/ VOLUME 79 Number 3 J Our nal of the September, 1989 WASHINGTON ACADEMY .. SCIENCES ISSN 0043-0439 Issued Quarterly at Washington, D.C. CONTENTS COMMENTARY Charles Milton, ‘‘Note on a Detail of M. C. Escher’s BELVEDERE” ..... ARTICLES Stephen W. Kline, George W. Mushrush, Douglas G. Mose, ‘‘Indoor Radon Bevelsumthe Washington Metropolitan Area”... 22... 1. vee ee ee Elvira L. Paz and Norman J. Stern, ““DEAE-Cellulose ‘Cake’ Separation of Immunoglobulins from Serum: A Research Note” ...........5...... 106 Elvira L. Paz and Norman J. Stern, “Composition and Production of Ex- tracellular Viscous Material Secreted by Campylobacter jejuni .......... 111 Edward M. Barrows, ‘‘Flower Number, Plant Size, and Plant Vigor in a Florida Population of the Globally Endangered Pot-of-Gold Lily, Lilium CUEIGHIIE os he oe Ste Bieri IEPA Ie ee eh Pamet Gindnatt,- lhe Mead Shall Teach the Living”’..............-. Washington Academy of Science 1989 Membership Directory .......... 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Second class postage paid at Arlington, Va. and additional mailing offices. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, Volume 79, Number 3, Pages i-ii, September 1989 Commentary Note on a Detail of M. C. Escher’s BELVEDERE Charles Milton Research Geologist, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, 22082 In previous issues of this Journal, the writer' commented on a detail of M. C. Escher’s METAMORPHOSE; and C. V. S. Roosevelt” discussed it in a LETTER to the Editor. In another most widely admired of Escher’s drawings, BELVEDERE, there is also a detail, whose profound significance, so far as I know, has never been noted anywhere in the vast Escher literature. This is the prison bars, behind which screams the wretched prisoner on whom Escher comments: ‘And meanwhile no one in the whole quaint company inside and outside the Belvedere pays the slightest attention to the wailing prisoner in the dun- geon who sticks his head through the bars.” Various plausible, if superficial, explanations of Escher’s intent in depicting this scene can readily be given; yet none appear so convincing and conclusive as the one arising from a suggestion made in casual conversation, many years ago, by a Jesuit priest, whose name I have forgotten. He bade me scan closely the bars of the dungeon cell; which I did, and lo! they vanished—they were but imaginary concepts, illusions, of no possible reality, that imprisoned this unhappy man; while others, more fortunate, appear freely and happily sur- veying the beautiful landscape from their Belvedere. But the Belvedere itself, on which they stand, is that not also a phantasy, an unsubstantial illusion? Is Escher saying that no human intelligence may ever understand ultimate real- ities; but only in believing in illusions, can we find comfort and enjoyment in our life? And those who will not believe, are they not condemned to futile 'C. Milton, J. Wash. Acad. Sci., Vol. 62, No. 4, pp. 315-316 (1962). 7C. V. S. Roosevelt, J. Wash. Acad. Sci., Vol. 63, No. 2, p. 91, (1963). ii CHARLES MILTON protest and torment, when only imaginary phantasies keep them from joining the others? No, Escher’s message in BELVEDERE is not one of despair, but of hope and courage for humanity; for in his wondrously beautiful art, he once more is telling us, as did Keats: ‘Beauty is Truth, Truth Beauty, this is all Ye know on Earth, and all ye need to know.” Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, Volume 79, Number 3, Pages 95-105, September 1989 Indoor Radon Levels in the Washington Metropolitan Area Stephen W. Kline, George W. Mushrush, and Douglas G. Mose Center of Applied Science, George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia 22030 ABSTRACT The levels of indoor radon in homes located in Fairfax County, Montgomery County, and several other localities in the Washington metropolitan area have been measured during three consecutive three-month seasonal intervals using alpha-track detectors. Re- sults from the winter period show that the indoor radon levels were about twice as high as anticipated. Approximately 45% of the homes had winter indoor radon levels above 4 pCi/liter, the EPA’s recommended action level. For the spring period, indoor radon levels showed a considerable drop with approximately 35% of the homes above 4 pCi/I. Summer values were even lower with approximately 20% of the homes above 4 pCi/I. Observed indoor radon levels can be related to the geological material under the home and to the type of home construction. Introduction Recently, many homes with high levels of indoor radon have been discov- ered in the northern part of the Appalachian Mountain system [1-3]. Evidence has begun to accumulate that several factors related to geology, soil chemistry, home construction, and seasonal weather can combine to produce elevated indoor radon levels [4, 5]. To determine if elevated indoor radon levels are a problem in the central Appalachians, the Center of Applied Science at George Mason University is conducting an in-depth regional survey in Virginia and Maryland. State and County reports in Virginia and Maryland using measurements of only a few hours or a few days yielded results that suggested that approximately *Mailing Address: George W. Mushrush, Department of Chemistry, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030 Stephen W. Kline and Douglas G. Mose, Department of Geology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030. 95 96 STEPHEN W. KLINE, GEORGE W. MUSHRUSH, AND DOUGLAS G. MOSE 10 to 30% of the homes would have indoor radon levels above 4 pCi/I [6-8]. Our discovery that in some areas more than 60% of the homes were above this level during the winter season test period generated regional interest among homeowners, many of whom were added to the testing program. There are several natural radioactive decay series. The series beginning with *8U is the major source of natural radiation exposure to man in the environ- ment. Uranium occurs widely in nature and locally occurring high levels of uranium are due in large part to geology and chemistry. Specifically, uranium is soluble in an oxidizing environment and it precipitates in a reducing envi- ronment [9]. A significant uranium daughter is ”°Ra (t,,. = 1600 years). Radium is a Group II element and consequently follows the chemistry of these elements in the environment. Dissolved in ground water, radium is available for chemical reactions that lead to its wide incorporation as insoluble oxides and hydroxides. Radium’s daughter, *’Rn, is the only radioactive inert gas. Radon is widely dispersed in the environment because it is unreactive and it occurs as a gas. The dispersion of a gas that forms in the earth is only limited by soil permeability. The dangers of the natural radioactive nuclide radon and its progeny, no- tably 7!8Po and ?'*Po, in air are well documented in the literature from studies of uranium miners [10-13]. The discovery of elevated radon in homes in Colorado and Utah built on mine tailings and the discovery of high levels of indoor radon in a home in Boyertown, PA pointed out how widespread the problem can be [15-16]. Evidence is rapidly accumulating that radon is a major form of indoor pollution and that radon leads to an increased risk of developing lung cancer. The danger these nuclides pose indoors have long been underestimated [14]. This paper reports on our results for the winter interval 11/1/86—1/31/87, the spring interval 2/1/87—4/30/87, and the summer interval 5/1/87—7/30/87. Approximately 410 homes were measured during the winter interval. These same homes, plus an additional 280 homes were measured during the spring interval, and an additional 540 homes were added for the summer season. A homeowner questionnaire showed that only about 10% of the homes had been tested by the homeowner prior to enrollment in the present testing program. The questionnaire was also used to determine study variables concerning home location, radon monitor placement, health information, and home construc- tion. Most homeowners submitted complete questionnaires. Procedure This paper describes the indoor radon situation as it existed in the three geological provinces that comprise the terrane of contiguous Fairfax County and Montgomery County. The three Appalachian provinces are: the Coastal Plain, the Culpeper Basin, and the Piedmont. The indoor radon values are for the winter of 1986-87, the spring of 1987, and the summer of 1987. The number of homeowners participating in this study is continually increasing, and from the start of the study in the fall of 1986 through the summer of 1987, INDOOR RADON LEVELS IN WASHINGTON 97 approximately 1230 homes had been entered into the study. Each month about 100 new homes are added, and the present number of participants account for about 0.5% of the total homes in Fairfax County and 0.1% of the homes in Montgomery County. The goal of the project is to report on 1% of the total area homes. The test series requires the homeowner to participate in the entire four season testing period. Each of the four radon measurements costs the homeowner $25.00. The homeowner provides an exact location on a county map, which when compared to a geological map, made it possible to identify the geologic rock unit underlying the home. The conclusions are based on three-month indoor radon measurements using alpha-track radon monitors provided by Terradex Corporation of Illinois. After the exposure period, the monitors are returned to Terradex for analysis. Terradex develops the film in the monitors, measures the “‘tracks” produced by the decay of radon progeny near the film surface and calculates the average amount of indoor radon recorded by the film. Discussion The three Appalachian provinces that comprise the terrane of northern Virginia [17, 19], southern Maryland [20, 21] and the adjacent District of Columbia [22, 23] are the Coastal Plain, the Culpeper Basin, and the Pied- mont. The Coastal Plain Province is located along the eastern edge of the study area. It consists of poorly cemented clastic sedimentary strata, mostly layers of clay and sand, that were deposited during the opening of the modern Atlantic Ocean. These deposits were formed between about 130 million years ago and the present. The western margin of the study area is part of the Culpeper Basin, a fault-bounded valley containing terrestrial clastic rocks (siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate) along with extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks (diabase) that were all deposited during the Mesozoic Era, about 190- 150 million years ago. The Piedmont Province extends from Maine to Georgia, and rock units of this province underlie most of the central part of the Maryland and Virginia study area. These rock units are composed of metamorphic and igneous rocks that were formed during mountain-building episodes of the Palezoic Era, about 600-300 million years ago. There are two common methods for measuring indoor radon, the charcoal method and the alpha-track method. An early part of our study showed that measurements by the activated charcoal method vary considerably from those of the alpha-track method, probably because the indoor radon level varies considerably over short time intervals [24]. Based on this observation, and the assumption that the longer test interval provides a closer estimate of the average yearly radiation dose rate, the present study reports only data obtained by the alpha-track method over 90-day measuring intervals. Terradex claims a + / —10% accuracy at 4 pCi/I for a 30-day exposure. The actual uncertainty depends primarily on the measurement interval and the amount of radon in the exposure rgom. Pending the results of a more detailed study currently in progress, our estimate for the accuracy of the 90-day ex- 98 STEPHEN W. KLINE, GEORGE W. MUSHRUSH, AND DOUGLAS G. MOSE posure used in this study is +/—200 times the reciprocal of the measured radon concentration (e.g., at 2 pCi/l the accuracy is considered to be 200 x 0.5 = +/—100%, and at 20 pCi/I the accuracy is 200 x 0.05 = +/—10%). We find no evidence that the inaccuracies yield measurements that are mostly too low or mostly too high. These considerations lead us to believe that individual homeowners may have obtained some measurements that were higher or lower than their actual radon concentrations, and for that reason we advise homeowners to contemplate remedial work only after measuring indoor radon over several seasons. The random nature of the possible inac- curacies lead us to believe that the compilations obtained by large groups of homes such as are presented later in this paper are reasonably correct. We are encouraged in this belief by noting that when the geology, weather and home construction in the contiguous counties in this report are studied sep- arately, their radon characteristics are essentially identical. Identical results should occur because these counties have the same geology, the same weather conditions, and the same general spectrum of home construction. Radon gas itself does not constitute the major health problem because it is breathed in and out. The significant inhalation exposure results from the alpha- radiation of the radon daughter products. Even with their short range and weak penetrating power, they can do great local damage. Basal cells in the bronchial epithelium of the lungs are the generally accepted sites for cancer induction. Inhalation of radon progeny produces a somatic rather than genetic effect. This is because the short half lives of the radon progeny permit dis- integrations to occur on the epithelial lining before the mucous clearance system of the body has a chance to remove the particle from the lungs. The body can repair slight damage from radiation, but if the rate at which cells are damaged is greater than the rate of repair cumulative damage will occur. Table 1 reports the incidence of lung cancer in this study of northern Virginia and southern Maryland along with the indoor radon characteristics of these homes. Only those homes in which a person developed lung cancer and resided in the same home for five years or longer are noted. The EPA [25] has established that there is no safe level of ionizing radiation, and the risk at- tributable to radon exposure is not well defined. The latest risk estimates determined from various risk projections models suggests that about 10% of Table 1.—Relationship Between Indoor Radon and the Development of Lung Cancer in the Study Area Total Number *Number of Median Indoor % of Lung % of Lung Homes Surveyed Homes With Radon in Lung Cancer Homes Cancer Homes Season** For Lung Cancer Lung Cancer Cancer Homes <3 peri > 3 pci/1 Winter SBi7/ 5) GLa %) 5.4 pCi/I 0% 100% Spring 526 8 (1.5%) S35) 28 71 Summer 857 ie 124 GZ) 3.4 36 64 “To compile this column, only those homes in which the lung cancer case had lived in that home for more than five years are tabulated. **Indoor radon tends to be at its highest level in the winter and lowest in the summer. To properly estimate the radiation dose rate, it is necessary to measure the radon level throughout the year, and then calculate the average dose rate. INDOOR RADON LEVELS IN WASHINGTON 99 the lung cancers in the U.S. may be attributable to indoor radon exposure [26]. In the present study, approximately 1.5% of all the homes were occupied by a person who had lived in the home for more than 5 years and had developed lung cancer. The median indoor radon levels in the homes with a lung cancer Occupant are higher in all three seasons than the seasonal medians for the entire group (Tables 2, 3, 4). In general, indoor radon tends to be highest in the winter. No homes with less than 3 pCi/1 of radon in the winter had a long- term occupant with lung cancer. Tables 2, 3, and 4 show statistics for indoor radon measurements compiled according to geologic rock units for three testing periods. Rather than using formal geologic mapping unit names, generalized rock types that occur in the study area are indicated. The results of the winter testing interval indicated that the indoor radon levels were about twice as high as anticipated [27]. Table 2 shows that the median radon value in the Coastal Plain province was 2.6 pCi/I, the Culpeper Basin was 3.8 and 2.7 pCi/I for diabase and sedimentary rocks respectively, and the Piedmont gave the greatest variation from 2.9 pCi/l for granitoid rocks to 5.4 pCi/I for phyllite. For Fairfax County, 44% of the homes were above 4 pCi/l, 8% were above 10 pCi/] and 2% above 20 pCi/1l. For Mont- gomery County, approximately 50% of the homes had indoor radon levels above 4 pCi/liter, 17% of the homes had indoor radon levels above 10 pCi/1, and about 3% were above 20 pCi/1. The results for the spring testing interval are given in Table 3. The median indoor radon value in the Coastal Plain province was 1.7 pCi/1, the Culpeper Basin was 1.7 and 2.3 pCi/| for diabase and sedimentary rocks respectively, and for the Piedmont province the value ranged from a low of 2.3 pCi/I for Table 2.—Indoor Radon Level in the Piedmont, Culpeper Basin and Coastal Plain Provinces ys Soil Chemistry for 11/1/86 to 1/31/87 Homes above Median (i Homes Data From Rock Unit Radon 4 pCi/1 10 pCi/I 20 pCi/1 Tested Basements Piedmont Phyllite 5.4 pCi/1 63% 6% 3% 32 30 Mafic Schists S28 50 ite 6 18 16 Gneiss 313 36 7 0 87 77 Mica Schist 4.9 65 18 5 141 126 Granitoid Rocks 2.9 25 0 0 36 28 Culpeper Basin Diabase-Hornfels 3.8 40 0 0 10 9 Sedimentary Rocks 2a, 32 = 0 28 22 Coastal Plain 13 0 38 29 Sedimentary Strata 2.6 All Homes* Fairfax Co., VA | 44 8 2 319 278 Montgomery Co., MD 4.0 50 Aa, 3 71 59 “Homes are continually added to the survey so the winter, spring, and summer intervals reflect an increasing number of total homes. 100 STEPHEN W. KLINE, GEORGE W. MUSHRUSH, AND DOUGLAS G. MOSE Table 3.—Indoor Radon for the Piedmont, Culpeper Basin, and the Coastal Plain Provinces vs Soil Chemistry for 2/1/87 to 4/30/87 Homes Over Median sow Se Number of Data From Rock Unit Radon 4 pCi/1 10 pCi/1 20 pCi/1 Homes Basement Piedmont Phyllite 3.2 pCi/l 40% 4% 3% 67 3) Mafic Schists Al] 24 5 0 2 19 Gneiss 2.5 74} 4. 1 147 126 Mica Schist 3.6 46 12 3) 205 173 Granitoid Rocks 2.3 21 D 0 61 50 Culpeper Basin Diabase & Hornfels ikoy 18 0 0 17 14 Sedimentary Rocks Mp 21 5 0 56 40 Coastal Plain 11 0 63 47 Sedimentary Strata 127 All Homes Fairfax Co., VA Qa 31 5 1 560 466 Montgomery Co., MD 313 39 WA 3) V 60 granitoid rocks to a high of 3.6 pCi/I for schist. Approximately 35% of the homes had indoor radon levels above 4 pCi/l, 8% of the homes had levels above 10 pCi/l, and 2% were above 20 pCi/I. three provinces. The median indoor radon value in the Coastal Plain province was 1.7 pCi/I, the Culpeper Basin was 1.5 and 1.9 pCi/I for diabase and sedimentary rocks respectively, and the Piedmont gave the greatest variation from 1.6 pCi/l to 2.9 pCi/I for the mafic schist (metamorphosed mafic to ultramafic intrusive rocks) and the mica schist units respectively. Fairfax County showed 19% of the homes ex- ceeding the 4 pCi/I level, 2% exceeding the 10 pC1/I level and no homes were found over the 20 pCi/1 level. For Montgomery County, 25% of the homes exceeded the 4 pCi/I level, 3% were above the 10 pCi/I level and 1% exceed the 20 pCi/I indoor radon level. Overall, the winter season indoor radon levels are considerably higher than those for the spring season, and the summer period show the lowest values. We believe that these lowered spring and summer values probably result from increased ventilation (open windows, Gtc) A few states are better characterized than others in terms of having indoor radon surveys done all over the state. These states include Maine, New York, Oregon, Washington, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. Both the northeast and the mountain state regions show elevated levels of indoor radon and it has been suggested that these elevated indoor radon levels may be related to the widespread occurrence of granite rocks in these areas [27]. However, it is interesting to note that in the present study, the phyllite and mica schist rock units in the Piedmont Province showed the highest values for indoor radon. Homes over the granitic rocks show lower median radon for the winter (2.9 pCi/l), spring (2.3 pCi/l), and summer (2.0 pCi/1) test periods, and these homes over the granitic rocks also show a lower percentage of homes above the 4 pCi/I level. INDOOR RADON LEVELS IN WASHINGTON 101 This apparent contradiction illustrates that hasty assumptions should not be made concerning rock type and indoor radon potential. In the study area the largest granitoid plutons are the Falls Church tonalite and the Occoquan granite. In general, it is alkali-rich granites that are also enriched in uranium relative to other plutonic rocks. ““Tonalite” is an alkali-poor granitoid, and the composition of the Occoquan granite is only of intermediate alkali content [17]. Furthermore, an airborne radiometric survey of Fairfax County [28] shows a distinctly low count of gamma radiation in the area of the Occoquan pluton, indicating low potassium, uranium, and thorium relative to phyllite and mica schist in the county. The gamma radiation only emanates from the upper 1/3 meter of the soil, but analyses of fresh bedrock samples by instru- mental neutron activation analysis confirms low abundance of uranium in the Occoquan granite (approximately 2 ppm U in the Occoquan granite compared to 4 ppm U in the phyllite and 5 ppm U in the mica schist.) Before assuming that a granite pluton will be a source of high radon potential, the type of granite that it is should be considered, and even more so, indicators of its uranium content should be sought, such as aeroradioactivity signature. The observed elevated indoor radon levels can also be attributed to variables other than rock type and weather. Some component of the variation can be associated with home construction. A preliminary data base [25] on the na- tionwide distribution of indoor radon shows a correlation between basement and non-basement radon statistics. Other studies [29-32] have also shown a correlation with home structure. These data summaries, however, are, for the most part, either over very large areas, such as an entire state with a random selection of homes, or for a relatively small area, such as a single small group of homes. The results of our study of approximately 1230 homes over almost 700 square miles were also correlated with home construction. Table 4 presents a com- Table 4.—Indoor Radon for the Piedmont, Culpeper Basin, and the Coastal Plain Provinces vs Soil Chemistry for 5/1/87 to 7/30/87 Homes Over Median a Number of Data From Rock Unit Radon 4 pCi/I 10 pCi/1 20 pCi/l Homes Basement Piedmont Phyllite 2.9 pCi/I 30% 4% 1% 105 89 Mafic Schists 1.6 18 0 0 45 38 Gneiss yb 13 2 0 284 231 Mica Schist 2.9 34 3 1 316 262 Granitoid Rocks 2.0 12 1 0 99 83 Culpeper Basin Diabase & Hornfels 5 0 0 0 29 22 Sedimentary ies) 15 4 0 67 54 Coastal Plain 5 1 0 114 93 Sedimentary Strata |e All Homes* Fairfax Co., VA Za 19 2 0 862 698 Montgomery Co., MD 2.4 25 3 1 263 [ips *The total number of homes included a few homes for which the rock unit could not be determined. 102 STEPHEN W. KLINE, GEORGE W. MUSHRUSH, AND DOUGLAS G. MOSE parison between indoor radon and home floor level for all three seasons. The results of the present study show that indoor radon values in each season were higher for the winter season in basements where the walls are all or mostly covered by soil. For the winter period about 50% of these rooms exceeded the 4 pCi/I value, 32% of the rooms exceeded this value for the spring period, and 20% of the rooms for the summer period (Table 5). In homes in which the radon concentration was measured in a room above ground level, the indoor radon concentration was above the 4 pCi/I level in only about 25% of the rooms during the winter period, about 16% of the rooms during the spring and about 12% of the rooms during the summer period. Presumably, the greater radon concentrations found in basements as compared to above ground level rooms is due to the site of radon origin. Radon enters the home primarily from soil immediately adjacent to floors and walls. The low radon concen- tration in outside air is a relatively insignificant contributor to indoor radon. The results show that while geology and weather both play a major role in the observed indoor radon values, the presence of a basement is also a con- tributing factor. Table 6 shows a relationship between the indoor radon values and the composition of basement walls. For the winter interval, the median indoor radon value observed for homes in Fairfax County were 4.0 pCi/I for mea- surements in concrete block wall basements, 3.3 pCi/l for measurements in poured concrete wall basements, and 2.5 pCi/l for those homes with no base- ments. The values for the spring and summer intervals are lower, but follow the same trend as observed for the winter period. There were dramatic dif- ferences observed in the percentage of homes over 4 pCi/l. For the winter interval in Fairfax County, 49% of the measurements in concrete block wall basements exceeded this value, 37% of the measurements in poured concrete wall basements exceeded this value, and for homes with no basements, 26% of the measurements exceeded this value. For the spring interval, concrete block basement wall construction showed 32% of the homes exceeding the Table 5.—A Comparison of Indoor Radon and Floor Level for the Winter, Spring and Summer Intervals Walls are all or Mostly Walls of Room are Covered by Soil* Above Soil Winter Spring Summer Winter Spring Summer Fairfax Co., VA Median Radon (pCi/1) 3.8 9) 2.4 2.4 1.6 1.6 % Above 4 47 32 20 21 16 11 % Above 10 9 6 2 5 14 1 % Above 20 2 2 0 0 0 0 Number of Homes** 276 460 691 39 74 124 Montgomery Co., MD Median Radon (pCi/1) 4.4 3.8 2.5 ei) 1.8 19 % Above 4 53 46 26 33) 17 19 % Above 10 17 12 4 22 17 0 % Above 20 3 2) 1 11 8 0 Number of Homes** 59 59 22D 9 12 Di “More than 90% of the homes measured radon in the lowest livable level. **Homes are continually added so the seasonal intervals reflect a different number of total homes. INDOOR RADON LEVELS IN WASHINGTON 103 Table 6.—Comparison Between Indoor Radon and Composition of Basement Walls for the Winter, Spring, and Summer Intervals Winter Interval 1986* Spring Interval 1987* Summer Interval 1987* Concrete Poured Concrete Poured Concrete Poured Block Concrete No Block Concrete No Block Concrete No RADON Walls Walls Basement Walls Walls Basement Walls Walls Basement Fairfax Co., VA Median (pCi/1) 4.0 aro De 2.9 Da, 1.5 2.4 Be 1.3 % Over 4 pCi/l 49 37 26 32 26 11 PA 17 ji % Over 10 pCi/I 10 6 0 5 6 0 0 3 0 % Over 20 pCi/1 3 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 No. of Homes** 196 94 19 340 161 35 525 247 58 Montgomery Co., MD Median (pCi/I) 4.6 4.4 Ley 3.4 3.6 1.8 23 2.8 7 % Over 4 pCi/1 56 53 0 43 45 0 25 27 0 % Over 10 pCi/1 21 13 0 16 5 0 4 2 0 % Over 20 pCi/1 6 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 No. of Homes** 48 15 3 49 20 4 181 60 9 *00+ % of the basement data is from the lowest livable home level. **Homes are continually added so the seasonal intervals reflect a different number of total homes. 4.0 pCi/I level while poured concrete wall construction showed 26%, and 11% of the homes with no basement exceeded this limit. For the summer interval, 21% of the measurements in concrete block basements exceeded the 4.0 pCi/1 level, while 17% of the homes with poured concrete wall basements and 7% of the homes with no basement exceeded this limit. For homes exceeding both the 10 pCi/1 and 20 pCi/I1 levels, the same trends were observed. Similar results were found in Montgomery County. Presumably, the differences be- tween concrete block walls and poured concrete walls are due to a greater tendency of the block wall to develop cracks and to be permeable to the flow of radon gas. The difference is significant because it occurs in all seasons, even when the heating system of the home is not used. Table 7 shows the indoor radon levels in several adjacent areas. The lo- calities in which tests were made were: Loudoun and Prince William Counties Table 7.—Indoor Radon in Other Localities Number Median % Over % Over Maximum Locality of Homes Season Radon 4 pCi/1 10 pCi/I Radon Loudon County, VA 18 Winter 4.3 pCi/1 56% 22% 20.8 pCi/1 24 Spring 3.0 38 21 16.2 33 Summer DS 24 6 15.8 Prince William County, VA 14 Winter 3.8 50 0 8.5 18 Spring 2.8 22 6 1V2 33 Summer 2:3 12 0 6.9 Washington, D.C. 4 Winter jg 0 0 2.6 6 Spring 1.8 17 0 5.1 18 Summer 137 22 0 5:2 Prince Georges County, MD 6 Winter 21 35, 17 19.7 6 Spring 1.8 33 17 19,7. 51 Summer jb 13 5 33.0 104 STEPHEN W. KLINE, GEORGE W. MUSHRUSH, AND DOUGLAS G. MOSE in Virginia, Prince Georges County in Maryland and Washington, D. C. These counties are very similar in geology, weather, and home construction to Fairfax and Montgomery Counties. Although the data sets with less than ten homes represent a statistically insufficient size, it is interesting that even with a small number of measurements, the same trends are noted. Conclusions The problem of indoor radon and its progeny has been well documented. Many studies of the indoor radon problem have concentrated on large geo- graphical areas with a random selection of test sites. The present study, to overcome the randomness of widely varied measurements, concentrated on achieving results from 1% of the homes in two contiguous counties. Indoor radon values are a serious problem in the Washington metropolitan area. About 1.5% of the homes have residents that lived in their homes for at least 5 years were found to have developed lung cancer. Observed radon values in the present study can be correlated with the geology, the season, and home construction. The Piedmont Province (particularly the schist and phyllite rock units) gave the highest median indoor radon values, 5.4 pCi/I for the winter period, 3.2 pCi/I for the spring season and 2.9 pCi/I for the summer season. Homes in the Culpeper Basin gave generally lower median radon values, and the Coastal Plain homes gave the lowest median indoor radon. Winter mea- Surements were higher than either spring or summer values due to the de- creased influx of outside air in the colder season. Construction variables are less well studied, but it is clear that basement rooms tend to have greater radon concentrations than above ground rooms. Basements with concrete block walls tend to have higher radon concentrations than basements with poured concrete walls, presumably because concrete block is more likely to be permeable and to develop fractures. A combination of factors can be used to develop a description of the worst-case situation: a winter measurement in the concrete block basement of a home built over the schist rock unit of the Piedmont Province. In a similar fashion, a situation of lowest indoor radon can also be described: a summer measurement in an above ground level room of a home built over the sedimentary strata of the Coastal Plain Province. About 70% of the homes with the worst-case combination of factors were above 4 pCi/1. Less than 10% of the homes with the factors that are associated with reduced radon concentration were above 4 pCi/I. It is obvious that with some care, a potential homeowner can select a home with a climate, geology and construction compatible with low indoor radon concentration. It is also obvious that the owners of presently occupied homes can be alerted to a potential indoor radon problem is the effects of climate, geology, and home construction are reasonably well understood. Acknowledgments We would like to thank John Evans and Gregory A. Wandless of the U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, for their assistance in providing trace element analyses of rock and soil samples. Pile 28. INDOOR RADON LEVELS IN WASHINGTON 105 Literature Cited . George A. C., and L. E. Hinchliffe. 1987. Measurements of Radon Concentration in Residential Buildings: Radon and Its Origins. Hopke, R. K., ed., ACS Symposium Series 331, pp. 42-62. . George A. C., and J. Eng. 1983. Indoor Radon Measurements in New Jersey, New York and Penn- sylvania. Health Phys. 45: 397—400. . Hess, C. T., C. V. Weiffenbach and S. A. Norton. 1983. Environmental Radon and Cancer Correlations in Maine. Health Phys. 45: 339-348. . Sextro R. G., B. A. Moed, W. W. Nazaroff, K. L. Revzan and A. V. Nero. 1987. Investigations of Soil as a Source of Indoor Radon: Radon and Its Origins. Hopke, P. K., ed., ACS Symposium Series 331, pp. 10-29. . Nero, A. V., M. L. Boegel, C. D. Hollowell, J. G. Ingersoll and W. W. Nazaroff. 1983. Radon Concentration and Infiltration Rates Measured in Conventional and Energy Efficient Houses. Health Phys. 45: 401-405. . Virginia Department of Health Radon Survey. 1987. Virginia Bureau of Radiological Health. Rich- mond, VA, pp. 18. . Montgomery County Radon Working Group Report. 1987. Montgomery County Department of En- vironmental Protection, Rockville, MD, pp. 51. . Fairfax County Interim Radon Report. 1987. Fairfax County Health Department, Fairfax, VA, pp. 20. . Levinson, A. A. 1980. Introduction to Exploration Geochemistry. Wilmette, Illinois: Applied Pub- lishing Ltd. 924 pp. . Mercer, T. T. 1975. Unattached Radon Decay Products in Mine Air. Health Phys. 28: 158-161. . Evaluation of Epidemiologic Studies Examining the Lung Cancer Mortality of Underground Miners. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati. May 9, 1985, pp. 80. . Nero, A. V. 1983. Indoor Radiation Exposures from **Rn and its Daughters: A View of the Issue. Health Phys. 45: 273-282. . Saccomano, G., V., E. Archer, and O. Auerbach. 1981. Age Factor in Histological Type of Lung Cancer Among Uranium Miners. A Preliminary Report in Radiation Hazards in Mining. M. Gomez, ed., Golden, CO, pp. 675-679. . Steinhausler, F. 1975. Long-term Measurements of *’Rn, 7*Pb, and *Pb Concentrations in the Air of Private and Public Buildings and their Dependence on Meteorological Parameters. Health Phys. 29: 705-713. . Lafavore, M. 1986. The Radon Report. Rodale’s New Shelter. January 1986. pp. 29-35. . National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement. 1984. Exposures from the Uranium Series with Emphasis on Radon and its Daughters. NCRP Report No. 77. 131 pp. . Drake, A. A., Jr., A. E. Nelson, L. M. Force, A. J. Forelich, and P. T. Lyttle. 1979. Preliminary geologic map of Fairfax County, Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 79-398. . Froelich, A. J. 1985. Folio of Geologic and Hydrologic Maps for Land Use Planning in the Coastal Plain of Fairfax County and Vicinity, Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1423. . Obermeier, S. F., and W. H. Langer. 1986. Relationships Between Geology and Engineering Char- acteristics of Solid and Weathered Rocks of Fairfax County and Vicinity, Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey Professional paper 1344. . Weaver, K. N. 1964. The Geology of Howard and Montgomery Counties. Maryland Geological Survey pp oil . Hopson, C. A. 1964. The Crystalline Rocks of Howard and Montgomery Counties. Maryland Geo- logical Survey pp. 371. . Carr, M. S. 1950. The District of Columbia, Its Rocks and Their Geological History. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 967, pp. 59. . Johnson, P. M. 1964. Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Washington, D.C., and Vicinity. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1776, pp. 97. . Mose, D. G., and Mushrush, G. W. 1987. Regional Levels of Radon in Virginia and Maryland. American Chemical Society Annual Meeting Abstracts, paper Environ. 64. . U.S. General Accounting Office. 1986. Air Pollution: Hazards of Indoor Radon Could Pose a National Health Problem. Report of the Pennsylvania Congressional Delegation, House of Representatives. GAO/RCED-86-170. . Committee on Interagency Radiation Research and Policy Coordination. 1986. Office of Science and Technology Policy. Radon Protection and Health Effects. Washington, D.C. Science Panel Report No. 4. Alter, H. W., and R. A. Oswald. 1987. Nationwide Distribution of Indoor Radon Measurements, A Preliminary Data Base. APCA Journal 37: 227-331. U.S. Geological Survey. 1980. Aeroradioactivity map of Fairfax County, Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 80-812. 106 STEPHEN W. KLINE, GEORGE W. MUSHRUSH, AND DOUGLAS G. MOSE 29. Prichard, H. M., F. F. Gesell and C. F. Hess. 1982. Associations Between Grab Samples and Integrated Radon Measurements in Dwellings in Maine and Texas. Environ. Int. 8: 83-89. 30. Brookins, D. G. 1986. Indoor and Soil Rn Measurements in the Albuquerque, New Mexico Area. Health Phys. 51: 529-533. 31. Cohen, B. L. 1985. Surveys of One Year Average Rn Levels in Pittsburgh Area Homes. Health Phys. 49: 1053-1059. 32. Henschel, B. D., and A. G. Scott. 1986. The EPA Program to Demonstrate Mitigation Measures for Indoor Radon. Proceedings of the APCA Indoor Radon Conference, APCA. Pittsburgh, PA SP-54, pp. 110-121. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, Volume 79, Number 3, Pages 106-110, September 1989 DEAE-Cellulose ‘*‘Cake”’ Separation of Immunoglobulins from Serum: A Research Note Elvira L. Paz! and Norman J. Stern USDA, Meat Science Research Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland 20705 ABSTRACT A rapid method used for the separation of immunoglobulins from albumins in serum is described. Two traditional methods employing ammonium sulfate protein precipitation and dialysis followed by column chromatography were compared with our method of direct ion-exchange chromatography of rabbit sera. Our method employed a 25 gm DEAE- cellulose ‘“‘cake,’’ which allowed for complete separation of the globulins from 10 ml of serum in one hour. The serum was layered directly onto the ‘‘cake”’ and the albumin proteins were adsorbed on the resin. This process resulted in an average recovery of 89% of the total globulins present in the serum. The immunoglobulins were eluted with 0.005 M phosphate, pH 7.0 saline buffer and the albumins were released only after addition of a 1:1 mixture of 1.5 M NaCl and 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. The traditional purification methods took approximately 2—3 days to obtain a smaller quantity of globulins as compared with the ‘‘cake”’ method. Not only does the ‘‘cake”’ method reduce the time needed for protein separation, but it also obviates the need for choosing between protein denaturation or the discomfort and inconvenience of cold-room chromatography. This method of separation has many applications in immunochemical studies. ‘University of the District of Columbia, Department of Food Science, Washington, D.C. 20015 SEPARATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS FROM SERUM 107 Introduction Efficient and simple processing of valuable antisera serves many disciplines using the tools of immunology. Immunoglobulins are fractionated for studies involving antibodies and specific antigens. Serum processing has traditionally employed separation of the composite proteins through precipitation with ammonium sulfate under refrigeration, followed by dialysis in a cold room. Fractionation procedures must be carried out in the cold room to ensure that the target globulin component proteins do not denature and lose serological activity. To meet these criteria, the procedure requires addition of ammonium sulfate to levels of 50% saturation (291 g/l) followed by centrifugation of the protein suspension. Next, the precipitate is continually washed under refrig- eration with an ammonium sulfate solution (1.75 M) until white. This step serves to remove the hemoglobin, albumin and other unwanted proteins, while the globulin component proteins remain in the precipitate. This precipitate is then dissolved in a phosphate buffer and dialysed overnight against water. Subsequently, precipitated lipoproteins are removed by centrifugation. The supernatant fluid is again dialysed overnight against a phosphate buffer. The resulting mixture of globulin proteins may be fractionated on a chromato- graphic column containing any one of numerous protein separating resins. As these proteins are eluted off the column, fractions are obtained and absorbance read at 280 nm. Because of the various biochemical properties of the proteins and the separating resins, the serum globulin protein composite is fractionated into the component parts (IgA, IgG, IgM, etc.). These component fractions are re-precipitated with ammonium sulfate and again dialysed in a cold room. This traditional procedure requires about three days of effort to obtain the individual globulin fractions, with considerably discomfort and inconvenience for the scientists working in a cold room. In this communication, we present a rapid and efficient method for separation of the immunoglobulins from other protein components in serum. This method also prevents loss of activity through denaturation over long periods of time. Materials and Methods Sephadex and Sepharose Separation: Standard ammonium sulfate protein precipitation procedures (Kendall, 1937) were used on 5 ml commercially (GIBCO) obtained rabbit serum. The crude precipitated globulin fraction was dialysed in a cold room, overnight, against pH 7.0 buffered saline (PBS) to remove the sulfate ions. The dissolved protein content contained in the fraction was measured by Lowry assay (Lowry et al., 1951). The heterogenous immunoglobulin fractions were stored at —15° C until further separation. A G-25 Sephadex (Pharmacia) column, 25 x 1 cm’, and a Sepharose 4B (Pharmacia) column, 50 x 1 cm’, were used to fractionate 0.5 and 5 ml, respectively, of the crude protein solution. The separation of the protein components with these columns was carried out in a cool room 108 ELVIRA L. PAZ AND NORMAN J. STERN (16° C), using 0.01 M PBS to elute the globulins from the columns. Protein determinations were made on 1 ml effluent fractions by the Lowry assay. Standard curves, employing bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein (SIGMA), were used to convert these readings to mg of protein per ml of effluent. DEAE-Cellulose Separation: A modification of the methods described by Sober and co-workers (1956) was made. A 25 g portion of DEAE cellulose (SIGMA) was hydrated by suspension in 500 ml of 0.1 N HCl and stirring for 30 min hour at room temperature. The resin was filtered through a Buchner funnel and vacuum applied to remove most of the liquid. The resin was suspended in 500 ml of 0.1 N NaOH, slowly stirred for 10 min and filtered as before. The resin was continually washed with 0.01 M phosphate pH 7.0 saline buffer until the filtrate was also neutral. The neutral DEAE-cellulose resin was suspended in 200 ml of the same buffer containing 1: 10,000 merthiolate as a bacteriostat. The resin was held under vacuum for at least 30 minutes to remove trapped air bubbles. The hydrated DEAE-cellulose resin-slurry was poured along a glass rod into a 25 x 4.5 cm? chromatography column, the resin allowed to settle and the buffer eluted from the packed resin to form a cake. Ten milliliters of com- mercially obtained, undialysed rabbit serum (GIBCO) was carefully layered onto the DEAE-cellulose “‘cake”. The component protein fractions were eluted from the “‘cake” with 0.005 M phosphate buffered, pH 7.0. The void volume was eluted and fractions of 1.0 ml collected to determine protein content by the modified Lowry method (1951). After all globulin fractions were eluted saline buffer, at a 10-fold concentration, was used to elute the albumin protein peak. After each protein separation the “‘cake”’ was washed with a 1:1 solution of 8.5% NaCl: pH 7.0, 0.01 M phosphate buffer, followed by a wash of 0.01 M phosphate buffered saline to allow reuse of the resin. The resin was stored under vacuum to prevent carbonation. 7 Results and Discussion Patterns of globulin protein separation from dialysed ammonium sulfate precipitated serum are presented in Figure 1. Under the conditions described, the time for separating the component proteins on the Sephadex G-25 column was about 6 hrs. on Sepharose 4B separation was complete after 8 h. The recovery, as a percent of the initial protein on the Sephadex G-25 column, was a very efficient 97% and that on the Sepharose 4B column was a less efficient 60%. It was observed, however, that the Sephadex G-25 column was only efficient when relatively small samples were applied. Because of the long separation times for the Sepharose 4B and Sephadex resin, protein denatur- ation could occur unless maintained at low temperatures. The typical pattern for serum protein fractionation on the DEAE-cellulose “cake” is illustrated in Figure 2. Very good recovery efficiency (89%) of the original protein content was obtained. Comparatively large samples of the SEPARATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS FROM SERUM 109 Sepharose Sephadex 800 A fe} _- i? 3 600 s £ r-3) = ° £ a cy) ~ 100 ° 400 a B 50 200 Cc 0 10 20 30 (e) Fraction (ml) 5 10 15 Fraction (ml) Fig. 1. Fractionation of ammonium sulfate precipitated and dialysed globulin proteins on Sepharose G- 25 and Sephadex 4B columns. unprecipitated, undialysed serum were used in this procedure. The entire, less cumbersome procedure, took about one hour, and therefore, protein dena- turation was minimized even at room temperature. It was also observed that the ratio of serum to DEAE-cellulose resin determined, in part, the purity of individual globulin protein components. The lower ratio allowed more distinct peak separation. For the purpose of many immunochemical studies, the method described above provides a quick and simple procedure for gross fractionation of glob- 50 DEAE Cellulose 40 30 Protein (mg) 10 25 50 Fraction (ml) 75 Fig. 2. Fractionation of component serum pro- teins on a DEAE-cellulose ‘‘cake.”’ 110 ELVIRA L. PAZ AND NORMAN J. STERN ulins from serum. It is recognized that further purification would be necessary for obtaining more refined fractions. This DEAE-cellulose “cake” method obviates the need for precipitation, dialysis and cold-room discomfort when compared with traditional methods. References Cited Kendall, F. E. 1937. J. Clin. Invest. 16, 921. Lowry, O. H., N. J. Rosebrough, A. L. Farr and R. J. Randall 1951. J. J. Biol. Chem. 193, 267. Sober, H. A., F. J. Gutter, M. M. Wyckoff and E. A. Peterson 1956. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 78, 756. Disclaimer Reference to a brand name does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, Volume 79, Number 3, Pages 111-117, September 1989 Composition and Production of Extracellular Viscous Material Secreted by Campylobacter jejuni E. L. Paz! and N. J. Stern* Meat Science Research Laboratory ASI, BARC, AGricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Beltsville, Maryland 20705 ABSTRACT The composition and produciton of the extracellular viscous material (EVM) secreted by Campylobacter jejuni was characterized. The materials detected by fluorescent antibody staining appeared to be a major and consistent antigen associated with a variety of strains of C. jejuni. The EVM enmeshed these cells and provided a lattice work causing autoag- glutination. The EVM was present early (6 h) in the growth phase of the organism and the composition was relatively stable through the 48 h of analysis. This material contained substantial proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids, with only small amounts of lipid detected. Hypotheses for the role of the EVM are made in consideration to this large metabolic investment made by C. jejuni, even under in-vitro growth conditions. As the function of the EVM is determined, knowledge of the composition of the material will aid to elaborate the physiology of the organism and aid in the control of foodborne disease. Description of the presence and role(s) of extracellular material is useful when considering the environment of bacteria. Such studies can yield insights to pathogenesis involved in host-parasite relations, acquisition of nutrients, and potential defense mechanisms involved in protecting an organism from deleterious environments. These materials also may serve as the primary an- tigenic substance when infection does occur. The terms bacterial slime, capsule, glycocalyx,’ lipopolysaccharide (LPS),’ outer membrane’ and cell wall, each describe materials synthesized by bacteria outside of the cytoplasmic membrane. The descriptive makeup and analysis are dependent upon the means used to separate the bacterial cell from these materials. Lysozyme, EDTA, detergents, heat, acid and alkalai treatments ‘University of the District of Columbia, 4200 Connecticut Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20008 *Corresponding Author 111 112 E. L. PAZ AND N. J. STERN have been useful in separating these materials from the cell. However, con- siderable caution is necessary to ensure exclusion of inner membrane and cytoplasmic materials when using even mild means for extraction. In our work, Campylobacter jejuni grown in biphasic medium was used for antisera production. Upon microscopical observation of the sensitizing agent, coinsistent autoagglutination of the cells was observed. This observation was previously reported by Lior et al.° During growth of campylobacters a slime- like material is produced and this material adheres to inoculating loops and sticks to culture flasks. This viscous material is present in broth systems and on agar plates. We term this slimy material EVM because of its extracellular and viscous nature. Whole cells and EVM were used for the production of antisera. These sera were fractionated by a modification of Sober et al.,’® (Paz and Stern, 1982, Abstr. Ann. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol.) to obtain a fluorescent conjugate for the purpose of detecting C. jejuni. Fluorescent microscopical observations of antibody-antigen complex highlighted a strand-like matrix which encom- passed the agglutinating mass of cells. This observation and the characteristic viscous nature of C. jejuni'® suggested further research on the separation, composition and production of the EVM produced by C. jejuni. Materials and Methods C. jejuni strains USN 312 and KC 1574 were obtained from J. Coolbaugh (Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, MD) and R. Weaver (Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA), respectively. Strains of Campylobacters from pig, calf, turkey and lamb feces were isolated at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, C. jejuni, (C. fetus ssp. jejuni) ATCC 29428, was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD). Stock strains were grown in fluid thioglycollate medium at 42° C for 16-18 h and maintained at 4° C. These stocks were used to inoculate a biphasic system™ containing 25-ml agar overlayed with 25-ml of broth contained in a 75 cm? tissue culture flask (Corning #25110; Corning, N.Y.). These flasks were incubated in air at 42° C at 40 opm, overnight. One milliliter of the resulting culture served as inoculum for each of 12 biphasic system flasks. Three flasks were removed from the incubator at 6, 18, 24 and 48 h for subsequent analyses. The contents of each flask were harvested by centrifu- gation (16,000 x g, 10 min) and washed once with 25-ml saline pH 7.0, thus removing soluble or unmetabolized nutrients in the spent culture. At each selected time interval, the resulting sediment from one flask was extracted twice for 30 minutes by solubilizing components at 42° C with 10- ml of 0.01 M carbonate/bicarbonate pH 9.5 buffer. The sediment was ex- tracted twice more in 10-ml of 0.01 M tris pH 7.5 buffer. These extracts were analyzed and results calculated on a per ml of the original broth volume basis. Samples of the extracted cells were observed under phase-contrast microscopy and with differential (aceto-orcin and DPAI) stains. Plate counts of the cam- EXTRACELLULAR VISCOUS MATERIAL AND C. jejuni 113 pylobacters were performed before and after the extraction. The sediment from the second flask was extracted four times with 10-ml of 0.15 M NaCl at 42° C for 30 min per extraction. The sediment from the third flask was first resuspended in 10-ml of saline with 4% Triton 100 x (Sigma) for 30 min at 42° C; subsequently, extractions were made in the carbonate/bicarbonate, pH 9.5 buffer followed by the 0.01 M tris pH 7.5 buffer described above. Each of the above samples from the three extraction procedures, at each of the four time intervals was analyzed as follows: Lowry’ determinations were done for protein quantitation; carbohydrates determined by phenol colorimetric assay;> RNA content quantitated by the orcinol method;* and DNA assessed by diphenylamine methods described by Seibert.’ Six repetitions for analyses and production of EVM were performed. Resulting residual fragments from each flask were extracted by 5% cold and hot trichloroacetic acid.'? Samples were quantitated for nucleic acids, carbohydrates and proteins using methods described above. After this ex- traction, residues were treated with 10-ml hexane and 10-ml of 80% methanol for 30 min to obtain lipid components and free sugars which had been asso- ciated with the cell membranes. The remaining residue was hydrolyzed with 3-ml of 2 N HCl for one hour at 1100° C. The hydrolysate was neutralized to pH 7.0 with NaHCO; and analyzed for selected components. Selected lipid and carbohydrate fractions were analyzed for composition by gas-liquid chro- matography. Methods for carbohydrate analysis are described by Li and Schuhmann‘ and for fatty acids as described by Slover and Lanza.'® Results and Discussion We investigated the use of fluorescent antisera to detect the target organism among a mixed flora, which would be found in foods. By using unabsorbed antisera, inconsistent recovery results were observed. (Stern and Paz, 1982, Abstr. Ann. Meet. Inst. Food Technol.). However, when pure cultures of C. jejuni were stained with the fluorescent antisera, we observed that the organism consistently secreted the antigen, in-vitro, similar to the glycocalyx described by Costerton et al.2 A common antigen in campylobacters has been reported.” No immunological reaction occurred when non-campylobacter organisms were tested in the presence of these antisera. The fluorescent materials which en- veloped the C. jejuni in a matrix-like network appeared to agglutinate masses of cells. We also noted that upon washing the C. jejuni and conjugate with phosphate buffered saline, the entire clump of cells would rinse from the gelatin coated slide, although the sample had previously been fixed through standard heat and solvent methods. This suggests that the EVM was solubilized in the polar PBS. It seems highly unlikely for an organism to expend energy in producing the EVM, especially in-vitro, without an important contribution to the physiology of the bacterium. We therefore, thought it critical to further define and analyze this characteristic secretion. 114 E. L. PAZ AND N. J. STERN Quantitations of selected components of the EVM are shown in Table 1. The washings of the cells at the selected time intervals prior to the component analyses eliminated spurious inclusion of soluble nutrients from the growth medium. Five- to eight-fold greater quantities of protein in the EVM were detected by means of the carbonate/tris extraction as compared with those obtained using the saline extraction procedure. The pre-carbonate/tris ex- traction use of the Triton 100 liberated the soluble protein fraction from the cytoplasm. More than one-half of the total soluble protein was detected in the EVM and gives an indication of the metabolic importance served by this material. We did see increased protein values from 6 through 48 hours incubation, but did not observe the ten-fold increase in protein levels from 24 to 48 hours as reported by Buck and Parshall (1982, Abstr. Ann. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol.). This difference might be explained by the different growth phase used in each investigation; 1.e., broth vs. agar. Data from our study indicated that the protein component of the EVM was secreted by 6h incubation, and was not a lysis by-product. Smibert’’ reported various methods for extracting cell membranes and an- tigens, among these, McBride and Roberstad’ utilized similar extractions with high pH buffers such as barbital at pH 8.6 as well as tris buffers, they found after 24 h of extraction at 4° C that these relatively stronger methods did not destruct the cells, but, with different buffers different antigens were obtained. Table 1.—Content of extracellular viscous material produced by Campylobacter jejuni ATCC29428, and extracted by carbonate, saline and triton 100 x /carbonate/tris treatments. Protein (g/ml) at selected incubation times (h) Extraction Method 6 18 24 48 a) pH 9.5 CO,/pH 7.5 Tris 210 280 210 280 b) 0.15 M NaCl 30 30 40 50 c) Triton 100 x /CO,/Tris 360 500 480 450 Extraction Method 6 18 24 48 a) pH 9.5 CO;/pH 7.5 Tris 50 40 40 40 b) 0.15 M NaCl 40 10 20 10 c) Triton 100 x /CO,/Tris 110 70 90 70 RNA (g/ml) at selected incubation times (h) Extraction Method 6 18 24 48 a) pH 9.5 CO;/pH 7.5 Tris 21.4 8.7 26.4 3.6 b) 0.15 M NaCl 8.3 3.6 ED, 0.8 c) Triton 100 x /CO,/Tris 19.6 9.6 SZ 3.6 DNA (g/ml) at selected incubation times (h) Extraction Method 6 18 24 48 a) pH 9.5 CO,/pH 7.5 Tris 0.4 1.7 6.8 2.0 b) 0.15 M NaCl 0.0 1.0 0.5 0.0 c) Triton 100 x /CO,/Tris 2.4 2G 7S 0.8 EXTRACELLULAR VISCOUS MATERIAL AND C. jejuni 115 Buck and Parshall (1982, Abstr. Ann. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol.) boiled cells for one hour in saline to obtain extracts and filtered the residue. Using this treatment intracellular materials may leak out. ““O”’ antigens, including the LPS, were released from membrane materials by lysis and/or chloroform- methanol extraction. Penner and Hennessey" used 0.12 M tris buffer pH 7.4 to wash cells. Subsequently they extracted the LPS or “‘O” antigens, and removed only extracellular materials and not membrane or intracellular com- ponents. Lior et al.” used DNAase to break down the EVM to facilitate serotyping by liberating cells from autoaglutination. Our extraction methods did not cause lysis of cells, but removed only EVM. Saline extraction, followed by dilution in brucella broth, resulted in insignif- icant reduction of viable C. jejuni counts (data not shown). The carbonate extracted cells, though diluted in brucella broth, decreased two to three orders of magnitude of colony forming units. Furthermore, differential stains man- ifested membrane integrity with either extraction procedure. The data ob- tained after use of Triton 100 x demonstrated that our extraction methods left the cells intact. Relatively small differences in carbohydrate values were seen when the carbonate/tris extraction method was compared with the saline extraction method. The trend suggested that consistent quantities of carbohydrates were present in the EVM from 6 to 48 h (Table 1). Intracellular concentrations of carbohydrate showed the same consistency and is indicated by our data. The relatively constant amount of carbohydrates confirms those observations made by Buck and Parshall (1982, Abstr. Ann. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol.). Greater amounts of nucleic acids were quantitated from the EVM when the carbonate/tris method was compared to the saline extraction method (Table 1). Large portions of the total nucleic acids were found in the EVM and in part explains the increased success in serotyping when DNAase is used.° It is noteworthy that the organism secreates such a large quantity of meta- bolically valuable material. We suggest that the EVM may be a key component involved in attachment to the gut prior to colonization. Because of environ- mental constraints, an organism would only expend great metabolic effort to enhance its niche security or to obtain a competitive advantage. The chromatographic analysis of the fatty acid composition verified the presence of 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid as described by Blaser et al.' This component was obtained in the Triton 100 x /cold and hot trichloroacetic acid/ hexane extraction, but was not seen when the EVM material was extracted with hexane, suggesting 3-hydroxydecanoic acid is found only in the cell wall. Otherwise, the fatty acid analyses were similar to those described by Naess and Hofstad.’ © Figure 1 illustrates typical results of gas-liquid chromatographic analysis for carbohydrate composition of 24h C. jejuni cultures. The compounds extracted by the hexane-80% methanol treatment (Fig 1A) would be representative of the soluble sugars while the subsequent acid hydrolysis would yield some di- and oligosaccharide sugars indicative of those which may be insoluble and membrane bound (Fig 1B). Because mass spectrophotometry was not em- 116 E. L. PAZ AND N. J. STERN lg id }\ | c | | : d c b .) a e h : 10 Q TE 20 RETENTION TIME MIN RETENTION TIME MIN Fig. 1. Chromatrographic tracings indicating carbohydrate composition of Campylobacter jejuni 24 h cultures; A) extracted in hexane—80% methanol, B) extracted in hexane—80% methanol followed by acid hydrolysis. The following peaks were coincident with reference standards of known retention times: a) ribose, b) deoxyribose, c) galactose, d) glucose, e) glucosamine, f) internal standard, and g) maltose. ployed in this study, the identities of the sugars cannot be considered as confirmed. However, our analyses when compared to known standards are generally supportive of the results by Naess and Hofstad’ who found glucose, galactose and glucosamines in the lipopolysaccaride extracted by 45% aqueous phenol. In addition to these sugars, we found ribose, deoxyribose and maltose in both the soluble and insoluble phases of the culture. Ristic and Brandly* reported heat stable soluble pentoses from Vibrio fetus. In our study the ratios of the soluble sugars, galactose, glucose, and glucosamine, were approximately 1:1:1, while the insoluble saccharides were not equivalent. These three com- ponent sugars probably represent the antigenic makeup of C. jejuni ATCC 29428, but may not necessarily be indicative of all strains. The pentoses we detected may have been precursors or breakdown products of the RNA and DNA found in the analysis. Many bacterial studies have demonstrated multi purposes for the capsular materials. These would include 1) anti-phagocytic protection of the infectious agent, 2) protection from desiccation, 3) protection from attack of bacterio- phages, 4) serving as an alternative energy source, 5) colonizing attraction and 6) reduction of oxygen tension in the immediate surrounding environment. These roles were not investigated in the present study but are of keen interest in light of the heavy investment of biochemical materials which we observed. Acknowledgment The authors acknowledge and thank the following individuals for their thoughts encouragement and help in this study: R. Griesbach, B. W. Li, P. J. Schuhmann and K. Ono. AT. 18. EXTRACELLULAR VISCOUS MATERIAL AND C. jejuni 117 References Cited . Blaser, M., C. W. Moss and R. E. Weaver. 1980. Cellular fatty acid, composition of Campylobacter fetus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 4:448—451. . Costerton, J. W., G. G. Geesey and K. J. Cheng. 1981. How bacteria stick. Sci. Am. 244:86-95. . Dubois, M., K. A. Guilles, J. K. Hamilton, P. A. Rebers and F. Smith. 1956. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal. Chem. 28:350—356. . Li, B. W. and P. J. Schuhmann. 1980. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of sugars in ready-to-eat breakfast cereals. J. Food Sci. 45:138-141. . Lior, H., D. L. Woodward, J. A. Edgar, L. J. Laroche and P. Gill. 1982. Serotyping of Campylobacter jejuni by slide agglutination based on heat-labile antigenic factors. J. Clin. Microbiol. 15:761—768. . Logan, S. M. and T. J. Trust, 1982. Outer membrane characteristics of Campylobacter jejuni. Infect. Immun. 38:898-906. . Lowry, O. H., N. J. Rosebrough, A. L. Farr and R. J. Randall. 1951. J. Biol. Chem. 193, 267-272. . McBride, J. K. and G. W. Roberstad. 1964. Extraction of soluble antigens of Vibrio fetus and their demonstration of cellulose acetate electrophoresis and ouchterlony agar diffusion. Am. J. Vet. Res. 25:1963-1968. . Naess, V. and T. Hofstad. 1982. Isolation and chemical composition of lipopolysaccharide from Cam- pylobacter jejuni. Acta Path. Microbiol. Immunol Scand. Sect. B. 90:135-139. . Paz, E. L., V. W. Cochrane and J. C. Cochrane. 1984. Spore germination and carbon io AES in Fusarium solani. Exp. Mycology. 8:1-12. . Penner, J. L. and J. N. Hennessy. 1980. Passive hemagglutination technique for serotyping Cay lobacter fetus subsp. jejuni on the basis of soluble heat-stable antigens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 12:732-737. . Rautelin, H. and T. U. Kosunen. 1983. An acid extract as a common antigen in Campylobacter jejuni strains. J. Clin. Microbiol. 17:700-701. . Ristic, M. and C. A. Brandly. 1959. Characterization of Vibrio fetus Antigens I. Chemical Properties and Serological Activities of a Soluble Antigen. Am. J. Vet. Res. 20:148-153. . Rollins, D. M., J. C. Coolbaugh, R. I. Walker and E. Weiss. 1983. Biphasic culture system for rapid Campylobacter cultivation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45:284—289. . Seibert, B. F. 1940. Removal of the impurities nucleic acid and polisaccharide from tuberculine protein. J. Biol. Chem. 133:593-604. . Slover, H. and E. Lanza. 1979. Quantitative analysis of food fatty acids by capillary gas chromatography. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 56:933-943. Smibert, R. M. 1978. The genus Campylobacter. Ann. ReEv. Microbiol. 32:673-709. Stern, N. J. 1982. Selectivity and sensitivity of three media for recovery of inoculated Campylobacter fetus ssp. jejuni from ground beef. J. Food Safety 4:169-175. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, Volume 79, Number 3, Pages 118-122, September 1989 Flower Number, Plant Size, and Plant Vigor in a Florida Population of the Globally Endangered Pot-of-Gold Lily, Lilium iridollae Edward M. Barrows Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057 ABSTRACT One hundred sexually reproductive plants of Lilium iridollae in a population of about 150 such plants had a mean of 1.13 flowers, 10.35 leaf nodes, 2.29 leaves per node, 5.37 maximum leaves per whorl, and 22.72 leaves per plant. Flower number was positively correlated with all plant-size measurements, except number of nodes per plant. Based on flower number per plant, this population seems to be growing under suboptimal conditions. Introduction The purposes of this paper are to describe the size of plants of the pot-of- gold lily, Lilium iridollae Henry, in perhaps the largest of the few remaining populations of this species; test the hypothesis that plant size (measured as the total number of leaves, the total number of leaf nodes, the largest number of leaves per node, and the average number of leaves per whorl) is correlated with flower number in sexually reproductive plants; and ascertain the vigor of plants of my study population. I define a sexually reproductive plant as a shoot that shows evidence of having had at least one flower bud, flower, or capsule (that was removed by a presumed herbivore) or actually bears one, or more, flower buds, flowers, or capsules. I collected baseline data to be used to compare plant size in this population with that in the few other remaining populations of L. iridollae and with this same population in the future to monitor its vigor. There is no published detailed quantitative study of any facet of the biology of L. iridollae, and to my knowledge there is no > published paper concerning a plant-size—flower-number hypothesis for any of the some 70 living Lilium species. 118 FLORIDA POPULATION OF L. iridollae 119 Lilium iridollae is a bulbous perennial found only in the Florida Panhandle and adjacent Alabama’; it was named by Henry’ who indicated that it was once markedly more common. Adams and Dress? investigated its taxonomic relationships with other nodding US Lilium. Flowering plants are up to 20 dm tall and bear up to eight large nodding flowers with six yellow to yellow- orange, 7.5-10-cm-long tepals, each with a basal nectary and marked with varying numbers of reddish brown spots of different sizes and (Figure 1). This species is classified as G-1 (globally endangered) by the Florida Natural Areas Inventory and endangered by the State of Florida. Materials and Methods I studied a population of about 150 sexually-reproducing plants of L. iri- dollae and many seedlings from 16-18 August 1986 in the Florida Panhandle during its flowering season. It occurs in a swamp along a stream shaded by small trees and shrubs including Clethra, Cliftonia, Cyrilla, Magnolia, Myrica Rhododendron, and Viburnum. | recorded the number of leaf nodes, number Fig. 1. Three flowers of a single plant of Lilium iridollae. 120 EDWARD M. BARROWS of leaves per node, and number of flowers of 100 sexually reproductive plants sampled throughout this population. Data were analyzed with SAS computer programs* with nonparametric cor- relation tests because frequency distributions of many sets of data are markedly skewed, bimodal, or both. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals and ranges are reported after means below. Results and Discussion The 100 plants had 1.13 + 0.08 95% CI (1-3) flowers (NUMFLWR), 10.35 + 0.55 (5-18) nodes (NODES), 2.29 + 0.14 (1-9) leaves per node (AVG), 5.37 + 0.33 (1-9) leaves per whorl in each plant’s largest whorl (WHORL), and 22.72 + 1.18 (6-38) leaves (TOTLVS). Three of these 100 plants had 6-18 leaves, each leaf’s being solitary at a node; the other 97 plants had whorls of 2—9 leaves. All five of these parameters are positively correlated with each other except WHORL and NODES which are negatively correlated and NODES and NUMFLWR which are not correlated using the Spearman’s rank-correlation-coefficient test (Table 1); Kendall’s rank-correlation-coeffi- ey OONOOPON— a) O A V v A @ O Sf No. FLOWERS N cols O avOecaGAvAAAVOSLUVOSE 10 20 30 40 No. LEAVES Fig. 2. The number of flowers versus the total number of leaves per plant in 100 plants of Lilium iridollae. The kinds of “‘dots”’ represent from 1 to 10 observations with the same coordinates as indicated in the key. FLORIDA POPULATION OF L. iridollae 121 Table 1.—Correlations between parameters analyzed with the Spearman’s rank-correlation-coefficient test’. AVG NODES NUMFLWR TOTLVS NODES 0.5346 0.0001? NUMFLWR 0.3067 0.1023 0.0019° 0.3113 TOTLVS 0.6136 0.2645 0.4002 0.0001? 0.0078° 0.0001° WHORL 0.8177 — 0.2244 0.3618 0.7230 0.0001° 0.0248° 0.0002° 0.0001° 'AVG = the average number of leaves per node per plant; NODES = number of nodes per plant; NUMFLWR = number of flowers per plant; TOTLVS = total number of leaves per plant; WHORL = greatest number of leaves per whorl at any of a plant’s nodes. *P values are given below correlation coefficients (rhos). =P! /0.05. cient test found the same significant relationships among the variables. Be- cause photosynthesizing leaves and stems make food for L.-iridollae plants while their flowers are developing, one would expect NUMFLWR to be related to AVG, WHORL, and TOTLVS. NODES’s not being correlated with NUMEFLWR suggests that NODES is not under appreciable, if any, direct natural selection with regard to fitness (measured as sexually produced off- spring) of this species. The marked size variation of reproductive plants in my study population suggests that they are genetically variable, growing in different microhabitats, or both, and that they would vary in seed-per-flower yield per plant if leaf- herbivory and pollination were held constant. Preliminary data on their her- bivory indicate that it varies from almost none to about 90% per plant. Her- bivores consumed both leaves and floral parts; I found tettigoniid grasshoppers eating flowers at night. Several plants had totally severed shoots, sometimes cut at their bases as also occurs in Lilium philadelphicum L. in Michigan°. At my Florida study population, an unidentified animal(s) chewed two L.-iri- dollae plants in many pieces that were left as piles of stems and leaves. Many flowers had conspicuous fungus hyphae on one to several of their anthers with fresh and old pollen. Livestock, which are known to eat L. iridollae*, did not have access to this population. In 1986 in Alabama, where W. Merchant separated a L.-iridollae population of about 15 flowering plants from cattle with an electrified wire, one of his calves crawled under the wire and ate most of the largest plant (W. Merchant, pers. comm.). This might be the only remaining L.-iridollae population in Alabama. My study population contained flowering plants and many seedlings; how- ever, its plants appear to be growing in suboptimal conditions because only 11% of them had more than one flower, and none had over three flowers although this species can bear up to eight flowers*. All of the L.-iridollae plants are shaded at least partially by overstory shrubs and small trees, which are likely to grow larger, and sequester even more sunlight and other resources required by L. iridollae. If succession continues, it is likely to cause a decline 122 EDWARD M. BARROWS in size of this population. Periodic burning of this plant’s habitat could increase its population size as it does for other swamp, marsh, and bog plants in southeastern United States®. Within-population plant size is related to both plant genetics and habitat conditions’, and can be positively correlated with reproductive output (e.g., number of viable seeds produced per plant) in other liliads. In Chamaelireum luteum, flowering probability is correlated with plant size®. In Erythronium Japonicum, the number of seeds produced per plant increases with plant biomass’, and in E. americanum, the number of ovules, fertilized ovules, unfertilized ovules, aborted seeds, and seed and fruit weight are positively correlated with plant weight’. A combination of phenomena (the plant-size—flower correlation and my seeing frequent leaf herbivory of and only rare-pollinator visits to L. iridollae) and data from other liliads suggests more hypotheses to test with regard to this species. First, flower number and capsule size of an individual plant are cor- related with its reproductive output as measured by its number of viable seeds. Second, pollinator availability, leaf herbivory level, genetic differences, and microhabitat differences affect its reproductive output. A study which analyzes these factors simultaneously has not yet been made for any plant species to my knowledge. Third, human activities, such as allowing livestock to graze on L. iridollae, draining swamps that harbor it, and stopping fires that enable successional plants such as this lily to attain large population sizes, decrease its population sizes*®. Testing these hypotheses should greatly enhance our understanding of the biology and population decline of L. iridollae and suggest hypotheses to test about other endangered Lilium. Acknowledgements I thank Mrs. Bonnie Austin, Dr. E. Dennis Hardin, Mr. Rick McWhite, Mr. and Mrs. Wayne Merchant, and Dr. Paul Moler for their help with this study. References Cited 1. Ward, D. B., ed. 1979. Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida. Vol. 5. Plants. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville. 175 pp. 2. Henry, M. G. 1946. A new lily from southern Alabama and Northern Florida. Bartonia, 24:1-8. 3. Adams, R. M., II. and W. J. Dress. 1982. Nodding Lilium species of Eastern North America [Liliaceae]. Baileya, 21:164-188. 4. SAS Institute, Inc. 1985. SAS® User’s Guide: Statistics, Version 5 Edition. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. 956 pp. 5. Barrows, E. M. 1979. Flower biology and arthropod associates of Lilium philadelphicum. Michigan Bot., 18:109-116. 6. Folkerts, G. W. 1982. The Gulf Coast pitcher plant bogs. Am. Sci., 70:260—267. 7. Harper, J. L. 1977. Population Biology of Plants. Academic Press, NY. 892 pp. 8. Meager, T. R. and J. Antonovics. 1982. The population biology of Chamaelirium luteum, a dioecious member of the lily family: Life history studies. Ecology, 63:1363-1373. 9. Kawano, S., A. Hiratsuka, and K. Hayaski. 1982. Life history characteristics and survivorship of Erythronium japonicum. Oikos, 38:129-149. 10. Wolfe, L. M. 1983. The effect of plant size on reproductive characteristics in Erythronium americanum (Liliaceae). Canadian J. Bot., 61:3489-3493. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, Volume 79, Number 3, Pages 123-129, September 1989 The Dead Shall Teach the Living Patricia S. Gindhart Department of Anthropology, The American University, Washington, D.C. ABSTRACT Daniel S. Lamb, M.D., pathologist, medical school professor, museum curator, and anthropologist, was a leading figure in Washington, D.C. at the turn of the century. His. improvement of post mortem methodology and expansion of pathological collections for study reveal insights into his personality and the intellectual, scientific climate of the time. The study of the dead has intrigued physicians, especially pathologists, for generations. Postmortems were considered essential to learning by increasing numbers of physicians throughout the nineteenth century. Convincing the public and hospital trustees was a very different matter. Because of their careless work the physicians were often their own worst enemies. One phy- sician from Washington, D.C., Daniel S. Lamb, was in the forefront of at- tempts to systematize and improve the field of postmortem examination. The multi-disciplinary nature of his publications reflects Lamb’s broad sci- entific interests. While he was the President of the Anthropological Society of Washington from 1904-05, he wrote the history of its first 27 years.' He contributed to and edited a book length history of the Howard University Medical Department.* He presented multiple papers before the Medical So- ciety of the District of Columbia, one dealt with the importance of daily health inspections of public schools and another described the large collection of aneurysms at the Army Medical Museum.’ But his favorite topics were the particularly unusual examples from autopsies he performed at hospitals, pri- vate homes and even in the cemetery. Among these uncommon cases were: the chronic internal hydrocephalus in an 18 month old child whose convolu- tions of the cerebrum were much shrunken and sclerosed, the oyster shucker who died of croupous pneumonia and pericarditis probably brought on by working in a damp place, and finally the infant of apparently healthy parents who died at age two months of syphilis.* Lamb, however, suspected the mother. At the conclusion of his presentation of postmortem reminiscences in 1903, a fellow Medical Society member, Dr. A. F. A. King, commented that “Dr. Lamb’s paper had been a most pleasant surprise to him. The profession of 123 124 PATRICIA S. GINDHART this city owed Dr. Lamb a lasting debt of gratitude for the work he had done gratuitously, and at the same time always cheerfully and generously.’ Lamb’s medical education was acquired in his spare time at the Georgetown Medical School during his first years at the Army Medical Museum (now the Armed Forces Medical Museum) where in 1865 he was assigned as an assistant to Surgeon Joseph Janier Woodward. Lamb had served during the Civil War as a hospital steward in Alexandria. He helped Woodward and others prepare thousands of specimens from the Civil War for the new museum. From 1868 to 1892 he was officially acting Assistant Surgeon. He claimed, however, to have been the real Director of the museum, the principal Pathologist, and, except in name, the Curator of its collections from 1883-1917. He retired in 1920 but continued as Pathologist Emeritus. During these active years he was also a Professor of Anatomy in the Medical Department at Howard University. Most importantly for this discussion, he served as the outside pathologist for Freedmen’s Hospital from 1878 until 1909 when the hospital appointed its own staff pathologist.° Freedmen’s Hospital was established in 1862 to care for indigent blacks and later as a part of Howard University, it provided an important source of medical education for black physicians who were banned from the other hospitals in the city.’ Throughout the nineteenth century postmortems remained a source of fric- tion between the public and physicians, and between physicians and hospital trustees. In The Care of Strangers, Rosenberg points out that physicians wanted liberal autopsy privileges while trustees were concerned with offending the late patient’s family and the general community.® The physicians especially were concerned that they be allowed to perform postmortems on ambiguous or interesting cases whether it occasionally inconvenienced a family or not. The advancement of knowledge, they believed, should be foremost. But the hospitals in the United States were far behind such places as Vienna’s General Hospital where all cases were routinely autopsied. One great concern to the public was the condition of the body after autopsy. If the deceased did have a family that wished to present the body for viewing, there arose the question of promptness in completing the autopsy and suitable condition of the body afterward.’ Lamb himself denounced the careless work of some of his colleagues which jeopardized scientific research. ““Various ob- jections are made [by relatives or friends], the commoner one being fear of mutilation; and I regret to say that just cause has been given for this fear, by the thoughtless, careless way in which the work was sometimes done.’”’'® Even by the end of the nineteenth century, the majority of postmortems were not as standardized or as “‘scientific’”’ as those of Lamb and others of his cal- iber. Rosenberg writes that most postmortems were “‘. . . casual and crude, partially because of a lingering cultural antipathy toward desecration of the bodyer ee Some years earlier in 1890, Lamb also had noted that postmortems could be dangerous to the pathologist: ‘The ordinary details of the necropsy are so tedious that one is apt to become reckless. He had never suffered seriously although he had not usually taken THE DEAD SHALL TEACH THE LIVING 125 any precautions against being inoculated [infected]. In making necropsies one is liable to be cut but there is little probability of bad consequences. Punctured wounds or scratches render one more liable to inoculation than an incised wound. He had several times suffered from fever, chilliness and an erythema as a result of inoculation. He now had an impetiginous eruption of four years duration. He tries to keep the cuticle intact. Bodies which have become partly decomposed are less dangerous than those that are still warm. Ordinarily there is not much risk in making a necropsy if the operator’s system is in good condition, as the resisting power is then greater... . He had had no experience with alcohol either in the prevention or cure of dissecting wounds.” There was also the matter of the threatening crowd. Once while performing an autopsy on a typhoid fever victim in a house on Grant Street for Dr. B. B. Adams, rumors spread among the drinking neighbors that dreadful things were being done in the house. The angry crowd that collected was dispersed by Dr. Adams who reminded them how often he had given them and their families medical care at much personal sacrifice. The work was finished in peace.” Lamb himself performed over 1300 autopsies on humans and animals. At Freedmen’s Hospital alone he performed 655 autopsies in 31 years starting in 1878, plus he assisted in another 100 during the 1860s. I have analyzed almost 700 of these reports including all of those done at Freedmen’s Hospital. Autopsy findings were hand-written in bound books which are presently maintained at the Archives of the Armed Forces Medical Museum. Each person or animal was assigned a number in sequence by the date that Lamb performed the work. Location, age, sex, race and date of death were noted when available as well as a cause of death if determined. If it were relevant to the diagnosis, occupation and marital status of the deceased were also recorded. The latter might be regarded as of “‘passing interest” or as social commentary, especially when applied to single women. Rosenberg explained that some hospitals admitted only married lying-in patients as a reflection of traditional moralistic and paternalistic attitudes. However, hospital beds were filled with a large proportion of unwed mothers at the end of the 19th century. Lamb himself seemed more concerned by the complicity of a physician in illegal abortions as in passing moral judgment on young women. “‘Now and then I have examined women who died of hemorrhage or peritonitis under circumstances which suggested mal-practice. In such cases, I have made a frank statement of the findings and conclusions. I recall only one case, how- ever, in which any legal inquiry followed, and in that case the testimony failed to sufficiently incriminate any particular person.” Lamb would begin his description with an assessment of the condition of the body, i.e., whether it looked well-nourished. He then noted any visible marks, scars, lesions, etc. He began the formal examination with the skull and brain, rarely examined the spinal column, entered the chest, then the abdomen. Inevitably the last entry referred to the genitalia and bladder. In the later years, the reports included many more clinical data such as temper- atures, pulse, urinalysis and so on. 126 PATRICIA S. GINDHART Seldom would a patient or his family aid Lamb in his scientific endeavors, but one boy proved the exception. This young boy had tuberculosis and died ‘““.. . of rupture of softened bronchial glands, the rupture accompanied by fatal hemorrhage into the oesophagus. . . . This boy was very bright, and had expressed a wish that I should make the post mortem examination because it might possibly benefit some one else. This was one of the very few cases in which such a request was made.”’» Who should/could be autopsied, and who had legal control over the body, were concerns for everyone in the last century. The current view is quite clear, “When somebody is dead, he is no longer ‘somebody.’ The responsibility for his rights is taken over by the law.’’'® But for Lamb in the 19th century: 66 . . at least in the hospitals if we wanted a post mortem examination we simply made it without asking leave of anybody. That time has passed. The consent of relatives or friends must now be first obtained, and this consent is often refused, and often, too, in very interesting cases. It is especially difficult now to obtain permission to examine the brain, and I know that the cause of death in some cases has not been precisely determined because of this refusal.’’’’ Certainly the objections met by Lamb and others were rooted in a long history of fear and suspicion of hospitals and medical personnel in general. Not too many years had passed since the days of the body snatchers. In fact, the ‘Harrison Horror” had just occurred in 1878.'* In this famous case, John Scott Harrison, son of one U.S. President and father of another, was removed from his grave and sold to a medical school in Cincinnati. An investigation revealed a nationwide commerce in dead bodies, with its headquarters in Cincinnati. The Medical Society of the District of Columbia, which Lamb joined in 1867, twice formed committees to consider the problem of suitable dissection ma- terial. In 1869, a resurrectionist was arrested in Washington, and Dr. A. Paltz wrote an editorial to the Evening Star with some suggestions for preventing a repetition of such scandalous behavior. In order to supply medical students with subjects, he suggested that bodies of executed criminals (especially mur- derers) and of suicides be committed to the nearby medical colleges. He also made it quite clear that professors did in fact buy bodies for their students. Dr. N. Young asked that the committee consider means of legalizing the acquisition of bodies as previously mentioned. Both the 1869 and the 1884 committees were dissolved without having accomplished their goals.” It is clear that the public did not share the physicians’ attitude with regard to the knowledge to be gained through scientific inquiry. The public was undoubtedly pleased, therefore, when laws concerning the deceased were passed in 1902 in the District of Columbia.”’ This code required authorization for final disposition of a body and a death certificate. An Anatomical Board was created to oversee. the new laws including the control of dead bodies used by medical schools. Trafficking in bodies, transmitting bodies outside of the District, or removing bodies from graves was an offense. A bond had to be furnished by schools receiving bodies. Civil liability applied to autopsies, resulting in many lawsuits against pathologists for performing unauthorized THE DEAD SHALL TEACH THE LIVING 127 autopsies or exceeding the restrictions of an autopsy consent.*! The next of kin legally maintained the rights to control of disposal and treatment of the body. At times even the medical community could find problems with the dis- position of bodies. In her will, Caroline B. Winslow, a homeopathic physician of Washington, had bequeathed her body to the Medical Department of How- ard University, on condition that women dissect the body and that the skeleton be preserved. But after her death at age 74 in December 1886, the Executive Committee of the Medical Department “declined the bequest, nominally be- cause of the conditions imposed, but really to please the family and friends.”’”” Dr. Washington F. Crusor, a member of the first graduating class of the Howard University Medical Department in 1869 later recalled that the first session was held in a house occupied by Professor Amzi L. Barber on the first floor. The Medical Department used the second floor for lectures and dis- sections until the family found out. He does EG credit to their anatomy professor for trying to overcome all obstacles.” Postmortems not only provided a means for determining the cause of death and furthering scientific knowledge, but they were also a source of specimens for collections and future study. Collections of rare or atypical pathological specimens had been important to hospitals and medical schools since the late eighteenth century in the United States and Europe.* Most of the specimens came from hospital charity patients because the poor were most often the persons to be found on the autopsy table. However, few collections ever left the dark and dirty rooms in odd corners of hospitals, and little actual scientific work was done with the material. The importance of the establishment of the Army Medical Museum as a repository of specimens for study is quite clear. Physicians and medical students would have an abundance of surgical, path- ological, anatomical and microscopic specimens and facilities in which to study.» It is not apparent from Lamb’s articles and other papers how attitudes and subsequent laws personally affected his collecting of specimens for the Army Medical Museum. He did substantially increase the number of specimens for the Museum and for a private collection that he and his wife, Isabel Haslup Lamb, also a physician, maintained. The specimens included fetuses and new- borns, whole organs, tumors, small samples of tissue, etc. He does mention one particularly interesting acquisition: “IT was asked one day, at the instance of a well-known business man, in whose family she lived, to examine a woman who died of some gastric trouble. She had had some rather persistent vomiting, and had become very melan- cholic; had gradually wasted away. She was a member of a church here, and her minister wanted to be present at the examination. [Lamb noted elsewhere in the same article that the religious never objected to autopsies]. I did not find any lesion, but I found a three-months fetus in the uterus. I managed to divert the attention of the minister, so that he did not see me take out the specimen and place it under cover. What I told him I have forgotten, and the minister is dead. Not long afterwards I had a call from the business man; he wanted to know if I had the specimen and would I give it to him. 128 PATRICIA S. GINDHART I asked no questions, but I kept the specimen until he died, and then gave it away.” Lamb took specimens at more than fifty percent of his autopsies. He wrote, ‘‘Most of the work has been done to accomodate other physicians and secure material for the Museum; a labor of love. I hesitate to say how small a sum would cover all that I have ever received as compensation; the sum would appear so ridiculously small.’’?” About 1895, Congress investigated charges of cruel vivisection in various District of Columbia institutions including the Army Medical Museum but nothing was substantiated according to Lamb.* Lamb would like to have done the autopsy on his own corpse could that have been arranged. Obviously aware of that impossibility, in 1928 he did write a statement of very detailed procedures to be followed at his postmortem and included his own medical history for their guidance.” He wanted his brain and any other organs of value removed. The skeleton was to be preserved and given to the Army Medical Museum or Howard Medical School with the Museum having preference. After Lamb’s death from pneumonia at the age of 86 years in April 1929, Ales Hrdlicka, physical anthropologist at the Na- tional Museum of Natural History, and Major George R. Callendar, M.C., U.S. Army, performed the autopsy and the following specimens were acces- sioned to the Army Medical Museum: skeleton, right hand, kidneys, lungs, testicles, suprarenals, and blocks of tissue from heart, liver, spleen, pancreas, stomach, small intestine, colon, urinary bladder, and prostrate for microscopic examination.’ Thus, with the full consent of his wife, son and daughter, he made his final contribution to science. References Cited 1. Lamb, D. S. 1906. The story of the Anthropological Society of Washington. American Anthropologist, N.S. 8: pp. 564-579. 2. Lamb, D. S., Editor. 1971. Howard University Medical Department Washington, D.C. A Historical Biographical and Statistical Souvenir. Freeport, N.Y., Books for Libraries Press. 3. Transactions of the Medical Society of the District of Columbia, June 5, 1906; November 2, 1910. 4. Ibid., September 4, 1902; March 1, 1905; May 18, 1904. 5. Ibid., November 18, 1903. 6. Lamb, D. S. 1916. The Army Medical Museum. A history. Washington Medical Annals, XV: pp. 15- 34. 7. Kober, G. M. 1927. Charitable and Reformatory Institutions in the District of Columbia. Washington, D.C.: GPO: 69th Congress, 2nd Session, Senate, Document No. 207. 8. Rosenberg, C. E. 1987. The Care of Strangers. New York: Basic Books, Inc. 9. Eliot, S. and S. G. Howe. 1872. Report of Committee on Autopsies, December 27, 1872, Autopsy File, Massachusetts General Hospital Archives. 10. Lamb, D. S. 1904. Some reminiscences of post mortem work. Washington Medical Annals, Wl: pp. 383-398. 11. Rosenberg, /bid., p. 79. 12. Transactions, Ibid., September 17, 1890. 13. Lamb, Some reminiscences. 14. Ibid., p. 387. 15. Ibid., p. 396. 16. Bernard, H. Y. 1979. The Law of Death and Disposal of the Dead. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, Inc., p. 9. 17. Lamb, Some reminiscences. p. 385. 18. Spencer, J. D. 1985. The legal legacy of the resurrectionists. Journal of Forensic Science, 30: pp. 579- 582. THE DEAD SHALL TEACH THE LIVING 129 . Transactions, /bid., February 3, 1869; May 19, 1869; September 24, 1884. . D. C. Code, 1981 Edition, 1987 Cumulative Supplement, 6-214. Final Disposition of dead body or fetus. . Spencer, /bid. . Lamb, Howard University, p. 67. . Ibid. . Rosenberg, /bid. . Lamb, Howard University. . Lamb, Some reminiscences, p. 397. . Ibid., pp. 397-398. . Lamb, Army Medical Museum. . Statement of Daniel S. Lamb, M.D., July 30, 1928, on file at the Archives, Armed Forces Medical Museum, Washington, D.C. . Autopsy on Daniel S. Lamb, M.D., April 27, 1929, on file at the Archives, Armed Forces Medical Museum, Washington, D.C. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, Volume 79, Number 3, Pages 130-146, September 1989 1989 Washington Academy of Sciences Membership Directory Alphabetical List of Members M = Member; F = Fellow; E = Emeritus Member; L = Life Member or Fellow ABATE, FRANK S. (Mr) Apt. 1, 5311 Connecticut Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20015 (M) ABDULNUR, SUHEIL F. (Dr) 5715 Glenwood Rd., Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) ABELSON, PHILIP H. (Dr) 4244 50th St., NW, Washington, DC 20016 (F) ABRAHAM, GEORGE, (Dr) 3107 Westover Dr., SE, Washington, DC 20020 (F) ABSOLON, KAREL B. (Dr) 11225 Huntover Dr., Rockville, MD 20852 (F) ACHTER, MEYER R. (Dr) 417 Sth St., SE, Washington, DC 20003 (E) ADAMS, ALAYNE A. (Dr) 8436 Rushing Creek Ct., Springfield, VA 22153 (F) ADAMS, CAROLINE L. (Dr) 242 N. Granada St., Arlington, VA 22203 (E) ALDER, VICTOR E. (Mr) 8540 Pineway Court, Laurel, MD 20707 (E) AFFRONTI, LEWIS F. (Dr) Microbiology, GWU School of Medicine, 2300 Eye St., NW, Washington, DC 20037 (F) ALDRIDGE, MARY H. (Dr) 3209 D Sutton Place, NW, Washington, DC 20016-3524 (F) ALEXANDER, ALLEN L. (Dr) 4216 Sleepy Hollow Rd., Annandale, VA 22003 (E) ALEXANDER, BENJAMIN H. (Dr) P.O. Box 41126 NE, Washington, DC 20018 (F) ALICATA, J. E. (Dr) 1434 Punahou St. #736, Honolulu, HI 96822 (E) ALLEN, J. FRANCES (Dr) P.O. Box 284 (Meeker Hollow Rd.) Roxbury, NY 12474-0284 (F) ANDRUS, EDWARD D. (Mr) 2497 Patricia Ct., Falls Church, VA 22046 (M) ARGAUER, ROBERT J. (Dr) 4208 Everett St., Kensington, MD 20895 (F) ARONSON, CASPER J. (Mr) 3401 Oberon St., Kensington, MD 20895 (E) ARSEM, COLLINS (Mr) 10821 Admirals Way, Potomac, MD 20854 (M) ARVESON, PAUL T. (Mr) 10205 Folk St., Silver Spring, MD 20902 (F) AXELROD, JULIUS (Dr) LCB-M.H. IRP-NIMH, Room 3A15A, Bldg. 36, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 (F) AXILROD, BENJAMIN M. (Dr) 9216 Edgewood Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20877 (E) BAILEY, R. CLIFTON (Dr) 6507 Divine St., McLean, VA 22101 (LF) BAKER, ARTHUR A. (Dr) 5201 Westwood Dr., Bethesda, MD 20816 (E) BAKER, LOUIS C. W. (Dr) Dept. of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057 (F) BALLARD, LOWELL D. (Mr) 7823 Mineral Springs Dr., Gaithersburg, MD 20877 (F) BARBOUR, LARRY L. (Mr) Rural Route 1, Box 492, Great Meadows, NJ 07838 (M) BARTFLED, CHARLES I. (Dr) 6007 Kirby Road, Bethesda, MD 20817 (M) BATAVIA, ANDREW I. (Mr) 700 Seventh St., S.W. Washington, DC 20024 (LF) BAUMANN, ROBERT C. (Mr) 9308 Woodberry St., Seabrook, MD 20706 (F) BEACH, LOUIS A. (Dr) 1200 Waynewood Blvd., Alexandria, VA 22308 (F) BECKER, DONALD A. (Mr) 13115 Dauphine Street, Silver Spring, MD 20906 BECKER, EDWIN D. (Dr) Bldg 1, Room 118, N.I.H. Bethesda, MD 20892 (F) BECKMANN, ROBERT B. (Dr) 10218 Democracy Lane., Potomac, MD 20854 (F) BEIJ, KARL HILDING, (Mr) (LF) Deceased BEKEY, IVAN (Mr) 4624 Quarter Charge Drive, Annandale, VA 22003 (F) 130 1989 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY 131 BENDER, MAURICE (Dr) 16518 N.E. Second Place, Bellevue, WA 98008 (E) BENESCH, WILLIAM M. (Dr) 4444 Linnean Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20008 (LF) BENJAMIN, CHESTER R. (Dr) 315 Timberwood Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20901 (E) BENNETT, JOHN A. (Mr) 7405 Denton Road, Bethesda, MD 20814 (F) BENNETT, WILLARD H. (Dr) Box 8202, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8202 (E) BENSON, WILLIAM M. (Dr) 636 Massachusetts Ave., N.E. Washington, DC 20002 (F) BERGMANN, OTTO (Dr) Dept. of Physics, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052 (F) BERKSON, HAROLD (Dr) 12001 Whippoorwill Lane, Rockville, MD 20852 (M) BERNSTEIN, BERNARD (Mr) Apartment #608, 7420 Westlake Terrace, Bethesda, MD 20817 (M) BESTUL, ALDEN B. (Dr) 9400 Overlea Drive, Rockville, MD 20850 (F) BETTS, ALLEN W. (Mr) 2510 South Ivanhoe Place, Denver CO 80222 (M) BHAGAT, SATINDAR M. (Prof) 112 Marine Terrace, Silver Spring, MD 20904 (F) BICKLEY, WILLIAM E. (Dr) 6516 Fortieth Ave., University Park, Hyattsville, MD 20782 (F) BIRD, HERBERT R. 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(Dr) 1633 Warner Ave., McLean, VA 22101.(F) DESLATTES, RICHARD D. (Dr) 610 Aster Blvd., Rockville, MD 20850 (F) DEUTSCH, STANLEY (Dr) 7109 Laverock Lane, Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) DEVEY, GILBERT B. (Mr) 2801 New Mexico Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20007 DEVIN, CHARLES, JR (Dr) 629 Blossom Drive, Rockville, MD 20850 (M) DeVOE, JAMES R. (Mr) 11708 Parkridge Dr., Gaithersburg, MD 20878 (F) deWIT, ROLAND (Dr) 11812 Tifton Dr., Rockville, MD 20854 (F) DICKSON, GEORGE (Mr) 52 Orchard Way North, Rockville, MD 20854 (F) DIMOCK, DAVID A. (Mr) 4291 Molesworth Terr., Mt. Airy, MD 21771 (E) DOCTOR, NORMAN (Mr) 6 Tegner Court, Rockville, MD 20850 (F) DOEPPNER, THOMAS W. (Col) 8323 Orange Court, Alexandria, VA 22309 (LF) DONALDSON, EVA G. (Ms) 3941 Ames St., NE, Washington, DC 20019 (F) DONALDSON, JOHANNA B. (Mrs) 3020 N. Edison St., Arlington, VA 22207 (F) DONNERT, HERMANN J. (Dr) Dept of Nuclear Engineering, Ward Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-7039 (F) DOOLING, ROBERT J. (Dr) 4812 Mori Drive, Rockville, MD 20853 (F) DOUGLAS, THOMAS B. (Dr) 3031 Sedgwick St., NW, Washington, DC 20008 (E) DRAEGER, HAROLD R. (Dr) 1201 North 4th St., Tucson, AZ 85705 (E) DUBEY, SATYA D. (Dr) 7712 Groton Road, West Bethesda, MD 20817 (E) DUFFEY, DICK (Dr) Chem-Nuclear Engineering Dept., University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 (LF) DUNCOMBE, RAYNOR L. (Dr) 1804 Vance Circle, Austin, TX 78701 (F) DUKE, JAMES A. (Mr) 8210 Murphy Road, Fulton, MD 20759 (F) DUNKUM, WILLIAM W. (Dr) 1561 Pensacola St., Apt. 2306 Honolulu, HI 96822 (E) DuPONT, JOHN ELEUTHERE (Mr) P.O). Box 297, Newtown Square, PA 19073 (F) DURIE, EDYTHE G. (Mrs) 30001 Leefield Drive, Herndon, VA 22071 (F) EDDY, BERNICE E. (Dr) 6722 Selkirk Court, Bethesda, MD 20817 (E) EDINGER, STANLEY E. (Dr) 12000 Old Georgetown Rd., Apt. 404-N, Rockville, MD 20852 (F) EISENHART, CHURCHILL (Dr) 9629 Elrod Road, Kensington, MD 20895 (F) EL-BISI, HAMED M. (Dr) 10410 Dominion Valley Drive, Fairfax Station, VA 22039 (M) ELASSAL, ATEF A. (Dr) 1538 Red Rock Court, Vienna, VA 22182 (F) ELISBERG, F. MARILYN (Mrs) 4008 Queen Mary Drive, Olney, MD 20832 (F) ELLIOTT, F.E. (Dr) 7507 Grange Hall Dr., Fort Washington, MD 20744 (E) EMERSON, K.C. (Dr) 560 Boulder Drive, Sanibel, FL 33957 (F) ENDO, BURTON Y. (Dr) 9215 Wofford Lane, College Park, MD 20740 (F) ENGLAR, ROBERT JOHN (Mr) 3269 Catkin Ct., Marietta, GA 30066 (F) ETTER, PAUL C. (Mr) 16609 Bethayres Rd., Rockville, MD 20855-2043 (F) ETZIONI, AMITAL (Dr) 335-1/2 Howard Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 (F) 134 1989 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY EVERSTINE, GORDON C. (Dr) 12020 Golden Twig Ct. Gaithersburg, MD 20878 (F) EWERS, JOHN C. (Mr) 4432 26th Road North, Arlington, VA 22207 (E) FARLEE, CORALEE (Dr) 389 O Street, S.W. Washington, DC 20024 (F) FARMER, ROBERT F. III (Dr) 7 Jodie Road, Framingham, MA 01701 (F) FAULKNER, JOSEPH A. (Mr) 1007 Sligo Creek Pkwy., Takoma Park, MD 20912 (F) FAUST, WILLIAM R. (Dr) 5907 Walnut St., Temple Hills, MD 20748 (F) FEARN, JAMES E. (Dr) 4446 Alabama Ave., SE, Washington, DC 20019 (F) FEINGOLD, S. NORMAN (Dr) 9707 Singleton Dr., Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) FERRELL, RICHARD A. (Dr) Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 (F) FILIPESCU, NICOLAE (Dr) 5020 Little Falls Rd., Arlington, VA 22207 (F) FINN, EDWARD J. (Dr) 7500 Lynn Drive, Chevy Chase, MD 20815 (F) FISHER, JOEL L. (Dr) 4033 Olley Lane, Fairfax, VA 22030 (M) FLINN, DAVID R. (Dr) 8104 Bernard Drive, Ft. Washington, MD 20744 (F) FLORIN, ROLAND E. (Dr) 7407 Cedar Ave., Takoma Park, MD 20912 (E) FLYNN, JOSEPH H. (Dr) 5309 Iroquois Road, Bethesda, MD 20816 (F) FOCKLER, HERBERT H. (Mr) 10710 Lorain Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20901 (E) FONER, SAMUEL N. (Dr) Applied Physics Lab, JHU, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD 20707 (F) FOOTE, RICHARD H. (Dr) Box 166, Lake of the Woods, Locust Grove, VA 22508 (F) FORZIATI, ALPHONSE F. (Dr) 15525 Prince Frederick Way, Silver Spring, MD 20906 (F) FORZIATI, FLORENCE H. (Dr) 15525 Prince Frederick Way, Silver Spring, MD 20906 (F) FOSTER, AUREL O. (Dr) 4613 Drexell Road, College Park, MD 20740 (E) FOURNIER, ROBERT O. (Dr) 108 Paloma Road, Portola Valley, CA 94025 (F) FOWLER, WALTER B. (Mr) 9404 Underwood St., Seabrook, MD 20706 (M) FOX, DAVID W. (Dr) 136 Lind Hall, University of Minnesota, 207 Church Street, S.E. Minneapolis, MN 55455 (F) FOX, WILLIAM B. (Dr) 1813 Edgehill Drive, Alexandria, VA 22307 (F) FRANKLIN, JUDE E. (Dr) 7 Sutton Court, Upper Marlboro, MD 20772 (F) (E) FRAVEL, DEBORAH R. (Dr) Soilborne Diseases Laboratory, Room 275, Bldg. 011A, BARC-West, Beltsville, MD 20705 (F) FREEMAN, ANDREW F. (Mr) 5012 33rd Street North, Arlington, VA 22207 (E) FRIEDMAN, MOSHE (Dr) 4511 Yuma Street, NW, Washington, DC 20016 (F) FREISS, SEYMOUR L. (Dr) 6522 Lone Oak Court, Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) FRUSH, HARRIET L. 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(Dr) 1336 Locust Road, NW, Washington, DC 20012 (E) 1989 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY 135 GLASER, HAROLD (Dr) 1346 Bonita St., Berkeley, CA 94709 (E) GLOVER, ROLFE E., III (Prof) 7006 Forest Hill Dr., Hyattsville, MD 20782 (F) GLASGOW, AUGUSTUS R., JR. (Dr) 4116 Hamilton St., Hyattsville, MD 20781 (E) GLUCKMAN, ALBERT G. (Mr) 11235 Oakleaf Dr., Apt. 1619, Silver Spring, MD 20901 (F) GLUCKSTERN, ROBERT L. (Dr) 10903 Wickshire Way, Rockville, MD 20852 (F) GOFF, JAMES F. (Dr) 3405 34th Place, NW, Washington, DC 20016 (F) GOLDEN, A. MORGAN (Mr) 9110 Drake Place, College Park, MD 20740 (F) GOLDBERG, MICHAEL (Mr) 5823 Potomac Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20016 (F) GOLDSMITH, HERBERT (Dr) 238 Congressional Ln., Rockville, MD 20850 (M) GOLUMBIC, CALVIN (Dr) 6000 Highboro Dr., Bethesda, MD 20817 (E) GONET, FRANK (Dr) 4007 N. Woodstock St., Arlington, VA 22207 (E) GOODE, ROBERT J. (Mr) 2402 Kegwood Lane, Bowie, MD 20715 (F) GORDON, RUTH E. (Dr) Amer. Type Culture Coll., 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852 (E) GRAY, IRVING (Dr) 9215 Quintana Dr., Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) GREENOUGH, M. L. (Mr) Greenough Data Associates, 616 Aster Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20850 (F) GREER, SANDRA C. (Dr) Chemistry Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 (F) GRISAMORE, NELSON T. (Prof) 9536 E. Bexhill Dr., Kensington, MD 20895 (E) GROSS, DONALD (Mr) 3530 N. Rockingham St., Arlington, VA 22213 (F) GROSS, ROSALIND L. (Dr) 6302 Queens Chapel Rd., Hyattsville, MD 20782 (M) GROSSLING, BERNARDO F. (Dr) 10903 Amherst Ave., Apt. 241, Silver Spring, MD 20902 (F) GRUNTFEST, IRVING (Dr) 1900 South Eads St., Apt. 1025, Arlington, VA 22202 (F) GURNEY, ASHLEY B. (Dr) Manor Care Nursing Center, 550 S. Carlin Spring Road, Arlington, VA 22204 (E) HACSKAYLO, EDWARD (Dr) General Delivery, Port Republic, MD 20676 (F) HAENNI, EDWARD O. (Dr) 7907 Glenbrook Road, Bethesda, MD 20814 (F) HAGN, GEORGE N. (Mr) 4208 Sleepy Hollow Road, Annandale, VA 22003 (M) HAINES, KENNETH (Mr) 3542 N. Delaware Street, Arlington, VA 22207 (F) HALL, E. RAYMOND (Dr) 1637 West Ninth St., Lawrence, KS 66044 (E) HAMER, WALTER J. (Dr) 3028 Dogwood St., NW, Washington, DC 20015 (E) HAMMER, GUY S. III (Mr) 8902 Ewing Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) HAMMER, JEAN H. (Mrs) 8902 Ewing Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 (M) HAMMER, MARK J. 59 Richwood Ave., Morgantown, WV 26505 (M) HAMMER, TERESA C. (Ms) 462 Servernside Drive, Severna Park, MD 21146-2216 (M) HAND, CADET S. JR (Prof) Star Route, Bodega Bay, CA 94923 (E) HANEL, RUDOLPH A. (Dr) 31 Brinkwood Road, Brookeville, MD 20833 (F) HANIG, JOSEPH P. (Dr) 822 Eden Court, Alexandria, VA 22308 (F) HANSEN, LOUIS S. (Dr) Oral Pathology, Room S-524, OM&D, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0424 (F) HANSEN, MORRIS H. (Mr) 13532 Glen Mill Road, Rockville, MD 20850 (LF) HARBECK, MARY B. (Mrs) Deceased HARR, James W. (Mr) 9503 Nordic Drive, Lanham, MD 20706 (M) HARRINGTON, FRANCIS D. (Dr) 4600 Ocean Beach Blvd., Apt. 204, Cocoa Beach, FL 32931 (F) HARRINGTON, MARSHALL C. (Dr) Apt. 334, 4545 Connecticut Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20008 (E) HARRIS, MILTON (Dr) 4201 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Apartment 610, Washington, DC 20008 (F) HARTLEY, JANET WILSON (Dr) N.I.H., NIAID, Laboratory of Immunopathology, Bethesda, MD 20892 (F) HARTMANN, GREGORY K. (Dr) 10701 Keswick St., Garrett Park, MD 20896 (E) HARTZLER, MARY P. (Ms) Apt. 203, 1250 S. Washington St., Alexandria, VA 22314 (M) 136 1989 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY HASKINS, CARYL P. (Dr) Suite 810, 1545 18th St., NW, Washington, DC 20037 (E) HASS, GEORG H. (Mr) 7728 Lee Avenue, Alexandria, VA 22308 (F) HAUPTMAN, HERBERT A. (Dr) The Medical Foundation of Buffalo, Inc., 33 High St., Buffalo, NY, 14203-1196 (F) HAYDEN, GEORGE A. (Dr) 1312 Juniper St., NW, Washington, DC 20012 (E) HAYNES, ELIZABETH D. (Mrs) 4149 25th St. North, Arlington, VA 22207 (M) HEADLEY, ANNE RENOUF (PhD, JD) Suite 330, The Metropolitan Square, 655 15th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20005 (F) HEIFFER, MELVIN H. (Dr) Whitehall Apt. 701, 4977 Battery Lane, Bethesda, MD 20814 (F) HENDERSON, EDWARD P. (Dr) 4600 Connecticut Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20008 (E) HENNEBERRY, THOMAS J. (Dr) 1409 E. Northshore Dr., Tempe, AZ 85283 (F) HERMACH, FRANCIS L. (Mr) 2415 Eccleston St., Silver Spring, MD 20902 (F) HERMAN, ROBERT (Dr) 8434 Antero Drive, Austin, TX 78759 (F) HERSEY, JOHN B. (Mr) 923 Harriman St., Great Falls, VA 22066 (M) HEYDEN, FRANCIS J., S.J (Dr) Manila Observatory, Soloar/Optical Div. APO San Francisco 96528 (E) HEYER, W. RONALD (Dr) Amphibian and Reptile, N.H.B., Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 (F) HIBBS, EUTHYMIA (Dr) 7302 Durbin Terrace, Bethesda, MD 20817 (M) HILLABRANT, WALTER J. (Dr) 1927 38th St., NW, Washington, DC 20007 (M) HILSENRATH, JOSEPH (Mr) 9603 Brunett Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20901 (F) HOBBS, ROBERT B. (Dr) 7715 Old Chester Road, Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) HOFFELD, J. TERRELL (Dr) 11307 Ashley Dr., Rockville, MD 20852-2403 (M) HOGE, HAROLD J. (Dr) 5 Rice Spring Lane, Wayland, MA 01778 (E) HOLLIES, NORMAN R. S. (Dr) 9823 Singleton Dr., Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) HOLLINGSHEAD, ARIEL (Dr) 3637 Van Ness Street, Washington, DC 20008 (F) HOLSHOUSER, WILLIAM L. (Mr) P. O. Box 1475, Banner Elk, NC 28604 (F) HONIG, JOHN G. (Dr) 7701 Glenmore Spring Way, Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) HOOVER, LARRY A. (Mr) Director, MIS Gaston Co., P. O. Box 1578, 212 West Main Ave., Gastonia, NC 28053-1578 (M) HOPP, HENRY (Dr) 6604 Michaels Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 (E) HOPP, THEODORE H. (Mr) Bldg 220, Room A127, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (M) HOPPS, HOPE E. (Mrs) 1762 Overlook Dr., Silver Spring, MD 20903 (E) HORNSTEIN, IRWIN (Dr) 5920 Bryn Mawr Road, College Park, MD 20740 (E) HOROWITZ, EMANUEL (Dr) 14100 Northgate Dr., Silver Spring, MD 20906 (F) HOWARD, DARLENE V. (Dr) Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057 (F) HOWARD, JAMES H. (Dr) 3701 Cumberland St., NW, Washington, DC 20016 (F) HOYT, JAMES JR. (Mr) 8104 Tapscott Court, Pikesville, MD 21208 (M) HOWELL, BARBARA F. (Dr) 206 Baybourne Dr., Arnold, MD 21012 (F) HUANG, KUN-YEN (Dr) 1445 Laurel Hill Rd., Vienna, VA 22180 (F) HUDSON, COLIN M. (Dr) 143 S. Wildflower Rd., Asheville, NC 28804 (E) HUGH, RUDOLPH (Dr) Microbiology Department, GWU Medical School, 2300 Eye St., NW, Wash- ington, DC 20037 (F) HUHEEY, JAMES E. (Dr) Chemistry Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 (LF) HUMMEL, LANTI S. (Ms) 9312 Fairhaven Ave., Upper Marlboro, MD 20772 (M) HUNTER, RICHARD S. (Mr) 1703 Briar Ridge Rd., McLean, VA 22101 (E) HUNTER, WILLIAM R. (Mr) 6705 Caneel Ct., Springfield, VA 22152 (F) HURDLE, BURTON G. (Mr) 6222 Berkley Road, Alexandria, VA 22307 (F) 1989 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY 137 HURTT, WOODLAND (Dr) Dynamac Corporation, 11140 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852 (M) HUTTON, GEORGE L. (Mr) Box 2055, South U. S. 421, Zionsville, IN 46077 (E) IRVING, GEORGE W. JR (Dr) 4836 Langdrum Lane, Chevy Chase, MD 20815 (LF) IRWIN, GEORGE R. (Dr) 7306 Edmonston Rd., College Park, Md 20740 (F) ISBELL, HORACE S. (Dr) 3401 38th St., N.W. Apt. 216, Washington, DC 20016 (F) ISENSTEIN, ROBERT S. (Dr) 11710 Caverly Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705 (M) JACKSON, DAVID J. (Dr) 13711 S.W. 90th Ave., M-111 Miami, FL 33176-6921 (F) JACKSON, JO-ANNE A. (Dr) 4412 Independence St., Rockville, MD 20853 (LF) JACOBS, WOODROW C. (Dr) 234 Ocean Palm Drive, Flagler Beach, FL 32036 (E) JACOX, MARILYN E. (Dr) 10203 Kindly Court, Gaithersburg, MD 20879 (F) JAROSEWICH, EUGENE (Mr) Mineral Science, MRC 119, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 (M) JEN, CHIH K. (Dr) 10203 Lariston Lane, Silver Spring, MD 20903 (E) JENSEN, ARTHUR S. (Dr) Westinghouse D & E Center, Box 1521, Baltimore, MD 21203 (F) JERNIGAN, ROBERT W. (Dr) 14805 Clavel Street, Rockville, MD 20853 (F) JESSUP, STUART D. (Dr) 746 N. Emerson St., Arlington, VA 22203 (F) JOHNSON, DANIEL P. (Dr) P.O. Box 359, Folly Beach, SC 29439 (E) JOHNSON, EDGAR M. (Dr) 5315 Renaissance Court, Burke, VA 22015 (LF) JOHNSON, PHYLLIS T. (Dr) 4721 East Harbor Drive, Friday Harbor, WA 98250 (F) JONES, HOWARD S. JR. (Dr) 3001 Veasey Terrace, N.W., Apartment 1310, Washington, DC 20008 (LF) JONG, SHUNG-CHANG (Dr) American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852 (LF) JORDAN, GARY BLAKE (Dr) 13392 Fallen Leaf Road, Poway, CA 92064 (LM) KAISER, HANS E. (Dr) 433 Southwest Drive, Silver Spring, MD 20901 (M) KANTOR, GIDEON (Mr) 10702 Kenilworth Ave., Garrett Park, MD 20896-0553 (M) KAPER, JACOBUS M. (Dr) 115 Hedgewood Drive, Greenbelt, MD 20770 (F) KAPETANAKOS, C. A. (Dr) 4601 North Park Ave., Apt. 921, Chevy Chase, MD 20815 (F) KARP, SHERMAN (Dr) 10205 Counselman Road, Potomac, MD 20854 (F) KARR, PHILLIP R. (Dr) 5507 Calle De Arboles, Torrance, CA 90505 (E) KAUFMAN, H. PAUL (Lt. Col) P.O. Box 1135, Fedhaven, FL 33854-1135 (E) KAZYAK, KRISTIN R. (Ms) 2145 Hilltop Place, Falls Church, VA 22043 (M) KEARNEY, PHILIP C. (Dr) 8416 Shears Court, Laurel, MD 20707 (F) KEISER, BERNHARD E. (Dr) 2046 Carrhill Road, Vienna, VA 22180 (F) KESSLER, KARL G. (Dr) 5927 Anniston Road, Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) KEULEGAN, GARBIS H. (Dr) 215 Buena Vista Dr., Vicksburg, MS 39180 (F) KIRK, KENNETH L. (Dr) National Institutes of Health, Bldg 8A, B1A02, Bethesda, MD 20892 (F) KLEBANOFF, PHILIP S. (Mr) 6412 Tone Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 (E) KLINGSBERG, CYRUS (Dr) 1318 Deerfield Drive, State College, PA 16803 (F) KLINMAN, DENNIS MARC (Dr) 10401 Grosvenor Place, Suite #725, Rockville, MD 20852 (F) KNOX, ARTHUR S. (Mr) 2008 Columbia Road, NW, Washington, DC 20009 (M) KNUTSON, LLOYD V. (Dr) Room 001, Bldg 003, Agri. Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 (F) KRAMER, CAROLYN M. (Dr) B.R.A.D., The Gillette Company, Gillette Park 5G-2, Boston, MA 02106 (F) KROP, STEPHEN (Dr) 7908 Birnam Wood Drive, McLean, VA 22102 (F) KRUGER, JEROME (Dr) 619 Warfield Drive, Rockville, MD 20850 (F) KRUPSAW, MARYLIN (Mrs) 10208 Windsor View Dr., Potomac, MD 20854 (LF) 138 1989 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY LANG, MARTHA E. C. (Mrs) Apt. 625, Kennedy-Warren, 3133 Connecticut Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20008 (E) LANG, SCOTT W. (Dr) 462 Severnside Drive, Severna Park, MD 21146-2216 (M) LANGSTON, JOANN H. (Ms) 14514 Faraday Drive, Rockville, MD 20853 (F) LAPHAM, EVAN G. (Mr) 2242 S.E. 28th Street, Cape Coral, FL 33904 (E) LAWSON, ROGER H. (Dr) 4912 Ridgeview Lane, Bowie, MD 20715 (F) LEE, MARK A. (Mr) 5539 Columbia Pike, Apt. 407, Arlington, VA 22204 (M) LEE, RICHARD H. (Dr) 5 Angola By The Bay, Lewes, DE 19958 (E) LEFTWICH, STANLEY G. (Dr) 3909 Belle Rive Terrace, Alexandria, VA 22309 (LF) LEIBOWITZ, LAWRENCE M. (Dr) 3903 Laro Court, Fairfax, VA 22031 (F) LEINER, ALAN L. (Mr) Apt. 635, 850 Webster St., Palo Alto, CA 94301 (E) LEJINS, PETER P. (Dr) 7114 Eversfield Dr., College Heights Estates, Hyattsville, MD 20782 (F) LENTZ, PAUL LEWIS (Dr) 5 Orange Court, Greenbelt, MD 20770 (F) LESSOFF, HOWARD (Mr) Code 6820, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5000 (F) LETTIERI, THOMAS R. (Mr) 19922 Buhrstone Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879 (M) LEVIN, RONALD L. (Dr) 5012 Continental Drive, Olney, MD 20832 (F) LEVINSON, NANETTE S. (Dr) CTA-Hurst 206, American University, Washington, DC 20016 (M) LEVY, SAMUEL (Mr) 2279 Preisman Dr., Schenectady, NY 12309 (E) LEWIS, A. D. PE (Mr) Central Marketing, 3476 Mount Burnside Way, Woodbridge, LEY, HERBERT L. (M.D) 1160 Rockville Pike, #208 P. O. Box 2047, Rockville, MD 20852 (F) LIBELO, LOUIS F. (Mr) Bulls Run Pkwy., Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) LIEBLEIN, JULIUS (Dr) 1621 East Jefferson St., Rockville, MD 20852 (E) LIEBOWITZ, HAROLD (Dr) Dean, School of Engineering and Applied Science, George Washington Univ., Washington, DC 20052 (F) LINDSEY, IRVING (Mr) 202 E. Alexandria Ave., Alexandria, VA 22302 (E) LING, LEE (Mr) 1608 Belvoir Drive, Los Altos, CA 94022 (E) LINK, CONRAD B. (Dr) Horticulture Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 (F) LIST, ROBERT J. (Mr) 1123 Francis Hammond Pkwy., Alexandria, VA 22302 (E) LOCKARD, J. DAVID (Dr) Botany Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 (F) LOBENSTEIN, W. V. (Dr) 8501 Sundale Dr., Silver Spring, MD 20910 (LF) LONG, BETTY JANE (Mrs) 416 Riverbend Rd., Ft. Washington, MD 20744 (F) LORING, BLAKE M. (Dr) 26889 Lancia Street, Moreno Valley, CA 92388-4843 (E) LUSTIG, ERNEST (Dr) Rossittenweg 10, D-3340 Wolfenbuttel, West Germany, (F) LYNN, JEFFREY W. (Prof) 1902 Alabaster Dr., Silver Spring, MD 20904 (F) LYONS, JOHN W. (Dr) 7430 Woodville Road, Mt. Airy, MD 21771 (F) MacDONELL, MICHAEL T. (Dr) 932 Highway’ *, Ramona, CA 96025-5022 (F) MADDEN, JEREMIAH P. (Mr) Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 403 Greenbelt, MD 20771 (F) MADDEN, ROBERT P. (Dr) A-251 Physics Bldg, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (F) MAIENTHAL, MILLARD (Dr) 10116 Bevern Lane, Potomac, MD 20854 (F) MALONE, THOMAS B. (Dr) 6633 Kennedy Lane, Falls Church, VA 22042 (F) MANDERSCHEID, RONALD W. (Dr) 10837 Admirals Way, Potomac, MD 20854-1232 (F) MARCUS, MARVIN (Dr) 2937 Kenmore Place, Santa Barbara, CA 93105 (F) MARTIN, EDWARD J., PE. (Dr) 7721 Dew Wood Dr., Derwood, MD 20855 (F) MARTIN, JOHN H. (Dr) Apt. 205, 440 N.W. Elks Dr., Corvallis, OR 97330-3749 (E) MARTIN, ROBERT H. (Mr) 2257 N. Nottingham St., Arlington, VA 22205 (E) MARTIN, ROY E. (Mr) National Fisheries Institute, #580, 2000 M Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036 (F) MASON, HENRY LEA (Dr) 7008 Meadow Lane, Chevy Chase, MD 20815 (F) 1989 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY 139 MATLACK, MARION B. (Dr) 4318 North Pershing Dr., Apt. 2, Arlington, VA 22203 (E) MAYOR, JOHN R. (Dr) 3308 Solomons Court, Silver Spring, MD 20906 (F) McAVOY, THOMAS J. (Dr) Chem-Nuclear Engineering Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 (F) McBRIDE, GORDON W. (Mr) 3323 Stuyvesant Place, NW, Washington, DC 20015-2454 (E) McCARRICK, ANNE K. (Dr) (F) McCONNELL, DUDLEY G. (Dr) 926 Clintwood Dr., Silver Spring, MD 20902 (F) McCRACKEN, ROBERT H. (Mr) 5120 Newport Ave., Bethesda, MD 20816 (LF) McKENZIE, LAWSON M. (Mr) 1719 North Troy, #394, Arlington, VA 22201 (F) McKINSTRY, PATRICIA A. (Ms) 11671 Gilman Lane, Herndon, VA 22070-2420 (M) McNESBY, JAMES R. (Dr) 13308 Valley Drive, Rockville, MD 20850 (E) McPHERSON, ARCHIBALD T. (Dr) (LF) Deceased MEADE, BUFORD K. (Mr) 5903 Mt. Eagle Dr., Apt. 404, Alexandria, VA 22303-2523 (F) MEARS, FLORENCE M. (Dr) 8004 Hampden Lane, Bethesda, MD 20814 (E) MEARS, THOMAS W. (Mr) 2809 Hathaway Terrace, Wheaton, MD 20906 (F) MEBS, RUSSELL W. (Dr) 6620 32nd Street North, Arlington, VA 22213 (F) MELLINGER, JOHN J. (Dr) 7531 Woodberry Lane, Falls Church, VA 22042 (M) MELMED, ALLEN J. (Dr) 732 Tiffany Court, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 (F) MENZER, ROBERT E. (Dr) 7203 Wells Parkway, Hyattsville, MD 20782 (F) MESSINA, CARLA G. (Mrs) 9800 Marquette Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) MEYERSON, MELVIN R. (Dr) 611 Goldsborough Dr., Rockville, MD 20850 (F) MILLAR, DAVID B. (Dr) 1716 Mark Lane, Rockville, MD 20852 (F) MILLER, CARL F. (Dr) P. O. Box 127, Gretna, VA 24557 (E) MILLER, MARGARET D. (Dr) 11632 Deborah Dr., Potomac, MD 20854 (E) MILLER, PAUL R. (Dr) 207 South Pebble Beach, Sun City Center, FL 33570 (E) MITTLEMAN, DON (Dr) 80 Parkwood Lane, Oberlin, OH 44074 (F) MIZELL, LOUIS R. (Mr) 8122 Misty Oaks Blvd., Sarasota, FL 34243 (E) MOORE, GEORGE A. (Dr) 1108 Agnew Drive, Rockville, MD 20851-1601 (E) MOORE, JAMES G. (Mr) CRS, Library of Congress, Washington, DC 20540 (M) MORGAN, HARRY D. (Dr) 410 Taylor St., N.E. Apt B-414, Wash., DC 20017 (F) MORRIS, ALAN (Dr) 5817 Plainview Road, Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) MORRIS, J. ANTHONY (Dr) 23-E Ridge Road, Greenbelt, MD 20770 (M) MORRIS, JOSEPH BURTON (Mr) Chemistry Department, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059 (F) MORRIS, MARLENE C. (Mrs) 6001 Eighth St., NW, Washington, DC 20011 (F) MORRISS, DONALD J. (Mr) 102 Baldwin Ct., SE, Point Charlotte, FL 33952 (E) MOSTOFI, F. K. (M.D) Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washingon, DC 20306 (F) MOUNTAIN, RAYMOND D. (Dr) 5 Monument Court, Rockville, MD 20850 (F) MUEHLHAUSE, C. O. (Dr) 112 Accomac Street, Chincoteague, VA 23336-1401 (E) MUESEBECK, CARL F. W. (Mr) 18 North Main St., Elba, NY 14058 (E) MULLIGAN, JAMES H., JR (Dr) 12121 Sky Lane, Santa Ana, CA 92705 (F) MUMMA, MICHAEL J., (Dr) 210 Glen Oban Drive, Arnold, MD 21012 (F) MURDAY, JAMES S. (Dr) 7116 Red Horse Tavern Lane, West Springffield, VA 22153 (F) MURDOCH, WALLACE P. (Dr) 2264 Emmitsburg Road, Gettysburg, PA 17325 (E) MURRAY, WILLIAM S. (Dr) 1281 Bartonshire Way, Rockville, MD 20854 (F) MURRAY, T. H. (Dr) (LtC.Ret) 2915 27th St., North, Arlington, VA 22207 (M) MYERS, RALPH D. (Dr) 4611 Guilford Road, College Park, MD 20740 (E) NAESER, CHARLES R. (Dr) 6654 Van Winkle Dr., Falls Church, VA 22044 (E) NAMIAS, JEROME (Mr) Room A-024, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Univ. of California, La Jolla, CA 92093 (F) 140 1989 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY NEALE, JOSEPH H. (Dr) Biology Department, Room 406, Reiss Science Bldg. Georgetown Univ., Washington, DC 20057 (F) NEF, EVELYN S. (Mrs) 2726 N. St., NW, Washington, DC 20007 (M) NELSON, R. H. (Mr) Bethany Village, 512 Albright Dr., Mechanicsburg, PA 17055 (E) NEUBAUER, WERNER G. (Dr) 4603 Quarter Charge Dr., Annandale, VA 22003 (F) NEUENDORFFER, J. A. (Dr) 911 Allison St., Alexandria, VA 22302 (E) NEUPERT, WERNER M. (Dr) Code 680, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 (F) NEUSCHEL, SHERMAN K. (Dr) 7501 Democracy Blvd., Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) NEWMAN, MORRIS (Dr) 1050 Las Alturas Rd., Santa Barbara, CA 93103 (F) NICKUM, MARY J. (Mrs) 12000 Old Georgetown Road, Apt. N-1407, Rockville, MD 20852 (M) NOFFSINGER, TERRELL L. (Dr) Route 1, Box 305, Auburn, KY 42206 (E) NORRIS, KARL H. (Mr) 11204 Montgomery Rd., Beltsville, MD 20705 (E) NORWOOD, JANET L. (Dr) Director, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 200 Constitution Ave., NW, Wash- ington, DC 20214 (F) NYSTROM, ERIC D. 3217 Holly Berry Ct., Falls Church, VA 22042 (M) OBERLE, E. MARILYN (Ms) Apt. 622, 2801 Quebec St., NW, Washington, DC 20008 (M) OEHSER, PAUL H. (Mr) Regency at McLean, 1800 Old Meadow Road, McLean, VA 22102 (E) O’HARE, JOHN J. (Dr) Apt. 824, 301 G Street, SW, Washington, DC 20024 (F) O’HERN, ELIZABETH M. (Dr) 633 G. Street, SW, Washington, DC 20024 (F) OKABE, HIDEO (Dr) 6700 Old Stage Road, Rockville, MD 20852 (F) O’KEEFE, JOHN A. (Dr) Code 681, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 (F) OLIPHANT, MALCOLM W. (Dr) 1606 Ulupii Street, Kailua, HI 96734 (E) OLIPHANT, V. SUSIE (Ms) 910 Luray Place, Hyattsville, MD 20783 (M) ORDWAY, FRED (Dr) 5205 Elsmere Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20814 (F) OSER, HANS J. (Dr) 8810 Quiet Strean Courtt, Potomac, MD 20854 (F) OSTAFF, WILLIAM ALLEN (Mr) 10208 Drumm Ave., Kensington, MD 20895 (M) OTA, HAJIME (Mr) (LF) Deceased PANCELLA, JOHN R. (Dr) 1209 Viers Mill Road, Rockville, MD 20851 (F) PARASURAMAN, RAJA (Dr) 1852 Ingleside Terr., NW, Washington, DC 20010 (F) PARKER, ROBERT L. (Dr) 9728 Digging Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20879 (F) PARMAN, GEORGE K. (Mr) 4255 Donald Street, Eugene, OR 97405-3427 (F) PARRY-HILL, JEAN (Ms) 3803 Military Road, N.W., Washington, DC 20015 (M) PARSONS, H. McILVANE (Dr) Essex Corporation, 333 North Fairfax Street, Alexandria, VA 22314 (F) PAZ, ELVIRA L. (Dr) 4831 36th Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20008 (F) PELCZAR, MICHAEL J. (Dr) Avalon Farm, P. O. Box 133, Chester, MD 21619 (E) Hyattsville, MD 20782 (E) PELLERIN, CHARLES J. (Dr) NASA Code EZ-7, 600 Independence Ave., S.W., Washington, DC 20546 (F) PERKINS, LOUIS R. (Mr) Apt. 709, 1234 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20005 (M) PERROS, THEODORE P. (Dr) Chemistry Department, George Washington Univ., Washington, DC 20052 (F) PICKETT, WARREN E. (Dr) 8406 Echo Lane, Clinton, MD 20735 (F) PICKHOLZ, RAYMOND (Dr) 3613 Glenbrook Road, Fairfax, VA 22031 (F) PIEPER, GEORGE F. (Dr) 3155 Rolling Road, Edgewater, MD 21037 (F) PIERCHALA, CARL E. (Dr) P. O. Box 1554, West Bethesda, MD 20817 (M) PIKL, JOSEF M. (Dr) Meadowbrook Road, Lincoln, MA 01773 (E) PITTMAN, MARGARET (Dr) Apt. 912, 3133 Connecticut Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20008 (E) PLAIT, ALAN O. (Mr) 5402 Yorkshire St., Springfield, VA 22151 (F) POLACHEK, HARRY (Dr) Apt. 1211, 11801 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852 (E) 1989 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY 141 PONADER, HEATHER BOEK (Dr) Senior Scientist SP-FR-5-1 Corning Glass Works, Corning, NY 14831 (M) PONNAMPERUMA, CYRIL (Dr) Chemistry Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 POST, MILDRED A. (Miss) 8928 Bradmoor Dr., Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) POTTMYER, JAMES J. (Mr) 5540 32nd Street, N; Arlington, VA 22207-1535 (M) PRESTON, MALCOLM S. (Dr) 10 Kilkea Court, Baltimore, MD 21236 (M) PRINCE, JULIUS S. (M.D) 7103 Pinehurst Pkwy., Chevy Chase, MD 20815 (F) PRINZ, DIANNE K. (Dr) Code 4142, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5000 (F) PRO, MAYNARD J. (Mr) 7904 Falstaff Road, McLean, VA 22102 (F) PROCTOR, JOHN H. (Mr) 308 East Street, N.E., Vienna, VA 22180 (F) PRYOR, C. NICHOLAS (Dr) 3715 Prosperity Ave., Fairfax, VA 22031 (F) PURCELL, ROBERT H. (Dr) 17517 White Grounds Road, Boyds, MD 20841 (F) PYKE, THOMAS N. JR (Mr) Assistant Administrator For Satellite and Information Services, U.S.D.C., NOAA, /Code E, FB #4, Room 2069, Washington, DC 20057 (F) QUIROS, RODERICK S. (Mr) 4520 Yuma St., NW, Washington, DC 20016 (F) RABINOW, JACOB (Mr) 6920 Selkirk Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) RADER, CHARLES A. (Mr) Gillette Research Institute, 1413 Research Blvd., Rockville, MD 20850 (F) RADO, GEORGE T. (Dr) 818 Carrie Court, McLean, VA 22101 (F) RAINWATER, IVAN H. (Dr) 2805 Liberty Place, Bowie, MD 20715 (E) RAMSAY, MAYNARD J. (Dr) 3806 Viser Court, Bowie, MD 20715 (F) RANSOM, JAMES R. (Mr) 107 E. Susquehanna Ave., Towson, MD 21204 (M) RASKIN, ALLEN (Dr) 7658 Water Oak Point Road, Pasadena, MD 21122 (F) RATH, BHAKTA B. (Dr) 10908 Timbermill Court, Oakton, VA 22124 (F) RAUSCH, ROBERT L. (Dr) P. O. Box 85447, University Station, Seattle, WA 98145-1447 (F) RAVECHE’, ELIZABETH S. (Dr) 27 24th Street, Troy, NY 12180-1914 (F) RAVITSKY, CHARLES (Mr) 1505 Drexel St., Takoma Park, MD 20912 (E) RAY, JOSEPH W. (Dr) 2740 Vassar Place, Columbus, OH 43221 (F) REDISH, EDWARD F. (Prof) 6820 Winterberry Lane, Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) REED, WILLIAM DOYLE (Mr) 1330 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. Thomas House #624, Washington, DC 20005 (E) REHDER, HARALD H. (Dr) 3900 Watson Place, Washington, DC 20016 (F) REINER, ALVIN (Mr) 11243 Bybee Street, Silver Spring, MD 20902 (F) REINHART, FRANK W. (Dr) 9918 Sutherland Rd., Silver Spring, MD 20901 (F) REMMERS, GENE M. (Mr) 6928 Hector Road, McLean, VA 22101 (M) RESWICK, JAMES S. (Dr) 1003 Dead Run Drive, McLean, VA 22101 (F) REYNOLDS, HORACE N., JR (Dr) 9223 Woodland Dr., Silver Spring, MD 20910 (F) REYNOLDS, ORR E. (Dr) American Physiological Society, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814 (F) RHYNE, JAMES J. (Dr) 14521 Pebble Hill Lane, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 (F) RICE, ROBERT L. (Mr) 15504 Fellowship Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 (M) RICE, SUE ANN (Ms) 6728 Fern Lane, Annandale, VA 22003 (M) RICHMOND, ANNE T. (Mrs) 8833 Cold Spring Road, Potomac, MD 20854 (F) RIEL, GORDON K. (Dr) Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oak Laboratory, Code R-41, Silver Spring, MD 20903-5000 (LF) RITT, PAUL E. (Dr) 36 Sylvan Lane, Weston, MA 02193 (F) RIVERA, ALVIN D. (Dr) 4302 Star Lane, Rockville, MD 20852 (M) ROBBINS, MARY LOUISE (Dr) Tatsuno House, A-23, 2-1-8-Ogikubo, Suginami-Ku, Tokyo 167, Japan (E) 142 1989 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY ROBERTSON, A. F. (Dr) 4228 Butterworth Pl., NW, Washington, DC 20016 (F) ROBERTSON, RANDALL M. (Dr) 1404 Highland Circle, S.E., Blacksburg, VA 24060 (E) ROBSON, CLAYTON W., (Mr) 13307 Warburton Dr., Ft. Washington, MD 20744 (M) RODNEY, WILLIAM S. (Dr) 10707 Muirfield Drive, Potomac, MD 20854 (F) ROE, DONALD W. (Dr) 17316 Chiswell Road, Poolesville, MD 20837 (M) ROLLER, PAUL S. (Dr) Apt. 1011, 1440 N. Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005 (E) ROSADO, JOHN A. (Mr) 8821 Cardinal Court, Laurel, MD 20707 (LF) ROSCHER, NINA M. (Dr) 10400 Hunter Ridge Drive, Oakton, VA 22124 (F) ROSE, WILLIAM K. (Dr) Astronomy Program University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 (F) ROSENBLATT, DAVID (Prof) 2939 Van Ness St., NW, Washington, DC 20008 (F) ROSENBLATT, JOAN R. (Dr) 2939 Van Ness St., NW, Washington, DC 20008 (F) ~ ROSENFELD, AZRIEL (Dr) 847 Loxford Terrace, Silver Spring, MD 20910 (F) ROSENTHAL, SANFORD M. (Dr) 12601 Greenbrier Rd., Potomac, MD 20854 (E) ROSS, FRANKLIN J. (Mr) 3830 North Stafford St., Arlington, VA 22207-4513 (F) ROSS, SHERMAN, (Dr) 19715 Greenside Terr., Gaithersburg, MD 20879 (F) ROSSI, PETER H. (Prof) Social and Demographic Research Institute, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 (F) ROSSINI, FREDERICK D. (Dr) APt. T-900, 605 South U.S. Highway #1, Juno Beach, FL (E) ROTHMAN, RICHARD B. (Dr) 1510 Flora Court, Silver Spring, MD 20910 (F) ROTKIN, ISRAEL (Mr) 11504 Regnid Drive, Wheaton, MD 20902 (E) RUTNER, EMILE (Dr) 34 Columbia Avenue, Takoma Park, MD 20912 (M) SAENZ, ALBERT W. (Dr) Code 6603 S, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5000 (F) SALISBURY, LLOYD L. (Mr) 10138 Crestwood Rd., Kensington, MD 20895 (M) SALLET, DIRSE W. (Dr) 4205 Tuckerman St., University Park, MD 20782 (M) SAMUELSON, DOUGLAS A. (Mr) 1910 Wintergreen Court, Reston, VA 22091 (F) SANDERSON, JOHN A (Dr) B-206 Clemson Downs, 150 Downs Boulevard, Clemson, SC 29631 (E) SANK, VICTOR J. (Dr) 5 Bunker Court, Rockville, MD 20854 (F) SARMIENTO, RAFAEL A. (Dr) Bldg 306, Room 101, BARC-East Beltsville, MD 20705 (F) SASMOR, ROBERT M. (Dr) 4408 North 20th Road, Arlington, VA 22207 (F) SASS, ARTHUR H. USNR (Capt) RFD 6, Box 176, Warrenton, VA 22186 (M) SAVILLE, THORNDIKE, JR. (Mr) 5601 Albia Road, Bethesda, MD 20816 (LF) SCHALK, JAMES M. (Dr) P.O. Box 441, Isle of Palms, SC 29451 (F) SCHECHTER, MILTON S. (Mr) 10909 Hannes Ct., Silver Spring, MD 20901 (F) SCHINDLER, ALBERT I. (Dr) Materials Research Lab., Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (F) SCHLAIN, DAVID (Dr) 2 A Gardenway, Greenbelt, MD 20770 (E) SCHMIDT, CLAUDE H. (Dr) 1827 Third St., North, Fargo, ND 58102 (F) SCHNEIDER, JEFFREY M. (Dr) 5238 Richardson Dr., Fairfax, VA 22032 (F) SCHNEIDER, SIDNEY (Mr) 239 N. Granada Street, Arlington, VA 22203 (E) SCHNEPFE, MARIAN M. (Dr) Potomac Towers Apt. 640, 2001 N. Adams Street, Arlington, VA 22201 (E) SCHOOLEY, JAMES F. (Dr) 13700 Darnestown Rd., Gaithersburg, MD 20878 (F) SCHUBAUER, GALEN B. (Dr) Route 1, Box 279 FF, Lexington Park, MD 20653 (F) SCHULMAN, FRED (Dr) 11115 Markwood Drive, Silver Spring, MD 20902 (F) SCHULMAN, JAMES H. (Dr) 4615 North Park Ave.* 1519 Chevy Chase, MD 20815 (E) SCHULMAN, WARREN W. (Cdr) 4056 Cadle Creek Rd., Edgewater, MD 21037 (LF) SCHWARTZ, ANTHONY M. (Dr) 2260 Glenmore Terr., Rockville, MD 20850 (F) SCOTT, DAVID B. (Dr) 10448 Wheatridge Dr., Sun City, AZ 85373 (E) SCRIBNER, BOURDON F. (Mr) 123 Peppercorn Pl., Edgewater, MD 21037 (E) SEABORG, GLENN T. (Dr) 1154 Glen Road, Lafayette, CA 94549 (F) 1989 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY 143 SEEGER, RAYMOND J (Dr) 4507 Wetherill Rd., Bethesda, MD 20816 (E) SEITZ, FREDERICK (Dr) Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10021 (F) SHAFRIN, ELAINE G. (Mrs) Apt. N-702, 800 Fourth St., SE, Washington, DC 20024 (F) SHAPIRO, GUSTAVE (Mr) 3704 Munsey St., Silver Spring, MD 20906 (F) SHEAR, RALPH E. (Mr) 1916 Bayberry Rd., Edgewood, MD, 21040 (M) SHEPARD, HAROLD H. (Dr) 2701 South June St., Arlington, VA 22202 (E) SHERESHEFSKY, J. LEON (Dr) Apt. 400, 4530 Connecticut Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20008 (E) SHERLIN, GROVER C. (Mr) 4024 Hamilton St., Hyattsville, MD 20781 (LF) SHIER, DOUGLAS R. (Dr) Department of Mathematical Science, College of William and Mary, Wil- liamsburg, VA 23185 (F) SHOTLAND, EDWIN (Dr) 418 E. Indian Spring Dr., Silver Spring, MD 20901 (M) SHRIER, STEFAN (Dr) P.O. Box 19139, Alexandria, VA 22320 (F) SHROPSHIRE, W. JR. (Rev) (Dr) Omega Laboratory, P. O. Box 151 Cabin John, MD 20818-0151 (LF) SILVER, DAVID M. (Dr) Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD 20707 (M) SILVERMAN, BARRY G. (Dr) 9653 Reach Road, Potomac, MD 20854 (F) SIMHA, ROBERT (Dr) Department of Macromolecular Science, Case-Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 (F) SIMPSON, MICHAEL M. (Mr) Congressional Research Services/SPR/LM413, Washington, DC 20540 (LM) SKOLNICK, PHIL (Dr) Room 212, Bldg. 4, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 (F) SLACK, LEWIS (Dr) 27 Meadow Bank Road, Old Greenwich, CT 06870 (F) SLAWSKY, MILTON M. (Dr) 8803 Lanier Drive, Silver Spring, MD 20910 (E) SLAWSKY, ZAKA I. (Dr) Apt. 318, 4701 Willard Ave., Chevy Chase, MD 20815 (E) SMITH, BLANCHARD D., JR (Mr) 2509 Ryegate Lane, Alexandria, VA 22308 (F) SMITH, MARCIA S. (Ms) 6015 Ninth St., North, Arlington, VA 22205 (M) SMITH, REGINALD C. (Mr) 7731 Tauxemont Road, Alexandria, VA 22308 (M) SMITH, ROBERT C., JR (Mr) 6151-A Edsall Road, Alexandria, VA 22304 (F) SNYDER, HERBERT N. (Dr) R.F.D. 1, Box 10, Cobden, IL 62920 (F) SOLAND, RICHARD M. (Dr) SEAS, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052 (LF) SOLOMON, EDWIN, M. (Mr) 15107 Interlachen Drive, Apartment 521, Silver Spring, MD 20906 (M) SORROWS, HOWARD EARLE (Dr) 8820 Maxwell Dr., Potomac, MD 20854 (F) SOUSA, ROBERT J. (Dr) 2548 Arbor Court, Davidsonville, MD 21035 (F) SPATES, JAMES E. (Mr) 8609 Irvington Ave., Bethesda, MD 20817 (LF) SPECHT, HEINZ (Dr) Fairhaven, C-135, 7200 3rd Ave., Sykesville, MD 21784 (E) SPENCER, LEWIS V. (Dr) P.O. 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(Dr) 3234 Quesada St., NW, Washington, DC 20015 (E) STILL, JOSEPH W. (Dr) 1408 Edgecliff Lane, Pasadena, CA 91107 (E) 144 1989 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY STOETZEL, MANYA B. (Dr) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Room 6, Bldg. 004 BARC-WEST, Beltsville, MD 20705 (F) STRAUSS, SIMON W. (Dr) 4506 Cedell Place, Camp Springs, MD 20748 (LF) STRIMPLE, HARRELL L. (Mr) 904 Bowery, Iowa City, IA 52240 (F) STUART, NEIL W. (Dr) Mountain Creek Manor, #306, 1005 Mountain Creek Rd., Chattanooga, TN 37405 (E) SVOBODA, JAMES A. (Mr) 13301 Overbrook Lane, Bowie, MD 20715 (M) SWEZEY, ROBERT W. (Dr) Clarks Ridge Road, Route 3, Box 142, Leesburg, VA 22075 (F) SYKES, ALAN O. (Dr) 304 Mashie Drive, Vienna, VA 22180 (M) TALBERT, PRESTON T. (Dr) Chemistry Department, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059 (F) TASAKI, ICHIJI (Dr) 5604 Alta Vista Road, Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) TATE, DOUGLAS R. (Mr) 11415 Farmland Drive, Rockville, MD 20852 (F) TAYLOR, ALBERT LEE (Mr) 2620 S. W. 14th Dr., Gainesville, FL 32608 (E) TAYLOR, BARRY N. (Dr) 11908 Tallwood Court, Potomac, MD 20854 (F) TAYLOR, JOHN KEENAN (Dr) 12816 Tern Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 (F) TAYLOR, LAURISTON S. (Dr) 7407 Denton Rd., Bethesda, MD 20814 (E) TEAL, GORDON K. (Dr) 5222 Park Lane, Dallas, TX, 75220 (F) TERMAN, MAURICE J. (Mr) 616 Poplar Drive, Falls Church, VA 22046 (E) THOMPSON, F. CHRISTIAN (Dr) 4255 35th St., S., Arlington, VA 22206 (LF) TOLL, JOHN S. (Dr) President, University of Maryland, Central Administration, Adelphi, MD 20783 (F) TOUSEY, RICHARD (Dr) 7725 Oxon Hill Road, Oxon Hill, MD 20745 (E) TOUSIMIS, A. J. (Dr) Tousimis Research Corp., P.O. Box 2189, Rockville, MD 20852 (M) TOWNSEND, CHARLES E. (M.D) 3529 Tilden St., NW, Washington, DC 20008-3194 (F) TOWNSEND, LEWIS RHODES (M.D) 8906 Liberty Lane, Potomac, MD 20854 (M) TOWNSEND, MARJORIE R. (Mrs) 3529 Tilden Street, NW, Washington, DC 20008-3194 (LF) TRAUB, ROBERT (Col) (Ret.) 5702 Bradley Blvd., Bethesda, MD 20814 (F) TUNELL, GEORGE (Dr) 4625 Via Gennita, Santa Barbara, CA 93111 (E) TURNER, JAMES H. (Dr) 509 South Pinehurst Ave., Salisbury, MD 21801-6122 (E) TYLER, PAUL E. (M.D) 12604 Stablehouse Ct., N., Potomac, MD 20854 (F) UBERALL, HERBERT M. (Dr) Kenwood, Apt. 1417, 5101 River Rd., Bethesda, MD 20816 (M) UHLANER, J. E. (Dr) 4258 Bonavita Drive, Encino, CA 91426 (F) USDIN, VERA R. (Dr) 6 Stevens Court, Rockville, MD 20850 (F) VAISHNAV, MARIANNE P. (Ms) P.O. Box 2129, Gaithersburg, MD 20879 (LF) VAISHNAV, RAMESH N. (Dr) (LF) Deceased VAN COTT, HAROLD P. (Dr) 8300 Still Spring Ct., Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) VAN DERSAL, WILLIAM R. (Dr) 8101 Greenspring Ave., Baltimore, MD 21208 VAN TUYL, ANDREW H. (Dr) 1000 West Nolcrest Drive, Silver Spring, MD 20903 (F) VAN ARSDEL, WILLIAM C. III (Dr) 1000 Sixth St., S.W. Apartment #301, Washington, DC 20024 (M) VARADI, PETER F. (Dr) Apt. 1605-W, 4620 North Park Ave., Chevy Chase, MD 20815 (F) VEITCH, FLETCHER P., JR (Dr) P.O. Box 513, Lexington Park, MD 20653 (F) VILA, GEORGE J. (Mr) 5517 Westbard Ave., Bethesda, MD 20816 (F) VINTI, JOHN P. (Dr) 44 Quint Ave., Allston, MA 02134 (F) VITAS, STEPHAN THOMAS (Dr) 2803 Cortland Pl., N.W., Washington, DC 20008 (M) VON HIPPEL, ARTHUR (Dr) 265 Glen Road, Weston, MA 02193 (E) 1989 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY 145 WAGNER, A. JAMES (Mr) 7568 Cloud Court, Springfield, VA 22153 (F) WALDMANN, THOMAS A. (M.D) 3910 Rickover Rd., Silver Spring, MD 20902 (F) WALKER, DELORES H. (Mrs) 2521 Branch Ave., SE, Washington, DC 20020 (F) WALKER, EGBERT H. (Dr) Friends House, 17330 Quaker Ln, Sandy Spring, MD 20860 (E) WALTON, WILLIAM W., SR (Dr) 1705 Edgewater Parkway, Silver Spring, MD 20903 (F) WARING, JOHN A. (Dr) Apt. #1, 1320 S. George Mason Dr., Arlington, VA 22204 (M) WARRICK, EVELYNE J. (Ms) President, National Color Inc., 2929 Eskridge Road, Fairfax, VA, 22031- 2213 (M) WATERWORTH, HOWARD E. (Dr) 10001 Old Franklin Ave., Seabrook, MD 20706 (F) WATSON, ROBERT B. (Dr) 1176 Wimbledon Drive, McLean, VA 22101 (E) WAYNANT, RONALD W. (Dr) 13101 Claxton Drive, Laurel, MD 20708 (F) WEBB, RALPH E. (Dr) 21-P Ridge Road, Greenbelt, MD 20770 (F) WEBER, ROBERT S. (Dr) 4520 Marissa Drive, El Paso, TX 79924 (E) WEGMAN, EDWARD J. (Dr) 10821 Burr Oak Way, Burke, VA 22015 (LF) WEIHE, WERNER K. (Dr) 2103 Bassett St., Alexandria, VA 22308 (F) WEINBERG, HAROLD (Mr) 11410 Strand Drive, Building 1-B, Apt. 314, Rockville, MD 20852 “ WEINER, JOHN (Dr) 8401 Rhode Island Ave., College Park, MD 20740 (F) WEINTRAUB, ROBERT L. (Dr) 407 Brooks Ave., Raleigh, NC 27607 (E) WEISS, ARMAND B. (Dr) 6516 Truman Ln., Falls Church, VA 22043 (LF) WEISSLER, ALFRED (Dr) 5510 Uppingham St., Chevy Chase, MD 20815 (F) WEISSLER, PEARL G. (Mrs) 5510 Uppingham St., Chevy Chase, MD 20815 (F) WELLMAN, FREDERICK L. (Dr) 501 E. Whitaker Mill Rd., Whitaker Glen 105-B, Raleigh, NC 27608 (E) WENSCH, GLEN W. (Dr) R.R. #1, Box 54, Champaign, IL 61821 (E) WERGIN, WILLIAM P. (Dr) 10108 Towhee Ave., Adelphi, MD 20783 (F) WERTH, MICHAEL W. (Mr) 14 Grafton Street, Chevy Chase, MD 20815 (E) WEST, WILLIAM L. (Dr) 1428 Whittier St., NW, Washington, DC 20012 (M) WESTWOOD, JAMES T. (LCDR) 3156 Cantrell Lane, Fairfax, VA 22031 (M) WHITE, HOWARD J. JR. (Dr) 8028 Park Overlook Dr., Bethesda, MD 20817 (F) WHITELOCK, LELAND D. (Mr) Apt. 4, 2320 Brisbane St., Clearwater, FL 34623 (F) WHITTEN, CHARLES A. (Mr) 9606 Sutherland Rd., Silver Spring, MD 20901 (E) WIENER, ALFRED A. (Mr) 550 West 25th Place, Eugene, OR 97405 (F) WIGGINS, PETER F. (Dr) 1016 Harbor Drive, Annapolis, MD 21403 (F) WILHELM, PETER G. (Dr) 206 Gretna Green Ct., Alexandria, VA 22304 (F) WILMOTTE, RAYMOND M. (Sc,D) 2512 Que Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20007 (F) WILSON, BRUCE L. (Mr) 423 Valentine St., Highland Park, NJ 08904 (E) WILSON, CHARLES L. (Dr) P.O. Box 1194, Shepherdstown, WV 25443 (F) WILSON, WILLIAM K. (Mr) 1401 Kurtz Road, McLean, VA 22101 (LF) WISTORT, ROBERT L. (Mr) 11630 35th Place, Beltsville, MD 20705 (F) WITTLER, RUTH G. (Dr) 83 Bay Drive, Bay Ridge, Annapolis, MD 21403 (E) WOLF, OLIVER R. (Dr) 557 Berkeley Ave., San Marino, CA 91108 (E) WOLFF, EDWARD A. (Dr) 1021 Cresthaven Dr., Silver Spring, MD 20903 (F) WOOD, LAWRENCE A. (Dr) Room A-209, Polymers Bldg, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (E) WORKMAN, WILLIAM G. (Dr) Washington Street P.O. Box 7 Beallsville, OH 43716 (E) WYATT, DOROTHY K. (Mrs) P.O. Box 2590, Bethesda, MD 20017 (M) WYNN, HARVEY, (Mr) 6625 Lee Highway, Arlington, VA 22205 (F) YAPLEE, BENJAMIN S. (Mr) 8 Crestview Court, Rockville, MD 20854 (F) YEKOVICH, FRANK S. (Dr) School of Education, Catholic University, Washington, DC 20064 (F) 146 1989 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY YODER, HATTEN S., JR (Dr) Geophysical Laboratory, 2801 Upton Street, NW, Washington, DC 20008 (F) YOUMAN, CHARLES E. (Mr) 4419 North 18th St., Arlington, VA 22207 (M) YOUNG, DAVID A., JR (Dr) 612 Buck Jones Road, Raleigh NC 27606 (E) ZELENY, LAWRENCE (Dr) 4312 Van Buren St., University Park, MD 20782 (E) ZIEN, TSE-FOU (Dr) Naval Surface Warfare Center, White Oak Laboratory, Code R44, Silver Spring, MD 20903-5000 (F) ZOCH, RICHMOND T. (Mr) Route 1. Box 930, Shelby, AL 35143 (F) DELEGATES TO THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, REPRESENTING THE LOCAL AFFILIATED SOCIETIES SNPE Tiida SUICIELY Olly WASMINPTOM. we ecco vale sche pei so A ln cela dese a aiein gan wcolep sues Thomas Lettieri Peeepopical society of Washington .2 2... 4. lass ee eee ene emcee ees Edward J. Lehman SEAS OCICLY (OL VVASINMP LON 0.5 ccels)s bres v2 aytrece (aan och Shaagila Sie « oipulceia's uate ergaiee tye Austin B. Williams PEMESCLCENOL WASIINOTON: cis. c Aihac eb in arteishe 64 hielela eo elk eased Mode ne Jo-Anne A. Jackson SOO MeAl SOCIELY OF WASHINGTON. 202 Os. fs 1b cue Fe vale wee eels Soret ois giclee eee WE Manya B. Stoetzel MME AT ITC SOCICEY) yar etg ofa micas WY ea othe aL Wold as BMS erbinlgix v UR le 6 5 Seon es Gilbert Grosvenor EME SCICICEY Ol Ls VV AS HINO LOMN 2) oie alaekepsse gs cidug aicin bie gie les coiaphin nw sieves Hoda ek James V. O’Connor DREGE Ven LHe PISiICL Of COMMBDIA <5. .c). cele wis 2s ve Ss dee weld Sew ee aye sie ea pees John P. Utz ME LISECOTE AE SOCIOL etre. eal 5 ay ide oat eew ace es's sis wena Ss Rameady oad ed A hoe gues Paul H. Oehser SIEDAORICED OV ASMMOTON 2 ioe Sects aie cesin's ws cee bn etew tbe te Mia deae oem ns Conrad B. Link Seiety of American Foresters, Washington Section ........ 0.0.0.0 .c6 eee eee ese Forrest Fenstermaker Washington Society OME MOMNCEESE rete as mayen eeepc Cre Ree a ate al voc enna ops George Abraham Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Washington Section................ George Abraham American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Washington Section.....................02-. Michael Chi MEO PICH SOCIELY OF WaShiNStON .6 3.05.55 05562 nee eee cae lnee cee cee Kendall Powers Seeemean society for Microbiology; Washington Branch ..-.........5..0....0...- cess ewe ede Vacant Society of American Military Engineers, Washington Post...................... Charles A. Burroughs American Society of Civil Engineers, National Capital Section................... Herbert A. Pennock Seercty tor Experimental Biology and Medicine, DC Section ..................... Cyrus R. Creveling eeeean society for Metals, Washington Chapter... 2.02. 22050005 deere eee eee eee Pamela S. Patrick American Association of Dental Research, Washington Section..................... J. Terrell Hoffeld American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Capital Section....... Reginald C. Smith Peete ctcorolovical Society, DC Chapter .. 2.22. 0.6. c. pice ence cates dee A. James Wagner BEIM ESOCICLY Of WaSHMOlON>. 2.0505. os sce lone cee ee obs ean wns be Sa oeeiens Albert B. DeMilo Seeustical Society of America, Washington Chapter. .................02.02022-0 00 Richard K. Cook eee iciea SOCIeLY., Washington SECON: . 36.605 e65 5s de sie ee ee tees Peele Paul Theiss eee on bood Lechnolopists, Washington Section 5.2.52. ..25.66c2 2. ee et eee ee Elvira L. Paz American Ceramic Society, Baltimore-Washington Section..................--+4- Joseph H. Simmons PME MEAN eI ESOCLEL Ye 1 ie nee cane V Spee re SE caer gat Sie ie ctci aes aed Sie Alejo suse wien eee Alayne A. Adams RT ME ISCOnV Ole SClENCe CHID sins say seca « uae eee od oO Bk Shes Heaps cae eek Albert Gluckman American Association of Physics Teachers, Chesapeake Section ...............:....- Peggy A. Dixon Seed society of America, National Capital Section. ..................022 2052s William R. Graver American Society of Plant Physiologists, Washington Area Section.............. Walter Shropshire, Jr. Washington Operations Research/Management Science Council ...................-.. John G. Honig Bement society of America, Washington Section......-... 0.66. 065 00s e eee eee ee eee eee Carl Zeller American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, RINT ETIE SCLIN cere a phe Ne aris b ws cons sa dheck earla Seualese aece RS ourdaees Ronald Munson SMM UNIE AP IRAN NSIT OLOUIENS 5 eco ee erates ne ere mdi ce isda ets 6 oS Wehner Robert H. McCracken Mathematics Association of America, MD-DC-VA Section.................-2-005- Alfred B. Willcox NRE AL COME TINS ES) «oye ef 5 ene ons icve wie Galen does Dla Sew wis & Guiele dS 4 Ses Miloslav Rechcigl, Jr. BEECH OUO OIC Al ASSOCIANON yeu hee cee os Gad alu EN ab NS Cao), oialeren Mate ee Jane Flinn BePae ean uralie LeCinical GrOUpie 04.5 orp eda oes eth ooh Sas Pak Soe eee Seiell Robert F. Brady Pigedean ehytopathological Society, Potomac Division...........').5.:.---+.0e8 e222 Deborah Fravel Society for General Systems Research, Metropolitan Washington Chapter .... Ronald W. Manderscheid RenmielOrs: SOCIety, Otomac Chapter 10). os soc cc aesedee skate ceee ts pee eaeee eee Stanley Deutsch Peete aTbISHetics society, Potomac Chapter. . 2... .0 2.4 et. eek sees ete eee ee eee ee Robert J. Sousa PeaeeManon tor science, Lechnology and Innovation........0-..5 /.6.--+-.6ese eee ae Ralph I. Cole EERE SMEG PICAl SOCISEV iar chi Wc essay de cree wih ae ae bd lee sh ene wees Ronald W. Manderscheid Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Northern Virginia Section............. Ralph I. Cole Association for Computing Machinery, Washington Chapter..................00000005 Zalman Shavell Beis HOUUS CANINE NOGIERU a eh. SAR ene cere ds Gay caus wh ecu daa Kune ae ATES TMS Carl Pierchala Society of Manufacturing Engineers, Washington, DC Chapter ...............--.---. James E. Spates See Gr lndustial Enpimneers, Chapter 14! 2.52. alc. 0. cok cece eal ean ete Dive ees John L. Baer Delegates continue in office until new selections are made by the representative societies. ITHSONIAN INSTITUT wii ii 9088 0130 Washington Academy of Sciences 2nd Class Postage Paid 1101 N. Highland St. at Arlington, Va. Arlington, Va. 22201 and additional mailing offices. Return Requested with Form 3579