cost him $200 for carriage,
Whereas it had only cost him $400 to
transport himself to California.” Some of
these books went to the founding of the
Mercantile Library in San Francisco. The
reading included Spinoza, Plato, the neo-
Platonists, Swedenborg, Rossetti’s Anti-
Papal Spirit and an elaborate course in

107

Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Drayton, Sid-
ney, Chaucer, Shakespeare, and others (9).
The purchase of the books was possible
because of the man’s almost total absence
of bad habits—he neither drank nor gam-
bled but preferred a quiet life of reading,
writing, and discussion with a few friends.
A frugal though not a selfish or mean man,
he had helped educate a bereaved nephew
who later became Secretary of the Interior,
and he had been most patient and generous
to a relative whose promise was better than
his payment.

Hitchcock was on terms of close friend-
ship with the famous Peabody girls (his
correspondence with Mrs. Nathaniel Haw-
thorne has been collected by Croffut) and
even wrote to Mrs. Mann, widow of
Horace, to ask her opinion and that of
her friends as to the retaliatory treatment
of Southern prisoners. In a letter to Miss
Peabody the first purchase on alchemy
was described. About 1853, Hitchcock had
received in California his brother’s volume
of Hermetic Philosophy, which he kept
because of its great beauty, ignoring its
nonsense. In 1857 in New York he bought
at a second-hand store (Bangs, in which
his collection was later to be put on sale)
a work on alchemy.

“In reading the preface I was struck
with the fact that the writer made many
references to Wisdom, with insinuations
that whoever might be so happy as to find
the Philosopher’s Stone, would be in the
condition of the Wise man who is de-
scribed as holding riches in one hand and
peace in the other. . . . I went in pur-
suit of other books of the same class,
and was fortunate enough to find several,
most of them. over a century old, and all
of them written with a soberness beyond
ordinary seriousness, indicating a: Spirit,
which, as it seemed to me, could clear
in my mind that the Alchemists were not
in pursuit of gold although I saw that
their writings might have given rise to a
class of men whose experiments in Al-
chemy (mistaken) might have led to mod-
ern chemistry. I saw well enough that the
genuine Alchemists carried on this work
without hands, working indeed with an
immaterial fire. There was something like
‘peace’ in the very idea.” (10)

108

Then he describes the pamphlet, the
Westminster article and the publication of
Alchemy and the Alchemists:

“In writing that work I had no idea of
the point to which I was tending, except
that I was sure that the Alchemists were
a religious class of writers.

“T had no sooner put the manuscript out
of my hands than I fell upon the idea
that Swedenborg was a Hermetic philos-
opher. .. . In preparing that work (1858)
I saw but very vaguely, that the key to
Alchemy might be the key to the books
held in most sacred reverence by the
Christian world. . . . the question had
distinctly risen in my mind—if the parable
of the Prodigal Son contains a beautiful
teaching confessed by itself without a his-
torical basis, why may not this be true of
the entire gospels themselves?

“The writings of Philo came to have a
special value, and I was not long in com-
ing to the conclusion that De Quincy in
his Essay on the Essenes had reversed the
fact . . .. the truth required us to look
upon the Christians as having taken birth
among the Essenes.

“When I saw the beautiful symbolism
of the story of the two disciples going
to Emmaus, as explained in the 13th Sec-
tion of the First Part of Christ the Spirit
I had but little else to do but to study
the gospels in the Spirit of Truth, to see
that Spirit in the gospels, and not only
in the gospels, but in the Law and the
Prophets. I then felt that Christ was not
only not ‘manifested’ to me in so far as
I fell short of the conditions required in
the sacred volume, but of all those who
would see in themselves (and hence in the

Sacred books) the Holy One of Israel.”

No respectable publisher: or printer
would allow his name to go on Christ the
Spirit, Part II, while published later was
“the application of my theory in the in-
terpretation of the gospel according to St.
John.” (11) Much of the work is based on
St. Paul, and while as a believer, I must
disagree with ‘the interpretation, as a
scholar I should simply say there is not
enough evidence for it. As a New Eng-
lander I delight in the closing greetings to
the Peabody sisters, thanking them for ‘his
“recent visit to what I must consider the

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

most classical spot, in America—Concord,
Mass.” .

Hitchcock was not the first to develop a
new theory about alchemy. In 1850, Mary
Anne South, later Mrs. Atwood, published
A Suggestive Inquiry into the Hermetic
Mystery. (12) A few years after its
publication when less than one hundred
copies had been distributed, the rest were
called in and burned on the front lawn of
the South home. Mrs. Atwood’s comment
on Hitchcock’s theory written in her copy
of the 1857 Remarks (13) is that it is “a
moral theory of interpretation, leading to
a religious conclusion; true and forcible,
but without discernment of the Hermetic
method or process of Divine assimilation.”
The contrast lies not only in the authors’
approach but in their belief—Mrs. Atwood
actually believed in it and desired to revive
it, while Hitchcock denied any such belief
or intention. (14)

In the preface to the Remarks Hitchcock
says:

“T therefore say, after much study and
deliberation, that the works of the genuine
Alchemists, are all essentially religious,
and that the best external assistance for
their interpretation may be found in a

study of the Holy Scriptures, and chiefly

in the New Testament.” (15)

In the book itself Mrs. Atwood states:

“My proposition is, that the subject of

Alchemy was Man; while the object was

the perfection of Man, which was sup-

posed to centre in a certain unity with

the Divine nature.” (16)

“In the symbolic writing used, Man may

be Antimony, or Lead, or Zinc—if less

strong Arsenic etc. but these metals are

referred to by the names of the planets.

The mercury—our mercury—refers to the

philosopher’s mercury, not the common

element and, according to both Figuier and

Hitchcock, is really a perfectly pure con-

science.” (17)

Jung’s interest in alchemy is well and
increasingly known. Since his Psychology
and Alchemy alone exceeds 500 pages, it
will have to suffice here to follow
Pagel. (18) Jung has two lines of thought
—first Paracelsus, whom Jung sees as an
“exponent of typical alchemical ideas,” as
Jung understood them, in which there is

VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969

“a marked similarity between mysticism as
generally understood, and as attained in
Taoism and modern psychology aiding the
troubling contents of the unconscious.”
Second, Jung studies the relationship of
alchemical symbolism to both Christianity
and Gnosticism, discovering that belief in
the Philosopher’s Stone or “Lapis” was
held long before Khunrath and Jacob
Boehme, even in the early 14th century.
Man witnessed really what was in his own
soul. Arthur Edward Waite says:

“The end in
Hermetists. ...

view is identical with
It is the conscious and
hypostatic union of the intellectual soul
with Deity, and its participation in the
life of God. . . . In Hermetic operations
above all, it must ever be remembered

that God is within us.” (19)

In September, 1965, Smithson’s 200th
birthday was formally celebrated in Wash-
ington, hence the following letter, one
of many received in acknowledgment of
copies of the 1857 Remarks, seems appro-
priate:

Smithsonian Institution
November 24th, 1957

Dear Sir:

. work on the Alchemists . . .

I have read the volume with much in-
terest and although I can scarcely adopt
all your views as to the import of the
writings of the Alchemists yet I think
you have clearly shown that their aim was
far higher than that of advancing the
material welfare of man. They were un-
doubtedly transcendental philosophers who
while they added much of value to our
knowledge of the art of chemistry sought
to investigate the profound mysteries of
nature and to discover the relation of man
to the moral as well as the physical
universe.

. .. I may mention that you will find
in, [ think, Duma’s work on the Philos-
ophy of chemistry one example of the
interpretation of one of the processes of
the alchemists which if you have not seen
it, may be of interest. Our library is just
now in the process of rearrangements and
I am therefore unable to put my hand
on the book or speak more definitely in
regard to the matter.

I remain very truly

With much respect

Your obt. servt.

Joseph Henry

109

With this judgment of Hitchcock’s
works, I would agree sincerely. That Jung
carried the idea a step further and
explained what may well have been un-
realized by the alchemists themselves, I
would also agree. But I firmly believe
both men were carried away, almost ob-
sessed by their idea, although as yet I
admittedly know much less of Jung than
of Hitchcock, Early in the work on this
paper, through a misreading of a Latin
quotation I translated “Heaven reserved
for chemists.” I hope at least to have
proved there is no such reservation. In
reading Hitchcock, one can often forget
alchemy and meditate profoundly on God
and Heaven.

References

(1) In the Manuscript Room at the Library
of Congress there are approximately 3,000 items,
occupying six linear feet of shelf space, forming
the Ethan Allen Hitchcock Collection. The Croffut
Collection, also there, includes 31 containers
holding 7,500 items and occupying 11 linear feet
of shelf space.

(2) Introduction to 50 years in Camp and
Field, Diary of Major-General Ethan Allen
Hitchcock. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York and
London, 1909.

(3) Library of Congress, Description of Ethan
Allen Hitchcock Collection, Manuscript Room.

and its Symbolism (New York: 1917), p.

(4) Westminster and Foreign Quarterly Re-
view, Oct. 1, 1856, p. 287.

(5) Ibid., p. 291.

(6) Gordon S. Haight, The George Eliot Let-
ters. In Vol. 7, p. 532 are listed the papers both
George Eliot and George Henry Lewes con-
tributed to the Westminster Review. George Eliot
had been associate editor since 1851; Lewes had
written for it since 1841.

(7) George H. Lewes, Life and Works of
Goethe, 1855, Vol. 1, pp. 91,95.

(8) I. Bernard Cohen, “Ethan Allen Hitch-
cock,” in Proc. Am. Antiquarian Society, 61 (29-
136) ps ome

(9) George Washington Cullum, Biographical
Register of the officers and Graduates of the
U.S. Military Academy, West Point, 1891, Vol. I,
pp. 172-173.

(10) Letter to Miss Peabody, in Hitchcock
Collection, L. C., dated August 19, 1862.

(11) Letter to Miss Peabody dated August
19, 1862.

(12) Mary Anne Atwood, A Suggestive Inquiry
into the Hermetic Mystery, 1850.

(13) A New Edition: Belfast, 1918. Introduc-
tion, p. (58).

(14) Herbert Silberer, Problems of Mysticism
150.
This reference to the work of Count Michael
Maier and N. Landur need not be discussed
here.

(15) Preface to Remarks, 1857 ed., p. 10.

(16) Remarks, p. 22.

(17) Ibid., p. 44.

(18) Walter Pagel, “Jung’s Views on AIl-
chemy,” Isis, 38 (1948) :44-48.

(19) A. E. Waite, Lives of Alchemystical Phi-
losophers, 1888, Section 15, in appendix.

Irving Receives AIC Award

George W. Irving, Jr., administrator of
USDA’s Agricultural Research Service and
incoming president of the Washington
Academy of Sciences, is the recipient of
the 1969 honor award of the Washington
Chapter, American Institute of Chemists.

The award was presented at a dinner
meeting of the society held May 23 at the
Cosmos Club and was made in recognition
of Dr. Irving’s “dedicated services and dis-
tinguished leadership among the scientific
and professional societies, and his out-

110

standing contributions to agricultural and
food chemistry both as a research investi-
gator and as an administrator of research.”

Master of ceremonies for the occasion
was Frank J. Kreysa, associate director of
the Science Information Exchange, Smith-
sonian Institution, who is chairman of the
Awards Committee of the local AIC chap-
ter. Dr. Irving was introduced by C. Har-
old Fisher, director of USDA’s Southern
Utilization Research and Development Di-
vision in New Orleans; for many years a

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

professional colleague of Dr. Irving, Dr.
Fisher was national president of AIC in
1962-3. The award was presented by Emer-
son Venable, consulting chemist and engi-
neer in Pittsburgh, the incoming national
president of AIC for 1969-70. Dr. Irving
responded with an address entitled, “Chem-
istry and Other Good Things.”

Born November 20, 1910, in Caribou,
Me., Dr. Irving early moved to Washington
and was graduated from Western High
School in 1927. He began his professional
career in the same year at the National
Bureau of Standards; in 1928 he trans-
ferred to the Department of Agriculture to
work with the distinguished microbiologist,
Charles Thom. Also in 1927, he entered the
evening school of George Washington Uni-
versity, receiving the B.S. degree in 1933
and the M.A. degree in 1935.

In the fall of 1935 Dr. Irving began the
full-time pursuit of a doctorate in the GWU
Biochemistry Department under Vincent
duVigneaud. He completed his thesis re-
search, still under duVigneaud, at Cornell
University Medical College and was
awarded the doctorate in 1938 by GWU.

Dr. Irving’s postdoctoral career began
in 1939 at the Rockefeller Institute for
Medical Research under Max Bergmann,
and subsequently embraced a variety of
positions of ascending responsibility in the
Department of Agriculture. In 1942 he
organized a team of scientists and devel-
oped a research program in New Orleans
on the chemistry of cottonseed and peanut
proteins; in 1944 he organized and di-
rected a Biologically Active Chemical Com-
pounds Division at Beltsville, working on
antibiotics and plant growth regulators;
and from 1947 to 1954 he served as assist-
ant chief of the Bureau of Agricultural
and Industrial Chemistry, helping to direct
a nationwide research program aimed at
developing new uses for farm crops.

Since 1954, when the Agricultural Re-
search Service was organized, Dr. Irving
has served successively as deputy admin-
istrator, associate administrator, and ad-
ministrator of ARS. In these positions, his

VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969

GeorceE W. Irvine, Jr.

broad perspectives and organizational abil-
ity have reflected the same talents that
underlay his research career.

The American Institute of Chemists was
founded in 1923 with the objective of en-
hancing the professional status of chemists
and chemical engineers. Previous winners
of the honor award of the Washington
Chapter are as follows:

1952 Gordon M. Kline

1953 Arno C. Fieldner

1954. Eduard Farber

1956 Benjamin D. Van Evera
1957 Milton Harris

1958 William T. Read, Sr.
1959 Thomas R. Henry
1960 Archibald T. McPherson
1962 Charles R. Naeser
1963 Samuel B. Detwiler, Jr.
1964 Alfred E. Brown

1965 Clem O. Miller

1966 Leo Schubert

1967 Bradford R. Stanerson
1968 John K. Taylor

Lit

Academy Proceedings

BOARD OF MANAGERS
MEETING NOTES
March

The Board of Managers held its 601st
meeting on March 27, 1969 at the Cosmos
Club, with President-Elect Irving presiding.

The minutes of the 600th meeting were
approved as previously distributed.

Announcements. President-Elect Irving
announced that he was presiding in place
of President Henderson, who had been hos-
pitalized to undergo tests and diagnosis
for a persistent fever of unknown origin.
Dr. Irving asked if it might not be appro-
priate to send some expression of sym-
pathy and best wishes, and on a motion by
Dr. Rainwater, seconded by Dr. Leikind,
the Secretary was instructed to send such

an expression on behalf of the Board of ©

Managers.
It was announced by Dr. Leikind that
the Nobel certificate awarded to WAS

Fellow Marshall Nirenberg was to be on

display for two weeks at the National
Library of Medicine.

Dr. Haenni introduced Dr. Mary H.
Aldridge, the 1969 delegate of the Chem-
ical Society of Washington.

Membership. Irving A. Breger, Curtis
G. Chezem, Richard B. Theus, Grover C.
Sherlin, and Peter E. Hexner were elected
to fellowship in the Academy.

Journal. Editor Detwiler announced that
with the January-February-March issue of
the Journal his tenure as editor had come
to an end. Dr. Irving praised Mr. Det-
wiler’s long period of unselfish service to
the Academy and indicated that on an-
other occasion the Board of Managers
should consider a suitable form of expres-
sion of their appreciation. Many of the
Board members expressed their agreement.

The Secretary announced that, a letter
from Walter J. Johnson, Inc. indicated
total sales of back issues of the Journal
in 1968 amounted to $508.85. The Acad-
emy receives 50% of this total.

112

Joint Board. Mr. Sherlin announced that
the Board had been expanded from 18 to
22 members and that the Academy’s new
delegates had been appointed. The Charles
County Fair exhibited 300 projects and
the Montgomery County Fair 200. Dr. Irv-
ing read a letter from the 1970 Interna-
tional Science Fair Committee requesting
payment of the $2500 pledge made by the
Academy. Treasurer Cook indicated that
he would determine what portion of the
pledge could be paid from the treasury
without liquidation of funds, forward a
check in the appropriate amount, and pro-
vide the Committee a formal statement that
the remainder would be made available at
a later date.

New Business. Secretary Farrow an-
nounced receipt of a letter to Dr. Hender-
son from the Geological Society of Wash-
ington requesting office services to assist
with their printing and mailing of program
announcements and addressograph services
for announcements and dues billing. Treas-
urer Cook offered to set up a cost schedule
and inform the Geological Society of the
reimbursement the Academy would need
to receive for these services.

April

The Board of Managers held its 602nd
meeting on April 17, 1969 at the Cosmos
Club, with President-Elect Irving presid-
ing.

The minutes of the 60lst meeting were
approved as previously distributed.

Announcements. President-Elect Irving
announced that Dr. Henderson still suf-
fered from his undiagnosed illness but was
now recuperating at home. He is still quite
weak but his prognosis is good.

Morris Leikind voluntered to represent
the Academy President on the occasion of
the annual Science Talent Search Award
Banquet to be held April 22 in the Faculty
Lounge of the new South Building, George-
town University.

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Treasurer. A payment has been made
toward the Academy pledge of $2500 to
the International Science Fair Committee
for the 1970 Fair. The Executive Commit-
tee is working out details of charges to be
proposed to the Geological Society of
Washington for mailing and billing serv-
ices to be rendered in the Academy office
in Bethesda.

Membership. Louis J. Stief and Richard
A. Durst were elected to fellowship in the
Academy.

Policy Planning. Chairman Stern re-
minded Dr. Irving that some discussion
was held during the February Board meet-
ing regarding the possibility of formulat-
ing a questionnaire to develop information
leading to a re-evaluation of future Acad-
emy meetings. Dr. Irving appointed Dr.
Stern, and the Chairmen of the Program
and Meeting Arrangements Committees, to
an ad hoc committee to write the question-
naire at an early date so it could be sent
to Academy members before summer. It
was suggested that the questionnaire might
be a valuable way to assess the future of
the Journal as well. Consequently, Dr. Irv-
ing also appointed Dr. Foote to the com-
mittee. The committee will meet in the very
near future.

Journal. Considerable discussion of the
Directory issue was generated by the Edi-
tor’s report on his plans for the remaining
numbers of Vol. 59. Opinions for and
against the annual issue of the Directory
seemed to be rather equally divided, but
the consensus indicated that membership
records of the Academy now in a computer
in Mr. Farrow’s office be maintained.

ELECTIONS TO
FELLOWSHIP

The following persons were elected to
fellowship in the Academy at the Board
of Managers meeting on March 27:

IRVING A. BREGER, Chemist, Geo-
logical Survey, “in recognition of numer-
ous and important contributions to the
geochemistry of organic substances.”

VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969

(Sponsors: John K. Taylor, Malcolm C.
Henderson. )

CURTIS GORDON CHEZEM, Chief,
Systems Study Branch, Office of Safeguards
and Materials Management, U.S. Atomic
Energy Commission, “in recognition of
his contribution to reactor physics, and in
particular his fundamental researches at
the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory on
the asymptotic behavior of a neuron flux
in metallic uranium exponential columns.”
(Sponsors: Glen W. Wensch, Merrill J.
Whitman. )

PETER E. HEXNER, Commanding Off-
cer, Harry Diamond Laboratories, ‘‘in rec-
ognition of his contributions to ultra-
centrifuge techniques.” (Sponsors: Maurice
Apstein, P. E. Landis.)

RICHARD B. THEUS, Head, Physics
II Section, Cyclotron Branch, Naval Re-
search Laboratory, “in recognition of his
contributions to nuclear physics, and in
particular his contributions to the design
and construction of sector focussing cyclo-
trons and to the understanding of the
nuclear break-up following the deuteron-
deuteron reaction.” (Sponsors: John McEI-
hinney, A. W. Sainz, Eligius Wolichi.)

GROVER C. SHERLIN, General Engi-
neer, Research Division, Institute of Ap-
plied Technology, National Bureau of
Standards, “in recognition of his contribu-
tions to fluid mechanics, and his activities
in connection with science education as
evidenced by his having been charter
President of the Prince Georges Science
Fair Association, with which he has been
associated as founding member since 1955.
He is a member of the Joint Board on
Science Education.” (Sponsors: Malcolm
B. Henderson, George W. Irving, Jr.)

The following persons were elected to
fellowship in the Academy at the Board
of Managers meeting on April 17:

LOUIS J. STIEF, National Academy of
Science Senior Postdoctoral Research As-
sociate, “in recognition of his contribu-
tions in the field of photochemistry, and
in particular his research on the vacuum
ultraviolet photochemistry of molecules of

113

potential importance in comets.” (Spon-

sors: Robert J. Fallon, James R. McNesby. )

RICHARD A. DURST, Research Chem-

66

ist, National Bureau of Standards, “in

Zi

recognition of his contributions to analyti-
cal chemistry, and in particular his re-
search in electrochemical analysis.” (Spon-
sors: John K. Taylor, Bourdon F. Scrib-

ner. )

Science in Washington

SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS

Contributions to this column may be

addressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate

Editor, c/o Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, Federal
Center Building, Hyattsville, Maryland
20782.

AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT
WILLIAM L. SULZBACHER presided

on March 27 at a session on Microbio-
logical Standards which he had organized
for the Meat Industry Research Conference
sponsored by the American Meat Science
Association. The session lasted for a full
afternoon and included presentations by
four speakers and audience discussion with
a panel of experts.

R. I. SAILER presented a paper en-
titled “A Taxonomist’s View of Environ-
mental Research and Habitat Manage-
ment” at the First Annual Tall Timbers
Conference on Ecological Control of Ani-
mals Through Habitat Management, Febru-
ary 27-28. The conference was sponsored
by the Tall Timbers Research Station,
Tallahassee, Florida.

114

A. M. POMMER transferred to Harry
Diamond Laboratories, Army Material
Command, Washington, D.C., from the
Agricultural Research Service. He pre-
sented a talk on “Some Aspects of Electro-
chemical Transducers” to the Washington
Section, Instrument Society, at Bethesda,
Maryland on February 10. Dr. Pommer
received an award from National Head-
quarters (Leadership Service) of the In-
strument Society of America.

MARTIN G. WEISS, Agricultural Re-
search Service, and ELBERT L. LITTLE,
JR., Forest Service, were the United States
representatives at the meeting of the Inter-
national Commission for the Nomenclature
of Cultivated Plants at Cambridge, Eng-
land, on February 17-21.

NATIONAL BUREAU OF
STANDARDS

W. A. WILDHACK retired on February
28, 1969 with 34 years of continuous
service at NBS. In 1961 he was appointed
Associate Director for Measurement Serv-
ices and continued in this capacity in the
Institute for Basic Standards when the
Institutes were established in 1964.

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF
HEALTH :

KENNETH S. COLE, senior research
biophysicist in the Laboratory of Bio-
physics, National Institute of Neurological
Diseases and Blindness, has published a
book, Membranes, Ions, and Impulses.

G. BURROUGHS MIDER, formerly Di-
rector of Laboratories and Clinics and now
Special Assistant to the Director, National
Library of Medicine, has been honored by
the establishment of an annual Lectureship
Award. The Lectureship is part of the NIH

Lecture Series.

GORDON M. TOMKINS, Chief of the
NIAMD Laboratory of Molecular Biol-
ogy, was invited to present the first
G. Burroughs Mider lecture in December.
Dr. Tomkins discussed “Control of Gene
Activity in Higher Organisms.”

BERNARD B. BRODIE, Chief of the
Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology,
National Heart Institute, was the recipient
of a 1968 National Medal of Science at

White House ceremonies in January.

ROBERT P. AKERS, who has been
Operations and Procedures Officer for
Extramural Research and Training for the
past two years, will henceforth serve as
Policy and Procedures Officer.

ROBERT W. BERLINER, Deputy Direc-
tor for Science, has received the 1969
Modern Medicine Award for Distinguished

Achievement.

KENNETH M. ENDICOTT, Director,
National Cancer Institute, has been ad-
vanced to two-star grade in his rank of
Assistant Surgeon General in the Com-
missioned Corps of the Public Health
Service.

KOLOMAN LAKI, Chief of the Labo-
ratory of Biophysical Chemistry, NIAMD,
has edited the book Fibrinogen, a review
written by 15 contributors.

EARL R. STADTMAN, Chief of the
Laboratory of Biochemistry, National

VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, ApriL-May, 1969

Heart Institute, was given the 41st Hille-
brand Award of the Washington Chemical
Society in recognition of his research in
the field of enzyme chemistry.

NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
MARTIN E. GLICKSMAN, Metallurey

Division, was one of ten recipients of the
Arthur S. Flemming Award on 13 Febru-
ary. After presentation of awards, the
recipients met at the White House with
President Richard M. Nixon, who chatted
with them about their work and places of
employment. Dr. Glicksman, the youngest
of this year’s recipients, was cited for
“his extraordinary talent in adapting pro-
cedures of both related and unrelated dis-
ciplines in solving important scientific
problems and in particular, for discover-
ing a method to observe melting and freez-
ing within opaque metallic materials by
electron microscopy, thus opening an en-
tirely new: field of metallurgical investi-
gation.”

E. L. BRANCATO, Head of the Solid
State Applications Branch, presented an
invited paper before the TC-63 Committee
of the International Electrotechnical Com-
mission (IEC), which met in Milan, Italy
March 3-11.

WILLIAM S. PELLINI, Superintendent
of the Metallurgy Division, has received
the William Hunt Eisenman Medal for
1969, presented Feb. 28 on the occasion
of the Fiftieth Anniversary year of the
American Society for Metals, Philadelphia
Chapter. He received the honor “in rec-
ognition of his dedicated service to the
American Society for Metals and_ his
dynamic leadership in the advancement
of metals technology through research and
development.”

VICTOR J. LINNENBOM, Superintend-
ent of the Ocean Sciences Division, has
been named chairman of the Gordon Re-
search Conference on Chemical Ocean-
ography to be held in Meriden, N. H.,
July 14-18.

115

A. L. ALEXANDER attended the Third
Inter-Naval Corrosion Conference, hosted
by the British Admiralty, at Imperial Col-
lege, London, and delivered an invited
paper “The Corrosion of Metals in Aque-
ous Environments Over Extended Periods.”

J. H. SCHULMAN, Associate Director
of Research for Materials, delivered a talk
on “Materials Research” to the Washing-
ton-Baltimore Section of the American
Ceramic Society on March 11.

FROM THE EDITOR

Anyone who steps into the shoes of his
elders quite naturally experiences the
doubts generated by the space he suddenly
perceives to exist between his feet and their
surrounding encasements, His only solace
is likely to be the hope that his feet may
grow to fill the void before they are beset
by too many corns. It was with some mis-
giving, then, that I decided to assume the
responsibility of editorship at the invita-

tion of President Henderson. Your former —

editor has given me much courage, not
only in his “Letter From The Editor”
(Journal, Vol. 59, pp. 67-8), but in his
completely selfless expenditure of time be-
hind the scenes with me to assure that the
transfer of the Journal would be effected
without undue incident. Together with a
modicum of self-assurance derived from
my previous experience in a variety of
editorial positions, Mr. Detwiler’s kind
send-off helps a great deal to assure me
that the feet my grow after all.

The future of your Journal remains to
be completely determined. Taking over as
I do one-fourth of the way through a
volume, I am reluctant to subject you or
the world of the librarian to any marked
change in format or philosophy of content
until we are able to turn to a fresh Page 1.
Nevertheless, with a change of editor
inevitably there comes a change in his all-
important supporting staff—for this reason
you are sure to detect some new flavors
here and there as you explore the remain-
ing numbers of Volume 59.

116

In his ‘“‘Letter” (/bid.) Mr. Detwiler has
chosen to issue a challenge that I urge
all of you to accept forthwith. The guide-
lines he quotes from “The Journal for
1960” (Vol. 50, p. 1) he states to have
been experimental, In this connection you
have already received a questionnaire (See

Board of Managers Meeting Notes—April,

this issue) which in part asked you to
comment on the Journal’s future. I rec-
ommend your earnest consideration of the
questions raised by Mr. Detwiler and the
questionnaire and entreat you to respond,
if you have not already done so. Your
replies will figure heavily in decisions soon
to be made concerning the role to be
played by the Journal among the many
publications of science. ;

Your new President has promised to
participate in plotting the Journal's
future, and heart-warming offers of assist-
ance have already been offered by, and
gratefully accepted from, many of you.
With added counsel from well chosen
authorities in the publishing area, and
hopefully with your help, we plan to con-
tinue your Journal as an_ outstanding
member of its academy of Academy pub-
lications. Clearly it has the potential to
become a superior and much-sought-after
outlet for the multitude of gifted scientist-
authors on the Washington scene.

I hereby pledge my undivided effort to
the end that these objectives may be
achieved and maintained.

RicHarD H. Foote, Sc.D.

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Delegates to the Washington Academy of Sciences, Representing
- the Local Affiliated Societies *

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Chemical Society of Washington .................... SS eR a ee AA Aen OM 1 RUE LAUT 3 EpwArp QO. HAENNI
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Helminthological Society of Washington ..................... dh a CEA de Nee CO Dane iy oa AuREL QO. FOSTER
meet society for Microbiology ......0..0..0) ccc coiscecscescsecsisessessccessedearssecteeseves. ELIZABETH J. OSWALD
society of American Military Engineers ...........0..........000c0.00ccc ee Cree eee H. P. DemutTH
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American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics ..0.0.00000000.000.cc0cccccccssetcsseteseseteeees Henry H. Hovianp
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* Delegates continue in office until new selections are made by the respective societies.

Volume 59 APRIL-MAY 1969 Nos. 4-5

CONTENTS

Beditowtal 30003005... 225A EO dG Oe 69
Tuomas E. Marcrave, Jr.: The Californium Hypothesis ..........00..00..00..0....08. 70
H. Pace NicuHotson: Occurrence and Significance of Pesticide Residues in

Water os ee Note eet OT are a 77
KENNETH D, JoHNson: Motivation and Selection of Research Goals ................ 86
Henry vAN Zite Hype: The Doctor in the World 20.00.00. 90
W. A. BrinpLEy and R. G. Jones: A Simple, Inclusive and Versatile Card

Filing : System: 23.0), eee I eee a 95
SISTER ST. JoHN NEpomucENE: Ethan Allen Hitchcock and Alchemy ........ 106
Irving Receives AIC Award 0.000000 110
Academy Proceedings

Board of Managers Meeting Notes ....0.....000.00000000... 112

Elections: to. ‘Fellowship’: \..5.) ic, eee eee Hints 113
Science in Washington

scientists’ “in the: News) i002), Oi ee inion 114
From the. Editor: 403.0 22 oh Se ANCHE. EEN Monnet ete te 116
Washington Academy of Sciences 2nd Class Postage
Rm. 29, 9650 Rockville Pike (Bethesda) Paid at
Washington, D.C. 20014 Washington, D.C.

Return Requested with Form 3579

ed neil
LIBRARY ACOUTSTTIONS 3-WAS

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20560

ek, 7s

P2.W23

VOLUME 59 NUMBER 6

Journal of the

WASHINGTON
ACADEMY OF
SCIENCES

Directory Issue

SATHSONT
> Mp ‘
NOV 14 4 1969 )
LIBRARIES

SEPTEMBER 1969

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Editor: RicHArp H. Foote, Department of Agriculture
Telephones: 461-8677 (home) ; 474-6500, ext. 453 (office)
Editorial Assistant: ELIzABETH OstAcci1, Washington Academy of Sciences

Associate Editors

Harotp T. Cook, Department of Agriculture Harry A. FoweE tts, Department of Agriculture
SAMUEL B. Detwi er, Jr., Department of Agri- Hrten L. REyNoxtps, Food and Drug Adminis-
culture tration

RicHarp P. Farrow, National Canners Asso- ELAINE G. SHAFRIN, Naval Research Laboratory
ciation

Contributors

FRANK A. BIBERSTEIN, JR., Catholic University Josery B. Morris, Howard University
CuHar_Les A. WHITTEN, Coast & Geodetic Survey Jacop Mazur, National Bureau of Standards
MarsoriE Hooker, Geological Survey HELEN D. Park, National Institutes of Health

oe EM ona Gea aimee pe ALLEN L. ALEXANDER, Naval Research Laboratory
sity
Epmunp M. Boras, Jr., Gillette Research In- THomAs H. Harris, Public Health Service
stitute Eart M. Hitpesranp, USDA, Beltsville

This Journal, the official organ of the Washington Academy of Sciences, publishes historical
articles, critical reviews, and scholarly scientific articles; notices of meetings and abstract proceed-
ings of meetings of the Academy and its affiliated societies; and regional news items, including
personal news, of interest to the entire membership. The Journal appears four times a year, in
eri June, September, and December. It is included in the dues of all active members and
ellows.

Subscription rate to non-members: $7.50 per year (U.S.) or $1.00 per copy; $14.00
for two years; $19.50 for three years; foreign postage extra. Subscription orders should be sent
to the Washington Academy of Sciences, 9650 Rockville Pike, Washington, D. C. 20014. Remit-
tances should be made payable to “Washington Academy of Sciences.”

Back issues, volumes, and sets of the Journal (Volumes 1-52, 1911-1962) can be purchased
direct from Walter J. Johnson, Inc., 111 Fifth Avenue, New York 3, N. Y. This firm also handles
the sale of the Proceedings of the Netdenie (Volumes 1-13, 1898-1910) and the Index (to bifeie
1-13 of the Proceedings and Volumes 1-40 of the Journal).

Most recent issues of the Journal (1963 to present) may still be obtained directly from
the Academy office.

Claims for missing numbers will not be allowed if received more than 60 days after date
of mailing plus time normally required for postal delivery and claim. No claims will be allowed
because of failure to notify the Academy of a change of address.

Changes of address should be sent promptly to the Academy office. Such notification
should show both old and new addresses and zip number.

Second class postage paid at Washington, D.C.

Postmasters: Send Form 3579 to Washington Academy of Sciences, 9650 Rockville Pike,
Washington, D. C. 20014.

The Academy office phone number is 530-1402.

ACADEMY OFFICERS FOR 1969-70

President: Georce W. Irvinc, Jr., Department of Agriculture

President-Elect: ALPHONSE F. Forziati1, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Secretary: MAry L. Rossins, George Washington University

Treasurer: RicHArD K. Cook, Environmental Science Services Administration

The Impact of Information Science
on Biology; A Possible Society Role

Irvin C. Mohler

Biological Sciences Communication Project,
Department of Medical and Public Affairs
George Washington University Medical Center

Lacking the central unified structure of
sciences like physics and chemistry, the
disciplines of biology have gone about
with many voices in attempts to cope with
the problems of communication. With each
attempt it becomes more apparent that
any solution is dependent upon the in-
terest and enthusiasm devoted to the
problems by the more than 50 separate
biological societies.

In an effort to determine, among mem-
bers of the various societies, the feasibil-
ity and possibilities of society coopera-
tion, the Entomological Society of America
and the Biological Sciences Communica-
tion Project of the George Washington
University Medical Center cosponsored a
day-long roundtable on the Role of the
Societies in the Communication of Infor-
mation in Biology. This roundtable was
held at the 1968 meetings of the American
Institute of Biological Sciences and was
attended by the designated representatives
of 20 of the 48 adherent societies of that
Institute.

The morning session was devoted to
informal discussions of society problems
with the communication of information.
The topic was introduced with a presenta-
tion by Dr. Peter Woodford of Rockefeller
University on society activities such as
annual meetings, symposia and journal
publications and how these activities can
be coordinated better to improve com-
munication (Woodford, 1969). In the
afternoon, the representatives from those
societies with some existing information

Vou. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969

program were invited to discuss their
programs. If the discussions of the AIBS
roundtable were summarized in a few
words, the consensus of the participants
was that each society acknowledge its rec-
ognition of the problem by the appoint-
ment of a standing committee to examine
areas of society activity concerning com-
munication and then, and this is a crucial
point, the societies coordinate activities
at a top level to avoid a continuation of
the splintering and duplication of effort
that has so characterized the field of
biology (Gordon, 1969). Prior to this
meeting, only 4 AIBS societies had a
standing committee concerned with infor-
mation and communication. It is encourag-
ing to note that since the roundtable, 3
more societies have appointed such com-
mittees. A sequel to this roundtable,
sponsored by COBSI (Council on Biolog-
ical Sciences Information) and organized
by the Biological Sciences Communication
Project, was held at the 1969 AIBS meet-
ings in Burlington, Vermont and consisted
of 2 parts, (1) Organization of biological
information: what is the need? what is
the best approach? and (2) Society and
Institute reports.

At its 1969 meetings, the American
Society for Microbiology, through its ad
hoc Committee on Information, sponsored
a roundtable on the Impact of Information
Science on Microbiology. The author pre-
sented the present paper, modified for the
occasion, to the roundtable to ask what
microbiologists were doing with the tools
provided by information science to help

ik |

solve their problems and to suggest a
possible role that a society might take.
Such a role might be to duplicate the
activity of a sister society, the Entomolog-
ical Society of America.

In 1964, the Entomological Society es-
tablished a Special Committee for the
Retrieval of Scientific Information to eval-
uate the information problems of the dis-
cipline. The committee found, after 2 years
of study, that scores of entomologists
were using some form of mechanized in-
formation storage and retrieval system.
However, no coordinated effort was evident
that would make one system compatible
with another or even available to others.
The Committee concluded that, “The need
for an information center capable of
coding, storing, retrieving, and disseminat-
ing all entomological data is acute and
increasing year by year” (Foote, personal
communication) .

In December 1967, the Committee pro-
posed a feasibility study for a system-
designed entomological data center. This
study is being supported by a National
Science Foundation grant to the Society
with a subcontract from the Society to the
Biological Sciences Communication Project
(BSCP). The BSCP provides office space
and personnel other than the director of
the project, as well as the benefit of its
experience in information activity. The
completed study will present a detailed in-
vestigation of information systems avail-
able to entomologists, of sources of in-
formation being utilized by members of
the profession, as well as the feasibility of
a society directed or sponsored informa-
tion activity.

Like ancient Gaul, this study is divided
into three parts: (1) A user study, (2) a
study of extant systems, and (3) an evalu-
ation of the coverage provided to entomol-
ogy by abstracting and citation journals.
You immediately recognize that answers
to the questions presented by these three
areas are basic to the development of any
information activity. A specialty must be
delineated, the literature coverage of the

118 JOURNAL OF

disciplines must be determined, and the
needs of the profession must be developed.

The user study develops the needs of
the profession by identifying the kinds of
information used by the scientist so the
kind of information to be stored in a
data center can be determined. In other
words, what journals are considered by
the entomologist to be primary or core
journals, i.e., journals that he reads or
scans habitually and which contain 75—.
100% papers on entomology, what journals
are considered to be secondary in im-
portance, t.e., journals carrying occasional
articles of interest to his specialty. Are
other sources of information used such as
directories, symposia, annual meetings and
personal communications? To what extent
does the scientist consult existing informa-
tion services like BioSciences Information
Service or Science Information Exchange?
It is essential also in a user study to
determine how best to present the in-
formation to the user. Is he satisfied with
titles only? Does he prefer abstracts?
Should foreign literature be translated?
How much time can elapse from receipt
of the request to receipt of the answer?
Would the user be willing to pay for the
service or how should it be financed? In
the entomology study, a carefully designed
questionnaire was prepared to elicit an-
swers to these questions and mailed to each
member of the society. To date more than
2,400 questionnaires have been returned
(a 44% response), and some of the pre-
liminary trends are interesting to note. The
majority of entomologists state that they
spend an average of 5% of their time
searching the literature. The primary pub-
lications of the Society receive the highest
use of any publication and among the
secondary abstracting and indexing pub-
lications, the Annual Review of Entomol-
ogy receives the heaviest use followed
closely by Biological Abstracts. For depth
of coverage, the majority of those respond-
ing prefer abstracts to citations and in-
dicate a preference for the complete text
or hard copy over microfiche or microfilm.

THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

To the question, “Would you use an En-
tomology Information Center were one
established?”, 85% of the entomologists
said “yes,” and 56% of them thought the
Society should sponsor the center if there
was to be one.

An information activity that duplicated
step by step the activities of an existing
center would be indefensible. Therefore, a
study of the extant systems must be made
to determine such aspects as how the in-
formation is packaged or presented to a
user, what literature sources are covered,
how the literature collected is prepared for
storage, how one requests an answer to a
specific question, and so on. This aspect
of the entomology program is in progress
and involves a study of such large in-
formation centers as the Military Ento-
mological Information Service, BioSciences
Information Service, Chemical Abstracts
and others.

Finally, it is important to evaluate the
coverage provided to the discipline by the
abstracting and citation journals. Such
evaluation can be performed in various
ways. The procedure chosen in the ento-
mology study involves compiling data
from the bibliographic records of a statis-
tically sound sample of papers published in
primary journals for a 3-year period. The
data collected includes the field of ento-
mology concerned, the journal source,
date, number of pages, authors, title,
volume, number, the abstracting and cita-
tion journal which includes references to
this serial and the lagtime between issues
of a paper and its citation in the secondary
journal. By comparison of this data for
the 3 years the scope and growth of cover-
age can be determined and the future rate
of growth can be predicted.

There will be 2 interesting and valuable
by-products of this study. One, a Biolog-
ical Sciences Information Directory, will
list and describe briefly the mission, scope,
objectives, information services, user qual-
ifications and directions for use of as
many general and specialized information
activities (both government and_ non-
government) as possible. Although the

Vout. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969

directory will emphasize the nature and
extent of entomological data stored by
these services, it will be useful to all biolo-
gists and, present plans call for a series of
articles on the information centers to be
published in BioScience.

A second by-product will be a BSCP
Communique analyzing in depth the serial
literature considered to be primary or core
literature for the field of entomology. This
study will present a complete title list of
all journals publishing 50% or more of
their scientific content in the field of
entomology. They will be analyzed giving
the country of origin, language of pub-
lication, frequency of issue, type of spon-
sorship, content characteristics, abstract
coverage and subject content.

Part of the effort of one biological
society to grasp the horns of the informa-
tion dilemma has been described briefly.
The data concerning the entomology liter-
ature and the needs of the entomologist

is data that must someday be gathered for

all the biological disciplines if they are to
cope adequately with the problem. Never
for one moment would anyone advocate
that each develop a computer-based infor-
mation center. But who is better qualified
to evaluate the needs of the scientist and
the sources of information available to
him than the society itself? What source
is more knowledgeable to present informa-
tion in greater depth than is available
from the broadly-based information serv-
ices than the society itself? If, as the past
chairman of COBSI, Dr. Robert Gordon
(personal communication), stated, “If we
are ever to join together to produce a
workable system embracing the existing
generalized information services, with
modification and supplementation where
needed, the societies must lead and co-
operate.”

References

Gordon, Robert E. 1969. Toward an information
system for biology-community activity. Bio-
Science 19(7): 628-9.

Woodford, F. Peter. 1969. Improving the com-

munication of scientific information. Bio-

Science 19(7) : 625-7.

119

Academy Proceedings

WASHINGTON JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Tentative Calendar for 1969-70

August 9 Westinghouse Picnic
16 Rain Date for Westinghouse Picnic
September Pall Science Club Conference
October 18 New York Trip
25 Joint Meeting with Senior Academy
International Biological Program

November 1 Summer Science Job Opportunities Meeting
8 New York Trip
15 New York Trip
eed New York Trip
29 Junior Science and Humanities Symposium
December 6 New York Trip
30 Christmas Convention
January 17 Speaker
February 7 Field Trip
March Westinghouse Science Talent Search Fair
Area Science Fairs
April Joint Meeting with Chemical Society
May 2 Nominating Committee Interviews for
1970-71 Governing Council Candidates
23 Election Meeting

Washington Junior Academy of Sciences Officers, 1969-70

President Christine Donart
Vice President Dennis Sprecher
Secretary Tish Lazowska
Treasurer John Gussman

Membership Councilors

Arlington-Alexandria David Thompson

Fairfax Richard Lober
District of Columbia Robert Sikora
Montgomery Judy Gallant
Prince Georges Murray Brilliant
Independent Dom Bosco

Ken Gallant
Gary Tickel
Stella Miller

Alumni Advisors

WAS Liaison

Committee Chairmen

Convention John Grace
Fellows David Monahan
Membership Elizabeth Miller
Program Robert Brooks
Publications Lorraine Uhlaner

Karen Bayer
Pamela Conrad
John Krout
John Cybulski

Science Fair
Special Projects
Trips

120

Washington-Lee High School
Yorktown High School

Walt Whitman High School
Montgomery-Blair High School

Washington-Lee High School

J. E. B. Stuart High School
Ballou High School
Montgomery-Blair High School
Crossland High School

Our Lady of Good Counsel H.S.

J. E. B. Stuart High School
Oakton High School
Woodrow Wilson High School
Walt Whitman High School
Langley High School
Washington-Lee High School
Walt Whitman High School
Washington-Lee High School
Potomac High School

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Activities

The Westinghouse Barbecue is an an-
nual event held in August by WJAS in
order to honor the Washington area top
40 and Honors Group winners of the
Westinghouse Science Talent Search.

The Science Club Conference brings
together representatives from school sci-
ence clubs. The students meet in groups
to discuss topics of mutual interest. Pro-
gram, finance, organization, and member-
ship are of greatest interest. A final sum-
mary meeting closes the conference.

Two joint meetings are held annually.
In the Fall one is held with the Senior
Academy and in the Spring with the Chem-
ical Society of Washington.

In November of each year the WJAS is,
with Harry Diamond Laboratories, George-
town University and the U. S. Army, a
co-sponsor of the Junior Science and
Humanities Symposium. This is a two day
conference consisting of invited speakers,
laboratory demonstrations, student re-
search reports, field trips and seminars.
Each public, private and parochial school
in the Greater Washington Area selects
five science oriented students to attend.

The Summer Science Job Opportunities
Meeting provides a means by which mem-
bers can learn of opportunities for science
oriented summer employment. Many local
organizations are represented by speakers
who discuss the various opportunities of
each program. This is a very popular pro-
gram which frequently draws a large
crowd.

This year WJAS is running, in coopera-
tion with Penn Central, five trips to New
York for area junior and senior high stu-
dents. This is an annual money-raising
project, originated and directed by Dr.
Howard Owens.

The annual Christmas Convention con-
sists of an all-day program in_ which
students present research papers in the
morning and an address by an invited
adult speaker is given in the afternoon.

VOL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969

Various field trips are taken in the
spring. In the past years students have
visited such places as Goddard Space
Flight Center, Naval Ship Research and
Development Center, and C.E.I.R.

Much of the responsibility for area
science fairs is assumed by the WJAS.
These fairs provide the main source of
new members. Invitations to membership
are extended on a point system basis to
many who place in these fairs.

Joint Meeting,
Washington Academy of Sciences
and Washington Junior
Academy of Sciences

Gaston Hall, Georgetown University
October 25, 1969

10:00-10:15 Informal Meeting
10:15-10:20 Introduction
Dr. Francis J. Heyden, S.J.
10:20-10:30 Greetings:
Dr. George W. Irving, Jr., Presi-
dent, WAS
_ Miss Christine Donart, President,
WJAS
10:30-11:15 Invited Speaker:
Dr. T. C. Byerly, Vice Chairman,
International Biological Program
Topic: “Man and his Environ-
ment”
11:15-12:15 Panel Discussion:
Dr. Margaret Pittman, National
Institutes of Health
Dr. Zaka I. Slawsky, Naval Ord-
nance Laboratory
Dr. John K. Taylor, National
Bureau of Standards
Moderator: Dr. T. C. Byerly
Topic: “Contribution of the Vari-
ous Disciplines to a Study of
Man and his Environment.”
1215 Lunch

Each year the Senior and Junior Aca-
demies of Science hold a joint meeting.
This year the date is October 25 and the
place is Gaston Hall, Georgetown Uni-
versity (see Calendar, above).

To make the meeting more meaningful.
a topic which crosses the various dis-
ciplines is chosen. This year we will

121

discuss the topic, “Man and his Environ-
ment.” Since this is the topic of the 46-
nation International Biological Program,
we are having Vice Chairman of the
United States delegation, Dr. Theodore C.
Byerly, as a speaker. A panel discussion
by Academy members will close the meet-

ing.

NEW SUBSCRIPTION RATES
Effective with Volume 60 (1970), sub-

scription rates for the Journal will be
changed to conform with the following
schedule:
Annual subscription:

U.S: andt@anada®. 2eav ee $8.00

Foreign

Simeglevcopy price (5 a. 2.90
Subscriptions will be available on a cal-
endar year basis only, and the special 2-
and 3-year rates will no longer be avail-
able after December, 1969. Those sub-
scribers who now receive the Journal
under these special rates will continue to
do so until their multiple-year subscrip-
tions expire.

SCIENCE EDUCATION NEWS

Sctence Education News, published
quarterly by the American Association
for the Advancement of Science, brings to
its readers a summary of news about edu-
cation activities in all of the sciences, and
is obtainable without charge upon applica-
tion to the Director of Education, AAAS.
The June 1969 issue is devoted to science
education activities of the academies of

science afhliated with the AAAS.

SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS
R. E. Gibson Retires

The Medal for Distinguished Public
Service, highest award made by the De-
partment of Defense to a civilian, was
presented July 9 to Dr. R. E. Gibson, who

a week ago retired after 22 years as di-

122

R. E. Grsson

rector of the Applied Physics Laboratory
of The Johns Hopkins University. Robert
A. Frosch, Assistant Secretary of the
Navy for Research and Development, pre-
sented the gold medal during ceremonies
at the Applied Physics Laboratory in
Howard County, Maryland. The ceremonies
were attended by high-ranking naval of-
ficers and members of the scientific com-
munity.

A citation accompanying the medal
praised Dr. Gibson for helping to intro-
duce “revolutionary advancements in mis-
sile technology for fleet defense” and said
he “‘played a key role in strengthening the
United States and its Allies against the
patterns of military aggression which have
emerged over the last two decades.” He
was cited for “distinguished public service
and exceptionally outstanding contribu-
tions to the Department of Defense in
areas of fleet air defense, evaluation of
fleet ballistic missile systems, military and

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

scientific satellites and supporting research
and exploratory development.” Dr. Gib-
son’s contributions have been of vital im-
portance to the military strength of Amer-
ica, the Department of Defense noted.

“In pursuing these defense-oriented
activities, Dr. Gibson has brought credit
to military technology through his applica-
tion of military research and development
to the human needs of medicine,” the
citation says.

In recent years the Laboratory has
drawn upon its wide technological back-
ground to seek improvements in biomedi-
cal engineering, urban transportation and
to confront other modern civilian prob-
lems. An automatic motor once used to
actuate the wing of a missile now operates
an experimental artificial hand.

Dr. Gibson already holds the Navy’s
Distinguished Public Service Award for
directing development of the Terrier, the
first antiaircraft missile for defense of the
fleet. He was awarded the Presidential
Certificate of Merit after World War II
for his role in the development of solid
propellant rockets.

In 1966, Queen Elizabeth II named Dr.
Gibson an Honorary Commander of the
Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
—C.B.E. This high honor was made in
recognition of his “outstanding contribu-
tions to Anglo-American friendship and
understanding.” Dr. Gibson also holds the
Hillebrand Prize of the Chemical Society
of Washington and the Captain Robert
Dexter Conrad Award for achievements
in research and development for the Navy.

Dr. Gibson, whose leadership spans
years of rapidly expanding technology and
scientific achievement, joined APL in 1946
and became its director two years later.
During the quarter century he has headed
the Laboratory it has grown into one of
the nation’s leading scientific institutions.

Born in England, Dr. Gibson is a grad-
uate of the University of Edinburgh where
he received his Ph.D. in physical chemis-
try. He came to the United States in 1924

VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969

on a Carnegie research fellowship and
later served as an adjunct professor of
chemistry at the George Washington Uni-
versity. During World War II he served
as the first director of research of the
Allegany Ballistics Laboratory, Cumber-
land, Maryland. There he established a
major solid rocket development organiza-
tion. This Laboratory subsequently pro-
duced the first large-scale solid propellant
rockets used for launching missiles.

Dr. Gibson and his wife live in Chevy
Chase, Maryland.

U. S. Army Mobility Equipment
R&D Center Award

William T. Wyatt Jr., 26, a physicist;
Glynn E. Burchette, 40, an engineer, and
William R. Clarke, 51, a Division chief,
were named winners of the Commanding
Officer’s Awards for Scientific Achieve-
ment, Technological Achievement, and
Leadership, respectively, at the 12th an-
nual awards ceremonies at the U.S. Army
Mobility Equipment Research and _ De-
velopment Center, Fort Belvoir, 23 May.
Selected over 13 other nominees for the
Center’s highest awards, each received a
plaque-mounted medal at an outdoor cere-
mony attended by hundreds of their co-
workers and visiting dignitaries. All 16
nominees . . . four for the Scientific
award, seven for Technology, and five for
Leadership . . . received commendation
certificates and a cash award.

Wyatt was selected for the Scientific
award for his contributions in advancing
a better understanding of the Electro-
magnetic Pulse (EMP) effects resulting
from nuclear explosions; Burchette the
Technology award for his advancing the
state-of-the-art on turbo-alternators, and
Clarke the Leadership award for his excel-
lent supervision of the Pictorial Support
Division.

It was the second major award won by
Wyatt in three years. He won the annual
scientific achievement award by the Belvoir

123

Branch of the Scientific Research Society
of America (RESA) in 1966 for his work
in the closely related field of the air chem-
istry associated with nuclear detonations.
In 1967, he was nominated for the Com-
manding Officer’s award which was won
by Dr. Maxine Savitz for her work in the
development of fuel cells.

Now employed by the Electromagnetic
Effects Laboratory, Wyatt conducted re-
search on EMP effects, which is a part of
the complex nuclear weapons effects en-
vironment to which military systems would
be exposed in the event of nuclear conflict.
As a result of his work, a new insight into
the EMP generation mechanism has pro-
vided more exact and flexible methods of
representing the gamma and x-ray outputs
of modern nuclear weapons in the calcula-
tion of the EMP which these agents
produce. Also, the use of improved num-
erical integration schemes have reduced
the speed of machine computations by a
factor of 50 or more over the best previous
techniques used by other agencies.

A 1964 graduate of the University of
Virginia with a B.S. Degree in Physics,
Wyatt worked during the summer months,
while an undergraduate, at the Center and
at the Nuclear Power Field Office (now
the U.S. Army Engineer Reactors Group)
at Fort Belvoir. He entered Civil Service
in 1965 and worked at the David Taylor
Model Basin until January, 1966, when he
transferred to the R&D Center. He has
completed 13 semester hours of credit
towards a Master’s Degree in Physics at
the University of Maryland. Wyatt resides
with his parents, Mr. and Mrs. William T.
Wyatt, at 126 Woodside Dr., Woodbridge.

Burchette, a senior mechanical project
engineer in the Turbo-Alternator Division

124

of the Electrotechnology Laboratory, is re-
sponsible for major portions of advanced
gas turbine engine development and new
advanced concept turbo-alternator power
source development programs. He _ pro-
vided the technical guidance that was in-
strumental in the successful completion of
component design and test and in the final-
izing design of the complete 10 KW turbo-
alternator system.

He received a B.S. Degree in Mechani-
cal Engineering from North Carolina State
in June, 1951, and has been employed
since then at the Center except for active
military duty in 1953-55. He resides with
his wife, Emily, and children, Michelle
Maria and Glynn Edward Jr., at 5415
Charlottesville Rd., Springfield.

Clarke, winner of the Leadership award,
is one of the “old-timers” at the center in
point of service, having been employed
since June, 1941, except for service in the
Marine Corps during World War II (1942-
45). As chief of the Pictorial Support
Division, he guided his personnel in pro-
viding varied and complex photographic
and visual aid support not only for the
Center but also tenant agencies. Through
judicious use of personnel, timely coordi-
nation with users, and an intense recruit-
ing and training effort, he successfully ac-
complished a highly important support
program for the engineers, scientists, and
staff elements. He was a nominee for the
same award in 1962 when the winner was

Dr. Robert S. Wiseman.

A graduate of McKinley High School,
Washington, D.C., Clarke resides with his
wife, June, and daughters, Katherine and
Christine, at 8333 Bound Brook Lane,

Alexandria.

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Eduard Farber
1892-1969

Born in Brody, Austria, Eduard Farber graduated as Primus Om-
nium from the Oberrealschule in 1911 and earned his Dr. Phil. from
the University of Leipzig in 1916. It was characteristic of his pas-
sion for scholarship that he published six papers during the year in
which his doctorate was granted, all of which were on different sub-
jects. His bent toward the search for meaning was also almost im-
mediately apparent in his early papers on the philosophical impli-
cations of work in chemistry as well as his papers on the history
of chemistry.

His career as Chief Chemist and Director of Chemical Research,
Deutsche Bergin A.-G. and Holzhydrolyze A.-G., Mannheim-Rheinau
and Heidelberg was abruptly ended in 1938 because of political con-
ditions in Germany. He emigrated to the United States where, after
a succession of positions, he became Chief Chemist for Timber En-
gineering Co., Washington, D.C. (1943-1957). Subsequent to his re-
tirement he was active as a consultant, including part-time consultant-
ship at the Smithsonian Institution. He also served as Research Pro-
fessor and Adjunct Professor of Chemistry at The American Univer-

sity (1962-1969).

During his career he wrote about 90 papers on many different
subjects of chemical interest. Included in these titles are several books,
among which are “The Evolution of Chemistry, History and its Ideas,
Methods and Materials” (1952), “Great Chemists” (1961), and
“Oxygen and Oxidation—Theories and Techniques in the 19th Century
and the First Part of the 20th” (1967). Dr. Farber was editor of
“Great Chemists” (Interscience) and author of “Nobel Prize Winners
in Chemistry” (Abelard-Schumann).

He served the field of chemistry in many ways, including con-
siderable output in book reviews and abstracts. He also served as
Archivist for the Washington Academy of Sciences since 1964. His
service to the scientific community was recognized by the Honor
Award, Washington Chapter, American Institute of Chemists (1964).
He was honored for his many contributions to the history of chem-
istry with the Dexter Award of the American Chemical Society. 1964.

Dr. Farber epitomized the best attributes of old-world scholarship.
He was a learned and gentle man always eager to give. His unaf-
fected humility and his warm friendship and family life endeared
him to all. His productive scholarship enriched science. His family,
friends, colleagues, and students will miss him.

—LrEo SCHUBERT
The American University

Vou. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 125

Washington Academy of Sciences

1969 DIRECTORY

Forward

The present, 44th issue of the Academy’s
directory is again this year issued as the
September number of the Journal.

Following a pattern established in 1962,
we have attempted to produce an up-to-
date listing of the membership, as of July
1, at minimum cost to the Academy. Mem-
bers are classified by three listings—alpha-
betically, by place of employment, and by
membership in local societies affiliated
with the Academy. For most members in
the Washington area, this information will
provide the basic clues on their fields of
professional interest, and how to get in
touch with them. Complete addresses, if

needed, can be provided by the Academy ©

office at 9650 Rockville Pike (Bethesda) ,

With a few exceptions, we have not in-
dicated places of employment for non-resi-
dent members, since this would lead to a
very complex coding system. Nor, gener-
ally, have we classified emeritus members
by place of employment, since most of
them presumably have retired from gain-
ful employment.

Assignment of codes for place of em-
ployment and membership in affiliated so-
cieties is based upon results of a postcard
questionnaire sent to the Academy mem-
bership. Where the questionnaire was not
answered, the coding was made on the
basis of other available information. Cor-
rections should be called to the attention
of the Academy office.

Academy Organization for 1969-70

Washington, D.C. 20014 (phone 530-
1402).

Officers
President GrorcE W. Irvine, Jr.

President-Elect

Secretary Mary L. Rossins

Treasurer RicuaArp K. Coox
Managers-at-Large

1967-70 ErRNeEsT P. Gray

1967-70 Peter H. HEINZE

1968-71 ALLEN L. ALEXANDER

1968-71 LAWRENCE M. KUSHNER

1969-72 RicHArD P. Farrow

1969-72 RosertT B. Fox

ALFONSE F. ForZIATI

Agricultural Research Service
Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration
George Washington University
Environmental Science Services
Administration

*

Gillette Research Institute
Applied Physics Laboratory
Agricultural Research Service
Naval Research Laboratory
National Canners Association
Naval Research Laboratory

* Managers serve three-year terms, from May to May.

126

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Executive
Membership
Policy Planning
Ways and Means
Meetings
Awards for Scientific
Achievement
Granis-in-Aid for
Research
Encouragement of
Science Talent
Public Information
Science Education **

Bylaws and Standing
Rules
Meetings Arrangements

Tellers

Editor

Associate Editors

Standing Committees*

GeorceE W. Irvine, Jr., Chairman
Maurice APSTEIN, Chairman
Kurt H. Stern, Chairman

JoHN H. Menxart, Chairman
ZAKA I. SLAwsKy, Chairman
Joun L. TorcEsen, Chairman

GROVER C. SHERLIN, Chairman
FrANcIS HEYDEN, S.J., Chairman

CHARLES DEVORE, Chairman
ELIzABETH J. OSwALp, Chairman

Special Committees

LAWRENCE A. Woop, Chairman

CHARLES RADER, Chairman
Harry A. Fowe.ts, Chairman

The Journal

RicHArD H. Foote
Haro.tp T. Cook
SAMUEL B. DETWILER, JR.
RicHArD P. FARRow
HELEN L. REYNOLDS
ELAINE G. SHAFRIN
Harry A. FoweELus

Delegate to AAAS

ALPHONSE F. FORZIATI

Agricultural Research Service
Harry Diamond Laboratory
Naval Research Laboratory
Gillette Research Institute
Naval Ordnance Laboratory
National Bureau of Standards

National Bureau of Standards
Georgetown University

Office of Naval Research

Food and Drug Administration

National Bureau of Standards

Gillette Research Institute
Agricultural Research Service

Agricultural Research Service
Agricultural Research Service
Agricultural Research Service
National Canners Association
Food & Drug Administration
Naval Research Laboratory
Agricultural Research Service

Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration

Delegates of Affiliated Societies

See inside rear cover and “Officers of Affiliated Societies,’ following.

Office Secretary

Academy Office

ELIZABETH OSTAGGI

9650 Rockville Pike
(Bethesda), Washington,
D. C. 20014. Phone
530-1402.

Washington Junior Academy of Sciences

President
Vice-President
Secretary
Treasurer

CHRISTINE DONART
DENNIS SPRECHER
Tish LAzOWSKA
JOHN GUSSMAN

Washington-Lee High School
Yorktown High School

Walt Whitman High School
Montgomery-Blair High School

* Officers and committee chairmen serve from close of annual meeting in May 1969 through May

1970 meeting.

** This committee also constitutes the Academy’s membership on the Joint Board on Science
Education, which is cosponsored by the Academy and the D. C. Council of Engineering and Archi-

tectural Societies.

VOL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969

127

Officers of Afhliated Soeerien:
Subject Key

Acoustics: 2Z Entomology: 2F
Aeronautics: 2W Food technology: 3C
Anthropology: 2C Forestry: 2L
Astronautics: 2W Geography: 2G
Biology: 2D, 2T Geology: 2H
Botany: 2K Helminthology: 2P
Ceramics: 3D History: 2J, 3F
Chemistry: 2E, 3E Insecticides: 2Y
Dental research: 2V Instruments: 3K
Electrochemistry: 3E Medicine: 21, 2T
Engineering: Metallurgy: 2U, 3L
civil: 2S Meteorology: 2X
electrical and electronic: 2N Microbiology: 2Q
general: 2M Nuclear science: 3B
mechanical: 20 Operations research: 3J
military: 2R Optics: 3H
mining: 3L Physics: 2B, 3G
petroleum: 3L Plant physiology: 31
Term
ends
2B Philosophical Society of Washington
President: George T. Rado, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.
20390 (767-3603) 12/68
President-elect: John A. O’Keefe, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center (474-9000) 12/68
Secretary: Harold Glaser, NASA Headquarters (962-0157) 12/69
Delegate: George T. Rado, McLean, Va. 12/69
2C Anthropological Society of Washington
President: Conrad C. Reining, American Anthropological Ass’n. (337-3611) 5/70
Vice-president: Gordon D. Gibson, Smithsonian Institution (381-5961) 5/70
Secretary: Mary Elizabeth King, Howard University (797-1862) 5/70
Delegate: Jean K. Boek, Bethesda, Md. 5/70
2D __— Biological Society of Washington ;
President: Joseph Rosewater, Dept. of Mollusks, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C. 20560 (628-1810, X5151) 6/69
Secretary: Richard C. Banks, Smithsonian Institution 6/69
2E Chemical Society of Washington
President: Robert B. Fox, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.
20390 (574-1730) 12/69
President-elect: Edward O. Haenni, Food & Drug Adm. (963-6152) 12/69
Secretary: Mary H. Aldridge, American University (244-6800, X265) 12/69
Delegate: Mary H. Aldridge 12/69
2F Entomological Society of Washington
President: Helen Sollers-Riedel, Agriculture Research Service (388-8348) 12/69
President-elect: Karl V. Krombein, Smithsonian Institution (381-5292) 12/69
Secretary: John A. Davidson, University of Maryland (454-3841) 12/69
Delegate: W. Doyle Reed (retired) (EM 2-6577) Indef.
2G National Geographic Society
President: Melvin M. Payne, National Geographic Society (296-7500)
Secretary: Robert E. Doyle, NGS
Delegate: Alexander Wetmore, Smithsonian Institution

*Some Societies are shown with last year’s officers. They had not reported new slates by the
time this issue went to press.—ED.

128 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

2H Geological Society of Washington

741

2J

2K

2L

2M

2N

20

7)

President: Montis R. Klepper, Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.
(343-2126)

Vice-president: Frank C. Whitmore, Jr., Geological Survey (343-2333)

Secretary: William D. Carter, Geological Survey (343-2563)

Delegate: Ralph L. Miller, Geological Survey (343-3437)

Medical Society of the District of Columbia

President: William S. McCune, 2520 L Street, N.W. Washington, D.C.
(333-0123)

President-elect: Frank S. Bacon, 2141 K Street, N.W. (223-3940

Secretary: Thomas Sadler, 2007 I Street, N.W. (223-2230)

Columbia Historical Society

Vice-president: Homer Rosenberger
Exec. Director: Robert J. McCarthy, 1307 New Hampshire Ave., N.W. (234-5068)
Secretary: Winifred M. Pomeroy, 4550 Connecticut Ave., N.W.

Botanical Society of Washington

President: H. Rex Thomas, Plant Industry Station, USDA, ARS, Beltsville,
Md. 20705 (474-6500, X-367)

Vice-president: H. D. Hammond, Howard University

Secretary: Ruby Little, Agricultural Research Center (474-4800, X-685)

Delegate: P. H. Heinze, Plant Industry Station, USDA (474-6500, X-404)

Society of American Foresters, Washington Section

Chairman: Richard K. Ely, 4710 Bristow Drive, Annandale, Va. 22003
(256-2351)

Vice-Chairman: Malcolm E. Hardy, 6924 Fern Lane, Annandale, Va. (256-8229)

Secretary: Gene S. Bergoffen, 1678 Wainwright Dr., Reston, Va. 22070
(471-5789)

Delegate: Harry A. Fowells, 10217 Green Forest Dr., Silver Spring, Md.

20903 (434-8124)

Washington Society of Engineers

President: Robert A. Weiss, 1116 18th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036
(657-3737)

Vice-president: William J. Ellenberger, 6419 Barnaby St., N.W. 20015 (EM 3-9033)

Secretary: Gerald S. McKenna, 9520 Bulls Run Parkway, Bethesda, Md.

Delegate: Clement L. Garner, Washington, D.C.

Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers, Washington Section

Chairman: Walter N. Pike, Federal Aviation Agency (962-5703)

Vice-chairman: Charles De Vore, Office of Naval Research (OX 6-4048)

Secretary: Harry Fine, Federal Communications Commission (632-7040)

Delegate: George Abraham, U. S. Naval Research Lab. (767-2653)

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Washington Section

Chairman: Charles P. Howard, Mechanical Engineering Dept. Catholic Univ.
of America, Washington, D.C. 20017 (529-6000, X-251)

Vice-chairman: Robert A. Cahn, Agency for International Development (383-7383)

Secretary: Patrick F..Cunniff, University of Maryland (454-2411)

Delegate: William G. Allen, 8306 Custer Rd., Bethesda, Md. (652-7457)

Helminthological Society of Washington

President: Alan C. Pipkin, Naval Medical Research Inst. (295-0084)
Vice-president: A. James Haley, Univ. of Md.

Secretary: Edna Buhrer, Agricultural Research Center

Delegate: Aurel O. Foster, Parasitological Lab. USDA, Beltsville, Md.

VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969

12/69
12/69
12/69
12/69

12/68
12/68
12/68

12/68
12/68
12/68

12/68
12/68
12/68

1/69

7/70
7/70

7/70

7/70

12/69
12/69
12/69
12/70

7/70
7/70
7/70
7/70

7/69
7/69
7/69
7/69

12/69
12/69
12/69
12/69

129

20

2R

Ds)

2a

2U

2V

2W

2X

2S

130

American Society for Microbiology, Washington Branch

President: Ruth G. Wittler, Dept. of Bacteriology, Walter Reed Army Inst.
of Research, Washington, D.C. 20012 (576-3058)

Vice-president: William A. Clark, American Type Culture Collection (949-5610)

Secretary: Hope E. Hopps, National Institutes of Health (496-6968)

Delegate: Elizabeth J. Oswald, Food & Drug Administration (963-6123)

Society of American Military Engineers, Washington Post

President: Capt. James Moreau, Coast Guard, 9412 Wadsworth Drive,

Bethesda, Md. 20034 (469-8328)

Vice-president: Capt. M. J. Tonkel, ESSA

Secretary: Cdr. Howard Pagel, Coast Guard

Delegate: Cdr. Hal P. Demuth, ESSA (768-6014)

American Society of Civil Engineers, National Capital Section

President: Donald A. Giampaoli, 1957 E St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006
(EX 3-2040)

Vice-president: Albert A. Grant, 2208 Quinton Rd., Silver Spring, Md. (223-5800,
X202)

Secretary: Frank Schneller, 1957 E St., N.W. (EX 3-2040)

Delegate: Thorndike Saville, Jr., 5601 Albia Rd., Westwood, Md. 20016
(HO 2-8000)

Society for Experimental Biology & Medicine, D. C. Section

President: Abraham Dury, 5510 Cornish Road, Bethesda, Md. (652-8779)

Vice-president: Gertrude Maengwyn-Davies, Georgetown University Medical
School

Secretary: Earl Usdin, National Institute of Mental Health (496-0271)

Delegate: Carleton Treadwell, George Washington University

American Society for Metals, Washington Chapter

Chairman: Joseph R. Lane, National Academy of Sciences (961-1449)

Vice-chairman: Eugene A. Lange, Naval Research Laboratory (767-2947)

Secretary: Harvey P. Utech, National Bureau of Standards (921-2985)

Delegate: Melvin R. Meyerson, National Bureau of Standards (921-2082)

International Association for Dental Research, Washington Section

President: Walter E. Brown, National Bureau of Standards (921-3336)

Vice-president: Col. H. I. Copeland, Jr., Andrews Air Force Base (981-4470)

Secretary: Maj. E. F. Huget, Walter Reed Army Medical Center (576-3092)

Delegate: N. W. Rupp, National Bureau of Standards (921-3336)

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Capital Section

Chairman: Robert C. Smith, Jr., Atlantic Research Corp., Shirley Highway
at Edsall, Alexandria, Va. 22314 (354-3400, X425)

Vice-chairman: Henry H. Hovland, 11252 Knightsbridge Ct., Potomac, Md.
(762-7068)

Secretary: James D. Redding, Univac (338-8500, X317)

Delegate: Robert C. Smith, Jr., Atlantic Research Corp. (354-3400, Ext. 425)

American Meteorological Society, D. C. Chapter

Chairman: Clifford J. Murino, Program Coordinator for NCAR, National
Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. 20550 (343-4812)

Vice-chairman: James K. Angell, Air Resources Lab., ESSA (495-2284)

Secretary: Mary Ann Ruzecki, Nat. Environmental Satellite Center, ESSA
(440-7541)

Delegate: Harold A. Steiner, Air Force (OX 7-4648)

Insecticide Society of Washington

President: Morton Beroza, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, Md. (474-4800, Ext. 219)

Vice-president: Maynard J. Ramsay, USDA, ARS, Hyattsville, Md. (338-8416)

Secretary: Robert E. Menzer, Univ. of Maryland (454-3841)

Delegate: H. Ivan Rainwater, USDA, ARS, Hyattsville, Md. (388-8441)

12/68
12/68
12/68
12/68

6/69
6/69
6/69
Indef.

6/69

6/69
6/69

6/69

6/70

6/70
6/70
6/71

5/70
5/70
2/70
5/70

6/70
6/70
6/79

5/69

2/69
5/69
5/70

5/69
5/69

5/69
5/69

7/70
7/70
7/70
7/70

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

21,

3B

310

3D

3E

aF

ven

3H

31

Acoustical Society of America

Chairman: Samuel A. Elder, U.S. Naval Academy (301/268-7711)

Vice-chairman: Alan O. Sykes, Office of Naval Research (696-6673)

Secretary: Gerald J. Franz, Naval Ship R&D Center, Washington, D.C.
(995-3126)

Delegate: Alfred Weissler, Food & Drug Adm. (962-8028)

American Nuclear Society, Washington Section

Chairman: Oscar M. Bizzell, Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D.C.
20545 (301-973-3471)

Vice-chairman: Justin L. Bloom, Atomic Energy Commission (973-7340)

Secretary: Leslie S. Ayers, Arms Control & Disarmament Agency

Delegate: Oscar M. Bizzell, Gaithersburg, Md.

Institute of Food Technologists, Washington Section

Chairman: Mr. V. H. Blomquist, Food & Drug Adm. (DU 8-6996)

Vice-chairman: George K. Parman, 2803 N Street, N.W. (632-1827)

Secretary: Cleve B. Denny, 1133 20th Street, N.W. (338-2030)

Delegate: George K Parman, 2803 N Street, N.W.

American Ceramic Society, Baltimore-Washington Section

Chairman: Joseph L. Pentecost, Washington Research Ctr., Clarksville, Md.
(301-531-5711)

Chairman-elect: Paul W. Corbett, Glidden-Dirkee Div., Baltimore, Md.
(301-355-8400, X-363)

Secretary: Samuel J. Schneider, National Bureau of Standards (921-2893)

Delegate: J. J. Diamond, National Bureau of Standard (921-2893)

Electrochemical Society, National Capital Section

Chairman: R. T. Foley, Chemistry Dept., American University, Washington.
D.C. 20016 (244-6800, X266)

Vice-chairman: F. X. McCawley (UN 4-3100, X2)

Secretary: S. D. James, Naval Ordnance Laboratory (495-7742)

Delegate: Kurt H. Stern, Naval Research Laboratory (767-3549)

Washington History of Science Club

Chairman: Richard G. Hewlett, Atomic Energy Commission, Germantown,
Md. (973-5431)

Vice-chairman: Deborah Warner, Smithsonian Institution (381-5330)

Secretary: Dean C. Allard (OX 3-3170)

Delegate: Morris Leikind, Washington, D.C.

American Association of Physics Teachers, Chesapeake Section

President: William Achor, Dept. of Physics, Western Maryland College,
Westminster, Md. (301-848-7000)

Vice-president: Graham D. Gutsche, Naval Academy (301-268-7711)

Secretary: John Miller, III, University of Delaware (302-738-2660)

Delegate: Bernard B. Watson, Research Analysis Corp. (893-5900)

Optical Society of America, National Capital Section

President: David L. Ederer, National Bureau of Standards (921-2031)

Vice-president: C. V. Muffaletto, Muffaletto Optical Co., Baltimore, Md.
(301-254-3244)

Secretary: Elsie F. DuPre’, Naval Research Laboratory (767-2276)

Delegate: David L. Ederer

American Society of Plant Physiologists, Washington Section

President: Lawrence Bogorad, Harvard University

President-elect: Joseph E. Varner, Michigan State Univ.

Secretary: Harold W. Siegelman, Brookhaven National Lab., N.Y.

Delegate: William H. Klein, 7920 Maryknoll Ave., Bethesda, Md. 20034

VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969

3J Washington Operations Research Council
President:

Eugene P. Visco, GEOMET, Inc., 326 E. Montgomery Ave.,

Rockville, Md. (762-5820) 6/70
President-elect: Murray Kamrass, Institute for Defense Analysis (558-1729) 6/70
Secretary: Harry Weintrob, Leasco Systems & Research (657-8175) 6/70
Delegate: John G. Honig, Weapons Systems Analysis Directorate

(OX 7-1107) 6/70

3K Instrument Society of America, Washington Section

President: - Gerald G. Vurek, 5623 Huntington Parkway, Bethesda, Md. 20014

(657-1931) 6/69
President-elect: Leopold Perlaky (577-5355) 6/69
Secretary: Edward Popolak (WH 2-9189) 6/70
Delegate: Alfred M. Pommer (933-2268) 6/69

3L American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers

President:
Vice-president:
Secretary:
Delegate:

Robert N. Morris, Southern Railway Systems (NA 8-4460)
Ralph C. Kirby, Bureau of Mines (343-4792)

Harold W. Lynde, Jr., Dept. of Commerce (967-2566)
Bernardo F. Grossling, Geological Survey (343-2907)

Explanation of Listings

The alphabetical listing purports to in-|

clude all fellows and members on the Acad-
emy rolls as of July 1, 1969, whether resi-
dent or nonresident (i.e., living more than
50 miles from the White House), and
whether active (dues-paying) or emeritus
(retired).

Employment.—The first column of code
symbols after the name is a semi-mnemonic
cross-reference to place of employment, as
shown in the first classified listing. In the
employment code, | refers to Government
agencies (and 1A to Agriculture, 1C to
Commerce, etc.; and 1CNBS refers to the
National Bureau of Standards in the De-
partment of Commerce); 2 refers to edu-
cational institutions, both higher (2H) and
secondary (2S) (2HUMD is the University
of Maryland); 3A refers to associations
and 31 to private institutions; 4 refers to
consultants, physicians, and other self-em-
ployed persons; 5 refers to business con-
cerns (SHALA is the Hazleton Laborato-
ries, for example) ; 6 refers to foreign and
international groups (embassies, UN orga-
nizations, etc.) ; 7 refers to retired persons;
8 and 9 refer to persons whose places

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

132

of employment, if any, are not known or
not coded.

Places of employment are given pri-
marily for resident active fellows and
members, with few exceptions.

A ffiliation.—The second column of code
symbols refers to the person’s membership
in one or more of the societies affiliated
with the Academy, as given in the following
list, which includes also the year of the
societies’ affiliation with the Academy:

2B Philosophical Society of Washington (1898)
2C Anthropological Society of Washington
(1898)
2D Biological Society of Washington (1898)
2E Chemical Society of Washington (1898)
2F Entomological Society of Washington
(1898)
2G National Geographic Society (1898)
2H Geological Society of Washington (1898)
2I Medical Society of the District of Columbia
(1898)
2J Columbia Historical Society (1899)
2K Botanical Society of Washington (1902)
2L Society of American Foresters, Washington
Section (1904)
2M Washington Society of Engineers (1907)

2N Institute of Electrical and Electronics En-
gineers, Washington Section (1912) +

20 American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
Washington Section (1923)

2P Helminthological Society
(1923)

2Q American Society for Microbiology, Wash-
ington Branch (1923)

2R Society of American Military Engineers,
Washington Post (1927)

2S American Society of Civil Engineers, Na-
tional Capital Section (1942)

2T Society for Experimental Biology and Medi-
cine, D.C. Section (1952)

2U American Society for Metals, Washington
Chapter (1953)

2V_ International Association for Dental Re-

search, Washington Section (1953)

American Institute of Aeronautics and As-

tronautics, National Capital Section (1953) ”

2X American Meteorological Society, D. C.
Chapter (1954)

2Y Insecticide Society of Washington (1959)

2Z Acoustical Society of America, Washington
D.C. Chapter (1959)

3B American Nuclear Society, Washington Sec-
tion (1960)

3C Institute of Food Technologists, Washing-
ton Section (1961)

3D American Ceramic Society, Baltimore-Wash-
ington Section (1962)

3E, Electrochemical Society,
more Section (1963)

3F Washington History of Science Club (1965)

of Washington

2W

Washington-Balti-

*In 1963 the American Institute of Electrical
Engineers (affiliated 1912) was merged with the
Institute of Radio Engineers (affiliated 1933) to
become the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers. IEEE has been assigned the same

VOL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969

3G American Association of Physics Teachers,
Chesapeake Section (1965)

3H Optical Society of America, National Capi-
tal Section (1966)

3I American Society of Plant Physiologists,
Washington Section (1966)

3J Washington Operations Research Council
(1966)

3K Instrument Society of America, Washington
Section (1967)

3L American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical
and Petroleum Engineers (1968)

Academy Status.—The third column of
symbols refers to membership status in
the Academy. AF refers to a fellow of the
Academy, and AM to an Academy member.
RA refers to a resident active fellow or
member; NA refers to a nonresident active
fellow or member (living more than 50
miles from the White House) ; and RE and
NE refer respectively to resident and non-
resident emeritus fellows.

Also in this column, for the first time,
life fellows and members (see Bylaws, Ar-
ticle II Section 9 and Article III Section 2)
have been ‘designated by appropriate codes

(AFRL, AFNL, AMRL). Currently there

are seven life fellows and one life member.

seniority as the elder of the two merged societies.
? In 1963 the Institute of the Aerospace Sciences
(affiliated 1953) absorbed the American Rocket
Society and assumed the new name, American
Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.

133

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Alphabetical List of Members

ABBOT+s CHARLES G 7TRETO 2B82X3H
ABELSONs PHILIP H 3IGEL 2B2E2H2G
ABRAHAMe GEORGE 1DNRL 2B2G2M2N3G
ACHTER» MEYER R 1ONRL 2U3L
ADAMS+ CAROLINE L 2HGWU 2K
ADAMSe ELLIOT Q 7TRETD

AFFRONTI+ LEWIS 2HGWU 2Q2T
AHEARNs ARTHUR J 1CNBS 2B
AKERS+s ROBERT P 1HNIH 2G
ALDRICHs JOHN W 11FWS 2D
ALDRIDGE» MARY H 2HAMU) 2B2E
ALEXANDER» AARON D 1DAwR 2Q
ALEXANDERs»s ALLEN L 1DNRL 2E

ALEXANDER» BENJAMIN H LHNIH 2E
ALGERMISSENe SYLVESTER 1CESS 2G

ALLANe FRANK D 2HGWU 2G
ALLENe HARRY C JR BNRNC 2B2E2G
ALLENe WILLIAM G 1CMAA 20
ALLISONe FRANKLIN E 7TRETD 2E2G
ALTER+ HARVEY 3IGRI 2E
AMIRIKIANs ARSHAM 1DNFE 2R2S
ANDERSON» ELIZABETH 1HNIH
ANDERSON+s MYRON S TRETD 2E
ANDERSONs WENDELL L 1DNRL 2E
ANDREWS*+ JOHN S 1ARFR 2P
APPEL+ WILLIAM D TRETD 2E2G
APSTEINe MAURICE 1DAHD 2B2G2N
ARMSTRONGs GEORGE T 1CNBS 2B2E2G
ARSEMs COLLINS 1DAHD 2B2G2N
ASLAKSONe CARL I 4CONS 2B2G2M
ASTIN» ALLEN v 7TRETD 2B2N2W3K
AUSLANDER+s JOSEPH 2HUMD
AXILRODe BENJAMIN M 4x 2B
AXLER»s MARJORIE F 8NRNC 2B
AYENSUs EDWARD S 1XSMI 2K
BABERS» FRANK H 1DAX 2G
BAILEYs+ J MARTIN 2HGWU 2Q2T
BAILEYs WILLIAM J 2HUMD 2E
BAKER» ARTHUR A 11GES 2H
BAKERs LOUIS C w 2HGEVU 2E
BALDES»* EDWARD J 1DAXx

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VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969

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136 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

ELLIOTTe FRANCIS E SGEEL

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JAMES @ JR

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137

HARRIS» MILTON
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HOFFMANe JOHN D

HOFFMANN» CLARENCE H

HOGE+« HAROLD J
HOLLIESe NORMAN R S

HOLL INGSHEADs ROBERT S
ARIEL C

HOLL INSHEAD +
HOLMGRENe HARRY D

HOLSHOUSERs WILLIAM L

HONTGs JOHN G
HOOKERe MARJORIE
HOOVER» JOHN I
HOOVER. THOMAS B
HOPKINSe« STEPHEN
HOPP + HENRY
HORNIG~s DONALD F
HORNSTEINs IRWIN
HOROWITZ: E
HORTONe BILLY M
HOUGHs FLOYD W
HOWE s+ PAUL E
HUBBARDe DONALD
HUBERT+ LESTER F
HUDSON+s COLIN M
HUGHse RUDOLPH
HUMPHREYS» CURTIS J
HUNDLEYs JAMES M
HUNT + Ww HAWARD
HUNTERs GEORGE w II!
HUNTER+s RICHARD S
HUNTERs WILLIAM R
HUNTOON+ ROBERT D
HUTCHINSe LEE M
HUTTON» GEORGE L

138

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202T AFRA
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212T AFRA
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2E2G2K3C3I1 AFRA

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IMAIe« ISAO

INSLEYe HERBERT
IRVINGe GEORGE W JR
IRWINe GEORGE R
ISBELL+« HORACE S

JACKSONe HARTLEY H T

JACKSONe JULTUS L
JACOBs KENNETH D
JACOBS+s WALTER W
JACOBSe WOODROW C
JACOBSONe MARTIN
JACOXe MARILYN E
JAMES» | H

JAMESs MAURICE T
JANI e« LORRAINE L
JAYs GEORGE E JR
JENe CHIH K
JENKINSe ANNA E
JENKINSe WILLIAM D
JESSUPs+ RALPH S
JOHANNESENe ROLF B
JOHNSONe DANIEL P
JOHNSONs KEITH C
JOHNSONe PHYLLIS T
JOHNSTONe FRANCIS €
JONESe HENRY A
JORDANs GARY B
JORDANe REGINALD C
JOYCE+ J WALLACE
JUDD+ DEANE 8B
JUDDe NEIL M
JUDSONe LEWIS Vv
JUHN»s MARY

KAGARISE*+ RONALD E
KAISERe HANS E
KALMUS* HENRY P
KARLEe ISABELLA
KARLE+ JEROME
KARRe PHILIP R
KARRERe ANNIE M H
KARRERe SEBASTIAN
KAUFMANe H PAUL
KEGELES+ GERSON‘
KELLERe RICHARD A
KENNARDe RALPH B
KENNEDYe E R
KESSLER. KARL G
KEULEGANe GARBIS H
KINGs PETER
KINNEYe JAY P
KLEBANOFFe PHILIP S
KLEINe WILLIAM H
KLINGSBERGe CYRUS
KLUTE»+ CHARLES H
KNAPP e+ DAVID G
KNIPLINGe EDWARD F
KNIPLINGe PHOEBE H
KNOBLOCKe EDWARD C
KNOPF » ELEANORA B
KNOWLTON» KATHRYN
KNOXe ARTHUR S
KOHLERe HANS w
KOHLERe MAX A
KOLB. ALAN C
KOPPANYIe THEODORE
KOSTKOWSKIe HENRY J
KOTTERe F RALPH
KRASNYe JOHN F
KRAUSS« ROBERT w
KREITLOWe KERMIT Ww
KRUGERe JEROME
KULLBACKe SOLOMON
KULLERUDe GUNNAR
KURTZ+ FLOYD E

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON

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ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

KURZWEGe HERMAN H
KUSHNER» LAWRENCE M

LADOe ROBERT

LAKI« KOLOMAN
LAKINe HUBERT w
LAMANNAe CARL

LAMBe FRANK W
LAMBERTe EDMUND B
LAMBERTON+ BERENICE
LANDERe JAMES F
LANDISe PAUL E
LANOSBERGe HELMUT E
LANGe WALTER B
LANGFORDe GEORGE S
LAPHAMs EVAN G
LARRIMERe WALTER H
LASHOF se THEODORE WwW
LASTERe HOWARD J
LATTAe RANDALL

LE CLERGe ERWIN L
LFE+ RICHARD H
LEIKINDe MORRIS C
LEINER.e ALAN L
LEJINSe PETER P
LENTZ*s PAUL L
LFOPOLDs+ LUNA B
LEVERTONe RUTH M
LEVINe ERNEST M
LEVYe SAMUEL

LEYe HERBERT L JR
LIe HUI-LIN

LIDDEL»+ URNER
LIEBERMANe MORRIS
LILLYe JOHN C
LINDQUISTe ARTHUR w
LINDSEYs IRVING
LINGe LEE
LINNENBOMe VICTOR J
LIPPINCOTTs ELLIS R
LISTe ROBERT J
LITOVITZe. THEODORE A
LITTLEs ELBERT L JR
LLOYDe DANIEL B
LOCKARDe J DAVID
LOCKHARTs+ LUTHER B JR
LOGANe HUGH L

LONGe AUSTIN
LORINGe BLAKE M
LUDFORDe GEOFFREY S S
LUSTIGe ERNEST
LYMANe JOHN

LYNCHe THOMAS Joe MRS
LYNNe W GARDNER

MA, TE-HSIU

MAC DONALDse TORRENCE H
MACHTAe LESTER
MADDENe ROBERT P
MADORSKYe SAMUEL L
MAENGWYN-DAVIESe« G D
MAGINs GEORGE B JR
MAHANe ARCHIE I
MATENTHALe MILLARD
MALONEYe+ CLIFFORD J
MANDEL + H GEORGE
MANDEL es JOHN
MANNINGe JOHN R
MARCUSe MARVIN
MARCUSe SIDNEY O JR
MARGOSHESe MARVIN
MARSHALL + LOUISE H
MARSHALL» WADE H
MARTINe BRUCE D
MARTINs GEORGE Ww
MARTINe JOHN H

VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969

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MART INe
MARTINe
MARTONs
MARV INe
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MARZKE ¢

MONROE H
ROBERT H
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ROBERT S
ARTHUR A
OSCAR T

MASONe EDWARD A
MASONe HENRY L

MASON»
MASSEY e
MATHERS»
MATLACKs

MARTIN A

JOSEPH T
AL=X P
MARION B

MAUSS+» BESSE D

MAXWELL .e

LOUIS R

MAYe« DONALD C JR

MAY «

IRVING

MAYERse CORNELL H

MAYORs
MAZURe

JOHN R
JACOB

MC ALLISTER» ARCHIE J
MC BRIDEe GORDON Ww

MC CABEs LOUIS C

MC CAMYe CALVIN S

MC CLAINes EDWARD F JR
MC CLELLANe WILBUR D
MC CLUREs FRANK J

MC CLUREe FRANK T

MC CULLOUGHs JAMES M
MC CULLOUGHs NORMAN B
MC ELHINNEYe JOHN

MC GRATHe JAMES R

MC INTOSHe ALLEN

MC KEEs SAMUEL A

MC KELVEYe VINCENT E
MC KENZIE*« LAWSON M
MC KIBBENe EUGENE G
MC KINNEYe HAROLD H
MC KNIGHT+ EDWIN T

MC KOWNe BARRETT L

MC MILLENe J HOWARD
MC MURDIEs \HOWARD F
MC NESBYe JAMES R

MC PHEEs+ HUGH C

MC PHERSONe ARCHIBALD
MEADEe BUFORD K
MEARSe FLORENCE M
MEARSe THOMAS w

MEBS+ RUSSELL W

MEINKE e
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ALLAN J
TZ+ HAROLD

MENIS*e OSCAR

MENKART e
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CARROLL F

MERZe ALBERT R
MEYERHOFFe HOWARD A
MEYERSONe MELVIN R

MEYKARe

OREST A

MEYROWITZe ROGERT

MICHAEL!
MICKEY es

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WENDELL V

MIDDLFTONe HOWARD E
MIDERe G BURROUGHS

MILLARe
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CARL F
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MILLIGAN» DOLPHUS E
MILLIKENe LEWIS T

MILTONe

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MITCHELL «
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J MURRAY JR
JOHN W

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139

MIZELL»
MOHLERe
MOLLARI+ MARIO
MOLLERse RAYMOND w
MONCHICKe LOUIS
MOORE+ GEORGE A
MOOREe HARVEY C
MORANe FREDERICK A
MORRISe J A

MORRISe JOSEPH B
MORRISe KELSO B
MORRISS* DONALD J
MORTONe JOHN D
MOSHMANe JACK
MOSTOF Ie F K
MUEHLHAUSE e CARL O
MUELLERe HERBERT J
MUESEBECKe CARL F w
MURPHY» LEONARD M
MYERSe ALFRED T
MYERSe RALPH D
MYERSe WILLIAM H

LOUIS R
FRED L

NAESERe
NAMIASe JEROME

NELSONe RH
NEPOMUCENE se SR ST JOHN
NEUVENDORFFERe J A
NEUSCHELe« SHERMAN K
NEWMANs MORRIS

NEWMANe SANFORD B
NEWTON» CLARENCE J
NICKERSONe DOROTHY
NIKIFOROFFe C C
NIRENBERGe MARSHALL w
NOFFSINGERs TERRELL L
NOLLAs JOSE A B
NORRIS» KARL H

NOYESe« HOWARD £&
NUTTONSONe M Y

CHARLES R

O BRIENe
O HERNe
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OKABEse HIDEO
OLIPHANT+ MALCOLM w
OLIVERe VINCENT J
OLSENe HAROLD w
ORDWAYe FRED D JR
ORLINe HYMAN

OSERe HANS J

OSGOODe WILLIAM R
OSMUNe JAMES wW
OSWALD. ELIZABETH J
OVERTONe WILLIAM C JR
OWENSe HOWARD B
OWENS» JAMES P

JOHN A
ELIZABETH M

JOHN A
HUGH T
ELLSWORTH S

PACKe DONALD H
PAFFENBARGER»

PAGE «
PAGE «

GEORGE C
BENJAMIN L
CHESTER H
PAGE+ ROBERT M
PALIKe EDWARD D
PALLOTTAe ARTHUR J
PARKe HELEN D
PARK» J HOWARD
PARKERe KENNETH W
PARKERe ROBERT L
PARLETTs ROBERT C
PARRs LELAND w
PASSAGLIA+ ELIO

140

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PASSER» MOSES
PATTERSONs GLENN W
PATTERSON+e MARGARET E&
PATTERSONe WILBUR I
PAUL» FRED

PAYNE* LAWRENCE E&
PEACOCKe ELIZABETH D
PECORAs WILLIAM T
PEISERs H STEFFEN
PELCZARe MICHAEL J JR
PELL+ WILLIAM H
PELLINI+® WILLIAM S
PERKINSe LOUIS R
PERROSe THEODORE P
PHAIR+ GEORGE
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POMMER» ALFRED M
POOS+ FRED w

POPEs MERRITT N
POPENOE+s WILSON
POTTSs BL

PRESLEYe JOHN T

PRO» MAYNARD J
PROSENe EDWARD J
PUTNINSe PAUL H

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RADERe CHARLES A
RADOe« GEORGE T
RAINWATERe H IVAN
RALLe DAVID P
RAMBERGe WALTER
RANDOLPH. WILLIAM D
RANDSe ROBERT D
RAPPLEYEe HOWARD S
RAUSCHe ROBERT
RAVITSKYe CHARLES -
READINGe OLIVER S
REAMs DONALD F
RECHCIGLe« MILOSLAV JR
REEDe JOHN C

REEDe WILLIAM D
REEVEe E WILKINS
REEVESe ROBERT
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REICHELDERFERe
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REIDe MARY E
REINHARTe BRUCE L
REINHARTs FRANK wW
REINHARTe FRED M
REININGe PRISCILLA
REITEMEIERe ROBERT F
REYNOLDSe HELEN L
REYNOLDSe HOWARD
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RHODESe IDA

RICEe DONALD A

RICEse FREDERICK AH
RICE*e STUART A
RICHMONDe VJOSEPH C
RICHMONDe JOSEPH C
RICKER+ PERCY L
RIDOLEe OSCAR
RINEHARTe JOHN S

JACOB

mn>bo

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JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

RIOCHse DAVID M

RITTe PAUL E

RITTSe ROY E JR
RIVELLOe ROBERT M
RIVLINe RONALD S
ROBBINS» MARY L
ROBERTSe ELLIOTT B
ROBERTS+s RICHARD B
ROBERTS« RICHARD C
ROBERTSONs A F
ROBERTSON» RANDAL M.
ROBINSONe GEORGE S JR
ROBINSONe HENRY E
ROCKs GEORGE D
RODENHISER» HERMAN A
RODNEYe WILLIAM S
RODRIGUEZs RAUL
ROGERSe« LORE A
ROLLER» PAUL S
ROMANOFFe MELVIN
ROMNEYe CARL F

ROSE e« JOHN C
ROSENBLATT+ DAVID
ROSENBLATT+ JOAN R
ROSENSTOCKe HENRY M
ROSENTHAL» SANFORD M
ROSSe SHERMAN
ROSSINIe« FREDERICK D
ROTHe FRANK L

ROTHe ROBERT S
ROTKINe ISRAEL
RUBEYe WILLIAM w
RUBINe MEYER

RUBINe MORTON J
RUBINe ROBERT J
RUBINe VERA C

RUFF e ARTHUR W JR
RUSSELL e« LOUISE M
RUSSELLe RICHARD w
RYALL»® A LLOYD
RYERSONe KNOWLES A

SAENZe ALBERT w
SAILER» REECE I
SALISBURYs HARRISON B
SAN ANTONIO+e JAMES P
SANDERSONe JOHN A
SANDOZe GEORGE
SANTAMOUR+s FRANK S JR
SASMORe ROBERT M
SAULMONs ERNEST E
SAVILLE« THORNDIKE JR
SAYLORe CHARLES P
SCHAFFERe ROBERT
SCHAMPs HOMER w JR
SCHECHTER» MILTON S
SCHEERe MILTON D
SCHERTENLEIBe CHARLES
SCHINDLER» ALBERT I
SCHNEIDER» SIDNEY
SCHMID+>e HELLMUT H
SCHMITTs® WALDO L
SCHOENse LOUIS J
SCHOENEMANs ROBERT L
SCHOOLEYe ALLEN H
SCHOOLEYe JAMES F
SCHOONOVERs IRL C
SCHOTs+ STEVEN H
SCHRECKER»+ ANTHONY w
SCHUBAUER+ GALEN B
SCHUBERT+ LEO
SCHULMANe JAMES H
SCHULTZs EUGENE S
SCHWARTZe ANTHONY M
SCHWARTZe BENJAMIN

_ SCHWERDTFEGER. WM J

_ SCOFIELDe FRANCIS

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VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969

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SCOTT+ ARNOLD H
SCOTTs DAVID B
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SCRIBNERe BOURDON F
SEABORGese GLENN T
SEEBOTHe CONRAD M
SEEGERe RAYMOND J
SEITZe FREDERICK
SERVICEse JERRY H
SETZLERe FRANK M
SHAFRINe ELAINE G
SHALOWITZe AARON L
SHANAHANe ARTHUR JU
SHANNONe JAMES A
SHAPIROs GUSTAVE
SHAPIRO» MAURICE M
SHAPLEYe A H

SHAWse JOSEPH C

SHEL TONe EMMA
SHEPARD+ HAROLD H
SHERESHEFSKYs J LEON
SHERLINe GROVER C
SHIELDSe WILLIAM R
SHIMKINe DEMITRI B
SHMUKLER» LEON
SHROPSHIREe WALTER A
SIEGLERe EDOUARD H
SILBERSCHMIDT+ KARL M
SILVERMANe SHIRLEIGH
SIMHAe ROBERT
SIMMONSe JOHN A
SIMMONSe LANSING G
SITTERL Ye BANCROFT w
SITTERLYs CHARLOTTE M
SLACKe LEWIS

SLADEK+s JAROMIL V
SLAWSKYe MILTON M
SLAWSKYe ZAKA I
SLOCUMs GLENN G
SMITHe BLANCHARD D
SMITHe EDGAR R
SMITHe FALCONER
SMITHe FLOYD F
SMITHe FRANCIS A
SMITHse HENRY L JR
SMITHe JACK C

SMITHe NATHAN R
SMITHe PAUL A

SMITHe PAUL L

SMITHe ROBERT C JR
SMITHe SIDNEY T
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STAIRe RALPH
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STEINe ANTHONY C JR
STEINERe HAROLD A
STEINERe ROBERT F
STEINHARDT+ JACINTO
STEPHANs ROBERT M
STEPHENSs ROBERT E
STERNe KURT H

STERNe WILLIAM L
STEVENS* HENRY
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STEVENSe RUSSELL B
STEVENSONe FREDERICK J
STEVENSONe JOHN A
STEWARTe ILEEN E
STEWARTe« SARAH E
STEWARTs T DALE
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STIEHLERe ROBERT D
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STRINGFIELDe VICTOR T
STROMBERGe ROBERT R
STUARTe NEIL W
SULZBACHERs WILLIAM L
SUTCLIFFE*e WALTER D
SWEENEYe WILLIAM T
SWICKe CLARENCE H
SWINDELLSe JAMES F
SWINGLEe CHARLES F
SYSKIe RYSZARD

TALBERTe PRESTON T
TALBOTTe F LEO
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TATE+ DOUGLAS R
TAUSSKYe OLGA
TAYLOR. ALBERT L
TAYLORe JOHN K
TAYLORe LAURISTON S
TAYLOR. MARIE C
TAYLOR+e MODDIE D
TEAL * GORDON K
TEELE*s RAY P
TEPPERe MORRIS
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THABARAJe G J
THALERe WILLIAM J
THAYERse THOMAS P
THEUSe RICHARD B
THOMe HERBERT C S
THOMASe JAMES L
THOMASe PAUL D
THOMPSONe JACK C
THURMANe ERNESTINE B
TIDBALL «+ CHARLES S
TILDENe EVELYN B
TILLYERe E D
TIPSONe R STUART
TITUSe HARRY W
TODD» FRANK E

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TOLL» JOHN S
TORGESENe JOHN L
TORRESONe OSCAR wW
TOULMINe PRIESTLEY III
TOUSEYs+ RICHARD
TRAUBse ROBERT
TRAVISe CLARENCE W
TREADWELL + CARLETON R
TROMBAs FRANCIS G

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TRYONs MAX

TULANEs VICTOR J
TUNELL e GEORGE
TURNERe JAMES H

EMILY E

UHLANERe JE
UHLERs FRANCIS M

VACHERe HERBERT C

VAN DERSAL + WILLIAM R
VAN EVERAs BENJAMIN D
VAN EVERAs R Ww

VAN TUYLe ANOREW H
VANDERSLICEe J T
VANGELI+« MARIO G
VEITCHe FLETCHER P JR
VERDIERe PETER H
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VESTINEs E H

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WALTONe WILLIAM w SR
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WARGAy MARY E |
WARINGe JOHN A
WASIKs STANLEY P
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JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

WHERRYs EDGAR T
WHITE*« CHARLES E
WHITE* HOWARD J JR
WHITE*« ORLAND E
WHITE*« ROBERT M
WHITMANe MERRILL J
WHITTAKER+e COLIN WwW
WHITTEN» CHARLES A
WICHERSe EDWARD
WIEDEMANN» HOWARD M
WILDHACKe WILLIAM A

WILLIAMSe DONALD H

WILSONe BRUCE L
WILSONe RAYMOND E
WILSONe WILLIAM K
WINSTONe JAY S
WINTe CECIL T
WISE*+ GILBERT H

WITHINGTONe CHARLES F

WITKOPe BERNHARD
WOLCOTT+« NORMAN M
WOLFF s EDWARD A
WOLFLE+s DAEL
WOLFRAM» LESZEK J
WOLICKIe« ELIGIUS A
WOMACKs MADELYN
WOOD+ LAWRENCE A
WOODe MARSHALL K
WwOODe REUBEN E

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1XAEC
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WORKMANe WILLIAM G
WRENCHse CONSTANCE P
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YAPLEEs« BENJAMIN S
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143

Classification by Place of Employment

1 GOVERNMENT COOK+ HAROLD T 2B2K3C AFRA
CRAFTe CHARLES C AFNA
1A AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT GOLUMBIC+ CALVIN 2E3C AFRA
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1ACMS CONSUMER & MARKETING SERVICE HEINZEs PETER H 2E26G2K3C31 AFRA
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MO Wy aes ae ane POMMERs ALFRED M 2E2G2H3K AFRA
REYNOLDS+ HOWARD 2Q3C AFRA
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144, JoURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

NOFFSINGERe TERRELL L
OLIVERe VINCENT J
ORLINe HYMAN

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VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969

HILSENRATHs JOSEPH
HOFFMANs JOHN D
HOOVER+ THOMAS B
HOROWITZe E

JACOXs MARILYN E
JENKINSe WILLIAM D
JOHANNESENs ROLF B
JOHNSON+ DANIEL P
JUDD+s DEANE B
KELLER» RICHARD A
KESSLERe KARL G
KLEBANOFFe PHILIP S
KOSTKOWSKI»s HENRY J
KOTTERe F RALPH
KRUGERs JEROME
KUSHNER+ LAWRENCE M
LASHOF + THEODORE W
LEVINs ERNEST M
MADDENe ROBERT P
MANDEL « JOHN
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MARTONs L

MARVINes ROBERT S
MARYOTT+s ARTHUR A
MASONs HENRY L
MAZUR+s JACOB

MC ALLISTER» ARCHIE J

MC CAMYs CALVIN S
MC NESBYe JAMES R
MEARSe THOMAS w
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MICHAELIS+e ROBERT E
MILLIGANe DOLPHUS E
MILLIKENe LEWIS T
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PAFFENBARGERe GEORGE C

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SPENCERe LEWIS v
STEGUNe IRENE A
STIEHLER+e ROBERT D
TATE* DOUGLAS R
TAYLORese JOHN K
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VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 147

NIRENBERG «

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VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969

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STEARNe JOSEPH L
STEINe ANTHONY C JR 2N

2HUMD UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND
AUSLANDER+e JOSEPH

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2SARC ARLINGTON COUNTY SCHOOLS
BRANDEWIEs DONALD F
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3 ASSOCIATIONS & INSTITUTIONS

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VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969

PLOTKINe HENRY H 2B
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VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969

BURAS+ EDMUND M JR
ELLISONs ALFRED H
FOURTe« LYMAN
HOLLIES» NORMAN R S
KRASNY« JOHN F
MENKART« JOHN H
RADERe CHARLES A
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SWAPO WASHINGTON POST
5BIRE BIONETICS RESEARCH LABS HASELTINEs NATE 2x AFRA
PALLOTTAe ARTHUR J 2E2T AMRA

6 FOREIGN & INTERNATIONAL
SBOEN BOWLES ENGINEERING CO

BOWLESe* ROMALD E 26202w3Kk AFRA 6FAOR FOOD & AGRICULTURE ORGe UN
DAWSONe ROY C 2a AFRA
S5CODC CONTROL DATA CORP LINGe LEE AFNA
RABINOWe JACOB 2N AFRA
6INWS INTERNATIONAL WOOL SECRETARIAT
SENDE ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT INC MIZELL« LOUIS R AFNA
MC CABEse LOUIS C 2E2G2R AFRA
6MOCO MONOCAN CONSULATE
5GEEL GENERAL ELECTRIC CO SCHERTENLEIBe CHARLES 26 AMRA
ELLIOTTe FRANCIS E AFRA
7RETD RETIRED
SGEON GEONAUTICSs INC ABBOTe CHARLES G 2B2x3H AFRE
SIMMONSe LANSING G 2s AFRA ADAMSe« ELLIOT Q@ AFNE
WOLFF e EDWARD A 2G2N2wex AFRA ALLISONe FRANKLIN E 2E2G6 AFRE
ANDERSONe MYRON S 2 AFRA
5HALA HAZELTON LABORATORIES APPELe WILLIAM D 2E2G AF NE
GARGUS+. JAMES L AMRA ASTINe ALLEN Vv 2B2N2W3K AFRA
HAZLETONs LLOYO Ww oT AFRA BARRETTs+ MARGARET D 26 AFRA
BARSS« HOWARD P 2D2G2K ' AFNE
SHUAS HUNTER ASSOCIATES LAB BATES+* PHAON H AFRE
HUNTER» RICHARD S 2G63C3H AFRA BEIJ+ K HILDING a) AFNL
BEKKEDAHL « NORMAN 2B2E2G AFNE
SITTC INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE & TELEG BENNETTe JOHN A 2u AFRA
VIGUE*s KENNETH J 2N3G AMRA BIRCKNERe VICTOR AFRE
BISHOPP. FRED C 2F2G6 AFNE |
5JOGI JOSEPH GILLMAN ASSOCIATES BORTHWICKe HARRY A 2D2K31 AFRE
GILLMANe JOSEPH L JR 2E2G2M202U AFRA BRECKENRIDGEe F C 2B3H AFRA
BRICKWEDDEe F G 28 AFNL
5KEAS KETTELLE ASSOCIATES INC BROMBACHERe w G 2B3K AFRE
RANDOLPH. WILLIAM D AMRA BROWN+ EDGAR 202k AFRE
MOSHMAN»s JACK 3u AMRA BURKEYe LLOYD A 2a AFRE
CALDWELL» FRANK R 2B2G AFRE
SLIPR LIQUIDS PROCESS CO CAMPBELLe FRANK L 2F2y AFRA
ROLLER» PAUL S 2B2E2G AFRA CARDERe DEAN S AFNE
CASHs EDITH K 2k AFRE
5LITT LITTON INDUSTRIES CHALKLEYs HAROLD w 2T AFRE
CRETSOSe JAMES M 2E AMRA CHAPLINEe WR 262K2L AFRE
CLAIRE» CHARLES N 2B2M AFRA
5MELP MELPAR INC CLARK+s KENNETH G 2526 AFRE
CAMPANELLAe S JOSEPH AFRA CLAUSENe CURTIS P 2F AFNE
MORTONs JOHN D 2x AFRA CONGERe PAUL S AFRE

162 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

COOKEs C WYTHE
COOLIDGE+ WILLIAM D
COONSe« GEORGE H
COOPER. STEWART R
CORY+ ERNEST N
CRAGOEs CARL S
CULL INANe FRANK P
CURRANese HAROLD R
CURRIERe \LOUIS w
CURTISSe LEON F
DAVISe MARION M
DAVISe RAYMOND
DEBORD+ GEORGE G
DERMEN+s HAIG
DIEHL + WILLIAM w
DIGGESe THOMAS G
DOFT+ FLOYD S
DRECHSLERs CHARLES
DUERKSENe JACOB A
DUTILLY+ ARTHEME
ECKERTe Ww J
ECKHARDTe E A
ELLINGERs GEORGE A
ELLIOTTse CHARLOTTE
ELLIS* NED R
EMERSONs WALTER B
FIVAZ+ ALFRED E
FOOTEs« PAUL D
FULLMERe IRVIN H
GAFAFERe WILLIAM M
GALTSOFFs PAUL S
GARDNERe IRVINE C
GELLERe ROMAN F
GIBSONe JOHN E
GIBSONe+ KASSON S
GISH» OLIVER H
GODFREYs THEODORE 8B
GOLDBERGe MICHAEL
GORDONe CHARLES L
GRAF e« JOHN E

HALLe R CLIFFORD
HALLERe HERBERT L
HAMBLETONs EDSON J
HARDER» E C

HENDERSON+s MALCOLM C
HENDERSON+s MALCOLM C

HICKLEY+ THOMAS J

HOLL INGSHEAD+s ROBERT S

HOUGHse FLOYD W
HUBBARDe« DONALD
HUNTERe GEORGE w III
HUNTOON+ ROBERT D

JACKSONs HARTLEY H T

JACOBs KENNETH D
JENKINSe ANNA E
JESSUP» RALPH S
JOHNSTONe FRANCIS E
JUDDe NEIL M
JUDSONe LEWIS v
JUHNe MARY

KARRERe ANNIE M H
KARRERe SEBASTIAN
KAUFMANe H PAUL
KENNARDe RALPH B
KINNEYe JAY P
KNOPF e ELEANORA B
KNOWLTONe KATHRYN
KULLERUDe GUNNAR
LAMBERT+s EDMUND B
LANGe WALTER B
LAPHAMs EVAN G
LINDQUIST+* ARTHUR WwW
LINDSEYs+ IRVING
MADORSKYs* SAMUEL L
MARTINe JOHN H
MATLACKs MARION B
MAUSS~* BESSE D

MC CLAINe EDWARD F JR

2H AF NE

AFNA
2k AFRE

AFRE
2F2y AFRE
2B2G AFRE
262K31 AFRE
2Q AFRE
2H AFNE
2B AFNE
2E2G AFRL
2B2E AFRE
262Q AFNE
2K AFRE
202K AFRE
2uU AFRE
2E2G2T AFRE
262K AFRA
2B2G AFRE
2K AF NE

AFNA
2B AFNE
2G AFRE

AF NE
2E2T AFRE
2G63H AFRE
262L AFRE
2B3H3L AFRA
2B26G20 AFRA

AFNE
2D AFNE
2B2G3H AFRE
2B2G63D AFRE

AFNE
2B2G63H AFRE
2B2G AFNE

AFRE
2B AFRA
2B2E2G AFRA
2D2F2G AFRA
2u AFRE
2E2F 2Ge2yY AFRA
2D2F2G AFRA
2G2H3L AFNA
2B2G62Z3B83F AFNA
3G AFNA
2N AFRA

AFRE
2G AFNA
2E2G3H AFRA
2G2P ~AFNE

AFRA
2D AFRE
2eE AFRA
2D2G62K3F AMNE
2B2G AFRA
2B AFRE
2G62C AFRE
2B2G AFNE

AFRA

AFRE
2B2E2G3G3H AFRA
2M AFNA
2B2G3G3H AFRE
Ze AFNE

AF NE
2E2T AFRA
2G AFRA
262K AFRE
2G62H AFRE
2B AFNE
2G AFNA

AFRE
2E AFRE
2G AFNE
2E2G AFRE

AFRA
2Nn AFRA

1969

VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER,

MC CLUREs FRANK J
MC KEE*+ SAMUEL A

MC KIBBENs EUGENE G
MC KINNEYe« HAROLD H
MC PHEEs HUGH C
MERRIAMs CARROLL F
MERZ* ALBERT R
MEYERHOFFe HOWARD A
MIDDLETONe+e HOWARD E
MILLER» CARL F
MILLERe J CHARLES
MOHLERe FRED L

MOLLARI» MARIO
MORRISS* DONALD J

NEPOMUCENE+ SR ST JOHN

NICKERSON+ DOROTHY
NIKIFOROFFs C C

O NEILt+ HUGH T
OBOURN+ ELLSWORTH §
OSGOOD» WILLIAM R
PAGE» BENJAMIN L
PARK» J HOWARD
PARR» LELAND w
POLINGs AUSTIN C
POOS+ FRED w

POPE+ MERRITT N
POPENCE+ WILSON
RANDS+ ROBERT D
RAPPLEYE+ HOWARD S
READINGe OLIVER S
REED+ WILLIAM D
REID» MARY E
RICKERs PERCY L
RIDDLE» OSCAR
ROBERTS» ELLIOTT B
ROCK» GEORGE D
RODENHISER+ HERMAN A
ROGERS» LORE A
ROTHs FRANK L
RYERSON+ KNOWLES A
SCHMITT+ WALDO L
SCHUBAUER» GALEN B
SCHULTZs EUGENE S
SCHWARTZ+ BENJAMIN
SCOTTs« ARNOLD H
SERVICEs JERRY H
SETZLER+ FRANK M
SHALOWITZ»+ AARON L
SIEGLER» EDOUARD H
SMITHs EDGAR R
SMITHe FRANCIS A
SMITHe NATHAN R
SNOKE + HUBERT R
SPENCERe ROSCOE R
SPICER» H CECIL
STAIR» RALPH
STEPHENS+ ROBERT E
STEVENSe HENRY
STEVENSON+ JOHN A
STIEBELINGse HAZEL K
STIMSON+ HAROLD F
STIRLING» MATHEW W
SUTCLIFFE* WALTER D
SWICKe CLARENCE H
SWINDELLS* JAMES F
TILDEN» EVELYN B
TITUSe HARRY W
TODD+ FRANK E
TORRESONe OSCAR w
VACHER+ HERBERT C
VINAL+ GEORGE w
WALKER+ EGBERT H
WALSHe MARTHA L
WALTONe WILLIAM W SR
WARD+ HENRY P
WATTSe CHESTER B
WEAVER+ ELMER R
WEIDAs FRANK M

2G62T2V

2M
262K2G31
2G

2eE
2G62H

2C2G
2H3L
2B2G3H
2D02F 2p

2F2G62Y
2K
2DeuL
262K

2B2G2M2R2S

2B
2F2G2Y
2KeT

2B2G

2K
2a
2G
2G
2D
2Bew
2G

2B2G2N
2G
2B2C2G
2R
2F2G2yY
2E
2G
2G62K2Q

2T

2H

2G
2B3H
2E262T
262K
2E
2B2G
2C2G
2B2G2Me2R
2B2G2M
2B2G
2G

2G

2G

2B2G
2K
2e
ra
2E2G
2B2G
2E2G
2B

AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRE
AFRE
AFNA
AFRE
AFNA
AFNE
AFRE
AFNE
AFRE
AFRE
AFNE
AMRE
AFRA
AFRE
AFRE
AFNA
AFRA
AFRE
AFNA
AFRE
AFNA
AFRA
AFNE
AFNE
AFNE
AFRA
AFNE
AFRA
AFRE
AFNE
AFNE
AFRE
AFRA
AFNA
AFNE
AFNE
AFNA
AFRE
AFRA
AFRE
AFNE
AFNE
AFNE
AFNE
AFRE
AFRE
AFNE
AFNE
AFNE
AFRF
AFNE
AFNE
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRE
AFRE
AFRE
AFRA
AFRE
AFRA
AFRA
AFNE
AFNA
AFNA
AFRE
AFRE
AFNE
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRE
AFRA
AFRE
AFRE

163

WEIDLEINe EDWARD R
WEISSe FREEMAN A
WHERRY»s EDGAR T
WHITE*s CHARLES E
WHITE*« ORLAND E
WHITTAKERs COLIN w
WICHERS» EDWARD
WULF» OLIVER R
YEOMANS» ALFRED H
YOCUMs L EDWIN
YOUDEN» WILLIAM J
YUILL*« JOSEPH S
ZELENYe LAWRENCE
ZIES* EMANUEL G
ZOCHs RICHMOND T

2Q

2E

2e
2e

2K
2B2E2G
2F2G62yY
2G
2E2G2H

8BNRNC NONRESIDENTs EMPLOYER NOT

ALLENe HARRY C JR
AXLERe MARJORIE F
BARBEAUs MARIUS
BIRD» HR

BLANCe MILTON L
BOEKs»s JEAN K
BOGLEs ROBERT w

BRECKENRIDGEs ROBERT G

BREGERe IRVING A
BREIT+ GREGORY
CARL STONs RICHARD C
CHEZEMe CURTIS G
CODLINGe KEITH
COMPTONe W DALE
CORNFIELDe JEROME
COTTAMe CLARENCE
DAVENPORTe« JAMES C
DE FERIETs J KAMPE
DEHL « RONALD E

DI MARZIO«e E A

OU PONTe JOHN E
DUPONT+ JEAN R
EGLI»« PAUL H
ESTERMANNe IMMANUEL
EVANSe W OUANE
FELSENFELO+ OSCAR
GATES+« GE

GORDON» RUTH E
GOULDe IRA A
HAKALAe REINO w
HALL « E RAYMOND
HALSTEADe BRUCE w
HAMMONDe H DAVID
HANDe CADET H UR
HANSENe LOUIS S
HARRISe MILTON
HEINRICHe KURT F
HEMENWAYs CARL
HERMANe ROBERT C
HERSEYse MAYO D
HIATTs« CASPAR w
HICKOXe*« GEORGE H
HORNIGs DONALD F
HUNDLEYe JAMES M
HUTCHINSe LEE M
IMAI*« ISAO

IRWIN» GEORGE R
JAMES~+ LH

JAMESe MAURICE T
JOHNSONe PHYLLIS T
JONES*« HENRY A
JORDAN>» GARY B
JORDANe REGINALD C
KARR» PHILIP R
KEGELES» GERSON
LAMB+ FRANK W

LEINER» ALAN L
LEVYs SAMUEL

164

2B2E2G
2B

2c
2B2G

2G62U3E

2D2G

2T
2B
2G

2D
2Q

2D2G
2G62T
2k
2G
2vV
2eE

2B
2B

2G

2Keu

2B2G

2F
2F2G

2N

2G

AFNE
AFNE
AFNE
AFRE
AFNE
AFRA
AFRA
AFNE
AFRA
AFNE
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRE
AFRA

CODED
AFRA
AMNA
AFNA
AFNA
AFNA
AFRA
AFNA
AFNL
AFRA
AFNA
AFNA
AFNA
AFNA
AFNA
AFNA
AFNA
AMNA
AFNA
AFRA
AFRA
AMNA
AFNA
AFNA
AFNA
AFNA
AFNA
AFNA
AFNA
AFNA
AFNA
AFNA
AFNA
AMNA
AFNA
AFNA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFNA
AFNA
AFNA
AFNA
AFNA
AFNA
AFNA
AFNA
AFNA
AFNL
AFNA
AFNA
AFNA
AMNA
AMRA
AFNA
AFNA
AFNA

AFNA
AFNA

LIe HUI-LIN

LILLYe JOHN C 2N2Z3H
LONGs AUSTIN

LUDFORDe GEOFFREY S S

LYMANe JOHN

LYNCHse THOMAS Jee MRS
MARCUSe MARVIN 2G
MARGOSHES+ MARVIN 2eE
MARTINe« GEORGE WwW

MARZKEs OSCAR T 2U3L
MASONe EDWARD A

MC BRIDE« GORDON Ww

MC KENZIE*+ LAWSON M 2B
MITTLEMANe DON 2B
NOYES+ HOWARD E 2Q2T
OEHSERe PAUL H

OLIPHANT+ MALCOLM w

OVERTONs WILLIAM C JR 2B2G

PATTERSONe MARGARET €E

PAYNE «+ LAWRENCE E
PIGMANe wW WARD

PIKLe

JOSEF

PIOREs E R 2B
POTTSe BL

REED e
RITTe

JOHN C
PAUL E

RITTSe ROY E JR

RIVLIN» RONALD S

ROSSINI» FREDERICK D 28
RUBEYs WILLIAM w 2H
RUSSELL+ RICHARD W

SCOTT» DAVID B 2v
SEITZ» FREDERICK 3L
SHAWs JOSEPH C 2T

SHIMKINe DEMITRI B
SHMUKLERe LEON
SILBERSCHMIOT+ KARL M
SIMHAs ROBERT

SLACKe LEWIS

SMITHse BLANCHARD D 2G2N
SMITHe HENRY L JR 2c
SONNe MARTIN

SOOKNE« ARNOLD M 2E

STAKMAN» E C
STEVENSe ROLLIN E
STROMBERG+ ROBERT R

SWEENEYe WILLIAM T 2E2uev

SWINGLE*« CHARLES F

TAUSSKYe OLGA

TEAL + GORDON K

THABARAJse G J

THOMPSONe JACK C 2x

THURMANe ERNESTINE 8B 2F2G

TILLYERe E D

TOLL e+ JOHN S

TULANEe VICTOR J

TUNELL e+ GEORGE 2H

VANGELIe MARIO G 2G

VESTINEe E H

VINTI« JOHN P 2B2G

VON HIPPELe ARTHUR 2G

WELLMANe FREDERICK L

WILSONe RAYMOND E 2B2G

WINTe CECIL T

YOUNGe DAVID A JR 2F

ZELENe MARVIN 2G
Q9CLUN CLASSIFICATION UNKNOWN

CASSIDY+ MARIE M

HESSe WALTER C 2E2G2T2V

VAN EVERA»s R W 3G3L
ONCOC NOT CLASSIFIED BY OCCUPATION

PEACOCKs ELIZABETH D
SOKOLOV+s+ FRANK L

2B2D2I3F

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

2B

Classification by Membership in Affiliated Societies

2B PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON FRENKIEL*« FRANCOIS N 1DNSR AFRA
ABBOT» CHARLES G TRETD AFRE FULLMER+s IRVIN H 7RETD AFRA
ABELSONe PHILIP H 3I1GEL AFRA : FURUKAWA» GEORGE T 1CNBS AFRA
ABRAHAMe GEORGE 1DNRL AFRA GARDNER: IRVINE C 7RETD AFRE
AHEARN» ARTHUR J 1CNBS AFRA GARNER» CLEMENT L 1CESS AFRE
ALDRIDGE» MARY H 2HAMU AFRA GELLER» ROMAN F 7RETD AFRE
ALLENe HARRY C JR 8NRNC AFRA GHAFFARI« ABOLGHASSEM 1XNAS AFRL
APSTEINe MAURICE 1DAHD AFRA GIBSONe KASSON S 7RETD AFRE
ARMSTRONGe GEORGE T 1CNBS AFRA GIBSONe RALPH E 3IAPL AFRA
ARSEMe COLLINS 1DAHD AMRA GISH» OLIVER H 7JRETO AFNE
ASLAKSONe CARL I 4CONS AFRA GLASSER» ROBERT G 2HUMD AFRA
ASTINe ALLEN V 7TRETD AFRA GOLDBERGe MICHAEL 7RETD AFRA
AXILROD:s BENJAMIN M ax AFRA GORDONes CHARLES L 7RETD AFRA
AXLER»s MARJORIE F BNRNC AMNA GRAYs ERNEST P 31APL AFRA
BARBROWe LOUIS E 1CNBS AFRA GREENSPAN+s MARTIN 1CNBS AFRA
BASSe ARNOLD M 1CNBS AFRA GRISAMORE+ NELSON T 3INAS AFRA
BEACHe LOUIS A 1ONRL AFRA GUILDNERe LESLIE A 1CNBS AFRA
BECKETTs CHARLES W 1CNBS AFRA HALL» WAYNE C 1DNRL AFRA
BEIJ» K HILDING 7RETD AFNL HAMMERSCHMIDTe WM W 1D-S AMRA
BEKKEDAHL « NORMAN JRETD AFNE HARRINGTONe MARSHALL C 1DFOS AFRA
BELSHEIMe ROBERT O 1DNRL AFRA HARRISONe WILLIAM N 4CONS AFRA
BENESCHe WILLIAM 2HUMD AFRA HARTMANNe GREGORY K 1DNOL AFRA
BENNETT» WILLARD H 2H AFNA HAUPTMAN+ HERBERT 1DNRL AFRA
BERLINER» ROBERT Ww LHNIH AFRA HENDERSONs+s MALCOLM C 7RETD AFNA
BESTULs ALDEN B 1CNBS AFRA HERMAN+ ROBERT C 8NRNC AFNA
BIBERSTEINe FRANK A JR 2HCUA AFRA HERSEYs MAYO D BNRNC AFNA
BLOOMs MORTIMER C 1DNRL AFRA HERZFELDe KARL F 2HCUA AFRA
BOGLE+ ROBERT w BNRNC AFNA HEYDENe FRANCIS J 2HGEU AFRA
BRAATEN» NORMAN F 1CESS AFRA HILLe« FREEMAN K 31APL AFRA
BRANSON» HERMAN 2HHOU AFRA HILSENRATHe JOSEPH 1CNBS AFRA
BRECKENRIDGE» F C 7RETD AFRA HOBBSe ROBERT B 1XGPO AFRA
BRICKWEDDEe F G 7RETD AFNL HOFFMANe JOHN D 1CNBS AFRA
BROMBACHERe Ww G TRETD AFRE HOGE* HAROLD J 1 DAX AFNA
BURGERS» JM 2HUMD AFRA HOLMGRENe HARRY D 2HUMD AFRA
BURINGTONs RICHARD 5S 1DNAS AFRA HONIG+ JOHN G 1DACS AFRA
CALDWELL» FRANK R TRETD AFRE HOOVER»: JOHN I 1DNRL AFRA
CALLEN» EARL R 2HAMU AFRA HORTONe BILLY M 1DAHD AFRA
CAMERON» JOSEPH M 1CNBS AFRA HUMPHREYSe CURTIS J 1DNOL AFNA
CANNONe E Ww 1CNBS AFRA HUNTERe WILLIAM R 1DNRL AFRA
CARMICHAEL « LEONARD 3INGS AFRA INSLEYs HERBERT 4CONS AFRA
CARROLL» THOMAS J 2HGWU AFRA IRWINe GEORGE R 8NRNC AFNA
CLAIRE» CHARLES N 7RETD AFRA JACKSONe JULIUS L 2HHOU AFRA
CLEVENs G wW 1XTRA AFRA JESSUPe RALPH S 7RETD AFRA
COHNe ROBERT 1DNHS AFRA JOHNSONes DANIEL P 1CNBS AFRA
COLE + KENNETH S JHNIH AFRA JOHNSTONe FRANCIS E 7TRETD AFRE
COOK» HAROLD T 1ARMR AFRA JUDDe DEANE B 1CNBS AFRA
COOKs RICHARD K 1CESS AFRA JUDSONs LEWIS v 7RETD AFNE
COSTRELLe LOUIS 1CNBS AFRA KALMUSe HENRY P 1DAHD AFRA
CRAGOE.s CARL S 7RETD AFRE KARLE*+ JEROME 1ONRL AFRA
CRANE» LANGDON T JR 1XNSF AFRA KARRER* SEBASTIAN 7RETO AFRA
CRAVEN. JOHN P 1DNSP AFRA KENNARDe RALPH B TRETO AFRE
CURTISSe LEON F 7RETD AFNE KESSLERe KARL G 1CNBS AFRA
DARWENTe BASIL DE B 2HCUA AFRA KEULEGANe GARBIS H 1DAXx AFNA
DAVIS* RAYMOND 7RETD AFRE KLEBANOFFe PHILIP S 1CNBS AFRA
DAVISSON»s JAMES w 1DNRL AFRA KLUTE*® CHARLES H 1DAHD AFRA
DE PACKHs DAVID C 1DNRL AFRA KOLB+ ALAN C 1DNRL AFRA
DE WITe ROLAND 1CNBS AFRA KOSTKOWSKIe HENRY J 1CNBS AFRA
DIAMOND» JACOB J 1CNBS AFRA KURZWEGe HERMAN H 1XNAS AFRA
DOUGLAS+* CHARLES A 1CNBS AFRA LANDER+ JAMES F 1CESS AFRA
DUERKSENe JACOB A 7RETD AFRE LAPHAMe EVAN G 7RETD AFNE
DUNNINGe KENNETH L 1DNRL AFRA LASHOFe THEODORE W 1CNBS AFRA
ECKHARDTe E A 7JRETD AFNE LASTER» HOWARD J 2HUMD AFRA
EISENHART+ CHURCHILL 1CNBS AFRA LIDDEL + URNER 1XNAS AFRA
ELBOURN+ ROBERT D 1CNBS AFRA LIPPINCOTTe ELLIS R 2HUMD AFRA
ELSASSERs WALTER M 2HUMD AFRA LITOVITZe THEODORE A 2HCUA AFRA
ESTERMANNe IMMANUEL 8NRNC AFNA LYNNe W GARDNER 2HCUA AFRA
FAUSTe WILLIAM R 1DNRL AFRA MAENGWYN=DAVIESe G D 2HGEU AFRA
FONER« SAMUEL N 3IAPL AFRA MAHAN+ ARCHIE I 3IAPL AFRA
FOOTE+ PAUL D 7FRETD AFRA MALONEYe CLIFFORD J 1HNIH AFRA
FORZIATIe« ALPHONSE F LIWwePC AFRA MANDEL + JOHN 1CNBS AFRA
FRAPSs RICHARD M LARFR AFRA MARSHALL + WADE H 1HNIH AFRA

VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 165

2B-2E

MARTONe L

MARVINe ROBERT
MASONs® HENRY L
MASSEYs« JOSEPH
MAXWELL» LOUIS
MAYER+e CORNELL

MC CLUREe FRANK T

MC ELHINNEYe JOHN

MC KENZIE« LAWSON M
MC MILLENe J HOWARD
MC NESBYe JAMES R

MC PHERSONs» ARCHIBALD

MEARS»« THOMAS w

MICKEY» WENDELL V
MILLIKENe LEWIS T

MITTLEMANe DON
MOHLERse FRED L
MONCHICKe LOUIS

MUEHLHAUSE « CARL O
MURPHY» LEONARD M

MYERS» RALPH D
O KEEFEe« JOHN A

OBOURNe ELLSWORTH S

OEHSERe PAUL H

OVERTONs WILLIAM C JR

T
R
H

PAGEs BENJAMIN L

PAGEs CHESTER H

PEISERe H STEFFEN
PERROSes THEODORE P
PHILLIPSe MARCELLA L

PIOREs E R

PLOTKINe HENRY
POLACHEKe HARRY
RADO+« GEORGE T
RAMBERG» WALTER

RAPPLEYEe« HOWARD S
READINGe OLIVER S

F WwW
RICHMONDe JOSEPH C
ROBERTSe ELLIOTT B
ROBERTSONe RANDAL M
RODNEYe« WILLIAM S

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COLLINSe HENRY B
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SMITHe HENRY L JR
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CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
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JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

ALDRIDGE. MARY H
ALEXANDERe ALLEN L

ALEXANDERe BENJAMIN H

ALLENs HARRY C JR

ALLISONe FRANKLIN E

ALTERe HARVEY
ANDERSON» MYRON S

ANDERSONe WENDELL L

APPELe WILLIAM D

ARMSTRONGe GEORGE T

BAILEYs WILLIAM J
BAKERs LOUIS C Ww
BATESe ROGER G
BEACHAMe LOWRIE M
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BECKETT» CHARLES wW
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BLOCKe STANLEY
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CARHARTs HOMER wW
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CUTTITTAs FRANK

DARWENTe BASIL DE B

DAVIS* MARION M
DAVISe RAYMOND
DE VOEs JAMES R
DEITZe VICTOR R

DETWILERe SAMUEL B JR

DIAMONDe JACOB U
DOFTe FLOYD S
DOUGLASe THOMAS B
DURSTe RICHARD A
EASTER: DONALD
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ELLISe NED R
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FAHEY*s JOSEPH J
FARROWs RICHARD P
FEARNe JAMES E
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FLETCHERe DONALD G

FLETCHERe HEWITT G JR

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FOURTe LYMAN

FOXe M R SPIVEY
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FRAMEs ELIZABETH G

Vo... 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969

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168 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

ARMSTRONG «

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« ROBERT D
eo FRANK

DAVISe MARION M
DAVISe RF
DAVISe STEPHEN S

DAWSONs

VICTOR C D

DE CARLOe MICHAEL

DE PUE.
DE VOE >
OE WITe
DEBORD «
DICKSONs

LELAND A
JAMES R
ROLAND
GEORGE G
GEORGE

DOFT+ FLOYD S

DOUGLASe

CHARLES A

DRECHSLER» CHARLES
DUERKSENe JACOB A

EASTERe

DONALD

EDDYs BERNICE E
EDDYe NATHAN B

EDMUNDS e

WADE M

ELLINGER» GEORGE A
ELSASSER»e WALTER M

EMERSONe

WALTER B

ENNISs WILLIAM B JR

VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969

1CNBS
1DAHD

4CONS
1DAx

1DAXx

7TRETD
TRETD
1ONRL
1HNIH
2HUMD
TRETD
1HNIH
1HAPC
1ARFR
1IGES
1CNBS
7TRETD
1XAEC
10-AS
1ONRL
4CONS
8BNRNC
SBOEN
1DNRL
5TRwWS
1CNBS
1CESS
2HUMD
2HUMD
LHNIH
2HHOU
1DNAS
1CNBS
1DNOL
TRETD
1ONRL
8NRNC
3INGS
TRETD
TRETOD
1XTRA
11GES
2HGEU
3INAS
BNRNC
1ARFR
1CNBS
TRETD
1 XNSF
3INGS
3ANST
TRETO
1XGSA
1CNBS
1CNBS
11GES
TRETD
2HUMD
2HHOU
1DNOL
3INAS
1DONRL
1CNBS
1CNBS
TRETD
1CNBS
TRETD
1CNBS
TRETD
7TRETD
1XNAS
1HNIH
4CONS
31JBS
TRETD
2HUMD
TRETD
1ARFR

‘AFRA

AMRA
AFRA
AFNA
AFNA
AFRA
AFNE
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ETZEL»s® HOWARD w
FAHEYe« JOSEPH J
FARROWs RICHARD P
FAULKNERs JOSEPH A
FAUSTe WILLIAM R
FELSENFELDe OSCAR
FERRELL» RICHARD A
FISKe BERT

FIVAZs ALFRED E

FLETCHERe HEWITT G UR

FLORINe ROLAND E
FOCKLERse HERBERT H
FOOTEs+ RICHARD H
FORD» DECLAN P
FOURNIERs+ ROBERT O
FOXse M R SPIVEY
FOXe ROBERT B
FRANZ* GERALD J
FRIEDMANe LEO
FULLMERe IRVIN H
FULTON» ROBERT A
FURUKAWAs GEORGE T
FUSILLOe« MATTHEW H
GABRIELSONe IRA N
GALLERe SIONEY
GALLOWAY+ RAYMOND A
GANT*s+ JAMES @ JR
GARDNERe IRVINE C
GARNERe CLEMENT L
GARSTENSe HELEN L
GEILe GLENN Ww
GELLERe ROMAN F
GIBSONe+ KASSON §S
GILLMANe JOSEPH L JR
GINNINGSe DEFOE C
GISHe OLIVER H

GLASGOWe AUGUSTUS R JR

GLASSERe ROBERT G
GLICKSMANe MARTIN E
GORDONe CHARLES L
GRAF e JOHN E
GRISAMORE»+ NELSON T
GUILDNERe LESLIE A
GURNEYe ASHLEY B
HACSKAYLO» EDWARD
HAGUE ese JOHN L

HALL « E RAYMOND
HALL e« WAYNE C
HALLER» HERBERT L
HALSTEADe BRUCE w
HAMBLETONe EDSON J
HAMERe WALTER J
HANDe CADET H JR
HANSENe IRA B
HARDENBURG» ROBERT E
HARDERe E C
HARRISONe WILLIAM N
HARVALIKe Z V
HASKINSe CARYL P
HAUPTMANe HERBERT
HEINZEe PETER H
HENDERSON* MALCOLM C
HESSe WALTER C
HEWITTse CLIFFORD A
HEYDENe FRANCIS J
HICKOXe GEORGE H
HICKSe GRADY T
HILDEBRANDe EARL M
HILL « FREEMAN K
HOBBSe ROBERT B
HOERINGe THOMAS C

HOLSHOUSERe WILLIAM L

HOOVERe JOHN I
HOROWITZe E
HORTON» BILLY M
HOUGHe FLOYD W
HOWE e PAUL E
HUBBARDe DONALD

1 XNSF
1I1GES
3ANCA
1 DNOL
1 DNRL
8NRNC
2HUMD
1ONRL
7TRETD
1HNIH
1CNBS
1HNL™M
1ARFR
1TIRS
1I1GES
1HFDA
1DNRL
1DNSR
1HFDA
7RETD
4CONS
1CNBS
1XVET
3IWMI
1XSMI
2HUMD
4PHYS
7TRETD
1CESS
2HUMD
1CNBS
7TRETD
7TRETO
5J0GI!
1CNBS
7TRETD
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2HUMD
1 ONRL
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1CNBS
1ARFR
1AFOR
1CNBS
8BNRNC
1DNRL
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8NRNC
7TRETD
1CNBS
8NRNC
2HGWU
1ARMR
7TRETO
4CONS
1DAER
3ICIW
1DNRL
1 ARMR
7TRETD
9CLUN
1HNIH
2HGEU
8BNRNC
1DNRL
1ARFR
31APL
1xGPO
3IGEL
1XTRA
1ONRL
1CNBS
1 DAHD
7TRETD
4CONS
7TRETO

2G

AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFNA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRE
AFRA
AFRA
AMRA
AFRA
AMNA
AFNA
AFRA
AFRA
AMRA
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AFNE
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AFRA
AFRE
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AFRA
AFNE
AFRA
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AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
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AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFNA
AFRA
AFRA
AFNA
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AFNA
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AFNA
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AFNA
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AFRA

169

2G

HUNT ese W HAWARD
HUNTER*s GEORGE w III
HUNTERs RICHARD S
HUNTERe WILLIAM R
HUTTON» GEORGE L
INSLEYe HERBERT
IRWINe GEORGE R
JAY+ GEORGE E JR
JENKINSe ANNA E
JESSUP. RALPH S
JOHANNESENe ROLF B
JOHNSONe PHYLLIS T
JOYCEse J WALLACE
JUDDs NEIL M
JUDSONe LEWIS Vv
KAISERe HANS E
KARLEe ISABELLA
KARRERe SEBASTIAN
KENNARDe RALPH B
KENNEDYs E R
KESSLERe KARL G
KEULEGANe GARBIS H
KINGe PETER

KNOXe« ARTHUR S
KOHLERe HANS w
KOLB+ ALAN C
KREITLOWe KERMIT w
KULLERUDe GUNNAR
LAMBe FRANK w
LAMBERT» EOMUND 8
LANDISe PAUL E
LANGe WALTER B
LARRIMERe WALTER H
LASHOF « THEODORE w
LATTA» RANDALL
LENTZs PAUL L
LEVERTONe RUTH M
LEYs HERBERT L JR
LIEBERMANs MORRIS
LINDQUIST*e ARTHUR W
LLOYDe DANIEL B
LORINGe BLAKE M
MAENGWYN=DAVIES»s G D
MANNINGe JOHN R
MARCUSe MARVIN
MARTINe JOHN H
MARVINe ROBERT S
MARYOTT+ ARTHUR A
MASON» HENRY L
MATLACKse MARION B
MAYs IRVING

MAYER» CORNELL H
MAYORe JOHN R
MAZUR» JACOB

MC CABEe LOUIS C
MC CLELLAN»s WILBUR D
MC CLUREe FRANK J

MC CULLOUGHe NORMAN B

MC ELHINNEYe JOHN
MC INTOSHe ALLEN

MC KINNEYs* HAROLD H
MC KOWNe BARRETT L
MC PHEEe HUGH C

MC PHERSONe ARCHIBALD

MEARSe THOMAS w
MEBSe RUSSELL wW
MEYERHOFF se HOWARD A
MIDERe G BURROUGHS
MILLER» CARL F
MILLERe CLEM O
MILLER» ROMAN R
MILLIKENs LEWIS T
MISERe HUGH D

MITCHELL» J MURRAY JR

MITCHELL» JOHN w
MOHLERe FRED L
MOORE« GEORGE A
MORRIS» JA

170

1 AMRP
7RETD
SHUAS
1DNRL
1 DNFE
4CONS
8BNRNC
LHNIH
7RETD
7RETD
1CNBS
8NRNC
18x

7RETD
7RETD
2HGWU
1DNRL
7TRETD
7RETD
2HCUA
1CNBS
1DAX

1DNOR
1IGES
1DAHD
1ONRL
1ARFR
7RETD
8NRNC
7RETD
1 DAHD
7RETD
4CONS
1CNBS
3AESA
1ARFR
1ARNI
1HFDA
1 ARMR
7TRETD
2HFCC
4CONS
2HGEU
1CNBS
8NRNC
7RETD
1CNBS
1CNBS
1CNBS
7RETD
11GES
1DNRL
3AAAS
1CNBS
SENDE
1ARFR
7RETD
1HNIH
1DNRL
2HUMD
7RETD
2SPGC
7RETD
4CONS
1CNBS
1CNBS
7RETD
1HNIH
7RETD
1HFDA
1DNRL
1CNBS
1I1GES
1CESS
1ARFR
7RETD
1CNBS
LHNIH

AMRA
AFNE
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFNA
AFRA
AMNE
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AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
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AFRA
AFRA
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AFRA
AFRA
AFRE
AMRA
AFRE
AFRL
AFRA
AFRA
AFNA
AFRA
AFRE
AFRA
AFRA
AMRA
AFRE
AFRA
AFRA
AFRE
AFRA
AMRA

MYERSe ALFRED T
NELSONe RH
NEUVENDORFFERe J A
NICKERSONe DOROTHY
NIKIFOROFFs C C
NOLLAs JOSE A B
OBOURNe ELLSWORTH S
OSERe HANS J

OSMUNe JAMES W
OVERTONe WILLIAM C JR
OWENS+ HOWARD B
OWENSe JAMES P

PAGEs BENJAMIN L
PAGE ese CHESTER H
PATTERSONe WILBUR I
PELLe® WILLIAM H
PIPKINe ALAN C SR
PITTS+ JOSEPH w
POMMER»s ALFRED M
POOSe FRED W
PUTNINSe PAUL H
RAINWATER» H IVAN
RALL+® DAVID P

RANDS* ROBERT D
RAPPLEYEs+ HOWARD S
REEDs WILLIAM D
REHDERe HARALD A
REICHELDERFERe F W
REINHART«e FRANK w
REYNOLDSe HELEN L
RICEs FREDERICK AH
RICHMONDe JOSEPH C
RINEHARTe JOHN S
ROBERTSe ELLIOTT B
ROBERTS*« RICHARD C
ROBERTSONe RANDAL M
ROBINSONe GEORGE S JR
ROBINSONe HENRY &
ROLLERe PAUL S

ROTHs FRANK L

RUFF e ARTHUR W JR
RUSSELL e LOUISE M
RYALLe« A LLOYD
RYERSON*s KNOWLES A
SAILERe REECE I

SALI SBURYe HARRISON B
SANDOZ+ GEORGE
SAVILLE+ THORNDIKE JR
SCHERTENLEIBs CHARLES
SCHMIDe HELLMUT H
SCHOOLEYs» ALLEN H
SCHOOLEY+ JAMES F
SCHRECKERe ANTHONY wW
SCHULTZe EUGENE S
SCOTTe ARNOLD H
SEEBOTHe CONRAD M
SERVICEe JERRY H
SETZLERe FRANK M
SHERLINe GROVER C
SHROPSHIREe WALTER A
SITEGLER»e EDOUARD H
SILVERMANe SHIRLEIGH
SITTERLYe CHARLOTTE M
SLAWSKYe MILTON M
SMITHe BLANCHARD D
SMITHe FRANCIS A
SMITHe NATHAN R
SMITHe PAUL A

SNAYe HANS G
SORROWSe HOWARD E
SPALDINGse DONALD H
SPECHT es HEINZ
SPOONERe CHARLES S JR
STAIR+*e RALPH

STEEREe RUSSELL L
STEINERe HAROLD A
STEPHANe ROBERT M
STEVENSe HENRY

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY

11GES
3AESA
1 DNX

TRETD
TRETD
4CONS
TRETD
1¢NBS
1CESS
8BNRNC
2SPG6C
1IGES
TRETD
1CNBS
1ARNI
1XNSF
1DNMR
1CNBS
1ARNI
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1CESS
1 ARRP
1HNTH
TRETD
TRETD
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1XSMI
4CONS
4CONS
1HFDA
2HAMU
1CNBS
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TRETD
2HUMD
1 XNSF
1 DNOL
1CNBS
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TRETO
1CNBS
1ARFR
1 ARMR
7TRETD
1ARFR
1DFX

1ONRL
1DACE
6MOCO
1CESS
1DNRLE
1CNBS
1HNIH
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7TRETD
2SPGC
7TRETO
7RETO
1CNBS
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1CNBS
1CNBS
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IHNIH
7RETO

OF SCIENCES

STEVENSONs JOHN A
STEWARTe T DALE
STIEHLER» ROBERT D
STIFELe PETER B
STILLERe BERTRAM
STIMSONe HAROLD F
STIRLING+e MATHEW Ww

STRINGFIELDe VICTOR T

SUTCLIFFE*+ WALTER D
SWICKe CLARENCE H
SWINDELLSe JAMES F
TALBOTT+ F LEO
TAYLOR» JOHN K
TEELEs RAY P

THOMe HERBERT C S
THURMANe ERNESTINE B
TILDENe EVELYN B
TITUSe HARRY wW
TODD+ MARGARET R
TORGESEN» JOHN L
TORRESONe OSCAR w

TOULMINe PRIESTLEY III

TRYONe MAX

VAN DERSALe WILLIAM R
VAN EVERA»s BENJAMIN D

VAN TUYL« ANOREW H
VANGELIe« MARIO G
VINALe® GEORGE w
VINTI« JOHN P
VOLWILER»s ERNEST H
VON HIPPEL» ARTHUR
WACHTMANe JOHN B JR
WALKERe RAYMOND F
WALKERe RONALD E
WALLENe IRVIN E
WALTERe DEAN I
WALTHER» CARL H
WARD» HENRY P
WARGA» MARY E
WATERMANe PETER
WATSONe BERNARD B
WATTSe CHESTER B
WEAVERe ELMER R
WEBERe EUGENE w
WEBERe ROBERT S
WETHEse WERNER K
WEISSe EMILIO
WETSSe*e FRANCIS J
WEITSSe RICHARD A
WENSCHe GLEN w
WETMORE» ALEXANDER
WHEELERe WILLIS H
WHITTENe CHARLES A
WIEDEMANNs HOWARD M
WILDHACKe WILLIAM A
WILSONe BRUCE L
WILSONe RAYMOND £&
WINSTONe JAY S
WISE*« GILBERT H
WOLFFe EDWARD A
WORKMANe WILLIAM G
WRENCHe CONSTANCE P
WRENCHe JOHN W JR
WYMANe LEROY L
YOUDEN>s WILLIAM J
YOUNGe ROBERT T JR
YUILL« JOSEPH S
ZELEN» MARVIN
ZELENY» LAWRENCE
ZIESe EMANUEL G
ZWANZIGe ROBERT w

2H GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF

ABELSONe PHILIP H
BAKERe ARTHUR A
BATEMAN+s ALAN M
BENNETTe ROBERT R
BLANKe CHARLES A

VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969

7RETD AFRE
1XSMI AFRA
1CNBS AFRA
2HUMD AMRA
1DNRL AFRA
7RETD AFRE
7RETD AFRA
1IGES AFRA
7RETD AFRE
7RETD AFRA
7RETD AFRA
2HCUA AFRA
1CNBS AFRA
4CONS AFRA
1CESS AFRA
8NRNC AFNA
7RETD AFNE
7RETD AFNA
1I1GES AFRA
1CNBS AFRA
7RETD AFRE
1IGES AFRA
1CNBS AFRA
1ASCS AFRA
2HGWU AFRA
1DNOL AFRA
BNRNC AMRA
7RETD AFNE
8NRNC AFNA
4CONS AFNA
8NRNC AFNA
1CNBS AFRA
1DAX AFNA
3IAPL AFRA
1XSMI AFRA
1DNRL AFRA
2HGWU AFRA
7RETD AFRE
BAOSA AFRA
1DNRL AFRA
SREAN AFRA
7RETD AFRA
7RETD AFRE
4CONS AFRA
1DNFE AMRA
4CONS AFRA
1DNMR AFRA
1XLIC AFRA
1DARO AFRA
1XAEC AFRA
1XSMI AFRA
1ARRP AMRA
1CESS AFRA
1Sx AFRA
1CNBS AFRA
4CONS AFRA
BNRNC AFNA
1CESS AFRA
1ARFR AMRA
S5GEON AFRA
4CONS AFRE
LHNIH AMRA
1DNSR AFRA
4CONS AFRA
7RETD AFRA
1DAHD AFRA
7RETD AFRA
8NRNC AFNA
7RETD AFRA
7RETD AFRE
2HUMD AFRA

WASHINGTON
3IGEL AFRA
1IGES AFRA
4CONS AFNE
1IGES AFRA
1D-AS AMRA

BRANDTNER*s FRIEDRICH J

CARRONs MAXWELL K
CLARKs JOAN R
COHEEs GEORGE y
COOKEs C WYTHE
COOPERe G ARTHUR
CURRIERs LOUIS w
CUTTITTAs FRANK
DUNCANe HELEN M
FAHEYe JOSEPH J
FAUSTs GEORGE T
FORD+ DECLAN P
FOURNIERse ROBERT O
GALVINe CYRIL J JR
GRATONe LOUIS C
GROSSLINGs BERNARDO F
HAMILTONe C E MIKE
HARDER» E C
HENDERSONs E P
HOERINGe THOMAS C
HOOKERe MARJORIE
INSLEY« HERBERT
KNOXs ARTHUR S
LANGe WALTER B
LEOPOLDs LUNA 8B
MAGINe GEORGE B JR
MARTIN»s BRUCE D
MAYs IRVING

MC KELVEYse VINCENT E
MC KNIGHT:se EOWIN T
MEYERHOFFe HOWARD A
MILLERe J CHARLES
MILLERe RALPH L
MILLIKENe LEWIS T
MILTONe CHARLES
MISERe HUGH D
NAESER» CHARLES R
NEUSCHEL se SHERMAN K
NIKIFOROFFe C C
OLSENe HAROLD w
OWENSe JAMES P
PECORAes WILLIAM T
PHAIRe GEORGE
POMMER.e ALFRED M
ROMNEYe CARL F
RUBEYe WILLIAM w
RUBIN» MEYER

SALI SBURY*+ HARRISON 8B

SMITHs PAUL A
SPT CER’s tH CECTE
STIFELe PETER B

STRINGFIELDe VICTOR T

THAYERe THOMAS P
TODD+ MARGARET R

TOULMINe PRIESTLEY III

TUNELL + GEORGE
WEST*+ WALTER S

WITHINGTONe CHARLES F

YODERe HATTEN S JR
ZENe E-AN
ZIES* EMANUEL G

2G-2J

S5TRwWS
1IGES
1IGES
11GES
7TRETD
1XSMI
TRETD
11GES
11GES
1IGES
11GES
1TIRS
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1DACE
4CONS
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11GES
11GES
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11GES
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11GES
1I1GES
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11GES
1I1GES
11GES
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21 MEDICAL SOCIETY OF THE DIST

BERNTON® HARRY S
BROWNe THOMAS M
BURKE» FREDERIC G
GANTe JAMES Q JR
HAWTHORNE *«® EDWARD w

HOWE « PAUL E
LEYe HERBERT L JR

MC CULLOUGHe NORMAN 8B

RIOCHe DAVID M
ROSE e« JOHN C
TIDBALL« CHARLES S
WETMORE+ ALEXANDER
WORKMANe WILLIAM G

4PHYS
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4PHYS
4PHYS
2HHOU
4CONS
1HFDA
1HNIH
1DAwR
2HGEU
2HGWU
1XSMI
4CONS

2J COLUMBIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY

CARMICHAEL + LEONARD

3INGS

AMRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFNE
AFRA
AFNE
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AMNA
AFNA
AFRA
AFNE
AFRA
AMRA
AFNA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AMRA
AFRE
AFNA
AFRA
AFNA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFNA
AFNE
AFRA
AMRA
AMRA
AFRE
AFRA
AFRA
AFRE
AMNA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFNA
AFRA
AMNA
AFRA
AFNE
AMRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFNA
AMNA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRE

OF COL
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AMRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFNA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRA
AFRE

AFRA

17]

2J-2N

AMRA LARRIMER+s WALTER H 4CONS AFRE
Ie: Se AFRA Oipiees Supa Je 1AFOR AFRA
MORRISS* DONALD J 7JRETD AFNE
PARKERe KENNETH Ww LAFOR AFRA
2K BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON BABE NOGEAUTISON 7RERGEAAENE
ADAM Se BCAROCINE EG WO a RIORA ROBERTSON*+ RANDAL M 1XNSF AFRA
AYENSUs EDWARD S UXSM Ty ABRA SANTAMOUR® FRANK S JR 1ARFR AFRA
BARSS+ HOWARD P -~ TRETD APNE ST GEORGE+ RAYMOND A 4CONS AFRA
BENJAMINe CHESTER R LARFR AFRA
BORTHWICKe HARRY A TRETD AFRE 2M WASHINGTON SOCIETY OF ENGINEERS
BROWN» EDGAR TRETD AFRE ABRAHAMs GEORGE 1DNRL AFRA
BROWNe RUSSELL G 2@HUMD AFRA ASLAKSONe CARL I 4CONS AFRA
CASH+s EDITH K TRETD AFRE BELSHEIM, ROBERT O 1DNRL AFRA
CHAPLINEs WR TRETD AFRE BIBERSTEIN» FRANK A JR 2HCUA AFRA
COOKe HAROLD T 1ARMR AFRA BRAATEN+ NORMAN F 1CESS AFRA
COOKs ROBERT C SPORB AFRA CLAIRE» CHARLES N 7RETD AFRA
COONS» GEORGE H 7RETD AFRE Se vereeMcaantes enone alc a
CULLINANs FRANK P 7RETD AFRE Sau ao WING i Svea Aten
DERMENe HAIG TRETD AFRE GARNER» CLEMENT L 1CESS AFRE
DIEHL + WILLIAM w 7TRETD AFRE GILLMANe JOSEPH L UR 5JOGI AFRA
DUTILLYe ARTHEME 7RETO AFNE MASON AMAR TIE SHEARER
EGOrTmDONAED ARE AGRA MASSEY+ JOSEPH T 3IAPL AFRA
FARR» MARIE L 1ARFR AFRA MC KIBBEN+ EUGENE G 7RETD AFRA
GALLOWAYs RAYMOND A 2HUMD AFRA NERS RSS CE ee ,eNRE SaERA
HACSKAYLO+ EDWARD 1AFOR AFRA SASOLeVe. Mevwen € Se wee
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$ SLAWSKYs+ MILTON M 1DFOS AFRA
IEICE EIT hy PART Re ARRA SUTCLIFFE* WALTER D 7RETD AFRE
HUTCHINSe LEE M BNRNC AFNA Ail Ce mC AR ENCE 7RETD Ye AER
JENKINS 9) ANNA E 7TRETD AMNE WEBER» EUGENE w 4CONS AFRA
KRAUSS» ROBERT W 2HUMD AFRA WES BeeGOnERTee iAReL MRA
KREITLOWse KERMIT W 1ARFR AFRA
CANBE Rive: ENON. 2 REE ape 2N INST ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGRS |
LE CLERGe ERWIN L CONS SARA ABRAHAM: GEORGE IDNRL AFRA
CEJ TNS SRE TER Pe SHUM AGRA APSTEIN+ MAURICE 1DAHD AFRA
LENTZ» PAUL L WARES SSANGII ARSEM+ COLLINS 1DAHD AMRA
Livileo SLSR ue we 1AFOR AFRA ASE ERP IL ERS aE RNA
MC CLELLANe WILBUR D LARFR AFRA
me Kiwiers’wAnbeS n° TAT Ara zanna = ae
ape ak eal 8 eas mie CARROLL» THOMAS J 2HGWU AFRA
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CURTISe ROGER w 1XGSA AFRA
PARKERe KENNETH w DAT ORGAN A CUTKOSKY*s ROBERT D LCNBS AFRA
FORE a MERRITT IN TRETD AFNE DARRACOTT*s HALVOR T 1DAX AFRA
RANODS« ROBERT DB TRETD AFNE DE VORE+ CHARLES 1DNOR AFRA
REIO*s MARY E 7TRETD AFRE DINGER» DONALD B 1DAER AFRA
RODENHISER»s HERMAN A 7RETD AFNA SOSrORe OR MAGE SShae 2 BERA
RYALL« A LLOYD 1ARMR = AFRE EASTER» DONALD 1XNAS AMRA
SHROPSHIRE e WALTER A 1XSMI AFRA EDMUNDSe WADE M 31UBS AMRA
SMITHs NATHAN R TRETD AFNE ELBOURNe ROBERT D 1CNBS AFRA
SPALDINGe DONALD H LARFR AFRA SRANIISINGL- BAe i XGSRTD APRA
ey ura sett nas GRISAMORE» NELSON T 3INAS AFRA
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STEVENSe RUSSELL B 3INAS AFRA ACG SIGKNERE YN yay
ae ares Ea nen HARRINGTONs MARSHALL C 1DFOS AFRA
HERMACHse FRANCIS L 1CNBS AFRA
WEE ee ECR i TRETO AFRA HICKLEY» THOMAS J 7RETD AFRA
WEINT2AUB>s ROBERT L 2HGWU AFRA HORTON araT oan fakaot AGRE
WEISSe FRANCIS J 1XLIC AFRA WORD ANERCAR VIS aNeNE- aeNe
WHEELERs WILLIS H LARRP AMRA Nt: MUSHMGENRW IE scEaee kee
WOODS+ MARK W 1HNIH AFRA KOHLER* HANS w 1DAHD AFRA
YOCUMs L EDWIN TRETD AFNE KOTTERs F RALPH 1CNBS AFRA
KULLBACKs SOLOMON 2HGWU AFRA
2L SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS LIODDEL + URNER 1XNAS AFRA
BRYAN» MILTON M 1AFOR AMRA LILLY* JOHN C 8BNRNC AFNA
CHAPLINEs W R TRETD AFRE MARTONe L 1CNBS AFRA
CROSSETTE+ GEORGE 3INGS AMRA MAYER» CORNELL H 1ONRL AFRA
FIVAZs ALFRED E 7RETD AFRE MC CLAINe EDWARD F JR 7RETD AFRA
FOWELLS* HARRY A 1ARAO AFRA MEYKARs OREST A 1DNX AMRA
HACSKAYLO» EDWARD 1AFOR AFRA PAGE. CHESTER H 1CNBS AFRA
HALL« R CLIFFORD 7RETD AFRE PAGEs ROBERT M 4CONS AFNA
HOFFMAN» JOHN D 1CNBS AFRA PARKs J HOWARD 7TRETD AFNA
HOFFMANN» CLARENCE H 1ARFR AFRA PHILLIPS+ MARCELLA L 4CONS AFRA
HOPP.» HENRY 1Sx AFRA RABINOWse JACOB SCODC AFRA
HUTCHINS» LEE M BNRNC AFNA ROTKINe ISRAEL 1DAHD AFRA
KINNEYs JAY P 7RETO AFNE SCHOOLEY» ALLEN H 1DNRL AFRA

172 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

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SCHWERDTFEGERe WM J 1CNBS AFRA MC KINNEYs HAROLD H TRETD AFRE
SCOTTs ARNOLD H TRETD AFNE MORRISs»s J A IHNIH AMRA
SHAPIRO+s GUSTAVE 1CNBS AFRA NOYESs HOWARD € BNRNC AFNA
SHERLINe GROVER C 1CNBS AMRL O HERNes ELIZABETH M 1HNIH AMRA
SMITHs BLANCHARD D 8BNRNC AFRA OSWALDs ELIZABETH J 1HFDA AFRA
SMITHe PAUL L 1DNRL AFRA PARLETT+ ROBERT C 2HGWU AFRA
SMITHe SIDNEY T 1DNRL AFRA PARR»s LELAND w TRETD AFRE
SOMMER« HELMUT 1DAHD AFRA PELCZAR+e MICHAEL J UR 2HUMD AFRA
SORROWSs HOWARD E 1CNBS AFRA PITTMANs MARGARET 1HNIH AFRA
STEINe ANTHONY C JR 2HNVC AMRA Z REYNOLDS» HOWARD 1ARNI AFRA
VIGUEs KENNETH J SITTC AMRA ROBBINS» MARY L 1HNIH AFNA
WEBER» ROBERT S 1DNFE AMRA ROGERS« LORE A TRETD AFNE
WEISSe RICHARD A 1DARO AFRA SHANAHANe ARTHUR J 1ARFR AFRA
WOLFFe EDWARD A SGEON AFRA SLOCUMs GLENN G 4CONS AFRE
YAPLEEs« BENJAMIN S 1DNRL AFRA SMITHse NATHAN R TRETD AFNE
SULZBACHERs WILLIAM L 1ARNI AFRA
20 AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECH ENGINEERS WARD*+ THOMAS G SMIAS AFRA
ALLENe WILLIAM G 1CMAA AFRA WEINTRAUBs ROBERT L 2HGWU AFRA
BELSHEIMs ROBERT O IDNRL AFRA WEISSe EMILIO 1DNMR- AFRA
BOWLESe ROMALD E& SBOEN AFRA WEISS+*« FRANCIS J 1XLIC AFRA
BUTLER» FRANCIS E 1DNOL AMRA WEISS» FREEMAN A 7RETD AFNE
DAVISe STEPHEN S 2HHOU AMRA
DAWSONe VICTOR C D 1DNOL AFRA 2R SOCIETY OF AMER MILITARY ENGINEERS
FULLMERe IRVIN H TRETD AFRA AMIRIKIANs ARSHAM 1DNFE AFRA
GILLMANe JOSEPH L JR S5JOGI AFRA BRAATENe NORMAN F 1CESS AFRA
MASONe HENRY L 1CNBS AFRA CROSSETTE+s GEORGE 3BINGS AMRA
MASONe MARTIN A 2HCIT AFRA DEMUTHse HAL P 5TELE AFRA
MEYKARe OREST A 1DNX AMRA GARN=Re CLEMENT L 1CESS AFRE
OSGOODs WILLIAM R T7RETD AFRA HASKINSe CARYL P 3SICIW AFRA
PELLe WILLIAM H 1XNSF AFRA MC CABE+s LOUIS C SENDE AFRA
RAMBERGse WALTER 1Sx AFNA MEADE+ BUFORD K 1CESS AFRA
RIVELLO»e ROBERT M 2HUMD AFRA RAPPLEYEs+ HOWARD S TRETD AFRA
STIEHLERe ROBERT D 1CNBS AFRA RICE» DONALD A 1CESS AFRA
ROBINSON+»s GEORGE S JR 1DNOL AMRA
2P HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASH RODRIGUEZs RAUL 1DAER AFRA
ANDREWS« JOHN S 1ARFR AFRA SCHMIDe HELLMUT H 1CESS AFRA
DOSSs MILDRED A 2HUMD AFRA SHALOWITZ+s AARON L TRETD AFRE
FARRe MARION M 2HUMD AFRA SUTCLIFFE« WALTER D TRETD AFRE
FOSTER. AUREL O 1ARFR AFRA WEBERe EUGENE w 4CONS' AFRA
HUNTERe GEORGE w III T7RETD AFNE WEBER» ROBERT S 1ONFE AMRA
MC INTOSHe ALLEN 2HUMD AFRA
MOLLARI»« MARIO TRETD AFRE 2S AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
MORRISe JA 1HNIH AMRA AMIRIKIANse ARSHAM 1DONFE AFRA
PIPKINe»e ALAN C SR 1DNMR AFRA BIBERSTEINse FRANK A JR 2HCUA AFRA
RAUSCHe ROBERT 1HPHS AFNA CALOWELL + JOSEPH M 1DACE AFRE
TAYLORe ALBERT L 1ARFR AFNA GALVINe CYRIL J JR 1DACE AFRA
TRAUBe ROBERT 2HUMD AFRA GARNER» CLEMENT L 1CESS AFRE
TROMBAs FRANCIS G 1ARFR AFRA KOHLER» MAX A 1CESS AFRA
TURNER» JAMES H 1HNIH AFRA LEOPOLD» LUNA B 1IGES AFNA
VON BRAND» THEODOR C 1HNIH AFRA MASONes MARTIN A 2HCIT AFRA
MORANe FREDERICK A 1XMDG AMRA
2Q AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY RAPPLEYEs HOWARD S TRETD AFRA
ABELSONs PHILIP H 3IGEL AFRA SAVILLE« THORNDIKE JR 1DACE AFRA
AFFRONTI + LEWIS 2HGWU AMRA SIMMONSe LANSING G S5GEON AFRA
ALEXANDERe AARON D 1DAWR AFRA SMITHe PAUL A SRACO AFRA
BAILEYs J MARTIN 2HGWU AMRA WALTHERe CARL H 2HGwWU AFRA
BOZEMANs F MARILYN 1DAWR AFRA WEBERe EUGENE w 4CONS AFRA
BREWERe CARL R 1HNIH AFRA
BUGGSe CHARLES w 2HHOU AFRA 2T SOC EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY & MEDICINE
BURKEYs LLOYD A TRETD AFRE AFFRONTI+ LEWIS 2HGWU AMRA
COLWELL«® RR 2HGEU AFRA BAILEYs J MARTIN 2HGWU AMRA
CURRAN» HAROLD R TRETD AFRE BARTONE+ JOHN C 2HHOU AMRA
DAWSONs ROY C 6FAOR AFRA BERLINER+ ROBERT WwW 1LHNIH AFRA
DEBORD» GEORGE G TRETD AFNE BEROZAe MORTON S 1ARFR AFRA
DOETSCHe RAYMOND N 2HUMD AFRA BOZEMANe F MARILYN 1DAWR AFRA
EDDY+ BERNICE E€& 1HNIH AFRA BRODIEs« BERNARD B 1HNIH AFRA
FUSILLO« MATTHEW H 1XVET AMRA BUGGSe« CHARLES w 2HHOU AFRA
GORDON. FRANCIS B 1DNMS AFRA BYERLY+ THEODORE C 1ACSR AFRA
GORDONe RUTH E BNRNC AFNA CARMICHAEL + LEONARD 3INGS AFRA
HAMPPe+ EDWARD G 1HNIH AFRA CHALKLEY+ HAROLD W TRETD AFRE
HARTLEYs* JANET w 1HNIH AFRA COULSON+ E JACK 1ARNI AFRA
HETRICKs FRANK 2HUMD AMRA DAVISe RF 2HUMD- AFRA
HILDEBRANDe EARL M 1ARFR AMRA DOFT*+ FLOYD S TRETO AFRE
HOLLINSHEADe ARIEL C 2HGwU AFRA DUPONTe JEAN R 8NRNC AFNA
HUGH» RUDOLPH 2HGWU AFRA DURY+ ABRAHAM LHNIH AFRA
KENNEDYs E R 2HCUA AFRA EDDY+ BERNICE €& 1HNIH AFRA
LAMANNAs CARL 1DARO AFRA EDDY«e NATHAN B 4CONS AFRA
LEY+ HERBERT L JR 1HFDA AFRA ELL TS+ NEO R TRETO AFRE

Vou. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 173

2T-2X

ENDICOTT»s® KENNETH M LHNIH AFRA LOGANe HUGH L 4CONS AFRA
FOXe M R SPIVEY 1HFDA AFRA LORINGs BLAKE M 4CONS AFRA
FRAPS» RICHARD M 1ARFR AFRA MANNINGe JOHN R 1CNBS AFRA
FREEMAN» MONROE & 1XSMI AFRA MARZKEe« OSCAR T 8NRNC AFNA
FRIEDMANe LEO 1HFDA AFNA MEBSe* RUSSELL WwW 1CNBS AFRA
GORDON» FRANCIS B 1ONMS AFRA MEYERSONe MELVIN R 1CNBS AFRA
GORDON+ NATHAN ; 1DAX AFRA MICHAELISe ROBERT £& 1CNBS AFRA
HALSTEADs BRUCE w 8NRNC AFNA MOORE*s GEORGE A 1CNBS AFRA
HARTLEY» JANET w 1HNIH AFRA PASSAGLIAe ELIO 1CNBS AFRA
HAWTHORNE « EDWARD WwW 2HHOU AFRA PELLINI»+ WILLIAM S 1DNRL AFRA
HAZLETONe LLOYD w SHALA AFRA PITTSe JOSEPH w 1CNBS AFRA
HESSe WALTER C Q9CLUN AFRE REINHARTs FRED M 1D0NCE AFNA
HOLLINSHEADe ARIEL C 2HGWU AFRA RINEHARTs« JOHN S 1CESS AFNA
HOWEe PAUL E 4CONS AFRA SANDOZ+ GEORGE 1DNRL AFRA
HUGHs RUDOLPH 2HGwU AFRA STAUSSe HENRY E& 1XNAS AFRA
JAYs GEORGE E JR 1HNIH AFRA STEELE» LENDELL E 1DNRL AFRA
KNOBLOCKe EDWARD C 1DAWR AFRA SWEENEYe WILLIAM T 8NRNC AFNA ©
KNOWLTONe KATHRYN 7RETD AFRA WEINBERGe HAROLD P 5VAEN AFRA
KOPPANYIe« THEODORE 2HGEU AFRA WENSCHs GLEN W 1XAEC AFRA
LAKI« KOLOMAN JHNIH AFRA WYMANe LEROY L 4CONS AFRA
LAMANNAs CARL 1DARO AFRA ;
MAENGWYN—DAVIESe G D 2HGEU AFRA 2V INTERNAT ASSN FOR DENTAL RESEARCH
MANDEL « H GEORGE 2HGWU AFRA BRAUER» GERHARD M 1CNBS AFRA
MC CLUREs FRANK J 7RETD AFRA CAUL«e HAROLD J 1CNBS AFRA
MILLARe DAVID B 1DNMR AFRA DICKSONe GEORGE 1CNBS AFRA
NOYESe« HOWARD & BNRNC AFNA FORZIATI« ALPHONSE F lIwPC AFRA
PALLOTTAs ARTHUR J SBIRE AMRA HAMPP.s EDWARD G 1HNIH AFRA
PARRe LELAND w 7RETD AFRE HANSENe LOUIS S 8BNRNC AFNA
PATTERSONs WILBUR I 1ARNI AFRA HESSe WALTER C S9CLUN AFRE
PIPKINe ALAN C SR 1DNMR AFRA MC CLUREe FRANK J 7TRETD AFRA
PITTMANe MARGARET IHNIH AFRA PAFFENBARGERe GEORGE C 1CNBS AFRA
RALL« DAVID P 1HNIH AFRA SCOTTe DAVID B 8BNRNC AFNA
RECHCIGL»+ MILOSLAV JR 1HPHS AFRA STEPHANe ROBERT M 1HNIH AFRA
REIDe MARY E 7TRETD AFRE SWEENEYe WILLIAM T 8NRNC AFNA
RICEs FREDERICK A H 2HAMU AFRA
ROBBINSe MARY L 1THNIH AFNA 2w AMER INST AERONAUTICSeASTRONAUTICS
ROSE« JOHN C 2HGEU AFRA ASTINe ALLEN V 7RETD AFRA
SHAWe JOSEPH C 8NRNC AFNA BOWLES+ ROMALD E& SBOEN AFRA
SMITHe FALCONER 2HAMU AFRA CHAPLINe HARVEY R JR 1DNSR AFRA
SMITHs WILLIE w 1HNIH AFRA DAWSON» vICTOR C D 1DNOL AFRA
SPECHT se HEINZ 1HNIH AFRA DIEHLe WALTER S &4CONS AFRA
SPENCER+« ROSCOE R 7RETD AFNE FRENKIELe® FRANCOIS N 1DNSR AFRA
SPERLINGe FREDERICK 2@HHOU AFRA GIBSONe RALPH E 3IAPL AFRA
SPIESe JOSEPH R 1ARNI AFRA GUNNe CHARLES R 1XNAS AFRA
STEPHANs ROBERT M 1HNIH AFRA HARRINGTONe MARSHALL C 1DFOS AFRA
STEVENS» HENRY 7RETD AFRA HILL « FREEMAN K 3BIAPL AFRA
STEWART» SARAH E 1HNIH AFRA HOLLIESe NORMAN R S 3IGRI AFRA
TREADWELL*«® CARLETON R 2HGWU AFRA KLEBANOFFe PHILIP S 1CNBS AFRA
TRUEBLOODe EMILY E& 1HNIH AFRA : KURZWEGe HERMAN H 1XNAS AFRA
VON BRANDe THEODOR Cc IHNIH AFRA LIDDEL s+ URNER 1XNAS AFRA
WARD» THOMAS G SMIAS AFRA OSMUNe JAMES W 1CESS AFRA
WEITSSe EMILIO 1DNMR AFRA REICHELDERFERe F WwW &4CONS AFRA
WESTe WILLIAM L 2HHOU AMRA RICHMONDe JOSEPH C 1CNBS AFRA
WOMACK, MADELYN 1ARNI AFRA RIVELLO» ROBERT M 2HUMD AFRA
wOODSe MARK w 1HNIH AFRA SCHUBAUERe GALEN B 7TRETD AFRA
SLAWSKY«e MILTON M 10FOS AFRA
2U AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR METALS SMITHe PAUL A SRACO AFRA
ACHTERe MEYER R 1DNRL AFRA : SMITHe ROBERT C JR SAARC AFRA
BEACHEMs CEDRIC D 1DNRL AFRA STEINER» HAROLD A 1DFX AFRA
BENNETT+ JOHN A 7TRETD AFRA TEPPER» MORRIS 1XNAS AFRA
BENNETTs LAWRENCE H 1CNBS AFRA TEWELESe SIDNEY 1CESS AFRA
BLUMe WILLIAM 4CONS AFRE VAN TUYLe ANOREW H 1DNOL AFRA
BROWNe B F 1DNRL AFRA WALKER» RONALD E 31APL AFRA
BURNETT+ HARRY C 1CNBS AFRA WILDHACKe WILLIAM A 1CNBS AFRA
CARLSTONs»e RICHARD C 8NRNC AFNA WOLFF e EDWARD A SGEON AFRA
CAUL+» HAROLD J 1CNBS AFRA
CHAPIN» EDWARD J 1DNRL AFRA 2X AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY
CUTHILL + JOHN R 1CNBS AFRA ABBOTe+ CHARLES G 7TRETD AFRE
DAWSON» VICTOR C D 1DNOL AFRA BARGER» GERALD L 1CESS AFRA
DIGGES» THOMAS G 7TRETD AFRE BRIERe GLENN W 1CESS AFRA
FLINTs EINAR P 1IBMI AFRA CRESSMANe GEORGE P 1CESS AFRA
GEIL» GLENN W 1CNBS AFRA CRYe« GEORGE Ww 1CESS AMNA
GILLMAN» JOSEPH L JR SJOGI AFRA FRENKIELe FRANCOIS N 10NSR AFRA
GLICKSMANe MARTIN & 1DNRL AFRA GANT+ JAMES Q@ JR 4PHYS AMRA
GOODEe ROBERT J 1DNRL AFRA HASELTINEe NATE SwAPO AFRA
HERSCHMANs HARRY K 1CBOS AFRA HUBERT+ LESTER F 1CESS AFRA
HOLSHOUSER»s WILLIAM L 1XTRA AFRA JACOBSe WOODROW C 1CESS AFRA
JENKINSe WILLIAM D 1CNBS AMRA KLEINe WILLIAM H 1CESS AFRA

174 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

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KOHLER» MAX A 1CESS AFRA MAGIN»e GEORGE B JR 1XAEC AFRA
LANDSBERGe HELMUT E 2HUMD AFRA MC ELHINNEYs JOHN 1ONRL AFRA
LISTe ROBERT J 1CESS AFRA MOSTOFI« F K 1DAIP AFRA
MAC DONALDe TORRENCE H 1CESS AMRA MUEHLHAUSE»s CARL O 1CNBS AFRA
MACHTAs LESTER 1CESS AFRA PROs MAYNARD J 1TIRS AFRA
MARCUS+s SIDNEY O JR 1DNOD AMRA STEELEs LENDELL E 1 ONRL AFRA
MARTIN» ROBERT H 1DNwS AMRA WEIL « GEORGE L 4CONS AFRA
MITCHELLe J MURRAY JR 1CESS AFRA WEITSS* FRANCIS J 1XLIC AFRA
MORANs FREDERICK A 1XMDG AMRA WENSCHe GLEN wW 1XAEC AFRA
MORTON» JOHN D SMELP AFRA ; WESTs WILLIAM L 2HHOU AMRA
NAMI AS« JEROME 1CESS AFRA WHITMANe MERRILL J 1XAEC AFRA
NOFFSINGERe TERRELL L 1CESS AFRA
OLIVER» VINCENT J 1CESS AFRA 3E INSTITUTE OF FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS
OSMUNse JAMES WwW 1CESS AFRA BEACHAMs LOWRIE M 1HFDA AFRA
PACKse DONALD H 1CESS AFRA BENDERse MAURICE 1HAPC AFRA
PUTNINSe PAUL H 1CESS AFRA COOK» HAROLD T 1ARMR AFRA
REICHELDERFERe. F WwW 4CONS AFRA FARROWe RICHARD P 3ANCA AFRA
RUBINe MORTON J 1CESS AFRA FRIEDMANes LEO 1HFDA AFNA
STEINERe HAROLD A 1DFX AFRA GOLUMBICe CALVIN 1ARMR AFRA
TEPPER+ MORRIS 1XNAS AFRA HEINZE*« PETER H 1ARMR AFRA
TEWELESe SIDNEY 1CESS AFRA HILDEBRANDe EARL M 1ARFR AMRA
THOMe HERBERT C S 1CESS AFRA HORNSTEINe IRWIN 1ARNI AFRA
THOMPSONe JACK C 8NRNC AFNA HUNTER» RICHARD §S SHVUAS AFRA
WHITE« ROBERT M 1CESS AFRA IRVINGe GEORGE W JR 1ARAO AFRA
WINSTONe JAY S 1CESS AFRA MC PHERSONe ARCHIBALD 4CONS AFRL
WOLFFe EDWARD A 5GEON AFRA NORR1IS+ KARL H 1ARMR AFRA
YAO*« AUGUSTINE Y M 1CESS AMRA PATTERSONs WILBUR I 1ARNI AFRA
ZIKEEVe NINA 1CESS AMNA REYNOLDS» HOWARD 1ARNI AFRA
RYALLe A LLOYD 1ARMR AFRE
ZyY INSECTICIDE SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON SLOCUMe GLENN G 4CONS AFRE
BARNHARTs+ CLYDE S 1DAX AFNA SULZBACHERese WILLIAM L 1ARNI AFRA
BEROZA~« MORTON S 1ARFR AFRA WETSSe FRANCIS J 1XL1C AFRA
BICKLEYs WILLIAM E 2HUMD AFRA WILLTAMS+« DONALD H 3ADIS AMRA
CAMPBELLe FRANK L TRETD AFRA
CORYe ERNEST N TRETD AFRE 3D AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
FULTONe ROBERT A 4CONS AFNE DIAMONDe JACOB J 1CNBS AFRA
HAINES» KENNETH A 1ARAO AFRA FAUST« GEORGE T 1IGES AFRA
HALL e« STANLEY A 1ARFR AFRA FLINTe EINAR P 1IBMI AFRA
HALLERe HERBERT L TRETD AFRA GELLERe ROMAN F TRETD AFRE
HENNEBERRYe THOMAS J 1ARFR AFRA GINTHERe ROBERT J 1ONRL AFRA
HOFFMAN» JOHN D 1CNBS AFRA HALLERe WOLFGANG 1CNBS AFRA
HOFFMANNe CLARENCE H 1ARFR AFRA HARRISONe WILLIAM N 4CONS AFRA
JACOBSONe MARTIN 1ARFR AFRA INSLEYe HERBERT 4CONS AFRA
LANGFORD:s GEORGE S 2HUMD AFRA KLINGSBERGe CYRUS 3INAS AFRA
LARRIMER.+ WALTER H 4CONS AFRE LEVINe ERNEST M 1CNBS AFRA
POOSs« FRED w TRETOD AFRA MC MURDIE*« HOWARD F 4CONS AFRA
RAINWATERe H IVAN 1ARRP AFRA MILLERe ROMAN R 1DNRL AFRA
REEDe WILLIAM D TRETD AFRA ORDWAYe FRED D JR SMELP AFRA
SATLERe REECE I! 1ARFR AFRA PEISERe H STEFFEN 1CNBS AFRA
SCHECHTER» MILTON S 1ARFR AFRA PITTSe JOSEPH W 1CNBS AFRA
SHEPARDe HAROLD H 4CONS AFRA RICHMONDe JOSEPH C 1CNBS AFRA
SIEGLERe EDOUARD H 7TRETD AFRE WACHTMANe JOHN B JR 1CNBS AFRA
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ST GEORGE» RAYMOND A 4CONS AFRA 3E ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY
YUILLe« JOSEPH S TRETO AFRA BATES+ ROGER G 1CNBS AFRA
BLOOMe MORTIMER C 1O0NRL AFRA
2Z ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BLUMe WILLIAM 4CONS AFRE
CARROLL « THOMAS J 2HGWU AFRA BOWERe VINCENT E& 1CNBS AFRA
COOKe RICHARD K 1CESS AFRA BRENNERe ABNER 1CNBS AFRA
CRAVENs JOHN P 1DNSP AFRA BROWNe B F 1ONRL AFRA
DAVISe CHARLES M JR 2HAMU AMRA CARLSTONe RICHARD C 8NRNC AFNA
FRANZ+s GERALD J 1DNSR AMRA COHNs ERNST M 1XNAS AMRA
GREENSPANe MARTIN 1CNBS AFRA FORZIATI« ALPHONSE F 1IWwPCc AFRA
HARTMANNe GREGORY K 1O0NOL AFRA GINTHERe ROBERT J 1ONRL AFRA
HENDERSONe MALCOLM C TRETD AFNA HAMERe WALTER J 1CNBS AFRA
LILLYs« JOHN C BNRNC AFNA KRUGERe JEROME 1CNBS AFRA
MC GRATHe JAMES R 1ONRL AMRA MOOREe GEORGE A 1CNBS AFRA
MICKEYe WENDELL V 1CESS AFRA SCHULMANe JAMES H 1ONRL AFRA
PHILLIPSe MARCELLA L 4CONS AFRA SOLLNERe KARL 1HNIH AFRA
SNAYe HANS G 1DNOL AFRA STERNe KURT H 1ONRL AFRA
WEISSLERe ALFRED 1HFDA AFRA TAYLORe JOHN K 1CNBS AFRA
WOOD+ REUBEN E 2HGwU AFRA
| 3B AMERICAN NUCLEAR SOCIETY
BIZZELL« OSCAR M 1XAEC AFRA 35 WASHINGTON HISTORY OF SCIENCE CLUB
DE VORE*s CHARLES 1DNOR AFRA BEDINIe SILVIO A 1XSMI AFRA
EDMUNDSe WADE M 314JBS AMRA CARMICHAEL e LEONARD BINGS AFRA
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Vou. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 175

3F-3L

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3G AMERICAN ASSN OF PHYSICS TEACHERS

ABRAHAMe
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CARROLL»
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GEORGE
HERMAN
THOMAS J
RICHARD A

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HARRINGTONe MARSHALL C
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BENEDICTe WILLIAM S

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CHARLES A

DRUMMETER»s LOUIS F JR

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WALTER B

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31 WASH SOC OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS

BORTHWICKs HARRY A
BURK» DEAN

CATHEYe HENRY M
CORRELL» DAVID L
CULLINANe FRANK P
FOWELLSe HARRY A
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SHROPSHIREe WALTER A
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WEINBERGe HAROLD P
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3J WASH OPERATIONS RESEARCH COUNCIL

CANNONes £— W
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3K INSTRUMENT SOCIETY OF

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Delegates to the Washington Academy of Sciences, Representing
the Local Affiliated Societies *

Philosophical Society of Washington ©0000... BS Nc oP Aco eS ee ie eo Georce T. Rapo
Iara SOULE EN Cd WV ASHANIO TON, hi ocj.0-5 usc. ov suv. + vince socsosesiedoicaeessiiasossatsvccesteasecccoesevsve> JEAN K. Boek

Biological Society of TEC STV cr oS WD Sat R A Ae. Fue, 07 5 nee RE Delegate not appointed
RUMIIMESISEIECLY Of WAGEIRIOTOM 50). .cooo ihc eheve desc acovsdevcdeceeescsnvscbenseuccuecueces avecsdedececsoe Mary H. ALprIpcE
Entomological Society of Washington Ei eset a> i lies See oe RRR a Ad. oe W. Doyte REED
RINE TCUBDERTE IQ OUCLY coe ub cevestva ces, cd oa es l5cd wisp vwnevcendgsndetcscvontlegseavonsnoscncasctvnese ALEXANDER WETMORE
EES yg ROA EES OF OSC) nl Ravpu L. MILLER
meee Society of the District of Columbia .0...0.00..0000.20c0..clo ec icecemenadheesce nce Delegate not appointed
ESTEE Sc) 2 1 ne ea Delegate not appointed
Botanical Society of Washington .2.000....000.00ccc00-. SER ete eS h LURA Peter H. Heinze
SNIPE PICT NOANN OEE SECTS 652 86s nck bes sncs odes casnscestaeesevcss.gsnjcnSoacacntess cece sssleivengactecenny scene Harry A. Fowe.ts
Washington Society of Engineers .............. 1M AEA ad led Mr DORE KTR © EASE CLEMENT L. GARNER
Beemmteogt Micctrical and Electronics Engineers ..2....00).:......:...0cccc0ccc:sseteteseveesereeeeeenanes GEORGE ABRAHAM
mean society of Mechanical Bngimeers ........-.....00.-s.-c0c0ccecesceceeeseceeseeseeecateeeeseeesds WitiiAM G. ALLEN
Helminthological Society of Washington ................... Ue Pty i 3-08 ec Ai Sean eB AurREL QO. Foster
MemmmermmmnOciety for MICrObIOlOSy o.oo... cc ccea. sou licsecculendestecscscesleccsecceseesacseersusvers ELIZABETH J. OSWALD
Semen aterican Military PMeinGers .......<<cc:c..sdccdecccocesescsescsocssscccesaciecsecescsdecseedieanesevere H. P. DemuTH
erm mercrety OF (Cavil EMSineers ooo eel ici res tbeente essere teenseeconeeee THORNDYKE SAVILLE, JR.
Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine ...............0.....0...0.ccccccecccceetecseceteeteees CARLTON TREADWELL
MUNN TSR ST ORE UTE TNS yoo. ise ccs se nsoceesccdosce) ussasevtssatessevdsassdeqessesandecaesseariareacs MELviIn R. MEYERSON
iewaonar Association for Dental Research ...0...........0......cc.cccccececeereecoteeccnessesecenseeseetenseeseene N. W. Rupr
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics ......0..0.0000.0000000ccccccccceeeteetesreeees Rosert C. SmirtH, Jr.

American Meteorological Society Harotp A. STEINER

RNIN O1) EW) SUV LOIN oo cee as cuc cudiecnsscbeedneetedesnteassulsvisoursctlosiasnegeeanysndee H. IvAN RAINWATER
Acoustical mee UMTS? We es te ee SS al se a oe Oe ea have ALFRED WEISSLER
IU PIRTMNNE RR CLD ys. oe Ske ak ce sanselbn conse ds civoncnscneenene cape cadtcvuvecavecesssunte Oscar M. BizzeLy
em ee eM TT COLI IO IST S 52... cscdsoueneek nlekspc ssn sacsncagesnueiashecntetdovasmnnudlvwedasts Greorce K. PARMAN

American Ceramic Society J. J. Diamonp

TET AAR INSURE pc oo ie Pe Pathe ve ssc, vin desta vac suvds <avinsech covassatlgncwcesnsclchedacsbecunss Kurt H. STERN
mee rin EDN Eine ot SePeTCE Olen by oy 6o5 ccc th pecan sos scncnscunsansisecvsncs svnvsdeovseseapeesstarducongusnece Morris LEIKIND
pumerican. wssoriation of Physics Teachers ...c..0.c.....00.ci16c.ccccceelscnecseeqstenceasecdeeeesevecnes BERNARD B. WATSON
a ke POT TELE eae sc eo ncstenentnneciveacstavrvanaesvees Rare Se Davip L. EDERER
Seite eee mete i) Arist PE SIOIOPISTS <5 05 o0e.6d cans: nqsaeh eu tae nsdaesoucasasssrosessdaumeenesespens WitirAmM H. K tein
Peeamtan) Ciperatinms TESCATCH, COUNCIL «5... ..2c02... 022-40 12cik eid scossoee eeepc soatecesnecuscsecsenenteanes Joun G. Honic
SESS Eo ca CSc as Wt aa a Se ALFRED M. POMMER

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical
and Petroleum Engineers ........ <n ae WOR a SEES ee Oa ne Re ne ie Ae BERNARDO F. GROSSLING

* Delegates continue in office until new selections are made by the respective societies.

Volume 59 SEPTEMBER 1969

CONTENTS

Irvin C. MouHLER: The Impact of Information

No. 6 —

Science on Biology: A Possible Society Role ..........0.00..0.0cccccceees 117
ACADEMY PROCEEDINGS
Washington Junior Academy of Sciences
Tentative Calendar for 1969-1970 .......0..0005..0.0Joh = 120
Officers, 1969-70) co. ee ee 120
Activities © ..60520 220 Mig catia SL Reins Res cc ee 121
Joint Meeting, WAS and WJAS |.....000000000oL 38... 121
New. Subscription. Rates ..0.0.....0.0..cc:cciiceect icin eect nes 122
Science Education News «020.000.000.000. Dae ieee 122
Scientists in the News
R. E. Gibson Retires oo. 2...05.00.00..ceccgscc hence oceans 122
U.S. Army Mobility Equipment R&D Center Award ..................0.0.... 123
Eduard Farber—Obituary .......... styiplavalchadtasesassssicint cokes ieee 125
1969 Directory
Foreward (o.20...0000..000cooc 2 Sass hws ean a age 126
Academy Organization for 1969-70) ......00..00c.6c...:0-4.0:-s 126
Officers of Affiliated Societies ..):....0.......ccc.c:cc:eecreecederrsees 128
Explanation of Listings ....:....000:000.4c¢5ecsnin i a 132
Membership: Listings! >.0).203, ee) ch ee eee Lanett rr 134

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VOLUME 59 NUMBERS 7-9

Journal of the

WASHINGTON
ACADEMY OF
SCIENCES

ane ~
EEN

haves | \
\ tEB 18 1970
\

CiBRARIED

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Editor: RicHArp H. Foote, Department of Agriculture
Telephones: 461-8677 (home) ; 474-6500, ext. 453 (office)
Editorial Assistant: ELIzABETH OsTAcciI, Washington Academy of Sciences

Associate Editors

Harotp T. Cook, Department of Agriculture Harry A. FowE ts, Department of Agriculture
SAMUEL B. DETWILER, JR., Department of Agri- Heten L. ReEyNoxtps, Food and Drug Adminis-
culture tration

RicHarp P. Farrow, National Canners Asso- ELAINE G. SHAFRIN, Naval Research Laboratory
ciation

Contributors

FRANK A, BIBERSTEIN, Jr., Catholic University JosePH B. Morris, Howard University
CuHartes A. WHITTEN, Coast & Geodetic Survey Jacop Mazur, National Bureau of Standards
MarsoriE Hooker, Geological Survey HELEN D. Park, National Institutes of Health

et Ee ee eee ALLEN L. ALEXANDER, Naval Research Laboratory
Epmunp M. Buras, Jr., Gillette Research In- THomAs H. Harris, Public Health Service
stitute Eart M. Hitpesranp, USDA, Beltsville

This Journal, the official organ of the Washington Academy of Sciences, publishes historical
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ACADEMY OFFICERS FOR 1969-70

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Secretary: Mary L. Rossins, George Washington University

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Pe ee ee ee

Editorial

Readers of this issue will discover that John Angle’s article begin-
ning on p. 192 represents a return to the once-abandoned Journal
policy of publishing detailed results of original current research. Al-
though some Academy members may view this departure from recent
tradition with dismay, all will recognise in it a response to the results
of the summer questionnaire (see pp. 204, 206, this issue). Additional
such manuscripts will be solicited for future issues to serve in a small
way the burgeoning community of scientists who are discovering that
satisfactory publication outlets are continually more difficult to identify
and. utilize.

At the same time, the Journal will continue to feature articles that
comment on the inter-relationships within science and between science
and society. The resulting balance of subject matter, in addition to the
usual reporting of Academy affairs, should not only reflect the interests
of Academy members—it should cause the Journal to reach new read-

ers, to exert influence in areas where it has yet to be seen and used, and
therefore to take its rightful place in the world of scientific publication.

But to succeed in these things the Journal requires not only your
vote of confidence—it needs your material contributions in the form of
publishable manuscripts. Now that you have wished your Journal to
prosper, consider seriously providing the nourishment it needs!

EDITOR

Vou. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcTOBER-DECEMBER, 1969 179

‘The Chart that Made Navigation History

Aaron L. Shalowitz, J.D., LL.M.°
United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (Retd.), Washington, D.C.

The year 1969 marks the 400th anniver-
sary of the first publication of the famous
“Mercator World Chart of 1569.” It has
been stated that this nautical chart stands
alone in map history, isolated from Merca-
tor’s many other works, as a violent depar-
ture and pronounced improvement over
methods existing before that time. It is
therefore fitting that cognizance be taken
at this time of the man and the chart that
made navigation history.

Preliminarily, it should be noted that an
important distinction exists between the
nautical chart and maps in general. While
the latter may serve as reference media,
the nautical chart in its special and accu-
rate delineation is an instrument to be
worked with and upon so that a ship’s
course may be laid down with accuracy
and ease, and positions readily deter-
mined.

From Ptolemy to Mercator

Although the modern chart is of com-
paratively recent origin, the period from
Ptolemy to Mercator, covering the first 16
centuries of the present era, saw three
great developments in cartography that
have profoundly influenced contemporary
chart making. Claudius Ptolemy—mathe-
matician, astronomer, and geographer—
who lived in the early part of the second
century, stands without doubt in the front
rank of early geographic thought. His
Geographia represented the sum of all geo-

1 Doctor Shalowitz is author of. the 2-volume
legal-technical treatise Shore and Sea Boundaries.

180

graphic learning and served as a ground-
work for future cartographers. Ptolemy
gave details for the construction of 26
maps and a general world map and is
credited with being the originator of the
conic projection—at least his map of the
world was constructed on a modification
of this projection with meridians and par-
allels both curved.

The advent of the compass around the
13th century paved the way for a new type
of chart which flourished toward the close
of the middle ages and forms a notable ex-
ception to the prevailing darkness of the
period. The Italian and Catalan chart mak-
ers of the 14th century neglected the con-
cept of latitude and longitude and used the
points of the compass as their “grid sys-
tem.” Their charts were called Portolanos
or “handy plans.” No projection was in-
cluded, but in its place were networks of
straight lines, each network radiating from
a common center like the spokes of a

wheel and corresponding to the points of

the compass. These lines enabled the navi-
gator to set his course at and to any point
by aid of the magnetic needle. The Porto-
lanos achieved only an approach to mathe-
matical accuracy, but they were enough to
give the seamen of that period the
confidence they needed to sail the open
sea. It remained, however, for Mercator—
150 years later—to solve the problem of
cartography for the navigator.

The influence of the Portolanos on chart
making was felt for several centuries after
their introduction, and Juan de la Cosa in
1500 still covered his chart with the spi-
der-web lines (Fig. 1). (1)

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Mereator’s World Chart of 1569

The third great influence on the modern
nautical chart was the contribution of Ger-
hard Kramer—better known by his Latin
surname Mercator, meaning merchant.
Mercator combined the scientific theories
of Ptolemy with the practical advantages
of the Portolanos and devised the well
known projection which bears his name.
This was an entirely new projection de-
signed to simplify and improve marine
navigation. In his World Chart of 1569
(Fig. 2), the latitude and longitude lines
are straight, parallel lines intersecting each
other at right angles. The meridians of
longitude are spaced equally throughout
the chart based on their distance apart at
the equator. Since meridians on the earth
converge toward the poles, this caused a
spreading of the meridians everywhere ex-
cept at the equator. To compensate for
this, Mercator conceived the idea of also
spreading the parallels in exactly the same
proportion as he spread the meridians.

What Mercator sought to accomplish by
this arrangement of meridians and paral-
lels was to provide the navigator with a
chart on which a straight line—the sim-
plest of all lines—joining any two points
would determine the constant course he
must steer in sailing between those points.
Such a line is called a rhumb line or lox-
odromic curve. On the earth it cuts all the
meridians at the same angle and is a con-
tinually curving line, always approaching
the poles but theoretically never reaching
them. A ship sailing “a rhumb” is there-
fore on one course continuously. The
uniqueness of the Mercator projection lies
in the fact that on it and it alone the
rhumb line is a straight line. This is the
essential property which Mercator sought
to preserve, and he subordinated all other
properties to this one.

Mercator’s original chart of 1569 con-
tains numerous Latin inscriptions of both
historical and technical interest. They give
a résumé of the geographic knowledge of
the time, show how the chart should be
used, and give the reasons which led Mer-

VoL. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcTOBER-DECEMBER, 1969

cator to develop his system of map projec-
tion. The chart was found in Breslau in
1889. It measures 82.7 by 51.2 inches.

One of the inscriptions is the following:

“If you wish to sail from one port to another
here is a chart and a straight line on it,
and if you follow carefully this line you
will certainly arrive at your port of destina-
tion. But the length of the line may not be
correct yet it points in the right direction.
Consequently if you adhere to the line you
may get to your destination sooner or you
may not get there as soon as you expect,
but you will certainly get there.”

The International Hydrographic Bureau
at Monaco has issued a full-scale reproduc-
tion of this chart in 18 sheets, including
a pamphlet giving the Latin text and Eng-
lish translations of the legends. (2)

The Problem of Map Projection

If it were possible to flatten a globe into
a plane surface without tearing or stretch-
ing, the problem of map projection would
never have arisen. But we know this to be
impossible from the simple attempt to flat-
ten a hollow rubber ball. The problem of
the map maker has therefore been to de-
vise some means by which a portion or all
of the curved surface of the earth can be
represented on a plane with the least
amount of distortion. The process by
which this is accomplished is termed “map
projection.” More specifically, it is a meth-
od of transferring to a flat map the imagi-
nary meridians and parallels by which the
earth is divided. They can be drawn in an
arbitrary manner, but to avoid confusion
and to be of scientific value they must fol-
low an orderly correspondence. The num-
ber of ways in which this orderly arrange-
ment can be determined is almost without
limit and depends upon the conditions im-
posed.

In strictness, the term “projection” is
geometrical in concept and ought to be
confined to representations obtained di-
rectly according to the laws of perspective,
but geographers have borrowed it from
geometers and have applied it to any

181

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JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

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183

VoL. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcTOBER-DECEMBER, 1969

method of representation of the surface of
the earth upon a plane, whether it be by
geometric construction, as in perspective
projections, or by development, as in the
Mercator projection. For nautical charts
the latter type of projection is used exclu-
sively. Of these, there is a large variety,
each projection fulfilling a condition that
exists on the sphere which it is desirable
to preserve, whether it be equivalence of
area, right shape, true distances, or correct
bearings. Hence, any projection is at best
a compromise and the choice of projection
usually depends upon the purpose which
the map or chart is to serve.

The Mercator Projection

The Mercator projection belongs to that
class of map projections known as the
“conformal” type, in which the property
of correct shape is preserved for geograph-
ical features, rather than correct size. Any
small area is shown with practically its
true shape, but large areas are distorted
by the change in scale from point to point.
The exact condition for conformality is
that the scale at any point is the same in
all directions. In contrast, there is the
“equal-area” type of projection in which
correct size is preserved at the expense of
correct shape. For mapping extensive por-
tions of the world, it is mathematically im-
possible to preserve both properties in the
same projection. Mercator’s arrangement
of the meridians and parallels enabled him
to preserve on his 1569 world chart the
one property which he considered indis-
pensable for the navigator—the straight
rhumb line.

Historically, it is known that Mercator
derived his results by approximate formu-
la, but it was of sufficient precision to ex-
ercise a powerful influence on the progress
of navigation. Thirty years later, Edward
Wright developed a more accurate method
of computation, and tables for the con-
struction of the projection were made
known in a publication entitled “Certaine
Errors in Navigation.” Accurate values of
meridional parts—the distances in nautical

184

miles any given latitude is distant from
the equator on a Mercator projection—did
not, however, become available until the
calculus was invented more than a century
later and better values determined for the
figure of the earth.

Tables for the construction of a Merca-
tor projection for any part of the globe
from the equator to 80° north and south
latitude have been computed for the
Clarke Spheroid of 1866 which has a po-
lar compression or flattening of 1/294.98.
The meridional parts are given to five dec-
imal places which should serve for the
most exacting work without the need for
interpolation. (3)

There is one aspect of the Mercator
projection that needs clarification. Al-
though frequently referred to as a cylin-
drical or cylindrical-type projection with
the cylinder tangent at the equator, it is
best to consider it as derived by mathe-
matical analysis, the spacing of the paral-
lels bearing an exact relationship to the
spreading of the meridians along corre-
sponding parallels. Mercator himself re-
ferred to his representation simply as “a
new proportion and a new arrangement of
the meridians with reference to the paral-
lels.”” In this mathematical transformation,
Mercator did not employ a tangent cylin-
der, nor is it ever employed in deriving
the projection. Statements to this effect
may therefore be dismissed as erroneous
and misleading.

Advantages

It was heretofore noted that the para-
mount aim of Mercator was to produce
a chart on -which the rhumb line is a
straight line. As a corollary to this, all fea-
tures along that line will be passed exactly
as charted. This is of considerable value in
coastwise navigation, for the rhumb line
representing a constant course to be made
good will indicate at once the distance at
which dangers will be passed abeam. In
addition, the projection commends itself to
chart makers and chart users because of
the existence of a general table applicable
to any part of the globe; its ease of con-

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

struction; and its rectangularity. The mar-
iner’s aversion to curved lines has always
been known. Mercator realized this and in
one of the legends on his 1569 chart he
expressed himself as follows: “Indeed, the
forms of the meridians, as used till now
by geographers, on account of their curva-
ture and their convergence to each other,
are not utilizable for navigation.”

The projection possesses simplicity in
that meridians are vertical, always con-
stant throughout the chart and pointing
the same way and parallel with the east
and west borders of the chart—just where
one would expect them to be. Plotting and
scaling of positions by latitude and longi-
tude can be achieved readily by use of the
border divisions of the chart, and a course
can be laid off from any meridian or com-
pass rose and carried by parallel ruler to
any part of the chart.

Disadvantages

There are some disadvantages in the use
of the Mercator projection, notably that it
exaggerates areas appreciably—seriously
when large differences of latitude are in-
volved—and that the scale is constantly
changing with latitude, so that a graphic
scale cannot be used on the smaller-scale
charts. For measuring distances recourse
must be had to the border scale for the
latitude in which the distance lies. The
scale in the polar latitudes approaches in-
finity which makes the projection unsuita-
ble for use above 80°. Mercator was aware
of this and on his 1569 chart he shows the
area around the North Pole as an inset on
a projection centered at the pole (Fig. 2).

Perhaps the most serious limitation
from the standpoint of the navigator is
that a great circle (orthodromic curve) —
the shortest distance between two points
on the surface of the earth—would be
projected as a curved line on a Mercator
chart. This means that radio bearings and
lines of sight on distant shore objects,
which follow the paths of great circles,
cannot be plotted as straight lines. To fa-
cilitate the plotting it is the practice to ap-
ply a correction to the radio bearing to

Vou. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcToBER-DECEMBER, 1969

convert it into a mercatorial bearing
which can then be plotted as a straight
line. These corrections are available to the
mariner from precomputed tables which
appear in all the Coast Pilots of the Coast
and Geodetic Survey.

All these disadvantages are, however,
minimal for the navigator when compared
to the overriding advantage of the straight
rhumb line.

Mercator’s Critics

Mercator has been criticised, and even
maligned, by some latter-day map makers
and geographers for having produced a
“monstrosity” because of the areal distor-
tions his projection contains in the higher
latitudes. The classic example usually giv-
en is that Greenland shows larger than
South America, whereas in reality South
America is nine times as large as Green-
land. This type of criticism stems from a
failure to recognize what Mercator was
trying to achieve. He was not devising a
map for use in a schoolroom where the
study of relative size of geographic fea-
tures is important. He had already drawn
a map of the world in 1538 on an equal-
area projection. What he was seeking was
a chart for the improvement of navigation
and he considered the straight rhumb line
to provide that objective. To achieve this,
it was necessary to introduce the distor-
tion that exists in the higher latitudes to
the north and south of the equator. To
consider this distortion a weakness of the
projection is to overlook completely the
purpose for which it was devised.

It is axiomatic that the ideal method of
studying the earth and its component rela-
tionships is by means of a globe. But for
two-dimensional mapping the problem is
not so simple. The Mercator projection
plays a definite role in giving a continuous
conformal mapping of the world. The re-
strictions of relative size may be more or
less disturbing, but so are the tripartite or
quadripartite arrangements, with discon-
tinuities in oceans and continents, seen in

185

other projections when extended to world
proportions.

The writer is indebted to the late
Charles Deetz, his colleague in the United
States Coast and Geodetic Survey for over
30 years and one of the foremost authori-
ties on map projections, for the following
rhyme which aptly expresses his thoughts
on the critics of Mercator:

“Let none dare to attribute the shame
Of misuse of projections to Mercator’s name;
But smother quite, and let infamy light
Upon those who do misuse,
Publish or recite.” (4)

An Appraisal

Gerhard Mercator—mathematician, ge-
ographer, and cartographer—was born in
Flanders in 1512 and was a graduate of
the University of Louvain. He devoted his
life to the betterment of maps and was the
chief of his generation in putting in order
the accumulating stores of geographic
knowledge. His invention of the projection
which bears his name marked him as one
of the world’s foremost map makers. His
“World Chart of 1569” was the greatest
achievement in cartographic history. As an
original creation it made Mercator fa-

mous, transmitting his name for all time.
In 16th century contemporary judgment
he was styled as “In cosmography by far
the first.” Nautical cartography, in gener-
al, and marine navigation, in particular,
have been enriched by his impact on them.
The highest tribute that can be paid him
is to state that the projection which he de-
vised 400 years ago is today universally
used for marine charts and will very likely

be so used as long as ships “sail the
rhumb.”

References Cited

(1) Juan de la‘Cosa accompanied Columbus
on his first voyage to the New World as master
of his flagship and as cartographer on his second
voyage. The Cosa chart is of great interest
historically, being the earliest chart now extant
that shows the American coast.

(2) International Hydrographic Bureau, (1932).
Text and Translation of the Legends of the Orig-
inal Chart of the World by Gerhard Mercator,
Issued in 1569.

(3) The International Hydrographic Bureau
has published tables of meridional parts based
on the International Ellipsoid of Reference with
a flattening of 1/297 as adopted in 1924 by the
International Geodetic and Geophysical Union.
Special Publication No. 21 (Monaco: 1928).

(4) Charles H. Deetz and Oscar S. Adams,
Elements of Map Projection 104, Special Publica-
tion No. 68, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey
(Fifth Edition, Revised, 1944).

CF aicrbait Aneto elisa

186

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Current Problems and the Future of
Industry in Insecticide Use

and Development

A. O. Jensen

American Cyanamid Co., Orinda, California *

The problems of industry as related to
insect and mite control chemicals have
never been greater and the future of in-
dustry less certain than at this moment.

This generalization may seem a bit dis-
mal when the statistics show that pesticide
use is on the increase in every section of
our nation. Why then should I feel con-
cerned if usage continues to increase?

I shall say at this point that problems,
opinions, suggestions, and any prognosti-
cations as presented in this discussion are
the distillation of talks with many promi-
nent industry representatives. I take full
responsibility for the controversial sub-
jects. This paper represents not the opin-
ions of top management, but rather those
of field managers who daily face the prob-
lems of field development and use of pesti-
cides. It is a complex phenomenon, but the
potentially adverse results are as inevitable
as the proverbial sands of time unless we
do something in the near future to over-
come our industrial problems.

Let’s first review some of the major
problem areas as I see them:

1. Cost of developing and registering a
compound. It is estimated this figure could
be 1.5-2.5 million dollars per compound.
The cost picture has been belabored too
much in the past few years, but it still
seems to be greatly misunderstood by
many who do not want to understand or
feel that ranting against the ogre of big
business will reduce the price. I submit for
your consideration this question: Where

1From a talk given at the Dallas meeting of
the Entomological Society of America on Dec. 2,
1968.

Vou. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcTOBER-DECEMBER, 1969

else in a consumer-oriented industry has a
price stayed almost the same as 15 years
ago? Did your car price stay at $1,500 as
it was in 1953? Parathion is selling today
for about 50 cents less per pound than in
1953! Let me assure you, our labor and
production costs have steadily gone up in
this period. We have a large investment at
our research center in Princeton and more
than 500 people work every day in this
complex. The risk potential is great and
the number of new compounds coming out
of all industrial research projects is very
nebulous. Of all the compounds that are
screened and tested, only a fraction ever
reach the fruition of registration. This is
true in all of our industry, whether it be
insecticides or other pesticides. The com-
petition for research and development dol-
lars in a corporation is acute, and the Ag-
ricultural Division has to fight for survival
with such exotic things as consumer
products, about which a much quicker re-
turn for dollars invested can generally be
predicted.

2. Cost of adding a new crop or use to
existing labels. A few years ago I kept an
accurate cost accounting of time involved
in obtaining one set of residue samples
at one location in California. The costs
sobered my thinking on residue work. The
use was for Cygon on peppers to control
aphids. To establish and collect samples,
65 hours of time were involved and 2,000
miles were driven. I gave the time the
very conservative figure of $10 per hour,
which adds up to $650. There was an air-
shipment cost of $128 for the residue sam-
ple and approximately $750 cost to run

187

the 30 residue samples in our present labo-
ratory. These figures add up to more than
$1,500. Keep in mind that these figures
apply to our work in about nine other lo-
cations as well, which would total approxi-
mately $15,000 for one single registration
on one insect. With good luck we’ll get by
with this number of tests, but we may
have to expand this testing over a longer
period and many new locations. This is re-
search for what I would consider a minor
crop. Of course, we have to do as much
research on a minor crop in most in-
stances as we do on a major one such as
cotton. This poses a real problem. Where
do you spend your time, effort, and money
to obtain registrations for promising com-
pounds?

Naturally, much time will be spent on
the major crops, often leaving smaller or
secondary crops without proper materials
for crop protection. In many areas this
problem has become acute in the past few
years because the general feeling has been
that, with our limited manpower, time,
and profit potential we must expend
our efforts in large crop potentials. |
think we haven’t adequately coped with
smaller crops and their insecticide regis-
tration problems, even though some meth-
ods are now underway to provide regis-
trations for them.

3. The apparent reduction in economic
entomology research by most State and
Federal groups. I want to stress that this
section refers to applied chemical testing
on various pests and crops. The National
Science Foundation grants and other simi-
lar ones have given great impetus to basic
research at the expense of applied re-
search. There is also a great deal of em-
phasis placed on support for basic re-
search papers that will qualify entomolo-
gists for their advancement in the academic
system.

The young entomologist who wants to
get ahead cannot be blamed for wanting to
do his research in a laboratory under con-
trolled conditions on problems that will
give him definitive papers leading to ad-

188

vanced degrees or promotions within his
department. But this attribute does seri-
ously detract from his usefulness to ap-
plied entomology.

4. The shortage of trained entomologists
for industrial research and development
work. Of course this shortage is found in
the public area too, consequently another
reason for less applied work lies simply in
the fact that there are not enough people
to attack the problem.

We have also seen in areas of the West
a trend away from experimental stations.
This trend has had a great impact on the
degree of applied work for the simple rea-
son that the entomologist of ten years ago
who was assigned to an experiment station
worked primarily on the problems of his
pest or crop. He was not diverted by
teaching and academic duties of routine
nature. As his school or station became a
teaching institution as well as a research
station, he found himself having to assume
these additional duties that were not al-
ways productive on a day-to-day basis and
that obviously took time from what he had
previously been doing.

3. Shortage of technically trained sales
personnel. There is a real need to upgrade
the caliber of man that contacts and makes
recommendations to the ultimate pesticide
user. This man needs a solid background
in agriculture, preferably with a degree in
entomology or related sciences. The short-
age of these good men is very apparent in
the market place of manpower, namely the
college and university. Also, many men go
on to advanced degrees, feeling this will
greatly improve their job bargaining pow-
er. This can help them at times, but we do
see many good sales-oriented people miss-
ing their true calling in agricultural sales.
No longer is agricultural sales a pitch-
man’s game; the salesman must have the
technical know-how or he soon becomes an
albatross around the neck of his company.

6. A general lag in State and Federal

recommendations for the use of pesticides

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

in relation to their availability to the con-
sumer farmer. This lag in most instances
is related to the shortage of or decreased
emphasis on applied chemical testing. Now
I am fully aware this statement does not
apply to every State or situation, but in-
dustry feels the pinch in this phase more
each year and in more areas. This detracts
from the university or extension prestige
and puts almost too much burden on in-
dustry’s responsibility for realistic pest
control.

7. The steady growth of distribution
and regulatory restrictions at all levels of
government from county to Federal. We in
the West have seen this growth coming on
strongly for many years, as California has
had an active county regulatory force for
many years. This regulation in most cases
is good; it weeds out or controls problem-
making industrial companies or individu-
als—and we have had a few! Most legiti-
mate problems can be overcome, but it
takes time, money, ard more effort than
ever to cut through the red tape. This area
definitely needs streamlining and modern-
izing.

8. The apparent short life of most pesti-
cides. Not too much short-term help can
be given this problem. We need to find the
best uses for our many pesticides and try
to build into them as much long-life use-
fulness as we possibly can.

There are, of course, many reasons for
the short life aspect, most prominent of
which is insect resistance. I doubt very
mich if this is the most controversial of
our problems because we realize that basic
research is the only answer to lengthen the
life of pesticides through judicious inte-
grated control. The modern farm practices
are doing much to outmode certain chemi-
cals quickly, and at this point this fact
needs to be kept in mind for future recom-
mendations as well.

9. A communication gap. We in indus-
try desperately need better communica-
tions and intelligence from the State and

Vou. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcTOBER-DECEMBER, 1969

Federal research groups, not only to help
us develop logical and sound use patterns
for our pesticides, but to inspire us into
new and potentially productive research
areas for compounds that could change the
entire pattern of pest control. The research
entomologists must communicate to and
inspire industrial research in entirely new
avenues of endeavor.

10. Industry has a_ responsibility of
making pest control work but very little
voice in the official recommendations of
university, State, or Federal entomologists.
This is one area I shall develop later in
my discussion because I feel it is of tre-
mendous importance and has great poten-
tial.

These are only ten of our many prob-
lems and not everyone would agree they
are the most important. But where are we
headed and what is industry’s future? I
may in one breath sound pessimistic, but
never let it be said that I’m not optimistic
that these problems cannot be overcome. It
may take some new tactics to accomplish
this, but it can, must, and will be done!

A few of the remedies as I see them can
be best summed up in the following
points:

1. We need the support of all ento-
mology departments to help train and guide
promising young men into industrial re-
search, development, and technical service
work. Industry has the facilities and prob-
lems to challenge the most gregarious of
young men. The teaching institutions can
help immensely by permitting us to talk to
undergraduate or graduate students to tell
the story of our respective companies. It
might even be considered part of a course
or curriculum during one of the decision-
making years of the student’s university
life. It does not have to take on the cold-
blooded aspect of pure recruiting.

2. There is a need to streamline the in-
secticide registration process and develop
clear-cut positive guidelines as to the need-
ed data for registration. There must be ac-

189

tion on pending registrations at specific
time intervals. The cost of carrying a pro-
gram through another year with very little
definitive information on what is lacking
or inadequate in a pending registration is
a tremendous source of financial loss to
industry. Industry will continue to be as
productive as in the past but only as long
as the incentive is available.

3. The States should set forth positive
applied research programs each year or
span of years, so that industry can look to
them as guidelines of emphasis.

4. University extension departments
should direct their communication efforts
toward the groups that will be most influ-
ential to the ultimate chemical user. A
group of studies in the Midwest and Cali-
fornia has shown that no longer do the
university extension people and county
agents have the prime influence on farmer
decisions; rather, the influence lies with
the industry salesman. Doesn’t this fact in-
dicate a need for extension to gear its ef-
forts more toward convincing these men
that the stories and data of good research
can be properly utilized in influencing the
grower decisions? Doesn’t this indicate a
need for extension to extend efforts toward
convincing these men that the story and
data of good research can be properly uti-
lized to influence the growers?

D5. We must narrow the gap between
time of registration of pesticides and the
time the pesticides are recommended by
State or Federal extension personnel. The
time lag is often as high as 5 years.

6. Let’s streamline the local regulatory
process and try for more conformation to
the national laws. Our nation is really
very small, relatively speaking, and there
are adequate Federal laws now to handle
most situations.

7. Build a stronger and more useful ag-
ricultural chemical association that can
help relate our problems and advantages
to the concerned public. We are now too
weak in this area and tend to talk to our-
selves too much.

190

8. Industry and extension need to have
a common meeting ground for the devel-
opment of sound workable recommenda-
tions. The State extension groups could
take a strong lead in this area by develop-
ing an agricultural pest control steering
committee utilizing some industry person-
nel. They should meet at least twice a year
with the university extension people to se-
riously work on the official recommenda-
tions. Industry does not need a vote, but it
should be listened to and _ considered
because it is directly charged by the
grower to provide adequate pest control.
Not always are the official recommenda-
tions practical for the day-to-day field con-
trol program. This sounding board will also
serve other purposes such as a better un-
derstanding between the two groups and
an avenue to communicate urgent prob-
lems to industrial research for considera-
tion.

9. The grower, through individual and
organizational efforts, should insist upon a
fair support for research at the university,
state, and Fedéral level. The professional
entomologists have great difficulty in influ-
encing their legislatures to provide them
adequate funds for the nebulous task of
insect control. We have seen time and time
again in many areas of the country that
legislatures have cut budgets to the bare
minimum, claiming that the primary duty
is to teach students, not to conduct re-
search that would profit industry. We all
know this is short-sighted of our legisla-
tive system, but it is a reality of life, and
the only people who can seriously influ-
ence this area are the large grower-con-
sumer groups in this nation. This is an-
other area of professional communication—
the necessity to develop hard-hitting facts
that will support the obvious need for good
applied research is inescapable.

In closing I mention an excerpt from a
recent speech by Dr. Warren Shaw,
USDA, that I feel states rather explicitly
the need for pesticides and realisitic ap-
proaches to the production of food:

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

“The use of pesticides is gen-
erally the most effective and in
many instances the only available
method to control weeds, insects,
nematodes, and diseases. In some
instances, pest-resistant crop vari-

eties are the only means of con-

trol. However, pesticides and
non-chemical methods of control
are usually most effective when
combined in an integrated sys-
tems approach with other good
crop production practices.

The use of pesticides has-ac-
counted for 10 to 15 per cent of
the increase in farm output since
1940. They also are responsible
for $2—2.5 billion of the annual
savings in production resources.
We should also consider the con-
sequences of the complete with-
drawal of pesticides now used in
agricultural production. Sound

unreasonable? Yes. But there are
some who advocate just such ac-
tion. Total output of crops and
livestock combined would be re-
duced by about 30 per cent.
Farm exports would be eliminat-
ed and the price of farm prod-
ucts would increase 50 to 75 per
cent.”

These are grave and thought-provoking
words. Let’s hope we can always reason
together to avert such a calamity. Gentle-
men, I submit these few items for your
consideration, but with all the problems
and the future well-being of this science
and our industry, I consider the area of
communication most important and poten-
tially fruitful. There are no problems or
circumstances that cannot be overcome if
we reveal and communicate our thoughts
and ideas for appropriate review and ac-
tion.

7 ah hh 7) altel, 2

VoL. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcToBER-DECEMBER, 1969 191

The Reproductive Cycle of the Northern Ravine

Salamander, Plethodon richmondi richmondi,

in the Valley and Ridge Province of Pennsylvania

and Maryland

John P. Angle

Department of Zoology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742

ABSTRACT

The reproductive cycle, growth rate and age at
maturity of Plethodon richmondi is here com-
pared with sympatric P. cinereus and P. glutino-
sus. Evidence indicates that the cycle differs little
from the postulated for P. cinereus and northern
P. glutinosus. All 3 species have biennial cycles,
females requiring nearly 2 years to form a new
egg complement following egg deposition. All
deposit eggs in early summer, probably in late
May or early June. As evidenced by spermathecal
sperm, mating in P. cinereus takes place both in
the spring and fall, but courtship in P. richmondi
may occur primarily in the spring months. In
P. cinereus and P. richmondi, spermatozoa are
found only in females having ova of a size
capable of being deposited in the spring.
Ovarian follicles in spent female P. richmondi
may increase in size most rapidly in winter and
early spring. Low ovarian egg counts and the
presence of resorbing follicles in many females
suggest that, as in P. glutinosus, population

The ravine salamander, Plethodon rich-
mondi Netting and Mittleman, has been
recognized as a distinct species since 1938,

but its reproductive biology is little
known. In_ southwestern Ohio, Wood
(1945) and Duellman (1954) conclude

that oviposition in P. richmondi occurs be-
tween late April and mid-May. Wallace
and Barbour (1957) found eggs of P. r.
richmondi near terminal development in
Kentucky and describe the newly hatched

192

density may effect reproductive success in some
Pennsylvania populations.

Sperm are present in the testes of mature
males from September to late April, while the
lumen of the vasa remains packed with sperma-
tozoa from late September until late May. Cloacal
spermatozoa are found from January to May,
and although the vasa are sperm-packed in the
fall, cloacal sperm are absent.

Hatching in all 3 species probably takes place
in September, although like P. glutinosus, the
smallest young of P. richmondi are not found
on the surface until the following spring. Al-
though some juveniles reach maturity at the end
of their second summer and males appear to be
reproductively active at this time, females most
likely do not enter the breeding population until
3 years of age.

The relationship of snout-vent length to weight
in P. richmondi indicates a change in body form
with age.

young. Green (1938) and Brooks (1948)
report on the eggs and ecology of P. r.
nettingi in the Cheat Mountains of West
Virginia. Short notes on ovarian egg com-
plements have been published by Bishop
(1943), Wilson and Friddle (1950), and
Seibert and Brandon (1960). No studies
on the reproductive cycle in males have
been made, and no comparative studies of
P. richmondi with closely related sympa-
tric species have been published. The pres-

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

t—5mm——4

Ea een

VET cit

Wate
eigey

Wiehe es rat

ie: a re SLT

eo
y

Fig. 1, A-I.—Seasonal changes in the testes and vasa deferentia.

Te
Seq urShv

ANTERIOR :

Enlarged, lighter areas in the

testes are indicative of spermatogenesis or the presence of sperm; darker areas are indicative of
evacuation of testicular sperm.

ent investigation was undertaken primarily
to compare the reproductive cycle of P.
richmondi with the studies of sympatric P.
cinereus and northern P. glutinosus as
done by Sayler (1966) and Highton
(1962), respectively.

This paper is concerned only with Pleth-
odon r. richmondi from the Valley and
Ridge Physiographic Provinces of Penn-
sylvania and Maryland. In this area, few
P. richmond are active on the surface in
late spring and summer and they are
usually . unavailable from December
through late March. For this reason, it

VoL. 59,

Nos. 7-9, OcTOBER-DECEMBER, 1969

was not possible to observe all stages of
the reproductive cycle.

Methods and Materials
Of the 619 Plethodon richmondi exam-

ined, all but 11 were collected within a
25- sale radius of Hancock, Md. in Bed-
ford and Fulton counties, Pa. and Wash-
ington Co., Md. The remaining individuals
were taken near Coburn, Centre Co., Pa.
One hundred and eighty-eight salaman-
ders taken during 1963 and 1964 were
weighed and measured in the laboratory

193

@ mature males
55 x immature males

@
e
e ® e
® se e e oa
oo ae ee
2 ee esesee e @
E e Ps eccco 8=—«eveeee pte = ee
= 45 e <e eneee geaeeee x e ¥
& 2eene eesexx Xx eco e oe
a ® eseesox sex x e
a © eseexx eex ® e x A
= ox 8
w 4 e x
iL x on x
> @ x®
S xx x
7) x xx
3s “x x
x xx
x OX
x x
x x
30 x x
x
x
fe JAN FEB MAR) APR) MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Fig. 2.—Distribution of snout-vent lengths of immature and mature males by mouth. Circles indi-
cate mature males, crosses indicate immature males.

before preservation. They were kept on
wet paper toweling for several hr and were
then weighed on a triple-beam balance to
the nearest 0.1 g, anesthetized in chloro-
tone, and measured from the anterior an-
gle to the vent to the tip of the snout
(snout-vent length) with a millimeter rule.
These data were used to determine the
weight-length relationship according to the
allometric equation of Simpson et al.
(1960: 397). All salamanders were fixed
in 10% formalin, transferred to water,
and permanently preserved in 65% ethan-
ol.

In Plethodon, the testes consist of lob-
ules arranged about a central longitudinal
duct. Spermatogenesis, which occurs with-
in the lobules, and transferral of sperm
from them to the vasa, proceeds from the
posterior to the anterior regions of the
testes, producing visible regional changes
in size. To determine the progress of this
spermatogenetic wave, small pieces of the
posterior, mid, and anterior section of a
testes and a vas deferens were crushed and
examined for spermatozoa. Smears of the
cloacal fluid were also examined for sper-
matozoa.

The number and condition of ovarian
follicles were noted and the diameter of

194,

follicles was estimated with a mm rule un-
der a dissecting microscope. The presence
of spermathecal sperm was ascertained by
examining a crushed portion of the sper-
matheca with a microscope.

Harding’s (1949) method for analysis
of polymodal frequency distributions was
used to estimate the limits of juvenile age
groups. In this method, normally distribut-
ed data plotted on probability paper pro-
duce a linear distribution of plotted
points. A polymodal distribution produces
a sigmoidal curve or curves.

Reproductive Cycle in Males

‘The seasonal changes in the appearance
of the testes and vasa deferentia of Pletho-
don richmondi are shown in Fig. 1, A-I.
From September to November the testes of
mature males are enlarged and have visi-
ble sperm-filled testicular lobules. There is
a progressive decrease in the diameter of
the posterior portions of the testes as sper-
matozoa are transferred to the vasa defer-
entia, so that only the anterior portions of
the testes remain enlarged by the following
January. Complete evacuation of testicular
sperm occurs in some males by March and
is complete in all males by late April, at

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

A\30MARCH-GRAVID 48mm.
Se % ee :

-5mm~
ANTERIOR

Fig. 3, A-F.—Appearance of the ovary and oviduct of mature. immature, and experimental P. rich-
mondi. The date of collection, condition, and snout-vent length are shown where appropriate.

which time the testes appear uniformly
small and dark. Regeneration of the pos-
terior lobules, indicated by a slight in-
crease in size, begins in May in some
males, although it is probable that matura-
tion of spermatozoa in this region takes
place in late July or August.

Spermatozoa are present in the vasa of
mature males every month and convoluted
sperm-packed vasa are found from late
September to May. A decrease in the di-
ameter of the vasa is noted in April and
May, as spermatozoa are extruded in the
formation of spermatophores. Fifty % of
the mature males taken in May have sper-
matozoa only in the posterior part of the
vasa. The vasa deferentia at this time are
small in diameter and darkly pigmented.

No intact spermatophores were found in
males, but smears of the cloacal fluid fre-
quently contained spermatozoa. Males with
cloacal spermatozoa were collected in Jan-
uary (2 of 3) and from March through
late May (22 of 74). None of the 28
males examined from September to No-

Vout. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcToBER-DECEMBER, 1969

vember had cloacal spermatozoa, but the
enlarged condition of the vasa during this
period suggests that spermatophores could
be produced in the fall months. Sayler
(1966: 191) thought that in P. cinereus,
spermatophores could be produced from
September to May as sperm were abun-
dant in the vasa during that period. High-
ton (1956: 78), however, implies that in
P. glutinosus in Florida, sperm-packed
vasa were found 6 months before sper-
matophores were actually produced.
Because sperm were not found in the
cloaca of fall-collected males and were
found in the spermatheca of only 2 fe-
males, mating in P. richmondi probably
takes place mainly in the spring. Some
courtship may also occur in the fall, the
extent of which may depend on age of the
individual or on such environmental fac-
tors as temperature and rainfall. Bishop
(1941: 203) suggests that fall rains and
warm temperatures may stimulate the pro-
duction of spermatophores in cinereus.

195

SNOUT— VENT LENGTH(mm.)

50

Mature females
60
owith ovarian eggs <2:

x Immature(small ova-smal| anne
35)

x

25

APR

JAN FEB MAR MAY

@with ovarian eggs Sauer ue eye Oras:

8

e ie)
fe)
€0
ce) ce) e
O e @0000
6® ee
ce) eee0
CO x
(e) xx ee
XK ox Ox
ce)
x
xO OOOXxX
x x
Xx
x
x
x xx
x
xx
x
x
x
xx
xX
x
><

tet nity | AR eeos | AS
JUNE JULY NOV BEC

AUG SEPT “OG

Fig. 4.—Distribution of snout-vent lengths of female P. richmondi.

Maturity in males is based on the pres-
ence of sperm in the testes or vasa. Pig-
mentation of the vasa and testes is usually
associated with the presence of
spermatozoa. However, a male collected in
April lacked pigmentation on either testis
but had enlarged testicular lobules and
sperm in the anterior portion of both. Sev-
eral males which had only 1 pigmented
testis containing sperm had the other testis
pigment-free or nearly so, usually lacking
sperm.

The distribution of snout-vent lengths of
all males collected is shown in Fig. 2. Ma-
ture males vary in snout-vent length from
38-53 mm with a mean length of 45.6
mm. Sexable immature males vary from

27-44, mm with a mean of 36.8 mm.

Reproductive Cycle in Females

The overall appearance of the ovary and
oviduct of mature and immature females
is shown in Fig. 3, A-F. Mature females
collected in the spring of the year (Janu-
ary to May) can be placed in 2 classes:
1) those with yellow, yolk-filled ovarian

196

eges 2.0-4.0 mm in diameter and large,
convoluted oviducts, 2) females of the
same size or larger with whitish follicles
1.0—2.0 mm in diameter and smaller, near-
ly straight oviducts. Mature females usual-
ly have the supporting mesotubarium of
the oviducts pigmented along the posterior
border. Immature females possess clear or
whitish follicles 1.0 mm or less in diame-
ter and small oviducts nearly indistin-
guishable from the kidneys to which they
closely adhere. The supporting mesotubar-
ium is unpigmented.

Highton (1962) and Sayler (1966) pos-
tulate a biennial cycle in northeastern P.
glutinosus and P. cinereus respectively,
basing their conclusions on the presence of
mature females without large ovarian eggs
in the spring of the year. Both found that
post-ovulatory females require over a year
to accumulate yolk for a new egg comple-
ment, and therefore do not reproduce
every year. A similar cycle probably exists
in northern P. richmondi, where the larg-
est follicles are found in females from Janu-
ary to May, when many mature females
(60.4%, n = 126) have smaller follicles
(Fig. 4).

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

SNOUT—VENT LENGTH (mm.)

x
45 mK x
x nox x x
x xx x x
WOOO HOOK
xX XOOK — &XKOOOOXK
40 x ROOK XOX xe
x xx xn xx
3 ~~~ Xx
wom = = XOOOOK*K x
x ROOK
35 OOOO x x
OOK OOK
bree XOOOOKK
xx xx xx Me
x xm
30 x xx
xx
x

x
x x
x x x
x
Xx xx x
x x
x
poreed
x
xx x *x
“x
xx
xx
ye
ye x
x xx
xx
x
x<
xx x
x

Fig. 5.—Distribution of snout-vent lengths of immature P. richmondi.

Sayler followed the growth of ovarian
follicles, which range from 0.1—0.7 mm in
post-ovulatory cinereus collected between
August and December. By spring, these
follicles are considerably smaller in size
than those of gravid females. Following a
gradual increase in size throughout the
summer and fall, these follicles attain a
maximum diameter of about 2.5 mm by
October. By their second spring, these ova
measured between 2.0 and 3.0 mm, when
presumably, they are deposited.

In P. richmondi, the separation in the
size of ovarian follicles between gravid
and nongravid mature females is not as
clear as in P. cinereus. Follicles range con-
tinuously from less than 0.5 mm to 4.0
mm in diameter. Also, there is little indi-
cation of growth of follicles less than 2.0
mm in nongravid females during the sum-
mer, as follicles found in the fall do not
exceed 2.5 mm in diameter. P. richmondi
may be more efficient in accumulating
yolk over the winter than in the summer.
Duellman (1954: 43) and Netting (1939:
43) note enlargement of the tails in
spring-collected richmond, indicating stor-
age of fat. Since fall-collected specimens
had unenlarged tails, Duellman suggests

VoL. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcTOBER-DECEMBER, 1969

that in Ohio the salamanders may feed
more actively in the winter months.
Although no direct information is avail-
able, the following explanation of the
ovarian egg cycle in P. richmondi is sug-
gested by the monthly condition of pre-
served females: spent females possess folli-
cles 1.0-1.5 mm in diameter in September
when they would be expected to complete
brooding. These follicles increase in size

‘during the winter and spring (December

to March), accumulating sufficient yolk to
measure 2.0 mm in diameter by April and
May. At this time, the largest of these fol-
licles overlap in size the smallest follicles
of gravid females. Following a period of
reduced growth during the summer and
early fall, the ovarian eggs measure 2.5
mm by November, and during their sec-
ond winter, increase to a size capable of
being deposited by early summer. Judging
from ova in April and May females, the
eges in P. richmondi are between 3.0 and
4.0 mm when deposited. These measure-
ments are similar to those given by Bishop
(1941: 206) for newly deposited eggs of
P. cinereus.

Wood (1945: 207) places the time of

oviposition for P. richmondi in Ohio as

197

315)

Combined April-May
collection

45

35

25

SNOUT—VENT LENGTH (mm.)

15

01 0.1 5S) 5

10 20 3040506070 80 90 95 99

99.9 99.99

Cumulative percentage

Fig. 6.—Polymodal frequency analysis of snout-vent lengths of the combined April and May collec-
tions. Data are plotted on probability graph paper according to the method of Harding (1949).
Arrows indicate probable points of inflection.

between 21 April and 14 May. Although
the latter date is not unlikely, Wood’s in-
terpretation is based on 10 females lacking
large ovarian eggs which Wood believes
are spent following recent egg laying.
Since the total length of these specimens
range from 63 to 98 mm, most are proba-
bly immature. Of 40 spring-collected fe-
males of less than 90 mm in total length
which I examined, only 20% are mature.
The other females of the group collected
by Wood are most likely alternate-year
breeders and therefore, would not have en-
larged ova. Wood further considers a fe-
male collected on 14 May with 5 larger
ova (2.5 mm in diameter) to have partial-
ly completed oviposition. However, this is
well within the normal range of comple-
ment size found by Brooks (1948) in P.r.
nettingi, and may not necessarily represent
any reduction due to incompleted egg lay-
ing.

A single richmondi egg maintained in
the laboratory at approximately 18°C

198

hatched 61 days after being deposited
(Highton, personal communication). Liter-
ature records, summarized by Bishop
(1941) and Sayler (1966) indicate that
the incubation period of northern P. ciner-
eus in the field is 6-8 weeks, probably
nearer the latter period. Highton’s single
observation supports the assumption that
the incubation period in P. richmondi is
similar to that of P. cinereus. Therefore,
the brood of 2 newly hatched young and 2
eggs reported by Wallace and Barbour
(1957) in Kentucky on 23 August was
probably deposited in June. Duellman
(1954: 43) recorded an unattended clutch
of embryonated eggs assumed to be those
of richmondi in Ohio on 14 July. He sug-
gested that these advanced embryos, in
some of which the eyes and limbs could be
distinguished, were deposited in May,
which concurs with the earliest date on
which Brooks (1948: 243) found eggs of
P. r. nettingi in West Virginia (28 May).

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

WEIGHT IN GRAMS

*. pare 33 :
° Sos SB
ofr i
~s. *
3

45 20 25 30

35 40 45 50 Sw

SNOUT—VENT LENGTH (mm.)

Fig. 7.—Relationship of snout-vent length and weight in 188 specimens, weighed and measured be-
fore preservation.

Ovarian egg complements in dissected
females and reported clutch sizes vary
widely in richmondi. In Ohio, Wood
found 5-11 ova in spring-collected fe-
males; Seibert and Brandon (1960: 299)
reported 8 and 9 enlarged ovarian eggs re-
spectively in 2 March-collected specimens.
Bishop (1943: 274) examined a female
from West Virginia with 7 enlarged ova;
Duellman’s clutch contained 12 ova. The
small number of hatchings reported by
Wallace and Barbour may not have repre-
sented the original number of the clutch.
Brooks (1948: 243), however, found that
the number of ova in P. r. nettingi ranged
from 4-17 in 29 clutches he examined.

Spring-collected females I examined av-
eraged 4.7 (3-8, n = 39) enlarging ova
per female. This rather small number may
be related to population density, as in cer-
tain localities in Pennsylvania, P. rich-
mondi is abundant and easily obtained dur-
ing the short period of surface activity in
the spring. Anderson (1960: 237) suggests
that high density inhibits reproductive ac-
tivity and lowers brood size in 2 species of
plethodontid salamanders in California.
Highton (1962a: 601) also suggests that
higher population densities may have par-

VoL. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcTOBER-DECEMBER, 1969

tially influenced the smaller clutch size in
P. glutinosus in Pennsylvania females.
Anderson found yellow yolk-like deposits
in the ovaries and evidence of resorption
of follicles. Apparent resorption of ovarian
follicles was also noted in richmondi.
Some females examined had shrunken fol-
licles in which the yolk appeared to have
pulled away from the membrane. The
membrane could be seen clearly although
the follicle had collapsed, and granular or-
ange-yellow or brownish material was fre-
quently present within. Solid, well-filled
follicles are sometimes present within such
ovaries, as are the usual complement of
smaller, white follicles. Females containing
ovaries in this condition were collected
nearly every month.

Post-ovulatory P. r. richmondi, induced
to deposit eggs in the laboratory by hor-
mone injection, and recently spent P. r.
nettingi (collected while brooding in the
field) were compared with fall-collected fe-
males from Pennsylvania. Spent P. r. net-
tingi females had large oviducts and white
ovarian follicles to 1.5 mm in diameter
although some induced-spent females re-
tained several large yolk-filled ova. Ten
females collected in late September from

199

Table 1—Snout-vent length (mm) of juvenile Plethodon richmondi

Date collected Number
March 30—April 12 9
April 30-May 7 21
May 21-June 14 8
July 8-July 14 2
August 2—August 3 9
aAugust 25-Sept. 1 8
aSept. 18-Oct. 12 16

Mean = standard

Range error
16-20.5 17.7+0.45
16-20 17925 32
18-25 20.5+ 82
25 25

24-26 24.2+ 33
24-30 Bsa sk
25-32 28.5+ .60

2 Indicates possible overlap with the previous year age class.

Bedford Co., Pa. had somewhat enlarged
oviducts and relatively small (1.5—2.0
mm) follicles but were not clearly post-
ovulatory. Highton (1956: 85; cf. Fig. 7)
found that in Florida P. glutinosus, the
enlarged oviducts of post-ovulatory fe-
males returned to their original size within
2-3 months following oviposition so that
they could no longer be distinguished
from unspent females.

Spermatozoa are stored in the sperma-
theca of female plethodontid salamanders
from the time of courtship until at least
oviposition (Noble, 1931). Sayler (1966:
192) observed that sperm are not found in
female P. cinereus with ova less than 1.3
mm in diameter. Sayler also determined
by histological examination that sperm are
not retained by females which had deposit-
ed their full egg complement, although a
few sperm are found in females which
have deposited only a portion of their
complement. In spring-collected P. rich-
mondi, sperm are present only in the sper-
matheca of females containing ovarian
eggs at least 2.0 mm in diameter. Fifty-one
per cent (n = 41) of the gravid females
collected during the spring (January to
May) possess spermathecal sperm. In the
remaining females which have large ovari-
an eggs (3.0 mm and larger), spermathecal
sperm are not found, although the dense
pigmentation and fibrous nature of the
spermatheca made examination difficult.
Only 2 of 12 mature females collected in
the fall months possessed spermathecal
sperm; both contained follicles not exceed-
ing 1.5 mm in diameter. Whether these fe-

200

males retained sperm from a previous mat-
ing is not known, but since only gravid
females contain sperm in the spring and
neither female appeared to be partially
spent, they probably had only recently
mated.

Mature females vary from 39-60 mm
with a mean length of 47.1 mm. Immature
females large enough to be sexed vary
from 27-47 mm with a mean of 37.8 mm.

Growth and Maturation

The distribution of snout-vent lengths of
all immature specimens is shown in Fig. 5.
Although a late summer hatching is indi-
cated in Pennsylvania and Maryland,
the. smallest individuals (ranging from
16.0-20.5 mm) are collected in March
and April, when they are at least 6 months
old. Growth of this group during the
spring and summer is indicated by the in-
creasing average size in the monthly sam-
ples (Table 1). Because of overlap in size
with larger individuals of the previous
year’s age class, growth of the young after
September is not clearly indicated.

The 4 newly hatched young of P. rich-
mondi found by Wallace and Barbour
(1957) in August measure 14-15 mm in
snout-vent length. An October-collected re-
cent hatching described by Netting and
Mittleman (1938: 43) is between 15 and
16 mm in snout-vent length (23.0 mm to-
tal length). Data obtained by Duellman
(1954: 44) in Ohio are similar to meas-
urements of juveniles throughout their
first year of growth in Pennsylvania and

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Table 2.——Summary of known life history of P. richmondi, P. glutinosus (from Highton, 1962) and

P. cinereus (from Sayler. 1966).

P. glutinosus

P. cinereus P. richmondi

Probably spring
and fall
Alternate years
Late spring

Mating

Females breed
Oviposition

Probably late
summer

April of year
following hatching
Probably fall of

Hatching

lst appearance
of young
Young mature

3rd year ?
Spermatogenesis begins April
Sperm first transferred September

to vasa

Maryland. A series of 30 spring-collected
juveniles which he examined average 17.8
mm in length (16.5-20.5 mm), and he
further records the lengths of juveniles
collected in September as between 28.5
and 32.5 mm.

The immatures (excluding the young of
the year) in the large April and May sam-
ples appear to belong to 2 overlapping age
groups with modes at about 35 mm and
41 mm. All individuals collected in these
months were plotted on probability paper
according to Harding’s (1949) method
(Fig. 6). A change in the direction of a
line fitted to the plotted data (an inflection
point) suggests the presence of 2 or more
normal distributions, each of which alone
would produce a straight line. An inflec-
tion point, indicating overlap of the
young-of-the-year class with animals at
least 1 year older, occurs at about 25 mm.
A less well-marked inflection point, indi-
cating the broad overlap of immatures
with matures, occurs at about 36 mm. The
lack of an inflection point within the
group of immatures ranging from 28-46
mm indicates that only 1 age group is
present. Separate analysis of immature
males and females indicate there is no sex-
ual dimorphism in growth rate of juve-
niles. Most juveniles therefore, probably
mature at the end of their second sum-
mer or third fall.

Vout. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcTOBER-DECEMBER, 1969

October—April Mainly spring,
perhaps less in fall
Alternate years

Probably late
May-June

Alternate years

Probably June

August Probably late
August-September
September March of year

following hatching
Males—fall of 2nd
year; females—not
until third spring
May

September

Fall of 2nd year

March
August

Sayler (1966: 190; cf. Fig. 7A) finds
that immature P. cinereus reach maturity
in the fall of their second year, at which
time females apparently are capable of
mating. Highton (1962: 604) indicates
that Plethodon glutinosus from central
Pennsylvania does not mature until at
least 3 years of age and cannot breed until
the fourth or fifth year of age. Thus the
age of maturity of P. richmondi is similar
to its close relative, P. cinereus, and both
differ from the larger sympatric P. gluti-
nosus.

Determination of maturity in females is
difficult, as the difference between matur-
ing and small, adult non-breeding females
is not always great. In the late fall, the
small oviducts and ovarian follicles of
post-ovulatory females resembles the en-
larging oviducts and ovaries of maturing
females. Males enter the breeding popula-
tion slightly before and at a smaller size
than do females. Mature males are found
in April at 38 mm in snout-vent length,
and all but 1 male was mature at 44 mm.
As even the smallest of these males have
sperm-packed vasa, it is assumed that they
are capable of producing spermatophores.
The smallest mature female (39 mm) was
found in May, but a majority of females
were not mature until they reached a
length of 43 mm. Most females of this size
probably do not enter the breeding popu-

201

lation until at least their third spring at
over 2 years of age, and some females
may not mate until their fourth fall at 3
years of age.

Length and weight data (Fig. 7) ob-
tained from those salamanders weighed
and measured before preservation were
plotted on double logarithmic paper. These
data when plotted produced a straight line,
indicating that the relationship of weight
and length could be expressed by the allo-
metric formula (Simpson et. al, 1960:
397) W = aL*, where W is the weight in
grams, L the snout-vent length in millime-
ters, and a and n constants. For the 1838
specimens weighed, the relationship be-
tween weight and length is best expressed
by the equation:

Weight = 6.26 x 10° (length) 76°
The weight during growth should increase
directly proportionally to the cube of the
length (n should equal 3.0), providing the
form and specific gravity remain constant.
Duellman (1954: 43) found that in adult
richmondi in Ohio, the tail makes up
slightly over 50% of the total length,
while in juveniles it constitutes only about
38% of the total length. He also reported
differences in the growth rate of the limbs
and head.

Table 2 summarizes the known repro-
ductive and life history data for the 3 spe-
cies of eastern Plethodon. The high degree
of uncertainty which exists in many areas
emphasizes the difficulty in interpreting
data based on gonadal conditions of pre-
served samples, rather than on direct ob-
servation in the field. Egg clutches are
practically unknown for all 3 species in the
area studied.

Acknowledgments

I am greatly indebted to Dr. Richard
Highton for providing the majority of
specimens examined, for the use of equip-
ment, and for giving me much encourage-
ment, without which the present study
would not have been completed. This work

was in part supported by N.S.F. grants
GB-523 and GB-3235. It was submitted in

202

partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Master of Science in the
Graduate School of the University of
Maryland, College Park.

References Cited

Anderson, P. K. 1960. Ecology and evolution in
island populations of salamanders in the San
Francisco Bay region. Ecol. Monogr. 30: 359-85.

Bishop, S. C. 1941. The salamanders of New
York. N.Y. State Mus. Bull. 324: 1-365.

——_________—.. 1943. Handbook of salamanders.
Comstock Publishing Co., Ithaca, New York.
xiv + 555 p.

Brooks, M. 1948. Notes on the Cheat Mountain
salamander. Copeia (4): 239-44.

Duellman, W. E. 1954. The salamander Pletho-
don richmondi in southwestern Ohio. Copeia
(1) : 40-45.

Green, N. B. 1938. A new salamander, Plethodon
nettingi, from West Virginia. Ann. Carnegie
Mus. 27: 295-99.

Harding, J. P. 1949. The use of probability
paper for the graphical analysis of polymodal
frequency distributions. J. Mar. Biol. Asst. U.
K,. 28: 141-53.

Highton, R. 1956. The life history of the slimy
salamander, Plethodon glutinosus, in Florida.
Copeia (2): 75-93.

——_—_———.. 1962. Geographic variation in
the life history of the slimy salamander. Copeia
(3) : 597-613.

Netting, M. G. 1939. The ravine salamander,
Plethodon richmondi Netting and Mittleman,
in Pennsylvania. Prec. Pennsylvania Acad. Sci.
13: 50-51.

Netting, M. G., and Mittleman, M. B. 1938.
Description of Plethodon richmondi, a new
salamander from West Virginia and Ohio. Ann.
Carnegie Mus. 27: 287-93.

Noble, G. K. 1931. The biology of the Amphibia.
McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. xiii + 577 p.
Sayler, A. 1966. The reproductive ecology of
the red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus,

in Maryland. Copeia (2): 183-93.

Seibert, C. H., and Brandon, R. A. 1960.
Salamanders of southwestern Ohio. Ohio J.
Sci. 60: 291-303.

Simpson, G. G., A. Roe, and R. C. Lewontin.
1960. Quantitative Zoology. Harcourt, Brace
and Co. New York, N.Y.

Wallace, J. T., and Barbour, R. W. 1957.
Observations on the eggs and young of Pletho-
don richmondi. Copeia (1): 48.

Wilson, L. W., and Friddle, S. B. 1950. The
herpetology of Hardy County, West Virginia.
Amer. Midland Natur. 43: 167-68.

Wood, J. T. 1945. Ovarian eggs in Plethodon
richmondi. Herpetologica 2: 206-10.

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Academy Proceedings

REPORT OF THE AD HOC
QUESTIONNAIRE COMMITTEE

At the April, 1969 Board of Managers
meeting, Dr. Irving appointed an ad hoc
committee to formulate, distribute, and an-
alyze the replies to a questionnaire which
might guide the future formulation of pol-
icy and programming for the Academy.
Consequently, during the summer the com-
mittee, with the help of Miss Ostaggi, dis-
tributed a list of questions to the member-
ship.

The responses were as follows:

A. Meetings
1. WAS meetings attended:

OQ meetings ....°).. 175
Tmectinsyey....t0 2 47

2 meetings 1). .).. 30

> meetings .i..-. 10

More than 3 meetings ....... 20

2. Other scientific meetings:

ae rae ese he ZZ

COMO isa a aps sis 5a, 00s 76

SS Sacre ear 33

CSU eee 25

More than 20... ... 2.00. 32

3. Should the Academy have regu-
larly scheduled meetings? :

Peay head Raa ARIE ise wah 239
INGMAEE eta teaeliroras xin yates = 19
4. How many annual meetings? :
ae cr ire ear 10
ee aes 8k SD IETS 11
Se CMRP MRL De Ls oy 8
Ani ites, seabed... sad Sivon 58
DS Err ote oe eT ea 21
One Seem eR Man Eo mbeas 45
Monthly yeni levssistsrsines ce s's 78

VoL. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcTOBER-DECEMBER, 1969

Comments: Most of our members don’t
go to meetings but they would like a
choice, in case they decide to go.

3. Meeting location:

The responses were very scattered.
Fifty eight preferred the Cosmos Club, but
33 mentioned that convenient parking was
a first consideration, 20 people wanted a
central D. C. location since they depended
on public transportation, but an equal
number preferred a location near the Belt-
way, particularly in Montgomery County.

6. Meeting time:

A clear preference (138) was evi-
dent for evening meetings, with a strong
second choice (40) for dinner meetings.

No strong response on day of the
week; a small preference (37) for Thurs-
day.

7. Meeting topics and format:

The interdisciplinary approach was
strongly favored (198:4). The “recent ad-
vances” type meeting was endorsed
(162:29), but many members cautioned
that this should be done experimentally
and be carefully prepared.

There was little response regarding
the type of meeting desired, but many
members emphasized that the main thing
was to have interesting meetings, the for-
mat to be appropriate for topic.

B. General

The current operation of the Acade-
my was endorsed (166:33), but there was
a persistent note of dissatisfaction ex-
pressed in written comments. The chief of
these is that the WAS is somewhat irrele-
vant and unresponsive to the needs of the

203

Washington scientific community. One
writer suggested that we look at NAS and
AAAS activities and see where we might
fit in. Another suggested that we serve as
a focal point and spokesman for the state
academies vis-a-vis the NAS. There were
suggestions that we model ourselves on the
New York Academy of Sciences, perhaps
with more than just an office for head-
quarters (no suggestions about financing

this).

C. Journal
1. Continuance:
| DRO gate ee Ae Peet co DAG en tae Ee 253
raat ha Neeson Suite cae Rica care: 36
2. General Content:
a. Mixture of articles
AMG. MEWS sence cary octet 214
b. Newsletter only ......... 34
c. Articles and news
issued separately ........ 28
3. Feature Articles:
a. Same as during past
SVC AS Pot see ree ies ei epien = 114
b. Results of original
WESCATCIY Aarts Pea ea thele’ Moose s 26

c. Mixture of (a) and (b) ..104

Comment: A bit surprising was the 130
votes for inclusion of original research re-
ports vs. 114 against. A majority of com-
ment found in response to Question 11 fa-
vored review-type articles of interest to the
entire membership, with emphasis on
developments in the greater Washington
area.

4. Original research articles:
141 members voted for a “scien-
tific note” (papers 1-2 pp. long) section,
o7 disapproved, the remainder abstaining.

5. Discipline mixture:
An overwhelming (238 to 21)
voted for a mixture of disciplines per
issue.

6. Academy News section:
The news items are ordered below
according to the number of affirmative
votes cast:

204,

Election of new members

and. fellows: 2... ..s0qe one 159
‘Calendar of events ............ 141
Scientists in the news ......... 134
Science and development ...... 127
T-+thoughts:: :..<. 4.32 117
Board of Managers
meeting’ notes ...... sae 110
Awards banquet report ........ 107
Book! reviews... 1.23002 gape 101
Junior Academy news ......... 91
Budgetary material ........... 85
Joint Board news ............. 74,
Proceedings of affiliated
Societies :. ...\.« sce eee 60
No reply ....°.'. :. (4: ol
All the above: ..... 4, eee 47
None of the above ....... negligible
7. Frequency of Issue:
Quarterly’... pee 156
Nine issues: ’. . 72222. oe 80
Other .......... 224. 20
8. Change of Format:
No. reply .. .....:02 eee 234

Comment: Readers appear to be content
to leave these matters to the Editor and
Executive Committee.

9-10. Directory:

Valuable... .,...... 7a 230
No use... .... . = Sone 51
Same form continued .... 94
Different form: 7.2. eee 19
Issue less often .......... 43
Discontinue altogether .... 21

Kurt H. Stern, who acted as chairman
of the questionnaire committee, submitted
to the Academy a number of recommenda-
tions, based on replies to the question-
naire, from the Policy Planning Commit-
tee, of which he is also chairman. Richard
H. Foote, editor of the Journal, likewise
submitted future plans for the Academy’s
publication based on the questionnaire.
See minutes of the September meeting of
the Board of Managers in this issue for
further accounts of these reports.

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

POLICY PLANNING COMMITTEE
ISSUES REPORT. .

Kurt H. Stern, Chairman of the Policy
Planning Committee, offered the following
report for the consideration of the Board
of Managers at their September meeting,
The report is based on the returns of the
summer questionnaire, reported elsewhere
in this issue:

It seems to be still true that, regardless
of what other activities we may engage in,
we are primarily “visible” through our
meetings. Since most of our members wish
the monthly meetings to continue it is up
to us to arrange meetings which the mem-
bers will wish to attend.

On the basis of the questionnaire results
and our own discussions we recommend the
following guide lines for the Meetings Com-
mittee:

1. The meetings should present inter-
disciplinary meetings of general interest.

2. The format may be varied, but it is
essential to have only high-quality speakers.

3. The committee should spare no effort
to have its schedule prepared at the begin-
ning of the year and to have this schedule
printed, perhaps as a “pull-out,” in the
first issue of the Journal. This will proba-
bly involve effort by all the committee
members.

4. A “recent advances” type meeting
should be tried as soon as possible. To be
prepared for WAS by one of the affiliate
societies. The Chemical Society is a likely
candidate for this. It should be clear that
this is not a joint meeting, but that they
are planning it for us (they may need an
ad hoc committee for this), the topic to be
of general scientific interest. Our experi-
ence with this will determine further activ-
ities along these lines.

5. An annual all-day symposium should
be instituted.

6. The meeting notice should provide
biological information on the speaker and
a brief description of the importance of
the topic, rather than a dry abstract. It
should interest people.

Vou. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcTOBER-DECEMBER, 1969

7. The use of speakers who will give im-
portant and interesting talks at the annual
AAAS meeting should be explored. This

list is available during the summer.

EDITOR’S REPORT ON
FUTURE OF THE JOURNAL

At the September meeting of the Board
of Managers, the editor offered an exten-
sive set of recommendations concerning
the future of the Journal, All of the sug-
gestions, as set forth below, were accepted
(questionnaire votes included for conven-
ience) :

1. Frequency of Issue: Quarterly, 156;
nine issues, 80; other, 20.
Recommendation: That the Journal
be made a quarterly with issue dates
of approximately March 15, June 15,
September 15, and December 15.

2. Directory: Valuable, 230; not used,
ol; samé format continued, 94; dif-
ferent format desired, 19; issue less
often, 43; discontinue altogether, 12.

Recommendations:
A. That the directory be issued an-
nually.

B. That the directory and associated
information now appearing as the
September issue be incorporated
in the third quarterly issue to
avoid the expense and confusion
otherwise resulting from a fifth
“issue” for the year.

C. That, at least for the present, no
change be made in format, but
that the editor seek reasonable
means to include additional mean-
ingful content (such as the address
of each member).

3. Change of Format: No reply, 234.
Recommendations: That the editor
use his best judgment in working with
the printer to develop any suitable
changes in format or style that will:
A. Make our publication conform to

current scientific journal practice,

205

B.

C

4. General Content:

especially as it relates to secondary
abstracting and indexing services.
Utilize space most efficiently in the
face of rising publication costs.
Continue the Journal as an estheti-
cally and scientifically desirable
publication that truly mirrors the
reputation and status enjoyed by
the Academy.

Mixture of articles

and news, 214; newsletter only, 34;
articles and news issued separately, 28;
mixture of disciplines in each issue,
238; one discipline per issue, 21; arti-
cles same as during past 5 years, 114;
results of original research only, 26;
mixture of research and “review” arti-
cles, 104; scientific note section ap-

proved, 141; not approved, 57.

Recommendations:

A. That each issue of the Journal con-

B.

C.

206

tain the best possible mix of physi-
cal and biological subject matter
within the limitations imposed by
available manuscripts.

That articles reporting the results
of original research be invited and
published in each issue. Further,
that the editor

1. Establish a referee system.

2. Establish and publish a set of
reasonable style _require-
ments.

3. Be the final judge of the ap-
propriateness of such papers
for the Journal with respect
to subject matter, length, ac-
curacy, style, etc.

That “review” articles be invited
and published in each issue. Fur-
ther, that such articles report activi-
ties and situations of the broadest
possible interest to the scientific
community in Washington and else-
where.

That a section of each issue be de-
voted to Academy affairs. Further,
that these items cover the following
subject matter whenever feasible

In summary

(numbers in parenthesis indicate
affirmative votes) :

1. Election of new members and
fellows (159)

2. Scientists in the news (134)

3. Board of Managers meeting
notes (110)

4. Awards banquet report (107)

9. Junior Academy news (91)

6. Budgetary material (85)

7. Joint Board news (74)

8. Proceedings of affiliated So-
cieties (60)

9. Special events and _ reports
(not included in question-
naire)

Comments: The recommenda-

tions presented above do not in-

clude a calendar of events (141)

to which a quarterly issue does

not lend itself from a standpoint
of timeliness. Neither do they in-
clude a section on science and

development (127), which I

feel is more than adequately

covered in the daily and weekly
press, and in commentaries by

Science, The New Scientist,

Science and Development, Bio-

Science, etc. T-Thoughts (117)

will depend upon continued con-

tributions by its author.

(and in addition), the

Journal of the Washington Academy of
Sciences, beginning with Vol 60, No. 1,
could be described as follows:

1.

Four issues per year, with an annual
index and title page in the December
issue, the total number of pages per
volume depending upon annual bud-

get.

An- annual directory of Academy
membership as part of the September
issue.

Each issue comprising three separate
sections: (a) feature articles of gen-
eral interest; (b) reports of original
research; and (c) news of Academy
activities. An equitable distribution

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

of pages to each section is to be
made.

4. Each issue containing best possible

mix of subject matter for the widest
appeal to readers.

5. Each issue containing a one-page

staff or guest editorial.

6. Format conforming with current rec-

ommendations for scientific journals:

a. USAS Z39.1-1967 (Periodi-
cals: Format and Arrange-
ment), for ease of entry into
secondary literature sources.

b. Style requirements published
as part of each issue.

c. Abstract (and possibly index-
ing terms) to accompany every
paper.

I further propose to continually search
for means to publish more pages annually
for the same amount of money, including
the investigation of cold-type composition
as a possible means of reducing costs. In
no event would any change in this direc-
tion be at the expense of quality.

BOARD OF MANAGERS
MEETINGS

September

The Board of Managers held its 603rd
meeting on September 18, 1969 at the
FASEB facility in Bethesda, with President
Irving presiding.

The minutes of the 602nd meeting were
approved as previously distributed.

President Irving introduced new repre-
sentatives of affliated societies. He an-
nounced that a new list of officers of affili-
ated societies is now available from the
Academy office.

Treasurer. An interim treasurer’s report
was delivered by Mr. Farrow in behalf of
Dr Cook, who could not be present. The
Board ratified the liquidation of sufficient
securities to liquidate a current indebted-
ness of $3,000 and to cover running ex-
penses of the Academy until the end of
1969. A motion was passed that the con-

Vout. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcroBeR-DECEMBER, 1969

tributions of the Academy be limited to
the $500 already paid the Joint Board in
support of the International Science Fair.
It was announced that the tax-exempt status
of the Academy had been confirmed by
the Internal Revenue Service.

Dr. Irving appointed a Ways and Means
committee to recommend ways in which
the Academy could achieve a workable
operating balance. It is to report at the
October meeting of the Board of Managers.

Executive Committee. Dr. Irving re-
ported that the Executive Committee had
considered in detail reports of the treasurer
and editor during its meeting on September
ve

Membership. Martin G. Broadhurst, Earl
Usdin, and Ruth G. Wittler were elected
to fellowship in the Academy.

Policy Planning. Chairman Stern sub-
mitted recommendations (see elsewhere,
this issue) which were adopted for con-
sideration by the Board.

Grants-in-Aid. $457 is yet to be awarded
for the year. Suggestions are to be sought
for allocating this money to deserving ap-
plicants.

Journal. Editor Foote presented a set of
recommendations for the future of the
Journal, based on results of the question-
naire distributed during the summer. All
his recommendations were accepted by the
Board (see elsewhere, this issue, for de-
tails).

New business. President Irving read a
letter from NSF requesting advice from
the Academy as to what projects might be
undertaken on NSF program money. He
appointed a Special Projects Committee,
with C. Rader as chairman, to consider
what reply the Academy might make. The
Special Projects Committee was also
charged with considering how the Academy
might participate in the planning for a
suggested retirement community for retired
scientists.

October

The Board of Managers held its 604th
meeting on October 16, 1969 in the Confer-

207

ence Room of the FASEB building in

Bethesda, with President Irving presiding.

The minutes of the 603rd meeting were

approved as previously distributed.

President Irving announced that Ivan
Rainwater and Benjamin H. Alexander are
the new members representing the Academy
on the Joint Board of Science Education;
and that Bernard Witkop had resigned from
the Academy.

Treasurer. Three hundred thirty nine
shares of Academy investments have been
liquidated for about $4,500 to meet cur-
rent obligations and repay an outstanding
loan.

Bills for 1970 dues have been sent to
the membership. Dr. Cook stated that
payment of these dues will help balance
the budget but that funds will still be in-
sufficient to meet Academy expenses.

Ways and Means. This committee, com-
prising J. Menkart (chairman), R. Miller,
W. Youden, and R. Cook, recommended
the following actions to the Board of
Managers:

1. An increase in the dues, which have
been unchanged since 1963, during
which period the cost of living has
risen 25%. A rise in the Fellow’s dues
from $10 to $14, and in those of
Members from $7.50 to $10, would
yield about $4,000 per year. A change
in dues needs ratification by the mem-
bership, and this cannot be implemented
in time for the 1970 billing in No-
vember. A delay in the billing would
further deteriorate the present unsat-
isfactory cash position.) It is therefore
proposed that the billing be allowed to
proceed normally, that the Board im-
mediately take steps, by postal ballot,
to secure membership authorization of
a dues increase; and a second notice
for the additional dues be issued when
this is accomplished.

2. The Board should consider an imposi-
tion of dues on the affiliated societies,
which have a strong voice in the run-
ning of the Academy, without any fi-

208

nancial responsibility. The dues could
well be based on their numerical
strength (possibly, $0.10 per member,
with a maximum of $75—100). About
$1,000/year might be realized by this
means. It was also suggested that, as a
service to the affiliated societies, the
Academy should consider restarting the
issue of a directory listing the affiliates’
membership.

3. An aggressive membership recruiting
campaign, possibly using the society
delegates as a means of reaching likely
candidates.

4. Continued search for technical societies
that might be willing to share the serv-
ices, and the cost, of the office.

A lively discussion of the recommenda-
tions ensued. Most of the Board members
participated by offering their views. It was
eventually moved, seconded, and adopted
that the membership be asked to ratify the
following amendment to Section I of the
Article III (dues) of the Bylaws:

“The annual dues of each class of mem-
bers and fellows shall be fixed by the
Board of Managers. No dues shall be paid
by emeritus members and fellows, life
members and fellows, or patrons.”

In reference to Item 2 of the Ways and
Means Committee report, it was moved
and seconded by Dr. Cook that the Board
impose dues on the affiliated societies at a
rate of ten cents per member, with a maxi-
mum of $100 for each affiliate. Mr. Rain-
water repeated his earlier statement that
some affiliates might withdraw. Dr. Oswald,
followed by other delegates, expressed the
feeling that the delegates should be allowed
to discuss the matter with their societies.
Dr. Menkart called attention to the wording
of the report, that the Board should con-
sider imposition of dues. Immediate action
was not requested by the committee, and
the motion was tabled.

Dr. Cook spoke to Item 3 of the Ways
and Means Committee report, and moved
the reestablishment of a committee whose
function would be to engage in an aggres-
sive campaign to identify potential mem-

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

bers and to enlarge the membership. The
motion passed unanimously, and President
Irving agreed to appoint such a committee.

Meetings. Dr. Irving reported for Chair-
man Slawsky the following subjects for this
year’s Academy meeting:

1. Leonardo da Vinci (by Raymond
Stites )
The Origin of Life
Weather satellites
The Year 2000
(Subject unannounced) The Secre-
tary of the Interior

Grants-in-Aid. Chairman Sherlin re-
quested approval of his plan to request. the
American Association for the Advancement
of Science to consider the $300 contributed
by the Academy to Dr. Leo Schubert’s Sum-
mer High School Program as a grant-in-aid,
payable from the AAAS fund, now that the
names of the students have been received.
(Secretary’s note: Original discussion is
reported in minutes of 587th and 588th
meetings, October 19 and November 16,
1967). The Board approved unanimously
the request to AAAS to consider the $300
a grant reimbursable from AAAS funds
allocated to the Academy for this purpose.

Ol gee

Special Projects. After the last meeting
of the Board, the committee was requested
to study the question raised in a letter from
Dr. Frank Herzman, of the State and local
Intergovernmental Science Policy Planning
Program of the National Science Founda-
tion, in which the Academy was asked its
views on desirable activities which the NSF
might sponsor. Chairman Rader reported
that the committee suggests the following
ways in which the Academy might advise
the D. C. Government:

1. As impartial referee in cases involv-
ing science, such as the Three Sisters
Bridge controversy.

2. Providing a technical reference serv-
ice.

3. Determining how the D. C. Govern-
ment might ask for assistance. The Com-
mittee plans to meet with Dr. Herzman to
discuss how to establish contact with the
D. C. Government.

Vou. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcTOBER-DECEMBER, 1969

Nominating. Chairman Rado reported
that the committee will meet immediately
after the Board meeting, to select nominees
for next year’s officers.

New Business. Dr Gray stated that
a monograph entitled “Ancient Astronom-
ical Observations and the Accelerations of
the Earth and Moon” was to have been
published by the Naval Observatory, but
that the Observatory was unable to do so.
He proposed that the Academy publish it
as an Academy monograph. Dr. Irving re-
quested Dr. Gray to show the Monograph
to the Academy Editor for review and
recommendation.

ELECTIONS TO FELLOWSHIP

The following persons were elected to
fellowship in the Academy at the Board of
Managers meeting on September 18, 1969:

MARTIN G. BROADHURST, Chief,
Polymer Dielectrics Section, National Bu-
reau of Standards, “in recognition of his
contributions to the field of dielectrics, and
in particular to his research on the physi-
cal and dielectric properties of paraffin-type
molecules.” (Sponsors: A. A. Margott, L.

A. Wood, R. K. Eby.)
EARL USDIN, Psychopharmacology

Research Branch, National Institute of
Mental Health, “in recognition of his sig-
nificant contributions to chemical biology,
and in particular his researches on enzym-
ic mechanisms in relation to drug ac-
tions.” (Sponsors: A. Avery, M. Womack,
F. Sperling. )

RUTH G. WITTLER, Chief, Mycoplas-
ma Research Section, Walter Reed Army
Institute of Research, “in recognition of
her contributions to the field of microbiol-
ogy, specifically for her work in the highly
specialized field of mycoplasma research
in which she has become pre-eminent, both
nationally and internationally.” (Spon-

sors: E. J. Oswald, A. Weissler. )

209

SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS

Contributions are earnestly solicited.
They may be addressed to the Editor,
whose address is given on the inside of the
front cover.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
EARL M. HILDEBRAND, Crops Re-

search Division, retired on October 31 af-
ter 18 years of service with the Depart-
ment of Agriculture and approximately 20
years outside the Department. After
obtaining advanced degrees in plant path-
ology at the University of Wisconsin, Dr.
Hildebrand served on the staffs at Cornell
University for 12 years and Texas A & M
for 3 years. He was a private agricultural
consultant in Texas for 4 years before
joining the Department as a plant patholo-
gist in the sweetpotato group at Belts-
ville. In 1968 he transferred from the Po-
tato Investigations to the Bean and Pea
Investigations. Dr. Hildebrand has an im-
pressive list of over 200 publications on
sweetpotatoes and other subjects arising
from his earlier work. He is probably best
known for his research contributions to
the better understanding of the russet
crack disease of sweetpotatoes.

RICHARD H. FOOTE, Assistant Chief
of the Insect Identification and Parasite
Introduction Research Branch of the Ento-
mology Research Division, has been
named chairman of a committee to study
the communication of technical informa-
tion to and by Agricultural Research Serv-
ice scientists. The group was appointed by
ARS Deputy Administrator T. W. Edmins-
ter in response to recommendations

recently issued by NAS-NAE SATCOM.

PAUL R. MILLER, Crops Research Di-
vision, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland gave a
seminar “Plant Disease Epidemiology and
Forecasting” at Macdonald College, McGill
University in Montreal on April 17. The
following day he participated in a Sym-
posium “Bio-Climatic Factors and Crop
Pests,” at the Annual Meeting of the

210

Quebec Society for the Protection of
Plants at St. Hyanthe.

R. L. STEERE participated in a sympos-
ium “Current Methods in Detection of Vi-
ruses in Seeds and Seed Stocks and their
Cure” in New Delhi, India, March 24 and
25. On the way home, he visited the Inter-
national Rice Research Institute.

C. H. HOFFMANN, Associate Director,
Entomology Research Division, was guest
speaker at the 15th Annual Meeting of the
Southeastern Pesticide Formulators Asso-
ciation at Pinehurst, N. C., on October 13,
1969. He spoke on “Recent Trends in Re-
search on Insect Control.”

Dr. Hoffmann, is Chairman of the FAO
Committee of Experts on Pesticides in Ag-
riculture. He met with the Committee in
Rome, Italy, on April 16-18, 1969. The
Committee was pleased with progress of
the three Working Parties concerned with
resistance of pests to pesticides, the devel-
opment of a Model Law and specifications
for pesticides, and the study of pesticide
residues leading to the establishment of ac-
ceptable daily intakes for the consideration
of member countries. Incidental to this
meeting he visited the Division’s Biologi-
cal Control of Weeds Investigations labo-
ratory in Rome, and the Foreign Parasite
and Predator Investigations laboratory at
Gif-sur-Yvette, France.

AMERICAN-STANDARD, INC., MEL-
PAR DIVISION

JOHN D. MORTON, Manager of Meteor-
ological Research, attended the Third In-
ternational Symposium of Aerobiology,
15-19 September, at the University of
Sussex, England. He chaired: a seminar on
techniques in aerobiology.

RESEARCH ANALYSIS CORPORA-
TION

BERNARD B. WATSON was a member
of the U. S. Delegation to the Fifth Inter-
national Conference on Operations Re-

search held in Venice, Italy, June 23-27.

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

HOWARD UNIVERSITY
MODDIE D. TAYLOR; Professor of

Chemistry, was named Chairman of the
Department for a three-year term begin-
ning July 1969. Recently, he participated
in the Visiting Scholars Program at the
Piedmont University Center, Winston-Sal-
em, North Carolina. Lecture titles used by
Dr. Taylor were “Science, the Fourth Di-
mension of Culture,” “The Unique Nature
of Science,” and “The Application of Sym-
metry in the Understanding of Science.”
During the current semester, Dr. Taylor
gave lectures also at Lenoir Rhyne Col-
lege, Salem College, Elon College, and
Winston-Salem State University.

JOSEPH B. MORRIS, Associate Profes-
sor of Chemistry, was a Consultant during
May and June at the College Chemistry
Institute, University of Udaipur, India.
This program is directed by the University
Grants Commission of the Government of
India through the US-AID-NSF Office of

International Science Activities.

KELSO B. MORRIS, Professor of
Chemistry, has just learned that the Italian
edition of his monograph, “Principles of
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM,” has been
published by Progesso Tecnico Editoriale
in Milan under an Agreement with Rein-
hold Publishing Corporation.

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STAND-
ARDS

MARVIN MARGOSHES has recently
left the National Bureau of Standards to
join Block Engineering, Inc., Cambridge,
Massachusetts. He had been with the Spec-
trochemical Analysis Section at NBS since
1957 in basic research on emission spec-
tro-analytical techniques. Dr. Margoshes
has assumed the position of project direc-
tor at the Dunn Analytical Instruments Di-
vision in Kensington, Maryland, where he
will be responsible for the development of
new Digi-Lab® instruments for chemical
analysis and other scientific applications.

A native of New York City, Dr. Margosh-

VoL. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcTOBER-DECEMBER, 1969

es was awarded the degree of Bachelor of
Science in Chemistry, cum laude, by the
Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn in 1951,
and a PhD in Physical Chemistry by Iowa
State University in 1953. From 1954. until
he joined the National Bureau of Stand-
ards, he was a Research Fellow and Re-
search Associate at the Biophysics Re-
search Laboratory of the Peter Bent
Brigham Hospital and the Harvard Medi-
cal School. Dr. Margoshes is co-editor of
the international journal Spectrochimica
Acta, Part B: Atomic Spectra. He is the
author or co-author of more than 40 scien-
tific publications on infrared spectroscopy,
flame photometry, atomic emission and ab-
sorption spectroscopy, protein chemistry,
and the use of computers in analytical
chemistry. He is a member of the Ameri-
can Chemical Society, the Society for Ap-
plied Spectroscopy, the Society of the Sig-
ma Xi, and the Washington Academy of
Sciences.

NATIONAL
HEALTH

MILOSLAV RECHCIGL, JR., formerly
of the National Institutes of Health, has
been appointed Special Assistant for Nu-
trition and Health in the Regional Medical
Programs Service, Health Services and
Mental Health Administration. Dr. Rech-
cig] has recently been elected a Fellow of
the American Institute of Chemists and a
Fellow of the International College of Ap-
plied Nutrition, and was honored by mem-
bership in the Cosmos Club. He is a co-au-
thor of a recently published book
Microbodies and _ Related Particles—
Morphology, Bio-chemistry, and Physiolo-
gy (New York, Academic Press, 1969).

BERNARD B. BRODIE, Chief, Labora-
tory of Pharmacology, NHI, recently
presented two lectures at the University of
Montreal. He also participated in several
seminars and experimental sessions. His
visit was sponsored by the Claude Bernard
Professorships, established in honor of the

INSTITUTES OF

211

late French professor and member of the
Academy of Science. An inscribed gold
medal was presented to Dr. Brodie.

Dr. Brodie was also presented the
Schmiedeberg-Plakette by the German
Pharmacological Society for his outstand-
ing contributions in biochemical pharma-
cology. He was cited for his “incompara-
ble work to raise the standards in
biochemical pharmacology and his great
achievements in science.”

THEODORE VON BRAND, Head, Sec-
tion of Physiology and Biochemistry, Lab-
oratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, was
given a Superior Service Honor Award
“for meritorious research on the chemical
composition and metabolism of parasites.”
Robert Q. Marston, NIH Director, pre-

sented the award.

CARL BREWER, Chief, General Serv-
ices Support Branch of the Division of Re-
search Resources, was a participant at a
three-day Antioch College conference spon-
sored by the Sloan Foundation, to explore
new methods for teaching science.

EARL REECE STADTMAN, Chief,
Laboratory of Biochemistry, NHI, and
BERNHARD WITKOP, Chief, Laboratory
of Chemistry, NIAMD, were elected to the
National Academy of Sciences in recogni-
tion of their achievements in original re-
search. Dr. Witkop has contributed to the
understanding of the structure and mode
of action of a number of labile metabolites
of pharmacological and physiological in-
terest, including natural venoms more po-
tent than those now used medically. Dr.
Stadtman is noted for his continuing eluci-
dation of specific enzymatic control mech-
anisms that regulate a myriad of cellular
biochemical processes in health and dis-
ease.

Dr. Stadtman was recently elected to a
Fellowship in the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences. The Academy, founded
in Boston in 1770 by John Adams, acts as
a center for studies on current social and
intellectual issues.

212

NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY

LOUIS F. DRUMMETER, JR., Head of
the Applied Optics Branch, is a recent re-
cipient of the Navy’s Meritorious Civilian
Service Award for his significant contribu-
tions to the field of atmospheric optics and
the physics of the atmosphere. Between
August 1967 and August 1968, Dr. Brum-
meter studied at the University of Reading
in England on sabbatical. In March of this
year, he delivered a paper entitled, “Some
Past and Present Optical Activity at
NRL,” to the Institute for Optical Sci-
ences, University of Arizona, Tucson. Dr.
Drummeter is a fellow of the Optical So-
ciety of America.

In July of this year the Optical Sciences
Division was established under the Associ-
ate Director of Research for Materials.
The new Division was created in order to
improve the concentration and coordina-
tion of effort in a field which has increas-
ingly important implications in research,
technology, and naval systems. Dr. Drum-
meter was designated Acting Superintend-
ent of the new Division for the period 1
July through 30 September.

ALBERT W. SAENZ received a 1969
Scientific Research Society of America
(RESA) award from the Naval Research
Laboratory’s branch of that organization.
Head of the Theory Branch in the Nuclear
Physics Division, he received the Pure Sci-
ence Award for his pioneering theoretical
analysis of spin waves in crystals and for
his prediction and analysis of experimental
results on the scattering of polarized neu-
trons by such spin wave excitation in mag-
netic crystals. Dr. Saenz, a native of Co-
lombia, South America, has been at the
Naval Research Laboratory since 1950. He
received a BS degree in 1944 and a PhD
degree in 1949 from the University of
Michigan. He also served as a Research
Fellow at the Graduate Institute of Ap-
plied Mathematics at Indiana University in
1951 and 1952.

JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

_ ANNOUNCEMENT

The Eastern Regional Conference of the
National Science Teachers Association will
be held at the Shelburne Hotel in Atlantic
City May 7, 8, and 9, 1970.

“Society and Survival, A Challenge for
Science,” the theme of the Conference,
should provide many exciting and thought-

provoking programs. The conveners of the-

Conference are bending every effort to at-

tract attendees and, more important, to
provide programs of the highest quality.
Fred Blumenfeld, General Chairman, has
invited the participation of anyone who
would be willing to present a program ap-
plicable to the theme. All offers of assist-
ance should be addressed to the program
chairman, Mr. Morris Lerner, 30 Under-

cliff Road, Millburn, N.J. 07401.

Ae

Vou. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcTOBER-DECEMBER, 1969

213

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Delegates to the Washington Academy of Sciences, Representing
the Local Affiliated Societies *

SEE Pe OCTETS OL W ASHINELON: |. i.00.0.c.cseseodevolvesancvcdeceslo¥0is, wvdcccescdoeuusadsecchesensacdacsence GeorcE T. Rapo
pumaorra Society Of Washi tore i 26s sic sees olecsecescsenposcactovctedacssso¥oerarcuedsrnnsvvtsneatess JEAN K. Boek
Biological Society of Washington ..................... OER e tasty CAA, viet OEM inet Watieie MOPED hee Delegate not appointed
MMIC TELY. OE WN ASIITL COR 8s oso cc covisccksccstest gass nossa sinsunidebiun sspanlevseseasle(suded suvesqeenteee Mary H. ALpripce
MERE OCICEY OL WaASHINP EON oe...) ics. cceksevesssesscvehesssnceteaceneseadusesseosguvescatsenensunrdeeeess W. DoyLe REED
PI PT USEEC SOO CTCUY 660i loc onic sesseveusesespsesnseyssusuvticonedssosuarmucuvensessnunabsaerncvennen ALEXANDER WETMORE
MEM IOMOMMOEICLY OF WASHING LON. .i.....5.lccccccesseccsiesesnvesessaeossouhsvdvbsucsinoesceevadhdeapsaactseasuectcees Rartpyo L. MILLER
eee eomety of the District of Columbia ......0..0..cccccccccccecsetsceeecteerseeestees Delegate not appointed
MURMUR PrSEI CAE SOCIETY o.oo oo es ccecetacs ances tastdescntedvsasaancabnsfeanegsatssberresesdencats Delegate not appointed
Botanical Society of Washington ..............0....0.00. Se ARMS MT Peer ee nn ge Peter H. Heinze
MEME TNT STICAT DP OECSUCTS oe. coke sies ss tilan ecdnv soca: codesunssungatuocuncevakaonsuonseasvinvscecetaesasunaen Harry A. Fowe tts
MEM SOMICEY (OL FUT IMCETS ooo.) secs ccdecscscivncessvsneigdecosscssasutsucspentsctayneccoscdsganiceneaee CLEMENT L. GARNER
iientate ot Electrical and Electronics Engineers .............0...0.0..c0cccscssseeeccteeeesseeleceeseee GeorGE ABRAHAM
uuettcur seciety of Mechanical Fmgineers. .................0...0:.s0cceccecseceeeccscsseencesesacdeeecneneee Witiiam G. ALLEN
Helminthological Society of Washington ......00.00.00.0000.. ER Og aa le an a AUREL QO. Foster
Peemmremmeaciety for: WMiCrObiOlOSY 00.06.06 ke ccclo cose soecesceeJosscstsvecsnoesssveetsarcoaeesenenesas ELIZABETH J. OSWALD
emerpermnmernican Military Engineers .........6..0.ccccccceccosssccccecsosjereaees LY, MUMUCRE IRR 1, wate REP ea H. P. DEMUTH
Prmerermeciety OF Civil EMP IMECTS 25.0000... fclécccccs stsssesssusoy serduoverysveneesocseqeasensseuvs Cyrit J. GALVIN, JR.
Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine ......................cccececcseeneeseeeeeetenteeeenes CARLTON TREADWELL
Rm 1 LT NVC LAS co, oie ossk) cavvesd vsmsava cdlcssesos costes so epmesaeeaueeoecodsderneesnas MELvINn R. MEYERSON
femonaivAscociation for Dental Research oo... coc cccccs ce ccccsceesenetenetuceeeseesteencenteseseuseuts N. W. Rupr
Amenean institute of Aeronautics and Astromautics .......0..0.c.0.0...0ccccccce teers Rosert C. Smirtu, Jr.
PM eee METCOROLOPIC al SOCLE ooo cec cnc ce ecch ee csenncosnecscevaeekabectoniapeet pn eeesnenestuesaseneavaesna Harotp A. STEINER
MNT AO OIELY OL WASHIMOCON 1... ...c2.o)e5cedecbenpssie sn dutesessnvunsstowsevsnadesdtccearhesssacnubenenmeeee H. IvAN RAINWATER
PGUMsiben OClety Of AMETICA ...0.6:5..06..cclsecvsseteecesecsecevscdevessseeee i ee sath eae ge ALFRED WEISSLER
Sem PT eT ECE oy acti cote ec dn Seibada sn dos pus dame dolor Gein vont vasa ieesdouaagen uneres Oscar M. BizzeLu
Aa Nem RMD TCG AV COWMONOPESES 0... <5 .5berasc-ev.dehsconcs fu yeeahountesadimearientavnnrtvaderssone eeevdbuleren cams GrorceE K. PARMAN
Sara ee Nem ATMA LPNS EM ha, 0 ses pu ks, Pa Santa adv ccdw sic yeas nub lus ctwnnsdheteat esdosadontenhnsasuyennsowaresvisduras J. J. DiamMonp
NRTA TTR ean, Re No go tc tees Nl cages ieutd aoe sabe als aloe dae jautvehocantiecdny schW edo punt Kurt H. STERN
eerie primed retary ot, SCPeMCE CNT, oc iiscclocosdenisesousce’-ccecdasoceevscsesvcepbnscseubtanevstvensdvaensedapaee Morris LEIKIND
Pmemedh ssoeiation Of PE MYSICS, TEACheTrs,.....6..0)..cc.c ccc sesserscveevenceeasascuenessnnnces ee BERNARD B. WATSON
Mae TR) OME TVET 1S oh yl i) 6) aba viv dvcus edatssason sills jalapsdtsaprecaseasticdeoss sekewndes cone casiede Davin L. EDERER
PREC UN SOCICLY OL) Ce LANT PMVSIOIOZISES .i....cc.cck cs snsee eens seeenesosscasnesrnvanctebnersenerseenssnaaee WALTER SHROPSHIRE
Reema teiries iol, Memes) EREGEALCH » COUNCIL: «5....+.,...-c0ndseeeseotsestsnseessssecrssesnarsoucnnccunasenetentgreennt Joun G. Honic
Maree ANE Pes UME IROL NTR EUN Geb oy. 5) sip ais so vaca ccc nets duce aradeecorsvanotcedghervensnustetnsauetatsdanensyes ALFRED M. POMMER
American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical

Bag a ee CAE TIM oy PO REESE oto os tans cue tiudaasnccnts von ticornbigenestdcssesse cn vesevarsemessreqneens BERNARDO F. GROSSLING

* Delegates continue in office until new selections are made by the respective societies.

Volume 59 OCTOBER-DECEMBER 1969 Nos. 7-9

CONTENTS
BD ET GRETA 9 ie 50 sec tk Ee ea ree cs ces ee ce 179
FEATURE ARTICLES
Aaron L. SHALowiItTz: The Chart that Made Navigation History .................... 180
A. O. JENSEN: Current Problems and the Future of
Industry in Insecticide Use and Development ......................0....::ccceeeeetteee 187

RESEARCH REPORT

Joun P. ANGLE: The Reproductive Cycle of the Northern
Ravine Salamander, Plethodon richmondi richmondi, in the

Valley and Ridge Province of Pennsylvania and Maryland .......................... 192
ACADEMY PROCEEDINGS
Report of the ad hoc Questionnaire Committee |................0...0.0000cceseeeeeteeees 203
Policy Planning Committee Issues. Report ...................0:0..:.-+:--5 ee 205
Editor's Report on Future of the Journal ................0..04:44:0-4 or 205
Board, of Managers Meetings ....:3......5.20.cc.06.cecc-c0eieesseee css oe rine rr 207
Elections, to Fellowship. ....02....0..00.j:6jj...-c0eccescesce sss esteneds one onto esate 209
SCISntists ir thes Mews?) .s60 25. ee eet ee “feces 210
Washington Academy of Sciences 2nd Class Postage
Rm. 29, 9650 Rockville Pike (Bethesda) Paid at
Washington, D.C. 20014 Washington, D.C.

Return Requested with Form 3579

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