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Cr a) ’ eCeU Ma we) to) hea Neethy re ir, ft sede Ad Gad ped Pye eat EU AMP ALA i ta - ia? inca ob oe Oe abe - 6 ae shee Mase a eae Trt a i ” aE ab WL el La Hy tei ey al Ae ; ahi} 1 a " t ei aiea acs apes oper} AC RY Rn MW A CE RA nhs) TS etteye OO CASH oy A odede pete ie ye6 Tos) mn +e aber palt, as ag * ay a4 Melk ihetet " q4 zed: ; mi Af Hag Oe eds) Hy 4 a } a wry H NE | ¥ Fash AiG tpt aD a! eet as 4 43P 9 ipsh ve VE PL ba bo Me ae tat leaded Wee ¥ Atte : ” rer aint a REA st anu ast Mehanbe mises DOO Rd 1 ee bainaritteta tha ari) she an iy eq) ARRAS sak ar A4ay styl) aH ay CX AON fe eben Bie Sg Fare eee if yey Pa 7 Ny if re riGl f , ¥ ti Of e v r/.% Pears nhs yd apst r i 8 WINTER vou jee toy ia) #A% << e = tr ee anahyoarc stoi Lal ood Get paolo ate Hy i "6 iby a iy ily deh, rave aey! “ a a es rf erty Weak Sf ty nai ; my iad at toast iy Ai Hebe Aid ty HY ste cash ih tt rah a : oH aE waist ganas: eee aren ee bear eatitets afi ETS deed tee i ty f Gatine sts sete Wivbied, Banesake ae 7 ‘ 3 He hie bene ae septal con ee arty A a a opine & as | eeeecih a ree Birt . arth: ats ae As mee ae a CNet i Hees ro d : Ped iiiay Yer ate Se ok ee er Ye Ye | j ee ee Cte eh aoe a ry 7G | ‘ inh ‘ au heat bead WA Bep La drat ws feast ei dood idle ah ‘ 4 ‘ sates f Teale 4 oe ne ote ate ” we ied eros ie “ . ' naacethay a Caveat iy) nad 4 Vibes AR de y 7 ‘ r i 7 TOMY pt Wath ae eh) . ee at oveter woo taht se Ma Wh parts Ayan Here destd da david ooh Fase Oa i Whe) f 7< y : \ 1 a) i } iw a We | NS) Oat MA ie al i ek ST? alg ! Ai death ae alll Mh eal TENG os Oe , Mi i? f i y hi J ' . 7. iy ne, 4 Ait ' “ . fer AU ITY Sit | : 1 \ } ah, A y Pgh ee Aare i / cw ; ' “J ; POA? nae wlan } ‘ me { f , rw. i _ oa Pai el MNT Te CMGI oa ay a . ; . iH iw te omey | - ath i dei at er “a 1 dad ‘iy q ; . \ , a a \ ty 1 “J a. 4 i a f . ; Ved ae © ie SARS ea aa 4 ) f Th wae f t we i e i ob fa " hi i Dent ae ‘ » a WORN Ae M i a ; t iar Pity ih) an | a, lah a) ; vy Raa | Huy ys. ; A ; | he Ort Ve , ie as ; : ee maid i : Die y eS, Pa . € ire — ‘ ym t } x t a) = F y ta , ¢ 5 5 ee ae ; ; (ye { D : 5 i + ii ! : 3 i a i ae ¢ a Ph i os - Ny 3 a ee } } E era ty vn ae =| j of di t * of s, S N j a | ‘ : J. 1 j iS > % ¢ a is ie L ‘4 < 4 ’ 1, \ 7. ‘ % / Pm / ‘ i t a lis ES hae } i — ‘y ! \ ' A i f M ie ' N ad 5 i 2 4j oe Le A ie ss, 2 ij ) j y A | i ‘ ; | } F F - , if ; ; ; - aaeot ieee : - 5 }! ‘ se =) a“ ~ a feb Ss a Ne eal id \ | bs ~ A “ —~= { Bex ae i \ 4 \ \ f = 77 rs ht ; } Sie xs # J i + ; j H ire { VQ ~ GN - “)) JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS ROYAL SOCIETY NEW SOUTH WALES, FOR 1885. INCORPORATED 1881. WG i) Se Fe. EDITED BY THE HONORARY SECRETARIES. THE AUTHORS OF PAPERS ARE ALONE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE STATEMENTS MADE AND THE OPINIONS EXPRESSED THEREIN. —— SYDNEY—SOCIETY’S HOUSE, 37 ELIZABETH STREET NORTH. LONDON—TRUBNER & Co., 57 LUDGATE HILL. PRINTED By F. W. WHITte. PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY. 1889. NOTICE. THE Roya Society of New South Wales originated in 1821 as the “ Philosophical Society of Australasia,” after an interval of inactivity, it was resuscitated in 1850, under the name of the -“ Australian Philosophical Society,” by which title it was known until 1856, when the name was changed to the ‘ Philosophical Society of New South Wales”; in 1866, by the sanction of Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen, it assumed its present title, and was incorporated by Act of the Parliament of New South Wales in 1881. CONTENTS. VOLUME XXII. OFFICERS FOR 1888-9 ART. I.—Presipent’s AppREsS. By C. 8. Wilkinson, F.G.S. ... Arr. II.—Forest Destruction in New South Wales and its Effects ART. ART. ART. ART. ART. ART. ART. ART. ART. ART. ART. on the Flow of Water in Watercourses and on the Rainfall. By W. E. Abbott, Wingen. ae Ii1.—On the Increasing Magnitude of Eta eG = H. © Russell, BAL; F.R:S., &c. : Kak aoe ie TV.—Notes on some Minerals and Mineral Localities in the Northern Districts of New South Wales. @ D. A. Porter Tamworth. (One Plate) se on V.—On a Simple Plan of Hasing Raila Ces By Walter Shellshear, Assoc. M. Inst., C.E. (One Plate) VI—An Improvement in Anemometers. By H. C. Russell, BA. ERS. VII.—On the eas ve Life Te of Moliaeea Peculiar to Australia. By the Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.L.S., F.G.8S. (With Plates) .. sats VIII.—Considerations of Sieoeriee Pewee aa Arrangements. By Baron Ferd. von Mueller, K.C.M.G., aD, PhoD., FR. =f IX.—Indigenous Australian eee Pests, (AN on- galas) including Plants Injurious to Stock. By J. H. Maiden, F.L.S., &c., Curator of the Technological Museum, Sydney X.—Census of the Fauna of the Older Tertiary of Australia. By Professor Ralph Tate, F.G.S., F.L.8., &e. XI.—Description of the Autographic Stress-strain ee used in connection with the Testing Machine at the Uni- versity of Sydney, for recording the results of testing the Strength and Elasticity of Materials in Cross-breaking, Compression and Tension. By Professor Warren, M. Inst. Cre Wir, Se, (Four Plates). . sie bs Ae XII.—The Storm of 21st Be anion 1888. By H.C. Russell, B.A., P.E.S., &e. . ¥ bs ne XITI.—Some New ‘South Wales oe capes “Part V. (Including an account of Léwenthal’s process for the estimation of tannic acid). By J. H. Maiden, F.L.S., &c., Curator of the Technological Museum, Sydney 76 78 89 103 106 187 204: 240 253 256 259 ART. enV: —Results of Observations of Comets I. and IL., “1888, } at Windsor, N.S.W. By John Tebbutt, F.R.A.S., &e. ... Art. XV.—The Desert Sandstone. By the Rev. J. E. i Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., &e. (With Plates) ~~. : : Arr. XVI.—On a new Self-recording Thermometer. By H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.S., &e. (One Diagram) . ie 335 Art. XVII.—The Thunderstorm of 26th Geren ABER By H. rye C, Russell, BeAv sees nccGa acre : - 338 3 Art. XVIIL.—The Latin Verb Jubere—a neers coe By John Fraser, B.A., UL.D. ae — B44, Art. XIX.—Notes on some New South Wales Minos Bie No. 5). By A. Liversidge, M.A., F.R.S., Piotee of a Chemistry in the University of Sydney. ... i — 862 PROCEEDINGS... je Lae 44, 98, 227, 230, 234, "278, “340, 366 PROCEEDINGS OF THE MeEpIcAL SECTION ... ee $33 we ae 5) ea j PROCEEDINGS OF THE MicroscopicaL SecrTion ... BP cen eee 4 ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY ... _... he ee iss.) lee i INDEX. re EXcHANGES AND PRESENTATIONS MADE BY THE ROYAL SOCIETY oF New SoutuH WaALtLES, 1888. Ohe Aoval Society of Hew South ales. OFFICERS saU@asy alsisesi-Se Honorary President: HIS EXCELLENCY THE RIGHT HON. LORD CARRINGTON, G.C.M.G., &e., &., &e. President: SIR ALFRED ROBERTS. Vice-Presidents: H. C. RUSSELL, B.A., F.B.S. | C.S. WILKINSON, F.G.S., F.L.S. , Hon. Treasurer: ROBERT HUNT, C.M.G., F.G.S. Hon. Secretaries: PROFESSOR LIVERSIDGE, M.A., F.R.S., &e. He Be KYNG DON: Members of Council: W- A. DIXON, F.C:S., &e. Ph PE DLN A. LEIBIUS, Ph. D., M.A., F.C.S.| PROF. THRELFALL, M.A. CHARLES MOORE, F.L.S. PROF. WARREN, M.I.C.E. Assistant Secretary : W. H. WEBB. Wie ~* ae ‘ AT OGM. Bg : 4 ‘ ‘ ae hy oetpioead taaselete a ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. By C. 8. Wixinson, F.G.S., President. [Delivered to the Royal Society of N.S.W., May 2, 1888. | WE are met together this evening to commemorate the sixty- seventh anniversary of the Royal Society of New South Wales. On such an occasion it is customary to take a retrospect of the Society’s proceedings during the year. In doing so our thoughts are at once directed to those who have passed away from us by death since our last Anniversary Day. Ordinary Members.—Hon. Wititiam Bussy, M.L.C., elected 1875 ; Messrs. Epwin Darinrrey, elected 1873; Aveusr Duckersnorr, M.D., Leipzig, elected 1882; H.'S. Hawkins, M.A., elected 1877; Artratr T. HoLtroyp, M.D., Edin., F.LS., F.Z.S., elected 1876; Anrtruur Lreverr Jackson, elected 1878; Gro. Knox, M.A. (Cantab.), elected 1874 ; Jamus MaAnnina, elected 1873; Jamus Marxuy, L.R.C.S., Irel., L.R.C.P., Edin., elected 1878; CHrisropaiR RoLLEston, C.M.G., elected 1856 ; JAMES BuRLEIGH SuaArp, J.P., elected 1876; Witttam Tucker, elected 1868; W. G. Wes7on, elected 1877. Honorary Members.—Prot. L. G. DrKontncx, M.D., Lidge, elected 1876; Sir Junius von Haast, K.C.M.G., Ph.D., F.BS., elected 1880. Correspondiny Member.—¥. B. Miturr, F.C.8., elected 1880. The Hon. Witiiam Buspy, M.L.C., born 1812, died 23rd June, aged 75.—The Hon. William Busby came with his father in the year 1824 from England. Mr. John Busby was the first A—May 2, 1888. ys] ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. civil engineer to practice his profession in Sydney ; he received the appointment of Mineral Surveyor to. the Government, and when Sir Thomas Brisbane arrived his skill was utilised to search for water for the supply of Sydney. The result was the construction of Busby’s Bore, whereby a tunnel was made from the Lachlan Swamp to Hyde Park. In this work Mr. William | Busby acted as Clerk of the Works, during the period of its construction from 1827-1837. In length it is 2} miles, with a section of 4 feet by 5 feet. The delivery of water averages 3 to 400,000 gallons daily, which was sufficient for the then population of 20,000. On the completion of this 1mportant engineering work, Mr. William Busby engaged in pastoral pursuits in the Northern Districts and met with considerable success. Some little time previous to his death he was in ailing health, but the end was hastened by a severe chill. He died on Thursday, 23rd June, aged 75 years. He was esteemed by a large circle of friends, and as a Member of the Legislative Council, to which he was elected in 1867, he gave close and regular attention to everything that tended to the public good. He joined this Society in 1875. ArtTuur Topp Horroyp, born Ist Dec., 1806; died 15th June, 1887 ; aged 81.—Mr. Arthur Todd Holroyd was born in London, and educated at Ripon Grammar School. At 18 years of age he commenced to study medicine, first at Cambridge and then at Edinburgh, where he took his M.D. degree in 1830. He however preferred the legal profession, and entered at Lincoln’s Inn, but wishing to travel before being called to the Bar, in 1835 he visited Rome and Ikgypt. He penetrated beyond the great desert into the Soudan, and as one of the earliest of English travellers, passed over the sume route as General Gordon traversed to Khartoum. “He thence journeyed down the Blue Nile to Senaar, crossed the desert to the White Nile, thence to Kordofan and Cairo. From his personal witness of the extent of the slave trade he was able to make representations to the British Government 1 aid of its suppression. In 1838 he visited Palestine and Syria; unfortunately 1 . 2 w ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. no record of his travels exists in print. In 1843 he landed in New Zealand where he remained two years, and then came on to Sydney where he was admitted to the Bar. In 1851 he was elected to represent Bathurst in the Old Legislative Council, and helped to introduce various reforms. He became a member of the First Legislative Assembly, and in 1860 occupied the post of Chairman of Committees. In 1863 he accepted office in the Martin Ministry as Minister for Works. In 1866 he was appointed Master-in-Equity, and in 1879 Acting Supreme Court Judge. He was a Fellow of the Zoological Society (London) since its commencement in 1827, of the Linnean Society (London) since 1829, and of the Royal Geographical Society since 1839. He joined this Society in 1876. In farming matters he was an enthusiast. One of his earliest ideas was the introduction of flower culture, and in the growth of choice varieties of fruits he laid great stress, having imported the best stocks from Europe. In order to improve the land by draining, he established the manufacture of drain-pipes and eventually fancy tiles, etc., at the well-known Sherwood Drain. and Tile Works. From 1867 to 1877 he held the position of District Grand Master of English Freemasons in this Colony, and his ability as an Administrator was apparent in the success of the Society. Although past 80 years of age, he was strong and active to within a few weeks of his end, and he passed away on Wednesday, 15th June, from the decay of old age. CurisTOPHER RouiLEston, C.M.G., born 1817 ; died 9th April, 1888; aged 71. Mr. Christopher Rolleston was my immediate predecessor in the Presidential Chair. It was this time last year that he delivered an Address reviewing the general scientific advance of the year. You are, doubtless, well aware of his public life. He was born in Nottinghamshire in 1817, arrived in N. 8. Wales in 1838, and 4 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. engaged for five years in farming on the Hunter. In January, 1843, he was appointed Commissioner for Crown Lands for Darling Downs. In January, 1855, he became Private Secretary to Sir Wm. Denison. In March, 1856, he was made Registrar-. General and inaugurated the present system of registration. In 1858 the Statistical Register was first published, and the Registration of Deeds transferred to his department. In 1862 the Real Property Act was passed, and its introduction devolved upon him. In November, 1864, he was appointed Auditor- General. In 1870 the present Audit Act was passed. In 1874 he was created C.M.G., and retired from the Public Service in 1883. He took an active interest’ in the work of the University, and on the Boards of Insurance Companies and the Mercantile Bank his financial talents found scope. He was elected a Member of the Philosophical Society of N.S.W., and contributed several papers to the Society: 1868—‘“ On the Results of Wheat Culture in N.S. W. for the last ten years.” _1870--‘ On Post Office Savings Banks, Friendly Societies, and Government Life Assurance.” 1870—‘“Statistical Review of the Progress of N.S. W., 1862-1871.” 1874—* Criminal Statistics: of Ngee from 1860 to 1873.” 1878—‘“ Anniversary Address.” 1882— ‘‘ Notes on the Progress of N.S.W. during the years 1872-1881.” 1883—“ Anniversary Address.” 1887—“ Anniversary Address.” He had accepted a position cn the Committee of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, but resigned from a desire to lessen his engagements. On 6th April he was siezed with a sudden attack of illness which speedily developed into. alarming symptoms, so that no hope was entertained of his recovery. His invariable kindliness of disposition won the affection of all who had the pleasure of his acquaintance, and his death will long be felt by a large circle of friends. LAuRENT GUILLAUME DE Koninoxk, M.D., was for many years. Professor of Chemisty in the University of Liege, but is far better known as a Stratigraphical Geologist and Paleontologist. His chief works have reference to the fossils of the Carboniferous . ef ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. Period of Belgium, but he has also contributed several meinoirs ‘on those of the Hastern Hemisphere. His first important work was “ Description des Animaux Fossiles qui se trouvent dans le Terrain carbonifere de Belgique” S1q {2 vols. and supt., Liege, 1842-57). This was followed, and to some extent ran concurrently with his “ Monographie du Genre . Productus” (8vo., Lisge, 1846), which is of interest to Australian students as containing the description of the Australian species of that genus. In 1872, Prof. de Koninck published his “Nouvelle Recherches sur les Animaux Fossiles du Terrain carbonifere de la Belgique” (4to., Bruxelles, 1872), in which a ) revised description of the Belgian Carboniferous Coal-fauna was given. To workers in this continent, however, by far the most valuable of all this eminent observer’s works is his “ Becherches sur les Fossiles paléozoiques de la Nouvelle Galles du Sud” (2 vols. 4to., Bruxelles, 1876-77).* | This is a description of the gatherings of the late Rev. W. B. Clarke, extending over a long series of years; and it is deeply to be regretted that the result of so much profound study was wholly consumed in the unfortunate Garden Palace fire in 1882. This is the more deeply to be deplored when we remember that the fossils in question formed the types of many new species, hitherto unknown to Science, and of which many specimens have not since been obtained. Of all his publications, however, that which will carry his name down to posterity as his “magnum opus” is that truly magnificent work, “ Faune du Calcarie Carbonifére de la Belgique,” published in folio in the ‘ Annales du Musée Royal d’Historie Naturelle de Belgique’ (folio, Bruxelles). He died, July 16th, 1887. Sir JoHN Francis Junius von Haast, K.C.M.G., Ph.D., F.R.S., &., was Professor of Geology in Canterbury College, Christchurch, New Zealand, and Director of the Museum. *An English translation of this work, with plates, edited by Mr. Robt. Etheridge, junr., Paleontologist, is in course of publication by the Department of Mines, Sydney. 6 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. During the first portion of his residence in New Zealand he was. occupied in geological surveys in the Province of Canterbury, and on which he published several voluminous Reports, the most important being “Geology of the Provinces of Canterbury and Westland” (Svo., Christchurch, 1879). Dr. Haast’s early geological observations were, in a great measure, made on the glacial phenomena of the Southern Island of New Zealand. During later years, when not occupied with the improvement of his Museum, he devoted himself to the investigation of the Extinct Wingless Birds, and on which he wrote several important papers. Amongst these we may mention ‘‘ Researches and Excavations carried on in and near the Moa-bone Point Cave, Sumner Road, 1872,” which gave rise to much discussion at the time of its publication. Several papers were also written by Dr. Haast on the living Avifauna, Fish, and Cetacea of New Zealand ; and we are indebted to him for a contribution to the study of its Extinct Reptilia. At the Indian and Colonial Exhibition, held in London in 1886, Dr. Haast acted as New Zealand Commissioner, and gave aiple testimony of his abilities as an organizer and administrator.. For these services he received the honour of Knighthood. He died, August 15th, 1887. Francis Bowyer Miuurr, died 17th September, 1887, aged 58. Mr. Miller was educated at King’s College, London, and after having accompanied an expedition to the West Coast of Africa, came out to this Colony in 1854, having received the appointment of Assayer to the Sydney Branch of the Royal Mint on its formation. He remained in the service of the Sydney Mint until 1870, when he was transferred to Melbourne on the formation of the Branch in Victoria, receiving at the same time promotion both in position and salary. On the retirement of Major-General Ward in 1878, Mr. Miller was again promoted, and was twice appointed Acting Deputy Master in charge of the Melbourne Mint. He is weil known to the scientific world as the inventor of the chlorine process of refining gold, which has ever since been ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. - : rf in constant use in the Sydney and Meibourne Mints. This invention caused a complete revolution in the treatment of the precious metals, and has been of great advantage to the Colonial Mints, and of considerable profit to the mining interests; but, like many other originators of most useful inventions, he reaped but a comparatively small reward for his importaut and valuable discovery. Mr. Miller was a Fellow of the Chemical Society of London, and a Corresponding Member of the Royal Society of N.S.W. At the end of last year, there were 488 Members on the roll. Of these, thirteen have been removed by death; seven have resigned ; and ten have ceased to be Members through non-compliance with the Rules of the Society. Twenty-four new Members have been elected during the year; so that the total number of Members on the roi] on 30th April, 1888, is 482 Michael Foster, M.D. F.R.S., Professor of Physiology, University of Cambridge, was elected an Honorary Member on 4th May, 1887. During the past year the Library of the Society has been enriched by the donation of 1244 Volumes and Pamphiets, two Portfolios of Charts, and 30 loose Charts. During the past year the Society presented its Journal and Proceedings, Vol. XX. for 1886, to 342 Societies and Institutions, and Vol. X XI. for 1887, to 338, of which. a list has been published. The following new Societies have entered into an exchange of publications since last year, viz:—Society of Natural History, Brookville, U.S.A.; Editor cf the Journal of Comparative Medicine oH Surgery, New York; Wagner Free Institute of Science, Philadeiphia ; Deutsche Seewarte, Hamburg ; German Meteorojozical Society, Hamburg ; ; Vereins’ ftir Erdkunde, Leipzig; Sociedad Cientifica ‘“ Antonio Alzate,” Mexico ; Sociedad Cientifica Alemana Santiago de Chile; Société des Naturalistes, Kieif, Russia. 8 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. The Society has subscribed’ to 49 Scientific Journals and Periodicals, and has purchased 90 volumes at a cost of £67 5s. 5d., including Vols. I. to XXXVII. of the Paleontographical Society’s publications. | During the past session the Society held eight Monthly and one Special Meeting, at which the following papers were read :— 1887, May 4—Presidental Address, by Christopher Rolleston, C.M.G. June 1—‘“ Recent work on Flying Machines,” by Lawrence Hargrave; “Some N. 8. Wales Tan Substances, Part [.” by J. H. Maiden, F.R.G.S. July 6—“ Notes on the experience of other countries in the administration of their Water Supply,” by H. G. McKinney, M.E., M.LC.E. August 3—‘ Notes on some inclusions observed in a specimen of the Queensland Opal,” by D. A. Porter; “Some N. 8. )Wales Tan-substances,” by J. H. Maiden, F.R.G.S; ‘The Influence of Bush Fires in the Distribution of Species,” by Rev. Robert Collie, F.L.S. September 7—‘“ Origin and mode of occurrence of Gold-bearing Veins, and of the’ Associated Minerals,” by Jonathan Seaver, C.E., F.G.8.; “ Results of observations of Comets VI. and VIL, 1886, at Windsor, N.S.W.” by John Tebbutt, .R.A.S. October 5—“ Port Jackson Silt Beds,” by Fred. B. Gipps, C.E.; “Some N.S. W. Tan-substances, Part Ill.” by J. H. Maiden, F.R.G.S. November 2—On the presence of Fusel Oil in Beer,” by Wiliam M. Hamlet, F CS: December 7—‘‘Some N. S. W. Tan-substances, Part IV.” by J. H. Maiden, F.R.G.S. ; ‘* Autographic Instruments used in the development of Flying Machines,” by Lawrence Hargrave. The Medical Section held seven meetings, fourteen papers read ; Microscopical Section, eight meetings; Sanitary Section, four meetiigs, five papers read. The Sanitary Section, after a lapse of seven years, was revived in 1886. Since then ten meetings have been held, when excellent papers on sanitary subjects have been read by :—Trevor Jones ; Reuter E. Roth, M.R.C.S.E.; Dr. Quaife; Dr. Ashburton Thompson ; G. W. Redfern ; T. B. Henson, C.E. ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. ) At the Council Meeting, held on the 14th December, 1887, it was unanimously resolved to award the Clarke Medal for the year to the Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.G.5., F.L.S. A more appropriate award of this Medal could not have been made. During the last thirty-one years the Rev. Tenison- Woods has been well known as a writer upon the Natural History of Australasia. Of his 157 works published since the year 1857 no less than 74 are upon his favourite branch of Science—Geology. I well remember with what interest and profit 1 first read in 1864 his valuable work, Geological Observations in South Australia, _and I know that my experience is that of many, for wherever I have travelled J have found his name a household word, so wide an influence have his writings exercised among all classes. His name may be justly associated with that of the venerated geologist, whose life work in Australia this Medal commemorates. We all deplore the illness which prevents him from being present here this evening. In respouse to the offer of prizes and its Medal by the Society for communications containing the results of original research or observation upon given subjects, the following were received :— On the Silver Ore Deposits of N.S.W. ... oe eee paper: Origin and Mode of Occurrence of Gold-bearing Veins and of the Associated Minerals _... ae ... @ papers Influence of the Australian Climate in producing Modifications of Diseases... ne ifs i. le paper On the Infusoria peculiar to Australia ... bis tte, NOUR The Council at its Meeting on the 27th July, 1887, awarded the prize of £25 and the Society’s Medal, which had been offered for the best communication on the “Origin and Mode of Occurrence of Gold-bearing Veins and of the Associated Minerals” to Mr. Jonathan C. B. P. Seaver, C.E., F.G.S., M.P. aa pe Jae eat ed a ee 4 ~~ ud “ hee ter are te TD 4 a wr, : » 10 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. The Council has since issued the following list of subjects, with the offer of the Society’s Bronze Medal and a prize of £25, for each of the best researches if of sufficient merit :— Series VIT.—To be sent in not later than Ist May, 1888. Nos? and Life History of the Echidna and Platypus. 25.—Anatomy and Life History of Mollusca peculiar to- Australia. 26.—The chemical composition of the products from the so-called Kerosene Shale of New South Wales. Sertes VITT.—To be sent in not later than Ist May, 1889. No. 27.—On the Chemistry of the Australian Guins and Resins. 28.—On the Aborigines of Australia. 29.—On the Iron Ore deposits of New South Wales. 3U.—List of the Marine Fauna of Port Jackson, with descriptive notes as to habits, distribution, We. Series [X.—To be sent in not later than Ist May, 1890. No; 31: Influence of the Australian climate, general and local, in the development and modification of disease. 2,—On the Silver Ore deposits of New South Wales. 33.—-On the Occurrence of Precious Stones in New South Wales, with a description of the deposits in which q they are found. Tam happy to have to congratulate the members upon the favourable financial statement of the Hon. Treasurer, Mr. R. Hunt, F.G.S8., which has been submitted to you by the Council. ? ed From this it will be seen that, after transferring £192 to the Building and Investment Fund, a balance of £59 18s. 6d stands — to the General Account for the next year. The Building and Investment Fund now amounts to £384 Ils. 1d., which is invested in fixed deposit. Until last year the Society’s Journal had been printed at the Government Printing Office ; but the Government having notified that this practice would be discontinued, it devolved igs oo Society to undertake the work at its own expense. — ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 11 of the Society were tendered to the Government for the great privilege it has hitherto enjoyed. Weare glad, on this our first General Meeting since his return, to weleome back Professor Liversidge in good health. We feel sure, knowing his deep interest in the Society's welfare, that his tour through Japan, America, England, and Europe, affording opportunity for meeting his confreres in.Science, and visiting some of the principal Scientific Institutions in the old world, will not only have been of interest to himself, but of advantage to this Society. But for the unremitting attention and energy of Mr. F. B. Kyngdon and Mr. 8. H. Cox,—the other Hon. Secretaries, to whom our thanks are specially due,—I fear that in the Professor’s long absence we should have experienced somewhat the position of a ship’s crew without 1ts captain. Another active Member of the Society, Mr. H. C. Russell, Government Astronomer, also visited Europe during the year to. take part in the Congress of Astronomers lately held in Paris. We may be congratulated on again having his valued counsel and services as a Vice-President for the ensuing year. Professor LIVERSIDGE in his Presidential address drew particular attention to the necessity for Scientific Education and to the means afforded for such education in this colony, chiefly in the Sydney University and in the Technical College. Many amongst us will, I am sure, also endorse the Professor’s remarks in regard to the importance of introducing scientific teaching into our Public Schools. No doubt many a boy with latent abilities for science would rise to be a power for good to his country, were his early educational environment such as to favour the development. of his faculties for scientific observation. We cannot deny that in most children the faculty for investigating objects of nature is very great ; and if this faculty were directed first upon simple lines, what important avenues of usefulness might not its development lead some individuals into! Thus, to take one useful branch of science, can the elementary knowlelve of sanitary laws be too 1 early lmpressed upon all children whatever may be their future 12 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. avocations ? For may not any individual possessed even of such elementary knowledge be the means of preventing in one or more instances the growth of germs of some disease which perhaps, originating in the stagnant water of a small house-drain, would spread through a town with such direful efect as we sometimes see to be the case, especially in reference to typhoid. Enlarged dixgrams illustrative of the forms and rapid mode of growth of some of the dreaded organisms, explained with the aid of a microscope in a simple manner appropriate to the reason of a child, would afford lessons never to be forgotten, and perhaps, in many cases, would awaken more interest or wonder than that created by fairy tales (which I acknowledge has in itself a special value) and with the manifest advantage that the child afterwards realizes that his imagination has not been deceived, and that his reasoning powers have been strengthened for exercise in fields of usefulness for himself and for his fellows. We know that children often communicate to their parents at home what they learn at school, and if such elementary sanitary knowledge were more taught and disseminated, especially to the children of the uneducated classes, our Public schools would less frequently than now be closed, because they become the means, owing chiefly to the ignorance of the parents, of spreading infectious diseases amongst the children — In some less useful though, perhaps, more interesting branches of science might. elementary teaching be also given. It is not, however, my present purpose to refer further to science-teaching, but to the main scope of the work of this Society—science- harvesting, the ingathering of fruit cultivated in the fields of knowledge. The object of the Society, as stated in the Rules, is one of very wide range, viz.: “To receive original papers on Science, Art, Literature, and Philosophy, and especially on such subjects as tend to develop the resources of Australia, and to illustrate its Natural History Productions.” This plan of work has been well conceived, for commerce which is, so to speak, the physical strength of a nation, depends upon the development of the va _ ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 13 country’s natural resources, and this development must proceed proportionately as Science, Art, Literature and Philosophy are promoted. And as we see in Australia’s unlimited natural stores of wealth a practically boundless field for internal and international commercial enterprise ; so we perceive the necessity, nay our duty, at the present time when the foundation of our national greatness is being laid, to determine that the gradual erection of the superstructure be carried out with the precision and solidarity that Science can demonstrate ; with the symmetry and adornment which the refining guidance of Art affords; and with that recognition of world-wide relationship which Literature inspires ; while Philosophy, all-embracing, in giving purpose and aim to all, engenders that spirit of seli-denying co-operation, which not only advances the knowledge of Truth, but also rewards each worker with the assurance of participating in the culminating unity which Truth reveals. How, for instance, would the necessities of our iron manufacturing branches of commerce be met, if the latest scientific methods of reducing the raw ironstone to metal were disregarded for the employment of the primitive blast forges? Is not refinement in the character of an individual or a. community to be found expressed, and being expressed intensified, In exhibitions of painting, music, floriculture, and architecture— in the adornment, if only for mutual admiration and sympathy, of the varied palatial buildings which the modern exigencies of home life, trade and commerce require? How could we have inherited that knowledge which is dispelling the darkness of ignorance and in its freedom-giving light revealing the relationship of every branch of mankind, were it not for the cultivation of Literature? And whence would the self-sacrificing seekers after Truth derive encouragement and hope, did not Philosophy indicate the interdependence, fellowship and unity of all. Here then is the great work for our Society—a work based upon true principles of progressive civilization, and advancing the welfare of this country, not only for the country itself, but because 14 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. of its connection with all other countries, and of its growing influence for good amongst them. Fulfilling such a position the Royal Society will, no doubt, continue to receive that private and State recognition and support which it now enjoys. But its real vitality and influence do not so much depend upon such aid, as upon the personal work of its Members, however simple or abstruse that work may be. One Member may have some important discovery to reveal ; another may have but a single specimen to exhibit to illustrate, perhaps, only the mode of its occurrence: both may be equally worthy of record in the interests of Science. What a rch and vast field for scientific research have we not in this portion of the globe, on the land and in the fertile Australasian Ocean. Its tropical jungles and its alpine heights ; the wide-spread open grassy plains and the splendid forest-clad mountains ; its beautiful sheltered harbour inlets from the great water-way of the globe, and its interior rivers awaiting engineering enterprise to convert them into navigable highways ; its varied and rich agricultural, pastoral and mineral lands, yet to be occupied by millions of people whose profitable labour therein is assuredly indicated; its lowlands and _ high-lands ranging within both tropical and temperate latitudes, with their concomitant climates suited to incomers from almost any other part of the world ; its geographical position and physical features offering for the astronomer and meteorologist a terrestrial position for celestial observation without which the science of astronomy would be incomplete; its peculiar fauna and flora embracing living forms of ancient types long extinct in other regions ; its branches of the human race; its rock formations, with their included remains of the past hfe upon the earth, furnishing. their data to render more complete the ‘ geological record ;” the shallow estuarine and deep sea resources of the surrounding ocean ;—these and other interdependent objects in nature justify the most sanguine anticipations as to the great importance and interest attaching to the science work our Soviety has undertaken. Nor do we forget that this Society is not alone in the field, though it is the oldest. The kindred Scientific Societies of this ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. LS Colony, as well as of Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, New Zealand, and Tasmiunia, are equally with us in object and aim. The twelve yearly volumes of the Linnean Society of New South Wales afford a rich store of contributions to the Natural History of Australasia, including work of special value, as it embraces much original research. The recently formed Economic Association, of which Dr. Maclaurin, Vice-Chancellor of the Sydney University, is President, is one which should exereise much good influence upon the present national growth of this country, its object being the discussion of questions arising out of the Science of Kconomics. The Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science may now be considered established, and promise is given of its operations being attended with great success. Thirty learned and Scientific Societies in the different Colonies have joined the Association, and the majority have appoint delegates to represent them on the General Council. It is expected that all the Societies which have not yet joined will do so before the General Meeting. A satisfactory list of papers as already been received, and many other papers have beeu promised. ” Sods w Ase cee ae 93 et The Finniss va By, Sika ae a 184 = The Stapleton... 69. OS) (OAR iat 239°50' 4, Peters Creek a Tacky FAOpar sa 188 re The Adelaide ie TO rissdun soon ss wen 183 wa Burrell’s Creek ... SO) i.e a rae ae oe 17 7450 ee Calder’s Creek ... SS ost) Sones i: 199 Ms Bridge Creek Ps OARS” Orie aa AS 322°50 FS The Howley a5: Se) ass a 250°50 ,, Yam Creek sod Se 1895 eG SS si 328 ‘5 The Margaret... NLA wie. si 340 ats Foelsche’s Creek .... 122 ,, 66 ;, sh 318 35 The McKinlay ... 124. aOR oon 304 65 Snadden’s Creek... 131° 5 9°10) Ss ue 404°50 ,, Lady Alice Creek.. Laon Ae aS 484. at Pine Creek.. sale! (ABR es TOY pee 657 re “The pieeantees are by the railway line, ie ithe heights above low water sea level at the railway crossings of the various streams. THE DESERT SANDSTONE. 301 “Tt will be seen that the heights beyin to increase rapidly from the 95th mile, and continue to Pine Creek, so that the average rise, which is about five feet per mile, is less than three feet per mile for the first 100 miles, and more than six feet per mile for the next 50 miles. This is owing to the commencement. of ranges which are connected with most of the mineral country in the Territory. These ranges are a series of parallel ridges having a south-south-easterly trend, and rising to a height of from 200 to 600 feet above the plains, though the latter height is exceptional. This mountainous area is about 20 miles in width, from east to west, and 40 miles in length from north to south ; in it are contained the sources of most of the small tributaries of the Adelaide and Mary, which are rivers with a north and south direction. The Adelaide may be said to take its rise in the midst of this chain, and the Mary to the eastward and southward. | “The ridges and ranges are separated in their northern portions by somewhat wide alluvial flats or valleys, but to the south-east the ranges are closer together, higher and more abrupt, besides being exceedingly stony and barren. Thus the country south-east from Mt. Wells, as far as the Mary River, is exceedingly rugged, and many of the ranges and valleys almost inaceessible. The most closely metalled road would not be more deeply and thickly covered with stones than the valleys and ranges. Several long and high spurs (500 feet above the plain) are continued to the eastward into the valley of the Mary River, but at about 100 miles from Southport the ranges decline to the level of the plain. “‘ At the sources of the Mary, the river takes its rise amid flat- topped cliffs of the most picturesque description. The view along the stony white gorges has few parallels in Australia. The valley of the river is hemmed in by straight cliffs of castellated outlines some 150 or 200 feet high. There is often a slope or talus at the bottom, but they are only accessible in a few places, and the valley is for the most part fertile and shaded by fine graceful palm trees ; springs bubble out from the shady thickets at the foot of the cliffs, giving rise to streams many feet wide, and deep from their sources. The valley is strewn to a bewildering extent with huge boulders and masses of rock, which have fallen down from above, because the magnesite is very brittle, with a foundation of loose and friable sandstone. Thus no very long time would be required for the springs to crumble and break away the edge of the table-land, or scoop away the valleys as we see them now. “The springs, therefore, I believe to be the origin of the cliffs and gorges at the heads, not only of the Mary but of the West and South Alligator Rivers, and many besides. The magnesite 309 THE DESERT SANDSTONE. and sandstone strata are very permeable to water. The heavy rainfall of the wet season easily drains through the strata, and bubbles out at the base, where it has weathered and broken it away into abrupt, precipitous, and fortress-like hills.” Beyond the Mary to the eastward there is table-land of a very broken character, forming scenery which has few parallels I think on the face of the earth. To use the words of my journal at the time of my visit— “There was no high hill near us, but from the summit of the steep slope above the camp a fine view was to be obtained. A fine view and a strange one ; indeed I doubt if there be another like it in the world. All around there is such a sight of cliffs and gorges, isolated hills and fiat-topped hills, hills like lighthouses, hills like fortresses and bastions, and city gates, and ruined palaces—in short, like anything and everything except the common-place and monotonous. And then there were such combinations of colour—white cliffs, red cliffs, blue cliffs, striped cliffs ; in fact, I am afraid to go on for fear of overtaxing the confidence of my readers. 1 could have gazed and wonckered at the scene for a long time, and still found plenty to wonder at and ponder over, for it is a prospect about which one could imagine anything. It seemed to me so lifelike and so deathlike, so real and so imaginary, that I knew not what to compare it to. One could hardly believe that such startling shapes, so hke the work of man, could be entirely a freak of nature, and then the utter absence of anything like human life about it suggested all sorts of associations. It looked very barren, too, but this it certainly was not, as we found on a nearer inspection. One thing this view from afar impressed on us was the difficulty we should find in crossing such a country. The gorges seemed as difficult to descend into as Sindbad’s Valley of “Diamonds, and once in them the problem was to get out again. It seemed hike expecting horses to be able to climb up a wall. However, it was not so bad as it looked.” I now proceed to deal with the formations of Desert Sandstone. They may be arranged as follows :— 1. Magnesian sandstones, magnesite or carbonate of magnesia and ferruginous magnesites from 40 to 50 feet. This stratum is a always present. True siliceous sandstones, quartzites, and loose sand-beds Peas indurated into a rock mass. 3. Fluviatile drifts of a very broken character 500 to 600 feet thick at greatest thickness, mostly connected with the present fluviatile “drainage of the country, but forming valleys of Tia greater width. THE DESERT SANDSTONE. 303 Before dealing in detail with these different formations, it is important to point out a fact which has a significant bearing on their origin. Ifa geological map of any portion of the interior _ is consulted, it will be observed that in many instances where recent volcani rocks are narked, they are seen to be associated with what is called the Desert Sandstone. Sometimes, as at Dubbo, Wellington, Warburton, Sofala, &c., it is called Hawkesbury Sandstone, but the connection with the volcanic rocks is indisputable. The position that these sandstones always occupy with reference to the points of ejection of the recent volcanic rocks, shows that they are dependent upon them, and they are sometimes intercalated with them as I shall show hereafter. The high lands of New England, which contain large manifestations of recent volcanic rocks, are rich in these sandstones too, which the late Mr. Lamont, one of the able assistants of Mr. Wilkinson in the geological survey, early recognised as ash-beds. In the interior on the Lachlan, Darling, and the back country between both, there are many instances of Desert Sandstone occurring as detached outliers, but always so near recent volcanic rocks that they cannot be otherwise than connected with them. Particular instances of this will be given further on, but it is important to note the facts themselves at this stage of the paper. I will now proceed to give detailed descriptions of the various formations in the Desert Sandstone which I have enumerated above. Magnesite deposits—I venture to suggest that we have in these strata remains of a. volcanic origin which have accumulated during a long period of volcanic activity. The beds seem to have occupied a. wider area than they do now. They vary in thickness from 10 feet to 500 or even more, though the thickest deposits measured by me did not exceed 40 feet. They are now formed into a compact and various coloured stone, consolidated no doubt by chemical action and decomposition as well as pressure. If my suggestion as to the volcanic orgin of these magnesite beds be accepted, we have not very far to seek for volcanic points of ejection, from which they may have proceeded. Geological readers need scarcely be reminded of the great mass of trap-rocks which encircles the edge of the continent of Australia, with perhaps the exception of the south-west side. Western Victoria seems one of the recent foci of activity, the latest disturbances having occurred at no great distance from the mouth of the river Murray. Very recent outbursts have also occurred about the middle of the east coast, in the latitude of Moreton Bay, where voleanic emanations and existing shells are mingled together on the coast. It is difficult to form an opinion as to the relative 304 THE DESERT SANDSTONE. ages of the volcanic rocks and the so-called Desert Sandstones, for both as yet have been imperfectly surveyed. There are many areas of volcanic rock, such as basalts, diorites, and other igneous or trap formations in the Northern Territory ; but if we regard the magnesite as an ash deposit, it is not easy to say as yet to what portion of the volcanic history they owe their origin. The uppermost magnesite strata form a rock which is very much decomposed. They are seldom uniform for any great extent either in colour or material; pure white, cream-colour, mottled, and various shades of purple and red prevailing in ever varying tints. There are few marks of stratification, but long divisional lines which indicate protracted periods of rest in their accumulation. If we accept the volcanic origin we may suppose that the craters or trap rocks connected with such deposits must have been very rich in magnesia, the most probable source of which would be olivine. About ten miles north of the Katherine River there is an area of volcanic rocks, the limits of which I was not able to examine. In the bed of a creek near which I had formed my camp there was an appearance of trap rocks, amongst which there was a basalt very rich in olivine. It cannot be said exactly, however, from whence the magnesite proceeded. It may be due to some such rock as suggested. The deposit is too extensive to have been derived from freshwater action on the underlying rocks which are rich in mica, and probably other magnesian minerals. A marine origin is of course out of the question. The volcanic deposits which are found on the Katherine River are not the only ones in Arnheim’s Land. A large area occurs to the west of Port Darwin, and a very large volcanic district is found at the head of the Victoria and of the Fitzmaurice Rivers. The rocks here exposed are of modern character and probably belong to several distinct periods, certainly to two, of which there is constant evidence in the continent of Australia. Ihave mentioned a significant fact connected with the strata as far as my observations extend ; namely, that wherever they are developed trap-rocks are associated with them. If it will be borne in mind that I am not extending these observations beyond the limits of my own experience, I might add that the converse of this proposition is true, that is wherever there are volcanic rocks there are extensive accumulations of volcanic sand ; though what I am presuming to be ash deposits are not always presented in the form. of magnesite. It is not easily understood why these magnesite deposits have. been preserved so extensively in North Australia, and are to be seen, rather rarely, in connection with the Tertiary trap rocks elsewhere. Circuinstances, we may presume, have combined for their THE DESERT SANDSTONE. 305 - preservation in a way which I shall try to explain hereafter. Yet it may also be inferred that the absence from other places may be more apparent than real. An attentive examination has not been made, or these ash remains would possibly have been much more extensively recognised. It must be borne in mind that Mr. Jack the Government Geologist of Queensland, and myself have been the only geologists who have paid attention to the matter, and attributed to these strata their true character. I may say, however with some confidence, that though few ash beds have been recorded as occurring on the south of the Australian continent, unless in seams that are quite insignificant, it is only because the true nature of such formations has not been understood. In the ‘Notes on the Physical Geography, Geology and Mineralogy of Victoria’”* (p. 74) Messrs. Selwyn and Ulrich, report many important deposits of magnesite, thus :—‘ Magnesite (Carbonate of Magnesia )—This mineral is tolerably abundant in the ‘kaolin’ deposit of Bulla Bulla, near Keilor, at Heathcote, and generally in the Tertiary clays near Geelong, Bacchus Marsh, Western Port, &. ; also in the surface soil along the banks of the Loddon River, near Newstead, forming nodules of all shapes and sizes, from that of a pea to several inches cubic. According to analysis these nodules are however, not composed of pure carbonate of magnesia, but contain small variable proportions of carbonate of lime, carbonate of iron, and clayey matter. A peculiar occurrence of very pure magnesia is observable at the Hard Hills, near the junction of Jim Crow Creek and the Loddon River. It appears like an annular outcrop of a bed of nearly one foot in thickness round the base of a small hillock, composed of older Pliocene gold drift, but extends barely a few inches beneath the surface. This outcrop consists of an aggregation of nodules of all sizes, from several inches diameter to even fine roundish grains, like oolitic sand. Some of the nodules are extremely hard and homogeneous, but the generality consist of roundish particles of pea-size, with obscure rhombohedral planes, sometimes closely, but in most cases very loosely adhering together. The origin of the mineral appears to be due to the action of the carbonic acid of the atmosphere on a seam of white soapy clay which contains a large percentage of silicate, and perhaps hydrate of magnesia, and would crop out now where the magnesite appears. Where the atmosphere could have no access to the clay, there is a total absence of magnesite, whilst on the other hand, in places where the clay has been exposed to its influence, even in the most recent times—for instance in the drift heaps from several shafts on the hillock—the small white grains appear in profusion like white sand artificially strewn over the surface.” * Intercolonial Exhibition Essays, Melbourne, 1866. T—November 7, 1888. ~ 306 THE DESERT SANDSTONE. I have very little doubt that in many of the places here enumerated, the magnesite is derived from volcanic ash, probably in a decomposed condition. The deposit observed at Hard Hills on the Loddon River belongs to the great volcanic outbreak, which has covered the country with basalt more or less uninterruptedly all over Western Victoria, and which includes a large number of extinct volcanoes. Prof. Liversidge in his ‘‘ Minerals of New South Wales,”* thus speaks of magnesite (p. 165):—It is found in New England in various places, and upon the diamond fields at Bingera, co. Murchison (where the mineral has a peculiar reticulated surface and mammilated form) and near Mudgee. When impure itis of a grey or grey-brown colour, but when pure itis a dazzling white, compact, tough, and breaks with a flat conchoidal fracture. Other localities are Kempsey; Mooby Gully, Lachlan River ; Scone co. Brisbane; Louisa Creek and Lewis Ponds Creek, co. Wellington; Barabba, co. Darling; Tumut; Gulgong; and Warrell Creek, Nambuccra River. We might include also to some extent serpentines as well as magnesites, though I have not met with any such deposits of an extensive character that seemed attributable to volcanic ash. One of the main sources of the magnesium salts would be doubtless from volcanic rocks, and particularly basalts containing olivine. By many of the older mineralogists only those volcanic rocks which contained olivine were regarded as true basalts: at any rate basalts containing large quantities of olivine are extremely common. Thus Messrs. Selwyn and Ulrich, in the work already referred to, state under the head of olivine or chrysolite (op. cit. p. 66) that ‘this mineral is so common in the newer basalts (except where the latter appear as true ‘dolerites’) as to deserve to be regarded as an essential constituent of the rock. It generally appears disseminated in small angular grains of light apple to blackish-green colour; but at many places, especially in the neighbourhood of basaltic craters and points of eruption (Mount Franklin, the Anakies, Gisborne Hill, the Warrion Hills, &e.) it occurs in irregularly shaped, or sometimes spheroidal masses, of both fine and coarsely granulated texture, and from one to five, in some instances (Anakies) to even twelve and eighteen inches in diameter. Crystals have not been observed as yet. An analysis by Mr. Daintree of light green olivine from the Anakies yielded :— Silica ... ; aot cx » NADQEOO Protoxide of iron.. Ae eel Joes Magnesia sine oe ... 50:00 99-96 # London, Triibner & Co., Ludgate Hill, 1888. THE DESERT SANDSTONE. 307 According to all appearances this mineral easily decomposes through atmospheric influence, assuming at first chatoyant colours, then turning to reddish-brown, and ultimately, beneath a thin coating of hydrous oxide of iron, changing to a brownish-red mica (‘ Rubellane’).” Prof. Liversidge (op. cit. p. 117) gives many localities for the occurrence of olivine, besides many magnesian products which may be supposed to have been derived from the decomposition of chrysolite in basalt ; but it is not necessary to cite the passage. It may be mentioned however that at the railway cutting along the Main Range, about 100 miles west of Brisbane, both tunnels and cuttings are made through ash deposits derived from a large extinct volcano on the edge of the Darling Downs. Over the ash-bed there is a distinct overflow of basalt which is conspicuously full of olivine, the masses being sometimes of large size. The section is very instructive, for the ash-beds are partly decomposed and in some respects remind one of the Nepean Sandstones near Sydney, New South Wales. At the junction of the lava stream, the ash-beds are conspicuously discoloured from the action of the heated basalt, forming long lines of red, pink, and other colours, like the effect of burning in a kiln. Though the ancient character of the ash-beds of North Australia may be inferred from their chemical metamorphism, yet they are the newest deposits that are to be found in this region. They lie on the top of all other formations which they cover, as already stated, to a varied depth. The following description of some of the beds exposed is taken from different portions of my report. McMinn’s Bluff:—The road from Pine Creek by the side of the telegraph line passes along a valley formed by a flat sandstone table-land on the west side and a low slate range on the east side. The table-land forming the western boundary of the valley is at its southern end a long narrow range, covered with a stratum of stone, which stands out like a rampart some 30 or 40 feet thick, giving a castellated appearance to the flat-topped hills. As the range is followed north it is broken into three or four small outliers of white and red colours. They look like ramparts and fortresses, and are of very picturesque appearance. They all have a steep incline for about two-thirds of their height, and then become rugged for some distance, and then suddenly precipitous for 30 or 40 feet to their flat-topped summits. One of these hills is of fiery red on the top, and it is joined by a low saddle to another outlier, which is capped with picturesque cliffs which are white. The section of these hills is as follows :—Granite, 90 feet at least, it may be more, but the line of junction is concealed by weathered masses of rock, which have fallen down from the cliffs. Then follows 100 to 150 feet of coarse red sandstone. Then 30 308 THE DESERT SANDSTONE. to 40 feet of magnesian silicate, making a total at the highest of about 270 feet above the plain. The coarse red sandstone lies in horizontal strata. It consists of large quartz grains imbedded in a reddish-brown cement. Its materials have no apparent connection with any rock visible in the valley now. The upper stratum is a compact rock with small vesicles. Itis either creamy-white, yellow, or mottled a deep red-brown, with streaks and veins of lighter colour. There is a concretionary character about its decomposition, which makes it break up into a number of small red rounded pebbles like pea iron ore. But this is not always visible, only where there is much iron oxide. In other places it is a pure white, and consists of a magnesian silicate. The mottled character of the upper stratum is very remarkable, varying through all the shades of livid red, purple, yellow and brown, more in the shape of rounded clouds than anything like crystallisation. No doubt it is the effect of the action of water upon the iron ores contained in the ash deposits. The Shackle Gorge.—The section visible near the old telegraph station at Yam Creek, proceeding from above downwards into the valley is as follows :-— Magnesite Me nie '... 14 feet. Sandstone, purple and red stains ... 16 ,, Waterworn conglomerate Joo, ph Omar Granite noe au 2, dest Ome 130 In this section the magnesite is of the usual mottled and pisolitic character. The sandstone is derived from granite sand of a fine character, the grains being angular and not at all rounded as if by eolian action. The granite is pink with very coarse felspar of orthoclase and muscovite mica. It apparently belongs to the great fundamental granite bed which crops out through all North Australia. Douglas Springs.—This section is taken from the sources of the Mary River in the narrow gorges of much broken tableland in which that river takes its rise. Magnesite... uk ... 130 feet. White sandstone ae woe a Red sandstone me wont | SOO EE 200 There is no appearance of the granite formation either here or for some considerable distance southward. The magnesite is of the usual character and variously coloured, many cliffs being entirely white, without any red mottling. The sandstone is friable THE DESERT SANDSTONE. 309 and under the microscope shows an eolian character, which is like a true aerial sandstone. The grains have been photographed as seen by an inch objective, and have been figured at plate xxii., fig. 4, Itis seen that they havea perfectly transparent appearance, being rounded almost as much as the sands of the Sahara. For comparison the grains of the ordinary sandstone are figured at _ plate xxiii, fig. 8. This is a seam of small thickness as appears from the above figures. The red sandstone underneath it is of a somewhat less rounded character. From the above sections it appears that the plateaux are only to a certain extent formed of sandstone. It may beasserted from all I have seen of the formation, that the greater portion of this tableland is granite, and that as the magnesian beds are traced northward they thin out or disappear. False-bedded Siliceous Sandstones.—But if the general character of the magnesite rocks suggests their origin it is not so easy to deal with the sandstones which underlie them. These need hardly be described. They are brown, reddish, purple-red, and yellow sandstones with thick more or less horizontal layers and false bedding between. To those who are familiar with the Sydney sandstone, no other description will be necessary than to say that they are similar in stratification and the mode of occurrence. The great mass of the Desert Sandstone formation is of this character, and in many places there is no appearance whatever of magnesite strata. The only variation that I can trace amongst this sandstone is that some of it has the grains rounded as if by some aerial attrition, while in other portions they are fine and angular, containing small irregular fragments of white quartz and felspar, not more than an inch in diameter, and mostly less than half that size. Sometimes these are crowded together so as to give a congiomerated appearance, or rather that of coarse anguiar gravel; but there are wide areas also with nothing but finely grained sandstone varying only in its many colours. These sandstones have been a great problem to every geologist who has studied Australian rocks. The Desert Sandstone was very perplexing to Mr. Daintree, just as the Hawkesbury Sandstone was to the eminent Chas. Darwin. It is now nearly eight years since I wrote a paper on a similar matter, and I suggested that these were sands that had been blown about loosely and accumulated in the form of dunes. It will be observed that there is nothing contrary to this idea in what I am now suggesting. The grains from whatever source they came, whether volcanic, granitic or metamorphic, may have been blown about and probably were blown about in the upper strata ere they were consolidated into stone. It may be observed also that these sand ashbeds are not always hardened into a stone. Every intermediate stage may be 310 THE DESERT SANDSTONE. ‘ 5 met with in the interior and on the coast, from loose drifting sand of a true eolian character to hardened stone like the Sydney sandstone. At Double Island Point, about 100 miles north of Cape Moreton in Queensland, there is a sand formation some three or four miles on the south side of Wide Bay. The southern boundary of the bay is formed by two somewhat conical hills of scoriaceous rock separated by a long interval of low land from a mass of volcanic rock. All this may have been part of the ancient | crater; but it is now covered with green vegetation and light timber. On the west side there is an extensive development of sand cliffs quite precipitous on the seaward side, varying between 100 and 200 feet high. I have already referred to this curious formation in the paper above mentioned on the Hawkesbury Sandstone, (read before this Society May 10th, 1882) in which I deal with it simply as a formation of blown sand without entering into the question of its origin. Noone will dispute that the sands in this case are the ash-beds from the volcano. extending to no great distance, but being a patch of such thick beds that there would be no way of accounting for them but for the ancient crater which is close by. The cliffs have curious undulating layers of varying thickness forming sinuous lines with lamine of sand, false- bedded and dipping at every angle up to 30 degrees. The layers no doubt mark different periods of activity. They are of various colours, giving the cliffs a ribboned appearance, white, yellow, or ochreous-red. On the surface there is a dense growth of tea-tree, with a few patches where the sand forms shifting dunes of rounded outline and great height. | In various geological essays of mine, I have referred to a formation on the south coast of Australia, especially between Port Philip and the river Murray, but always in connection with recent volcanic emanations. It is described as a rock of dark brown colour in patches of rough and compact character ; at times. it forms sea cliffs of considerable height. Ata distance, one would imagine the rock to be divided into large strata, some 14 or 15 feet thick, with false-bedded lamination between. The material of the rocks is sandstone, but the surface consists of fragments of shells and marine remains with grains of sand and sponge spiculee intermingled. At one time I regarded this as composed of hardened eolian calcareous sand; but a more careful microscopic examination has shown it to be an ash-bed, though sometimes it. is many miles distant from recent volcanic rocks. Instances may be seen all along the coast, but fine examples near the extinct crater of Cape Grant, at Warrnambool &c. The rocks around Guichen Bay are all tufaceous, in fact there are few parts of the coast which do not show traces of the former activity of Mounts THE DESERT SANDSTONE. Mp | Muirhead, Graham, Leake, Gambier, and others too numerous to mention, which occur a little way inland. The vast accumulations of sandstone in the interior without any fossils, diversified with cafions, gorges, precipices, plateaux, and table- topped hills, indicate such an origin as I am suggesting, if we can only satisty ourselves that the material of which this sand is composed is such as may have been derived from volcanic sources. The evidence that appears to me to bear upon the matter I will now place before my readers. In my recent travels through Java, my attention was specially directed to the origin of the sandstones met with in that very volcanic island. The first thing that took my attention on landing in Java was the sand upon the beach, which was black and as unmistakably volcanic as anything could well be. No one could misunderstand its character, which spoke plainly of subterranean fires ; just, in fact, like very recent volcanic ejectamenta on the latest extinct craters of South Australia. What this deposit would become in a few years time was plainly evident in the older beds. Close by Banjuwangi is the large active volcano of Rawun over 10,000 feet in height, and with a crater of more than five miles wide. As one ascends its torn and rugged sides the huge crevasses and terribly precipitous gullies of 1,000 feet and more reveal immense masses of beds deposited by ancient eruptions. In colour, in consistency, in material, and in stratification they very strongly reminded me of the Desert Sandstone ; but I should be far from considering this resemblance as a sufficient proof of their identity. There is not a grain of sand cast forth from the bosom of the earth that is not stamped with marks innumerable to show the nature of its origin. As truly as every coin minted bears a stamp to mark the place of its coinage, so each tiny grain of dust bears its impress unmistakably. It is almost proverbial to say that grains of sand are as like one another as things can well be. But direct the tube of the microscope upon them and what a number of differences are revealed. The volcanic grain with its freshly molten certificate of character, its glassy inclusions, its gas-cavities, and its optical properties, has entirely peculiar qualities of its own which no other grain of sand-in the wide world can pretend to. It is true, however, that if it has lain exposed to chemical influences from remote antiquity, its genealogy may be so obscured that only the most experienced eye could trace it, and there are very many sandstones, whose origin, volcanic or no, cannot be decided. But for modern volcanic sands no such thing is possible. The finest volcanic dust (indeed the finer the better) of anything like modern geological times is one of the easiest things to detect, and few could ‘be mistaken in it. ic my paper on the Hawkesbury Sandstone, sands and their characters became a special subject’ of investigation. Thus my S12 THE DESERT SANDSTONE. attention was specially directed to the subject and thenceforth I have collected sands and sandstones all through the various colonies. What with these and the aid of friends, thousands of _ Specimens have passed through my hands and have received what attentive examination I could give them from the microscope. Afterwards when travelling through the volcanic regions of the East, I have collected numbers of specimens as well, besides observing the manner in which the ash deposits accumulated and how the different epochs of eruption were represented by strata. I have now before me while I am writing, many specimens, not only from the hundreds of craters in Java, both active and extinct, but sand from the active craters of the Moluccas, the Philippines, Celebes, the Linschoten Islands and Japan. The list of Javanese craters alone would be a long one. All these sources of volcanic material however distant and different in their extent, have produced volcanic sands which are one in character ; though one mineral may have been present or absent, or more or less abundant in particular cases, yet the general result is the same. It may be necessary moreover to staté that sand is one of the commonest and most frequent of volcanic emanations ; but sand just like sandstone may mean many different things. Sand isa term applied to finely divided particles of various different minerals; such as quartz, felspar, the various compounds of silica with quartz, alumina, magnesia, iron &e. Even when restricted to the siliceous sands alone, the term has still a wide multiplicity of applications. If the fine sand of a granite country for instance is placed under the microscope, the quartz presents a peculiar aspect which a very little experience enables one to recognise as belonging to that rock. It has a characteristic ruggedness about it with cavities and included crystals always of some size. There are sure to be crystals of different kinds of felspar, with mica and perhaps hornblende. But if the sand be recent, or in fact an ash, the quartz bears quite a different appearance. It has vitreous inclusions, though these are not always numerous, but innumerable gas-cavities; and nearly every fragment has microliths or crystallites, which are microscopic portions of very many minerals in different stages of development from an amorphous state to a complete crystal. The oddest as well as the most beautifully fantastic forms may be seen even in minute broken pieces of stone. They frequently present crystal faces, and from this the nature of many of them can be made out, and generally this is the case with the great majority ; but some defy all attempts to reduce them to a geometrical form. Thus there are threads and beads, hooks and symmetrical arrangements of dots and feathered fragments. Petrologists, without attempting THE DESERT SANDSTONE. aL to say what these may be, have made some sort of a classification by arranging them under the heads of microliths, crystalloids, trichites, and globulites. Microliths are imperfectly developed crystals, often possessing optical characters which enable their nature to be determined. In sections of certain volcanic rocks, streams of microliths with their longest axis in one direction may be seen sweeping in curves round the larger crystals and fragments. Crystalloids manifest a higher development, being bounded by curved or straight lines, and sometimes stellate and cruciform varieties ; often too in the form of true crystals which can be recognised. ‘Trichites are like hairs or fibres, more or less straight, curved, or bent in all kinds of angles and twists, twirling in the most fantastic modes round larger granules. Trichites often are lines of granules like beads in rows orin pairs. Finally the name globulites is reserved for those amorphous and roughly spherical bodies which cannot be identified with any of the other categories; though these shapeless masses are symmetrical often in their mode of grouping, and are also arranged in streams in the viscid lavas. Now when volcanic sands are very fresh, we find all the above inclusions well represented and unmistakably present; but I regret to add that it does not take a very long time to destroy them. Chemical interchange goes on, oxidation and crystallisation accompanied with the weathering action of water, so as to obliterate most of the former characters. I wish I were able to say after having spent so much time in the microscopic examination of sands, that I have discovered any definite mark or character by which the history of the mere quartzose residuum could be determined, that is tosay the nature of its former genesis; but I repeat to my regret that such evidence is not always very visible. It is true that even when the stone is apparently an aggregation of pure siliceous grains, there are always some foreign minerals left which may help to determine its origin; but it must be admitted that the evidence is not always of a conclusive or satisfactory kind. Without wishing to rely upon such facts for more than they may be worth I will here notice some that have fallen under my observation, which may help to throw a light upon the origin of these Desert Sandstones. First of all is the shape of the grains which are rounded, and this apparently not from attrition. Holian sands usually are rounded ; but they are also often opaque. Some of the sands are rounded and egg-shaped and have a decidedly molten look about them, such as I have seen in volcanic glass; but this is nota universal character. Some of the Desert Sandstone has angular grains though roughly spherical in shape. Partial crystallisation has taken place amongst the grains in many instances, and this prevents the former figure from being now discernible. 314 THE DESERT SANDSTONE. The included fragments can sometimes be recognised, and if I am not mistaken, small fragments of augite, labradorite and other volcanic crystals, are amongst them. Ifthis were beyond question it would go far towards proving a volcanic origin for the sands. Fragments of biotite, olivine, and other crystals associated usually with igneous rocks have been apparently present, but in so small a quantity and in such a fragmentary way that the evidence is not conclusive. Finally there are the cavities in the quartz grains which seem to me after having examined many specimens, to have something peculiar and characteristic about them. Those who have not had much experience in the microscopic examination of quartzose sands can scarcely form any idea of the extent to which the grains are full of cavities. There is no such thing as solidity in this mineral; it is honeycombed to such an extent with minute bubbles, that no fragment however small is free from them. They assume the most fantastic shapes, not always rounded or oval like bubbles. generally, but compressed, flattened, twisted and spread out in every conceivable form. Sometimes a succession of parallel lines of cavities in one direction is crossed at varying angles by similar lines, so as to give a clouded appearance to the grain. High magnifying powers are required for the perception of a large proportion, and each increase in the power of the objective brings into view cavities whose existence was not previously suspected. There does not seem to be much difference in this respect, between. the quartz of granites, volcanic sands, and crystals that have been formed by slow infiltration without heat or pressure. At Mount Bramble near Springsure, in Queensland, there is an extinct crater on the volcanic tableland, the lava of which is covered with an infiltration of hyalite, no doubt a slow result of weathering ; yet: the quartz is as full of cavities as the quartz grains from the ash deposit of Mount Bromo, in Java. In the sandstone from the Victoria River, which is an aggregation of purely siliceous grains, in fact a quartzite, there is little else besides these cavities visible in the transparent particles; though even here small grains of magnetite and other minerals are present, including particles of brown augite, which are being converted into grass green mineral, probably viridite. The sands of this.rock did not afford me a sufficient number of examples to enable me to speak positively ; but from what I have seen I think that the volcanic cavity is more obliterated in this rock than in any other of the same character. It is not however impossible to recognize recent volcanic particles of quartz by certain frothy aggregations of bubbles, which are unmistakably indicative not only of former melting, but boiling. Sometimes this gives rise to a ribboned structure as if the bubbles had been drawn out by flowing. There are also roughly parallel THE: DESERT SANDSTONE. 315. lines twisted and undulating like the grain of woody fibre ; and finally a glass structure like Pele’s-hair.* Without entering further into the detail of the appearances presented by the sand grains when they are either granitic, metamorphic or volcanic, | may sum up by saying that it is perfectly possible to distinguish between them when they are recent, nor is the evidence entirely lost until completely changed by metamorphic action. After having examined a considerable number of specimens of the Desert Sandstone taken from different places, I incline to the conclusion that they are all volcanic sands ; that is to say, speaking now of microscopic appearances only. The reasons for coming to. this conclusion are generally the numerous inclusions of foreign matter in the quartz, their nature, and finally the peculiar character of the cavities. I do not pretend that the evidence is. perfectly convincing, and I admit that the inclusions and the minerals are scanty in comparison with what I have been able to. gather on recent crater walls. However, it would be difficult to reconcile the appearances in the grains of the Desert Sandstone with any other than a volcanic genesis. Moreover when we add the. evidence afforded by the magnesite beds, the peculiar aggregation. of these sands, and finally their unfossilliferous character, the conclusions as to their igneous origin become strengthened. The weight of evidence becomes however, very great indeed when we notice, what I have already called attention to, that. throughout Australia these sands and sandstones are always found. associated with recent volcanic rocks. It may appear somewhat unnecessary to bring so many proofs. forward on a matter so obvious ; but the lithological character of these sandstones has caused them to be erroneously identified with Mesozoic strata, and even Carboniferous and Devonian. The government geologists will no doubt rectify some of these errors ; but in the mean time Mr. Clarke’s map, founded alone on specimens forwarded to that gentleman, retains them. That lamented geologist gave what he considered to be the best inference in the time at his disposal. I could not record any difference of opinion between myself and this painstaking observer, who was justly considered as the father of Australian geology, without recording my sense of the difficulties under which he laboured and the immense credit due for the work he effected. Mistakes in the early history of any science are what must be expected : steps. have been retraced and new systems adopted over and over again * A filamentary variety of obsidian produced by the action of the wind upon the viscid lava projected into the air by the escape of steam from the surface of the lava lake in the crater of Kilauea, Hawaii. Pele is the name of a goddess supposed to inhabit this crater. 316 THE DESERT SANDSTONE. in geology in Europe, therefore we must not be surprised or disappointed at the same thing happening here. It is the Desert Sandstone which is heing dealt with now, but it will be obvious to any one who has paid even a slight attention to the subject that this is applicable to some portions of the Hawkesbury Sandstone as well. A considerable thickness of the upper strata is composed of tufa or Tertiary ash-beds. ‘This is especially applicable to some of the Sydney sands and sandstone and the strata on the Nepean River. Tt will be remarked also that the form of these ash- deposits i is nearly always crescentic with reference to the volcanic rocks, and that the thickest portion of the beds and the greatest extent is exactly in keeping with what we might expect as the effect of prevailing winds. Many instances of this can be seen on all geological maps where a survey has been made. For those who are not familar with volcanic phenomena it would be hard to realise that a mass of sandstone is nothing more or less than an accumulation of voicanic ashes. The word ash does not represent ashes in the ordinary acceptation of the term. We must remember what a volcano is. We speak of smoke and flame, ashes and cinders in connection with volcanic eruptions ; but there is no such thing as smoke, as the word is usually understood, and no such thing as flame, unless sulphurous fumes can be called such. The smoke is steam intermingled with quantities of finely divided stone fresh from the melting cauldron, but blown into the finest particles byincessant explosion. The flame is the reflection on the clouds of steam of the incandescent molten rock rising from the depths of the earth. The ejectamenta comprise what are termed dust, ashes, sand, lapilli, pumice, and scoria, with fragments of stone; but the latter category includes them all, the difference being only that of size. The ashes therefore consist of small fragments of lava comprising minerals of the nature of felspar, augite, olivine, biotite, magnetite &c. Many of these are opaque or coloured, and traces of their crystalline form are very frequently visible. It is evident that these minerals must be abundant or scarce, or one prevailing over another according to the nature of the rock from which they are derived ; but it is astonishing how one peculiar kind of mineral will prevail over a wide area. Generally speaking ashes may be classified according to the rock formation of the volcano. Most readers are aware of the great divisions that are made between the acid or basic lavas as they are called. These fall into five great groups of rocks viz. : the rhyolitesor acid lavas, the basalts or basic lavas and the intermediate lavas known as trachytes, andesites, and phonolites. The basic lavas contain a larger proportion of oxide of iron and other heavy all THE DESERT SANDSTONE. SLT oxides, and hence have a higher specific gravity. They are of much darker colour, while fresh lavas of acid composition are usually nearly white. Trachyte, andesite, and phonolite ashes are of various tints of grey. But no ash keeps its colour long: the quantity of iron is too great and the minerals too unstable for the ordinary weathering not to affect them. Moisture soon produces yellow, red, and purple-brown shades. But the mineral character is not lost ; and this mainly consists of silica, no matter what the chemical nature of the ejectamenta is. The acid lavas contain from 60 to 80 per cent. of silica, the basic from 45 to 55, and the intermediate from 55 to 65. ‘Thus silica forms the great mass of the deposit, no matter under what category the lavas are placed. I am able to give an illustration from actual experience of how these sand-beds are deposited. I happened to be on more than one occasion in the neighbourhood of volcanoes during a period of active eruption ; and what I saw in connection with the deposition of ashes helped me much to understand how such formations as the Desert Sandstone have arisen. I was in Java about the time of the eruption of Krakatoa, in 1883, and visited some portions of the kingdom of Sunda in its neighbourhood. In this case the volcano was in activity from the 20th of May casting forth ashes in great quantity. There was a kind of lull again until the 16th of June, when a fresh eruption broke out. Thenceforth there was more or less a continued scattering of ashes over a wide area. The molten mass below the earth’s crust was being acted upon by pressure and gradually approaching the surface upon which the sea-water was producing a violent convulsion. Everybody knows what the result was in the catastrophe of the 27th of August. The whole kingdom of Anjer wherever I visited was covered with a coating of light grey ash, something like snow, a foot deep and more, 130 miles from the volcano. The whole of the intermediate country was covered of course in thicker deposits nearer to the volcano, except where. the tidal wave had washed it away. It was incredible what destruction was caused by the ash alone. In one village trees were torn down and great limbs stripped off, as though they had been shrubs. The cocoa-nut trees were mere bare poles. The ash, though apparently so light and insignificant was really very heavy and in a very short time would accumulate in sutlicient thickness to bear down even the strong resistance of the stout cocoa-nut palm. Houses were crushed in, roads were obliterated, and the sand silted up in many places so as to cover and conceal fences and hedges. Ata tea plantation (Parakansala) where I was on a visit, 100 miles or so to the east of Krakatoa, at about 3,000 feet above the level of the sea, the tea plants were curiously covered over with this ash deposit, and the effect at a distance was. 318 THE DESERT SANDSTONE. to resemble a flock of sheep feeding on a snow covered plain. The ash was grey, but where exposed to the bleaching effect of the sun’s rays, had: become white. The. composition of the ash was according to Prof. Liversidge, as follows :— . I. II. ITI. Loss on ignition sri 2°17 2°74 2°12 Silica ... ee as 63°30 65°04 68°06 Alumina aie ae 14°52 14°63 15°03 Tron sesquioxide sje" Sey 5:82 ( 4:47 28 Iron monoxide Abed) 2°82 3°66 Manganese... bas "23 trace trace Lime ... 505 aes 4°00 3°34 2°71 Maenesia are ae 1°66 1°20 81 SOdaiw ures ese ape 5°14 4°23 4°25 Potash ... as a 1°43 107) 3°41 Titanic acid ... da 1:08 sh ‘38 ' 99°35 99°44 100-71 mew eee No. I. by Sauer, No. II. by Renard, No. III. by K. Oebbeke. Journ. ‘Chem. Soc., 1884, p. 974. Professor Judd dealing with the nature of the materials ejected points out that the compact lavas poured forth from Krakatoa at the close of the eruption, contained as much as 70 per cent. of ‘Silica, the dust derived from which of course would be nearly a pure sand. The lavas were porphyritic pitchstone and obsidian. ‘The heavier lava dust, which fell in Java, and was examined by numerous geologists contained almost every variety of felspar crystals.* The minute ejecta, consisting of pumice as well as finer ‘dust, carried by the unusual violence of the explosions into the higher atmospheric regions, where it remained suspended for very long periods, was thus drifted to enormous distances from the scene of the eruption, showing how volcanic material even from one point of ejection may be spread over immense areas. The whole of this material from the rapid rate at which it cooled, was a volcanic glass of high specific gravity and slight friability. The most characteristic substance in these dusts was rhombic pyroxene or augite. t The above analyses show ash derived from a lava of the intermediate character and such deposits are usually grey when * Professor Judd considers this to be without precedent amongst volcanic products. See Report of the Krakatoa Committee of the Royal Society, London, 1888. + As an instance of the extent and. distance to which this augitic dust was carried I may mention that when making a series of soundings between the Philippines and Moluccas in 1886, there was always an admixture of fresh pyroxene crystals amongst nearly every specimen of the sea bottom. On the north coast of Australia it was especially abundant. THE DESERT SANDSTONE. 319 fresh ; but after some time they become brown, as every one can see wherever sections of ash-beds are exposed, and there are few parts of the island without them. On the sides ‘of the extinct craters the crevasses and gullies cut by the rains form gorges, which have been a subject of comment and admiration to every traveller. The precipices and escarpments in these ash-beds form a wild scenery of the grandest kind. The gorges however are in some cases cut down in the loose and friable ash for hundreds of feet and more, exposing in this way different coloured beds of black, white, brown, or yellow, according to the age of the formation. I have seen gorges of 1,000 feet deep at the very least. Perhaps the whole of this is the result of a single eruption. As an illustration of the manner in which ash-deposits will accumulate and form mountain ranges I may take Java as an instance, about which so many erroneous impressions prevail. In a work entitled ‘‘ The Eastern Archipelago,”* one of the popular scientific series that convey to the public the most astounding information under the name of useful knowledge, it is stated that “throughout its entire length Java is traversed by two chains of mountains, which occasionally unite, but more frequently run at some distance from each other and send spurs and branches of the most various outline down to the shore.” This is an impression as prevalent as it is incorrect. There is no mountain range extending the length of the island, in fact the last hundred miles of the eastern end is formed by four craters making a rough quadrilateral. To the west of Surabaya there is an extensive mountain range which has not any extinct crater for 100 miles or more. It is deeply scored by valleys of erosion, showing that it is built up of fine ash sands in places, or by a accumulation of coarse material when the volcanic period was indeed one of nature’s periods of fury. In other parts of the island too, there are detached hills of voleanic material, which have evidently never been a crater or an outflow of lava. They are accumulations of ashes which mark former eruptions, and their resemblance at times in shape and material to the Desert Sandstone is very striking. Asarule they are about 4,000 feet high, though their surface is very ragged and irregular, owing to the wearing down by rainfall which here averages nearly 100 inches per annum. Professor Liversidge in his ‘“‘ Minerals of New South Wales alg mentions the occurrence at New Ireland of a pale brown calcareous mudstone, looking at first sight much like a sandstone containing much voleanic ash. He also mentions a sandstone which must have had a similar origin, since the dark thin parallel planes of * London: T. Nelson & Sons, 1880. + London, Triibner & Co., 1888, p. 254. 320 THE DESERT SANDSTONE. stratification formed dark bands from the presence of small hornblende or augite crystals. The following passages from Russell’s Geological History of a part of North- “Western Nevada,* so aptly illustrate the views taken in the foregoing pages that no apology is necessary for introducing them here. ‘“ Pumiceous dust.—In describing the section of upper lacustral clays observed in the Humboldt, Truckee, and Walker River cafions, strata of fine siliceous material varying in thickness from a fraction of an inch to five or six feet, were noted at a number of localities ; itis now our intention to describe these abnormal deposits more fully. “Tn all the exposures of this material the same. characteristics were observed. The beds are composed of a white, unconsolidated, dust-like, siliceous substance, homogenous in composition, and having all the appearance of pure diatomaceous earth. When examined under the microscope however, it is found to be composed of small angular glassy flakes, of a uniform character, transparent and without colour, but sometimes traversed by elongated cavities. When examined with polarized light it is seen to be almost wholly composed of glass with scarcely a trace of crystal or foreign matter. On comparison with volcanic dust that fell in Norway in 1875, derived from an eruption in Iceland, with the dust erupted in Java in 1864 and the similar material ejected in such quantities from Krakatoa in 1883, it is found to have the same physical characteristics ; but itis much more homogeneous, and, unlike the greater part of the recent dust examined, is composed of colourless instead of brown or smoky glass. In the accompanying figures, which we copy from Mr. J. 8. Diller’s instructive article on the volcanic sand which fell at Unalaska, October 20th 1883, the microscopic appearance of volcanic dust, from various localities and of widely different geologic age, is shown with accuracy. The peculiar concave edges and acute points of the shards of glass render it evident that they were formed by the violent explosion of the vesicles produced by the steam generated in the viscid magma from which the glass was formed, and were not produced by the mere attrition of the fragments during the process of eruption. It is noteworthy that the dust erupted from Krakatoa but yesterday is undistinguishable in its main characteristics from the material of a similar origin which fell in the waters of Lake Lahontan during the Quaternary, or from the dust thrown out by some unknown and long extinct volcano in the vicinity of the Atlantic coast, which fell near the site of Boston during pre- Carboniferous or possibly in pre-Cambrian time. The volcanic phenomena of to-day are governed by the same laws as obtained .* U.S. Geological Survey.—Monographs, xi., p. 146, Washington, 1885. THE DESERT SANDSTONE. BAS | at the dawn of geologic history. . . . . . More extended operations in the field revealed that beds like those described above are not confined to the Lahontan basin, but are found as superficial deposits above the Lahontan beach at many localities and at points far distant from the old lake margins. Accumulations of the same nature occur in the Mono Lake basin, interstratified with lacustral deposits, and were also found in the caiions about Bodie at a considerable elevation above the level of the Quaternary lake that formerly occupied Mono Valley. About Mono Lake these deposits are frequently of a coarser texture than those found farther northward, and, at times graduate into strata which reveal to the eye the fact that they are composed of angular flakes of obsidian. ‘The Mono mae form a range of some 10 or 12 miles long, which extends south-eastward from the southern shore of Mono Lake, and in two instances attains an elevation of nearly 3,000 feet above the lake. A few coulées of dense black obsidian have flowed from them, but the great mass of the cones is formed of the pumiceous obsidian which occurs both as lava-flows and ejected fragments, the latter forming a light lapilli which gives a soft grey colour to the outer slopes of the craters. Fragmental material of the same nature has been widely scattered over the mountains and on the ancient moraines that occur in the Mono Lake basin, while fine dust, unquestionably derived from the same source may be traced to a still greater distance. “From the evidence given above we conclude that the strata of fine siliceous dust-hke material occurring in the Lahontan sections, as well as the similar beds found about Mono Lake and scattered as superficial deposits over the neighbouring mountains, are all accumulations of volcanic dust which was probably erupted from the Mono Craters. The greatest distance from the supposed place of eruption at which these deposits have been observed is about 200 miles.”* In the same region we have ash deposits like those of Sydney, taking the form of loose sand dunes which the author thus describes: “The first acquaintance the explorer in the Great Basin usually makes with the material forming these deposits is when it is in motion, and fills the air with clouds of dust, sand, and gravel, which are blinding and irritating, especially on account of the * T have to observe, with reference to this quotation, that the descrip- tion here given of the volcanic dust from Krakatoa does not quite tally with the specimens gathered by me. These were not wholly composed of glass, and, small as they were, they were full of traces of crystal and foreign matter, especially microliths of triclinic felspar and pyroxene. I am not however contending that the Desert Sandstone is composed of volcanic dust, but volcanic sand derived from pease with which of course. dust is intermingled. U—November 7, 1888. ae alkaline particles which saturate the atmosphere at such times. Dust-storms are common on the deserts during the arid season, and inpart to the atmosphere a peculiar haziness that lasts for days and perhaps weeks after the storms have subsided. Whirl- winds supply a characteristic featurein the atmospheric phenomena of the Far West especially during calm weather, and frequently form dust columns of two or three thousand feet, even more in height, which may many times be seen moving here and there over the valleys. The loose material thus swept about at the caprice of the winds tends to accumulate on certain areas, and forms dunes or drifts which at times cover many square miles of surface. During its journey across the country the material which finds a resting place in the dunes becomes assorted with reference to size and weight, so that the resulting sand drifts are usually homogene- ous in their composition, but are characterised by extreme irregularity of structure when seen in section. In the Lahontan basin the sub-aérial deposits are usually composed of fine sharp quartz sand ; but in some instances small drifts are principally formed of the cases of ostracoid crustaceans.” Without following the author into all the details, some further peculiarities of these eolian sands may be inserted here. of an inch of paper. Close observation has shewn that the zinc tube is more sensitive to changes of temperature than the delicate standard thermometer which [ keep along side of it. You will observe that I have mounted the zine tube on glass, because the really effective change is only the difference between the expansion of zinc and glass, the expansion of the glass tends to push the end of the zinc tube away from the screw, while that of the zine brings them nearer together. If we take the expansion of zinc as ‘0000173, and that of glass as (0000046 we find the effective expansion is ‘(0000127 for one degree, and therefore :00000127 for +4; of one degree, this on 20 inches amounts to 0:000025 or zo4e0 part of an inch, and if as I have shewn, this extreme delicacy can be got from a rough working model, I have no doubt whatever that when properly made the This is not the time or place to point out the numerous possible applications of the principle involved in this instrument to the V— November 7, 1888. 338 THE THUNDERSTORM OF OCTOBER 26, 1888. requirements of the ordinary arts, in which there are many processes which require this extreme accuracy of measurement if it can be applied automatically at a moderate cost, and this can readily be done. I may state however that this application of the method of electric contacts confirms the view founded upon some early experiments, which I expressed two months since, viz., that it will be possible in this way to record with certainty changes in the direction of the vertical of 45 of a second of arc, and to plot these out on a cylinder shewing the amount of such changes, and their direction, as a check upon the transit instrument, and it may be interesting to add that a change of +15 of a second of arc is one that even the best modern transit instrument is hardly capable of shewing satisfactorily. THE THUNDERSTORM OF 26TH OCTOBER, 1888. By H. C. Russsexi, B.A., F.R.S., ke. [Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., November 7, 1888. ] THERE are one or two points about this storm that seem to me to be worth recording. On the morning of the 26th there was a remarkably sudden rise in the barometer, but the barometer gradually fell during the day and seemed to be fairly steady, with a tendency to fall. In the afternoon it was evident that a thunderstorm was approaching. At 6:45 p.m. the barometer turned to rise slowly and the storm began soon after with very very frequent flashes of brilliant lightning and a sudden change of wind to N. thence round by West to 8 and S8.E., the change, the latter part of it from W.S.W. to S.E. occupying half an hour, during which time the barometer at first rose rapidly for ten minutes to the extent of 0-073 then fell for fifteen minutes at the rate of 0-1 inch per hour, and then very rapidly, so that at the end of half an hour from the time the fall began it had fallen 0°15 inch, which is at the rate of 0°30 inch per hour; the latter part of this fall was almost as rapid as the phenomenal one on the 21st of September last, which you may remember was 0-044 in one minute ; in this case it was 0:040 in one minute. So rapid was this fall altogether, that the Redier barograph only recorded a change 0:10 not being able to follow such a rapid change, but. the new barograph THE THUNDERSTORM OF OCTOBER 26, 1888. 339 on the anomometer shews a fall of 0°15, the same as the standard barograph. Under ordinary conditions such a rapid change of pressure would be accompanied by very violent wind, but on this occasion although there was a squall in which the wind rose to 40 miles per hour, it did not last five minutes, and as a whole the storm brought very little wind or rain, its distinctive feature apart from the extraordinary barometric change being the intense electrical discharges. Some of these were brilliantly white bands 60° and even 70° long, and they gave a dazzling light that illuminated the whole city to such an extent that the photograph I took of one of them shews the outline of the houses from the momentary light of a single flash ;, and another plate which was exposed for five minutes waiting for a flash in a particular direction has on it a picture of lower Fort Street, the Harbour and North Shore by the light of flashes which were outside the field of the camera, and on the negative the outline of some clouds can be made out distinctly.. The first photograph referred to is exhibited and shews clearly that there were a number of lateral discharges from the flash, and it is much more brilliant high up than near the horizon, this may however be due to the nearness of the upper part compared with that near the horizon. The second photograph shews a similar flash evidently much more distant, and near it can be faintly seen one of the curious zigzag flashes that were so frequent between the clouds. This is faint, because like most of them were, it was apparently in a mist; that is seen through a cloud, and in addition had a yellowish colour unfavourable for photography. It will be observed that the brighter flash on this photograph is double for a considerable part of its length, and just before it, I saw one for which the camera was not ready, which was double from top to bottom, 7.¢. over a length of about 70°. The rain although not heavy prevented mefrom getting photographs of some of the flashes because it wet the lenses, and I was obliged to get what I could through an opening in the dome. . The majority of the lightning flashes were between the clouds and presented a curious wavy form often very beautiful, but all of these that I saw seemed to be in a yellow mist, as if im the clouds, while all the up and down strokes were brilliantly white, and in number could not have been more than a quarter or one- third of those in the clouds. The photograph shews clearly that the course of the brighter flash was a very wavy one, like a ribbon blown by the wind ; and it looks as if in some places its course had been in the direction of the line of sight ; in these parts it would of course be more brilliant from the fact that it was seen end on. This suggests a very satisfactory explanation of a remarkable appearance which is sometimes seen, and which I once observed in Sydney, that is, 340 PROCEEDINGS. when a brilliant flash of lightning seems to break up into short pieces as if they were links in a chain of light, hanging for a moment in the sky; the cause of this is supposed to be that parts are more brilliant than others from being seen end on as above, and therefore make a more lasting impression on the retina, and seem to remain suspended as fragments of the departed flash. Although the change of pressure in this storm had little effect ~ upon the wind, it produced a remarkable effect upon the ocean as shewn by the tide guages at Sydney and Newcastle ; as the great changes in the barometer began so the ocean felt the influence, rising as the barometer fell, and falling as the barometer rose. Changes in level in some cases amounted to six inches, and the ocean waves having been thus started continued for some hours after the storm was over. WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 7, 1888. Mr. H. C. Russrut, B.A., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. Twenty-three members were present. The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed. The certificates of three candidates were read for the third time, of five for the second time, and of two for the first time. The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members of the Society :— Adair, John Frederick, M.A., Camb., Sydney. Bedford, Alfred Perceval, Sydney. Fieldstad, Axel Hieronyunis, Sydney. Garrett, William Fry, Sydney. Megginson, A. M., M.A., M.B., C.M. Hdin., Sydney. Reading, ivehered| Te, M. R. C.8., Lng., i R: el P., Lond., L.D.8., #ng., Sydney. West, Wallleern Augustus, L.K.Q.C.P., Lrel., LR.OP, Trel., Glebe. In the absence of the authors, Mr. F. B. Kyngdon read the following papers :— 1. “Results of Observations of Comets I. and II., 1888, Windsor, N.S.W.,” by John Tebbutt, F.R.A.S. 2. “Desert Sandstone, ” by the Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, ¥.G:8., ELS: PROCEEDINGS. | 341 Some remarks upon the latter paper were made by Profr. Liversidge, Mr. C. 8. Wilkinson, and Mr. C. Moore. Mr. H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.S., then read the following papers : “On a new Self-recording Thermometer,” and ‘“ Notes on the Thunderstorm of October 26th, 1888.” Two photographs of flashes of lightning, taken during the storm, were exhibited. The thanks of the Society were accorded to the various authors for their valuable papers. The Chairman exhibited a meteorite, weighing 3541b., which had been found near Mr. J. Russell’s station, some distance from Hay. The meteorite was taken to the station by one of the hands, who said that he saw it fall; but he was evidently under a misappre- hension as to that. It had apparently. been under the earth fora considerable time. Oxidation was going on so rapidly that it was probable the stone would not last very long. Professor Liversidge said that the bulk of the Thunda meteorite of which Mr. Wilkinson obtained a specimen in 1885 or 1886, had been presented to him by Dr. Campbell of Yass ; but as he had received it only that afternoon he had not had time to make an examination. It was a metallic one, consisting essentially of iron, more or less mixed with nickel and cobalt. There was also a small quantity of sulphur and phosphorus. Its weight was about 137ib. The pittings are very large and cup-like, and some of them almost perforate the meteorite. Mr. Wilkinson exhibited a meteorite, weighing 124ib, composed chiefly of iron. It is of an irregular pear shape, and was discovered firmly embedded in slate rock on the highest peak of a mountain near the junction of the Burrowa and the Lachlan Rivers. It was found by a miner named O’Shaughnessy, and given by him to Mr. A. J. Single of Cowra, who forwarded it to the Mining Museum. A discussion upon meteorites took place in which Mr. E. Baker, Prof. Liversidge, Mr. C. 8. Wilkinson, and the Chairman took part. The following donations were laid upon the table and acknowledged :— DonaTIONS RECEIVED DURING THE MontTH oF OcToBER, 1888. (The Names of the Donors are in Italics.) TRANSACTIONS, JOURNALS, REPORTS, &c. Camn—Académie Nationale des Sciences, Arts et Belles- Lettres. Mémoires, 1886. The Academy. CaLtcuTTa—Geological Survey of India. Records, Vol. xxi., Part 3, 1888. The Director. 342 PROCEEDINGS. CHRISTIANIA— Norwegische Meteorologische Institute. Die Internationale Polarforschung 1882-1883. Beobach- tungs-Ergebnisse der Norwegischen Polarstation Bossekop in Alten. II. Theil, 1888. The Institute. DrnveR, Cout.—Colorado Scientific Society. Proceedings, Wol- 1; Part3, 13872 The Society. Digon—Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres. Mémoires, 3e Série, Tome ix., 1885-1886. The Academy. EpvinsurcuH—Royal Scottish Geographical Society. The Scottish Geographical Magazine, Vol. iv., No. 8, August, 1888. The Society. Guiascow— University. Calendar for the year 1888-89. The University. HampBure— Deutsche Meteorologische Gesellschaft. Meteoro- logische Zeitschrift, September, 1888. The Society. Hopart—Royal Society of Tasmania. Abstract of Proceed- ings, May 14, June 11, August 13, October 3, 1888. Tasmanian Salmonide, exhibited in the Tasmanian Court at the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition, 1888. i“ Kirrr—Société des Naturalistes. Mémoires, Tome ix., Parts 1 and 2, 1888. »” Lonpon—Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Journal, Vol. xviii., No.1, August, 1888. The Institute. Linnean Society. Journal—Botany, Vol. xxiv., No. 163, 1888; Zoology, Vol. xxii., No. 140, 1888. The Society. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Journal, New Series, Vol. xx., Part 3, July 1888. a Royal Astronomical Society. Monthly Notices, Vol. xlvui, No. 8, June, 1888. a Royal Geographical Society. Proceedings (New Monthly Series), Vol. x., No. 8, 1888. ns Royal Microscopical Society. Journal, Part 4, No. 65, August, 1888. » Royal United Service Institution. Journal, Vol. xxxii.. No. 144, 1888. The Institution. Mancaester—Manchester Geological Society. Transactions, Vol. xix., Parts 11—20. Session 1887-88. The Society. Metsourne—Field Naturalists’ Club of Victoria. The Victorian Naturalist, Vol. v., No. 6, 1888. The Club. Geological Society of Australasia. Transactions, Vol.i., Part 3, 1888. The Society. Government Botanist. Iconography of Australian Species of Acacia and Cognate Genera, by Baron Ferd. von Mueller, K.C.M.G,, F.R.S., &e. Twelfth Decade, 1888. The Government Botanist. Government Statist. Victorian Year Book for 1887-8, Vol. i. The Government Statist. National Museum of Melbourne. Natural History of Victoria. Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria, Decade xvi., by Frederick McCoy, C.M.G., M.A., F.R.S. The Director. PROCEEDINGS. 343 MeLpourNE—Royal Society of Victoria. Transactions and Proceedings, Vol. xxiv., Part 2, 1888. The Society. Mexico—Sociedad Cienitifica “ Antonio Alzate.’’?’ Memorias, ‘Yomo il., Cuaderno Num 1, July, 1888. Be MontTPELLIER—Académie des Sciences et Lettres. Extraits des Procés-verbaux de Séances, 1847 — 1850. Mémoires de la Section des Sciences, Tome i—vilii., 1847-75 ; Tome xi., Fasc i1., 1885-86. The Academy. Narpies—Societa Africana d’Italia. Boliettino, Anno vii., Fase. 7 and 8, July and August, 1888. The Society. New Haven—Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. Transactions, Vol. vii., Parts 1 and 2, 1885-1888. The Academy. New Yorx—Science. Vol. xii., Nos. 290 —292, 24 Aug. to 7 Sept., 1838. The Editors. Paris—-Académie de Sciences de Il’ Institut de France. Comptes Rendus, Tome 106, Tome 107, No. 1—12, 1888. The Academy. Ecole Polytechnique. Journal, Cahier 56, 57, 1886-87. The School. Société Anatomique de Paris. Bulletins, 4e Série, Tome x1., 1886. The Society. Societé d’Encouragement pour l’Industrie Nationale. Bulletin, 8e Série, Tome xii., 1885; 4e Série, Tome 1. and ii., 1886-87. Pr Société Géologique de France. Bulletin, 8e Série, Tome xv., Nos. 7 and 8, 13887; Tome xvi., No. 1, 1888. Le PHILADELPHIA—F ranklin Institute. Journal, Vol. cxxvi., No. 758, Sept., 1888. _ The Institute. PrymMoutH—Plymouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society. Annual Report and Transactions, Vol. x., Part 1, 1887-88. _ The Institute. Rio pe JANEIRO—Observatoire Impérial. Revista do _ Observatorio, Anno iii., No. 8, 1888. The Observatory. Rome—Societa Geografica Italiana. Bollettino, Serie iii., Vol.i., Fasc. 8, 1888. The Society. Vienna—Anthropologische Gesellschaft in Wien. Mitthei- : lungen, Band xviii., Heft 2 and 3, 1888. aa K. K. Geologische Reichsanstalt. Verhandlungen, No. 11, 1888. The ‘* Reichsanstalt.”’ WasHineton—Smithsonian Institution. Annual Report of the Board of Regents to July 1885, Part 2. The Institution. 344 THE LATIN VERB JUBERE. THE LATIN VERB JUBERE, A LINGUISTIC STUDY. By Joun Fraser, B.A., LL.D. [ Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., December 5, 1888. | PuILoLoey is one of the handmaids of Ethnology. When the ethnic relations of any nation are yet in question, an examination of its language may be the first finger-post that guides us on the way toa successfulissue. The testimony of Philolog gy, when taken alone, is not sufficient to settle the question, but, when its teachings are supported by evidence drawn from other sources, the whole may make up such an amount of cumulative proof as will leave little room for doubt as to how the verdict should go. The study of language has already done signal service in the field of Ethnology ; ; a hundred years ago, ven the language of the Indian Vedas began to be known to “Europeans, it was ‘Philology that led the way in proving the kinship of the nations which we now call the Aryan family, and at the present moment it is Philology that is proving the earliest population of Babylonia, the inventors of the first arts and sciences, to have been neither Aryan nor Shemite. And the labours of distinguished British, French, and German scholars, have, within the last fifty years, so determined the bounds and fixed the principles of Philology, that it may now claim to be acknowledged as a branch of scientific study and to be used as an instrument of scientific discovery. Now the classic languages of ancient Greece and Italy are still a fair field for philological investigation, for, although much has been said and written about them, it cannot be asserted that we have as yet reached an unchallenged decision as to their relation to one another or to the other old members of the Aryan household. Whatever opinion may be formed regarding the influence of the language, literature, and art of ancient Greece upon her Italian neighbour, yet there is enough of individuality in the native language and religion of Rome to permit us to say, that another and a potent force must have assisted to mould the Mid-Italic tribes into that compact and energetic mass whence sprung the arms of Cesar and the speech of Cicero. I purpose, in this paper, to inquire whether the Latin nga can, when interrogated, speak for itself and tell us anything reliable about its own origin. Surely it knows whence it came, and, if our examination of it be faithfully conducted, we may expect a faithful answer to our inquiries. Let me, therefore, now call in and present to you one well-known member of the Roman THE LATIN VERB JUBERE. 345 household, the verb jubere; this one cannot be suspected of having any Grecian kinship, for there is nothing at all lke it in Greek, and it holds so important a place in the language that it cannot be a borrowed word. Some think that we must go all the way to India to find its place of birth, for Vanigek (“‘Worterbuch der Lat. Sprache”) traces it to the Sanskrit root judh, “to bind,” while Dwight (“ Modern Philology”) is so hard pressed for an etymology that he has recourse to the clumsy artifice of making it a compound of the Latin words jus and habere. But even although the root of the verb jubere could be satisfactorily shown to exist in Sanskrit, yet the word itself is not there in any form, and it is evident that the Aryan conquerors of India did not bring it into Italy, nor did the Greeks. Whothen? Let us see. Il. The meaning of the word.—Our dictionaries tell us that jubere means primarily (1) to “‘say” that any one shall doa thing, or that a thing may or shall be done ;_ hence it means (2) toy order, and (3) to “preseribe or deerée.” In Latin’ such expressions as, Dionysiwm jube salvere, jusst valere wlum, sperare nos amici jubent, exhibit the earliest use of the verb, which is to ““say” or express a wish, to “say” something that has reference to others, like the Enghsh verb bid in the phrases, bid him Jarewell, we bade him good morning. Tf Iam asked how this mere expression of a wish developes into a positive order or a peremptory decree, I have only to remember that the patria potestas in ancient Rome was so wide and binding that a father’s wishes were the severest law to his children, and that this paternal discipline, which had power over a son long after he had passed the age of boyhood, so operated that obedience to lawful commands became an essential part of Roman ethics, whether in the family, the army, or the state. Hence those who had authority similar to the jus patrium, as kings, civil magistrates, or military officers, had also the same power vite necisque which the XII. Tables gave to the paterfamilias. Occasions on which this power was used will occur to the recollection of every one who has read Roman history. Il. The form of the word.—lf I now proceed to inquire what is the parentage of jubere, I find that the Keltic language in its insular branch* (and the Keltic is old enough to be the parent * I divide the Keltic language into three branches, (1) Insular Keltic (= I.-K.), spoken in Ireland, the Isle of Man, and the Highlands and Islands of Scotland; (2) Kymric (= C.), the Welsh, the Cornish, and the Armorican of Bretagne; and (3) the Continental or Gallo-Keltic (=G.- K.), such remains as we have of the Keltic once spoken on the Continent. In referring to other languages, I shall use the following abbreviations : S.=Sanskrit; H.—Hebrew; Gr.—Greek; L.=Latin; Fr.—French; G. =German; A.-S.—Anglo-Saxon; E.—English; K.—Keltic, in a general sense as including the three divisions; P.—Persian; Ar.—Arabic. 346 THE LATIN VERB JUBERE. of any Latin word, and had besides a location in Italy long before Rome was founded) has a verb abair, “say,” with a past tense thubairt, “said,” and a participle, radh, “saying or said.” In thubairt or dhubairt—the form which concerns us at present—the ¢ final is an affix and represents the ¢e of the past participle (in 8. ¢a) of many other verbs, as fag-te “abandoned,” from the I.-K. verb fag; the bare form then is dhubair, or, unaspirated, dubair, dabair. Now, if after the fashion of the Hebrew, to which in some respects the Keltic bears a strong resemblance, the preterite be taken as the stem-form of the verb, and if we pronounce the final 7 with a slight vocalisation after it, as was the practice with some languages of old, we have the word dhubair-e, to “say ”—a very close approximation to the Latin infinitive form jubere. Therefore I conclude that jubere may be a Keltic word, and, if it is so, that it belongs to the I.-K. branch of the Keltic, for the Kymric has nothing like dhubair, nor do I know any other European language which has. Now jubere is only one of many words both in the classical and the modern languages which can be traced to the same source as the K. verb dabair, and, as I wish to make this paper a linguistic study, I will go at once to that source and step by step unfold the connection of these words with jubere and with each other. III. The original root of all is dab, dabh, which is a weaker form of gab, gabh. The interchange of the medial consonants d and g (and their aspirates dh and gh) is common throughout the K. languages, and is well established between other members of the Aryan family ; there is also, although less common, the inter- change of the other medial 6 with g, for the 8. go, gau, a “bull, a cow” is the L. bos. Children, whose vocal organs are as yet imperfect and weak, constantly substitute d for g as being easier to pronounce ; they say dood for good. So any word-form which has the initial gy must be older than any corresponding form with d, for it is a principle in Janguage that hard guttural letters have a tendency to change into dentals or labials and then into still softer liquids and semivowels. And, as the first home of the human race was up among the mountain tablelands of High Asia, we may naturally suppose that the root words of the primitive and unbroken speech of mankind were moulded bythe environment, and consisted largely of hard consonants with a few vowels, probably only a, i, u. Then, when mankind had become broken up into nations and tribes, those of them that settled on the plains, and specially in warm climates, must have felt the influence of their environment, leading them to adopt the consonants that were easiest to utter and the softest modifications of the vowels, and to ordain that no two consonants should come together without an intervening vowel, and that every syllable should THE LATIN VERB JUBERE. 347 end with a vowel. Thus I account. for the abundance of soft sounds in the languages of Polynesia. On the other hand, where a nation or tribe came fresh from the common stock, and the current of events had made it follow a warlike and isolated mode of life among rugged mountains, its language is likely to retain the harsh features of its origin and surroundings, and thus I account for the peculiarities of the Keltic and some other languages. Of course, the principle of phonetic decay loses much of its force as soon as any language begins to possess a literature, for that tends to fix its sounds and words. IV. To illustrate the changes which our root gab, “to say, to speak,” may undergo, I cite the following words :—(1) from I.-K., gab, gob the ‘ mouth,” that with which we “speak,” gabach, “oarrulous,” HE. gab, “to talk much,” gabble, “to chatter,” gibberish, “ unmeaning words,” jabber, “to talk indistinctly,” gibe, ‘to deride, scoff at,” A.-S. Scotch, haver, “to talk foolishly,” habble, “to stutter, to wrangle,” yabble, “to gabble, to scold,” yabbock, ‘a talkative person,” Fr. gober, E. gobble, “to swallow hastily ”; (2) by changing g into its corresponding sharp. guttural k, gab gives the provincial Ger. kab-beln, “to quarrel,” EK. squabble; cf. Se. habble; (3) then, by putting 6 for g, the root gab gives H. babble, ‘to talk much, to talk idly,” Gr. babax, ‘“chatterer,” bazo, “I speak, I say,” Fr. babiller, “to prattle,” and, by the insertion of a liquid, E. blab, ‘“ to talk much, to speak thoughtlessly” ; (4) then, by putting d for g, we have the H. dabhar, ‘to speak”; (5) by softening this d into its liquid /, we have the I.-K. labhair, “to speak, utter, talk,” labh, ‘a lip,” the external organ of speech, L. labium, labrum, “the lip,’ —a word which belongs to ‘‘speech” and not to the “licking” of the tongue, as some Latin etymologists assert. From these experimental examples we gather the following facts :—(a) g becomes b, as, gab, babble; (b) g becomes d, as, _ gab, dabh-ar ; (c) g becomes d, and then I, as, gab, labh-air; (d) d becomes 1, as, Gr. dakrima, L. lacrima, L. delicare for dedicare; (e) g become j, as, gab, jabber, gibe; (/) g becomes k, as, gab, kab-beln; (g) g, gh, becomes h or y, as, gab, hab-ble, yabble; the same changes are seen in Ger. gellen “to shriek,” EK. yell, howl; E. garden, Fr. jardin, E. yard; (h) the sibilant s may be prefixed to harden the meaning, as, kabbeln, squabble; this change probably arises from the substitution of a palatal ¢ for the guttural g, for in Sanskrit and in European languages this ¢ becomes sk; (2) 1, as an affix, gives a frequentative force to a verb, as, gab, gabble; gob, gobble; (4) the liquid 1 may be introduced into a word, as, gab, bab, blab. Several other principles of change will present themselves, but we shall notice them as they occur. 348 THE LATIN VERB JUBERE. V. Again, it is very common in Sanskrit and also in Insular Keltic to find the medials b, g, d, aspirated into bh, gh, dh ; indeed so common in Keltic that a humorous Gaelic lexicographer declares that there is not a syllable in his language that has not the letter h either expressed or understood ! So, if the I.-K. verb dabair were made to go back to its original form gabhair, the bh, as is usual in such a case where it comes between two vowels, is quiescent, like the digamma in Greek ; the same quiescence is common in Hebrew, as, ntr, ‘‘to give light,” for nabhar. The verb gabhair to “speak” would then be pronounced ga-air, which in I.-K. is written ga-ir and means to “laugh, shout, ery,” (cf. (e) E. jeer, to ‘deride, mock,” and the Icelandic (c) dar, “derision ”), but in C. gair holds to the original meaning of a “word, saying, report, fame,” and its derivatives take the form geir, as, geir-fa “vocabulary,” geir-da, “good report, fame,” ceir-i Nag: to use words or phrases.” From this ga-air, geir, I take the Gr. words gérus, “a voice,” géruo, “I utter, speak, cry, sing,” and, by softening the initial g into gh or y, which is then lost, I get the Gr. eiro,“‘I say, speak, tell, proclaim, announce”; and here the occurrence of the initial g in L-K. and in C. explains many of the difficulties that face the etymologist in endeavouring to account for the anomalies observed in the cognates and derivatives of the Greek verb eiro, and proves in opposition to Curtius (“Greek Etymology”) that eiro has Oriental kinsmen, for K. gaair, geir=gabhair=dabhair=H. dabhar, as will be shown ‘presently. F urther, the Greek verb eiro, “J say,” when in its middle voice eiromai, eromal, means “ I ask, ” just as the E. ask, A.S. acs-ian, asc-ian 1s probably formed by a transposition of the s of the syllable sag, the G. root of sagen, to “say”; so the supposed K. word ga-air, for gabhair, may soften the initial g (gh) into y and become iarr (for ya-irr), and this is the common verb in L.-K. for “to ask, inquire, seek,” also ‘‘bid, desire” in the sense of “ordering,” which shows its connection with the root dabar, ut infra. So far in this paragraph I feel my footing to be sure, but in the remainder of it [ must walk warily. You will grant me that the form ga-air is assured and from it ka-ir (7); now, just as the I.-K. koig, kuig, “five,” is the L. quinque, go I believe ka-air gives me the L. quaero eT seek,” quaeso “I ask, beg, intreat ” (to be pronounced ka-ero, ka-eso), and their connection with the root-meaning of gab is illustrated by the Fr. causer, “to speak, discourse, prattle, babble,” and jaser “to prate, chatter.” Ifthe L. verb quaero be thus etymologically the same as gabhair, dabhair, then the established notion in phonology thats precedes r in time admits of exceptions; for although grammarians hold that in Latin the form lases is earlier than lares and laebesum than liberum, yet in this case quaero THE LATIN VERB JUBERE. — b49 must be earlier than quaeso. Strange to say some light may be thrown on this point by the language of our much misunderstood blackfellows of Australia ; the district which we cali Yass was was by them called Yarr, for they have no s, but Yarr was by them so pronounced that the early settlers there took the name to be Yass. But further, as to our root gab, if I were to declare to you without explanation, that the Greek noun eros, “love,” is derived from gab, you would at-once declare that philology was gone mad, but I will show you the path by which I reach eros. The L. quaero means “to seek-to-obtain,” “to desire,” “to aim at” (=L. ap-pet-ere), which meaning is clearly brought out in the participle quaesitus with its compounds, and in the noun quaestus, “gain”; you also see that the I.-K. iarr, for ga-air, “to seek,” is the same word as the L. quaero; nowa participial noun from iarr is larr-aidh or iarr-oidh, “an asking, a desiring, a soliciting,” and this seems to me to be the same word as erds, erdt- (as if yerr-oids) ‘‘love, desire, appetence,” which also is a participial form in Greek ; this derivation of the word is supported by the Gr. verb erdt-ao (from eroés), which reverts to the first signification of “asking.” If the derivation which I now suggest is correct, then I understand why the use of erds in Greek is so different from that of storgé and agapé, for they are applied only to the “love” of parents, children, and friends. Before leaving this paragraph I will take stock of the phonetic principles which we have observed in it :—(/) the medials b, g, d, are often aspirated into bh, gh, dh; (m) bh (=f the digamma) and dh are often quiescent between vowels; as, I.-K. du-bh-acas, buidh-e; Gr. ogdo-f-os; H. na-bh-ar, ntr; L-K. ga-bh-air; (7) initial g is often dropped, as, 8. giri, “mountain,” Gr. oros ; (0) initial g=k=L. qu; () transposition of letters, especially of 1, s, and r, in the same syllable, is common; as, H. targ-umin, “translations,” =modern Persian drag-oman, “an interpreter;” H. kesebh=kehb-es, “lamb”; Gr. kartos=kratos, “strength”; aera, sarn-er, i, horse, old Ger. hros, 8S. hresh, “to neigh ”; (q) r changes into s and s intor, as, L. lares, lases ; (7) participles are used as nouns, as, L. animans. VI. I wish now to call to your recollection the fact that when language was first formed,—I will not say, invented, for I believe the faculty of articulate speech to be a special gift from heaven— the form of the root-words in use must have been simple, and the number of them small, corresponding to the limited wants of man. As to the form of these primitive root-words, inthe Aryan family they were essentially monosyllabic and biconsonantal, that is, they were words of one syllable, consisting of two consonants combined with a vowel either between or after them ; as examples we have the 8. kri, kar, “to make,” Gr. phil-os, “friendly,” L. 350 THE LATIN VERB JUBERE. bib-o, “I drink,” K. faic, “to see.” As to their number, it is impossible now to hazard even a guess, but I imagine they were few. Still, it would be interesting to know what were the originals of human speech; if we had them all collected before us, we might look on them with reverence not unmixed with curiosity, as the prolific patriarchs, now thousands of years old, whose offspring in countless millions have spread themselves throughout the whole earth, and, like obedient genii, now come forth to work wonders at the bidding of the brain and tongue of man. If an etymologist had leisure and industry enough, it might be possible to make such a collection of root-words in the Aryan family, and much easier to do so for the Shemitic family where the languages are not numerous nor the literature so extensive. In the Shemite tongues, the form of the roots will be found to be essentially triconsonantal, the vowel points being used to facilitate pronunci- ation; and many of these stem-words are formed from biconsonantal primitive roots by affixing a third consonant. For example, our Aryan root gab, “to speak,” is also called dab (6) or dabh, and this, by the addition of the letter r, becomes the H. verb dabhar “to speak.” ‘There is, no doubt, a number of monosyllabic roots in the Shemite tongues, but many of these are really dissyllables contracted, as kam for kavam ,; thus also dabhar might become dar. I have said that the original words in human speech were probably few in number; and, by numerous figurative applications of the primary meaning of each root-word, the varying wants of man were expressed. This process still goes on in language, although only to a limited extent ; for instance, we have recently learned to say, Will you “wire” to London? where the noun wire remains unaltered in form, and yet has undergone two changes, for it has become a verb and has received an artificial application of its meaning. In further illustration of these principles I will return to our root gab, “to speak.” The b on Oriental lips is scarcely distinguishable from m ; both are labials, and are so good friends that they quietly slip into one another’s places, often unobserved. So gam is the same as gab. Now there are in the Aryan languages about a dozen root words all sounded gam; there is 1. gam to speak, 2. gam to seize, 3. gam to hollow out, to dig, 4. gam to bow down, 5. gam to cover, protect, 6. gam to love, desire, 7. gam to go, 8. gam to leap, 9. gam to twist, 10. gam to tame, subdue, 11. gam to marry, 12. gam with, together, and 13. gam to join.* You may ask me how it was possible for a hearer to know in conversation which gam the speaker meant. I * Even the best dictionaries confound these roots. Benfey has 8. “kams, kag, or kas, to go, to command, to destroy.” The second and third of these meanings belong to our root gam (see page 354), but the first is from gam, to go. THE LATIN VERB JUBERE. 351 answer that it was just as easy as for us to understand the difference between—“ the bell was tolled, he was told to go away, a crew of eighty men, all told;” or for a Hebrew, reading his Bible without points, to know which of its six meanings the word dbr has, when he sees it. And yet I do not assert that all these words gam are distinct and separate roots; by figurative applications of their first meaning they group themselves together; thus 12 and 13 are the same word; so are 3, 4, 5, 6, 11; so also 7 and 8, and probably 2 and 10. Our word gam, ‘to speak,” seems to stand alone, but nevertheless it has kindred all over the world; one kinsman is often in the mouths of the blacks of Equatorial Africa, for they say, mi kam-ba, “I speak,” gamba “speak.” In New South Wales also, the aboriginals of the Illawarra district say kam-ung, “to speak.” Here we have proof of the unity of lan- guage, and hence, of the unity of mankind; for the root gam ‘means “to speak” in the Hamite tongues as well as in the Shemite and the Aryan. An objector will say that it is a mere coincidence that gam should mean “speak” among the Hamite tribes of Africa and Austraha. But any mathematician here present can speedily tell, by the use of his algebraical formule, how little pro- bability there is that any three letters of the alphabet, even although it be reduced to eighteen or sixteen letters, should arrange themselves by mere chance into the form gam, ‘‘to speak.” For this and many other reasons I believe in the kinship of languages. VII. I now proceed to consider the root and cognates of the Latin verb jubere. In the conjugation and declension of the I.-K. verb under consideration, four forms are used, viz. :—abair, dubhair, their, and radh, as, an abair mi, shall I say? cha dubhairt mi, I said not; thubairt mi, I said; ma their mi, if I shall say ; ag radh, saying (literally, ‘“‘ at-saying,” ‘“‘a-saying,” like EH. a-going). This variety of form shows it to be a very old and a very common verb; for the same variety occurs in the 8. verb bra, “to speak,” (which is assisted in its congregation by vach and ah) and in the substantive verb “to be” everywhere. I have already explained that the simple root form of this K. verb is dabair or dubair, and for the sake of comparison I now bring in the H. verb ‘‘ to speak,” which is dabar or amar. This I do not because the Hebrew had any share in forming the Keltic or the Latin language, but because Hebrew is a very ancient language, and any words which are found both in it and in the Aryan must belong to the earliest forms of human speech. Root words have also preserved in Hebrew many of the figurative shades of meaning which enable a philologist to show the connection of their derived words in other languages. And the H. verb, dabar, “to speak,” is so like the K. conjugational form dhubair 352 THE LATIN VERB JUBERE. as to justify the belief that they are the same word, notwithstand- ing the assertion of some that the Shemitic languages have no common origin with the Aryan. Now dhabair, that is, dhubair, is pronounced habair, from which, by dropping the initial breathing, I have the abair of the future, that is, the present, tense of the K. verb. Similarly, although Gesenius in his Lexicon does not notice it, the H. form amar is got from dabar by dropping the initial d (as in the Kymric, am, “ round about,” for dam), and changing bintom. This relationship is the more likely - because the Hebrew verb dabar might be written dhamar, while the initial a of amar is the soft guttural vowel aleph which is almost equivalent to a silent h, the h which represents dh. It will be convenient here to refer to the fact that in Sanskrit there is a wonderfully large number of verbs that mean “ to speak,” (I have counted more than twenty in Benfey’s Sanskrit Dictionary) besides many others that mean both “‘to speak” and “to shine.”*. I for one cannot conceive how any language can require twenty different verbs all meaning the same thing, and so I infer that these twenty, or at least many of them, all come from one single root, modified sometimes by caprice, as when a Samoan says na- mu for manu without any reason for the change, and sometimes modified to suit the shades of meaning which the speaker intends to convey. These modifications usually proceed on the principles for the change of consonants already noticed, but, in some words, like the Samoan nam for man, the root syllable is reversed. This kind of change happens more frequently, I think, than etymologists are willing to acknowledge. Many word-forms could be accounted for by the operation of the principle of the reversal of the root, ‘‘end for end,” as seamen say. As instances I quote the C. gaf, and the EH. dagger. The Kymric gaf, “a bent hold or hook” is the same as the C. bach, ‘a hook, a crook, a grappling-iron ”; bach is only gab reversed and the g aspirated ; so in E., the dag- ger is that which pierces, stabs, and the gad-fly is the fly that prerces the skin to deposit its eggs; gad is dag reversed. Then also, it is curious to observe that verbs ‘‘ to speak” also mean “to shine.” How is this to be accounted for? the two ideas are so unlike. There are some distinguished astronomers in this Society, who know all about the sun, the moon, and the stars. Can they tell me why the sun is represented in old almanacs and in the emblazonry of fire-insurance offices as a full, rosy face, with * To show their connection with our root, I would arrange these Sans- krit verbs thus :—From root dab, 8S. ramh, ru (for rav), rap, raj, jap, lap; hve and hu (for hav); from vad (for dabh—day), 8. vad, bhan, bhand; from gab, 8.gabda, gad; from vag (for gabh=gav), S. vach (vakti, ukti), valk, ah (forag); from a Bair, 8. barh, varh, brt, bhrimg; fromradh, 8. arth. THE LATIN VERB JUBERE. 353 puffed cheeks and staring eyes? We have heard that there is a man in the moon, and, if we may trust our boyhood’s nursery tales, he sometimes opens his little wicket, when stray visitors from our planet go so far, and speaks to them; but have our astronomers ever seen a man in the sun, and can he speak? If they cannot tell, an answer will be given by the student of language. From it we learn that the ancient makers of language regarded the sun as the all-seeing one, the eye of Dyauspitar, the eye of heaven ; hence in the Egyptian hieroglyphics the picture of an eye is the symbol for the sun. Now, they noticed that just as the sun gives forth rays all flowing in regular order from one central spot, so words proceed from the speaker all in orderly array, and issuing from one common source, the mouth.* Thus to speak and to shine came to be expressed by the same word.+ Indeed the English word “speak ” is a proof in point ; for our dictionaries tell us that it means to utter words, or articulate sounds, in order ; and they connect it with the Italian word spiccare, “to shine, to shoot forth rays.” The same word is seen in the expression ‘spick and span,’ = bright, shining, new. To sum up the principles which we have recently ascertained, I would remind you that (s) bh initial is in sound equivalent to v or f, the Greek digamma, and that dh initial sounds h; both bh and dh between vowels are often quiescent, and may be dropped at the beginning of words; (¢) b and m are cognate sounds ; (w) syllables are added to words to form verbs, nouns, participles, de.; thus, the I.-K. adds air for verbs and nouns, ain, an or inn, for nouns, and adh, aidh, oidh, uidh, for participles ; in fact the participle is a noun, and to it an additional syllable may be given for word-building purposes. VIII. Having now established the principles (a to w) on which the changes in our root-syllable proceed, and their effect in word- building, I will, in this paragraph, write down a list of the most common cognates of the Latin verb jubere as found in various languages, and I divide them into classes according to the significations which Gesenius gives to the H. verb dabar. He says that the primary power of this word is that of— 1. Setting in order, ranging in order. Cf. E. order, regular arrangement, rule; I.-K. ordugh, arrangement; earr, array; earr-adh, armour, clothing; * The Latin noun radius (see page 357) is another illustration, for it means both “a ray of light” and the spoke of a wheel.” ‘This helps to show why the figure of a wheel was used in the old almanacs as a symbol for the sun. + This explains the divergence of meaning among the derivatives of the Gr. root-verb phao; for phao gives phemi, “I say,” but also phaino, “I show,” and phaeinos, “shining.” W—December 5, 1888. 354 THE LATIN VERB JUBERE. sread (L. series), a row; C. rhes, a row, a rank; rhestr, array, row, rank ; rhesu, to set in a row; L. sero, I knit; Gr. eird, I fasten together in order ; P. rada, a ‘line, a row ; Ar. rasm, arule, a custom ; 8. rathya, a ‘wheel ; rath, to speak ; L. radius, a ray, a spoke. . To lead, guide (flocks or herds) ; to guide; to rule, direct ; to bring into order, subdue. Cf. I.-K. riagh- ail, arule; iom- ain, a drove of cattle ; C. rheol, rule, peer L. rex, aking, rego, I rule, regula, a= rule; C. gwedd, order, shape : a yoke, a team. . To follow (since the shepherd also follows the flock), to be behind, to be last. Cf. I.-K. deire, rear, end, conclusion ; deire-annach, last, behind ; C. gwedi, wedi, after, later on; Gr. hepomai, I follow; L. dorsum, the back; Ar. dubr, the back. . To come behind, (and so) to lay snares, plot, destroy. Cf. Ar. dabar, destruction; H. dabher, peste 8. radh, to kill, destroy. . To put words in order, to speak. Cf. I.-K. labhair, abair, to speak, say, dhubairt, said ; bruidh-inn, speech (cf. S. bri, to speak) ; raidh, to speak, to say, to threaten; raidh, a rank, a speech, a threat ; raidse, an idle talker; arsa (for radsa), he says; labhairt, briathair, speech; ebirt (O’Clery), to tell ; a saying, a word; S. tan abravit, he said to them ; Goth. quithan, to say, ‘tell ; E. quoth, L. in-quit, he says; L for (=fa-v-or), fari, to say, fab-ula, a story ; C. llafaru, to speak ; llafar, voice, speech, utterance ; siar, an articulate sound ; siarad, to speak, to talk or discourse; eb, ebu, hebu, to say, to utter, to speak; ebe, says, quoth; medd, says (Fr. mot, Gr.muthos); gwed, an utterance, a saying; gweddi, supplication, prayer; gwedyd, to say, to speak ; L. ser-mo, speech; Gr. eir6, Isay; epos, a word; eipein, to say; Ger. reden, to say. . (H. amar) To say in one’s self, to think. Cf. C. bryd, the mind, thought; tyb, opinion, thought ; ty bio, tybied, to think, suppose; L. ratus from reor, for ra-dh-or (s), I think; A.-S. deman, to think ; E. deem; C. meddwl, to think, intend, suppose. . To speak often ; hence (a) to promise (like the G. zu-sagen); ef. L-K. raidh, tabhair to promise ; (b) to command ; ef. I.-K. orduigh, riaghlaigh, iarr to command; (c¢) to admonish; cf. I.-K. earalaich, comh-airlich, to admonish; C. ar char, a chiding, rebuking ; (d) to demand; cf. C. arch, a request, a demand; archedig, that which is demanded, gofynedig, asked, questioned, gofyn, to demand, ask, THE LATIN VERB JUBERE. 355 desire ; (e) to guard, restrain; cf. 1.-K. arach, restraint, authority ; ; C. are hado, to guard ; (£) to utter a song ; cf. Pek va bliran; ra nn, Aen, duain, a song; duanog, luanog, a sonnet, bandana a song; C. aac a song of praise ; mockery (cf. dar); E. ke LOR, a musical instru- ment; E. bard 8. To pronounce sentence, to condemn. Cf. L.-K. breith, ajudge; barn, a judge, a battle; daor, to sentence, doom; raidh, a judge, an appeal; C. barnu, to judge; bar ia, judgment, a sentence ; brawdio, to pronounce judgment ; defryd, a verdict, sentence ; dyfarnu, to condemn. | 9. Hebrew derivatives trom dabar also mean—(a) a word ; ef. L.-K: brathar, duan, briathair, a word; C. gair, a word, geirda, a good report, fame, praise; geirfa, a vocabulary ; geiriol, wordy, garrulous ; L. fama, report, fame ; laus, praise; Ar. lufz, a word, speech ; H. dabhar, a word; (b) discourse; cf. I.-K. labhairt, a talk; C. siarad, talking, a talk; (c) a precept; cf. 1-K. reachd, riaghail, a precept; C. arch, a request, demand; (d) an edict; cf. L.-K. ordugh, reachd, an edict ; (e) counsel ; ef. 1.-K. comh-airle, advice; sior, advice; (f) a rumour ; cf. L-K. radh, iom-radh, a rumour; C. gair, a rumour ; Ar.-P. khaber, news, intelligence; (g) (that which is spoken), a thing, a thing done ; ple Kero bair, adhbhar, gradh, rud, onl a thing . like the Norse, ding, a thing, which originally meant a discour se 5 Ib SS) ch olaumee 5 (ln) a cause, a reason ; cf. I.-K. meam- hair, brigh, adhbhar, aobhar, a reason; tabhair, to reason ; L. ratio, a reason. IX. I wish now to prove that the I.-K. forms dhubair, abair, their and radh, used in conjugating the verb to speak, are, all of them, modifications of the saine root from which these cognate words come, and that root is gab or dab. And this is prima Jucie possible, for such verbs are the current coin of every day life and, like the numerals, the pronouns, the substantive verb and some other verbs, are in constant use, and, by attrition, become much corrupted and disguised because of the frequency and rapidity of their utterance. To prove that (1) dhubair is a stem, I cite from the list the words dhubairt, labhairt, tabhair, llafar-u, daor and duan. Of these only two require explan- ation; daor is for da-bh-air (m) and duan is for da-bh-ain (m). I think that the 8. verb vad ‘“‘to speak, address,” (cf. Gr. aes -€0) and, in its compounds, ‘‘to command, reprove, declare, play on n instrument,” is only the root-form dabh (dav) transposed, for while the S. says vad, a musical instrument, the P. says daf. I _take dab, dabh, and not vad, to be the original form, for the 356 THE LATIN VERB JUBERE. Hebrew, the Syriac, the Chaldee, the Arabic, and the Keltic all agree in having d as the initial letter ; and dabar itself isa very old word, for it occurs frequently in the oldest books of the Hebrew Scriptures. Then (2) abair comes from dabair by aspirating the d, which then becomes the breathing h and is lost (s); thus we get eb, ebu (in composition hebu), epos, eipein, hepomal, abhr-an, obair, aobhair. Corresponding to the loss of the d here, a familiar example of a similar effect of aspiration occurs in the Greek word deilé=eilé=helé= Ion. aleé, which is connected with the I.-K. adjective deal, geal, “bright” in its primary tense. Of the K. words which I have now cited, obair issolike the L. oper-a, opus, that Ebel places it among the words which the Latin has given to the Keltic. If obair is a loan word, the Keltic is the lender, not the borrower, for ab-air (w) is a legitimate formation in Keltic from the root dab, ab. And soit has fared with other words which the Keltie, although the original owner, is said to have borrowed. Again, by dropping the initial a, we have bar-n, “‘a judge,” E. baron of the Court of Exchequer, and, by metathesis and the addition of a participial ending, we have, bru-idh-inn, brawdd, bryd, breith, breath, brathar. And of these, if we take breith ‘“a judge” in its uncontracted participial form, ab-air-adh,. “judging,” and to this add -air to denote the personal agent (w), we have abrath-er and by metathesis the L. noun ar bit-er, “a judge, an umpire.” ‘This I consider a more natural anda more satisfactory derivation than that accepted by Curtius, Corssen, Vanicek and others—from ar for ad “to” and ba for ga, “to go.” And as arbiter, like jubere, is a purely Latin word, I maintain that this derivation materially assists to establish the close connection of the Latin with the Keltic. And further, if, to the form bair, which exists in I.-K. in such words as bair-se-ach, ‘‘a scold,” bair-sich, “to scold,” (cf. H. dabar, ‘to admonish”) I add the K. termination amh, I get baramh, “a word”—a form which is found now only in the Irish adjective noun baramh-ail “an opinion,” (cf. H. amar, “to think”). This baramh would be sounded baruv or barv, and barv, by merely transposing the aspirate from the end of the word to its beginning, gives the L. verb-um, ‘a word.” Connected with bar, barv is the E. word brawl], as to which our puzzled etymologists say as usual that it is formed from the sound. By adding the frequentative letter-syllable 1, barv becomes bar v-el =brawl, ‘to talk munch,” hence “a noisy quarrel”; and from bar by reduplication comes the Gr. bar-bar-izo, ‘to talk in a foreign tongue,” of which, so far as I know, no derivation has yet been offered. (3) Next as to the conjugation form radh, I observe that the present participle of abair, if written in full, would be THE LATIN VERB JUBERE. 357 abairadh, then abradh, bradh, and radh, and the last is the existing form; although the other forms have disappeared by attrition, yet from bradh comes the Aeolic Greek brétor, an “orator,” while radh gives the G. reden “to speak,” which in A.-S. retains the initial b, as in ge-bredan, “to charge,” up-ge-bredan, “to cry out against,” E.upbraid. In the etymology of upbraid, our English dictionaries can trace it no farther than to the Anglo- - Saxon. Also to the form radh belongs the Gr. verb phrazo, “TI tell, order, counsel,” Middle, ‘‘I speak with myself, think, suppose,” through the K. participial form bh’radh; phraz-o would thus mean ‘“speaking-I,” or rather, since the participle is really a sub- stantive, ‘“speech-I.” And although in Homer phrazo means to “show or signify,” that does not affect the derivation I offer, for Gesenius says that the original meaning of the H. amar is to “bear forth, to bring to hght”; cf. H. nagad “to show, tell,” which means also to ‘‘ be manifest, clear.” From radh come the K. words raidh, raidse, arsa, rud, rad, and the L. rat-io, reor, rat-us, res, and probably rad- ius in the sense of “setting in order,” (H. dabar). The I.-K. ar-sa, for rad-sa, is used only when the words of the speaker are quoted, like the E. quoth and the L. in-quit. In this respect it is an exact parallel to the Hebrew amar. Again, from radh comes the I.-K. noun radh-ainn (wz), and, by metathesis, we get the L.-K. ord-uigh, the L. ordo, ordin-, and the Fr. ordonner, corresponding with the E. order. Although radhainn means now only “‘a saying, an expression,” yet if we have respect to the primary meaning of dabar, viz., “to set in rows, to arrange in order,” in that sense radhainn=radin=ardin=ordin would be exactly the L. ordo, ordin-; besides that sense, ordonner, and order also retain the meaning of dabar, ‘ to command.” If I now revert to the root gab, to speak, I find that in the K. languages f often represents an initial g, as, fear, gwr, a man; so gab gives the L. fab-ula, and on the strength of the b in _ fab-ula I say that the L. for is a contraction of fa-bh-or (m), and -fat-us is fabh-te, a K. participial form. And (4) if we take dhabh-air and pronounce it with the bh quiescent, we have dha-air, which gives dheir, their and the Gr. eir6 (s), a word that has caused etymologists so much perplexity. From their come the K. deire, deireann-ach, andthe L.dorsum. As cognates to the Gr. eird, the K. has earr; earradh, oire- amh-n-uigh,* earralaich, comhair-lich. The rest of the words in my list (on pp. 354-5) may be arranged thus: from dabhair, tyb. tabor, defryd, dyfarnu, adhbhar; * This is a good example of K. word-building; oire is the root, oire- amh an adjective, oire-amh-ain a verb, and oire-amh-ain-uidh is a participial noun. 358 THE LATIN VERB JUBERE. . from gabhair, gofyn, gwawd ; from abazir, ebirt (found in old Irish MSS. by O’Clery), abravit, bru; from radh, radh, radius, rada, rasm, rath, rathya, and rann for radhainn. Bard is for abairadh, and brawdio is from bard; rheol is for riaghail; arch is for argh (= ragh or radh); iomain is for dham-ain, and dan for dabh-ain; laus is for labhadd ; brigh is for abairaigh. X. Having thus, as I think, proved that in I.-K. the conjuga- tion forms in question, viz..dhubairt, abair, their and radh, are simply corruptions and adaptations of the primitive root gab, dab, I will now introduce some explanations of several of the words given in the lists above, and some further proofs that the Latin verb jubere is taken from a root that means to “speak, to say.” (1) The root gam, ‘‘to love,” already mentioned, is evidently the same word as the L. amo; so our gam may become am, amh, av; hence I consider it probable that the Gr. verb oiomai, “TI think,” (as if aiv-omai), comes from am, especially as the H. verb amar means not only “to say ” but also “ to say in one’s self, to think,” and this is exactly the force of the Middle Voice in oio mai. The L. aio, “I say,” also belongs here, although it is usually taken from a root ag, asin L. ad-ag-ium. Again, if I affix to am the C. participial form add, I have amadd, which is the C. medd, “says,” and the C. verb meddwl,.‘‘to think, to suppose,” and meddyd, “to say.” I also take the A.S. deman, ‘to think, to suppose,” E. ‘to deem,” from our root gam, dam, as well as the E. damn, “to sentence,” doom, “sentence, judgment ”—a derivation which shows their connection with the eighth meaning of dabar, as we see it in the L.-K. breith “a judge,” daor, “a sentence.” Our dictionaries derive the E.damn from damage, but, in A.-S. Scotch, dem-ster is the ‘‘ hangman,” who executes ‘“‘sentence ”; so also, the .-K. riagh is a “gallows,” riaghair, “a hangman,” and riadh-lann is a “ house of correction.” Here we observe the interchange of dh and gh, so common in the K. dialects, dh being the earlier participial form. From riadh-lann I infer that riadh originally meant ‘punishment, correction,” although its meaning now is ‘interest, rent, hire” (cf. L. ratio). From riagh for riadh the I.-K. has reach-d, ‘“astatute, a law, command, authority,” and its derivatives, some of which, as reach-dair, “a ruler” (L. rector), look surprisingly like loan- words, but are in reality formed in a regular manner from a root that is native to the K. language. And since riagh and riadh (=raidh, radh) are the same word, then riagh-ail which means ‘to set in order” (the original sense of the root dabar), “to govern, to rule,” is a genuine K. word, and so is riagh, righ, “a king”; although these words are so like the L. rex, regula, THE LATIN VERB JUBERE. 359 and rego. Rego originally means ‘‘I set in order,” as in rectus, “straight ”; and so the L. rex is he who “sets in order, corrects, chastises, dooms, commands, rules, governs.” The Oscan ruler- name MEDDIX has a similar signification, for, in my opinion, it belongs to the I.-K. verb smachdaich “to correct, chastise, rule, govern,” smachd “ correction, rule, the authority of master over a pupil, reproof.”. That smachd and riadh are synonyms is apparent from the fact that the I.-K. smachd-lann and riadh-lann are both used to mean “a house of correction.” I form MEDDIX from smachdaich by adding the Etruscan personal formative th which in L. becomes s, as Etruscan Lar-th=L. Lars; thus smachdaichth=smachdaix=meddix. And the I.-K. smachd isa very old word, for it is the H. macha, “to smite, strike,” hence “to hinder, restrain,” and this reminds us that, on the testimony of Herodotus, the Persian regal title, Darius, means the ‘“restrainer”; with this compare the 8. vinetri, ‘ruler, a chastiser, a teacher.” The initial sibilant in smachd is nothing unusual, for a similar H. verb machah, “to wipe,” is in Greek s-mécho. Philology tells us that the modern notions about the duties of a king are of a milder kind, for king is said to mean etymologically either the “ father” of his people, or the ‘‘kenning, knowing, able” man. Noris MED D1x the only Osean name which may havea K. origin, for the epithet tuticus, applied by the Oscans to one of their supreme magistrates, may be from the K. tuath meaning “the common people,” while deketasius applied to the other, as on the Cippus Abellanus, seems to me to be the I.-K. taighadh, ‘protecting, covering,” from the same root as K. taigh-earna, ‘‘a lord,” and the L. teg-o; in the same way as the L. patronus, patricius imply the duty of patronage and protection. Thus the meddix tuticus and the meddix deketasius will correspond with the Roman tribunus plebis and the tribunus celerum, the one representing the common people and the other the patricians. (2) From our root gab, I form a participial noun gabh-adh or gabh-aid, and a verb gabh-aid, which are. legitimate forms although they are now lost; but from them come numerous C. words which show many of the meanings of the H. dabar; thus, C. gwed, “asaying,” gwedi, “after” (cf. 1.-K. deire, Gr. epi and hepomai), gwedyn, ‘‘afterwards,” g wed wr, “a speaker,” gwedyo, “to say, speak,” gwedd, “order, shape, fashion ” (cf. L. ratio), gweddi, “prayer, supplication,” gweddu, ‘to render orderly, yoke, wed,” gwawd, ‘a panegyric,” gwawdeu, “to jeer” (cf. KE. gibe), and, with d for g, dywed, dy weyd, “to say, speak.” The C.dywed, gwed, “to say,” brings us to the Gothic quith-an, “to say, tell,” whence the E. quoth, “saith” (used, like the H. amar, only when the speaker’s words 360 THE LATIN VERB JUBERE. are quoted), and the L. in-quit. The supposed noun gabhadh, from which all these words come, if pronounced as usual with the bh quiescent, would give a form ge-ad, whence the I.-K. cead- ach, ‘‘talkative,” and cead-al, ‘a story,” but, if it is written in a C. form, g’vadd, it gives C. gwed and the other words quoted. (3) Of the words which I tabulated under the meanings of the H. dabar, there remain to be considered only the Gr. eiro, “I fasten,” L. sero, series, sermo, I.-K. sread, siarad, C. rhes, rhestr. As to their derivation from our root gab, dab, I cannot give any decided opinion, although two of them in the sense of “discourse,” sermo and siarad, point to a connection with the verb “to say.” The I.-K. conjugation form their (= seir) would easily give the Gr. eiro and the L. sero, as well as the I.-K. sread, and siarad, while the C. rhes may be for s-res from the same root ; yet there is in H. another verb, quite different from dabar, viz. shor (for sharar) “ toarrange, put in order, and as sharar may have an equivalent in Aryan somewhere, it is probable that the Gr. eiro, “I fasten” and the L. sero, ‘‘I knit,” are not from the same root as eiro, “I say,” and sermo, ‘‘speech.” Indeed as the H. sharar or zarar has the other meanings of ‘ to twist, twine, press, oppress, bind © together, shut up, distress,” we should rather say that, through some Aryan corresponding root, it connects itself with the Gr. seira, “arope, eiro, “I fasten, I bind,” heirgo, eee shut in, confine,” and the L. sero “I knit,” with all their cognates. But the L. sero, “I sow, I plant,” must be connected with dabar, for serere arbores means to set or plant trees ‘in rows.” XI. I now conclude with one final proof that my view of the etymology of the Latin verb jubere is correct, and I find that proof in the Latin noun Imperator. It is obvious from the meaning and use of the Latin official term dictator, which is taken from dicere, ‘to say,” that one invested with the very highest power in the State may have a title drawn from the fact that he can “say” with force that a thing shall be done. Now Imperator is known to be a corruption of an older word induperator and, if we strike off from this the personal suffix ator, we have induper as the stem, and this to my eye is no more than the I.-K. intensive particle ain and the verb dubair, dhubair, dabar, which we have been considering. XI. A few reflections may be drawn from this discussion. (1) If the analogies which I have traced and the arguments which I have advanced be, on the whole, correct, then the Hebrew as a Shemitic tongue has a much more intimate connection with the Aryan family than many philologists are disposed to acknow- THE LATIN VERB JUBERE. 361 ledge, and the link of connection between the two families is most easily traced through the Keltic. (2) Elementary monosyllabic roots, denoting the primitive ideas in human speech, are capable of receiving and from frequent use are likely to undergo numerous changes of form and application ; and so, although some maintain the contrary, the earliest root words of the undivided language of mankind may have been comparatively few in number. (3) As the original seats of the human race were mountain regions and elevated tablelands, it is probable that the earliest speech was in harmony with the physical experiences of the people, and consisted largely of hard and even harsh consonant sounds. The Hebrew and the Keltic still retain these features, and in my opinion are specially worthy of the attention of philologists, while the Sanskrit and the Greek exhibit the softening influence of climate and separation from the parent language. (4) The Kelts, having been the first, probably, of the Aryan races to occupy the south and west of Kurope, may have left a considerable portion of their own population and of their own language in those localities where they dwelt, and there we may reasonably expect to find traces of their influence. The fashion at present supreme among philologists, that of referring everything in Latin and Greek to Sanskrit as the only umpire, seems to be both unwise and fallacious. The plea that Sanskrit possesses written records of great age is equally cogent in favour of Hebrew, and if any Keltic words can be shown to have an identity with the Hebrew, this should be taken as establishing the antiquity of these words, in the absence of an ancient Keltic literature. (5) The important part which the digamma plays, in the etymology of Greek words, may lead us to admit that many words may have come from the Keltic into the classic languages through the suppression of the sound of bh, which, in fact, in modern Keltic is often quiescent, as in Hebrew. (6) If jubere and many other words essential to the Latin language are purely Keltic, if Oscan titles of offices are Keltic, surely the influence of the Kelts on the early destinies of Italy deserves larger consideration at the hands of our Roman historians than it has received. 362 NOTES ON SOME NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS. NOTES ON SOME NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS. (Note No. 5.) By A. LiversipeGr, M.A., F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry in the University of Sydney. [Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., December 5, 1888. ] The following notes were illustrated by specimens of the minerals mentioned. ANTIMONY. Native antimony occurs in calcite with gold, blende, mispickel, d&c., at the New Reform Gold Mine, Lucknow. (See Gold p. 364.) BaRKLYITE = Al,O;. The opaque more or less magenta coloured variety of ruby known as barklyite, has been sent me for identification by Mr. D. A. Porter, from New England. This had previously been found at Two Mile Flat, Cudgegong. CASSITERITE or TIN SToNE=SnQ,. A very finely divided tinstone occurs in elvan at Bellandean, Tenterfield, and might easily be overlooked by miners who are only used to the ordinary appearance of tinstone as it occurs in New South Wales, since this form from its grey colour and finely divided condition is liable to escape recognition. Associated with it are occasional scales of glistening pearly white gilbertite mica. CoBALTINE. The sulpharsenide of cobalt CoAs., CoS, found with erythrite at Carcoar, in massive lumps, with a granular structure. CoVvELLINE oR INDIGO Copper—Copper sulphide = Cus. - This mineral occurs with redruthite, the copper sub-sulphide Cu. and other sulphur ores of copper at Cobar and other copper mines in New South Wales. ERYTHRITE OR CoBaLt Boom. Hydrated arseniate of cobalt obtained by Mr. J. A. McKillop, near Carcoar, where it occurs in association with cobaltine, molybdenite &c. The erythrite is present in groups of silky radiating acicular crystals of a beautiful peach colour. Also in globuJar and uniform masses, and in incrustations, which present a remarkable pearly pink lustre on the freshly fractured surfaces. NOTES ON SOME NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS. 363 It is clearly an oxidation product of the colbaltine which accompanies it. GaHNITE—Zinc spinel=Zn Al,O,. The lavendar coloured specimen was sent me for identification ten or twelve years ago, but without locality. Mr. D. A. Porter also sent me a specimen of this mineral from near Tenterfield for identification in 1885, and another from Tingha in 1887, so that the mineral probably occurs in several localities. GARNETS. From the New England District, on the borders of Queensland, these are the ordinary red garnets (iron-alumina garnet), but like those found in Queensland have been mistaken for rubies. The Bohemian garnet, magnesia alumina garnet, is said to occur in large quantities near Maryland Creek, Co. Builer. GRAPHITE. From Undercliff Station, Wilson’s Downfall, New England, obtained by Mr. Wooler. The nodules of this graphite look of very good quality when rubbed and polished, but on breaking them open they are seen to contain a good deal of earthy matter; one nodule examined for me by Dr. G. 8. Mackenzie in the University Chemical Laboratory, was found to contain only 30 per cent. of carbon. Hence for most commercial purposes the graphite would require purifying before it could be used. Associated with the graphite are rolled pebbles of quartz and rock crystal. GoLb. Amongst the specimens forming the subject of these notes and placed before you on the table is a specimen of gold in calcite, obtained from the New Reform Gold Mine, Lucknow and sent to me by Mr. Newman as an unusual specimen. The gold is very pale in colour and of a greenish tint, and occurs in the form of very thin films and strings, which follow the cracks in the calcite and junctions of the crystals rather than the cleavage planes of the crystals. The calcite cleaves well, is white, but shows iron stains in parts. There are also two specimens of auriferous quartz from the celebrated early find of Gold in Louisa Creek, Turon River, obtained on the spot in 1851 by Mr. J. Alger, to whom I am indebted for the specimens. The quartz is ordinary white vein quartz with ferruginous stains and cavities apparently left by the removal of iron pyrites. 364 NOTES ON SOME NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS. GoLpD AND Native ANTIMONY. From the same mine, the New Reform Lucknow, specimens are shown of gold in calcite as the vein stuff and in association with native antimony, mispickel, zine blende, pyrites, and silver-bearing galena. The vein apparently runs through diorite and serpentine—some of the serpentine is of the foliated varieties known as marmolite, and in places a little asbestos is present, especially at the deeper levels. The native antimony is present in places in considerable quantity, and came in at about 350 feet. MARMOLITE. This foliated variety of serpentine occurs with massive serpentine on Jones’ Creek, Gundagai. MotyspEeNnitE— Molybdenum sulphide = Mos,. Found with cobaltine and erythrite at Carcoar in fairly well developed platy crystals. PLATINUM, OsMiuM, AND IRIDIUM. The small specimen of platinum associated with gold was found on the head waters of the Bogan and Lachlan rivers, N.E. of Condobolin. I am informed by Mr. Harding of Grafton, that gold, platinum, and osmi-iridium occur in the sea sands at Jamba, Clarence Heads, and generally in the north ends of the bays and reaches along the New South Wales coast. The ‘ platinum” consists principally of osmium and iridium and contains only about 307 of platinum, hence it is only worth a few shillings an ounce. PREHNITE. This zeolite has been found in the basalt at the Prospect reservoir. Some imperfect and small crystals were also sent to me by Mr. D. A. Porter for identification, who had obtained them from serpentine in New England in 1887. The sp. grs. of two specimens from New England were 2°89 and BOO, SIDERITE = FeCO,. Some fairly good crystals of this mineral have been found at the Cobar Copper Mines. PyrrHorinE— Magnetic pyrites. The Revd. J. Milne Curran reports the presence of this mineral at Cobar in the massive condition. NOTES ON SOME NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS. 365 SILVER. Leaf silver on schist from Sunny Corner. Crystallized silver on silver chloride from Lewis Ponds. The Revd. J. Milne Curran informs me that he has found silver in scales on redruthite at the Cobar Copper Mine. SILvER CuLoRIDE= AgCl. From Silverton, fairly well formed branching groups of crystals. All the New South Wales silver chloride specimens which I have examined so far, contain iodine, some only traces, but others a fair percentage. STANNITE, TIN PyRITEs. Mr. Theodore Ranft informs me that he found this mineral in the Ottery Lode, Tent Hill, New Engiand. TELLURATE OF BISMUTH—MONTANITE., The specimens were presented to me by Mr. R. Atkinson Price of Market Street, and obtained from Captain’s Flat; the first specimens which came under my notice were I believe from the same place, and were shown to me for identification by Mr. C. 8. Wilkinson, F.G.8., early in June last, they have since been described by Mr. Mingaye, before the Chemical Section of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, Vol. 1., 1888. It is reddish-brown, with dirty orange coloured mineral, soft, and very like certain stalactitic brown hematite, waxy centre, soft and brittle. Associated with it is tetradymite (a telluride of bismuth) and tellurium ochre. TOPAZ. Water worn crystals and fragments from Scrubby Gully, New England District. Some are of fair size, clear, free from flaws, and would cut very well. EXHIBIT. CALIFORNIAN BatTeA, oR GoLD Prospecting DisuH. — The Californian batea is a wooden dish for gold prospecting ; this is much more convenient and useful than the ordinary gold prospect- ing tin dish, and is generally used in America in preference. It is conical in section, and all the gold and heavy minerals can readily be collected in the apex of the conical cavity, and the gold if necessary taken up by a few drops of mercury. The grains of 366 PROCEEDINGS. the wood also assists in separating the gold, since it gets rubbed up in working and then acts somewhat in the same way as the blanket used in gold washing. In size it is about 20 inches diameter and 24 inches deep, and being provided with a thick rim it is more convenient and less fatiguing to hold, further it does not readily break nor get knocked out of shape like the ordinary tin dish. It is now some years since examples of this dish were obtained, at my suggestion, from San Francisco for the University Collection and Technological Museum, and my reason for bringing it under your notice is that when in San Francisco in 1887, on making inquiries as to its use, | was informed that no other dish is now employed in California—in fact it is in general use in America. Ifthe batea were known and procurable here, I have no doubt its advantages would be appreciated by Australian miners. WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 5, 1888. Sir ALFRED Roperts, President in the Chair. Twenty members were present. The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed. The certificates of five new candidates were read for the third time, of two for the second time, and of two for the first time. The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members of the Society :— | Barling, Joseph, Under Secretary for Public Works, Sydney. Fitzhardinge, Grantley Hyde, Balmain. Marden, John, M.A., LL.B., Melbne., Ashfield. Smeaton, Rev. W. H. O., Rockhampton, Queensland. White, The Hon. R. Hi. D., MLC, Sydney. The Chairman stated that the Council recommended the election of the following gentlemen as Honorary Members of the Society Viz. :-— Ralph Tate, F.G.8S., F.L.8., Professor of Natural Science, Adelaide University. Capt. Frederick Wollaston Hutton, F.G.8S., Professor of Geology, Canterbury College, Christchurch, New Zealand. The election was carried unanimously. PROCEEDINGS. 367 The Chairman announced that the Clarke Medal for 1889 had been awarded by the Council to R. L. J. Ellery, F.R.S., &., Government Astronomer of Victoria, accompanied by the following letter :— The Royal Society of New South Wales, Sydney, 28th November, 1888. To R. L. J. Ellery, Esq., F.R.S., &e. Government Astronomer of Victoria, Melbourne. My dear Sir,—I have the pleasure to forward to you by post, the Clarke Memorial Medal which has been awarded to you by the Council of the Royal Society of New South Wales, in recognition of your long continued Scientific labours, and more particulary on account of your invaluable contributions to the Astronomy and Meteorology of the Southern Hemisphere. The Council trust that you will accept the medal asa mark also of the appreciation which is entertained for your distinguished services to the cause of Science generally. I am, my dear Sir, Yours very truly, A. LIVERSIDGE, Hon. Secretary. It was resolved that Messrs. H. O. Walker and P. N. Trebeck be appointed Auditors for the present year: A paper was read on “The Latin verb Jubere—a Linguistic Study,” by John Fraser, B.A., LL.D., (Zdin.) Professor Liversidge exhibited a large collection of New South Wales Minerals. A series of photographs of unusually large trees growing near Sydney, taken by Dr. H.G. A. Wright and presented by him to the Society, were also exhibited. The thanks of the Society were accorded to the several gentlemen for the valuable paper and exhibits. The following donations were laid upon the ele and acknowledged :— Dorations RECEIVED DURING THE Montu or Novemser, 1888, (The Names of the Donors are in Italics.) TRANSACTIONS, JOURNALS, REPORTS, &c. ADELAIDE—Public Library, Museum, and Ait Gallery of South Australia. Report of the Board of Governors for 1887-8. The Board. AREzz0— Regia Accademia Petrarca di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti. Statuti. — The Academy. Berne— Département Fédéral de V’Intérieur. Section des Travaux Publics. Tableau graphique des observa- tions hydrometriques suisses. Pl. 1, la, 1b, 2, 2a, 2b, 3, 4, 5,6; 1887. Graphische Darstellung der Schweizerischen hydrometrischen Beobachtungen. Bl. la, 1b, 2a, 2b, 2c, 3, 4, 5a, 5b, 6. The Department. 368 PROCEEDINGS. Bonn—Naturhistorischer Vereine der Preussischen Rhein- lande, Westfslens und des Reg.-Bezirks Osnabriick. Verhandlungen. Jahrgang xliii.,5 Folge, iii. Band Halfte 2; Jahrgang xliv., 5 Folge,iv. Band Hilfte 1 and 2. The Society. BrisBANE—Queensland Museum. Annual Report of the Trustees for 1887. The Trustees. Royal Society of Queensland. Proceedings, Vol. iv., 1887; Vol. v., Part 3, 1888. The Society. Bristot—Bristol Naturalists’ Society. Proceedings, New Series, Vol. v., Part 3, (1887-8). Report &c. for the Year ending 30 April, 1888. CAMBORNE—Mining Association and Institute of Cornwall. Transactions, Vol. i1., Part 1, 1887. The Eighth +> Mining Exhibition at Camborne, 1888. The Institute. CuristTianra—Videnskabs-Selskabet. Forhandlinger, Aar 1887. The Society. DrespEN—K. Sachsische Statistische Bureau des Minister- iums des Innern. Zeitschrift, Zweites Supplement- heft zum xxxii., Jahrgang 1886. The Bureau. Dusitin—Royal Dublin Society. Scientific Proceedings (N.S.) Vol. v., Parts 7 and 8, 1887; Vol. vi., Parts 1 and 2, 1888. Scientific Transactions (Series ii.) Vol. iii., No. 14, 1887; Vol. IV., No. 1, 1888. The Society. Royal Geological Society of Ireland. Journal, Vol. xvii. (New Series). Vol. vii., Part 2, 1885-87. EpinBpurGH—Royal Scottish Geographical Society. ‘“ The Scottish Geographical Mayazine,”’ Vol. iv., Nos. 9and 3) 10, 1888. 2 FLORENCE—Societa Africana d’ Italia. Bullettino, Vol. iv., Fasc. 6, 1888. 55 HamBure—Geographische Gesellschaft. Mittheilungen, Heft i 1837-88. sy) Deutsche Meteorologische Gesellschaft. Meteorolo- ' gische Zeitschrift, October 1888. ss JENA—Medicinisch Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft. Jenaische Zeitschrift fiir Naturwissenschaft, Bd. xxil. N.F., Bd. xv. Heft. 1 and 2. 5s Litte—Société Géologique du Nord. Annales, xiv., 1886-7. is) Lincotn, (Nebraska)— University of Nebraska. University Studies, Vol. i., No. 1, July 1888. The University. Lonpon—Institution of Naval Architects. Transactions, Vol. xxix., 1888. Papers read at the Thirtieth Session, July 1888, viz. :—‘‘ Copper Steam Pipes for Modern High Pressure Engines,’ by W. Parker. “On the Comparative Merits of Deep Keel and Centre-Board Yachts for Racing Purposes,” by B. Martell. ‘On the Course of Instruction in Naval Architecture at Glasgow University,” by Professor P. Jenkins. ‘On the Possible Effect of High Ex- plosives on Future Designs for War-Ships,” by PROCEEDINGS. 369 Lonpon—(cont.) Capt. C. C. P. FitzGerald, R.N. “Steam Trials of the R. Italian Ironclad ‘ Lepanto,’” by Major Nabor Soliani. ‘The First Century of the Marine Engine,” by Professor Henry Dyer, C.H., M.A. <«“The River Clyde,” by James Deas, C.E. The Institution. Linnean Society. Journal, Zoology, Vol. xx., No. 120. 1888. The Society. Meteorological Office. Synchronous Weather Charts of the North Atlantic Ocean. Official No. 71. Part iv., 25 May to 3 Sept. 1883. The Meteorological Office. Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Journal and Transactions, (Third Series), Vol. xix., Parts 218 and 219, 1888. The Society. Royal Geographical Society. Proceedings, New Monthly Series, Vol. x., Nos. 9 and 10, 1888. i, Royal Society. Philosophical Transactions, Vol. 178, Parts a. and B., 1887. Proceedings, Vols. 42 and 43, and Vol. 44, Nos. 266—270, 1887—88. List of Fellows, Nov. 30, 1887. The Eruption of Krakatoa and Subsequent Phenomena. ae Zoological Society. Proceedings of the Scientific Meet- ings, Part 2., 1888. ee MeLsourne—Field Naturalists’ Club of Victoria. The Victorian Naturalist, Vol. v., No. 7, Nov. 1888. The Club. Mzxico—Observatorio Meteorol6gico-Magnético Central de Mexico. Boletin Mensual, Tomo i. Supplemento al Num 4, 6, and 7, 1888. The Observatory. Sociedad Cientifica *‘ Antonio Alzate.’”’? Memorias, Tomo li., Cuaderno Num 2, August, 1888. The Society. Monte Vipro—Observatorio Meteoroldégico del Colegio Pio de Villa Colon. Boletin Mensual, Ano i., Nos. 1 and 2, 1888. The Observatory. MutnHovse—Société Industrielle. Bulletin, July and August, 1888. The Society. Napies—Societa Reale di Napoli. Atti della R. Accademia delle Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche, Serie Seconda Vols. 1 and 2, 1888. Rendiconto, Serie 2a, Vol. i., 1887. » Stazione Zoologica. Mittheilungen, Band viii., Heft 2, 1888. The Station. Naw Yorx—American Geographical Society. Bulletin, Vol. xx., No. 3, Sept. 30, 1888. The Society. The Journal of Comparative Medicine and Surgery, Vol. ix., No. 4, October, 1888. The Editor. Science. Vol. xii., Nos. 2983—297, 1888. Paris—Académie de Sciences de |’ Institut de France. Comptes Rendus, Tome 107, Nos. 13 to 16, 1888. The Institute. Société Academique Indo-Chinoise de France. Bulletin Deuxieme Série, Tome 2, 1882-1883. The Academy. X—December a 1888. 3) 370 PROCEEDINGS. Paris—Société Astronomique de France. Statuts. The Society. Société d’ Anthropologie de Paris. Bulletins, (3e Série) Tome xi., Fasc 1 and 2, 1888. 3 Société de Biologie. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires, 8e Série, Tome v., Nos. 29-30, 1888. ve Société de Géographie. Bulletin, 7e Serie, Tome ix., — Trimestre 1 and 2, 1888. ny, Société Géologique de France. Bulletin, 3e Série, Tome xvi., No. 5, 1888. ee Société Francaise de Minéralogie. Bulletin, Tome xi., No. 6, 1888. . Société Zoologique de France. Bulletin, Tome xiii., No. 7, 1888. Mémoires, Tome i., Part 2, 1888. bes PHILADELPHIA—American Philosophical Society. Scientific Value of Volapiik. si Franklin Institute. Journal, Vol. exxvi., No. 754, Oct. 1888. The Institute. Rome—R. Comitato Geologico d’ Italia. Bollettino, Vol. xvlil., Fascicolo di Supplimento 1887, viz. I] Terre- moto del 1887 in Liguria. Appunti di Arturo Issel. The Committee. Societa Geografica Italiana. Bollettino, Serie iii., Vol. 1., Fasc. 9, 1888. The Soeiety. St. Errenne—Société de l’Industrie Minerale. Comptes Rendus Mensuels, August 1888. a StuTtTeart.—K. Statistischen Landesamt. Wiirttembergische Jahrbiicher fiir Statistik und Landeskunde. I Band 8 Heft 1887, and II. Hilfte 1887, viz :—Wiirt- tembergische Vierteljahrshefte ftir Landesges- chichte 1887, Nos. i., ll., ill., iv. The *‘Landesamt.” Wiirttembergische Vereins fiir Handelsgeographie Jahresbericht v.-vi., (1886-88). The Society. Virnna—K. K. Geologische Reichsanstalt. VWerhandlungen, No. 12, 1888. “ The Reichsanstalt.”” WasHineton—Hydrographic Office. Notices to Mariners, Nos. 29—387, 21 July to 15 Sept. 1888. Pilot Charts, of the North Atlantic Ocean, Aug. and Supplement and Sept., 1888. Chart No. 94, South Pacific Ocean —Samoan Group—Fangaloa Bay (Island of Upolu). The U.S. Hydrographer. Wetuineton, N. Z.—New Zealand Geological Survey. Bulletin, No. 1, 1888. The Director. Yorouama—Asiatic Society of Japan. Transactions, Vol. xvi., Part 2, 1888. The Society. MIscELLANEOUS. (Names of Donors are in Italics.) Bennett, E. J.—A few Thoughts on Natural Phenomena, Heat, Light, Electricity, Atmospheric Disturbances, Barometer, &c. J. P. Thomson. PROCEEDINGS. Bal Burge, Charles Ormsby, M. Inst. C.E.—Graphic Analysis apphed to Structures under Anistathmic Stresses. The Author. Cameron, A. M.—Light Phenomena of the Atmosphere. 55 Jack, Robert L., F.G.S.—Report on the Geological Features of the Mackay District. Microscopical Bulletin and Science News. August, 1888. Microscope Catalogue. (Bausch and Lomb Optical Co.) W.H.H. Lane. Newton, H. A.—Upon the relation which the former Orbits of those Meteorites that are in our collections, and that were seen to fall, had to the Earth’s Orbit. The Author. Tebbutt, John, F.R.A.S.—History and Description of Mr. Tebbutt’s Observatory, Windsor, New South Wales. iy, The Victorian Engineer, Vol. ii1., Nos. 4 & 5, 1888. The Publisher. Thomas, A. P. W., M.A., F.L.8.—Report on the Eruption of Tarawera and Rotomahana, New Zealand. The Author. Triibner’s American, European, and Oriental Literary Record. No. 239, N.S. Vol. ix., No. 3, 1888. The Publishers. Varieny, C. de.—Sur la destruction des lapins en Australie et dans la Nouvelle-Zélande, (and Translation). Russell, .H. C., B.A., F.R.S.—Two Photographs of Flashes of Lightning, taken 26 October, 1888. Wiesener, T. F.—One 23 inch Objective. (First object glass for the Microscope made in Sydney.) Wright, H. G. A., M.R.C.S.E.—Five Photographs of Large Trees :—Bulli Pass; Lane Cove Road (Two views); North Willoughby (Two views). PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECTIONS (IN ABSTRACT.) MEDICAL SECTION. The preliminary meeting for the election of officers was held April 13th, 1888, and the result of the ballot was as follows :— ‘Chairman: Dr. 8. T. Knaaes. Secretaries: A. MacCormick, M.D., Epwo. J. Jenxins, M.D. Committee: Drs. W. CHISHOLM, Craco, FarrFax Ross, SypNeY Jones, Hankins, and Goope. 312 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECTIONS. Seven general meetings were held during the session, and the attendance was above the usual average. Papers were read by— Dr. MacCormick on “ Excision of the Thyroid.” Dr. Goope, on “two cases of fracture of the skull-trephining ; Recovery.” Dr. WorRALL, on “ Induction of Labour.” Dr. Roru, on “ Rational Infant’s Clothing.” Dr. JENKINS, on “ Splenic Leucocythaemia.” Dr. GrauaM, on “ Exophthalmic goitre.” Dr. FarrHrut, on “The treatment of Migraine.” Dr. MacCormick, on “ The Radical Cure of Hernia.” Dr. JENKINS, on ‘ Intrathoracic Tumours.” Dr. SHEWIN, on cases of ‘‘ Gangrene and abscess of the Lung.” A special evening was set apart for the discussion of the recent. treatment of Typhoid Fever. The subject was opened by Dr. JENKINS, and a paper was read also by Dr. CarrutTuers on “ The Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever.” The discussion was continued by Sir ALFRED Roperts, Drs. Farrrax Ross, Kyaaes, Crago, McCuttocu, Murray Oram, and Dr. MacLaurin. The following exhibits were made :— Dr. WorraLtt—Two fibroid tumours of the uterus, and a. degenerated ovum. Dr. Goopre—A patient from whom he had removed the whole of the left necrosed tibia, and new bone had been formed from the periosteum which had been left. Dr. MacCormick—A patient with ununited fracture of the left humerus. Dr. JeNKins—A patient with “aortic regurgitation, Aneurism of the arch of the aorta and obliteration of the left carotid artery.” Dr. Rotu—A “scoliometer.” Dr. Quairz, Jun.—A nasal polypus and laryngeal growth. Dr. Fatrrax Ross—‘“A_ patient for diagnosis,” with exophthalmia of the left eye and no loss of vision or anything definite to account for peculiar symptoms. Dr. GranamM—-A man with “ Exophthalmic goitre.” PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECTIONS. 373° Dr. JENKInS—A heart showing aneurism of arch of aorta, and obliteration of the lumen of left carotid artery. A. MACCORMICK, M.D. Ig uae E. J. JENKINS, M.D. sss ecretarles. S. T. KNAGGS, M.D., Chairman. MICROSCOPICAL SECTION. A preliminary meeting of this Section was held on April 8th. 1888 ; Mr. G. D. Hirsr occupied the Chair. Mr. F. B. Kynepon was re-elected as Chairman for the present year; Mr. Percy J. EDMUNDS as Secretary ; and Dr. H. G. A. Wrtcut, Dr. Morris, Mr. 8. MacDonnett, and Mr. H. O. Waker were elected members of the Committee. ‘Monthly Meeting held MAY 14th, 1888. Mr. F. B. Kynapon in the Chair. Dr. Wricut exhibited some very excellent micro-photographs of various objects (diatoms, podura-scales, tongues of insects Wc.) taken with Zeiss’s | inch, Tolles’ 3';th and Zeiss’ Ss apochromatic szth, some by means of lamplight, others by the incandescent electric light. Dr. Waicut also exhibited a monocular microscope by H. Leitz of Wetzlow. The ;sth oil-immersion lens belonging to it was tested with success on slides of Vavicula angulatum and Amph. pellucida. Mr. Pepiey exhibited an indurated tumour from a pig’s cheek. Monthly Meeting held JUNE 11th, 1888. Mr. F. B. Kynapon in the Chair. Dr. Wricut exhibited some micro-photographs similar to those shown at last meeting. Mr. MacDonneti exhibited two species of Caprelle with numerous diatoms firmly attached. Dr. Stycratr exhibited a new model of microscope by Zeiss with Abbe’s condenser. Mr. Epmunps exhibited the original immersion paraboloid invented by Dr. James Edmunds, of London. Also several forms of micrometer and other eye-pieces. a1A PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECTIONS. Monthly Meeting held JULY 9th, 1888. Mr. F. B. Kynepon in the Chair. On the suggestion of Mr. G. D. Hirst, it was decided that application should be made to the Council to purchase a low-power objective of two or three inches focus. Mr. Prpiey exhibited some photographs of Plewrosigma formosum which seemed by their appearance at the broken edges to support the ‘“‘ bead” theory. Dr. Wricur presented about twenty copies of the micro- photographs lately taken by him. Mr. MacDonnett exhibited the larva of the fresh-water Marsh” fly encrusted with short-stemmed living Vorticelle. This object was illuminated with the parabolic illuminator. Mr. WuiIrELEGGE exhibited slides showing a species of coral (Clavulina ),a Zoophyte (Sarsia) and an embryo star-fish (Asterina exigua), all obtained from the waters of Port Jackson. The Rev. Rosperr Coie exhibited three specimens of moss mounted in balsam, and obtained from Mossman’s Bay. Monthly Meeting held AUGUST 13th, 1888. Mr. F. B. Kynepon in the Chair. Mr. WatkeER showed some living specimens of Rotatoria (Lacinularia socialis) obtained from Parramatta River. Mr. MacDonne tt exhibited specimens of the “‘ brick-building ” Rotifer, Welicerta ringens, in full activity. Mr, WHITELEGGE exhibited Gorgona spicules (Mopsella coccinea ) found at Watson’s Bay. Dr. Wericut exhibited some micro-photographs showing enlargements of 5500 diameters. Mr. Hurst exhibited a species of Vorticella. Mr. Epmunps exhibited some foraminifera illuminated by the immersion paraboloid. Monthly Meeting held SEPTEMBER 3rd, 1888. Mr. F. B. Kynepon in the Chair. Mr. Tryon, from Queensland, furnished some _ interesting information concerning investigations lately carried on by him relative to the recently discovered parasite harboured in rat’s-blood. It was found to be a monad with definite nucleus and limiting membrane. It was probably identical with the parasite supposed md PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECTIONS. 375 to cause the disease known in India as “Surrah” in horses and cattle, and perhaps also with that causing malarial fever in man. Mr. MacDowne tt exhibited some of Mr. Sharp’s (of Adelong) beautiful entomological slides. Mr. WHITELEGGE exhibited the calcareous wheel-plates of Chirodota and several other Rotifer slides, these organisms being killed with their corone fully extended. Mr. Epmunps exhibited a small Nachet microscope. Monthly Meeting held OCTOBER 15th, 1888. Mr. F. B. Kynepon in the Chair. Mr. WIESENER exhibited five new models of microscopes made by Anderson of London. Also a 24 inch objective made in his establishment, (being the first objective made in the colony,) and which he presented to-the Society. Mr. MacDonneE.t read a communication from Mr. E. Bostock of Stone, England, asking for. co-operation in investigating the Oribatide, or beetle-mites. Monthly Meeting held NOVEMBER 12th, 1888. Mr. F. B. KYNGDON in the Chair. Mr. WHITELEGGE exhibited a slide showing embryo starfish, and fully described the development of the Australian form Asterina exigua. Mr. Kynepon exhibited a brownish reticulated mass found in an old wooden house, and recognized as the excreta of white ants. Also some curiously punctured gall-nuts or gum-leaves. PERCY J. EDMUNDS, Hon. Sec. 376 ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES. Punionrests PURCHASED IN 1887 AND 1888. American Monthly Microscopical Journal. American Journal of Science and Art (Silliman). Analyst. Annales des Chimie et Physique. Annales des Mines. Annals of Natural History. Astronomische Nachrichten. Atheneum. British Medical Journal. Chemical News. Curtis’ Botanical Magazine. Dingler’s Polytechnisches Journal. Engineer. Engineering. English Mechanic. Fresenius’ Zeitschrift fiir Analytische Chemie. Geological Magazine. Industries. Journal and Transactions of the Photographic Society. Journal de Médecine. Journal of Anatomy and Physiology. Journal of Botany. Journal of the Chemical Society. Journal of the Society of Arts. Journal of the Society of Telegraph Envineers. Knowledge. Lancet. London Medical Record. Medical Record of New York. Mining Journal. Nature. Notes and Queries. Observatory. Petermann’s Geographischen Mittheilungen. Philadelphia Medical Times. Philosophical Magazine. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. Sanitary Engineer. Sanitary Record. Science Gossip. Scientific American. Scientific American Supplement. Telegraphic Journal and Electrical Review. Zoologist. ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. BL i Booxs PURCHASED IN 1887 anp 1888. Abercrombie, (Hon. Ralph). Weather. (Int. Sc. Ser., Vol., 59.) Abernethy, (J.) Surgical Observations. 1814. Andral, (G.) Pathological Anatomy. 1829. Anstie, (F. HE.) Stimulants and Narcotics. 1864. Astronomical Register, 1886. Australian Handbook, 1887 and 1888. Bennett, (James H.) Inflammation of the Uterus. 1845. Biedermann. Technisch-Chemisches Jahrbuch, 1885-86, 1886-87. Binet, (A.) and Férés, (C.) Animal Magnetism. (Int. Sc. Ser., Vol. 60). Birmingham Philosophical Society, Proceedings, Voli., Part 3. Braithwaite, (James). Retrospect of Medicine, Vols. 94, 95, 96, 97, 98. Braithwaite, (R). British Moss Flora, Parts 1—8. (all published). British Association Reports for 1886 and 1887. British and Foreign Medical Review., Vol. i.—xvi. 1836—43. British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review, 1848—1869. 26 Vols. Buckler, (William). Larve of British Butterflies and Moths. Vol. ii. (Ray Society). Buller’s, Birds of New Zealand (New Edition). Parts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, DelO 7 Ht, Catalogue and Description of the Natural and Artificial Rarities belong- ing to the Royal Society, and preserved at Gresham College, &c. 1681. “Challenger” Report. Zoology, Vols. 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. Botany, Vol. 2. Chelius, (J. M.) System of Surgery. (South). 1847. 2 Vols. Clinical Society. Transactions, Vol. xx. Cullen, (William). First Lines of Medicine. 1810. 2 Vols. Practice of Physic, edited by Dr. Thomson. 2 Vols. Dana, (James D.) Geology of the U.S. Exploring Expedition during the years 1838—1842, under the command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. (Text only.) Dawson, (Sir J. William). Geological History of Plants. (Int. Sc. Ser., Vol. 68.) Edinburgh Botanical Society. Proceedings, Vols. 2, 3, 6, 7, 8,9 (Parts mane). V1. Ney * Edinburgh Royal Physical Society. Proceedings, Vols. 1, 2, 3, 4 (Part 1 and 2), 5 (Part 1), 6. Encyclopedia Britannica, Vols. 22, 28, 24. (Ninth edition). Friedlander, (R.), and Sohn. Catalogue. Bibliotheca Historico Naturalis et Mathematica. 1886. Geolological Record for 1879, and 1880—1884 inclusive. Vol. 1. Geological Survey of India. Memoirs. Vol. ili., Part 1. Glasgow Geological Society. Transactions. Vols. 1.—v. Glasgow Medical Journal. Vol. 1—7. 1854-60. Good, (J. M.) Study of Medicine. Vols. 1—4. 1825. Hamilton, (A.) Outlines of the Theory and Practice of Midwifery. 1784. Heilprin, (Angelo). Geographical and Geological Distribution. of Animals. (Int. Sc. Ser., Vol. 58.) Heister, (L.) General System of Surgery. 4°. London, 1758. Henslow, (Rev. George). The Origin of Floral Structures. (Int. Se. Ser., Vol. 64:) Inman, (Thomas). Spinal Irritation. 1858. Jahresbericht Chemischen Technologie fiir 1886 and 1887. Johnson, (James). Influence of Tropical Climates. 1836. King, Fitzroy and Darwin. Voyage of the “ Beagle.” 4 Vols. Levi, (Leone). International Law. (Int. Sc. Ser., Vol. 62.) 378 ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. Lubbock, (Sir John). Senses of Animals. (Int. Sc. Ser., Vol. 65.) Medical Officer’s Annual Report to the Local Government Board, London. 1885, Part 2. Suppt., 1886-87. Medico-Chirurgical Society. Transactions. Vol. 70. Michael, (A. D.) British Oribatide. Vol. 2. (Ray Society.) Monthly Journal of Medical Science, 1841—1849. 8 Vols. Morphology. Journal of. Voli., Nos. land 2. Vol. ii., No.1. Naegeli and Schwendener. The Microscope in Theory and Practice. (English Translation). Nautical Almanac. 1890, 1891, 1892. New Sydenham Society. Publications. Vols. 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122. Obstetrical Society. Transactions. Vol. xxvili., 1886; xxix., 1887. Official Year-Book of the Scientific and Learned Societies of Great Britain and Ireland. 1887 and 1888. ; Paleontographical Society. Publications. Vols. i.—xxxvii., xl., xh. (39 Vols.) Pathological Society. Transactions. Vol. xxxvii., 1886; xxxviil., 1887. Index to Vols. 26-37. Petermann’s Geographischen Mittheilungen. Inhaltsverzeichnis, 1875 to 1884. Quaritch, (Bernard). General Catalogue, Vols. 1—6. Quekett Microscopical Club. Journal. General Index. First Series, | Vol. ii—iv. 1868—81. Report on Geographical Education, 1886. (Royal Geographical Society.) Rigby, (Edward). Mechanism of Parturition. 1829. Rumsey, (H. W.) Essays on State Medicine. 1856. Sands Directory for 1887. Schmidt, (Adolf). Atlas der Diatomaceen-Kunde Heft 21—30. Société Geologique de France. Bulletin. 3 Ser., Tome i. Society of Chemical Industry. Journal Vols. v. and vi., 1886 and 1887. Sonnenschein, (W. 8.) The Best Books. Syme, (James). Principles of Surgery, 1832. Tanquerel, (L.) Lead Diseases. (S. L. Dana). 1848. Whitaker’s Almanack, 1888 and 1889. Wood, (George B.) Practice of Medicine, 1849. 2 Vols. IND A PAGE. | Abbott, W. E., Forest destruc- tion in N.S.W. and its effect on the flow of water in water- courses and on the rainfall 5S), OS), Zar -Aborigines of Australia 10 Abrus precatorius ben) AUD Acacia aneura 205, 271 > vinervata . ~ as >» decurrens 266, 267, 268, “270, 271, 272 » doratoxylon .. 206 Pe elata, roo) ATL > wmnplexa 270, 271 » longifolia... Boo 74835) a pendula 206, 269 + prominens 269 > salicina 206, 264, 266, 268, 269 > sentis a ae . 268 3» stenophylla . 270 tetragonophylla ... 267 Acmea 112, 113, 114, 118, 125, 132, 184 5 alticostata 119 » marmorata 112, 117, 175 » septiformis 117, 135, 159, 182, 185 Actinolite 82 Adelaide River, desert sandstone 330 Agriculture in N.S.W.. 25 Agrion bifurcatum . 173 Albizzia basaltica . 206 Es lophantha 206 Aldinga Bay and River > Murray Cliffs beds . 242 Amphibola A re LALO Amphipleura pellucida ae . 373 7 oe Address ... nm aes -Annulata .. ‘ . 138 Analcite ... a7 188 Anatina 110, 134, 184 ) tasmanica 133, 135, 161 Anatinella 110 Anatomy and Life History of the Echidna and Platypus... 10 Mollusca peculiar to Aus- tralia ... 10, 98, 106, 227 Anemometers, an improvement in : 103, 227 Angophora intermedia . 206 a subvelutina ... 206 Antimony, Native 80, 362 Oe: PAGE. Antimony, Native, and gold ... 364. Antiquity of man in Australia 35 Antimonite (Stiknite) ... 80 App’s Induction Coil 277 Aplysia 122 Apium leptophyllum 207 Aragonite Bt eh ey iSe Arca Bae ane ... 148, 184- 5, vlobata 123 », pexata . 125. » btrapexia 120, 123, 135 Argonauta Sepia... : een Arsenicand sulphide of antimony with gold 5 Sb Arseniate of cobalt . 362 Artesian Water, occurrence of 30,31 Asaphis ... . 113 Ash-beds of North Australia ... 307 on Tertiary or tufa ... 316 Ashes, volcanic . . 316 As a Bromo crater, Jan ava 330. % ,, (Krakatoa), com- position of 318, 333 if Taal Volcano, Luzon, Phillippines ... 333: Asterina exigua from Port J ack- son ae 374, 375. Atalaya hemiglauca 20 Atriplex Billardieri sn) OTE A campanulata sen DOR fo halimoides oeeA0Y fi ae nummularia ... 208) ing semibaccata ... 208: a spongiosa ... 208 vesicaria . 208: Auricula sath 113 Auriferous Deep ‘Leads, ‘Paleo- phytology of . 39: Australasian Wesecition for the Advancement of Science 15 Australia, Botanical discovery in 20: — Census of the Fauna of the Older Tertiary of 240, 278 —— discovery of gold in AL — geologicalexplorationin 28 — Invertebrate Fauna of the Older Tertiary of . 247 —-— Mesozoic deposits of 38 —— tertiary fossils common to 246. Australian Gums and Resins, Chemistry of ... 380 PAGE. Mactialian Climate, general and local influence of, in the development of disease 10 —— Indigenous Forage Plants 100, 204 Paleontology ‘4. LORS — Rocks, Polarity of Magnetic 231 — Shamrock ” . 226 Austriella sordida a, 103 Autographic Stress- strain ap- paratus 1.2208 Avicennia officinalis ..- 208 Avicula oe ee ... 148 En La 2 sae edie ae ZO Axinite 82 B Backhousia myrtifolia ... berate Bacteriological researches ... 18 ** Balaar ”’ = cf 27.206 Bankivia .. 5 FOS Dau Barringtonia acutangula 209 Barklyite . 362 Basalt, prismatic . 335 “« Bastard Gidgah”’ or * ‘Nilyah’ 27 269 Batea, Californian : . 365 “* Bean Tree” aa IO) “« Beef-wood ” . 210 *«Behreging”’ . 218 Bellandean, finely divided tin- stone at . 3862 “* Berrigan ”’ . 213 Beryl - yO! ect tellurate of . ... 865 - telluride of OOD ** Black Kurrajong ” ... 223 «* Blue-bush ” B65 illic) Boerhaavia diffusa ... 209 “SBocim ~ ae Alo) Bohemian varnets 2. 363 aS Boomarrah ” lec 2D “* Boree ” . 206 Bores for artesian water 31 Botanical Discovery in Australia 22 “« Bottle-tree ”’ 14228 Branchial Organs of Mollusca. WZ, “ Brigalow ” sa) 206 “ Broad-leaved Apple- tree” ... 206 Bromo, Java, Sand sea . 833 » ash from . 3389 sy Broughton Willow” 206 British Medical Society, N.S.W. Branch 19 Buccinulus Cea he eis - 109 ~ Buccinum alveolatum ... 140 55 undatum bal INDEX. PAGE. Building & Invastmione Fund 10, 45 Bulbine bulbosa ... Bursaria spinosa.. Busby, Hon. William, M.L.C., Biographical notice of 30 ae . 208 . 209 ** Butter-bush ”’.., 220 C *“Cabbage Salt-bush”’... 208 Callicoma serratifolia 267 Calcite, gold in ... 19 Calcite ; 86 _ Californian batea 365 Cape Otway beds : ... 242 Captain’s Flat, tellurate of bismuth from... ... 865 * Caariwan ” 2 206 Carcoar, Molybdenite at ... 304 Cardium see 121.124, 127 Cardita ‘ 110, 121 Cassia eremophila . 209 Cassiterite : 362 Castanospermum australe 210 Casuarina stricta - ey 10) an suberosa 210, 276 > torulosa ae ds 2B7O *‘ Cattle-bush ” ... 207 ** Caustic Creeper” 214 Plant ” ' 222 of Vine? . 222 Caverns, Ossiferous 40 ‘s@edar-’... ue 211 Cedrela australis... 211 en Toona 211 Census of the auee of the Older Tertiary of Australia 240, 278 Cephalopoda ... ... 243 Ceratopetalum apetalum 274: Cerithidea 113 Cerithium.. . 184 Si ebeninum: 118, 135, 150, 154, 157, 158, 167, 168, wie 185 Chabazite a Chalk rock 242 Chama 121 » gigas 158 Chamostrea 110 Chetopoda sat 138 Cheltenham beds ‘ 242 Chemistry of the Australian Gums and Resins 10 Chionanthus ramiflora ... - 211 ; Chione marica ... .i9 Chiton 1138, 118: 122, 139, 152, 159, 161, 168 oy WRCUeaiaiane ed INDEX. 381 PAGE. Chiton incisus penl28 >» marginatus srk > marmoratus Miso L Espiniger..3. 306 ol WAT « Cider Gum” dar 214 Circe ; reed Sel Clarke Medal, eaaaed a 9, 367 Clarke Memorial Fund.. ait RD Clarke, Hyde, letter ron 99 Claytonia Balonnensis ... beg. Pal a polyandra Salat Clavulina from Port J pieleon . 874 “Clover Fern”’ oo Pa) « Clustered Fig” eZee *< Coach-wood 3 274 Coal Measures in a ihe Maitland district.. Non Ae) “ Coast She- oak > ee AD) Cobalt bloom, or erythrite . 362 Cobaltine aS aroor << Cooba”’ ms soo LOS Codallhia percrassa i 5 ZA) «< Common Sida weed 2 223 Comets I. (Sawerthal) and II. (Encke) 1888, observations of at Windsor, N.S.W.. 284, 340 Compressed air engine “for a ing machine ... mts 48 ** Coonda”’ 20 Conglomerates, fluviatile . 326 Conospermum Stechadis . 212 Ke triplinervium 5 ike Conus gloria-maris 5 1K) > marmoreus 160 Conversazione—Exhibitors 227, 234 Copper sulphide ... 362 Corephium aculeatus sabia oil Corio Bay beds ... 55 EW Covelline.. --. B02 Grganiclla 110, 121 Crater of Kilauea, Hawaii... 315 a Mono, U.S.A.. SBA ee Bromo, Java.. Pe aoe Crenulata:gibbosa 2 200 Crepidule aculeata 112, 126 $s unguiformis ... irae Cretaceo-Eocene fossils . 245 Crossea . 110 * Crowfoot ” allyl Crystallized silver, Lewis Ponds 363 Cucullea costata.. 5 AS ys robusta . 295 Cucumis trigonus =. 212 Cupania semiglauca 266, 267 *Currawang” .. a8 721206 Curves, easing Railway 89, 190 PAGE. Cyclas 113, 121 Cyprea ne . 139 oo OTL US: He . 110 gn OMMOLCO be) 39) CXPONSH ... 7 290 aeons AO vitellus ... oer LEG Cypricar dia LOR Cytherea . LIS; 176. . D * Dahl-wah ” . 210 Darling Pea” wo. 224 Daucus brachiatus . 212 Daviesia spp. een eae “ Dead Finish ” 206, 267 Death rate of the city of Sydney 16 “Desert Sandstone ” 31, 290 5 Adelaide River... 335 Me Gorge and Yam Creek, N.A. 334, 335: Ae McMinn’s Bluff 335 33 Mary River, N.A. 335. specific gravity of 334 Desert Sand (Sahara) .. 339: Dialects of E.and W. Polynesia and Australia &c. 99 Discovery of Gold in Australia 41 Dodonecea lobulata 213. ‘* Dogwood ” 203) 217, 218, 220: .Poison-bush ”’ 220: Wenacions received 48, 100, 227, 231, 279, 341, 367 Donax 3 tc. LESS E24 Douglas Springs, Ash beds... 308. cs Drooping Gum ” oe ... 214 ss She-oak”’ ... ... 276: * Dtharang-gange ” . 218 B Easing Railway Curves... 89, 100: Echidna, Anatomy and Life History of 10: Economic Association . =e an ls * Keaie” -.. LUD ms Ellangowan Poison Bush”... 220 Ellery, RB. 1iede, HRS: awarded Clarke Medal... . 367 Elenchus ... re seal LO} belulus ... 7G GD ilaol . 226. Emarginula rugosa 175 * Emu-bush” 213, 218 Encke’s Comet IL. 1888, obser- vations of, at Windsor, N.S.W. 289 “ Erect She-oak ”’ . 210: 382 INDEX PAGE. Eremophila longifolia 213 | Gastropoda i maculata 213 | Gevera parviflora Mitchella 213 | General Account cm : Eruption of Krakatoa . 317 | Geological exploration in Aus- Erythrite . 862 traha A) Bs Eta Argus, increasing magni- Geological investigation i in New tude of , bach 76, 99 South Wales ... x .0h2y Eucalyptus corynocalyz ... 213 | Geranium dissectum 217 As Gunn 214 Glasshouse Mountains.. 329 a leucorylon ... 273 es a prismatic basalt 335 pauciflora ... 214 | Glochidia... 107, 181, 182 4 siderophloia... 273 | Glossopteris ; 37 | Eugenia Smithy... 275 | ** Goitcho” - 209 Euphorbia alsineflora 214 | Gompholobium uncanatum 217 Bs Drummondii... 214 | Gold drifts, Pliocene ae) = eremophila ... 215 » in Australia, discovery of 41 Eyes in mantle and shell of », alluvial with metallic copper 79 Mollusca bie se eS 7 >, with Sulphide of Antimony Hyes, shell, of the tegmentum 135 and Arsenic ra i) isolated ; 136| ,, in Mispickel Pg.) 5 Om as periostraca, 173 WW ein Calcite tae 79, 363 » 1n Louisa Creek, Turon F River ... 363 False-bedded Siliceous Sand- » prospecting dish, (Calin stones ... 2 309) fornian batea) .. . 365 Fanny Bay, beach-sand ... 332 | Gossypium Sturti 217 Fasciolaria ; is 110, 184 | Graphite ... 363 Fauna, Marine, of Port Jackson 10/| “ Green Kurrajong ”” 218 y of the Older Tertiary of Gums, Australian 10 Australia 240, 278 Ficus glomerata ... 215 H Flagellaria wmdica 215 j Plindersia maculosa 215 | Hakea saligna +. 276 Fluviatile conglomerates 326 | Haliotis nevosa ... _ 119 sanastones _ 334, | Hawaii, crater of Kilauea 315 Flying ¢ Machine, compressed ai Bae Hemoglobin i in Molluscan blood 122 engine for driving 4g | Helix pomatia : pales Forase Plants indigenous 46 Heterodendron oleefolium . 218 Australia . we = 100, 204} Heulandite =... 87 ce orast Onice ae .. 210, 276 Hibiscus wre ie .2is | - destruction in N.S.W. “ Hickory al - 206 : and its effects on the flow of High-power objectives... -- 20 water in watercourses, and on ae ee ° ae the rainfall ... 59, 99, 227 Fraser, John, B.A., LL.D., The Holroyd, Arthur Todd, M. D., Latin verb Jubere, a linguistic Biog raphical notice of 2 study } 344, 367 | Honorary oes 366 Fusus colosseus ... 110 | “ Hop-bush =a sie 212, 213 Hutton, Capt. F. W., F.G.S., G elected Honorary Member ... 366 Tee Pe .. 110 | Hyalite from lava Mt. Bramble 335 Gahnite ... 85, 363 | Hybocystis a . 167 « Gaoloowurrah ” eae 222 Garnets .. 363 I Gastrolobium ; hes 215 | Igneous rocks, microscopic ex- By grandiflorum 216 amination of ... E82 INDEX. 383 PAGE. PAGE. Indigenous Australian Forage Life History of Mollusca 178, 227 Plants . : 100, 204 | * Lilly Pilly ” : s27D *« Indigo Plant” . 224) Lima ; de .. 134 7 copper.. ... 362 » multicostata 120, 133 Induction Coil, Apps’ .. 277 | Limestone, Tableland Katherine Influence of the Australian River ... . 335 Climate 10 | Linnean Society of N.S, W., Invertebrate Fauna of the Older publications ... : Log, Tertiary of Australia ... 247 | Lingula ... pee 0) Investment & Building Fund 10, 45 | Littorina 118, 114, 117, 1 2, 132, 184 Jodine in silver minerals . 365 a mauritiana 112, 167 Iridium, Bogan and Lachlan is scabra.. ve De Rivers, Condobolin ... . 364 | Liversidge, Prof., M. we F, oe, Tron ore deposits of N.S.W. 10 «» pyramidata . 218 Es villosa 218 Koninck, Laurent ae de- M.D., Biographical notice of 5 Krakatoa, eruption of ... so OILY i composition of ash 318 Krausima... ee al@ * Kurrajong ”’ 223, 226 Labyrithodon remains .. 30, 38 Lacinularia socialis from Parra- matta River . 374 Lamellibranchiata ... 243 Lankester, Ray, on the distri- bution of Hemoglobin in the Animal Kingdom seers Latin verb Jubere 344, 367 Laumontite “Lawyer Vine” Leaf silver, Sunny Corner “ Leopard Tree” Leptocephalus... mo Library, additions to Meweraig of New South W sles (Note No. 5.) ... . 362 Lotus australis . 219 corniculatus . 219 3) Louisa Creek, Turon River, gold in Sit she ee, ... 363 Lowenthal’s process for estima- tion of tannic acid 5 4S) Lucia M 3 2 i percrassa.. . 295 Lucknow, gold in ‘calcite from 363 i gold and native anti- mony ... ... 364 Lunella nanelenenans: 119, 135 Lymnea 122, 123 a stagnalis . 122 _ Mi Macgillivraia ate LO Macrochisma LO Mactra 118, 124 Magassella sO Magnesite deposits . 303 4 specific gravity of. W330 Magnetic Australian rocks, polarity of .. . 231 Magnetic pyrites 364 Maiden, J. H., F.L.S., Indigen- ous Australian Forage Plants, including plants injurious to Stock ... 100, 204 —— on some New South Wales Tan-substances ‘ 259 Maitland district, Coal Meusures 29 Malleus vulgaris .. . 1385 Malvastrum spicatum see 2g Mammaliferous Drifts, classed homotaxially as Pliocene ... 242 “Mangrove” .. hs . 208. Marmolite, Gundagai se .. 364 Marine deposits, Tertiary . 241 » Fauna of Port Jackson 10 eel Marsilea quadrifolva 304 INDEX. PAGE. PAGE. Maryland Creek, Co. Buller, Mopsella coccinea from Watson’s Bohemian garnets, near... 363 Bay)... mae oe .. B74 Mary River, N.A., Sandstone ** Moreton Bay Chestnut” . 210 from: ~..%. ... 9832, 335 | “ Motherumba” . 206 McMinn’s Bluff, ‘ash beds 307 | ** Mountain Ash”? 214 a desert sandstone 335 Medal, Clarke, award of 9, 367 By Society’s 34 ..9, 10 Medical Section... 8,.15, 47, 371 Megerlia ... Be I) Melampus... ie ss Melicerta ringens ee OL Members, Honorary ... 366 «* Menindie Clover” ... 226 Mercenaria paucilamellata i. ABS Mesodesma 2 1d@ Mesozoic deposits ‘of Australia 38 Metallic Copper, alluvial, with colds 2. ie AO Meteorite from Hay ee .. S41 a » Lhunda, Q’land 341 4, Mountain near Burrowa and Lachlan Rivers 341 Microscopic examination of rocks 32 appearance of sands 332 Microscopical Section 8, 16, 47, 373 Microscope objectives, high- power ... Micro- photography tas ae » photographs enlarged 5,000 diameters a Miller, Francis Bowyer, F. C: S., Biographical notice of Sou) AO 20 20 . 374 vik amt. 2 44: .. 214 Minerals, New South Wales . Seb Mineral resources of N.S.W. 42 Mineral and Mineral Localities in the Northern Districts of New South Wales 78, 99 Mining in New South Wales... 25 Miocene Marbles, Great Austra- han Bieht. |. 242 Mispickle, gold in seep ts) Mitra pacifica ; Sa. seO9 Mollusca, Branchial organs of 117 oD eyes and sense organs in the . 134 . eyes onthe periostraca 173 7 Life History of 10, 98, 106, 178, 227 “i Respiration of . 114 Molybdenite fa 81 Molybdenite, Carcoar ... 364 Mono Craters, U.S.A. ... 321 Monodonta 113 Montanite ae de 365 Mount Bramble, (Quoin hyalite from lava . 335 Mount Gambier beds ... . 242 Muddy Creek beds . 242 Mud springs “f ... 30 Mueller, Baron F. von, K. C. M.G., F.R.S., &e., Considerations of phytographic expressions and arrangements 187, 278 oY Mugurpul cs 1200 “ Mulea 205 Multiplicity of Eyes i in n mantle and shell of Mollusca Bae 2, * Mumin ” . 211 ‘* Munyeroo ” . 211 Myadora ... oO Myochama <¥110 Myoporum deserti ‘ . 220 ns platycarpum... . 220 Mytilus 55 . 113 os UUPSUL US eee .. 120° » edulis . 121 N *“ Narrow-leaved Apple-tree”’... 206 Nassa coronata ... nae 24109 Native antimony ve 980 ROX ee ae sa0a09 Ape WALEOL, 22. . 212 > Huchsia ”’ . 213 1») Indico ”* wezs >» Leek” . 209 >» Lucerne” . 223 ped Onion” . 209 we —Lobacco ”’ . 220 ee WNaullOW? 72.25 206, 220, 268 Natica of . 124 » lineata . 295 Natrolite (Mesotype) . 87 Nautilus ... . 152 Navicula angulatum . 373 Nepean River strata ... ... 316 Nerita 113, 138, 138, 166 » atrata LAY, >» melanotragus Sd MRT, »> -morio aida MAT. » Nnigerrime ... Lol FT » nigra . AT » punctata . 177 saturata . 177 N. Zealand Tertiary Fossils 245, 246 INDEX. 389 PAGE. | P PAGE. «<< Ngeenjerry ” . 222 | Paleontology, Australian 35 Nicotiana suaveolens Nucula gigantea .. . 295 | ee Quadnats.. Sie nen WD) N.S.W., Agriculture in a, PAD) | sis ar tesian water 1n 30 | a Branch, British Medical Association . Re wae ge Forest destruction i in 59, 99, 227 a Geological investiga- tion in ie 27 | oa Iron-ore deposits 10 | 4 Minerals s soe OO a Minerals and Mineral Localities in the Northern districts of | Tos OD Rs Mineral resources of... 42 | - Mining in 3 25 a Precious stones 10 vat Recent fauna of 243 a Silver ore deposits 10 oe 'T'an Substances 259 O Oamaru Series of Tertiary Fossils .. 245 Observations of Comets ile: and II., 1888, at Windsor, N.S.W. 284, Occurrence of Precious Stones in N.S.W. — Ochre tellurium... Octopus... a * Old-man Salt- bush. Older ‘Tertiary of Australia, Fauna of er eA. Ommastrephes sloanu Onchidium 127, 138, 1389, 145, 169, 170, 171, 174, 184, chameleon ... sl fa damelu 170,171, 185, Onychoteuthis ; Ore, iron-, deposits, N. Ss. W. » silver Oribatide or beetle- inites Ossiferous Caverns Osmium, Bogan and Lachlan eae, Condobolin Ostrea 33 it 152, 33 we 182, mordax 120, 135, 179,. sowerbyt » virginiana.. Oyster-beds, Aldinga: Bay si River Murray... 23 Y—December 5, 1888. 340 10 365 187 208 278 Sa 187 . 170 186 364 184. 181 295 mile . 242 ... 220 Paleophytology of the Deep Auriferous and Stanniferous | Leads ... ; Beery Palliobranchiata .- 243 | Paludina ... Fe on ie | a3 vivipara pe 2s | Pandora ... 110 | Panopea ... ae rata | - australis 121 ) 3 sulcata .. . 295 Parasite in rats’ -blood.. 374 _Pareora Series of fossils 245 Paroo, bores for artesian water | near the : Poe Patella 118, 114, 117, 122, Buk, 132, 184, 140, 145, 146, 152, 156, 159, 160, 184; 185 Patella tramoserica 117, 118, 125, Hol Wo, lsd. 140, Fa AS: 155, 157, 159, 185 | ** Peach-leaved poison bush”... 226 Pecten 127, 148, 151, 168, 184. x jacobeus 137 i> 6 MGLUNUS, ... 137 > Opercularis Pras! ka) // Pectunculus ot eg * Periculia ” aoc Phasianella bes LTO Philippia lutea ~ le Photographs of large trees 3907 Phytographic Expressions and Arrangements 187, 198, 278 Pileapsis ungaricus Bho na les Pimelea hematostachya ... BoA Pinna 148, 1538 Pinnoctopus : wo be Pittosporum phillyreoides . 220 Planazxis ... so Cakee Planorbis ... 122, 123, 124, 125 a corneus ... 124 sis marginatus . 124 Plantago varia 221 Platinum, Bogan and ‘Lachlan Rivers, Condobolin ... 364 Plants, indigenous Australian forage . 100, 204 Plants i injurious to Stock 100, 204 » Victorian system of ... 187 Platyhelminthes ... 133 Platypus, Anatomy and Life History of 10 | Pleonaste as dd Pleurosigma formosum ... vote Pleurotomaria ... SAE: Pliocene Gold-drifts 39 386 INDEX. PAGE. PAGE. Pliocene drifts classed homotaxi- Resins, Australian oe ally as Mammaliferous ... 242 Respiration of Mollusca .. 114 «‘ Poison-berry tree” ... 220 | Rhagodia .. ni . 221 » | bushes’ 215, 224 A Billar dig . 222, cPolal +7 Pies ye 74) = parabolica . 222 Polyophthalmus ... we ... 189 | Rhodochrosite : ... 86 Polytropa margine-alba ... ... 140 Rine-barking and its effects ... 59 Polyzoal limestone .. 242 | Risella 110, 113, 114, 117, 125, 184 Pomeaderris racemosa i: etei BoM > melanostoma 116;.182, 167 Port Darwin, Jail Road, Sand- ‘River Black-oak ” .. a0 stone from... . ope ye ances . 210 Port Jackson Marine Fauna . 10 | Rocks, microscopic examination of 32 Porter, D. A., Notes on some Minerals and Mineral Locali- ties in the Northern Districts of New South Wales... Je, OS Post Tertiary Deposits 40 “Pox Plant: 214 Pratt, Rev. George, on oie com- parison of Dialects of E. and W. Polynesia and Australia,&e. 99 Precious Stones in N.S.W. 10 Prehnite . ... 364 Pressure of wind - -.. LO4 “Prickly Acacia ”’ : .. 268 Prospecting dish for gold . 365 Proceedings Medical Section ... 371 , “Microscopical Section 373 of the Society 44, 98, 227, 230, 234, 278, 340, 366 Psoratea tenax prevail Pterigeron adscandens . 221 Pteropoda 248 Public Schools, seientific teach- ing ime 11 Pumiceous dust. ... o20 Pyrrhotine ... B64 Pyrites magnetic .. 364 ba Tabal 7p OOD Pythia son, le Queensland, artesian water in 30 io hemp . 223 R Rabbit pest 19 Railway curves, a simple plan of easing 89, 100 Rainfall bey ‘Agriculture i in N.S.W. 26 Forest destruction and its effects on the 59, 227 Recent Fauna of N.S. Wales... 243 South Australia 243 Tasmania . 243 Redruthite, silver in scales on 3864 33 3) 99 » magnetite, attraction of 231 Rolleston, Christopher, C.M.G., Biographical notice of 3 “Rolling Downs Formation ” 39 “* Rosewood ” wie atte Rotella . 1 * Rough fig” . 226 Riicker, Professor, letter from.. wear Russell, H. C., B.A., F.B.S., An improvement in Anemometers 103, 227 —- On the increasing Maeni- tude of Eta Argus 76, 98 Storm of 2lst September, LSSSeeee 256, 278 — On a new " self-recording thermometer ... ers 335, 341 — The Thunderstorm of 26 October, 1888 ... 338, 341 Ss Sahara desert sand 3835 «c Salt-pushe ts... 207, 221 Sand (beach) Java oo. HOLL Re mn Fanny Bay . 332 » sea, Bromo, Java : 330 » Volcanic 313 “Sandalwood” . Le 213, 220 Sandstone, Adelaide River 335 false-bedded Siliceous 309 fluviatile . 834 Katherine Gorge ... 335 Mary River, N.A. 332,335 McMinn’s Bluft . 808d Port Darwin Jailroad 332 (Red) Gorge and Yam Creek . 834 2 Victoria River . 8384 Sanitary Section ...8, 47 Sarcostemma australe «. weg Sarsia from Port Jackson . 374 Sawerthal’s Comet I., 1888, observations of— at Windsor, New South Wales . 289 INDEX. 387 PAGE. Schnapper Point beds ... . 242 Scientific teaching in Public Schools... inl Sclerolena bicornis SEB APs Semis ... oy LO Section, Medical — none 47 a Microscopical... buss 7 = Sanitary 8,47 Self-recording Thermometer, new 335, 341 Senectus ... =e spec dy dll hepa hp Bas gruneri ... PEO UZ oe Sepia officinalis ... 5 al) Sepiola rai Sesbania egyptiaca a 222 Shackle Gorge ash- beds 308 «« Sheep-bush ” 5 Any Shellshear, Walter, A M. Ce E. Ona simple plan of easing Railway Curves 89, 100 Shell Eyes of the Tegmentum . (Mollusca) qalisio “Shingle Oak ’’... S5 ALD Sida rhombifolia... 223 Siderite ... Pee OO Siderite, Cobar Copper Mines 364 Silver ore deposits of N.S.W... 10 Silver leaf, Sunny Corner . 28S » erystallized, Lewis Ponds 365 » 10 scales on redruthite, Cobar Copper Mine ... 365 s ehloride ... 365 Siphonaria 110,113, 114, 125,160, 174: - denticulata 115, 116, 132 us diemenensis 115, 116, 135, 137, 159, 183 “‘ Small Salt-bush ” 5 ADT Society’s Medal... Ss ae act 9 Solanum eremophilum 223 2 simile ... eet nee Solar pactog aphy 2h Solen mw 184 Be CSUs 123, 124 s, legumen 122, 123 Solenella .. Soe ilan Solemya .. 3 nae Abi South Australia, artesian water in 30 | South Australia, chief : areas and localities of Tertiary Marine deposits 241 South Australia, Pecenee fauna ae 243 “« Spear-wood ”’ 206 Specific gravity of Desert Sand- stone ... .. dd4 Specific gravity of Magnesite... 335 PAGE. Spinel Sees) bi VAGave .. 300 Spirula pel ia id | “Spotted tree” ole Stannite ... 365 Stanniferous Deep Leads, Palwo- phytology of . 39 Stanniferous Deep Leads, Vege- table Creek District.. 40 Stellar photography 21 Sterculia eee ine 223 Stilbite : 88 ‘“Stony Desert om 33 Storm of 21st Sept., 1888 256, 278 Strata on the Nepean River ... 316 Stress-strain, diagram-drawing . apparatus 231, 253 Struthiolaria see LO Sots olep we (Er bbanl «anne . 213 ““Supple Jack”... nop AD “Surrah” disease in India ... 375 Swarmsonia a se be Pa m4 gaglegifolia... . 224 Greyana .. 224 < Swamp Oak ” . 210 Sydney death vate 16 Taal volcano, Luzon, jouer eruption of .. .. 3823 Table Cape beds, Tasmania .. 242 “Tagon-tagon ”’ a2 209 Tannic acid, éstimation: of 259 Tan-substances, some N.S.W... 259 Tapes 113 Tasmania, recent fauna, of 243 Tasmania, chief areas and localities of Tertiary Marine deposits in... Tate, Professor Ralph, ®, G. S., Census of the Fauna of the Older Tertiary of Australia 240, 278 Tate, Professor Ralph, F.G.S., elected Honorary Member ... “'Tchoonchee”’ ... Tebbutt, John, F.R.A. S., ca etien of Onecmenons of Clamene I. and II., 1888, at Windsor, New South Wales 284, 340 Tectarius pyramidalis 112, 117, 167 Telegraphy in N.S.W.... waht ds Telescopium ss novenll dice Tellina marieburiensis ... .. 295 3, striatula ... ee 169 Tellurate of bismuth . 365 388 INDEX. PAGE. Tellurium ochre... . 865. Trochus costulatum ov ee Tephrosia purpurea . 225 | >, imperialis -» ae _ Terebratella kw 5, tentoriiformis 176, 186 Terebratula ... 110 | Trophon oe CD Terebratulina ... 110 | Turbo 166, 184 Teredo navalis . 126) 4, gruneri 119, 135 terra 4 ce eclee >» undulatus .. te 135 Tertiary ash- beds . Boe wollte; » squamosus.. .. LOD Tertiary (Older) of Australia, Turritella beds, Table Cape .. 243. Fauna of SH ... 240, 278 | Typhis arcuatus, Hinds.. 4 oe Tertiary Marine deposits, chief areas and localities of . 241 U Tertiary, subdivisions of the | Undercliff Station, Wilson’s Older 242° Downfall, graphite from ... 363 ees fossils common to Aus- aye Uri. Fresh water 107, 180, 181, 184 Meetiary fissite soihinoe to Nee Uvanilla tentoriiformis .. -A86 Zealand . 246 | V Tetradymite 365 . ERE CEa a new self-record- Vegetable Creek, Tin-field 32 ing 385 34a » Stanniferous Thunderstorm of 26th October, Deep Leads .. -- 40 isssie |. ; 338, 341 Ventilago viminalis id e710) Thunda Meteorite . 341 | Venus : 121, 124, 184 Tiger- -COWLY : RO) 5D aphrodina... ~ eS Tin-field, Vegetable Creek 32) » lamellata ... . 118 Tingha, gahnite from ... . 363 me paucilamellata . ie Tin pyrites " MEIBG5: |b Gees . ringtone. finely Fae Daye _ 3¢g , Vesuvianite (Idocrase)... .-, “8p Tippin TaniON MTT LIS _ 131 | Victoria River Sandstone . 334 Topaz | 365 », chief areas and localities Trachymene Ah eeatia > 995 of Tertiary Marinedepositsin 241 Trees, unusually large... _. 367 | Victorian Plants, System of ... 187 Trema aspera _.. 925 | Volcanic ashes ... Ry eet, Trichodesma zeylanicum... . 226 2 sand... . 3138 UU) 6. oe _ 137 a eruption of Krakatoa 317 EA gigas ... 121 »” »” Taal (Philip- Trigonia 134, 135, 146, 162, 164, _ pines) 328, 333 165, 168, 178, 184 iS emanations of Mount , lamarckii 108, 110, 120, Gambier, Mt. Shanck 135, 136, 189, 150, 162, and Tower Hill . o29 163, 165, 166, 167, 168, Voritcelle.. . 374 186, 187 iA margaritacea 108, 110, Ww 135, 137, 163, 167, 186, 187 | Waldheimia ee 110 Ef nasuta ... . 295 | Warren, Prof. M.I.C. E., Auto- pectinata - 120 graphic Stress-strain diagram- Trigonella suavissima . 226 drawing apparatus ... 231, 2538 Triton . 185 | “* Water Myrtle is San Oe >» costatus . 112 | “ Weeping or true Myall vA . 206 >, olearium ... A wa L126 WWihite Gumics.. a . 214 >» —spenglert ...125, 139, 140, 174 » Mangrove” . 208 Trochocochlea _...118, 114, 125, 132 >» Swamp Gum” . 214 a dasniii 116: 17) WOR: > 2OR 119, 167, 175 | “ Wild Parsley ’’ 5 20m Trochus 114, 125 » Parsnip” 4. 225 389 INDEX. PAGE. PAGE. * Wilga ” 217 | “ Woota”’ Bae ose pe slal Wilkinson, C. S., E.G. S., Presi- * Worgnal ” . 210 dential Address we 1 « Willow ” * ea: 217 ¥ tree” . 220 | Yam Creek, N.A., red sandstone 334 Wind pressure, calculation Of 104: ~ desert sandstone ... 335 Woods, Rev. J. E. Tenison-, F.G.S., Award of Clarke Medal 9 Z —— awardofSociety’sMedal 98 | Zeolite ye wo. 364 —— letter from... ere ... 98] Zine spinel . 363 — On the anatomy and life Zircon tne sel Oe history of Mollusca peculiar Zizyphus jujuba ... ... 226 to Australia ... 10, 98, 106, 227 | Zoographic terms ples — The Desert Sandstone 290, 340 EXCHANGES AND PRESENTATIONS MADE BY THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES, 1888. The Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of N.S.W. for 1887, Vol. xxi., has been distributed as follows :— The publications for Europe were sent through Messrs. Triibner & Co.. London ; those forthe United States of America and Canada to the care of Messrs. Wesley & Son, Agents for the Smithsonian Institution; the packages for French Societies and Institutions were forwarded through the Ministére de l’Instruction Publique des Beaux Arts et des Cultes; and inall other cases, not otherwise provided for, the parcels have been transmitted by book post. The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, U.S.A., and Messrs. Triibner & Co., 57, Ludgate Hill, London, E.C., have kindly undertaken to receive and forward to Sydney all communications and parcels intended for the Royal Society of New South Wales. Presentations to the Society are acknowledged by letter, and in the Society’s Annua Volume. * Exchanges of Publications have been received from the Societies and Institutions distinguished by an asterisk. Argentine Republic. 1 CoRDOBA ... ... “Academia Nacional de Ciencias. Austria. 2 PRAGUE ... ... *Kéniglich béhmische Gesellschaft der Wissen- schaften. 2 TRIESTE ... ... *Societa Adriatica di Scienze Naturali. 4 VIENNA ... ... *Anthropologische Gesellschaft. 5 a ... *Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften. 6 c. ... *K. K. Central-Anstalt fiir Meteorologie und Erdmagnetismus. a an ... *K. K. Geographische Gesellschaft. 8 = ... *K. K. Geologische Reichsanstalt. 9 a ... *K. K. Naturhistorische Hofmuseum. 10 ss . *K. K. Zoologisch- Botanische Gesellschaft. Belgium. 11 BRUSSELS... ... “Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux Arts. 12 Bs ws ... *Musée Royal D’Histoire Naturelle de Belgique. 13 B ae ... *Observatoire Royal de Bruxelles. 14 is bat ... *Société Royale Malacologique de Belgique. 15 Lincs we = ave *HoOCIétE Géologique de Belgique. iC xe ... *Société Royale des Sciences de Liége. 17 Luxempoure .... *Institut Royale grand-ducal de Luxembourg. 18 Mons Noe ... *Société des Sciences, des Arts et des Lettres du Hainaut. Brazil. 19 Rio vz Janeizo... *L’Observatoire Impérial de Rio de Janeiro. Chili. 20 SANTIAGO... ... “Sociedad Cientifica Alemana. 21 CoPpENHAGEN 22 BoRDEAUX 23 CAEN 24 Dison 25 LILLE 26 MontTPELLIER 27. PaRis 28 29 30 ol 32 33 34: 395 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Ad AA, 45 46 47 48 49 50 ol 52 53 54. 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 3) 33 TOULOUSE BREMEN ... BERLIN 3) 33 Bonn BRAUNSCHWEIG ... CARLSRUHE 53 CASSEL CHEMNITZ DRESDEN ... EXCHANGES AND PRESENTATIONS. . *Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres. ... “Société Géologique du Nord. . *Académie des Sciences et Lettres. ... *Académie des Sciences de I’ Institut de France. . *Depot des Cartes et Plans de la Marine. .. *Ecole Polytechnique. ... “Faculté des Sciences de la Sorbonne. ... *L’Observatoire de Paris. . *Musée d’ Histoire Naturelle. . *Ministére de Instruction Publique, des Beaux . *Société Royale des Antiquaires du Nord. . *Académie Nationale des Sciences, Arts Pe. Denmark! _ France. et Arts. Lettres. Ecvule Nationale des Mines. Kecole Normale Supérieure. Faculté de Médecine de Paris. Arts, et des Cultes. Société Botanique. ‘ _. *Société d’ Anatomie. q .. *Société d’ Anthropologie de Paris. | . *Société de Biologie. . *Société da’ Encouragement pour Il Industrie , Société de Chirurgie de Paris. . j Nationale. 4 . *Société de Géographie. . *Société Entomologique de France. . *Société Geologique de France. a Société Météorologique de France. - * Société Francaise de Mineralogie. . *Société Francaise de Physique. . *Société Philotechnique. ne ... *Société Zoologique de France. Saint ETIENNE ... *Société de PIndustrie Minérale. . *Académie des Sciences Inscriptions et Belles- Lettres. Le Germany. . *Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein zu Bremen. . *Grossherzogliches Polytecknikum zu Carlsruhe. Pail | ... “Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein zu Carlsruhe. . ... “Verein fiir Naturkunde. . *Naturwissenschatftliche Gesellschaft zu Chemnitz. . *Das Statistische Bureau des Ministeriums des Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft. : 4 : *Koniglich Preussisehe Akademie der Wissen- . *Konigl. Preuss. Meteorologisches Institut. t *Naturhietonicenen Wemcennn der Preussischen schaften. . i Rheinlande und Westphalens in Bonn. (a *Verein fiir Naturwissenschaft zu Braunschweig. ' Innern zu Dresden, 64 DRESDEN .. 65 39 66 67 peta 68 FRANKFURT aM... 69 FREIBERG(Saxony) 70 bs ae 3 71 GoRuirz 72 GOTTINGEN 73 Haus, A.S. 74. HAMBURG... 73 a5 76 Be 77 fs 78 ZF 79 HEIDELBERG 80 JENA 81 KONIGSBERG 82 Lerpzia (Saxony) 83 se 84. Marsurc.. 85 re 86 Metz 87 MuLHovusE 88 MuNCHEN... 89 STUTTGART 90 o 91 BrrMINnNGHAM 92 pebieeed » 93 BRISTOL... 94. CAMBORNE 95 CAMBRIDGE 96 23 97 a 5 98 33 eso 99 LEEDS 100 ys 101 oe * 102 LiveRPOOoL 103 Lonpon ... 104 EXCHANGES AND PRESENTATIONS. ... *Kéniglches Mineralogische Museum. ... *Offentliche Bibliothek. . *Verein fiir Erdkunde zu Dresden. . *Naturhistorisch Medicinischer i *Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein in Elberfcli. *Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gevellschaft Frankfurt a/M. Die Berg Akademie zu Freiberg. ... “Naturforschende Gesellschaft zu Freiberg. ... *Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Gorlitz. . *Konigliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Gottingen. . *Die Kaiserlich Deutsche Leopoldinisch—Caroli- nische Akademie der Naturforcher zu Halle A.S. (Prussia). ... *Deutsche Meteorologische Gesellschaft. ... *Deutsche Seewarte. ... *Die Geographische Gesellschaft in Hamburg. ... “Naturhistorisches Museum der freien Stadt Hamburg. . *Verein fiir Naturwissenschaftliche Unterhaltung in Hamburg. Verein zu Heidelberg, *Medicinisch Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft. . *Konigliche Physikalisch-dkonomische Gesell- schaft. *Konigliche Saichsische Gesellschaft der Wissen- schaften. ... *Vereins fiir Erdkunde. ... “Gesellschaft zur Beforderung der gesammten Naturwissenschaften in Marburg. . *The University. ... *Verein fiir Erdkunde zu Metz. ... *Société Industrielle de Mulhouse. ~ . *Koéniglich Baierische Akademie der Wissen- schaften in Miinchen. . *Konigliches Statistisches Landesamt. . *Verein fur Vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wirttemberg. Great Britain and the Colonies. 33 .. “Birmingham and Midland Institute. ... *Birmingham Philosophical Society. .. “Bristol Naturalists’ Society. .. *Mining Association and Institute of Cornwall. Pi *Philosophical Society. ... *Public Free Library. Union Society. University Library. ... ™Conchological Society. ... *Philosophical and Literary Society. ... *Yorkshire College. ... *Literary and Philosophical Society. ... “Agent-General (two copies). . *Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 5 tee peal all EXCHANGES AND PRESENTATIONS. 105 Lonpon ... ... *British Museum (two copies). 106 S5 ae ... Chemical Society. 107 a ses ... Colonial Office, Downing Street. 108 ss Mai ... *Geological Society. 109 wh ae ... Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain on Ireland. 110 ng ae ... *Institution of Civil Engineers. 111 a and ... *Institution of Naval Architects. 112 a ... *Iron and Steel Institute. 113 a oA. ... Library, South Kensington Museum. 114 5p Jos ... “Linnean Society. 115 Bes egusids .... London Institution. 116 js a ... *Lords Commissioners of the Admiraltge 117 59 ae ... *Lord Lindsay’s Observatory. 118 % ea ... *Meteorological Office. . 119 i ... *Mineralogical Society. 120 * noe ... Museum of Practical Geology. 121 Be sa ... Patent Office Library. 122 Ss ae ... *Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. 123 oS Be ... *Physical Society, South Kensington Museum. : 124. f a ... *Quekett Microscopical Club. : 125 3 Ee ... *Royal Agricultural Society of England. 126 rs oe ... *Royal Asiatic Societyof Great Britain and Ireland. 127 = Be ... “Royal Astronomical Society. 128 ss ay ... *Royal College of Physicians. 129 3 se ... *Royal College of Surgeons. 130 teh ... “Royal Colonial Institute. 131 . is ... *Royal Geographical Society. 132 oa ey ... *Royal Historical Society. 133 5 oe ... *Royal Institution of Great Britain. 134 - Bie ... “Royal Meteorological Society. 135 af se ... *Royal Microscopical Society. 136 a BD ... Royal School of Mines. 137 a is ... *Royal Society. 138 A oD ... Royal Society of Literature. 139 . es ... *Royal United Service Institution. 140 oe ... Society of Arts. 141 i ae .... University of London. 142 eS sa ... War Office —(Intelligence Division). 143 58 ee ... *Zoological Society. 144 MANCHESTER... *Geological Society. 145 ae ... *Literary and Philosophical Society. 146 . *Owens College. 147 Nuwcasrne UPON ») *Natural History Society of Northumberland, TYNE. : Durham and Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 148 3 ... *North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers. 149 5 ... *Society of Chemical Industry. 150 OXFORD ... ... “Ashmolean Library. 151 me aes ... *Bodleian Library. 152 if . we .. *Radcliffe Library. 153 a . ... *Radcliffe Observatory. 154 PENZANCE ... *Royal Geological Society of Cornwall. 155 PuymoutTH ... *Plymouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society. J56 WINDSOR ... The Queen’s Library. EXCHANGES AND PRESENTATIONS. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. ... *South-African Philosophical Society. DOMINION OF CANADA. *Nova Scotia Institute of Natural Science. 157 Care Town 158 Hauirax (Nova Scotia) 159 HamiLTon (Canada West) } *Hamilton Association. 160 MonrTREAL 161 OTTAWA... 162 e. nh 163 oe ae 164 ToRONTO... 165 WINNIPEG 166 CALCUTTA . *Natural History Society of Montreal. ... *Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada. ... “Royal Society of Canada. The Ottawa Literary and Scientific Society. . *Canadian Institute. .. *Manitoba Historical and Scientific Society. INDIA. . *Asiatic Society of Bengal. ce ... *Geological Survey of India. IRELAND. 168 DUBLIN ... ... *Royal Dublin Society. 169 3s ... *Royal Geological Society of Ireland. 170 fe . *Royal Irish Academy. MAURITIUS. Royal Society of Arts and Sciences. Société d’Acclimatation de l? Ile Maurice. NEW SOUTH WALES. ... “Australian Museum. 171 Port Louis ae 173 SYDNEY ... 174 bss ... *Engineering Association of New South Wales. 175 - ... *Free Public Library. 176 se ... *Linnean Society of New South Wales. 177 Pr .. *Mining Department. 178 aa . *Observatory. 179 Bs .. School of Arts. 180 - .. *Technological Museum. 181 ce . *University. NEW ZEALAND. 182 AUCKLAND . *Auckland Institute. 183 CuristcHuRCH ... Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. 184 DUNEDIN .. Otago Institute, 185 WELLINGTON ... *Colonial Museum. 186 AS ... “New Zealand Institute. QUEENSLAND. 187 BrisBANE . *Acclimatization Society of Queensland. 188 a _.. *Royal Geographical Society of Australasia (Queensland Branch). 189 a3 Parliamentary Library. 190 ap . *Royal Society of Queensland. SCOTLAND. 191 ABERDEEN .. “Dun Echt Observatory, Earl of Crawford and Balcarres. 192 es . *University. 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224, 225 226 227 228 229 3) GLASGOW 23 ADELAIDE 33 SINGAPORE HOBART ... BALLAARAT MELBOURNE 33 193 EDINBURGH . *Royal Botanic Garden. ... *Royal Observatory. ... *Royal Physical Society. -. *Royal Society. .. *Scottish Geographical Society. ... *University. ' . *Geological Society of Glasgow. . *University. } . *Government Botanist. .. *Government Printer. ... “Observatory. ... *Royal Society of South Australia. . *Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of . *University. .. *Editor, Encyclopedia Britannica, Messrs. A. and C. Black. *Edinburgh Geological Society. SOUTH AUSTRALIA. South Australia. . *Royal Asiatic Society. STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. 9 : TASMANIA. . *Royal Society of Tasmania. VICTORIA. | : . *School of Mines and Industries. . *Kield Naturalists’ Club of Victoria. .. *Government Botanist. .. *Government Statist. .. *Mining Department. ... *Observatory. . *Public Library. ... *Registrar-General. .. *Royal Society of Victoria. | .. *University. . . *Victorian Institute of Surveyors. Portr-Avu-PRINCE BIstRITZ Siebenbtirgen) ZAGREB (Agram) *Société Archéologique. BoLoGna a nae FLORENCE 33 230 Garvin (in . *Accademia delle Scienze dell’ Istituto di Bole ote .. *Societa Entomologica Italiana. . *Societa Italiana di Antropologia e di Etnologia. e . . ; * Direction der Gewerbeschule. Hayti. Société de Sciences et de Géographie. Hungary. Italy. La Universita di Bologna. *Societa Africana d’ Italia (Sezione Fiorentina). *Museo Civico di Storia Naturale. ‘ 231 232 233 234: 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244, 245 246 24.7 248 249 250 264 265 266 267 Mian 9 ‘ MopENa ... NAPLES ... 3 33 cee PALERMO 33 Pisa Rome 33 SIENA TURIN 9 oe VENICE ..,. ToKIO m _— YOKOHAMA BATAVIA... Mexico ... AMSTERDAM 33 53> HARLEM... 33 BERGEN ... CHRISTIANIA 33 BucHAREST HELSINGFORS KiEFr Moscow ... EXCHANGES AND PRESENTATIONS. Reale IstitutoLombardo di Scienze Lettere ed Arti. Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali. . *Académie Royale de Sciences, Lettres et Arts de Modéne. .. *Societa Africana d’Italia. ... *Societa Reale di Napoli (Accademia delle Scienze fisiche e matematiche). ... *Stazione Zoologica (Dr. Dohrn). ... *Accademia Palermitana di Scienze Lettereed Arti. Reale Istituto Tecnico. .. *Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali. ... *Accademia Pontificia de 7Nuovi Lincei. ... *Biblioteca e Archivio Tecnico (Ministero dei Lavori Pubblico). Circolo Geografica d’ Italia. Osservatorio del Astronomico Collegio Romano. ... *R. Accademia dei Lincei. .. *R. Comitato Geologico Italiano. .. *Societa Geografica Italiana. . *R. Accademia de Fisiocritici in Siena. Reale Accademia delle Scienze. Regio Osservatorio Astronomico dell’ Universita. ... *Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti. Japan. .. “Imperial University. ... “Seismological Society. .. *Asiatic Society of Japan. Java. . *Kon. Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Neder] Indié. Mexico. . *Sociedad Cientifica “ Antonio Alzate.”’ Netherlands. .. *Scadémie Royale des Sciences. .. *Association Coloniale Neerlandaise. .. *Societé Royale de Zoologie. . *Bibliotheque de Musée Teyler. ... *Sociéte Hollandaise des Sciences. Norway. .. “Museum. . *Kongelige Norske Fredericks Universitet. ... *Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania. Roumania. . *Institutul Meteorologic al Romaniei. Russia. . *Société des Sciences de Finlande. ... *Société des Naturalistes. . *Societe Impériale des Naturalistes. 268 269 270 271 272 273 274. 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284: 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294. 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 EXCHANGES AND PRESENTATIONS. Moscow ... ... *Société Impériale des Amis des Sciences Natur- elles d’Anthropologie et d’ Ethnographie 4 Moscow (Section d’Anthropologie), St. PetrerspurGcH *Académie Impériale des Sciences. ’ 55 ... *Comité Géologique —Institut des Mines. Spain. MAvRID ... ... Instituto geografico y Estadistico. Sweden. STockHoLm .... *Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademien. i ... *“Kongliga Universitetet. Switzerland. BERNE ... ... *Sociéte de Géographie de Berne. GENEVA ... ... *Institut National Genévois. LAUSANNE ... *Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles. NEUCHATEL _... *Société des Sciences Naturelles. United States of America. ALBANY ... ... *New York State Library, Albany. ANNAPOLIS (Mp.) *Naval Academy. BALTIMORE ... *Johns Hopkins University. BELOIT oem . *Chief Geologist. Boston ... .. “American Academy of Arts and Sciences. ots ... “Boston Society of Natural History. BROOKVILLE... *Brookville Society of Natural History. - ... Indiana Academy of Science. BUFFALO... ... *Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. CAMBRIDGE ... *Cambridge Entomological Club. Bs ... *Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College. CHICAGO ... ... Academy of Sciences. CINCINNATI ... *Cincinnati Society of Natural History. CoLpwaTER ... Michigan Library Association. DAVENPORT (Iowa)*Academy of Natural Sciences. DENVER ... ... *Colorado Scientific Society. Hosoxen(N.J.)... *Steven’s Institute of Technology. Towa City (Lowa) *Director lowa Weather Service. MinnEAPouis ... *Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences. NEWHAVEN (Conn)*Connecticut Academy of Arts. New York __... *American Chemical Society. ... American Geographical Society. ... *Editor Journal of Comparative Medicineand Surgery. ... *Editors Science. .. *New York Academy of Sciences. ... “New York Microscopical Society. a .. *School of Mines, Columbia College. PHILADELPHIA ... “Academy of Natural Science. ... “American Entomological Society. ... “American. Philosophical Society. .. *Franklin Institute. ... *Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. ... “Waener Free Institute of Science. ... *Zoological Society of Philadelphia, 33 EXCHANGES AND PRESENTATIONS. 312 Satem (Mass.) ... *American Association for the Advancement of Science, als e ... *Essex Institute. 314 ra ... *Peabody Academy of Sciences. 315 Sr. Louis ... *Academy of Science. 316 San Francisco... *California Academy of Sciences. 317 be .. *California State Mining Bureau. 318 WaAsHINGTON... *American Medical Association. 319 és. ... *Bureau of Education (Department of the Interior) 320 oe ... *Bureau of Ethnology. 321 Ap ... *Chief of Engineers (War Department). 322 x ... *Chief Signal Officer (War Department). 323 2 ... *Commissioner of Agriculture. 324 ” ... *Director of the Mint (Treasury Department). 325 ce .. Library (Navy Department). 326 55 ... *National Academy of Sciences. 327 a ... *Office of Indian Affairs (Department of the Interior). 328 ze ... *Ordnance Department. 329 a ... *Philosophical Society. 330 ss ... *Secretary (Department of the Interior). 331 55 ... *Secretary (Treasury Department). 332 ... *Smithsonian Institution. 333 a ... *Surgeon General (U.S. Army). 334 5 .. *U. 8S. Coast and. Geodetic Survey ( Treasury Department). 335 bp ... *U.S. Geological Survey. 336 Re ... *U.S. National Museum ( Department of the Interior). 337 a ... U.S. Patent Office. 338 pe ... *War Department. Number of Publications sent to Great Britain ae sce 80 — is India and the Colonies... 50 23 os America me sce Seema: Bs a Europe Jae Be ane SG 2” 39 sla, &e. rece eats S00 4 %” ob ditors of Periodicals ia NS Total Shs Part LI. Plate 19. JOURNAL ROYAL SOCIETY, N.S.W., 1888. puvsteon’) ‘Avg wo,o10;T ‘uIezuNOT;, esnoy -8S bt) e q[eseq O19VUISII T Sq awn ange’ « Meier eemting pe a JOURNAL ROYAL SOCIETY, N.S.W., 1888. Part IJ. Plate 20, Glass-house Mountain, Moreton Bay, Queensland. Core of Prismatic basalt. Fig. 2. he y " " a ra * ; f MTT Bm ae wr RATE NINE AT COTY ~ nt ae i { a wag 1 er , 4 % Lae) Soa coe fa Part i. Plate 2], JOURNAL ROYAL SOCIETY, N.S.W., 1888. ‘snojaymoqiey-ord “ssvp ‘sndneg ul [IE yweopyerg woay ysnp ormeoJOA "p ‘Areusezen’y “epeaony “OAT eoyonAT, oy} wor ysnp ommesjoa *9 "eSST ‘WILe ysnsny ‘eoyeyery wor poydnse qsnp s1uUeOIO A “4 "GLST ‘TING PUL YIGS Gorey ‘AeMIONT UT [POF YOrYM ysnp oruvajoA “ ‘qsnq oTuesToO A Jo susuroedg snowea ‘8 ‘SLT , -f Pesce A —Ior* ——*t =i ees) a; J ana ye {LS — —~— L aa Ye a i u. 2 \ A Se ee Se ee —— Ie yaar 4 etn r ‘ y 1 if ij th : , y i i wh del tla Cet te NiCr aaa JOURNAL ROYAL SOCIETY, N.S.W., 1888. Ash from Bromo crater, Java, x 70 diam., Fig. 6. Sahara Desert Sand, x 300d Plate 22. active volcano. lait. Part II. ha Syplty Part II. Plate 23. JOURNAL ROYAL SOCIETY, N.S.W., 1888. ‘OL x ‘puvfsteond ‘einssunidg ‘atquivig JUNOPY “eavy urosy aqipe dz] 4 ‘meIp OG x ‘eITegeNY YWON “Yoo weyx ‘oUdgSpueyg Woseq °“g ‘Big 2asuT Hinw 79659 JIANG AIAGK SYD. ’ AT UnIM © YAIWZ SIDE ELEVATION — HALF SI ZINC =TUBE See CLOCK HICH TURMS CYLINDER OmCE PLAN OF CONTACT DETAILS — FULL H Temperature i shewn by a change of 005 Inch in the Cylinder. \ an ee ha a pres gn an la a tea manana eer meio ween are b-q mn maar is NRoessnineencptenniasnenearindlaabartid G my anager enact tt enter hes ne i rom pein ene ry 3 ? - ~ sf i Pc ' WOITAV312 ava ol * ate 9S etek Bh, Di exp bes