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AWS AM mdee 3 § Ne ih PINS nh Ap iNet ee an wif a Why a Pa fhe iy a ay HS ie deh if Wend Nts 4 ‘a i ‘ ngs SEN a if ony as A TaWNea Or rabom fi \ ; ae paar be t o4st tit Wy i i PY eM ti (UMN Tek 4 x A ewe SRS WALA Os ‘ A HA ti well SURE NE be PAT yg BN, hy Wt hey Pe heed WRI i SA yh vis : Y eves ; Miuntalssere! aera aiity eae a Wa, Poa teh ai, i ai iat AMF hi A ii Vea y, { take , ; i ey brie La eA a bu ites UPL p aa +i 8 te Lh ay! : yey a an CAA Mae et i Wang i Wr oe LALA SHOT TELS BOHN icin * ayia Are rr a ie 6 key i Ven yiiey a yey ia Journal and Proceedings OF THE HAMILTON SCLENEEEIC ASSOGCIATION FOR SESSION OF ‘1901-1902. NUMBER: XVET: AUTHORS OF PAPERS ARE ALONE RESPONSIBLE FOR STATE- MENTS MADE AND OPINIONS EXPRESSED THEREIN. 112622. PRINTED FOR THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION: “% BY TIMES PRINTING CO, 1902, OFFICERS FOR 1901-1902. eo President. SAS VIONGANE be Aly 1D RAs: ast Vice-President. 2nd Vice-President. J. M. DICKSON. ROBERT CAMPBELL. Corresponding Secretary. Eo rs MACRHERSON, Bev A Recording Secretary. Gr JOHNSTON, BEA Treasurer. Curator. P. L. SCRIVEN. ALEX. GAVILLER. Assistant Librarian. Je S@ELOICE Re Council. WwW. Al CHILDS, M. A. GEO. BLACK. Ve 125: EVE YAIR. Porto RONG. VinvA)) IIe B: lf. Te) SUB IDIDILIB, Auditors. Es. MOORE: Be SANS Ee 1) SDs: ‘OFFICE- 7 PRESIDENT. Rev. W. Ormiston, D. D.. First VICE-PRES. John Rae, M.D., F.R.G.S. 1857 1858|John Rae, M.D., F. R.G.S.| Rev. W. Ormiston, D. D . 1859|Rev. W. Ormiston, D. D..|J. B. Hurlburt, M.A.,LL.D. 1860|Rev. W. Inglis, D. D..... T. MclIlwraith.........-- 1861|/Rev. W. Ormiston, D. D..|J. B. Hurlburt, M.A., LL.D. 1871|W. Proudfoot.......---+- Judge Logie......-..---- 1872|Judge Logie .........---- H. B. Witton, M. P..... 1873|H. B. Witton, M. P....-- J. M. Buchan, M. A..... 1874|H. B. Witton, M. P...... J. M. Buchan, M. A..... 1875)H. B. Witton.....-.----- J. M. Buchan, M. IAS Gee 1880|T. McIlwraith ...-....--: Rev. W. P. Wright, M. A. 1881|J. D. Macdonald, M. D...|R. B. Hare, Ph.D......- 1882|J. D. Macdonald, M. D...|B. i Charltontssaeseecce 1883|J. D. Macdonald, M. D...|B. E. Charlton.......--- 1884|J. D. Macdonald, M. D... TBI 1B WINK soo oo Gace 1885|Rev. C. H. Mockridge, Reve «Ss layers.) = ier i Ie 105 10% 1886|Rev. C. H. Mockridge,|Rev. S. Lyle....-..----- M. A., D. D. 1887|Rev. S. Lyle, B. D..... Be By. Charlton yar -i- 1888|Rev. S. Lyle, B. D.....- T. J. W. Burgess, M. B., I, IRa) Se Gs 1889|B. E. Charlton....------ T. J. W. Burgess, M. B., IM 1a Sy) (Ce t890|B. E. Charlton.....----- J. Alston Moffat.......-- t8g1/A. Alexander, F. S. Sc.. AG 1S ING Seo ooonsccone 1892|A. Alexander, F. S. Sc.. ING IU INOMRE SS S65 dials eda 1893|A. Alexander, F. S. Sc. .|A. AP) ING coaceeobooses 1894|S. Briggs..--+- ----+--+: No AR, IN@U co bose oos4d 52 1895|A. T. Neill......------- T. W. Reynolds, M. D.. 1896|A. T. Neill .......----- T. W. Reynolds, M. D.. 1897|A. Alexander, F. S. Sc..|T. W. Reynolds, M. D.. 1898/T. W. Reynolds, M. D..\A. 1p A Wallies sdo sen odex 1899|T. W. Reynolds, M. D..jA. BE. Walker ...-..-.-.- 1900|S. A. Morgan, B. A., D.|J. M. Dickson........... Peed. 1901|S. A. Morgan, B. A., D.|J. M. Dickson........... Paed. SECOND VICE-PRES. J. B. Hurlburt,M.A., LL.D. J. B. Hurlburt, M.A., LL.D. Charles Robb Rev. W. Ormiston, D. D.. Rev. W. Inglis, D. D Richard Bull sewer ee nee ete ee see seca. et eset? ee ea seek Of veeee y. A. Mullin, M. D H. B. Witton C. H. Mockridge, Vi VAY a: W. Kennedy eo ee eevee eee Matthew Leggat see ee ewes W. A. Childs, M. A W. A. Childs, M. A J. Alston Moffat........- A. T. Neill S. S. Pee COC nO eC aCe iat Pe ee ee . W. Reynolds, M. D.. . W. Reynolds, M. D.. . E. Walker Pee CaS . E. Walker see e ere tee . E. Walker M. Dickson J, M. Dicksoaseeeee I Wm. C. Herriman, M. D. M. Dickson Robt. Campbell BEARERS. Cor. SEc. T. C. Keefer, C. E... sn Gr Keefer... Hu: T. C. Keefer, C. E... Wm. Craigie, M Wm. Craigie, M. J. M. Buchan, M. J. M. Buchan, M. Geo. Dickson, M. Geo. Dickson, M. Geo. Dickson, M. R. B. Hare, Ph. Geo. Dickson, M. Geo. Dickson, M. M. Geo. Dickson, Geo. Dickson, M. Geo. Dickson, M. Geo. Dickson, M. H. B. Witton, B. H. B. Witton, B. H. B. Witton, B. > > bP > bb > > PU bppbpb ot H. B. Witton, B. Thos. S. Morris Thos. S. Morris W. McG. Logan, B.A. W. McG. Logan, B.A. Rev. J. Long, M.A. LL. Rev. J. a Long, M.A. LL. D. Wm. C Herriman, M. D. Thos. S. Morris Thos. S. Morris Thos. S. Morris .|Geo. .|A. Robinson, M. D.. F. F. Macpherson, B.A. Rec. SEc. Wm. Craigie, M. D . Wm. Craigie, M. D.. Wm. Craigie, M. D.. . Craigie, M. D.. . Craigie, M. D.. . McQuesten, M.A - McQuesten, M.A . Dickson, M. A.. . Dickson, M. A.. . Dickson, M. A.. Dickson, M. A.. .|Wm. Kennedy,...... .|Wm. Kennedy....... cee ee wee cere er sees . Crawford. . Crawford Richard Bull Richard Bull A. Macallum, M. A.. Richard Bull Richard Bull Bas 2a242 2a Richard Bull Richard Bull a Auwe Alexa Gergen sisreee Richardab ule ./A. Alexander........ Richard Bull. ........ .|A. Alexander, F.S.Sc.|Richard Bull......... .|A. Alexander, aS3Scs|uchand) hulle nae .|A. Alexander, F.S.Sc.| Richard Bull......... .|A. Alexander, F.S.Sc.| Richard Bull......... .|A. Alexander, F.S.Sc.| Richard Bull. ...... A. W. Stratton, B. A.| Richard Bull......... C. R. McCullough..../Richard Bull... ..... S. A. Morgan, B. A..|Thos. S. Morris...... S. A. Morgan, B. A..}Thos. S. Morris...... S. A. Morgan, B. A..|J. M. Burns......... SoA Morgans Bs Acs Ps len Scnivenh. 4a B. Peed. S.A. Morgan, Bi Ass. 1) Scriven: . 22252. B. Peed. Si Aq Morganyy BE As PS Is Scriven)... «1.4: B. Peed. Saeae Morgan, (Bo Als P IL. Scrivel: |i e: D. Peed. Gayle sohnstons: BayAn be.) Seriyenia sete G. L. Johnston, B. A.|P. L. Seriven........ LIB. AND Cur. A. Harvey. A. Harvey. A. Harvey. ans Robb. MclIl wraith. Mcllwraith. MclIlwraith. Mcllwraith. T. MclIlwraith. T. Mcllwraith. A. T. Freed. W. H. Ballard, M. A. W. H. Ballard, M. A. W. H. Ballard, M. A. Wm. Turnbull. A. Gaviller. . Gaviller. . Gaviller. . Gaviller. . Gaviller. A. Gaviller. A. Gaviller and G. M. Leslie. A. Gaviller and G. M. Leslie. A. Gaviller and W. Chapman. A. Gaviller and W. Chapman. A. Gaviller and W. Chapman. A. Gaviller and H. S. Moore. A. Gaviller and H. S. Moore. A. Gaviller. A. Gaviller and J. Schuler. A. Gaviller and J. Schuler. A. Gaviller and J. Schuler. MEMBERS: OF COUNCGHE: 1o657——judge doggie; (Geo) IL: “Rerd) \@. ies SAY Baindes Freeland. 1858—Judge Logie; C. Freeland; Rev. W. Inglis, D. D.; Adam Brown; C. Robb. 1859—Rev. D. Inglis, D. D.; Adam Brown; Judge Logie; C. Freeland ; Richard Bull. 1860—J. B. Hurlburt, M. A., LL. D.; C. Freeland; Judge Logie; Richard Bull; Wm. Boultbee ; Dr. Laing. 1871—Geo. Lowe Reid, C. E.; Rev. W. P. Wright, M.\A.; A. Macallum, M. A.; A. Strange, M. D.; Rev. A. B. Simpson. 1872—Judge Proudfoot; Rev. W. P. Wright, M. A.; John Seath, M. A.; H. D. Cameron; A. T. Freed. 1873—Judge Logie; T. McIlwraith; Rev. W. P. Wright, M. A.; A. Alexander; I. B. McQuesten, M. A. 1874—Judge Logie; T. MclIlwraith; Rev. W. P. Wright, M. A.; A. Alexander; I. B. McQuesten, M. A. 1875—-Judge Logie; T. Mcllwraith; Rev. W. P. Wright, M. A.; A. Alexander; I. B. McQuesten, M. A. 1880—M. Leggat; I. B. McQuesten, M. A.; A. Alexander ; INE, Ay Matos eile Jats JU IEE IDE SSE)s 1B) 1881—T. MclIlwraith; H. B> Witton; A. T. Freed; Rev. W. P. Wright, M. A.; A. ¥. Forbes. 1882—T. Mcllwraith; H. B. Witton; A. T. Freed; A. F. Forbes ; Rev. C. H. Mockridge, M. A., D. D. 1883—A. Alexander; A. Gaviller; A. F. Forbes; I. Mell wraith ; R. Hinchcliffe. 1884—A. Gaviller; A. F. Forbes; T. MclIlwraith; R. Hinch- cliffe ; W. A. Robinson. 1885—-W. A. Robinson; S. Briggs; G. M. Barton; J. Alston Moffat ; A. F. Forbes. 1886—J. Alston Moffat ; Samuel Slater; Wm. Milne; James Leslie, M. D.; C. S. Chittenden. 1887—J. Alston Moffat ; James Leslie, M. D. ; P. L. Scriven ; Wm. Milne; C. S. Chittenden 1888—J. Alston Moffat; B. E. Charlton; T. W. Reynolds, M. D. ; S. J. Ireland; Wm. Kennedy. 1889—T. W. Reynolds, M. D.; S. J. Ireland; William Turn- bull; A. W. Hanham ; Lieut.-Col. Grant. 1890—Col. Grant; A. W. Hanham; W. A. Robinson; A. E. Walker ; Thomas S. Morris. 18g1—Col. Grant ; W. A. Robinson ; J. F. McLaughlin, B.A. ; T. W. Reynolds, M. D. ; Wm. Turnbull. . 1892—T. W. Reynolds, M. D.; W. A. Robinson; P. L. Scriven ; Wm. Turnbull; Wm. White. 1893—-James Ferres; A. E. Walker; P: L. Scriven; Wm. White; W. H. Elliott, Ph. B. 1894—James Ferres; A. HE. Walker; P. L. Scriven; J. H. Wong, WierAe sii Ba Wrekin Biliott,. B. 7As Pie. be Togs-—| 3 ta bas Aldouss By Ads Vihomases..Monis)s) Wea Et. Elliott, B. A., Ph. B. ; P: L. Scriven ; Major McLaren. USOO sates Aidous by Ae) Ehomasio.. Mionrisiia 1 Wai kt Elliott, B. A., Ph. B.; George Black ; J. M. Burns. 1897—W. H. Elliott, B. A.; Thomas S. Morris; Robert Campbell; J. R. Moodie; Wm. White. 1898—W. H. Elliott, B. A.; Robt. Campbell; W. A. Childs, M. A.; Wm. C. Herriman, M. D.; W. A. Robinson. 1899—W. H. Elliott, B. A.; Robt. Campbell; W. A. Childs, M. A.; Wm. C. Herriman, M. D.; W. A. Robinson. 1900—Robt. Campbell; W. A. Childs, M. A. ; George Black ; jo Ballard 7 it Bone. Me Ave due, Be LOG Wwe Olmicds, Ma Ane Georse. Black * \J..H Ballard je Eb one Me Ay ie By: jo Re cleddle. ABSTRACT OF MINUTES - OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF ihe: Hamilton Association DURING THE SE SSION.-OF 190151902; NOVEMBER 14th, 1901. The opening meeting held, with the President, Dr. Morgan, in the chair. After some musical numbers by the orchestra, the President delivered his inaugural address, dealing with the events of the past year in a scientific spirit. The Photographic Section provided a most extensive and beautiful exhibit of their work during the preceding season. An interesting collection of ferns from Australia and New Zealand was also on exhibition. DECEMBER 5th, 1go1. The regular meeting held, with Dr. Morgan in the chair. Nine new members were elected members of the Association. Mrs. S. E. Carry presented two stacks of drawers for holding speci- mens to the Association. Dr. D. V. Lucas gave a most instructive and interesting talk on “The Birds of New Zealand,” illustrating his lecture with picture-plates. JANUARY 16th, 1902. The regular meeting held, with Dr. Morgan in the chair. Prof. Ami, of the Geological Survey, Ottawa, was elected a corresponding member of the Association. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 9 Mr. E. B. Biggar, of Toronto, gave a lecture on The Metric System of Weights and Measures. English measurements mostly taken from length of parts of the human body, such as foot, cubit, fathom, etc. The metric system was an outcome of the French revolutionary times. The metre was fixed at one millionth part of the distance from the Equator to the North Pole, being equa! to 39.37 inches. Its great merit is simplicity, and is now in use by forty-four nations. The British people are very conservative, and because of not having adopted this system are losing much trade with such countries as those of South America where the system is in use. The use of this system would effect a saving of two or three years in a business man’s life in the matter of making calculations. FEBRUARY 13th, 1902. The regular meeting held, with Dr. Morgan in the chair. Applications for membership were received from thirty new members, twenty-nine being members of the Astronomical Society, which desired to become a Section of this Association. Voting was proceeded with at once, and they were all declared elected. The lecturer of the evening, Prof. Lang, of Toronto University, delivered an address on “Matter at Low Temperatures.” An historical account was given of the apparatus used for the liquefaction of what were formerly considered the permanent gases. Oné ex- periment showed carbonic acid gas converted into a solid, resembling snow, at a temperature of —78°C. This remained a solid for more than an hour before disappearing by evaporation. ‘The principle of solidification was explained to be that of rapid expansion, the gas being liberated from a cylinder under a pressure of about sixty atmospheres. Afterwards, by means of this solid carbonic acid and ether, a temperature of —-112°C was produced, by means of which a tube of mercury was solidified. The “Critical Point” of a gas was explained to be that point of temperature above which it was impossible to liquefy the gas, no matter how much pressure was applied. The fractional distillation of Air was also explained. IO THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. MARCH 13th, 1902. On invitation, our members attended a meeting of the Canadian Association of Stationary Engineers, when a paper was read on “The Manufacture of Iron,” by Mr. C. Fox, Chemist and Superin- tendent of the Hamilton Blast Furnace. Tron ore consists of iron plus oxygen in chemical union. The O. is taken away by means of C. O. gas. This gas is always pro- duced when there is an excess of fuel and a deficiency of air. In the H. B. F. 3,000,000 gallons of water a day are used for cooling purposes. A section of one of the stoves was shown and explained. From it air at a temperature of 1400° is blown into the Furnace. This in contact with white-hot coke makes a most intense heat. By means of a diagram the parts and working ofa furnace were fully explained. In the H. B. F. 300 tons a day are produced. For each ton 5.8 tons of air and 3.1 tons of coke, ore and limestone are used. About 30,000 cubic feet of air a minute is blown into the furnace by a force of 2000 horse power. About 3000 tons of gas goes out of the chimney in 24 hours, and by means of piping this is taken down to the stoves and used for fuel. The use of limestone was explained. The chief impurity in ore is Silica. This unites with the limestone to form a fusible slag. The various classes of pig iron were described. APRIL 17th, 1902. The regular meeting held, with Dr. Morgan in the Chair. Prof. Fletcher, of Ottawa, was appointed our representative at meeting of Royal Society, to be held in Toronto, May 26 to 31. Mr. A. H. Baker, President of the Camera Section, then gave an illustrated lecture on Kingsley’s Country of North Devon. The lecture proved extremely interesting, and called forth a hearty vote of thanks. MAY ist, 1902. A special meeting held, with Dr. Morgan in the chair. Prof. MacCalium, of Toronto University, lectured on “ Life and Culture of Pre-historic Man.” JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. II The term pre-historic would vary with different regions of the earth. The different strata of the earth’s crust make a thickness of some 80,000 feet, showing the earth to be perhaps 20 million years old. No relics of man are found in the Eocene period, one or two in the Miocene. In the south of England a bit of rib marked in such a way as to show intelligence above that of the Ape was found. Belonging to the Pliocene period in Tuscany, one or two objects have been found. In 1894 in Java a series of bones, the top of a skull, thigh bones and a number of teeth, belonging, it is supposed, to the Anthropoid Ape, showing that it walked erect and had limbs re- sembling the human. This form of Ape is now extinct. The Anthropoid Ape is not the progenitor of man, but he may have known more than the ordinary Ape. ‘Then follows the Pleistocene period, characterised by glacial drifts, ice covering all the northern part of. Europe. In those times Great Britain and Ireland were joined with the Continent, and Italy was joined with Africa. France seems to have been the centre of civilization of this period, because its 300 or more caves that have been explored have fur- nished most of our pre-historic records. In Africa, also Somaliland, and the country stretching southwards, have proved a great store- house of relics, such as flint axes of beautiful workmanship and showing extraordinary skill. The drifting ice cut deep grooves in the soil, which were afterwards filled in with alluvial soil, so that relics have been found buried 4o or 50 feet deep. ‘The principal relics have been found in the Dardogne region. In a cave at the foot of the Pyrenees were found at the bottom chipped stone imple- ments and a skull. Overlying this was a great depth of limestone deposit which had gradually fallen from the roof, whilst high up in the cave were found polished stone implements and other skulls. And so we speak of the Paleolithic age and the Neolithic age, the advancement in skill in making the stone implements being very marked in the latter. In one cave was found an indication that man had reached a high state of civilization—a stone lamp with tarry material in it, which on analysis proved to be animal fat. The spout of the lamp was blackened by use. Earthenware vessels were also found. 12 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. The Paleolithic man in some way was swept out of existence and succeeded by the Neolithic man, who came from the Somali region and crossed the Mediterranean into Europe. In the caves scrapers are found supposed to have been used for removing hair from skins, suggesting the use of clothing, and also of animal food. Ash-heaps and charred bones and flesh indicate the use of fire for heat and for cooking purposes. Drawings on ivory and horn represent the mastodon, the horse, the reindeer, etc. The horse is represented with a covering on, indicating that it was domesticated. The drawing of the reindeer corresponds exactly to what we see at the present day. The use of burial places shows affectionate regard and suggests family life. That they were organized into communities was indicated by the Baton of authority. MAY 8th, 1902. The regular meeting held, with Dr. Morgan in the chair. Thirteen new members were elected. Messrs. Dickson and Alexander referred in eulogistic terms to the work of the late A. E. Walker, recently deceased. Natural History Notes by Mr. Wm. Yates were read by Mr. Alexander. On motion we then resolved ourselves into the annual meeting, and reports were received from the various sections. ‘The election of officers was then proceeded with. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 13 REPORT OF COUNCIL. Your Council take pleasure in submitting their report for the session 1901-1902. During this session there have been held four meetings of Council and eight meetings of the general Association, at which the following papers and addresses were given: TQOI Nov. 14th—‘“‘ Inaugural Address ”—President S. A. Morgan, B A, D. Ped. Dec. 5th—‘ Birds of New Zealand ”—Rey. D. V. Lucas, D. D. 1902 Jan. 16th—‘‘ The Metric System of Weights and Measures ”—E. B. Biggar, Esq. Fes. 13th—‘ Matter at Low Temperatures ”—Prof. Lang, Toronto University. . Mar. 13th—‘‘ The Manufacture of Iron”—C. Fox, Esq. APRIL 17th—‘ Kingsley’s Country of North Devon ”—A. H. Baker, Esq. May t1st—‘ Life and Culture of Pre-historic Man”—Prof. MaCallum, Toronto University. May 8th—“ Natural History Notes ”-—Wm. Yates, Esq. Prof. Fletcher, of the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, was appointed to represent this Association at the coming meeting of Royal Society. Your Council is pleased again to recognize the valuable assist- ance given to the meetings of the Association by the Camera Section, not only by the exhibition of work at the opening meeting, but by the operation of the lantern for illustrated lectures during the 14 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. year; also to record the formation of a new section—the Astro- nomical Section—the members of which we will always welcome to the general meetings. During the year we have been called upon to mourn the death of an old and valued member, Mr. A. E. Walker. May the inspira- tion of his faithful service raise up others to follow in his steps. The meetings held during the year have been of a high standard of excellence; the various sections are full of life and vigor; the membership of the Association has been increased by an addition of 51 new members. ‘The prospects for the future of the Association, therefore, seems very bright and encouraging. All of which is respectfully submitted. S. A. Morean, G. L. JOHNSTON, President. Secretary. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 15 INAUGURAL ADDRESS. Delivered Nov. rath, root. BY S. A. MORGAN, D. PAID. LADIES AND GENTLEMEN : When I consider how extensive and varied an exhibit of the work of our members is awaiting your inspection, and how much more interesting these must prove than the weighing of abstract : speculations, I feel it a duty as well as a privilege to make my re- marks on this occasion as briefas possible. I cannot, however, omit the opportunity of conveying to you my appreciation of the honor you have conferred upon me in re-electing me to the high office of President of this Association, and of expressing the hope that the same kindly consideration and loyal support granted me by one and all during the past year, will also be extended through the present encumbancy. During the past year our Association has done much, not only to awaken and advance the scientific spirit within our own locality, but to furnish information and data for the assistance of scientists in other parts. Through the untiring efforts of our Geolog- ical Section, under the leadership of Col. C. C. Grant, we are credited with having made large additions to the leading Museums of America and England, including the Dominion Museum at Ottawa, the Washington Museum and the British Museum of Natural History. Of the excellent work being done by the members of our Camera Section, it is scarcely necessary for me at this time to make mention—S7z monumentum queris, circumspice. While not wishing to detain you with any lengthy remarks, I may, perhaps, be pardoned if I ask you for a few minutes to review the more important events of the past year, which appeal to us as members of a scientific organization. As a society, we have been called on to mourn the loss of two of our most esteemed and hon- ored past-presidents, in the persons of Dr. J. D. MacDonald and Mr. 16 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. B. E. Charlton. The kindly voice and the helping hand have de- parted never to return, but the influence and example of their noble lives and actions remain as an undying heritage. Early in the present year, as subjects and citizens of the British Empire, we, in common with our brethren throughout the world, were startled with the sad news of the death of that great Queen and beloved Sovereign, whose wise administration had been excelled only by the virtues of her womanly character. ‘To such an extent had her name and person become associated with the permanence of our national life and the progress of the century that we had refused to believe her mortal. We loved and served her in life as becometh a free people to serve a wise and noble ruler ; we reverence her memory in death, and shall bestow upon her illustrious son that homage to which his inherited virtues are justly entitled. In common also with the other parts of our Empire, we are still called upon to extend aid and sympathy to our Colonial brethren in South Africa, whose homes have been violated by a semi- barbarous invader. We unite in the hope that peace may soon crown the efforts of our arms, and that the blessings of Anglo-Saxon enlightenment and justice shall have free scope to remove whatever of blind hatred the past may have engendered. While, however, lamenting the protraction of the war, we, of this country, who can form some conception of the difficulties of the present war from considering the extent of our own Dominions, cannot but be amused at the unreasoning attitude of so many of our arm-chair critics. The struggle which gave the Anglo-Saxon supremacy in America was measured not by years but by decades, or I might even say by centuries. The spirit of determination which animated our fathers will not, I trust, be found wanting in the present generation. A more pleasing feature of our national history of the present year was the opportunity afforded us, in common with the other portions of the Empire situated beyond the seas, to join in welcom- ing among us the heir-apparent to the Imperial Throne. No stronger proof of the solidarity of our people and of the deep affection which they hold toward the reigning house could be required than the uniform expressions of devotion with which in every part of the Empire Their Royal Highnesses have been greeted. Their tri- JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 17 umphal tour has now become a portion of our national history, but who can attempt to measure the mighty influence which it must wield in cementing even more closely the bonds of loyalty and affection within which our Empire is contained ? Another event of the present year, to which I would briefly allude, is the celebration of the one thousandth anniversary of the death of King Alfred the Great. This event, which took place at Winchester, in July, should interest us not only as students but as members of the great Anglo-Saxon race. In none of our early kings can we find so truely depicted these cardinal virtues which have since become synonymous with the Anglo-Saxon character. Himself a scholar, he thus early taught us that the light of education and of religion is essential to our national well-being. The founder of so much that is valuable is our legal and political institutions, he lived out in his own life that love for even and impartial justice for which the Saxon race have ever since been famous. Among the important events of the present year, we must also make mention of the Pan-American Exposition, held at Buffalo. This important event transpiring so near our doors, we are the more likely to overlook its significance. The holding of such an exposi- tion, limited to the two Americas, must do much to awaken in their peoples a truer conception of the mighty resources they possess and aid much in facilitating trade and commerce between them. But it is not, I fear, on account of its contributions to commerce and art that this exposition will best be known to posterity. Within its confines, on Friday, Sept. 6th, was committed one of the most awful crimes against our common civilization which has stained the annals of his- tory. When we contemplate all that is implied in the assassination of President McKinley, we surely must be oppressed with the thought of how great forces of evil lie slumbering within our body politic, and how weak is the chain of our social fabric if its power is to be judged by the strength of its weakest link. When we view these awful lessons of social depravity, are we not justified in concluding, that notwithstanding the boasted advances of our present generation, animal rather than moral forces still sway the destines of human life and action? To many students of sociology there will no doubt seem to exist at least an indirect causal connection between this awful crime 18 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. and another most striking occurrence of the present year. I refer to the formation of that gigantic industrial combination which centres itself about the name of J. Pierpont Morgan. The formation of a billion dollar trust, which seeks even to secure control of our great international highways, will by many be viewed as another step in the widening process between labor and capital, through which the few rich are ever becoming more rich and the many poor becoming yet poorer. Be this as it may, the event itself is of sufficient importance for the thoughtful student to look about for an explanation of its causes and probable effects. With many, a sufficient cause for the present tendency toward con- solidation is to be found in our partial industrial laws, which are held to favor unduly the combining process. There can be no doubt that the privilege of entering such combinations with a limited liability, and of watering the stock of a company to such an extent that a ten thousand dollar manufactory may be converted into a fifty thousand dollar stock company, has dealt a death blow to the smaller private industries. I cannot agree, however, that the whole cause lies here, or that a re-adjustment of our commercial legislation would remove the present tendency toward consolidation. A deeper reason, perhaps, will be found in the revolution which modern science has brought about in our industrial methods. Foremost among these may be mentioned the great and numerous inventions which, while cheapening, have also lengthened the course of pro- duction, and secondly, the great chemical applications by which the waste refuse of one industry becomes the raw product of another. It must be evident, however, that the more scientific our industrial life becomes, the more gigantic must be the scale upon which it proceeds. If these conclusions be true, we must ask ourselves whether we are willing to forego all this saving of physical labor and material for a return to primitive simplicity. Is the lightening of labor and the increase of social commodities to result only in social degradation? Shall we not rather say that every such ad- vance must mark an onward step in physical and moral freedom ? Though the present outlook may at times seem dark, let us not be of those who would lose faith in the social future. Can we not rather draw comfort from the present tendencies of our industries ? When we see these vast consolidations being successfully operated JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 19 under a single head, does it not give promise that the advocate of socialized industries may yet hope to see his expectations to some degree realized ? In conclusion I would add a word on another issue, which is following in a far different field as a result of our scientific progress. I refer to the large share which matters scientific and industrial now occupy in our national systems of education. ‘‘Schools Scientific ” and ‘‘ Schools Technical,” is the present burden of our educational song. That these should occupy a large space in our national sys- tem, no one can deny. If the purpose of the school be to prepare the child for filling his place in the social organism, then surely these great industries and processes which have so much to do with our social life should not be shut out from the school curriculum. Ought we not, however, to ask ourselves whether in our zeal we may not be overlooking other phases of this problem? Let us not forget that the world moves at least not less through moral than through physi- cal forces. When we find that in our great schools and colleges our’ students of Greek language and literature, the great source and foun- tain head of moral truth and beauty, when I say we find that these students may be numbered upon our fingers, should we not ask ourselves whether we are not thinking more of meat than of life, more of the raiment than of the body. ? Let us not forget that above all things we are laboring for moral and spiritual freedom ; that high ideals and lofty sentiments are the greatest inspiration of a nation ; that only when the heart is filled with the music of humanity shall we find a soul that is truly noble, and an influence that shall never die. 20 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. BIRDS OF NEW ZEALAND. A paper on some of the Birds of New Zealand, read before the Association December 5th, Toor. BY DR. D. V. LUCAS, OF GRIMSBY. Nature is laid before us as a great book with many pages. Some of us take very naturally to one page, some to another. The enthusiast always feels, whatever department he may have chosen, that he has had the rare good fortune to light upon the most interest- ing of all, whether it be a study of diatoms or of diamonds ; of mole- cules or of mountains. I will not say that the subject I place before you to-night is superior to all others on your annual list, though I hope you will find it at least worthy of your attention for an hour or so now, and afford you profitable and pleasant remembrances of it in the days to come. In many senses New Zealand is a remarkable country, and in considering her birds we have before us one of her most interesting features, especially in her natural kingdom. She has not only a great variety of birds without wings, especially if we include the now ex- tinct Moa, but there are also birds in that country which, though they have wings, seldom or never use them. There are ten different sorts of Parakeets and about fifteen different kinds of Parrots. To me a talking bird is always a wonder. Why should a bird possess the power of imitating the educated human voice? There is something more than a mere pronouncing of words by some of these birds ; there is apparently an appreciation of the relationship of one word or one thought to another. I stood by and heard one of these talking birds say to a dog, “‘ Carlo, come here,” and the dog came. The bird said, “‘ Carlo, lie down,” and the dog lay down. The bird said, ‘“‘ Carlo, roll over,” and the dog rolled over. The memory of these birds is to me as great a matter of wonder as their power of speech. I have met with instances where the memory of the bird has been equal to carrying a thought through three, and in another JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 21. instance, nine years. During the entire lapse of these years the bird never once was known to refer to some one thing he had been taught until something happened with which that thing’ was especially associated, and then there was the most satisfactory evidence that he remembeted it as clearly as if the association of thought respecting it had been of daily occurrence. The power of classifying sounds and observing the difference in sounds is also a striking peculiarity of some talking birds. Let old ‘* Major” be put in the other room and the door closed tight ; now hit your side of the door with a stone or cane or key or your own knuckles, and he will say, ‘Come in.” Take a small tin cup and hit the door with the corner of it and he will say, ‘‘ Milk,” and you cannot deceive him, so long as you strike loud enough for him to know that you have hit the door with something. New Zealand’s talking birds are not equal to those of Australia, though some birds, especially the Ka-Ka, are fair speakers. The most interesting ‘of them all is the owl parrott, or Ka-Ka-po. This bird, though possessed of strong, large wings, never uses them, except to steady itself in its descent from a higher to a lower limb. In ascending it always-creeps up, never flies. Its nest and vendes- vous are in the hollow, or under the roots of old, large trees. Its habits are almost entirely nocturnal. It is said, indeed, that the Ka-Ka-po.is never seen during the day. Before the use of dogs to drive it from its burrow, natives were accustomed to hunt it at night, confusing and blinding it with lights. It feeds wholly on the ground, glutting itself with some kinds of mosses, ferns and grass. It offers a formidable resistance to a dog, by means of its strong claws and beak. \ THE KEA. The Kea, or hawk-parrot, is, if anything, a still greater curiosity. In former years this bird fed entirely on nuts and fruits. Discover- ing a sheep’s pelt on the fence near the settler’s residence it began to peck at it, more apparently from curiosity than anything else, and at length, from this beginning, became a carnivorous bird. It has learned the art of attacking the living sheep, and in the higher altitudes where sheep feed on the mountain slopes, as many as 15,000 a year have been destroyed by the Kea. The N. Z. govern- ment have found it necessary to offer 75 cents a head for their 22 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. destruction. The bird lights on the back of the sheep, and having fixed its claws firmly in the wool, flaps its wings, causing the sheep to run until it is so completely exhausted it yields itself up to its fate, and then the bird picks through the small of the back, tearing out the kidneys and surrounding fat, leaving the poor sheep to die slowly from its wounds. THE KEA. THE SADDLE-BACK. The Saddle-back gets its name from its very peculiar marking. It is a black bird, about the size of our American Robin, with a very broad band of reddish brown color running across the back and across the wings, giving him the appearance of being saddled. ‘The most curi- ous thing to be noted of the Saddle-back is his habit of accompany- ing a flock of Yellow-heads, a small wild Canary. Wherever you see a flock of these little birds, there you will see also a single male Saddle-back in the midst of them, an apparently self-appointed gen- eral, directing their movements and protecting their interests. Naturalists have never yet been able to discover the bird’s motive for this queer habit. This bird is exceedingly restless and noisy. In the day time he cannot, apparently, remain more than a very few : seconds in one place, making a harsh cry. In the breeding season, however, his notes are very soft and musical, and it is a matter of surprise to the naturalists, that a bird so restless and noisy should be able to conduct himself at any time with such modesty and delicacy. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 23 THE CUCKOO. There are two very different kinds of Cuckoo in New Zealand, both as regards color, size and general habits; the only common characteristic, making them both Cuckoos, being they are both rob- bers of the basest sort, stealing the home of smaller birds, the fruit of long and patient toil. The nest in which a single Cuckoo egg, by either the long tailed or the bronze Cuckoo, is deposited, is usually that of the “‘ Gray Warbler,” a bird not over one-third the size of the conscienceless invader. The larger bird of the Cuckoo breed soon ejects the smaller offspring of the rightful owners of the nest, and then receives their sole attention till he is fully matured and made ready by the innocent victims of his parent’s knavery, to go forth himself to perpetuate the dishonesty and thieving propensity of his ancestors. CROWS. The Crow is a very different bird from the American species in appearance. His habits, however, much more than color or form, assign him a place in the Crow family. He is like all his cousins, inquisitive, shy and crafty. The notes of the male are loud and varied. The most noticeable one is a long drawn organ note of great depth and richness. Sometimes his notes resemble the soft tolling of a bell. Its wings are small and rounded, and its flight therefore feeble and limited to very short distances. They prefer passing over the ground on foot, hopping as they go, usually in single file, if there are several of them. They will follow their leader like a flock of sheep. If the first bird should have occasion to leap over a stone or fallen tree in the line of march, every bird in the procession does not fail to follow the example to the very letter, and do exactly what has been done by the one ahead of him. THE TUI OR PARSON-BIRD. This bird is about the size of our large Canadian Black-bird. The early colonists nick-named him Parson-bird, because of the tufts of white feathers which adorn his throat, with their fancied resemblance to clerical bands. It is said, however, that in more striking appearances he resembles the forcible preacher, for when indulging in his strain of wild notes it gesticulates in a manner sug- 24 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. gestive of a declamatory style of preaching. He shakes his head, bending to one side, then to another, as if he remarked to this one ~ and to that, and now and then with pent-up vehemence his voice waxes loud in a manner apparently intended to awaken some of his drowsy listeners. Tennyson makes his northern farmer say of his Parson: I ’eiird “um ah bummin’ awaiiy like a buzzard-clock ower my ’eiid, be in Bose ay ae ce ae eee ne Re OO ac Be x An’ I thowt a said whot a owt to ’a said an’ I coom’d awaiiy. Evidently the farmer’s preacher was not of the Tui style, or the farmer’s ears would have been more attentive to what was said. He seems to be a thorough Mocking-bird, both in power of song _and in power to imitate the human voice. I think it was Sir Geo. Grey who was addressing a Maori gathering on some political sub- ject in a chief’s tent. When he had finished, a Tui hanging in a cage above his head, said: “Tito” (“false ”)—which caused an immense roar of Jaughter among his hearers. The old chief said: “ Friend, your arguments are very good, but my Tui is a very nice bird and he is not yet convinced.” In a state of nature the Tui is much more lively than when in confinement. It is constantly on the move. The early morning is their time for music; a matinee for sure. When engaged in song, the Tui puffs out his feathers, dis- tends his throat, opens wide his beak, and gesticulates with his head as he pours forth the harmony of his soul. Sir George Grey, who thoroughly understood the Maori tongue, has given us in Maori, not only an illustration of the varied song of the Tui, but tells us what the native Maori thinks the bird says to him in his song. Any one who has listened to our Brown Thrush, or that more recent summer visitor from the South, the Cat-bird, which is, I think, a small species of the Southern Mocking-bird, will not fail to recognize the resemblance of the Tui’s song to theirs, especially in the wonderfully varied notes. The Tui’s supposed song in Maori : ““KKo tu Koe IXo rango [Soe KKo te manuwhiri No runga te manuwhiri No raro te manuwhiri No to ti JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 25 No to ta I Kie roro Te whare pa rua E ronga E ronga E Kai Ari nui Ari roa.” Thus, on and on, apparently making it up as he goes along, poet and musician, all in one, seldom repeating. You have in the Tui a genuine songster, and he is as full of fun as he is of song. These birds will mount high in the air in parties of five or six in fine weather, indulging there in sportive flight, turning, twisting, throwing THE TUI. somersaults, dropping from lofty heights with expanded wings and tail. High in the air he will sometimes close his wings and sustain himself for a few moments with a very rapid movement of his tail, allowing himself to drop slowly to a lower level, when, all at once, as if prearranged, the flock will dart downward in the thick forest and are seen no more for the day. 26 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. THE HUIA (HOO-YEH). The Huia is the royal bird of the Maori as the Eagle is among our natives. Wherever you see a Maori in full dress, male or female, you will not fail to notice that the head is ornamented with one or more Huia feathers. The bird is about the size of our wild Pigeon. It is intensely black, with a bluish cast, with the exception of a broad, terminal band of purest white across the tail. The male and female are equal in size and the same in color and marking. That which makes the Huia most interesting is the marked difference in the beaks of the male and female. The reader will at once notice in THE HUIA. the picture before him this very great divergence. At first, Natural- ists were greatly puzzled. ‘The two birds with beaks so exceedingly unlike were marked down in the catalogues as belonging to different species. It was afterwards thought by some that the one with the long beak was the male, from the fact that it appeared at times to be feeding the other. At length the mystery was solved—the short beaked one is the male. Their principal food is the large white grub found inside the thick bark of dead trees. Without that FouRNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 27 form of beak he could not peck through the rough bark. The grub, disturbed by the continuous pecking, has moved away from it as far as possible, so that when the opening is made the bird could not get his prey if his partner were not at hand to insert her longer beak and bring him forth to be devoured. Instead, however, of selfishly ap- propriating it, they mutually declare a dividend, and share and share alike. We are sometimes a little amused at the ideas of some of our sceptical friends, who, in order if possible to get rid of a designing, intelligent Creator, would strive to make this very beak the mere product of the bird’s necessities. What amuses us is the existence of the original birds depending upon this kind of food until a means to procure it was evolved or developed. Poor things, they must have had a sorry time of it waiting for this development to enable them to live at all. THE KIWI (KEE-WEE). We come now for a little time to consider those very queer birds of New Zealand, with a considerable number of species—birds with- out wings and without feathers. The kind represented in the picture is the North Island Kiwi (Kee-wee)—the Apteryx Bullert. I have a stuffed specimen in my collection of the South Island Kiwi, which differs a good deal from the Kiwi of the North Island in formation of the body, and color and form of coating, which is a continuous spreading of the hair in- stead of layers as in the picture. The Kiwi feeds in the low grounds or marshes on worms, snails and grubs, as its long, thin beak would naturally indicate to the reader. The head is smal!, but the neck is large and muscular. ‘The thighs and feet are also very muscular and powerful, far beyond what might seem necessary for the general size of the bird. When at rest it tucks its head and beak so perfectly under its fluffy coat that all semblance to a bird is lost, and you see only what looks like a round ball of coarse wool. It is nocturnal in its habits and is quite unable to endure the light. The skin of the Kiwi is so thick and tough that shoes can easily be made from it. It resembles the skin of an animal rather than that of a bird. One of the most striking peculiarities of the Kiwi is the enot- mous size of their eggs. Though the bird is not larger in size than the average domestic hen, the egg, in many instances, measures nearly five inches in length and over three inches wide. 28 j THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. The Kiwi is more interesting to us because of its resemblance to the gigantic Moa, of which so much has been written in New Zealand and in England. sae ee aG THE KIWI. THE MOA. There were in earlier days no less than twenty different species of the Moa. How and when they became extinct cannot be satis- factorily settled. That they have been extinct at least 150 years is argued from the fact that no Maori, however aged, can be found who ever saw a Moa, nor can there be found a Maori who can tell us that he ever heard his father say that he had seen one. The classification made by scientists has been entirely from bones discovered in different parts of New Zealand. Some of the scientific names applied to different species show the enormous size of at least a few of them. Dinornis altus. Dinornis elephantus. Dinornis giganteus. Dinornis ingens. Dinornis maximus. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 29 I have in my collection one bone (a 7722), which is very nearly 2 feet in length, 17 inches around the upper joint, 14 inches around the lower joint, and 7 inches around the very smallest part of the bone. Even this bone dwindles into insignificance compared with a measurement given by Sir Walter Buller in his famous work on “ The Birds of New Zealand”—Femur, ¢ ft., 6 in.; TZzbia, 3 ft, 3 in.; Tarsus, i ft., 8 in. ; outer toe, 934 in. From the point of the toe to the very top of the leg a little over 7 ft., 2 in. And this bone had been lying in the earth for at least a century and a half. I have also a handful of gizzard stones, found in considerable numbers among the remains of these birds, where from flood or fire, or foolish slaughter by the natives, large numbers of them have per- ished in a single day. In many instances the remains were so well preserved that it was not difficult to discover the very stones each had carried in the gizzard, many of them over 3 lbs each, and in a few the weight of the stones in a single bird was over 5% lbs. No one subject in the colony, of a scientific nature, has more fully and earnestly engaged the attention of literary men than the existence and so lately the extinction of this giant bird. Why has no other such bird been found elsewhere? By what means were they at length destroyed? And how many years is it since they ceased to exist? Prof. Owen says 400 years. Sir George Grey says not less than 150. No one knows; yet all regret that so noble a specimen of the bird world should have ceased to walk upon our earth. [The Association acknowledges the kindness of the Toronto Globe for permis - sion to use cuts which illustrate this paper.] 30 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE GEOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE HAMILTON SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATION For the term ending May, 1902. | To the President, Officers and Members of the Hamilton Scientific Assoctation : The Section has much pleasure in submitting this, its annual report, feeling assured that an advance has been made respecting the acquirement of a better knowledge of the rock system which is ex- posed in the neighborhood of Hamilton, and also of the fossil fauna peculiar to the different rock formations which go to make up that system. That indefatigable member, Col. C. C. Grant, has devoted a good deal of his time searching for the eastern limit of the Guelph formation, with the object of discovering where it rests upon the beds known to him as the Barton beds, and whether the passage from the Upper Niagara to the Guelph formation shows any distinct de- posit line, or a well marked gradation from one to the other. He has not yet discovered an outcrop which reveals the points which he is in search of. The work of collecting fossil specimens has been carried on by several members of the Section with considerable success. Some new varieties have been found among the shingle from the Hudson River rocks (more recently named the Cambrio-Silurian), which lie strewn on the lake shore at Winona, the Beach and Burlington Heights, and in the quarries on the face of the escarpment. Col. C. C. Grant has sent quite a large number of fossils to different JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 31 museums—the British Museum of Natural History, the museum at Ottawa and others. He also sent a number of specimens of the fenestellata to Prof. W. A. Parks, of Toronto University, who is making a special study of that family. ‘The fossil sponges obtained in the neighborhood of Hamilton always are in demand, and attract special attention among paleontologists. The flinty character of the sponges found here render the work of polishing sections very diffi- cult. A local firm was induced to try some sections. The work proved to be very satisfactory indeed. The structural difference of the varieties was brought with clearness. The Museum has been kept open on Saturday afternoons during the past year, to enable the visitors to derive some benefit from the visit. Messrs. Gaviller, Col. Grant and Schuler have collectively or separately been present to answer questions and explain the points of interest to the inquirer respecting the different specimens of natural history in the Museum. During the autumn and winter months much time has been spent by Mr. Schuler and Col. Grant in re-arranging the specimens. Some of the cases are still overcrowded, and will have to be thinned out so as to get them properly labelled. We are using the cases which held the collection of shells lately moved from the Museum. There is good reason for the Section to complain of the appar- ent lack of interest by the members of the Association in the work carried on under the Sections. ‘Take all Associations of a similar character and you will find that the work done in the Sections is most important. The new discoveries are proved before being given out to the world and receiving the endorsation of the parent body. The Section cannot close this report without expressing their deep regret at the loss by death of the Chairman of the Section, Mr. A. E. Walker, and desire that the following resolution be recorded in the Proceedings of the Association: ‘‘The Geological Section of © the Hamilton Scientific Association desire to record the great loss the Section has sustained by the recent demise of our venerable and honored Chairman. Owing to his long and serious illness of late years, he was unable to take an active part in our meetings. Few of us can forget his addresses on corals, stromatopora and the Niagara fossil sponges. He possessed great skill in developing sections of 32 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. the two latter, as may be seen in the valuable case of fossils he gen- erously presented to the Association.” We were indebted to our late Chairman for drawing the atten- tion of the famous spongologist, Prof. Rauff, to our chert sponges. He was among the first to recognize the true nature of the fossil anchoring spicules of our local Niagara chert beds. The Section has held five meetings at which interesting papers were read. Following are the dates of the meetings and the title of the papers read, and the author : Decy27 th, 1901, GeologicalyNoteshaaee rare C. C. Grant. Jan. 31st, 1902, Coral Reefs, Ancient and INGO Mer acco eA ee ae da teie eet opti ih Feb. 28th, rgo2, Geological Notes Continued. : March 28th, 1902, Notes on Evolution versus the yall ofp Man astes seco tsa mie eee i April 25th, 1902, Notes on Evolution Contin- LS (a PAN aera cement mapas SIM a Odean tie ca Acs < All of which is respectfully submitted. AC a, Nir Secretary. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 33 e OPENING ADDRESS, GEOLOGICAL SECTION, FOR SESSION 1go1-1902. Read before the Geological Sectzon of the Hamilton Scientific Assoctation, Dec. 27th, root. BY COL. C.-C. GRANT. As acting Chairman of the Section, in the absence of Mr. A. E. Walker through illness, I have the honor to submit for your inspec- tion some of the specimens obtained during the past collecting season. A few doubtful, or little known ones, in addition, viz., Graptolites, Sponges, etc., were forwarded to Museums for the ex- amination of paleontologists, who make the families a particular study. Perhaps it falls a little short of the previous year’s collection, a very exceptional one, but I confess Iam not quite satisfied even on that point. The accompanying correspondence submitted can prove that the Geological Section of the Hamilton Scientific Associ- ation is attracting a little attention beyond Ontario. Thanks to the liberality of the President and Council, we were enabled to figure at least a few Silurian fossils, which may be new to science, in our late Proceedings. Let us hope the expense may not prevent us from seeing a few more of Mr. Scriven’s admirable illus- trations. I am in a position to state that we possess the necessary material, if required, in fine preservation. The early part of the collecting season opened unfortunately at a time when the writer was unable to examine the fields along the - corporation drain and elsewhere before they were ploughed up or planted. Later on, when he felt strong enough to have a look at what was planted (a very important matter here), he was much dis- appointed to find several familiar hunting grounds presenting aspects which led him to think the present year’s collection, at least, of sponges, chert Bryozoons and fossils would be absolutely few and 34 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. far between. Promising crops of clover and grass, as well as other things not conducive of success, were noticeable in every direction, but fortunately a few places near the city, and others beyond the reservoir on the escarpment, presented a more hopeful showing, and as they were well known to have yielded many specimens in previous years, it was expected a few, at least, this time might reward research. This proved to be the case, and several well preserved sponges and sections from the glaciated Niagara chert beds were forwarded to London, Dublin, etc. Perhaps the restricted ground examined was more carefully searched than ever before, and to this we may partly attribute any success which may be claimed. There appeared to be very slight prospect of obtaining from these few curtailed points of observations many specimens unknown to scientific investigation, but we felt it incumbent on us to do what we could to furnish a few at least, and on the whole were tolerably successful. ‘The field which presented so many complete sponges last year, some fourteen if I recollect aright, revealed only two on the present occasion. This was the more disappointing, for much was expected from a portion which had been under a pea-crop, and when this is harvested the ground is left quite bare and specimens can be easily detected on the surface. Indeed, in the case of the two obtained, their dis- covery was Owing to turning over the lumps of chert in which they were embedded. It must not be forgotten that the early frost usually brings to the surface many sponges and sections, and if snow-falls do not interfere and cover up the ground several others may be added yet to our collections. Among the more interesting sponges recently acquired is a fine specimen of Awlocopina Granii (Billings). Not complete by any means, but perhaps all the more interesting for all that, since nature has accomplished what the lapidary is sometimes directed to do, viz., to cut the sponge so as to display a vertical section. (The writer has often noticed while such sections are rare, transverse ones are of frequent occurrence). One of the Astylospongias appears to be rather rare in the glaciated chert beds. The grooves are shallow and lobes very slightly raised. The existence of this sponge was first suspected from finding the transverse sections differ from ones better known, or JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 35 commoner, in similar portions of the family groups here. It may occur at Tennessee, but I failed to recognize it in the collection I possess from that locality, and probably some may think the speci- men merely a variety, and not a distinct species. WINONA. A very large amount of shingle was exposed along the lake shore, and A. Wilson, Esq., informed me they had a considerable amount of rough weather after his arrival at the park. The quality of material cast up, or laid bare, induced me to imagine that a larger amount of specimens than usual might be safely calculated upon, but in this I feel rather disappointed. Perhaps this was due in some measure to being unable to work as steadily as in former years, through an attack of grip or influenza, which weakened me pre- viously, and the very hot weather, which rendered it difficult to handle the shingle. When it became somewhat cooler another visit was paid to the camp, and proved slightly more successful, yet hardly came up to the expectations entertained, although I was enabled to forward a few rare Cambro-Silurian fossils to the Dominion Geological_Survey Office, Ottawa, from the lake shore drift. Among the specimens sent was a fair example of Dr. James Hall’s Orthodesma Curvata, which was found in the Hudson River series in Ohio. Another and different species of the family was also sent there, but the latter was unfortunately poorly preserved. _ Several very fine slabs, containing numbers of the minute Leperditia Canadensis (T. R. Jones), were also obtained. The Professor published a paper in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, in May, 1898, on “ The Fossil Cypridinidz,” a copy of which I received and to which I respectfully call the attention of our Geological Section. The figures displayed bear such a close resemblance to Leferditia Canadensis, that few of us could recog- nize the distinction. If the writer ever noticed this crustacean, pos- sibly it may have been when collecting specimens from the Mountain Limestones of Tipperary, Ireland. Yet he believes that since then he has noticed it also at Burlington Heights (the ancient Lake Beach), and looked upon it erroneously as an enlarged form of Leferditza. Although the writer made an extensive collection in Western 36 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. Canada, formerly in the Corniferous quarries and Devonian drift, he believes no specimen ever came under observation there. Slabs containing Leferdi/ia require careful examination, as we may expect to find them there. The oldest rock in which Cypridina first appears, remarks Professor T. R. Jones, in unmistakeable form, is probably of Lower Silurian (Ordovician) age as far as can be determined. In Europe a member of the group occurs in the Upper Silurians. The peculiar beak, the notch and size, as figured by Professor T. R. Jones, are so characteristic that the family cannot well be mistaken for Lepferditia. ‘This minute Crustacean is represented by two or more distinct species in the Cambro-Silurian drift along the lake shore, between Winona and Grimsby, as well as at the Burlington Heights, near the railway bridge. The naked eye shows the dis- tinction. In some instances you may remark when you split the slab the interior holds a number of specimens differing in size. These may probably represent various stages of growth of the little Crustacean. In other cases the beach drift shingle presents others equally numerous, all alike in size and appearance. Single individuals are’ seldom discovered. Without a good magnifying glass and the originals, or correct figures, I fancy it would be rather difficult to name the numerous varieties of the Canadian examples of Professor T. R. Jones, F. C. S. An old friend and correspondent of mine, Professor Chapman, of the Toronto University, calling the attention of the class he was instructing there formerly, pointed out the near resemblance the minute bivalve Crustacean bore to a grain of wheat. I have often noticed since then how appropriate was his illustration regarding both size and general appearance ; some are as large as the ones we see produced under favorable conditions on rich virgin soil, while others hardly attain the dimensions of a grain of barley. The Sec- tion may think the writer has dwelt too long on this particular portion of paleontology. The fact is one remarks a general tendency to neglect minute fossils. How many of us, for instance, would have noticed the microscopic teeth discovered by Professor G. J. Hinde, of the Toronto University, in our own neighborhood. I am not aware whether the Cozodonts found here were ever analyzed, but the only one I collected was glistening phosphatic, and the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 37 writer concluded it was the tooth of a very low class of fishes. If this view was correct it must carry back representatives of the class to a lower stage than Upper Silurians. Pander published a description and figures of Conodonts he found in the Cambrians of Russia. CITY QUARRIES, During the past season avery large number of men were em- ployed by the city in getting out road metal from the Webber Quarry. Many years ago, when the place in question was first opened, the face of the escarpment there presented an unusual number of grapto- lites, as was the case in the adjacent quarry which had previously been worked out. It was natural to think, under the circumstances, that one was likely to find colonies of graptolites and other fossils also. It was not so, however. Weeks and months passed and not a single colony was discovered, but at the base of the chert a few single graptolites put in an appearance—fine specimens, well pre- served and likely to prove to be new species. We must not forget Barrande, the celebrated European paleontologist, declared that this class (graptolites), instead of disappearing as was stated, actually culminated as far as he saw in the Upper Silurians. Nothing fore- shadows their decline, and this is the singular part of their history. They flourished in the muddy water when the, Niagara shales were deposited. They survived when a different condition arose in this locality, when in clearer water. Our limestones were laid down with- out any change as far as can be noticed. The specimens exhibit more robust forms, a greater increase in size, as if under more con- genial surrounding conditions. I call, gentlemen, particular attention to this, because not a few well-known palzontologists, erroneously, perhaps, imagine that Artic currents may have deposited the muddy shales where they are so frequently discovered. Doubtlessly this conclusion originated in certain local surroundings. One has rarely an opportunity of carefully examining the interior of limestone layers usually used for building purposes, or sandstones for the same reason. Yet both contain organic remains, whose existence could never be suspected from any external appearance. How often has an acci- dental shot of powder revealed here in Hamilton, by fracturing or splitting our local beds, limestone or chert, inside specimens, whose 38 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. existence was looked upon as almost impossible? On this account, the writer hesitates to assert the Webber Quarry is less fossiliferous than the other which had previously been opened by the City Cor- poration. ‘The few graptolites discovered there during the last two collecting seasons were generally in good preservation and differ from any found in the other quarries in several instances. Some were discovered at the base of the chert, and most probably may be new to science on this continent. In the Webber quarry the men employed by the corporation have worked back the Macadamizing chert very nearly to the level, where rock material was removed formerly from the adjoining quarry, before it was worked out, and which I found contained large num- bers of graptolites, differing from all found in well-known layers beneath. ‘There was something in the glaciated bed—an irregular thickness in places—which reminded me of the abandoned quarry, and although many years have past I perfectly recollected everything relating to the point of the old beds where I had discovered so many specimens. ‘The general appearance at present was such as led me to believe we were approaching the locality of a graptolite colony, and when some few specimens were recently obtained it tended to confirm the opinion. However, later research induces me to fear these may have been merely outliers from the older one. This is a matter which may soon be settled if quarrying is kept on a little longer. Indeed, there is every appearance of that, for the writer noticed men removing the overlying soil, and so far back that we may be afforded an opportunity of examining ten or twelve yards of rocks which had not been laid bare or examined in the other quar- ries. At the rock cutting on the Grand Trunk Railway I was only able to examine a few feet of the glaciated chert formerly, when I discovered the sponges and sponge sections 27 s7zu. On returning to-day, October 28th, from an unsuccessful hunt for glaciated flint flake fossils, I paid a visit to the quarries, which I generally examine every day, wet or dry, when the Superintendent employed by the city, Mr. Nichol, informed me he had a little time before my arrival obtained a fine graptolite from a bed in the blue ~ building Niagaras, lower down than he had ever seen one before. On pointing out the place and position it was clearly shown that the specimen in question, accidentally displayed by the charge of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 39 giant powder used in quarrying, was exactly similar to ones secured by the writer in the upper blue building bed there some few days previously. Had this been a solitary instance of a particular grapto- lite existing for perhaps centuries? (for remember Dana, the great United States Geologist, whose writings are sometimes alluded to by Dr. Talmage and other traditionalists, with approval, considers each foot of limestone may represent the deposit of 1000 years). A notice of such an assertion as this you will not find recorded by men who hold the view of the six days’ creation recorded in the bible. ‘They prefer to select isolated passages from the earlier im- mature publications of Agassiz and other geologists in order to discredit modern scientific research, carefully ignoring the conclu- sions arrived at by such writers when they gained more experience. At a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, held at Denver on 30th August last, Professor W. J. McGee, Chesterfieldian ethnologist, read a paper on ‘‘ Anthopology,” in which he stated modern research had shattered the theory that mankind had sprung from a common parentage ; it must be apparent that the Negro, Malay and Caucasian could not have descended from the same pair. It may not be generally known that the celebrated palzeontolo- gist, Agassiz, arrived at the same conclusion as the great body known to us, ‘‘ The American Association for the Advancement of Science.” It is recorded that the entire assemblage, with two excep- tions, adopted the views of the Smithsonian Professor regarding the ancient tradition of ‘Adam and Eve,” dismissing it merely as an Eastern myth. Dr. Talmage’s preaching appears to have little in- fluence with the more intelligent of his own countrymen. He may, perhaps, be more highly appreciated by a few city aldermen, or emotional people of either sex. An opinion was expressed that as the Lattice-Sponges ( Hexact- inellids ), Euplectelle for example, are found living at a considerable depth in the modern seas, we may reasonably infer that the fossil representatives of this family existed here under similar conditions, and that our local chert indicated a deep sea bottom. The writer believes this conclusion to be quite erroneous, for the reasons sub- mitted for consideration. Particular attention for many years has been paid to this very 40 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION point, and while only single valve impressions of bivalve shells are obtainable, such we know, from recent deep sea dredging, have been conveyed by currents, etc., from shallow to deeper water. Still the Corals, numerous Bracheopods, Bryozoons, Trilobites and Plants found associated are opposed to this conclusion. - The Fucoids are chiefly displayed as stained branches on the surface of a layer, in very poor preservation ; sometimes, however, you find fragments of a plant colored green by iron salts. One of the most difficult fossils for determination which our local chert beds ever presented was very recently obtained, un- fortunately in a fragmentary condition—a wrinkled, flattened bitu- minous specimen. It may puzzle the most experienced palzeontol- ogist to classify even if more perfectly preserved. It may represent a crushed reed, and perhaps it may be obtainable in a better con- dition in Silurian rocks elsewhere. - It would be desirable to secure a fairer representative than the one here submitted. The other im- pression, deeper and more marked, was forwarded about the middle of the month to Professor T. R. Jones, of London, but I doubt even if that admits of description. So many unexpected things have turned up of late that we need not altogether despair of secur- ing another specimen which may enable our scientific friends to form a more reliable opinion than the writer entertains at present. The Niagara chert beds lately presented also the fragment of an Orthoceras, which does not correspond with any of the ones figured in the publications of Ohio Geological Survey or the later ones of the State of New York, which the late Dr. Jas. Hall, of Albany, kindly sent. The fragment reminds me of a cuttle fish to which Dr, Spencer, F. C. S., alluded to formerly in one of his papers on the “ Paleontology of the Local Rocks.” The Orthoceras in question must have been about 6 feet long, had exceedingly close septa, tapering slowly, apex sharply defined. The diameter of the cham- ber of habitation was exceedingly small, taking into consideration the length. Of course it would be impossible now to say more than the fragment produced reminds me of the very extraordinary cuttle displayed many years ago on the surface of the heavy limestones used for building in the city. Itis greatly to be regretted that no drawing or photograph was taken at the time, for it was looked JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 41 upon by all the writers consulted as new Niagara species from the description given. It seems quite erroneous to suppose because the modern Lattice Sponges (Luwplectil/a), etc., are dredged from a considerable depth, that this is a certain indication of the existence of the Hamilton representatives under similar conditions. At first sight it seems quite natural to arrive at this conclusion, but we are compelled to suppose it to be erroneous when we recall the various organic remains which are found associated, not only with this particular class, but likewise with the graptolites, which also are supposed to indicate by some a deep sea habitation. Several years ago a geologist from the States, on examining a few Sponges and sections of the same, expressed this opinion, remarking these, unlike the colored Lingule of the Clinton series, indicate deep water in the Silurian Sea. The writer regrets he was unable to acquiesce in this opinion, and ventures to submit the reason for your consideration. The Niagara Sponges and their sections so numerous in our local chert beds are chiefly confined to the upper portion, or in other words some 8 feet, which were ground down and disappeared in “The Great Ice Age,” when land ice pushed down with irresisti- ble force from the north, pressed on in invading this locality. That it did not possess a universal equal crushing power is certainly shown, since we find undisturbed chert beds. East and west of the Niagara escarpment layers of rock material in precisely the original position they occupied before the invasion of this northern avalanche of snow and ice, shod with the material incorporated in its progress, and bearing on its surface where disappearing the combed-out frag. ments of our Canadian Highlands, scattered far and wide. As objects, even intelligent farmers may perceive are absolutely un- known to them as quite foreign to the locality. With these rounded weather-worn or water-worn boulders, as paleontologists we have little to explain. They hold no fossils, and undoubtedly if such ever existed in the far-off time when deposited their disappearance may easily be accounted for. It is from the part of the chert beds (8 feet) removed from the escarpment near the city, but occupying their original position still, at the rock cutting beyond the reservoir, that the sponges are obtainable. Very rarely you find any under- neath. Associated with them you will find impressions of shells 42 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. (single valves generally), numerous Bryozoons, corals. The latter alone is sufficient to show the sponges must have flourished in com- paratively shallow water, since leading naturalists such as Milne, Edwards, Sars and E. Forbes concluded that the coralline zone was from 5 to 50 fathoms, and the deep sea coral from 50 to too, ora little more. We may be reminded of the extraordinary depth reached in recent scientific borings in reefs off the coast of Australia, but that merely indicates slow submergence. The reef-building Polypes, Porites, Meandrina, Madripora and Astrea are confined to limited depths, according to Quoy and Gannard. We may conclude, remarks Darwin, that in ordinary cases reef-building Polypifers do not flourish at greater depths than 20 or 30 fathoms. The plants of the chert beds are poorly preserved and few in number, but they indicate a litoral (perhaps a laminarian zone), viz., from low water to 15 fathoms. Yet here their representatives can hardly admit of denial, since their production is easily accessible to any one who doubts their occurrence. The writer must admit that he has merely obtained impressions of single (scattered) valves of the Lamellibranchiates, save in one or two very rare instances, which scarcely admits of positive assertion at the present time. NOTES. Mr. Schuler had on exhibition one very fine specimen of Graptolite’ Dittyonema, showing the stem and root; also Cantho- graptus (new variety), and a new variety of sponge. Col. Grant showed several new varieties of /zocaulis from the Niagara formation ; Rhcnopora Tuberculosa, Fucoid from the blue building bed, Niagara formation ; a number of specimens of Sponges, Astylospongia, variety ; a large collection of fossils from the Hudson river formation, and three Ovthoceras of different varieties. A letter was received from Mr. Ray Lankester, Director of the British Museum of Natural History, acknowledging the receipt of Silurian fossils from Niagara formation of Hamilton ; from John M. Clarke, State Palzeontologist, New York State Museum, acknowledg- ing the receipt of information about the rock system near Hamilton ; from W. A. Parkes, acknowledging the receipt of several specimens received by him on his visit to Hamilton; from J. F. Whiteaves, acknowledging package of fossils from the Niagara chert and drift shingle of Winona. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 43 ‘ CORAL REEFS—MODERN AND ANCIENT. Read before the Geological Section of the Hamelton Scientific Assoctatzon, Jan. 31st, 1902. BY COLa, Ca Co GRAN. Despite all that has been written by Darwin, Dana and others, including many officers in the Royal Navy, etc., we know little which can be regarded as absolutely reliable respecting the rate of growth of the modern coral reefs. But far more difficult must it be to form anything approaching a correct view as to the time taken to deposit a foot of limestone, shale or sandstone 6n the sea bottom. One of the best marked Palzeozoic coral reefs ever noticed by the writer was close to the southwest point light-house, Island of Anti- costi, Niagara series. ‘The rocks named by the Director-General of the Canadian Geological Survey, Sir W. Logan, and E. Billings as the Anticosti group, are usually thin limestones and shales, but at the point stated the upper beds are of considerable thickness, very brittle, containing many embedded corals, together with immense quantities of crinoid stems, which impart to it a peculiar glistening appearance, which you may notice in the mineral Ortho- clase. It is often seen in stems or broken plates of crinoids at Grimsby. It is quite a mistake to suppose a modern reef (coral) is solely built up by coral animalcule. During its formation various other things are included in it, and this brings to my recollection a lecture on Bermuda by a well-known naturalist. He gravely com- menced by informing his audience that the Island was chiefly formed from the remains of sea plants. The statement was received with ill-suppressed laughter. It is not the less true for all that. The Nulliporz plants, of wide distribution and great abundance there, possess the property of encrusting the thalli with carbonate of lime, extracted from the sea. In Darwin’s Coral Reefs, in section first, Keeling Atoll, it is stated on the margin of the reef, close within the line where the upper surface of the Porites and of the 44 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. Millepora is dead, three species of Nullipora flourish. One grows like lichen, on old trees, in thin sheets ; the second in strong knobs, as thick as a man’s finger, radiating from a common centre; the third moss-like, thin, perfectly rigid branches. The latter is a beautiful bright peach color. We shall hereafter see that these coral reefs are protected by a similar thick growth of Nullipora on the outer margin. When these plants die, remarks Sir A. Geckie, their remains are cast ashore and pounded up by the waves. Being singularly durable, they form a white calcareous sand by the action of the wind. This sand is blown inland, rain water percolating solidifies and cements the particles. Changes of this kind have taken place on a great scale at Bermuda, where all the dry land consists of limestone formed of compacted calcareous sand, mainly the detritus of sea weeds. Our local limestones of the Silurian age, in the immediate vicin- ity of the City of Hamilton, present little for comparison. Corals are few and their absence may be owing to the infilteration of mineral salts, antagonistic subsequently to their preservation. It seems to the writer to be a matter for a closer chemical investigation. Occasionally one may notice, even in what the United States Geolo- gist, Dr. Jas. Hall, calls ‘“‘The old Clinton Limestones,” hollow receptacles, which once held corals, which disappeared. Independent of what the Nullipora contribute to the building of these reefs, other things take part in their formation—sea weeds, star fishes, shells, etc. ‘These are cemented by dissolved carbonate of lime, and furnish a platform for a fresh growth of coral. When crinoids were numerous in portions of the Silurian Sea bottom, we may not be surprised at finding their remains numerous in the Anti- costi reef. One layer of limestone in the blue building series here reminds me strongly of an ancient coral reef. The writer obtained from the fishermen at Anticosti some years ago, about 8 or ro beautiful branching Nulliporee, colored ones, which got entangled in the hand lines used in Cod fishing, in what is known to naturalists as the Nullipora Zone. In calling your attention to modern coral reefs, it may be neces- sary to explain that such things existed from early Silurian days to modern times. Perhaps no country can show such an extraordinary number of these fossils as the succeding formation, the Devomian JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 45 rocks of Canada. ‘The writer may not be quite astray when he asserted, instead of fishes, it actually represented the culminating age of corals. Professor Schuchert, of the Smithsonian Institute, expressed astonishment at the vast piles of corals collected by the farmers from the surface of their fields in Ontario, rather in the part he visited (Thedford). I have already called the attention of the Section to the upper glaciated bed at Limeridge. What is known to us as the Stromato- pora band there, contains numbers of corals of the honey-comb species chiefly, what perhaps may be looked upon as a reef, the joint production of Protozoz and Zoophytes. The layer itself is very massive, of considerable hardness, and you may find much difficulty in extracting even a tolerably preserved specimen from it. A few shells in very poor preservation, so imper- fect, in fact, that they could not be recognized, were noticed in this layer some few years ago. 46 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. Ae ate EU NO Wey x i} No. 1. No. 1 Graptolite was found at or about the same horizon as other members of the same family group. It differs from any noticed hitherto and probably may be a new species of Znocaudts, JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, AT 2 Seng eee No. 2 represents a fine specimen of Dr. Spencer’s Acanthograptus proceeding from a single stalk. o 40 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. GEOLOGICAL NOTES—(ContTinueEp). Read before the Geological Section of the Hamilton Sctentific Association, Feb. 28th, 1g02. BY COL. C. C. GRANT. The writer has already brought to the notice of the Section a communication from the chief Palzontologist of the New York Geological State Survey. In reply to Dr. Clarke he stated we had not as yet, unfortunately, discovered in this locality the actual point of contact between the Niagaras and the Guelph formation of Sir W. Logan, and with regard to the organic remains in the respective series, no greater difference existed than one may find between the Clinton and Niagara rocks. The mineral composition of the beds may differ ; even that may admit of explanation. Ossilation of the sea-bed itself is certainly more pronounced in Silurian times, not only in Ontario, but in the Island of Anticosti, whose geology and paleontology afforded the writer such an intense satisfaction that he wouid willingly incur again the accidental starvation there experienced once for another chance of clearing up one or two unde- termined conclusions. Dr. Clarke failed to see, apparently, in the specimens of the Barton beds forwarded to the late Dr. Jas. Hall, satisfactory paleeon- tological evidence as regards the connection or separation of the Guelph and the underlying series, viz., the Niagaras. In reply, I mentioned so many of our Barton beds seemed common to both, that I believe Sir W. Logan’s formation can hardly be recognized as such, and that it merely represented the capping of the Niagaras, a conclusion which has already been expressed by some field geolo- gists in the States. The actual point of contact has not as yet been discovered, per- haps it may not be far from where Sir W. Logan supposed it may be found, but my impression is that the change from the one to the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 49 other was gradual, in much the same manner as the Barton succeed- ed the chert in the vicinity of Hamilton. Slow subsidence of the sea-bed may have taken place. The difference in the chemical com- position of the respective rocks may admit of a more satisfactory explanation than the writer cares to offer. On looking over the organic remains, you may observe that although the Guelph fossils in the Museum belong to several families, as a general rule they are poorly preserved and frequently present moulds merely of the shells, etc., which disappeared. Stromatopora and Murchisonia are common fossils in both series. Some are iden- tical in the Barton beds also, as in specimens of the yellow Czxystaddine dolomites of the Guelph formation, you notice similar hollows once occupied by dead representatives. The Pleurotomaria, which the writer submitted for the inspection of the Geological Section at our last meeting, viz., Pleurotomaria Solaroides, Hall, was obtained from a quarry in the Barton Niagaras, abandoned several yearsago. ‘The fossil is not uncommon, remarks the late Professor Nicholson, in the Guelph formation of Hespeler, Guelph and Elora. The late paleontologist of the Dominion Survey, E. Billings, named a coral he found in the Guelph formation Amplexus laxatus. Nicholson states these limestones at Hespeler and Elora contain an abundance of a species of coral. Some specimens have the form of detached cylindrical tubes, irregular in thickness, varying in diameter. The marginal Septa in the form of strong longitudinal ridges and hollow tubes, as described, are also found in the Bartons, that I recognized as representing a species of Amp/exus. On reference to a work I received from the Survey Office, Ottawa, I found the so- named coral! figured so accurately by Professor Whiteaves’ assistant (Foorde), that little difficulty was experienced in recognizing it as the one he claimed as coming under the head Monticuliporide. Having already, in a former paper, said that among palzeontol- ogists there is much difference of opinion regarding the true classifi- cation of many organic remains, let me remind you of a remark of one of the greatest palzeontologists the United States gave to this Dominion, and whose scientific investigations attracted world-wide attention to Canada. ‘“‘ Many Palzeozoic fossils appear to unite in themselves two distinct families seemingly.” He here, perhaps, antici- 50 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. pated the evolution of the Brachiopods, etc., now universally accepted by all the leading scientists on this continent. The organic remains of the Barton Niagaras are very poorly represented in the Museum cases here. When the beds at Russeux Creek were first noticed, the banks and bed of the brook afforded me some exceedingly fine limestone slabs, thin (like the Anticosti ones) and very fossiliferous. They were found zz sztu in the soft, muddy shale, a little above the surface of the stream, in the same field as the Waterlime Quarry, but beyond it. Some were forwarded to the Redpath Museum and to Europe. The few contained in our cases are much inferior to the specimens formerly discovered there. Great things were expected when the Waterlime Quarry was first opened, and when the “‘concealed measures” of Dr. Spencer, F. G. S., were laid bare, but the result has been very disappointing. Mr. Bartlett informed me he got a specimen of the honey-comb coral (Favosites) in one of his visits to the creek last summer. The blue shale in which it was found corresponds from the description to a very large one obtained by the writer some years ago from the same horizon, and that one particularly you may permit me to describe, although others subsequently discovered did not precisely corre- spond with the outward form of a still larger one, whose internal structure you may notice, which I secured for one of the side cases of the Museum. I am under the impression I called the attention of the Geological Section in a former paper to finding Paleozoic corals of considerable size so frequently in muddy sediment. The first specimen the writer obtained at the Waterlime Quarry presented the appearance of an irregular round mass, with hardened shale adhering to it. As it possessed no outward indication of its nature, I concluded it was merely concretionary. I only learned what it proved to be on breaking it up. Wishing to obtain for Dr. Clarke some few Barton fossils, I proceeded to the waterlime beds in October last. Although somewhat disappointed at not finding an Avicula or specimens of fucoids I particularly wanted, I succeeded in getting several of the Waldron Indiana shells. One of the best marked Favosites of the Barton waterlime beds is Favosites Forbest. The peculiar shape and the irregular distribu- tion of the large, angular cells corresponded with the one figured in the 28th Report of the New York State Survey received from the late JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 51 Dr. Jas. Hall. The epitheca at the base was absent. The form, however, was there, and the long experience I had in collecting Devon- ian Corals in Western Canada led me to think that that was a matter of little significance or importance, knowing that in many cases this characteristic feature had disappeared through some unaccountable process of fossilization. The late Dr. H. Nicholson states in “The Paleontology of Ontario” that he recognized it also in the Guelph formation at Hespeler. The smaller corals of the Barton waterlime beds are very numerous ( Streptelasma, Zaphrentis ), etc. The upper part is usually filled with hardened shale (this is the cup of the coral), which renders it difficult to classify. Streptedasma Conulus of Rominger is comparatively rare. Before the quarry was opened, and the bed of the brook disturbed, or its banks interfered with, I had traced to their original positions nearly all the characteristic fossils to be found in or near the portion excavated already. Now I find much difficulty in securing a single specimen where formerly a dozen were obtainable. At the head of the quarry filled, where the stone road is crossed by a wooden bridge, is a low bank, a portion of which has been worn away annually by river floods; there you may find a few inches above the bed of the stream itself a shale flag containing in the interior quite a colony of the singular graptolite figured and described by Dr. Spencer, F. G. S., Phivlographus dubius. On one slab alone, close to the bridge at the other side of the road, I.counted 14 dis- tinct individuals. After quitting the mineral quarry, Mr. Carpenter opened another for road metal. It held very few fossils in poor preservation. That was abandoned, probably, because the lower portion was found becoming soft and thin. I had reason to regret this ; the last charge of powder fired there disturbed a layer lower than anyone previously, revealing not only the large Plurotomaria Solaroides recently submitted for your inspection, but a fine well preserved Zvochoceras as well. ‘The latter was found to be one similar to a specimen described and figured in a Report of the New York Geological Survey, as occurring in Waldron Indiana beds (Niagara Series). It is now in the Redpath Museum at Montreal. As well as I ‘can remember, Sir W. Dawson acknowledged the arrival of the parcel containing a large collection of the Barton organic remains. 52 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. On pointing out this abandoned Barton quarry to C. D. Walcott, now the Director-General of the United States Geological Survey, and showing him the place where I found the Pleurotomarta, etc., in the absence of pick and bar he set to work with the sharp end of his hammer and managed to turn up a Z7vochoceras , the annulations were indistinct as far as I remember, and it was rather poorly pre- served. It may be necessary to remark the term ‘‘ Concealed Meas- ures,” so often met in the sub-division of the field geologist, is merely applicable to such layers as are hidden from view in quarry or river- bed. Weneed not be surprised at the term being often misunderstood by fossil collectors, occasionally when one points out to him that in certain indicated layers he will probably discover the shell he re- quires, and the result is different from expectation. It must not be forgotten that organic remains are not found in every portion of a bed. On one occasion a visitor expressed admiration for some Niagara Graptolites in one of the Museum cases, and the writer gave her in- formation regarding the locality and places in the chert where such things may be found. I never suspected she had any intention at the time of entering on a fossil-hunt at the Corporation or other quarries, or of course I would have volunteered to accompany her. Investing in a hammer and a hand-basket, which she expected to fill with specimens (a quarryman said the latter was big enough to hold all the dinner pails over there), with a facetious remark from a countryman of mine of “ More power to yer elbow, Miss,” he placed and fixed for her rather a tough layer from the base of the chert which she had selected for operations. If one may judge from the heap of broken chert and limestone, she must have displayed con- siderable muscular prowess, and the result of her exertion in scientific research proved rather unsatisfactory. ‘The writer was informed as she retired from the quarry with the empty basket she expressed her conviction that Annanias ought to be the patron saint of the men who compose a certain Section of the Hamilton Scientific Association. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 53 ACANTHOGRAPTUS. No. 3 has the same peculiarity as No. 2 (page 47). Spencer’s | Genera was founded on two species from the glaciated upper part of | the Niagara chert beds. The two latter are from the base where such things have not been discovered before. a 54 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. NOTES ON EVOLUTION VS. THE FALL OF MAN. _ Read before the Geological Section of the Hamilton Scientific Assoctatzon, March 28th, 1902. AN ESSAY BY RONALD D. GRANT, A.M, D. D, IN REPLY BY COL. C. C. GRANT. The Doctor at the beginning of the essay remarks that the sub- ject, some people tell us, ought not to be spoken in the pulpit—it belongs to the platform. He adds (regretfully, perhaps from personal experience) that there are some exquisitely holy souls who will accept nothing but pious platitudes, while press and platform, by the enun- ciation of false principles, are apparently undermining the whole structure of Christian truth. Now, no apology was offered and none } was required at all in this matter. The subject concerns the churches solely. Geologists, who seek but truth, are ever ready to welcome investigation, and the silence of the pulpit in a benighted Province of the Dominion you so deeply deplore may have had its counterpart in Ontario, also, but for one High Church dignitary who was never known to miss an opportunity of denouncing our Godless university and its scientific teaching. ‘Truly, ‘“‘a brave soul has arisen amid the confusion of tongues.” The Christian church (meaning, of course, that particular de- nomination to which the writer belongs) is not on the offensive. Indeed, that may be true of some sect or branch unknown, or it may be confined to an out of the way locality, such as British Columbia ; but how is it with regard to the pulpit generally? I could furnish my learned kinsman of the McAlpine line with a few out of many selections from the low, vulgar abuse of a Talmage, to the more polished, but not less offensive, vocabulary of other preachers. I find even the secular press of Ontario has not been slow to perceive and condemn the denunciations of your orthodox cham- pions. Witness the following extract, one of several which may be furnished : JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 55 ‘““Nor have our great explorers in the realm of geologic and other natural science reclined upon a bed of roses. Huxley, Tyn- dale, Herbert Spencer, Darwin and other great geologists, archzolo- gists and originators, had to contend against charges of atheism and blasphemy, against the denunciations of the clergy, and the frowns of the good, but short-sighted class, who could not appreciate the fact that science and true religion always walk hand in hand.” The writer hopes no layman of our immediate district is alluded to in the concluding paragraph, otherwise an expressed opinion may require modification. The Doctor asserts he has been a student of geology for a life- time, and having some convictions of his own, they may be as foolish as those of others. Let us suppose he has not expressed misgiving on this point. Much depends on the field of observation, that may be very restricted ; much time may also be wasted in poring over the crude speculations of the early writers on the subject, and little real knowledge acquired. A quarter of a century ago it was merely * in its infancy, and as a critic recently remarked, ‘‘more has been learned since then of the earth we inhabit, and its past life, than in all the centuries preceding ” Modern research has shattered theories unquestioned until now. “We deny,” says the Doctor, “the evolution of one species from another, and our second point for consideration is that species that have lived have been zudividually perfect. When it appears it is immediately seen that it is not capable of azy improvement.” Deny evolution, and there remains but one thing to fall back upon—countless creations at vast intervals. The deposits in De- vonian and carboniferous seas alone reach a thickness of six miles; Cambrian and lower Silurian, about 48,000 feet; middle and upper Silurians, about 8,000 feet. Since Bigsby’s compilation (Schuchert remarks in his work on “ Fossil Brachiopoda, America”) the total number of the Brachiopods has probably been increased to 6,000, one-third of which occur in this continent. These Palzozoic rocks, divided for convenience into distinct formations, hold organic remains peculiar to themselves, but in some cases you will find shells, etc., unchanged, going up from a lower to a higher series. It is claimed, remarks Dr. Grant, that lower types are found in the older strata, with higher types of life succeeding them. Then, 56 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION by way of illustration, he draws six layers of rock, sub-divided into thinner beds, numbered from the bottom upward, 2 to 6. ‘We stumble now,” he remarks, “upon the forms of life manifest by their stony shapes. Our first find is a Z77/obite. The specimen found in the lowest and oldest belt is perfect, while 2, 3 to 6 reveal a degra- dation of a startling character.” This statement alone is sufficient to prove that despite the life-long study of Geology, he has acquired very little knowledge of Paleontology. The most charitable con- struction we can put on the matter is that the learned gentlemen has never seen a Cambrian Trilobite. Take the earliest known to science, the Crustaceans of the lower and middle Cambrians. The writer is in possession of the second contribution to the studies of the Cambrian Faunas of North America by the Director-General of the United States Geological Survey, the Hon. Chas. D. Walcott, a man whose knowledge of the class is superior to that of any living man. TI also have figures of the extensive collection of the New York Survey, not to call your attention to the few in our own museum cases. I ask the section what conclusion can you arrive at regarding them when you compare them with others of a later date. Unless I am greatly mistaken you will agree with Professor Miller, the author of ‘‘ American Palzeozoic Fossils.” The Articulates are represented by the lowest form of Trilobites, which, in their perfect state (note this) represented the embryonic condition of the existing Limulus. This is the opinion, likewise, of other palzeontologists, who notice their inferiority, loose-jointed, crustaceous—some un- furnished even with eyes. Yet the Dr. informs us we are quite mistaken—that when it appears it is immediately seen that it is not capable of any improvement. Being perfect, he adds, it could not be made more so, and thereby evolve into something more perfect, being already complete and faultless. One may feel inclined to pity the Reverend Doctor’s congrega- tion if his theological views have not a surer foundation than “ his life-long study of geological matters.” Modern research has com- pletely demolished many of the views once entertained, and with a movement of this sort a portion of ‘‘the unco good” cannot have much sympathy. Our free libraries are doing much in dispelling superstitious belief in ancient traditions. Short though the time since the one in Hamilton was opened, we can perceive already that JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 57 Chaldean myths, viz., “The Creation,” “The Deluge” and its ““ Ark” (which was of smaller dimensions than a modern steamer), have lost their hold on many of the faithful followers of Orthodoxy. They no longer believe to be true what they know to be false. This was a definition ot ‘‘ Faith” recently by a boy at a public examina- tion ofhisclassin England. “Itisseen” the Doctor states, ‘“ that the most perfect of every species are the first ones.” The writer may allude later on to earlier forms of life, but his present intention is to prove how completely mistaken he has been in such an opinion. Compare, for instance, the earliest known Cambrian and Silurian Alexactinelid sponge with the Venus Flower-basket ( 2up/ectel/a) of the present day. I need not put the question to any member of this Section. Again, take the Star-fishes. The writer obtained twelve from the lower Silurian of Anticosti and the May Hill (Clin- tons) of Ontario. Some were in good preservation. All were stunted in growth, the largest of the lot merely a few lines across. In one of the family (Pateasteria Jamesi), figured by Dana from the Cincinnati group, you may notice a marked improvement, but the Star-fishes only reached (like several other organisms) their culmin- ation in modern days. There was, as every palzeontologist knows, elevation as well as degradation of species. In a lecture on “ Per- sistent Types of Life,” the late Professor Huxley pointed out, while some formis attained their climatic tens of thousands of years ago and perished, others persevered and without advancing in any material respect are alive to this day. The mystery remains unsolved. It has been remarked that text-books on Geology, which were issued a little more than ten years ago, require revision ; it is a pro- gressive Science, and more knowledge of it has been acquired during the past quarter of a century than for more than double the time. Old publications on the subject are obsolete and misleading. If Dr. Grant could procure a work by Prof. Schuchert on “The Evolution of the Brachiopods ” (issued by the United States Geological Survey), he may see how much he is mistaken regarding a class once more numerous than at present. A short time since the writer called the attention of the Geological Section of the Hamilton Scientific Asso- ciation to a communication from E. Billings, palzeontologist of the Canadian Survey, in which he stated that many of the early forms of life appeared to him to partake of a double or two-fold nature. I 58 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. arrived at the same conclusion, also. You may recollect on several occasions I called your attention to the difference of opinion which existed among the most experienced regarding what were looked upon as widely separated families, apparently. The famous paleontologist sent me a copy of the work he was employed on, entitled ‘‘Canadian Organic Remains” (Decade). It contains description and figures of the lower silurian Cystidee and Star-fishes. One Trenton specimen from the City of Ottawa, you may see, bears such a close resemblance to a Cys¢¢d that he finds it necessary to state: “‘I have placed Ldrioaster Bigsbyt in the order Asteriade, because its structure appears to me to be more like that of the Star-fishes than that of the Cyst:diee.” He had previously named a different member of the group Agéacrinizes, clearly mistak- ing it, as he well may, for a Crimozd. Owing to this two-fold nature in some of the lower forms of life, the most experienced have much difficulty in assigning them to their true natural position. The earliest forms are the most perfect. One may well infer from sucha statement, that the learned gentleman had never seen one of the early Reptile-fishes of Agassiz figured or described. Compare Cef- halaspis Dawsont or Pterichthys Cornutus, at page 122-123 in Sir W. Dawson’s “Chain of Life,” with one of the fishes of modern times, or of the chalk formation. I ask to which would you assign inferiority. Again, take the birds furnished with teeth, and frequently described as flying reptiles. Unceasing change and development are noticeable in all classes ; the very term varieties prove that. From this time forward, the corniferous, remarks the Author of “American Palzeozoic Fossils,” Professor S. A. Miller, the five sub- kingdoms in animal life are represented in every group of rock capable of their preservation, viz.: Protista, Radtates, Malluscs, Articulates, Vertebrates. They all continue to change and develop, but the great field of evolution is well nigh surrendered to the Vev- tebrates. Each of these sub-kingdoms is now in the highest state of its development, though many families and some orders in each have had their days and become extinct, or have been on the decline for ages. In the introduction to the now famous Lowell Lectures on ‘‘ The Ascent of Man,” by Dr. H. Drummond (the work has already reached a fourth edition), you will find the following statement, viz. : JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 59 ‘Evolution is seen to be neither more nor less than the story of creation as told by those who know it best.” Science is likely to fare ill at the hands of the church if it ever controls the Dominion Public Schools and Universities. The organs of its many denomin- ations are already endeavoring to get in the thin edge of the wedge. Few, if any, are free from the contemptible practice emphatically denounced by the press as ‘“ Heresy-hunting,” and while science proceeds on its way, brushing aside from its path ancient superstition and modern theological error, need we feel surprised that the clergy should endeavor to arrest its progress. Can they see without dis- favor congregations falling away, and, what that means, diminished incomes ? The following extract is taken from “‘The Cambrian Fauna of America” by the Director-General of the United States Geological Survey: ‘‘The resemblance between the whole structure (of the “‘ sponges) and that of the Palzeozoic Corals seems also to show that “in the lower Silurian seas organic forms existed combining the ‘‘ characters of the Profozoa and Ce/lenterata.” This confirms Billings’ view. TRILOBITES. Extract from ‘‘Cambrian Faunas of North America,” page 166: “ Although JZesonaces is found at the same horizon as Odenedlus, I “regard it as showing the transition of Paradoxides to Olenellus. ‘“‘ Mr. Ford considers the relationship between O/ened/us and Para- ‘« doxides one of genetic character, and that O/ene//us is a later and “ higher form than Paradoxides. We assent to this statement.”— C. D. Watcort. Microdiscus punctatus (Salter) (eyes and facial suture entirely absent) Professor Whiteaves states was first detected by the late E. Billings in the primordial slates of St. Johns, N. B. SPONGIA, “The genus Ltmophyllan (Cambrian sponge) is a very interest- ‘“‘ing form, for in it we observe the septa, vesicular structure and ‘* noriferous system that later, in Palzeozoic time, appear in the va- “rious divisions of the Zoantherta branch of the 1781 rbhre OF pranv?* Uranus in advance, while from 1822 to 1846 to retard it. Here we have the discovery of Neptune. In its simple grandeur it is splen- did, and of the highest order from a philosophical point of view, for it proves the security and precision of the data of modern astronomy. Now we have found Neptune, and find him to be the most remote planet known of our solar system ; and I presume you are all JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 81 anxious to go and see him and learn his mysteries. How shall we go? The distance is great, and the time is short and precious, hence the most rapid vehicle for the journey must be chosen. We cannot go by train, for a train running a mile a minute would require 5310 years to take us within good seeing distance. Some one sug- gests that we embark in a great cannon ball, and be fired from one of the fort guns, but I fear this would not be satisfactory, as it would take us 255 years to get there. Suppose we make arrangements with a telegraph company, and be flashed through space as our mes- sages are from continent to continent ; this I fear would also be too slow, as it would require over six hours to make the journey. Can we not then board the car of light, and sweep through space at the awful rate of 186,000 miles per second? Would we not then arrive at our journey’s end in a moment? Oh!no, It would take us over four hours to get there. How, then, shall we go? Must we abandon our prospect? No; let us try once more. Wrap your garments closely around you. 4 moment in thought—we are there. Now that we are close to Neptune, what do we see? Weseea globe 35,000 miles in diameter, greenish or greenish yellow in color; no markings are seen on it, probably because of the envelope of atmos- phere much like our own terrestrial atmosphere. Notwithstanding the weakness of Neptune’s light, spectrum analysis has succeeded in ascertaining the existence of certain gases which do not exist on our earth. ‘The real diameter of Neptune is nearly four times greater than our earth, and its volume fifty-five times greater than ours. Its density, however, is hardly a third, but its gravity is almost identical with terrestrial gravity. As yet astron- omers cannot determine the rotation of this distant planet on its axis, as no markings are visible on its disc. It may be very rapid, like Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus, and most likely it is, but great im- provements in optics will be necessary before we can see markings on this pale disc. At about 260,000 miles from Neptune we see a star of about the r4th magnitude, which we recognize as its moon. This little satellite completes its orbit around the planet in a little less than six days, whilst the planet itself requires over 164 of our years to complete its orbit of over 2,791,600,000 miles from the central star—the sun. Neptune in one circuit of the skies travels 17,000,000,000 of miles, which gives a velocity of 299,000 miles a 82 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. day, or 12,460 an hour, 200 miles a minute, and 3.33 miles per second. A child of Neptune at 1o years has lived 1,648 years of ours. A young girl of t8 years marries at the age af 2,950 terres- trial years, whilst the young man of her dreams is more than 3,000. The child of Earth, whose sweet face to-night looks up to the spangled vault to where Neptune hides himself, will have grown up, will have fought life’s battle, will have grown old, died, and have lain in the grave 100 years by the time the Wanderer of the Skies returns to the same place. Is this planet inhabited? Is it the abode of intelligent and moral beings like ourselves? To this question some say no; they see, or think they see, many difficulties in the way. They say it is too far from the sun—too little light, too little heat; that certain gases exist there which would prevent life, etc. Friends! has not God adopted the plan of adaptation and variety ? Where can we turn our eyes and not behold this? Has He not fashioned the beetle, the mole, and the worm for the mouldering soil? Has He not fashioned the whale and the walrus for the frozen north, the camel and dromedary for the arid sands of the desert, the serpent and monkey for the tropical forests? The air we breathe is full of life; even corrosive poisons and strong acids teem with life. We are, therefore, not only warranted, but directed, to look for life and adaptation of life to its circumstances, in every part and province of God’s creation. Can not God as easily create and adapt a population to a planet as to create a planet and adapt it for its lonely way so remote from the central star? It is as easy for God to populate Neptune as to supply oceans, lakes, rivers and brooks with fishes. Is it not consistent with reason—is it not in harmony with anal- ogy and all we know about the wisdom and goodness of God to believe that not only is Neptune, but all these planets, these stately mansions, have their sentient and intelligent inhabitants to travel and contemplate their transcendent scenes of grandeur ; that their plains and valleys and mountain sides teem with millions of happy beings that offer up their daily prayers and adorations to the same Father and God whom we worship and serve? “* Each of these stars is a religious house : I saw their altars smoke, their incense rise, And I heard hosannas ring through every sphere.” JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 83 CHEMISTRY OF CREATION. Read before the Astronomical Section of the Hamilton Scientific Assoctatzon, Feb. 4th, 1902. BY J. M. WILLIAMS. t will be thought a somewhat presumptuous title that has been taken for this paper. Will one assume that he can take the universe into the laboratory ; will one say that he shall separate in the work- shop matter from matter so that the tremendous works of nature shall lie piecemeal on the study table? Scarcely. It may be that its alliterative form may have written it. Still, while one may not say that he will melt a planet or diffuse a star, yet he may, with the faculty of imaginative reason, sort and separate each from each, atom from atom, until there lies before us the analysis of a world. If then a world, then a universe. Creation to us is a subject which takes its rise with a basis of belief in the importance of our earth as the principal factor, with the stars and the solar system as mere ad- juncts for our benefit. When the light of knowledge opens the field of vision, how faith shrinks and hope almost dies. Shall man stop here amid the wreckage of his early lessons? No; but with the greatness of the human mind to grasp and grapple with the unthought and unknown, given to use, designed to learn, he shall, on the very ground built of the ashes of error, unravel, unravel, unravel. That which we call the solid earth, in figures of poetic speech we say ‘firm as the everlasting hills,” “firm as the earth on which we stand ;” this, in the hands of chemistry, disperses back to the evanescent air, and that which is solid proves but a vapor. Ere time was counted by the course of suns, ere space knew the system of our orbit’s course, our sun, whirling on its track alone, ringed with a coronet of glory, stirred by the finger of God, to revolve, until, cooling to a nucleus, there gathered stratum upon stratum, till earths were builded and planets grew. In this constructive stage operated the action of heat becoming 84 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. magnetism ; and dimagnetic, or, as it is generally expressed, rarified vapor, or, as it may be described, highly heated matter in the form of vapor, on cooling became magnetic, and thus would be formed the nucleus referred to. This nucleus would then be said to possess an attraction of gravitation—hence gravity 7s magnetism. ‘The nucleus, having a rotary motion initiated by the rotation of the parent sun, would, as the planets now are, be an armature revolving in the field of a great magnet in which the magnetism was, possibly, in turn derived from its rotating in the field of a greater magnetic centre, and in its envelope its corona, or chromosphere, existed in the form of light emitting heat. This heat and light form of force became the magnetic form of force (or gravity), and the gradual decrease of temperature of the parent mass, “the sun,” would allow of the nucleus exerting its magnetic attraction on its surrounding atmosphere, or, as it would be then, its chromosphere, for at this stage the vast amphitheatre of our solar area would be a great nebula of wonderful luminosity ; and viewed by the inhabitants of other worlds would in all probability be an object of the greatest admiration, especially as its various mem- bers separated themselves into the various colored stars which they now are—that is, those which have not passed the complete change from a dimagnetic luminous body to a strongly magnetic and non- luminous, as our earth is. This magnetic nucleus would increase in size as its surrounding vapor became condensed, its heat and light in turn being absorbed in the construction of a solid from the gaseous, the magnetism possessed by solid matter, the power or force by which its atoms are held together being the same force in another form which held them asunder, and the force which now makes a steel bridge strong once held, dispersed through the regions of the solar area, the carbon and iron which it now holds so securely on our earth. We here meet with the theory or hypothesis or question of the solidity of our earth. We can deduce from the starting point of the nucleus formation that it is solid, and, moreover, that it is metallic—in a sentence, our earth ts a metallic ball with a crust of oxides a few miles thick, and the huge deposits of metals, which we boast of as being rich or common, are but the scraps left in the oxides or slag surrounding the solidified metal. The smouldering remains of volcanoes, which we have now but a few, are the last remnants of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 85 the constructive age in which as the metallic center attracted its envelope with greater rapidity as it grew in size, and as it in conse- quence of its greater size swung by centrifugal action further away from the sun and its heat, it would create a temperature that would retain the oxides on its surface in a fluid form ; these would receive a shell of cooled oxides, the silicious matters floating to form in future ages the soil of earth, and as the oxygen and hydrogen came in from outer regions to take the place of the heavier vapors which had now become solids and fluxes, water would be formed by the electrical discharge, inflaming great masses of hydrogen and oxygen which had become, as we might say, sufficiently cooled to unite, or really sufficiently magnetic to unite, for we must keep in mind that it was dimagnetism which held them apart. To digress a moment: it seems that it is but a question of polarity of atoms. Atoms of a certain polarity will unite; produce an opposite polarity they fly apart. To go back to our subject: as the hydrogen and oxygen atoms, by their changing polarity following the heavier, that is, the elements possessing greater capacity of polarity, what we call the highest fusing metals, would solidify first and in turn each, until we arrive at the crust or shell, literally the slag. The illustration which seems here to be suitable is that of a smelter—the metal at the bot- tom, the slag above, and above that again the composite cold mass of coke, limestone and ore. ‘The polarity of the atoms of the ore has been, by the violence of the action set up by forcing heated oxygen into a mass of heated carbon, so altered that the iron has been sep- arated from its oxygen, and obeying the magnetic attraction of the earth, sinks to the bottom of the cupola, and the-fused oxides float on the mass of metal as the fused oxides floated in the chemical work of creation. We go back to where we find water to be formed. The im- mense mass of metal revolving in the magnetic field of the sun carries around it a magnetic field of its own, and as the first mists formed by the union of the hydrogen and oxygen of the earth’s envelope became charged with electricity, they would in turn react to produce more water, and thus the shell over the slag crust of earth would be cooled and the alternate advent of water and its repulsion by the hot slag would have its share in the chemistry of creation, and the oceans were made. We have observed the fact of 86 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. a magnetic field around this metallic globe (insulated with a few \ miles of sand and water). ‘This field will carry in the twentieth century messages round the world. The progressive stages which we have been here considering have, in the case of our moon, which, by a separate nucleus, was formed in a like manner as our earth, and by its rapid rotation around its magnetic center, our earth, coupled with its revolution with us round the sun, has passed sooner than us through the com- plete course of formation from highly rarified dimagnetic gas (we have no language for another state, for we do not know another state—we have only the manifestations which constitute the sum of our present knowledge) to a cold solid, for the moon has passed through the stage of the formation of water from her atmosphere, and her atmosphere has lost all its dimagnetism, and has, as one might say, been absorbed, and so have her oceans. Her surface is oxidized metals, and the deathlike stillness of those majestic wastes which so charm the astronomer are deathlike indeed, for dust and ashes is the surface of that obsolete world. And we too will prob- ably follow our moon ; we will absorb our atmosphere and our oceans, and then it will swing as one of the moons of the sun until We have considered the chemical, as we call it, separation of the elements of the parent nebula; we have only considered the part of the nebula which became our earth. The other planets, while they followed the same process will not have had the same compo- sition, the various elements which constitute the chromosphere and corona, and as a sequence the body of the sun, are not all known to us, and even if they were it would still leave us able to apportion them among the planets. The outer peripheries of the nebular area surrounding the sun would be of the most dimagnetic, or to use the language most familiar, the most rarified elements, that is, the ones © capable of being dispersed to the greatest extent. These rings of matter as they whirled in the vortex of the solar area gathered in centres of a polarization of the degree consequent on their composi- tion, and what we called the lighter planets would be on the outer circles of revolution, because the sun would be exerting a dimagnetic influence at that period, and the light elements would be able to go into a globular mass around a magnetic nucleus, then, whereas, later, when the sun became as we say cooler, they could not ; hence JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 87 we find on the outskirts of our solar system huge planets of a lighter composition than ourselves and they swing round their orbits by the centrifugal force obtained in their vast revolution at a period when the sun’s dimagnetic state allowed their masses to revolve further and further away, as they (we have to use the word), cooled, and because of sufficient density to swing far away into space. They thus assem- bled themselves the lightest (to put it into simple language), on the outside circle, the heavier next, and by a natural selection until we reach our earth. We may here observe that the number of moons are an indication of the composition of the planets, the lighter the more nuclei could form, and in the case of Saturn there is likely to be present a proportion of some element (possibly some familiar to us but under our conditions part of our earth), whose magnetic proper- ties are such that in the proportion it is in the belts of Saturn, it has not yet had time to condense (as we would say). To repeat, the lighter the planet the further away from the sun (the reason we have observed), and the more moons. If it is required or that we wish to observe the absorption of our atmosphere, we have but to look at a chalk cliff hundreds of feet high, or the deposit of coral, in which lie countless tons of oxygen and carbon locked, by the magnetic force with which every atom of our planet is imbued, with the calcium which once, together with the other elements, floated as our chromosphere, locked forever or until , on the ocean floor. Or again, the rusting of the rocks, bethink you of the limestone, the ore mountains, the whole earth, indeed, slowly but surely drinking, atom by atom, the ocean of air in which we live. But we may leave the question here, and in a crucible in our laboratory we may, in the littleness of our scope, repeat the great, great work of the Chemistry of Creation. 88 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. SELENOGRAPHY. Read before the Astronomical Section of the Hamelton Sctentific Association, April 29th, 1902. BY H. B. WITTON. Except the sun itself, none of the heavenly bodies has attracted so much attention as the moon. Her apparent size and nearness to the earth, the subdued splendor of her light, her erratic course in the heavens, the rapid change and frequent recurrence of her phases, and the weird effect of her eclipses, have made the moon, from time immemorial, an object of intense interest. Literature, ancient and modern, bears witness to the truth of this. The Vaidie hymns shew that in the early dawn of Indogermanic civilization the phases of the moon were personified, and her influence was invoked with solemn rites. In many languages her name is given to one of the days of the week ; this indicates how long she has been held in veneration, as Laplace has shewn names of the week-days are among the most ancient monuments of astronomical knowledge. Poetry, too, has thrown over the earth’s satellite graceful veils of myth and fancy ; while the most prosaic utilitarianism, in the interests of commerce, has been fain to do her honor. Pythagorus, in his system of cosmic barmony, credits the moon with contributing the highest note to the music of the spheres ; and our own less imaginative forefathers, by such names as lunar caustic, selenite—thought to be moon-froth— and lunatic, have left a legacy to our vocabulary shewing their faith in the potency of the moon’s influence. In these latter days, that peculiar veneration the moon formerly commanded no longer obtains. ‘he age of faith in her occult powers expired with the astrologer and alchymist, to be succeeded by an age of inquiry and knowledge which, rejecting the superstition of the old learning, still cherishes some measure of its devotion. Though we no longer plant and sow, herd our cattle, prune our vines, and gather in our harvests in awe of her sovereignty, yet our JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 89 lunar tables, nautical almanacs and observatories shew that the moon’s influence is not yet ignored. In the sharp conflicts which have overthrown numberless ancient conceits, veneration for the moon did not utterly perish by the hand of the iconoclast, but in spirit still lives, transformed into the attention paid to her by positive science and investigation of her physical influence upon the world we live in. Much that is noteworthy concerning the moon is inscribed so boldly on the firmament above us that the most listless observer cannot choose but read and be instructed. From the earth’s axial rotation, both sun and moon have an apparent motion from east to west none can fail to notice. In addition to this apparent motion toward the west, common to all the heavenly bodies, observation of the star-sphere will shew that sun and moon proceed on a course among the stars toward the east. But that motion, though similar in direction, is otherwise different. One day with another the moon moves eastward about 13 degrees daily, making the circuit of the heavens in a month, while the sun goes towards the east but 1 degree each day, requiring a year to complete his circuit. More- over, the eastward motion of the sun is apparent only, being caused by the earth’s translation in her orbit, while the moon’s eastward course is her proper orbital motion round the earth. In her monthly course the moon, whose light is received from the sun, assumes various familiar phases. When in conjunction, nearest the sun, she is for a day or two lost in the sun’s brightness. After such temporary concealment each month, she comes again to view—a radiant sickle in the western sky. The limb, or convex outline of the waxing crescent, is toward the sun. ‘The horns of the crescent, and terminator, or dividing line between the bright and dark parts of the disk, are to the left hand of the beholder. Imme- diately before concealment the waning moon shews a reversed cres- cent having its limb toward the east, and its horn and. terminator to the beholder’s right hand. When half her monthly course is run, the moon in opposition becomes full moon. From new to full moon the dark part of the disk generally becomes illuminated, and from full moon till the waning crescent is lost in the blaze of the sunlight, the illuminated part of the disk by almost imperceptible degrees becomes obscured. go THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. In going through these phases the moon more than completes the circuit of her orbit around the earth, for the earth during a luna- tion is carried forward in its movement around the sun about 30 degrees, and the moon must pass over that distance before sun, moon and earth take the relative positions requisite to make new moon. Such a lunation, or course of the moon once round the earth, and far enough on a second course to come again in conjunction with the sun, 1s called the moon’s synodical revolution. ‘The mean time for making it is 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes and 3 seconds. The mean time it takes for the circuit of her own orbit only is but 27 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes and 11 seconds. ‘Thus in each lunation the moon, from the earth’s motion of translation round the sun, proceeds 2 days, 5 hours and 52 seconds on a second course before coming into the necessary alignment with sun and earth essential to present the phenomenon of new moon. These figures furnish the mean time in which the moon is carried through her orbit, but disturbing forces so considerably affect her velocity and direction, that astrono- mers, only by long profound research, have succeeded in foretelling what will be the moon’s place in the heavens at any given future time. Astronomical science regards the heavenly bodies in two aspects : in their relations to time and space, and as masses of matter moving in obedience to cosmical forces. Ages of observation prepared the way for the latter conception, and ancient astronomy chiefly kept watch over the times and seasons. Still, in the early stages of astro- nomical research, the moon was accorded attention, as many ancient nations used the moon’s phases as a measure of time. The word moon, it is thought by some philologists, can be traced to the root ma, Meaning to measure. Although a lunation is, in many respects, a desirable standard for measuring time, it has been found extremely difficult to make it a sub-division of the tropical year, or the time taken by the earth to complete her course from, and return to, the vernal equinox. Where- ever the lunisolar year has been adopted intercalations have been necessary to bring the lunar months and solar years out even. The Greeks used simultaneously the two standards, and had no end of difficulty to keep them from overlapping. Their Olympiads supply a record for a thousand years, and are perhaps the best scale of past events on record. They originated from holding, every four years, JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. OI games at Olympia, at the time of first full moon after the summer solstice. For a long time Greecian months alternately comprised 29 and 30 days, but as a Junation is not the exact mean of these num- bers, occasional corrections had to be made. The best known of such correctional devices, the cycle of Meton, covered a period of 19 years, 7 of which had 13 and the rest 12 months to the year, a total of 235 months for the cycle. One hundred and ten of these months had 29 days each, and the remaining 125 months of the cycle had 30 days to each month, making altogether 6940 days, 9 hours in excess of 19 tropical years, and 7 hours more than 235 lunations, leaving but a trifling discrepancy for future correction at the end of the cycle, between the three modes of reckoning time, by tropical years, calen- dar months and lunations. This cycle, called the golden number, because, it is said, the Athenians proclaimed it in figures of gold, is stili used to determine the time of Easter, as ecclesiastical authority has decreed the Sunday following the first full moon after the Vernal equinox shall be observed as Easter Sunday. Thus modern Christen- dom and ancient Heathendom both accepted the moon as an indi- cator of the precise time for holding their great festivals. Long years were given to the task of explaining the moon’s motion. But modern astronomers have succeeded in shewing that motion accords with, and lucidly illustrates the principles of their science. ‘The reasoning on which astronomical science depends is confessedly intricate, and its thorough mastery may well challenge the devotion of a lifetime. Nevertheless, it requires no special gifts or training to comprehend that the main links in that chain are: the conception of Copernicus that the earth has a daily axial rotation and an annual translation around the sun; and Kepler’s laws—that a planet’s orbit is an ellipse about its primary as a focus, that the areas swept by the radius vector of a planet are proportionate to the time of its motion, and that the squares of periodic times of planets are proportionate to the cubes of their distance from the sun. Add to these the discovery of Newton, which confirms them, that all bodies attract each other directly as their mass and inversely as the squares of their distance from each other, and we have the axioms on which the whole structure of modern astronomy is built. Kep- ler’s generalizations were epoch-making. ‘They compel all the more admiration that they were conceived in astrological times, and were Q2 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. mixed up with astrological fancies. But Kepler, even in error, erred like a man of genius. When his feet took the wrong path, his face often turned toward the right. He believed the sun to have a soul, which was constantly rotating. He also thought that between sun and planets there is a friendly side, and a side that is hostile; and that when the friendly side was turned the planets moved toward the sun, and when the hostile side was turned they moved from him. All this was fanciful enough, but here error pointed in the direc- tion of truth, for twenty years later Galileo saw through his telescope that the sun’s rotation was a reality. Newton’s theory has withstood more than two centuries of criticism, and is confirmed by the most careful observations. Eight thousand telescopic observations taken of the moon during a period of eighty years were compared, under direction of Prof. Airy, with the place at which, by Newton’s theory, the moon should be at the time of each observation. Each theoret- ical place was computed separately and independently. The work took a body of calculators eight years, at a cost of £4,300, and by it the truth of Newton’s theory was fully sustained. If the moon revolved around the earth, controlled solely by force of their mutual attraction, the calculation of her orbital motion would present no special difficulty to the expert astronomer. What would be the moon’s position in the heavens at a given future time could be predicted with like exactness to that of Jupiter, which has been given ten years in advance, to within half a second of actual observation. But in addition to attraction of the earth, the moon is influenced by that of the sun, and to a less extent by that of the nearest planets. Moreover, from the moon’s elliptic orbit and ircli- nation of the plane of that orbit to the plane of the ecliptic, the sun’s attraction is a force constantly varying, both in degree and direction. Hence calculation of the lunar motion is one of the most difficult tasks accomplished in the field of physical astronomy. In a letter to Flamsteed, Newton himself lets fall words bordering on doubt as to whether he should finish the task. These lunar inequalities, as they are called, Prof. Airy explained in his work on “ Gravitation.” His book was written for general readers ; and Lord Brougham, who tried his hand at similar work, deemed it the best account of the Newtonian philosophy ever written, or likely to be written. Besides theoretical interest of being able to predict exactly the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 93 moon’s place in the heavens at any future time, toward the latter part of the 17th century, the more advanced governments of Europe recognized the great value such predictions would be to navigation. Increasing commerce with India in the east, and America in the west, made some exact method of determining longitude highly desirable, especially if it could be made simple enough for general use at sea. What was needed, and sought after, was to find the exact difference in time between two meridians, as the distance could then be readily enough known. The seaman could know from the sun’s altitude the time at his meridian of observation, but it was at that day impossible for him to know at the moment of such observa- tion the exact local time at his first meridian. To meet that difficulty two plans were suggested. One was to make accurate timekeepers not affected by ordinary changes of temperature, the other was to make the moon serve asa chronometer. To accomplish the latter task it was necessary to work out in advance at some first meridian the exact angular distance, at every hour, between the moon and some of the principal stars. By this means, when the seaman had taken the exact distance between the moon and a given star, simple inspection of his tables would shew him the exact time at his first meridian, when moon and star were the same angular distance apart as at his observation. Charles II. was told in 1674, that such tables of lunar distances, worked out in advance, would be of great service to English seamen. The result was Greenwich Observatory was founded in 1675, and Flamsteed, who furnished his own instruments, was appointed “ Astronomical Observator,” at the salary of £100 a year. He de- termined with great accuracy the positions of about 3000 stars, and made a large number of lunar observations. In 1714 the English parliament offered a reward to any discov- erer of a method of finding the longitude at sea, the reward to be proportionate to the accuracy of the method found out. £410,000 was to be given if in a long voyage the method discovered approached absolute accuracy within sixty miles, £15,000 if within forty miles, and £20,000 if within thirty miles. Many methods were suggested. Some of these, as described in a letter by Flamsteed to his assistant, Sharp, were most absurd. The problem was at length solved by John Harrison, whose improved chronometers brought him, in 94 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION, instalments, the maximum reward of £20,000. Harrison was a Yorkshire carpenter, who would have had little chance of success in a modern competitive examination ; but his ingenious application of the different expansion by heat of two different metals to the con- struction of chronometers, was an inestimable service to his country and to the world. He made four or five chronometers. Of these, it is said, one was of such exactness that it did not vary a whole minute in ten years. Two of the Harrison chronometers are pre- served at Greenwich Observatory. Sharp’s biographer says: ‘‘ A part of the escapement was, a few years since, removed from one of these, when the train of wheels ran down with velocity, though they had not turned for more than a hundred years.” In 1724, five years after Flamsteed’s death, an Act of Parlia- ment offered £45,000 reward for a set of tables giving lunar distances correctly to fifteen seconds of arc. Mayer, of Gottingen, worked out such a set, and sent them in 1757 to be. tested, as, by terms of the Act, they had to be compared with actual observations for eight- een years and a-half. These tables were used in the Nautical Almanac first issued in 1767. Mayer died in 1762. His wife received the sum of £3,000, and Euler, a Swiss mathematician, was awarded a like sum. LEuler’s service was an approximate solu- tion of the famous problem known as that of “the three bodies,” namely : given their distances, velocities, masses and direction, what will be the path of one of three bodies around another, when all move in accordance with the law of gravitation? Hansen’s lunar tables have since superseded those of Mayer. The British nautical almanac devotes six of its pages each month to lunar distances. They are now given to one second of arc, and are published three years in advance. With what accuracy the position of a ship at sea can now be determined was exemplified a few years since by picking up the broken Atlantic cable from the bottom of mid-ocean. ‘The cable was no larger in section than a ten cent piece; the buoys left to indicate place of the break were washed away, and nothing but his nautical skill was left to guide the navigator in what looked to be so hopeless a search. Yet with such extreme precision was the place of breakage recorded, and the searching vessel guided in her forlorn quest, that in a few hours the lost cable was successfully grappled. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 95 Simultaneously with advancement of lunar investigation in the direction referred to, other observers were scrutinizing and mapping out the moon’s surface. Without instrumental aid only a faint indi- cation of the more prominent objects on the moon’s disk can be seen, and it is not surprising these were long thought to be reflected images of the seas and continents of the earth. Galileo’s “ perspec- tive glass,” made by him about 1609, was the first known instrument by which the moon was seen more distinctly than by unaided vision. A year after Galileo made his glass he published an account of what he had seen through it. The quaint title of his book tells its own story. It reads in full: ‘The Sidereal Messenger, announcing ‘ great and wonderful spectacles, and offering them to the consider- “‘ ation of everyone, but especially of Philosophers and Astronomers, “ which have been observed by Galileo Galilei, etc., etc., by the aid ‘of a perspective glass lately invented by him: namely, in the face ‘of the moon, in innumerable fixed stars, but especially in four “planets which revolve around Jupiter at different intervals and ‘* periods with a wonderful celerity, which hitherto not known to “‘ anyone, the author has recently been the first to detect, and has ‘““ decreed to call the Medicean stars.” Galileo said that his first telescope made objects look three times nearer and nine times larger, and that he made a second, having a magnifying power of sixteen times. He probably never used an instrument which magnified more than thirty diameters. But by their use he constructed the first map of the moon ever made, and measured some of the lunar mountains. It is needless to add that Galileo immortalized his name by extending the boundaries of human knowledge, and by preparing the way for a more adequate conception of the infinite grandeur of the great Cosmos, the glorious universe of God. A younger contemporary of Galileo, John Hovel (or Hevelius, as he was called in Latin, who was born at Dantzig) carried the work of lunar observation further than any of his predecessors. In his youth Hovel (whose father was a rich brewer) studied law, though mathematics and astronomy were his favorite pursuits. He travelled in Europe four years, attended in London the lectures of Wallis, one of the founders of the Royal Society, and would have visited Galileo in Italy, but was summoned home by his aged father to take charge of their brewery. But to astronomy he bent the best energies 96 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION of his life. He fitted up three contiguous houses owned by him, making them his observatory, workshop, engraving and printing office, and library. Hovel was an extraordinary man. He made his own instruments, engraved his own maps, and printed his obser- vations with his own hands. On the 26th of September, 1679, a vicious servant wickedly sat Hovel’s observatory on fire. Although most of his important works had been already printed and distribu- ted, the loss of his instruments and many papers caused him much grief, and hastened his death. His ‘‘ Selenography” appeared in 1647. ‘The telescope he used magnified from thirty to forty diame- ters, and from his observations he engraved a map shewing two hundred and fifty lunar formations. ‘The chief lunar formations he named after the earthly formations he fancied they most resembled. The lunar Alps and Apennines, and four of the lunar promontories, retain the names he gave them; and the term JZave used by him to designate the dark lunar plains has since remained in common use. He called these plains seas, he says (‘‘ wet? er sie mit nichts anderm besser su vergleichen wisse”), because he knew nothing better to hken them to. For more than a century Hovel’s map was the best map of the moon, The first telescopic observers soon found: the lunar hemisphere turned earthward is always the same, or nearly the same. The diff erence there is, is due to libration, and its maximum amount is not a forty-ninth of the moon’s circumference, or more exactly is 7 degrees, 53 minutes of lunar measurement. ‘To that extent only the moon changes the face turned earthward. The rest of her sphere is hidden forever from mortal sight. Hovel was first to explain that libration in longitude is due to the fact, the moon rotates on her axis at a uniform rate, while her movement of translation varies in velocity with her varying distance from the earth. Galileo had already found out that there is a similar libration in latitude, due to the moon’s axis of rotation not being exactly perpendicular to the plane of her orbit. In 1651, J. B. Riccioli, a member of the Society of Jesus, com- piled a lunar map noteworthy chiefly from its nomenclature. In lieu of Hovel’s names, he designated the craters and places marked on his map after names of eminent mathematicians and astronomers. A French astronomer archly says: ‘ Riccioli shrewdly avoided the é JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 97 4 jealously of his contemporaries, by taking for his map only names of philosophers who were dead.” His successors have marked his selec- tions with approval, as more than two hundred of the names he chose are retained on lunar maps. For the great plains called by Hovel seas, Riccioli retained Hovel’s names, but added others to them, intending thereby to indicate their supposed influence over the earth. This faint vestige of astrological conceits, if such it be, has not been obliterated from our maps. We still speak of the lake of death, sea of serenity, and the rest of Riccioli’s fanciful names. But they have become meaningless. The belief which called them into being, namely: that the heavenly bodies influence human des- tiny, and that such influence in individual cases might be ascertained by protracted study, was once dominant in the world, but has faded away never to return. ‘ Thisty years later Cassini published a lunar chart. He was a learned astronomer and a most indefatigable worker, and made im- portant contributions to lunar knowledge. Lalande re-published Cassini's map in 1787. About the middle of the eighteenth century, Mayer, whose lunar tables have been mentioned, proposed the publication of a more complete lunar map than had then been issued. He, unfortunately, died before his plans were carried out, though a map eight inches in diameter was published with his posthumous works in 1775. Although small, it was the most accurate map of the moon printed till 1824. During the last quarter of the eighteenth century the elder Herschel, in England, and Schreeter, in Hanover, directed their attention to lunar investigations. They worked with better instru- ments than had been used by their predecessors, using magnifying powers from 150 to 300 diameters. Herschel, whose mechanical genius improved every astronomical instrument he touched, used micrometer measurements for his lunar drawings, instead of trusting entirely to skill of eye and hand. Schreeter’s Se/enotopographische Fragmente gaye views of parts of the lunar surface with more details than any earlier map had given. He named many formations in the south-west part of the moon’s disk, and sixty of his names are still retained. He first adopted the practice, still in vogue, of designat- ing small spots near craters already named, by letters of the Greek and Roman alphabets. 98 | THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. In 1824, Lohrman, of Dresden, proposed to issue in twenty- five sections a lunar map 36% inches to the moon’s diameter ; but, his sight failing, only four sections were printed. As Lohrman was a professional surveyor, and was assisted by the astronomer Encke, and used one of the celebrated telescopes made by Frauenhofer, of Munich, his work had rare merit, and is still referred to. In 1834-6 appeared the map of the moon, by Beer and Meedler. It was on a scale of 3 ft. 2 in. to the moon’s diameter, and was fol- lowed the next year by their great explanatory work—Der Mond ; oder allgemeine vergleichende Selenography. Their labors carried lunar investigation far beyond the most advanced stages reached by their predecessors. Their book of more than 4o0 closely-printed pages, for exhaustive descriptions, and their map for minute details, won them unstinted praise, and still command the highest esteem. Later workers in their field of labor have employed more powerful instruments and made out details they failed to record, but their drawings and descriptions are still standards of authority, and are likely to remain such. Their mode of working shows the value of their work. ‘To fix ninety-two chief points on the moon’s disk, as bases for further measurements, they made nearly a thousand micrometric measurements from the limb of the moon. They also measured one hundred and forty-eight lunar formations with the micrometer. They made one thousand and ninety-five measure- ments of the shadows thrown by eight hundred and thirty different lunar mountains, minutely noting particulars of illumination at each measurement. From the length of these shadows the height of each mountain was carefully computed, and the resultant heights served as standards for determining the elevation of minor peaks whose shadows were projected under like conditions of illumination. They named one hundred and fifty lunar formations not named before, but made no innovations on the accepted nomenclature except that in carrying out Schrceter’s plan of designating un-named craters by Greek and Roman letters they used Greek letters only for elevations, lower-case Roman letters for depressions, and Roman capitals for measured points. Their telescope was a Frauenhofer refractor of 834 in. aperture, having a magnifying power ranging from one hun- dred and forty to three hundred diameters. ‘They worked chiefly with an aperture of 41% in., and did not often use so high a power JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 99 as 300. As Lohrman had done before them, they followed Schroeter’s system of describing by numbers the relative brightness of objects they observed. Their scale, since in common use, runs from zero for shadows to 10 degrees for the brightest lights. Beer and Meedler’s great work enjoys the reputation of being a model scientific monograph. Without trace of vanity or egotism, the workman in it is lost in his work. One of them, not content with his protracted labor on a difficult portion of the moon’s disk, adds: Que potui fect, faciant meliora potentes. Involuntary one bows in respect to these plodding, sincere workers, as they say in conclusion : “The time and strength our labors have taken, make us aware this “is the chief work of our lives, but our toil will be rewarded if it “meet the expectations of the scientific world.” Beer was a German banker, brother of Meyerbeer, the musical composer. Schmidt, of Athens, for many years held a chief place of honor among observers of lunar phenomena. He made more than a thous- and original drawings for a lunar map 75 in. in diameter. His map was completed more than thirty years ago, though publication was delayed from the question of cost. In 1364, the British Association appointed a ‘‘ Moon Commit- tee,” of which Mr. Birt was secretary. They decided to map the lunar surface on a scale of 100 in. to the moon’s disk, and to use for that purpose a telescope magnifying 1000 times. It was decided to use preliminary sketch maps double the size of the map to be finally engraved. Some of the sketch maps were issued, but I am not aware that the finished map has ever been published. Among English writers on lunar subjects, Nasmyth, the cele- brated engineer who invented the steam hammer, is entitled to a high place. His book, ‘‘ The Moon considered as a planet, a world, and a satellite,” was issued in conjunction with Mr. Carpenter, and has run through several editions. It is much prized for its chapters concerning the physical condition of the moon, and for its exquisite drawings of lunar craters, mountains and plains. Nasmyth’s excep- tional skill in drawing never shone to more advantage than in his illustrations of lunar scenery. In his most interesting biography, Nasmyth describes his method of obtaining these illustrations. He first made, directly at the telescope, careful drawings of the part of the moon’s disk selected for description. Full notes were taken with the 100 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. sketch as to illumination and other particulars to be kept in mind. The drawing, with its craters, mountains, rills, with all details of the part of the lunar sitrface adjacent, were next modelled in clay, and from the clay models, after they were dried and corrected by further tel- escopic observation, plaster casts were taken. These casts were then carefully illuminated to throw shadows similar to those projected by the objects when the drawing was made, and finally they were photo- graphed. By such an unexampled expenditure of time and _ skill, were obtained those contrasts of light and shade, and delicate half tints, which make the Nasmyth lunar drawings so exquisitely beautiful. To the instructive writings on lunar subjects by Webb, Elger and other popular writers, it is needless to refer. Nor need mention be made of the writings and eloquent addresses on these subjects by the late Prof. Proctor. His works speaks best for themselves to all who care for astronomical instruction. The most complete treatise accessible to English readers con- cerning the moon is that published a few years since for Mr. E. Neison, F. R. A. S. Professedly based on the great work of Beer and Meedler, it has original merit, and not only includes his own observations for eight years, but those of Mr. Webb and other obser- vers who aided him in his work, and also contains much interesting matter from the works of Schrceter and of Lohrman. His instru- ments were of the best class, and included a fine 6 in. refractor, and a 9% in, With-Browning silvered glass reflector. The lunar map accompanying his book is in twenty-two sections, and is on a scale of two feet to the moon’s diameter. Though his chart is more than a third smaller than that of Beer and Meedler, it is finely engraved, shewing more formations than are given in their map, and more rills than are shewn by Schmidt in his ‘“‘ ~z//en an dem Mond.” Neison groups the lunar surface under the names of plains, craters and mountains. His plains include all the large, dark, com- paratively smooth tracts, called by the early selenographers dZazza ; the smaller tracts they named Fadus, Lacus, or Sinus, and the brighter, smooth tracks which previously had received no name. For easy reference he divided the lunar craters into walled-plains, mountain-rings, ring-plains, crater-plains, craters, craterlets, crater- pits, crater-cones and depressions. His special names for the lunar mountains are great ranges, highlands, mountain-peaks, peaks, hill- JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. fot lands, plateaus, hills, mountain-ridges and land swells. These are arbitrary divisions, intended solely to shorten the printed descriptions and make them definite. To these groups are added the rills, or peculiar markings first noticed by Schrceter, that have somewhat the appearance of river-beds, but which some take to be fissures in the moon’s crust. Several years since, Schmidt had a list of five hun- dred of these peculiar lines, and to present date that number is more than doubled. Neison retains the names Beer and Meedler gave the four hun- dred and twenty-seven formations shewn on their map. To these he adds eighty-six others, making his map contain in all five hun- dred and thirteen formations. Each of these is described in the order of its place, and for easy reference an alphabetical list is also given. For every formation he cites the authority for its name and degree of brightness, and for craters and plains he gives their dimen- sions, and for mountains their height. ‘The position in lunar latitude and longitude is given for each formation, in most cases to minutes, in some to seconds. Minute particulars are also furnished respecting parts of special interest, with name of observer and date of observa- tion. ‘Tables and formule to aid in computation are given, that the book may be of service to students desirous cf engaging in original work. In proof of the merit of this book it was translated into German so soon as published. Photography has been pressed into service for taking views of the moon. Dr. Henry Draper, of the University of New York, many years ago took excellent lunar pictures, using a silvered glass speculum he himself made, and mounted especially for taking lunar photographs. Prof. Rutherford, of New York, afterwards carried the art to still greater degrees of excellence ; and although he had com- petitors in all parts of the world, a most competent judge, writing in the latest edition of the Encyclopzedia Britannica, pays Mr. Ruther- ford the compliment of calling his the best photographs of the moon that had then been taken. During the decade just past, excellent lunar pictures have been taken at many of the great astronomical observatories in various parts of the world; those from Paris and from the Lick and Yerkes observatories being widely known and highly esteemed. The field of lunar investigation is large, its laborers many, and 102 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. the task of lengthening the bead roll of discoverers already given would be easy and pleasant. But to add to this lengthy list were needless, if not wearisome. Moreover the names referred to fairly indicate the chief sources of positive knowledge concerning the moon, and the progressive efforts by which that knowledge has been obtained. ‘There is a wide difference between the ‘‘ perspective glass” of Galileo, which made the moon look nine times larger, and modern telescopes with magnifying powers of six thousand diameters. The optical part alone of a great modern instrument costs a hand- some fortune, and its mounting and outfit of accessory instruments are costly, taxing as they do the resources of mechanical engineering and scientific skill. With such well equipped observatories, and the accumulated records of a century at command, one might suppose that knowledge concerning the moon would be nearly perfect. But science moves at a slow pace, and is more bent on gathering facts for inductions than in forming crude inductions from imperfectly ascertained facts. The man of science has to curb imagination tighter than in other days, and has learned to speak on many sub- jects with more diffidence than did his predecessors. A hundred years ago the elder Herschel believed the moon to be inhabited, and after his time a learned man with an excellent telescope and keen vision—Gruithuisen, of Munich—wrote a scientific paper, entitled, Extdeckune deutlicher spuren der Mondbewohner—discovery of clear traces of the moon’s inhabitants. It is not conceivable that such a paper could now be written in earnest. Since that paper was written such visionary notions have found little credence. ‘The work of Beer and Meedler defined the legitimate boundary of lunar investigation. An object 300 feet high and about a mile long is said to be ap- proximately the minimum visible with a modern large refracting telescope, with usual low power ocular. With highest oculars, and best conditions of observation, a detached object, 40 feet high, pro- jecting its shadow on a level surface might be perceptible. Beer and Meedler take 314 English miles to be the extreme distance at which a person of keen, unassisted vision can distinguish an object 6 feet high, and estimate that it would require a telescope to magnify 51,000 diameters to shew such an object on the moon. Not much more than a tenth part of such magnifying power is at present avail- JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 103 able. The moon’s disk subtends an angle of about half a degree, and mapping the lunar surface into 360 degrees of latitude and longi- tude, a lunar degree at the centre of the disk measures nearly 19 miles. Little that man has wrought on earth, could his most gigan- tic work be transferred to the moon, would attract much if any notice at the earth’s distance, though if man’s handiwork would pass un- noticed, no important lunar formation could now disappear or be materially changed, and elude detection. At the centre of the moon’s disk, one second of arc equals 1.1585, more than one and a tenth English miles. What portion of the star-sphere a second of arc covers may be realized by calling to mind, a linear foot subtends a second of arc at 39 miles distance, and that the pole-star and its com- panion are 18 seconds of arc apart. In the present stage of research there is divergence of opinion on many questions of lunar physics, though not more than might be expected from independent investigation. Bessel estimated the moon’s atmosphere to be a thousandth the density of that of the earth, while Neison considers it to be greater than Bessel’s estimate. Nasmyth, on the other hand, concludes that the moon is devoid of water, atmosphere and soil, and excepting contraction and expansion of the lunar crust from change of temperature, he thinks the moon now undergoes but little change. That there is great variation of temperature on the moon’s surface from exposure for half a lunation to the sun, and from radiation of lunar heat into space for a like period admits of no doubt. The six foot speculum of Earl Ross’ great telescope was, some years since, used for investigating the probable temperature of the moon. Earl Ross considered his researches tentative, and results approximate only. From his ex- periments and observations it was concluded that the difference between maximum and minimum temperature at the moon’s surface is 200 degrees Centigrade. This difference in temperature between lunar mid-day and midnight was computed from measurement of the moon’s radiant heat. This agrees in part with Sir John Herschel’s estimate of the moon’s climate. He writes: “The lunar “day is one of unmitigated burning sunshine, fiercer than an “equatorial noon, continued for a time equal to our fortnight, and “the lunar night is a period of the keenest severity of frost, exceed- “ing that of our polar winter, and of the same length as the “lunar day.” 104 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. Neison’s theory of the moon, in the main, is similar to that made popular by Mr. Proctor. They contend: the primary substance of both earth and moon was the same, and the forces by which both were fashioned to what they now are must be analogous in nature if not in intensity. And further, as the earth has thirteen and a-half times more surface than the moon, and eighty-one times greater mass, the moon will run through a series of physical changes com- mon to both, proportionately sooner than the earth, or in about one-sixth of the time. There are few sights more impressive than a telescopic view of the moon. The deep stillness reigning alike over crater, plain and mountain is almost appalling, till one considers that this busy earth, at the same distance, would seem to be as still. Opportunity to behold the glory of the heavens, revealed by a great telescope, is given to but a few. Still, who that has once watched, through but ever so small a glass, the peaks of some crater or mountain of the moon slowly emerge from the gloom of lunar night till they stand revealed in sparkling sunlight, intensified and made more glorious by the cool, dark grey lunar shadows, can ever forget the sight ? But lunar studies have higher aims than to measure and name every grey spot on the moon’s face, or to watch the flight of lunar gloom before the radiance of the advancing sun. To the best student of lunar phenomenz, maps and measurements are but scaffolding to the building, means to higher ends. Such an enquirer is not stung by the satire of gruff old Butler, who lashed the dilletanti philosophers of his day for longing to know : “* Whether the moon be sea or land “*Or charcoal, or a quenched firebrand, “* Or if the dark holes that appear “* Be only pores, not cities there.” How successfully these and kindred studies have already com- passed such higher ends by aiding the progress of civilization, and by furnishing a clue to a higher conception of the universe; and how the humblest sincere student may always find in their pursuit unsullied intellectual gratification, may the latest section of our Association, the Hamilton Astronomical Society, abundantly succeed in making known. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 105 REPORT OF THE CAMERA SECTION of the Hamilton Scientific Association for the term ending May, 1902. During the year there have been added to the membership 18 new names, among them a considerable number of ladies. These contain the names of some who are well known in photographic circles as leaders in the art, and the section will be much benefitted by their presence. At the beginning of the season it was decided not to join the American Lantern Slide Interchange, although the reason does not reflect great credit upon the members of the section. It was found that a sufficient number of good slides could not be got ready in time, and so the matter dropped for the year. As stated in the report last year, the making of interchange slides has always been left too late, and with the Exhibition almost at the same time of the year, it is a mistake to leave the interchange set to the last minute. Although it should not be necessary yet to stimulate the members to work to this end, your President early in the season offered a gold medal for the set of six slides that should be considered the best, handed in before the rst May, 1902. It is to be hoped that there will be a hearty response to the generosity of the section’s head officer. There has been a considerable number of very useful demon- strations during the year. Mr. J. S. Gordon gave a fine lecture on “Composition ;” the Demonstrator of the Canadian Kodak Co. showed the virtues of Dekko paper; Mr. J. R. Heddle gave several demonstrations of Reducing and Enlarging ; Cloud Printing by Mr. Harry Tansley; and Flower Photography is at present booming, owing to the recent exposition on its merits by Mr. J. Gadsby. Our President, in the interest of his health, visited the scenes of his childhood days in the old country. and brought back with him several films. These pictures were-made the basis of one of the most interesting illustrated lectures of the year. Another member on business bent visited the old land, accompanied by a 4 x 5 Poco. Your Secretary is to-night on the high seas on his return from a trip to the Holy Land, having visited Egypt, etc. Rumor has it that when he started out he was threatened with extra charges for excess 106 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. baggage, consisting of cameras, films, plates, etc., but of course no credence can be placed on such reports. Messrs. J. H. Land and W. A. Lees gave us an illustrated talk on our “Western Provinces and Territories.” Through the generosity of the Spectator Printing Company, who gave us $50 for prize money, the section’s annual exhibition of photographs was perhaps the best in the history of the Club. Early in the year circulars were printed and distributed to Camera Clubs in Canada, United States and Great Britain, announcing three open classes in the competition to be held in November. ‘The response to this was very gratifying, bringing pictures from United States and Canada. ‘There were also closed classes for members only, and the prizes included cash as well as two medals which accompany the two trophies for annual competition. In the open classes the pictures sent by members of the Toronto Camera Club claimed a large share of the money, Mr. J. Gadsby of the section holding first place in Class C. In the members’ classes the awards were as fol- lows: Figure Study, W. Mulvaney; Landscape, Harry Tansley ; Marine, A. H. Baker; Enlargements, G. F. Hunt; Beginners, H. A. Whitney and G. B. Kemp. The 1st trophy and gold medal for general excellence was won by A. H. Baker, and the 2nd trophy and silver medal by W. Mulvaney. . Considerable improvement has been made in the Dark Rooms. A set of twelve large lockers has been added, and probably more might be made use of. The enlarging apparatus is still the point around which a good deal of discussion revolves, and it remains for the officers of the ensuing year to remedy the same. The prospects for the coming year are very bright and en- couraging. Everything points to greater activity among the mem- bers. Several new cameras have appeared on the scene and more has been promised—the latest, the newest that’s out—and all of us have had experiences of the man with a new box. Our exhibitions are beginning to show that our members are not of the press-the- button style, but have learned that picture-making means careful selection of subject and study to bring the best out of the materials at hand. Respectfully submitted, D. A. SOUTER, Secretary pro tem. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 107 NATURAL HISTORY NOTES. Read before the Biological Section of the Hamilton Scientific Association. BY WM. YATES. Quite a big snow fall came upon us on Monday night, Dec. oth, and brought with it to our fields a vast assemblage of snow buntings. My grandchildren admired the birds’ evolutions much, as anon the white feathered chirrupers wheeled and careered from side to side of the oat stubble and cornfield. The snow also brought to our vicinity what the gunner boys who gave chase called a white eagle. After several futile gun discharges the quarry was discovered to be a large snowy owl. ‘The bird soon distanced its sanguinary pursuers and found safe refuge, for a time at least, in a neighboring cedar swamp. ‘The white owls are rare vistors to this district (very). During the summer (last July), I think some boys near here no- ticed several small cub racoons making calls of distress high up amid the branches of an elm tree in the swamp. ‘The tree was forthwith cut down and three of the young procyons captured, not much the worse for the fall to terra firma. The cubs were half starved and somewhat emaciate ; the supposition is that the parent coons had been trapped or killed some days previously. The racoons are now owned not far from here, and fed and petted in kennels. A young man who has one of the procyons has also a large, captive, horned owl (Strix Virginiana). The man tells one that the owl is confined in a big cage in the poultry house, and the captor gives forth its strange, ghostly hootings in the dread hours of midnight and at oc- casional other trysting hours (indicating, perhaps, weather changes), occasioning evident consternation to the tame poultry roosting in the same fowl house. My son, since the beginning of this week, accompanied a youth out onahunt. They, by the help of our terrier, captured two fine minks and several gray rabbits. Red squirrels they report of as being numerous, also ruffed grouse. Our chicadee friend, too, have put in 108 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. their usual appearance at the tree where they are accustomed to find a beef bone suspended, and the tree creepers are never-failing deni- zens of the sugar bushes. The last snowfall (on Sunday last), after the flooding rain of the 13th and 14th of December, caused the snow bunting flock to be again much in evidence ; a reliable observer estimated the group as numbering at least 1,500. On enquiry, when on our recent visit to Georgian Bay region and to vicinity of Barrie, Ontario, we were told that flocks of snow buntings were believed to be very rare, indeed, visitants to that section of country. MISDIRECTED ABILITIES. After having an hour or two of reading in the pages of Prof. Wesley Mill’s ‘“ Nature and Development of Animal Intelligence,” we put pen to paper to memorandize a few thoughts about some useful animals whose idiosyncracies chanced to come under our ob- servation. Animal] intelligence seems to be an inert, dormant or latent quality, quite undemonstrative until “drawn out” or developed by environment, or the circumstances that induce what is termed experience. We once owned a puppy of the Collie breed, but had no leisure to devote effort to his training ; the beastie grew to be affectionate and to have many traits of intelligence, susceptibility and much gentleness towards children, also evident love of being noticed and caressed, and was of some service in helping to herd cattle and to keep various farm animals (when the dog was bidden), ‘‘in the ways that they should go.” “Bruin” was the name bestowed on the puppy, and he grew to be a very rough-haired specimen of the repu- table Collie breed, and soon evidenced a hankering or desire to prefer the society of sheep to that of other farm animals. “‘ Bruin’s ” instincts in this direction were not utilized by his owners, and the propensity to follow sheep and to bark at and control their move- ments and wanderings soon became spontaneous, and therefore dangerous to the well-being of the ovine denizens of the neighboring pastures. In such undirected wanderings ‘“‘ Bruin” scon fell into the company of tatterdemallion canines that kept bad hours, and his owners soon began to have apprehensions that Bruin would attain to the unenyiable notoriety of being a “‘sheep-killer,” so he was for a JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 109 time carefully kept chained to his kennel, yet otherwise kindly treated and well fed, on account of his general amiability and faithfulness, except in the one dangerous direction. In an unlucky day, or night, seduced, as was believed, by evil counsels of canine associates, Bruin wandered towards neighboring sheep-folds and met his death by the rifle bullet of an irate stockman of the vicinity. So the moral of it all seems to be that qualities and biases if not wisely modified and judiciously directed, become evils and scourges in exact proportion to their aboriginal energy and vigor. The oft alluded to anecdote of the discouraged school-master, who, on being railed at by one of the parents of a non-progressive pupil, gave as a reason for said pupils being always at the bottom of his class: ‘“‘My dear friends, I fear that the boy’s unsatisfactory status is attributable to his having no capacity.” ‘‘Oh,” replied the guardian, *“‘he need no longer be kept back on that account, for we will buy him a ‘ capacity.’ ” It may be oftened noticed by farmers what a vast difference there is in the temperment and quickness of apprehension of farm animals, some being stolid and imperturbable, while others are habit- ually suspicious, irritable, or what is called in a perpetual state of aggressiveness and irascibility, individuality being as well marked a trait perhaps in all the inferior forms of animal life as it is seen to be in the genus ‘‘ Flomo.” A yolume might be written truly describing the peculiarities of constitutional temper, disposition and mental traits, and leanings and investigating powers of the various creatures that are to be met with on every farm. The farmers’ tact seems often to consist in the exercise of prudent, selective work, and to repress the perhaps ‘‘too wide-awake ” and self-resourceful peculiarities of some tribes of stock, such as are to be kept and pampered in monotonous quietude on the most nourishing food rations in rapid route to the abbattoir, while others may be better utilized by deliberate training, mental and sinewy qualities, as in the cases of ‘‘ breaking in the horse, ox or dog.” The semi-wild cattle of the ranch, in their struggles with their compeers and with numberless dangers of circumstantial surroundings, soon evince acuteness to ‘‘size up” a sudden danger or a suspicious am- buscade, in short a higher phase of intelligence and craftiness than 110 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. those well-groomed congeners (rarely out of the range of the cattle byre, or the smell of the hay manger) ever give evidence of. Those farm animals most servicable in harness, as in plow or other team work, are often characterized by sound digestion, vigor of constitution, and are in fact sometimes too enterprising, and when liberated in the pastures outwit their owner by disregard of fence boundaries and unlimited self-help in indulgence of luxurious tastes, amid oatfield preserves or the stores of blossoming clover. Farmers have frequently been heard to remark: ‘‘ My Nimrod’s super-excellent qualities, I regret to have to tell, are nearly counter- balanced by his incurable breachiness;” or, “he is an invaluable treasure on farm or road, but a piratical brute when out of harness, and I believe that if he wished to sample a bit of choice pasture he would jump a stake and ridered barn.” Probably one might sum up that the mystic superstructure (a sort of metaphysical germ, capable of almost illimitable develop- ment), exists at the fount of life, and is shown in the life doings and possibilities in beast, bird and insect. The horse tamer, Rarey, had among men one of the clearest conceptions of that truth. But we assert that all the domestic animals are easily seen to exemplify the assumption of truism: when the spirit is evoked in farm animals one has heard the trait alluded to as Satanic, demoniac, and is often at its climax in the fox or the crow among birds, or the jay genus, but it has been known to arrive at considerable maturity in the sheep, as well as very frequently in porcines, and perhaps being more under the notice of the average man in equines. A pair of blue-jays were once made pets of here, and their behaviour was a surprise to numberless beholders, so much so that a spectator bought a pair of just fledged jays, but after some months of their cage-life, turned the birds out in disappointment and vexation as nasty, squalling, gormandizing brutes. Said a critic to the jay cage owner, ‘‘Oh, what could you expect, when you know that you never took any trouble to draw them out.” JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. IIt CURATOR’S REPORT. All the glass cases loaned on May oth, 1901, to the museum at Dundurn, which had contained Mrs. Carry’s collection of shells, have been returned, thereby enabling the collections in this museum to be rearranged to much greater advantage. There have not been very many additions to the collections during the year. The museum has been open to the public every Saturday, when many visitors have expressed themselves as having been much interested. The Geological Section still has the able attention of Col. Grant, who has added largely to the museum. I have lately received from a nephew in England a collection of fossils from the chalk formation of that country; also some Roman coins, which will be placed in the museum at some future day, when a proper receptacle is provided for them. ALEX. GAVILLER, 3 Curator. 112 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. TREASURER’S STATEMENT TO 8th MAY, 1902. RECEIPTS. Balance: from MOO ee ii seen ae a ee Le eels etre ELIA ee ot ateree Nay arapares $187 75 Government Grant yee PRU OI Tes inher pen MALDON G Olo'o. OE 400 00 Mennbersy Hees Scrteuevacne ter crals een otis sterayere ie tact sterols iota iagey erst prea nese 88 00 lnlouicullinreal! Soeieii7, INGME cashocgbeosedoodouD soadebedeooosoboss 13 50 FRET UIUC arate se iereisheysee eee ats ede atcen syetrce ery clo terns re above ete ravaue estar nenepe pete nae 50 $689 75 DISBURSEMENTS. Memb @fsnVii Se tam pA ey ea Nee ihre dR Voy sais aael Dee AP aSees ALES Je ote aga aveie $138 00 Rent ot DarkwNoqom ys thotooraphnice Sectlomeme reer ci yeiyiel-ieinitee 18 00 Charcialzan (ue LOs xia iuordke, GUT) ckseockouoddaboussuu ues aass 59 50 Gas ACCouTt es Bass IG He alate edn Oi an miisintst AL shun ic Reema rae ena 7 80 Pranitins aya Wiarton. 56 osc ouanoeoooad se sobu nono ada00 Osc eas 4] 75 Pramas Amimuall lowell, soos ssccconsed soca scscpoodnho occu dousas 135 00 Posiggs ardél Siafiiomeny.¢cson acs s6od0sconss0c50ngooneness saadas 20 50 ILASMUITES BinGl IORISUIAS Co saoo savigcoaodadvescenns osaebubosGC ON a 40 05 GrantetomPhotocraphichS ect ompaeersy- ciel ee yer ileret Silaleyese ehetane 30 00 Mri Suman ce eye ante us cate rieaiie Or ONY Galena eave ultram tyr CSE ee 10 00 SwoaGliny ACCOMM Goocs coocovdguato docdng poop bacdgonesodaca0scas 21 09 Balance Om neal, csoocesso00¢ Bestar Rae R MUP MEH mi SAONEL Ans e144 168 06 $689 75 Pee CRIVEING Treasurer. REPORT OF THE CORRESPONDING SECRETARY FOR THE SESSION OF 1901-1902. te To the Officers and Members of the Hamilton Sctentific Assoczation : Your Corresponding Secretary for the year 1901-1902 begs leave to report that : 1. He has carried on the ordinary correspondence of the Association. 2. He has received and acknowledged the exchanges in accor- dance with the subjoined list of institutions and societies, and these various bodies have also been furnished with copies of our last annual “‘ Journal and Proceedings.” F. F. MacrPpHERSON. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 113 LIST OF EXCHANGES. I—AMERICA. (1) CANADA. Astronomical and Physical Society............ iScima CianmMAStHEUIES fev) a oo raya Stee ep les De Natural History Society of Toronto........... Department, Ol NenCulpure, 5 ieee artes ose 8 branyaOtt Ne uWiMiversity 12-1 ee. ake abbicrWalonanyent gras aso wet andin, Seta veces eats oe Ceolosicalssunrvey, of Canada. 2.) s.. kas: .. Ottawa Field Naturalists’ Club..... Ottawa Literary and Scientific Society......... Noval SOcletynOn Canadaasen ons ses. Wepartment ofAeniculture: son 24s oe os ee Entomological society 4). a. 12.22. e.. 2 os Kentville Naturalists’ Club............. Murchison Scientific Society............ iNatunaliemMstony SOCLeby uc)as het lenis. aa eee Library of McGill University ........... Nova Scotia Institute of Natural Science. . Literary and Historical Society of Quebec Toronto. Toronto. Toronto. ‘Toronto. Toronto. Toronto. Ottawa. .. Ottawa. Institut Canadien de Quebec .). 2.5... 0/5. Natural History Society of New Brunswick... Manitoba Historical and Scientific Society .. GuelphySeientitic? Association s.0.5.00s6caee OjricenesmWMIVeTsibyas-ciy. wa cc eies eel eeke Niagara blistoreal Society... 2.2 esas. (2) UNITED STATES. iansaswAcademiy Of Science... em 2. dees | ee .. Lawrence, Kan. Kansas University Quarterly. . American Academy of Arts ae otienece ane oe Ottawa. Ottawa. Ottawa. London. Kentville, N. S. Belleville. Montreal. Montreal. Halifax. Quebec. Quebec. .. St. John. . Winnipeg. Guelph. Kingston. Niagara. Topeka, Kan. Boston, Mass. Cambridge, Mass. I1l4 THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. Mibrary, of OberliniCollege Wyse se ae Overlin, sO larce American Association for Advancement of Science ean cre ctet hava Mee gain in (srip Mass. Museum of Comparative Zoology............. Cambridge, Mass. zaNvensalcein, OMENS SOC) 6 oacaceoasvssee04e: Cambridge, Mass. United States Department of Agriculture ...... Washington, D. C Biological Society of Washington............. Washington, D. C Philosophical Society of Washington .........- Washington, D. C SLAM OVVlesa IASON bo ccuddcosha asdaqnes Washington, I). C Wmiteds States (Geologicalisurveye see eee Washington, D. C American Society of Microscopists............ Buffalo, N. Y. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences ........... Buffalo, N. Y. @aliforniapNcademy of sciences) esau en San Francisco, Cal. California State Geological Society............ San Francisco, Cal. Santa Barbara Society of Natural History...... San Francisco, Cal. WiniversitysotsCalifonnianmn: eae eie ener Berkley, Cal. Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences....... Minneapolis, Minn. Neademy Natural Sclencesi se seem nan ee ace Philadelphia, Pa. NcademyfOlSGlenCes see ore ey else er eee St. Louis, Mo. MissounphotanicaliGardensiemereece enone St. Louis, Mo. Annvenicant @hemicaliSocletyapene ane r rere ris New York City. New York Microscopical) Society 73 -- = eee New York City. ihe vieinmean Society: pela Aca Mitchell, W. M. Street, F. A. B. Milne, Chas. A., B. A. Strathy, Stuart Morrow, J. A. C. Strong, Roy Moodie, J. R. Sweet, J. C. Moodie, Jas. Tansley, Harry Moodie, C. W. Thompson, R. A., B.A. Moore, H. S. Thompson, W. C. Tolton, Stewart JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Wilson, Wm. fivrrells | bs Ck, Witton, H. B. Wegoner, Wilhelm Wheatley, E. J. Whitney, H..A. Whitton, F. H. White, Wm. White, J. T. Wilson, T. Wyitivoyas dels Bi |fiisy Lex. val: Witton, W. Williams, J. M. Wodell, J. E. Woolverton, Mrs. Dr. Young, J. M. Young, Rev. Jno., M. A. On “OF THE CONTENTS. OR tov 1902/03. eee Cou Mow Hida aiteot d.5o7 98h Officers Since 1857. .40.6.0..02. 4 Application of Kelvin’s Theory of agen Be 4 ~~ Members of Council. . bie Rll ge) Be her to thé Stellar Universe’, 87 i Ae on aes SCA aa ge The Sun... Meda no tee SReN eee ek pane ah dee 11 | The Moon.. Bi ey a ON rae Inaugural Address... 4.07. 112») Report, of Geological 8 Sections. «108 _ In thé Mackenzie River District. 17 | Geological Notes... .. 4.12.4...) 111 . eport of Astronomical Section. 39 | N otes on Specimens. | aera 117 hace as Wave vee of Geological Notes ate £2,148 © Light Sadercesss eserves 40,1 Opening Museums,on Sunday. .128 Tupiter Ws UWlvslips ods utjeesiss see ve ho. | in defence of Late Assertions: . 134 ' A trip to the Planet Saturn..... 52 | The Origin of Petroleum... ././,.142 ’ Looking up and Looking Down... 70 | Report of Photographic Section... 147 Determination of ‘Time roa the. Réport of Curator i409... 05 ,/..149 “Transit Instrument, . “. 7) | Tréasurer’s Statement. 7.0425 .150 i To the North Pole. 5. 0...0 05245 84.°| List pi Dee. Ms ee moh 5Y Pepsince et Astronomy. wiv 84 ‘Obibuary: : Maio Nog Fe Drilvdackn dc mee, ry ALONE ‘RESPONSIBLE FOR STATEMENTS fONS EXPRESSED THEREIN,* 9) 0) : , \ ~ Ly a Bes: POR THE HAMILTON SOIEN {ASSOCIATION BY. sh SPECTATOR PRINTING COMPANY, LIMITED. eee Wa iy: NF bG 108) inn thee * Sap “es, s beosivtnn a? a teas Le Journal and Proceedings OF THE HAMILTON... “SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATION — NO sh SolON OF 1902-1903. NU Mis RCD: AUTHORS OF PAPERS ARE ALONE RESPONSIBLE FOR STATE- MENTS MADE AND OPINIONS EXPRESSED THEREIN. Sa ae cee THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION Y SPECTATOR PRINTING CO. 1903. OFFICERS FOR 1902-19038. President. J. M. DICKSON. 1st Vice-President. 2nd Vice-President. ROBT. CAMPBELL. Wie ARC EI eV Ne Corresponding Secretary. Ph NAC PEER SON, 1B. At Recording Secretary. Cl JOENS TON, BA. Treasurer. Curator. eer SC RIV IN: ALEX CAVELEER. Assistant Librarian. J. SCHULER. Council. J. M. WILLIAMS. GEO. BLACK. de BiAT Anas): J. H. LONG, M. A., LL. B. J. R. HEDDLE. Auditors. H. S. MOORE. PLEASED aD alse OFFICE- PRESIDENT. First Vicu-PRxs. | Sreconp VicE-PREs. John Rae, MD. FRC 8/0. B Heeiber ee | 1857|Rev. W. Ormiston, D.D.. 1858|John Rae, M.D., F.R.G.S8.|Rev. W. Ormiston, D.D..| J.B. Hurlburt, M.A., LL.D. 1859|Rev. W. Ormiston, D.D..|J.B.Hurlburt, M.A.,LL.D.| Charles Robb............ | 1860|Rev. W. Inglis, D.D..... T. McIlwraith .... -|Rev. W. Ormiston, D.D... 1861/Rev. W. Ormiston, D.D..|J.B. Hurlburt, M.A. “bit, D. Rev. W. Inglis, D.D..... IST o, LROMCHOOH sacsceos55¢ Aine lexss IUeyenKe 656 5cnbodace Inurelaengel Isywilllls 5544555505 4 1872\|Judge Logie......... ee HEB: Witton, NLP saoooe Richard Bulls.:..:.--... 1873)H. B. Witton, M.P...... J. M. Buchan, MOA... .: P Nea Bun MaaeOhea Sines Gousee 4 IS74)E. B. Witton, M.P...... J. M: Buchan, M.A...... AWA. RirSecliy.tsysereemieterstay ISHS; 1B. AVON Goaoed oad ac J. M. Buchan, M.A...... WiVeeoo MW MK Gon ooo dine d 1880/T. Mcllwraith........... Rev. W. P. Wright, M.A.|H. B. Witton ........... 1881|J. D. Macdonald, M.D..../R. B. Hare, Ph.D........ Bs Be Charltonteeeeie ase 1882|J. D. Macdonald, M.D....|/B. E. Charlton.......... Vein, WILD. 55654 1883\J. D. Macdonald, M.D. ..|B. E. Charlton .......... HE Be Witton ereresmestree 1884|J. D. Macdonald, M.D..../H. B. Witton ........... Rev. C. H. Mockridge M.A., D.D 1885|Rev. ©. Hi. Mockridge,|Rev. S. liyle............ W. Kennedy rt titeren bel perey. M.A., D.D. 1886|Rev. C. H. Mockridge,|Rev. 8. Lyle............ Matthew Leggat...,...-. M.A., D.D. 1887|Rev. 8. Lyle, B.D....... 1B, 18, Clngiehtora 5oo5'Goc05e W. A. Child, M.A... ..... 1888/Rev. 8. Lyle, B.D....... T. J. W. Burgess, M.B.,|W. A. Child, M.A....:... F.R.S.C. 1889|B. E. Charlton.......... T. J. W. Burgess, M.B.,|J. Alston Moffat......... F.R.S.C. 1890|B. E. Charlton .......... J. Alston Moffat......... GAINES ssoeas dood] 4 1891|A. Alexander, F.S.Sc..../A. T. Neill.............. S.Briges sant. 1S9Q)A. Alexander, HoS.Se..- aA. 1) Neill... sees... S. Brigg ice erect 1893/A. Alexander, F.S.Se....j/A. T. Neill..........6... T. W. Reynolds, M.D ...! SOAS, Bisa oe bobo me a4d joce ARTO ANG: eerie cna T. W. Reynolds, M.D.... TEVA ALG INEM S Sodio monwodes T. W. Reynolds, M.D....|A. H. Walker.--... -... NIHWAG ahs Welles Sobu osha sods T. W. Reynolds, M.D....|A. HE. Walker.-.. . .-.. 1897|A. Alexander, F.S.Se..../T. W. Reynolds, M.D....|A. E. Walker -........... 1898|T. W. Reynolds, M.D..../A. E. Walker ........-.. J. M. Dickson. .. .....- 1899)T. W. Reynolds, M.D....|A. E. Walker ........... Jeo MEN Dicksonleremaeerrcn- 1900|/S. A. Morgan, B.A., D.|J. M. Dickson........... Wm. C. Herriman, M.D.. Ped. 1901|/S. A. Morgan, B.A., D.|J. M. Dickson........... Robt. Campbell.......-... Peed. 1902. M. Dickson..-....... Irom Campbell.......... W. A. Child, M.A........ BEAIRIERS. Cor. SEc. Rec. SEC. TREAS 'T. C. Keefer, G@EH....|Wm. Craigie, M.D...|W. H. Park......... op: C. Keefer, C.E ...|Wm. Craigie, M.D...|W. H. Park......... ym C. Keefer, C.H....|/Wm. Craigie, M.D...;W, H. Park......... Wm. Craigie, M.D...|Wm. Craigie, M.D...;W. H. Park......... hve. Craigie, M.D...|Wm. Craigie, M.D...|W. H. Park......... J. M. Buchan, M.A..|I. B. McQuesten,M. TK, W. G. Crawford..... J. M. Buchan, M.A. .|I. B. McQuesten, 'M. A.|W. G. Crawford..... Geo. Dickson, M.A...|Geo. Dickson, M ING 5 cilleeloeneel Tiwlllegond. oe Gec. Dickson, M.A...|Geo. Dickson, MPAe. Richard Bulls... 2). Geo. Dickson, M.A...|Geo. Dickson, M.A.../A. Macallum, M.A... ‘R. B. Hare, Ph.B....|Geo. Dickson, M.A...|Richard Bull........ ‘Geo. Dickson, M.A...|A. Robinson, M.D.../Richard Bull........ ‘Geo. Dickson, M.A...|Wm. Kennedy....... Richard Bull........ "Geo. Dickson, M.A.../Wm. Kennedy....... Richard Bull........ ‘Geo. Dickson, M.A. .|A. Alexander.......- HEehanclmrs ull eerste Geo. Dickson, M.A...|A. Alexander....... IRiclaaine! Biullloccasude } ‘Geo. Dickson, M.A...|A. Alexander, F.S.Sc.'Richard Bull........ ‘AL. B. Witton, B.A...|/A. Alexander, F.S.Sc. Richard Bull........ }H. B. Witton, B.A.../A. Alexander, F.S.Se.,Richard Bull........ H. B. Witton, B.A...|A. Alexander, F.8.Se.'!Richard Bull..... Bib ET. B. Witton, B.A...|A. Alexander, F.S8.Sc./Richard Bull........ Thos. S. Morris...... A. W. Stratton, B.A.|Richard Bull........ hos. S. Morris...... C. R. McCullough ...|/Richard Bull........ W. McG. Logan, B.A.|S. A. Morgan, B.A...|Thos. 8. Morris...... W. McG. Logan, B.A.|S. A. Morgan, B.A.../Thos. 8. Morris...... Rev. J. H. Long,M.A.,/S. A. Morgan, B.A...|J. M. Burns......... — LL.D. Rev. J. H. Long,M.A.,|S. A. Morgan, B.A.,/P. L. Seriven........ LL.D. B. Peed. BW. ©. Herriman, |S. A. Morgan, B.A.,|/P. L. Scriven..:....: M.D. B. Peed. gthos. S. Morris...... S. A. Morgan, B.A.,|/P. L. Seriven........ Be B. Peed. MEhos. S. Morris. ....|S. A. Morgan, B.A.,|P. L. Seriven........ | D. Peed. Thos. 8. Morris. ..../G. L. Johnston, B.A,|P. L. Seriven........ F. F. Macpherson, B.A.|G. L. Johnston, B.A. P. L. Seriven........ F.F.Macpherson, B.A. G. L. Johnston. B.A. P. L. Seriven........ A. Harvey. A. Harvey. A. Harvey. ree Robb. T. Mellwraith. . Mellwraith. . Mellwraith. . Mellwraith. . Mellwraith. . Mellwraith. . T. Freed. W. H. Ballard, M.A. W. H. Ballard, M.A. W. H. Ballard, M.A. Wm. Turnbull. A. Gaviller. A. Gaviller. A. A. Gaviller. Gaviller. A. Gaviller. A. Gaviller. A. Gaviller and G. M. Leslie. Gaviller and G. M. Leslie. A. Gaviller and W. Chapman. A. Gaviller and W. Chapman. A. Gaviller and W. Chapman. A. Gaviller and H. S. Moore. :| A. Gaviller and H. 8S. Moore. A. Gaviller. A. A. Gaviller and J. Schuler. A. Gaviller and J. Schuler. A. Gaviller and J. Schuler. A. Gaviller and J. Schuler. Memlers of Council. 1857—Judge Logie ; Geo. L. Reid, C. E. ; A. Baird ; C. Freeland. 1858—Judge Logie ; C. Freeland ; Rev. W. Inglis, D. D. ; Adam Brown;C. Robb. _ 1859—Rev. D. Inglis, D. D.; Adam Brown; Judge Logie; C. Freeland; Richard Bull. 1860—J. B. Hulburt, M. A., LL. D.; C. Freeland; Judge Logie; Richard Bull; Wm. Boultbee; Dr. Laing. 1871—Geo. Lowe Reid, C. E.; Rev. W. P. Wright, M. A.; A. McCallum, M. A.; A. Strange, M. D.; Rev. A. B. Simpson. 1872— Judge Proudfoot; Rev. W. P. Wright, M. A.; John Seath, M. A.; H. D. Cameron, A. T. Freed. 1873—Judge Logie; T. Mcllwraith; Rev. W. P. Wright, MEsAG VAD Alexander Ie Bes Mic@testen Vinee 1874— Judge Logie; T. MclIlwraith, Rev. W. P. Wright, MIvAL AW Alexander hy By Mic@nmestem lyin var 1875—Judge Logie; T. Mcllwraith; Rev. W. P. Wright, M. A.; A. Alexander; 1. B. McOuesten, M. A. 1880—M. Leggat; I. B. McQuesten, M. A.; A. Alexan- Gere Rew JA, Beira. IMIS AS IIL, ID), ID). ID 1881—T. Mcilwraith: H. By Witton; A. 1) Freed= Rev W. P. Wright, M. A.; A. F. Forbes. ise2— 1, Mclean HH. By Witton, A. I: Freedeyau F. Forbes ; Rev. C. H. Mockridge, M. A., D. D. 1883—A. Alexander; A. Gaviller; A. F. Forbes; T. Mcll- wraith ; R. Hinchcliffe. 1884—A. Gaviller ; A. F. Forbes ; T. Mcllwraith ; R. Hinchcliffe. ; W. A. Robinson. 1885—W. A. Robinson; S. Briggs; G. M. Barton; J. Al ston Moffat; A. F. Forbes. 1886—J. Alston Moffat ; Samuel Slater ; Wm. Milne ; ames Weslie Mar Cy Ss, Chittenden: 1887—J. Alston Moffat ; James Leslie, M. D.; P. L. Scriven; Wm. Milne, C. S. Chittenden. 1888—J. Alston Moffat; B. FE. Charlton; T. W. Reynolds, Mies See je lreland = Wir Kennedy. 1889—T. W. Reynolds, M. D.; S. J. Ireland ; William Turnbull; A. W. Hanham; Lieut.-Col. Grant. 1890—Col. Grant; A. W. Hanham; W. A. Robinson; A. E. Walker ; Thomas S. Morris. 1891—Col. Grant; W. A. Robinson; J. F. McLaughlin, B. A.; T. W. Reynolds, M. D.; Wm..‘Turnbull. 1892—T. W. Reynolds, M. D.; W. A. Robinson ; P. L. Scriven; Wm. Turnbull; Wm. White. 1893—James Ferres; A. FE. Walker; P. L. Scriven; Wm. White; W. H. Elliott, Ph. B. 1894—James Ferres; A. E. Walker; P. L. Scriven; J. H. one Vine AT ie Bae Wi i iliott, B. A. uh: Bz 1895—J. E. P. Aldous, B. A.; Thomas S. Morris; W. H. Elliott, B. A., Ph. B.; P. lL. Scriven; Major Mclaren. 1896—J. E. P. Aldous, B. A.; Thomas S. Morris; W. H. Eliott, B. A., Ph. B:; George Black; J. M. Burns. 1897—W. H. Elliott, B. A.; Thomas S. Morris; Robert Campbell; J. R. Moodie; Wm. White. 1898—W. H. Elliott, B. A. ; Robt. Campbell ; W. A. Childs, M. A.; Wm. C. Herriman, M. D.; W. A. Robinson. 1899—W. H. Elliott, B. A.; Robt. Campbell; W. A. Childs, M. A.; Wm. C. Herriman, M. D.; W. A. Robinson. rt9g00—Robt. Campbell; W. A. Childs, M. A.; George lacawh Ballacd5). db long, MjyAn soy Iss 1901—W. A. Childs, M. A.; George Black ; J. F. Ballard; ce vibone Me VAS ll. B. 3. J. Ra eddie: 1902—Geo. Black; J. F. Ballard; J. H. Long, M. A., LL. Bese kerbeddie: evo Walliams! ABSTRACT OF MINUTES OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF The Hamilton Association ' DURING THE SESSION OF 1902-1908. NOVEMBER 13th, 1902. The opening meeting was held with the new President, J. M. Dickson, in the chair. In his inaugural address that gentleman treated the meet- ing to an able review of the more recent advances made in chemical and physical sciences. The Camera Club, assisted by Rev. Dr. Marsh, afterwards gave an exhibition of lantern, slides. NOVEMBER 28th, 1902. A special meeting held with the President, J. M. Dickson, in the chair. Dr. Merchant, Principal of the London Normal School, gave an illustrated lecture on ‘“‘ Wireless Telegraphy.”’ The lecturer first described the two realms of matter and energy, and asked to which of these does Light belong. An experiment showed it to be a form of energy. ‘The effect of a prism on a ray of light was shown, and it was explained that the spectrum of color is produced by varying wave lengths. The number of light waves per second varies from 400 million millions to 800 million millions, depending on the color of the light. Electric waves, often known as Hertz waves, are of the same character as licht waves, and are transmtited by the same medium. The _ THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. 9 electric waves, however, are longer, and of these only some hundreds of millions occur in a second. After referring to the methods by which ordinary tele- graphy is accomplished, the lecturer described the essential ap- paratus for wireless telegraphy, viz., the coherer, consisting of a glass tube into which two metallic plugs are fitted. A small space between the plugs is partially filled with clean metallic filings. One plug is electrically connected to the end of the wire, and the other to the earth or some large metallic body. The method by which the sparks are produced, which send out the electric waves traveling through the ether until they reach the receiver were illustrated. The rate already at- tained for messages has been fifteen to twenty words a minute, but Marconi claimed that he would soon be able to increase this to 40 words. Although Marconi did not deserve the credit for discovering these waves, or inventing the co-herer for detecting them, he was entitled to credit for per- fecting the instruments used in the system. One objection to the system is the lack of secrecy, but this is to be overcome by a system of tuning of the instruments so that they will respond only to waves of a certain length. Each transmitter can be made to radiate waves of anv reauired length. ‘The lecture was fully illustrated, not only by apparatus, but by lantern views. FEBRUARY 12th, 1903. The regular meeting held, with President J. M. Dickson in the chair. Several new members were elected. Reference was made to the late Thos. MclIlwraith, and a resolution expressing the feeling of the loss sustained, and ap- preciation of the work done by him in years past, was ordered to be entered on the minutes and conveyed to his family. A paper was read by Mr. EF. C. Murton on “ Reminiscences of Nome and Romance of Placer Mining,” which proved mosi interesting. 10 JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. MARCH 12th, 1903. The regular meeting held, with President J. M. Dickson in the chair. Rev. D. B. Marsh, Sc. D., was appointed representative to the meeting of the Royal Society meeting in Ottawa on May 18. Several new members were elected. Mr. J. W. ‘Dysrell, C. Ey De LAS) eave a paper on aaiiie Mackenzie River District.” | Photos and maps were used to illustrate his travels. This paper also will be found printed in full in the Proceedings. MAY 7@h, 19¢3. The regular meeting held, with President Dickson in the chair. Sixteen new members were elected. Dr. S. A. Morgan gave a paper on “Education versus Educational Theories,” in which he showed, in a philosophic way, what education really means. The practical trend of the paper was to combat the predominance which present day edu- cational leaders were giving to scientific and utilitarian subjects in contrast to language study. Annual meeting was organized and reports received from Council and Sections. The election of officers resulted as follows: President—J. M. Dickson. First Vice-President—Rev. D. B. Marsh, Sc. D. Second Vice-President—W. A. Robinson. Corresponding Secretary—R. |. Hill. Recording Secretary—G. L. Johnston, B. A. Treasurer—P. L,. Scriven. Curator—J. Schuler. Auditors—Messrs. A. Baker and J. F. Ballard. Council—Messrs. Jas. Gadsby, J. M. W/liams. Robert Campbell, Geo. Black and R, A. Ptolemy. ee) THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. 11 REPORT OF COUNCIL. Your Council take pleasure in submitting their report for the session 1902-1903. During this session there have been held five meetings of Council and five meetings of the General Association, at which the following papers and addresses were given: November 13, 1902—Inaugural Address—President J. M. Dickson. ' November 28, 1902—“ Wireless Telegraphy ’’—Dr. Mer- chant, of London Normal School. February 12, 1903—‘ Reminiscences of Nome, and Ro- mance of Placer Mining ”—E. C. Murton. March 12, 1903—** The Mackenzie River District ’—J. W. (ivanell (Coes Dees Mav 7, 1903—“ Education Versus Educational Theories ” —S. A. Morgan, B. A., D. Paed. Twenty new members were elected during the year, and the Association was called upon to mourn the death of one of its old and distinguished members, the late Thos. McIwraith. We have this year honored ourselves by appointing one of our own members, Rev. D. B. Marsh, Sc. D., to represent this Association at the meeting of Royal Society. Your Council are pleased to note the increasing activity of various sections of the Association, and hope that the good work may long continue. All of which is respectfully submitted. J. M. DICKSON, GL JOHNS TON, President. Secretary. 12 JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. INAUGURAL ADDRESS. HAMILTON SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATION, SESSION 1902-1903. BY J. M. DICKSON, PRESIDENT. LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: I thank you for your presence here to-night, the more because you have known beforehand that an address would be inflicted upon you, and as a slight appreciation of your self-denial I will endeavor to make the term of punishment as short as possible. I desire to thank my colleagues, the members of the Associa- tion, for the honor they have conferred, the honor of appearing before you in the office of President. I have accepted this posi- tion with some fears for the welfare of the society, fully recog- nizing my inability to perform, in a satisfactory manner, all of the varied duties which such an undertaking must demand, and this feeling is strengthened when I look back and read the names of talented and scholarly men who have hitherto occu- pied the chair. It is my regrettable duty to recount the losses which our Association has recently sustained in the deaths of Mr. A. E. Walker, a valued member; Dr. Reynolds, who two years ago occupied the presidential chair; and Dr. Stratton, a former secretary. We pause at the threshold over which they have passed and turn again our wistful gaze from their departed forms to the work which they have left us to carry on, feeling that their influence and the results of their labors will ever re- main to encourage and inspire us to better and to higher achievements. To those who are unacquainted with its workings, I may say that the Hamilton Association was founded in 1857, its object being the advancement of science, art and literature. I need scarcely ask if science has advanced during intervening years, but I may pertinently inquire do-we realize the gigantic strides it has taken. ‘The wonderful achievements in electricity, chem- istry, bacteriology, surgery, optics, and many other lines are al-- THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. 13 most incomprehensible, and so closely are some of the branches interwoven that many of the names require to be bracketed or written with hyphens in order to intelligently express our sub- jects. The application of science to arts has kept pace with the discoveries, and many industries have advanced by leaps and bounds that are simply astonishing. The utilization of waste material and bye products has com- manded much attention, and great results have been the out- come. When this Association was founded the chimneys of chemi- cal factories belched forth noxious gases to such an extent that the adjacent country was rendered barren, not a blade of grass o1 green leaf could be found within a radius of miles. Laws compelling an abatement of this nuisance were considered great hardships until science rose superior to the requirements, and to-day these once waste gases supply the sole profits of many enterprises. Heaps of lime and sulphur compounds were like- wise thrown out to decompose and pollute the watercourses with every fall of rain; now, by new processes their valuable constit- uents are recovered and made to enter again upon rounds of duty for the further benefit of mankind. Coal tar and gas liquors have been investigated, producing the brilliant dyes of commerce, sweet flavors to please the palate, medicines to heal the sick, explosives to annihilate enemies at a range of many miles, and valuable fertilizers which make “two blades of grass to grow where only one grew before.” Research laboratories have been instituted, and many pro ducts hitherto produced only by plant life have been built up by synthesis, and in keen competition the artificial products have almost driven the natural from the fields of commerce. The production and consumption of steel have become so enormous that we may be said to live in the steel age. Electricity, with increased knowledge of its production and application, has entered as a strong factor into chemical work, and we have, within a few miles of us, large works for the direct conversion of common salt into alkali, a commercial suc cess rendered practicable by the dissociating current, while an- 14 JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. other plant is being installed to manufacture nitric acid by the direct combination of the nitrogen and oxygen of the atmos- phere. For ages the rains and snows have descended upon the adja- cent highlands, whence they have trickled down in ever aug- mented rills to the seas from which they were abstracted by the sun. Our ancestors wisely conserved the energies of these re- sultant streams and utilized their forces to drive mills, etc., situated at suitable points, but in recent years the problem of transmission of power has been mastered, and now these rain- drops and snow flakes, united by gravitation, but harnessed and guided by the ingenuity of man, expend their power upon the terminus of a small cable, which conveys their energies nearly forty miles to set countless wheels in motion; so to-night ‘we are conveyed to our place of meeting and have our proceedings illumined by the light and heat expended by the sun upon the waters in byegone years. Surely the operations of electricity are marvellous, and as we talk to distant friends or receive cablegrams from other conti- nents do we pause to think of the achievements of Bell, Edison, or Kelvin, or consider with the recent triumphs of Marconi that “ Truly day unto day uttereth speech.” Wh Bacteriological workers and physicians have studied the causes of diseases, isolated the germs of many maladies, opened up ways for rational treatment and discovered methods for se- curing immunity. The assiduous labors of Professor Abbe and Dr. Schott have produced a new series of optical glasses by means of which the student of nature may make deeper research into her secrets and more fully and critically investigate the delicate structures or things infinitissimal; or annihilate space and resolve the starry mists of the heavens, while our photographic friends catch the shadows of passing objects or events and print them in picture stories for the enlightenment of distant friends or future generations. In the plant world skilful hybridizing and careful selection THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION, 15 have produced new fruits and flowers to nourish the race and beautify the landscape. The list might be continued indefinitely, but lest I weary you [ turn to the affairs of the society. Much valuable work has been done in geology, ornithology, botany, conchology, ento- mology and other departments, but the demands and press of business, and the march of time have removed many energetic workers from our midst. | Our geological section still continues to decipher the secrets of the rocks, but in biology we are very weak. The recently organized astronomical section has begun. well, and gives great promise, but what we most need is greater gen- eral energy. Pardon my importunity, therefore, if I solicit the active co- operation of interested hearers. Neither great expenditure of money nor wide travel is neces- sary to study nature. ‘Too wide a field is simplv bewildering toa beginner. Intelligent application is the key to success. The following paragraph, garbled from Entomological News, may be of interest to those who think their environment is not suitable for nature study: “The Eastern Penitentiary, situ- ated in the heart of the city of Philadelphia, is surrounded by a stone wall about 42 feet high. The corridors run from a com- mon centre, like the spokes of a wheel, thus leaving some ground between them. Most of the cells have a small yard at- tached, in which the prisoner is allowed a few hours each day for exercise. Some time ago, while on a professional visit to some of the inmates, I was mortified to find a lepidopterist, though interested in his captures, which were all made in the yard attached to his cell. ‘This yard was 14 x 17 feet, but with walls 11% feet high. In this small space he had caught, dur- ing the past summer, 18 species. One of the species is a great rarity and a second is surely less so.” A volume has been filled with an account of discoveries made in a tour around a back yard. Fifty species of plants have been taken by a botanist in the old cellar of a demolished house. The little pools formed by the hoofs of cattle in swampy ground furnish numerous 16 JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. species of diatoms, dismieds and other microscopic forms of life, and the iridescent film often seen floating upon rain water is composed of beautiful forms whose life history has probably not been worked out. Who among us cannot command such a field ? Few great discoveries or inventions have been the result of a single act, but have consisted rather in the aggregation and patient reconstruction of scattered material. Let us not, therefore, be discouraged though great success does not immediately crown our efforts, but push steadily for- ward, endeavoring at all times, in the face of seeming obstacles, to live up to the motto of our society, to penetrate further into the borderland of mystery which surrounds us, guided by the ever-increasing light, until, e’er we are compelled to lay down the burden, we shall at least have contributed some small parti- cles which, collected and cemented by master hands, will assist in building up the mighty edifice of knowledge a_ structure which is steadily rising and must continue to rise until the key- stone shall have been adjusted and the superstructure completed so far as time is concerned. THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. Li IN THE MACKENZIE, RIVER DISTRICT. Read before the Hamilton Association March r2th, 1903. IBM. Jo Wo TW NORIRIBILIES (C5 1854 ID4 Mla Se "Twas the 1st of April (All Fools Day) of the year 1900, when during the early morning hours, a motley procession of white men, Indians, and dog teams, might have been seen wend- ing their way northward along a narrow winding woodland trail towards the southern shore of Great Slave Lake. Winter had about taken its departure, and given way to Spring, for the air was mild and balmy, and in passing it was observed that the red willows were already in bud. The melting snow had disappeared so rapidly that it had been a close race with us to gain the ice of the Great Lake be- fore the ground should become entirely bare, and it was there- fore with feelings of relief and mutual congratulations that we emerged from the woods and exchanged the heavy wet and muddy trail for the firm, broad, boundless expanse of white ice which spread out before us. . Much though we appreciated the change, even more so did our six teams of noble dogs enjoy it, for as they reached the ice . they broke off into a furious gallop straight across a great bay, on the other side of which could be faintly discerned the build- ings of the Hudson’s Bay Post—Fort Resolution. There was still a little snow upon, the ice, though more slush and water, but our sleds now ran so easily that the dogs seemed to fly, and in a very short time we found ourselves landed at the gateway to the Fort. Here we were most heartily welcomed by M. Gaudett, the H. B. officer, and his clerks, who very kindly took us in charge and provided the best accommodation at their disposal. Natu- rally one of my first questions after finding myself settled at the Fort, was in regard to my supplies—some 6,000 pounds which 18 JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. had been shipped thus far the previous summer, and I was not a little relieved to learn that they had all arrived in good shape and were safely stored in the Company’s warehouse. The problem next confronting me was the transport of this 6,000 pounds of outfit to Old Fort Reliance at the northeastern extremity of the lake, a further distance of about two hundred and fifty miles. As 400 pounds (besides dog food) represented the extreme capacity limit of the native flat sleds or toboggans, it was clear that for the transport of my outfit at least fifteen sleds and dog teams would be required, and this number was not available. I was persuaded by everyone at the Fort that the only possible way of taking such an outfit up the lake was by boat about the first of the following July, and this was most consoling infor- mation, as I had based my calculations upon being far into the interior by that date. I had not gone out unprepared for such an emergency as now presented itself, but had with me several parcels containing thin steel sled shoeing, and with this and such other materials as could be procured, I proceeded, with the help of my assistant, Mr. Fairchild, and good friend, Percy Acres, of our own city, to build long light sleds of such a design that I considered I could haul 1,000 pounds instead of 400 with each team of four dogs. Our operations were watched, by both H. B. officers and natives, with much interest and even amusement, for as our sleds assumed their unusual shapes and proportions, many were the smiles and jests of our critics. My contention that a team could haul more than twice as much upon our sleds as on those of the native design was received with ridicule ; but when the day came for making a test, and four of my dogs were hitched to a load of 1,000 pounds, interest reached a climax. The load looked so big and the dogs so small that my own faith was tried for a moment, but upon the first crack of the driver’s whip the load was started, and away it went with the dogs on a trot. A few moments later the driver whipped them into a full gallop and called for all hands to jump on, whereat three men did THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. 19 jump on and the team continued until the steep bare shore was regained. Criticism was now changed to admiration, and one Indian was overheard saying, “ It is wonderful how these white men understand the building of sleds.” Well, it. was chiefly due to the acquisition of these sleds, that after waiting about three weeks at Resolution for the most suitable time and condition of ice, we were again able to pro- ceed with our complete outfit up the Lake towards Old Fort Re- liance:the ruins of a post where Sir George Back spent the winters of 1833-34 and 1835. Each of our long sleds being loaded with about 1,500 pounds, we managed to move forward our whole outfit, including three large canoes, but the next diffi- culty was to provide food for our dogs for so long and slow a journey, for there were no dining cars in that country. Upon leaving the Fort our sleds were loaded with every pound of dog food that could be procured, but it was impossible for us to carry enough from the start for the whole journey. So about haif way, or less, up the lake a fishery was established by setting nets under the ice, and some of those immense Slave Lake fish known as “ Inconnu,” were caught, and contributed to the sup- port of our teams. We had trusted that at some points we should meet with Indians from whom we might replenish our supply of dog food, but in this we were quite disappointed, as every Indian encampment sighted was found to be temporarily or permanently deserted. When, therefore, on the 8th of May, Reliance was reached, our dogs were in a deplorable condition, and worse still, their supplies of food were entirely gone. So far as my require- ments were concerned, they had fulfilled their mission in land- injg our outfit at the head of the lake, but having served us so faithfully it now distressed me to see them suffer. We hunted far and wide for deer upon which to feed them, but all efforts failing, I was obliged to end the miseries of our worst speci- mens with my rifle. For the sustenance of the survivors on their way back to Fort Resolution, I sacrificed a quantity of bacon and half a dozen boxes of hard tack, and thus ended our dog sled journey of eleven hundred miles. 20 JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. Dog teams having been sent back to Fort Resolution in charge of two men employed for that purpose, we were now dependent upon human power as our propelling force. Ac- cordingly my Indian voyagers were at once set to work trans- porting outfit in a northeasterly direction, over a portage to Ar- tillery Lake, and whilst they were thus engaged I and my as- sistants had ample time to explore that part of the district. Old Fort Reliance—of which I have already made men- tion—was found to be a mere ruin, consisting of five stone chimneys, around one of which an enterprising hunter has re- cently built a small log cabin, but the location of the Old Fort is one of the most lovely spots imaginable—on the shore of Charlton harbor just east of the mouth of Lockheart River. The land rises from the shore in regular and beautiful park-like terraces, and forms one of the loveliest camping grounds I have ever seen. It is mostly covered by open spruce woods, through and about which various kinds of wild berries grow in great profusion, and at certain seasons of the year game is very abundant—particularly caribou—whose well beaten trails are everywhere to be seen. Historically, Fort Reliance is of interest chiefly as having been the headquarters of Sir George Back and his party during the three years of their exploits when they were supposed to be searching for traces of Sir James Ross, who, shortly after Back’s departure, turned up safely in England. Back, like myself, wrote a book descriptive of his discover- ies, and I have sometimes thought, since reading it, and having gone over portions of his stamping grounds, that if knighthood was conferred upon him as a result of his published narrative and maps, that he did certainly earn the distinction as a writer of fiction rather than as a recorder of facts. So inaccurate and misleading did we find his descriptions and maps, that with our party the term of “ Backite ” became a synonym for falsehood. Just one instance to prove my grounds for so severe criti- cism. Not far from the Old Fort upon the Lockheart River there occur several beautiful waterfalls, and the highest of thes: THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. 21 —named by Back, “ Parry’s Falls ’’—is described by him in the following words : “From the only point at which the greater part of it was “visible, we could distinguish the river coming sharp round a “rock and falling into an upper basin almost concealed by in- “tervening rocks, whence it broke in one vast sheet into a “ chasm between four and five hundred feet deep, yet in appear- ‘ance so natrow that we could almost step across it. Out of “this the spray rose in misty columns several hundred feet “above our heads, but as it was impossible to see the main fall “ from the side on which we were in the following spring I paid “a second visit to it, approaching from the western bank. ‘The “road to it, which I traveled in snow shoes, was fatiguing in “the extreme and scarcely less dangerous, for to say nothing of “the steep ascents, fissures in the rocks, and deep snow in the “valleys, we had sometimes to creep along the narrow shelves “of precipices, slippery with the frozen mist that fell on them. “ But it was a sight that well repaid any risk. The whole face “of the rocks forming the chasm was entirely coated with blue, “ereen, and white ice, in thousands of pendant icicles, and there “were, moreover, caverns, fissures and overhanging ledges in “all imaginable variety of forms, so curious and beautiful as to “surpass anything of which I have ever heard or read. “The immediate approach was extremely hazardous, nor “could we obtain a perfect view of the lower fall in conse- “quence of the projection of western cliffs. “ At the lowest position which we were able to attain, we ““ were. still more than one hundred feet above the level of the “bed of the river beneath, and this, instead of being narrow “enough to step across, as it had seemed from the opposite “height, was found to be at least two hundred feet wide. “The color of the water varied from a very light to a very “dark green, and the spray which spread a dimness above was “thrown up in clouds of light gray. “ Niagara, Wilberforce Falls in Hood’s River, the Falls of “ Kacabikka near Lake Superior, the Swiss or Italian Falls, al- 22 JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. “though they may charm the eye with dread, are not to be com- “ pared to this for splendor of effect. “It was the most imposing spectacle I had ever witnessed, “and as the berg-like appearance brought to mind associations “of another scene, I bestowed upon it the name of our cele- “brated navigator, Sir Edward Parry, and called it ‘ Parry’s milli aug Now, after reading the above fine description by Back, 1 fully expected to see something extraordinary when I should visit these Falls, and was a little disappointed one day when my assistant, Mr. Fairchild, returned from making a track survey of the Lockhart and reported that the famed Parry’s Falls were a myth and had no existence. He had been up the river eleven or twelve miles, and had passed two or three small falls of no particular note, but had seen no Parry’s Falls. They were re- ported by Back to be about six miles up the river, so I could not understand the discrepancy of reports, but concluded to go up next day and see for myself, which I did, being accompanied by Mr. Fairchild and Bishop Lofthouse, who was also a member of my party. At about six miles from the mouth of the river, sure enough we found Parry’s Falls, but I did not blame Fair- child for failing to recognize them. ‘There was sufficient truth in Back’s description to enable one to identify them as the same to which he referred; but his statements as to dimensions are too far from facts to be allowed to stand unchallenged. Hap- pily for Back, he was not expected to produce photographic views to mar his beautiful word pictures, and so his discoveries were immensely more wonderful than ours. I obtained half a dozen photos of Parry’s Falls, as well as actual measurement of their dimensions, which are as follows : ‘Total fall from top to foot of lower rapid, 85 feet (instead of from 400 to 500), and width at crest of fall, 30 feet (instead of 200) though at higher stages of water the width might possibly be increased to 50 feet. Excepting as to the dimensions, Back’s description is not so bad, as the Falls are certainly very beautiful. At the time of our visit, on the 15th of May, they were completely bridged over with ice, so that we were enabled to walk over the very crest of the fall and obtain views from every available position. THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. 23 I am sorry to have to thus challenge the report of so re- nowned an explorer as Sir George, but such we found to be the facts. By the 8th of June our voyagers had accomplished the task of transporting our entire outfit across the twenty mile portage, and nearly half way up the ice of Artillery Lake, when we came near meeting with a serious mishap. We were using hand sleds on the lake for moving our stuff, but the ice, though still four feet thick, had become so honey-combed or candled as to be dangerous, and the climax came when one of our loaded sleds settled down into the ice and was only prevented from be- ing lost, with all its precious cargo, by the support of a long canoe which was securely lashed on top of the load. As it was, much difficulty was experienced in saving the submerged load, which had to be removed piece by piece, at great personal risk, to a place of safety. One who has not witnessed the disintegration of this heavy northern ice can. perhaps scarcely understand its action, but the process is as follows (the winter ice of the Mackenzie River District being about seven feet thick, for I had occasion several times to observe this when cutting holes for fishing purposes) : The first effect of the warm weather is to melt the snow upon the ice and cause it to be flooded. In a few days the water disappears through the ice and the upper surface grad- ually becomes candled until it is a bed of sharp spikes, very dif- ficult and painful to travel over without the best of footwear for both man and dogs. As the warmth of the sun increases, this candling process is continued until at length, when that condition is about reached, one may push a pole through ice four feet thick. Such had become its condition on Artillery Lake on the 8th of June, upon the discovery of which we sought and found a comfort- able camping ground, on the east shore of the lake, in a small grove of scrubby spruce timber, which proved to be the last on our out-bound journey until after we had crossed the height of land and neared the valley of Thelon River. Ten days only elapsed between our Winter and Summer modes of travel, for on the 18th of June we embarked in our Peterboros, and two 24 JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. days later, though we were pushing northward, saw the last of ice for the season. From the bottom of an eastern arm of Clinton-Colden Lake, a portage route (concerning which I had some Indian in- formation), was discovered, and this was followed from lakelet to lakelet until on the 24th the ‘“ Grand Divide” was reached, the elevation of which was ascertained to be about 1,300 feet _above the sea. The country here had a very flat appearance (as is not in- frequently the case on heights of land), and small lakes and ponds were quite numerous. Summit Lake was found to be a mere pond,.but beyond it the waters flowed to the eastward. On the 27th of June our party had crossed the height of land through a succession of these small lakes, and was follow- ing the descent of a small stream, or rather a chain of lakes con- nected by short stretches of current, towards the east and north- east. We had entered one of these lakes, which I have named after the present Minister of Interior of Canada, and were steering our little fleet of Peterboros northward under full sail, when the wind became so strong that we were unable to weather it, even under shortened canvas, so with some difficulty we made a safe landing upon a long point extending northward from the south shore. Here camp was pitched, for it was al- ready evening, though quite light, for the latitude was 63 de- grees 44 minutes north. Excepting for the high wind, the evening was a delightful one in every way, so that whilst camp was being made Fairchild and I slung our field glasses and prismatics over our shoulders and struck off up the shore towards a conspicuous high sand ridge, where we hoped to obtain a good view of the lake, and 1f possible ascertain our future course, for upon entering any of these lakes this was always a prohlem to be solved. The evening being agreeably cool and free from mosqui- toes, we much enjoyed the stroll over the mossy hills, and upon reaching our objective point, some two miles from camp, seated ourselves upon the crest of the ridge and proceeded to sweep the lake and its deeply indented shores with our powerful bo THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. 25 glasses. We had not been thus occupied many minutes when there fell within the limited disc of my vision some dark movy- ing specks away on the north shore. An instant’s scrutiny con- vinced me that they were Musk Oxen, though we had not ex- pected to meet with these animals for some time yet. Yes, they were certainly Musk Oxen, as their appearance and movements were quite different from deer, but whatever they might be, a more intimate acquaintance with them was immediately de- sirable, as we were now quite out of fresh meat and rapidly re- ducing our limited stock of bacon. We had no rifles with us, nor had we canoes to cross the lake, but a quiet hunt was decided upon, and we returned to camp to prepare ourselves for it. Arriving there, the hour now being Io p. m., we found the tent empty, our two companions, the Bishop and Acres, having gone off picking berries, so we provided ourselves with two .303 Winchester repeaters and a supply of cartridges, and were about to launch one of the canoes when two of our Indians, noticing our movements, and anticipating our object, stepped to the shore and saved us the trouble. As we took our places in the middle of the canoe, the Indians took charge at bow and stern, and in a moment, with scarcely a word spoken, or the least noise save the slight splash of the paddles, we were off. Our steersman, whispered, “ You see deer?” to which I replied, “ Strange big black deer,” the meaning of which he quite under- stood, and I directed him to a point about three miles distant on the opposite shore. The lake, which a few hours before had been whipped into foam, was now like a sheet of glass, and the sun had just disappeared below the northern: horizon, leaving the firmament one gorgeous glow of ruddy light. It was a glorious sub-arctic night, and as we sped swiftly, but noiseless- ly, through the water towards the long shadow of a dark hill, where we expected to land, the whole environment was to me most enchanting, almost to intoxication. In less than an hour we had gained the shore and hauled out the canoe on a sand beach at the foot of an abrupt high bank. We were now in perfect concealment from our enemies 26 JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. and to the leeward of them, so proceeded to climb the steep bank to the plateau where the Musk Oxen were feeding. Nearing the top we found ourselves much out of breath and unsteady, so lay down at full length for a time until we had recovered our wind and nerve. Then crawling up the bottom of a little valley a short distance further, brought us to the crest of the hill from which vantage ground we came within full view, at ranges from only sixty to one hundred yards of the huge dark forms of nine Musk Oxen. They were browsing upon the grass, and all unconscious oi our presence, until “crack” went our two rifles at the same in- stant, and two of the foremost bulls commenced to stagger and tear madly about, whilst the others were thrown into wild con- fusion and galloped hither and thither, not knowing which way to flee. Several more bullets were required to bring the wounded bulls to earth, and as we were administering these from our concealment, the remainder of the band, seemingly having lo- cated us, made a furious charge straight for our position. Springing to our feet, for things had now become exciting, we met the furies with so deadly a volley that two more were sent to earth, and other four so crippled as to check their charge. One young one only escaped unhurt, and he was allowed to go, whilst we completed our act of slaughter upon the _wounded animals. Nor was this easily accomplished, for they put up a desperate resistance, making several frenzied charges upon us before they were completely overcome. One huge old bull seemed to defy the power of my lead in a most astonishing manner, for bullet after bullet was sent sing- ing through his carcass with apparently little effect, but at length he too swayed, staggered, and came to earth. On skin- ning and cutting up his carcass, | examined his wounds and found that three bullets had pierced his heart before he had fallen. During the excitement of the battle we had paid little at- tention to the movements of our Indians, other than to notice that they had kept close to our heels. THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. 27 Between Fairchild and myself honors were about even, as we were each responsible for the lives of four monarchs of the plain. ; | We certainly now had an abundance of fresh meat (such as it was), and the Indians were set to work to remove the hides, cut out the tongues, and save any other portion of the carcasses that might be desirable. Meanwhile Fairchild and I returned to camp, where we found all hands in the land of slumber. Two or three yells soon caused everyone to turn out, and orders were given to move camp across the lake. I explained briefly that we had a quantity of fresh meat on the other side. where two of our men were already caring for it, so, somewhat reluctantly, for it was now twelve o'clock at night, the move was made to a beautiful spot at the base of “ Musk Ox Hill.” Those of our companions who had not taken part in the hunt, upon hearing of our experiences, expressed grievous dis- appointment because of missing the sport, so we tried to com- fort them by the assurance that we had not slain the whole band and that they might yet come in for their share. We told them of seeing one young bull go off in a certain direction, so the Bishop and Acres armed themselves with Winchesters and set out for blood; and they had not long to wait, for the young Musk Ox, no doubt, looking for its dead comrades, suddenly appeared around a bluff and let such a roar out of him as to al- most freeze the blood in one’s veins. A fusilade followed, but away galloped the calf towards a long point of land extending out into the lake. Thinking that we might now effect his cap- ture, we all strung ourselves in a line across the base of the point and thus advanced abreast—thinking that we would be able to drive him into the water and there secure him—but the plan did not work out in that way. Mr. Musk Ox simply sized up the situation, selected his man, which happened to be Fair- child, who was armed only with his Eastman kodak, lowered his head and shot forward with the speed of a runaway locomo- tive. Fairchild also sized up the situation and lowered his camera. He stood his ground until the little brute was within 28 JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. fifteen feet of him, when he snapped his camera, sprang to one side, and so avoided trouble. If one had any doubts in his mind as to the young Musk Ox’s intention he had only to look, as I did, at the tracks of the beast and not how well they covered the spot where Fairchild had stood. Having thus broken through our line, the fusilade was re- sumed by our riflemen, and so wildly did the bullets whistle about for a time that every man, acting the better part of valor, lay flat on the ground or sought the friendly shelter of some convenient boulder. Presently there was a cessation of firing, and in its stead there came from the valley below loud shouts for help and more cartridges. Seeing the humorous side of the situation rather than any other, I hurried down with my large camera and found the young Musk Ox, who had received a bullet through the neck and was bleeding freely, playing tag with Acres around a huge boulder. At times the pace around the rock was quite brisk, and once at least did I recognize the exclamation, “Get out you brute,” as rifle stock and Musk Ox head came into violent contact. The hour of the night or morning, as one may choose to call it, was half-past one o’clock, but so good was the light that I was able to obtain a fairly good photo of the Musk Ox, though it is a matter of regret that my picture does not better represent the whole episode. ‘The little beast was ultimately dispatched by a knife in the hand of one of my Indians. Immediately following this slaughter two days were spent in drying meat for future use, and a fine lot did we cure, after _ which we proceeded with our survey to the great Thelon River, and down that stream to its confluence with the Doobaunt, which I had surveyed with my brother in 1893. . From the confluence of the Doobaunt, on the morning of July 16th, Mr. Fairchild, with two canoes and party of five, set off for Hudson Bay, whilst I, with the one remaining canoe and two men returned up the Thelon, with the intention of explor- ing the upper part of the river and possibly getting through to Lake Athabasca, in which case I might be able to catch the last Hudson Bay Company steamer going up to the landing, and get we THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. 29 out somewhat earlier than Mr. Fairchild. However, this was all uncertain, as it was impossible for me to know what I should be able to do in these regards. At “ Ping-a-wa-look’s” camp on our way up stream I procured the few moccasins they had for us, and they were much needed before we got out of the country, for, as my men tracked the canoe up stream, the sharp rocks and stones over which they had to walk cut through two or three pairs of shoes a day. The weather, which turned rough about the middle of the month, continued so for two weeks, causing us some delay, and a more unpleasant trip up the river than we would otherwise have had. In passing some of our former camping places it was ob served that the water of the river had fallen about two feet from its level of two weeks previously. On the 28th we reached our old camp at the Forks, and there remained for a day or two in order to get a rate for my chronometer. On the last day of July I turned my attention to the upper portion of the Thelon, which was found, from the Forks up, to be obstructed in several places by shallow rapids. ‘The general trend of this part of the river is southerly, and its banks, which are more thinly wooded than farther north, are comparatively low and sandy, with grassy flats at some places— particularly towards Eyeberry Lake—about fifty miles up. This lake was so named because of the abundance of eye-berries which we found on its shores and islands. About ten miles above or south of Eyeberry Lake a small river fifty yards wide was observed emptying into the Thelon, and south of it the river banks became suddenly much higher and the river channel more confined and tortuous. Spruce and tamarac groves were also becoming more fre- quent, though still scanty enough. ‘The average elevation of land was from 50 to 80 feet above the river, which in width varied from 100 to 250 yards, and in depth from two to six feet. Its mean velocity was about three and one-half miles per hour. Flood water marks here, as well as on the lower part of the river, were observed as high as thirty feet above ordinary _ water level. 30 JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. In August it was observed by Fairchild to be three feet higher. At about ninety miles the country again becomes more open and prairie like, with low sandy river banks. A few miles fur- ther up the banks are composed of coarse gravel, and rise to a height of eighty or ninety feet. The rock formation, which makes its appearance at several points along the river banks, was observed to be sandstone, and so on the general character of the river and country continued much the same for a distance of 128 miles, when the stream becomes divided again, and both branches rapid and shallow. At their confluence was also ob- served the junction of sandstone and granite rocks. It was now August oth, and judging from my progress during the last two weeks, and the prospect of increased difficulties ahead, 1 came to the conclusion that it would be unwise to attempt to push through to Lake Athabasca—a probable distance of 500 miles further by my route. It seemed to me preferable that I should rather endeavor to explore a second route across the “Divide” to Artillery Lake, and recollecting the small river flowing in from the west at the Sixty mile, I determined to re- turn thus far, ascend it as far as possible, and thence cross by the easiest route to Artillery Lake. Having decided upon the above plan of action, we easily returned down stream to my new point of commencement, and on the 13th began to ascend my west branch. Its course took me as nearly as could be in the direction of Artillery Lake, but I was not long to follow it, for by noon of the same day we had reached the head of navigation for so heavily loaded a canoe as ours. Not wishing to be thwarted in my object, I now decided to send my two men with the canoe around by the way we had come, to Artillery Lake, and that I would walk across alone. It seemed that there could be no great difficulty in doing so, for the distance in a straight line I knew to be only about eighty miles; the season was still early and there were plenty of (leer roving over the country. Thus viewing the problem, I sent mv men back with the canoe and its contents, and having selected my necessary outfit for the tramp, bundled it up into a THE HAMILTON ASSOCIATION. 31 neat pack of about fifty pounds and started off. It did not feel heavy at first, and the weather being fine I made fair progress, but as the day wore on my pack became burdensome, and by evening I was quite ready to lay it down and creep into my sleeping bag. This first day’s march, which covered thirteen miles, was along the course of the stream, over rough hills of eneiss sparingly wooded for a distance of ten miles only from the Thelon. Ata point eight miles distant I discovered a beau- tiful little fall of 50 feet drop, and it was here that the gneiss formation was first noted. Its strike was observed to be north 75 degrees east (astronomical) and dip 70 degrees east. My first day’s march took me to the shore of a small lake, which of itself formed no serious obstruction to travel, but may be mentioned as the first link of a chain which was to cause trouble. The lake is about four miles long, but of very irregu- lar shape. Its east shore is conspicuous because of a high ridge ef white sand which has a bearing of south 63 degrees east. Because of the irregularities of the shore, and the impossibility of seeing any great distance ahead, it required a twelve mile tramp to get free from this lake, and that represented my second day’s journey. © My rations were obtained from the car- cass of a deer which I shot, and some biscuits which I had brought in my pack. On the morning of my third day, only three miles from my “camp,” I came upon a large lake—to which I have taken the liberty of attaching my own name—since I am sure it has never been, and perhaps never will be, of as much interest to any one else as it proved to me. Ascending the highest convenient hill I examined the lake as critically as possible with my fine field glasses. Its general bearing lay nearly northeast and southwest. Its southerly shores appeared to be only five or six miles distant, but its northerly boundary I could not determine, being apparently limited only by the blue hazy distant hills. Having no boat or timber of any description with which to make a raft, I turned my steps towards the south as the seemingly easiest way of get- ting past this obstacle, and for three miles or thereabouts I got 32 JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. along all right. Then I was suddenly confronted by a large gtream forming the outlet of the lake. This I descended for some distance in the hope of finding a ford, but finding none, I stripped myself and waded in, hoping to find some place where I could get my outfit across, but in this I was disappointed, and the water, too, was very cold. I had no alternative but to return and try the north end of the lake, which I did, and, to make a long story short of a long weary tramp over rocky hills and through soft muskegs, ankle