hg a Png at ae raed cutt sanad ag ngs es Ul We ry aE ee f yy wer’ «fy ~ 4 : f j P a i 7 } vs t te ot te a = ‘ ‘ i JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY Sy, INCORPORATED 188 EDITED BY THE HONORARY SECRETARIES. THE AUTHORS OF PAPERS ARE ALONE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE STATEMENTS MADE AND THE OPINIONS EXPRESSED THEREIN. SYDNEY—SOCIETY’S HOUSE, 37 ELIZABETH STREET NORTH. LONDON—TRUBNER & Co., 57 LUDGATE HILL. PRINTED By F. W. WHITE. PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY. 1888. Wee ea ie NWOTICE. Tue Royat Socirty of New South Wales originated in 1821 as the “Philosophical Society of Australasia”; after an interval of inactivity, it was resuscitated in 1850, under the name of the “ Australian Philosophical Society,” by which title it was known until 1856, when the name was changed to the “ Philosophical Society of New South Wales”; in 1866, by the sanction of Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen, it assumed its present title, and was incorporated by Act of the Parliament of New South ‘Wales in 1881. CONE ME NOY S: VOLUME XXI. “OFFICERS FOR 1887-88 ... ACT OF INCORPORATION... Rouues, List of Members, &e. . ART. ART. ART. ART. ART. ART. ART. ART. ART. J.—PRESIDENT’S ApDpRESss. By Chr. Rolleston, C.M.G. Ii.—Recent Work on Flying-machines. By L. Hargrave. (Sia Plates) Le a we AA ap oe ae IIT.—Some New South Wales Tan-substances, Partl. By ae. Maiden, F.B.G.S... IV.—Remains of Plesiosaurus. By R. Etheridge, Jr., F.G.S. V.—New Electric Storage Battery. By David Miller VI.—Notes on the Experience of other Countries in the Administration of their Water Supply. By H. G. McKinney, M.E., M.I.C.E. EG i ie Vil.—Autographic Stress-strain Apparatus. By Prof. Warren, M.I.C.E. (One Plate) ae ae VIII.—Notes on some Inclusions observed in a specimen of Queensland Opal. By D. A. Porter, Tamworth. (One Plate) . IX.—Some New South Wales Tan-substances, Part 2. By J. H. Maiden, F.R.G.S.... . X.—The Influence of Bush Fires in the Distribution of Species. By Rev. BR. Collie, F.LS. ... -. XL.—A District Hospital: its Construction and Cost. With a description of a new method of constructing Iron Build- ings. ByJ. Ashburton Thompson, M.D. Brux., San. Sci. Cert., Cantab. Chief Medical Inspector of the Board of Health of New South Wales. (Three Plates) Ae Ban XII.— Origin and Mode of Occurrence of Gold-bearing Veins and of the Associated Minerals. By Jonathan C. B. P. Seaver, C.E., F.G.S., &c. (Sia Plates) ae ade Pag Ce Vil. ix. X1ll. 1 19 103 inte 126 Vi. Arr. XIII.—Results of Observations of Comets VI. and VII., 1886, at Windsor, N.S.W. By John Tebbutt, F.R.A.S., &e. 159 — Art. XIV.—Port Jackson Silt Beds. By Fred. B. Gipps, C.E..... 173. Art. XV.—Some New South Wales Tan-substances, Part 3. By J. H. Maiden, F.R.G.S., &e. ... _ ae ne 15 Arr. XVI—Soils and Subsoils of Sydney and Suburbs. By J.B. Henson, C.E. oP ors a. a ae: ae un) ae Art. XVII.—Quarantine and Small-Pox. By J. Ashburton Thompson, M.D. Brux., Dipl. Publ. Health, Cantab., &e... 227 Art. XVIII.—On the presence of ‘Fusel Oil in Beer. By William M. Hamlet, F.C.S., Government Analyst. Peay rey) {3 Art. XIX.—Some New South Wales Tan-substances, Part 4. By J. H. Maiden, F.R.G.S., &e. ... ra, 2 2 250 Arr. XX.—Autographic Instruments used in the develope of Flying-machines. By L. Hargrave. (Four Plates) ge (07 PROCEEDINGS ie ae ie Ate 44, 73,107, 168, 216, 246, 285. PROCEEDINGS OF THE Microscopical SECTION... a 123, 293. EXCHANGES AND PRESENTATIONS MADE BY THE Royat Soctuty or New Sours WaAtES, 1887. INDEX. The Aopal Society of Hew South Gales. eEperuTe aus LO wSsr-e- Honorary President: HIS EXCELLENCY THE RIGHT HON. LORD CARRINGTON, G-C-MiG.,. &c.,.&e., Ge: President: C. S. WILKINSON, F.G.S., F.L.S. Vice-Presidents: CHARLES MOORE, F.L.S. CHR. ROLLESTON, C.M.G. Hon. Treasurer: — ROBERT HUNT, F.G.S., &c. Hon. Secretaries: PROFESSOR LIVERSIDGE, M.A. (Cantab.) F.R.S., F.C.S., F.G.S., &. F. B. KYNGDON. S. HERBERT COX, F.C.S., F.G.S, Members of Council : AEE IBIUS, Pu.D., M.A;, F.C.S. J. ASHBURTON THOMPSON, Par PEDLEY. M.D., (Brux.) SIR ALFRED ROBERTS. PROF. WARREN, M.I.C.E. HG. A. WRIGHT, M.R.C.S.E., &e. Assistant Secretary : WW. EH: WEBS; ue oo “NB — “ Me 4 , oc | =. A ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES. ACT OF INCORPORATION. An Act to incorporate a Society called ‘‘ The Royal Society of New Soutn Wales.” [16 December, 1881.) \ HEREAS a Society called (with the sanction of Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen) “The Royal Society of New South Wales” has under certain rules and by-laws been formed at Sydney in the Colony of New South Wales for the encouragement of studies and investigations in Science Art Literature and Philosophy And whereas the Council of the said Society is at the present time composed of the following office-bearers and members His Excellency the Right Honorable Lord Augustus Loftus P.C. G.C.B. Honorary President The Honorable John Smith C.M.G. M.D. LL.D. President and Charles Moore Esquire #.L.S. Director of the Botanic Gardens Sydney and Henry Chamberlaine Russell Esquire B.A. (Sydney) F.R.ALS. F.M.S. London Government Astronomer for New South Wales Vice-Presidents and H. G. A. Wright Esquire M.&C.S. Honorary Treasurer Archibald Liversidge Esquire Associate of the Royal School of Mines London “Fellow of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland and Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the University of Sydney and Carl Adolph Leibius Esquire Doctor of Philo- sophy of the University of Heidelberg Fellow of the Insti- tute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland Honorary Secretaries W. A. Dixon Fellow of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland G. D. Hirst Esquire Robert Hunt Esquire Associate of the Royal School of Mines London Deputy Master Sydney Branch Royal Mint Eliezer L. Moitefiore Esquire Christopher Rolleston Esquire C.M.G. i Preamble. Interpretation clause Incorporation clause Rules and by- laws. X. Charles Smith Wilkinson Esquire Government Geologist Members of the Council. And whereas it is expedient that. the said Society should be incorporated aud should be invested with the powers and authorities hereinafter contained Be it therefore enacted by the Queen’s Most Excellent Majesty by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council and Legislative Assembly of New South Wales in Parliament assembled and by the authority of the same as follows :— 1. For the purposes of this Act the following words in inverted commas shall unless the context otherwise indicate bear the meaning set against them respectively — ‘‘Corporation” the Society hereby incorporated. “ Council” the Members of the Council at any duly con- vened meeting thereof at which a quorum according to the by-laws at the time being shall be present ‘“‘Secretary’’ such person or either one of such persons who shall for the time being be the Secretary or Secretaries honorary or otherwise of the said Society (saving and excepting any Assistant Secretary of the said Society.) 2. The Honorary President the President Vice-Presidents Officers and Members of the said Society for the time being and all persons who shalJl in manner provided by the rules and by-laws for the time being of the said Society become members thereof shall be for the purposes hereinafter mentioned a body corporate by the name or style of “The Royal Society of New South Wales” and by that name shall and may have perpetual succession and a common seal and shall and may enter into contracts and sue and be sued plead and be impleaded answer and be answered unto defend and be defended in all Courts and places whatsoever and may prefer lay and prosecute any indictment information and prosecution against any person whomsoever and any summons or other writ and any notice or other proceeding which it may be requisite to serve upon the Corporation may be served upon the Secretary or one of the Secretaries as the case may be or if there he no Secretary or if the: Secretaries or Secretary be absent from the Colony then upon the President or either of the Vice-Presidents. 3. The present rules and by-laws of the said Society shall be deemed and considered to be and shall be the rules and. by-laws of the said Corporation save and except in so far as. any of them are or shall or may be altered varied or repealed under the powers for that purpose therein contained or are Xl. or may be inconsistent or incompatible with or repugnant to any of the provisions of this Act or any of the laws now or hereafter to be in force in the said Colony. 4. The Corporation shall have power to purchase acquire Powertoacquire and hold lands and any interest therein and also to sell and 237 pord and to dispose of the said lands or any interest therein and all lands tenements hereditaments and other property of what- ever nature now belonging to the said Society under the said rules and by-laws or vested in Trustees for them shall on the passing of this Act be vested in and become the property of the said Corporation subject to all charges claims and demands in anywise affecting the same. 5. The ordinary business of the Corporation in reference CeO ns) to its property shall be managed by the Council and it shall Hacen eee not be lawful for individual members to interfere in any Council. way in the management of the affairs of the Corporation except as by the rules and by-laws for the time being shall be specially provided. 6. The Council shall have the general management and Powers of superintendence of the affairs of the Corporation and except- Cl ing the appointment of President and Vice-Presidents and other honerary officers who shall be appointed as the by-laws of the Society shall from time to time provide the Council shall have the appointment of all officers and servants required for carrying out the purposes of the Society and of _ preserving its property and it may also define the duties and fix the salaries of all officers Provided that if a vacancy shall occur in the Council during any current year of the Society’s proceedings it shall be lawful for the Council to elect a member of the Society to fill such vacancy for the unexpired portion of the then current year The Council may also purchase or rent land houses or offices and erect buildings or other structures for any of the purposes for which the Society is hereby incorporated and may borrow money for the purposes of the Corporation on mortgages of the real and chattel property of the Corporation or any part thereof or may borrow money without security provided that the amount so borrowed without security shall never exceed in the aggregate the amount of the income of the Corporation for the last preceding year and the Council may also settle and agree to the covenants powers aud authorities to be contained in the securities aforesaid. 7. In the event of the funds and property of the Corpo- Liability of ration being insufficient to meet its engagements each ™embers. member thereof shall in addition to his subscription for the Custody of ‘common seal. ‘Certified copy of rules and by- Jaws to be evi- dence. Elections, not made in due time may be made subse- quently. Secretary may represent Cor- poration for cer- ‘tain purposes. “Ser Xl. then current year be liable to contribute a sum equal thereto towards the payment of such engagements but shall not be otherwise individually liable for the same and no member who shall have commuted his annual subscription shall be so hable for any amount beyond that of one year’s subscription. 8. The Council shall have the custody of the common seal of the Corporation and have power to use the same in the affairs and business of the Corporation and for the execution of any of the securities aforesaid and may under such seal authorize any person without such seal to execute any deed or deeds and do such other matter as may be required to be done on behalf of the Corporation but it shall not be neces- sary to use the said seal in respect of the ordinary business of the Corporation nor for the appointment of their Secretaries Solicitor or other officers. 9. The production of a printed or written copy of the rules and by-laws of the Corporation certified in writing by the Secretary or one of the Secretaries as the case may be to be a true copy and having the common seal of the Corporation affixed thereto shall be conclusive evidence in all Courts of such rules and by-laws and of the same having been made under the authority of this Act. 10. In case any of the elections directed by the rules and by-laws for the time being of the Corporation to be made shall not be made at the times required it shall nevertheless be competent to the Council or to the members as the case may be to make such elections respectively at any ordinary meeting of the Council or at any annual or special general meeting held subsequently. 11. The Secretary or either one of the Secretaries may represent the Corporation in all legal and equitable pro- ceedings and may for and on behalf of the Corporation make such affidavits and do such acts and sign such documents as are or may be required to be done by the plaintiff or complainant or defendant respectively in any proceedings to which the Corporation may be parties. X1ll. INDEX TO RULES. RULE. Annual General Meeting oe ee see bef £%. rer Veet Annual Report... ; es sia ie AD Sch hee Soult Auditors and Audit of Waceants nee Bas ase oS vant SO Absence from Council Meetings ade Es Me aa Je O24 Alteration of Rules Be Sul ee +h ae a, Was 9 AN: Admission of Visitors _... ius Ra Any Bae ae ae ee, _ of Members ... ae aft Nie len te iF te) aebdl Annual Subscription ... su — ee Rae th 9, 9a, 12 os in arrears ee mi 3 me 13, 144 when due at a See ah sly Ballot, Bein by, of Officers and Gouncil. sat a4 4, ic - of Members and Gomeepunante ie aNeiall PUSS A majority of four-fifths necessary - ea he eich lis) Business, Order of wae Be bx cn bee va 20, BOA Branch Societies . a id te! at sch Se a eoO! Cabinets and poibections . nde hl He ae My PATRI Contributions to the Society ... ee Se re . 26, 264, 268: Corresponding Members ae se A A, tds Aras Council, Election of A ee nay ae ty Bet. 4, 5a, 6 a Members of... as i: at An as at 3 es Vacancies in ... oa we ee Ae Be, in a Meetings id “op om A nat Bf 23, 234 = a Quorum ae ae i fe Be egy we A Candidates for Admission Rs soe ae Oe, ae ite 8 Committees or Sections... Wo sh su ay As LM Coe Chairman of re “ay ay a Me ah iL: ERS Documents rate ae oe jn Aer cis os eo ESS Election of new Mierabens oe He ne nee oe onl i Notification of... A a m6 ae by mere ee) Entrance Fee ... ey Se oe abe ah ae ..9A, 12 Expulsion of Members ... as if oe be rey eh Erasure of Name... ae as a ee a ae Seg As Fees and Subscriptions... eh Hes we Hak ee 9, 9A, 9B Funds, Management of... ae 8 ue Ps A eee dlg Dh Governor, Honorary President... ae a ons es ore 2 Grants of Money... fe ves Bo we an we ...28, 29 Honorary Members ae PS): oh ee iiss Ae sree acl Library ... ou a wes sys ve ae AO Meetings, Wedary Coron as ve rh Ba EP Vital 1s, ma Annual She sy he Ana oe ae ae 2L Xiv. Members, Honorary vs Corresponding a Resignation of » Expulsion of ... es to sign Rules... seis wale at Admission of,., Money Grants Object of the Society Office-bearers »» Duration of >» Vacancies amongst Order of Business President ... o Honorary Property of the Society... Quorum at the Council Meetings es for the Election of Officers and ae new Mombenaee Reports le i from Sections ... Resignations Rules, Alteration of Scrutineers, Appointment of Sections, Membership of Sections or Committees ... Secretaries, Hon., Duties of a Assistant ee of Sections ... Subscriptions ee & in arrears... Vacancies in the Council Visitors... ie was cate Sipe ee 9, 12, 124, 138 14, 144 7 22 Rw tees. (RevisED Oct. 1, 1879.) Additional Rules adopted November 5, 1884, marked thus, XA, &e. Object of the Society. I. The object of the Society is to receive at its stated meetings original papers on Science, Art, Literature, and Philosophy, and especially on such subjects as tend to develop the resources of Australia, and to illustrate its Natural History and Productions. Honorary President. II. The Governor of New South Wales shall be ex officio Honorary President of the Society. Other Officers. III. The other Otticers of the Society shall consist of a President, who shall hold office for one year only, but shall be eligible for re-election after the lapse of one year; two Vice- Presidents, a Treasurer, and one or more Secretaries, who, with six other members, shall constitute a Council for the management of the affairs of the Society. Election of Officers and Council. IV. The President, Vice-Presidents, Secretaries, Treasurer, and the six other members of Council, shall be elected annually by ballot at the General Meeting in the month of May. V. It shall be the duty of the Council each year to prepare a list containing the names of members whom they recommend for election to the respective offices of President, Vice-Presidents, Hon. Secretaries, and Hon. Treasurer, together with the names of six other members whom they recommend for election as ordinary members of Council. The names thus recommended shall be proposed at one meeting of the Council, and agreed to at a subsequent meeting. XV. Such list shall be suspended in the Society’s Rooms, and a copy shall be sent to each ordinary member not less than fourteen days before the day appointed for the Annual General Meeting. Va. There shall be elected on the Council for each ensuing year, at least two and not more than three members of the Society who were not members of the Council for the previous year. VI. Each member present at the Annual General Meeting shall have the power to alter the lst of names recommended by the Council, by adding to it the names of any eligible members not already included in it and removing from it an equivalent nuinber of names, and he shall use this list with or without such alterations as a balloting lst at the election of Officers and Council. The name of each member voting shall be entered into a book, kept for that purpose, by two Scrutineers elected by the members present. No ballot for the election of members of Council, or of new members, shall be valid unless twenty members at least shall record their votes. Vacancies in the Council during the year. VII. Any vacancies occurring in the Council of Management during the year may be filled up by the Council. Candidates for admission. Viti. Candidates must be at least twenty-one years of age. Every candidate for admission as an ordinary member of the Society shall be recommended according to a prescribed form of certificate by not less than three members, to two of whom the candidate must be personally known. Such certificate must set forth the names, place of residence, and qualitications of the candidate. The certificate shall be read at the three Ordinary General Meetings of the Society next ensuing after its receipt, and . XVil. during the intervals between those three meetings, it shall be suspended in a conspicuous place in one of the rooms of the Society. The vote as to admission shall take place by ballot, at the Ordinary General Meeting at which the certificate is appointed to be read the third time, and immediately after such reading. At the ballot the assent of at least four-fifths of the members voting shall be requisite for the admission of the candidate. / Entrance Fee and Subscriptions. TX. The entrance money paid by members on their admission shall be Two Guineas; and the annual subscription shall be Two Guineas, payable in advance ; but members elected prior to December, 1879, shall be required to pay an annual subscription of One Guinea only as heretofore. : The amount of ten annual payments may be paid at any time as a life composition for the ordinary annual payment. IXa. The entrance fee and first annual subscription shall be paid within two months from the date of election ; otherwise the election shall be void. The Council may, however, in special cases, extend the period. within which these payments must be made. | [Xs. Composition fees shall be treated as capital, and shali be devoted to the Building Fund Account, or invested. New Members to be informed of their election. X. Every new member shall receive due notification of his election, and be supplied with a copy of the obligation (No. 3 in Appendix), together with a copy of the Rules of the Society, a list of members, and a card of the dates of meeting. Members shall sign Rules—lormal admission. XI. Every member who has complied with the preceding Rules shall at the first Ordinary General Meeting at’ which he Shall be present sign a duplicate of the aforesaid obligation In a XVlil. book to be kept for that purpose, after which he shall be presented by some member to the Chairman, who, addressing him by name, shall say :—‘‘In the name of the Royal Society of New South Wales I admit you a member thereof.’ Annual subscriptions, when due. XII. Annual subscriptions shall become due on the Ist of May for the year then commencing. The entrance fee and first year’s subscription of a new member shall become due on the day of his election. XIIa. Persons elected on or after the first day of October in any year shall pay the annual contribution as in advance for the following year, but in every case within two months after notification of their election has been made to them by the Honorary Secretary. Members whose subscriptions are unpard not to enjoy privileges. XIII. An elected member shall not be entitled to attend the meetings or to enjoy any privilege of the Society, nor shall his name be printed in the list of the Society, until he shall have paid his admission fee and first annual subscription, and have returned to the Secretaries the obligation signed by himself. Subscriptions im arrears. XIV. Members who have not paid their subscriptions for the current year, on or before the 3lst of May, shall be informed of the fact by the Hon. Treasurer. No member shall be entitled to vote or hold office while his subscription for the previous year remains unpaid. The name of any member who shall be two years in arrears with his subscriptions shall be erased from the list of members, but such member may be re-admitted on giving a satisfactory explanation to the Council, and on payment of arrears. At the meeting held in July, and at all subsequent meetings for the year, a list of the names of all those members who are in Ne ne > eb.e arrears with their annual subscriptions shall be suspended in the Rooms of the Society. Members shall in such cases be informed that their names have been thus posted. XIVa. Any member in arrears shall cease to receive the Society’s publications, and shall not be entitled to any of the privileges of the Society until such arrears are paid. Resignation of Members. XV. Members who wish to resign their membership of the Society are requested to give notice in writing to the Honorary Secretaries, and are required to return all books or other property belonging to the Society. Hupulsion of Members. XVI. A majority of members present at any ordinary meeting shall have power to expel an obnoxious member from the Society, provided that a resolution to that effect has been moved and seconded at the previous ordinary meeting, and that due notice of the same has been sent in writing to the member in question, within a week after the meeting at which such resolution has been brought forward. Honorary Members. XVII. The Honorary Members of the Society shall be persons who have been eminent benefactors to this or some other of the Australian Colonies, and distinguished patrons and promoters of the objects of the Society. Every person proposed as an Honorary Member must be recommended by the Council and elected by the Society. Honorary Members shall be exempted from payment of fees and contributions: they may attend the meetings of the Society, and they shall be furnished with copies of the publications of the Society, but they shall have no right to hold office, to vote, or otherwise interfere in the business of the Society. The number of Honorary Members shall not at any one time exceed twenty, and not more than two Honorary Members-shall be elected in any one year. XX. Corresponding Members. XVIII. Corresponding Members shall be persons, not resident in New South Wales, of eminent scieutific attainments, who may have furnished papers or otherwise promoted the objects of the Society. Corresponding Member shall be recommended by the Council, and be balloted for in the same manner as ordinary Members. Corresponding Members shall possess the same privileges only as Honorary Members. The number of Corresponding Members shall not exceed twenty-five, and not more than three shall be elected in any one year. Ordinary General Meetings. XIX. An Ordinary General Meeting of the Royal Society, to be convened by public advertisement, shall take place at 8 p.m., on the first Wednesday in every month, during the last eight months of the year; subject to alteration by the Council with due notice. . Order of Business. XX. At the Ordinary General Meetings the business shall be transacted in the following order, unless the Chairman specially decide otherwise :— 1—Minutes of the preceding Meeting. 2--New Members to enrol their names and be introduced. 3—Ballot for the election of new Members. 4 Candidates for membership to be proposed. 5—Business arising out of Minutes. — 6—Communications from the Council. 7—Communications from the Sections. 8—Donations to be laid on the Table and acknowledged. 9—Correspondence to be read. 10—Motions from last Meeting. 11—Notices of Motion for the next Meeting to Be given in. 12—-Papers to be read. 13—Discussion. 14—Notice of Papers for the next Meeting. XX1. XXa. At the ordinary meetings of the Society nothing relating to its regulations or management, except as regards the election or ejection of members, shall be brought forward, unless the same shall have been announced in the notice calling the meeting, or be otherwise provided for in these Rules. XXs. A special meeting of the Society may be called by the Council, provided that seven days notice be given by advertisement, or shall be so called on a requisition signed by at least twenty-five members of the Society, to consider any special business thus notified. Annual General Meeting—Annual Reports. XXI. A General Meeting of the Society shall be held annually in May, to receive a Report from the Council on the state of the Society, and to elect Officers for the ensuing year. The Treasurer shall also at this meeting present the annual financial statement. Admission of Visitors. XXII. Every ordinary member shall have the privilege of introducing two friends as visitors to an Ordinary General Meeting of the Society or its Sections, on the following conditions:— 1. That the name and residence of the visitors, together with the name of the member introducing them, be entered in a book at the time. 2. That they shall not have attended two consecutive meetings of the Society or of any of its Sections in the current year. The Council shall have power to introduce visitors irrespective of the above restrictions. Council Meetings. XXIII. Meetings of the Council of Management shall take place on the last Wednesday in every month, and on such other days as the Council may determine. XXil. XXIII. The President or Hon. Secretaries, or any three Members of the Council, may call a meeting of the Council, Bi, provided that due notice of the same has been sent to each Member — of the Council at least three days before such meeting. Absence from Meetings of Council—Quorum. XXIV. Any member of the Council absenting himself from three consecutive mectings of the Council, without giving a satisfactory explanation in writing, shall be considered to have vacated his office. No business shall be transacted at any meeting of the Council unless three members at least are present. Duties of Secretarves. XXV. The Honorary Secretaries shall perform, or shall cause the Assistant Secretary to perform the following duties :— 1. Conduct the correspondence of the Society and Council. 2. Attend the General Meetings of the Society and the meetings of the Council, to take minutes of the proceed- ings of such meetings, and at the commencement of such to read aloud the minutes of the preceding meeting. 3. At the Ordinary Meetings of the members, to announce the presents made to the Society since their last meeting ; to read the certificates of candidates for admission to the Society, and such original papers communicated to the Society as are not read by their respective authors and the letters addressed to it. 4. To make abstracts of the papers read at the Ordinary General Meetings, to be inserted in the Minutes and printed in the Proceedings. 5. To edit the Transactions of the Society, and to superintend the making of an Index for the same. . 6. To be responsible for the arrangement and safe custody of the books, maps, plans, specimens, and other property _ of the Society. XX1ll1. 7. To make an entry of all books, maps, plans, pamphlets, &e., in the Library Catalogue, and of all presentations to the Society in the Donation Book. 8. To keep an account of the issue and return of books, &c., borrowed by members of the Society, and to see that the borrower, in every case, signs for the same in the Library Book. 9. To address to every person elected into ‘the Society a printed copy of the Forms Nos. 2 and 3 (in the Appendix), together with a list of the members, a copy of the Rules, and a card of the dates of meeting ; and to acknowledge all donations made to the Society, by Form No. 6. 10. To cause due notice to be given of all Meetings of the Society and Council. 11. To be in attendance at 4 p.m. on the afternoon of Wednesday in each week during the session. 12. To keep a list of the attendances of the members of the Council at the Council Meetings and at the ordinary General Meetings, in order that the same may be laid before the Society at the Annual General Meeting held in the month of May. The Honorary Secretaries shall, by mutual agreement, divide the performance of the duties above enumerated. The Honorary Secretaries shall, by virtue of their office, be members of all Committees appointed by the Council. ¥ Contributions to the Society. XXVI. Contributions to the Society, of whatever character, must be sent to one of the Secretaries, to be laid before the Council of Management. It will be the duty of the Council to arrange for promulgation and discussion at an Ordinary Meeting such communications as are suitable for that purpose, as well as to dispose of the whole in the manner best adapted to promote the objects of the Society. XXIV. XXVIa. The original copy of every paper communicated to: the Society, with the illustrative drawings, shall become the property of the Society unless stipulation be made to the contrary;. and authors shall not be at liberty, save by permission of the Council, to publish the papers they have communicated, until such papers or abstracts of them, have appeared in the Journal or other publications of the Society. XX VIs. If any paper of importance is communicated during the recess, the same may be ordered for publication by the Council,, without being read to the Society. Management of Funds. XXVII. The funds of the Society shall be lodged at a Bank named by the Council of Management. Claims against the Society, when approved by the Council, shall be paid by the Treasurer. All cheques shall be countersigned by a member of the Council. Money Grants.* XXVIII. Grants of money in aid of scientific purposes from the funds of the Society—to Sections or to members—shall expire: on the lst of November in each year. Such grants, if not expended, may be re-voted. XXIX. Such grants of money to Committees and individual members shall not be used to defray any personal expenses which a member may incur. Audit of Accounts. XXX. Two Auditors shall be appoynted annually, at an Ordinary Meeting, to audit the Treasurer's Accounts. The: accounts as audited to be laid before the Annual Meeting in May. oe za py conte for money grants are required to supply the following information :— 1. The nature of the research and the scientific results expected to follow therefrom.. . The amount asked for. . Whether any previous grant has been received from any source, and, if so, with what results. . Whether any portion of the grant is to be devoted to personal remuneration. . What apparatus (if any) of permanent value will be required. oF torre , » XXV. Property of the Society to be vested in the President, ke. XXXI. All property whatever belonging to the Society shall be vested in the President, Vice-Presidents, Hon. Treasurer, and Hon. Secretaries for the time being, in trust for the use of the Society ; but the Council shall have control over the disbursements. of the funds and the management of the property of the Society. SECTIONS. XXXII. To allow those members of the Society who devote attention to particular branches of science fuller opportunities. and facilities of meeting and working together with fewer formal restrictions than are necessary at the general Monthly Meetings. of the Society,—Sections or Committees may be established in the following branches of science :— Section A.—Astronomy, Meteorology, Physics, Mathematics, and Mechanics. Section L.—Chemistry and Mineralogy, and their application to the Arts and Agriculture. Section C.—Geology and Paleontology. Section D.—Biology, 7.¢., Botany and Zoology, including Entomology. Section H.—Microscopical Science. Section I’.—Geography and Ethnology. Section G.—Literature and the Fine Arts, including Architecture. Section H.—Medical. Section I.—Sanitary and Social Science and Statistics. Section Committees—Card of Meetings. XXXIII. The first meeting of each Section shall be appointed by the Council. At that meeting the members shall elect their: own Chairman, Secretary, and a Committee of four ; and arrange. the days and hours of their future meetings. A card showing the dates of each meeting for the current year shall be printed. for distribution amongst the members of the Society. Age A) Membership of Sections. XXXIV. Only members of the Society shall have the privilege of joining any of the Sections. Reports from Sections. : XXX V. There shall be for each Section a Chairman to preside at the meetings, and a Secretary to keep minutes of the proceedings, who shall jointly prepare and forward to the Hon. Secretaries of the Society, on or before the 7th December in each year, a report — of the proceedings of the Section during that year, in order that the same may be transmitted to the Council. Reports. XXXVI. It shall be the duty of the President, Vice-Presidents, and Honorary Secretaries to annually examine into and report to the Council upon the state of — . The Society’s house and effects. bo . The keeping of the official books and correspondence. . The library, including maps and drawings. Hm oO . The Society’s cabinets and collections. Cabinets and Collections. XXXVII. The keepers of the Society’s cabinets and collections shall give a list of the contents, and report upon the condition of the same to the Council annually. Documents. XXX VIII. The Honorary Secretaries and Honorary Treasurer shall see that all documents relating to the Society’s property, the obligations given by members, the policies of insurance, and other securities shall be lodged in the Society’s iron chest, the contents of which shall be inspected by the Council once in every year ; a list of such contents shall be kept, and such list shall be signed by the President or one of the Vice-Presidents at the — annual inspection. XXVilL. Branch Societies. oan of ane twenty-five members at iat must be ieee XXVIll. THE LIBRARY. 1. The Library shall be open for consultation and for the issue and return of books daily (except Saturday), from 9°30 a.m. to 1 p.m., and 2 to 6 p.m., and on Saturdays from 9°30 a.m. to 1°30 p.m. 1a. The Library will not be open on public holidays. : 2. No book shall be issued without being signed for in the Library Book. 3. Members are not allowed to have more than two volumes. at a time from the Library, without special permission from one of the Honorary Secretaries, nor to retain a book for a longer period than fourteen days; but when a book is returned by a. member it may be borrowed by him again, provided it has not been bespoken by any other member. Books which have been -bespoken shall circulate in rotation, according to priority of application. ? 4, Scientific Periodicals and Journals will not be lent until the volumes are completed and bound. 4a. Dictionaries, Encyciopzdias, and other works of reference: and cost, Atlases, Books and Illustrations in loose sheets, Drawings, Prints and unbound numbers of Periodicals and Works, Journals, Transactions and Proceedings of Societies or Institutions, Works. of a Series, Maps or Charts, are not to be removed from the Library without the written order of the President or one of the: Hon. Secretaries. 5. Members retaining books longer than the time specified shall be subject to a fine of sixpence per week for each volume. 6. The books which have been issued shall be called in by the Secretaries twice a year ; and in the event of any book not being returned on those occasions, the member to whom it was issued shall be answerable for it, and shall be required to defray the cost of replacing the same. 7. No stranger shall be admitted to the Library except by the introduction of a member, whose name, together with that of the visitor, shall be inserted in a book kept for that purpose. 8. Members shall not lay the paper upon which they are — writing on any Book or Map. No tracings shall be made without express permission from the Hon. Secretaries. XX1X. Form No. 1. Royat Society oF New SovutH WALES. Certificate of a Candidate for Election. Name ‘Qualification or occupation Address being desirous of admission into the Royal Society of New South Wales, we, the undersigned members of the Society, propose and recommend him as a proper person to become a member thereof. Dated this day of 18 From PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE. From GENERAL KNOWLEDGE. Signature of candidate Date received 18 N.B.—This certificate must be signed by three or more members, to two of whom the candidate must be personally known. The candidate must beat least twenty-one years -of age. This certificate has to be read at three ordinary general meetings of the Society. Form No, 2. Royat Socrety oF New SoutH WALtLgEs. The Society’s House, Sir, Sydney, 18 I have the honour to inform you that you have this day been elected a member of the Royal Society of New South Wales, and I beg to forward to you a copy of the Rules of the Society, a printed copy of an obligation, _-& list of members, and a card announcing the dates of meeting during the present session. According to the Regulations of the Society (vide Rule No. 9), you are required to pay your adinission fee of two guineas, and annual subscription _ of two guineas for the current year, before admission. You are also requested to sign and return the enclosed form of obligation at your earliest convenience. I have, &c., To Hon. Secretary. Form No. 3. Roya Socizty or New Souta WaALEs. I, the undersigned, do hereby engage that I will endeavour to promote the interests and welfare of the Royal Society of New South Wales, and to observe its Rules and By-laws, as long as I shall remain a member thereof, Address Signed, Date. XXX. Form No. 4. Royau Society or New SouruH WALtgss. The Society’s House, Sir, Sydney, I have the honour to inform you that your annual subscription of , iy for the current year became due to the Royal Society of __ New South Wales on the Ist of May last. It is requested that payment may be made by cheque or Post Office order drawn in favour of the Hon. Treasurer. | I have, &c., To Hon. Treasurer. Form No. 5. Roya Society or New SoutH WALEs. The Society’s House, Si, Sydney, 18 I am desired by the Royal Society of New South Wales to forward to you a copy of its Journal for the year 18 , asa donation to the i of your Society. I am further requested to mention that the Society will be thankful is receive such of the very valuable publications issued by your Society as it may feel disposed to send. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your most obedient servant, Hon. Secretary. Form No. 6. Royau Society or New South WaA.gEs. The Society’s House, Sir, Sydney, 18 . On bebalf of the Royal Society of New South Wales, I beg to acknowledge the receipt of and Iam directed to convey to | you the best thanks of the Society for your most valuable donation. . I have the honour to be, Sir, Your most obedient servant, | t ¥ Hon. Secretary. XXX1. Form No. 7. Balloting List for the Election of the Officers and Council. Royau Socrety or New SourH WALES. Batuotrine List for the election of the the Officers and Council. Present Council. Names proposed as Members of the New Council. President. Vice-Presidents. Hon. Treasurer. Hon. Secretaries. Members of Council. If you wish to substitute any other name in place of that proposed, erase- the printed name in the second column, and write opposite to it, in the third, that which you wish to substitute. XXXL, LIST OF THE MEMBERS . OF THE Roval Society of Hew South dhales. P Members who have contributed papers which have been published inthe Society’s | “Transactions or Journal; papers published in the Transactions of the Philosophical ‘Society are also included. The numerals indicate the number of such contributions. + Members of the Council. ~ Life Members. Elected M877 Abbott, Joseph Palmer, M.L.A., 6 Wentworth Court, Eliza- : beth-street. 1877 | P1| Abbott, Thomas Kingsmill, S. M., Central Police Office, Sydney. : 1877 | P3| Abbott, W. E., Abbotsford, Wingen. 7 1877 Adams, eames, Australian Joint Stock Bank, Sydney. 1864 Adams, P. F., Surveyor General, Kirribilli Point, St. Leonards. 1878 Alexander, George M., Hunter-street. 1868 Allerding, F., 25 Hunter-street. : 1873 Allerding, H. R., 25 Hunter-street. 185€ Allwood, Rev. Canon, B.A. Cantab., “‘ Rorklands,” Edgecliff Road, Woollahra. 1885 Allworth, Joseph Witter, District Surveyor, East Maitland. 1881 | Amos, Robert, ‘‘ Renneil,”’ Elizabeth Bay Road. 1887 Anderson, H. C. L., M.A., “ Aberfeldie,’? Summer Hill. 1887 Armstrong, William Harvey, ‘‘ Woodlawn,” Henrietta-street, Waverley. 1873 Atherton, Ebenezer, M.R.C.S. Eng., Macquarie-street, North. 1878 Backhouse, Alfred P., M.A., District Court Judge, “ Melita,” Elizabeth Bay. 1877 Baker, E. A., M.L.A., Erith Colliery, Bundanoon. 1878 Balfour, James, National Bank of Australasia, 60 Pitt-street. 1881 Barff, H. E., M.A., Registrar, Sydney University. 1878 Barker, Francis Lindsay, 86 Pitt-street. 1886 Barker, W. Mandeville, Longueville Chambers, Young-street. 1884 Barry, The Most Rev. Alfred, D:D, DCL: » Primate, Bishops- court, Randwick. 1875 Bartels, W. C. W., Richmond Terrace. 1876 Bassett, W. F., M. R. C.S., Eng., Bathurst. 1878 Bayley, George W.A., Railway Department, Philips 1884 Baynes, Richard B., Victoria Barracks. 1875 Bedford, W. J. G., M.R.C.S...Eng., “ Waratals 2 ieee Hobart, teres Elected. 1868 1875 1877 1875 1876 1869 1877 1878 1884 1878 1878 1886 1880 1877 1883 1887 1872 1879 1886 1886 1876 1871 1879 1878 1886 1876 1877 1877 1875 1880 1876 1876 1880 1876 1876 1868 1879 1876 P2 legal XXX111. Beilby, E. T., 91 Pitt-street. Belgrave, Thomas B., M.D. Edin., M.R.C.S. Eng.,“ Hazelmere,”’ George-street, Burwood. Belfield, Algernon H., Eversleigh. Belisario, John, M.D., Lyons’ Terrace. Benbow, Clement A., 30 College-street. Bensusan, 8. L., 44 Castlereagh-street. Bennett, George F., C.M.Z.S., Toowoomba, Queensland. Berney, Augustus, H. M. Customs, Sydney. Binstead, W. H., “ Glenthorne,”’ Boulevard, Petersham. Black, Reginald James, M.L.A., “ Traveleyn,” Darling Point Road, W oallahra. Black, Morrice A., F.I.A., Actuary, Australian Mutual Provident Society, Pitt-street. Blacket, Arthur, Architect, Bond-street. Blackmann, C. H. E., 375 George-street. Bladen, Thomas, c/o Mr. Frank Bladen, Government Printing Office. Blaxland, Herbert, M.R C.S.E., L R.C.P. Lond., Hospital for the Insane, Callan Park. Blaxland, Ernest Gregory, M.R.C.S. Eng., L.R.C.P. Lond., Prince Alfred Hospital. Bolding, H. J., P.M., Raymond Terrace, Hunter River. tBond, Albert, BeH’s Chambers, Pitt-street. Bowker, R.8., L.R.C.P. Edin., M.R.C.S. Eng , 17 Clarence- street. Bowman, Arthur, 163 Phillip-street. Brady, Andrew John, Lic. K. & Q. Coll. Phys. Irel., Lic. RB. Coll. Sur. Ivel., 3 Lyons’ Terrace. ie Brazier, John, Fi:8., C-M.Z.S., Corr.) M.R.S:, Tas., 82 Windmill-street. Brindley, Thomas, “ Marsden,” Tupper-street, Marrickville. {Brooks, Joseph, F.R.G.S., ‘‘Hope Bank,’ Nelson-street,. Woollahra. Brown, David, “ Kallara,’’ Bourke. Brown, Henry Joseph, Newcastle. Bundock, W. C., “ Wyangarie,” Casino. Burnell, Arthur, “ Clapton,” Forbes-street. Burton, Edmund, Land Titles Office, Elizabett-street North.. Bush, Thomas James, Engineer’s Office, Gas Works, Sydney.. Cadell, Alfred, Vegetable Creek, New England. Cadell, Thomas, Australian Club. Caird, George S., “ Lillinestone,’’ Ocean-street, Woollahra. Campbell, Allan, L.R.C.P Glasgow, Yass. Campbell, The Hon. Alexander, M.L.C., ‘“‘ Rosemont,’ Woollahra. Campbell, The Hon. Charles, M.L.C., c/o F. Campbell, Esq., * Yarralumba,”’ Queanbeyan. Campbell, Revd. Joseph, M.A., F.G.S., “The Parsonage,” Glen Innes. Cape, Alfred J., M.A. Syd., “ Karoola,” Edgecliff Road. Elected. 1886 1886 1882 1885 1882 1879 1878 1884 Ba Pia. Pal P2 2 XXXIV, Carey, John R., ‘‘ Caprera,’”’ Milson’s Point, St. Leonards. Carrington, His Excellency The Right Hon. Lord, G.C.M.G., — &e., &e., &c., Hon. President. Carruthers, Charles Ulic, L.K. and Q.C.P., L.R.C.S., Ivel., “Glenara,”’ Montague-street, Balmain. Chadwick, Robert, ‘‘ Arlington,” Edgecliff Road, Woollahra. Chambers, 'Thomas, F.R.C.P., F.R.C.S. Edin., 1 Lyons’ Terrace. tChard, J. 8., Surveyor, Armidale. Chatfield, Captn. William. Smith-street, Parramatta. Chesterman, Alfred H., L.8., Ournie P.O., Upper Murray, via Albury. Chisholm, Edwin, M.R.C.S8., Eng., L.S.A., &c., “ Abergeldie,”’' Victoria-street, Ashfield. Chisholin, William, M.D., Lond., 199 Macquarie-street North. Codrington, John Frederick, M.R.C.S. Eng.; Lic. R.C. Phys., Lond.; Lic. R.C. Phys., Hdin., Orange. . Collie, Revd. Robert, F.L.S., <‘ The Manse,” Wellington-street, Newtown. Collingwood, David, M.D. Lond., F.R.C.S. Eng., “ Airedale,” Summer Hill. Colquhoun, George, ‘‘ Rossdhu,” 72 Darlinghurst Road. Colyer, Henry Cox, M.A., “Clinton,” Liverpool-street, Darlinghurst. Colyer, John Ussher Cox, “‘ Eastwell,”’ Bellevue, Waverley. Comrie, James, “ Northfield,” Kurrajong Heights. Conder, W. J., Chairman, Local Land Board, Cooma. Conlan, George Nugent, F'.R.G.S., care of Mr. C. E. Riddell, Union Club. Cornwell, Samuel, Australian Brewery, Bourke-street, Redfern. Cottee, W. Alfred, 2 Spring-street. Cox, The Hon. George Henry, M.L.C., “‘ Winbourn,” Penrith. Cox, James, M.D. Edin., C.M.Z.S., F.L.S., 73 Hunter-street. +Cox, S. Herbert, F.C.S., F.G.S., 1 Victoria Terrace, Miller- street, North Shore, Hon. Secretary. Cracknell, E. C., M.I.C.E., Superintendent of Telegraphs, Telegraph Office, George-street. Crago, W.H.,M.R.C.S. Eng., L.R.C.P. Lond., 82 William-street. Creed, The Hon. J. Mildred, M.L.C., M.R.C.S. Eng., L.R.C.P., Edin., Wallis-street, Woollahra. Croudace, Thomas, Lambton. Crummer, Henry, 47 Rialto Terrace, Darlinghurst. Dalton, James Neale, Head Master, The Queen’s School, Sydney. Danger, Frederick H., “ Grantham,” Pott’s Point. Darley, Cecil West, ‘‘ Erinagh,”’ Elizabeth Bay Road. Darley, Sir F. M., K.C.M.G., B.A., Chief Justice, Supreme Court, King-street. Davey, T. G., M.E., Emmaville, New South Wales. David, T. W. Edgeworth, B.A., F.G.S., Geological Surveyor, Department of Mines, Phillip-street. Dean, Alexander, J.P., 54 Castlereagh-street. a "Elected. 1885 1877 1856 1881 1875 1876 1875 1882 1880 1880 1876 1879 1882 1879 1884 1873 1876 1886 1876 1874 1876 1881 1885 1876 1881 1881 1877 1868 1887 1881 1876 1874 1856 9 XXXV. Deane, Henry, C.E., Gladesville. Deck, John Feild, M.D., Ashfield. Deffell, George H., Chief Commissioner, Insolvency Court, Phillip-street. Delarue, Leopold H., 378 George-street. De Salis, The Hon. Leopold Fane, M. L. C., « Tharwa,”’ Queanbeyan. Dight, Arthur, Richmond. Dixon, W. A., F.C.S.. Fellow and Member Inst. of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, Lecturer on Chemistry, The Technical College, School of Arts, Pitt-street, Sydney. Dixon, Fletcher, English, Scottish, and Australian Chartered Bank, George-street. Dixson, Craig, M.B., C.M. Edin., M.R.C.S. Eng., M.D. Syd., 2 Clarendon Terrace, Elizabeth-street. Dixson, Thomas, M.B., Mast. Surg. Edin.,‘‘ Ellalong,”’ Ashfield. Docker, Ernest B., M.A. Syd., ‘‘ Carhullen,”’ Granville. Docker, Wilfred L., “‘ Nyrambla,” Darlinghurst Road. Donkin, J. B., The Exchange, Sydney. Dowling, Neville, “ Brougham,” Wallis-street, Woollahra. Dowling, Edward, Secretary, Board of Technical Education, 129 Phillip-street. Du Faur, Eccleston, F.R.G.S., ‘‘ Marfa,’ Croydon. Eales, Hon. John, M.L.C., Duckenfield Park, Morpeth. Edmunds, Percy James, Public Training School, Fort-street. Egan, Myles, M.R.C.S. Hng., 136 Elizabeth-street. Hichler, Charles F., M.D. Heidelberg, M.R.C.S. Eng., Bridge- street. Eldred, W. H., 62 Margaret-street. Elliott, F. W., Elizabeth Bay. Ellis, Henry A., M.B., Ch. B. Univ. Dub., 3 Bayswater Houses, Double Bay. Evans, George, “‘ Springfield,” Darlinghurst Road. Evans, Thomas, M.R.C.S. Eng., 211 Macquarie-street North. Ewan, John Frazer, M.B., Mast. Surg. Univ. Edin., c/o Messrs. John Frazer & Co., York-street. tFairfax, Edward R., 145 Macquarie-street. Fairfax, James R., Herald Office, Hunter-street. Faithfull, R. L., M.D., L.R.C.P., 5 Lyons’ Terrace. Fiaschi, Thomas, M. Des DMs Ch, Univ. Pisa, 39 Phillip-street. Firth, Rev. Frank, Wesleyan Parsonage, Waverley. Fischer, Carl F., M.D., M.R.C.S. Eng.; L.R. G.P. Lond. ; PGS: ; F.LS. ; F.RMS. ; Member Imp. Botanical and Zoological Society, Vienna; Corr. Member Imperial Geo- _ graphical Society. Vienna; c/o the Manager of the Bank of New Zealand, Pitt-street. Flavelle, John, 340 George-street. Elected, 1880 1879 1881 1878 1883 1881 Ral Pa P4 XXXVI, Forbes, Alexander Leith, M.A., Dept. of Public Instruction. {Foreman, Joseph, M.R.C.S. Eng., L.R.C.P. Edin., 168 Macquarie-street. Foster, W. J., Q.C., M.L.A., Temple Court, King-street. Fraser, Robert, c/o Rex J. G. Fraser, Rose Villa, Glebe Point. Fraser, John, B.A., Edin., LL.D., Délégué Général (pour POcéanie), de iy Institution Ethnographique de Paris; Associate of the Victoria (Philosophical) Institute of Great. Britain, c/o Rev. James Benvie, Manse, West Maitland. | Furber, T. F., “ Clifton,’ Burwood. Gardiner, Rev. Andrew, M.A., “ Paxton House,’ Glebe Point. Garnsey, Rev. C. F., Christ Church Parsonage, Sydney. Garran, The Hon. Andrew, M.L.C., LL.D., “ Strathmore,” Glebe Point. Garrett, H. E., M.R.C.S. Hng., 37 Wynyard Square West. Garvan, J. P., M.L.A., Hast St. Leonards. Gedye, Charles Townsend, ‘‘ Kastbourne,” Darling Point. George, W. R., 346 George-street. Gora Francis, care of TRS. Du Faur & Gerard, Box 690,. G.P.O. Gibbs, J. Burton, Hosking Place, 84a Pitt-street North. Gilchrist, W. O., c/o Messrs. Gilchrist, Watt, & Co., Spring- street. Gill, Rev. W. Wyatt, B.A., Lond., “‘ Persica,”’ Iawarra Road, Marrickville. Gilliat, Henry A., Chief Inspector of Public Watering Places, Department of Mines, Phillip-street. Gipps, F. B., C.E., “‘ Maida,” Chandos-street, Ashfield. Goddard, William C., Norwich Chambers, Hunter-street. Goode, George, M.A., M.D., M. Ch. Trin. Coll., Dub., Orange. Goode, W. H., M.A., M.D., Ch. M., Diplomate in State Medicine, Dub., Surgeon Royal Navy, Corres. Mem. Royal Dublin Society, Mem, Brit. Med. Assoc., Lecturer on Medical Jurisprudence, University of Sydney, 159, Mac-: quarie-street North. Goodlet, John H., “Canterbury House,”’ Ashfield. Gordon, C. E., H. M. Customs, Sydney. Graham, James, M.A., M.B.,C.M., Prince Alfred Hospital.,,. Sydney. Grahame, Hon. W., M.L.C., “ Strathearn House,” Waverley. Griffin, Gilderoy Wells, Consul for the United States of America, 12 Beresford Chambers, Castlereagh-street. Griffiths, Frederick C., “ Greenknowe,” 56 Macleay-street. Griffiths, G. Neville, 10 O’Connell-street. Grut, Percival de Jersey, English, Scottish, and Australian. Chartered Bank, Melbourne. Gurney, T. T., M.A. Cantab., late Fellow of St. John’s College, Cambridge, Professor of Mathematics and Natural. Philosophy, University of Sydney. ee Elected, 1880 1878 1880 1887 1882 1882 Sy AST 1881 1877 1884: 1877 1874 1876 ~1881 1877 1884: 1878 1878 1878 1879 | 1879 1879 7 1879 | 1886 1877 1878 1882 1886 1887 1879 1878 1876 1885 Pil P5 jem P?2 | ae ' Holmes, Spencer Harrison, “‘The Wilderness,’ Allandale, | XXXVil. Haege, Hermann, 93 Pitt-street. Hall, Richard T., 85 Macleay-street. Halligan, Gerald H., C.E., “‘ Eugowra,” Hunter’s Hill. Hamlet, William M., F.C.S., Member of the Society of Public Analysts, Government Analyst, Treasury Buildings. Hammond, Mark J., “‘ Endymion,’ Ashfield. Hankins, G. T., M. R.C.S. Eng., 3 Lyons’ Terrace, Hyde Bark. Hargrave, liaeecenes “Ravensbour ne,” Rusheutter’s Bay Road tHarris, John, M.L.A., ‘‘ Bulwarra,”’ Jones-street, Ultimo. tHarrison, L. M.,, Macquarie Place. Haswell, ahaa Aitcheson, M.A.. B.Sc., F.L.S., Demonstrator of Comparative Anatomy and Physiology, University of Sydney, Australian Club. Hawkins, H. S., M.A., Balmain. Hay, The Hon. Sir John, K.C.M.G., M.L.C., A.M. Aberdeen, President of the Legislative Council, Rose Bay, Woollahra. Heaton, J. H., M.P., St. Stephen’s Club, Westminster, London. Helms, Albert, Ph. D., Berlin, Sydney University. Henry, James, 750 George-street. Henson, Joshua B., C.E., Assistant City Engineer, Town Hail, Sydney. Herborn, E. W. L., “ Flinton,” Burwood. Herborn, Eugene, Licensed Surveyor, Beresford Chambers, 52 Castlereagh-street. Hewett, Thomas Edward, Technical College, Sydney. Higgins, R. G., Kickabell Station, Quirindi. Hills, Robert, Elizabeth Bay. j Hitchins, Edward Lytton, “‘ Florence,’ Victoria-street North, Darlinghurst. Hirst, George D., 377 George-street. Hunter River. Houison, Andrew, B.A., M.B., C.M. Hdin., 128 Phillip-street. Hozier, Charles H.S., F.R.C.S. Ivrel., L.K. and Q.C.P. Irel., Windsor, N.S.W. | Hume, J. K., “ Beulah,’ Campbelltown. +Hunt, Robert, F.G.S., Deputy Master of the Royal Mint, Sydney, Hon. Treasurer. Hurst, George, M.B., Univ. Lond., Mast. Surg. Univ. Edin., 28 College-street, Hyde Park. | Hutckinson, W. A., Bond-street. | Huxtable, L. R., M. B., C.M., 47 Phillip-street. Inglis, The Hon. James, M.L.A., “‘ Craigo,”’ Redmyre. Jackson, Arthur Levett, Govermennt Printing Office. Jackson, Henry Willan, M.R.C.S. Eng., Lic. R. C. Phys. Edin., 146 Phillip-street. J ackson, Rev. H. L., M.A. (Cantab.), St. James’s Parsonage, Macquarie-street. XXXVI. Elected, ; 1879 Jefferis, Rev. James, LL.D., Vestry, Congregational Church,. Pitt-street. 1884 Jenkins, Edward Johnstone, M.A., M.D., Oxon, M.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., L.8.A. Lond., 218 Macquarie-street North. 1879 Johnson, James W., ‘‘ Brooksby,”? Double Bay. 1876 Jones, James Aberdeen, Lic. R. C. Phys. Edin., Booth-street,. Balmain. ¥ 1876 | Jones, Richard Theophilus, M.D. Sydn., L.R.C.P. Edin.,. “Caer Idris,” Ashfield. — 1867 Jones, P. Sydney, M.D. Lond., F.R.C.S. Eng., College-street. 1877 Jones, Edward Lloyd, “ Bickley,’ Burwood. 1874 | Jones, James, “‘ Miltonia,’? Randwick. 1879 | Jones, John Trevor, C.E., ‘‘ Tremayne,’ North Shore. 1884. Jones, Llewellyn C. Russell, 33 Castlereagh-street. 1887 Jones, G. Mandor, M.R.C.8. Eng., L.R.C.P. Lond., Collins- | street, North Annandale. 1863 Josephson, Joshua Frey, F.G.S., Bellevue Hill, Double Bay. 1876 |P2) Josephson, J. P., Assoc. Mem. Inst. C.E., George-street,, Marrickville. 1878 | Joubert, Numa, Hunter’s Hill. 1883 Kater, H. E., “ Mount Broughton,’’ Moss Vale. 1873 Keele, Thomas William, Harbours and Rivers Department, Phillip-street. 1877 Keep, John, ‘‘ Broughton Hall,” Leichhardt. 1884: - Kendall, Theodore M., B.A., F.R.C.S., F.R:C. Peay College-street, Hyde Park. 1887 Kent, Harry C., Bell’s Chambers, 129 Pitt-street. 1874 King, Hon. Philip G., M.L.C., ‘‘ Banksia,” William-street, Double Bay. 1878 Knages, Samuel T., M.D. Aberdeen, 16 College-street. 1881 | P1| Knibbs, G. H., Denison Road, Petersham. 1874 Knox, George, M.A. Cantab., Phillip-street. 1875 Knox, Edward, The Hon., M.L.C., O’Connell-street. 1877 Knox, Edward W., “ Rona,” Bellevue Hill, Double Bay. 1877 Kopsch, G., 8 Boulevard, Petersham. 1878 +Kyngdon, F. B., F.R.M.S. Lond., 69 Darlinghurst Road, Hon. Secretary. 1878 Kyngdon, Frederick H., M.D. Aberdeen; L.S.A. Lond.; M.R. C.S. Eng.; C.M. Aberdeen, “ Bon Accord,’ North Shore. 1884 Kynedon, Boughton, L.S.A., Medl. Assoc. King’s Coll. Lond., 69 Darlinghurst Road. 1884 Lackey, The Hon. John, M.L.C., Warrigal Club. 1883 Lane, William H. H., 6 Bligh-street. 1874 |P1) Latta, G. J., “ Mountsea,” Burlington Road, Homebush. 1859 | P6 +Leibius, Adolph, Ph. D. Heidelberg, M.A., F.C.S.; Senior Assayer to the Sydney Branch of the Royal Mint. 1885 Leverrier, Frank, B.A., B.Sc., “'Tarnagulla,’ Waverley. 1874 Lenehan, Henry Alfred, Sydney Observatory. Elected. 1883 1872 |P 29 MAX UN. | Lingen, J. T., M.A. Cantab., 101 Elizabeth-street. fLliversidge, Archibald, M.A. “ Cantab.” F.R.S.; Assoc. Roy. Sch. Mines, Lond.; F.C.S.; Fel. Inst. Chemistry of Gt. Brit.and Irel.; ¥'.G.S.; F-L:S8.; F.R.G.S.; Mem. Phy. Soc. London; Member of Mineralogical Society, London; Cor. Mem. Roy. Soc. T'as.; Cor. Mem. Roy. Soc. Queens- land; Cor. Mem. Senckenberg Institute, Frankfurt; Cor. _ Mem. Soc. d@Acclimat. Mauritius; Hon. Fel. Roy. Hist. Soc. Lond.; Mem. Min. Soe. of France; Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy in the University of Sydney, Hon. Secretary. The University, Glebe. | Lloyd, The Hon. George Alfred, M.L.C., F.R.G.S., “ Scott- forth,’ Elizabeth Bay. Lloyd, Lancelot T., ‘‘ Hurotah,’? William-street East. Long, Alfred Parry, Land Titles’ Office. | Lord, The Hon. Francis, M.L.C., North Shore. | Lovell, R. Haynes, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. Lond., 26 Wynyard Sq. Low, Hamilton, H. M. Customs. Low, Andrew S., ‘‘ Osborne,’”’ North Geelong, Victoria. Lowe, Edwin, Wilgar Downs Station, vid Girilambone. | Lyden, M. J., M.D., M. Ch., Q.U. TIrel., 44 College-street. MacAllister, John F'., M.B., B.S. Melb., Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown. MacCormick, Alexander, M.D., M.B., Ch. M. Hdin., M.R.C.S. Eng.. Demonstrator of Anatomy, University of Sydney, 205 Macquarie-street North. MacCulloch, 8. H., M.B., C.M. Edin., 376 Pitt-street. M‘Culloch, A. H., jun., M.L.A., 121 Pitt-street. M‘Cutcheon, John Warner, Assayer to the Sydney Branch of the Royal Mint. MacDonald, John A., Roads Department, Public Works, Sydney. MacDonald, Ehenezer, “ Kamilaroi,’ Darling Point. MacDonnell, William J., F.R.A.S.. Bank of New South Wales, Port Macquarie. | MacDonnell, Samuel, 312 George-street. MacFarlane, Edward, District Surveyor, Bourke. MacGillivray, P. H., M.A.,- M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Sandhurst, Victoria. M‘Kay, Charles, M.D. Univ. St. Andrew, L.R.C.S. Edin., Belmont House, Wynyard Square. M‘Kinney, Hugh G., M.E., Mem. Inst. C.E., Athenzum Club, Castlereagh-street. MacLaurin, Henry Norman, M.A., M.D. Univ. Hdin., Lic. R. ‘Coll. Sur. Edin., 155 Macquarie-street. Mackenzie, John, F.G.S., Examiner of Coa! Fields, Newcastle. Mackenzie, Rev. P. F., “ Sydenham,”’ Reserve-street, North Annandale. Mackenzie, R. M., Bond-street. | Mackenzie, G. S., Ph. D., Heidelberg, F.1.C., c/o Messrs. Caird Maxwell & Co., 58 Maregaret-street. Elected. 1876 1882 1885 1883 1878 1873 1880 1877 1881 x1; Mackellar, The Hon. Charles Kinnard, M.L.C., A.M., M.B., C.M. Glas., Macquarie-street. P1/ Madsen, Hans. F., ‘“‘ Hesselmed House.”’ Queen-st., Newtown. P1)| Maiden, Joseph H., F.R.G.S., Technological Museum, Sydney. P5 Pt Teal tMullens, Josiah, F.R.G.S., Eldon Chambers, Pitt-street. Maher, W. Odillo, M.D., Queen’s Univ. Irel., 20 College- street, Hyde Park. Maitland, Duncan Mearns, “ Afreba,’’ Stanmore Road. Makin, G. E., Berrima. Manfred, Edmund C., Montague-street, Goulburn. Mann, John F., “‘ Kerepunu,’”’ Neutral Bay. Manning, The Hon. Sir W. M., LL.D., M.L.C., “ Walleroy,” Edgecliff Road, Woollahra. Manning, Frederic Norton, M.D. Univ. St. And., M.R.C.S. Eng., Lic. Soc. Apoth. Lond., Hunter’s Hill. Mansfield, G. A., 121 Pitt-street. Marano, G. V., M.D., Univ. Naples, Clarendon Terrace, Elizabeth-street. Marks, James Surfleet, The City Bank, Sydney. Marsden, The Right Rev. Dr., The Woodlands, T'yndall’s Park, Clifton, Bristol. Marshall, George, M.D. Univ. Glas., Lic. R. Coll. S. Edin., Lyons’ Terrace. Marshall, George A., M.B., 241 Elizabeth-street. Martin, Thomas M., L.R.C.P , L.R.C.S. Hdin., 241 Elizabeth- street. sts Masters, Edward, “ Lurlei,’’ Marrickville. Mathews, R. H., J.P., L.S., Singleton. Matthews, Robert, Sheridan-street, Gundagai. Max, Rudolph, LL.D., Univ. Heidelberg, Lecturer in Modern Languages, Sydney University, German Club. Milford, F., M.D. Heidelberg, M.R.C.S. Hng., 3 Clarendon Terrace, Hyde Park. Millard, Rev. Henry Shaw, Newcastle Grammar School. Miller, W. Valentine, C.E., Bach. Eng. Queen’s Univ. Irel., * Bohrhurst,”’ Timaru, New Zealand. Mills, Walter Wallace, East-street, Marrickville. Milson, Alfred G., “ Coreena,”’? Hast St. Leonards. Milson, James, “ Elamang,’’ North Shore. Miles, George E., L.R.C.P. Lond., M.R.C.S. Eng., Hospital for the Insane, Callen Park. Mitchell, J. S., “ Etham,”’ Darling Point. Moir, James, 58 Margaret-street. Montefiore, E. L., Darlinghurst. +Moore, Charles, F.L.S., Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney. Vice-President. Moore, Frederick H., Exchange Buildings, Pitt-street. Morgan, Dr. Edward H., Imperia] Hotel, Mount Victoria. Morley, Frederick, 47 Surry-street, Darlinghurst. Morrell, G. A., C.E., 156 Pitt-street. Morris, William, Fel. Fac. Phys. and Surg. Glas., F.R.M.S. Lond., Burwood. Moses, David, J.P., Tenterfield. Moss, Sydney, “‘ Kaloola,”’ Richmond Terrace, Milson Point, St. Leonards. Mountain, Adrian C., City Surveyor, own Hall, Melbourne. Elected, 1879 1885 1887 1865 1876 1876 xi. Mullins, John Francis Lane, M.A., 2 Macleay Heights, Potts’ Point. Munro, A. Watson, M.B., C.M.,131 Macquarie-street North. Munro, W. J., M.B., Ch. M., M.R.C.S. Eng., 72 Glebe Road, Glebe. Murnin, M. E., “‘ Hisenfels,”’ Nattai. t{Murray, W. G., 93 Pitt-street. Myles, Charles Henry, ‘‘ Dingadee,”’ Burwood. Neill, William, City Bank, Pitt-street. Neill, A. L. P., City Bank, Pitt-street. Newbery, William, M.A. Cantab., ‘‘The Hermitage,’ South Head Road, Double Bay. Newmarch, Bernard J., L.R.C.P. Lond.,M.R.C.S. Eng., Bowral. Norrie, Andrew, M.D., Mast. Surg. Aberdeen Univ., 171 Liverpool-street, Hyde Park. Norton, Hon. James, M.L.C., solicitor, O’Connell-street. Nott, Thomas, M.D. Aberdeen, M.R.C.S. Eng., Ocean-street, Woollahra. Nowlan, John, “‘ Eelah,’ West Maitland. O’Connor, Dr. Maurice, 26 College-street, Hyde Park. Ogilvy, James L., Commercial Bank of Australia, Pitt-street, Sydney. Oram, Arthur Murray, M.D., Univ. Hdin., 1 Hyde Park Terrace, Liverpool-street. O’Reilly, W. W. J., M.D., M.Ch., Q. Univ. Irel., M.R.C.S. Eng., Liverpool-street. O’Reilly, Rev. A. Innes, B.A. Cantab., Hayfield, Parramatta. Osborne, Benjn. M., J.P., Berrima. Paling. W. H., 356 George-street. Palmer, J. H., Legislative Assembly. Palmer, Joseph, 133 Pitt-street. Palmer, Edward, (M.L.A., Queensland), c/o Messrs. B. D. Morehead & Co., Brisbane. Park, Archibald John, Chairman, Local Land Board, Hay. Parrott, Major Thomas §S., C.E., c/o Messrs. Parrott & Cameron, Mercantile Mutual Chambers, 118 Pitt-street. Paterson, Hugh, 229 Macquarie-street. Paterson, James A., Union Bank, Pitt-street. Paterson, Alexander, M.D., M.A.,‘‘ Hillerest,’’ Stanmore Road. +Pedley, Perceval R., 201 Macquarie-street. Perdriau, Stephen E., Lugar-street, Waverley. Perkins, Henry A., ‘‘ Barangah,’? Homebush. Elected. 1881 1876 1879 1881 1879 1887 | 1882 1878 1886 1865 1876 1868 1886 1881 1881 1870 1880 1886 1856 1868 -1881 1871 1856 1885 1865 1884 1885 1882 PZ Pi P3 P3 P9 xhii. Philip, Alexander, L.K. and Q.C.P. Irel., L.R.C.S. Irel., 540 Park View Terrace, Crown-street, Surry Hills. Pickburn, Thomas, M.D. Aberdeen, Ch. M., M.R.C,S. Eng., 40 College-street. Pittinan, Edward Fisher, L.S., Department of Mines, Sydney. Poate, Frederic, Government Surveyor, Dubbo. Pockley, Thomas F. G., Commercial Bank, Singleton. Pollock, J. A., B.E. Royal Univ. Ivrel., Sydney Observatory. Porter, Donald, Tamworth. | Potts, F. H., “ Hydebrae,” Coventry Road, Homebush. Provis, John,‘‘ Poldice,”’ Barton Terrace West, North Adelaide. Quaife, Frederick Harrison, M.D., Mast. Surg. Univ. Glas., «‘ Hughenden,” Queen-street, Woollahra. Quaife, William Francis, B.A., M.B., Ch. M., 30 Waverley Road, Woollahya. Quayle, Edwin, “‘ Lezayre,”’ Toxteth Road, Glebe Point. Quoding, W. H., “Couranga,’ Redmyre Boulevard, Strathfield. tRamsay, Edward P., LL.D. (Univ. St. And. Aberdeen), F'.L.S..,. Curator of the Australian Museum, College-street. {tRatte, A. Felix, “Ingen. Arts et Manuf.” Paris, “ Officier: d Acad.” Paris, Australian Museum, Sydney. Reading, E., Mem. Odont. Soc. Lond., Hlizabeth-street, Hyde Park. Redfearn, William, Conder-street, Burwood. Reid, William, J.P., Australian Joint Stock Bank, Sydney. Rennie, Edward H., M.A. Syd., D.Sc. Lond., Professor of Chemistry, University, Adelaide. Renwick, The Hon. Arthur, M.L.C., B.A., Syd., M.D. Edin., F.R.C.S. Edin., 295 Elizabeth-street. Riddell, C. E., Union Club. Rige, Thomas S. J., B.A. Syd., Secretary’s Branch, General. Post Office, Sydney. Roberts, J., 340 George-street. +Roberts, Sir Alfred, M.R.C.S. Hng., Hon. Mem. Zool. and Bot.. Soc. Vienna, 205 Macquarie-street North. Roberts, The Hon. C. J., C.M.G., M.L.A., “ Chatsworth,” Potts’ Point. Robertson, Thomas, solicitor, Hay. +Rolleston, Christopher, C.M.G., Palmer-street, St. Leonards. East, Vice-President. Rolleston, John C., C.E., “ Northcliff,’ Milson’s Point. Ross, J. Grafton, O’Connell-street. Ross, Chisholm, M.B., C.M., Hospital for the Insane, Glades-- ville. Ross, Elsey Fairfax, M.D. Bruw., 145 Macquarie-street North. Rothe, W. H., Union Club. xi. Elected. 1885 Roth, Reuter Emerich, M.R.C.S. Eng., 42 College-street,. Hyde Park. 1876 Rowling, Charles, L.R.C.P. Edin., M.R.C.S. Hng., Parramatta. 1864 |P 34 Russell, Henry C., B.A. Syd., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., F.R.Met.S..,. Hon. Mem. Roy. Soc. 8. Aust., Government Astronomer, ’ Sydney Observatory. 1886 | Sager, Edmund E., Secretary to the Board of Health, 127 | Macquarie-street North. 1875 | Sahl, Charles L., German Consul, Consulate of the German Empire, Wynyard Square. 1876 Saliniere, Rev. E. M., St. John’s Parsonage, Glebe. 1884: Sands, Robert, 374 George-street. 1887 Schwarzbach, B., M.D. Wiirzburg, L.¥.P. and 8. Glasgow, 151. Macquarie-street North. 1856 | P1 tScott, Rev. William, M.A. Cantab., Hon. Mem. Roy. Soe. Vic.,. Kurrajong Heights. 1886 Scott, Walter, M.A. Oxon., Professor of Classics, Sydney University. 1880 Serivener, Charles Robert, Survey Department, Minto, G.S.R. 1887 | P1| Seaver, Jonathan C. B. P., C.E., F.G.S.; M.L.A., Norwich Chambers, Hunter-street. 1876 Sedgewick, W. Gillet, M.R.C.S. Hng., King-street, Newtown. 1877 | Selfe, Norman, C.E., M.I.C.H,, “‘ Rockleigh,’” Balmain. 1876 Sharp, Henry, Green Hills, Adelong. 1878 |P1| Sharp, Revd. W. Hey, M.A. Oxon., Warden of St. Paul’s. College, University. 1883 | P1)| Shellshear, Walter, Assoc. M. Inst. C.E., ‘‘ Trentham,” Holt-. street, Stanmore. 1879 | Shepard, A. D., Shepard’s Town. 1875 | Sheppard, Rev. G., B.A., Berrima. 1882 | Shewen, Alfred, M.B., M.D. Univ. Lond., M.R.C.S. Eng., 6 Lyons’ Terrace, Hyde Park. 1882 | Sinclair, Eric, M.B., C.M. Univ. Glas., Lunacy Department, -Gladesville Hospital for the Insane. 1883 | Sinclair, Sutherland, Secretary, Australian Museum. 1884 | | Skirving, Robert Scot, M.B., C.M., Elizabeth-street, Hyde | Park. 1877 | Slattery, Thomas, M.L.A., Premier Terrace, 169 William- street, Woolloomooloo. 1877 | Sloper, Frederick Evans, 360 Liverpool-street. 1875 | Smith, Robert, M:-A. Syd., solicitor, O’Connell-street. 1874 tSmith, John M‘Garvie, Assayer, &c., Denison-st., Woollahra. 1878 Smith, E. E., “ Clytie,” 70 Darlinghurst Road. 1883 Smith, Robert Burdett, M.L.A., 203 Macquarie-street North. 1884, Smith, Frederic Moore, M.D., M.R.C.S. Eng., Coast Hospital, Little Bay. 1886 Smith, Walter Alexander, A.M.I.C.E., Roads and Bridges. Department, Newcastle. 1879 Spry, James Monsell, Union Club. 1881 | {Starkey, John T., 613 Castlereagh-street. 1882 | Steel, John, L.R.C.P., L.R.C.S. Hdin., 149 Elizabeth-street> Hyde Park. xliv. Elected. 1872 |P1{ Stephen, George Milner, B.A., Mem. Geol. Soc. of Germany ; Cor. Mem. Nat. Hist. Soc. Dresden; F.R.G.S. of Cornwall. 1879 tStephen, The Hon. Septimus A., M.L. C., South Kingston. 1879 Stephen, Alfred F. H., Audit Department, Bligh-street. 1857 Stephens, William J ohn, M.A. Ozon., Professor of Natural History in the University of Sydney, 7 1 Darlinghurst Road. 1883 | Stephen, Cecil B., M.A., 101 Elizabeth-street. 1884. Strange, Frederick R., Burwood. 1878 Street, John Rendell, M.L.A., <‘ Birtley,” Elizabeth Bay Road. 1876 Strong, W. Edmund, M.D., Aberdeen, M.R.C.S. Eng., Govern- } ment Medical Officer and Vaccinator for Sydney, 108 Phillip-street. 1876 | Stuart, Clarendon, M.I.S., Cross-street, Double Bay. 1883 | Stuart, T. P. Anderson, M.D., Univ. Edin., Professor of | Anatomy and Physiology in the University of Sydney. 1883 | Styles, G. Mildinhall, Commercial Bank, George-street. 1887 | Sulman, John, F.R.I.B.A., 375 George-street. 1884. Sunderland, Rev. J. P., 19 Wentworth Court, Elizabeth-street. 1876 Suttor, The Hon. William Henry, M.L.C., ‘‘ Cangoura,” Bathurst. 1884 Syer, Frank Weston, 89 Pitt-street. 1879 Tarrant, Harman, M.R.C.S. Eng., 207 Macquarie-street. 1862 |P 12) Tebbutt, John, F.R.A.S., Observatory, Windsor, N.S.W. 1879 Thomson, Dugald, care of R. Harper & Co., 409 George-street. | 1875 | Thompson, Joseph, “ Trahlee,’’ Bellevue Hill, Double Bay. 1877 Thompson, Thomas James, Eldon Chambers, Pitt-street. 1885 ‘+Thompson, John Ashburton, M.D Bruz., Dipl. Publ. Health | Cambridge, Health Department, 127 Macquarie-street N. 1878 Thomas, F. J., Hunter River. N.S.N. Co., Sussex-street. 1882 Thornton, Hon. George, M,L.C., 377 George-street. 1886 | P1)| Threlfall, Richard, B.A. Cantab., Professor of Physics, University of Sydney. 1876 Tibbits, Walter Hugh, M. R.C.S. Eng., “ Belchester,’” Manly. 1876 Toohey, J. T., “ Moira,’’ Burwood. 1884 Townsend, Gi W., C.E., Rooty Hill. 1882 Traill, Mark W., L.R.C.P. Lond., M.R.C.S. Eng., Burwood. 1873 | P1)| Trebeck, Prosper N., 91 Pitt-street. 1879 Trebeck, P. C., 91 Pitt. street. 1883 | Trebeck, T. B., M.A., Syd., 4 Brighton Terrace, Prospect- | street, Waverley. 1885 Trickett, The Hon.W. J., M.L.C., “ Fairlight,” Edgecliff Road, Woollahra. 1876 | Trouton, F. H., Clifdale House, Balmain. 1877 tTucker, G. A., Ph. D., “Minnesota,” Johnston-street, Annandale. 1868 Tucker, William, “ Clifton,” North Shore. 1875 Tulloh, W. H., “ Airlee,’’ Greenwich Point Road, North Shore. 1883 Tuxen, Peter Wilhelm, L.S., Silverton. 1882 Twynam, George Edward, L.R.C.P. Lond., M.R.C.S. Eng., | 38 Bayswater Road, Darlinghurst. Elected. 1883 1884 1885 xlv. Vause, Arthur J., M.B., C.M. Hdin., Bay View House, Tempe- Verde, Felice, 16 Prione, Spezia, Italy. Vernon, Walter N., M.S.A., “ Clytha House,’ Neutral Bay,. St. Leonards. Voss, Houlton H., J.P., Goulburn. Walker, H. O., Australian General Assurance Co., 97 Pitt-st.. Walker, Philip B., Telegraph Office, George-street. Ward, R. D., M.R.C.S. Eng., North Shore. Wardell, W. W., Fellow Royal Institute of British Architects,. Lond., Member Institute Civil Engineers, Lond., “ Upton Grange,” St. Leonards. Warren, William Edward, M.D. and M.Ch., Queen’s Univ. Trel., 243 Elizabeth-street, Sydney. P1/+Warren, W.H.,M.I.C.E , Professor of Engineering, University of Sydney, ‘*‘ Madeley.’’ London-street, Enmore. Watkins, John Leo, B.A. Cantab., M.A. Syd., 105 Elizabeth-- street. Waterhouse, J., M.A. Syd., “‘Sauchie House,’’ Church-street, West Maitland. Watson, C. Russell, M.R.C.S. Eing., “‘ Morevale,’’ Newtown. Watt, Alfred Joseph, 528 George-street. Watt, Charles, Parramatta. Waugh, Isaac, M.B., M.C., T.C.D., Parramatta. Webster, A. S., Gresham Chambers. Weigall, Albert Bythesea, B.A. Oxon., M.A. Syd., Head. Master of the Sydney Grammar School, College-street. tWesley, W. H. Westgarth, G. C., solicitor, “ Tresco,” Elizabeth Bay. tWhitfeld, Lewis, M.A. Syd., Judges’ Chambers, Supreme: Court. White, Rev. James 8.,M.A., LL.D. Syd., “ Gowrie,”’ Singleton. White, Hon. James, M.L.C., ‘‘ Cranbrook,’ Double Bay. tWhite, Rev. W. Moore, A.M.. LU.D., T.C.D. Whitelegge, Thomas, Australian Museum, College-street. Wiesener, T. F., 334 George-street. P1(|+Wilkinson, C. S., F.G.S., F.L.S., Government Geologist, Department of Mines, President. Wilkinson, Robert Bliss, M.L.A., 12 Spring-street. Wilkinson, Rev. Samuel, “‘ Regent House,” Regent-street,. Petersham. Wilkinson, W. Camac, M.D., M.R.C.P. Lond., M.R.C.S. Eng.,. M.L.A., “ Hereford House,’ Glebe Point Road. Williams, Percy Edward, Treasury, Sydney. Williamson, William Cotter, M.D., Hospital for the Insane, Parramatta. Wilshire, F. R., P.M., Berrima. Wilshire, James Thompson, J.P., ‘“‘ Havilah,”’ Burwood. Wilson, F. A. A., Mercantile Bank, Sydney. Windeyer, W.C., M.A. Syd., Puisne Judge, King-street. Wise, Henry, Savings’ Bank of N.S.W., Barrack-street. P1' Wood, Arthur Pepys, C.E., Roads and Bridges Dept., Sydney.. Elected. 1873 1887 1879 1876 1886 1881 1872 1884 1879 je P 4 M | Gregory, The Hon. Augustus Charles,C.M.G., M.L.C.,F.R.G.S. bs Mines, South Kensington, London. xlvi. | Wood, Harrie, J.P., Under Secretary for Mines, Department of Mines. | Wood, W. E. Ramsden, M.A. Can‘ab., M.D., M.R.C.P., and | F.R.C.S. Edin., “‘ Clunes,”’” Cambridge-street, Stanmore. | Woodhouse, E. B., ‘‘ Mount Gilead,’? Campbelltown. | Woolrych, F. B. W., 11 Hill-street, Newtown. _ Worrall, Ralph, M.D., C.M., Queen’s Univ. Irel., 34 College- street. Wright, Frederic, M.P.S., Harnett-street. +Wright, Horatio G. A., M.R.C.S. Eng., L.S.A. Lond, | Wynyard Square. | Yeomans, Allan, Gilgoin, vit Byrock. _ Young, John, “ Kentville,’ Johnston-street, Leichhardt. ¢ HoNoRARY MEMBERS. Limited to Twenty. | M. recipients of the Clarke Medal. _ Agnew, Dr., Hon. Secretary, Royal Society of Tasmania, Hobart. Airy, Sir George Biddell, K.C.B., M.A., D.C.L. Oxon., LL.D.; Cantab. et Edin., F.R.S., &e., The White House, Croom’s Hill, Greenwich Park, S.E. Bernays, Lewis A., F.L.S., F.R.G.S., Brisbane. Cockle, His Honor Sir James, late Chief Justice of Queens- land, M.A., F.R.S., Ealing, London. Ellery, Robert F., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Government Astronomer of Victoria, Melbourne. | Foster, Michael, M.D., F.R.S., Professor of Physiology, University of Cambridge. | Geological Surveyor, Brisbane. Hector, Sir James, K.C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S., Director of the Colonial Museum and Geological Survey of New Zealand, Wellington, N.Z. Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton, K.C.S.L, M.D., C.B., F.R.S., &e., | Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew. Huxley, Professor, F.R.S., LL.D., F.G.S., F.Z.S., F.L.S., &e., &e., Professor of Natural History in the Royal School of M‘Coy, Frederick, C.M.G., D.Sc, F.R.S., F.G.8., Hon. M.C.P.S., C.M.Z.S., Professor of Natural Science in the Melbourne University, Government Palzontologist, and Director of the National Museum, Melbourne. Mueller, Baron Ferdinand von, K.C.M.G., M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S. F.L.S., Government Botanist, Melbourne. Elected. 1879 | M | Owen, Professor Sir R., K.C.B., M.D., D.C.L., LL.D., F.L.S., 1883 1875 1884. 1875 1875 1880 1879 1883 1886 1880 1875 1877 1873 1882 1876 1873 1878 1876 1877 1876 1875 1880 IP 14 12a P3 Jeaa ae xl vii. F.G.S , V.P.Z.S., &e., &e., The British Museum, London, W.C. Pasteur, Louis, M.D., Paris Schomburg, Dr., Director of the Baan Gardens, Adelaide, South astrailia. Tyndall, John, D.C.L. Oxron., LU.D., Cantab., F.R.S., F.G.S., &e., Professor of Natural Philosophy in the Royal Institu- tion, Albemarle-street, London. Waterhouse, F. G., F.G.S., C.M.Z.S., Adelaide, S. Australia. Woods, Rev. Julian E. Tenison-, F.G.S., F.L.S., Hon. Mem. Roy. Soc., Victoria; Hon. Mem. Roy. Soc., Tasmania ; Hon. Mem. Adelaide Phil. Soc.; Hon. Mem. New Zeaiand Institute ; Hon. Mem. Linnean Soc., N.S.W., &e., Union Club, Sydney. CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. Limited to Twenty-fwe. Clarke, Hyde, V.P. Anthropological Institute, 32 St. George’s Square, London, S.W. Etheridge, Robert, junr., 233 Macquarie-street, Sydney. Feistmantel, Ottokar, M.D., Bohemian Polytechnic High School, Prague, Austria. Marcou, Professor Jules, F.G.S., Cambridge, Mass., United States of America. Ward, Major-General, Sir Edward, K.C.M.G., R.E., Cannes, France. OBITUARY, 1887. Ordinary Members. Bashy, Hon. William, M.L.C. Cunningham, Andrew. Daintrey, Edwin. Duckershoff, August, M.D. Leipzig. Holroyd, Arthur T., M.D. Edin., F.L.S., F.Z.S. Manning, James. Markey, James, L.R.C.S. Irel., L.R.C.P. Edin. Sharp, James Burleigh, J.P. Weston, W. J. Honorary Members. De Koninck, Prof. L. G., M.D. Liége. Haast, Sir Julius von, K.C.M.G., Ph.D., F.R.S., &e. Corresponding Member. Miller, F. B. THE LATE Revp. W. B. CLARKE, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., &e., To be awarded from time to time for meritorious contributions to the Geology, Mineralogy, or Natural History of Australia, to men of science, whether resident in Australia or elsewhere. 1878. 1879: 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 7 a= « xlviii. AWARDS or tue CLARKE MEDAL. Established in memory of Vice President from 1866 to 1878. Professor Sir Richard Owen, K.C.B., F.R.S., Hampton Court. Mr. George Bentham, C.M.G., F.R.S., The Royal Gardens, Kew. Professor Huxley, F.R.S., The Royal School of Mines, London, 4. Marlborough Place, Abbey Road, N.W. Professor F. M‘Coy, F.R.S., F.G.S., The University of Melbourne Professor James Dwight Dana, LL.D., Yale College, New Haven, Conn., United States of America Baron Ferdinand von Mueller, K C.M.G., M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., Government Botanist, Melbourne. Alfred R. C. Selwyn, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., Director of the ' Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada, Ottawa., Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, K.C.8.I., C.B., M.D., D.C.L., LU.D., &c., Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew. Professor L. G. De Koninck, M.D. University of Liege, Belgium. Sir James Hector, K.C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S., Director of the Geological Survey of New Zealand, Wellington, N.Z. Rev. Julian E. Tenison-Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., Union Club, Sydney. ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. By CuristoPpHeR Roxueston, C.M.G., President. [ Delivered to the Royal Society of N.S.W., 4 May, 1887. ] Ir was with no little diffidence that I accepted the honour conferred upon me at our last Anniversary Meeting, by my election to the office of President for the year, and I have to ask your indulgence for my shortcomings in the fulfilment of the task which that honourable position imposed upon me. I am not insensible to the deficiencies which must necessarily appear in the case of one whose training has hardly qualified him for the discharge of the duties of the Presidential Chair, and less so for his appearance before you this evening to deliver the inaugural address of the Session, which before he vacates the Chair, custom imposes upon your President. The design of the Society in making this claim upon the occupant of the Chair is to obtain from him a review of the history and progress of the Society during the preceding Session, whilst at the same time it is expected of hnu that he should deal with some one or more of the prominent scientific advances which have formed the distinguishing features of the year that has passed. With your permission I will endeavour to satisfy the latter expectation first. Although I have no original discoveriesof transcendent magnitude to place before you, it has appeared to me that a cursory review of the progress of scientific inquiry during the past year will be found to furnish a subject of very general interest. Firstly, then I will take occasion to point out the unusual activity which Nature herself has exhibited in her own great laboratory. Not for a long period have her experiments been on so grand and wide- Spread a scale. All over the face of the earth the mysterious m" forces of nature have been actively displayed to the great terror of those within their influence. The two great European Volcanoes, Etna and Vesuvius have been both active and threatening. In Mexico there have been outbursts of some magnitude, while Java, that great centre of volcanic activity has. found fresh issues for the restless forces which underlie her surface. Sub-oceanic commotions have been reported in the Atlantic, the Pacific and in the Mediterranean, giving birth, it is said, in the South Pacific to a new island. But greatest, most destructive, and most lamentable of all was the sudden and most unexpected catastrophe that befel the wonderland of our Sister Colony of New Zealand, destroying her famous terraces, and burying beneath many feet of volcanic mud the most beautiful features of that 2 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. picturesque country. The Eastern States of America were for weeks kept in a chronic state of apprehension by the almost daily series of earthquakes which had their centre in the neighbourhood of Charleston. In Japan, in Switzerland, in Germany, in Italy, in the Eastern Mediterranean, in the Pacific, in West Africa there has been experienced, more or less, a quaking of the earth, whilst in the case of our own land suspicious rumours have reached our ears of a similar occurrence in certain localities, and more recently the news of a serious earth tremor attended by considerable loss of life, has been reported from the Riviera. These manifestations of Nature’s subterranean forces whilst they cause terror in the hearts of ordinary humanity are in the eyes of scientific workers of the deepest interest. At the centres of greatest activity, Science was ready with her observers and her instruments, and both from the United States earthquakes and the New Zealand outburst she may be able to add considerably to her store of data. Professor Milne in his volume on “ Earthquakes,” published last. year, has gathered together much information as to the nature and causes of these freaks on the part of our Mother Earth. In J apan ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 3 he has been busy observing the almost daily earth tremors of that interesting region. The crater of Assamayama, one of the most active of Japanese volcanoes was sounded by him. Five different times, and from five different points, did this daring Professor endeavour to touch the bottom of what by many was believed to be a bottomless pit, the result was that at the fourth sounding the line after striking the bottom when 800 feet had run out, suddenly became slack, and Professor Milne’s conclusion is that the depth at this particular place did not exceed 750 feet. The end of the line for several feet was thoroughly carbonized, shewing as was expected, that the temperature of the lower region of the crater is tolerably high. What the “bottom” means, Professor Milne does not profess to know. Still whatever the gain to Science, the attempt deserves to be recorded in the scientific work of the year. In Geological research there does not appear to have been much advance calling for special notice, although there has been no diminution in the amount of work carried on. Advantage was taken of the occupation of Egypt to make some explorations by way of boring in the Delta of the Nile, to the results of which Geologists attached great importance. A deep bore had been made and carried to a depth of 190 feet from the surface, or 164 feet below the mean sea level, yet nothing had been reached but sand and clay with small pebbles. A derangement of the boring apparatus prevented further progress, but the work is to be continued so as, if possible, to get down to the rock. Letters have lately appeared in the Sydney Press, from the pen of one of our ablest Geologists, descriptive of his journeys in the northern portion of this Continent but little known to explorers; and, on the return of the Rev. J. Tenison-Woods from his recent travels, we may hope to hear the result of his investigations into the geology of the Islands of the Eastern Archipelago which he has visited. Much interesting information may be looked for from the pen of so close and able an observer. 4 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. I should here invite attention to the success which has attended the exploration carried on by the Mining Department in.our own | Colony. The persevering efforts of Mr. W. H. J. Slee, the Superintendent of Diamond Drills have led:to the discovery of a copious supply of water, at a depth of 960 feet, at a distance of 75 miles from Bourke. The water is flowing at the rate of 33,000 gallons in the 24 hours, and rises to a height of 10 feet above the surface of the ground. North of Bourke again, within the Queensland border the discovery has been reported of an artesian supply of water at a depth of over 1,000 feet, yielding a supply of 24,000 gallons per day, and rising 20 feet above the surface. It has further been reported from South Australia, that water has been obtained by the diamond drill at Bruce, on the Great Northern line, at a depth of 215 feet, and is flowing over the surface at the rate of 200 gallons an hour. Mr. Wilkinson has kindly supplied me with the following interesting particulars of the explorations referred to, and the geological formation through which the diamond drill was driven in the case of the boring near Bourke :— SECTION OF STRATA PASSED THROUGH IN Bore 51} MILES WEST OF BOURKE Ft. in.—Thickness of Strata. Ft. in.—Thickness of Strata. ( 7 O Sandstone and clay 27 O Grey and black sandstone and shells with clay 0 11 Very hard rock O 6 Loose sand 21 6 Grey and yellow clay 15 0 Clayeysand with salt water drift 33 1 Grey and black sandstone, 11 8 Fine drift sand with salt 5 shale and clay contain- water ing fossil shells 17 OClayey sand aaa drift 0 Grey shale, graveland clay 0 Granite, cement pebbles 6 O Blue sandy clay and conglomerate O O Blue and yellow clay 1 6 Hard rock 0 O Blue and green rotten ~ | 2 2 Hard granite sandstone —— 3 10 Black and greenrock with 200 8 Total depth. quartz pebbles andclay ——-— 8 6 Grey sandstone and clay 5 O Sandstone grit and clay with fossil shells ~ Remarxs.—Salt Water tapped at 20 ft. stood at 20 ft. below surface. Fresh Water tapped at 80 ft., rose to 10 ft. over surface Cretaceous Formation. SS. DO Cretaceous Form. Tertiary Formation. Nee a a a 100 ft., se a at rate of 1,900 gal. per day a an 106 ft. Gin, fs S Bs a 122 ft. 6 in. ,, a * 14,400 é ” 192 ft., 29 ” ”» 15, 000 ”? At 116 feet passed through layer of fossil bivalve shells. ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 5 Srction or BorE ON WANAARING Roan, 75 Mites West or Bourke. Cretaceous Formation. .in. 0 Grey clay 0 Red and white rock 0 White sandstone 0 White clay O Red clay 0 Clays 0 Grey and yellow clay veins and rotten sandstone 0 Black clay 0 Ditto, with grey streaks 0 Black and grey clay 0 Ditto ditto, with layers of black slate 0 Black and grey clay 6 Stone 6 Black clay 6 Grey clay 6 Stone and grey clay 0 Grey granitic rock 0 Blue and grey sandstone 6 Fine blue clay shale 0 Do. do. with green copper stains 6 Sandy clay shales 0 Blue and black shales 4 Blue shale with thin seam of sandstone 6 Black clayey shale 0 Blue clayey shale 4 Black clay shale 10 Blue clayey sandy shale 10 Black clay shale O Blue and black shale with _ thin layers of sand 2 Sandstone and white rock and boulders 6 Hard blue clay with sand- stone and boulders 0 Grey and dark sandstone 6 Rock and shale 6 Blue rock and sandstone 10 Bluish grey sandstone with clay and shells 8 Blue rock per day. Cretaceous Formation. Ft. c8 16 26 L in. 0 Grey stone 0 Grey sandstone and black clay shale with small fossil wood 3 Grey and black sandstone and clay 3 Grey and black sand and clay 9 Black shaly clay 0 Black and grey strata with waterworn pebbles, with % Inch seam of pyrites 4 Light grey sand and black shaly clay 0 Grey sandstone and black shaly clay in layers 7 Black and reddish brown clay shale 10 Black and light grey sand 6 Clay and sandstone with small shells 1 Sandy strata 9 Grey sandy and black clay 10 Light grey rock O Black sandy clay 10 Light grey rock 2 Black sandy clay 3 Dark clay and sand 3 Dark grey and brownish sand 8 Light grey brown clay 9 Grey clay with decayed wood 7 Grey loam, quartz pebbles 9 Brown clay and grey sand with vegetable matter 7 Light grey sandy loam, 4 in. carbonaceous matter 0 White sand and clay: water channel cut at 958 feet rising over surface sand and 960 0 Total depth Remarxs.—Salt Water tapped at 8 feet, stood at 8 ft., 4,000 gallons ~ The fresh artesian water tapped at 942 feet continued to flow at an increasing rate, until at 958 feet, after cutting through a tight layer, the rate of supply reached 33,000 gallons per day and continued to increase. Strata from the water channel at 958 feet were driven up over the surface by the force of the water. 6 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. “The question of water supply for the arid conntry in the interior of Australia is one of the greatest importance, more especially in connection with the future occupation of such country for pastoral purposes. In his official report to the Water Conservation Commission, Mr. Wilkinson states that there are 138,500 square miles in the western portion of New South Wales dependent upon artificial means for providing permanent water supply. Of this area 22,000 square miles are occupied by geological formations, from which, with but few exceptions, water probably cannot be obtained by sinking or boring, and the necessary supply can only be afforded by the rainfall conserved in tanks or dams. But in the Upper Darling District, from a few miles above Wilcannia to the Queensland Border, the cretaceous formation containing water-bearing strata, embraces no less than 40,000 square miles of pastoral country, producing salt- bush and other good herbage, yet naturally destitute of surface water, except in rainy seasons. And as the annual rainfall over this district is very irregular, varying according to the records of Mr. H. C. Russell, Government Astronomer, from only nine inches in some localities to eighteen inches in others, and subject to very great evaporation, this supply cannot be depended upon ; consequently squatting pursuits here have been very precarious, and in some cases, attended with disastrous results to the stock in seasons of drought, such as we have recently experienced. The geological formation, however, of this large area being favourable for the existence of water-bearing strata, the Department of Mines, on the advice of the Government Geologist, commenced to put down a series of bores to obtain water along a proposed stock route from the Mount Brown Diggings in the far north-west to the railway terminus at Bourke. At 51 miles west from Bourke, artesian water was struck at a depth of 192 feet, and flowed from the pipes at a height of 10 feet above the surface at the rate of 15,000 gallons per day. Near Wanaring, on the Paroo, about 24 miles further west, another bore has recently been successful in piercing, at a depth of 942 feet, the water-bearing ————r ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. ri strata, from which the water rose in the pipes and flowed from them 15 feet above the surface of the ground, affording a daily supply of 33,000 gallons of pure fresh water. This discovery is of the greatest importance; for from the success of this deep boring may be inferred the certainty of obtaining an artesian and permanent supply of water within the great cretaceous area, and of this naturally arid country being converted into a well watered pastoral district. The first artesian water in this part of the Colony was obtained: in the year 1881, on the Messrs. Officer's Killara Station, by the Manager, Mr. David Brown, who, in a bore sunk to a depth of 144 feet, struck water which rose 26 feet above the surface. This bore, however, was put down at the side of a ‘‘mud spring,” which is a natural artesian spring. ‘There are several such “mud springs” in the district, and they are considered by Geologists as further evidence of the existence of vast stores of water pent up under great pressure in the cretaceous strata below, but here and there findingits way tothe surface through natural fissures in the over-lying almost impervious blue clay beds. This important water-bearing formation extends, it is believed, from New South Wales northerly through the western part of Queensland almost to the Gulf of Carpentaria, and westerly into South Australia where, in different localities, artesian water has been proved at depths of from 320 feet to 1,200 feet; from the former depth it rose 60 feet above the surface. At Thurlngoona, in Queensland, Mr. J. 8. Longhead, for the Squatters’ Investment Company, put down an eight-inch bore to a depth of 1,080 feet from which the water rose to a height of nine feet above the surface, flowing at the rate of 30,000 gallons per day. Mr. Russell long ago .pointed out that all the rainfall in the watershed of the Darling cannot be carried away by the channel of the Darling River, or—by evaporation, and that to a large extent there must be underground drainage; the geology of the country indicates the position of these under- ground stores of water; and the recent boring enterprises of private individuals and of our own Government have verified the 8 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. predictions based on geological and meteorological observations to the great advance and the welfare of the Colonies, and of the pastoral industry in particular.” The discovery, by Mr. W. B. Spencer, of a median eye in the back of the head of the Hatteria lizard, has been regarded by the students of Morphology as being very remarkable and significant in relation to the pineal gland. The wonderful experiments of the celebrated French chemist, M. Pasteur, in the prevention of hydrophobia, continued throughout the year, have attracted the greatest attention, and although the scientific world still withholds its unreserved assent, there is evidently a growing conviction that the final results may confirm the predictions so cautiously and philosophically put forward by M. Pasteur. It may be remembered that this Society conferred on itself the distinction of electing M. Pasteur to its foreign membership in 1883. In Chemistry the event which perhaps excited the greatest interest among the scientific public, was the address of that patient Chemist, Mr. W. Crookes, delivered at the Meeting of the British Association, in which he endeavoured to propound a theory of the formation of the elements, and at all events offered some valuable spectroscopic results. Thesearch for new elements by means of the spectroscope provided him with material for several important papers. Julius Thomsens’ concluding volume on his Thermo-chemical experiments has added much new matter to the already voluminous. data referring to this subject, and must certainly be regarded as an important chemical event. The determination of the Vapour Density of Zinc, by V. Meyer and Mensching, has shewn that. the vapour is “monatomic,” and is in every way noteworthy owing to the extreme difficulty of the experimental problem. In Organic Chemistry we have a great discovery by Ladenburg, viz., the production of an optically active alkaloid “ Conine,” identical with that found in nature, which is thus known to be “ a-propyl-piperidine.” An alkaloid has been obtained by Brieger from liquids used to cultivate a certain Bacillus, and this alkaloid ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 9 in virtue of its toxic action has received the name of Tetanine. This discovery appears to be the first actual demonstration of the modus operandi of a Bacillus as to its Pathological effect. An important paper, by Liebreich, as to the re-action of certain chemical re-agents, as modified apparently by capillarity, may be regarded as opening up a new field of experimental research to chemists. The experiments of Messrs. Ramsay and Young on the Physical Properties of Substances and their Vapours have earned a well merited degree of attention, and may be mentioned here alongside of a notice as to the valuable Dissociation results obtained by Berthelot, Natanson, and others. Dissociation by a feeble induction spark, passing through gases and vapours at low pressures, has been made the subject of some valuable work by J. J. Thomson. Physics is not a subject in which the public are accustomed to hear of startling discoveries, but, nevertheless, much of value has been added to our knowledge of Natural Phenomena during the year. Mention may be made of the researches of 8. P. Langley with the Bolometer, Professor Rowland with his gratings, and Abney and Festing with their colour photometer. Professor Tait has made several valuable investigations as to the basis of the Kinetic Theory of Gases. The Self-induction of wires has claimed a considerable amount of attention, partially owing to the importance of the results in the theory of telephones, electric cables, and lightning conductors. Perhaps it is not too much to assert that we now know a great deal more than we did a year ago about the cause of the too frequent failure of lightning conductors. For instance, solid iron rods or pipes may be considered as almost. useless for lightning-rod purposes. The greater part of the work n this department, however, is too mathematical to admit of satisfactory treatment within the limits of an address. In Astronomical science, the most striking event of the past year was the solar eclipse of last August, to observe which a party was sent from England under the direction of Mr. Norman Lockyer. The detailed results of this expedition have not yet, I 10 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. believe, appeared. Although we are by no means so dependent for solar investigations on eclipses as in former times, for every day when the sun is visible he and all his appendages may be analysed by that most wonderful of modern instruments—the spectroscope,—still there are certain points which can only be cleared up satisfactorily, when the glory of the sun is hidden, after Nature’s old-fashioned method. Some of the latest results of solar work, and the inferences supposed to be warranted thereby, were given in a paper read at a Meeting of the Royal Society in England, in May last, by Mr. Lockyer, in which the work carried on under his superintendence at his Laboratory for Solar Physics at South Kensington, was fully set forth. It is évident from this paper that though remarkable advances have been made in our knowledge of the great centre of light and heat, under improved methods of observation, with greatly improved instruments, we are still in some respects only groping after a solution. Without the aid of Photography it may be safely said that such astronomical work would be impossible. The photography of sun spots by M. Janssen of Paris, and the photography of nebule by the Brothers Henry, mark one of the greatest conquests achieved by this method of work. It is hopeless to attempt to describe the Comets now being discovered. With the increased number of observers, and the greatly improved instruments, the sky is seen to swarm with these erratic bodies. The most notable are those of Fabry, Barnard, and Brooks, and all of them essentially telescopic. At the Paris Observatory a splendid new telescope has been erected, designed for their special observation, and already very useful results have been achieved. When our able Astronomer and highly esteemed member, Mr. H. C. Russell, returns to Sydney, we may hope to hear from him much that is most interesting in connection with Astronomical Science. As you know, at the instigation of Admiral Mouchez, the director of the Paris Observatory, backed up by the opinion and approval of the learned societies of Europe, it was determined ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 11 that a conference of Astronomers’of various nations should be invited to be held in Paris in the spring of this year with a view to taking concerted action for obtaining on a uniform plan a complete map of the whole starry heavens. To attend this Conference Mr. Russell left these shores early in March last. His temporary absence from our meetings during the present session, whilst the interesting papers he was wont to submit to the society will be much missed, will, we may expect, be amply compensated for by the abundance of new matter which he will acquire and be able to afford us on his return. The application of photography to the delineation of celestial objects has made such rapid strides of late years, that the question is now seriously entertained whether it may not be trusted for the formation of star maps and catalogues. It has been found that — by the power of photography objects altogether invisible to the eye through the most powerful telescopes have been revealed. It was mentioned, as an instance at the meeting of the Royal Society in November last, that one of the stars of the Pleiades was found to be surrounded by a nebula, which could not be seen with telescopes, the reason given being that with the eye an object is either seen or not seen at once, whilst with the photographic plate feebleness of intensity is made up for by length of exposure. Dr. Gill, a Fellow of the Royal Society, is contemplating, if not engaged at the present time at the Cape Observatory, in taking photographs—so Professor Stokes tells us—of the whole starry heavens of the Southern Hemisphere. The success of the Messrs. Henry in their photograph of the Pleiades, suggested to them that it was possible, to survey the entire heavens in the same manner. Such a survey could not be carried out by any single observatory, but by five or six acting in unison, it is believed to be quite possible, before the close of the present century to survey the entire heavens on a scale, which will give us the positions and magnitudes of probably not fewer than twenty millions of stars. Such a record of the heavens seemed a few years ago to be entirely beyond our reach, but the discoveries by 12 »-. ANNIVERSARY” ADDRESS. means of photography leave but little doubt that the prospect of an entire sweep of the heavens is brought within our grasp. In Geography and Anthropology there has been much to interest. To the improvement of geographical education, the Royal Geographical Society has devoted its untiring energies. The exhibition of geographical appliances and the result of this and other modes of action, has caused a pretty wide-spread interest in. the subject. The question of establishing a geographical lectureship- has been discussed by the Oxford Hebdomadal Council, and still further steps are likely to be taken by the Society. The Colonial and Indian Exhibition was a notable event, tending greatly to the advancement of knowledge in the departments of geography and anthropology. So far as Exploration goes, there is nothing very striking to record. The Afghan Boundary Commission has no doubt collected much geographical information, but, for State reasons it has not been divulged. There have been considerable explorations carried on in Central Asia, amongst them that well known traveller Mr. Elias, has lately returned to England from an interesting journey, during which he visited Kokonor Lake and other little known districts, whilst anotheradventurous Englishman, Mr. Carey, has been wandering about the frontiers of Thibet, and is still, it is believed continuing his explorations in those unknown parts of Central Asia. In Africa much has been doing. While in Belgian hands the Congo Free State threatens to collapse, explorers have been busy working out the hydrography of that great river. Messrs. Kund and Tappenbeck in the South, and Mr. Grenfell in the North have been able to add much to our knowledge of its tributaries. Dr. Lenz the Austrian traveller though he seems to have failed in reaching Emin Pasha has been doing valuable work in his journey up the Congo. We may hope that before the year is out to hear of the relief of that eminent naturalist and friend of General Gordon, through the exertions of Mr. H. M. Stanley, ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 13 who has lately left England with that object in view. Mr. Last who has been sent out by the Royal Geographical Society to explore the region East of Lake Nyassa, is laying himself out for work which promises results that may bring a rich gain to Science. In New Guinea the Germans are engaged in exploring the resources of their new territory, while on our own side little has yet been done, but we are awaiting with interest the publication of the results of M. N. de Miklouho-Maclay’s long residence in this Island. Perhaps the most notable geographical work during the past year has been the exploration of Patagonia which the Argentine Government is continuing so energetically. Of Polar work generally, there is nothing to record, but considerable attention has been excited by the proposals for the re-opening of Antarctic Exploration, and the Australian Geographical Societies are very keen about it. There would seem to be a probability that before long, through their exertions an expedition may be formed to resume the ex lorations of Captain Ross and Sir Geo. Nares in the South-polar regions. A progress report has lately been issued by the Antarctic Exploration Committee of the Royal Society of Victoria evidencing very active interest in the question on the part of that Society, and on the part of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia, Victorian Branch. The resumption of Antarctic exploration is advocated not only on scientific grounds, but for the lucrative field it presents for the prosecution of the Whaling and Sealing Trade which it opens to our Maritime interests in the Southern Seas. It is proper that I should here inform you, that at the request of the Victorian branch of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia, and in conjunction with Sir Edward Strickiand, K.C.B., the President of the Sydney Branch, I have made application through Sir Henry Parkes, for the countenance and support of the Government of New South Wales towards the carrying out of the proposals. And now, gentlemen, although I have barely skimmed the surface of the wide field of scientific inquiry, time will not serve 14 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. me to follow more exhaustively the interesting records of the progress of Science during the past year all over the world. I must now ask your indulgence for a brief period whilst I deal with matters connected more immediately with the working of our own Society. But, before doing so, I must not pass over without notice the effort made in the course of the past year by our late energetic President, Professor Liversidge (to whose untiring exertions the Society owes in a great measure the high position it has attained), to bring the Australasian Societies together, and to form an Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science. Delegates from Victoria, New Zealand, and Queensland, met the Delegates of kindred Societies in New South Wales in these Rooms, in the month of November last, under the presidency (in my absence) of Mr. H. C. Russell. Letters were laid on the table by Professor Liversidge from the principal Australasian Societies, agreeing to the proposal. A resolution for the formation of the Society was carried unanimously. The rules of the British Association were adopted, and it was resolved that the first election of officers should be held in Sydney in March, 1888. Professor Liversidge was appointed convener of the Meeting, and a hearty vote of thanks was recorded to him for the steps he had taken towards the formation of the Association. Professor Huxley, in his Presidential Address in 1885, had expressed the hope that the Royal Society of England might in some way associate with itself all English-speaking Men of Science, that it might recognise their work’ in other ways than those afforded by the rare opportunities of.election to its Foreign Membership. We are proud to have had the services of three of our Members distinguished in this way, and it is not presumptuous to hope that the formation of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science may open the way to the realization — of the idea thus propounded by Professor Huxley, in so far at least as the Australasian Colonies are concerned. It is satisfactory to be able to inform you that the numerical strength of the Society has been pretty well maintained during ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 15. the past year, and that the finances are in a favourable condition. It is particularly pleasing to announce that the Society’s House is free from debt, as a glance at the Honorary ‘Treasurer's Statement will show. The number of members on the roll on 30th April, 1886, was 492 ; during the past year 34 new members have been elected, and two names have been restored to the roll. Against this increase the Society lost by death, 13; by resignation, 13; 12 names have been struck off the roll under Rule XIV., and two elections have been cancelled for the same reason ; making the total number of members on the 30th April, 1887, 488. Obituary—Ordinary Members: Dr. E. H. Bestic, elected 1878 ; Dr. J. Le Gay Brereton, elected 1868; Hon. W. A. Brodribb, M.L.C., elected 1876; Alfred Chandler, elected 1876 ; Andrew Cunningham, elected 1877 ; Hugh George, elected 1878; Karl W. Goergs, elected 1881; Rev. A. Milne Jarvie, 1879; Dr. W. F. Mackenzie, elected 1874; Rev. Peter MacPherson, M.A., elected 1878 ; Dr. Rudolph Schuette, elected 1876 ; Hon. Sir Alexander Stuart, M.L.A., elected 1874; H. A. Thompson, elected 1870. Honorary Member: Thomas Walker, elected 1878. The vacancy in the list of Honorary Members, caused by the death of Thomas Walker, Esq., Yaralla, Concord, to whom the Society is indebted for the munificent donation of £500, is proposed to be filled by the election of Michael Foster, Esq., M.D., F.R.S., &c., Professor of Physiology in the University of Cambridge, and one of the Secretaries of the Royal Society of London. | The conditional offer made by Mr. Edward Ross Fairfax (through Professor Liversidge on the 27th Oct. 1886) of £200 as a donation to the Building Fund, resulted in the sum of £437 being subscribed by the members, which together with the liberal grant from Government of pound for pound, enabled the balance of the mortgage upon the building (viz., £800) to be cleared off by the 31st December, 1886, leaving a balance in hand of £175 5s. 1d. to the credit of the fund. The total amount subscribed by members 16 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. to the Building Fund, from its inauguration on the 11th Sept. 1877 to the 31st Dec., 1886, was £1,904 12s. On the 24th Nov., 1886 the Council unanimously agreed that Mr. E. R. Fairfax be made a Life Member of the Society, in recognition of his very generous and opportune gift. During the past year the Society has received 1192 volumes and pamphlets, 16 charts and 6 portfolios of Geological Maps as donations. The Society has presented its Journal and Proceedings Vol. XIX., for 1885 to 337 kindred Institutions, as per printed list, and this publication has likewise been distributed to all the members entitled to it. Vol. X-X., is in type and will soon be ready for distribution. Since last year the following new Societies have entered into an exchange of publications viz. :—The Queensland Branch of the Geographical Society of Australasia, Brisbane ; The Academy of Sciences, Christiania ; The Meteorological Institute of Roumania, Bucharest; The Royal Meteorological Institute, Berlin; The California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco ; The Imperial University of J apan, Tokio. The Society has subscribed to 49 Scientific Journals and Periodicals, and has purchased 153 vols. at a cost of £147 1s. 3d. During the past session the Society held seven meetings, at which the following papers were read :—1886, May 5—Presidential Address, by Prof. Liversidge, F.R.S., &c. June 2—‘“On an unrecorded Ardisia from New Guinea,” by Baron Ferd. von Mueller, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., &c.; ‘A comparison of the Dialects of E. and W. Polynesian, Malay, Malagasy and Australian,” by Rev. George Pratt, communicated by the Rev. W. Wyatt Gill, B.A. (Lond.); ‘‘ Preliminary notes on some new Poisonous Plants discovered on the Johnstone River, N. Queensland,” by T. L. Bancroft, M.B., F.L.S., communicated by Prof. T. P. Anderson Stuart, M.D. July 7—“ Further additions to the Census of the Genera of Plants hitherto known as Indigenous to Australia,” by Baron F. von Mueller, K.C.M.G., F.R.S. &c.; ‘Notes on the process of polishing and figuring 18 inch Glass Specula by hand, and Experiments with Flat Surfaces,” by H. F. Madsen. August ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 17 -4—“On the Tin Deposits of New South Wales,” by S. Herbert Cox, F.C.S., F.G.S.; “On the Aboriginal names of Rivers in Australia philologically examined,” by the late Rev. Peter MacPherson, M.A. September 1—‘‘ Our Lakes and their uses,” by Fredk. B. Gipps, C.E. November 3—“ Notes on the History of the Floods in the River Darling,” by H. C. Russell, B.A., F.B.S.; “‘ Notes on the sweet principle of Smilax Glycyphylla (Abstract),” by Prof. E. H. Rennie, M.A., D.Sc.; “Ona new Filar Micrometer,” by H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.S. December 1—‘ Notes on the Theory of Dissociation of Gases,” by Prof. Threlfall, B.A. (Cantab); “Results of the Observations of Comets Fabry, Barnard, and Brooks, (No. 1) 1886, at Windsor, N.S8.W.,” by John Tebbutt, F.R.A.S. ; “Notes on some Rocks and Minerals from New Guinea and Polynesian Islands,” by Prof. Liversidge, F.R.S. ; ‘‘ Notes on some New South Wales Silver and other Minerals,” by Professor Liversidge, F.R.S.; ‘On the composition of Pumice from the Pacific,” by Professor Liversidge, F.R.8.; ‘Metallic Meteorite, Queensland (Preliminary Notice) by Professor Liversidge, F.R.S. ; ““On the Strength and Elasticity of Iron-bark Timber as applied to works of Construction,” by Prof. Warren, A.M.1.C.E. ; “ Notes upon Floods in Lake George,” by H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.S. The Medical Section held seven meetings, at which 21 papers were read. The Microscopical Section held eight meetings, at which eight papers were read. The Sanitary Section held five meetings, at which six papers were read. A very successful Conversazione was held at the Great Hall of the University on the 6th October last, which was attended by between 900 and 1,000 members and their friends. At the Council Meeting held on the 8th December, 1886, it was unanimously resolved to award the Clarke Medal for the year 1887 to Dr. James Hector, C.M.G., F.R.S., &c., Director of the Geological Survey of New Zealand, in recognition of his long continued scientific labours, and more particularly on account of his invaluable contributions to the geology and natural history of New Zealand. In response to the offer of prizes and its medal B “ 18 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. by the Society for communications containing the results of ‘original research or observation upon given subjects, the following were received :—‘“‘On the Chemistry of the Australian Gums and Resins,” nil. ; ‘‘On the Tin deposits of New South Wales,” one paper ; ‘On the Iron Ore deposits of New South Wales,” one paper ; “ List of the Marine Fauna of Port Jackson, with descriptive notes as to habits, distribution, &c.,” nil. The Council, at its meeting on the 30th June, 1886, awarded the prize of £25 and the Society’s medal, which had been offered for the best communication on “The Tin deposits of New South Wales,” to Mr. S. Herbert Cox, F.C.S., F.G.S., of North Shore. The Council has since issued the following list of subjects, with the offer of the Society’s bronze medal and a prize of £25 for each of the best researches, if of sufficient merit :—Series VI.—To be sent in not later than Ist May, 1887: No. 20. On the Silver Ore deposits of New South Wales. No. 21. Origin and mode of occurrence of ‘Gold-bearing veins and of the associated Minerals. 22. Influence of the Australian climate in producing modifications of Diseases. 23. On the Infusoria peculiar to Australia. Series VIJ.—To be sent in not later than Ist May, 1888: No. 24. Anatomy and Life History of the Echidna and Platypus. No. 25. Anatomy and Life History of Mollusca peculiar to Australia. No. 26. The chemical composition of the products from the so-called Kerosene ‘Shale of New South Wales. Series VIII.—To be sent in not later than Ist May, 1889: No. 27. On the Chemistry of the Australian Gums and Resins. No. 28. On the Aborigines of Australia. No. 29. On the Iron Ore deposits of New South ‘Wales. No. 30. List of the Marine Fauna of Port Jackson, with descriptive notes as to habits, distribution, etc. You will be gratified to learn that the amount collected for the purpose of painting a portrait, in oil colours, of the late Professor Smith is £113 7s. 6d. (subscribed by 105 individuals). The order for the portrait was sent to England in June last, to be executed under the personal supervision of Mrs. Smith, and it is hoped that it will not be long before it will be received and placed upon NOTES ON FLYING-MACHINES. 19 the walls of this building as a memorial of our late esteemed Vice-President. And now, gentlemen, it only remains for me to thank you for the indulgence which has been accorded to me in the performance of the duties of President for the past year, and to express the hope that the Royal Society may continue to flourish and increase its usefulness under the auspices of your new President, Mr. ©. 8. Wilkinson, who it is my privilege and pleasure now to introduce to you. RECENT WORK ON FLYING-MACHINES. By Lawrence HARrGRAVE. [ Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 1 June, 1887. | SINcE communicating the paper “ On a form of Flying-machine” more efforts have been made to determine the relation between the weight, area and power that is necessary for the successful designing of large and similar structures. One power has been adhered to throughout viz., 24 red elastic bands of the same strength as those previously tested : the weight has been reduced to 1:18 lbs., and the area varied in numberless ways, resulting in the dimensions shewn in Fig. 7. B. & C. whichare the best that can be suggested for the power. Fig. 7 A., is the one previously described. 7 It is observed in B. and several earlier models that they do not descend as the power is decreasing, but keep approximately horizontal until the wings stop flapping ; the cause is thought to be that the power used at starting is excessive for the weight and area, and that if the terminal power were to be maintained throughout, a far greater distance would be passed over ; and that the superabundant power at the commencement of the flight is expended in uselessly forcing the speed ; therefore C has a fusee winder. The absence of the head in C is a marked improvement, as any reduction in the number of parts must be, and it was not discovered without considerable labour. The centres of gravity and effort have both been brought further forward, resulting in a much easier and more graceful motion of the apparatus. The mean result of the three models is seen by the table to be that 161-4 foot-pounds of energy propels a weight of 1:29 pounds 20 NOTES ON FLYING-MACHINES. horizontally 163-7 feet when supported by trochoided surfaces, having a total area of 1265 square inches. The foot-pounds of energy represent the actual power stored in the stretched elastic bands and not the thrust of the wings, the two powers are related to one another as the pounds of coal burnt in the furnace of a marine boiler are to the thrust of the screw. The flight of A has a fall of 8 feet, B has a slight rise, and C flies to all intents. and purposes horizontally ; a recomputation of the foot-pounds of energy stored in A reduces them from 168°8 as previously stated to 155°7. Thus, it is obvious, the formula for proportioning machines of any other power is nearly as far off as ever, but the evolution of C from those crude efforts, exhibited here previously, has clearly foreshadowed the principle and essential features of one form of the flying-machine of the future ; it is hoped to give these shadowy outlines a tangible form by communicating them through your Journal to the public, so that it will be possible for any practical man if disposed, to make a machine on a large scale with the certainty of some success, without waiting for the completion of a series of experiments that may easily occupy a lifetime when conducted single handed. It is interesting to point out how far this trochoidal action of the wing bears out the views of Borelli, Marey, and Pettigrew. Borelli attributes flight to the elevation and depression of the wing in one plane, and says the pressure of the air on the feathers bends the plane of the wing sufficiently to produce thrust enough for flight; the interposition of the crank and connecting-rod does this wholly mechanically, if the plane has an equal pressure before and behind the midrib; if the pressure on the after part of the trochoided plane exceeds that on the forward part, the variations in the angle of the plane are produced, partly by the torsion of the midrib, and partly by the crank and connecting-rod. Marey adopts Borelli’s idea with regard to insect flight, but by experimenting on a living flying bird, arrives at a close approxi- mation to the plane trochoided conically, (Figs. 6 and 7 Trochoided Plane see page 263 of the third edition of his work on “ Animal Mechanism,” the distortion of the figure seems attributable to the cramped position and forced action of the bird.) This is peculiarly significant as a similar result is arrived at by an anatomist and by a mechanic. Both Marey and Pettigrew observe the figure of eight in insect flight, or rather in the wing flapping whilst the body is stationary, and reproduce it by the torsion and bending of the midrib; the trochoided plane develops the same figure if the wing socket is. imperfectly fitted or the midrib too thin. It is frequently asked how such flying-machines are to be steered: this is like asking a skate-maker why he does not fit NOTES ON FLYING-MACHINES. 21 rudders toskates. Itisa matter of certainty that if the structure has horizontal motion, and the centre of gravity is moved to one side, the machine will turn to that side; and if the centre of gravity is moved forward, the machine will plunge downwards. This is quite independent of any mechanism for varying the area of the wings or tail, which will, of course, come to the same thing, but is objectionable, as it increases the number of parts. It has been remarked that the wings of these machines differ from birds’ wings in having no membrane or web on the portion of their length near the body. If the triangle contained between the forestay, backstay, and strut were covered with paper, and the strut were supposed to have no weight or area, the wing would oscillate about a neutral axis near the middle of the midrib —that is, as the triangular portion of the wing descended the four-sided part would ascend, and the two parts would mutually trochoid one another, each acting and re-acting as the two boats (Fig. 2, Trochoided plane). This would shorten the effective length of the wing, so that material, and consequently weight, is economised by attaching the triangular part of the wing rigidly to the strut, incorporating it, as it were, with the body and tail. The blue and red disks on the wing of the model shew this. A red disk is on the top of the wing near the tip and a blue one underneath, a blue disk is on the top of the wing near the strut and a red one underneath. As the wing descends both red disks are visible, as the wing ascends both blue ones are seen from a position nearly in a line with the axis of the model; the surfaces with the same colours are thrusting at the same time. This form of machine is not being experimented with, as it is thought to be more easily injured than that shewn in the drawings. In birds it is noticeable that the inner portion of the wing does not move through the same angle as the tip, when the wings are up both portions are in a straight line, when the inner part is horizontal the tip is considerably below it, and when the wing has reached its lowest position the outer part is nearly vertical ; it is thought that the identity of the actions of the trochoided plane flying-machine and a flying bird might easily be proved if such an investigation would be of any practical utility. Jt was long doubtful whether an impulse was not unconsciously given to the 24-band models when they were started; it is now - clear they spring from the hand, as several have smashed when the winder was released, and dropped nearly vertically, so that the flight is still measured from the starting point. Before describing the large machine on wheels, particular attention is drawn to the detail drawing of the 24 band machine (Fig. 8), it embodies all the latest improvements and will well repay a careful scrutiny ; it is drawn double size for plainness and 22 NOTES ON FLYING-MACHINES. is a sister model to C, hitherto it has been particularly unfortunate. It is to be understood that in all places where metal is required to join metal rigidly, soft solder forms the union; and also that all woodwork and lashings are glued, there are no nails or wood- screws in any part of the machine. [The form of connecting rod is now discarded for a composite structure made of two long eye- bolts, stiffened against compression by a slip of pine lashed between them ; the brasses are adjusted by nuts above and below. | A piece of wood about 2” x 3” x 4” will be seen in the end view, this is not shewn in the longitudinal section or plan, it is glued and lashed under the strut about the middle of its length, its use is to keep the bands in a line with the strut and so prevent it hogging ; in effect it shortens the length of the strut by half when considering it as a hollow column under a crushing strain. The large machine on wheels(Figs. 1, 2, 3.) was made to ascertain l. The weight of a machine sufficiently strong to bear a man’s - weight and transmit his power. 2. The most convenient form and arrangement of parts for the first named object. 3. The area of wing that can be trochoided at about twenty revolutions per minute. 4. The amount and distribution of the thrust. The weight of the machine and carriage is distributed thus: on the caster 74 tbs ; on each of the two hind wheels 5 tbs, = 10 Ibs ; total 174 tbs. Weight of carriage 8 tbs; weight of machine alone 93 tbs. The body plane has not been made, as its area depends on the speed the machine and carriage can be driven, but following the method of construction adopted for the wings 10 tbs. will amply cover its weight. The apparatus has surficient strength to bear a weight of about 170 Ibs, turning the handle 20 times a minute, though many parts of it cannot have a higher factor of safety than 2. It was thought that the best method of applying the power was by turning a handle, as no simple means of trochoiding the wings by a reciprocating motion, as in pulling a pair of sculls, suggested itself. The caster is put on merely to show if inaccuracies in the construction of the machine make it turn to one side. The main vertical supports under the seat are hollow, with a light rod inside sliding up through the ends of the seat; this is so constructed that if the machine is propelled fast enough to lift © itself off the carriage, the light rods can be withdrawn from the machine, and leave it quite free of the carriage. The forward vertical supports have slides so that the machine can be tilted up at any angle required. The three main beams of the carriage, and the outer portion of the wing midribs are built of laths one-eighth of an inch thick. The rigid connections between the NOTES ON FLYING-MACHINES. 23 various parts are tin ; the braces and ties are piano wire. It is thought that a lighter structure could hardly be made, though the distribution of the material might be improved. The wings were first made 29 inches wide, but it was found they could only be flapped 16 times a minute, their length being limited by the height of the room where the experiments were carried on ; it is thought better results could be obtained with longer and narrower wings. The length of each wing is 7’ 3” from the socket to the tip, and the length of the membrane is 4’ 8”, the area of each is a little over 84 square-feet; this area, or the- number of revolutions must be largely increased, if the machine is allowed torun along the ground. Thin tissue paper is undoubtedly the best material for the wings, it is impossible to burst any of the compartments by flapping. To measure the thrust of the wings a post was provided with a vertical lever, the machine pushed against the short arm of the lever and the long arm of the lever was hooked to a spring balance and also carried a yencil that recorded the variations of pressure on a sheet of pape: pinned on a small table; tolerably uniform motion was given to the small table by a clock and fan. A weight was put on a cross lever attached to the long arm of the vertical one, that stretched the balance spring an amount corresponding to a thrust of 21 pounds, so that negative pressures could be recorded. The pressures corresponding to four points in each revolution were determined by a link that was dropped on the top of the pencil by a system of levers actuated by four cams on the crank shaft. This apparatus showed that there was a positive and negative pressure due to the swaying backwards and forwards of the body of the experimenter, the amount of which had to be determined by taking some diagrams, whilst turning the handle with the wings unshipped. These diagrams showed such unaccountable distortions, that it was thought vady isable to construct an apparatus similar to Richard’s Steam Engine Indicator, a weiyht being used instead of a watch-spring to pull the drum backwards, as the crank pin slacked the cord; the wire backstay of the left wing was carried over a block and fastened to a spring balance, and moved the parallel motion of the indicator: the forestay of the wing was removed to a point near the upper end of the connecting rod, as the angular thrust and pull backwards of the connecting rod masked fe true thrust in the diagrams: counterpoises (not shewn in the drawings) were also put to the wings. The scale of the diagrams was determined by weights of one, two, and three pounds hung direct on to the centre of the length of the wing membrane, the ° wing being horizontal and the weight cord passing over a pulley. Fig. 4 is the mean of six cards and shows that the total mean thrust of both wings is 3-07 pounds. 24 NOTES ON FLYING-MACHINES. Fig. 5 is the best card of the six from which Fig. 4 was constructed. To arrive at the interpretation of these diagrams with an accuracy corresponding to the roughness of the whole experiment, the arc the wing moved in (90°) and the length of the diagram were divided into eight parts (Fig. 6), the angles the plane of the wing made with the direction of the thrust were plotted at their seven respective positions ; the thrust pressures from the diagrams (Fig. 4) were set off, half-size for convenience, on these angular lines ; and the right-angled triangles of forces completed: then the sum of the hypothenuses was multiplied by the distance in feet traversed by the centre of the wing during one-eighth of its down or up stroke, that is 0:96 feet, and this multiplied by 20 for the revolutions per minute, and then by 2 for the other wing,- gives 3338 as the foot-pounds of power per minute expended on the handle. The same process was carried out with the thrust pressures and lost powers, giving 920 foot-pounds per minute or 27 per cent., as useful work done. The right hand side of the diagrams (Figs. 4 and 5) corresponds with the position of the wings represented in (Figs. 1, 2, 3). Turning to D. K. Clark’s tables to check the accuracy of the observations, we find Mr. Smeaton gives the ordinary power of a labourer to be 3762 foot-pounds per minute. Mr. John Walker says the power of a man turning a handle is 3080 foot-pounds per minute. Mr. Glynn says the power of a man ata crane handle is 3300 foot-pounds per minute. Mr. G. B. Bruce says the power of a man at a pile-driver, presumably winding up the monkey, is 4320 foot-pounds per minute. Mr. Joshua Field has some tabulated observations, amongst which is one shewing that a tall Irishman with extreme labour exerted a force at a crane handle of 21,427 foot-pounds per minute for 2°83 minutes ; whilst yet another tall Irishman at the same job did 27,562 foot-pounds per minute for 2:2 minutes. It is therefore thought, that 920 foot-pounds per minute fairly represents the amount of thrust the machine is capable of, and that the diagrams delineate its distribution. As to what effect this thrust would have if the machine were on a good stretch of permanent way or clean ice, there is nothing to draw a comparison from but experiments connected with the resistance of trains. According to D. K. Clark the frictional resistance per ton of engine, tender and train for speeds of 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 miles per hour are 12:2, 13, 14, 15°5, 20, 26, 34, 43 Ibs; these are, let it be understood, with an average side wind, so that all the front ends of the carriages add to the resistance. Taking this machine to weigh one-tenth of a ton, the continuous thrust of 3°07 tbs would keep it going at a speed exceeding 40 miles per hour. NOTES ON FLYING-MACHINES.- 25 Bicycles also show a racing speed of about 20 miles per hour, but no record has been seen of what power produces this effect, although a very simple apparatus could be made to record the strain on the treadle at every point of its revolution. As no tabular statement of the resistances of flat surfaces moving horizontally and set at a sharp angle to the direction of motion were available, though doubtless such have been computed, it was thought a few independent observations would throw some light on this subject. A whirling machine of simple construction was therefore made, capable of moving a plane of one square foot area at various speeds and angles, with an indicator for recording at once on the same diagram, the lifting power and horizontal resistance. The radius of the circle the centre of the plane moved in was 6 feet 21 inches, and the speed was determined by counting the revolutions made during one minute of each observation. Four sets of observations were made with the plane at angles of 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25° with the horizon, the first of each set had the full driving power on the whirling machine ; the second, third and fourth had the speed reduced by taking off successively weights of 16, 34 and 52 pounds from the full driving weight. The scale of the diagrams was carefully determined by a balance in the form of a cross, which was clamped to the arm carrying the indicator and plane, so that weights in the pans on the horizontal beam of the balance, either lifted or displaced horizontally the centre of the plane. a@ Qe cS 2 z ee. | 22 | 35 Ag S| s < Soe | Soe a 2H a | 8 3 S Cam | se™ | & a, a | 2 = See ete wai om uta 3 = (Se 5 2 Saisie |e 3 e) 5s & 3 28s aos aes | g£8 g fe S 2 om & ax a 5Om [ 3 5 Re a | 23 10°16 | 14°9 27 300 311 5° | 20°25 S91) s22, 21 230 24.4 5° | 17°25 7'6 11°2 15 220 175 5° | 13°50 5°9 8°8 9 200 109 LO” | 22 577 14°3 100 600 564 10° | 20 8°8 13°0 82 460 466 10° | 16°75 74 10°9 58 336 329 10° | 13 a7 85 35 228 199 15° | 20 8°8 13°0 158 183 775 684 is | 18 7g) 11°7 144, 148 650 504 15° | 15°25 6°7 SiS) 106 540 397 ee | 11°75 52 76 53 360 223 20° | 17°25 76 EE Z 184 235 890 649 20° | 15°12 6°7 9°8 168 180 750 496 20° | 13°12 5°8 8°5 140 135 570 374 20° | 10°75 A7 6°98 92 420 254 25° | 15°33 6°7 10°0 216 286 840 621 Zeien| AS 57 8°5 182 206 660 44.6 Ze | 1-5 51 75 156 | ‘160 550 349 25° 925 | 41 6:0 103 360 223 26. NOTES ON FLYING-MACHINES. These observations were plotted (Fig. 9) and tabulated, after which computations were made from the formula P=-0023 V’* x sin X, relating to finding the force of wind impinging on a flat surface where P= pressure in pounds per square foot. V= velocity of wind in feet per second. X= angle of incidence of direction of the wind with the plane of the surface. The results were plotted on the same diagram (Fig. 9) in dash and cross curves, so thata comparison can be made at a glance between the theoretical curves and the actual observations. It will be remarked how closely the observations at 5° and 10° agree with the theoretical curves and diverge at 15°, 20°, and 25°. Instrumental errors would be most likely to show at the higher speeds and fine angles, where the difficulty of measuring small quantities is greatest. Centrifugal force is not answerable ~ for the non-agreement, that would, if it was appreciable at all, tend to bring the observations closer to the computed curves, as. the movable arm carrying the plane was above and behind the radius of the whirling machine when recording the higher pressures, all the other parts being carefully counterpoised. The difference is therefore understood to show graphically that. the actual resistance of the air is greater than is given by theory, (see Brande and Cox: Dic. Science, Literatwre, and Art, article on Parachute) and that when the resistances are resolved, the horizontal resistance is less than the theoretical resistance, and the observed lift is greater than the theoretical lift. It may be interesting to state the view taken of the possibility of a man driving a machine similar to Figs. 1, 2, 3, fast enough to lift his own weight, viz,, that a powerful athlete exerting a force of 25,000 foot-pounds per minute, could create for a short time with a machine similar to Figs. 1, 2, 3, a thrust of 23 pounds or 6,750 foot-pounds per minute ; and that if the total area of the planes. was 400 square-feet, and the weight of the machine and man was. 225 pounds, the 23 pounds thrust would theoretically have to drive the planes at 5° angle with the horizon, at a speed of 122 miles per hour in order that the machine and man might be air-supported. Supposing the plane to be perfect, a thrust of 19°6 pounds would be absorbed in driving it alone, without counting the resistance of the body of the experimenter and the framework of the carriage, which at a speed of 122 miles per hour would be theoretically 73 pounds per square-foot. DISCUSSION. Professor Threlfall said :— With reference to the relation between speed and resistance in the wings that are moving through the air: hydro-dynamical considerations, in which the viscosity of the air ON SOME N.S.W. TAN-SUBSTANCES. 27 is neglected, lead to a certain mathematical relation between the speed of the wings and the resistance which they experience. Mr. Hargrave finds by his experiment that the observed relation does not exactly coincide with the calculated relation, especially when the wings are associated so as to set great quantities of air im motion.* In this case viscosity would have a great effect, and if the formule employed by Mr. Hargrave had been calculated without taking this viscosity into account, the discrepancy between theory and experiment might be accounted for, amongst others, in this way. Mr. Hargrave replied that the viscosity of the air had not been taken into account in his calculations. The thanks of the Society were accorded to Mr. Hargrave for his paper. List oF DRAWINGS. Figure 1. Plan of large machine. Scale 3” to the foot. 2. Side elevation of Jarge machine. Scale 3” to foot. 3.. End elevation of large machine. Scale 3” to foot. » 4. Mean of € indicator cards. Scale, Full size. 5. The best of 6 indicator cards. Scale, Full size. 6. Diagram of Forces. 7. Half-plans of three Flying-machines, A. B. C. Scale, 3” to the foot. » 8. 24-band Flying-machine. Scale 24” to the foot. 9. Whirling plane. Scale 6” to the foot. SOME NEW SOUTH WALES TAN-SUBSTANCES. Part I. By J. H. Marpen, F.R.G.8. [ Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 1 June, 1887. ] THIs paper is the first of a series which I hope to be able to complete, on the Tans or astringents of New South Wales. There is no doubt that there are many barks, (especially of species of Acacia), which contain the tanning principle in quantity sufficient for them to be rendered useful to man, and which are either not in use at all, or are not generally known. It will also be useful * Norz.—The difference between observation and a rough formula is only noted in the experiment of a plane of 1 sq. ft. area moving ata maximum speed of 10°16 miles per hour. 28 ON SOME N.S.W. TAN-SUBSTANCES. to determine the amount of tanning principle in those barks which do not contain it in sufficient abundance for the purposes of the tanner ; we shall thus know which toavoid. As regards the kinos, although they are usually rich in tannic acid, they will probably come into extensive use in the future in medicine, and as ingredients in pigments and coloured varnishes &c., rather than as tans, for they usually make but indifferent leather. Dates.—N otwithstanding the well-known facts, (1) that in most cases, barks, especially those from species of Acacia, improve in tanning power if they are properly stored for a period, and (2) that after a further more or less variable period they diminish in tanning power,—it has not been the practice, as far as [am aware, to give dates with analyses, in order to make them comparable with others. I propose in every instance not only to give the dates of collection of the substances analysed, but also of the analyses themselves. This, in my humble opinion, is a matter of the highest importance. (Experiments giving the percentages of tannin in the same bark at regular intervals, will of course take years to complete). In the case of kinos, it is very desirable to know approximately the dates at which they were exuded. The present samples were all fairly new, with the exception of that of . sederophloia, when collected ; I can state nothing more definite in these instances. Kinos while attached to the trees are liable to alteration, firstly, from rain, which washes out more or. less of their soluble constituents, and secondly, from the air, as under its action they tend to become insoluble ; for instance, some kinos which are freely soluble in water become more or less insoluble in that liquid, and even insoluble in alcohol. Species Names.—Fully sensible that if there be the slightest doubt as to the identity of any species an analysis may be even worse than useless, as it may be misleading, every care has been taken to ensure perfect accuracy in the names of species. Flowering or fruiting specimens (or both) have been taken in each case. Specimens from the exceedingly difficult genus Eucalyptus have in all cases been referred to Baron Mueller for determination or confirmation, and I take this opportunity of expressing my indebtedness to him. Allowance for Moistwre.—The percentages of tannic acid and extract have in all cases been determined upon substances thoroughly dried at 100° C. The amount of moisture in freshly stripped bark (as compared with bark dried at 100° C.) may, for practical purposes, be assessed at from a quarter to one-third of its weight. Selection of Samples.—Of the kinos I have had from 3 to 4 Ibs of each to select from. From each parcel I have endeavoured to \ ON SOME N.S.W. TAN-SUBSTANCES. 29 make a thoroughly average sample by hand-picking. Of the barks. I have had from 7 to 14 tbs of each. From each parcel I have taken a strip which appeared to me to be an average specimen. Abnormal specimens, or obviously superior or inferior ones, - whether of barks or kinos, have therefore been rejected. The barks. have (prior to grinding) been cut truly horizontal into thin sections with a small guillotine, in order that the samples tested may contain the proper proportions of outer and inner bark. The quantity operated upon for quantitative purposes has been 5 grammes in each case. Qualitative Tests.— Notes. 1. All tests were performed in thecold unless stated tothe contrary. 2. Ammoniacal Picric Acid gives no precipitate with any of the extracts, but deepens the tint of the liquid in all cases. 3. The tests show the great similarity between the extracts of the barks of Acacia decurrens and A. penninervis, and the kinos of Lucalyptus amygdalina var. and HL. Sieberiana var. 4. Itis often necessary to filter, and even wash, before the colours of precipitates can be observed. Acacia sENTIS, (F.v. M.) N.O. Leguminose, B. FI. ii., 360. Found —In all the colonies except Tasmania, (usually in arid country) Locality of the particular specimen now under examination :— Ivanhoe, via Hay, N.S.W. Remarks—The hark of the trunk. Diameter of Stem 3 feet from ground, 6 to 8inches. Height of tree, 8 to 10 feet (low-spreading). Date of Collection, 2nd Oct. 1886. *Date of Analysis, 17th and 19th May, 1887. Bark fissured, but not deeply so. Ofa dirty grey colour. Epidermis scaly, and, when removed, showing a dark brown colour underneath. Bast not readily separable ; of a light-brown colour. Average thickness of bark 2”. Yields 18-02 per cent. of extract to water at 100° C. Catechu-tannic acid 6°32 per cent. Qualitative Tests.—(Dilute Extract) 1. Reaction faintly acid. 2, Equal volume of sulphuric acid (1in 5). Jn the cold, yellowish ppt. On boiling, slight salmon ppt. 3. Bromine water—Slight canary yellow ppt. 4, Dilute ferric chloride—Light indigo purple colour. Ppt on standing. Add Ammonia—Dark brownish purple colour to ppt. 5. Baric hydrate—Dirty brown ppt. 6. Ammonium sulphide—Dirty yellowish colour. * Experiments were commenced on the first date and finished on the second. 30 ON SOME N.S.W. TAN-SUBSTANCES. 7. Potassium bichromate—Ppt similar to, but slightly. darker than that of A. melanoxylon. 8. Tartar emetic—No change. Add Ammonium chloride— Whitish-brown ppt. 9. Copper sulphate.—Slight dirty green ppt. (a little darker than that of A.melanoxylon). Add Ammonia—Vandyke brown ppt. 10. One drop of strong sulphuric acid to one drop extract (on a white glazed tile). Like the colour yielded by A. anewra, only a little more intense. 11. Lead nitrate—Slight orange-brown ppt. 12. Manganese sulphate—Turbidity. 13. Chrome alum—Slight turbidity. 14. Mercuric chloride—Light stone-coloured ppt. 15. Hydro-disodic phosphate—Slight purplish ppt. 16. Potassium ferrocyanide—Light orange-brown ppt. ACACIA PENNINERVIS, (Sieber), N.O. Leguminose, B. Fl. ii., 362, * Hickory,” ‘‘ Blackwood.”’ Found—In all the Colonies except South and Western Australia. Locality of the particular specimen now under examination :— Monga, near Braidwood, N.S.W. Remarks—A. Bark of the trunk ; B. bark of the branches. Diameter of stem 3 feet from ground, 10 inches. Height 20 to 30 feet. Date of Collection, 19th Oct., 1886. Date of Analysis, 16th and 23rd May, 1887. A. Bark of trunk.—Smoothish bark, of a dirty brown colour. The epidermis peels off in scales, showing a bright reddish-brown colour. Bast very fibrous. Average thickness of bark as stripped 3”, Yields 45:5. per cent. of extract to water at 100° C. (a remarkably high percentage) ; or 55:5 per cent. of residue. Of this residue a portion equal to 2-4 per cent. of the total quantity of bark acted upon, is soluble in alcohol at 60° F. Catechu-tannic acid 16°96 per cent. B. Bark of branches.—Smoother than that of the trunk, yet not perfectly smooth. Outwardly of a dirty grey colour, with patches of white, or very light grey. Inner bark of a very bright colour, being, even when thoroughly dry, of a warm red brown. (I would especially draw attention to this as a pigment-yielding species). Bast available for coarse tying material. Average thickness of bark js”. Yields 22°88 per cent. of extract to water at 100° C. Catechu-tannic acid 16:24 per cent. Qualitative Tests.—(Dilute extract of trunk-bark),. 1. Reaction slightly acid 2. Equal volume of sulphuric acid (lin 5) In the cold, yausual | ppt. On boiling, dark salmon ppt in small quantity. ON SOME N.S.W. TAN-SUBSTANCES. 31 . Bromine water—Dirty yellow ppt. Dilute ferric chloride—Reaction same as A. decurrens. Add Ammonia—Same as A. decurrens. Baric hydrate—Dark brown ppt, same as A. decurrens. Ammonium sulphide—Light olive-brown colour. (Decidedly different in tint to that of A. decurrens). Potassium bichromate—Same as A. decurrens. . Tartar emetic—No change. Add Ammonium Chloride— Pink gelatinous ppt. Copper sulphate—Same as A. decurrens. Add Ammonia— Same as A. decurrens. 10. One drop of strong sulphuric acid to one drop of extract (on a white glazed tile).—Magenta colour, by no means so vivid as that of A. decwrrens. 11. Lead nitrate—Same as A. decurrens. 12. Manganese sulphate—No change. 13. Chrome alum—Same as A. decurrens. 14. Mercuric chloride—Ditto. 15. Hydro-disodic phosphate— Ditto. 16. Potassium ferrocyanide—Ditto. mo ost et ae ACACIA MELANOXYLON, (R. Br.), N.O. Leguminose, B. Fl. ii., 388. * Blackwood,” ‘‘ Lightwood.” Found—In all the Colonies except Queensland and Western Australia. Locality of the particular specimen now under examination :— Monga, near Braidwood, N.S.W. Remarks—The bark of the trunk. Diameter of stem 3 feet from the ground, 1 foot. Height 40 to 50 feet. Date of Collection, 29th Sept., 1886. Date of Analysis, 12th and 23rd May, 1887. This tree does not attain its full luxuriance in New South Wales. The bark now under examination is, judging from its appearance, apparently from an old tree. It is of a dirty brown colour, with whitish patches, giving the whole a silvery appearance. Has irregular vertical fissures, and this circumstance, with the small horizontal cracks, causes the outer bark to be readily detached in small flakes. ‘The inner bark or bast is very strong, and would form an excellent coarse tying material for local use. Where it joins the outer bark it is of a reddish-brown colour, but yellowish near the wood. In passing, I may mention that many of the inner barks of our Acacias show a rich red colouring when newly stripped. It usually requires a little exposure to bring out the colour in its full intensity, but prolonged exposure to the air destroys it. Other barks are of a white colour when newly stripped, but turn yellowish or drab on exposure to the atmosphere —doubtless from oxidation. 32 ON SOME N.S.W. TAN-SUBSTANCES. It yields 20°63 per cent. of extract to water at 100° C. Catechu tannic acid 11:12 per cent. Qualitative Tests—(Dilute Extract) Reaction faintly acid. Equal volume of sulphuric acid (1in 5). Jn the cold, cloudiness. On boiling, yellowish-brown ppt. . Bromine water—Bright yellow ppt. . Dilute ferric chloride—Dark indigo purple colour. Ppt on standing. Add Ammonia—Ppt becomes dark purplish-brown. Baric hydrate—Dirty brown ppt. Ammonium sulphide—Orange colour. Potassium bichromate—Orange brown ppt. Tartar Emetic—No change. Add Ammonic Chloride— Whitish-brown ppt. 9, Copper Sulphate—Slight dirty green ppt. Add Ammonia— Copious Vandyke-brown ppt. 10. One drop of strong Sulphuric acid to one drop extract (on a white glazed tile)—Light brown colour. 11. Lead nitrate—Slight orange-brown ppt. 12. Manganese sulphate—Whitish-brown ppt. 13. Chrome alum—Turbidity. 14. Mercuric Chloride—Whitish ppt. 15. Hydro disodic phosphate—Turbidity. 16. Potassium ferrocyanide—Light purplish-brown ppt. AcactaA ANEURA, (F.v.M.), N.O. Leguminose, B. Fl. ii., 402. (The normal species). The common “ Mulga’’ forming the chief portion of the scrub of that name. Occasionally called “ Myall.” Found—In all the Colonies except Tasmania, but only in the dry interior. Locality of the particular specimen now under examination :—Ivanhoe, vid Hay, N.S.W. Remarks—The bark of the trunk. Diameter of stem 3 feet from the ground, 6 to 8 inches. Height of tree, 25 or 30 feet. Date of Collection, 26th Sept. 1886. Date of Analysis, 17th and 21st May, 1887. This bark is very deeply furrowed, flaky, and pulverulent, and apparently from avery old tree. Outer bark grey; the inner bark of a pale drab. Average thickness 3”. Yields 10 per cent. . of a slightly mucilaginous extract to water at 100° C. (This round number is the exact mean of several careful determinations). Catechu-tannic acid 4°78 per cent. Qualitative Tests.—(Dilute extract—normal species only used, as the variety gives similar reactions). 1. Reaction faintly acid. 2. Equal volume of sulphuric acid (1 in 5). Jn the cold, no change On boiling, slight bleaching, and faint turbidity. bS — DOIN Fos ON SOME N.S.W. TAN-SUBSTANCES. 33 . Bromine water—Shght yellow turbidity. . Dilute ferric chloride—Hardly any change with the exception of a faint greenish tint. No further change on standing. Add Ammonia—Yellowish ppt, turning to a warm brown on standing. . Baric hydrate—Brown ppt. Ammonium sulphide—Slight yellow ppt. Potassium bichromate—No change. Tartar emetic—No change. Add Ammonium Chloride— Shght milkiness. : 9. Copper sulphate—Slhght greenish ppt. Add Ammonia—Ppt dissolved in the Ammonio-cupric sulphate. 10. One drop of strong sulphuric acid to one drop of extract (on a white glazed tile)—Slight reddish colour. 11. Lead nitrate—Light brown ppt. 12. Manganese sulphate—Slight brownish ppt. 13. Chrome alum—Slight ppt. 14. Mercuric chloride—Slight drab ppt. 15. Hydro disodic phosphate—No change. 16. Potassium ferrocyanide—Darkens colour. He OS Sl rns oo ACACIA ANEURA, var: (F.v.M.) N.O. Leguminose, (the narrow-leaved variety). B.FIl.ii., 402. ‘‘ Narrow-leaved Mulga.”’ Found—It has about the range of the normal species. Locality of the particular specimen now under examination :—Ivanhoe, vid Hay, N.S.W. Remarks—The bark of the trunk. Diameter of stem 3 feet from the ground, 6 to 8 inches. Height of tree, 25 or 30 feet. Date of Collection, 30th Sept., 1886. Date of Analysis, 17th and 23rd May, 1887. A moderately fissured bark of a dark grey colour, sometimes nearly black. “Removal of epidermis shows a light-brown colour. Bast not readily separable ; light coloured, being yellowish or drab when dry. A thin, poor bark, not exceeding 33;” in average thickness. Yields 20-72 per cent. of extract to water at 100° C. Catechu-tannic acid 8°62 per cent. ACACIA DECURRENS, (Willd.) N.O. Leguminose. B. FI. ii., 414. The “Green Wattle,’ of the older New South Wales Colonists. Called also “‘ Silver Wattle,’ but usually “ Black Wattle.” Found —In all the Colonies except Western Australia. Locality of the particular specimen now under examination :—Cambewarra, New South Wales. Remarks—The bark of the trunk. Diameter of stem 3 feet from the ground, 6 to 8 inches. Height 20 to30 feet. Date of Collection, 10th August, 1886. Date of Analysis, 12th and 23rd May, 1887. G 34 ON SOME N.S.W. TAN-SUBSTANCES. A more than ordinarily smooth, homogeneous bark. Small fissures and irregularities rarely occur in it except around buds. Of an umbery colour, with greyish patches. Is very tough, the bast yielding a fair fibre. Average thickness of outer and inner bark together, +—+%;”. Itis excessively hard when dry. Yields 42°16 per cent. of extract to water at 100° C., and therefore 57°84 © per cent. of woody fibre &c. Of this residue, a portion equal to 6-96 per cent. of the total quantity’ of bark acted upon, is soluble in alcohol at 60° F. Catechu-tannic acid 32°08 per cent. Qualitative T'ests—( Dilute extract). Reaction slightly acid. Equal volume of sulphuric acid (1 in 5). Ln the cold, cloudiness. On boiling, reddish-brown ppt. Bromine water—Dirty yellow ppt. Dilute ferric chloride—Dark purple colour. Brown ppt on - standing. Add Ammonia—Deepens the tint. Baric hydrate—Dark brown ppt. Ammonium sulphide—Darkens the colour slightly. Potassium bichromate—Coffee-coloured ppt. Tartar emetic—No change. Add Ammonium Chloride— Pink gelatinous ppt. 9. Copper sulphate—Pinkish ppt, turning reddish-brown on exposure. Add Ammonia—Ppt more copious, and colour intensified (copper brown). 10. One drop of strong sulphuric acid % one drop extract (on a white glazed tile)-—Bright magenta colour. 11. Lead nitrate—Slight reddish purple ppt. 12. Manganese sulphate—No change. 13. Chrome alum—Slight purple-brown ppt. 14. Mercuric chloride—Light purplish-brown ppt. 15. Hydro disodic phosphate—Slight purplish ppt. 16. Potassium ferrocyanide—Purplish-brown ppt. Eucrypuia Moorst, (F.v.M.) N.O. Saxifragee, B. FI. ii., 447. Often called “ Acacia,’ by country people, as when not in flower the tree resembles some of the larger species of Acacia. Other vernacular names are “ Plum Tree,” and ‘“ White Sally.” Found—In Victoria and New South Wales (Southern districts). Locality of the particular specimen now under examination :— Monga, near Braidwood, N.S.W. Remarks—The bark of the trunk. Diameter of stem 3 feet from the ground, 3to 4 feet. Height 40 to 60 feet. Date of Collection, 3rd October, 1886. Date of Analysis, 12th and 23rd May, 1887. bo POSTED ty SO This tree flourishes in moist valleys, and the bark is consequently often moss-grown. It is not fissured, but is more or less finely ON SOME N.S.W. TAN-SUBSTANCES. 35 tuberculated. Colour of outer bark that of the bark of the cork- tree. Brittle, and inside of a reddish-brown colour. Average thickness about ;%;"._ Inner bark very smooth, of about half the thickness of the outer-bark, very tough, and evidently available for coarse fibre. My attention was directed to this bark through learning that in the neighbourhood of Braidwood it is used by the settlers for tanning, “ with excellent results.” It yields 21-4 per cent. of extract to water at 100°C. Per centage of tannic acid 7-74. Qualitative Tests—(Dilute extract). 1. Reaction faintly acid. 2. Equal volume of sulphuric acid (1 in 5). Ln the cold, yellowish turbidity. On boiling, no change. 3. Bromine water—Ochrey yellow ppt. 4, Dilute ferric chloride—Blackish-green colouration. Add Ammonia—Reddish-purple ppt. Baric hydrate—Copious reddish-brown ppt. Ammonium sulphide—Orange turbidity. Potassium bichromate—Coffee-coloured ppt. Tartar emetic—No change. Add Ammonic chloride— Brownish-white ppt. | . 9. Copper sulphate—Hardly to be distinguished from A. anewra Add Ammonia—Light brownish-green ppt. 10. One drop of strong sulphuric acid to one drop extract (on a white glazed tile)—Yellowish-brown colour. 11. Lead nitrate—Pale dirty brown ppt. 12. Manganese sulphate—Slight brownish ppt. 13. Chrome alum-—Ditto. 14. Mercuric chloride—Slight whitish-brown or stone coloured ppt 15. Hydro disodic phosphate—Turbidity. 16. Potassium ferrocyanide—Orange-brown ppt. Rep ae et EUCALYPTUS STELLULATA, (Sieber), N.O. Myrtacee, B. FI., iii., 200. Usually called “ Black Gum,” or “ Black Sally.” Found—In Victoria and New South Wales. Locality of the particular specimen now under examination :—Blue Bell, near Braidwood, New South Wales. Remarks—The bark of the trunk. Diameter of stem 3 feet from the ground, 2 feet. Height 30 to 40 feet. Date of Collection, 17th Oct., 1886. Date of Analysis, 16th and 21st May, 1887. An “Tronbark,” of a blackish or dark-grey colour. Exceedingly hard, moderately fissured, and portions of it almost smooth. Average thickness 3”. No kino visible to the naked eye. Inner bark of a light brown colour when dry. (Note.—From decorti- cation, this tree often appears of a greenish or leaden colour, and smooth). Yields 27-64 per cent. of extract to water at 100° C.. Kino-tannic acid 12°86 per cent. 36 ON SOME N.S.W. TAN-SUBSTANCES. Qualitative Tests—(Dilute extract). 1. Faintly acid reaction. 2. Equal volume of sulphuric acid (1 in 5). Jn the cold, faint salmon ppt. On boiling, ppt. darkens, and becomes flocculent. 3. Bromine water—Faint yellow ppt. 4, Dilute ferric chloride—Indigo liquid, with faint purplish tinge. Add Ammonia—Dirty brown purplish ppt. Baric hydrate—Dark olive-brown ppt. Aimmonium sulphide—Shght dirty yellow ppt. Potassium bichromate—Orange-brown ppt. — Tartar emetic—Slight brownish turbidity. Add Ammonium chloride—Increased ppt, like that of #. leucoxylon only a little lighter. 9. Copper sulphate—Dirty greenish-brown ppt, very like that ot A. sentis and A. melanoxylon. Add Ammonia—Light . Vandyke-brown ppt. 10. One drop of Sulphuric acid to one drop extract (on a white glazed tile)—Light brown colour. 11. Lead nitrate—Pale dirty brown ppt with a grey tint. 12. Manganese sulphate—Light drab ppt. The most copious ppt obtained with this reagent amongst all the substances referred to in this paper. 13. Chrome alum—Slight brownish ppt. 14. Mercurie chloride—Stone ppt. 15. Hydro disodic phosphate—Bark brown ppt. 16. Potassium ferrocyanide—Same as A. melanoxylon. y. COI SD SK EUCALYPTUS AMYGDALINA, var., (Labill.) N.O. Myrtacez, B. FI. iii., 202. « Ribbon Gum,” from the circumstance that the bark can be peeled off in thin sheets, or ribbons. The botanical synonyms and vernacular names of the normal species are very numerous. Found —In South Eastern New South Wales (range not co-extensive with that of the normal species). Locality of the particular specimen now under examination :—Nelligen, Clyde River, N.S.W Remarks—Part of tree, kino. Diameter of stem 3 feetfrom ground, 2 feet, G6 inches. Height 80 to 100 feet. Date of Collection, 21st and 22nd Sept., 1886. Date of Analysis, 20th April and 17th May, 1887. A clear port-wine coloured kino, which is very friable, forming a sparkling powder. Dissolves readily in cold water, forming a clear liquid, and with but little residue. Water at 100*%@ dissolves 99°22 per cent. extract, leaving 0°78 per cent. of a brownish resin. Of this residue a portion equal to 0°46 per cent. of the total quantity of kino acted upon, is soluble in alcohol at 60° F. 97-32 per cent. of the kino is soluble in alcohol at 60° F. The kino yields 57-76 per cent. of kino-tanni2 acid. — ON SOME N.S.W. TAN-SUBSTANCES. 37 Qualitative Tests—(Dilute extract). . Distinctly acid reaction. 2. Equal volume of sulphuric acid (1 in 5). Jn the cold, dense salmon ppt. On boiling, clear ruby liquid. 3. Bromine Water—Light brown ppt, with streaks or coagulated masses of a bright yellow colour which rise to the top of the liquid like a scum. 4. Dilute ferric chloride—Deep purple colour. Neither this nor the other kinos form ppts on standing. Add Ammonia— Claret colour with brownish tinge. . Baric hydrate—Mauve ppt. Ammonium sulphide—Brownish colour. Potassium bichromate—Very abundant dirty greenish-brown ppt. 8. Tartar Emetic—Pink gelatinous ppt. Add Ammonium Chloride—The ppt condensed. 9. Copper sulphate—Slight turbidity. Add Ammonia—Dense dirty olive-green ppt. 10. One drop of strong sulphuric acid to one drop extract (on a white glazed tile). ° Orange-brown colour, with slight tinge of magenta. 11. Lead nitrate—Reddish-brown ppt. 12. Manganese sulphate—No change. 13. Chrome alum—Turbidity. 14. Mercuric chlo1ide—Gelatinous salmon ppt. 15. Hydro disodic phosphate—Slight pink gelatinous ppt. 16. Potassium ferrocyanide—Reddish-brown ppt. it Pe Sr EUCALYPTUS SIEBERIANA,(F.v.M.), N.O. Myrtaceer, (HE. virgata, Sieb., is the species name in B. FI. iii., 202, vide also Dec. 2, F.v.M., “* Eucalypto- graphia.”) ‘Cabbage Gum,” is the name by which this tree is known in the Braidwood district of N.S.W., owing to the perishable nature of the wood. The wood of Victorian trees appears to be more durable. Called also ‘‘ Mountain Ash,” ‘‘Gum Top,” &e. Found—In all the Colonies except Queensland and Western Australia. Locality of the particular specimen now under examination :— Monga, near Braidwood, N.S.W. Remarks—The bark of the trunk. Diameter of stem 3 feet from the ground, 1 foot to 2 feet. Height, 60 to 80 feet. Date of Collection, 1st and 2nd Oct., 1886. Dateof Analysis, 20th April, 17th and 21st May, 1887. This kino as taken from the trees has very much the appearance of that of L. amygdalina, except that it is perhaps ashade duller in colour. But the difference between them is perceptible directly each is tapped with the pestle, the large pieces of the kino now under examination readily becoming dulled by a coating of their own 38 ON SOME N.S.W. TAN-SUBSTANCES. powder. ‘This kino is rather tenacious, adhering readily to pestle and mortar, and yielding a dull, orange-coloured powder. It dissolves readily, and almost entirely, in cold water. Mr. Bauerlen who collected this kino, informs me that it is the most readily soluble one he has met with, the least shower of rain softening it | on the trees. However true this may be of the fresh substance, six- months old #. amygdalina kino is unmistakeably more soluble than #. Sreberrana kino of similar age. Extract— Water at 100° C. dissolves 95:04 per cent. leaving 4:96 per cent. of a liver-coloured resin greatly resembling broken stick lac in appearance. Of this resinous residue a portion equal to 0°94 per cent. of the total quantity of kino acted upon, is soluble in alcohol at 60° F. 91:8 per cent. of the kino is soluble in alcohol at 60° F. The kino yields 36:96 per cent. of kino-tannic acid. pn 16. Qualitative Tests—(Dilute extract). . Reaction distinctly acid. Equal volume of sulphuric acid (1 in 5). Jn the cold, dense salmon ppt. Own bowling, clear dark ruby liquid. Bromine water—Like HL. amygdalina. Ppt perhaps a little more dense. . Dilute ferric chloride—Like #. amygdalina. Add Ammonia —Ditto. Baric hydrate—Like L. amygdalina. Amionium sulphide. —Ditto Potassium bichromate—Ditto Tartar emetic—Ditto.—Add Ammonium chloride— Ditto Copper sulphate—Ditto. Add Ammonia—Copious brownish- black ppt. One drop of strong sulphuric acid to one drop extract (on a white glazed tile). Same as #. amygdalina only less intense. . Like £. amygdalina. . Manganese sulphate—No change. . Chrome alum—No change. Mercuric chloride—Like L. amygdalina. Hydrodisodic phosphate—Copious pink gelatinous ppt, in this respect different to 2. amygdalina. Potassium ferrocyanide—Like ZL. amygdalina. EvcaLyetus LEucoxyLon, F.v.M., (E. siderorylon, A. Cunn.) N.O. ‘Myrtacee, B. FI. iii., 209. ‘* Red-flowering Ironbark.” Found—In all the Colonies except Tasmania and Western Australia. Locality of the particular specimen now under examination :— Near Richmond, N.S.W. Remarks—The bark of the trunk. Diameter of stem 3 feet from the ground, up to 12inches. Height of tree, 40 to 50 feet. Date of Collection, July, 1886. Dateof Analysis, 17th and 23rd May, 1887. ON SOME N.S.W. TAN-SUBSTANCES. 39 I am indebted to Rev. Dr. Woolls for this bark. It is deeply fissured ; the kino is in more or less distinct small cavities in the bark, giving it a pitted or beaded appearance. The bark dull-looking and pulverulent, the kino in dull, never large, masses. ‘This bark readily yields its kino to water, forming a liquid of a very intense reddish-brown colour. It yields 67 per cent of extract to water at at 100° C., or 33 per cent. of residue. Of this residue a portion equal to 0:26 per cent. of the total quantity of bark acted upon, is soluble in alcohol at 60° F. The bark is soluble in alcohol at 60° F. to the extent of 18°84 per cent., forming a rich garnet liquid. Kino- tannic acid, 41:9 per cent. Qualitative Tests.—(Dilute Extract). . Reaction distinctly acid. . Equal volume of sulphuric acid (1 in 5). Jm the cold, light brown ppt. On boiling, ppt. darkens and rises to the top as a scum. . Bromine water—Reddish-brown ppt. Dilute ferric chloride— Brownish-purple colour. Add Ammonia—Slhght ppt. . Baric hydrate—Reddish-brown ppt. Ammonium sulphide—Reddish-brown colour. . Potassium bichromate—Dark brown ppt. . Tartar emetic—No change. Add Ammonium chloride— Orange-brown ppt. 9. Copper sulphate—Slight pale-brownish ppt. Add Ammonia —Vandyke-brown ppt. 10. One drop of strong sulphuric acid to one drop extract (on a white glazed tile). Warm brown colour. — 11. Lead nitrate—Brown ppt. 12. Manganese sulphate—No change. 13. Chrome alum—No change. 14. Mercuric chloride—Light brown gelatinous ppt. 15. Hydro disodic phosphate—Abundant purple ppt. 16. Potassium ferro-cyanide—Darkens the colour. HS eo bo COTS OT EUCALYPTUS SIDEROPHLOIA, Benth., (E. resinifera, A. Cunn.) N.O. Myrtacez, B. FI. iii., 220. “* Broad-leaved”’ or “ Red Ironbark.”’ Found—In New South Wales and Queensland. Locality of the particular specimen now under examination:— Richmond, N.S.W. Remarks—A. bark of trunk, with adherent kino. B. bark of trunk; no kino visible to the naked eye. C.kino. Diameter of stem 3 feet the ground, up to 12 inches. Height of tree, 40 to 50 feet, (a small tree of its kind). Date of Collection, July 1886. Date of Analysis, 17th and 23rd May, 1887. 40 IT am indebted to Rev. Dr. Woolls for this kino yielding bark. It The kino is not uniformly distributed throughout the bark-mass as in #. lewcoxylon, but in masses of a pure reddish-brown, and almost transparent. kino in situ, it occurred to me that it would be practically useful and convenient to present the results of examination in three » different ways, viz.:—A. Bark of trunk, with adherent kino; an average sample 2.e., exhibiting the kino and bark in about the proportions in which they usually exist in nature. the trunk ; no kino visible to the naked eye. is more or less foliaceous. ON SOME N.S.W. TAN-SUBSTANCES. matter has been carefully removed. This is therefore future. bo ace COS OF SK A. Extract, soluble in water at 100° C., 68-1 per cent. Kino-tannic acid ... ne. Lb) 24s B. Extract, soluble in water at 100° C., 26°56 Kino-tannic acid .... aa se LOA C. Extract, soluble in water at 100° C., 97:56 Soluble in alcohol at 60° F. 2) OR OS Kino-tannic acid ... ves Jie OD Qualitative Tests.—(Dilute extract of kino). Reaction distinctly acid. Equal volume of sulphuric acid (1 in 5). Jn the cold, no change. On boiling, clear pale ruby hquid. Bromine water—No change. Dilute ferric chloride—-Dark brownish purple liquid. Add Ammonia—No change, except perhaps more intense colour. Baric hydrate—Light purplish-brown gelatinous ppt. Ammonium sulphide—Orange-brown colour. Potassium bichromate—Very dense ppt. of a coffee colour. Fartar emetic—No change. Add Ammonium chloride— _ Café-au-lait ppt. Vandyke-brown ppt. white glazed tile). Warm brown colour. . Lead nitrate—No change. . Manganese sulphate—No change. . Chrome alum—No change. . Mercuric chloride—F aint whitish ppt. . Hydro disodic phosphate—No change. . Potassium ferrocyanide—Darkens colour. C. Kino ; As I received the B. Bark of all woody about the state in which ‘best selected kino ” will be sent to market in the 99 9 9) 9 3) 9 . Copper sulphate—No change. Add Ammonia—Intense . One drop of strong sulphuric acid to one drop extract (on a ON SOME N.S.W. TAN-SUBSTANCES. 4] Evcatyprus corymBosa, (Smith), N.O. Myrtacee, B. FI. iii., 256. « Bloodwood.” Found—In New South Wales to Northern Australia. Locality of the particular specimen now under examination :—Cambewarra, N.S.W. Remarks—The kino. Diameter of the stem 3 feet from the ground, 3 to 4 feet. Height, 80 to 100 feet. Date of Collection, 28th August, 1886. Date of Analysis, 20th April and 17th May, 1887. This kino is obtainable in irregular pieces as large as a fist. Before they have been bruised, they have the appearance of a very pulverulent, purplish-red haematite (such, for instance, as is common in the Elba mines). To say that it resembles a low-grade Dragon’s blood also gives a very good idea of its appearance. It readily makes an impalpable powder of a Venetian-red colour, soiling everything with which it comes into contact. Water at 100° C. dissolves 72°28 per cent., leaving 27°72 per cent. of residue, strikingly resembling powdered Brazil-wood in appearance. The solution in hot water readily becomes turbid if it be either sightly lowered in temperature or partly evaporated. ‘The particles suspended in the water are in such a fine state of division that they readily pass through a filter-paper. The solution in boiling-water is of a deep garnet colour. The ligneous, insoluble (in water) residue, yields 2:16 per cent. (calculated on the total weight of kino operated upon) of a rich red colouring matter to alcohol at 60° F. Cold water (60° F.) dissolves 35°38 per cent. of the kino. Alcohol at 60° F. dissolves 71°14 per cent. of the kino. Bloodwood kino can be delivered in Sydney for about 3d. per ib. and there is no doubt that it is a cheap and efficient substitute for the lower grades of Dragon’s blood. Both the aqueous and alcoholic solutions form excellent wood-stains. (Samples of wood stained by them were exhibited). Experts will probably pronounce the colour to be too “ fiery,” but it can be brought to the required tint by admixture with Burnt Sienna or Vandyke Brown. As a matter of fact, most wood-stains are compound substances, and the most I claim for this kino at present is that it will form a useful base for stains and varnishes. Whether it will, (and in what measure), supersede the beautiful aniline dyes which now form part of the “material” of the painter and polisher, remains to be seen. Some enterprising firm should put it to serious test without unnecessary delay. This kino yields 28°44 per cent. of kino tannic acid. This percentage of tannin is of course low (for a kino) ; nevertheless the abundance of the raw material, and the readiness with which its excellent colouring matter is available, will render this one of the most useful of our kinos. 42 ON SOME N.S.W. TAN-SUBSTANCES. Qualitative Tests.—(Very dilute extract, prepared by treating the _ kino with cold water, and filtering. 1. Reaction distinctly acid. 2. Equal volume of sulphuric acid (1 in 5). Jn the cold, no change. On boiling, no change. 3. Bromine water—Orange-yellow ppt. 4, Dilute ferric chloride—Brownish purple ppt. Add Ammonia —Deepens the colour. 5. Baric hydrate— Brown ppt. 6. Ammonium sulphide—Slight yellowish turbidity. 7. Potassium bichromate—Coffee-coloured ppt. 8. Tartar emetic—Slight turbidity. Add Ammonium chloride —Whitish ppt. 9. Copper sulphate—Greenish ppt. Add Ammonia—Light Vandyke-brown ppt. 10. One drop strong sulphuric acid to one drop extract (on a white glazed tile). Slight reddish colour. 11. Lead nitrate—Reddish-brown ppt. 12. Manganese sulphate—No change. 13. Chrome alum—Reddish ppt. 14. Mercuric chloride—Salmon ppt. 15. Hydro disodic phosphate—No change. 16. Potassium ferrocyanide—Darkens colour. DISCUSSION. Rev. 8. Wilkinson, in proposing a vote of thanks to Mr. Maiden for his paper, said he considered it to be exceedingly valuable, both for commercial and practical uses in the Colony, and the investigations were likely to have results of very great importance. Some tanners felt themselves very dependent upon the bark they had been importing from other colonies. Leathers were imported largely from Europe, and this also was done to the disadvantage of the whole colony. The kino extracts were also of great value for polishers &c. At present our dyers import nearly everything they use, while probably the Colony contains all that is necessary for their trade. Mr. J. T. Wilshire seconded the motion and said he had been identified with the tanning business through his parent, who was the first to establish the industry here. He was glad to be able to testify to the excellence of the paper read by Mr. Maiden, and asked that gentlemen, through the chair, if the percentage of tannin contained in the Acacia, would bear comparison with that of the Oak. . Mr. Maiden in reply, stated that there were some 336 species of Acacia in Australia. He spoke from memory when he said _ DISCUSSION. 43 that oak bark contained between 10 and 12 per cent. of tannin. The percentage of tannin in species of Acacia is on the average, far higher. Hon. L. F. de Salis, remarked that in 1885, £17,500 worth of bark was brought into this country. Mr. Maiden had spoken of the value of the Eucalypts for tanning purposes; this was a valuable discovery. » _ poll Do » Assistant Secretary... as me ike A oo 2) + Oe », Books and Periodicals ... ah &4: sche a. .. 62 Ae 55 bookbinding? “<2. ne ue Ns Mk, ‘3 .. LOS! Saar ; af Conversazione ah a #3 2 ~.._ LS eS » Engraving and Lithographing bab ie srs te 6 0 0 », Freight Charges, Packing, «ce. me: ode ee ois, 2 a » Furniture and Effects ... a am se oe | A » Gas a ee ee rp ie A ue . lion ae Housekeeper a on ae ae ase be ca 10 O O », Interest on Mortgage ... uae om is oe .. 8419 6 5, Lusurance Kae a — aa mis 7 b> », Prize Essay Award Sa . 25. Oe * Carried forward... sas. Mates si ... £888 14 PROCEEDINGS. 45 PAayMENTS—continued. SB. ihe Brought forward bie ae oa 2 O08 14” 2 >» Postage Stamps... Bhs he Se aes Nae pel 2 eee >, Petty “Cash Expenses Lee as ee ae oe se ele LO: 3 eS erinting .. i. $0 eh ene se eso. nO ,, Rates = i bee ee ear wie ai. 40 . Betreshments, ee at Meetings techs sas it tt 916 0O pmepairs ... ‘s, se sie hurler ia be: Lk » Stationery on See as non aa eo Bas. CEA Weal >> Sundries . oO) ff 3) 5 Australasian Association for ‘the Advancement of Science Sioned Total Payments ... sa sls oar £1,102 16 2 Balance on 31st March, 1887... be th aor ae 20a O SEL NAB) 18} Audited—W. C. W. BartTELs. RosertT Hunt, Honorary Treasurer. H. O. WALKER. W. H. Wess, Assistant Secretary. Sydney, 22nd April, 1887. BUILDING FUND. RECEIPTS. eh) IS de To Subscriptions and Donations... us sel ee coo. 424 UO). © » Rent of Hall 5 eee Ss » Parliamentary Grant on Subscriptions and Donations received during 1886... a: zie we .. 466 4 0 », Interest on Fixed Deposit 7 a Sle nO Total Receipts... a. ae mt. eel Ooasy 1008 Balance on 1st April, 1886 GF ae ave mis odo) Ws 2 OZone ih PAYMENTS. om Seni By Repairs to Building ... Bre ie ee lO) » savings Bank of New South Wales, in Redemption of Mortgage .. ae an un san POOL Oe XO) Total Payments ... wee sa ne ie £927 14 0 Balance on 31st March, 1887 is Bae ae aay arf or ek eS OZ 19) aL Audited—W. C. W. Bartets. — — Rosert Hunt, Honorary Treasurer. H. O. WALKER. W. H. Wess, Assistant Secretary. Sydney, 22nd April, 1887. - CLARKE MEMORIAL FUND. a Stade To Amount of Fund on Ist April, 1886... a: sa me Za 7 «1 », Interest accrued to 31st March. 1887 : LA ss Le ooo aS aZ00 10 9 46 PROCEEDINGS. £ aa By Fixed Deposit in Union Bank 8 ak f . 2 See », Balance due from Oriental Bank ... ss tee >. 4a. a £256 10 9 Audited—W. C. W. Barre ts. Rosert Hunt, Honorary Treasurer. H. O. WALKER. W. H. Wess, Assistant Secretary. Sydney, 22nd April, 1887. SMITH MEMORIAL FUND. © ii Beate To Amount of Fund on Ist mie 1886.. gies vas .. oS Some », Subscriptions since received . ae wy aor . 4 2a £113 6 i’ sid. By Amount towards purchase of Plaster Bust a = Digs Wee) », Fixed Deposit in Union Bank BA ne ssl w LL2 eae | £113 7 6 Audited—W. C. W. BarrTeE.s. Rospert Hunt, Honorary Treasurer. H. O. WALKER. W.H. Wess, Assistant Secretary. Sydney, 22nd April, 1887. Messrs. J. F. Mann and G. D. Hirst were elected Scrutineers for the election of officers and members of Council. A ballot was then taken, and the following gentlemen were duly elected officers and members of Council for the current year :— Honorary President: HIS EXCELLENCY THE RIGHT HON. LORD CARRINGTON, G.C.M.G., &c., &e., &. President: C. S. WILKINSON, F.G.S., F.L.S. Vice-Presidents: CHARLES MOORE, F.L.S. CHR. ROLLESTON, C.M.G. Hon, Treasurer: ROBERT HUNT, F.G.S., &e. Hon. Secretaries: PROFESSOR LIVERSIDGE, F.R.S., &c. F. B. KYNGDON. S. HERBERT COX, F.C.S., F.G.S. Members of Council: A. LEIBIUS, Px.D., M.A., F.C.S. J. ASHBURTON THOMPSON, P. R. PEDLEY. M.D., (Brux.) Sir ALFRED ROBERTS. PROF. WARREN, M.I.C.E. H, G. A. WRIGHT, M.R.C.S.E., &e. The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members of the Society :— Gordon, Charles Edward ; North Shore, MacCulloch, Stanhope H., M.B., C.M., Edin. ; Sydney. PROCEEDINGS. 47 Max, Rudolph, LL,D., Univ. Heidelberg ; Sydney. Sulman, John, F.R.I.B.A. ; Sydney. The certificates of two new candidates were read for the second time, and of five for the first time. ~The Chairman stated that the Conncil recommended that Michael Foster, M.D., F.R,S., &c., Professor of Physiology in the University of Cambridge, and one of the Secretaries of the Royal Society of London, be elected an honorary member of the Society. The election was carried unanimously. The names of the Committee-men of the different Sections were announced, viz. :— Microscopical Section.—Chairman : F. B. Kyngdon. Secretary: Percy J. Edmunds. Committee: H. G. A. Wright, M.R. C.S.E., Dr. Eric Sinclair, G. D. Hirst, and 8. MacDonnell. Medical Section.—Chairman: Dr. P. Sydney Jones. Secretaries: Dr. MacCormick, and Dr. Jenkins. Committee: Prof. Anderson Stuart, M.D., Dr. Knaggs, Dr. Chambers, Dr. Crago, Dr. W. Chisholm, Dr. E. Fairfax Ross. Sanitary Section.—Chairman: Dr. H. N. MacLaurin. Secretary: Reuter E. Roth, M.R.C.S,E. Committee: Dr. W. H. Goode, Dr. Quaife, Dr. E. Fairfax Ross, J. B. Henson, C.E. HK. E. Sager, F. B. Kyngdon. The following letter was read from James Hector, C.M.G., M.D. F.R.S., &c., Director of the Geological Survey of New Zealand :— Colonial Museum of New Zealand, My dear Sir, Wellington, 31 December, 1886. . I have the pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 8th December, conveying to me the Clarke Memorial Medal which the Council of the Royal Society of New South Wales have been pleased to award to me. I beg that you will convey to the Council my sincere appreciation of the great and unexpected honour which has been thus conferred upon me, and of their kind recognition of the services which I have been able to render to the best of my ability towards the progress of science in the Australasian Colonies. Ibeg that you willassure them of the continuance of my cordial sympathy with the well-organised efforts which the Royal Society have initiated for the purpose of developing scientific research in these Colonies. I have the honour to remain, my dear Sir, Yours most obediently, The Hon. Secretary, Royal Society of N.S.W. JAMES HECTOR. Mr. C. Rolleston, C.M.G., President then read his address. A vote of thanks was passed to the retiring President, and Mr. C.§. Wilkinson, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c., was installed as President for the ensuing year. It was unanimously resolved that the Council be empowered to prepare a congratulatory address to Her Majesty The Queen, on 48 PROCEEDINGS. attaining the Jubilee year of her reign, to be submitted to the members for their approval. About thirty members were present. The following Donations received since the last meeting were laid upon the table. (The Names of the Donors are in Italics.) TRANSACTIONS, JOURNALS, REPORTS, &c. The publications distinguished by an asterisk are received monthly. AmsTERDAM— ZAGREBU (Agram)—Société Archéologique. Viestnik Godina WIM. Br. 4). TX vBri le The Society. MiscELLANEOUS. (Names of Donors are in Italics.) « Australasian Journal of Pharmacy,” Vol. II., No. 18. The Publisher, Melbourne. Cox, 8S. Herbert, F.C.S., F.G.S. :— Tin Deposits of New South Wales. The Author. Giard, Alfred :— Deux Espéces d’ Entomophthora Nouvelles pour la Flore Francaise et Présence de la Forme Tarichium sur une muscide. . Notice sur les Travaux Scientifiques de M. Alfred Giard, Mai, 1879. PROCEEDINGS. 55 Giard, Alfred :— Nouvelles remarques sur les Orthonectida. Sur deux Synascidies nouvelles pour les cétes de France (Diazona Hebridica Forbes et Goodsir et Distaplia rosea Della Valle). Sur le Crenothrix Kiihniana (Rabenhorst), cause de Vinfection des eaux de Lille. Sur Pembryogénie des Ascidies du genre Lithonephria. Sur les affinités du genre Polygordius avec les Annélides de la famille des Ophelide. Sur un curieux phénoméne de préfécondation, observé chez une Spionide. Sur un type synthétique d’ Annélide ( Anoplonereis Herrmanni) commensal des Balanoglossus. The Author. Hennessy, Henry, F.R.S. :— Note on the Annual Precession calculated on the Hypothesis of the Earth’s solidity. On the Physical Structure of the Earth. bp “ Illustrated Sydney News,” Vol. XXIV., Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4. The Proprietors. « T’Océanien,”’ No. 1. The Publisher, Sydney. MacGillivray, P. H., M.A., M.R.C.S., F.L.8. :— A Catalogue of the Marine Polyzoa of Victoria. The Author. « Medical Press and Circular,’ No. 2484, December 8, 1886. The Publishers, London. Russell, H. C., B.A., F.R.S. :— List of Scientific Papers, Reports, Xe. The Author “Sydney Morning Herald,” January, February, and March, 1887. (Unbound). Hon. James Norton, M.L.C. Tebbutt, John, F.R.A.S :— Results of the Observations of Comets Fabry, Barnard, and Brooks’ No. 1, 1886, at Windsor, N.S.W. The Author. “ The Publisher,’ Nos. 2 and 6. Messrs. Turner and Henderson. “» latifolia ''HYMELEZ®. Pimelea linifolia COMPOSITZ. Veronia cinerea Cotula australis b4 Craspedia Richea ; Lagenophora Billarderi Cassinia longifolia Helichrysum scorpioides ny semipapposum Gnaphalium Japonicum Senecio australis CAMPANULACE. Lobelia dentata ss anceps as simplicicaulis ie eracilis STYLIDIEZ®. Stylhdium graminifolium iss laricifolium GooDENOVIEA. Goodenia bellidifolia ae ovata a paniculata at hederacea 35 heterophylla Scaevola hispida. Dampiera stricta. LOGANIACEZ. Mitrasacme paludosa ( ScROPHULARINE. Euphrasia speciosa EPACRIDEZ. Styphelia tubiflora HD viridis Epacris longiflora ss paludosa 55 obtusifolia Woollsia pungens Sprengelia incarnata ORCHIDEZ. Thelymitra longifolia ts ixioides Calochilus campestris Diuris maculata » sulphurea Prasophyllum fuscum S elatum Microtis porrifolia Pterostylis curta a reflexa Caleana major Caladenia carnea oe alba Glossodia major IRIDEZ. Patersonia sericea PROCEEDINGS. XYRIDEX. Xyris gracilis JUNCACER. Xanthorrhea hastilis 5 minor Juncus communis RESTACEZ. Restio dimorphus » australis ERIOCAULES. Eriocaulon australe Caustis flexuosa GRAMINER. Panicum crus-galli 107 =e RUE Anisopogon avenaceus Haemodorum planifolium LILIACER. LYCOPODIACER, Smilax glycyphylla Selaginella uliginosa Dianella levis FB “ILICES. = ~cerulea Burchardia umbellata Pteris aquilina Sowerbya juncea Davallia dubia DISCUSSION. The President stated that travelling very much throughout the Colony, he had often heard it remarked that bush fires did good in some districts and not in others. Owing to the absence of bush fires in some parts of the country, a dense scrub springs up over what is generally pretty clear ground, it being stated that the fires burning up the young shoots prevent this scrub from spreading at other times. It would be well to obtain statistics of the effects of fires in various districts, on high and low lands. Mr. J. T. Wilshire said that pastoralists used fires as a means of preventing the growth of noxious weeds. Droughts would also. have a great effect on the distribution of species of plants. WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 3, 1887. C. 8. Wilkinson, F.G.S., President, in the Chair. The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed. The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members. of the Society :— Davey, Thomas Garby, M.E., Emmaville; N.S.W. Faithfull, Robert L., M.D., L.R.C.P.; Sydney. Huxtable, L. R., M.B., C.M. ; Sydney. 108 PROCEEDINGS. Jones, George Mandor, M.R.C.S.E., L.R.C.P., London; North Annandale. Kent, Harry Chambers, Bell’s Chambers ; Sydney. Mitchell, J. Sutherland ; Darling Point. Pollock, James Arthur, B.E., Roy. Univ. Irel.; Sydney. Ross, Andrew, M.L.A., M.D., Univ. Glasgow; Molong. Schwarzbach, B., M.D., Wiirzburg, L. F.P.&8., Glasgow; Sydney. . Wood, W. £. Ramsden, M.D., M.R.C.P. & F.R.C,S., Edin. M.A., Cantab.; Stanmore. The certificates of seven new candidates were read for the second time, and of one for the first time. The President announced that the Council had dealt with the essays concerning ‘‘ Original Researches” Series V I., in connection with which the following papers had been received, viz. :—No. 20 —On the Silver ore deposits of New South Wales.—One paper. No. 21-—Origin and mode of occurrence of gold-bearing veins and of the associated Minerals.—Seven papers. No. 22—Influence of the Australian climate in producing modifications of diseases. —One paper. No. 23—On the Infusoria peculiar to Australia. — Nil; and stated that with one exception they were not considered to have fulfilled the conditions laid down. The successful essay had been written by Mr. Jonathan Seaver C.E., F.G.S., on “The origin and mode of occurrence of gold- bearing veins and of the associated minerals”; the medal and money prize would be awarded at the next General Monthly Meeting of the Society, when it was arranged that Mr. Seaver should read his paper. The discussion upon the paper of Mr. H. G. McKinney, M.E., M.I.C.E., on “* Notes on the Experience of other Countries in the Administration of their Water Supply,” read at the last meeting was further postponed, the President stating that it was the wish of Mr. McKinney and other memhers of the Society, that the paper should be discussed when the writer was present. The following papers were read :—1. ‘‘ Notes on some Inclusions observed in a specimen of Queensland Opal” by Mr. D. A. Porter of Tamworth. The President said with regard to Mr. Porter’s opinion that the silica composing the opal had been principally derived from the soil through the vegetable matter in which it is included ; that he had no doubt that some of these inclusions may be due to that cause, as rushes for instance contain a great deal of silica, but he thought that in most cases the silica had been derived from the deposits in which it was imbeded. 2. “ On some New South Wales Tan-substances,” Part 2, by Mr. J. H. Maiden, F.R.G.S. PROCEEDINGS. 109 A discussion followed in which Messrs. W. A. Dixon, J. T. Wiltshire, and the Chairman took part. 3. ‘ The Influence of Bush Fires in the Distribution of Species,” by the Rev. R. Collie, F.L.S. Some remarks were made by Mr. J. T. Wilshire and the Chairman. _ Twenty two members were present. The following donations received during the month of July, were laid upon the table and acknowledged :— Donations RECEIVED DURING THE MontH oF Juty, 1887. (The Names of the Donors are in Italics.) TRANSACTIONS, JOURNALS, REPORTS, &e. AmsSTERDAM—“ Revue Coloniale Internationale,’ Tome IV., Nos. 5 and 6., May and June 1887. The Editors. BERLIN—Ko6niglich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Sitzunesberichte, No. 1 to 18, 6 Januar to 31 Misz, 1887. The Academy. _ CamBripGE ( Mass. )—Museum of Comparative Zodlogy at Harvard College. Bulletin, Vol. XIII., No. 4. The Museum. CHRISTIANIA—L’ Association Geodesiqu2 Internationale, (Commission de la Norvége) Geoditische Arbeiten Heft V., 1887. Vandstandsobservationer, Heft IV., 1887. The Commission. Videnskabs-selskabet, Forhandlinger Aar 1886. The Academy. EDINBURGH— Scottish Geographical Society. ‘ Fhe Scottish Geographical Magazine, Vol. III., No. 6, June, 1887. The Society. Hamevure—Vereins fiir naturwissenschaftliche Unterhaltung Verhandlungen, 1883 to 1885. LonpDon — Meteorological Office. Hourly Readings, Part III., July to September, 1884, Official No. 70. Monthly Weather Report, Sept., Oct., Nov., 1886. Quarterly Weather Report, Parts II. and III., April to Septr. 1878 [New Series.] Weekly Weather Report, Vol. ITI., No. 53, and Appendices I., II. and III., [New series.|— Vol. 1V.; Nos. I to-11), 10:Jan. to 21 Mar., 1887, |New Series.] Report of the Meteorological Council to the Royal Society for the year ending 31 March, 1886. Report of the Third Meeting of the International Meteorological Committee held at 39 Paris, September 1885. The Meteorological Office. Physical Society of London. Proceedings, Vol. VIII., Part IV., April 1887. The Society. Royal Astronomical Society. Monthly Notices, Vol. XLVII., No. 6, April, 1887. Royal Geographical Society. Proceedings, (New Monthly Series), Vol. [X., No. 6, June, 1887. Royal Institution of Great Britain. Proceedings, Vol. XI., Part 3, No. 80, March, 1887. List of Members &e., July 1886. The Institution. 33 110 PROCEEDINGS. Royal Microscopical Society. Journal (Ser.2) Vol. VI., Part 6a, December, 1886; Journal, Part 2, 1887. The Society. Royal United Service Institution. Journal, Vol. XXXI., No. 138, 1887. The Institution. Zoological Society of London. Proceedings, Part IV., 1886. (Coloured plates.) The Society. MeELBournNE — Field Naturalists’ Club of Victoria. Seventh Annual Report, 1886-7, List of Members &e. ‘‘ The Victorian Naturalist,’ Vol. IV., No. 3, July, 1887. The Club. Mining Department. The Gold-Fields of Victoria. Reports of the Mining Registrars for the Quarter ended 31 March, 1887. The Secretary for Mines and Water Supply. Moscow—Société Impériale des Naturalistes. Bulletin, No. 2, 1887. The Society. New Yorx—American Geographical Society. Bulletin, Nos. 4 and 5, 1886. LS Science’? Vol. IX., Nos. 226 to 229, June 3rd to 24th, 1887. ; The Editors. OxrorpD—Radcliffe Library, Oxford University Museum. Catalogue of Books added to the Library during 1886. The Trustees. Paris—Académie des Sciences de l’Institut de France. Comptes Rendus, Tome CIV., Nos. 18 to 21, 2 to 23 Mai, 1887. The Institute. Société d’Anthropologie de Paris. Bulletins, Tome X., (3e Série) ler Fasc. Janiver et Février, 1886. The Society. Société de Biologie. Comptes Rendus, Tome IV., (8e Série) Nos. 21 to 24, 3 to 24 Juin, 1887. yy Société Francaise de Minéralogie. Bulletin, Tome X., Nos. 4, Avril, 1887. 2” PHILADELPHIA—F ranklin Institute. Journal, Vol. CX XIII., No. 738, June, 1887. The Institute. Rome—Societa Geografrica Italiana. Bollettino, Vol. XII., (Serie 2) Fasc. 5, Maggio, 1887. The Society. Sypnrey—Natural History Association of N.S.W. General Rules. The Association. Observatory. Notes upon Floods in Lake George. By H.C. Russell, B.A., F.R.S. ; Notes upon the History of Floods in the River Darling. By H.C. Russell, B.A., F.R.S. The Acting Government Astronomer. University. The Sydney University Calendar, 1887. The University. San Francisco—California State Mining Bureau. Fifth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist for the Year ending, May 15, 1885. The State Mineralogist. Sameer aed fiir vaterlindische Naturkunde in Wiirttemberg. Jahreshefte, Jahrgang 43, 1887. The Society. Vienna—K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. Annalen, Band II., No. 2, 1887. The Museum. Wettineton, N.Z.—General Survey Office. The Eruption of Tarawera, New Zealand. By 8. Percy Smith, F.R.G.S. The Surveyor General. New Zealand Institute. Transactions and Proceedings, Vol. XIX., (Second of New Series), 1886. The Director. © A DISTRICT HOSPITAL: ITS CONSTRUCTION AND COST. 1Tt MISCELLANEOUS. (Names of Donors are in Italics.) Hutchinson, Francis B., M.R.C.S.E., L.R.C.P., Edin.— Anniversary Address delivered by the President to the Members of the Wellington Philosophical Society at the opening meeting of the Session 1887-88. The Author. _Sprat, Thomas, D.D., late Lord Bishop of Rochester.—The History of the Royal Society of London, for the Improving of Natural Knowledge. The Fourth Edition, 4to, London, 1734. Mrs. Helenus Scott. << Australian Public Opinion,” Vol. I., No. 3, 30 July, 1887. The Publishers, Sydney. “© De Indische Mercuur,”’ Vol. X., No. 15, 9 April, 1887. The Publishers, Amsterdam. ** Industrial Review,” New Series, No. 30, 28 May, 1887. The Publishers, London. “© Le National,” 2me Série, No. 6620, 18 Mai, 1887. The Publishers, Paris. “The Chemist and Druggist of Australasia,’ Vol. II., No. 7, 1 July, 1887. The Editor, Melbourne. “© The Illustrated Sydney News,” Vol. XXIV.. No. 7, 15 July, 1887. The Proprietors, Sydney. *« The Publisher,” No. 10, 18 July, 1887. The Publishers, Sydney. A DISTRICT HOSPITAL: ITS CONSTRUCTION AND COST. WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING IRON BUILDINGS. By J. Asuspurton Tuompson, M.D., Brux., San. Sci. Cert., Camb. Chief Medical Inspector of the Board of Health of N.S.W. [Read before the Sanitary Section of the Royal Society, N.S.W., 12 July, 1887. | You are aware that among the multifarious functions of the Health Department is reckoned that of examining plans for proposed Country or District Hospitals in aid of which a subsidy of the public money is asked. The object of such supervision is, of course, to secure a reasonably wise and reasonably economical expenditure of the monies granted and subscribed. The intention is good, and it would be useful if means of practically effecting it were provided ; but, for reasons into which I need not go, the power of the Department to cause alteration to be made in 112 A DISTRICT HOSPITAL: ITS CONSTRUCTION AND COST. - faulty schemes is but small. Now although fairly good plans are sometimes submitted, it is very seldom that any are met with so drawn as to show that the architect has practical knowledge of the requirements of hospital buildings; and occasionally egregious, and to the trained eye very singular errors, are unconsciously committed. Under these circumstances it has been considered whether a model plan could be put forward; but it appeared that the difficulty of suiting the tastes and requirements of various neighbourhoods was too great ; moreover it is no part of the business of the Department mentioned to supply plans, for which indeed no means are at its command. Nevertheless it appeared that a carefully designed building, if its details were made known, might serve a useful purpose by showing what measurements, arrangement, ventilation and drainage, are unobjectionable, even if they might not be thought actually the best that could be devised ; but in order to give this scheme practical force, it seemed to me necessary to be able to refer to an existing building, and not merely to a series of drawings. When therefore, about a year ago, Dr. Harman Tarrant, who at that. time was a member of the Assembly for the Hlawarra District, asked me to furnish a plan for a small hospital of 8 or 9 beds for the coast town of Kiama, I gladly took advantage of the opportunity. The building has been erected in accordance with my design, and has been occupied now for some months; photographs and a plan of it are before you; and itis this of which I propose to offer some description. Construction and Material.Communities proposing to erect hospital accommodation for their district seem unable to command large sums of money as a rule; apparently they can seldom gather much more than a couple of thousand pounds. And, generally speaking, they havea prejudice in favour of —but perhaps I should rather say, a preference for—bricks and stucco. But the cost of any building is proportionate to its cubic contents and the kind of material employed; it follows, therefore, that when the limit of cost is sharply defined one of three courses must be pursued. An attempt may be made to diminish the dimensions ; but this course cannot be followed far, for dimensions which are large as compared with those of dwelling houses are necessary for hospitals. Then the number of beds may be reduced ; but here again the downward limit is soon reached, for it is scarcely worth while to build a hospital of less than ten beds, and the administration sufficient for ten is (or should be) sufficient for 20. Thirdly, bricks and mortar and stucco may be discarded and some cheaper material chosen ; whereby the largest number of beds and the amplest measurements may be had for the limited sum which I am led to name as the datum of the calculation. The last is the course I A DISTRICT HOSPITAL: ITS CONSTRUCTION AND COST. 113 have chosen; and the material I select is corrugated iron. Now, there are three objections to this material. The first is a certain prejudice against it which I have found exists; a prejudice which I believe is partly due to the unscientific and inartistic treatment generally given to buildings constructed with it. But these are the north and west elevations of the Kiama Hospital ; and I hope you will consider that the taste of the Architect, Mr. Charles A. Harding, of Wentworth Court, Sydney, has produced as agreeable a design in this simple material as need be. (Figs. | and 2.) Another objection is based on the score of durability. But I apprehend that a faithfully built structure of this kind may be trusted to endure for a generation—for 30 or 40 years at least ; and, as far as I can understand, it is not considered certain that such a building would not last considerably longer. But a generation will do, surely. At the end of that time one of two things must have happened: either the town and district will have so increased that a large hospital on anew site and built necessarily of brick or stone, must be put up ; or, if it should have remained nearly stationary, then the next generation must bear its own burden by providing a new building like the old one. One of these objections then is met by showing that it is, at least in my opinion, unfounded ; the other appears to have no real weight. The third remains, and this is both scunder and more difficult to over- come; it is that the conducting properties of iron render it an unsuitable material for this climate, affording but insufficient protection against the heat of summer and the cold of winter alike. This has the greater force when it is understood that, in order to secure the greatest economy consistent with ethciency, the inner as well as the outer walls are made of iron; but I have met it, and met it successfully, by adopting the following method of construction. In the first place the wall-space and the roof-space are freely connected; this is done by means of a duct which continues the former around the wall-plate (Fig. 3). In the second place, the combined spaces mentioned are very carefully shut off from communication with the rooms of the building; the ventilation of the latter is quite independent of the roof space, instead of being, as usual, into it. In the ridgeare placed large louvered lanterns, (Fig. 1.) which form exits for the air passing through the roof and wall-space ; these louvres should admit of being closed, or nearly closed, when desired by a suitable arrangement of connecting rods accessible from the floor level outside. All round the building at the bottom, and below the iron of the walls, runs an opening eight inches high; this being divided into suitable lengths of about eight feet, is closed by a series of longitudinal doors. They have hooks to support them open ; they should shut down on a strip of rooting felt, and should be closel with pressure fastenings. H—August 3, 1887, 114 A DISTRICT HOSPITAL: ITS CONSTRUCTION AND COST. Where the iron meets the frame of the doors at the bottom, the latter being sloped to run off water, a fillet (Fig. 3.) must be introduced ; and the channel thus formed must be filled with cement in order that no space may be left by which air might travel up the corrugations of the iron, even when the doors are shut ; and asimilar expedient must be used around all door and windew cases. At the top, the duct is let down square on to the top of the corrugations ; and the sheets being tolerably true, it wil there be sufficient to see that the painters in finishing the outside carefully putty up any small chink which may remain. Attention to secure the same quasi air-tightness should also be given to the bottom edge of the inner skin of iron. Four inch studding is used. By this arrangement two conditions are secured ; in the summer, when doors and louvres are both open, the heat of the sun on the roof draws a current of air of considerable velocity between the two skins. This not merely abstracts heat from the interior of the building, but effectually prevents the transmission of heat from the outer to the inner skin; and the result, as practically seen at Kiama, is that the interior of such a building is, in hot weather, markedly cooler than buildings otherwise constructed and of more solid materials. Secondly, when, as in winter, the doors and louvres are closed, the inner skin of the building is surrounded by a layer of that excellent non-conductor, air, not less than four inches thick ; and I have no apprehension that dithculty will be experienced in keeping such a building sufficiently warm. But on this point I cannot adduce the same degree of practical evidence as on the foregoing ; for, through some incaution, the wood used was imperfectly seasoned, so that both the floors and windows present numerous and large cracks communicating with the outer air. Yet, although it is thus impossible to say to what temperature the interior might be raised, even with these serious drawbacks it is not too cold. This mode of constructing iron buildings I believe to be entirely new; its novelty consisting, not merely in the arrangement by which the whole surface is kept bathed in a rapidly moving current of air, but in the control to which the latter is made subject ; so that the moving current may on occasion be converted into a nearly stagnant and non-conducting coat. I am much indebted to Mr. Harding the Architect, for working out the practical details and for successfully executing them ; he having been supplied by me with a diagram of the arrangement, and some measurements only. Having thus dealt with the material, and with the mode of construction as far as that is necessitated by the material, I proceed to give details of cost. The Kiama Hospital, just as it shows in the photographs, (Figs. 1, 2 and 4.) holding nine beds, and having, in addition, a detached ward for isolation, a dead-house, a windmill over A DISTRICT HOSPITAL: ITS CONSTRUCTION AND COST. 15 the water-tank, and a water-service therefrom over the building ; having moreover a suitable arrangement to dispose of the slop- water by irrigation; was built for £1,478, to which however, Architect’s commission must be added. Farther, had the full original design been carried out, it would then have held 17 beds, and the cost would not have reached £300 more, or, say £1,750 ‘The building as it stands is satisfactory. It has, indeed, been so highly approved by all who have visited it, that I have already had applications for details from other colonies. On examining it however, I perceive that some of the measurements of the administrative block are rather small. IJ have therefore re-drawn the plan, so that while the ward measurements and general arrangement of the building remain exactly the same, the dimensions of the administrative block are suitably enlarged. Moreover, by adopting a slightly different manner of lighting the smaller wards I have contrived to put five beds in the space occupied by four at Kiama, while the full-sized ward holds ten, instead of eight as originally projected. In every other respect the amended plan is exactly the same as that of the actually existing building ; and the cost of carrying it out, reckoned as at Kiama and in the same state of the market (which was not exceptional)—and subject of course to any special difficulty and cost of foundations which some sites may involve, would be, for 21 beds £2,000, or for 11 beds £1,700. I will now ask you to regard the amended plan, (Fig. 5.) while I point out some of its special features; bearing in mind that the description applies equally to the existing hospital at Kiama in so far as the latter has been carried. Site.—If the adjacent. ground is higher than the hospital reserve and slopes towards it, such intercepting drains must be cut as will restrain surface water from flowing on to or near the building area. In addition, it will sometimes be found necessary to under ‘drain the latter and a space around it; and this may be done by setting drain-tiles four feet below the surface, and in lines at such 46s, 47 sy) 48 oy) 49 ,, 50 =; 51 ss, 52 oy) 53 Hi ie ) 54 Saint ETIENNE ., 55 TouLouse... 56 BREMEN 57 BERLIN 58 29 59 i kts 60 Bonn tes . *Société Royale des Antiquaires du Nord. . *Académie Nationale des Sciences, Belles-Lettres . “Académie Nationale des Sciences, Arts et Belles- . *Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres. ... *Sociéte Géologique du Nord. . *Académie des Sciences et Lettres. ... “Académie des Sciences de l’Institut de France. . *Depdt des Cartes et Plans de la Marine. .. *Ecole Polytechnique. . *Raculté des Sciences de la Sorbonne. ds *T Observatoire de Paris. .. *Musée d’ Histoire Naturelle. . *Ministére de Instruction Publique, des Beaux ... *Société d’ Anatomie. . *Société d’ Anthropologie de Paris. . *Société de Biologie. ... *Soeiété d’? Encouragement pour |’ Industrie .. *Société de Géographie. . *Société Entomologique de France. . *Société Géologique de France. . *Société Francaise de Minéralogie. . *Societé Francaise de Physique. .. *Société Philotechnique. . *Société Zoologique de France. ... *Académie des Sciences Inscriptions et Belles- . *Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein zu Bremen. . *Koniglich Preussische Akademie der Wissen- .. *Konigl. Preuss. Meteorologisches Institut. . *Naturhistorischer Verein der Preussischen Brazil, , *L’Observatoire Impérial de Rio de Janeiro. Denmark. France. et Arts. Lettres. Ecole Nationale des Mines. Ecole Normale Supérieure. Editor ‘‘ Cosmos Les Mondes.”’ Editor ‘‘ Revue des Cours Scientifiques.” Faculté de Médecine de Paris. Jardin des Plantes. Arts, et des Cultes. Société Botanique. Société de Chirurgie de Paris. Nationale. Société Météorologique de France. *Société de Industrie Minérale. Lettres. Germany. Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft. schaften. Rheinlande und Westphalens in Bonn, EXCHANGES AND PRESENTATIONS. 61 BRAUNSCHWEIG ... . *Grossherzoglches Polytecknikum zu Carlsruhe. ... *Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein zu Carlsruhe. ... *Verein fiir Naturkunde. . *Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft zu Chemnitz . *Das Statistische Bureau des Ministeriums des 62 CARLSRUHE 63 33 64 CASSEL 65 CHEMNITZ .. 66 DRESDEN ... er 68s, 69 70 ELBERFELD. 71 FRANKFURT a/M. .. aS 74, Geer rez 75 GOrrincEN 76 Haue A.S. 77 HAMBURG... 78 79 55 80 HEIDELBERG 81 JENA 82 KONIGSBERG 83 Lwipzie (Saxony) 84 oe we: 85 MARBURG .. 86 - 87 Metz 88 MuLHOUSE 89 MuNCHEN ... 90 STUTTGART 91 - *Verein fiir Naturwissenschaft zu Braunschweig. Innern zu Dresden. .. *Konigliches Mineralogisches Museum. ... *Offentliche Bibliothek. ... *Verein fiir Erdkunde zu Dresden. . *Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein in Elberfeld. *Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Frankfurt a/M. 72 FREIBERG eae Die Berg Akademie zu Freiberg. ae aN, aturforschende Gesellschaft zu Freiberg. . *Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Gorlitz. . *Kénigliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Gottingen. . *Die Kaiserlich Deutsche Leopoldinisch—Caroli- nische Akademie der Naturforcher zu Halle A.S. (Prussia). . *Die Geographische Gesellschaft in Hamburg. . *Naturhistorisches Museum der freien Stadt Hamburg. . *Verein fiir Naturwissenschaftliche Unterhaltung in Hamburg. . ® Naturhistorisch Medicinischer Verein zu Heidelberg. ... *Medicinisch Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft . *Konigliche Physikalisch-dkonomische Gesell- schaft. *Koniglich Sichsische Gesellschaft der Wissen- schaften. ... “Vereins fur Erdkunde. . *Gesellschaft zur Beforderung der gesammten Naturwisseaschaften in Marburg. ... *The University. ... “Verein ftir Erdkunde zu Metz. ... *Societé Industrielle de Mulhouse. . *Koniglich Baierische Akademie der Wissen- schaften in Miinchen. . *Konigliches Statistisches Landesamt. . *Verein fiir Vaterlindische Naturkunde in Wirttemberg. Great Britain and the Colonies. 92 BIRMINGHAM 33> 94 BRISTOL .., 95 CAMBORNE 96 CAMBRIDGE 33 98 CAMBRIDGE 100 Dewins ‘* . *Birmingham and Midland Institute. ... *Birmingham Philosophical Society. .. *Bristol Naturalists’ Society. ... “Mining Association and Institute of Cornwall. ... *Philosophical Society. . *Public Free Library. Union Society. University Library. Dudley and Midland Geological and Scientific Society and Field Club. EXCHANGES AND PRESENTATIONS. 101 LEEDs ... ... *Conchological Society. Og" fai ... *Philosophical and Literary Society. LOS Ss ee ... *Yorkshire College. 104 LivERPOOL ... “Literary and Philosophical Society. 105 Lonpon ... ... *Agent-General (two copies). 106 5 An ... “Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 107 55 os ... “British Museum (two copies). 108 59 ete ... Chemical Society. 109 a att ... Colonial Office, Downing Street. 110 3 ioe ... Editor “ Cassell’s Encyclopedia.” 111 ie ak ... Entomological Society. 112 ms ee ... *Geological Society. 113 % ae ... Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland. 114 a sae ... “Institution of Civil Engineers. 115 is pe ... *Institution of Naval Architects. 116 a aa ... “Iron and Steel Institute. 117 Ay ar, ... Library, South Kensington Museum. 118 * Mee ... *Linnean Society. 119 ee ae .... London Institution. 120 if) As, ... “Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. 121 Kg sae ... *Lord Lindsay’s Observatory. 122 a ne ... *Meteorological Office. 123 a a! ... *Mineralogical Society. 124 os es ... Museum of Practical Geology. 125 i oes ... Patent Office Library. 126 % eh ... *Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. 127 fe no ... *Physical Society, South Kensington Museum. 128 Py, aie .. *Quekett Microscopical Club. 129 is Par ... *Royal Agricultural Society of England. 130 3 Bhs ... “Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 131 5 ae ... *Royal Astronomical Society. 132 E ae ... *Royal College of Physicians. 133 A ed ... *Royal College of Surgeons. 134 me pet ... *Royal Colonial Institute. 135 3 wae ... *Royal Geographical Society. 136 es wes ... *Royal Historical Society. 137 A me ... *Royal Institution of Great Britain. 138 AG a ... ™Royal Meteorological Society. 139 20 ce ... “Royal Microscopical Society. 140 is a ... Royal School of Mines. 141 + Be ... *Royal Society. 142 A Se ... Royal Society of Literature. 143 - a ... *Royal United Service Institution. 144 a he ... Society of. Arts. 145 aa tbe ... University of London. 146, fe .. War Office—(Intelligence Branch). | 147 5 ee ... *Zoological Society. 148 Mancuester... *Geological Society. 149 $3 ... *Literary and Philosophical Society. 150 . *Owens College. 151 NEWcAsTLE-UPON | *Natural History Society of Northumberland, TYNE.. ) Durham and Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 152 s ... “North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers. 153 os ... *Society of Chemical Industry. 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 EXCHANGES AND PRESENTATIONS. OXFORD ... ... *Ashmolean Library. a ai ... *Bodleian Library. ” ae ... *Radcliffe Library. % cB ... *Radeliffe Observatory. PENZANCE ... *Royal Geological Society of Cornwall. PLYMOUTH ... *Plymouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society. WINDSOR ... The Queen’s Library. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Care Town _... *South-African Philosophical Society. DOMINION OF CANADA. Hautrax (Nova *Nova Scotia Institute of Natural Science. ScoTia) 163 HAMILTON : ae (Canada West) *Hamilton Association. 164 MonTREAL . *Natural History Society of Montreal. 165 OTTAWA ... ... ™Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada 166 sb we ... *Royal Society of Canada. 167 a ae ... The Ottawa Literary and Scientific Society. 168 Toronto .. ... “Canadian Institute. 169 WINNIPEG ... *Manitopa Historical and Scientific Society. INDIA. 170 CaLcurTa ... *Asiatic Society of Bengal. 171 zs ti ... *Geological Survey of India. IRELAND. 172 DuBLIN ... ... *Royal Dublin Society. 173 oi Be ... “Royal Geological Society of Ireland. 174 > a ... *Royal Irish Academy. MAURITIUS. 175 Port Louis’... Royal Society of Arts and Sciences. — 176 2 tae ... Société d’Acclimatation del’ Ile Maurice. NEW SOUTH WALES. E77 DYDNEY ... ... Australian Club. 178 ap ste! .. “Austrahan Museum. 179 35 ae ... “Engineering Association of New South Wales. 180 ce aa .. “Free Public Library. 181 - ae ... “Linnean Society of New South Wales. 182 5 es ... “Mining Department. 183 i aA ... “Observatory. 184 5 Ee ... School of Arts. 185 os ae .. “Technological Museum. 186 Be EP .... Union Club. 187 fe nee ... *University. NEW ZEALAND. 188 AUCKLAND ... *Auckland Institute. 189 CuHRIsTcHURCH ... Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. 190 DUNEDIN... ... Otago Institute. 191 Weuuineton ... *Colonial Museum. 192 a _ ,.. *New Zealand Institute. 193 re . Philosophical Society. EXCHANGES AND PRESENTATIONS. 194. BRISBANE 195 35 196 on 197 39 198 ABERDEEN 199 ee ae 200 EDINBURGH 201 us 202 A 203 a 204 aa 205 aA 206 a 207 Ee Ns 208 GLASGOW 209 is 210 ADELAIDE 211 B09 212 29 213 x 214 A 215 » 216 SINGAPORE 217 TOBART .;. 218 BALLAARAT 219 MELBOURNE 220 of 221 5p 222 5p 223 59 224 > 225 ap 226 53 227 eB 228 a 229 a3 230 Port-Au-PRINCE . *University. STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. ... *Royal Asiatic Society. . *Royal Society of Tasmania. . *School of Mines and Industries. .. *Field Naturalists’ Club of Victoria. .. *Government Botanist. ... *Government Statist, ... *Mining Department. ... *Observatory. .. *Public Library. .. *Registrar-General. ... *Royal Society of Victoria. ».. *University. . *Victorian Institute of Surveyors. QUEENSLAND. .. *Acclimatization Society of Quéeshelaatl . . *Royal Geographical Society of Australasia (Queensland Branch). Parliamentary Library. by *Royal Society of Queensland. SCOTLAND. . *Dun Echt Observatory, Earl of Crawford and Balearres. .. “University. . *Editor, Encyclopedia Britannica, Messrs. A. and ©. Blacks ... *Edinburgh Geological Society. ... “Royal Botanic Garden. ... *Royal Observatory. \ ... *Royal Physical Society. ... *Royal Society. .. *Scottish Geographical Society. .. *University. . *Geological Society of Glasgow. . *University. SOUTH AUSTRALIA. .. *Government Botanist. . *Government Printer. ... ™Observatory. ... *Royal Society of South Australia. : . *Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of South Australia. TASMANIA. VICTORIA. Eclectic Association. Hayti. Société de Sciences et de Géographie. 231 Bistrirz (in Siebenburgen § EXCHANGES AND PRESENTATIONS. Hungary. a *Direction der Gewerbeschule. 232 ZacresB (Agram) *Socicté Archéologique. 233 BowLoana... 234 a Me 235 FLORENCE 236 aa 237 - 238 GENOA 239 MILAN 240 de aes 241 MopENa ... 242 NAPLES 243 is 244 a ae 245 PALERMO .. 246 ny 247 Pisa 248 Rome 2: | i ae wa 4, Zao "5, 254 255 SIENA 256 TurRIN eae! 55 258 VENICE 259 ToKi1o Zoo. .. a 261 YOKOHAMA 262 BAaTaAvia ... 263 AMSTERDAM 264. 39 265 y, 266 HARLE™ ... 267 S 268 BERGEN ... 269 CHRISTIANIA 270 Ws Italy. .. “Accademia delle Scienze dell’ Istituto di Bologna. Universita di Bologna. . *Societa Entomologica Italiana. .. *Societa Italiana di Antropologia e di Etnologia. .. *Societa Africana d’Italia (Sezione Fiorentina.) . *Museo Civico di Storia Naturale. Reale Istituto Lombardo di Scienze Lettere ed Auras Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali. . *Académie Royale de Sciences, Lettres et Arts de Modéne. .. *Societa Africana d’Italia. . *Societa Reale di Napoli (Accademia delle Scienze fisiche e matematiche). ... “Stazione Zoologica (Dr. Dohrn). . *Accademia Palermitana di Scienze Lettereed Arti. Reale Istituto Tecnico. ... “Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali. ... “Accademia Pontificia de’ Nuovi Linecei. ... *Bibhoteca e Archivio ‘Tecnico (Ministero dei Lavori Pubblico). Circolo Geografica d’ Italia. Osservatorio del Astronomico Collegio Romano, . *R. Accademia dei Lineei. . *R. Comitato Geologico Itahano. ... *Societa Geografica Italiana. ... *R. Accademia de Fisiocritici in Siena. Reale Accademia della Scienze. Regio Osservatorio della Regia Universita. a *Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti Japan. *Tmperial University. . *Seismological Society. . *Asiatic Society of Japan. Java. . *Kon. Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederl Indié. Netherlands. ... *Académie Royale des Sciences. .. *Association Coloniale Néerlandaise. *Société Royale de Zoologie. . *Bibliothéque de Musée Teyler. . *Societé Hollandaise des Sciences. Norway. . *Museum. .. *Kongelige Norske Fredericks Universitet. . *Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania, EXCHANGES AND PRESENTATIONS. Roumania. BUCHAREST ... *Institutul Meteorologic al Romaniei. Russia. HELSINGFORS... _*Société des Sciences de Finlande. Moscow ... ... *Société Lmpériale des Naturalistes. 7 es ... *Société Impériale des Amis des Sciences Natur- elles d’Anthropologie et d’Ethnographie a Moscow (Section d’Anthropologie), St. PererspuraH *Academie Impériale des Sciences. 3s ... *Comité Géologique— Institut des Mines. Spain. MapDRID .. .. Instituto geografico y Estadistico. Sweden. StTocKHOLM ... *Kongliea Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademien. 55 ... *Kongliga Universitetet. Switzerland. BERNE... ... *Société de Geographie de Berne. GENEVA ... ... *Institut National Genévois. LAUSANNE ... *Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles. NEUCHATEL ... *Societe des Sciences Naturelles. United States of America. ALBANY ... ... *New York State Library, Albany. ANNAPOLIS (Mp.) *Naval Academy. BALTIMORE ... *Johns Hopkins University. Bexorr (Wis.) ... *Chief Geologist. Boston ... ... “American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Pe} ae ... *Boston Society of Natural History. BROOKVILLE ~~... _*Brookville Society of Natural History. re ... Indiana Academy of Science. BUFFALO... ... *Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. CAMBRIDGE ... *Cambridge Entomological Club. ss ... *Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College CHICAGO ... ... Academy of Sciences. CINCINNATI ... *Cincinnati Society of Natural History. COLDWATER .... Michigan Library Association. DavEnport (Iowa) *Academy of Natural Sciences. DENVER ... ... *Colorado Scientific Society. Hosoxen (N.J.).. *Steven’s Institute of Technology. Iowa City (Iowa) *Director Iowa Weather Service. MINNEAPOLIS *Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences. NEWHAVEN (Conn.)*Connecticut Academy of Arts. New Yor«k ... *American Chemical Society. ss ... “American Geographical Society. Pe ... *Editors “ Science.” te ... *New York Academy of Sciences. 5 ... *New York Microscopical Society. in . *School of Mines, Columbia College. PHILADELPHIA ... *Academy of Natural Science. » ... “American Entomological Society. 312 PHILADELPHIA ... 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 339 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 EXCHANGES AND PRESENTATIONS. *American Philosophical Society. oa .. *Franklin Institute. on ... *Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. rf ... *Zoological Society of Philadelphia. SaLEm (Mass.) ... *American Association for the Advancement of Science, ae .. *Hssex Institute. BS .. *Peabody Academy of Sciences. Str. Lovtis ... *Aeademy of Science. San Francisco .. *California Academy of Sciences. 33 WASHINGTON 3) ... *California State Mining Bureau. . *American Medical Association. ... *Bureau of Education (Department of the Interior) .. *Bureau of Ethnology. .. *Chief of Engineers (War Department). . *Chief Signal Officer (War Department). ... *Commissioner of Agriculture. ... *Director of the Mint (Treasury Department). .. *Library (Navy Department). ... *National Academy of Sciences. . *Office of Indian Affairs (Department of the Interior). ... “Ordnance Department. ... *Philosophical Society. ... *Secretary (Department of the Interior). .. *Secretary (Treasury Department). ... *Smithsonian Institution. ... “Surgeon General (U.S. Army). . *U. 8. Coast and Geodetic Survey (Treasury Department). ... *U.S. Geological Survey. . *U.8. National Museum ( Department of the Interior). U.S. Patent Office. .. ®War Department. Number of Publications sent to Great Britain of ase, 82 Ns India and the Colonies... 54 an America ae Us Fetch ee Out es, Europe as ase ... 186 Bs Asia, &e. ne se Bee ¥ Editors of Periodicals bee eps 6) Total aes ... 342 A. LIVERSIDGE... F. B. KYNGDON... {Hon Secretaries. S. HERBERT COX The Society's House, Sydney, 30th September, 1887. INDEX. A. PAGE Arbutus Unedo ... a oes Abies canadensis Mes Soe er Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi ... 253 Aboriginal Weapons, &e. ... 55 Artesian wells in the interior Acacia aneura ... aie 32, 33 of Australia 4, 6,7 Se ae NAT Clete 2 OS Asia Central, explorations in 12 a OTADICe ... bie sy) oe Astatic galvanometer ,.. 288 » binervata . 90, 95, 96 Astringents of N.S. W. ae OBE Bee 1 Oebtl ene a2 Dene: Auriferous quartz veins vie ee » colletioides . 87, 95, 96 Australasian Association for 5, adealbata . 91, 95, 96 theAdvancement of Science 14 >, decurrens 33, 82, 86, Australian rocks, Enaliosau- 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 96 rian reptiles from aa Om ap », var. dealbata 91,95, 96 Autographic Stress-strain » » 9» mollissima 92, 93 apparatus... ee be » 9, normalis ... 938 Autographic Test- recorder »» glaucescens 91, 95, 96, 256, 260, 276 +» «= quarensis ens ... 203 », homalophylla 189, 190, 208 » longifolia 90, 96, 190, 204, 256, 260, 275, 276 var Sophore 91, 190 33 3? >» melanoxylon 31, 256, 259, 276 » mollissima sie fa OA » Oswaldi 189, 208 » pendula var.glabrata 89, 95, 96 >» penninervis ... ok OO) 5 pycnantha 259, 257 » rigens . 88, 95, 96 Be eSENUIS wn : Bane ae) » vestita 89, 95, 96, 102, 256, 258, 276 Adair, Mr. Exhibits ... tote, Address to Her Majesty the Queen 47, 55, 56 Administration of Water Supply 60 Air, viscosity of 26 Algarobillo.... ne 253 Allowance for Moisture(Tans) 28 Almond-leaved Stringy Barks 193, 265 Angophora intermedia... 83, 96 Anniversary Addrsss... ae | Antarctic Exploration pea enls 1123 Apparatus for measuring minute strains ... she) pha Apple Tree 83, 195, 271 Plate viii. Autographic Instruments used in the development of Flying-machines... 282, 285 B Bamboo, ‘‘ Tabasheer ”’ an Banksia integrifolia 203, 208 55. SCRNOUGs.. 204, 207, 208 Bastard Gum ... SSO, ee Battery, Electric Storage Bearberry Aa Beech Leaves ... ae Beef wood Noe 202, 204 Beer, Fusel Oil in 233, 247 Belah r ; Belar ... Bevelled-edge plate glass slides 124 Billa ee va -.5 200 Birds, flight of 9, ved eee Bistort . sa . 20 Black Gum "35, 191, 261 Black Sally Black Sumach... Black Wattle .. Blackwood ... ee 0) Bloodwood “Al, 196, 273 “a Blue Fig 182 Board of Enquiry on Wattle — Bark : Oh Bokako or Bocarro Books purchased Botany Bay Kino ... A wore) INDEX. PAGE Bourke, strata of bore west of 4 Box Es a4 Bo VAST: Bridge eesistance box Boo rallies) British Law of Riparian Rights 69 Brisbane Quandong ... ... 182 Broad-leaved Ironbark al tag Buildings, (Iron) construction OF. mes ak Be ea | Building Fund 15, 45 Bull Oak Ne i, ... 205 Bush fires 103, 109 C Cabbage Gum... sae 37, 262 Calhun .. 182 Canal Act of Northern India 66, 67, 68 Canal Works in India eae OS Canals of Italy wise (OS Caroba leaves ... vo eos Casuarina glauca 205, 208 Cavour Canal ... ee 64 Cebil, Red ae 8 » 258 Cebil, White ... : E2Zo3 Chemical researches in . 1886.. 8 Cherry, Native “Et ve ~ 205 Civil Code of Italy 63, 64 Clark cells (Lord een!) 217 Clarke Medal awards.. 17 Clarke Memorial Fund eee AD Closets for Hospitals... note ule Coast Honeysuckle ... . 203 Coffee ... 255 Collie Rev. R. E.L. Si on the influence of bush fece on the distribution of species 103, 109 Colorado, irrigation in es OO Comets discovered in 1886 ... 10 Compton asplenifolia ... 203 Conservation of water in Eng- land “40, 72 Conservation of water i in nN. S.W. 68 » Victoria 68 ae eriction and cost of Dis- trict Hospitals ... Seay Woe: Conversazione.. Mae Se lad Coriaria myrtifolia see ... 200 Council, Members of.. . 46 Cox, S. Herbert F.C.S., ‘F. G. S., awarded Society’s Medal and prize . Se be) Crooker River, Gippsland .. 129 Cross-bow for threads eas : PAGE Cullaneun wee Belt Pe Cultivation of wattle trees . 48 Curios from New Hebrides ... 55 Cybistax antisyphilitica .- 200 D Deep Yellow Wood ... elas Distribution of species 1038, 109 District Hospitals... yon tebe Donations received 16, 48, 58, 76, 109, 169, 218, 247, 289 Drainage Act of Northern India OB ton OF Drainage of Hospitals | 0 20 Dwarf Sumach a ceralisif/ Dyke lodes of Victoria a 20 », Morning Star ... i 29 » Waverly Ds Sco ag) EB Earthquakes ... tele Kclipse, Solar August 1886 .. 9 Education, geographical ... 12 Elasticity, ‘Fimb is OER cost eal Eleocarpus dentatus ... ... 183 nS grandis 182, 208 bs Hinau aa ... 1838 a hookerianus ... 183 Electric storage battery ... 57 Elements new, search for ... 8 Emu Bush _.... ne sop LY) Enaliosaurian reptiles A BOO England, conservation of water rae Sahl ae Omi Ephedra antisyphilitica 253 Eremophila longifolia 199, 207, 208 Eucalyptus amygdalina 36, 37, 38, 255 var. ” (Bombala) 192, 207, 208, 256, 263, 275, 276 var. ” (Nelligen) 32, 36, 256, 262, 265, 276 ae citriodora ... seg Jee is corymbosa, 41, 196, 197, 208, 256, 258, 273, 276 a cosmophylla ... 255 fe doratorylon .. 200 a globulus ... 258 » oS oil 2Ge Eucalyptus goniocalyz... 33 33 a? 39 3) INDEX. ee PAGE F . 255 Gunn 86, 255, 258 Fagus sylvatica... % var.(Bombala) Fairfax, E. R., elected a Life: pve’ 86, 87, 95, 96, Member ... eee eee 16 256, 272, 276 Filaria sanguinis hominis . 128- », var.( Delegate) Financial Statement... 44 86, 95, 96, 256, Fires in Australian Bush 103, ape 273, 275, 276 Flight of Birds P hemastoma, 84, 95, 96, 256, 267, 275, leucoxylon, 38, 40, 190, macrorrhyncha 84, 95, 96, 252, 255, 256, 265, maculata 196, 198, 276 255 276 208, 252, 256, 274, melliodora 255, 256, 266, obliqua 255, 256, 258, 264, odorata var. 256, 268, pipertta var. 192, 207, 208, 256, 265, 276 276 2'76 276 275, 276 polyanthemos 2056, 267, 272, 275, resinifera ... 39, 256, 269, robusta rostrata 85, 87, 96, 256, 271, 276 193 276 276 siderophloia 39, 190, 193, 208, 256, 269, sideroxylon Sieberiana 37, 256, 276 38 262, 276 stellulata 35, 191, 207, 208, 256, 258, 261, 275, 276 Stuartiana 195, 208, 256, 271, viminalis 255, 270, Fp var. 194, 197, 208, 256, virgata . ... 37, Eucryphia Moorer European Sumach ane Exhibits at General Meetings 57, 74, Exploration, Antarctic 33 in Central Asia Exploration in New Guinea Eeocarpus cupressiformis 205, 276 275 276 abe 217 13 12 18 203 Flight of Insects ia oe a “9 Flooded Gum ... 51% 86, 273 — Flying-machines 19, 20, 56, 282, 285 Foster, Profr. Michael M.D., F.R.S., elected an Honor- ary Member 15, 47 France Laws of, relating to water supply _... «oe French irrigation and naviga- tion fe a Fusanus acuminatus ... Fusel oil in beer Fustic .. 94, 96 233, 247 - 184 G Galvanometer, high-resistance 218 pl astatiec . 288 General account Rss vee | 445 Geographical Education ... 12 Geological formation near Bourke bs : A Geological resear ch. ‘during 1886 os 3 Gipps,. By Cas on Port Jackson Silt Beds 173, 217 Gippsland, Crooker River ... 129 Globigerina Ooze ... she, ee Gold-Learing veins, origin of . : 108, 125, 217 Golden Wattle 90, 190, 260 Gold Mines, Victorian vs alae Green Wattle ... 33, 93 Grevillea striata 202, 208 Gum, Bastard... 86, 278 we slack 35, 191, 26) 8 » Cabbage 37, 262 — », Flooded 86, 273 a » Manna . 194, 270 i Lop in : H Hakea leucoptera Hamlet, William M., F.c.s., a Fusel Oil in pace INDEX. PAGE Hardhack S 68 . 24 Hargrave, Lawrence, Recent work on Flying-machines 19, 56 rs Autographic Instru- ments oe aes 5 AS Hector, Dr. James, C.M.G., #.R.S., awarded the Clarke Medal ‘ 17, 47 Hemlock Bark . ag ee Set Henson, J. B., C.3 E.,on the Soils and Subsoils of Sydney and Suburbs Lae se 220 Hinau ... ae bas --+ 183 Honeysuckle ... 53 .. 204 + Coast... soo OB Honorary Members ... 15, 47 Hospital, Kiama ade ... 114 Hospitals, District ... ee al Hydroid Zoophytes ... mal 23 Iberian Irrigation Company 62 Ilex paraguayensis ae ... 255 Implements, Aboriginal 5a Inclusions in a specimen of Queensland Opal 81, 108 India Upper, Canal Act of 66, 67, 68 Infiuence of bush fires on the distribution of ene 103, 109 Insect flight... y ee) Tronbark ..00, 193, 269 ss Broadleaved nic. BY) Pe Red Flowering .., 38 i Red.. 39 Iron buildings, construction of ia Irrigation in Y Colorado ee Oo) e France + 65 ah Southern California 69 ee Spain Lee i MSIE a Trusts Bre can 04 26 works inIndia .. 68 Italian Canals... pe 63 “J Civil Code 63, 64 Italy Northern, water rightsin 62 J Jerygaw Reef ... Je foe Let) Journal, publication of er oleme Gh Jubilee address to H. M. The Queen AT, 55, 56 K Kiama Hospital 23 111 Killara Station, artesian well on ... “Be ish Bee tae L PAGE Law (British) of ee cai Rights... 69 re Indian Canal nae fe 08 », of water, French.. ee) JOB if BA Spanish 61, 62 Leather, Australian ... . 214 Life Member .... 2 Marie y bo: Lighting of Hospitals sore eos) Lightwood Ae , LV Zao Tave cell trough st l2e Lodes dyke, of Victoria zo Lodes true me a Loe M Mahogany His i 1.2) 209 Maiden, J. H., on some New South Wales ‘l'an-sub- stances 27, 56, 82, 108, 181, 217, 250, 285 Manna Gum 194, 270 Maté 9... wan ZOO Measurement of. nate strains 74 Medal Clarke, award of fate Hi Medal The Society’s, award of 18 Medical Section ... 17, 47, 295 Messmate ae 193, 265 Method (new) of constructing iron buildings ... 111 Microscopical Section 17, 47, 123, 293 Miljee ... nce its EY) Mimosa Bark ... 214, 275 Minerals associated with gold- bearing veins... nae Mines, Victorian Gold Peel Mode of occurrence of gold- bearing veins... yen 15) Moors, irrigation by the ... 61 Morning Star dyke ... eee) Mountain Ash... ae Oh Mud Springs .., te Piya Mulga ... ba ep er Mulga, narrow-leaved .. 33 Myalk :: 91, 260 Myrobalans 214, 216 McKinney, H. G., Notes on the experience of other countries in the adminis- tration of their water supply 60, 108 INDEX. : N ', aaa PAGE Polygonum plebejum 200, 207, Narrow-leaved Mulga 33 208 5, Stringy Bark 193, 265 3, tinctorium.. a Yarran ... 189 Porter, D. A., Notes on some — Native Cherry... “ ... 205 inclusions observed ina Navigation in France i>) BO specimen of Queensland — Nealie ... 7 aS8 Opal As Ee 81, 108 Nebule, photograph of 10, 11, 286 Needle Bush ... ; 88, 202 Nene River, jurisdiction over 72 New Guinea, exploration in.. 13 New Hebrides, weapons and implements ; 55 New method of constructing iron buildings ... . AIL New South Wales, conserva- tion of water in ... 68 New South Wales Tan- sub- stances 27, 56, 82, 108, 181, 217, 285 New Zealand, volcanic eruptions 2 Northern India, Canal and Drainage Act... age! OT Northern Italy, water rightsin 62 O Oak Bark =a sit aba Officers and Council ... shai Opal matrix from Queensland 81, 108 Origin and mode of occurrence of gold-bearing veins 108, 125, 217 Osyris compressa ull 33/208 1s : Paraguay Tea... ~ 255 Peppermint nye 192, 263 Photograph of nebule 10, 11, 286 sun spots... LO el Photography APPR Ee a to star maps B ten we Physalia Pelagica ee 123 Physics, researches in 1886 .. 9 Pinbush ae -.. 202 Plate glass slides ... 124 Pleiosaurus macrospondylus ... 57 Plum Tree sk ate ww 04 Poison Ivy... a: Pl Si, Be MOBIC Yui) x ast Jaane Ow, » sumach Ae BB olf Pokaka .. A ... 183 Polygonum amphibium 201, 253 be Bistorta,..: ... 200 Port Jackson Silt Beds 173, 217 Portrait of late Prof. Smith 18 Presidential Address re 19 Printing the Society’s J: ournal 56 Proceedings of the Sections 123,293 — . ae Society 44, 73, 168, 216, 246, 285 er Q ‘ Quandong Sh ee Oa as Brisbane ... ... 182 Quarantine and Small-pox ... 227 — Quartz threads 218, 288 — Quartz veins, auriferous ... 131 Queen, address to Her Majesty ¥ the a + 40; 58, Gi Queensland Opal, inclusions in ve 81, 108° Queensland, remains of Plesto= 4 saurus from an ae Quercitron leaves if ... 204g Quercus sp. A ait: ... 208 be tinctoria » glabrum . » pentaphylla wh » rhodanthemal183, 207, 208, 2 », toxicodendron 184, » typhina » vernicifera PAGE Ribbon Gum .., 36, 263 Ribbony Gum... 194, 270 Riparian Rights, British Law of 69 River conserving in England 72 River Crooker, Gipppsland ... 129 Rolleston, Christopher, ¢.M.«G., Anniversary Address ..._ 1 Rough-leaved Stringy Bark 84, 267 Russell, H. C., Star Photo- graphs... , ... 280 SS) Sally... ate ...d0, 191, 261 Sally, Black ... 35, 191 Sandhurst quartz veins LS Santalum acununatum neo es Seaver, Jonathan, C.E., F.G.S., on the origin and mode of occurrence of gold-bearing veins, and of the associ- ated minerals 108, 125, 217 Sebastopol Reef a ... 130 Section, Medical Pie Ar 295 5, Microscopical 17, 47, 123, 293 » Sanitary 17, 47, 220, 227 Segregation Veins _... emf Shipment of Wattle Bark ... 215 Sicilian Sumach ae Be USO Silt-beds, Port Jackson 173, 217 Silver Wattle ... 33, 92 Small-leaved Stringy Bark 84, 267 Small-pox and Quarantine ... 227 Smith Memorial Fund wane WAG Smith Profr., ee Of 8 18 Smoke Tree ... . 50, dled Smooth Sumach he ... 186 Snakeweed _... p20 Society’s Medal, awardof ... 18 Soils and Subsoils of Sydney and Suburbs eh .». 220 Solar eclipse, August 1886... 9 Southern Californiairrigation 69 Spain, irrigationin ... Hae) Ol Spanish Law of Water 61, 62 Species, distribution of 103, 109 Species of Acacia in Australia 42 Spirea tomentosa bse ... 254 Spotted Gum ... . ° 196, 274 Staghorn Sumach ... =. 187 Star Photographs... ... 285 Steering Flying-machines ... 20 Stinging cells ... hs re 3) Strains, measurement of minute 74 Strata of bore Wanaaring Road 5 BS West of Bourke 4 INDEX. PAGE Strawberry Tree Bs .. 253 Stress-strain, autographic, apparatus... Ss es Stringy Barks... 84, 193, 264, 265 oe Almond-leaved 193, 265 3 Rough or small- leaved ___.... = ... 84 Sumach .. ade Bag lier, Sumach, Culture OfAY ey. 5. PES Sun spots, proetap of 10, 287 Sweet Fern ... . 203 au ‘“‘Tabasheer” of the Bamboo 81 Tannin in the form of extract 82 Tanning, Estimation of ... 200 Tanning Sumach ae apo Lisle) Tan-substances, some N.S.W. by J. H. Maiden 27, 56, 82, 108, 181, 217, 250, 285 Tea a . 204 Test- recorder, ‘autographic Plate viii. Tezera Sumach : elSi7 Thompson, J. Ashburton m. De, on a District Hospital: its construction and cost, with a description of a new method of construct- ing iron buildings soem weal Thompson, J. Ashburton m.p., on Quarantine and Small- pox .. a co 0 227 Threads, Mr. Vernon rhe cross bow for en 5 Malis} Threads, quartz As 218 Threlfall, Profyr. Physical apparatus... ao, Caley els) Trees Wattle, cultivation of 43, 215 True Lodes.... a, ao Ze U Upper India, Canal Act Je $66 V Valonia.. ae ve sorbed Varnish Tree oe - i. S86 Veins, gold-bearing, origin of 125 Veins, segregation... 127 Venetian. Sumach : 184, 187 Ventilation of Hospitals ... 118 Victorian dyke lodes... .. 129 PAGE Victoria, conservation of water roo RRA we ss shy O08 Victorian gold mines... fra LO. Vinegar Tree ... we he OM Viscosity ofthe air ... BRAS Volcanoes des ed eee ne WwW Wait-a-while ... Se he sie) Wallaby-skins, tanning of ... 199 Wanaaring Road, section of bore on... Pi eauen 3) Ward-space for Hospitals aon LS Warren, Prof., description of apparatus for measuring minute strains occurr- ing within the limits of elasticity .. : rere Water conservation i in England 70 ” 39. N.S.W. 68 * Ms ie Victoria 68 » French Law of... aay (Oo » Spanish Law of 61, 62 Water-rights in Northern Italy 62 Water-supply, administration Ole: we 60, 108 Water-supply for Hospitals... 121 - from Artesian wells AS 6.17 Water- “supply i in the interior of Australia ie F. W. WHITE, . PRINTER, MARKET STREET, R SYDNEY. ; INDEX. Wattle Bark .., >» Black = » Golden a Green ... » . Jel yer ae Wattles, culture of Waverly dyke... Weapons, Aboriginal... Ai Wheatstone Bridge resistance box.. bi me a Whinau White Box |... ne » | Sally ee » sumach | Wilson Hill Reef m , 130m Witham River, jurisdiction over atele vee Pio» ai 1 : Wood Stain... ide wins A PS ee eS = Y - Yarran .. ; ie 89 Yarran, Narrow-leaved . ae Yellow ‘Box ue * a es 4 Yellow Wood, Deep . veo L8SE Z ‘is Zante Fustic ... Le Zoophytes, Hydroid .. . ee Zoophyte trough See ooo Lae 4 og Py 4 * i 7 reid) ia i Journal Royal Society, N.S.W., 1887. Plate 1. Part L Ba Society, N.S.W., 1887. Plate 2. Part I. Journal Royal Society, N.S.W., 1887. Plate 2. Part I. he N.S. W., 1887. Plate 3. Part I. 4 ’ 7 Journal Royal Society, N.S.W., 1887. Plate 3. Part I. wry) al Society, N.S.W., 1887. Plate 4. Part I. A == GL ¥ Ziym t A a Za Zo iY 4 0 ath aS SSSSAMMUSM_F [| Pe, came i ate | | 4 Band Mying Machine. / 3 \ a — = ——| ) SS ey — \ t i] i | rT Wan { | eae |! a er) Journal Royal Society, N.S.W., 1887. Plate 4. Part I. | 2)))) = 4 LT IEP DP PPPS LILI DS IP PI IPD DP LA a ae Gl \ 1 ai VA Yi Vi 4, Fiz. 8. J / @ABand Nyng Mackin. aa SS ; ee Zt 9A” OT Pe Se WF or ox ft (SEAL NY MNS AAT SDI aIZZIZIZZZL VDE PLL ILL Ld do ah kd ve \ lociety, N.S.W., 1887. Plate 5. Part I. pense teshine 378 Ble B42 693 939 IS RS 38 = F (296 -/284 17 felt way baz t9 bot fecsee IG SAFO LEST (ee 120 170 20 Journal Royal Society, N.S.W., 1887. Plate 5. Part I. | ee of he corage eee ro 372 3 RAB \ Hn of Be Cray 693 939 93S | wean ge Mie emt ye fr = | Teted ntem 296-198) “77 = Rae rere | as forcytrenae IT 52 18S | | Hereyerstal jliphe- poe 120 17@ «30r i | Kn of Gpinad fre BG foreemncen panes SS OPE 26 \ lim Gin of 2 laascerraeesae 2 tos aa, i inh of Ha meeten 6 bas br 4 | Mare banterrs of a shnjl— s Woy 342 Uarrtun oy latfie tare ye 2h 8h | back Rerun stiadetient wmeter OHT. | Rp yigte Gia OG i 1887. Plate 6. Part I. 3 N.S. W. | Society, Journal Royal Society, N.S.W., 1887. Plate 6. Part I. 1887. Plate 7. Part I. 3 Journal Royal Society, NSW. = eel] Ss P A n H j | é | ates ae os = si ff eB: : 4 \ \S 0 | >_< > = SSS SSS anh Ses og vee san Lh “—: | —————_—— | Sane GOS - 5 ws YAQHOISY-1LSAL IIHdVYDOLNV 4 Prey ULE fi, 7 sa a MN Nc RES tN Ra. Ny SIYIUI 10 MOIS UGX FT | ~*~ gS Sever (Gr neem. os @ wT z te se ee ee Ss 0 \ \ \ \ = S | | i | | | \ \ r ‘Sale 6-86 60-06 Let ¢Fe-0 9c¢-0 © . : oOFG6 | ie od we $c 88 el 79 2 OFh0 CLO gas 10ke | ae ee we @ a 2-02 &S-FZ BL BE BEZ-O OLE-0 UO.d] 2202 §-26ER | a Ry : 1-92 8-96 9¢-LI 81£-0° 996-0 ° : REOG | > = aie 9-62. 6c -L2 6¢ - LT PEL-O (096-0 1248 24°Y 27 Le OG | Ot § rs a 8-02 Gf LG OF -6L — €8C-0 009-0 29749 P7W SM at! x a0 = ‘quay wy urbs.wdsuey u bs wodsuyy yy hy ~youz . x | & = A . : : “UdLY LO P2225 ie 5 < ‘Sayoud yw = pay Az2sD py = aapr ueerAT ‘gsop 7 8 N K Sa __ uorvbuopy ueruncoyr JO puny | i : 8 ST [ : °c} = ; € z y | uo 19% s an my , > 02 : = x 3 74 29VG | iS 22225" | ao “A [ BF0G, —yaaas] \) “Moy g-2ege | = Pe | = C7: LPS aes | >. L688 LoS) a Se SU et ee ae : Bae et ES Oe Le 4 OF > L+06 a 7 | ] RS Se a nee ——— : , ‘ ms " bo, ok a ae ‘OLIs Qyty Apr UY LOSSHOLL AQ pas siposvddy ajydn4 = / Journal Royal Society, N.S.W., 1887. Plate 9. Part IT. Figures of vegelable inclusions, observed in Queensland opal. Eee Fossil wood. y, N.S.W., 1887. Plate 10. Part II. va ae : Fig. 1. North Front. FN ai alll Ihestes tnt TON, : B ON Oe } Wee Drs | i 7 Pia TAN TAT IN EE YY hy AW hs | oi if VW NY, . Vo Mf VW Wy | # ) ze , ee | / Ww ‘s Y Wh Ss vi UA Wy ay Ve 3 ) i, he 147A 47 77 ZZ West Side. Section of Wall and Roof. TC | = \ Ne N\ WAYAWA Ny Y7 | Wp SAT Mey YW Nil, nee | Wy V1 Why W/L XN \ / = Yf > hy, MI ‘j Wy \i Niven \ NVI Vay Wy LWW EGNIMZ dee eee ie WN MW! I \V S ~ \ sy I7 yy why \ ! Journal Royal Society, N.S.W., 1887. Plate 10. Part II. Fig. 1. North Front. =o ob ei an OY i ae eel see Wg 4 & Wy wi Wy a , oe) . hh sath iW, Yr j Yrrey lf al Uy ? Me WV 81) Mees ia 3 he us sy “a eine of - cs fy: le A M4 ud Ms \\ ! w fi wv ib SEU Vi Me > v4 NU wt, “UA Wi 9 uh We, Yad ma. i ah mn/ 1" as x hh wi waa 4 i ure Nhe , Jj re Me wh he te = \ Section of Wall and Roof. West Side SMe - RW LG VINNENENY \ EVAN DOE IG (5 Oo ) rier N7AAZ . ve A : wa \ ANA ‘ XN et ce er, a: Oil Gr em IPO Ny We cI ‘ INI INNA AN TAIAN Ti) Ww VY . AAN) Ne why Ay) ON NIA FM Wri) Wk Y\\ WZ My Mit ban se ‘ OR NS my) WA ain Suri AW Will MUINIZAN We 1 i ee i Y \\\.\\}) i) 2) aT ih Wh SERN ne NG MY, i oN / INC) M,,'\ WANZ \\fiy SQV za Wy \Wy, Ni = Ww Ah i Wi, NY, WA yp WN? ‘| Wh 4) NID NAY wy AA MLN A SE CNTR wat NWA Km Ws it N.S.W , 1887. Plate 11. Part Lf. ees “‘ADNGAY’ s:bsq* Sulpaepy sayaeyy JIA YI ‘('W‘NOSdWOH], NoLungusy ‘p ——- 49 suoyduosag puo sudisag ‘Jepidsoy JoLsig ewer #2 Ue} Yooyg >HVGNVYSA Pave 8 HVONVYIA ©) Labssoyo9. 9 Ol * pi x gp ._ “SL Fig. 4 FUEL SHED | éxs Tassage SERVANTS ROOM 4 KITCHEN ves 8x9 OPERATION WARD | OPERATION ROOM. DISPENSARY Entrance Ji with Seats oe SCULLERY BOARD ROOM. &¢& && s) y ‘ . > ow (Shy -light ever) 13 x 10 13x 13 x 10° 6 YG, Bench 16 x STORE 8x4 VERANDAH 6 LOUVERED CUPBOARD Louvres Colaniter 22x 22x16 4 Hall oO Floor Space 121' \ Cubic Space 1/270 i) per bed Matron 18 x 14 x 10 6 Calorigen VERANDAH Sketch Plan of the Kiama District Hospital. Designs ond Descriptions by J. Asunurton THompson, M_D. Architect Charles A.Harding - Esq’? YDNEY. ————S———— “LSST ‘A'S N ‘Apav0g) qoloy jousnor TL 2791 IT OI ten len oPhlp eet hl | ae oo Arta ciety, N.S.W., 1887. Plate 12. Part IT. HOSPITAL OF || OR 2! BEDS - RON Gosx £2000... BY N_ THOMPSON IMG Be ee - '8 Inen lo the Koof hed ward for one bed, Weadhouse & Awag Km, h wiidmull and water fillings, net shown. . TRANCE PORCH ith benches 3*9 | | | 2 Pc Sy LouvREO 2'8 ENCH WINDOW | CuPBOARD pons] Louvaes | 4974), owes —2'5 er | 3xG| pe | CALORI a8 | ALE CONVALESCE é ! 5 BEOS Z H 124 22%10'6 3x6| ‘4 | ! Cc w sage | | \ F # 2 | { | ar ( ie uy ‘A 7 1 ‘ ay > yr , ‘ 12 Fig. 5S. WASHING TROUGHS. LAUNDRYSHED Ox 12 [co to COVERED WAY ab 3 h Nesuceeny § IRONING ry) x6 16's VERANDAH VERANDAH 38:0) MALE WARO 10 BENS 22/0 440 xJ0-6 4 3x6 J.AT. Inv.ef Dal. FRE ICH WINDOWS VERANDAH Ge are Journal Royal Society, N.S.W., 1887. FOR DisTRicT HOSPITAL OF OR _. H_OR | IRON Cost £2000 ——————— —__ J. ASHBURTON THOMPSON M.D. VIATERIAL Sea - /8 incr lo the oof OR 21 Plate 12. BEDS _ Tok — A defatched ward for one led, Deadhouse g Swag Wor water fanke OPERATION WARD’ OPERATING RM, BOARD Am 4 22/016 Two NURSES i210 246 eee D6 bu" & -x s > < 3 a & § Spun 3 touvred houvnes re , [LAVATORY s on fe y Nee FEMALE WARD ip HALL At , 5 Beos, | * 220.220 %10'5 MATRON & WAROSMAN 20615. 1016" 12 x12 SERVANTS RAM Ton ue REY 5 AO 28 -— a SURGERY, DISPENSARY Pt an ceinoaeA with benches 849 Louvreo cupsoano |_Lone » @ STove wittf Going Opt PN 9 v ae VERANDAH 4 Louvres | #0746 VERANDAH 8°07" LouvAes. with windmaull and water fittings , nel shown Part IT. 1 Royal Society, N.S.W., 1887. Plate 18. Part I. 5, a) AN ue un | Aires ii ; aa: \ 5 NBs ce : on 7 : AN wre AN \\ \ 4 WN 4 i ~ 5 sat NS A ; ae 4 = IN ea i HAR Ve \ aS ee ve, = a we ae . rnal Royal Society, N.S.W., 1887. Plate 14. Part te ttiitislesiis wee Og eZ LGL gL Ze; Wi Gig Yl” Yap” EO GE i Eee “2 ya Ltn OE a IT. L Royal Society, N.S.W., 1887. Plate 16. Part feg U. — Sechon cetlireg longcludinally rough Crown saddle reer. c ~—— ee ee ete me Ci-pd ») NONE N\\ — SOS NAA W y SS LAO NR A NS SS \ SAN x \ XN \ 7 \ \ \ = YN \\ \\ LT. Plate 16. Part I. ty, N:S.W., 1887. cie rnal Royal So ASPYS 2BI74LIAG yi nel 1S m HN \ Z uN \,- ve 71S th yy = OEMS é \ VEL N22 i SECT/ON 6 “7 a = oS RS -tq/7. BORISON TAL OP LOPE WIZ LEVEL < _ Part f7. Plate 17. ai Society, N.S.W., 1887. y rnal Ro CYHPL GUILS —a— Yy Arr 272 Colton CL1argle PP | Keet sh 27tG OF Lcatt, He, 7 é / 4 ] J) > a > Seer > > pi So >> >> > SSE Se > ain aah See o> So > > - EA SiS by ea erate toes Sens ° >> se SS a? >. > Se SS oe sie >>> car ees SE eee aes ws > Bite a ey eS tet fa >> x BS SE >> = & Dien SS > > > SESS So ald > ; SiS Choe Sars Sate > > < >> >>> >? > > _ Ss BS obs ee ed > Sos Det tt 2 5S > > ASSES >>> Ss >.> >>» >>> > v Vv vuvyv > 2 > SSeslaaeae Sa >>> >>> Ue BD mal Fr > > >> > arr le A Sih” > An) » >?>3 ‘ my > oS QC_>? aX q rnal Royal Society, N.S.W., 1887. Plate 18. Part I. yos ~ x ma in) N NN Seto \ ANH XA Ny Nh NJ UN W) 8 PY gy Ww Uy gal US) ASS AA SURAT SURG <4 Sgey SUNS iN si uy x RISKAIRIS NN QS HAS y Fy] S AN AAR AT ARAN SHAS SE SAN Ni se RISS was NENIS SNR c- # ie AG a te <> E ae’ : \ Nf slr ah, Be a » \W \G mY \ Pie. <. N\ \ Ni & odtter aed ‘\ i N27072, STE hor Uae 2 ayer Sd: je near lo. o Co LE ee An + Ne ost So, Section across Meuré Worden ee formation 4g 2d Appearance of laminated guartz t72 ME Morgar. Lode Bavizg fractures fillenkin HWE bile LCa es Oe Bibsegecer Lnal OF 772A? Ge Spee ; THe ts gGuarl2 ts FEery fue Lr ke; oe Cerels OF CC 772t hy >, ie Yel Vi : J a z MG 4 fod Le Ui Me SF ii) 43 Zi eee, EY / Wey 7 Mi - Le ree git WZ EH) Yh YY if? ahh _— J Ye fife, Mi WEE: Ss ii Hk DMG i: Whe, - f WY MLE if ie YMG f pigs ide dake ped Z Bs on ournal Royal Society, N.S.W., 1887. Plate19. Part zt c c 4 tt a, ¢ ‘ pigs i Pn AE Zt, a Pree Lo ee Oo f7. WM Con Aly ie Ga ip lo tae Oe Nag Je GT ee ee ee a te MN 4 agg x fe Ge ee eee eee ae ne, 5% ed GE Zc thE UNEG HOG pe ~ th (GE ip Eo U4 PALIN AG Pre aie IY eves gE Cz ( =) ae 6 LE ut, Sa Ae LO: ty 4 GY. ea aw 4 te gy bk Ce bt Vas Of) a G % (aeglis 2 SLC AD waa Lio GA “s « (Soni A SEF TR OMY IG cane CA AIG CyG £ 2G : 47, “I~ ak 7%, GRADO" pps OO : £ tah te? 4 UF be, wa 7 gr ~A, 4G % V he, L Gn fe - (oy % GE { Gy 2 or j Cane VG 4 Py % % G ay Le ws < SS / Se wa ——e pi L : r os Ht Rebs: ey oy SH CO EY cs a te = ae VLemy Flic a j or ~ x me = ~ Sig hon, @ aA os ~ + / Ty aS Zan v A Se i AGP 0 ee r hike 4 f = = dua \\ 2S? \\ MS ene fe aw Nea e ee ae o Nv 4 vA ies * eee a Z ms af Wis > A a SSS: ee ES ne XZ + eS , ye Se ates 4 hy Wi « > Fo Seas OY SS ~ if y~ & Te Ste ae 2 z ay, . a sets Tee A em y f y é as ast oA Se tees ist mn Ow Pr = Z Z Z Zs Z AES 2 Z A al Royal Society, N.S.W., 1887. Plate 22. Part II. Litg SLA, ae Secléon across t ceftore Cota Fiela VV VV REV y, - Viircreroius Stales (4owe?r Carbontrercus) Ft9G33.A. CALEDONTAN PLN SS = SS =a — SSS SSS SSS SES =| Se SS ee ———— Baa Se sss nt ——— = ae = SS SS SSS — SS SSS SSS SSS ——— nw ——————— ——— a= —— — ~s — —————— ——— a = SS r — a = "La ee eae = = ee ——— —<—<_ — — aS SS SS SS Sa = === SSS SS ee SS ee SS ee ee ———— ee SS —— —== = MM. Worth. Seclton Hroug Aara 1500 1408 Part IT. Plate 28. ciety, N.S.W., 1887. POINT MILSONS to 00k A se ue rn | i 066 uN | AN ER AT 066 os | ee BTS ap | of Boe er | 8 0&8 wel oF Ore Gr | Zo 5 1300 i250 TET) Hoo 950 850 Journal Royal Society, N.S.W., 1887. Plate 28. Parc III. BORINCS for HARBOR TUNNELS COMPANY SCALES VERTICAL D3. GHpe- © Fe 1 SECTION from FORT MACQUARIE t BEULAH S: NORTH SHORE a 2. SECTION HORIZONTAL fom DAWES POINT t MILSONS POINT -|-vepTHe sit 7 -| Pacem waren Al af a al 3 | 44 | 3 L 4s} at 1 eee Ir | §| - Heren ts — § 2 8 3 8 FY 3 3 F ¢ ; F g 2 | IL__| Al aa ee [eas | == Se Fa 524 75 ie HOO NTeoo oso wooo DISTANCES — 0 #0 we) G80 meo)aR0 300 a80 oa a 739 7 30 soa its0) 20037 > reco area DATUM 300 FEET BELOW Part II. . Plate 24, 1887 W., al Royal Society, N.S. aed Ae aM Luod is | GQ3HSUBLYM ees | NW Td SN me F* hasan, = i te ~— > ee eT ee Part IT. a Plate 25 ~. W., 1887 DRY SUCTUALISOG I 77 Y ‘guiysvul pung BF Jo uml oy ae = SS —_ Arnangentent of tke cord wd Wecks on the 48band macdune Fig t. Ferhial plane phends allched Aere Wag naed foo Ne -}--— Hulf plan of 2tand machine Obserintans Te K Zar — Hall plan of 8 band machine. servations FRG “L881 “ASN ‘hja1009 whowy youunor 9G 2901 TIT wo oa Journal Royal Society, N.S.W., 1887. Plate 26. Part III. = a DHOSRSASSS Abb od > . § iy Ving testing Machine Camepraphe ite perdido Shh bob Dag 4 refers Co part aes Haar Cnet Te elastics or 4 wag Banchal le hele Gx aess of wrraiaialer Masuper Harte © lara the. mroctins whine nolgsoling Diag. 5 CIN OT ‘ w Part (II. Plate 27. , 1887. N.S.W. OY P2Y IPS Ss = = — = iF) be : : . é i [ SS F ae see SL ILISM]P? YI) SIYIUL Ua YPWWT Ky ee nS eR ZouY i ith Baesee ( £ ‘ey @ & 2 “SINSDII CO UO td UIDL/S SPUNIY ‘PLO IY Uo ; Journal Royal Society, N.S.W., 1887. Plate 27. Part III. |e HH l WOHE g i ann : : Tae cA s [| Wn rt 1 TEER ar fy | it T Ei { t each aati 13, strétchel to im a : T a = fi = a3 3 Liigih In Tiiches Tit | = Yparatis ter takiny diagranss trem stretihed mitinratser bands le shea { L A meré 1 I i T i t i i t i i 1 i + af = Si +4 a T iene nape From 48 Nerd ES =i ——— t i ime { It if i i = T Ic ei za \ lam “pUpsup Gwe 6d praod Iyy wes Wingy SPINY Journal Royal Society, N.S.W., 1887. Plate 28. Part III. EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF A FLYING MACHINE. Total weight of the model ... i je 33} ounces. Weight of 48 vulcanised india-rubber bands oe os 10 ” Area of the body plane ie i ae 1914 square inches. Area of the wings nce 356 216 a7 Total area of paper surface 4 .. 2130 Length of the three stone of ithe winder, respectively, 8,9 and IO inches. Cranks .. + 1.72 inches. Connecting Rods itn an ois m0 « 5,23 A Extreme length of the model ath oc an .. 5 feet 7 inches. Spread of the wings .. 76 sa -«. 6 feet I inch. Each wing flaps in an arc of 107° 20! There are 470 foot pounds of energy stored in the model when the bands are stretched to the tail by winding the cord on the winder. The model has flown 270 feet horizontally in a dead calm. Sydney, N.S.W. LAWRENCE HARGRAVE. bg ae oy . 2 aaa wee a) v re) fh vt (| id \ ; _ bee j ? \ i] : t Jos I 1 Fe 5 Le | =e - 7 i ‘ z A J . & i =a ; E | ' x : i r. : \ - \ F ‘ ; ve) ' . EX e . . . > AAU if. = , 0 i 3) \ \ > t 1 rah he! y | | UTP an on y 1 hei | he ig A Na i H hme?" wiih i ie Miers a TL aah — 01308