TRNAS RET : 7 aA RU ae ah, \ ey a 94 ‘h “e Ade ut a A ‘wm ’ y J | 4 , red 1hee t :4 vB ANA toa: AY am oh) mie ua anes HAAN ye ; Alethe ae me oe aa Ta a Fl bit Ls ey , 00 sees Ges rae 45 We ; } five set \¢ bins ty bea Sable olay onl ee AR Ee aman rate ” PL 28 We ee wy ‘! , pA Pt \ pred) ay ee 4,a' te aft raewent ‘ : ’ ‘ Ma! PP, Pee Wall Te Br vey le 8) : en, : titans pine i.) re Hy 4 ‘ cats i piers Ad ys se eh iM ” U \ he Pa) p . is lor eget ' , Abt p ia r wi Ny fal. ay wa y! oy we by) ” rh Li ga GAR . oF Af Met Are oe a et ed ; Ph ‘ Mat Yo eater We ka ) . \ ° FY wey yay . he) " Ve? an! nee! . owe y te ’ ' ‘a a» aie ace AAMAS ay it aA DC OR Mos Seer yh Batt ie HAUNT, | . pers Vasa i Ws) Lag ot a Salt e Vaya eth iM ¥ 47 ' * ‘} j eo it uh ths a ib 1 bf nie iy iit Ne en iseat aided I ' My nM hie TAR }. ‘hati 4 ne Dir ODT PN ‘i a wea ait tan pial aah i) y jilee bent ; ahi aveetaae oth sees bai nc REC a Aaaitiaits taeke ‘ relates i i be ea ‘ a y i“ $y i ey, “ae Gals o wat ea i pear Me reat ; VAP yet td Cad By eked tata chara wa Ay rire Vay Medea aha OA ae AAs 3 4 a ( eye ' A fy ya "a a ie o 4) 4 cy) LA | ail ais i y @ dor 43 er a! . 4 Y 4 "° ‘ F eee bed MEAN On fH ib nah ui} ae ay aay ‘yn ej my Bett taney iywos ” Bi cee Si ‘Oy nas fe uf sy eit “a a ber: ‘ Fhe bara ee pyar ies ae risen ta ” eee EN 'e JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES 1916, (INCORPORATED 1881.) eee dep EDITED BY THE HONORARY SECRETARIES. THE AUTHORS OF PAPERS ARE ALONE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE STATEMENTS MADE AND THE OPINIONS EXPRESSED THERKIN. \ 242106 Seer, | apie NF QF tT RE earths * Ona. hMusev — - 2 rane SYDNEY: | ; PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY, 5 ELIZABETH STREET, SYDNEY. LONDON AGENTS: GEORGE ROBERTSON & Co., PROPRIETARY LIMITED, 17 Warwick SquareE, PATERNOSTER Row, Lonpon, E.C; 1916. CONTENTS. VOLUME lL. PaGE. Art. I.—PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. By R. GReIG-SMITH, D.Sc. .., 1 Art. II.—Some Amphipoda and Isopoda from Barrington ‘Tops. By CHARLES CHILTON, M.A., D.Sc. areas ah Mr. So HEDLEY). ... ie 82 Art. III.—The Analysis of Polngue ana Pesan i in onl Tar Oils. By Grorce Harker, D.sc. 99 Art. IV.—Notes on Australian Rant Noe TI. ‘By J jeanne CLELAND, M.D., and EDWIN CHEEL. ... 105 Art. V.—Napier’s Logarithms: the Development of hig Theory. By H. S. Carsnaw, Sc.D. ... il ,. 130 Arr. VI.—Acacia Seedlings, Part II. ise R. H. eas eut F.L.S. [With Plates I- IV. ] oes Se 143 Art. VII.—Sboreline Studies at Botany ae “By B. C. eee B.A., F.G.8. [With Plates V, VI.] sd iho 165 Art. VIII.—On the Essential Oil from the Bark of Buclypl Macarthuri. By H. G. SMITH, F.c.s.... » 177 Arr. IX.—On an undescribed Darwinia and its Basential Oil, By R. T. Baker, F.L.s. and H. G. Smuiru, r.c.s. [With Plates VAP. VEL: |... ace eae sae sms se sat toy TST ArT. X.—On the Meatuisise of Australian Birds. By S.J. JOHNSTON, B.A., D.Sc. [With Plates IX — XIX.] pis Selo Art. XI.—A Photographic Foucault-Pendulum. By Rev. E. F. PicoT, B.A., M.B. [With Plate XX.]_... fas EG Pen eoe Art. XII.—Wireless Time-signals—Some suggested as ments. By W.E.and F. B. Cooxz. ... t scorn ea 2 OO ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS sei ee us wii =A i. — XXvi. PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SECTION ... orn oe XV — ele PROCEEDINGS OF THE PusLIic HEALTH AND KINDRED SCIENCES SECTION Soe sea il a re sae seo.) XM XLV, PROCEEDINGS OF THE AGRICULTURE SECTION eae ie xlv.—lii. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDUSTRY SECTION .., ant ae liii. - Lxi. TitLe Page, CONTENTS, PuBLications, NOTICES, ... ww. (i. - viii.) OFFICERS FoR 1916-1917... ane S00 AS ane se 230, CVaTs) List oF MremsBers, &. ... te Sh or sa ae wees, (EX) INDEX TO VoLUME L. .... ire Ane are “We ee EXILES NOTICE. THe Roya. Society of New South Wales originated in 1821 as the “Philosophical Society of Australasia”; after an interval of inactivity, it was resuscitated in 1850, under the name of the ‘¢ Australian Philosophical Society,” by which title it was known until 1856, when the name was changed to the ‘“ Philosophical Society of New South Wales”; in 1866, by the sanction of Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria, it assumed its present title, and was incorporated by Act of the Parliament of New South Wales in 1881. TO AUTHORS. Authors of papers desiring illustrations, are advised to consult the editors (Honorary Secretaries) before preparing their drawings , Unless otherwise specially permitted, such drawings should be carefully executed to a large scale on smooth white Bristol board in intensely black Indian ink, so as to admit of the blocks being prepared directly therefrom, in a form suitable for photographic “process.” The size of a full page plate in the Journal is 4} in. x6Zin. The cost of all original drawings, and of colouring plates must be borne by Authors. DATES OF PUBLICATION. VoutumE L. Part I—pp. 1 — 176, published January 30, 1917. eid ITT = 276; > ,, ... Mareh 34, 1917. ,, I1I—pp. i. —Ixiv., (i.) —(xxii.) published May 2, 1917. PUBLICATIONS. SSS The following publications of the Society, if in print, can be obtained at the Society’s House in Elizabeth-street:— Transactions of the Philosophical Society, N.S. W., 1862-5, pp. 374, out of print. Vol. * Il. , is TW: bs ” IV. ” ” V. ” z Vie eas a Vil. nS os VIII. By < pe » X. ” XI. ” ” XII. ” ” XII 9 ” XIV. 9 7) XV. 99 ” XVI. ” 99 XVII Y) a SX VELL vs 9 XIX 9 ” XX. ” ha XXI. a - XXII e Se 6.400 ie ” XXIV ” ” XXV ” ” XXVI »” PA SVL ne ») XXVIII x ” XXIX ” ” XXX ” ” XXXI ” i SOOM 3 xa ») XXXIV eS » XXXV ” SI EXKX VI i \. XXXVI a ,» XXXVIIT - ue XX KIX as a XL. Zs 3 XLI. 95 ie XLII 9 . XLII - sa XLIV. is e LW vile. sp ia XLVI. af ON AE 9 oy a0 aes ee LIK. Sc, ” L. ” 1. Transactions of the Royal Society, N.S. W., 1867,pp. 83, 68, ,, 120, 1869, ,, 173, 1870, ,, 106, 1871, ,, 72, 1877, ,, 305, ” 9 1878, ,, 324, price10s.6d. 1879, ,, 255, 1880, ,, 391, 1881, ,, 440, 1882, ,, 327, 1883, ,, 324, 1884, ,, 224, 1885, ,, 240, 1886, ,, 396, 1887, ,, 296, 1888, ,, 390.. 1915, ,, 587, 1916, ,, 362, ~~ 2 f oa ee ee Mopal Society of sew South Wales. G12 Jae Sea ISS Ie e+ a Salis aks alge Patron: HIS EXCELLENCY THE RIGHT HONOURABLE SIR RONALD CRAUFURD MUNRO FERGUSON, P.c., a.c.m.a. Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia. Vice-Patron: HIS EXCELLENCY SIR GERALD STRICKLAND, a.c.m.a., ete. Governor of the State of New South Wales. President: T. H. HOUGHTON, m. Inst. c.z. ~ Vice-Presidents: F. H. QUAIFEH, m.a., u.p. C. HEDLEY, F.u.s. HENRY G. SMITH, F.c.s. R. GREIG-SMITH, p.sx, Hon. Treasurer: . H. G, CHAPMAN, mp. Hon. Secretaries: R. H. CAMBAGE, us., F.us. | J. H. MAIDEN, 1.s.0., F.R.8. Members of Council : E. C. ANDREWS, B.A., F.a.s. Prof. C. E. FAWSITT, p.sc., Ph.D. D. CARMENT, @.1.4., F.F.A. J. NANGLE, F.R.a.s. Prof. H. 8S. CARSLAW, m.a., sec.p. | C. A. SUSSMILCH, r.a.s. J. B. CLELAND, m.p., cn.m. H. D. WALSH, B.a.1., M. INST. C.E. W. S. DUN, Prof, W.H. WARREN, LLU.D., wh. Se, FORM OF BEQUEST. FE bequeath the sum of £ to the Royat Society oF New Souto Watess, Incorporated by Act of the Parliament of New South Wales in 1881, and I declare that the receipt of the Treasurer for the time being of the said Corporation shall be an effectual discharge for the said Bequest, which I direct to be paid within calendar months after my decease, without any reduction whatsoever, whether on account of Legacy Duty thereon or otherwise, out of such part of my estate as may be lawfully applied for that purpose. [Those persons who feel disposed to benefit the Royal Society of New South Wales by Legacies, are recommended to instruct their Solicitors to adopt the above Form of Bequest. | LIST OF THE MEMBERS OF THE AMopal Society of eto South ales. P Members who have contributed papers which have been published in the Society’s ‘Transactions or Journal; papers published in the Transactions of the Philosophical Society are also included. The numerals indicate wale number of such contributions. { Life Members. ; Elected. Cae 1908 Abbott, George Henry, B.A., M.B., Ch.M., Wao teantel obese, p.r. - *Cooringa,’ 252 Liverpool Road, Summer Hill. 1877 |P5| Abbott, W. E., ‘Abbotsford,’ Wingen. 1904 Adams, William John, m. 1. mecH. EF, 175 Clarence-street. 1916 Allen, William John, ‘‘Oriel,’’? The Boulevard, Strathfield. 1898 Alexander, Frank Lee, c/o Messrs. Goodlet and Smith Ltd., Cement Works, Granville. 1916 Alexander, James Maclean, mM. INS1. C.E., 25 O’ git clestraat! 1905 | P 1| Anderson, Charles, u.a., D.Sc. Hdin., Australian Museum, Col- lege-street. 1909 | P8| Andrews, E. C., B.a., F.a.8., Geological Surveyor, Department of Mines, Sydney. 2915 Armit, Henry William, m.r.c.s. Eng., u.R.c.Pp. Lond., 30-34 Elizabeth-street. 1878 Backhouse, His Honour Judge A. P., m.a., ‘ Melita,’ Elizabeth Bay. 1894 |P 23) Baker, Richard Thomas, F.u.s., Curator, Technological Museum. 1894 {Balsille, George, ‘ Lauderdale,’ N.E. Valley, Dunedin, N.Z. 1896 Barff, H. E., m.a., Warden of the University of Sydney. 1908 | P 1) Barling, John, L.S., ‘St. Adrians,’ Raglan-street, Mosman. 1895 | P9| Barraclough, S. Henry, B.E., M.M.E., ASSOC. M. INST. C.E., M. I. MECH. E., Memb. Soc. Beometion Eng. Education ; Memb. Internat. Assoc. Testing Materials; Professor of Mechanical Engineering in the University of Sydney; p.r. ‘Marmion,’ Victoria-street, Lewisham. 1906 Basnett, Nathaniel James, Punch-st., Mosman. 1894 Baxter, William Howe, L.s., Chief Surveyor, Existing Lines : Office, Railway Department, Bridge-street. 1877 Belfield, Algernon H., ‘ Eversleigh,’ Dumaresq. 1909 | P2| Benson, William Noel, p.se., Professor of Geology, The Uni- versity, Otago, Dunedin. 1916 Birrell, Septimus,‘ Florella,” Dunslaffnace-st., Hurlstone Park. 1913 Bishop, Joseph Eldred, Killarney-street, Mosman. 1915 Bishop, John, 24 Bond-street. 1905 Blakemore, George Henry, 4 Bridge-street. 1888 {Blaxland, Walter, F.R.c.s. Eng., u.R.c.p. Lond., Fremantle, West Australia. 1893 Blomfield, Charles E., B.c.z. Melb., ‘ Woombi,’ Kangaroo Camp, Guyra. + a. = - ‘ (x.) Elected 1898 Blunno, Michele, Licentiate in Science (Rome), ‘ Havilah,” No. 1, Darlinghurst Road, Darlinghurst. 1907 Bogenrieder, Charles; u.a., No. 2 Little’s Avenue, Balmain. 1879 {Bond, Albert, 131 Bell’s Chambers, Pitt-street. 1910 Bradley, Clement Henry Burton, ™.8., cn,M., D.P.H., Demon- strator in Physiology in the University of Sydney. 1876 Brady, Andrew John, L.K. and q.c.p. Irel., u.R.c.s. Irel., 175: Macquarie-street, Sydney. 1916 Bragg, James Wood, B.a., c/o Gibson, Battle &Co. Ltd.,Kent-st. 1891 Brennand, Henry J. W., B.A., M.B., chm. Syd., ‘The Albany,” Macquarie-st., p.r. ‘ Wobun,’ 310 Miller-st., North Sydney. 1914 Broad, Edmund F., ‘Cobbam,’ Woolwich Road, Hunter’s Hill. 1878 {Brooks, Joseph, J.P. L.S.,F.R.A.S., F.B.G.S., ‘ Hope Bank,’ Nelson- street, Woollahra. 1913 | P1| Browne, William Rowan, B.sc., Assistant Lecturer and Demon- strator in Geology in the University, Sydney. 1906 Brown, James B., Resident Master, Technical School, Gran- ville; p.r. ‘Aberdour,’ Daniel-street, Granville. 1898 {Burfitt, W. Fitzmaurice, B.A., B.Sc, M.B., Chm. Syd., ‘Wyom- ing,’ 175 Macquarie-street, Sydney. 1890 Burne, Alfred, p.p.s., Buckland Chambers, 183 Liverpool-st. 1916 Burn, Forbes, Goorianawa Station, Gular, N.S.W. 1907 Burrows, Thomas Edward, mM. INST. C.E., L.s., Metropolitan Engineer, Public Works Department; p.r. ‘ Balboa,’ Fern- street, Randwick. 1909 Calvert, Thomas Copley, assoc. M. INST. c.E., Department of Public Works, Newcastle, N.S.W. 1904 | P 9| Cambage, Richard Hind, i.s.,¥V.u.s., Under Secretary for Mines, Department of Mines, Sydney; p.r. Park Road, Burwood. (President 1912). Hon. Secretary. 1907 Campbell, Alfred W., M.D., Cn.m. Edin., 183 Macquarie-street. 1876 Cape, Alfred J., m.a. Syd., ‘Karoola,’ Edgecliff Road, Edgecliff. 1897 | P 4| Cardew, John Haydon, m. INST. c.E., L.S., 75 Pitt-street. 1901 Card, George William, 4.Rx.s.m., Curatorand Mineralogist to the: Geological Survey, Department of Mines, Sydney. 1891 Carment, David, F.1.a. Grt. Brit. d Irel. ¥.F.A., Scot., , 4 Whaling Road, North Sydney. Vice-President. 1909 Carne, Joseph Edmund, F.4G.s., Gace Geologist,. Department of Mines, Sydney. 1903 | P2| Carslaw, H.S., m.a., se.p., Professor of Mathematics in the. University of Sydney. 1913 | P 2| Challinor, Richard Westman, F.1.c., F.c.s., Lecturer in Chem- istry, Sydney Technical College. 1909 | P 2| Chapman, H. G., .p., B.s., Assistant Professor of Physiology in the University of Sydney. Hon. Treasurer. 1913 | P 5| Cheel, Edwin, Botanical Assistant, Botanic Gardens, Sydney.. 1909 |P 17| Cleland, John Burton, m.p., ch.m., Principal Assistant Micro- biologist, Department of Public Health, 93 Macquarie-st. 1913 | P1| Cooke, William Ernest, M.A.,F.R.A.s., Government Astronomer and Professor of Astronomy in the University of Sydney, The Observatory, Sydney. 1896 | P2| Cook, W. E., u.c.u. Melb., mM. InsvT. c.E., Water and Sewerage- Board, North Sydney. | . (xi.) Elected 1904 | P 2; Cooksey, Thomas, Pn.D., B.Sc. Lond., F.1.c., Government Analyst; p.r. ‘Clissold,’ Calypso Avenue, Mosman. 1913 Coombs, F. A., F.c.s., Instructor of Leather Dressing and Tanning, Sydney Technical College; p.r. 55 Willoughby Road, North Sydney. 1916 Coote, Edmund James, 492 George-street, Sydney. 1876 Codrington, John Frederick, m.r.c.s. Hng., u.R.c.P. Lond,,u.B.¢.P. Edin., ‘Roseneath,’ 8 Wallis-street, Woollahra. 1906 Colley, David John K., Superintendent, Royal Mint, Sydney. 1882 Cornwell, Samuel, J.p., Brunswick Road, Tyagarah. 1909 | P 2| Cotton, Leo Arthur, m.A., B.Sc, Assistant Lecturer and Demon- strator in Geology in the University of Sydney, 1892 |P1| Cowdery, George R., assoc. M. INST. c.E., Blashki Buildings, Hunter-st.; p,r. ‘Glencoe,’ Torrington Road, Strathfield. 1886 Crago, W. H., m.R.c.s. Hng., L.R.c.P. Lond., 185 Macquarie-st. 1912 Curtis, Louis Albert, u.s., ‘ Redlands,’ Union-street, Mosman. 1875 Dangar, Fred. H., c/o W. E. Deucher, 12 and 14 Loftus-street. 1890 Dare, Henry Harvey, M.E., M. INST. C.E.,Commissioner, Water Conservation and Irrigation Commission, Perpetual Trustee Chambers, Hunter-street, Sydney. 1876 |P3| Darley, Cecil West, m. Inst. c.z., Australian Club, Sydney, ‘Longheath,’ Little Bookham, Surrey, England. 1910 Darnell-Smith, George Percy, B.Sc, F.1.C.,F.c.s., Department of Agriculture, Sydney. 1886 |P 21) David, T. W. Edgeworth, c.M.G., B.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., F.G.S., Professor of Geology and Physical Geography in the University of Sydney. (President 1895, 1910.) 1909 Davidson, George Frederick. 1892 | P1| Davis, Joseph, mM. INstT. c.E., Director-General, Public Works Department, Sydney. 1885 | P3| Deane, Henry, M.a., M. INST. C.E., F.L.S., F.R. MET. SOC., F.R.H.S., ‘Campsie,’ 14 Mercer Road, Malvern, Victoria. (President 1897, 1907.) 1894 Dick, James Adam, B.A. Syd., M.D., Ch.M., F.R.C.S. Edin., ‘ Catfoss,’ Belmore Road, Randwick. 1915 | P1| Dick, Thomas, J.P., Port Macquarie. 1875 |P 12} Dixon, W.A.., F.1.c., F.c.s., ‘Girton,’ McLaren-st., North Sydney. 1916 Dixon, Jacob Robert L., u.R.c.s., L.R.c.P., The University, Syd. 1906 Dixson, William, ‘ Merridong,’ Gordon Road, Killara. 1876 Docker, His Honour Judge E. B., m.a., ‘ Mostyn,’ Billyard Avenue, Elizabeth Bay. 1913 Dodd, Sydney, v.v.sc, F.R.C.v.s., Lecturer in Veterinary Pathology in the University of Sydney. 1913 | P 2| Doherty, William M., Analyst, Department of Public Health, Sydney. ; 1908 | P 3| Dun, William S., Paleontologist, Department of Mines. 1916 | P1/ Enright, Walter J., B.a., High-street, West Maitland, N.S.W. 1908 Esdaile, Edward William, 54 Hunter-street. 1879 | P 4| Etheridge, Robert, Junr., 5.p., Curator, Australian Museum ; p.r. ‘ Inglewood,’ Colo Vale, N.S.W. Elected 1896 1868 1887 1902 1910 1909 1881 1888 1879 1905 1904 1907 1899 1881 1906 1897 1916 1916 1899 1912 1912 1891 1880 1912 1892 1909 1916 1912 1887 1916 1912 1905 Pot Pi P 16 P 4 P8 P2 (xii.) Fairfax, Geoffrey E., S. M. Herald Office, Hunter-street. Fairfax, Sir James R., Knt., S. M. Herald Office, Hunter-st. Faithfull, R. L., u.p., New York, u.r.c.v., u.s.A. Lond., ‘ Wilga,” 18 Wylde-street, Potts Point. Faithfull, William Percy, Australian Club. Farrell, John, 683 Pitt-street, Sydney. Fawsitt, Charles Edward, p.sc, Ph,p., Professor of Chemistry in the University of Sydney. Fiaschi, Thos., M.D., M.Ch, Pisa. Fitzhardinge, His Honour Judge G. H., m.a., ‘Red Hill, Beecroft. {Foreman, Joseph, m.R.c.s. Eng. u.R.c.p. Edin., ‘ Wyoming,’ Macquarie-street. Foy, Mark, ‘Eumemering,’ Bellevue Hill, Woollahra. Fraser, James, M. INST. C.E., Chief Commissioner for Railways, Bridge-street ; p.r.‘Arnprior,’ Neutral Bay. Freeman, William, ‘ Clodagh,’ Beresford Road, Rose Bay. French, J. Russell, General Manager, Bank of New South Wales, George-street. Furber, T.F., F.n.4.8., c/o Dr. R. I. Furber, ‘Sunnyside,’ Stan- more Road, Stanmore. Gosche, W. A. Hamilton, 243 Pitt-street, Sydney. | Gould, Senator The Hon. Sir Albert John, x.c.m.a., ‘ Eynes- bury,’ Edgecliff. Granger, James Darnell, pn. p., Manager of Chiswick Polish Co. of Australia, Mitchell Road, Alexandria. Green, Victor Herbert, 7 Bent-street, Sydney. Greig-Smith, R., p.sc. Hdin., m.sc. Dun., Macleay Bacteriologist, Linnean Society’s House, Ithaca Road, Elizabeth Bay. (President 1915.) Vice-President. Grieve, Robert Henry, B.a., ‘ Langtoft,’ Llandaff-st., Waverley. Griffiths, F. Guy, B.a., M.D., chM., 185 Macquarie-st., Sydney. Guthrie, Frederick B., F.1.c., F.c.s., Chemist, Department of Agriculture, 1387 George-street, Sydney. (President 1908). Halligan, Gerald H., L.s., F.4.8., ‘ Riversleigh,’ Hunter’s Hill. Hallmann, E. F., B.sc,, Biology Department, The University, Sydney. Halloran, Henry Ferdinand, t.s., 82 Pitt-street. Hammond, Walter L., B.sc. Hurlstone Avenue, Summer Hill. Hamilton, Arthur Andrew, Botanical Assistant, Botanic Gar- dens, Sydney. Hamilton, A. G., Lecturer on Nature Study, Teachers’ College, Blackfriars. Hamlet, William M., F.1-c., F.c.s., Member of the Society of Public Analysts ; ‘Strathallen,’ Blaxland Ridge, via Rich- mond, N.S.W. (President 1899, 1908). Hardy, Victor Lawson, “The Laurel,’ 43 Toxteth Rd., Glebe Pt Hare, A. J., Under Secretary for Lands, ‘ Booloorool,’ Monte Christo-street, Woolwich. Harker, George, pD.sc, Assistant Lecturer and Demonstrator in Organic Chemistry in the University of Sydney. Elected 1913 1884 | P1 1900 1916 1914 1891 1899 1916 1884 1905 1914 1892 1916 1901 1905 1891 1906 1913. 1909 |P 18 Pl P3 Pt P2 (xiii.) Harper, Leslie F., r.a.s., Geological Surveyor, Department of Mines, Sydney. Haswell, William Aitcheson, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy in the University of Sydney; p.r. ‘Mimihau,’ Woollahra Point. Hawkins, W. E., 88 Pitt-street. Hay-Dalrymple, Richard T., Chief Commissioner of Forests, N.S. Wales; p.r. Goodchap Road, Chatswood. Hector, Alex. Burnet, 481 Kent-street. Hedley, Charles, r.u.s., Assistant Curator, Australian Museum, Sydney. Vice-President. (President 1914.) Henderson, J., F.R.#.s., ‘ Wahnfried,’ Drummoyne. Henderson, James, ‘ Dunsfold,’ Clanalpine-street, Mosman. Henson, Joshua B., assoc. M. INST. c.E., Hunter District Water Supply and Sewerage Board, Newcastle. Hill, John Whitmore, ‘ Willamere,’ May’s Hill, Parramatta. Hoare, Robert R., Staff Paymaster, Royal Navy, Garden Island, Sydney. Hodgson, Charles George, 157 Macquarie-street. Hoggan, Henry James, Consulting Engineer, ‘Lincluden,’ Frederick-street, Rockdale. Holt, Thomas S., ‘Amalfi,’ Appian Way, Burwood. hd5¢ Hooper, George, Assistant Superintendent, Sydney Technical College; p.r. ‘ Branksome,’ Henson-street, Summer Hill. Houghton, Thos. Harry, M. INST. C.E., M.1. MECH. E., 63 Pitt-st. . President, Howle, Walter Cresswell, u.s.a. Lond., Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman. Hudson, G. Inglis, 3.p., ‘Gudvangen,’ Arden-street, Coogee. Jaquet, John Blockley, a.x.s.m., F.a.s., Chief Inspector of Mines, Department of Mines. Jensen, Harold Ingemann, pD.sc, Treasury Chambers, George- street, Brisbane. Johnston, Stephen Jason, B.A., D.Sc., Lecturer and Demonstrator in Zoology, The University, Sydney. Johnston, Thomas Harvey, M.A., D.sc, F.L.8., Lecturer in Biology in the University of Queensland, Brisbane. Jones, Sir P. Sydney, Knt., u.p. Lond., F.R.¢.s. Eng., ‘ Llandilo,” Boulevarde, Strathfield. Julius, George A., B.Sc., M.E., M.I. MECH. E., Culwulla Chambers, Castlereagh-street, Sydney. Kaleski, Robert, Holdsworthy, Liverpool. . Kater, The Hon. H. E., J.v., u.u.c., Australian Club. Keele, Thomas William, L.s., m.1INsT.c.z., Commissioner, Sydney Harbour Trust, Circular Quay; p.r. Llandaff-st., Waverley. Kemp, William E., a.m. inst. c.z., Public Works Department, Coff’s Harbour Jetty. Kent, Harry C., m.a., F.R.1.B.A., Dibbs’ Chambers, Pitt-street. Kidd, Hector, mM. INST. C.z., M. I. MECH. E., Cremorne Road, Cremorne. £1 ected 1896 1878 1881 1877 1911 1913 1916 1906 1909 1883 1906 1916 1884 1887 1878 1876 1912 1899 1903 1891 1906 1891 1880 1903 1901 1894 1916 1909 P 23 P 2 Pl P2 Ig) Pil (xiv.) King, Kelso, 120 Pitt-street. Knagegs, Samuel T., m.p. Aberdeen, ¥F.R.c.s. Irel., ‘Northcote,’ Sir Thomas Mitchell Road, Bondi. Knibbs, G. H.,c.M.G.,F.S.S., F.B.A.S.,L.S., Member Internat. Assoc. Testing Materials; Memb. Brit. Sc. Guild; Commonwealth Statistician, Melbourne. (President 1898.) Knox, Edward W., ‘ Rona,’ Bellevue Hill, Double Bay. Laseron, Charles Francis, Technological Museum. Lawson, A. Anstruther, D.Sc, F.R.S.E., Professor of Botany in the University of Sydney. meen ts Walter William, ‘Orrville,’ ‘The Avenue, Strath- eld. Lee, Alfred, ‘Glen Roona,’ Penkivil-street, Bondi. Leverrier, Frank, B.a., B.Sc. K.c., 182 Phillip-street. Lingen, J. T., m.a. Cantab., University Chambers, 167 Phillip- street, Sydney. Loney, Charles Augustus Luxton, M. AM. soc. REFR. E., Equi- table Building, George-street. Loubét, Paul René, m.p., B.sc., Blackall District Hospital, Blackall, Queensland. MacCormick, Sir Alexander, M.D., c.M. Edin., M.R.C.s. Eng., 185 Macquarie-street, North. MacCulloch, Stanhope H., m.8., chm, Edin., 24 College-street. MacDonald, Ebenezer, J.p., c/o Perpetual Trustee Co., Ld., Hunter-street, Sydney. Mackellar, The Hon. Sir Charles Kinnaird, M.L.c.. M.B., C.M. Glas., Equitable Building, George-street. MacKinnon, Ewen, B.sc., Agricultural Museum, George-st. N. MacTaggart, J.N.C., m.z. Syd., assoc. M. INST. c.E., Water and Sewerage Board District Office, Lyons Road, Drummoyne. McDonald, Robert, J.P., u.s., Pastoral Chambers, O’Connell-st.; p-r. ‘ Wairoa,’ Holt-street, Double Bay, McDouall, Herbert Chrichton, m.r.c.s. Eng., u.R.c.s. Lond., D.P.H. Cantab., Hospital for the Insane, Gladesville. McIntosh, Arthur Marshall, ‘Glenbourne,’ Hill-st., Roseville. McKay, R. T.,L.s., Assoc. M. INST. c.E., Geelong Waterworks and Sewerage Trusts Office, Geelong, Victoria. McKinney, Hugh Giffin, m.z., Roy. Univ. Irel., mu. NST. ¢.z., Sydney Safe Deposit, Paling’s Buildings, Ash-street. McLaughlin, John, Union Bank Chambers, Hunter-street. McMaster, Colin|J., u.s., Chief Commissioner of Western Lands; p.r. Wyuna Road, Woollahra Point. McMillan, Sir William, x.c.m.c., ‘Darrah, 311 Edgecliff Road, Woollahra. McQuiggin, Harold G., B.Sc, Demonstrator in Physiology in the University of Sydney; p.r. ‘ Berolyn,’ Beaufort-street, Croydon. — Madsen, John Percival Vissing, D.Sc., B.E., P..N. Russell Lec- turer in Electrical Engineering in the University of Sydney. Elected 1883 |P 29 1880 1897 1908 1914 1875 1903 1912 1905 1916 1889 1879 1879 1915 1876 1893 1891 1893 1903 1913 1896 Pei P 27 P8 P3 (xv.) Maiden, J. Henry, J.P., 1.S.0., F.B.S., F.L.S., F.B.H.S., Hon. Fellow Roy. Soc. S.A.; Hon. Memb. Roy. Soc, W.A.; Netherlands Soc.for Promotion of Industry; Philadelphia College Pharm. Southern Californian Academy of Sciences; Pharm. Soc. N.S.W.; Brit. Pharm. Conf.; Corr. Fellow Therapeutical Soe., Lond.; Corr. Memb. Pharm. Society Great Britain ; Bot. Soc. Edin.; Soc Nat. de Agricultura (Chile); Soc. d’ Horticulture d’Alger; Union Agricole Calédonienne; Soc. Nat. etc., de Chérbourg; Roy. Soc. Tas.; Roy. Soc. Queensl.; Inst. Nat. Genévois; Hon. Vice-Pres. of the Forestry Society of California; Diplomé of the Société Nationale d’Acclimatation de France; Linnean Medallist, Linnean Society; N.S.W. Govt. Rep. of the “‘ Commission Consulta- tive pour la Protection Internat. dela Nature’; Govern- ment Botanist and Director, Botanic Gardens, Sydney. Hon. Secretary. (President 1896, 1911.) Manfred, Edmund C., Montague-street, Goulburn. Marden, John, m.a., LL.D., Principal, Presbyterian Ladies’ College, Croydon, Sydney. — Marshall, Frank, B.p.s. Syd., ‘Beanbah,’ 235 Macquarie-street. Martin, A. H., ‘Glengarriff, Nea-street, Chatswood. Mathews, Robert Hamilton, t.s., Assoc. Etran. Soc. d’ Anthrop. de Paris; Cor. Mem. Anthrop. Soc., Washington, U.S.A.; Corr, Mem. Anthrop. Soc. Vienna; Corr. Mem. Roy. Geog. Soc. Aust. Q’sland; Local Correspondent Roy. Anthrop. Inst., Lond.; ‘ Carcuron,’ Hassall-st., Parramatta. Meggitt, Loxley, Co-operative Wholesale Society, Alexandria. Meldrum, Henry John, p.r. ‘ Craig Roy,’ Sydney Rd., Manly. Miller, James Edward, Broken Hill, New South Wales. Milne, Edmund, Commissioner for Railways, Public Works Building. Bridge-street, Sydney. Mingaye John C. H., F.1.c., F.c.s., Assayer and Analyst to the Department of Mines, p.r. Campbell-street, Parramatta. Moore, Frederick H., Union Club, Sydney, c/o Dalgety’s Ltd., London. Mullins, John Francis Lane, m.a. Syd., ‘ Killountan,’ Dar- ling Point. Murphy, R. K., Dr. Ing., Chem. Eng., Consulting Chemical Engineer and Lecturer in Chemistry, Technical College, Sydney. Myles, Charles Henry, ‘ Dingadee,’ Everton Rd., Strathfield. Nangle, James, F.R.a.s., Superintendent of Technical Educa- tion, The Techfhical College, Sydney; p.r. ‘St. Elmo,’ Tupper-street, Marrickville. {tNoble, Edward George, u.s., 8 Louisa Road, Balmain. Noyes, Edward, Assoc. INST. C.E., ASSOC. I. MECH. E., c/o Messrs. Noyes Bros., 115 Clarence-street, Sydney. fOld, Richard, ‘ Waverton,’ Bay Road, North Sydney. Ollé, A. D., ‘Kareema,’ Charlotte-street, Ashfield. Onslow, Col. James William Macarthur, ‘Gilbulla,’ Menangle. Elected 1875 1891 1880 1916 1878 1901 1899 1877 1899 1909 1879 1881 1879 1887 1896 1910 1914 1893 1876 1912 ~ 1890 1916 1906 1914 1909 1902 1906 1913 1915 P 2 lee P10 Pt Px2 (xvi.) O’Reilly, W. W. J., u.v., chm. Q. Univ. Irel., m.n.c.s. Eng., 171 Liverpool-street, Hyde Park. Osborn, A. F., assoc. M. INST. c.E., Water Supply Branch, Sydney, ‘ Uplands,’ Meadow Bank, N.S.W. Palmer, Joseph, 96 Pitt-st.; p.r. Kenneth-st., Willoughby. Parker, Philip 4 Morley, mM. INST. c.E., M. AM. SOC. C.E., B.C.E., -B.A., Rawson Chambers, Pitt and Eddy-streets, Sydney. Paterson, Hugh, 183 Liverpool-street, Hyde Park. Peake, Algernon, M. INST. C.E., L.S., 25 Prospect Road, Ashfield. Pearse, W., Union Club; p.r. ‘ Plashett,’ Jerry’s Plains, via Singleton. Pedley, Perceval R., Lord Howe Island. Petersen, T. Tyndall, F.c.p.a., 4 O’Connell-street. Pigot, Rev. Edward F., .s.J., B.a., M.B. Dub., Director of the Seismological Observatory, St. Ignatius’College, Riverview. Pittman, Edward F., assoc. R.Ss.M., L.s., ‘Carnarvon,’ Bays- water Road, Darlinghurst. Poate, Frederick, u.s., Surveyor-General, Lands Department, Sydney; p.r. ‘ Clanfield,’ 50 Penkivil-street, Bondi. Pockley, Thomas F. G., Union Club, Sydney. Pollock, J. A., D.Sc, F.R.S., Corr. Memb. Roy. Soc. Tasmania; Roy. Soc. Queensland; Professor of Physics in the University of Sydney. Pope, Roland James, B.a., Syd., M.D., C.M., F.R.C.S., Hdin., 183 Macquarie-street. Potts, Henry William, F.u.s., F.c.s., Principal, Hawkesbury Agricultural College, Richmond, N.S.W. Purdy, John Smith, m.p., c.m. Aberd., p.p.H. Camb., Metro- politan Medical Officer of Health, Town Hall, Sydney. Purser, Cecil, B.A., M.B., Ch.M. Syd., 189 Macquarie-street. Quaife, F. H., m.a., M.p., M.s., ‘ Yirrimbirri,’ Stanhope Road, Killara. Vice-President. Radcliff, Sidney, r.c.s., Northcote Chambers, Reiby Lane, City. Rae, J. L. C., ‘Lisgar, King-street, Newcastle. Read, John, u.A., Pn.D., B.S Professor of Organic Chemistry in the University of Sydney. Redman, Frederick G., P. and O. Office, Pitt-street. Rhodes, Thomas, Civil Engineer, Box 109, Post Office, Broken Hill. Reid, David, ‘ Holmsdale,’ Pymble. Richards, G. A., Mount Morgan Gold Mining Co., Mount Morgan, Queensland. Richardson, H. G. V., 82 Moore-street. Robinson, Robert, D.Sc, The University, Liverpool, England. Ross, A. Clunies, B.se., C. of E. Grammar School, North Sydney. Si tei] (xvil.) Roseby, Rev. Thomas, M.A., LL.D. Syd., F.R.A.S., ‘Tintern,’ Mosman. Ross, Chisholm, m.p. Syd., u.B., c.m. Hdin., 151 Macquarie-st. P 1) Ross, Herbert E., Equitable Building, George-street. Russell, Harry Ambrose, B.a., c/o Messrs. Sly and Russell, 369 George-street; p.r. ‘Mahuru,’ Fairfax Road, Bellevue Hill. Rygate, Philip W., m.a., B.z. Syd., ASSOC. M. INST, C.E., L.S., City Bank Chambers, Pitt-street, Sydney. Sach, A. J., ¥.c.s., ‘ Kelvedon,’ North Road, Ryde. Scammell, W. J.. Mem. Phar. Soc. Girt. Brit., 18 Middle Head Road, Mosman. Scheidel, August, ph.p., Managing Director, Commonwealth Portland Cement Co., 4 O’Connell-street. P 1| Schofield, James Alexander, F.c.s., a.R.S.m., Assistant Pro- fessor of Chemistry in the University of Sydney. P 1| Sellors, R. P., B.a. Syd., ‘ Mayfield,’ Wentworthville. P 4| Shellshear, Walter, mu. 1nst.c.£,, Consulting Engineer for N.S. Wales, 64 Victoria-street, Westminster, London. Simpson, R. C., Technical College, Sydney. Simpson, William Walker, “ Abbotsford,’ Leichhardt-street, Waverley. Sinclair, Eric, m.p., c.m. Glas., Inspector-General of Insane, 9 Richmond Terrace, Domain; p.r. ‘ Broomage,’ Kangaroo- street, Manly. 'P 3/| Smail, J. M., m. inst. c.£., Chief Engineer, Metropolitan Board of Water Supply and Sewerage, 341 Pitt-street. Smart, Bertram James, B.se., Public Works Office, Lithgow. P 52| Smith, Henry G., F.c.s., Assistant Curator, Technological Museum, Sydney. Vice-President. (President 1913.) P 1 |{Smith, John McGarvie, 89 Denison-street, Woollahra. Smith, Stephen Henry, Department of Education, Sydney. P 2/ Statham, Edwyn Joseph, assoc. M. INST. c.E., Cumberland Heights, Parramatta. Stephen, Alfred Ernest, Culwulla Chambers, 67 Castlereagh- street, Sydney. Stephens, Frederick G.N., F.R.c.s., M.B., Ch.m., ‘Gleneugie,’ New South Head Road, Rose Bay. Stewart, Alex. Hay, B.z., Metallurgist, Technical College, Sydney. Stewart, J. Douglas, B.v.sc., u.R.c.v.s., Professor of Veterinary Science in the University of Sydney; ‘ Berelle,’ Homebush Road, Strathfield. Stoddart, Rev. A. G., The Rectory, Manly. Stokes, Edward Sutherland, m.a. Syd., F.z.c.p. Irel., Medical Officer, Metropolitan Board of Water Supply and Sewerage, 341 Pitt-street. Principal oo Officer, Second Military District. P 1| Stone, W.G., Assistant Analyst, Dec wee of Mines, Sydney. P 4} Stuart, Sir Thor P. Anderson, M.D., Ch.M., LL.p. Edin., D.sc., Professor of Physiology in the University of Sydney ; p.r. ‘Lincluden,’ Fairfax Road, Double Bay. (President 1893, 1906.) Elected (xviii.) 1901 | P 7| Siissmilch, C. A., ¥.a.s., Technical College, Newcastle, N.S.W. 1912 Swain, E. H. F., District Forester, Narrabri. 1915 | P1/ Taylor, Harold B., B.sc., Kenneth-street, Longueville. 1906 1905 1893 1899 1878 1879 1913 1913 1916 1916 »1879 1900 1913 1916 1883 1890 1892 1903 1879 1899 1910 1910 1901 1891 1903 Taylor, Horace, Registrar, Dental Board, 7 Richmond Terrace, Domain, Taylor, John M., M.a., uL.B. Syd., ‘ Woonona,’ 43 East Crescent- street, McMahon’s Point, North Sydney. {[Taylor, James, B.Sc, A.R.S.M. ‘ Cartref,’ Brierly-st., Mosman. Teece, R., F.1.4., F.F.A., General Manager and Actuary, A.M.P. Society, 87 Pitt-street. Thomas, F.. J., ‘Lovat,’ Nelson-street, Woollahra. Thomson, The Hon. Dugald, Carrabella-st., North Sydney. Thompson, Joseph, M.4., LL.B., Vickery’s Chambers, 82 Pitt- street, Sydney. Tietkens, William Harry, ‘Upna,’ Eastwood. Tilley, Cecil E., Demonstrator in Geology, The University, Sydney. Tillyard, Robin John, m.a., B.Sc, F.E.S., ‘Kuranda, Mount Errington. Hornsby, N.S.W. Trebeck, P. C., Bourimbla, Bowan Park, N.S.W. Turner, Basil W., A.R.S.M., F.c.s., Victoria Chambers, 88 Pitt-st. Ullrich, Richard Emil, Accountant, 43 Bond-street, Mosman. Valder, George, 3.p., Under Secretary and Director, Depart- ment of Agriculture, Sydney. Vause, Arthur John, m.8., c.m. Edin., ‘Bay View House,’ Tempe. Vicars, James, m.u., Memb. Intern. Assoc. Testing Materials; Memb. B. S. Guild; Challis House, Martin Place. Vickery, George B., 78 Pitt-street. P 3] Vonwiller, Oscar U., B.sc., Assistant Professor of Physics in the University of Sydney. ‘ Walker, H. O., Commercial Union Assurance Co., Pitt-street. {Walker, The Hon. J. T., ¥.R.c.1., Fellow of Institute of Bankers Eng., ‘ Wallaroy,’ Edgecliff Road, Woollahra. Walker, Charles, ‘ Lynwood,’ 'Terry Road, Ryde. Walker, Harold Hutchison, Major, C.M.F., ‘ Vermont,’ Bel- more Road, Randwick. Walkom, A. J., a.m.1.z.z., Electrical Branch, G.P.O., Sydney. P 2| Walsh, Henry Deane, B.a.1. Dub., M. INST. C.E., Commissioner and Engineer-in-Chief, Harbour Trust, Circular Quay. (President 1909.) Walsh, Fred,, J.p., Capt. C.M.F., Consul-General for Honduras in Australia and New Zealand; For. Memb. Inst. Patent Agents, London; Patent Attorney Regd. U.S.A.; Memb. Patent Law Assoc., Washington; For. Memb. Soc. German Patent Agents, Berlin; Regd. Patent Attorn. Comm. of Aust ; Memb. Patent Attorney Exam. Board Aust.; George and Wynyard-streets; p.r. ‘ Walsholme,’ Centennial Park, Sydney. Elected 1901 1916 1908 |P1 1906 |P6 1916 1914 1900 (xix.) Walton, R. H., F.c.s., ‘Flinders,’ Martin’s Avenue, Bondi. Warden, Robert Alexander, President, Government Savings Bank, N.S.W., Moore-street, Sydney. Wardlaw, Hy. Sloane Halcro, p.s-. Syd., 87 Macpherson-street, Waverley. Warren, W.H., Lu.D., WH.SC., M. INST. C.E., M. AM. SOC. C.E., Member of Council of the International Assoc. for Testing Materials, Professor of Engineering in the University of Sydney. (President 1892, 1902.) Watkins, John Leo, B.A. Cantab., m.a. Syd., Parliamentary Draftsman, Attorney General’s Department, Macquarie-st. Watson, James Frederick, M.B., Ch. M., Australian Club, Sydney, p.r. ‘Midhurst,’ Woollahra. Watt, Francis Langston, F.1.c., 4.B.c.S., 10 Northcote Cham- bers, off 163 Pitt-street, City. Watt, R. D., m.a., B.se., Professor of Agriculture in the Uni- versity of Sydney. Watts, Rev. W. Walter, ‘The Manse,’ Wycheproof, Victoria. Wearne, Richard Arthur, B.a., Principal, Technical College, Ipswich, Queensland. Webb, Frederick William, c.m.a., J.p., ‘ Livadia,’ Manly. Webster, James Philip, assoc. M.INST. C.E., L.S., New Zealand, ‘Tantallon, Middleton-street, Stanmore. Welch, William, F.R.a.s., ‘ Roto-iti,’ Boyle-street, Mosman. fWesley, W. H., London. White, Harold Pogson, Fr.c.s., Assistant Assayer and Analyst, Department of Mines; p.r. ‘Quantox,’ Park Road, Auburn. {White, Rev. W. Moore, a.M., LL D. Dub. - White, Charles Josiah, B.se., Science Lecturer, Sydney Train- ing College; p.r. ‘ Byratryird,’ 49 Prospect Rd. Summer H. Willis, Charles Savill, u.B., cum. Syd., M.R.c.s. Eng., U.R.0.P. Lond., p.P.H., Lond., Department of Public Instruction, Bridge-street. Wilson, James T., M.B., chm. Edin., ¥.R.S., Professor of Anatomy in the University of Sydney. Wood, Percy Moore, t.x.c.P. Lond., u.R.c.s. Eng., ‘ Redcliffe,’ Liverpool Road, Ashfield. Woolnough, Walter George, D.Sc. F.a.s., Professor of Geology in the University of Western Australia, Perth. Wright, Gilbert, Lecturer and Demonstrator in Agricultural Chemistry, Department of Agriculture, The University, Sydney. Youll, John Gibson, Perpetual Trustee Chambers, Hunter-st. Honorary MEMBERS, Limited to Twenty. M.—Recipients of the Clarke Medal. Bateson, W. H., m.A., F.R.S., Director of the John Innes Horti- cultural Institution, England, The Manor House, Merton, Surrey. Crookes, Sir William, Kt., 0.M., LL.D., D.Sc, F.B.S.. 7 Kensington Park Gardens, London W. Blected 1905 1911 1914 1908 1908 |P 57 1905 1900 1908 1865 1856 1861 (Xx, ) Fischer, Emil, Professor of Chemistry in the University of Berlin. Hemsley, W. Botting, uu.p. (Aberdeen), F.R.S., F.L.S., V.M.H., Formerly Keeper of the Herbarium, Royal Gardens, Kew; Korresp. Mitgl. der Deutschen Bot. Gesellschaft; Hon. Memb. Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural; New Zea- land Institute; Roy. Hort. Soc. London; 24 Southfield Gardens, Strawberry Hill, Middlesex. Hill, J. P., D.sc, F.R.S., Professor of Zoology, University College, London. Kennedy, Sir Alex. B. W., Kt., Lu.D., D. ENG., F.R.S., Emeritus Professor of Engineering in University College, London, 17 Victoria-street, Westminster, London 8.W. *Liversidge, Archibald, M.a., LL.D., F.B.S., Emeritus Professor of Chemistry in the University of Sydney, ‘ Fieldhead,’ George Road, Coombe Warren, Kingston, Surrey. (Presi- _ dent 1889, 1900.) Maitland, Andrew Gibb, F.a.s., Government Geologist of Western Australia. Martin, C. J., p.sc.. F.B.S., Director of the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, Chelsea Gardens, Chelsea Bridge Road, London. Spencer, Sir W. Baldwin, K.c.M.G., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., Professor of Biology in the University of Melbourne. Thiselton-Dyer, Sir William Turner, K.C.M.G., C.I.E., M.A., LL.D., Sc.D., F.R.S., The Ferns, Witcombe, Gloucester, England. Thomson, Sir J. J., 0.M., D.Sc., F.R.S., Nobel Laureate, Caven- dish Professor of Experimental Physics in the University Cambridge. * Retains the rights of ordinary membership. Elected 1872. OxpiTuARY 1916-17. Honorary Member. Oliver, Daniel. Ordinary Members. Flashman, James Froude. Pye, Walter George. Ramsay, Edward P. Scott, Rev. William. Tebbutt, John. AWARDS OF THE CLARKE MEDAL. Established in memory of THe Revp. W. B. CLARKH, m.a., F.R.s., F.G.S., etc., Vice-President from 1866 to 1878. To be awarded from time to time for meritorious contributions to the Geology, Mineralogy, or Natural History of Australia. The prefix * indicates the decease of the recipient. Awarded 1878 *Professor Sir Richard Owen. K.c.B., F.R.S. 1879 *George Bentham, c.M.G., F.R.S. a a " .. “9 m: 7 ‘% Sa ae (xxL.) Awarded. 1880 *Professor Thos. Huxley, F.R.s. 1881 *Professor F. M’Coy, F.R.s., F.G.S. 1882 *Professor James Dwight Dana, LL.D. 1883 *Baron Ferdinand von Mueller, K.c.M.G., M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S. 1884 *Alfred R. C. Selwyn, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S. 1885 *Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, 0.M., @.¢.s.1.,0.B., M.D., D.C.L., LL.D.,F.R.S. 1886 *Professor L. G. De Koninck, m.p., University of Liége. 1887 *Sir James Hector, K.c.M.G., M.D., F.R.S. 1888 *Rev. Julian E. Tenison-Woods, F.G.s., F.L.S. 1889 *Robert Lewis John Ellery, F.R.s., F.R.A.S. 1890 *George Bennett, M.D., F.R.c.S. Eng., F.L.S., F.Z.8. 1891 *Captain Frederick Wollaston Hutton, F.R.s., ¥F.G.8. -1892 Sir William Turner Thiselton Dyer, K.c.M.G.,C.I.E.,M.A., LL.D., Sc. D., F.R.S., F.L.S., late Director, Royal Gardens, Kew. 1893 *Professor Ralph Tate, F.L.s., F.G.s. 1895 Robert Logan Jack, F.a.s., F.R.G.8., late Government Geologist, Brisbane, Queensland. 1895 Robert Etheridge, Junr., Curator of the Australian Museum, Sydney. 1896 *The Hon. Augustus Charles Gregory, 0.M.G., F.R.G.S. 1900 *Sir John Murray, K.c.B., LL.D., Sc.D., F.R.S. 1901 *Edward John Eyre. 1902 *F. Manson Bailey, c.m.a.. F.L.S. 1903 *Alfred William Howitt, p.sc., F.G.S. 1907 Walter Howchin, F.a.s., University of Adelaide. 1909 Dr. Walter E. Roth, B.a., Pomeroon River, British Guiana, South America. 1912 W. H. Twelvetrees, F.a.s., Government Geologist. Launceston, Tasmania. 1914 A. Smith Woodward, ut.p., F.z.s., Keeper of Geology, British Museum (Natural History) London. 1915 Professor W. A. Haswell, m.a., D.Sc., F.R.S., The University, Sydney. AWARDS OF THE SOCIETY’S MEDAL AND MONEY PRIZE. 1882 1882 1884 Money Prize of £25. John Fraser, B.a., West Maitland, for paper entitled ‘The Aborigines of New South Wales.’ Andrew Ross, m.p., Molong, for paper entitled ‘Influence of the Australian climate and pastures upon the growth of wool.’ The Society’s Bronze Medal and £25. W. E. Abbott, Wingen, for paper entitled ‘ Water supply in the Interior of New South Wales.’ (xxii.) Awarded, : 1886 1887 1888 1889 1889 1891 1892 1894: 1894 1895 1896 S. H. Cox, r.a.s., F.c.s., Sydney, for paper entitled ‘ The Tin deposits of New South Wales.’ Jonathan Seaver, F.a.s., Sydney, for paper entitled ‘Origin and mode of occurrence of gold-bearing veins and of the associated Minerals.’ Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.G.s., F.L.S., Sydney, for paper entitled ‘The Anatomy and Life-history of Mollusca peculiar to Australia.’ Thomas Whitelegge, F.x.u.s., Sydney, for paper entitled ‘ List of the Marine and Fresh-water Invertebrate Fauna of Port Jackson and Neighbourhood.’ Rev. John Mathew, m.a., Coburg, Victoria, for paper entitled ‘The Australian Aborigines.’ Rev. J. Milne Curran, F.c.s., Sydney, for paper entitled ‘The Micro- scopic Structure of Australian Rocks.’ Alexander G. Hamilton, Public School, Mount Kembla, for paper entitled ‘The effect which settlement in Australia has pro- duced upon Indigenous Vegetation.’ J. V. De Coque, Sydney, for paper entitled the ‘ Timbers of New South Wales.’ R. H. Mathews, u.s., Parramatta, for paper entitled ‘The Abori- ginal Rock Carvings and Paintings in New South Wales.’ C. J. Martin, p.sc., M.B., F.R.S., Sydney, for paper entitled ‘The physiological action of the venom of the Australian black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus).’ Rev. J. Milne Curran, Sydney, for paper entitled ‘The occurrence of Precious Stones in New South Wales, with a description of the Deposits in which they are found.’ 1 “J a i S 7 . | Part I : | \CEEDINGS NEW SOUTH WALES PART I, (pp. 1-176). £5 fc Conrarnrne PAPERS READ IN MAY to SEPTEMBER. See six PLATES. = 1 i- e28, geet ald 5p . : ‘SYDNEY: Dees ee res oe PUBLISHED BY ‘THE SOCIETY, 5 ELIZABETH STREET, SYDNEY: ES: - LONDON AGENTS : per GEORGE. ROBERTSON & Co., PROPRIETARY LIMITED, ee Wanwicx Square, PATERNOSTER Row, Lonpon, E.C. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. By R. GREIG-SMITH, D.se. [Read before the Royal Society of N.S. Wales, May 3, 1916. | Part |,—General. PERHAPS the strongest evidence that we as a Society possess regarding the seriousness of the Huropean War is the fact that many of our members have left us for the front. We are glad that the fortune of war is with us and that these brave members are still on active duty. Some who left have returned, and we greet these as men who have done all that men can doand we welcome them home again. They are Dr. Alfred Campbell, Sir Alexander Mac- Cormick and Dr. EH. S. Stokes. Our absent members are the following :— mi Dr. H. J. W. Brennand, Mr. J. N. C. MacTaggart, Prof. T. W. E. David, Mr. F. Marshall, Dr. J. A. Dick, Mr. A. M. McIntosh, Dr. Thomas Fiascbhi, Prof. J. A. Pollock, Dr. J. ¥. Flashman, Dr. J. 8S. Purdy, Mr. C. F’. Laseron, Mr. H. B. Taylor, Lieut.-Col. A. J. Onslow Thompson, (killed in action). While these gentlemen have responded to the battle cry, we on our part have been steadily pursuing our way, doing our utmost to advance the civilisation that the enemy is endeavouring to destroy. That our efforts are meeting with some recognition, and that our Society possesses some of the best scientific minds of the day has been shown by the recent election of two of our members to the Fellow- ship of the Royal Society of London. It isa pleasure to A—May 3, 1916. a R. GREIG-SMITH. know that Australian science is being recognised, and we congratulate Mr. Maiden and Prof. Pollock upon having obtained the honour to which we all aspire. Our Society has during the past year done much good work, and the papers which have been read at the monthly meetings have been well up to the standard of previous years. Our energies have been amplified by the formation of a new Section, that of Public Health and Kindred Sciences. This section had its first meeting in October in the presence of our Vice-Patron, Sir Gerald Strickland, Governor of the State. Under the chairmanship of Sir Thomas Anderson Stuart, and with Dr. Willis as the sec- tional secretary, the section has made some valuable con- tributions to military public health. We have unfortunately suffered through the death of several members, many of whom had been with us for very many years, and while we miss them and regret their departure, we realise that they have done their duty and have advanced our knowledge and assisted in pioneering the way for future generations. LUDWIG HERMANN BRUCK was senior partner in a firm of medical agents and importers. He founded the Aus- tralasian Medical Gazette, and to him it owed the first fifteen years of its existence, although it was considered to be the official organ of the Victorian, South Australian and New South Wales branches of the British Medical Association. In 1894 he sold the Gazette to the New South Wales Branch. Mr. Bruck enjoyed the confidence of a large number of medical men in Australia, in his capacity as a medical agent, and in 1896 he published a valuable though small pamphlet dealing with the relations of the medical profession with the Friendly Societies. He was elected to the membership of the Royal Society in 1903, and he con- tinued a member to the time of his death, on August 14th, 1915, at the age of 66 years. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 3 Mr. EDWARD Ross FAIRFAX, son of the late Hon. John Fairfax, M.L.c., and brother of Sir James Fairfax, was a member of our Society for thirty-eight years, and during the earlier part of his membership was a prominent figure at the meetings. Latterly helivedin Kngland. For many years he was a partner in the firm of John Fairfax and Sons, proprietors of the “‘Sydney Morning Herald’ and the “Sydney Mail.’’ His many friends in Sydney held him in high esteem. He died on August 2nd, at the age of 72 years. Mr. WILLIAM RUFUS GEORGE was elected to the Society in 1876. At one time he was a contractor, but subsequently was the principal ina firm of Sydney photographers. Out- side of his professional work he took a deep interest in the methods of vehicular propulsion. He was one of those friends of science who believed in it, and did his best to further its advancement. He died on December 11th at the age of 82 years. Mr. LAWRENCE HARGRAVE was a well-known figure at our meetings which he attended regularly even to the June meeting preceding his death on July 6th, 1915, at the age of 65 years. The son of the late Mr. Justice Hargrave, he was born in England but came to Australia in 1866 at the age of sixteen. Being of a mechanical turn of mind, he entered an engineering firm in Sydney, where he received the training that subsequently enabled him to construct the models and build the engines, etc., which his inventive genius designed. It was as an engineer and explorer that he first developed, and he took no small share in the early exploration of British New Guinea. He formed one ofa party of adventurers who equipped the ‘*Maria”’ for an exploring expedition. On her way north this unsea- worthy old craft was wrecked in February 1872 on the coast of North Queensland. A considerable number of her 4 R. GREIG-SMITH. company were killed by the aborigines, but Hargrave was fortunate in escaping with his life and returned to Sydney. Joining a scientific expedition organised by Sir William Macleay, he sailed from Sydney in the “‘Chevert,’”’ in May 1875. But too short a visit was made to New Guinea to satisfy Hargrave, who accordingly left the ‘‘Chevert”’ at Cape York in September. With Petterd and Broadbent, he then joined O. C. Stone in an excursion inland from Port. Moresby. Their discoveries in this direction are recorded by Stone in ‘‘A few Months in New Guinea.’”’ In May 1876, Hargrave joined D’ Albertis as engineer of the ‘‘Neva,’” in which they ascended the Fly River further than any Kuropean had previously penetrated into the interior of Papua. The hardship and exposure of this journey induced severe attacks of fever, and in September 1876 he concluded his travels and came back to Sydney. He worked for some years as an assistant astrormuaieen observer at the Sydney Observatory under the late Mr. H. C. Russell, but gave this up and devoted many years to: the study of seronautics, and the success of the present. day zeroplanes is largely dependent upon Hargrave’s inven- tion of the box-kite. He first studied the motions involved in the flight of birds, and prepared models embodying the: principles of the various movements. The success of the models convinced him of the possibility of mechanical flight, and although he did not prepare a complete machine, he was so Satisfied with the result of his work that he gave his ideas upon the subject to this Society in August 1884, The models which served to illustrate his papers are now in the Technological Museum, Sydney. The continuance: of his investigations led him to the invention of the cellular or box kite, which he described in 1895. It is as the in-. ventor of this kite that his name is so well known, for it. has been used by practically every military nation in the world for signalling purposes and by scientists for meteoro- PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 5 logical investigations. It does not follow.that our eroplanes would not have been invented but for the box-kite, only it is certain that his invention hastened the evolution of the geroplane in no small degree. It is upon his invention that other men have built and have become famous. Latterly he devoted some attention to the meaning and significance of certain rock carvings and markings upon the rocks around Port Jackson and the Hawkesbury River. Mr. Hargrave was of a quiet and retiring disposition, and preferred to discuss the various subjects in which he was interested, and in which he had a deep knowledge, to a small circle of friends rather than to a large audience. His familiar face will be sadly missed by those members of our Society who rarely saw his favourite seat vacant at the meetings. By the death of GEORGE DENTON HIRST, F.R.A.S., which occurred at Mosman, Sydney, in May 1915, amateur astronomy in New South Wales lost one of its ablest sup- porters. In business he was a wine and spirit merchant, and his principal hobby was astronomy, for which he main- tained a keen interest for over forty years. Besides the observing work he did, his advice and practical help were always available to those in difficulties, and often on Sunday mornings a small gathering of amateurs met at his home and criticised each other’s observations. In. 1874 he observed the Transit of Venus at Woodford, N.S.W., and his report on it is published in the Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. xtvu. As an astronomical draftsman Mr. Hirst had no equalin Australia. His draw- ings of Mars were marked with the same skill and delicacy as those of N. E. Green of England. His papers on Mars and Jupiter, accompanied by drawings, are published in the Journal of the Royal Society of N.S.W., Vols. x and xIv. To the British Astronomical Association he contributed papers on double stars, wiring of astronomical instruments, and on astronomical drawing, as well as observations and 6 R. GREIG-SMITH. sketches of Mars and Jupiter. To the Royal Astronomical Society he contributed a useful list of measures of Southern Double Stars (Monthly Notices, Vol. txx). He continued ~ a member of the Royal Society of N.S.W. since 1876, and of both the Royal Astronomical Society and of the British Astronomical Association since 1895. Mr. JostAH MULLENS, before he came to Australia, was clerk in charge of the Stock Exchange Department of Drummond’s Bank in London. He landed in Melbourne in 1852 when it was little more than a collection of canvas tents, then he came to Sydney and entered the firm of George Alfred Hill to which he was the gold-buyer. Leav- ing the firm, he started business on his own account as a share-broker, and two years after the establishment of the Sydney Stock Exchange he was elected its Chairman, which office he held for fifteen years. Of studious and retiring habits, he was interested in Egyptology and antiquarian investigations, especially in the work of the Palestine Hxploration Society and of the discoveries of ancient civili- sation in Babylonia, Arcadia and the Hast. He was an authority on archeology and was a well-informed Kgypto- logist, aS became a man who was the president of the Australian branch of the Egypt Exploration Fund. Asa trustee of the Sydney Art Gallery, he rendered active service in the interests of that institution. He was a member of the Royal Geographical Society, and was elected to the Royal Society of N.S. Wales in 1877. He wasa frequent attendant at our meetings untila few years before his death, which occurred on October 22nd, at the ripe age of 89 years. Mr. F. MANSON BAILEY, C.M.G., was awarded our Clarke Memorial Medal in 1902 in recognition of the work he had done as Botanist to the Queensland Government, in increasing our knowledge of Australian botany. His father PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 7 was the Colonial Botanist of South Australia, and he undoubtedly inherited the talents which he displayed from the time when in 1875, he became Botanist to a Board appointed to deal with the diseases of plants and animals. He had a varied experience as a young man, partly in the gold-fields of Victoria, partly in New Zealand and finally in Queensland, where he interested himself in private business. In 1881, he was appointed Colonial Botanist and was enabled to devote all his time to a subject for which he was peculiarly adapted. From 1874, publication suc- ceeded publication from his pen, and the descriptions of new plants followed one another in such rapid succession, that it is difficult to estimate the total number of additions that he made to the Queensland flora. They are certainly very considerable. As his last publication appeared in April 1915, he may be said to have died in harness, on June 25th, 1915, at the advanced age of 88 years. Part II.—Science and Industry. We are on the eve of an industrial change and there are signs that science is about to receive some of the recog- nition that is due toit. The war has shown that in the past, we have neglected many of our opportunities when we have allowed the enemy to make so much headway in cer- tain industries. This would never have occurred had we been alive to the fact that our primary and secondary industries must rest upon a purely or upon a partially scientific foundation. There are few that are independent of science. Our dependence upon Germany for the bulk of our anilin dyes has shown the British Government, more forcibly than any other thing could have done, as that industry has a purely scientific basis, that the Nation has erred in its neglect of science. Although the value of the dyes imported 8 R. GREIG-SMITH. from Germany in 1913 reached the comparatively small sum of one and three-quarter millions of pounds sterling, | yet it is a “‘key’’ industry, and the shortage of dyes during the war seriously influenced the textile and other industries which aggregate annually to about two hundred millions of pounds sterling. Science has not only made the dye industry, but has also created the production of synthetic drugs and perfumes in which Germany has a practical monopoly. , The war has made it clear that our empire should be self reliant; we should be able to make everything and be independent of all other countries. And what applies to the Empire also applies, although with less force, to our Continent of Australia. It may not be economically sound to make an article for a shilling which we can import for sixpence, but it is exceedingly useful in an emergency when the article cannot be obtained. Under free-trade the inhabitants of Great Britain considered it to be thrift to be able to buy sugar for 1$d per pound while it cost the people living at the door of the continental sugar mill, where the same sugar was refined, 6d per pound, but it made them dependent upon a possible enemy for their supplies. The necessity for economy. The cost of the war is rapidly mounting up, and this cost must be met in the future. The Britain, with its huge increase in the national debt of from two to four thousand millions, will be different from the Britain of the pre-war days. The same applies to our Continent of Australia. Taxation will be greater and labour will not lower its reward, so that the spending power of the individual will be lessened. How then is the situation to be met ? There is only one way, and that is in the economy of production, whether it be by the utilisation of labour-sav- ing devices, by a saving of useless labour, by the concen- © PRESIDENTIAL ADDREsS. i) tration of many isolated fields of labour, for the saving of the cost of transportation and by the co-operation of similar industries not for the purpose of raising prices but for the purpose of reducing working expenses. Mr. Lloyd George in an interview (Sydney Morning Herald, Jan. 26th, 1916), said :— “A new industrial Britain is being developed under the great pressure of war. Weare increasing and improving our industrial resources almost incredibly. We have introduced scores of millions worth of automatic machinery which will have an enormous effect on the industries when the war is over. In addition we are add- ing to our already great army of industrial workers. We shall need all to repair the ravages of the war. The country therefore, instead of being impoverished, will be richer. Everything consti- tuting real wealth will be better organised, equipped and trained and there will be a better disciplined nation.” Our existence depends upon Science. Our legislators have already seen the writing on the wall; they know that a change in our methods of thought is inevitable, that a scientific spirit must be developed in the nation in order to meet and cope with the new conditions. Science and industry must both be mobilised, and they must work harmoniousiy together. The value of science is unfortunately not appreciated to the extent that it ought to be. The war, however, is bringing home to the masses how much the nation is dependent upon scientific research for its existence. This is a scientific war in which all the available resources of science are being utilised to enable us to win, that we may confer upon the world the advan- tages of civilisation untrammelled by military despotism. All the engines of destruction used in the war are the creation of scientific thought, the result of patient research and experiment in our scientific laboratories, and the power behind all this is the scientist quietly plodding in his obscure 10 R. GREIG-SMITH. laboratory, unheard of and unseen. The nation believes that he exists, but as he does not believe in posing before the public, he is permitted to remain in the background and is ignored. It is unfortunate that in this world a man is put at his own valuation, and as the scientist cares little for the opinion of the world and lives entirely in his work, ~ he is not accorded the credit that is due to him. This is unfortunate for science, as with its public recog- nition the work would be better paid, and it is probable that more and possibly better men would be attracted to its services. We scientists must endeavour to alter our ways. It will not do to follow the methods of the past and be contented with the publication of our work in the scientific journals of our societies. We have got to impress the public with the results of our labours, that they may be trained to acknowledge that we are working not only for the scientific but also for the common good. It behoves us to get into the limelight, not for our own sakes, but for the advantage of the science we love. Unless we do so the other professions will continue to get the plums of office, and science will again be the Cinderella she was before War, the fairy god-mother, brought her before the public gaze. Science should be fostered. In the fierce industrial war that will follow, as an after- math, the present conflict of arms, the applications of science will perforce be fully developed, and it is hoped that with this the status of the scientific worker will be improved. He should be enabled to pursue his work with- out any anxiety as to ways and means. His apparatus should be of the best and his emoluments such that he is on a par with professional trained men of his own mental standard. Itis unfortunate that the bread and butter sides of our universities are always full, while the purely scientific PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. ie | students are wofully few and far between. If we are to advance as a nation this must cease, and it can only be by the purely scientific worker being recognised at his true value. Men should be attracted to and not driven from scientific investigation. Science, however, must mobilise itself if it is to gain the status and importance that is its right. The scientist in Australia is generally working at a matter which no other man is investigating. His subject may be of remote industrial utility, and although it may be of absorbing scientific interest, still the same interest and the same scientific enthusiasm could be obtained upon a work which might appeal directly to the industrial community. It would probably be advantageous if there could be more combination of work among us, for as a rule, no two men see a matter from the same point of view, and it is the little differences in the point of view that suggest experi- ments that open up new lines of thought. Combination among workers. It is this combined working that has given Germany its pre-eminence in certain industries. German scientists are less brilliant than those of the allied nations, but they have the faculty of plodding that amounts to genius. They peg away at a subject until they make it a success, and especi- ally have they been interested in industrial science and in making itan economic success. Organisation and co-oper- ation have been the key-note of their economic as well as of their primary military successes. It is up tous to work more together and more in co-operation with our industries. Our scientists are waiting for our industrialists to come to them with their troubles, but it is just at this point where there is a stumbling block. The industries will not admit that they have anything to gain from science, it will require the pinch of poverty to stimulate their perception. 12 R. GREIG-SMITH. At present there is a considerable amount of industrial waste, because it is believed that it will not pay to be utilised. Some of these avenues of waste I shall refer to subsequently. The chiefs of most of our industries are not scientific. They are purely business men, and business has little time forscience. There are some exceptions such as the Colonial Sugar Refining Co., which recognises science and which has risen to the pre-eminence that it has attained largely through scientific methods of work and finance. The com- pany trains its young men in its own chemical laboratory; they come for a course of microbiology in my laboratory, then they go to the University for courses in various sub- jects which will augment their scientific training, and make them more efficient chemists. The company knows that it pays to train its assistants in this manner, and the methods of the company should be an object lesson to every Aus- tralian manufacturer. A scientific man will rarely ever be a commercial man, and there are few large industries which would place its chief scientific worker on a par with its chief manager. Hiven in the Government service scientific workers are not on a higher level than the clerical staff. Hor the nation to progress this must be altered, but I am afraid this will not occur until the people, as a whole, are imbued with a more scientific spirit. And for this to take place we must start at the root of the matter and have more science taught in~ our schools. Once a scientific spirit is aroused, more advantage willbe taken of the scientific teaching available in the secondary schools and technical colleges, and the leaven having started to work, the nation will in time be benefited. The value of Science. As a people, we rely upon the Government for guidance and assistance, but the Government is a business pure and PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. eA simple, and has all the good and bad traits of a business. In the past it has not understood the value of science. In the future we hope for much. The war should have shown our Government heads the value of science, for it is by scientific methods and with the products of science, that we hope to emerge successfully from the present contest. The guns we use are Scientific instruments, shells are made in a scientific manner and filled with scientifically prepared chemicals, and everything connected with the gun is so scientifically accurate that the shell can fall a few yards in front of our advanced trenches. Our aeroplanes are scientific inventions fitted with scientific appliances. The Same with our ships of war, and our submarines with their devastating torpedoes. The use of gas and the life saving mask are applications of science. Surely with all this demonstration of science before us at the present time, the Government and the people must realise the value of science. They are backing science to win, and if it does win, are they going to ignore the winner? I cannot think that they will. It is curious that although the utilisation of science has been so extensively made within the past two years, the British Government suggested that the British Universities should not fill any unoccupied chairs till after the war, and that some institutions and departments should be closed so that the stafis might seek employment elsewhere, and relieve the institutions of the payment of their salaries. And at the same time while the ink was still wet upon this note, it actually appointed three new judges each with a salary of £5,000, and a secretaryship to a Lord Ohancellor with a stipend of £2,000. I should like to ask what has law done to enable us to win this greatest war in history upon which our freedom depends? Yet our legal appointments are more highly 14 RK. GREIG-SMITH. considered than our scientific. What has clerical work done to win the fight? Yet our Government pays many of its clerks better than its scientists. This is a scientific war, and all future wars will be scientific whether they be military or industrial. Are we preparing ourselves for the industrial struggle that is looming in the near future? From what is happening in England and Australia there are indications that a certain scientific awakening has begun to take place in the ideas of our legislators. The Institute of Science and Industry. In Britain the Government has appointed an Advisory Council of Scientific and Industrial Research consisting of many prominent scientists and captains of industry, while in Australia the Commonwealth Government is considering the establishment of the Commonwealth Institute of Science and Industry. It is proposed that the functions of this Institute should be to promote the investigation of matters pertaining to the primary and secondary industries, and the co-ordination and direction of research and experi- mental work in order to prevent overlapping. The scheme includes the teaching of science in primary and secondary schools, the technical training of apprentices, enabling the stafis of our universities to devote more time to research, establishing a laboratory for standardising instruments and measures, and giving science a status in the public life. The scheme is far-reaching, and naturally will have to be well considered before a movement is made towards its establishment. Let us hope that like many political matters it will not be postponed until the public forgets the necessity for its foundation. A scientific habit of thought. It is understood that the scientific enlightenment of the nation should begin in the schools, for it is only by bring- ing the boy up in a scientific atmosphere that we can hope PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. jy) to develop a scientific inclination. It should be allowed to soak into the receptive and expanding mind. The Churches have recognised that they must get at the adult through the child. The adult is generally too old to become religious, and accordingly the Churches devote much of their capital to the upkeep of their schools, where the teachings of the Church are slowly absorbed and become a faith. It is after the manner ofa faith that we would like to see the principles of science being absorbed by the coming generation. In discussing the foundation of the Institute, the Prime Minister made it clear that his scheme was to reach right down to the primary schools, so as to bring the people into a scientific habit of thought. The same idea was expressed by Mr. Runciman, the President of the Board of Trade, when he said in the British Parliament :— ‘TI therefore put it down as one of the first necessities of this country, if she is to hold her own during times of war and when war is over, that we must improve our research methods, the education of our people and the training of our young men. We should not attempt to economise on the money we now spend on technical colleges and modern appliances. There are other direc- tions in which we can cut down expenditure with less national damage.” The British Government should be now realising the absurdity of having in the past given so prominent a place in their civil service examinations to classical subjects and so secondary a position to science. An examinee can obtain a possible 3,200 marks in the humanities as against 2,400 in natural science subjects. At Woolwich, science was made compulsory only a few years ago while at Sand- hurst it is still optional. This is the only Huropean military school where science is not compulsory. The nation has ignored science generally, and the heads of the Government e 16 R. GREIG-SMITH. are wofully ignorant of all matters scientific. It seems as if they will not seek advice in case their absolute ignorance should be made apparent. According to the British Medical . Journal, the case is quoted of a public statement by a member of the British Government, unchallenged when made, that his colleagues should be excused for not having prevented the exportation of lard to Germany since it had only recently been discovered that glycerine, used in the manufacture of explosives, could be obtained from lard. The “‘recently been discovered ”’ is pitiable. Scientific Journalism. While we are waiting for the scientific enlightenment of the masses, a certain amount of leavening might be done by the press. Papers are read at the meetings of the scientific societies, and, in course of time, are published in the scientific journals, where, as far as the public are con- cerned, they rest. They ought to be abstracted and done up in a pleasing way for public consumption. The scientific man cannot do this, he is too scientific and exact. The ordinary journalist on the other hand, is too unscientific and inexact. It has been said that the scientist is the only man who has something to say, and is the only man who does not know how to say it. What we want is a happy medium between the two extremes, that isa scientific journalist to “‘write up” the proceedings of the scientific societies for the newspapers. I have in mind the articles by Ray Lancaster, which appeared in English newspapers and then in book-form under the title of ‘‘Science from an Arm-chair.”’ * All scientific papers are not suitable for such abstraction, but, among the many, there are generally a few from which much interesting information might be gleaned and used for the general education. The official abstracts are usually PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. fi so technical that no newspaper editor cares to publish them. We should remember Gilbert’s lines:— “ He who’d make his fellow creatures wise Must learn to gild the philosophic pill.” I believe it would be distinctly advantageous to our Society if we were to employ a journalist to write up short pithy pleasing articles upon some of the papers submitted at the monthly meetings. Although we exist for the publi- cation of scientific papers, there is no reason why we should not endeavour to pass on our advances in science to the general public. | Some years ago, while acting as temporary secretary to a scientific society, I sent short popular abstracts to the newspapers. They were published, and I hope they were useful; at any rate they served to keep the name and the work of the Society at which the papers were read before the public notice. Most weekly journals publish a science column, but I do not believe that this is effective enough. I should like to see a Short scientific article, so attractively written, that when placed in the daily papers beside the report of a foot- ball match or of a prize fight, the public would read it first. Indeed Iam so impressed with the importance of the matter, that I would welcome the scientific articles being written in the American style, or inany other style that would get at the public. The heading should attract the eye, the opening paragraph should convey the idea that something wonderful is about to follow, then should come the gist of the information expressed in non-technical language, and at the end the name of the Society should be introduced. We generally give the name of the Society first, and as a consequence the public is frightened and loses some valu- able information. B—May 3, 1916 18 Rk. GREIG-SMITH. ~ State Representation. While the future individuals of the nation are being imbued with a scientific spirit, work can be done in investi- gating matters of immediate importance. The proposed Institute of Science and Industry has had suggested to it certain questions for consideration by the Preliminary Advisory Council, and as time goes on other matters will naturally be brought forward. As one who is keenly interested in the scheme, I should like to see it progress rapidly and smoothly, but at the present I have certain misgivings. If we werea united Nation, the scheme would be certain to succeed from the start, since it should be entirely under the Commonwealth wing. But we are not a unified Nation, and it appears to me that there are cer- tain vested interests that may delay the full realisation of the objects desired. At the present moment, the Com- monwealth has the laboratories of the Customs and Excise. The States have the various departmental laboratories directly under their control, and indirectly they control the Universities through the public purse. Iam sure the origin- ators of the scheme look to the universities to do much of the necessary research work, until such time as the Common- wealth is able to establish its own research laboratories. Looking at the matter ina critical way, I do not think these State Governments have been sufficiently considered, and as they have the vested interests of laboratories and finance, I fear the scheme may not rapidly eventuate. If the staffs of the Universities are to have more time for research work, it will entail the appointment of assistants to ease the present teaching routine, and the new appoint- ments will necessarily mean increased funds. If these funds are to be supplied by the Commonwealth, my criticism falls to the ground, but, so far, I gather that the Common- wealth intends only to supply the necessary laboratory equipment that is lacking. The inculcation of science into PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 19 the rising generation must necessarily be done in the State Schools, and the scientific training of craftsmen in the State Technical Colleges. Thus it seems to me that while the Commonwealth takes the kudos, the States will have to do most of the work, and to pay the piper for some time at least. I note that the Ministers of Agriculture of the several States have been included as ex-officio members of the Preliminary Advisory Council, and if this will obviate any friction that may threaten to occur, the scheme should succeed. But this State at the present time is not doing its utmost to assist research as I shall show later on in the case of Mr. H. G. Smith, and I have my doubts about the sincerity of any sudden conversion. However, the post- bellum conditions may alter matters, and I sincerely trust it will. Although the State laboratories exist for conduct- ing routine work, a certain amount of research work has been done in the past, indeed it is difficult to prevent scientific men from investigating. Among the list of sub- jects proposed by the committee as being pressing, two are being attacked by the States. Mr. Froggatt is engaged upon the sheep fly-pest, and the eradication of the prickly pear is being dealt with under the egis of the Queensland Government. Research Fellowships of the Linnean Society. While the whole scheme of the proposed Institute emanates scientific research, it is strange that the Linnean Society of New South Wales was neither represented on the Com- mittee nor is represented on the Preliminary Advisory Council. Thanks to the far-sightedness of the late Sir William Macleay, the Linnean Society occupies the unique position of having under its control five University gradu- ates who are wholly occupied in scientific research. No other institution in Australia or even in the Southern Hemisphere has the same potentiality for conducting 20 R. GREIG-SMITH. research work. The Society might well have been a nucleus around which the research part of the scheme might have been built. I cannot understand how its claims have been ignored. The scientific flame has been and will continue to be kept alight by the existing scientific societies of which our own society is by no means the least important. They have done much for science, and it would have been courteous for the members of the Conference convened by the Prime Minister, who organised the formation of the Committee, to have asked the Australian Scientific Societies to nomin- ate at least one representative. Recently formed Associations. Since the commencement of the war, several associations or committees of scientists and industrialists have been formed, and these, as wellas certain existing societies, have undertaken investigations into the means of improving the conditions necessitated by the war or likely to occur when the war is over. Some scientific workers have banded themselves together, under the title of the Australasian Chemical Association, with the object of compelling the public to recognise the value of analytical work by having to pay higher fees, and of obtaining legislation to hall-mark the importance of chemical analysis. This is a step in the right direction, for the higher the fee a man can command, the more impor- tant he is considered to be. I should suggest that one of the first matters this association should deliberate upon, is the question of restricting the name of chemist to one who works with chemicals, and, by legislation, compelling the retailer of drugs to confine himself to the designation of pharmacist. The status of chemical science has suffered, and is suffering, from the inability of the public to dis- tinguish between the scientific chemist and the pharmacist. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. ae The kind of work outlined by the Association should have been taken up by the local Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry, which as an examining body would have more prestige than a mere Association. I believe the Australian fellows are communicating among themselves with something of this idea in view. Our local branch of the Society of Chemical Industry is doing good work by preparing and classifying lists of Aus- tralasian manufacturers who are making certain chemicals. This is a step in the direction of mobilising our chemical industry and enabling us to see how the industry stands at the present time, and it will show our users of chemicals where such can be obtained, and our manufacturers in what directions their energies could be employed in preparing new lines. The Munitions Committee, while devoting its energies to furthering the production of shells, has by means of a chemical section, been enquiring into the resources of materials for warlike purposes and investigating the possi- bilities of some of them. The use of grass-tree gum for the production .of picric acid has been shown to be out of the question, as the acid can be obtained cheaper from coal-tar. The use of Posidonia fibre for preparing gun- cotton and the resources of the country in glycerine, nitric and sulphuric acids, and the possibility of growing cotton have been reported upon. The National Industries Committee consists of members of the University staff, of representatives of Commercial Associations and of the Government. It has for its objects the consideration of methods for increasing the efficiency of the whole industrial system, by the establishment of new industries, by the elimination of enemy influence and by the development of new markets. The committee is seek- ing to obtain information from representative firms as to ss N a ety the extent that their respective industries have been dependent upon the enemy for raw or intermediate material and machinery. Especially is it enquiring into the manner in which the want of these has been met, and the extent to which they are being or can be made in Australia. In the event of their not having been made here, the com- mittee proposes to examine the factors which have pre- vented their manufacture. In the case of articles which are made locally, and which have been competing with enemy goods, information is sought as to the conditions which would entail the goods being manufactured com- pletely in Australia. De R. GREIG-SMITH. The Government formed a Patents Investigation Board to financially assist the preliminary testing of any inven- tion, likely to be useful to the public, and to promote the utilisation of the invention. By February 4th of this year over one hundred specifications had been lodged, and of these thirty were of a military nature. It is unfortunate that the general percentage of inventions submitted to such bodies, which are likely to become useful, is so low. Mr. Balfour, First Lord of the Admiralty, announced in the British Parliament, on February 17th, 1916, that of 1,000 inventions submitted, 999 were useless,and of the remainder a large percentage had been anticipated. The consider- ation of so much husk for so small a kernel, involves a great deal of labour to the members of the Board, who are patriotically giving their services to the State. Although our own Society was established to assist science by the publication of papers, it seemed to the Council that it would be only right for the Society, at the present time, to offer its services to the Government in con- nection with any scientific matter arising out of the present war, on which the Government might desire its assistance. The Premier on behalf of the Government cordially accepted the offer. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. De The existence of these various Committees and Boards is a sign that we feel that we are passing through a critical time, and are about to enter a still more strenuous time, when the local industries will require all the help they can get, to be so established that they will not be vitally affected by the unfavourable conditions that will follow the war. Weexpect an extended wave of commercial depress- ion to follow the war, and each industry must be capable of utilising every available resource to remain solvent. They are also a sign that we are waking up to the fact that we ought to be a self-supporting community, and although this may be an impossibility for a continent with five and a half millions of people, still we should be able to supply all the necessities for our maintenance and for our defence. The Committees are doing work which will be of material assistance in this direction. The Function of the Bureau of Science and Industry. The fact of their inception has shown the necessity for a combined effort, and the establishment of the Institute of Science and Industry is the embodiment of our views. The Institute is intended to give a stimulus to scientific indus- trial research, which in turn will react upon our educational institutions, and bring them and our industrial community to realise the commercial value of science more fully. The manufacturer has hitherto looked askance at science, and has devoted his attention to the commercial side of his business, believing that by advertising and business tactics, he could do more for himself than by invoking the aid of science to help him to cheapen and improve his products. This was emphasised by the Commercial Intelligence Committee of the Board of Trade, which has recently recommended the British Government— “To give assistance for scientific research in industry. Although British manufacturers and workmen have not always appreciated 24 R. GREIG-SMITH. scientific investigation or technical training, the German technical institutions have given valuable assistance. The Committee believes an extensive scheme of State aid for industrial research, which the Privy Council Committee recently established, would be of great value if manufacturers co-operate. Large funds are needed.” The importance of scientific research in industrial matters has evidently been made clear through the investigations of the Committee, which had for its Chairman the President of the Associated Chambers of Commerce of Great Britain. The Committee has apparently found that the scientific institutions are willing to co-operate, and this was only to be expected. The attitude of scientific men is, and has always been, such that they are only too glad to be able to help those who seek their assistance. The apathy has been with the manufacturers and others, who have either been too ignorant to know that advice was required, or who were afraid to try any novelty, that is, to experiment. They have been quite content to go on as they have been doing, and as their fathers have done before them; they forget that it is only by experiment or trial that an improvement can be effected. Industry does-not understand the aims of Science. I may be wrong, but I do not think that in this continent at least, the time is yet ripe for the manufacturers to co- operate with our scientists. They appear to be unable to get away from the idea that there is some ulterior motive in the scientist trying to help them without gain or reward. It is not a business method. They cannot understand that science is not a business, but a calling, and that the scientist tries to benefit others because it is his nature. He must progress, and if he has to work upon purely academic matters, instead of purely industrial matters, it is the fault of the manufacturer, who will neither voluntarily supply the material nor divulge his troubles. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 25 When I came to Australia as an economic microbiologist I called upon several manufacturers who used microbio- logical methods in some parts of their work, and I offered my services gratuitously to assist them in any difficulty they might have, but I was informed that they never had any irregularity in their processes. I wanted to help industry, but unfortunately industry did not respond to my advances, and the hopelessness of obtaining material from manufacturers upon which to do research work was quickly brought home to me. I have the feeling, born of experience, that the manufacturer thinks nothing of services for which he does not have to pay. I remember getting the manager of the dairy department of a large Sydney firm to experiment with Conn’s aroma bacillus. The experiment was made, and the butter made with the bacillus was judged to be worth a half-penny a pound more than the control butter. Yet nothing was made of the experiment. This isa case where science can aid industry, but the scientist cannot take each and every butter factory manager by the throat and force him to use the bacillus and get more for his butter. If the butter of the State were improved by even the fraction of one half- penny a pound, the gain to the farmer and to the State would be considerable. The great problem is to get the manufacturer, whether on a large scale or ina small way of business, to himself endeavour to improve his methods. Long familiarity so accustoms an individual to a process, that he cannot see when an improvement can be effected. It is the outsider with a critical eye who can see where leakages are occur- ring, especially when he is a trained observer as most scientists are. Unfortunately the manufacturer does not care to have men of this stamp examining his processes. He is afraid that his trade secrets may be given to rival 26 R. GREIG-SMITH. manufacturers. I doubt if he would lay his troubles before a body of men such as the Council of the proposed Institute of Science and Industry. There would be more likelihood of his unburdening himself to one man. The personal element is strong in human nature, and the agent of a firm can generally do more in the way of business than the firm itself. We should proceed exactly as a new business firm would proceed, by appointing agents and allowing them to. break the ground. I fear that the spasmodic advertisement. that the Institute will receive through occasional para- graphs in the newspapers, about the work it is doing or proposes to do, will never enable it to get into close touch with the secondary industries, and it is these that we want. to reach. A Technical Adviser. In order to bridge the chasm between the research laboratory and the factory, | would suggest that the Insti- tute should arrange, through the necessary and proper channels, to get each University to appoint. a trained scientist with the status and emoluments of a University professor, asa Technical Adviser with the duty of giving advice to manufacturers. To overcome the idea that he will give away trade secrets, he should be sworn not to divulge what he sees in the factories. At the same time, however, he should be allowed to exercise his discretion in the publication of matters of general scientific interest. During the first two years of his office he should be required to visit all the manufacturers in the State at least once and probably twice. The first call would probably simply _be an introduction, while the second would enable the manufacturer to know him better, and a greater familiarity would be more likely to induce the manufacturer to explain his methods, and at any rate he would know to whom to apply when trouble should arise. Behind the Adviser would be the resources of the Institute, and be could allocate any PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. Oh piece of industrial research to the most suitable investi- gator. The manufacturer would be protected, for the Adviser alone would know from what source the material was obtained. I feel that the conservatism of the manu- facturer must be considered in any scheme that is promoted, and the natural diffidence in bringing forward his troubles or his methods under review, would best be overcome by having an individual whom he could approach and who would be responsible for the safe-guarding of his interests. After the initial pioneering work had been done, the Adviser could undertake research in the direction in which he was best adapted. Losses by Small Manufacturers. The small manufacturers are continually suffering losses through ignorance of scientific principles, and to have such a scientific Adviser to whom he could appeal would be a relief. For example, confectioners who have been making confectionery for years, will suddenly find that their boiled sugar becomes brown while the sweets are being made. They do not know why it should do so, and at once blame the sugar. They naturally complain to the Colonial Sugar Refining Company, which, after investigating matters, finds that the sugar is being overheated, or is being heated for too long a time, so that the cane-sugar is converted into invert-sugar which darkens. When the cause of the trouble is pointed out the trouble ceases. They are fortunate in having the scientific staff of the C. S. R. Company to refer to. Other manufacturers would not have the same advan- tage. Another example is that of a manufacturer of con- densed milk who found nodules growing in his manufactured product. He blamed a dash plate in his condenser, and as this had been supplied by the Colonial Sugar Refining Co., he complained to the company, which referred him to me. Upon investigation I found that the trouble was microbic, 28 R. GREIG-SMITH. and due to the milk becoming infected prior to sealing up. There must be thousands of other cases about which we never hear, but which could speedily be put right by a trained scientific man. In England, at the beginning of the war, the Board of Trade appointed a committee of representatives of manu- facturers and men of science, and of this a sub-committee dealt with different branches of the chemical trade. Among other matters, this sub-committee examined the manufac- ture of barytes. It was admitted that the German barytes were better ground than the English, and yet a barytes miner could not be found who owned a microscope. The committee examined the barytes microscopically at various stages of the grinding, and showed how the English product could be made of the same fineness as the German. One can hardly imagine a manufacturer grinding a substance, and not controlling the grinding by microscopical examin- ation. The Adviser would be able to suggest in which direction a by-product could best be utilised; that is to say, he could act as an information bureau. For example, a firm about to start the manufacture of carbonate of soda desired to know how it could dispose of its waste hydrochloric acid. My informant, who was appealed to, made enquiries, and found that a certain soap-making firm could take all the hydrochloric acid. Highteen years ago, Mr. Houghton, in the Annual Address to the Engineering Section of this Society, said: “The low rate of ocean freights and facilities for communication tend to place all countries on a level, and if we aspire to be a manufacturing country or an exporting country we must be pre- pared to sell as good or a better article than others at the lowest price ; to enable that to be done it is necessary that there shall be no waste product unutilised, for it is out of these by-products that the profit is generally made.” PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 29 These remarks are true at the present time, and in addition we have the knowledge that competition will be keener in the future than it has been in the past. At present, owing to the lack of freight, competition is virtu- ally at a stand-still, but when the freight is released from the demands of war, a keen competition will suddenly develop, and there will probably be a considerable amount of dumping of accrued stocks. The competition will lower prices, and then the utilisation of the utilisable waste will be considered. The competition should be anticipated, and the psychological moment for the consideration is now. Utilisable Waste. The question naturally arises, what is utilisable waste ? It is largely but not wholly a financial question, for what may be the utilisable waste of one year may not be that of the next, on account of a fluctuation in the cost of material or of labour, or of the price of the saved product. That there is much waste of labour is undoubted, and this is where the recently introduced American system might save a considerable amount by minimising the unnecessary move- ments of the workmen. Labour-saving devices and machinery are being introduced by manufacturers, for in Australia it is labour that is the expensive item in the factory. There is no advantage ultimately to labour, in two men doing work which one could do. We have seen that Mr. Lloyd George has said, that scores of millions worth of automatic machinery have been introduced into Britain, and that being true for Britain bow much more should it be necessary here where wages are comparatively high. | While the economising of labour applies to existing industries, the question of the establishment of new indus- tries is bound up with the matter of the stability of labour. In Australia, labour appears to think that it is being 30 R. GREIG-SMITH. exploited by capital; it does not realise that it is feeding upon capital, that capital produces labour and that capital has its rights just as much as labour. It will not risk a possible 7% when it can get a safe 44% in Government Stock. For the starting of new industries capable of employing more labour, some security must be given by labour to ensure there being a steady supply at a price sufficient to justify the expenditure of capital. It is in this direction that labour should mobilise itself. Waste Tinplate. But beyond the waste of labour there is the waste of materials which might be saved if consideration were given to the matter. Large factories can save where small factories cannot, largely for the reason that the latter do not consider the saving to be of sufficient importance. Take the case of waste tinplate. That from a large Sydney company was, before the war, bought by a Melbourne firm which found that it could pay for the waste and pay for the freight to Melbourne and yet makea profit. Smaller com- panies having from three to five tons of waste per week have to pay 5/- per ton to haveit tipped. As itisso bulky, there is a considerable amount of grumbling, and it isa matter of a short time when it will have to be sent out to sea at a cost of about 10/- per ton. For a firm to pay 30/- to 50/- a week to get rid of a waste material is a small matter, but still it isa useless expendi- ture. It is considered that the smaller firms in Sydney will have a weekly aggregate of about 200 tons of waste tinplate, which at present is being buried. There used to be 5% of tin on tinplate, but recent improvements in the manufacture have reduced this to about 3%. A calculation upon these data shows that 312 tons of tin are being thrown away annually, and with tin at say, £170 per ton (it is at £200 to-day) the money involved is approximately £53,000. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. aL Sending the waste to sea ata cost of 10/- per ton will entail an aggregate expenditure of about £5,000 annually by the small factories. In the utilisation of this waste there is the possibility of the utilisation of waste hydrochloric acid and waste zinc. The loss in the utilisation of our fuel is perhaps an example of the greatest national waste. The matter is claiming some attention in Hngland, and our Australian engineers know that there is an immense amount of fuel lost as heat, but the profits in the industries appear to be sufficiently great to cover the loss, and the waste heat will not be utilised until the profits shrink as they probably will after the war. Coke By-products. One of the greatest sources of loss is the use of the waste- ful beehive coke-oven in the manufacture of coke. In Durham, the home of the coke industry, the by-product coke oven is superseding the bee-hive oven, but this has only been brought about by the Germans threatening to oust the Durham coke by coke made from Durham coal. The profits accruing from the utilisation of the by-products enabled this to occur. Ouriously enough the Durham by- product ovens are made of German or Belgian firebricks, because the English brickmakers will not scientifically blend their clays, but insist on using the clays as they are- found naturally. Asan instance of the rapid replacement of the beehive oven by the by-product oven, Prof. Bone shows that the ammonium sulphate produced by the coke works in Hngland rose from 17,000 tons in 1903 to 64,000 in 1908, and to 133,000 in 1913, and although he calculates that the beehive oven will disappear in a few years, he suggests that in the public interest the Government should fix a time limit beyond which no beehive oven should be allowed to be in operation. 32 R. GREIG-SMITH. In proportion to the capital outlaid, the recovery of the coal by-products is one of the most profitable of the chemical industries. Hxcept in the Broken Hill works at Newcastle, where 66 ovens are working very satisfactorily, we have no by-product coke ovens in New South Wales, and all the valuable by-products are thrown into the air. Allthe coke, outside of the gas works, is made by the beehive oven. Let us see therefore exactly what is being wasted, and to bring the matter nearer home, let us consider the waste in New South Wales. In 1913, 298,612 tons of coke were produced in this State, exclusive of that obtained in gas works, which amounted to 768,055 tons. As coal yields from 60 to 65% of coke, the beehive ovens used half-a-million tons of coal. A ton of coal yields 8,341 cb. feet of gas, 20—35lbs. of ammonium sulphate, 56—112 Ibs. of tar, and 2—34 gallons of crude benzole, of which from 65% to 707% is obtained as finished products. A slight calculation shows that in New South Wales we wasted, during ten months of 1913, over four thousand million cubic feet of gas, from 4,400 to 7,800 tons of ammonium sulphate, from 12,500 to 25,000 tons of tar, and from one million to one and three-quarters of a million gallons of crude benzole. W. Corin, in the ‘‘Australasian Engineer ’’ for January of this year, considers that the results to be obtained would justify the conversion of the beehive coke ovens to by-pro- duct ovens. He considers that the whole of the South Coast coke would yield the following by-products :— 9,000 tons ammonium sulphate at £13 ... £65,000 11,500 tons of tar at £3 ty car Ack 34,500 800, 000 gallons of Benzole at 3/- ... ... 120,000 128,000 gallons of Toluol at 3/10d. ... ... 24,500 Gas for 200 million units of electrical energy, but taking 96 millions at 4d. per unit... 100,000 £344,000 Value of the Coke produced ... chit ... £209,000 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. oo Corin’s figures are apparently for the minimum quantities, doubtless due tothe belief that the South Coast coal, com- pared with Hnglish coal, is poor for the production of by- products. There may be some difficulty with regard to the utilisa- tion of the gas, just as there is trouble connected with the fire-bricks and the building of the ovens, but even if we look at the matter in the most pessimistic way, and com- pare the values of the groups of by-products with that of the coke, we feel that something should be done to prevent what appears to be a scandalous waste of valuable material. Fat Waste. Quite a number of industries have fatty bodies as a waste product, and the question of their utilisation has been dis- cussed. The recovery of wool fat for the manufacture of lanoline, the waste soapy and fatty waters from the wool scouring, the fat in bones, in meat meal and in fish meal are afew examples. Hven the fat in old sewage beds in which I found 2% might be considered. For the recovery of fat from solid materials it is usual to employ steam as with bones, meat and fish meals. ) his iim a * K. H. Barnard, Annals South African Museum, vol. 10, p. 231) ae 2 AMPHIPODA AND ISOPODA FROM BARRINGTON TOPS. 95 CUBARIS HELMSIANUS sp. nov. (figs. 18 to 22). Specific diagnosis.—Body (fig. 18) oblong oval, fairly convex, the side portions of the segments wide, projecting slightly outwards. Whole surface minutely squamate. Dorsal surface of head uneven, witha slight groove parallel to the hind margin, and the portions between it and the eyes slightly raised. Segments of peraeon usually with indistinct tubercles, about six or seven on each side of median line but sometimes fewer on the posterior segments, median portion of each segment sometimes free from tubercles. Fig. 18. Cubaris helmsianus, side view of animal. Head (fig. 19) rather more than twice as broad as long. Hpistome (fig. 20) with upper margin reaching in advance of the front, and with a deep triangular depression and notch in the middle. rf oS Sorgen (aa Fie. 19. Cubaris helmsianus, head seen from above. Kyes of moderate size, convex, projecting beyond the lateral margin of the head. 96 Fig. 20. Cubaris helmsianus, ventral view of anterior part of head showing C. CHILTON. First segment of peraeon longer than the others, its side-plate produced anter- iorly beyond the eyes and nearly to the level of the anterior margin of the so as to be nearly hori- zontal, posteriorly it ex- epistome, first antenna and upper lip. tends in a triangular lobe Fig. 21. Cubaris helmsianus, second antenna. to ass Fig. 22. Cubarus helmsianus, dorsal view of : . . posterior portion of pleon and uropoda. terior margin | = eo ete So: 2 &- et OULU Thee, Bene Sn care ie with rounded apex nearly to the. level of the posterior margin of the second segment. Side plates of the first and second segments with margins thin, inner surface with a slight ridge ending in a small tooth. Second, third, and fourth sideplates rather narrow, each with an oblique ridge run- ning downwards and backwards on the outer surface, fifth, sixth and seventh sideplates progress- ively broader and with the ridge less distinct. Sideplates of the third, fourth, and fifth segments of pleon well devel- oped, broad, rect- angular. Terminal segment (fig. 22) longer than broad, constricted near the middle, pos- head, this portion recurved © AMPHIPODA AND ISOPODA FROM BARRINGTON TOPS. 97 straight or very slightly convex, its upper surface bearing two longitudinal ridges with a shallow between them. Antenna (fig. 21) with last joint of peduncle longer than the two preceding together, flagellum as long as penulti- mate joint of peduncle, its first joint about one-third the length of the second. Peduncle of uropoda much longer than broad, extremity rounded, outer ramus small, not reaching to the end of peduncle, inner ramus reaching nearly to the end of the anal segment. Length 11 mm. Breadth5°5mm. Height about 2°5 mm. Colour brown or dark brown, with marblings of a lighter colour. Localities. Barrington Tops, (4,600 feet), N.S.W. (O. Hedley); Mount Kosciusko, (R. Helms). _-This species appears to belong to Section VI in Budde- Lund’s Revision: of the genus Cubaris (which he called Spherillo), the type of the section being Cubaris ambitiosus (Budde-Lund), a species very common throughout the greater part of New Zealand. It differs from that species, however, in being less convex, and in having the sideplates broader and projecting slightly outwards; this is particu- larly noticeable in the anterior part of the first side-plate. It is also distinguished from C. ambitiosus by the notch in the upper margin of the epistome, and by the two longi- tudinal ridges on the terminal segments. The species also appears to be fairly close to C. cinctutus (Kinahan), a species which has been recorded from the Loyalty Islands by Stebbing,’ and from New Caledonia by Budde-Lund. In that species, however, the epistome is produced to a much greater extent in advance of the head, 1 G. Budde-Lund, Revision Crustacea Isopoda Terrestria, Copenhage n 1904, p. 52. 2 T. K. R. Stebbing, Willey’s Zoological Results, p. 651. G—June 7, 1916. 98 C. CHILTON. and in place of the triangular notch has a median fissure; on the terminal segment there is a faint longitudinal sulcus or stria, but there are no evident ridges, as in C. helmsianus. From Barrington Tops, I have three specimens, the largest, which has the dimensions given above, is much lighter in colour than the other two, being of a reddish brown, while the others are dark brown or almost black; in all there are marblings of lighter colour. The longi- tudinal ridges on the terminal segment also seem to vary in development; in the two darker specimens they are evident, particularly in one of them, while in the lighter- coloured specimen a faint longitudinal sulcus can be made out, but hardly any trace of the ridges. In addition to the Barrington Tops specimens, I have three specimens collected on Mount Kosciusko many years ago by the late Mr. R. Helms, and forwarded to me by the Australian Museum, but hitherto undescribed. These are all rather lighter in colour than the Barrington Tops speci- mens, but agree in the notch in the epistome, the ridges on the terminal segments, etc. Some of them still bear the antennae which I am therefore able to figure and describe; they have been broken off in all the specimens from Barrington Tops. In all these specimens the surface of the segments is somewhat uneven, generally forming a transverse row of indistinct tubercles, a little anterior to the posterior margin of the segment. These tubercles vary in number and in prominence; usually there appear to be six or seven on each side of the median line with rather fewer on the posterior segments, and they are sometimes less distinct near the median line. I have one specimen from Grafton, N.S.W., sent me by R. Helms in 1894, which I think belongs to C. helmsianus, and in that the tubercles on the segments of the peraeon and the ridges on the terminal segment of the pleon are much more distinctly marked. : ° THE ANALYSIS OF TOLUENE AND BENZENHE IN COAL TAR OILS. By GEORGE HARKER, D.Sc, Assistant Lecturer and Demonstrator in Organic Chemistry (Pure and Applied) in the University of Sydney. [Read before the Royal Society of N. S. Wales, June 7, 1916. ] AT the outset of certain munition work dealing with toluene, which had been undertaken on behalf of the Federal Munitions Committee, it became necessary to find a reli- able method for the estimation of toluene and incidentally of benzene in coal tar oil. Reference was made to standard works of analysis, and several papers on the sub- ject which had appeared in recent chemical literature were consulted. It was found that while the methods employed were similar in general principle they differed very considerably in detail. In most cases after a pre- liminary distillation of the coal tar oil to a temperature of 150° to 170°, followed generally by a purification of the oil so obtained with sulphuric acid and soda, resort is had to a distillation test which varies greatly as given by different authors. In this distillation test, which must be carried out under rigid conditions, the volume of distillate at cer- tain fixed temperatures is noted, and by reference to a table the percentage of toluene is estimated. The range of any of these tables correlating volumes of fractions collected up to and between certain temperatures with benzene and toluene content is more or less limited, e.g., the table may only hold good for samples containing between 50 and 75 per cent. of toluene, in which case other samples must be mixed with benzene, toluene, or xylene before distillation.* James on the other hand,? employs three preliminary dis- tillations to separate the oil into three fractions, No. 1 + H. G. Coldman, Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., vol. 34, p. 163. % Ib., vol. 35, pp. 236 - 240, 100 G. HARKER. below 110°6°, No. 2 from 110°6 to 140°, No. 3 above 140°. A distillation test is then applied to Nos. 1 and 2, and a table for each is provided whereby the percentage of toluene is estimated. From the divergence of the methods described, and in view of the more or less limited range covered by any of the distillation tables correlating volumes of fractions col- lected up to and between certain temperatures with benzene and toluene content, it was not considered advisable to proceed with the analysis of any samples of coal tar oil before making a series of blank experiments in which pure benzene and toluene in known quantity could be used. This. was done in the first instance, to determine the reliability of the distillation test under observed conditions. As it was found that consistent results could be obtained from two or more distillations of any given mixture of benzene,. toluene and xylene, provided the conditions were kept con- _ Stant, the blank test method, as will be explained later, was used for the final determination of the benzene and toluene content of the coal tar oil samples, it being con- sidered that this method was as quick and reliable as any that could be used. Fortunately for the purpose of the blank tests Kahlbaum’s pure chemicals were available. The benzene and toluene boiled constantly at 80°2° O. and 110°5° C. respectively, and a sample of Kahlbaum’s xylene (containing evidently the isomers of xylene) which was also: used, distilled over between 134° and 139°, but mostly between 136° and 138°. | A Young and Thomas still-head of five sections was. employed to assist fractionation, as giving greater definition. than an ordinary distillation flask, and the rate of distilla- tion was kept at one drop per second. The same still-head’ and rate of distillation were maintained throughout the: analytical work on all samples and blank tests. | : ANALYSIS OF TOLUENE AND BENZENE IN COAL TAR OILS. 101 When mixtures of benzene and toluene were distilled, in which benzene was in the proportion of 3:1 or 4:1 to the toluene, it was found that under the conditions of experi- ment outlined above, the number of c.c. equal to the volume of benzene present distilled over when the temper- ature reached 90° O. or thereabout. When the benzene and toluene were in equal proportions, as for example, when distilling a mixture of 50 c.c. benzene and 50 c.c. toluene, the first 50 c.c. came over slightly above 95° O. Additions of xylene meant that the temperature of the mixture had to be raised still higher before the volume of distillate corresponding to the benzene fraction came over. These results were to be expected, and experiments were then made on mixtures of benzene, toluene and xylene in order to obtain some idea of the limits of temperature for the toluene fraction as well as for the benzene fraction with varying mixtures. The tests were useful in giving data for the approximate estimation of the benzene and toluene content of the samples examined later. Thus a mixture containing benzene and toluene in nearly equal proportions (the benzene preponderating), with a small proportion of xylene, had to be distilled to about 95° C. to give the volume of distillate equivalent to the amount of benzene contained in it, while the toluene figure was given by the volume of distillate collected between.95° and about 130° C. This kind of mixture was met with frequently in analysing the coal tar oil samples. The actual content of benzene and toluene present in the samples was obtained. by carrying out a blank test after each distillation of the sample oil. In this blank test to the residue left in the flask, quantities of benzene(Kahlbaum’s) toluene and xylene were added in accordance with the approximate estimation. The mixture was again distilled, whereby any error in the first estimation was corrected. An actual analysis of tar oil for benzene and toluene will now be described. 102 G. HARKER. A preliminary distillation of the oil up to 170° O. was first made in an ordinary distillation flask (without still- head) in order, while retaining all benzene and toluene, to separate a great portion of the higher boiling substances. The oil thus obtained was washed with sulphuric acid and caustic soda according to the method of Davis, as given in Lunge and Keane, vol. 2, part ii, p. 767. The washed oil, after standing overnight in order to complete the separa- tion of water, was then distilled under the conditions out- lined at the beginning, using the same round-bottomed flask and still-head as for the preliminary tests. The paraffins present in the sample of coal tar oil were estimated either in the benzene or toluene fractions separ- ately, or in the combined fraction. Generally speaking, the proportion of paraffins in the benzene or toluene frac- tions was about the same. The estimation was carried out with anhydrous sulphuric acid.* Blank tests were first carried out with pure benzene and toluene, using 10 c.c. of anhydrous sulphuric acid and 5c.c. hydrocarbon. In both cases the hydrocarbon was rapidly sulphonated and dissolved. The method was then tested on a sample of light ligroin distilled up to 100° O., and on mixtures of this with benzene and toluene, and found to be quite reliable. In carrying out an actual determination after sulphonation in a 100 c.c. cylinder, the liquid was poured into a small measuring cylinder whereby the volume of oil floating on top of the sulphonated liquid could be more accurately estimated. Hstimation of benzene and toluene in samples of coal tar oil, marked I, II and III, from the Sydney Municipal Council (Wattle Street Depot). 7 Sp. gr. at 17° ©. 0°928, 0°98, 1°012. 1 Lunge and Keane, vol. 2, pp. 799, and Allen, 4th Ed. vol. 3, p. 241. ANALYSIS OF TOLUENE AND BENZENE IN COAL TAR OILS. 103 Preliminary @istillation of 250 ¢.c. in an ordinary distill- ation flask at 170° C. II. JOO 0 Distillation Temp. C.C. C.C. C.C. 100° 18 10 5 (including 2:5 c.c. 130° 100 17 water) 2) 135 40 6 (including 3:0 c.c. water) 170° 163 70 10 | Left after washing | 136 53 benzene and toluene with conc. H,SO, | - present in very and NaOH small amounts. Not further exam. The next step consists in the distillation of the washed oil from samples I and II in a round bottomed flask pro- vided with still-head, the distillation being carried out as nearly as possible at the rate of one drop per second. After completing the distillation and measuring the residue, the latter is put back into the distillation flask and the esti- mated quantities of pure benzene, toluene, and xylene added. The blank test is then performed. No. I. Sample. Blank consisting of 68 c.c. of washed oil. | 20 ¢.c. benzene, 22c.c. Remarks. toluene, 3c.c. xylene, and 23 c.c. residue. 73° first drop 80° 80 = 1 ee. The blank would 85 3°5 c.c. : 4 ee. S042 14 have been nearer 95 18 18 100 19 20 the sample if 20c.c. TOs. 21 242, 110 23 26 toluene and.5 c.e. PET. Sl 36 130 39 4] | xylene had been 140 44 44 Residue 24 used. 68 c.c. 104 G. HARKER. In distilling the sample oil, the residue is always measured in order to provide a check against possible losses in dis- . tillation. It sometimes occurs that the distillation loss — exceeds 2 or 3 c.c., in this case the distillation must be repeated. A comparison of the distillation figures for the sample and blank leads to the conclusion that 19 c.c. of benzene and 20 c.c. of toluene were present in the 68 c.c. washed oil, or 15°2 per cent. of benzene and 16°0 per cent. of toluene in the original No. I oil. The paraffins etc., contained in the benzene and toluene were estimated by sulphonating 5 c.c. of the mixed benzene and toluene distillate; 0°2 c.c. of oil was left equivalent to 4 per cent. of paraffins. This proportion of impurities of uncertain boiJing point is too small to effect to any extent the comparison of the distill- ation figures of the sample and blank. | No. LI. Sample. Blank consisting of 53 c.c. of washed oil. | 3 ¢.¢. benzene, 12 c.c. Remarks. toluene, 8 c.c. xylene, and 30 c.c. residue. 71° first drop 87° first drop = a C.C. Proportions for 90 9:0 blank test badly 95 3-0 ¥Oi Ge: estimated owing to 100 large ratioof higher 105 5:0 3°0 wy: : 110 6-0 3.5 boiling conse ee! Pata Ae to the lower boil- 130 180 11-0 ing. 140 23-0 16-0 Residue 30:0 It is clear that the benzene in the sample must have been between 4 and 4'5 c.c., and since 15 c.c. (equal to volume of the 3 c.c. benzene and 12 c.c. toluene added) were distilled over from the blank between 130° and 140’, it is NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN FUNGI. 105 estimated that 17 c.c. of toluene were present in the sample, i.e., 21 c.c. of benzene and toluene together. This gives 1°6 per cent. benzene and 6°8 per cent. toluene in oil No. II. It is quite exceptional for the first approximation to differ so much from the true content as shewn by the blank test» and in order to confirm the figures a second blank test should have been performed. The paraffins were present to the extent of 4 per cent. NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN FUNGI, No. III. NIDULARIACEA anp LYCOPERDAOE &. BY J. BURTON CLELAND, M.D., Principal Microbiologist, Department of Public Health, AND ? EDWIN CHEEL, _ Botanical Assistant, Botanic Gardens, Sydney. [Read before the Royal Society of N.S. Wales, June 7, 1916.] THROUGH the works of C. G. Lloyd of Cincinnati on the Nidulariaceze and the Australian Lycoperdacese, and through his kindness in identifying specimens for us, we have been able to review the specimens belonging to these two families in our own collections and in that of the National Herbarium, Sydney. The following paper is the outcome of our labours in this connection. Of the 121 species of Australian Lycoperdacez recorded by Cooke, 22 were Geasters. The remaining 99 species can now be reduced to 75 with 4 varieties. 106 J. B. CLELAND AND E. CHEEL. NIDULARIACES. CyaTHus (Bird’s-nest Fungus). (1.) C. stercoreus, Detoni, Cheel, Report of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney, 1911 (1912), 12. Syn. C. fimetarius, Oooke, Handb. Aust. Fungi, No. 1213; Grant, Rep. Bot. Gard. Sydney, 1901 (1902), 10; @heel, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., xxxii (1907), 204. Specimens of this species have been identified by Lloyd (Nidulariaceze, 1906, 20, and Letter No. 19, 1908), who includes as synonyms C. Baileyi, Mass., Grev., Vol. 23, (1892), 3, and in Bailey’s Bot. Bull. No. viii (1893), 109. We have also specimens in the National Herbarium,Sydney, | labelled C. plumbagineus, McAlp., which clearly belong to this species. This species is very common on cow-dung and horse-dung in meadow land and on manure in plantations throughout the State, a very fine series of specimens being represented in our collections and in the National Herbarium from the following localities:—Sydney district, numerous collections (Jan., Feb., March, June, August, Nov.); Hawkesbury River (J. B. Cleland, Feb., 1911); Meryula, 25 miles east of Cobar and Mount Boppy, near Cobar (L. Abrahams); Hill Top (H. Oheel, May, 1913); Cobbity (J. H. Maiden, November, 1914); Seaham (S. A. Hanscombe, July, 1915). The spores in Milson Island specimens, which were kindly identified for us by Lloyd, were pear-shaped (35 x 20°5y), oval (26 x 22°5), or spherical (27 to 30+) and in Penshurst specimens oval (29 x 23,). Some specimens from Barber’s Creek, collected by J. H. Maiden, and from Delegate, collected by W. Forsyth, appear to belong to this species, but in both collections the peridioles are absent. NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN FUNGI. 107 (2.) C. vernicosus, Tul. This species has previously been recorded for Queensland, Victoria and Western Australia by Cooke (Handb., p. 218) and for Australia by Lloyd (Nidulariacez, 1906, p. 24). At Goulburn, N.S.W. some specimens were collected by H. J. Rutherford, in July, 1911, and recorded by one of us (H. O., Rep. Bot. Gard., Sydney, 1911 (1912), 12), and we have also some specimens collected by the other of us (J.B.C.) near Adelaide, S.A., (spores 12 X 8°5) and at Bibbenluke, N.S.W., in March, 1913, attached to stems of grass (mouldy smell on crushing; spores 12 to 13°8 x 8°5p). (3.) C. striatus, (Huds.) Hoffm., Cheel, Rep. Bot. Gard., Sydney, 1912 (1913). Jellore Creek, near Mount Jellore (Hi. Cheel, 1912). CRUCIBULUM. (4.) C. vulgare, Tul. Speeimens of this species were collected on the ground near dung at Orange by one of us (J. B. O.) in November, 1915, and have been identified for us by Lloyd, who adds that there is only one species of Crucibulum (Cooke gives C. vulgare and C. simile for Australia). Spores of these specimens-are 8°5 to 10°4 x 3°4 to 4°84. We have also specimens of this species collected at Ohakune, New Zea- land, in March, 1909, by one of us (E.C.), which are on dead wood. LYCOPERDACEZ. Tribe Podaxines. PODAXON, (1.) P. cegyptiacus, Mont. Syn. Podaxis indica, L., in Oooke’s Handb. Aust. Fungi, p. 223. Previous records are:—Near Bourke by Baker (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Vol. xxxi, (1906), 721), from Wittagoona, near Cobar, and Girilambone by one of us (K.O.) in Rep. 108 J. B, CLELAND AND E. CHEEL. Bot. Gard., Sydney, 1910 (1911), 11. We have also ad- ditional specimens to record from Nyngan, collected by H. Mackinnon in February, 1911, and H. Breakwell, in May, 1914. It isrecorded for Australia by Lloyd (Lycoperdaceze (1905), 5, pl. 25, figs. 1, 2 and 3), who says that ‘‘at Kew, Hngland, there is a poor specimen from Suttor River, on which the record of P. indica, Spreng. in Cooke’s Handbook is based.’’ The spores in our specimens are sub-globose, 12 x Op. Tribe Tylostomee. TYLOSTOMA. (2.) T. McAlpinianum, Lloyd, Tylostomez, p. 15, (1906), pl. 78, and Letter No. 31. Specimens collected in Meadow-land at Penshurst in June, 1907, were recorded by one of us (H.C.) in Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., xxxii, (1907), 840, under the name T. mam- mosum, Fr. Duplicates were sent to Mr. Lloyd who has determined them as the above. Specimens collected at Reynella near Adelaide in July, 1914 (J.B.O.), have been identified by Lloyd also as this species. Spores of this latter collection are pale yellow, finely warted, 5°2 to 5°Dp in size. Another collection made at Dubbo, N.S.W., in July, 1915, has likewise been identified by Lloyd as T. McAlpinianum. In these specimens, however, there is a thick, warty yellow-brown epispore which is elliptical (12 x 10°4+) or spherical (10°4 to 12) surrounding a spherical spore of 7 to 8°5u in size. The capillitium is hyaline, 2°5pu thick. In addition to the above we have other specimens which appear to belong to this species from the following localities: Goulburn (E. Oheel, April, 1908); South Head near Sydney (W. Craigie, August); Botanic Gardens, under pine-tree (E. Cheel, June); Nyngan (H. Mackinnon, August 1913). NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN FUNGI. 109 (3.) T. albicans. A Tylostoma with a very marked tubular mouth obtained near Morgan, S.A., in November, differs apparently from our specimens of T. McAlpinianum identified by Lloyd, and is, we think, this species which Lloyd records for Australia (S.A.). The tubular mouth is longer than the latter species —spores tuberculosely warty, 6 to 8°5p. (4.) T. poculatum. Lloyd has identified as T. poculatum specimens collected on a sandy hillock near Forbes in August, 1915. The spores were flatly verrucose or almost polyhedral, yellow-brown, 7 to (occasionally) 8°5 x 5°24. (Lloyd’s measurements of them were 5to6). Another single specimen, collected at. the same place, and probably the same species though the mouth is less fibrillose, has rough spores 5 X 3°44. OHLAMYDOPUS. (5.) OC. Meyenianus, Berk. (Tylostoma maxima, Cooke and Massee). In the National Herbarium there are specimens of this. species collected at Wittagoona near Cobar by Mr. L. Abrahams in September, 1910. Mr. Abrahams states that. the specimens were found on “ wind swept surface of hard clay.”’ : The specimens collected by Mr. Abrahams are of special interest as previous to this collection, the only solitary specimen in existence from Australia was at Kew, England. It was originally collected on the Gascoyne River, W.A., by Mrs. Gribble, and according to Lloyd! there is ‘‘but one species known, originally from Peru, but found also in Western United States.’’ Our specimens may be briefly described as follows :—Volva about 3 cm. long, with rather * Mycol. Notes, p. 134, pl. 10, and Lycoperdacee of Australia, etc., p. 9 (1905). 110 J. B. CLELAND AND E. CHEEL. laciniate lobes. Stipe 7 cm. long, 13 mm. thick, tapering downwards to 7mm. Peridium 3 cm. in diameter, break- ing up at the apex when mature irregularly, in similar manner to the Calvatias. Spores minutely warted, 7+ diam. PHELLORINA. {6.) P. Delastrei. A specimen collected in December, 1913, by one of us {(J.B.C.) either at Alawoona in the Murray Desert or at Overland Corner on the Murray River, both in South Aus- tralia, has been identified as this species by Lloyd. We have also two fine specimens collected at Nyngan, in red soil scrub-lands on Miowera Station, by Mr.W. W. Froggatt, in November, 1911, which seem to us to belong to this species. Only one Australian specimen of this species was pre- viously known, which according to Lloyd (Lycoperdacez, p. 10, 1905) is at Kew and was collected at Stewart’s Range, Oentral Australia, by Charles Winnecke. Our Nyngan specimens may be described briefly as follows :—Peridium 4—5 cm. across, breaking up into scales and exposing the rusty coloured gleba and spores, the base forming a shallow socket. Stem solid, woody, more or less broken up into scales or shreds, up to 22 cm. long, 2 cm. thick at the base, gradually increasing in thickness up to 3} cm. in the upper part. Volva incomplete, but the remnants are about 2 cm. long. Spores granular, 6 diameter. BATTARREA. Four “‘species’’ of this genus are recorded for Australia by Cooke (Nos. 1242-1245), none of which are given for New South Wales. B. Muelleri, Kalchb. and B. Tepperi- ana, Ludw. are both referred by Lloyd: as forms of B. phalloides. * Lycoperdacee of Australia, p. 11, (1905). © NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN FUNGI. Li} (7.) B. phalloides, Dicks. (pl. 28, Lloyd) and B. phalloides var. Stevenii. Lloyd, in his *‘Lycoperdacez of Australia,’’ etc., points out that B. Stevenii, which has been recorded from Aus- tralia, is unquestionably only a form of B. phalloides, showing a more robust growth and thick lacerated scales on the stipe. This view is supported by our finding, growing together in the same locality (Alawoona, S.A., December, 1913) what appear to be the two forms. The smaller, more slender form, with a stem tapering downwards and covered with longer slender fibrillose scales, Lloyd identified as B. phalloides. The spores were smooth, 5°2 to 6°84 in diameter. The characteristic ‘‘annulate cells’’ were 5°2» in thickness. The more robust form, with heads nearly two inches in diameter, had much broader lacerated scales. The spherical spores of these plants were 2°5 to 5°5p in size, minutely rough (oil immersion lens). One “‘plant’’ has two volvas and stems inserted into what appears to be one cap, though a slight line of demarcation seems to indicate the union of the original two caps, with nevertheless an apparently single circumscissile top. The following notes were made in the field and refer particularly to the latter form:—“‘Volva sometimes on the surface of the ground, sometimes buried several inches, 14 in. in diameter, greyish-brown. Stem 4* ins. high, elongating to 9 ins., yellowish-brown, fibrously scaly, the scales imbricated downwards, solid, white intern- ally. Oap convex, 2 to 24 ins. in diameter, 1 in. high, cover double, the inner one soft and white, on the outside adher- ent greyish-brown remains of the volva. The cover on falling off leaves a thick mass (half inch deep) of cinnamon- coloured spores supported on a thin smooth convex white stratum, seen in the fresh state as a smooth white under surface.”’ We have also specimens of this species in our collections from Gular near Coonamble (J. B. Cleland, November, 1911) 112 J. B, CLELAND AND E. CHEEL. which are perfect, not having shed their spores. The whole plant is pallid- white before the shedding of the spores takes place. Previous records are Murchison River and Lake Al- bacutya (Cooke); Tumby Bay on the west coast of Spencer’s Gulf, South Australia, Lloyd (‘‘Two Rare Plants from Aus- tralia ’’) and Port Lincoln, S.A., Lloyd (18). There are also according to Lloyd (Lycoperdacee p. 11, 1905), specimens at Kew, England, from Israelite Bay, W.A. F. M. Bailey records specimens from Gladfield, Queensland. B. Stevenii is recorded by Cooke for Western Australia, and Froggatt. collected specimens in N. 8S. Wales (Lloyd, Letter No. 53, p. 4). Duplicates of the latter, from Brewarrina, Sep- tember, 1911, are in the National Herbarium collection. Two remnants of a Battarrea are recorded for Victoria by Lloyd (Mycol. Notes, No. 21, p. 245, 1906). POLYSACCUM (PISOLITHUS). Lloyd considers that the Australian forms are but varie- ties of one species, P. pisocarpium, though it is convenient to designate three extreme departures from the more typical forms as crassipes, tuberosum and confusum, - Intermediate forms connect these extremes with each other. Cooke’s nine species are thus reduced to one with three varieties. We have met with the following :— (8) P. pisocarpium, Fr., Oooke’s Handb., p. 243; Baker, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., xxxi, p. 720 (1906); Cheel in Rep. Bot. Gard., Sydney, 1909 (1910), 10, and 1910 (1911), 12. We have specimens approaching the typical form, being sub-globose with a short rooting stem, from the following localities :—Governor’s Domain, Sydney (HE. Cheel, May, 1907, spores granulated 8 to 124); Oentennial Park (A. A. Hamilton, February, 1911); Gladesville (M. Flockton, NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN FUNGI. 113 February, 1911); Neutral Bay, Sydney (J. B. Cleland, June, 1913, spores 8°5 to 10°34); Kurrajong Heights (J.B. Cleland, August, 1912, spores warty, 7 to 8°5); Flinders Island, Bass Straits (J. B. Oleland, November, 1912, in sandy soil, spores finely warty, 5 to 6°54, perhaps var. confusum); Mount Lofty, S.A. (J. B. Cleland, July, 1914, spores tuber- culate, 10°4 to 12); Overland Corner, S.A. (J. B. Cleland, November, 1913, spores very rough, 8°5); Western Australia {Dr. F. Tidswell, June, 1909); Strelley River, N.W. of W.A. (J. B. Cleland, approaching var. crassipes.) P. pisocarpium var. crassipes. Peridium tapering into a strong thick rooting base. Specimens of this form have already been recorded from New South Wales (collected by A. G. Hamilton and J. L. ~Boorman) by Lloyd in Letters No. 8 (1905), 17 (1907), and 23 (1908). In addition to the above we have a very fine series of specimens as follows :—Sydney district, numerous collections (Jan., April to August, Oct.. Dec.); Kingwell, near Gosford (Rev. W. W. Watts, May, 1909); J ellore Creek (H. Cheel, April, 1912); Hill Top (EK. Cheel, April, 1913); Bent’s Basin (J. H. Maiden, June, 1915); Lawson (D. Wiles, June, 1910); Weston (V. Davis); Mount Lofty, S.A. (J.B.C., May, 1910). P. pisocarpium var. tuberosum. Globose with scarcely any stem. (A. G. Hamilton, Lloyd’s Letter No. 17, p. 3, 1907). We have a specimen from New South Wales, spores rough, 7 to 8°5y). P. pisocarpium var. confusum. A form almost smooth, with very thin walls to the peridioles, and small spores. North Shore, Sydney, April, 1914 (spores smooth or per- haps slightly rough, 5°2); New South Wales (spores very H—June 7, 1916. 114 J.B. CLELAND ‘AND ‘E. CHEEL. - ‘finely rough under oil-immersion lens, 5°2 to 7p). We ‘have also specimens from Hast Hills (E. O., September, 1908) and Richmond (J. Staer, May, 1910), which are globose and -stemless, smooth and pallid or whitish, which probably are identical with P. album (Cooke and Massee, Grev. xx, p. 30 and Cooke, Handb. Aust. vigil P. ee special of which we have not seen. © SCLERODERMA. Lloyd recognises Six species of this genus, transferring one of Cooke’s eight species, S. wmbrina, to Polysaccum as being really P. pisocarpium. (9.) S. geaster, Fries. Lloyd has identified as an unopened specimen of this species, a plant found at the base of an old tree-trunk on burnt ground at Narrabeen in April, 1915, spores 7 to 8°5p, shaggy. We have also specimens from Goulburn collected by one of us (.C.) in April, 1908, and from the Centennial ‘Park, Sydney, collected by A. A. Hamilton in May, 1910, which seem to belong to this species. (10.) S. flavidum, Ellis. Lloyd, Letters Nos. 5, 7, 19 and 38; Lycoperdacez of Australia, New Zealand etc. (1905), p. 14, pl. 30, figs. 4,5, and 6; Cheel, Rep. Bot. Gard., Sydney, 1909 (1910), 10, and 1910 (1911), 12. - This is very common in this State as well as in Victoria and South Australia. We have a very fine series of speci- -mens in all stages of development from the following localities :—Sydney district, numerous collections (Aprilto | July); Sydney (J. B.C., spores 7°5 to 10°4 in some collec- | tions and 10°5 to 15 in others); Jenolan Caves (J. H. ~ Maiden, June, 1899); Blackheath and Mount Victoria (J. H. Maiden, April, 1906); Waterfall (A. A. Hamilton, May, -1908); Kingwell, near Wyong (Rev. W. W. Watts, April, 1909); Hawkesbury River (J. B. C., May, 1910, and July, NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN , FUNGI. 115 1912); Moss Vale (EH. C., April, 1910); Hill Top (E.:C., March, 1911, specimens very strobilate); The Oaks (J.B.C., June, spores 7°5 to 10°44, shaggy); Leura(T. Steel, February 1911); Lake Illawarra (.0., April, 1912); Cronulla (HK. Breakwell, May); Jellore Creek, foot of Mount Jellore (H. ©., April); Terrigal(J.B.C., June, spores 75 to 10°44, shaggy) Austinmer (W. M. Carne, April, 1914); Mount Wilson (A. G. Hamilton, April, 1912); Mount Lofty, S.A. (J. B. C., May, 1910 and June, 1914), one of these plants had burst into four lobes, spores dark purple, densely echinulate, 10°4 to 12»; Mount Lofty, S.A. (J.B.C., spores 10°4 to 15); Murray River, §.A. (J.B.C., spores 10°4 to 15); Western Australia (Dr. F. Tidswell, June, 1909). {11.) S. cepa, Persoon. This species has been collected by Messrs. W. W. Frog- gatt, A. G. Hamilton, R. T. Baker and Miss M. Flockton, and recorded for this State by Lloyd in Letters Nos. 8 (1905) 17 (1907) and 23 (1908), aud Lycoperdacez (1905), p. 14. The specimens collected by Mr. Baker are figured on Lloyd’s plate 31, fig. 1, with a suggestion that they may be unex- panded specimens of S. flavidum. We have also specimens collected in the Botanic Gardens, Sydney (EH. C., March, 1908); Kingwell near Wyong (Rev.W. W. Watts, May, 1909); Lilyvale (A. A. Hamilton, April, 1912); Taronga Park, Mosman (L. Abrahams, May, 1913); Neutral Bay (J. B. ©., July, 1915); Mount Irvine(J. B. C., June, 1915). The spores of the latter specimens are 8'd- in size, very rough. 412.) S. vulgare, Fr. (S. aurantium, Pers.) We have specimens collected in the Botanic Gardens by Mr. M. McGovern in May, 1899, and by E. C. in February, 1907 and March, 1908, which we refer to this species. The Specimens are rarely found fully developed owing to being crushed under foot by the traffic on the lawns. 116 J. B. CLELAND AND E. CHEEL. It has previously been recorded for this State under the name S. aurantiacum, Bull., by Mr. R.“T. Baker, in Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., xxxi, (1906), 720. (13.) S. vertucosum. This species is also common in the Sydney district. The spores are shaggy, 8'5 to 11°5». We have the following collections:—Sydney (J. B. C.); Hawkesbury River (J.B.C., June); Bulli Pass (J. B. O., April); Mount Lofty, S.A, (J. B. O., July). GEASTER. The Geasters have been dealt with in No. II of this series. of papers.’ ) MYCENASTRUM. (14.) M. corium (Guersent), Desv. Syn. M. olivaceum; M. phoeotrichum. Lloyd points out (Lycoperdacee, p. 24) that the two synonyms above, given to Australian specimens, are based on the colour of the gleba which depends on the stage at. which the plantis collected. In Cooke’s Handbook, p. 241, it is recorded for Victoria and Queensland only, but one of us (E.C.) has recorded it for this State in Rep. Bot. Gard. Syd., 1908 (1909), 12, and 1909 (1910), 10. Specimens have also been identified by Lloyd in Letters No. 17, p. 2, and No. 31, p. 1, as this species, from specimens collected in this State by one of us (.0.) and by Mr. W. W. Froggatt. We have also additional specimens from the following — localities:—Sydney district, several collections (Jan. and May); Goulburn (EK. Oheel, April, 1908); Susan Island, Clarence River (T. McDonough, June, 1909); Wollongong (A, A. Hamilton, October, 1909); Wittagoona near Oobar (L. Abrahams, September, 1910, spores globose, warty, 8—11» diam., capillitium 5—10y thick, spiny at the tips);. CP ihenw Weg 1 2 This Journal, Vol. XLIX, p. 199, 1915. “ NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN FUNGI. 117 Hawkesbury River (J.B.O., June, 1912, spores rough, 10°3p, capillitium thorny, 8°3v in diameter); Bibbenluke (J. B. O., March, 1913, spores rough, 10°3x, capillitium thorny, 8°5 to 12» in diameter); Wagga, July, 1914, spores rough, 10°41); near Adelaide, S.A. (J.B.C., 1898). CATASTOMA. (15.) C. anomalum, Lloyd, Lycoperdacex, p. 27, 1905; Cheel, Rep. Bot. Gard., Syd., 1908 (1909), 13. Bovista anomala, Cooke and Massee, Grev. xviii, p. 6 (1889); Cooke’s Handb., p. 234. ; We have collected a number of perfect specimens of this species characterised by its protruding mouth, from various localities in the Port Jackson district and from Milson Island, Hawkesbury River (July). Mr. OC. G. Lloyd (Letter No. 31, 1911) has kindly confirmed the identification. The plants grow with their mouths upwards; spores spherical, warty, 5°2v in diameter, capillitium threads 3- in diameter. Specimens, also identified by Lloyd, found at Forbes in August, show protruding mouths when young, but these are less evident when old; spores bright yellow- brown, tuberculosely warty, 5°2 to 6+, capillitium threads yellow-brown, branched, 3°5v in diameter. {16.) C. abnormalis ? Specimens collected in New South Wales by A. Green have been doubtfully referred to this species by Lloyd in Letter No. 19 (1908). BOVISTELLA. Lloyd places Lycoperdons with pedicellate spores in the genus Bovistella. He records seven species for Australia. We have met with the following:— (17.) B. aspera, Lloyd, Letter No. 8 (1915), Lycoperdaceze, p- 28 (1905) and (Mycol. Notes, No. 21, p. 247, 1906); Cheel, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., xXxXIx, p. 255 (1914). 118 J. B, CLELAND AND E. CHEEL. - The specimens recorded by Lloyd (l.c.) were collected ir the Sydney district by the Rev. W. W. Watts. We have also specimens of this species collected at Como in February and Dubbo in August, 1908; Penshurst in May 1907 and February, 1911; Milson Island, Hawkesbury River, on cow- dung (spores smooth, 4°2 to 5p, pedicels 14); N.S.W. (spores usually spherical, 5°5, sometimes oval, 8°9 x 7). According to Lloyd there are specimens of this species at Kew, col- lected by Mueller at Haidinger Range in 1861. The plant was originally described from Chile (Bovista aspera, Ann. Sci. Nat. 3-5-162). Lloyd further states that comparison of the specimens received from W. W. Watts with the types from Chile in the Museum at Paris shews some sligbt differences. The cortex of the Australian plant is not so strongly developed. The colour of the gleba is olive, while in the type it is brown. The pedicels of the spores of the Australian plant are longer. (18.) B. scabra, Lloyd, Mycol. Notes No. 21, p. 248 (1906) and Letter No. 31 (1911). Specimens of this species were collected at Penshurst (spores 54, pedicels 4—7), by one of us (H.C.), in March 1909, and were kindly identified by Lloyd as this species, who states that the plant has the general size, appearance and structure of B. australiana, and differs only in its cortex. It has also been recorded for Casterton, Victoria, and Norwood, South Australia, by Lloyd in Letter No. 8 (1905), and from other parts of Australia without specifying the particular State (but probably Victoria) in Letters No. 13 (1906) and No. 17. (19.) B. australiana, Lloyd, Lycoperdacee, p. 28, (1905), Mycol. Notes, No. 21, p. 247 (1906), Plate 33, f. 1—5): and Letters No. 23, p. 3 (1908), and No. 38, p. 4 (1911). The specimens recorded by Lloyd (l.c.) from Australia. were collected by Mr. A. G, Hamilton, and Miss'M, Flock- NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN FUNGI. 119 ton. See also Letters No..8 (1905), and No. 17 (1907) for other Australian records. We have the following specimens: Manly, April, 1915 (identified by Lloyd—covered with minute mealy warts, well-marked sterile base, black branch- ing roots, spores smooth 5°2 x 4°4, with pedicels 8°5- long which are very hard to differentiate in a watery medium); Sydney, January, 1915 (spores 5y, pedicels 8°5y 3 locality not noted (spores 3°4 to 4, pedicels 5 to 12”); Sydney, April (spores yellow-brown, spherical, 4, pedicels 8°54); Mosman (spores 3°44, pedicels up to 17); Milson Island, November (spores 3°4 to 44, smooth, pedicels 7p). (20.) B. Gunnii, Lloyd, Letter No. 8 (1905), Lycoperdacez, p. 29 (1905), and Mycol. Notes, No. 21, p. 247, (1906), pl. 70. Syn. Lycoperdon Gunnii, Berk., Hooker’s FI. Tasm. li, p. 264. Grange near Adelaide, July, 1914 (spores yellow-brown, tuberculate, 54 in size, pedicels up to 14—specimens identified by Lloyd who says:—"'I call the spores ‘smooth’ although they are slightly rough under a high power. All Lycoperdon spores are ‘rough,’ but we call those smooth that are not strongly rough under a +in. objective’’); New South Wales specimens have spores 4°2 to 5p, pedicels up to 104 in length (Milson Island, November, and other localities). f (21.) B. bovistoides, Lloyd, Mycol. Notes, No. 21, p. 247 (1906), and Letters No. 8 (1905), No. 13 (1908), No. 38 (1911). Syn. Mycenastrum bovistoides, ...Grevillea, lol 6, tephrum = L. tephrum. 1306 i pusillum = L. pusillum. | 1307 as mundula. Type apparently non-existent or insufficient (Lloyd). 1308 i nove zelandie = Calvatia lilacina. 1309 * Gunnit = Bovistella Gunnit. 1310 Scleroderma geaster = S. geaster. 1311 i bovista = S. texense, probably. 1312 A vulgare = S. aurantiacum and S. cepa, 1313 4 verrucosum = S. verrucosum, 1314 i pandanaceum. No type found at Kew (Lloyd). 128 J. B. CLELAND AND E. CHEEL. 1315 Sclerodeama aurea. No type found at Kew (Lloyd). 1316 9% australe. 99 ey. i 1317 i umbrina = Polysaccum pisocarpium. 1318 ¥ (Areolaria) strobilina = Phellorina strobilina. 1319 Mycenastrium corium = WM. coriwm. 1320 . pheotrichum = ,, | 1321 i olivaceum = ,, 1322 Castoreum radicatum = C. radicatum. | 1323 Xylopodiwm australe = Phellorhina australis. 1324 5 ochroleucum = ,, strobilina. 1325 Favillea argilacea = P. pisocarpium, probably. 1326 Polysaccum pisocarpium = < a ‘ var. acaule. 1327 3 microcarpum = P. pisocarpium. 1328 Ks crassipes = se var. crassipes. 1329 Re turgidum = a5 ¥ 1330 Es tuberosum = - var. tuberosum. 1331 ; marmoratum = .. var. crassipes. 1332 “ confusum _ s var. confusum. 1333 australe = % 1334 ‘ album. 1335 i (2) degenerans. 1336 Arachnion Drummondi = Araehaion Drummondii. 1337 Paurocotylis pula, New Zealand. Belongs to the Tuberacez. 1338 3 echinosperma. II. Corrected List of Australian Lycoperdacez based on | Lloyd’s works. 1 Podaxon cegyptiacus 6 Secotium erythrocephalum 2 Mueller 7 53 coarctatum 3 ag carcinamalis, 8 zs melanosporum var. elatior. 9 5 acuminatum (?) & » prstillaris(pobably 10 5 Rodwayi. P. egyptiacus 11 Tylostoma albicans 5 Gynoglossnm stipitatum 12 ms McAlpinianum NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN FUNGI. 13 Tylostoma mammosum 14 + purpusit 15 » | Wighti (1) 16 Le australianum E¢ Af album 18 E — Readeri 19 5 egranulosum 20 on poculatum 21 :, subfuscum 22 . granulosum 23 in exasperatum (1) 24 - pulchellum (1). 25 Chlamydopus meyenianus 26 Phellorina delastrei 27 s strobilina 129 28 Phellorina australis 29 Battarrea phalloides 29a he z 30 Polysaccum pisocarprum 30a Ms var. Steveniz 5, Var. crassipes 306 R, +) tuberosum 30c be » 9) COnfusum 31 . degenerans (?) 32 Scleroderma geaster 30 ‘ flavidum 34 3 cepa 30 e texense 36 ‘ aurantiacum oT 5S verrucosum Geaster.—A list of these has been given in No. 2 of this series. 38 Bovista brunnea 39 Catastoma hypogeum 40 * anomalum 4] : Muellerr 42 5 hyalothrix 43 is abnormalis (?) 44 Bovistella aspera 45 - australiana 46 ¥ glabreoscens 47 aS Gunn 48 a scabra 49 ~ bovistoides 50 2 rosea 51 Lycoperdon polymorphum 52 > nigrum 53 7s cepeeforme | D4 i, pusillum 55 *. dermozanthum 56 i pratense I—June 7, 1916. 57 Lycoperdon stellatum 58 sn gemmatum 59 i; pyriforme 60 i coprophilum 61 ij tephrum 62 z: subsncarnatum 63 Calvatia lilacina 64 33 ceelata 65 8 Gardner 66 candida 67 = olivacea 68 55 rubroflava 69 Castoreum radicatum 70 Arachnion Drummondiz 71 Mesophellia arenaria 72 as pachythria 73 Mitremyces fuscus 74 a luridus 75 Paurocotylis echinosperma (?) 130 H. S. CARSLAW. NAPIER’S LOGARITHMS: THH DEVELOPMENT OF HIS THHORY. By H. 8. CARSLAW, Sc. D. [Read before the Royal Society of N. 8. Wales, August 2, 1916.) Introductory. § 1. This paper deals with Napier’s idea of a logarithm.* In my view there are three distinct stages in the develop- ment of this idea in his work. In the first he is concerned with a one-one correspondence between the terms of a. Geometrical Progression and the terms of an Arithmetical Progression. There are traces of this in the Constructio’ in his use of the series 2 10°, 10° (1 - LOX ieee 2 n 40%, {10° +a); 10° (14 saa) 10° (1 +79) ae His tables cover the range 10° to 10°, and for all practical purposes are as satisfactory as Napier’s Table of Logarithms — of 1614. If Napier had simply used the idea of the corres- pondence between the terms of a geometrical series and the terms of an arithmetical series, his work could not be regarded as so great an advance upon Burgi’s as it really is. But it is clear that at the beginning of his labours, which extended over a period of twenty years, Napier’s mind was working on the same lines as Burgi’s, and that at this stage he used the series Djvorad eee ad 107, 107 (ag) oe in a similar way. This geometrical series occurs in the Constructio. He employed it in the calculation of his logarithms, but neither then, nor later, are his logarithms the terms of the corresponding arithmetical series. His. word logarithm, (See §1), is evidently a survival of the first stage of his work. Napier meant his tables to be used in calculations involv- ing the trigonometrical ratios. In his time, the sine, cosine, etc., were lines—or, more exactly, the measures of lines—in a circle of given radius. Napier took the radius 1 A facsimile of the title page of Biirgi’s work and of one of the pages. of the Tables will be found in the Napier Tercentenary Memorial Volume (Plates XII and XIII). Comparison with the references in Cantor’s Geschichte der Mathematik, Tropfke’s Geschichte der Elementar-Mathematik, and Braunmiihl’s Geschichte der Trigonometrie will show that in none of these works is the title quoted correctly. NAPIER’S LOGARITHMS : THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIS THEORY. 133 _as 10’. It may be that Burgi chose 10° in his tables for a similar reason. With our notation Napier’s sines would correspond to 7-Figure Tables of Natural Sines, etc. If greater accuracy were required, the radius was taken as 10°, and sometimes even a higher power of 10 was used. These sines, etc., following Glaisher,* we shall refer to as line-sines, etc. The Second Stage. § 3. Napier opened out entirely fresh ground, when he passed to his kinematical definition of the logarithm of a sine or number. By this definition he associated with the sine, as it continually diminished from 10’ for 90° to zero for 0°, a number which he called its logarithm; and the logarithm continually increased from 0, for the sine of 90°, to infinity, for the sine of 0°. The fundamental proposition in Napier’s theory in the Descriptio (1614) and the Constructio (1619) is to be found in Prop. I of the Descriptio: The logarithmes of proportionall numbers and quantities are equally differing. And in Section 36 of the Constructio it appears as the logarithms of similarly proportioned sines are equidifferent. Glaisher has introduced a convenient notation nl, x for Napier’s logarithm, in this system, when the radius is 10". He also uses Sin; x for the line-sine of the angle x, when the radius is 10’, and he keeps the symbol sin & for the sine in the modern sense of the term. With this notation we have 5 _ Sin,« 1 Quarterly Journal, Vol. 46, p.125 (1916). To this paper I am indebted, not only for a most convenient notation for the different systems of logarithms, but also for an account of Speidell’s work, hitherto inaccess- ible to me. 3 In quoting the Descriptio I follow Wright’s version, and for the Con- structio I adopt Macdonald’s. 5 134 H. S. CARSLAW. ‘In this paper I follow his notation, and log. « is used in its modern sense for the logarithm of # to the base e, the System commonly called hyperbolic logarithms. The fundamental theorem, referred to above, can now be stated as follows:— Ifa:b =e:d, then nl,a — nl,b = nl,c — nl,d.........(1) Also we are given that nl, 10" = 0. ....0..0eaeee Napier’s Canon consists of a Table of Logarithms in which (1) and (2) are satisfied. His definition of the logarithm by means of the velocities of two points moving in two different lines leads to the formula nl,« = 10° loge SS But, of course, neither this, nor the fact that his function al,« has —1 for its differential coefficient, when « = 10’, could be known in his time. The Third Stage. § 4. Since wviu = v2 1, we have nl, (uv) — nl,w = nl.v — nl,1. Thus nl,(uv) = nluw + al,v — a,1, and it must be remembered that nl,1 is not zero. When r = 7, nl,1 = 161180896°38 (Cf. Constructio, Sec- fiom 93).7 Similarly nl, (u/v) = nlw — nlv + nly. Thus multiplication and division are changed into addition and subtraction. But the logarithms of numbers with the same figures in the same order cannot be read off from one another, since, in this system, nl, (10a) = ala — m (al,1 — al,10), * The error in Napier’s Second Table affects the accuracy of his Canon and this number should be 16118095651. The alteration can be made from the corrected result given by Macdonald in his English translation of the Constructio pp. 94-5, for it is not difficult to show that nl,1='7 nl, 10°. NAPIER’S LOGARITHMS ! THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIS THEORY. 135 and nl,1 — nl,10 = 23025842°34 (Cf. Constructio, Section 53).? | It is obvious that if a system of logarithms could be devised in which the logarithm of unity is zero and the logarithm of 10 is unity, the calculations would be immensely -simplified, and the table curtailed; because one of the chief defects of Napier’s Canon, as well as of Burgi’s Tables, was that, if the numbers did not come within the range covered by it, more or less awkward calculations were needed to overcome this difficulty. Napier’s Canon was first printed in the Descriptio (1614). After his death in 1617 the Constructio was published by the care of his son. It had been written several years before the Descriptio. To this work was added an Appen- dix, by the hand of Napier himself, ‘‘On the Construction of another and better kind of Logarithms, namely one in which the Logarithm of unity is 0.’’ This Appendix begins with the words:— ‘Among the various improvements of Logarithms, the more important is that which adopts a cypher as the Logarithm of unity, and 10,000,000,000 as the Logarithm of either one-tenth of unity or ten times unity. Then, these being once fixed, the Logarithms of all other numbers necessarily follow.”’ It is clear from Napier’s words that, when he wrote the Appendix, not only did he see the advantage of such a system, but he was in a position to draw up a Table of Logarithms in which these conditions would be satisfied. Indeed he gives three distinct methods of finding these logarithms. The kinematical definition of the logarithm was superseded, and the correspondence between the terms nl,1 — nl,10 = nl,10°, and Macdonald gives the corrected logarithm of 10° (loc. cit., pp. 94-5). 136 H. 8S. CARSLAW. of a geometrical series and the terms of an arithmetical series was left far behind. Thisis the third and final stage ~ of his work. Briggs and Napier. § 5. In the change from the logarithms of the Canon to this “better kind of logarithms’’ Briggs was associated with Napier; but, chiefly because of the unsatisfactory account of the matter given by Hutton in his History of Logarithms,* the share of the former in the discovery has been exaggerated. The fault is not due to Briggs; and, though his reference to the question in the preface to the Arithmetica Logarithmica (1624) is familiar, I reproduce. it again here:— “TI myself, when expounding publicly in London their doctrine to my auditors in Gresham College, remarked that it would be much more convenient that 0 should stand for the logarithm of the whole sine, as in the Canon Mirificus, but that the logarithm of the tenth part of the whole sine, that is to say, 5 degrees 44 minutes 21 seconds, should be 10,000,000,000. Concerning that matter I wrote immediately to the author himself; and as soon as the season of the year and the vacation time of my public duties of instruction permitted, I took journey to Edinburgh, where, being most hospitably received by him, I lingered for a whole month. But aswe held discourse concerning this change in the system of logarithms, he said that for a long time he had been sensible of the same thing, and had been anxious to accomplish it, but that he had published those he had already prepared, until he could construct tables more convenient, if other weighty matters and his frail health would permit him to do. But he conceived that the change ought to be affected in this manner, that 0 should become the logarithm of unity, and 10,000,000,000 that of the whole sine; which I could not but admit was by far the most convenient of all. So, rejecting those which I had already 1 Hutton’s Tracts on Mathematical and Philosophical Subjects, Vol. 1, Tract 20. NAPIER’S LOGARITHMS : THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIS THEORY. Ti prepared, I commenced, under his encouraging counsel, to ponder seriously about the calculation of these tables.” Napier also mentions his discovery of the new system in the dedication of his Rabdologia (1617) in a passage quoted . in my previous paper.* It will be seen from Briggs’ own words, that the modifi- cation which he suggested to Napier was to keep the logarithm of the radius as zero, but to take the logarithm of one-tenth of the radius as 10,000,000,000. His reference to the Canon is sufficient to show that he does not look upon the radius as unity. In the construction of the Table of Logarithms, after Napier’s death, he takes it as 10", and it is for this reason that the characteristics 9, 8, etc., are to be found in the logarithms of the sines, etc. Using the notation bl,x for the logarithm of x in the system suggested by Briggs when the radius is 10", we have bl, Oss bl, b = b1- i bL- d, whena:b=e:d. Also b1,10° = 0, and b1,10"—! = 10". In this system we have b1,(uv) = bl.w + bl.v — D1,-1, bL.(u/v) = bl,w — bl,v + bl,1. Also blo101° =" 10 bl4010 — 9 bliol =~ bl410° =" 9 bl,010 — 8 bliol = 10", Thus bli10 = 9 x 10 and bljl = 10 x 10°. The advantage of the new system consists in the fact that the logarithms of numbers with the same figures in the same order could be read off from each other, since we have b1.(10"a) = bl,a — m x 10%, § 6. The change upon which Napier had resolved, previous to Briggs’ visit, was a much more important one. He “conceived that the change ought to be affected in this * See also Macdonald’s English translation of the Constructio, p. 88. 138 ay H. S. CARSLAW. manner, that 0 should become the logarithm of unity, and 10,000,000,000 that of the whole sine.’? And finally in the Appendix we see that he often passes from logarithms of ‘sines, and now drops all reference to the radius. In the new system, logarithms were to be defined by the relations :— : | ‘Ifa:b =ec:d, thennla — nlb = nle — nid, with nl 1 = 0 and nl 10 = 10%. It need hardly be added that 10° was taken for the logarithm | of 10 instead of unity, for the same reason that 10” (or 10") was taken for the radius in dealing with the trigonometrical ratios. Later Briggs takes the logarithm of 10 as unity, and introduces the notation of decimal fractions in his Tables, a notation employed, probably for the first time, by Napier himself. If this account of the growth of the idea of a logarithm in Napier’s work is correct,’ it seems unfortunate that the term Napier’s logarithms is usually confined to the loga- rithms of his Canon. His ‘‘better kind of logarithms”’ actually consists of the logarithms now in daily use—the logarithms which we call logarithms to the base 10. In some textbooks they receive the awkward name Briggsian logarithms. Certainly Briggs calculated them, and the rapidity and industry with which he performed this immense work in computation will always be the admiration of mathematicians. But the discovery of the system was Napier’s, and the logarithms are as much Napier’s loga- rithms as those of his Canon. Speidell’s New Logarithmes (1619). § 7. In most accounts of the discovery of logarithms reference is made to Speidell’s New Logarithmes (London, ’ See also Gibson’s paperin the Napier Tercentenary Memorial Volume, pp. 111 - 137. NAPIER’S LOGARITHMS : THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIS THEORY. 139 1619), and it is stated that they contain the first table of logarithms to the base e.: Attention isalso usually called to the fact that, while logarithms to the base e are fre- quently spoken of as Napierean logarithms, they are quite different from the logarithms of Napier’s Canon; and it is pointed out that the place of the number e in the theory of logarithms and the possibility of defining logarithms as exponents were discoveries of a much later day. These two statements, at first sight, seem inconsistent. A word or two regarding Speidell’s. system will make the matter clearer, and will also confirm the view I have taken above as to Napier’s final conception of the logarithm. Speidell’s New Logarithmes, like Napier’s Canon, refer to the trigonometrical ratios. Using Glaisher’s notation sl,« for Speidell’s logarithm of « when the radius is 10", we have. . Se = 4 0'") nla. It follows that sl, (uv) = slw + slyv — sl,1, sl, (wv) = sl,w — slv + sbh-1, and sl,1 is not zero. The sole advantages of this system was that it avoided theuse of negative quantities in calculation with logarithms. Such quantities were then outside the range of the ‘‘vulgar and common arithmetic.’’ Since nl,~ = 10” loge ( ea ) x a we have sl,~ = 10°*! + 10" loge ( ay : 10° Thus sl, Sin,w = 10°*! + 10” loge eC =| 10° (10 + log. sin »). + In Glaisher’s paper already referred to, be published the interesting discovery that an Appendix (1618) to Wright’s English translation of the Descriptio contains a table of hyperbolic logarithms by an anonymous author, whom he identifies with Oughtred. 140 H. S. CARSLAW. In a sense Speidell’s New Logarithmes may be said to be hyperbolic logarithms, but the sense is the same as that in which the logarithms of Napier’s Canon are sometimes said to be logarithms to the base e~!. However this is a mis- use of the term.’ Still Speidell’s logarithms of sines, from the accident that the sine is now used in a different sense, have actually the same figures as our hyperbolic logarithms of sines. In the New Logarithmes (1619) he takes the radius as 10°, so that these tables give sl; Sin;« = 10° (10 + loge sin x). § 8. But subsequently Speidell did publish a table of hyperbolic logarithms of numbers, which gives the values of 10° log. « for numbers 1 to 1,000. This table probably appeared either separately, or attached to an impression of the New Logarithmes, in 1622 or 1623. In this system he takes sl.« = nll — nlx. It follows that sl, (uv) = sl,u + sl, v, sl, (u/v) = sl. wu — Sly v3 and since nl, x = 10° loge (=), we have sl, « = 10° loge x. But it is clear that in both Speidell’s systems of logarithms the connection with hyperbolic logarithms is accidental, and the same is true of the logarithms discovered by -Glaisher, to which reference is made at the beginning of this section. Like Napier and Briggs, Speidell sees that the funda- mental property, that the logarithms of proportional numbers have equal differences, can be taken as the starting 1 Of. Glaisher, loc. cit., p. 146, footnote. NAPIER’S LOGARITHMS : THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIS THEORY. 141 point of the theory; and that, if the logarithm of unity is zero, the logarithms of the product and the quotient of two numbers are, respectively, the sum and difference of their separate logarithms. § 9. The Differential Equation satisfied by the logarithm of x. We have seen that the theory of the different systems of logarithms described in the previous pages rests upon the fundamental property:— Ifa:b=c:d, then (a) — A(b) = Ae) - Ad), where \(x) stands for the logarithm of x. The function A(x), therefore, satisfies the equation Me +h) = Ma) = (1 + e MALY: emia 4 14%) - \(1) h az Ah x Proceeding to the limit h —>0, of course keeping x fixed, ee N(x) = 4 , where A = (1). Therefore \(z) = A tee x + B, and the system is made 2 BHI by adding two other con- ditions. In Napier’s Canon, writing p for the radius, we have nix = Alogex + B, with nl p = 0, and nl’ p = —1., = ah Therefore nlx = p loge (£). In Briggs’ modification of the system, we have bla = A loge x + B, with bl p = 0 and Dl f) = 10". Thus bl x = = 10° Se, - Ge) 10” logi (2 Ne 142 H. S. CARSLAW. And Napier’s final form is, of course, nh ot. =) 110) Logspaate Birgi’s Arithmetische und Geometrische Progress Tabulen also come under the same law. If the terms in the Arith- . metical Progression are taken as the logarithms of the | terms in the Geometrical Progression, and Bl « stands for | what I may call Burgi’s logarithm of 7, we have we loge Cra loge ( 1 — _—_— ae Blw = 10 <= 10 log ,, ie el io") for 7 = = 10° U1 +i) , Ss being any positive integer. Finally, treating Napier’s series Om ag eS Aa 7 A 7 eee is a 10°, 10° (1— a 10 © a) a in the Same way, and denoting this logarithm by Nla, we have a loge 97) ae Ni log 1 rh lo (4 nen, a 10 se 10 ACACIA SEEDLINGS. 143 ACACIA SHEDLINGS, Part II. By R. H. CAMBAGE, F.L.S. With Plates I to IV. [Read before the Royal Society of N.S. Wales, August 2, 1916. | SYNOPSIS: SEQUENCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEAVES. VITALITY OF SEED IN SEA-WATER. DESCRIPTIONS OF SEEDLINGS. Sequence in the Development of Leaves. It was pointed out ina previous paper (Part I), on Acacia Seedlings, read before this Society in July 1915, that in by far the greater number of about sixty Acacia species, of which seedlings had been raised, the cotyledons were succeeded by one simply-pinnate leaf, which was followed by a varying number of bipinnate leaves, but that in the case of four species it was found that an opposite pair of simply-pinnate leaves appeared next after the cotyledons. The examination of fifteen species more has revealed two further species which have an opposite pair of simply- pinnate leaves. Further species which have only one pinnate leaf are the following :— Acacia pumila, Maiden and Acacia Flocktonice, Maiden. Baker. », homalophylla,A.Cunn., » btrinervata, Sieb. (with an exception). » colletioides, A. Cunn. », excelsa, Benth. 4, oxycedrus, Sieb. » flavescens, A. Cunn. » aspera, Lindl. » doratoxylon,A.Cunn. » flexifolia, A. Cunn. >» cincinnata, K.v.M. » Mabellce, Maiden. 144 R. H. CAMBAGE. The two further Species which produce an opposite pair of pinnate leaves are :— Acacia galioides, Benth., and A. Murrayana, F.v.M. A.galioides has a considerable range in tropical Australia, while A. Murrayana occurs in north-western New South Wales, in Queensland, and South Australia. In the case of:A. homalophylla, (Yarran), three seedlings produced one simply-pinnate leaf, but the fourth seedling had an opposite pair. Out of about 500 seedlings of about 70 Acacia species examined, this is the second instance where a species has been noticed to produce a single pinnate leaf and also an opposite pair next after the cotyledons. The previous case was that of A. aneura, (Mulga). All others have fallen wholly into one group or the other. These two species, therefore, may be regarded as being in a transition stage, more examples of which will probably be found among other species.* Vitality of Seed in Sea-water. When discussing, in Part I, the possibility of seeds being transported long distances by oceanic currents, it was mentioned that seeds of Acacia Farnesiana from Central Queensland had germinated after having been immersed in sea-water for 148 and 190 days respectively. Since then, a seed of this same species from the same locality, which had been in a bottle of sea-water for 405 days, and was shaken from month to month, was taken out and placed in a cup which was then filled with boiling water and allowed to remain standing for a couple of hours, after which the seed was planted. At the end of five weeks the seed. had not germinated, and was taken out of the soil and found to be still perfectly sound. It was again placed in boiling water as before, and then planted. Asit showed no change at the end of a further nine weeks, it was again removed 1 This Journal, Vol. xurx, (1915), pp. 82 — 85. ACACIA SEEDLINGS. 145 from the soil, and after being placed in boiling water was again planted. After another five weeks, or nineteen weeks from the time the seed was taken from the sea-water, and had been three times placed in boiling water, the little seedling appeared. The object of placing the seed in boiling water was to soften the coating, and hasten the germination by allowing the moisture to enter, which process is often performed in nature by bush fires. Had this particular seed not been so treated, it might not have germinated for years. This experiment shows the wonderful vitality of the seed owing to it being encased in a very strong testa, and demonstrates the possibility of it retaining the power of germination for a sufficient length of time to be drifted in a piece of wood for thousands of miles. It was mentioned in Part I,* that of four seeds planted after having been in sea-water for three months, two germinated. One of the remaining seeds, after having been left in the soil twenty-three months, has recently germinated. = Descriptions of Seedlings. CONTINUA. ACACIA TRIPTERA, Benth., ‘‘ Wait a While.’? Seeds from Howell, N.S. Wales (T.S. McCrae). (Plate I, Num- bers 1 and 1a.) Seeds shiny black, oblong, 3 to 3°5 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, 1°5 mm. thick. . Hypocotyl erect, terete, pale pink to greenish, 1°2 to 2°7 cm. long, ‘7 to 1°5 mm. thick at base, °5 to °*8 mm. at apex, glabrous. * This Journal, Vol. xi1x, (1915), p. 94. J—August 2,191. 146 R. H. CAMBAGE. Cotyledons sessile, slightly sagittate, oblong, apex rounded, 5 to 6 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, at first erect, but becoming horizontal in a few days, remaining for a few weeks; outer or underside red to pink, sometimes yellowish- brown towards base, slightly wrinkled longitudinally, upperside green, glabrous. Stem terete in the lower portion, but becoming angular inthe upper part were affected by decurrent leafstalks, green, glabrous. First internode ‘5 to 1 mm.; second about 1 mm.; third 1°5 to 4mm.; fourth 2 to 5°5 mm.; fifth 2toomm. Leaves—No. 1. Abruptly pinnate, petiole 4 to 5 mm. long, glabrous; leaflets two pairs, the basal pair oblong acumin- ate, 5 mm. long, 1°5 mm. broad, not always opposite, the terminal pair obovate, 5 mm. long, 2 to 2°5 mm. broad, upperside green, underside pink; rachis 4 mm, long, green, glabrous, excurrent; stipules °5 mm. No. 2. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole slender, 7 mm. to 1°1 cm. long, glabrous, excurrent; leaflets two to three pairs, oblong-acuminate to obovate, mucronate, not always opposite, of irregular size, the largest being 3°5 mm. long, and 1 mm. broad, midrib fairly distinct especially on under- side; the pinna usually lyrate; rachis 5 to 7 mm. long, glabrous, excurrent. | Nos. 3, 4, and 5. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole 1°3 to2cm. long, Nos. 4 and 5 being sometimes slightly flattened ver- tically to about °5 mm. broad, and with a few parallel nerves, glabrous, excurrent; leaflets two to three pairs similar in shape, size, and arrangement to those of No. 2, with, in some cases, a few indistinct hairs on margins, midrib and secondary vein sometimes showing under pocket lens, the pinnee not always equally pinnate; rachis 4 to 6 mm. long, glabrous, excurrent; stipules weak, or little more than scales, up to about 1 mm. long. In one case No. 5 appeared as a phyllode without any leaflets. ACACIA SEEDLINGS. 147 No. 6 and upwards. Phyllodes, the first few being linear and almost straight, the later ones becoming falcate and remarkably decurrent on the stem, all being striate with several nerves, and tapering into a pungent point. Ina seedling 8 to 10cm. high, the phyllodes reach about 1°8 em. long, by 1 to 1°5 mm. broad. UNINERVES—Brevifolize. ACACIA HISPIDULA, Willd. Seeds from Cheltenham, near Sydney. Growing on Hawkesbury Sandstone formation. (Plate I, Numbers 2 to 3a.) Seeds dull black, oval-oblong, 7 mm. long, 4 mm. broad, 3 mm. thick. Hypocotyl erect, terete, sometimes brownish just above soil, pale green in upper portion, up to 3 cm, long, 1°7 to 2°3 mm. thick at base, °8 to 1 mm. at apex, swelling sud- denly into the root, which in the case of No. 2, Plate I, reached a length of 10 cm. in a few days, glabrous. Cotyledons sessile, sagittate, ovate, soon becoming revolute, and cylindrical, 8 mm. long, 4 to 4°5 mm. broad, outer or underside at first pale yellow, becoming pale green, with aridge about 1 mm. wide along central portion; upper- side at first pale green, becoming dark green, glabrous. Stem terete, hispid; becoming scabrous in upper portion. First internode ‘5 tol mm.; second 5 mm. to 2°5 cm.; third 5) mm.tol1*2 cm.; fourth 2to5mm.; fifth 2 to9 mm.; sixth 2 to 7 mm., varying in different individuals. Leaves—No.1. Abruptly pinnate, petiole 6mm. to1°4cm. long, green, pilose; leaflets four to five pairs, oblong, acuminate, often mucronate, midrib and secondary vein usually distinct, 6 mm. to 1°1 cm. long, 2°5 to 4mm. broad, upperside green, underside paler, glabrous; rachis 1°7 to 2°6 cm. long, green, sometimes glabrous or with a very few scattered hairs, excurrent. 148 R. H. CAMBAGE. No. 2. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole dilated, with a strong nerve along lower margin, 1°3 to 1°5 cm. long, 1 to 1°5 mm. broad, green, hoary, excurrent ; leaflets three to four pairs, obovate-oblong, mucronate, 5 to 8 mm. long, 3 to4 mm, broad, the basal leaflets often smaller, midrib and secondary vein distinct, upperside green, becoming brownish-red in winter months, underside paler; rachis 7 mm. to 1°3 cm. long, green, pilose, excurrent; stipules reduced to scales. Nos. 3, 4,5 and 6. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole dilated vertically, about the same as in No. 2, and with a similar strong lower marginal nerve extending to the base of the pinnee, 8 mm. to 1°4 cm. long, hoary to hispid; leaflets. three to four pairs, similar to those of No. 23; rachis pilose to hispid, excurrent; stipules reduced to scales about. 1mm. long. No. 7 or 8 and upwards. Usually phyllodes. ~The petiole of the first bipinnate leaf of this species. shows a distinct transition stage towards the development. into the subsequent phyllodes. UNINERVES—Anegustifolie. ACACIA STRICTA, Willd. Seeds from Homebush, near Sydney. Growing on Wianamatta Shale formation. (Plate I, Numbers 4 to 7.) Seeds black, oblong to oval-oblong, 3 to A mm. long, 2mm. broad, 1°2 mm. thick. Hypocotyl erect, terete, creamy, becoming pale green to. pale pink, 1°4 to 2°6 cm. long, 1 to 1° 5 mm. thick at base,. °*5 to 1 mm. at apex, glabrous. Cotyledons sessile, slightly sagittate, oblong, apex rounded, 5 to 6 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, remaining on the plants, in many cases, until the phyllodes appear, outer or underside pinkish-green, becoming green, upperside green, glabrous. ACACIA SEEDLINGS. 149 Stem terete, green, sometimes becoming reddish on sunny side, glabrous. First internode °5 to 1 mm.; second 1°5 to 7mm.; third 1 mm. to 2°7cm.; fourth 3 mm. to 2°5 cm.; fifth 2mm. to 1°8 cm.; sixth 6 mm. to 2 cm.; seventh 1°2 cm. to 2°1 cm. -Leaves—No. 1. Abruptly pinnate, petiole slender, from 6 mm. to 1°1 cm. long, pale green, glabrous; leaflets three pairs, oblong, acuminate, 5 to 6 mm. long, 1°5 to 2 mm. broad, the basal pair often narrower, midrib and sometimes two short veins, one on either side, showing under pocket lens, making the leaflet trinerved at the base, upperside green, underside paler; rachis 6 to 7 mm. long, glabrous, excurrent ; stipules minute. No. 2. Abruptly bipinnate, 1°1 to 2 cm. long, green, glabrous, excurrent; leaflets three to four pairs, oblong, acuminate, the terminal pair being sometimes obovate ; rachis 7 mm. to 1°l cm. long, glabrous, excurrent; stipules reduced to scales and soon falling. No. 3. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole slender, 2 to 2°7 cm. long, glabrous, excurrent; leaflets four to five pairs, often mucronate; rachis glabrous, excurrent; stipules 1 mm. long, soon falling. 3 Nos. 4and 5. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole from 1°7 to 2°09 cm. long, No. 5 being sometimes dilated and witha strong nerve along the lower margin from the stem to the base of the pinne; leaflets five to six pairs. Nos. 6 and 7. Usually abruptly bipinnate, petiole vertic- ally flattened, 2°2 to 3°3 cm. long, 2 to 3 mm. broad, No. 6 having a strong nerve along the lower margin, with the dilated lamina on the upper edge, while No. 7 may have the prominent vein slightly removed from the lower margin, and a fine vein towards the upper edge confluent with the prominent nerve at both ends. No. 7 is sometimes a ~ phyllode. 150 R. H. CAMBAGE. Nos. 8,9 and 10. Phyllodes, having a prominent nerve below the central portion of the lamina, and a fine nerve extending along the upper part. These veins are confluent at the base, but not at the apex, the upper or fine vein not extending quite to the apex of the phyllode. When the trees reach maturity this fine vein is not seen though it is very distinct in seedlings, and Bentham describes the phyllode of this species as ‘‘1-nerved.’’? This feature is suggestive of the possibility that the ancestor of this species was bi-nerved, from which a 1-nerved form has been developed. Seealso description of Acacia binervata, (infra). UNINERVES—Racemose. ACACIA FALCATA, Willd. Seeds from Homebush. Growing on Wianamatta Shale formation. (Plate II, Numbers 1 to 2a.) | - Seeds black, oval, 4 to 4°5 mm. long, 2°5 to3 mm. broad, 1°2 mm. thick. : ) Hypocotyl erect, terete, reddish-brown, 1 to 3°2 cm. long, 1 to 1°4 mm. thick at base, °4 to °8 mm. at apex, glabrous. Cotyledons sessile, slightly sagittate, oblong, apex rounded, 6 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, soon becoming revolute and cylindrical, falling off in a few weeks; outer or under- side brownish, becoming green, upperside green, glabrous. Stem terete, greenish-brown, glabrous. First internode ‘5 mm.; second 2 to 5 mm.; third3 to 8 mm.; fourth 4mm. to 1°5 cm.; fifth 5 mm. to 2°7 cm. Leaves—No.1. Abruptly pinnate, petiole 4 to 5 mm. long, reddish-green, glabrous; leaflets three to four pairs, oblong- lanceolate, acuminate, 6 to 9 mm. long, 2 to 2°5 mm. broad, midrib distinct, upperside green, glabrous, underside pale green; rachis 5 mm. to 1 cm. long, green, glabrous, excur- rent. — + B. FL, Vol. 11, p35; ACACIA SEEDLINGS. 151 No. 2. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole 1°2 to 2 cm. long, terete, or sometimes slightly channelled above, glabrous, excurrent; leaflets four to five pairs, midrib distinct, secondary vein showing under pocket lens. No. 3. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole 2 to 3 cm. long, usually vertically flattened, up to 1 mm. wide, with a strong nerve along the lower margin, and a finer one bordering the upper margin ; leaflets four to six pairs, the terminal pair gener- ally obovate, and the number of leaflets on the pinne often unequal; rachis 1°4 to 2°5 cm., glabrous, excurrent. No. 4. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole 2°1 to 4 cm. long, vertically flattened, up to 2°5 mm. wide, sometimes with a strong nerve along the lower margin extending to the base of the pinnee, and confluent with a finer nerve along the upper margin, or sometimes with the strong nerve extend- ing along just below the centre line of the lamina, the upper margin of the lamina being bordered with a fine nerve, leaflets seven to eight pairs; rachis 2°3 to 3°2 cm. long. Nos. 5,6 and 7. lLanceolate-falcate phyllodes with one prominent nerve extending along above the centre of the lamina, thus leaving the greater portion of the leaf-blade on the lower side, which is unusual in the early phyllodes of species of uninerved Acacias. UNINERVES—Racemose. ACACIA PENNINERVIS, Sieb. Seeds from Glen Innes, N.S.W. (J. H. Maiden). (Plate II, Numbers 3 to 4a.) Seeds black, oblong-oval to ovate, 7 mm. long, 3°5 to4mm. broad, 2 mm. thick. Hypocotyl erect, terete, light-red to brownish-red, becoming darker, up to 1°8 cm. long, 2 to3 mm. thick at base, 1 to 1°5 mm. at apex, glabrous. 152 R. H. CAMBAGE, Cotyledons sessile, sagittate, oblong, apex rounded, 9mm. long, about 3°7 mm. broad, at first erect, becoming horizontal in two or three days, revolute and cylindrical in a week, falling in about two weeks, outer or underside brownish-red, slightly convex, with sometimes one or two whitish glands; upperside brownish-red but paler than underside, glabrous. - Stem terete, brownish-green to reddish-green, glabrous. First internode °5 mm.; second 3 mm. to 1°7 cm.; third 4 to 8 mm.; fourth 7 mm. to 1°3 cm.; fifth 6 mm. to 2°7 cm.; sixth 1°1 to 3°6 cm.; seventh 1°6 to 2 cm. 3 Leaves—No. 1. Abruptly pinnate, sometimes showing as soon as the cotyledons have left the soil, petiole 4 to 7 mm. long, reddish-brown, glabrous; leaflets four to five pairs, oblong, acuminate, often mucronate, 8 mm. to 1 cm. long, 2°5 to 3 mm. broad, midrib and secondary vein distinct, upperside green, glabrous, underside pale green; rachis 1°3 to 1°7 cm. long, green, glabrous, excurrent. No. 2. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole 7 mm. to 1°3 cm. long, sometimes with very small gland about 3 to 5 mm. from base, glabrous, excurrent; leaflets four to five pairs, pinne sometimes having an unequal number of leaflets. No. 3. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole 1°5 to 2 cm. long, sometimes with very small gland on upper edge about 3 to 6 mm. from base, excurrent; leaflets five to seven pairs; stipules about 1 mm. long, pubescent. No. 4. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole 2 to 2°4 cm. long, sometimes slightly channelled above, with a small gland about 5 mm. from base; leaflets six to eight pairs; stipules as in No. 3. No. 5. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole 2°3 to 3°1 cm. long, with strong nerve along lower margin, channelled above, sometimes vertically flattened, and having a gland about 4 ACACIA SEEDLINGS. 153 to 5 mm. from base; leaflets eight to ten pairs; rachis 2°95 to 3°6 cm. long, excurrent; stipules as in Nos. 3 and 4. No. 6. Sometimes a phyllode, or abruptly bipinnate, with petiole similar to No. 5; leaflets nine to ten pairs; rachis 3°3 to 4 cm. long. No. 7. Hither a phyllode, or abruptly bipinnate, petiole vertically flattened to 7 mm. broad, the upper margin con- vex, with a strong nerve or “‘midrib”’ extending along the lower portion of the lamina, and usually a short, fine, rather insignificant vein terminating in the upper marginal gland about 5 to 7 mm. from base, the margins nerve-like, the whole blade having a system of lateral anastomosing veins; leaflets ten to eleven pairs; rachis about 4°5 cm. long. Nos. 8 and upwards. Phyllodes. UNINERVES—Racemose. ACACIA MABELL&, Maiden, ‘‘ Black Wattle.’’ Seeds from Milton, N.S.W. Growing on a moderately siliceous soil. - (Plate II, Numbers 5 to 7). Seeds black, oval, 4 to5 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, 2 mm. thick. Hypocotyl erect, terete, brownish-red, 1°8 to3 cm. long, 1°5 to 2°4 mm. thick at base, ‘5 to 1 mm. thick at apex, glabrous, often suddenly constricted just above soil. Cotyledons sessile, sagittate, oblong, apex rounded, 5 to 6°5 mm. long, 2°5to 3 mm. broad, at first erect, but becom- ing revolute and cylindrical in a few days, soon falling, outer or underside brownish-red, often with ridge along centre, upperside brownish-green, glabrous. Stem terete in lower portion, but becoming angular where leaf-stalks are decurrent on the stem, brownish-green, glabrous, or at first with a few scattered hairs which soon ? This Journal, Vol. xu1x, (1915), p. 471. 154 R. H. CAMBAGE. disappear. First internode ‘5 mm.; second 2mm. to1cm.; third 2 mm. to 1°8 cm.; fourth 3 mm, to5cm.; fifth 3 mm. to 3°2 cm.; sixth 2 mm. to3°1 cm.; seventh 3 mm. to5cm.; eighth 3 mm. to5cm.; varying very much in different individuals. Leaves—No.1. Abruptly pinnate, petiole 2 to 8 mm. long, reddish-green, becoming brownish-red, glabrous; leaflets four to five pairs, in twenty cases the leaflets were four, and in three cases there were five, oblong, acuminate, often mucronate, 6 mm. to 1°1 cm. long, 2°5 to 3°7 mm. broad, upperside green, underside often red, sometimes becoming pale green, midrib very distinct on underside, often remain- ing of ared colour, secondary vein showing under pocket. lens; rachis 5 mm. to 1°6 cm. long, green, glabrous, excurrent. No. 2. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole 6 mm. to 1°4 cm. long, green to brownish-red, with a few scattered hairs, and often with a very small gland about 4 mm. from base, ex- current; leaflets four to six pairs, the basal pair sometimes very small; rachis glabrous. | No. 3. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole usually slightly dilated, 1 to 3°3 cm. long, green to brownish-green, with a few scattered hairs, and a small gland about 5 mm. from base, also a strong nerve along lower margin, excurrent; leaflets four to seven pairs; stipules little more than scales. No. 4. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole slightly dilated, 1°7 to 4°8 cm. long, with prominent nerve either along lower margin, or below centre line of lamina, and gland on upper margin; leaflets up to eleven pairs; rachis 2°2 to 4°2 cm. long; stipules as in No. 3. Nos. 5 and 6. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole 2°5 to 5°8 cm. long, vertically flattened, with prominent nerve extending along just below centre line of lamina, and gland on upper margin about 5 mm. from base; rachis from 3 to 4.cm. long. ACACIA SEEDLINGS. 155 No. 7. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole up to 5 cm. long, ver- tically flattened, 2°5 mm. broad, with prominent central vein, nerve-like margins, and gland on upper margin; leaf- lets up to fourteen pairs; rachis up to 4 cm. long, excurrent. No. 8. Often a phyllode up to 14 cm. long, 4 mm. broad, with prominent central nerve, and gland on upper margin about 5mm. from base, and usually with an insignificant vein from the gland to the central nerve near the base, as in the case of A. penninervis, as though the upper nerve- like margin is partly deflected from the gland towards the base. In one case all leaves up to No. 15 were abruptly bipin- nate, the petiole of No. 15 being 9°5 cm. long, rachis 2°7 cm. UNINERVES—Racemosee. ACACIA PRAVISSIMA, F.v.M. Seeds from Cotter River, Federal Capital Territory, Canberra. (Plate III, Numbers 1 to 2a.) Seeds black, oblong-oval, 3 to 4 mm. long, 2 to 2°5 mm. broad, 1 mm. thick. Hypocotyl erect, terete, sometimes pink just below sur- - face of soil, upper portion pinkish-green, about 1°7 cm. long, 1°5 mm. thick at base, 1 mm. at apex, glabrous. Cotyledons sessile, sagittate, oblong, apex rounded, about > mm. long, 2 to 3 mm. broad, at first erect but becoming horizontal in about a week, and later revolute, outer or underside pale green, with sometimes a raised central nerve or ridge, upperside green, glabrous. Stem terete, pinkish-green in lower portion, pale green above, hirsute. First internode °5 mm.; second 2 to3 mm.; third about 5 mm.; fourth about 6 mm.; fifth 6 to 7 mm.; sixth 5 to 6 mm.; seventh 6 to 7 mm. Leaves—No. 1. Abruptly pinnate, petiole about 3 mm. long, glabrous; leaflets three pairs, about 5 mm. long, 2mm. 156 R. H. CAMBAGE. broad, oblong, acuminate, the terminal pair often obovate, light green on both sides, midrib and secondary vein show- ing clearly under pocket lens, especially on underside; rachis about 5 mm. long, glabrous, excurrent. No. 2. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole 3 to 4 mm. long, pilose, excurrent; leaflets four pairs; rachis, glabrous, excurrent. Nos. 3 and 4. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole about 4 to 6mm. long, pilose to hispid, excurrent ; leaflets four to five pairs, mucronate; rachis pilose, excurrent; stipules reduced to scales. . Nos. 5 and 6. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole about 5 to 8mm. long, slightly dilated, with nerve along lower margin, pilose to hispid, varying in degree on different plants; leaflets five to six pairs; rachis with a few scattered hairs. : Nos. 7 and 8. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole about 6 mm. to 1 cm. long, vertically flattened up to 2°5 mm. broad, with strong nerve along or near lower margin, and sometimes | with a very small gland showing below middle of upper margin, while in other cases the gland is absent, pilose to hispid, excurrent; leaflets five to seven pairs; rachis glabrous or with a few scattered hairs. Nos. 9 to 11. These, on some plants, may be phyllodes, or they may be abruptly bipinnate, and similar to Nos. 7 and 8 on others, with considerable development of lamina above the prominent nerye, and showing the secondary and lateral veins which appear in the phyllodes, margins pilose, excurrent. | Nos. 12 and upwards. Usually phyllodes, showing an abnormal development of lamina above the prominent nerve, which latter corresponds with the lower marginal nerve of the bipinnate leaves. The excurrent point of the petioles has developed into the mucronate point of the phyllodes, whose lower margins are sometimes pilose. The gland may be present on the upper margin of some of the phyllodes, ACACIA SEEDLINGS. 157 but absent from others, while on the phyllodes of the mature tree from which these seedlings were raised the gland is always conspicuous. UNINERVES—Racemose. ACACIA MYRTIFOLIA, Willd. Seeds from Cheltenham, New South Wales, growing on Hawkesbury Sandstone form- ation, and from Aldgate, South Australia. (Plate III, Numbers 8 to 5a.) Seeds shiny brown, oblong, about 3 to 3°5 mm. long, 2mm. broad, 1°5 mm. thick. ; Hypocotyl erect, terete, brownish-red, 1 to 2°2 cm. long, 1°3 to 1°8 mm. thick at base, °6 tol mm. at apex, glabrous. Cotyledons sessile, sagittate, oblong, 4 to 5 mm. long, 2mm. broad, remaining erect until they fall, in about ten days, outer or underside brownish-red, slightly convex, upperside brownish-red but paler than underside, glabrous. Stem terete in lower portion, angular above where affected by decurrent leaf-stalks, reddish-brown, glabrous. First internode °5 mm.; second 2 mm. to1°7 cm.; third 2 mm. to 1°4 cm.; fourth 3 mm. to 1°1 cm.; fifth5 mm. to 2°2 cm.; sixth 4 mm. to 1°4 cm.; seventh 4 mm. to 2°6 cm. Leaves—Nos. 1 and 2. Abruptly pinnate, forming an opposite pair, petiole slender, from about 3 mm. to 1 cm. long, brownish-red, glabrous; leaflets usually two pairs, rarely three, out of forty pairs of leaves counted, thirty- eight had two pairs of leaflets on each pinna, while of the other two pairs of leaves each had two pairs of leaflets on one pinna and three on the other, (Plate III, No.5) oblong, acuminate, up to 6 mm. long, and 2°5 mm. broad, midrib and secondary vein showing under pocket lens, upperside green to pale green, sometimes tinged with red, underside reddish-green, to red; rachis 2 to 5 mm. long, glabrous, excurrent. 158 R. H. CAMBAGE. No. 3. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole slender, from about 6 mm. to 2°5 cm. long, green to reddish-brown, glabrous, excurrent; leaflets three to four pairs, the terminal pair usually obovate; rachis glabrous, excurrent. Nos. 4 and 5. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole from 6 mm. to 2°6 cm. long, channelled above, small gland about the middle, glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs along edges; leaflets three to four pairs; rachis 6 mm. to 2°7 cm. long. No. 6. Abruptly bipinnate, sometimes with two pairs of pinne, petiole slightly flattened vertically with strong vein along lower margin, and small gland about or below the middle on upper margin, 1°2 to 3°2 cm. long; leaflets four to five pairs; rachis 8 mm. to 2°7 cm. long. Nos. 7 and 8. These may be phyllodes, but on some plants are abruptly bipinnate, petiole up to 2°8 cm. long, vertically flattened, with strong midrib; leaflets up to six pairs. Some seedlings of this species flowered freely, and also set fruit, at two years and two months old. PLURINERVES—Dimidiatee. ACACIA BINERVATA, DO., ‘‘Two-Veined Hickory.” Seeds from Tomerong (J. C. Grant). Growing on a moder- ately siliceous soil. (Plate III, Numbers 6 to 8.) Seeds black, obovate to oblong, 4 to 5 mm. long, 2°5 to 3 mm. broad, 1°5 mm. thick. Hypocotyl erect, terete, pink to reddish-brown, 1 to 2°3 cm. long, 1°2 to 1°7 mm. thick at bane» °3> to 8 mm. at apex, glabrous. Cotyledons sessile, sagittate, oblong, apex rounded, 6mm. ~' dong, 3 mm. broad, soon becoming revolute, and later cylindrical, falling in about two weeks, outer or underside, straw-coloured to pink, sometimes becoming brown, often with a central ridge, upperside green, glabrous. ACACIA SEEDLINGS. 159 Stem terete in lower portion, angular above, where affected by decurrent leaf-stalks, glabrous. First internode *5 mm.; second 6 mm. to 2°7 cm.; third 2 to 9mm.; fourth 3mm. to 1°6 cm.; fifth 4 mm. to 1°2 cm.; sixth 4 to 7 mm.; seventh 5 mm. to 1°4 cm. Leaves—No. 1. Abruptly pinnate, petiole 3 to 5 mm. long, green, becoming brown, glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs; leaflets four to five pairs, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, often mucronate, 7 to 8 mm. long, the terminal pair shorter and sometimes obovate, upperside green, underside reddish, becoming green, margins red, midrib distinct, secondary vein showing under pocket lens; rachis 8 mm. to 1°4 cm. long, green, glabrous, excurrent, stipules reduced to scales. No. 2. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole 6 mm. to 1°2 cm. long, green, becoming reddish, pilose, excurrent; leaflets four to five pairs. (Leaf No. 2is missing from Number 7, Plate ITI). Nos. 3 and 4. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole 7 mm. to 2 cm. long, channelled above, and sometimes dilated, with strong nerve along lower margin, faintly pilose; leaflets six to eight pairs; rachis of No. 4 1°7 to 2°4 cm. long, excurrent. Nos. 5 and 6. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole 1°3 to4em. long, vertically flattened, the upper margin being convex, the lamina of No. 6 may be 2 cm. broad, with a strong nerve a little above the lower margin and running from the plant- stem to the base of the pinnee, above this nerve are two others extending from the base almost to the margin, the remainder of the lamina being pinnately veined; leaflets up to nine pairs. Nos. 7 and 8. These may be abruptly bipinnate, with vertically flattened petioles from 2 to 3°3 cm. long, 2 cm. broad, and having up to eleven pairs of leaflets; or they may be phyllodes, usually triplinerved, the third or upper one scarcely reaching the margin, while the second may 160 R. H. CAMBAGE. sometimes be confluent with the first or lower vein at both ends, but this latter feature is noticed less in the later phyllodes. The first phyllode in Number 7, Plate III, has a fourth vein above the others, extending from the base to nearly the middle of the upper margin. The small insig- nificant vein extending from-the gland towards the base may be seen in phyllodes of this species as in those of A. penninervis and A. Mabellce.* | Bentham describes the phyllodes of A. binervata as having two or three longitudinal nerves. The mature phyllodes are usually 2-nerved, and this fact, as in the somewhat similar case of A. stricta, (supra), is suggestive of the possibility that,as the species developed, it reduced the number of veins in the Pa PLURINERVES—Juliflorzee-—Falcatee. AcAcIA MAIDENI, F.v.M., ‘“‘Sally.’? Seeds from Milton. Growing on a moderately siliceous soil. (Plate IV, Numbers 1 to 3.) Seeds black, oval-oblong, 4 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, 1°5 to 2 mm. thick. Hypocotyl erect, terete, pale green, up to 2°5 cm. long, 2 mm. thick at base, °5 to 1 mm. thick at apex, glabrous. Cotyledons sessile, slightly auricled, oval-oblong, about 6mm. long, 3 mm. broad, outer or underside at first yel- lowish-green, becoming pale green, with one or two raised lines along centre, upperside at first yellowish-green, becoming dark green within a week, glabrous. On one plant the cotyledons were fused along one side, and appeared as one, almost encircling the stem, the line of fusion being undiscernible. * See “The Forest Flora of N.S.W.,” by J. H. Maiden, Part xxv, pl. 99. ACACIA SEEDLINGS. 161 Stem terete, green, at first faintly pilose, becoming glabrous. First internode °5 to 1°5 mm.; second 1 mm. to Lt cm.; third 3 mm. to 1 cm.; fourth 3 to 6 mm.; fifth 2 to 4mm.; sixth3 to5 mm.; seventh 3 mm. to 1 cm.; eighth 5mm. to 1°6 cm. Leaves—No.1. Abruptly pinnate, petiole 3 to7 mm. long, green, glabrous; leaflets three pairs, oblong-lanceolate, basal or largest pair up to 9 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, upper- side green, underside paler, with midrib distinct, sometimes raised, secondary vein showing under pocket lens; rachis 6 mm. to 1 cm. long, green, glabrous, excurrent. Nos. 2 and 3. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole 7 mm. to 1°3 cm. long. No. 3 sometimes channelled above and with strong nerve along lower margin, excurrent; leaflets three to four pairs; stipules little more than scales. Nos.4and5. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole 1 to 1°5cm.long, vertically flattened, with prominent nerve just above lower margin; leaflets four to five pairs; rachis 7mm. tol’) cm., glabrous, excurrent; stipules about 1 mm. long. Nos. 6 and 7. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole 1°7 to 4 cm. long, vertically flattened, similar to Nos. 4 and 5, but with one or two fine veins parallel to the prominent nerve; leaf- lets four to six pairs; rachis 1 to 2°2 cm.; stipules about 1 mm. long, pointed. | Nos. 8 and 9. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole 4 to 5°3 cm. long, vertically flattened, 3 mm. broad, with a prominent, almost central nerve from the plant-stem to the base of the pinnee, giving the leaf, at a little distance away, the appearance of a uninerve, but with several fine parallel veins visible on closer inspection. Nos. 10, 11 and 12. Often abruptly bipinnate, petiole up to 10 cm. long, 3°5 mm. broad, with prominent central nerve and several fine veins on each side. J—August 2, 1916. 162 R. H. CAMBAGE, In the winter months the exposed sides of the flattened petioles and young phyllodes often become purple. Tips of young phyllodes are often brownish-purple. BIPINNATZ—Botryocephale. ACACIA PUBESCENS, R.Br. Seeds from Lidcombe, near Sydney. Growing on Wianamatta Shale formation, often among small ironstone pebbles. (Plate IV, Numbers 4 to 6.) Seeds black, oval, 3 to 4 mm. long, 2 to 3 mm. broad, 1°5 mm. thick. Hypocotyl erect, terete, pale pink to pale brown, up to 2°2 cm. long, 1 mm. thick at base, °5 to *9 mm. at apex, glabrous. Cotyledons sessile, very slightly auricled, oblong, apex rounded, 5 to 6 mm. long, 2 to 2°5 mm. broad, becoming horizontal, revolute and cylindrical, falling in a few weeks, outer or underside brown, with central ridge, upperside reddish to green, glabrous. Stem terete, hirsute. First internode ‘5 mm.; second 1 to5 mm.; third 3 mm. to 1°4cm.; fourth about 5 mm,; fifth 3 mm. to 1 cm. Leaves—No. 1. Abruptly pinnate, petiole 3 to 7 mm. long, reddish-green, glabrous or faintly pilose; leaflets three to four pairs, obovate-lanceolate 4 to 9 mm. long, 1°5 to 2°5 mm. broad, midrib showing under pocket lens, upperside green, glabrous, underside reddish, becoming reddish-green; rachis 3mm. to 1°1 cm. long, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs, excurrent; stipules small. Nos. 2 and 3. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole pilose to hispid, 6 mm. to 1'2 cm. long, reddish to reddish-brown, excurrent; leaflets four to seven pairs, the terminal pair opposite, the remainder often alternate, upperside green, underside pale green; rachis 4 mm. to 1°2 cm. long, pilose; stipules small. ACACIA SEEDLINGS. 163 Nos. 4,5 and 6. Abruptly bipinnate, petiole hispid; pinne one to several pairs; rachis pilose to hirsute. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Pruate I. Acacia triptera, Benth. 1. Cotyledons, pinnate leaf, bipinnate leaves, and phyllodes. Howell. (T. 8. McCrae.) la. Pod and seeds. Acacia hispidula, Willd. 2. Cotyledons. Cheltenham. 3. Pinnate leaf, bipinnate leaves and phyllodes. 3a. Pod and seeds. Acacia stricta, Willd. 4. Cotyledons, pinnate leaf and young bipinnate leaves. Home- bush. 5. Pinnate leaf, bipinnate leaves and phyllodes. 6. Two-nerved phyllodes. 7. Pod and seeds. Prate II. Acacia falcata, Willd. 1. Cotyledons, with pinnate leaf showing. Homebush. 2. Pinnate leaf, bipinnate leaves and phyllodes. 2a. Pod and seeds. Acacia penninervis, Sieb. 3. Cotyledons, with pinnate leaf showing. Glen Innes. Maiden.) 4, Pinnate leaf, bipinnate leaves and phyllodes. 4a. Seeds. Acacia Mabelle, Maiden. 5. Cotyledons, with pinnate leaf showing. Milton. 6. Pinnate leaf, bipinnate leaves and phyllodes. 7. Pod and seeds. (J; H. 164 R. H. CAMBAGE. Puate III. Acacia pravissima, F.v.M. 1. Cotyledons. Cotter River, Canberra. 2. Pinnate leaf, bipinnate leaves and phyllodes. de, Pod. 320) Acacia myrtifolia, Willd. 3. Cotyledons and opposite pair of pinnate leaves. Aldgate, South Australia. 4, Cotyledons and opposite pair of pinnate leaves. Cheltenham, New South Wales. 5. Opposite pair of pinnate leaves, bipinnate leaves and phyllodes. Cheltenham. | 5a. Pod and seeds. Acacia binervata, DC. . Cotyledons. Tomerong. (J, O. Grant). . Pinnate leaf, bipinnate leaves (one pinna dropped from the- co or) last bipinnate leaf), and phyllodes. 8. Pod and seeds. Prats IV. Acacia Maideni, F.v.M, 1. Cotyledons. Milton. 2. Pinnate leaf, bipinnate leaves and phyllodes. 3. Spirally twisted pod and seeds. Acacia pubescens, R. Br. pp . Cotyledons and young pinnate leaf. Lidcombe. 1 . Pinnate and bipinnate leaves. 6. Pod. Journal Royal Society of N.S.W., Vol. L., 1916. Plate I. Acacia triptera (1 and la); A. hispidula (2 to 3a); A. stricta (4 to 7). Slightly over two-thirds natural size, a » : Ao 7 - : , - ‘ > - é 2 4 7 ae . a “¢ . ' e- / ; cs | , / > \ , as ! et | 7 rs = 2 = i ore ) Journal Royal Society of N.S.W., Vol. L., 1916. Plate IT. Acacia falcata (1 to 2a); A. penninervis (3 to 4a); A. Mabelle (5 to 7). Slightly over half natural size. ws Journal Royal Society of N.S.W.,Vol. L, 1916. Plate 111. Acacia pravissima (1 to 2a); A. myrtrfolia (3 to 5a); A. binervata (6 to 8). Three-fourths natural size. Journal Royal Society of N.S.W., Vol. L., 1916. Plate LV. Acacia Mardeni (1 to 3); A. pubescens (4 to 6), Two-thirds natural size, 2a Ne NS SHORELINE STUDIES AT BOTANY BAY. 165 SHORELINE STUDIES AT BOTANY BAY. By EH. O. ANDREWS, B.A., F.G.S. With Plates V, VI. [Read before the Royal Society of N.S. Wales, September 6, 1916.] THE writer has had one special shoreline under observation, namely, Lady Robinson’s Beach, Sydney, New South Wales, during the past seven years, and it has seemed advisable to epitomise the main facts there noted during that period. The observations made from 1909 to 1912 inclusive, have been recorded! elsewhere. - The Beach—The summary of the observations over the whole period (1909-1916) may be presented here. The littoral zone under consideration is a bay, and not an ocean, type.” It is between four and five miles in length; its disposition is almost north and south; and it is sub-parallel to the neighbouring ocean shoreline. A line midway between Botany Heads and drawn at right angles to the general trend of the main coastline, would bisect Lady Robinson’s Beach approximately. The heads are a mile apart, and they lie about six miles east of the centre of the subject beach. The bay is shallow with a greatest depth of one hundred feet approximately between the heads. The beach terminates against George’s River on the south and Cook’s River on the north. In recent time these two streams discharged as one into the sea, but the lower portions of their valleys have been drowned to the amount of 200 feet, approximately, and the bay has been formed by this submergence. Andrews, E.C., Beach Formations at Boiany. Bay. This Journal, Vol. xiv1, 1912, pp. 158-185. * Andrews, E. C., op. cit. See map accompanying paper. 166 E. C. ANDREWS. The beach, as viewed from the bay, appears to be one flat. curve, but viewed from any point along the beach itself it. may be seen to be composed of several flat curves, which apparently have been determined by the interference of currents generated both within the bay itself and the two saltwater arms mentioned. The northernmost curve is. about two anda half miles, and the one immediately adjoin- ing it to the south is one mile in length, while the remaining mile of beach to the south is broken by three small curves. For a generation at least these small salients or cuspate forelands have been stationary, according to the testimony of old and reliable inhabitants. The earlier shoreline of the bay formed at the close of the recent submergence, lies — from 1000 to 1400 yards inland of the present beach. The old cliffs of erosion are now subdued, and a creek, with swamps, drains the portion along this older shoreline. Thence to the present beach the land consists of long sand ridges and troughs the longer axes of which are subparallel. to the direction of the beach while the summits of the ridges rise to accordant heights.. The sand dunes immedi- ately behind, or landward of, the beach, form accumulations. on the sub-horizontal surface of the parallel sand bars. The Winds—The prevailing winds are from the north- east quarter, but the dominant winds blow from the south - to east quarter. In the winter the prevailing wind is. westerly, or a land wind, causing smooth water on the beach under consideration; in summer mild to strong north-. east winds cause choppy waves on the beach; local ‘*Southerlies’’ affect the area after periodsof warm weather, while storms blow at rare intervals from the south-east. and south-west quadrants. These occur generally as south. and south-east gales at a short distance off the coast and heavy waves are forced through the Botany heads on to the subject beach. The waves generated either in the bay or in the ocean do not strike Lady Robinson’s Beach SHORELINE STUDIES AT BOTANY BAY. 167 squarely, but reach the northern point about a minute earlier than the southern one. The small cuspate fore- lands which break up the otherwise simple curvature of the southern portion of the beach experience the breaking of the wave a little before those portions which lie immedi- ately to the north. With these insignificant local excep- tions, the wave, as it is traced southwards, may be said to lag behind the northern portions in a uniform manner, the rate of travel from north to south, however, of the inter- sections of the breaking wave with the beach being very great. Cusps or Scallops—It was noted that during periods of strong local north-east and south-east winds, or indeed, of winds which acted along rather than at right angles to the beach, that neither beach cusps nor scallops were formed, but instead of such forms, a smooth beach was made with a ledge of erosion marking the maximum advance of the waves,’ the position and height of the ledge depending. upon the strength of the wind and the height of the high tide. The influence of a strong local wind upon a heavy . ground swell was insignificant, however. While a heavy storm was at its height no scallops were seen. The heavier the storm on Lady Robinson’s Beach, the flatter the beach and the higher was it piled in its central portions. Directly, however, the maximum strength of the waves had gone, the beach became scalloped with cusps, the sizes of which were approximately proportional to the heights of the waves. The larger axes of these cusps varied in direction according to the direction of approach of the storm waves and the direction of the wind, but it was always noted that the cusps were arranged in sets, and that these sets had a definite relationship to the configuration of the beach. Thus the main southern salient was only once observed to have 1 Andrews, E. C., Op. cit. 168 E. 0. ANDREWS. been scalloped and the strand at the tiny indentation to the immediate north never appears to have been scalloped. Nevertheless, thence to the north the cusp3 were very prominent, but at another point almost in the central por- tion of the northern or main arc of the beach, a space about 150 to 200 yards in length was cuspless, whereas north and south of this length of smooth beach the cusps might be traced gradually through insignificant markings to deep and well-spaced examples. During the seven years of observation it was noted also, in periods of offshore winds, that the breaking waves or wavelets generated whole series of interfering circles or curves which travelled up the beach in geometrical pat- terns. These patterns were similar to those produced on a smooth pond by throwing stones into it simultaneously at regularly-spaced intervals along a line or zone. It was noted in every case that the interfering circular or curved ridges and troughs were larger and higher in proportion to the height of the breaking wave. It was considered finally that the breaking wave might be considered as a number of unit columns of falling water, which were urged or impelled onward again by the unex- pended energy of the wave portion which had not actually broken. In proportion to the height and volume of the breaking wave, so would be the energy of the interferences between the falling or cascading columns of water, and these would arrange themselves into regularly-spaced interferences of major importance as in the case of other varieties of rhythmical interference. In this particular case the major interferences bore a definite and simple relation to the strength of the fall of the unit columns or sections of the breaking and advancing wave, and these main interference figures were expressed on the beach as erosion and accumulation forms. From the salients, the sets were spaced with intermediate nodes of smooth beach. SHORELINE STUDIES AT BOTANY BAY. 169 The building of the beach behind the limit of the wave of normal weather.—The great storm of July 1912, as far as Lady Robinson’s Beach was concerned, was really a series of great ground swells, these being pulsed into Botany Bay by the action of a tempest at some distance offshore. During the height of the storm, when so much damage was done to the beaches, the wind was actually offshore at the beach under consideration. During this storm a cliff almost vertical and of height varying from five to fourteen feet was excavated by the waves in the sand dunes of the beach. In Fig. 1 is depicted the general appearance of the southern portion of the beach in August 1916, more than four years after the great gale had gone. The cliff of erosion is subdued but it is easily the dominant form of the beach immediately seawards of the higher points of the sand dunes. BCD = Terrace of accumulation. Fig. 1—Diagrammatic representation of shoreline profiles at Ramsgate, on southern end of Lady Robinson’s Beach (September, 1916). B B'N DC = Terrace formed beyond wave limit by blown sand and Spinifex since July 1912. D E'E = Profile cut by 1912 storm. Beneath the subdued cliff (Plates V, VI, figs. 1 and 3) a narrow terrace may be observed, about twelve to fifteen feet wide and four to six feet above ordinary high tide. To 170 E. C. ANDREWS. the casual observer this has a striking superficial similarity to a raised beach, nevertheless the writer has observed its actual growth asa terrace of accumulation during the past four years. After the great storm of 1912 had excavated a high cliff in the sand dunes the winds began to pile up the sand under this cliff of erosion and beyond the reach of the waves of the period 1912-1916. At the same time a great sand- binder, namely, Spinifex hirsutus, commenced to send its long runners underneath the cliff of sand, and so helped to fix the sand. Little by little the sand was piled under the cliff, and little by little the Spinifex bound all together and Maintained a surface approximately level. At the present rate of growth it would take a period of twenty to thirty years to obliterate the trace of the 1912 storm unless indeed, in the meantime, an onshore storm still greater than that of 1912, should visit the beach. It was stated by certain local residents that the action of the prevailing north-easterly would hide the traces of the storm quickly, say, within a month or two of July 1912. The writer has always agreed with Dr. G. K. Gilbert’ that the form of the beach has been determined by the great storm of the decade or the generation, or perhaps even of the century, and he has accordingly made test observations during a long period with the result that he considers Gilbert’s principle may be accepted as established. The accompanying brief notes may help to illustrate this point. Lady Robinson’s Beach has been visited by several great gales during the past sixty years. The greatest of these, considered from the point of view of action in this bay, was the Dunbar Storm in 1857. The next in point of severity was the Dandenong Storm in September 1876, the 1 Gilbert, G. K., “Topographic Features of Lake Shores.” U.S. Geo- logical Survey, Fifth Ann. Rept. 1883 - 1884, pp. 89, 90. SHORELINE STUDIES AT BOTANY BAY. 17) next again was the great storm of May 1889, while the storm of July 1912 was far less severe than any of those just mentioned although the waves in the bay were greater during 1912 than they had been since 1889. The writer has only a hazy recollection of the storm of 1876, being then but five years of age, but, as a youth, he has a vivid recollection of the storm of 1889 and of its effects on the beach. According to the reliable testimony of old residents, the waves, during the 1857 and 1876 storms, sent drenching clouds of spray well inland of the sand dunes, a condition of things which was only reproduced to a slight extent during the great storm of 1889. In Plate VII isa representation of the beach to-day near its northern end. Here the clifis of erosion in the dunes are lower than those towards the southern and central portions of the beach. The terrace of accumulation during 1912—1916 may be seen landward of the present beach cusps; above that rises the cliff made in 1912. Above that again is the subhorizontal surface of the sand accumulated since the 1889 storm, while beyond that may be seen the action of erosion by the waves of the 1889 and 1876 storms. The writer has not been able to trace the effect of the 1857 storm on the sand dune area, and it is believed by him that it coincides practically with the erosion of the 1876 storm. Here then is a striking confirmation of Gilbert’s principle of the action of the dominant wave in the formation of the salient forms of the shoreline. The Action of the Wind—Another highly interesting and significant point has been brought out by these simple but direct observations. The writer has never seen his way clear to the acceptance of the idea of the formation of peneplains by wind action at high levels in dense masses oi heterogeneous rocks, because it has seemed to him that an eroding wind must, like other streams, take account of 172 E. C. ANDREWS. the varying degrees of hardness and strength in the material attacked, and that it must tend to carve ravines and valleys in the softer rocks and leave the harder masses as residuals. Furthermore it seems improbable that a wind should blow steadily over great regions with constant direction and uniform strength during a geological period so as to accomplish peneplanation. AN i ae = RS Se Sora == —————_.. A BC—Trenches cut by wind. Fig. 2.—Diagram of central portion of Lady Robinson’s Beach in 1915. . The V-shaped trenches have been cut by wind in the subdued storm profiles of the 1912 storm. The terrace beneath the subdued cliff is a growth since July 1912. No sooner had the cliff been cut in the sand dunes of Lady Robinson’s Beach by the storm waves of July 1912, than the unstable profile was subdued rapidly in great measure. Children in hundreds, attracted by the unac- customed and enticing nature of the sand cliff, tumbled, cascaded, and slid, down the face until the slope was reduced rapidly to an angle less than 50° to the horizontal. The wind also attacked it vigorously, especially on the cliff edge. Many sand binders had fixed the dunes in great measure previously, for example, Spinifex hirsutus, Leptos- permun icevigatum, Zoysia pungens, Correa alba, Mes- embryanthemum equilaterale, Xerotes longifolia, Rhagodia Billiardieri, Imperata arundinacea, Cynodon dactylon, SHORELINE STUDIES AT BOTANY BAY. 173 Leucopogon lanceolatus, Sccevola suaveolens, and Acacia longifolia var. sophora. Many of these, however, had been removed from the sand dunes for purposes of park-making prior to the 1912 storm, and the chief sand binders at that time were Spinifex hirsutus, Leucopogon lanceolatus, Xerotes longifolia (Liliacez), and Zoysia pungens. The storm waves of 1912 undercut the long trailing stems of the Spinifex, and exposed the long, broad, and deeply-set, tufts of the roots of Xerotes in the sand cliff. Within a year from July 1912, the wind had cut gullies or gutters in the cliffs (Fig. 2 and Plate Vl). The mouths of such gullies or deep trenches opened out at the beach level and the gutters of the trenches rose steeply to the crests of the dunes in which they had been cut by the wind. The sand moved in cutting the trenches may be seen piled behind the heads of the trenches so formed where it was fixed quickly by Cynodon dactylon, Zoysia pungens, and other sand binders. The longer axes of these trenches point, in the main, to the north-west or west-north-west, indicating the southerly gales as their originators. The erosive action of the wind is thus seen to be decidedly differential. As arule the wind corroded an unprotected sand area lying between a mass of Xerotes and a grass patch. The wind removed the unbound sand while the grass-covered patch of the Xerotes mass remained un- scathed. Unless a great storm in the meantime, should arise to modify the beach profiles profoundly, the later history of the wind action would be to build the lower terrace up to the tops of the dunes and to fill the gullies in the dunes formed by the wind acting on the sandcliff front. Certain Observations on other Beaches around Sydney. As throwing light on the reason for the existence of the present beach at Lady Robinson’s, Botany Bay, it may be advisable to mention certain features connected with other 174 E. C. ANDREWS. beaches in the neighbourhood and with the hinterland of the subject beach. The highest sand dunes of Lady Robinson’s Beach rise about 25 feet above the average height of the bay, and ; these overlook the series of long sandridges and flat troughs which rise about 15 or 17 feet above the bay level and 1000 to 1400 yards in width. Similar sand flats about 12 or 15 feet above sea level, and modified in places by sand ridges rising to accordant heights, tie various recent islands together around Sydney. On the seaward edge of these flats, high sand dunes have been piled. Sire y e A < /_ aes Fi: xe Fiz. 3.—Diagram of shoreline forms near Long Reef. ABC =awell-subdued profile of sapping. CH = subhorizontal terrace of erosion in gently-dipping rocks. G = Low water mark. High cliffs of sandstone, dipping gently inland, occur around Sydney. At Long Reef and Narrabeen the cliffs are subdued and are formed of sandstone and other rocks dipping somewhat gently to the south-south-west. Under these clifis horizontal ledges of sandstones occur, never- theless such ledges transgress the bedding planes of the sandstones, thus shewing that the surfaces of the ledges SHORELINE STUDIES AT BOTANY BAY. 175 have been formed independently of the bedding planes. Especially well is this feature shewn at certain points near Sydney as at Long Reef, examined in 1916 by Dr. H. E. Gregory of Yale, Mr. J. H. Carne, State Government Geo- logist, and the writer. These platforms vary in width from a few yards to as much, perhaps, as 150 or 200 yards. They are awash at high tide. The cliffs have been ex- cavated in sandstone and tough shales and they are well subdued forms with a moderate thickness of soil and sub- soil beneath, through which the rock structure is visible only in a few places of insignificant size. Trees also of con- siderable age are growing thereon. The general appear- ance of the exposures indicates that for some reason the sea has not sapped these subdued slopes for a hundred years ifnot much more. In addition to this evidence, it may be mentioned that certain of the more vertical clifis in the hard sandstone around Sydney overlook rock platforms lying above high water mark. These cliffs have their bases cumbered with heavy rock masses which have fallen from the cliffs above. So high out of the water and so heavy are these fallen masses that they were not moved by the 1912 storm, neither indeed do the great storms of 1889 nor 1876 appear to have moved them. ‘These plat- forms are at such heights that heavy storm waves could not have carved them during the period which the sea has stood at its present level, seeing that the action is not due to benching, but to actual truncation of rocks dipping gently inland, and moreover, a low cliff of submarine erosion forms the seaward aspect of the bench or terrace. The present position of these benches of marine erosion can be explained satisfactorily only upon the assumption of a recent and slight emergence of the land. Inasmuch as Lady Robinson’s Beach is centred among all these emerging features, it may be explained, therefore, as a beach formed upon a set of shoals which have emerged 176 E. C. ANDREWS. only recently from Botany Bay. The emergence was due either to an elevation of the land or to a sinking of the sea level. The movement appears to have taken place several hundreds of years ago. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLate V. Fig. 1.—Illustration of beach forms during September 1916, at southern end of Lady Robinson’s Beach. The terrace of accumul- ation since July 1912, and the subdued profile of the 1912 storm may be seen. Fig. 2.—Shore profiles at northern portion of Lady Robinson’s Beach. The scallops of the present beach, the terrace of accu- mulation (1912 — 1916), and the subdued profiles of the cliffs made by the 1912 and 1889 storms may be seen. Puate VI. Fig. 1.—Shoreline profiles along northern portion of Lady Robinson’s Beach, showing action of wind upon terrace of accu- mulation built during the period 1889 — 1912. Fig. 2—Shoreline profiles at southern portion of Lady Robin- son’s Beach. Journal Royal Society of N.S.W.,Vol. L., 1916, Plate V. Journal of Royal SocietyN.S.W.,Vol. L., 1916. Plate VI. MG Fig, 2. ART, 2 es ART. — ART. ART. ART. ART. CONTENTS. I.— PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. By R. Greic-SMITH, D.se. .., ae : II.—Some Amphipoda and Isopoda from Barrington Tops. By CHARLES CHILTON, M.A., D.Sc. (Communicated by Mr.C. — . Hapuey). a Saas eS ger III.—The Analysis of Toluene a Benzene in CoalTar Oils. By Grorce HABkER, D.sc. ioe ae as. ee «a OO Se IV.—Notes on Australian Fungi, No. III. By J. Burton ees CLELAND, M.D., and Epwin CHEEL. ... a 0 g2ht ae V.—Napier’s Logarithms: : the Development of his Theory. Si: By H. S. Carsnaw, Sc.D. ... ae eee a xa ae VI.—Acacia Seedlings, Part Ik By BR. H. Cama F.LS. a [With Plates F=1V.4 2 oc a Sa ee VII.—Sboreline Studies at Botany Bay. By E. C. ANDREWS, B.A., F.G.8. aaah Plates V, VI.] ao aa ec ie Rees A © i a eh ae ie th cate see Mane 2 ae oe oy 4 ; * ie Y “ S75 eg oe mae § * on r- bans a thse et 2 s po Se j-" E ie ie \, P 2 rig a ie on <- - he SUED ON sist, 1917, bn OX Beas eee Ze as f Fe Bes] i s a , 7 ° Part II. OF THE + “SOCIETY | NEW SOUTH WALES FOR | 1916. PART IL, (pp. 177 - -276). ‘ConraINnine PAPERS READ IN - OCTOBER, to DECEMBER. WITH FOURTEEN PLATES. (Plates Vii, = Xi); S th : | ; - SYDNEY: - : "PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY, 5 ELIZABETH STREET, SYDNEY. paw LONDON AGENTS: = visas ‘GEORGE ROBERTSON & Co., PROPRIETARY LIMITED, | ‘ ae - 17 Warwick Square, PaternosteR Row, Lonpoy, B.C. 4 eres eS Foe ABGR i | rae a — « _F, W. WHITE, Typ., 344 Kent Street, Sydney. : = "Eiki EAN j é * ESSENTIAL OIL FROM BARK OF EUCALYPTUS MACARTHURI. is ON THE ESSENTIAL OIL FROM THE BARK OF EUCALYPTUS MACARTHURI, By HENRY G. SMITH, F.C.S. [Read before the Royal Society of N. 8S. Wales, October 4, 1916. | It has been generally known to distillers, who have ex- tracted the essential oil from the leaves of this Kucalyptus, that the bark is particularly odoriferous. The leaf oil is very rich in geranyl-acetate and appears never to contain less than 60 per cent. of that constituent, while a consider- able amount of free geraniol is present also. _ The first analysis of the oil of this species will be found in the Journal of this Society, November 1900. Since that time numerous analyses have been made with the oil dis- tilled at various times of the year, and these have all been in agreement with the one first published. Quite recently a considerable demand has arisen in Australia for perfumery oils from indigenous trees, and consequently a good deal of oil has been distilled from the leaves of HE. Macarthuri, the product being one of the best geraniol bearing oils obtainable from Australian plants. It was found that an essential oil could also be distilled commercially from the bark of this species, and it was thus considered desirable that the composition and quality of this bark oil should be determined prior to it being placed on the market. The Technological Museum is indebted to Mr. J. Quigg of Wingello in this State, who kindly forwarded the freshly stripped bark for the purpose of distillation. It had been obtained from fair sized trees, and ranged in thickness up to 13 inches. The odour of geranyl-acetate was distinctly L—October 4, 1916. 178 H. G. SMITH. marked on the freshly cut edges, and when coarsely ground for distillation had a very pleasant odour. The yield of oil by steam distillation from this ground bark was somewhat disappointing, as it did not exceed that obtainable from the mature leaves; but the statement has been made that at certain times of the year, the yield of oilis much greater than that obtainable from the leaves at the same period. The analyses of the oil from the bark show it to be identical in composition with that obtainable from the leaves, so that no separation need be made for commercial purposes. With trees of fair size it should be profitable to steam distil the bark for its oil, that is, if it be considered necessary to cut down the trees in the process of manu- facture. The production of ‘“‘suckers”’ from the stumps of the felled trees is somewhat rapid, so that a fresh supply of leaves would soon be available, and an excellent oil is obtainable from this young foliaceous growth. Experimental. The bark, which was stripped in November 1915, was chopped into small pieces and coarsely ground ina mill. It was then steam distilled. The yield of oil was equal to 0°12 per cent. The crude oil was of a light amber colour and had a very marked odour of geranyl-acetate, and in this, as well as in other respects, was in agreement with the leaf oil. The crude oil had the following characters:— Specific gravity at 15° CO. = 0°9214 Optical Rotation ap = + 1°2° Refractive index at 20° C. = 1°4718 Soluble in 1°2 volumes 70 per cent. alcohol. The optical activity of the oil is due to the presence of a small quantity of dextrorotatory pinene. The stearoptene ESSENTIAL OIL FROM BARK OF EUCALYPTUS MACARTHURI. 179 —eudesmol—, which is a constant constituent in the leaf oil, has not been noticed in the bark oil. A determination of the ester by cold saponification in alcoholic potash with two hours’ contact, gave the follow- dng result:—1‘107 gram oil required 0°1876 gram KOH, giving as saponification number 169°5, equal to 59°3 per cent. geranyl-acetate. : A portion of the oil was acetylated by boiling with acetic anhydride and sodium acetate in the usual way. 1°028 gram of the acetylated oil by cold saponification required 0°2044 gram KOH, giving as saponification number 198°8, equal to 69°6 per cent. of ester. The saponification number was thus increased by 29°3, corresponding to 10°25 per cent. ester derived from the free geraniol in the oil. * * * * A sample of crude oil was distilled in October 1915, at Wingello, by Mr. J. Quigg from the bark of this species, and forwarded to the Technological Museum. This oil was light amber in colour and had a good odour. It contained a larger amount of ester than did the oil distilled at the Museum, and had the following characters:— Specific gravity at 15° C. = 0°9099 Optical rotation ap = + 1°4 Refractive index at 20° = 1°4648 - Soluble in 1°2 volumes 70 per cent. alcohol. The saponification number for the ester by cold saponi- fication with two hours’ contact was 195, equal to 68°2 per cent. geranyl-acetate. The saponification number of the acetylated oil by cold saponification was 224, equal to 78°4 per cent. of ester, an increase in the saponification number of 29, representing 10°2 per cent. of ester formed with the free geraniol in the oil. aa a SA > 180 . H. G. SMITH, A commercial. sample of the bark oil of this species, distilled by Mr. Quigg at Wingello, in March 1913, and presented to the Museum by De Meric Ltd., George Street, Sydney, had the following characters :— Specific gravity at 15° O. = 0°9218 Optical rotation ay = + 1°2° Refractive index at 20° = 1°4711 Soluble in 1°2 volumes 70 per cent. alcohol. The saponification number by cold saponification with two hours’ contact was 169, equal to 59’2 per cent. geranyl- acetate. The results obtained with this sample are almost identical with those given by the oil distilled at the Museum two years later. The results are tabulated for comparison :— fend. No, |Sap: No.|Solubil-} Samples. - nee Rot. ap He tnd Sorte acetyla-| ity 70% at 1 : at20°C.| Ester. | 464 oi). | aleohol > Museum, 11/1915 |0-9214) +1-2°|1-4718) 169-5] 198-8 |1-2vols), Quige’s 10/1915 |0-9099| +1-4°/1-4648| los | 224 (1-2 Quige’s 3/1913 |0-9218) +1-2°]1-4711] 169 | ... {1-2 9 | This Hucalyptus is one of the very few species of the genus from which an essential oil can be distilled from the bark, and, so far as at present known, it is the only one which, in this respect, may be considered of value from a. commercial point of view. }>) » = UNDESCRIBED DARWINIA AND ITS ESSENTIAL OIL. 181 ON AN UNDESCRIBED DARWINIA AND ITS ESSENTIAL OIL. By R. T. BAKER and H. G. SMITH. “With Plates VII and VIII. [Read before the Royal Society of N. S. Wales, December 6, 1916. ] DARWINIA GRANDIFLORA, Sp. nov. (Syn. D. taxifolia var. grandiflora, Benth.) Remarks. In a paper read by us before this Society in 1899 we state p. 164, inter alia, that “‘it is intended to raise this variety to specific rank when its chemical constituents have been investigated.” | At that time its botanical affinities to and specific differ- ences from its congeners, D. taxifolia, A. Cunn., and D. fascicularis, Rudge, were worked out, but we preferred to wait until the oil had been procured and analysed, before specially describing it. ) _ Several attempts were made from time to time to pro- cure leaves, but it was not until Dr. Oleland informed us of a locality on the Hawkesbury River that sufficient material was procurable for a distillation. : Even in this case the amount of leaves was not what we could have wished, but sufficient was obtained to give the required data for this paper. In botanical sequence it stands between D. taxifolia, A. Cunn., and D. fascicularis, Rudge, having some characters of each and differences from both, and the same remarks apply to the chemistry. The flowers have a greater resemblance to those of the latter rather than the former, and the leaves to the former rather than the latter. = 182 R. T. BAKER AND H. G. SMITH. It differs from D. taxifolia in being a more erect and higher growing shrub, and the leaves being distinctly decussate and not nearly so much crowded, larger and flatter, and not glaucous. Its flowers are also more fleshy,. and the calyces lack the ribs so prominent a feature in both the other species. The bracts also differ in shape from both species, whilst the disposition and the shape of the leaves clearly separate it from D. fascicularis. Chemically the constituents obtained from the leaves place the oil intermediate between those of its congeners. Description of Species. It is an erect shrub growing to a height of fifteen feet, never arborescent as far as seen, with reddish terminal branchlets. Leaves decussate, distant in the upper branchlets, and never so close together or crowded as in D. taxifolia and D. fascicularis, nor glaucous as obtains in the former species; falcate, laterally compressed, acute, 7 to 8 lines long, the mid-rib not showing, the upper surface channelled with acute edges, oil glands not so pronounced as in the above species, uniform colour to the articulation with the decurrent petiole in the stem. Flowers terminal, about 5 lines long, in clusters of 3 to 4, pink, white, and green in colour. | _Bracteoles broad, with scarious edges, oil glands very numerous, acuminate, not so long as the calyx. Calyx fleshy, the lower half quite round, not ribbed or corrugated, shining and much pitted, the upper portion with five narrow channels between each portion of sepal, which may be said to be here valvate, the free lobes wae acuminate and incurved. Petals white, broad, about 1 line long. UNDESCRIBED DARWINIA AND ITS ESSENTIAL OIL. 183 Staminodia very small, subulate, about as long as the filaments. Style well exserted, sometimes over an inch long. Histology of Leaf. In a transverse section the usual leaf structure of angio- sperms obtains, except the guard cells of the stomata, which are of rather unusual form, being shaped in transverse section like the arms of a pair of callipers. | In the centre is the midrib, proportionately small to the area of the section, and surrounded by a ring of endodermic cells supported by a very loose mesophyll or spongy tissue which is bounded by parenchyma carrying chloroplastids, followed outward by palisade layers, the whole encircled by a single row of deep epidermic cells in length equalling the depth of the palisade cells. Sparsely scattered through- out the latter are the oil glands. Interpolated between the palisade and loose parenchyma tissue are found elongated water storage tracheides with spiral thickenings, a useful provision of nature for this arenaceous plant. The stomata are not numerous, but are interesting, for the guard cells are quite unique in shape, being curved like the mandibles of some coleopterous insect or a pair of callipers, the free ends in section tapering to a sharp point. A high magnification shows a few scattered hairs on the surface of the leaf. Essential O11. The material for distillation was collected at the Hawkes- bury River, New South Wales, early in November, and when distilled was quite fresh. The average yield of oil from the leaves with terminal branchlets was 0°12 per cent. The oil was red in colour, somewhat mobile, and had a terpene like odour. In general characters and appear- 184 R. T. BAKER AND H. G. SMITH. ance it more closely resembled the oil of Darwinia fasci- cularis than that of D. taxifolia, and the study of the chemistry of the oil indicates its intermediate position between those two species. The crude oil had Specific gravity at 15° O. = 0°9150 Optical rotation ap = + 23°1° Refractive index at 20° O. = 1°4773 Scarcely soluble in 10 volumes 80 per cent. alcohol. Determination of ester with alcoholic potash. (a) Heated to boiling on water bath for half an hour, 1°5345 gram required 0°154 gram KOH..S.N.=100°4 (b) In cold with two and three-quarter hours contact, 1°5340 gram required 0°1484 gram KOH ..S.N. = 96°7 equal to 33°84 per cent. geranyl-acetate. This result shows that the saponification number 3°7 represents an ester not saponified in the cold with two and three-quarter hours contact, and as butyric acid was detected during the determination of the fatty acids, it is possible that this ester is a butyrate. Determination of the fatty acids. Sulphuric acid was added to the aqueous portion after saponification, which was then distilled until all the volatile acids had come over. The perfectly clear distillate was exactly neutralised with barium hydrate solution, evapor- ated to dryness and heated in air bath at 100 — 105° CO. The sulphate wag prepared from a weighed portion in the usual way; 0°2716 gram of the barium salt gave 0°2446 gram BaSO, = 90°07 per cent. The odour of butyric acid was distinctly marked, and, assuming the two combined acids to be acetic and butyric, the results show the barium salt to contain 92°15 per cent. barium acetate, and 7°85 per cent. barium butyrate. The separated oil after saponification had a distinct odour of geraniol. UNDESCRIBED DARWINIA AND ITS ESSENTIAL OIL. 185 The investigation of the oil of Darwinia fascicularis* showed the ester to be geranyl-acetate, the alcohol being separated in a pure condition. The amount of oil of the present species, at our disposal, did not permit the isolation of the alcohol, but from the saponification results in the cold, together with the odour of the saponified oil, it is evident that the principal ester in this species is geranyl- acetate also. Determination of the chief terpene. When the oil was distilled directly a considerable portion came over between 156 - 160° C., and no less than 30 per cent. distilled below 165° ©. This fraction had a pinene- like odour and had :— Specific gravity at 15° C. = 0°872. Optical rotation ay + 41°6’. Refractive index at 20° = 1°4685. The nitrosochloride was prepared with it, and this, when purified, melted at 104°C. It is thus evident that the lower boiling terpene in this oil is a highly dextrorotatory pinene. The pinene in the oil of D. taxifolia is levorotatory, while the corresponding terpene in the oil of D. fasicularis has a dextro rotation. The presence of a small quantity ofa volatile acid with a higher molecular weight than that of acetic was also determined in the esters of D. fascicul- aris, so that the resemblances between the characters of the oils of D. grandifiora and D. fascicularis are distinctly shown. For comparison the results obtained with the crude oils of the three species of Darwinia are here tabulated. 1 This Journal, Vol. xxx11I1, (1899), p. 163. 186 R. T. BAKER AND H, G. SMITH. | D, fascicularis.| D. grandiflora. | D. taxifolia. Sp. ot. ab Lo (Cr. 0:9184 0-915 0°8779 Rotation ap Zuid + 1:2° +23:1° — 6°5° Ref. index at 20°C. hep 1°4773 at Ester by boiling ... 60°7/ 35°17 5°37 Ester in the cold... 587 33°87 ares : Yield of oil S 0:318% Ola? - 03137 | Distribution. Berowra, R. T. Baker. Left bank of the Hawkesbury River, opposite Milson Island, Dr. J. B. Cleland. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Prate VII. . Flowering twig. Individual flower. . Transverse section of calyx. . Transverse section of calyx. . Longitudinal section of lower portion of flower. . Flower cut open to show disposition of stamen and staminodia- and 8. Two bracts. Io of & BD H+ 1 to 8 enlarged. Pirate VIII, Transverse section of leaf, showing anatomical structure. — Plate VII. Journal Royal Society of N.S. W.,Vol. L., 1916. SP. Novy, DARWINIA GRANDIFLORA, Journal Royal Society of N.S.W.,Vol. L., 1916. Plate VITI. TRANSVERSE SECTION OF LEAF OF DARWINIA GRANDIFLORA, SP. Nov. > O; TREMATODES OF AUSTRALIAN BIRDS. 187 ON THE TREMATODES OF AUSTRALIAN BIRDS. By 8S. J. JOHNSTON, B.A., D.Sc. ‘With Plates IX to XIX. [Read before the Royal Society of N. S. Wales, December 6, 1916. | Introduction. THE subject-matter of this paper naturally falls into two parts. In the first part twenty-one species, belonging to nine families or sub-families of Trematodes, are described asnew. Upto this time thirty-three species were already known from birds as hosts, and in the second part of this paper the relationships of all fifty-four are discussed and some attempt made to show the meaning of their relation- ships and distribution. For many of the specimens which form the subject- matter of Part I, I am indebted to four of my friends, Dr. T. Harvey Johnston, of the University of Queensland, Dr. S. J. Moreau of the Queen Victoria Sanatorium, Wentworth Falls, Dr. J. B. Cleland of the Government Bureau of Microbiology, Sydney, and Mr. Launcelot Harrison, lately demonstrator of Zoology in the Sydney University. Where possible, that is, in the case of those collected by myself, the worms have been studied in the living condition; and in all cases by means of whole mounts and serial sections, except in two, where there was only a single specimen. The whole mounts have been in most cases stained with heematoxylin which I have found, on the whole, the most suitable stain for these worms; and the serial sections with hematoxylin (either iron or Ehrlichs) and eosin. In describing each new species a short diagnosis has been given in every case, summarising the principal features of the species; those which are regarded by me as being 188 S. J. JOHNSTON, specially characteristic are printed in italics. In addition to this diagnosis a sufficiently detailed account of its anatomy has been given, and its relationships to other forms discussed. PART I. Family FASCIOLIDZ. Subfamily CHANOGONIMINA. SCAPHANOCEPHALUS AUSTRALIS, sp. n. (Fig. 1 and 1a.) Diagnosis.—Body like S. expansus in shape, but shorter and broader, yet with larger suckers and pharynx. Integu- ment with a few small spines. Testes not deeply lobed, but fairly solid bodies, with their surfaces marked into low ridges by shallow grooves. Eggs larger, but especially broader than in S. expansus, from 0°024 x 0°019 mm., to 0°032 x 0°0213 mm. Host—Haliaetus leucogaster, in the small intestine. Type specimen in the Australian Museum, Sydney, No. W. 426. In June 1910, at Terrigal, a coastal village fifty miles north of Sydney, I collected three specimens of a trematode from the small intestine of a white-bellied sea-eagle, Haliaetus leucogaster, which appeared at once to be very closely related to, if not identical with Scaphanocephalus expansus, Crepl., described by Jagerskiold and obtained from the stomach of a sea-eagle near Tor, on the Red Sea. A more exhaustive examination with the microscope revealed a number of characteristic differences in the Australian form, which I now describe as a new species under the name of S. australis. My specimens, after an examination with a simple lens in a living state, were shaken up in salt solution, fixed in sublimate acetic and transferred to 70% alcohol. One specimen was mounted whole, and the other two cut into sections. Both in the TREMATODES OF AUSTRALIAN BIRDS. 189 living state and after preservation, the body in all cases was bent in the form of a narrow \V, the anterior half bending down sharply, in a ventral direction on to the posterior half. When this was pushed back, the worm showed the very characteristic JT shape, with the thin, expanded anterior end, produced outwards into a pair of lateral wings. The worms were quite flat, i7.e., their dorso- ventral thickness was quite small in comparison with their width. The Australian form proved to be shorter and broader than the African. The length varied from 3 to 3°25 mm., the breadth of the anterior part being 2°2 mm., that of the posterior part 1°17 mm. The cuticle is smooth, but sections showed the presence of small spines lying in the cuticle, hardly projecting on the surface: the striping of the anterior end mentioned by Jagerskiold, and pro- duced by the presence of numerous longitudinal grooves on the surface, was hardly noticeable. The suckers are small, but larger than those of its congener, though the latter worm is larger. The oral sucker is 0°134 x 0°107 mm.; the pharynx is 0°096 x 0°075 mm., the combined ventral and genital sucker 0°276 x 0°214 mm, The excretory pore is situated on the dorsal aspect of the body 0°07 —0°13 mm., from the posterior end. Alimentary Canal.—The pharynx is fairly well developed, the cesophagus narrow and moderately long (0°27 mm.), the intestinal limbs reaching almost to the posterior end of the body, and following the contour of the laterai borders, so. that in the anterior part of the body they form wide bays extending into the lateral wings of the worm. The intes- tinal limbs, while being comparatively narrow, (0°05 mm.) in diameter, are much wider than in S. expansus, where they measure only 0°012 mm. Excretory System.—The excretory vesicle, while con- forming, in general, pretty closely to the form described 190 S. J. JOHNSTON. by Jagerskidld in S. expansus shows some differences. Text figure lisa projection on squared paper, made from a series of transverse sections of the ventral aspect of the excretory vesicle and the two chief vessels. This vesicle differs from that of the African form chiefly in the fact that the main stem, just behind the posterior testis, divides into two branches which unite again in front of it, instead of the right branch ending blindly. Then in the space between the two testes these two wide branches form a network from Bye) ee eroteaehier which, at the level of the posterior tem of Scaphanocephalus end of the anterior testis two wide australis. Hx. v. excretory i, vesicle; E. collecting ves- branches emerge, one passing round sels. Projection onsquared gither gide of the testis. One of paper from a series of trans- verse sections. The names these branches ends blindly and the of the organs that form easily recognisable features exact arrangement seems to be sub- are written down in the ject to variation, for in one of my position in which the organ ; cw ae ; occurs. Specimens it is the right which so. ends, while in another it is the left. The remaining branch, behind the ovary and receptaculum seminis, divides into two long arms which run forwards, widely separated from one another by the loops of the uterus, but converging in front of this soas to come almost into contact in front of the ventral sucker, where they end as more or less wide pockets. Hach of these pockets gives off a tube that runs out fairly straight at right angles to the long axis of the body, into the lateral wings: these transverse tubes are excretory vessels, as distinct from the vesicle, their walls being of a character entirely different from those of the latter. They pass to the outer side of TREMATODES OF AUSTRALIAN BIRDS. 191 the intestinal limbs and divide each into two branches, one of which runs forwards and inwards, the other back- wards and inwards (fig. 1). In addition to these vessels, a number of minute vessels arise from the vesicle at various points, and end in flame cells. The flame cell (fig. la) has a rounded body witha large nucleus and an elongated tuft of cilia. Nervous System.—The cerebral ganglia lie just behind the pharynx, one on either side of the cesophagus. Large nerve trunks pass off from them backwards and outwards to the lateral border of the wings (fig. 1). Fig. 2.—Transverse section through the region of one of the testes, showing the space by which the testis is surrounded, and the strands of connective tissue by which it is held in place. Ew. v., excretory vesicle; Int., intestine; Sp., spaces round the testis; St., strands crossing the space; V.d, vas deferens; Y.g., yolk-glands. Genitalia.—The genital opening lies in the depth of the genital sinus, which is situated just in front of the junction of the wide anterior and the narrow posterior parts of the body. The ventral sucker, bounding the genital sinus in front is placed 0°543 mm., behind the oral sucker. The gonads lie in a straight line, one behind the other in the posterior half of the body, the ovary in front and the testes behind. The testes are large, oval, fairly solid bodies, (fig. 1), the surfaces raised up into a few wide, low ridges, but not deeply divided into lobes as in S. expansus. They are approximately equal in size and lie with their long 192 8. J. JOHNSTON. axes at right angles to the long axis of the body, and are surrounded by a very loose connective tissue or a cavity crossed by strands of connective tissue (Text fig. 2). The two vasa deferentia unite at a level some distance in front Fig. 3.—Transverse section through the va- gina of Scaphanocephalus australis, showing the muscular layers in its walls. H.p., lining epi- thelium; O.m., circular muscle; Rm., radial mus- cle; L.m., longitudinal muscle. _ Fig. 4.— Longitudinal sec- tion of Scaphanocephalus aus- tralis, passing through the C.s.b., cone- G.s., genital genital sucker. shaped body; of the ovary after running for a space closely applied to one another, to enter together a more or less capacious vesicula seminalis; in some speci- mens it is very much larger than in others. There is no cirrus sac nor cirrus, but a fairly long ejaculatory duct with a group of prostate cells round its proximal end, lying free in the body parenchyma. This duct opens, close alongside the female opening, into a tubular common cham- ber 0°107 mm. long by 0°05 mm. wide. The walls of the vagina or metraterm are muscular and simi- lar in structure to those of the ejaculatory duct. Surrounding the epithelial lining is a strong layer containing radial fibres, and in addition, longitudinal fibres closely applied to the layer of circular (text fig. 3). The form of the “‘cone shaped’”’ body of Jagerskiold, and the arrangement of the muscular layers round the combined genital sinus and ventral sucker correspond closely with what is described for S. expansus.“® PP: 6-10) The part of sucker; V.sk., ventral sucker. this complex sucker that represents TREMATODES OF AUSTRALIAN BIRDS. 193 the ‘“‘genital sucker’’ is in the form of a thick horseshoe- shaped band or semi-circular arch of muscle fibres, with the bow of the arch directed forwards. At the posterior end the two limbs give off a number of fibres that run into the circular layer of the ventral sucker. (Text fig. 4). Apparently this does not occur in S. expansus or it has been overlooked by Jagerskiold. The function of the ‘‘cone-shaped’’ body may be, as Jagerskiold suggests, to “‘button’’ two copulating indi- viduals together ; and this may happen in such a way that the openings of the genital sinus in the two individuals are closely applied together so that the genital sinus of the one acting female at the time becomes filled with sperms from the one acting male. The peristaltic movements of the “‘vagina,’? movements which the structure of its muscular walls with its well marked circular and radial fibres shows it well able to perform, would then cause these sperms to pass into the female duct. But the formation of these parts suggests another possible explanation to me. The absence ofa proper cirrus or penis suggests that the animal is, perhaps, like so many other Trematodes that possess this character, self-fertilized. The “‘cone-shaped ”’ body is of such a form and size, and so placed, that it would fit pretty accurately into the concavity of that specially well developed semicircular band of muscle fibres at the anterior border of the sinus, thus forming a closed cavity of that spacious depression formed by the combined sinus and ventral sucker (text fig. 5). Into this closed cavity the sperms could be ejected by the ejacu- latory duct, to be taken up in turn by the movements of the vagina. The ovary is fairly large (0°407 x 0°155 mm.) placed with its long axis transverse, just behind the middle of the body. It is divided up into a considerable number of lobes. The ootype, yolk reservoir and transverse yolk M—December 6, 1916. 194 S. J. JOHNSTON. ducts lie behind the ovary. A receptaculum seminis, of considerable size, pear-shaped or rather like a cornucopia, lies on the right side, while at the same level but to the left is a fairly large “‘ shell-gland.”’ Fig. 5 —Transverse section Scaphanocephalus australis, in region of the ventral sucke , to show the arrangement of the muscle fibres in the genital and ventral suckers. O.m., circular muscle; G.s,, genital sucker; L.m., longitudinal muscle; M.c., muscle cells; R.m., radial muscle; V.sk., ven- ‘tral sucker. There is a short straight Laurer’s canal in the middle. The uterus, filled with numerous eggs, proceeds forwards to the genital opening in a series of five or six loops, trans- versely placed, and occupying the middle half of the body’s width, not extending outwards beyond the intestinal limbs. The follicles of the yolk glands are small (0°027 mm.) and exceedingly numerous; in front not extending further for- wards than the widely diverging parts of the intestinal limbs and reaching back, along the lateral aspects of the body to the extreme posterior end. Between and behind TREMATODES OF AUSTRALIAN BIRDS. 195 the testes they extend inwards towards the middle line. ‘This disposition corresponds pretty closely with what occurs in S, expansus. The eggs are a broad oval, the average size of all those measured (a large number) being 0°029 x 0°02 mm. The ‘smallest egg measured was 0°024 x 0°019 mm., the largest ‘0°032 x 0°022 mm. They are thus distinctly larger, and -especially broader than those of S. expansus, which measure 0°027 x 0°016 mm. The chief differences between S. expansus and S. australis ‘are that the latter is shorter and broader, but at the same time has somewhat larger suckers and pharnyx; the testes are very deeply lobed in S. expansus, but solid bodies with their surfaces marked rather into low ridges by shallow grooves in S. australis; and the eggs are larger, especially Sroader, in the latter. Subfamily ECHINOSTOMIN At. HIMASTHLA HARRISONI, sp. n. (Fig. 10.) Diagnosis.—Elongated, attenuated worm, flattened dorso- ventrally. Integument closely beset with thick spines. Head-collar with twenty-four spines in a-single row on its ‘order. Ratio of oral to ventral sucker 1:4. Testes and ovary close together in the posterior fifth of the body length. Yolk-glands confined to the posterior half of the body. Hggs broad elliptical, but pointed at both ends, 0°091 x 0°069 — 0°096 x 0°074 mm. Host—Numenius cyanopus, in the intestine. Type specimen in the Australian Museum, Sydney, No. W, 427. Three specimens of this worm were obtained from the Curlew, Numenius cyanopus, at Masthead Island, off the Queensland Coast, and one at Gladstone Q., by Launcelot Harrison, demonstrator of Zoology in Sydney University. 196 S. J. JOHNSTON. As is usual in this genus the body is very elongated and. flattened. The anterior part of the body is very thin and delicate, and in the region of the ventral sucker is deeply concave. All the specimens are about 12 mm. long, and find their greatest breadth at the level of the gonads where they are 0°809 mm. wide. Just behind the cirrus sac the body is only 0°326 mm. wide, and gradually increases down to the level of the gonads. At the middle of the body the width is 0°632 mm. Behind the testes the body narrows. to a blunt, rounded point. Down to the hinder end of the cirrus sac the integument is armed only with fine spines,. but behind that level the body is covered with transverse rows of closely placed, thick spines which give it a trans- versely striped appearance. The spines stand very close together, without measurable interval and have the form of almost cubical blocks with the free end produced into a. backwardly directed point. They gradually increase in size up to the level of the ovary and behind this point. gradually fade away. At the middle of the body they are 0°021 mm. thick by 0°018 mm. high, while at the level of the ovary they are ‘027 mm. thick. The head-collar is comparatively poorly developed but bears a row of conspicuous spines round its border. There are twenty-four of these spines, the largest along the ‘ lateral border measuring 0°069 x. Fig. 6.—Head collar and 0°015 mm. On the ventral side spines of Himasthla harrison. + +16 collar the largest is 0°057 x 0°015 mm. In addition to the spines round the border the ventral angles bear each four spines arranged in two pairs = two large and two small. The oral sucker is very small; it is spherical in shape and has a diameter of 0°085 mm. The ventral sucker lies about. TREMATODES OF AUSTRALIAN BIRDS. 197 1 mm. behind the anterior end and projects prominently on the surface. It is fairly globular and has a diameter of 0°347 mm. The ratio of the oral to the ventral sucker igs 1:4. The oesophagus leading back from the small pharynx (0°116 x 0°106 mm.) bifurcates just in front of the anterior end of the cirrus sac, and the two intestinal limbs run back to the posterior end of the body. The tubular excretory vesicle divides into two main branches immediately behind the posterior testis. The genital pore lies in the middle line of the ventral surface just in front of the anterior border of the ventral sucker. The cirrus sac, which is nearly filled by the volu- minous vesicula seminalis projects far behind the ventral sucker towards the posterior end. The gonads are situated very far back and lie in the posterior body-fifth. The testes are large, somewhat irregular, elliptical bodies lying close together and one behind the other in the middle line. In one specimen the posterior 0°776 x 0°33 mm., was a little longer than the anterior 0°698 , Sundry Receipts ... 380 ty 36 6 4 ———_—_ 92217 4 » Government Subsidy for 1915... 399 19 10 »5, Clarke Memorial Fund — Advances for the year... aa 290 0 0 £1682 7 § PayYMENTs. &. si die eee By Salaries and Wages — Office Salaries and Accountancy Fees ... 184 3 4 Assistant Librarian... ai = - A66+6 5 Caretaker... She phe A iP 2S 4a : 471 14 O » Printing, Stationery, Advertising, Stamps, etc.— Stamps and Telegrams _... a ne Oe re Office Sundries, Stationery, etc .... ues 4.19 10 Advertising ... we Se es ioe lvl Raa 50 17 5 ——_——— Carried forward Be 5 522° 11-6 ‘ Ad ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, Vv. PaymMEntTs—continued. £ s. dad. £& 8. d. Brought forward vee Nee 522 11 5 By Rates, Taxes and Services— Electric Light nes =e soe Seas tes are ott Gas... See es — sar He 516 1 Insurance... ae ss sisi ee ello oO Rates ... a a seh sa con comlor. O Telephone... se Aq sah ta 5 17 10 ——- 143 4 7 » Printing and Publishing Society’s Volume— Printing, etc... see a dee va 257 7 3 5, Library— Books and Periodicals es Jes Lee MOO Uae Book-binding eae ie yes tie Oo ee, 145 2 4 », sundry Expenses— Bank Charges and Exchange ... ree Zl a Repairs Bae oe see es ig Mon os, O Lantern Operator ... wete a Pe tlie) ed O ange) Sundries sais or sles ane yn aoe Lon nO (home Wy ees | >», Interest— On Mortgage sug Be as, ena OFS-O: Clarke Memorial Fund .., ae a 5 0 0 —— 120 0 0 5», Clarke Memorial Fund— ~ Refund of Loan seh sas set an 340 O O » Balance— Credit Balance, Union Bank of Australia Ltd. 68 9 5 On Hand sad oe a ASE a ica legeey 75 11 0 £1682. 7.8 Compiled from the books and accounts of the Royal Society of New South Wales and certified to be in accordance therewith. HENRY G. CHAPMAN, m.p., Honorary Treasurer. W. PERCIVAL MINELL, r.c.p.a. Auditor. SyDNrEY, 18TH Aprit, 1916. BUILDING AND INVESTMENT FUND. RECEIPTS. eerie s To Loan on Mortgage owing to the Australasian Association Advancement of Science— Balance as at 3lst March, 1915 .., siete fee See, 2000, O20 >», General Fund— Amount received to date... Lee ae rs pe ES O78 ——_ £2415 O O v1. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. PAYMENTS. £-s. d. By Interest— Amount paid to Australasian Association Advance- ment of Science sae eae ane a Ae ALS Oe » Balance owing at this date ... a ies Mr ». 2800 O50 2415 O O CLARKE MEMORIAL FUND. BaLANcE SHEET, 31st Marcu, 1916. LIABILITIES. & s.. d; (= smug Accumulation Fund— Balance as at 3lst March, 1915 set ey 585 16 6 Additions during the year— Interest Savings Bank of N.S.W. 6 17 10 5 Government Savings Bank ... 6 5 O » . Commonwealth Savings Bank 2 7 5 a General Fund ... 5 0 0 20 10 3 £606 6 9 ASSETs. & s/. dsc So ysae Royal Society of New South Wales, General Fund Amount invested in Commonwealth War Loan 180 0 0 Cash deposited in Savings Bank of N.S.W. <. 1O4°-165e oe Government Savings Bank ... 194 2 38 A Commonwealth Savings Bank... 3718 38 ———_ 426 6 9 £606 6 9 STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND PAymeENTs, 3lst Marcu, 1916. RECEIPTS. £ s. dr 22 pees To Balance 3lst March, 1915— Savings Bank of N.S.W. ... ah viel RAO 7 a eae Government Savings Bank a mn, LOR ieee Commonwealth Savings Bank ... ... 150 10 10 — 53516 6 », Lnterest to date— Savings Bank of N.S.W. 6 17 10 Government Savings Bank 6 5 0 Commonwealth Savings Bank 2 7 =a General Fund on Advances 5 0 0 », General Fund— Amount refunded to date ... ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. vii. PAYMENTS. Les. de 2 Be By General Fund— Advances to date... dep one ee 290 0 O Amount Invested in War Loan ... ane 180 0 O » Balance at this date— Savings Bank of N.S.W. ... se ia ADAG) 8 Government Savings Bank bap wee, 1940 327 33 Commonwealth Savings Bank ... ie VOMIS ES — 426 6 9 £896 6 9 A report on the state of the Society’s property and the annual report of the Council were read as follows :— ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR THE YEAR 1915-16. (1st May to 26th April). The Council regrets to report that we have lost by death seven ordinary members, and one Clarke Medallist. Four- teen members have resigned. On the other hand, six ordinary and two Honorary members have been elected during the year. To day (26th April, 1916) the roll of members stands at 300. The Clarke Memorial Medal was awarded to Professor W. A. HASWELL, of the Sydney University. During the Society’s year there have been eight monthly meetings and ten Council meetings. The holding of the Annual Dinner has been dispensed with owing to the continuance of the War. In order to do honour to their colleagues, Major Professor Davip and Captain Professor POLLOCK, prior to leaving for the front, the Council entertained them at Sargent’s Café on Thursday, 3rd February, 1916. A Section of Public Health and Kindred Sciences was established during the year. vill. ' ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. - Scientific Assistance.—In view of the war the Council offered its services to the Government in an advisory capacity on scientific matters of which they had special ; knowledge. | i ~ There have been two resignations from the Council namely, Professor POLLOCK and Professor ROBINSON. A special lecture to members was delivered by Colonel HUBERT FOSTER, R.E., on the 19th of August, 1915, on “‘The Strategy of the War in Hurope.”’ Three Popular Science Lectures were given, namely:— by June 17—‘“ Whales and Whaling in Australian Seas,” D. G. STEAD, F.L.S. July 15—“ Diamonds,” by C. ANDERSON, M.A., D.Se. September 16— Plant Life in the Sea,” by Professor A. _ ANSTRUTHER LAWSON, D.Sc, F.R.S.E. Twenty-two papers were read at the monthly meetings, and these, with a good number of exhibits, afforded much instruction and interest to members of the Society. The President, Dr. R. GREIG-SMITH, then delivered his Presidential Address. On the motion of Mr. HAMLET, seconded by Mr. MAIDEN, a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the retiring Presi- dent for his valuable address. ; a Dr. GREIG-SMITH briefly acknowledged the compliment. There being no other nominations, the President declared the following gentlemen to be Officers and Council for the coming year :— President: T. H. HOUGHTON, . rst. c.z. Vice-Presidents: F. H. QUAIFEH, m.a., m.p. C. HEDLEY, F.u.s. HENRY G. SMITH, F.c:s. Rk. GREIG-SMITH, a Hon, Treasurer: H. G. CHAPMAN, mp. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. 1X. Hon. Secretaries: k. H. CAMBAGE, L.s., F.L.S. | J. H. MAIDEN, F.n.s., F.u.s. ; Members of Council: EH. C. ANDREWS, B.A., F.G.s. Prof. C. EH. FAWSITT, p.s8c., Ph.D. D. CARMENT, v.1.4., F.F.A. J. NANGLE, F.R.a.s. Prof. H. S. CARSLAW, m.a., Ss. pv. | C. A. SUSSMILCH, r.c.s. J. B. CLELAND, m.p., chm. H. D. WALSH, B.a.I., M. INST. C.E. W. S. DUN. : Prof. W.H. WARREN, LtD., wn. Sc. Dr. GREIG-SMITH, the outgoing President, then installed Mr. HOUGHTON as President for the ensuing year, and the latter briefly returned thanks. JUNH 7th, 1916. The three hundred and eighty-first General Monthly Meeting of the Royal Society of New South Wales was held at the Society’s House, 5 Hlizabeth Street, at 8 p.m. Mr. T. H. HoueuTon, President, in the Chair. Thirty-one members were present. The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed. The certificates of four candidates for admission as ordinary members were read; two for the second, and two for the first time. Mr. J. KE. CARNE and Mr. G. HOOPER were appointed Scrutineers, and Mr. C. HEDLEY deputed to preside at the Ballot Box. The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members of the Society:— WALTER JOHN HNRIGHT, B.A., Solicitor, High Street, West Maitland, N.S.W. CECcIL EpGarR TILLEY, Demonstrator in BEE Ne The University, Sydney. | On the motion of Mr. R. T. BAKER, seconded by Dr. GREIG-SMITH, Mr. W. P. MINELL was elected Auditor for the current year. Xx. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, The congratulations of the Society were conveyed by the President to Mr. J. H. MAIDEN who had recently been honoured by His Majesty the KiNG in being made a Com- panion of the Imperial Service Order. The President announced that two Popular Science Lectures would be delivered this session, namel y:— 1. “‘The Chemistry of Nitrogen and its value for Food- Stufis and Explosives,’’ by R. K. Murpnuy, Dr. Ing. Chem. Eng. 2. ““The Debt of Agriculture to Science,’ by Professor R. D. WATT, M.A., D.Sc. | Three volumes, 61 parts, and 5 reports were laid upon the table. THE FOLLOWING PAPERS WERE READ: 1. “Some Amphipoda and Isopoda from Barrington Tops,”’ by CHARLES OHILTON, M.A., D.Sc. (Communicated by Mr. OC. HEDLEY). 2. ‘‘The Analysis of Toluene and Benzene in Coal Tar Oils,” by GEORGE HARKER, D.Sc. Remarks were made by Mr. HAMLET, Mr. OHALLINOR, Dr. Murpuy and Dr. CooKSEY. 3. ‘‘Notes on Australian Fungi, No. 3,’ by J. BURTON CLELAND, M.D., and EH. CHEEL. Remarks were made by Mr. R. T.. BAKER. JULY Sth, 1916. The three hundred and eighty-second General Montbly Meeting of the Royal Society of New South Wales was held at the Society’s House, 5 Hlizabeth Street, Sydney, at 8 p.m. Mr. T. H. Houcuton, President, in the Chair. Forty members and fifty-five visitors were present. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. x1. The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed. The certificates of eight candidates for admission as ordinary members were read: two for the second, and six for the first time. Dr. GC. ANDERSON and Mr. OLLE were appointed Scru- tineers, and Mr. H. G. SmirH deputed to preside at the Ballot Box. The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary - members of the Society:— HAROLD G. McQUIGGIN, B.Sc., Demonstrator in Physiology, The University, Sydney. JOHN READ, M.A., Pn.D., B.Sc., Professor of Organic Chemistry in the University, Sydney. The meeting then proceeded to discuss that portion of Dr. GREIG-SMITH’S Presidential Address which relates to Science and Industry. The discussion was opened by Dr. R. GREIG-SMITH who said that Science and Industry have existed so long, each largely going its own way, that probably many of the accustomed habits of thought may have to be given up before a perfect and happy union can be achieved: but what he would specially like to hear spoken about are the means whereby industry can be brought into closer contact with science. He considered the time opportune for indus- trialists and scientists themselves to consider how industry may be benefited, and believed that the elucidation could be found in forming an Industrial Section of this Society. In such a section industrialists and scientists could meet together and informally discuss the recent advances in industry and science: matters brought forward by scientists could be discussed by manufacturers, who would be able to show the direction in which industry could be benefited, and matters brought forward by manufacturers could be xii. ‘ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. ‘discussed by the scientists. The utilisation of trade waste would be an excellent theme for the conjoint discussion, as ‘it opens up a large field of enquiry, and can only be treated satisfactorily by a conference between the manufacturers who consider the matter from an economic point of view, and the scientists, who understand the possibilities of the utilisation. The matter was then very fully discussed by the follow- ing gentlemen:—J. H. MAIpEN, T. U. WALTON, H. G. SMITH, A. B. Hector, Dr. J. B. OLELAND, F. A. COOMBS,. and WALLACE NELSON. The discussion was then adjourned. JULY 18th, 1916. Special Meeting of the Royal Society held at the Society’s House, 5 Elizabeth Street, at 8 p.m. Mr. T. H. HouGuton, President, in the Chair. The business of this meeting was to continue the discus- sion on the subject of Science and Industry, to which the following gentlemen spoke at some length:—F. B. GUTHRIE, G. P. DARNELL-SMmITH, L. Meceitr, B. J. SMART, J. HEN- DERSON, and W. M. HAMLET. At the close of the discussion it was resolved:—That it is desirable to ask the Council of this Society to establish a Section of Industry. AUGUST 2nd, 1916. The three hundred and eighty-third General Monthly Meeting of the Royal Society of New South Wales was held at the Society’s House, 5 Hlizabeth Street, at 8 p.m. Mr. T. H. HoucuTon, President, in the Chair. Twenty-eight members and one visitor were present. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. xill. The minutes of the General Monthly Meeting of 5th July, 1916, were read and confirmed. The certificates of eleven candidates for admission as ordinary members were read: six for the second, and five for the first time. Mr. G. Hooper and Mr. A. J. Sach were appointed Scrutineers, and Mr. C. A. SUSSMILCH deputed to preside at the Ballot Box. The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members of the Society :— WILLIAM JOHN ALLEN, Government Fruit Expert and | Irrigationist, ‘Oriel,’ The Boulevard, Strathfield. STEPHEN JASON JOHNSTON, B.A., D.Sc., Lecturer and Demonstrator in Zoology, The University, Sydney. - Paut RENE LOUBET, M.D., B.Sc. 17 Castlereagh Street. ROBIN JOHN TILLYARD, M.A., B.Sc., F.E.S., Macleay Research Fellow Linnean Society of N.S.W., ‘Kuranda,’ Mount Hrrington, Hornsby, N.S.W. GEORGE VALDER, J.P., Under Secretary and Director, Department of Agriculture, Sydney. - ROBERT ALEXANDER WARDEN, President, Government. Savings Bank of New South Wales, Moore Street. The President announced that a Popular Science Lecture entitled “‘The Debt of Agriculture to Science,’’ would be delivered by Professor R. D. WATT, on 17th of August. Hight volumes, one hundred and two parts and eleven reports were laid upon the table. THE FOLLOWING PAPERS WERE READ: 1. “‘Acacia Seedlings,’’ Part II, by R. H. CAMBAGE, F.L.S. Remarks were made by Mr. MaIpgEn, Mr. ANDREWS, Dr. HARKER and Mr. CHEEL. | 2. “‘Napier’s Logarithms: Remarks supplementary to pre- vious paper, entitled ‘The Discovery of Logarithms by Napier of Merchiston’,’’ by Professor H. S. OARSLAW. Xiv. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. EXHIBITS: 1. Mr. J. H. MAIDEN exhibited six large tropical plants displaying culture and interesting morphological points. 2. Mr. C. A. SUSSMILCH exhibited a frog (species undeter- mined) said to have been obtained from the inside of a hollow ironstone concretion. This concretion was obtained in quarrying in the Tamworth district, at a depth of eight feet below the surface. The concretion had no visible opening, and the frog is alleged to have been inside, alive, and lived for two minutes after the concretion was broken open. The walls of the hollow concretion have a thickness of three-eighths of an inch, and there was sufficient space within for the frog to turn around only. The circumstances of the finding are vouched for by two quarrymen who obtained it. One half of the hollow concretion was also exhibited. 3. Mr. JOHN BARLING exhibited a large Rainfall Chart, 10 X 14 feet, showing the Sydney rainfall for the last fifty- eight years, and gave the following note:— — SumMMARY oF Sixty-onE Years’ Recorps or SypNeY RAINFALL. Their average for the first six months being 29 inches, bie] 99 99 second 9 93 19 39 Yearly 48 _,, These are supplementary to his paper of 2nd December, 1908. It would seem that when the rainfall for the first six months of any year is less than 20 inches, the total for the year is less than 48 inches. The years 1846-49-56-62, 65-72-80-86-88-1902-3- 6-8-9—fourteen years in all—each had less than 20 inches in their first six months, and each had less than 48 inches in the year. 1916 has also had less than 20 inches (17-20) for its first half year. It seems reasonable to suppose that it will have less than 48 inches for the year, that is, it will be an under-average year. * Mr. Barling subsequently reported that the rainfall for the year 1916 amounted to 44°88 inches.—[ Eds. ] ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. xv. But even so, it by no means follows that there will be any short- age of rain during its second half. The years 1846-86-1902-3-8, all with less than 20 inches of rain in their first half—each had abundant rains during their second half. It is interesting to note the Sydney rainfall in connection with Cataract Dam and other sources of our Water Supply. From the official figures courteously supplied to Mr. Bar.ine, it is evident that the rainfall over the Catchment Area is greater than the Sydney rainfall. So that it is safe to compare the Water Supply with the Sydney records. It is found that Cataract Dam was full early in September, 1915. Since that time there has been no material addition to its storage. From the end of August, 1915 to 28th July, 1916, say eleven months, the rainfall in Sydney has amounted to 24 inches, and this quantity has been insufficient to maintain a full dam, in fact the stored water is seriously low down. It is found from the chart that the last six months of 1875 and the first three months of 1876—nine months in all—had the low rainfall of but 10% inches. This is the lowest record for any similar period. At that time abundant rains had fallen immedi- ately before and also immediately following the dry spell. Again, the last five months of 1884, and the first five months of 1885, gave but 162 inches of rain, almost useless for water supply, and this dry spell was followed by great rain in June and July, and also the previous four months to August had abundant rain. If similar dry periods occur again, there may be no shortage in our water supply. But there seems to be no reason to anticipate such favourable conditions as occurred then before and after the dry time. With- out such rains the Sydney water supply would be in ‘“‘parlous case.” This shows the urgent need of increased storage. If eleven months of only moderately dry weather has so diminished the water in Cataract Dam, what would be its condition in a prolonged drought? It seems safe to assume that all those years (26 out of 61) in which not less than 30 inches of rain had fallen in any six months, would have given a super-abundant water supply with our present storage. And that with increased storage, the present Catchment Area would provide an ample supply for a much larger city than Sydney is now, or is likely to be for many years to come. XVi. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. Table showing in inches and points the rain which has fallen in each year since 1857 in Sydney, and also their totals for each quarter of the year. Year. 1846 1849 1856 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 191Z 1913 1914 1915 1916 First Quar- ter, 621 1521 2265 1126 1036 1838 1996 994 1073 1747 2067 1342 2296 1755 1297 26°50 1873 1346 320 949 1935 950 1086 938 626 1790 290 742 895 1358 476 590 3910 1319 2931 1775 1825 1620 997 594 1161 485 935 1223 449 707 1090 1260 682 1367 1117 807 1360 2170 1690 1085 1360 670 660 Second| Fetal 2237 574 2299 2789 618 1254 2687 875 1325 3394 817 1983 1750 2723 535 1547 2700 2515 2283 1705 976 1987 543 1302 2036 1079 2636 1791 774 2184 184 2556 2151 2206 918 1480 663 511 1870 1770 1753 2073 3015 1315 451 670 1799 1326 1008 1234 643 730 970 580 1220 3806 1030 1640 1060 Third Quar- ter. 3084 3682 6962 5440 1922 4196 5902 2459 2961 5830 3825 3883 4673 4612 2455 5742 5545 4244 3756 4715 4176 5484 2378 3129 3044 4054 3824 3349 2517 4796 1375 4880 7294 4851 5477 4068 3198 2572 3347 3544 3829 4632 5572 2648 2666 2860 4225 2938 2410 2694 4180 2427 3450 4490 4180 5575 3910 3140 ter. 830 523 1319 496 474 512 1010 1155 728 138 480 936 1749 615 1258 1598 815 381 813 1251 801 835 571 980 1176 638 578 642 1426 1220 926 836 848 679 1449 922 624 614 893 708 488 958 1072 362 1641 1002 368 565 779 438 385 815 1240 530 570 205 1732 339 Total |Fourth| Total for first] Quar- 9 mths. for Year. 44°00 21°50 24°00 39°14 42°05 82°81 58°36 23°96 47°08 69°12 36°14 36°89 59°68 43°05 48°19 64°22 52:27 37:13 73°40 63 60 46°25 45°69 59°66 49°77 63°19 29°49 41°09 42°20 46°92 44°04 39°91 39°43 | 60°16 23°01 57°16 81°42 55°30 69°2€ | 49°90 38°22 31°86 42°40 42°52 43°17 55'90 66°44 40°10 43°07 38°62 45°93 35°03 31°89 31°32 45 65 32°42 46 90 50°20 47°50 57°80 | 56°42 34°79 Remarks. Average for first six months approx. 29 inches. Ditto for second ditto, 19 inches, Maximum year. second half of year below normal. second half of year below normal. lowest fourth quarter. is second half of year below normal. highest fourth quarter. ” second half of year below normal. second half of year normal. second half of year below normal. second half of year normal. highest third quarter. second half of year below normal. second half of year below normal. lowest first quarter—second half of year below normal. second half of year below normal. second half of year exceeds normal. lowest second quarter, also lowest first 6 and 9 months. second highest year, also highest first quarter and first 6 and 9 mouths. second half of year below normal. 99 2? >? 39 second half of year normal. second half of year below normal. econd half of year below normal. second half of year exceeds normal nm ee » 2” oS 39 9 oo 2e ive years o ot) 2” below normal. : 33 99 29 29 co 39 ” ” ” lowest thi:d quar., sec. half Lelow very high third quart. [normal. second half below normal. second half of year exceeds normal 10 consecut highest second quarter. Cataract Dam filled in May. Second half below normal. second highest 4th quar., see 1870. second half below normal. First Quarters = 763 in. Second Quarters = 924. Third Quarters = 620. Fourth Quarters = 478. It would seem that if the rainfall for the first Srx months is less than 20 inches; the total for the year will be less than the average of 48 inches, nor does it follow that an excess of even the average of 29 inches for the first six months will give a total for the year of the average of 48 inches. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. XVII. SEPTEMBHER 6th, 1916. The three hundred and eighty-fourth General Monthly Meeting of the Royal Society of New South Wales was held at the Society’s House, 5 Elizabeth Street, at 8 p.m. Mr. T. H. Houeuton, President, in the Chair. Thirty-four members and five visitors were present. The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed. The certificates of fourteen candidates for admission as ordinary members were read: five for the second, and nine for the first time. Mr. G. H. HALLIGAN and Mr. A. G. HAMILTON were appointed Scrutineers, and Mr. J. NANGLE deputed to pre- side at the Ballot Box. The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members of the Society:— | ForBES BuRN, National Diploma in Agriculture, Goori- anawa Station, Gular, N.S.W. EDMUND JAMES CooTE, Manufacturing Jeweller, 492 George Street, Sydney. : JACOB ROBERT LucAS DIXON, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., The University, Sydney. , RICHARD TycHO DALRYMPLE-HAY, Director of Forests, N.S.W., Goodchap Road, Chatswood. , JOHN GIBSON YOULL, Hditor, “‘Irrigation Record,”’ Per- petual Trustee Chambers, Hunter Street, Sydney. Fifty-eight parts, four volumes and three reports were laid upon the table. THE FOLLOWING PAPER WAS READ: ‘Shoreline Studies at Botany Bay,” by EH. OC. ANDREWS, B.A., F.G.S. Remarks were made by His Excellency Sir GERALD STRICKLAND, and by His Honor Judge DockER. T—December 6, 1916. XVill. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. EXHIBITS : 1. Mr. J. H. MAIDEN exhibited some acorns of a dwarf oak collected at Gallipoli, by Dr. A. ASPINALL, and which appears to be Quercus Libani. Also a photograph of Sir ALFRED ROBERTS, M.R.C.S., E. (1823 — 1898), who was Hon. Secretary of the Philosophical Society of New South Wales in 1862, and President of the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1888. 2. Mr. G. H. HALLIGAN exhibited a part of the flange of a 10 inch cast iron pipe eroded by a water jet charged with sand. The pipe was used in connection with the Grafton Water Supply, and was laid on the bed of the Clarence River, where it became embedded in sand. Owing to an imperfect joint, a minute jet of water, under a head of 327 feet, emerged from the pipe, and impinging upon the sand, caused the grains to fall within the influence of the jet, and thus provided an efficient scouring agent. The pipe joint finally collapsed twenty-two months after it was laid, about one half of the flange, which was 1}inches in diameter, having been more than half eaten away. 3. Mr. J. NANGLE exhibited samples of leather and other ‘work prepared by students of the Sydney Technical College. 4. Dr. H. G. CHAPMAN exhibited a method for determin- ing the average composition of ten samples of alveolar air by means of one analysis. OCTOBER 4th, 1916. The three hundred and eighty-fifth General Monthly Meeting of the Royal Society of New South Wales was held at the Society’s House, 5 Hlizabeth Street, at 8 p.m. Mr. T. H. HouGuton, President, in the Chair. About twenty members were present. The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. Xiks The certificates of twelve candidates for admission as - ordinary members were read ; nine for the second and three for the first time. Mr. A. B. Hector and Mr. J. HK. BISHOP were appointed Scrutineers, and Mr. D. CARMENT deputed to preside at the Ballot Box. The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members of the Society:— JAMES MACLEAN ALEXANDER, ™. Inst. c.E., 25 O’Connell St. SEPTIMUS BIRRELL, Chemist and Bacteriologist, Marrick- ville Margarine Oo., ‘‘Florella,’”’ Dunslaffnace St., Hurlstone Park. VicTOR HERBERT GREEN, Manager, George Shirley Ltd., 7 Bent Street, Sydney. ARTHUR ANDREW HAMILTON, Botanical Assistant, Botanic Gardens, Sydney. | Victor LAwson Harpy, Merchant, “‘ Grey Lynn,’’ 117 Cavendish Street, Stanmore. JAMES HENDERSON, Manufacturer, “‘Dunsfold,’’ Clanalpine Street, Mosman. PHILIP & MORLEY PARKER, M.. Inst. C.E., M. Am. Soc. C.E., B.C.E., B.A., Rawson Chambers, Pitt and Eddy Streets, Sydney. STEPHEN HENRY SMITH, Inspector of Continuation Schools, Department of Kducation, Sydney. | ALFRED ERNEST STEPHEN, Manager, Nitrate Propaganda, Culwulla Chambers, 67 Castlereagh Street, Sydney. The death was announced of Mr. WILLIAM HENRY WEBB, Assistant Librarian, who from 1877 to 1911 was Assistant Secretary of this Society, and from the latter date until the time of his death, on 29th August, 1916, was Assistant Librarian, also that the Council had directed that a letter of sympathy be sent to his daughters, and that the great XX, ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. appreciation of the Society for his long, faithful, and excel- lent service, be recorded in the minutes. Letters were read from Miss L. WEBB, Mr. W. A. TURNER, and Mrs. J. W. JUDD, in which the writers thanked the Society for sympathy in their bereavements. The Government Statistician of Western Australia wrote drawing attention to the approaching Tercentenary of the first landing in Australia (Western) by the Dutch on 25th October, 1616, and asking that the event might be recog- nised in some way. It was decided to bring the matter under the notice of the Press. One hundred and twenty-one parts, fifteen volumes, twelve reports and one calendar were laid upon the table. THE FOLLOWING PAPER WAS READ: ‘‘On the Essential Oil from the bark of Eucalyptus Mac- arthuri,”’ by H. G. SMITH, F.C.S. Remarks were made by Mr. MrGeiTT, Dr. CHAPMAN, Mr. OLLE, Dr. GREIG-SMITH, Mr. CHEEL, and Mr. DARNELL- SMITH. EXHIBITS: 1. Mr. EK. CHEEL exhibited some ripe nuts of Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia F.v.M., from Murwillumbah near the Queens- land border. The kernels are of a fine flavour and seem equal to the ‘‘ Popple Nut,’’ or so-called ‘‘ Queensland Nut’”’ (Macadamia ternifolia). As the putamen or shell is not. so thick and hard as that of the ‘“‘Popple Nut,”’ it is con- sidered well worth cultivating. 2. Mr. G. P. DARNELL-SMITH exhibited eight specimens of the destructive root parasite Armillaria mellea, namely: i. Sporophores of the fungus in various stages of development. ii. Roots of a peach tree showing the fungal hyphe forming a network in the region of the cambium. ii. Roots of a nectarine tree showing the rhizomorphs ramifying over the surface. iv. Bole of an aged apple tree showing the manner in which the rhizomorphs ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. 6.00 may interlace at the base of the stem. v. Roots of citrus trees showing the rhizomorphs buried in the cortex. vi. Base of the stem of a Burbank plum tree, showing dead and living areas, with fungal hyphe beneath the bark. vii. Potatoes showing the fungus ramifying over the external surface and penetrating the tissues. vill. Orange twigs in process of decay from a tree, the roots of which were attacked by Armillaria. 3. Mr. HE. CO. ANDREWS exhibited two fine specimens of crystallised molybdenite from a large chamber of rich ore in the Allies’ Mine, six miles east of Deepwater. The mineral occurs associated with prisms and pyramids of quartz ina “pipe’’ of altered granite, and at a depth of 160 feet from the surface measured along the underlie. 4, Mr. J. EK. CARNE exhibited a small polished specimen of brownish-grey marble, prettily marked with irregular veins and splashes of white calcite from a large deposit at Molong. | NOVEMBRER Ist, 1916. The three hundred and eighty-sixth General Monthly Meeting of the Royal Society of New South Wales was held at the Society’s House, 5 Elizabeth Street, at 8 p.m. | Mr. T. H. Hoventon, President, in the Chair. Thirty-four members and one visitor were present. The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed. The certificates of five candidates for admission as _ ordinary members were read: three for the second, and two for the first time. Mr. R. W. CHALLINOR and Mr. A. J. SACH Were appointed Scrutineers, and Dr. CLELAND deputed to preside at the Ballot Box. XXil. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members of the Society:— JAMES Woop BraG@, B.A., Engineer, c/o Gibson, Battle & | Co., Ltd., Kent Street, Sydney. ) Henry James Hoeean, Consulting Engineer, ‘Lincluden,’ | Frederick Street, Rockdale. GILBERT WRIGHT, Lecturer and Demonstrator in Agri- cultural Chemistry, Department of Agriculture, The University, Sydney. Two volumes and forty-six parts were laid upon the table. THE FOLLOWING PAPER WAS READ: ‘Maize Improvement in N.S. Wales,’ by H. WENHOLZ, B.Sc., Communicated by J. H. MAIDEN, F.R.S. (not published.) Mr. E. O. ANDREWS’ paper, “‘Shoreline Studies at Botany Bay,’’ was then discussed by the following members:— Messrs. G. H. HALLIGAN, C. A. SUSSMILCH, A. A. HAMILTON, A. G. HAMILTON, Dr. HARKER, the PRESIDENT, and Mr. ANDREWS. | EXHIBITS: Dr. J. B. CLELAND and Mr. HE. CHEEL exhibited specimens or coloured drawings of the following fungi:— * Paxillus awicus, under fallen log, Wiseman’s Ferry, August 1915, oD. Me OR peg spores rod-shaped and pale yellowish? 3°5 x 1:dyu (identified by C. G. Lloyd; Somersby Falls, Gosford, May 1915, spores pale yellowish? 4 to 4°8 x 3y. Colus hirudinosus, Cav. and Sec., Milson Island, Hawkesbury River, March and June, 1916. Catastoma hyalothrix, (Cooke) Milson Island, Hawkesbury River, February 1916, spores 4p (identified by C. G. Lloyd). Leotia lubrica, Pers., Lane Cove River, June 1916 (J.B.C.) and Somersby Falls near Gosford, June 1916(G. P. Darnell-Smith). Phillipsia polyporoides, Berk.? on fallen log, Kurrajong Heights, August, 1912 (identified by C. S. Lloyd). Y 3 ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. XXxill. Lenzites repanda, Mont. The largest from Eumundi, Queensland measuring 40 x 29 c.m., while others from Atherton Scrub, Queensland and from Goat Island near Broadwater, Rich- mond River, N.S.W., agree with the measurements given in Cooke’s Handbook, Australian Fungi, 2.¢., 6-10 c.m. DECEMBER 6th, 1916. The three hundred and eighty-seventh General Monthly Meeting of the Royal Society of New South Wales was held at the Society’s House, 5 Hlizabeth Street, at 8 p.m. Mr. T. H. HOUGHTON, President, in the Chair. Fifty-four members and two visitors were present. The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed. The certificates of five candidates for admission as ordinary members were read; three for the second, and two for the first time. Mr. R.T. BAKER and Mr. G. H. HALLIGAN were appointed Scrutineers and Mr. H. C. ANDREWS faputed to preside at the Ballot Box. The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members of the Society:— JAMES DARNELL GRANGER, Ph.D., Manager and Chemist, Chiswick Polish Co. of Australia Ltd., Mitchell Road, Alexandria. WALTER WILLIAM L’HSTRANGE, Operative Brewer, “‘Orr- ville,’ The Avenue, Strathfield. Hight volumes, two hundred and nineteen parts and seven reports were laid upon the table. THE FOLLOWING PAPERS WERE READ: 1. ‘On an undescribed Darwinia and its Essential Oil,’’ by R. T. BAKER, F.L.S. and H. G. SMITH, F.C.S. Remarks were made by Mr. MAIDEN and Mr. CHALLINOR. XXIV. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. 2. “‘On the Trematodes of Australian Birds,’”’ by S. J. JOHNSTON, D.Sc. 3. ‘“‘The Action of Pancreatic Juice upon Milk,’’ by H. G. CHAPMAN, M.D., and A. H. MOSELEY, M.B.! 4. ““A Photographic Foucault-Pendulum,”’ by Rev. E. F. PIGOT, B.A., M.B. Remarks were made by Mr. NANGLE, Professor OOOKE, Acting Professor VONWILLER and Professor COTTON. 5. “‘ Wireless Time-Signals—Some suggested Improve- ments,’’ by W. E. and F. B. CooKE. EXHIBITS; 1. Mr. E. CHEEL exhibited three seedling plants of Eucalyptus Smithii to show the rate of growth in certain soil in its native district as against a check plant in richer soil in the Sydney district. The seed from which the plants were raised was collected from a very large tree near Mount Jellore in October, 1915. Twenty-three seedlings were raised altogether, all of which with the exception of one, were planted in a shallow gully at Hill Top in Febru- ary, 1916. A check plant was kept in a pot of rich black soilat Ashfield near Sydney. The plants when planted out at Hill Top were about 14 inches high with three pairs of opposite leaves. The smallest and the largest of the plants at Hill Top were lifted and repotted again a fortnight ago (November 18th) and are exhibited to show the comparative growth with the check plant at Ashfield. The growths of the plants are as follows:—Smallest plant from Hill Top 14 inches high; largest plant from Hill Top 43 inches high ; check plant at Ashfield 1 ft. 94 inches high. It will be seen from the above that the rate of growth in the ordinary ‘ Published in Medical Journal of Australia, Vol. 1, pp. 223, 243, 1917. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. XXV. soil at Hill Top is very poor indeed, and although the species is a native of Hill Top and the surrounding district, that it will only thrive in rich patches of soil such as is found at Mr. D. CHALKER’s at Box Knob, and in the deep gullies with rich soil, as well as at Colo about six and a half miles from Hill Top and near Mount Jellore, where there are patches of fairly rich soil, probably of volcanic origin. 2. Dr. J. B. CLELAND and Mr. HE. CHEEL recorded the following species of fungi for New South Wales :— Collybia radicata, Relh. (Syn. C’. oltvaceo-alba, Cooke and Massee, a form), Bulli Pass, Mosman, Lisarow, Terrigal, Tuggerah. - striatulata, Lloyd, Sydney. * stripitaria, Fries, Milson Island. Bs ingrata, Schum, Mosman. Marasmius lanaripes, Cooke and Massee, Sydney. Pleurotus ostreatus, Jasq., Hawkesbury River. Pholiota disrupta, Cooke and Massee, Milson Island. » pumila, Fr., Sydney. = unicolor, Fl. Dan., Mount Wilson, Leura, Lisarow. os marginata, Batsch, Milson Island. Tubaria inquilina, Orange. Naucoria semiflexa, B. and Br., near Bumberry. = abstruza, Fr., Milson Island, Sydney. Galera tenera, Schaeff., Milson Island, Sydney, Orange. 5, campanulata, Massee, Hawkesbury River, Sydney, Adelaide 55 Aypnorum, Batsch, Sydney, Lisarow. » rubiginosa, Pers., Sydney. Crepidotus globigera, Berk., Tuggerah, Narrabeen, National Park. Hebeloma mesopteum, Fr., Mount Wilson. Hebeloma subcollariatum, B. and Br. , Sydney, Manildra, Narrabri. Flammula californica, Earle, Lane Cove. Stropharia umbonatescens, Peck, Sydney. 33 melasperma, Bull., Sydney. Xxvi. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, y ‘su Gaaiaons sublateritiwm, Schaeff., Mount Wilson. ae Pr i of perplecum, Peck, Mount Wilson. ) | yy _ capnoides, Fr., Leura. Dalehes POE sea las GEOLOGICAL SECTION. = . a i "a ABSTRACY OF PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SECTION. <= Monthly Meeting, 12 April, 1916. Mr. R. H. CAMBAGE in the Chair. Nine members and one visitor were present. Mr. J. E. CARNE and Mr. W. 8S. Dun were proposed and elected as Chairman and Honorary Secretary respectively. EXHIBITS: 1. Dr. ANDERSON exhibited, (a) pseudomorph of silica after azurite from the Dorothy Mine, Chillagoe, Queensland; (b) wolfram replacing quartz and showing banded structure, from Torrington, Nav. 2. Mr. W. S. Dun, (a) section of Favosites from Loom- bera, collected by Dr. W. N. BENSON, showing multitabulata structure succeeding on gothlandica; (b) specimens of Glossopteris showing leaf structure from Richmond Vale. Dr. BENSON gave notes on the physiography of the Oradle Mountain area, Tasmania, devoting particular attention to ‘glacial effects on the topography. Monthly Meeting, 10th May, 1916. Mr. J. EK. CARNE in the Chair. Seven members were present. EXHIBITS: © 1. Mr. W. R. BROWNE exhibited opalescent quartz in granite from Victor Harbour, S.A., now being described by Messrs. BROWNE and TILLEY. Mr. TILLEY suggested that XXX. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. the opalescence may be due to the occurrence of fine inclusions rather than cracks. 2. Mr. G. W. OARD exhibited from the Mining Museum, (a) light oil from Papua; (b) chrysotile from Beaconsfield, Tasmania; (c) native bismuth from Kingsgate; (d) bismuth telluride and native bismuth from Whipstick; (e) chalco- pyrite from North Mount Lyell; (f) ores from the Boss Mine, Nevada, yielding 100 ozs. Pt., 131 ozs. Pall., 81 ozs. Au. per ton; (g) chrome mica from New Caledonia. Mr. L. A. COTTON gave an account of pendulum experi- ments at Burrinjuck. Monthly Meeting, 14th June, 1916. Mr. J. H. CARNE in the Chair. Nine members and one visitor were present. EXHIBITS: 1. Mr. O. A. SussMILCH exhibited (a) spherulitic rhyolite of Carboniferous age from the Dungog Road; (b) Lepido- dendron australe from Carboniferous (?) conglomerate on Hudson Peak—Elderslie Road, a coarse conglomerate inter- stratified in tuffs; (c) Devonian sandstone from conglomerate at Elderslie Bridge, near Branxton; (d) Radiolarian cherts, aplitic types of granite and slates of the Jenolan area from Branxton. 2. Dr. W. N. BENSON exhibited gold-bearing silicified Permo-Carboniferous mudstone from Port Cygnet, and porphyry in dolerite and tertiary alkaline rocks collected by Professor SKEATS. Mr. O. A. SussMILCH described the physiography of the Barrington Tops and Lower Hunter :— Se ES oe Some notes on the Physiography of the Hunter River Valley. The. valley of the Lower Hunter River has been cut out of a tableland which has a general altitude of about 1,300 feet. The ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. XXX1. original surface of this tableland was a peneplain cut out of Triassic Permo-Carboniferous and Carboniferous strata; this peneplain is a part of the great Australian Tertiary Peneplain, and was elevated to its present position at the end of the Tertiary Period; this tableland may be referred to as the Hunter River tableland. In this region it has been almost completely dissected and the main valleys are thoroughly mature. Followed southwards from the Hunter River the altitude of the tableland gradually decreases, and in the neighbourhood of Gosford it is 900 feet high, while still _ further south at Hornsby it is under 700 feet in altitude. Followed northwards from the Hunter River it maintains a general altitude of 1,300 to 1,400 feet, until it reaches the foot of the great southern scarp of the Barrington Tableland a few miles north of Dungog. The Barrington Tableland is a great fault-block, bounded by great fault escarpments on its southern and western sides. Atits south- western corner it reaches an altitude of 5,000 feet, but has a decided tilt to the north-east. Thesouthern escarpment of this fault-block is the result of a series of step-faults with a vertical throw to the south of over 3,000 feet; these step-faults strike almost due east and west. The Barrington Tableland is capped by Tertiary basalt and this basalt has participated in the faulting ; the faulting itself would appear to have taken place at the end of the Tertiary Period and during the uplifting of the tableland. Small cappings of Tertiary basalt also occur on the Hunter River Tableland, notably at Martin’s Creek and at Mount Warrawolong, these appear to be remnants of extensive Tertiary flows. The greater part of the Barrington Tableland belongs to the watershed of the Manning River, but its southern and western margins are drained by the Hunter River and its tributaries. Those draining the southern side, viz, the Allyn, Paterson, Williams, etc., following very definitely the strike of the Carboniferous strata over which they flow. Monthly Meeting, 9th August, 1916. Mr. R. H. CAMBAGE in the Chair. Hleven members were present. XXXll, ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. EXHIBITS: 1. Mr. C. A. SUSSMILCH exhibited Cladochonus sp. indet., from Wallis Head. . 2. Professor CoTtTon, Pelé’s Hair from Hawaii. 3. Dr. ANDERSON, (a) Iceland spar from the Garibaldi Mine, Lionsville; (b) molybdenite and native bismuth from Kingsgate; (c) beryl from Torrington showing naturally etched figures. . 4, Mr. W.S. Dun, Semionotus from near Geurie, Lower Mesozoic. 5. Mr. G. W. CARD, exhibits from the Mining and Geo- logical Museum. 6. Mr. C. A. SUSSMILCH also exhibited in connection with Dr. BENnson’s note, (a) Intrusive tuffs in Radiolarian rocks; (b) Pillow lavas and examples of epidotisation from Bun- dook; (c) Permo-Carboniferous fossils—Deltopecten illa- warrensis, Spirifera, Martiniopsis, Polypora (2) from Georgetown, Manning River, a horizon comparable with that of Comerford’s, near West Maitland. Mr. SUSSMILCH communicated Dr. BENSON’s notes on their joint observations on the general geology of the Gloucester District :— The General Geology of the Gloucester District. W. N. BENSON, D.Sc. F.G.S. The section studied extends from Bulliac Railway Station to Mount George on the Manning River, a distance of eleven miles, and runs in a roughly E.N.E. direction, nearly perpendicular to the main direction. From such information as could be gathered from the train-window, it seemed that from Gloucester to Bulliac, once the Gloucester infaulted Permo-Carboniferous series has been passed, the strata consist of rhyolite, Burindi (Marine) Lower Carboniferous mudstones with rare limestones, and Barraba Upper Devonian mudstones and tuffs, with perhaps the upper portion of ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. XXXIli. the Tamworth Middle Devonian Series. The section from Bulliac onward, shows features identical with those in the iniddle and lower parts of the Tamworth Series as exhibited in the Tamworth District. The rocks consist chiefly of coarse to medium grained breccias and tuffs, associated with a small amount of banded radiolarian claystone, which near Bulliac occur in masses from thirty to a hundred feet thick, but are much thicker further to the N.E. Excellent instances of intrusive tuff are visible, the clearest example being about a mile from Bulliac. About four miles further to the N.E. a small mass of intrusive albitised dolerite occurs. The dip of the claystone near Bulliac is W.40°S. at 65°, which follows about the average strike (from memory), further to the N.E. the dip is often steeper, and rarely reversed, the strike also fluctuates somewhat. This must be a region of frequent strike faulting, traces of which can be seen in the cuttings. After a considerable thickness of claystone, pillow lavas appear about a quarter of a mile west of Bundook, apparently running back to the confluence of the Barrington and Manning Rivers, and continue for the next two miles along the railway. They are extremely decomposed at first, the pillow outlines appearing but faintly, but east of Bundook Station the structure is more obvious, and in the short deep cutting immediately beyond Baker’s Creek, they are very dense, hard, fresh-looking rocks, which are subvari- olitic spilites, with well preserved pyroxenes, but albitic felspars, A very striking feature in these rocks is the very great amount of alteration they have undergone, the occurrence of bands of shatter- ing, with abundant introduction of quartz and of epidote. Vesi- cules are not very abundant. This last spur of spilite is the north-western extremity of the Kangat Range. Kangat itself is over 2,000 feet in height, and very steep, densely covered with brush, and is exclusively com- posed of very massive pillow lavas, the ellipsoidal partings being traceable on the crags exposed every here and there, particularly on the southern slope. Only rare and narrow zones of radiolarian chert intercalated (by faulting?) in the igneous rocks break their U—December 6, 1916. XXXIV. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. continuity. So far as we know, so great an apparent thickness of pillow lavas has not been elsewhere described and raises very interesting problems as to the depth of the sea and other con. ditions under which they were formed. The northern face of the Kangat range slopes steeply down to _ asmall lowland in the abnormally wide valley of the Manning River, and is evidently due to differential erosion and soft rocks in the river valley which are bounded by a line of faulting, as’has been observed by one of us in the neighbourhood of Bowling Alley Point on the Peel River. Crushed and steeply dipping clayshales and phyllites lie north-east of the broad zone of spilites, and the low land in the river bottom consists on the south bank of a soft pinkish claystone, which dips so steeply where it comes into con- tact with the Devonian rocks (by the small bridge over the rail- way cutting just beyond the sharp bend west of Somerset Station) that it becomes very difficult to see the line of fault. This pink claystone contains a few Permo-Carboniferous Lamellibranchs. North of the Manning River the first cutting exposes a series of conglomerates with a steep dip varying from N. 50° W.at 40° W. to N. 20° W. at 70°, very like the Comerford conglomerate in the Lower Marine Series, and in which the following forms were seen: Deltopecten illawarrensis, Spirifera, Martiniopsis subradiata, and Polypora(?), and more than a mile further east beyond Mount George Station, the railway cutting lies in marine micaceous mudstone dipping from N. 25° E. at 70° to N. at 30°, which traced into the north contain Fenestella, a small Productus and indeter- minable casts, and occasional erratics of quartzite and granite, one-eighth of an inch in diameter, and rise into hills composed of a type of tuffaceous sandstone with a few boulders. ‘These all seem to be Permo-Carboniferous. Immediately north of the rail- way at Mount George, however, lies the northern boundary fault of this small infaulted Permo-Carboniferous area, and north of this lies two masses of very schistose serpentine, the one at Mount George Station a quarter of a mile wide, and the other in Wool- shed Creek half a mile to the west. Between these outcrops lie ee ee ee ee ed ed te ed Be i i i el ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. XXXV. Middle Devonian breccias and agglomerates with interbedded mudstones dipping E. 30 N. at 80°. Local information revealed that serpentine also occurred five miles north of Mount George, near Glen Lewis in Dingo Creek (Western Branch), and specimens of serpentine have been received by Mr. Carp from Bow Bow near Tinonee, south of the Manning River, and approximately twelve miles south-east of the last mentioned occurrence of serpentine. Thus we have in this region a series of formations and geological structures completely analogous to those of the great serpentine belt on the upper Peel River, but striking rather more west of north, and lying some twenty miles east of the line which would continue the strike of the Great Serpentine Belt southwards from Nundle, and therefore in a position where only the highly crushed phyllites and jaspers of the eastern series would be anticipated, instead of the normal Middle Devonian rocks passing into Upper Devonian and Carboniferous rocks, that actually do occur. Future research must be directed to discovering whether this whole region is a faulted repetition of the serpentine line or its deflected southern extremity. Further, the presence of the north-westerly strike so near the coast renders improbable the suggestion that the N.N.E. strike of the Devonian rocks at Port Macquarie is connected by a curve sweeping through an E.W. direction with . the N.N.W. strike of the western slopes of New England, but that the N.N.E. strike is more probably a virgation, passing off from the main N.N.W. line of strike, such virgations having been noticed in several areas between Bingara and Nundle. Monthly Meeting, 13th September, 1916. Mr. J. H. CARNE in the Chair. Nine members were present. EXHIBITS: 1. Mr. H. O. ANDREWS, Photographs of beach forms at Lady Robinson’s Beach, in illustration of his paper read before the Society. XXXVI, ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. 2. Dr. O. ANDERSON, (a) Dreikanter from Wanganui, N.Z.; (b) etched beryl from Torrington; (c) photographs of earth pillar, Wolgan Valley, Dry Gully at Tenterfield, and restor- ation of Parramatta River. 3. Mr. G. W. CARD, (a) wood opal from Tingha; (b) Molyb- denite and bismuth from Bow Oreek, Deepwater. 4, Professor CoTTON, photographs of land forms prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey. do. Mr. W. R. BROWNE, specimens of Glendonites from Wollongong and Singleton covered with crystals of sulphate of lime. 6. Mr. J. H.CARNE, gold-bearing specimens from Hill End. Monthly Meeting, 8th November, 1916. Mr. R. H. CAMBAGE in the Chair. Ten members and one visitor were present. EXHIBITS: 1. Mr. E. C. ANDREWS exhibited (a) slates from Chats- bury; (b) molybdenite from Deepwater and Yetholme; (c) zincblende from Deepwater. 2. Dr. C. ANDERSON, (a) azurite from Iodide and Melrose; (b) quartz crystals from Kingsgate and Torrington. 3. Mr. O. F. LASERON exhibited a series of new and rare Permo-Carboniferous fossils from the Maitland District. These included the following species from the Lower Marine Series, just west of Farley Railway Station :— Ptycomphalina sp. nov., a form distinct from P. Morrisiana McCoy, the common Upper Marine species. Straparollus sp. nov., a small new form associated with the above. Hyolithes lanceolatus Morris, several specimens of the opercula. Mytilus sp., a small shell resembling a species found in the Vere Marine Series of the Shoalhaven River. 7 Astartila or Pachydomus sp., possibly a new species. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. XXXVli. In addition to these the following were collected from the rail- way cutting near Allandale :— Meonia sp. nov., a highly carinated form, quite distinct from J, carinata Morris, the only species it at all resembles. Siraparollus ammonitiformis Eth, fil., a very fine specimen of this very rare shell. Aviculopecten or Deltopecten, a small species which may be new. Keeneia platyschismoides Eth. fil., a fine specimen. Keeneva sp., a fine specimen of a distinct species from the above. 4. Dr W. N. BENSON, Foraminifera from the Nemingha Limestone (Devonian), Ammodiscus and Endothyra.' 5. Mr. W.S. Dun, Lepidodendron australe from Stewart’s Brook, and Austrospongia (gen. et sp. nov.) from the Tam- worth Limestone. 6. Mr. G. W. Carp, (a) silica-coated leaves from Papua; {b) phosphate rock from Wellington; (c) chrysolite from Beaconsfield. Mr. H. C. ANDREWS gave further notes on the Beach Formations of Botany Bay in amplication of his paper. [| Vide this Journal, pp. 165 - 176|:— Further notes on the Shoreline Topography of Botany Bay. E. C. ANDREWS, B.A., F.G.S. The discussion on ‘Shoreline Studies at Botany Bay,” published in this year’s journal of the Society, was continued from the general meeting in October, It was stated by Mr. ANDREws that there had been no consensus of opinion upon the idea expressed by various observers, namely, that the shoreline of New South Wales had emerged recently to the extent of a few feet. Mr. AnpRews considered that Lady Robinson’s Beach was an emergent feature, and moreover that it was merely a type which was to be found along the whole of the eastern Australian shore- line. The evidence consisted of :— * Descriptions wiil probably be published in P.L.S., N.S.W., for 1917, XXXVIll. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. 1. The fact that marine erosion on a headland consisted in the first place, of a direct attack of the storm wave unarmed or armed, with rock fragments, and in the second place, of the scouring action of the rock load below and beyond the direct wave attack. This action produced a simple profile in ordinary rock structures, steeper near the land and flattening gradually towards the sea. 2. The topography of Lady Robinson’s Beach and the land surface immediately behind the beach were due, apparently, to two activities, the one not coming into operation until the completion of the other. Thus the broad rolling surface of sand covered by forest growths, subhorizontal when viewed from above, and rising about fifteen feet above high water mark was explained as an emergent feature, whereas the overlying belt of sand dunes behind the beach was due to the later action of the wind. 3. The fact that along the whole south-eastern and eastern side of Australia rock platforms and lines or zones of marine erosion occur at and above high-water mark. These rock platforms have been formed by marine erosion. They may be wide or narrow, they may occur in rock masses of igneous. origin or in those possessing gentle dips, or they may occur in rocks showing strong contortion. The platforms, however, in nearly every instance transgress the bedding planes. The surfaces of the platforms lie but a few feet above high water mark, but they may occur one above the other, separated by low escarpments. The main attack of the storm waves to day appears to be on the edge of the lowest platform, in the cases where more than one exists, and there is thus evidence of two or more lines or zones of marine cutting vertically above the other. This in itself is in direct contradistinction to the idea that the sea has cut the plat- forms at the same time, inasmuch as the tendency of the sea wave is to establish a simple profile of erosion on a stable shore line. | The surfaces of the platforms themselves are deeply pitted and scored with holes, due to subaérial action, aided in a minor degree ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. XXXIX. only by marine action. The lowest portions of the headland cliffs themselves also exhibit the characteristic marks of subaérial weathering. Many of the cliffs themselves are protected by great fallen blocks which litter their bases. These are deeply pitted with holes of subaérial weathering, and the greatest storm waves of the past 20 or 30 years have not been observed to have moved such large blocks. Many of the cliffs also are of the form known as well-subdued, and are covered with forest growths, indicating that effective sapping has ceased for very many years. Great sand flats also occur from five to twenty feet above high water mark in the vicinity of the platforms. Right along the east. side of Australia, both these sand flats and the rock platforms have been trenched deeply, the former by subaérial influences, the other mainly by wave action. Various observers have recorded the existence of horizontal zones of dead barnacle colonies in situ a tew feet above the highest limit of massed barnacle growths to day. These emerged features occur on exposed rock faces with deep water immediately below. Various observers also, such as Wilkinson, David, and Harper, have recorded the existence of marine ‘‘blowholes” behind the platforms in positions such that they are high above the influence of the greatest storms of the present time. All this evidence tends to demonstrate that the present shore- line of eastern Australia is a feature of emergence of very recent. origin, probably not exceeding a few hundred years. Lady Robinson’s Beach, being considered merely as a type of such features, appears to be also one of very recent emergence. It cannot be emphasised too strongly that these slight move- ments of recent emergence have been imposed upon a recent but much greater movement of submergence which drowned the whole eastern side of Australia to the extent apparently of 200 feet. Many observers of the Sydney and eastern Australian shoreline profess to see only the features due primarily to submergence, such as bay bars, lagoons, silted water ways, and cliffed headlands. xl. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. If the activities consequent upon subsidence be evalua subsidence being possibly as much as 10,000 or 20,000 y Bi it will be seen that the features described ahove would. unexplained in their entirety Marine and subaérial action, hc ever, on emerged features, formed after submergence, afford a sufficient explanation. © fas SECTION OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND ~ KINDRED SCIENCES, | ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. xliii. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECTION OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND KINDRED SCIENCES. —__@—__—_ Abstract of the work of the Section for the year 1916, the second year of its existence. Contrary to expectations, the Section of Public Health and Kindred Sciences has hada fairly successful year. The meetings were well attended, and papers of considerable value were read and discussed. The discussions in every case brought forward much additional information of value. During the year, meetings were held and papers read, as follows:— 13th June, 1916, Papers Read and Discussed. 1. “Some Hints on the Construction of Healthy Dwell- ings,”’ by J. NANGLE, F.R.A.S., Superintendent of Technical Education, N.S. Wales. 2. ‘‘The Effect of Holding the Breath on the Composition of Alveolar Air,’’ by H.S. HALCROW WARDLAW, D.Sc., Sydney University. 3. ‘*Some Notes on the Deterioration of Condensed Milks,” by T. CoOKSEY, Ph.D., B.Sc, F.1.c.,Government Analyst. 11th July. 1916, Paper Read and Discussed. ‘Light and Air in Dwellings and Factories,’’ by JOHN L. Bruce, Department of Sanitation, Technical College, Sydney. xliv. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. 12th September, 1916, Paper Read and Discussed. = A discussion on ‘‘Labour Saving Devices in the House.” This discussion was opened by Mr. J. NANGLE, F.R.A.S. In addition, the following members and visitors took part in the discussion:—The Chairman, Sir THOMAS ANDERSON STUART, Drs. SAVILL WILLIS, GREIG-SMITH and FITZHAR- DINGE, Rev. Father Pigot, and Messrs. OLLE and HECTOR. 14th November, 1916, Paper Read and Discussed. ‘*‘Humidity and Temperature of Air in Relation to Com- fort and Health,’’ by JoHn L. BRucE, Department of Sani- tation, Technical College, Sydney. Some of the above-mentioned papers, notably those by Messrs. NANGLE and BRUCE, were illustrated by lantern slides and models. As it was understood the Society’s funds were not too flourishing, no recommendations were made with regard to the publication of the above papers in the Proceedings oi the Royal Society. The papers were, however, published in one or other of the scientific journals printed in the State. At the November meeting, an election of Officers for the year 1917 was held. The Ohairman and Secretary having signified their in- ability to continue in office, the following Officers were elected :-— Chairman—Dr. CECIL PURSER. Hon. Secretary—Dr. F. Guy GRIFFITHS. Recommendation Oommittee—Drs. J. B. CLELAND and ©. SAVILL WILLIS, and Mr. ALGERNON PEAKE. ee a eee wh 7 Pe leleen SECTION OF AGRICULTURE, ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. xlvii. ABSTRACT OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECTION or AGRICULTURE. As the Council of the Royal Society had decided that the time was opportune to form a Section of Agriculture, a meeting was called for the 12th of July, 1916, at 4 o’clock p.m. ! The members who responded consisted of the President Mr. T. H. HOUGHTON, mM. inst.c.e., Dr. H. G. CHAPMAN, Dr. J.B. CLELAND, Prof. R. WATT, M.A., Messrs. R. H. CAMBAGE, F.L.S., J. H. MAIDEN, I.8.0., F.R.S., F. B. GUTHRIE, F.1.C., EH. OHEEL, and A. J. SacH. Messrs. H. O. L. ANDERSON, M.A., VICTOR GREEN, YOULL, and WRIGHT accepted the invitation to attend. Dr. R. GREIG-SMITH acted as Hon. Sec. pro tem. Mr. T. H. HOUGHTON, the President of the Society took the chair and initiated a discussion by referring to the attitude of the Council in the matter. Dr. GREIG-SMITH spoke of the advantage that would be given to members in having a section specially devoted to Agriculture. Dr. CLELAND emphasised the convenience of having a common meeting ground for those interested in scientific agriculture. The President asked the members to nominate a chair- man of the Section, and on the motion of Prof. Watt, seconded by Dr. CHAPMAN, Mr. F. B. GUTHRIE was nomin- ated and unanimously elected. Dr. GREIG-SMITH was elected Honorary Secretary. 7” Oe —_ . 7 ay xlviil. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. It was proposed and carried, that the following gentle- men be elected a Committee with power to add to their number. Dr. H.G. CHAPMAN, Dr. J. B. CLELAND, Mr. G. P. DARNELL SMITH, B.Sc, Mr. J. H. MAIDEN, I.S.0., F.R.S., Mr. H. W. Potts, F.c.s., Prof. DOUGLAS STEWART, B.V.Sc., Prof. R. WATT, M.A., and the Chairman and the Hon. Sec. ex officio. The Inaugural Meeting of the Section was held on Tues- day, July 25th, 1916, at 8 p.m., when a large number of members and visitors were present. Mr. F. B. GUTHRIE, F.1.C., the Chairman of the Section, declared the Section formed and hoped that it would have © a long and prosperous career. He trusted that the watch- word of the Section would be “‘Informality,’’ as the formal reading of papers was not proposed. The idea was to discuss all subjects bearing upon Agriculture in the most free and informal manner. Any notes of interest com- municated by members would make profitable subjects for discussion, and the same would apply to any experiences met with by agriculturalists, orchardists, horticulturalists and others. The chief benefits would arise from the broad, open untrammelled discussion of any matter of interest. The Section might have short lecturettes given by anyone specially interested in any particular subject, and these might afford opportunities for discussion. Certain subjects might be put forward as ideas rather than as being part of a programme. These include Education, Forestry, Soil- surveys, Prices of Food, and the formation of a Federal Bureau of Agriculture. Hach or all of these might be discussed in a purely scientific and non-party spirit. The Chairman’s remarks led to a discussion, in which the following gentlemen took. part :—Messrs. J. H. MAIDEN, A. J.SAcH, A. YATES, RUMSEY, E. CHEEL, SAUNDERS, A. B. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS,
  • er wg le Meeting held Thursday, October 19th, 1916. Mr. LoxtEy Mxccrrr in the Chair. Prof. O. U. VONWILLER gave a lecturette upon Physics in the Industries, in which he gave instances of many use- ful industrial applications of ideas which had been derived from purely theoretical work. He showed that it would pay industrial concerns to employ scientists to study the theory of their industrial processes. He suggested that the Section should pay periodic visits to the scientific laboratories of the University. ; Mr. JAMES HENDERSON, the Chairman, and the Hon. Secretary also spoke. Prof. J. READ gave a lecturette upon the Hydrogenation of Liquid Fats. He showed the differences between the liquid and solid fats and described the earlier experiments that led to the industrial application of the action of hydro- gen upon liquid fats in the presence of a catalyst such as reduced nickel oxide. Dr. R. K. Murpuy described the steps taken by an American firm which dealt in Cotton Seed Oil, to convert | the oil into a solid fat. He also spoke about the manu- facture of synthetic lard by mixing the oil with 5/ of the hardened product. The treatment and utilisation of chemical engineers by industrial firms was incidentally dealt with. Messrs. A. D. OLE, F. A. Coomss, 8. E. Srpey, J. STEDMAN, and the Chairman also spoke. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. lix. Meeting held on Thursday, November 16th, 1916. Mr. LOXLEY MEGGITT in the Ohair. Mr. C. J. WHITE, B.Sc., Teachers’ College, opened a dis- cussion upon ‘‘Science in the Schools.’’ The teaching of science in the primary schools was unnecessary, as its place was taken by a system of instruction in nature study which began when the pupil was six years of age. The course had for its object the building up of a habit of enquiry, and the method of teaching rather than the matter was of importance. From the developing of his powers of observation as in differences of form, the scholar was gradu- ally led up to the study of natural phenomena associated with the growth of plants. At the age of thirteen or four- teen he began to receive some instruction in elementary physics by means of simple experiments in the action of heat, water, pressure, and so on. Mr. F. W. CARPENTER, M.A., Sydney Grammar School, dealt with the science education of boys from fourteen years in the secondary schools. He would like to see a greater latitude in the school curriculum, so that useful training might not be set aside for work that will pay in examinations. Too much attention is paid to examination work in which 5% of the bright boys are specially catered for, while the remaining 957% suffer more or less. The schools should develop ascientific way of thinking and give a good all-round knowledge of fundamental facts. This would be greatly enhanced were the fundamental sciences of physics and chemistry made compulsory in the matricu- lation examinations of the University. The tendency at present is to demand more science in the schools, and to meet this more good teachers must be forthcoming. This however, will be impossible, unless the “* plums”’ of teach- ing are open to men with good scientific ability. The head masters of our schools are chosen for their classical rather than for their scientific attainments. lx, ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. Mr. J. NANGLE, Superintendent of Technical Hducation, pointed out that from the time the boy left the primary school at fourteen, until he became an apprentice at sixteen there was a hiatus of two years, during which he had lost much of what he had learnt at school, but, worse than that, he had lost the habit ofstudy. He suggested a compulsory partial school attendance from fourteen to sixteen years. The discussion was continued by Messrs. A. J. SACH, A.B. Hector, C.C. TUCKER, Prof. CooK#, Dr. J.B. CLELAND, Dr. G. HARKER and Dr. R. K. MuRpPHY. Meeting held on Thursday, December 14th, 1916. Mr, LOXLEY MEGGITT in the Chair. Mr. 8. H. Smirx, Inspector of Continuation Schools, described the departmental methods for scholars in con- tinuation schools. Dr. GREIG-SMITH spoke of the value of science in benefit- ing the industries, and of its importance in our daily lives. But science bad not the status which it should have and this was largely due to the University, our highest educa- tional authority, classing the fundamental sciences of physics and chemistry as optional subjects for the matricu- lation examination, while less important subjects, such as Latin, had the definite status of being compulsory. The discussion was continued by Messrs. G. P. DARNELL- SMITH, R. W. CHALLINOR, A. B. Hector, A. J. SACH, FB. W. CARPENTER and A. D. OLLE. As a result of the discussion, the Section recommended that the Council of the Society should consider the advis- ability of communicating with the Senate of the University with the object of making the fundamental sciences of physics and chemistry compulsory subjects in the matricu- lation examinations. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. lxi. Mr. JAMES NANGLE read a paper upon the Technical Training of Apprentices, in which he showed how the instruction at the Technical Oollege was adapted to make the apprentice a more efficient craftsman. He was watched and tested throughout his course and his work had always. a technical bearing as regards his own particular trade. The craftsman could in time work up to the University standard. Following some remarks by Mr. G. P. DARNELL-SMITH, a committee was appointed to consider the question of sug- gesting to the Government the advisability of making attendance at the evening school on one or more evenings a week, compulsory for boys between the ages of fourteen and sixteen years. INDEX. A PAGE Abstract of Proceedings i.—xxvi. Acacia Seedlings, Part II. . 148 Action of Pancreatic Juice upon Milk, The ... ; XXlv. Analysis of Toluene and Ben- zene in Coal Tar Oils, The 99 Andrews, E. C., Crystallised molybdenite 5 Ble —— Shoreline Studies at Botany Bay .. 165 — Shoreline Topography of Botany Bay ae XXXVIi. A Photographic Foucault-Pen- dulum .. 262 Armillaria mellea 508 Coa Australian Fungi, No. III, Notes on ... ie .. 105 B Baker, R. T., Onan undescribed Darwinia and its Essential Oil, x... LS Barling, J., Rainfall Chart Sees Botany Bay, Shoreline Studies at 165 Cc Cambage, R. H., Acacia Seed- lings, Part Le “ee Carslaw, H.S., Napier’s Loga- rithms: The Development of his Theory of Chapman, H. G., The Action of Pancreatic Juice upon Milk xxiv. Cheel, E., Eucalyptus Smithii... xx. — Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia... xx. —— Notes on Australian Fungi, Wo; FYE. *..% Chilton, C., Some Amphipoda and Isopoda from se ton Tops : Cleland, J. Burton, Notes on Australian Fungi, No. III. Cooke, W. E. and F. B., Wire- less Time-signals—some suggested improvements... Coke By-products Crystallised molybdenite 143 130 105 32 105 269 ee ee KX I D Darnell- Smith, G. P., Armillaria mellea PE. 9.27 PAGE Darwinia and its Essential Oil, On an undescribed . 181 Descriptions of Seedlings . 145 E Essential Oil from the bark of Eucalyptus Macarthuri 177 Eucalyptus Smith Sah F Fat Waste a 33 Fungi, Notes on eerie No. III. bc ae LOD G Geological Section . XXVli. — x], Greig-Smith, R., Presidential Address wa ‘ 1 — Science and Industry ide, Sana H Harker, G., The Analysis of Toluene and , Benzene in Coal Tar Oils Boon ay) Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia Ef eX I Industry and Science ... nce J Johnston, S. J., On the Trema- todes of Australian Birds 187 L List of Members ane M Maize Improvement in New Gx.) South Wales ae. 2.9" Members, Honorary ... (xix.) N Napier’s Logarithms: The De- velopment of his Theory... 130 Newly elected Members iii. ix, Xi, XVil, XIX, XX1, “xii Oo Obituary... Officers 2, (xx.) ( vii.) )xiv. P - PAGE Pigot, Rev. E. F., A Photo- graphic Foucault-Pendulum 262 Presidential Address, R. Greig- Smith -" ... ate Bas aye. | pie, Rainfall Chart ... =e STE Lvs =) Science and Industry .. PMs Scientific Journalism ... soe AG Sections—Agricultural . xiv. Geological ... XXVil. Industry... vos, Laat, Public Health and Kin- dred Sciences.. xii. Shoreline Studies at Botany Bay ... BF 165 Ww Bp Shoreline Topography of Botany Waste Tinplate .. e ae - Bay ... .._ xxxvii. | Wenholz, H., Maize Improve- a: Smith, H. G., On the Essential ment in N. S. Wales Xela Oil from the bark of Euca- Wireless Time-signals—some a lyptus Macarthuri Py iG suggested Improvements 269 = t t Spdnep : F. W. WHITE, PRINTER, 344 KenT STREET. 1917. INDEX. Smith, H. G., Onan und Darwinia and its | Oil: :. 2 wae Some Amphipoda and Ts from Barrington Tops Some Aspects of Soil Fertility 4 Tt Trematodes of Austell Biniaae a the id vee ite Vv Vitality of Seed in Sea-Water 144 A. CONTENTS. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS) 40,5 ¢ =i.5 ° o. A A Se PROCEEDINGS OF THE GBOLOGICAL SECTION . a presetar : PROCEEDINGS OF THE. Pusiic Heaura AND Kinprep So rt SHCTION . as : aes , - COs eee eso eR eae J on & K - : i \ Me = \ _._ Procerpines or THE AGRICULTURE SECTION aes a £ Procerepines or THE InpUsTRY SECTION ... 0. 0 Tirtn Pacs, Contents, Pusnications, Noricus, ... she OFFICERS FoR 1916-1917... hs ate = ee ae Liein- or Miuatnmns, &¢. 0... cc eg A oe InpEx To VotumeE L. A ae a rm ‘ae | 7 Bt et ee ' al L Ky et OA 3 9088 01308 44