^^■^ oW- ^•^'** " jSCKRD of tl|e P^utomtg of ©arottta The Ontario Research Foundation b JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical Association FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW (Original Official Organ U. S'. Vet. Med. Ass'n.) Edited and Published for THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION by W. H. DALRYMPLE, BATON ROUGE, LA. EXECUTIVE BOARD Geo. Hilton, 1st District; T. E. Munce, 2nd District; S. E. Bennett, 3rd District; J. R. Mohler, 4th District; C. H. Stange, 5th District; R. A. Archibald, 6th District; A. T. Kinsley, Member at Large. SUB-COMMITTEE ON JOURNAL J. R. Mohler Geo. Hilton R. A. Archibald Index Volume LV NEW SERIES VOLUME VIII BATON ROUGE, LA. 1919 V ( '%:,: rb sf u LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 65732^ VOLUME LV. NEW SERIES VOLUME VIIL £,t? */' S7 PAGE Practical Methods of Treatment for Worm Infestation Figure 1. Apparatus for drenching sheep for stomach worms.... 34 GiD IN Sheep Figure 1. Sheep infested with Gid parasite 200 Figure 2. Brain showing presence of Gid parasite 201 I Complete Prolapse of the Uterus of a Cow ^ V Figure 1. Everted left uterine horn showing cotyledons and asmall part of the remaining foetal placenta : 204 fX ^ Army Veterinary Service ** "^ Figure 1. Poio team of Veterinary Training School, Camp _ Lee, Va 223 v» S O American Veterinary Medical Association C_ cU. P_ ' Figure 1. Grunewald Hotel 224 Scleroderma in Hogs Figure 1 312 Figure 2 313 Tubercular Encephalitis and Cerebrospinal Meningitis Figure 1 316 Figure 2 317 Polo Team of Veterinary Training School, Camp Lee, Virginia (Corrected and Reproduced) 329 The Blood Pressure of the Horse Figure 1. The Sphygmomannometer 402 Figure 2. Taking the Blood Pressure 403 Graph 1. Diastolic Pressure 409 Graph 2. Systo.ic Pressure 410 Graph 3. Pu.se 411 Sarco-Chondro-Osteomata of a Hen Figure 1. Sarco-Chondro-Osteomata of the Tibial Region of a S. C. Rhode Island Red Hen 424 Figure 2. Sarco-Chondro-Osteomata of the Thoracic Wall of a Hen 425 Figure 3. Sagittal Section of the Sarco-Chondra-Osteomata shown in figure 1 426 Tendonitis and Periostitts Resulting from Injury by a Celluloid Spirolet Leg Band Figure 1. Early stages of tendonitis caused by injury in a S. C. Rhode Island Red cock 429 Figure 2. Periostitis with exososis of distal end of tibia and proximal end of metatarsus 429 Pseudo-Leukaemia in a dog TTig-ure 1 437 Figure 2 438 Fi-ure 8 439 Figure 4 441 Figure 5 442 American Veterinary Medical Association Figure 1. A Glimpse of St. Charles Avenue. New Orleans 462 Figure 2. A portion of Canal Street, New Orleans 463 Figure 3. A Group of New Orleans Hotels 465 Communications Figure 1. Marechal Retain Decorating Major G. R. Powell with Legion d'Honneur 489 Vbrim/X^'ous Cattle l^igure 1. A three-year ^old heifer treated for twisted worms 551 vN^ Figure 2. Extrfeme emaciation of a four-year-old native cow.... 551 0^^/''^ Cuts from the Bureau of ^^g^iculturb of the Philippines Figure 1. Surra case of long standing on Alabang Stock Farm.. 559 Figure 2. False Hermaphrodism in Native Horse 560 Figure 3. Same animal as shown in figure 2. Note the female side as shown by the teats 561 INDEX TO VOL. LV. NEW SERIES VOL. VIII A Few Facts About Louisiana and New Orleans Figure 1. New Orleans in 1719 586 Figure 2. Oak made liistoric in "Evangeline." 587 Figure 3. Famous Jackson Square, New Orleans, showing old Spanish Cabildo and St. Louis Cathedral in background 589 Figure 4. Sky line, City of New Orleans, from the Mississippi River 591 Figure 5. Gibson Hall, Tulane University, New Orleans 593 Lymphangitis in Cattle 640, 641, 644, 645, 648 Cornell Semi-Centennial Celebration — Dr. V. A. Moore 660 Metastatic Melano-Sarcoma 664. 665 Chronic Tendonitis 666, 668, 669 Circulatory Filariasis 670, 671 Tuberculosis of Horse Generalizes) 673, 674 Mange and Its Treatment in Army Horses 684, 685, 686, 687, 688 Looking Southward Figure 1. Entrance to State University, Baton Rouge, La 695 Figure 2. Reserve Sugar Refinery 697 State and Provincial Veterinary Colleges, Association of 708 AUTHORS' INDEX PAGE Alkire. E. W 5. 128 Babson, E. W 253 Barnes, M. F 672 Bayard, E. S 86 Beacham, Dr 171 Beavers, J. A 99 Beaumont, A. E 347 Birch, R. R 251 Bone, D. R 247 Bourne, R. F 102 Bruce, E. A 553, 620 Brumley, O. V 353 Gary, C. A 156 Chamberlain, F. W 365 Cochran, David W 105 Connaway, J. W 61 Connolly, Dr 179 Cotton, W. E 504 Covault, C. H 606 Crawford, J. Elliot 230, 351 Crocker. W. J 357 Dalrymple, W. H 56, 58, 61 Dimock, W. W 476 Dorset, M 259 Douglass, F. J 488 Dykstra, R. R 606 Eichhorn, A 281 E. I. S 227, 467, 697, 711 Fehr, F. F 714 Ferguson, T. H 86, 253 Fish, P. A., Major 528, 663 Fisher, C. W 536 Fitch, C. P 51, 59, 60, 61, 484 Foster, Maj. R. J 536 Frey, J. J 192 Goss, L. W 234 G. B. M 116 G. H. R 114 Gieskemeyer, Harry 96 Giltner, Ward .86, 234 Glennon, Jas. T 150, 152 Glover, G. H 5, 128, 481 Goldberg, S. A 204, 313, 436 Grove. J. S 120, 252, 380, 607, 614 Guberlet, Jno. E 621 Hadley, Phillip 186 Hall, Maurice C 24, 416, 543 Hallman, E. T : 297 Harrison, F. R 490 Hart, Geo. H 427 Havner, H. H 176 Hayden, C. E 719 Henning, Henry 594 Hershey, S. E 711 Horstman, E 550 Hoskins, H. P 61 Hoskins, W. Horace. .76, 146, 156, 594 Houston, D. F 490 Hutchens, H. C 464 PAGE Johnson, G. A 675 Jones, D. H 444 Jorgenson, G. E 489 J. R. M 115, 127, 726 Kalkus, J. W 476 Kaupp, B. F 424,428 Kigin, L. C 370, 485, 494 Klee, F 374 Landrum, S. H 494 Lapple, Lieut. E 610 Lentz, Wm. J 367 Lowe, Wm. Herbert 596 Mason, Maj. A. L 536 McBryde, C. N 259 McGilvray, C. D 627 Mclntyre, Frank 220 McLeod, J. H 634 Marsteller, R. P 481 Mayo, N. S 80, 162, 202, 293, 344, 345, 369, 468, 695 Milks, H. J 242, 436 Miner, Geo. H 155 Mohler, J. R 302 Moore, V. A 357, 662 Moore, V. A 357 Muldoon, Capt. W. E 536 Murphey, H. S 62 Murray, Chas 68, 234 Newsom. L E 5, 128, 199, 311, 596 Niles, W. B 259 N. S. M 348, 713 Odou, Wm. D 490 Patterson, John 206 Peirie, Harrie W 96 Potter, G. M 86, 164 Price, Benjamin 390 Pringle, J. N 481 Quitman, E. L 150, 154 Ransom, B. H 46, 58, 59, 60 Reichel, John 113 R. D 114 Rice, C. D 357 Richardson, A. G. G 476 Rietz, J. H 259 Roberts, G. A 112 Rogers, Dr 150, 153 Rogers, .T. B 721 Russell, E. E 227 Ryan, J. F 199 Sallade, J. W 157 Schilling, Samuel 401 Schreck, Oscar 64 Schroeder, E. C 86 Schurman, J. G 661 Senseman, B. Frank 385 Sims, Dr 145 Smead, Morgan J 543 Smith, E. I 226, 311, 347, 466, 593 Stange. C. H 151, 237 Stanclift, Lt. Col. R. J 536 INDEX TO VOL. LV, NEW SERIES VOL. VIII Stockman, Sir S 499 Stone, R. V 536 Straus, Aubrey H 180 Switzer, W. B 609 Tennant, Wm 243 Traum, J 639 Van Es, L 698 V. A. M 117 Van Brussel, O. H 607 Vawter, L. R 664, 666, 669 Waite, H. M 677 Waite, Capt. F. C 149, 161, 163 Walkley, S. J 231,486,586, 717 Ward, Herbert C 394 Waugh, Jas. A 319, 558 Way, Cassius 660 Way, W. D 313 W. H. D 250, 609, 724 Wight, A. C 180 Williams, W. L, 153, 155, 173 Wills, J. G 22 Wolf, Chas. P 543 INDEX TO VOLUME LV. NEW SERIES VOLUME VIII I PAGE Papers, etc.: Abortion, Disease of Cattle 504 Abortion and Sterility 297 Address 22 America's Danger in the New World Battle for Food 76 American Veterinary Medical As- sociation, The 80 Animal Husbandry and Its Im- portance in a Modern Veter- inary Course 176 Anthelmintics, Studies on. 416, 543, 652 Anthrax Control, Ploblems In.... 192 Blackleg Aggressin 394 Blood Pressure of the Horse, The. 401 Chorea in Dog (St. Vitus' Dance) 64 Chronic Pox-like Infection in Goats and Its Successful Treatment, A 536 Control of Some of the Important Infectious Diseases in the Conservation of Our Live Stock. The 281 Cornell Semi-Centennial Celebra- tion 659 Extension Veterinarian, The 164 Fowl Cholera and Fowl Typhoid Infections in Domestic Birds, The Diagnosis Of 186 Fraternity 157 Glanders, Relationship of Equine and Human 627 Horse Typhus, Morbus Maculosus (Purpura Hemmorhagica) . . . 385 Hyperimmunization of Hogs Against Hog Cholera, Studies on the 259 Immunization, Products and Indi- cations for Their Use 68 Infectious Abortion, Report of Committee On 84 Live Stockk Evolution in Progress 302 Lung Worm, Life History of 621 Lymphangitis in Cattle 639 Meat Inspection Laws in Our Cit- ies and Towns 634 New Coccidium of Rabbits, Prelim- inary Note 620 ating Scrotal Hernia in Boar New Jersey Scholarships 596 Sheep Diseases in Colorado, In- vestigations to Determine the Cause of Certain 5, 128 Sterility, Observations and Results Obtained in Treating Cattle For 390 The Testical, A Method of Oper- ating crotol Hernia in Boar Pigs to Save 62 Ulcerative Lymphangitis in Horses of the A. E. F., Preliminary Report on 180 Veterinary Education, The Trend of 146 PAGE Veterinary Ethics 293 Veterinary Students in the En- listed Medical Reserve Corps, Requirements for Enlistments For 163 Veterinary Training Preparatory for the Army 528 Vibrionic Abortion 499 Worm Infestation, Practical Meth- ods of Prophylaxis Against. . . 46 Worm Infestations, Practical Methods of Treatment for 24 Clinical and Case Reports: Arsenical Poisoning by Absorption, Man Dies From 311 Blackleg Culture Filtrate to Con- fer lasting Immunity in Animals Vaccinated Under Six Months of Age, Failure of... 427 Chronic Tendonitis 666 Circulatory Filariasis 669 Complete Prolapse of the Uterus of a Cow 204 Delayed Abortion Delivery 558 i^ilaria Immitis in Dog's Heart. . . 199 Fowl Cholera 87 Gid in Sheep 199 "Ground Glass" on the Gastro-In- testinal Tract of Dogs, The Effects of 202 Hemorrhagic Septicemia in Hogs. 675 Hemmorhagic Septicemia in Horses 206 Metastatic Mel ano- Sarcoma 664 Obstetrics, Notes on 319 Pseudo-Leukaemia in a Dog 436 Quadruplets, Unusual Case of . . . . 87 Sarco-Chondro-Osteomata of a Hen 424 Scleroderma in Hogs 311 Silicate of Soda in Broken Limbs. 558 Stercoremia of Sheep 553 Subcutaneous Tuberculin Retest of Cattle 444 Tendonitis and Periostitis Result- ing From Injury by a Cellu- loid Spirolet Leg Band 428 Tetanus in Pigs 677 Tooth in the Brain 87 Tubercular Encephalitis and Cer- ebro-Spinal Meningitis 313 Tuberculosis of Horse, Generalized 672 Verminous Cattle 550 Abstracts: A Terribly Timely Tale 446 Anaesthesia in Animals 562 Conjunctivitis and Collyria 327 Detoxicated Vaccines 211 Epithelioma of the Penis in a Pony 323 Fibroma of the Testicle in Do- mestic Animals 89 INDEX TO VOL. LV. NEW SERIES VOL, VIII PAGE Fracture of the Navicular Bone . . 210 Granular Dermatitis, Etiology and Treatment of 681 Heart Disease with Complications in the Horse, A Case of 450 Importation of Meat and Other Food From Abroad 679 "Injured Innocence" 447 Intradermal Palpebral Mallein Test, The 213 Leclainche and Vallee's Polyvalent Serum for the Local Treat- ment of Wounds 563 Lingual Cancer 322 Polyneuritis of Fowls 210 Primary Nocardiasis of the Lach- rymal Glands 324 Pseudo-Tuberculosis of the Pig (Caseous Adenitis) and Vis- ceral Pseudo-Tubercles 91 "Ptomain" Poisoning, What Is. . 89 Reconstruction 448 Rhinostomy : A New Operation in Cases of Paralysis of the Nasal Diverticulum 451 Scientific Feeding 498 The Etiology and Pathology of Rachitism 325 Thrombosis of the Aorta in a Mare 212 Army Veterinary Service: A Farewell Banquet, Compliment- ary to Lieut.-Col. L. A. Meril- lat 584 A Veterinary Artist 221 Conference of Veterinary Corps. . 92 First Enlistment, Veterinary Corps, Regular Army 220 Office of the Surgeon General 214, 330, 453, 574, 683 Officers, Veterinary Corps, United States Army 343, 458 Promotions 335 Promotions in the United States. . 459 Rank, Pay and Allowances for Veterinarians 221 The Camp Lee Polo Team 330 Transfers and Assignments of Veterinary Officers 453 Veterinary Corps Commended by General Pershing 334 Veterinary Corps Promotions, A. E. F 458, 583 Veterinary Training Schools 330 Association News: AMERICAN VETERINARY MED- ICAL ASSOCIATION. Committee Appointment by Presi- dent 344 Committees Meet in New Orleans 461 Committee on Legislation 585 Distances from Various Cities to New Orleans, The Convention City 345 Few Facts About Louisiana and New Orleans 586 Hotel Information 464 International Committee on Bo- vine Tuberculosis 95 Looking Southward 695 New Orleans and the A. V. M. A. . 224 Our Duty Toward Construction... 467 President Moore Appointed Dr. Klein 467 Secretary's Office 95, 344, 694 PAGE To Appoint Delegates to New Orleans 226 Work on the Program 468 ether Associations: Bureau of Animal Industry Vet- erinarians, National Associa- tion of 230, 485, 714 Chicago Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation 348 Coloiado Veterinary Medical As- sociation 595 Dominion Veterinary Meat Inspec- tors Association of Canada. . 242 111. State Vet. Assn 711 Indiana Extension Veterinarians, Successful Meeting of 494 Kentucky Veterinary Medical As- sociation 96 Louisiana Veterinary Medical As- sociation 227, 709 Maine Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation 227 Massachusetts Veterinary Medical Association 95 Michigan Veterinary Medical As- sociation, (Western) 607 Minnesota State Veterinary Med- ical Association 481 Mississippi State Veterinary Med- ical Association 97 Missouri Valley Veterinary Med- ical Association 99 New York City, Veterinary Med- ical Association of.. 105, 227, 349 N. Y. State Vet. Med. Society.... 717 New York Veterinary Medical As- sociation, (Central) 607 Oklahoma State Veterinary Med- ical Association 606 South Dakota Live Stock Board to Meet in June 347 Southeastern States Veterinary Medical Association 107 State and Provincial Veterinary Colleges, Association of 102, 231, 352, 469, 698 Tippecanot (Indiana) Veterinary Medical Association 484 West Va. Vet. Med. Assn 711 Western N. Y. Vet. Med. Assn... 713 Editorial: A Great Increase in Live Stock Thorough Conservation and Elimination of Disease 125 A Knowledge of Life Histories Important 123 Anaesthesia in Veterinary Prac- tice 495 Cyanogenesis 256 "Deficiency Troubles" 2 Rarth-Worms and Anthrax 383 Keep the Standards Up 615 The A. V. M. A. A Missionary Or- ganization 381 The Journal: Personal Ownership 617 Tbe Npw Orleans Meeting 4 "The Victory Over Rabies" 255 Transferable Memberships 1 Shall ^''e Profit by the Experi- ences of the Late War 496 Book Reviews: A Text Book on General Bacteri- ology 116 Book of Veterinary Doses, etc.... 724 INDEX TO VOL, LV. NEW SERIES VOL. VIII PAGE Examination of Urine of Horse and Man 723 New York State Veterinary Col- lege, Cornell University, Re- port of 250 Publications Received: American Journal of Clinical Med- icine (Chicag-o) ■ 252 La Clinica Vetermaria (Milan) . . 252 New York State Veterinary Col- lege, CorneL University 251 New York kState Veterinary Col- lege, New York University. . 251 Ohio State University 251 Philippine Journal of Science..., 252 Recueil de Medecine Veterinaire (Alfort) 252 Revista de la Sociedad de Medi- cina Veterinaria (Buenos Aires) 252 Revue Generale de Medecine Vet- erinaire (Toulouse) 252 Veterinary Journal (London) .... 252 Veterinary News (London) 252 Veterinary Record (London) 252 Communications: About Section 7, Code of Ethics. . 488 A High Compliment to the B. A. L and to the Veterinary Pro- fession 490 Anthrax and Serum 487 Bovine Epizootic Abortion 113 Code of Ethics of the A. V. M. A. . 369 Etiology and Pathogenesis of Milk Fever, The 370 Extension Department of Purdue University 369 Fetish Worship 720 From Montabour, Germany 610 Promotion for Dr. D. Warnock. . . 374 Regulations for Inspection of Live Stock 490 Snapshot of Marechal Retain and Mai. Howell 489 Stock Yards Again Open to Public 487 Necrological: Burham, Dr. F. E 114 Colson, Chas. F 722 Cooper, Chas. M 722 Durack, Dr. J. D 116 Goodwin, William Ransdell 249 PAGE Heighway, Dr, J. G 114 Huntington, Dr. Frederick W 115 Kraemer, Dr. W. C 248 Lee, Lieut. J. D 611 Lewis, Dr. James 114 Nattress, Dr. Joseph T 248 Seright, Dr. William H 248 Waldron, Dr. Chas. A 248 Wright, Dr. David E 375 Miscellaneous: A Bill That Ought to Pass 375 Agriculutural Appropriation Bill Passed 725 Another Veterinary School 561 Committee on Legislation 594 Darwin and the Mule 347 Dr. Winchester Addresses Board of Health 122 Election to Decide Tuberculosis Policy 694 Exhibition of the Medical Depart- ment, U. S. Army, at Conven- tion of American Medical As- sociation, Atlantic City, N. J. 614 Field Day and Meeting in Mas- sachusetts 682 Heads Department of Veterinary Medicine 118 Help Needed ng Huns Demand Pedigrees of Horses Stolen in Belgium 612 La. Station Bulletin on Anthrax.. 728 Nevada Act Provides for Reci- procity 321 New York State Veterinary Col- lege, New York University.. 594 Nuptials 380 Oklahoma Notes... 119, 252, 379, 613 Ontario Veterinary College 376 Precursor of Mendel 726 Protection Afforded Oklahoma Hogs from Unqualified Veter- inarians 493 Robt. Louis Stevenson on Heredity 619 Short Course for Soldiers and Sailors 310 Some Practitioner 321 The Harrison Act 120 The Relief of Rastus 120 The Sense of Humor 468 Tick Eradication in the South 614, 728 To Our Veterinary Rotarians .... 609 Vaccinating Stocker and Feeder Hogs, to Protect Country's Swine Industry 491 VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS In the accompanying table the data given is reported by many Secretaries as being of great value to their Associations, and it is to be regretted that some neglect to inform us of the dates and places of their meetings. Secretaries are earnestly requested to see that their organizations are properly included in the following list: Name of Organization Date of Next Meeting Place of • Meeting Name and Address of Sec'y Birmingham Columbus 338 E. 26th St.... Wash., D. C New Orleans C. A. Cary, Auburn Alumni Ass'n College of Vet. Med. O. S. U Alumni Ass'n N. Y.-A. V. C. . Alumni Ass'n U. S. Coll. Vet. June] V920V.I *--'.'. W'k Beg. Nov. 17 Nov. 17-21, 1919. W. R. Hobbs, care O. S. U. Columbus, Ohio Adolph Eichhorn, Pearl River Mendham, N. J. American Vet. Med. Ass'n N. S Mayo, 4753 Ravenswood Ave., Chicago R. M. Gow, Little Rock B A I Vet Ass'n of Iowa. . F. Jelen. Cedar Rapids, la. B. A. I. Vet. In. A., S. Omaha. 3d Mon. each mo. S. Omaha, Neb. . . J. V. Giffee, So. Side, Omaha K. Chester, New Westminster. California State V. M. Ass'n. . . B.C. Geo. H. Hart, Berkeley Central Canada V. Ass'n Central N. Y. Vet. Med. Ass'n Chicago Vet. Society June and Nov. . . . 2dTu. each mo. . Syracuse Chicago Fort Collins Lancaster, Pa. . . . Toronto Muscatine Rochester A. B. Wickware, Ottawa W. B. Switzer, Oswego A. A. Leibold, Chicago Colorado State V. M. Ass'n . . . I. E. Newsom, Ft. Collins Conestoga Veterinary Club. . . . Connecticut V. M. Ass'n Dominion Vet. Meat Insp)ec- tors' Ass'n of Canada Eastern Iowa Vet. Ass'n Genesee Valley V. M. Ass'n. . . 2d Thu. each mo . 3d Sat. each mo. . October 8-9 H. B. Brady, Sec'y A. T. Gilyard, Waterbury Wm. Tennant, Toronto S. E. Houk, Muscatine J. H. Taylor, Henrietta, N. Y. P. F. Bahnsen, Americus W. H. Kelly, Albany Georgia State V. M. A Hudson Valley V. M. A Idaho Ass'n Vet. graduates Illmo Vet Med Ass'n C. V. Williams, Blackfoot I,. B. Michael, Collinsville, 111. Illinois State V. M. Ass'n Indiana Veterinary Ass'n Iowa Veterinary Ass'n Ames L. A. Merillat, Chicago G. H. Roberts, Indianapolis H. D. Bergman, Ames Kansas State V. M Ass'n. . . W. J. Guilfoyle, Kansas City Kentucky V. M. Ass'n Shelby ville Philadelphia Portland Quincy House Boston D. E. Westmoreland, Keystone V. M. Ass'n Louisiana V. M. Ass'n Maine Vet. Med. Ass'n. . 2d Tu. each mo . . Owensboro E. S. Rockwell E. I. Smith, Baton Rouge E. E. Russell, Farmington Massachusetts Vet. Ass'n Michigan State V. M. Ass'n. . . Monthly F. M. Blatchford, Brighton Minnesota State V. M. Ass'n. . Brainerd Jackson, Miss, .. Omaha, Neb C. P. Fitch, St. Paul Mississippi State V. M. Ass'n.. Feb. 10-11. 1920 J. A. Barger, Jackson R. F. Bourne, Ft. Collins, Col. Missouri Vet. Med. Ass'n .... Chas. D. Folse, Kansas City Montana State V. M. A Nat'lAss'nB. A. I. Veterinarians Neb. Vet. Med. Ass'n MeeV with" A.' V' M. A. Butte A. D. Knowles, Missoula. S. J. Walkley, 185 N. W. Ave.. Milwaukee, Wis. S. W. Alfort, Lincoln Nevada State Vet. Ass'n New Jersey State V. M. Ass'n Reno AsburyPark Brooklyn W. B. Earl. Reno, Nev. New York S. V. M. Society. . . C. E. Hayden, Ithaca North Carolina V. M. Ass'n. . . J. P. Spoon, Burlington North Dakota V. M. Ass'n W. J. Mulroony, Havana North-Western Ohio V. M. A.. Ohio State V. M. Ass'n C. E. Hershey, Tiffin, O. R. I. Bernath, Wauseon Ohio Tri- County Vet. Ass'n. . . Dr. W. R. Lukens. HiUsboro Ohio Valley Vet. Med. Ass'n. . Oklahoma State V. M. Ass'n . . Oklahoma City.!! Harrisburg Portland, Ore Columbia, S. C. . . Reading C. S. Henry, Terre Haute D. W. Gerber, Okla. City, Ok. Oregon Vet. Med. Ass'n Pennsylvania State V. M. A. . . Portland Vet. Med. Ass'n S. Carolina Ass'n of Veter'ns . . 4hTu. eachnio.'! Sept. 4-5 B. T. Simms, Corvallis, Ore. D. E. Hickman, Phila. Pa., Sam. B. Foster, Portland. Or«. B. K. Mclnnes, Charleston Schuylkill Valley V. M. A South Dakota V. M. A C. R. Potteiger, Reading S. W. Allen, Watertown So. Aux. of Cal. S. V. M. Ass'n Southeastern Michigan V. M. Ass'n 3d Wed. Dec, Mar., June, Sept. 2d Wednesday Jan. Apr. Jul. Oct. Los Angeles J. A. Dell, Los Angeles H. Preston Hoskins, Detroit Southeastern States Vet. Med. Birmingham, Ala. Binghamton H C. Hutchens, Atlanta, Ga. Southern Tier V. M. A July 5 R. R. Birch, Ithaca, N. Y. Southwestern Mich. Vet. Med. Ass'n L. A. Winter. Eau Claire, Mich JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical Association FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW (Original Official Organ U. a. Vet. Med. Ass'n) W. H. DALRYMPLE, Editor. BATON ROUGE, LA. V. A. Moore, President, Ithaca, N. T. N. S. Mayo, Secretary, Chicago. M. Jacob, Treasurer, Knoxville, Tenn, Executive Board Geo. Hilton, 1st District ; T. E. Mcjnce, 2nd District ; S. E. Bennett. 3rd District; J. R. Mohler, 4th District; C. H. Stange. 5th District; R. A. Archibald, 6th District ; A, T. Kinsley, Member at Large. Sub-Committee on Journal J. R. Mohler Geo. Hilton R. A. Archibald Tho American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsit/e for views or statements published in the Journal, outside of its own authorized actions. Reprints should be ordered in advance. A circular of prices will be sent upon application. Vol. DV, N. S., Vol. 8. April, 1919. No. 1. TRANSFERABLE MEMBERSHIPS. Members of the Veterinary Service of the Bureau of Animal Industry are frequently changed from one state to another, and as a rule these members of the profession like to become identified with the veterinary associations of the states in which they may be located. At present, however, it would seem that, no matter how many changes they may be called upon to make in the Fed- eral service, they have to pay dues to each state organization with which they may desire to become affiiated. Unfortunately, these veterinarians are not generally overpaid — perhaps the reverse in some instances — and their having to pay additional dues for each change of location they make seems not only a hardship on them, but may, and probably does, prevent some of them from identifying themselves with state associations that otherwise might prove mutually beneficial. This possibility has suggested the idea that reciprocal arrange- ments might be made whereby these veterinarians could have their memberships in one state association transferred to another when they are called upon to move, in the same year, without having to pay additional dues with each change of location. EDITORIAL At the last meeting of the A. V. M. A. there was a substantial increase in the membership, due largely to the addition of Bureau veterinarians, which cannot fail to strengthen the Association and add to its usefulness. Anything, therefore, that can be done to encourage the Bureau men to affiliate themselves with the state associations, where they may be temporarily located, should, we feel, be done by these organizations. And, while we do not think the payment of additional dues would prevent some from becoming members of state associations, there may be others who might feel it a little severe on their pocketbooks to have to pay dues, for the same year, whenever they are required to make a change from one state to another. The easiest remedy we can suggest for this condition is for the various state associations to reciprocate in the matter by adopting a system of transferable memberships for such Bureau men. DEFICIENCY TROUBLES." Since attention was first directed to vit amines hy Casimir Funk, in 1912, and that their absence, or diminished supply, in food was largely responsible for nutrition-deficiency, a consider- able amount of work has been done in an experimental way to test the question as to its applicability in practice, not only as regards human nutrition, but also as it applies in the feeding of animals for successful growth and reproduction. So far, the results have been little short of astonishing, and are likely to upset the prevailing theory as to balanced rations, irrespective of the source of their nutrients, being able, adequately, to supply all of the material necessary for the successful upbuilding of tissues in the mature animal, and of those, also, of the young creature in utero. It may be possible, also, we think, that nutrition-deficiency brought about through lack of the necessary vitamine supply in animal feeds, may be responsible for certain unfortunate condi- tions in breeding herds of cattle that, hitherto, may have been attributed to entirely different etiological factors. Some time ago Hart, Steenbock and Humphrey, of the Wis- consin Experiment Station, conducted a series of experiments with cattle to test the effect of balanced rations on growth and reproduction. The rations were balanced, in so far as they con- EDITORIAL tained the theoretical amounts of digestible protein, and the re- quired therms of energy, but were composed of different raw materials. In one case the ration was composed entirely of feeds obtained from the corn plant ; in another from the wheat plant ; in another from the oat plant, etc. When the animals fed the cor^ plant ration began to reproduce, strong calves were always the result ; they were always carried to maturity, and no trouble was experienced at parturition. On the wheat plant ration, the cows were never able to produce normally, the calves were born 25 or 30 days ahead of time, they were undersized and weak, and would never live over four or five days ; besides, the mother would frequently fail to properly clean, etc. On the ration balanced from the oat plant, it was demonstrated that a perfect ration could not be made from it alone, as in this experiment the calves were bom prematurely, and seldom lived. It should be mentioned that the possibility of abortion disease was eliminated from these experiments, as the herd was under observation by the Station veterinarian, and was found free from that disease during the entire period of the work. Quite recently the writer was asked by a party in one of the Canadian provinces to give an opinion as to the cause of death of a number of calves in his herd ; and the description given was as follows : ''Last spring I had 32 cows freshen. At present (January 1, 1919) I have only six calves. The calves mostly die when a few days old. Most of them were born with lumps on their jaws. A few came wrongly presented, with their head or legs turned back. A number of cows retained their after-births. Cows have again begun to calve, and the calves are dying as before. Calves stretch out with the head back, breathe hard and die. Cows were pastured in summer on natural prairie grass, and in winter, fed on oat straw, prairie hay and oat-chop ; beginning the chop about three weeks before the cow calves." We were inclined to the opinion, that, in the absence of the infection of abortion disease, nutrition-deficiency might probably be the cause of the trouble ; and, while the same method of f eecj- ing might have been practiced for a number of years, the long- continued use, without change, of materials deficient in vitamines, those chemical substances in food so absolutely essential for growth and reproduction, might, after a time, seriously interfere with the reproductive powers of the animal. EDITORIAL Lack of space forbids going further into detail; but, as the Wisconsin investigators remark: *' While it is well known that considerable trouble from con- tagious aboition is often met with in dairy districts, it should also be recognized by breeders that it is possible to produce dead, or weak, premature calves from the improper selection of feeds.'' Our main purpose, at this time, however, is to suggest the possibility of sometimes mistaking the effects of nutrition-defi- ciency, as may be manifested in the offspring of a herd, for abor- tion disease itself. The study of deficiency troubles is of such recent origin that practitioners, generally, may not, up to the present, have devoted much time to it. Investigations seem to prove, however, that their results may be quite disastrous in the dairy, or other breeding, herd; and as premature births, dead or short-lived calves, etc., may often follow, it is not unreasonable to presume that errors in diagnosis may sometimes be made. THE NEW ORLEANS MEETING. A slight change in the date of the New Orleans meeting of the A. V. M. A., from that previously announced, has had to be made, and it is now definitely fixed for the week beginning November 17. It was found that October 13, the original time fixed, was going to conflict with other large gatherings in New Orleans, notably an International Cotton Conference, which was slated for the same date as the A. V. M. A. meeting. To have held the convention a little earlier would have interfered with many mem- bers belonging to veterinary and state colleges leaving home at a time when their institutions were about to open upon their session's work. To avoid both of these contingencies, the matter was again taken up with the New Orleans authorities, and it was decided that the week beginning November 17 would have nothing to interefere, locally, and all the hotel accommodation necessary would be at the disposal of the A. V. M. A. meeting. The Exec- utive Board has, therefore, decided on the November date, which we believe will suit the much greater number of the membership, and will prove more enjoyable and agreeable in every way. Now that this matter has been definitely settled, we would suggest that members bear the change of date in mind, and that they make their arrangements accordingly. INVESTIGATIONS TO DETERMINE THE CAUSE OF CERTAIN SHEEP DISEASES IN COLORADO.* G. H. Glo\kr, I E. Newsom, E. W. Alkire, Fort Collins, Colorado. Owing to an abundance of highly nutritious food, particularly of alfalfa and peas, Colorado has for many years been famous as a lamb-feeding center, and Colorado alfalfa and pea fed lambs have a large place in the stock markets of the country during the late winter and spring. The practice of buying lambs in the fall and fattening them during the winter months began somewhere between 25 and 35 years ago, and has now developed to the point where a million and a quarter are fed each winter. The particular districts in the State which have gone into this feeding most extensively are northern Colorado between Denver and Cheyenne, taking in the territory contiguous to such towns as Longmont, Loveland, Fort Collins, Greeley and as far east as Sterling. The Arkansas Valley in a less measure has also devel- oped the feeding industry to a high degree. In these two districts it is a common practice to feed alfalfa almost entirely as rough- age and to purchase Kansas and Nebraska corn, or more re- cently barley, to furnish the necessary grain ration. In the San Luis Valley the conditions are quite different from the other two districts because a single crop furnishes both the hay and grain ration. The floor of the valley is approximately 7,500 feet above sea level, and, while alfalfa does well in certain districts, yet the staple crop is field peas. This crop is seldom harvested by machinery, but when the peas are ripe, hogs and lambs are turned into the fields to do their own harvesting. This practice seems to have been going on for some 12 or 15 years, and in general with decided success. It is not surprising that with many men going into the feeding business each year, and with the accumulation of large numbers of lambs, many of which are kept very closely con- fined for from three to five months at a time, that a considerable loss should occur. In the earlier years of the feeding industry losses were extremely light, and were more frequently the result of lambs in the pens being covered with snow during severe bliz- zards. In more recent years, however, the losses have in the aggregate become considerable, and in many instances not only the profits associated with the business, but much of the principal * Presented at 55th Annual Meeting, A. V. M. A., Philadelphia, 1918. G. H. GLOVER, I. E. NEWSOM, E. W. ALKIRE has been lost because of the death of a large percentage of the lambs. For some eight or ten years the Experiment Station has from time to time been called upon to examine into the losses of certain lambs on feed, but until some three years ago no system- atic attempt was made to determined the actual causes of death. EARLY LOSSES. During the winters of 1914-15 and 1915-16, the losses of lambs in the San Luis Valley on fi^ld peas were unusually heavy, so much so that all of the veterinary authorities in the State were called upon to and did make certain superficial investigations to determine the cause of the loss. It was estimated that in this small district more than 5,000 lambs died during each of these two winters. The disease appeared to be confined almost, if not entirely, to lambs, older animals being practically never affected. Visits to the district seemed to show that when the lambs were removed entirely from the pea fields and put on alfalfa hay the loss was reduced to the minimum. However, owing to the large number of peas which had to be used and the small amount of alfalfa, this procedure was not economically feasible. Many men, rather than endure the loss, shipped their lambs to market when only partly finished. The symptoms were quite varied. In the more acute cases, apparently healthy and nearly fat lambs would suddenly throw their heads back, fall, struggle a few times and die, almost as though from an apoplectic stroke. In those cases which survived longer, there was a certain amount of dullness, diarrhoea supervened, and death might follow in from one to eight or ten days. In many instances these animals recovered. Post- mortem examination often revealed no lesions whatever. Where lesions did exist, there was frequently present gastro-enteritis, particularly noticeable in the fourth stomach, which showed a deep reddening, and in the first few inches of the duodenum. In many instances swollen and hemorrhagic lymph glands were not uncommon. Some hemorrhages in various parts of the body were often found, and occasionally laryngitis, tracheitis, and even penu- monia and pleuritis were to be discovered. From such observa- tions as we were privileged to make, we felt, how^ever, that the most constant lesion was in the fourth stomach and duodenum. Needless to say, there were various theories to account for the heavy loss, and many contradictions.' There were those who believed that mold on the pea vines was responsible, and it was true that where the peas were heavy, mold could be found in INVESTIGATIONS AS TO CAUSE OP SHEEP DISEASES IN COLORADO 7 considerable amount. It seemed also true that in many fields where the losses were not heavy, just as much mold could be found. One rather significant statement was brought out, and that was that during the earlier years of raising peas, it had been common practice to plant them with oats as a nurse crop. This, it was stated, resulted in the peas not bearing so heavily, and also in their standing up better, and, therefore, not being so liable to mold. During the years in question, it was stated that no oats had been planted. On the other hand, there were those who believed that the system of feeding was at fault, and to this view we at the Station were inclined to adhere. On general principles, we looked upon a lamb as being merely a baby of a different species and, knowing that heavy protein feeding often resulted in diarrhoea and dysen- tery in babies of the human species, we felt that it was quite in keeping to believe that baby sheep when allowed to gorge them- selves on such a high protein diet might develop intestinal dis- order. We event went so far as to suggest in some instances that if the peas were harvested and fed to the lambs in definite amounts, it might be possible to control the condition. The fact that there was frequently a gastro-enteritis and that a change of feed in most instances resulted in a betterment of the condi- tion, seemed strongly to indicate that the food was a factor. Mitigating against this, however, was the fact that in many fields where lambs were turned on to the fields, with apparently little judgment, and allowed to eat when they would, there was no loss. In other instances, lambs after showing disease in the lot would continue to die, even though they were allowed on the peas not more than ten minutes a day. In northern Colorado we had from time to time been called upon to determine the cause of losses under entirely different conditions of feeding. One of the most severe losses of which we recall occurred during the winter of 1914 near Erie. (Lot. No. 1.) This man had two lots of sheep in pens approximately a quarter of a mile apart. There were about 1,700 in each lot. They had been brought in some two months previously, had been allowed to clean the beet tops off of one or two fields, after which they had been put into pens and fed alfalfa meal, in which had been sprinkled the grain ration, consisting of corn chop. This was fed in self-feeders. The weather was quite severe. Although both lots were getting food from the same source, there had been a loss of over 300 in one lot ; whereas, not more than five or six G. H. GLOVER, I. E. NEWSOM, E. W. ALKIRE had sickened in the other. There were also many others sick in the first lot, so that it is quite probable there was a loss of 500 or 600 before the feeding period was over. Most noticeable symp- toms were dullness and a bloody diarrhoea. The lesions were largely gastro-enteritis, with occasional pneumonic cases, and many showing hemorrhagic lymph glands. While the conditions of feeding appeared to be ideal, in following our lead at the time we explained carefully to the owner that lambs, being rather delicate, often obtained too much grain and consequently suffered from gastro-enteritis. We recommended that the grain ration be cut down materially, which was done, but with no decided noticeable diminution in the number of cases of illness. We were called during the years 1914, 1915 and 1916 to many places, more commonly during the first month of the feeding period, where many lambs were dying. It did not seem to matter whether they were getting barley, corn chop or whole corn; conditions were usually approximately the same. Many would have a diarrhoea, some would die without showing notice- able symptoms and others would recover. The usual loss ran from 50 to 100 out of 1,000. This loss would sometimes take place within the first two weeks, after which there would be little or no loss throughout the feeding period. In other in- stances, the losses would continue, sometimes gradually, some- times spasmodically, throughout the four or five months in the pens. We usually recommended a marked decrease in the grain ration and were frequently met with the statement that the lambs had been on feed for two weeks and were only getting a quarter of a pound per head per day. We were usually told also of some neighbor who had increased his grain ration very rapidly and without loss. In some instances, we found that, following the decrease of the grain ration, losses stopped, but upon the addition of any considerable amount they began again, so that, on the whole, it was quite baffling. So long as they did not feed grain there seemed to be little loss, but feeding grain was essential to the industry, and as a consequence many of the feeders cut the Gordian Knot by simply giving a large amount of grain and taking their losses, contending as they did so that it was better to fatten a considerable percentage of the sheep and lose some than to save all and fatten none. Strange to relate, in some of these instances losses stopped even when the feeding of grain was very heavy. INVESTIGATIONS AS TO CAUSE OF SHEEP DISEASES IN COLORADO 9 Some other detailed records of these early cases may be ad- visable at this time. Lot No. 2. A lot of 2,650 Wyoming lambs were first visited on December 24, 1916, near Timnath, Colorado. They had been in the pens for two weeks and at that time were getting three-fourths of a pound of barley a day. The owner explained that he had been feeding sheep for thirteen years, but had never increased the grain ration quite as rapidly as this before. Neither had he had any appreciable loss in previous years. At the time of our visit some 35 lambs had died and a few were showing diarrhoea. Post- mortem examinations were made of two that had died the night previously. Bright red hemorrhagic areas were present in the small intestines and in one of them a highly inflamed fourth stomach. Tape-worms were present in the bile ducts and also in the small intestines. The lungs were normal, but one animal showed a severe laryngitis. On December 26 the place was visited again. Owner had lost three the previous night. A sick and a dead one were brought to the laboratory for examination. The dead one showed the pres- ence of tape-worms and a hemorrhagic fourth stomach, but no other lesions. Visits were mad3 from time to time during the next month. The lesions in those posted varied from an extensive inflammation of the gastro-intestinal tract with laryngitis, tracheitis and pneumonia to a few pin point hemorrhages in some of the serous membranes. The owner found that when he cut down his grain ration the losses would seem to disappear, but that when he began to increase they began again. Finally he fed them as had been his custom in previous years and took his losses, which amounted to 95 head during the feeding season. It would be possible to add materially to this list of early cases, but without adding any considerable amount of information on the subject. Suffice it to say that between 5,000 and 10,000 sheep are lost annually in the feed lots of northern Colorado and the Arkansas Valley exhibiting some such symptoms and lesions as described above. FEEDING EXPERIMENTS. Having developed the hypothesis that irregularity or over- feeding was largely responsible for much of our loss, we outlined an experiment by which we hoped to determine the amount of the various concentrates which would cause death in lambs and the 10 G. H. GLOVER, I. E. NEWSOM, E. W. ALKIRE conditions under which they must be fed in order to result in loss. In the fall of 1916 we purchased a small lot of lambs in order to try out various kinds of feed. Unfortunately for our purpose, these 32 lambs were small, thin and weak. One was dead on arrival, another died the same afternoon and still another on the following day. Nineteen in fair condition were placed in a pen by themselves on December 2, 1916. The grains selected were corn chop, barley chop and whole shelled peas. The corn and barley were purchased from a local dealer and the peas were obtained from the San Luis Valley. All lambs were given alfalfa ad lihitum. Space does not permit of a detailed account of the handling of each one of the lambs, but they were arranged in such manner as to give overfeeding and irregularity a most severe trial. Some of them were started in with two pounds of grain and kept on all they would eat throughout the feeding period. Others were fed for a considerable period of time and then food was with- held for several days, after which it was again given at liberty. Radical changes were made from corn chop to peas, from peas to barley and from barley to corn chop, so that, altogether, we feel that if it were possible to kill lambs by irregularity or over- feeding we should have had a considerable number of deaths in these lots. During 1917, two lots of 10 lambs each were used in the work and some radical changes were indulged in. Out of the 39 lambs used in the two years' work only one was lost, but there was little reason to believe that the irregularity or overfeeding had anything to do with the loss, since it died while eating one pound of barley chop, whereas, others time and again received twice this amount. Several of them became indisposed and it was noticed that sometimes following a large consumption of grain there would be some scouring, with a subsequent falling off in the grain consumed. Since these experiments were purposely arranged to give extreme conditions, we were unable to conclude that lambs could be readily destroyed by irregularity or overfeeding with the feeds used: i. e,, peas, corn chop and barley chop. Many excellent feeders have said that sheep sometimes overeat, follow- ing which they will become slightly indisposed and scour, but these men do not believe that overeating causes death in very many cases. INVESTIGATIONS AS TO CAUSE OF SHEEP DISEASES IN COLORADO 11 LATER OUTBREAKS. Until the fall of 1916, practically all of our experience had been with lambs on grain feed. Since that time, however, a number of cases have come under our observation where the lambs were either receiving no grain at all or only such a small quantity as to be practically negligible. Lot No. 3 was so sug- gestive as to start us on a new line of investigation entirely. Lot No. 3, some four and a half miles east of Fort Collins, was visited on November 29, 1916. Altogether, the owner had on feed some 4,000 lambs, but his loss was occurring from a flock of about 500 Mexican lambs that had been shipped in on Novem- ber 7. They had been 'running on alfalfa stubble until about a week previous to our visit, when they had been changed to a field of beet tops. The owner had noticed two or three days after turning them into this field that some were not doing well and were sluggish about coming in at night. He said a few were scouring, but not many. Two days previous to our visit he had changed them back to the alfalfa stubble, but had on the day of our visit shut them up in the pen entirely. They had had no grain, but had been fed alfalfa hay at night. About 40 had been lost. On the day of our first visit, we posted eight or nine lambs. Nearly all of them showed a severe laryngitis and in three or four tracheitis. No pneumonic condition was found, but hemorrhagic spots appeared throughout the lungs. In several subpleural and subepicardial hemorrhages were quite constant. In one instance there was considerable hemorrhage under the capsule of the spleen. In one there was considerable edema under the jaw. The fourth stomach was decidedly inflamed and reddened in two or three. The intestines showed spots of severe inflammation in the mucous lining and some subserous hemorrhages. In one the abomasum showed hemorrhages into the leaves. The sheep were in fair condition, weighing about 65 to 75 pounds. One was brought to the laboratory that had died about the time of our arrival. Post-mortem revealed no laryngitis or tracheitis. There was congestion of the lungs and a considerable number of sub- pleural hemorrhages. Many of the lymph glands were hemor- rhagic. The fourth stomach was deeply reddened, swollen and inflamed throughout. The intestines were inflamed in certain areas. Animal was in a good state of flesh. Smears made from the heart blood, pleural hemorrhages, spleen and lung all showed the presence of a bipolar organism. Cultures were made from the heart blood and pleural fluid, revealing a small gram negative 12 G. H. GLOVER, I. E. NEWSOM, E. W, ALKIRE organism in pure culture. A guinea pig and rabbit were inoc- ulated from the heart blood and pleural fluid respectively. The pig died the night of November 30. Smears were made from various organs, but only those at the point of inoculation showed the bipolar bacillus. Cultures from the heart blood of this pig were negative. On keeping the sheep in pens and well bedded, the losses ceased within the next few days. On February 21 we were called again to this place and in- formed that during the past week two or three lambs had been lost each day. By this time they were getting one and a third pounds of whole corn per head dailj^, and about ten days pre- viously he had put them on an eighth of a pound of beet syrup. Soon after putting them on the syrup they began to die, so that on the 16th he discontinued it. The lambs, however, continued to die. The corn did not appear of very excellent quality. The hay was stack-burned, but the owner contended he had been feeding this for some time previously ; also it was the same kind of hay that his other lambs were getting where no loss occurred. Two of the animals were posted. One showed extreme inflam- mation of the abomasum and small intestines. The other a slight inflammation of the abomasum. There were no tape-worms in either. Two sick ones were brought to the laboratory and one was killed that afternoon. This animal was in a comatose state and unable to rise. He had a marked diarrhoea, which was com- mon to most of the sick ones. Absolutely no lesions whatever could be found in this slaughtered lamb except congestion of the brain. Smears from the heart and kidney were negative as far as bacteria were concerned. One made from the lungs showed bipolar organisms, but others were also present. The other sheep was scouring badly and on excitement would fall and exhibit convulsions. He would later rise, but was very dull. At times his legs would spread, letting him fall to the ground, so that he laid in a straddling position on the ventral surface of the body a share of the time. Fifteen c.c. of blood from this sheep were drawn f rqm the jugular while he was still alive, 13 of which were immediately injected into a normal lamb, the other two were given to a rabbit intraperitoneally. Neither of these animals showed any effect^ of the inoculation. The disease continued until there had been a loss of 120 lambs. INVESTIGATIONS AS TO CAUSE OF SHEEP DISEASES IN COLORADO * 13 Lot No. 10. Consisting of 2,500 Idaho lambs in pens on the outskirts of Windsor. They had been in the pens one week when seen on October 12. Some had scabby lips, while several were noticeably ill. There had been a loss of about 12 head. Weather conditions were favorable. The lambs had had no grain up to this time. Of two posted, both showed a fibrino-purulent pleuro-pneumonia. It was suggested to the owner that the sheep had probably been exposed to untoward weather conditions in transit. A diagnosis of pneumonia was made and the impression left that he probably- would not have much further loss. Smears made from the lung tissue brought to the laboratory revealed a bipolar organism. The place was visited agaiii on October 15, at which time he had lost about 20. Four were posted. Of these three showed a pleuro- pneumonia as previously, whereas the other showed a normal lung, but the fourth stomach was decidedly inflamed. Some 20 or 25 head were noticeably sick. They were visited again on October 23. Thirty-six had died by this time and all that were posted showed pneumonia. Smears made from the lungs showed a bipolar organism, and a rabbit inoculated from an emulsion of the lung tissue intraperitoneally on October 23 died on Octo- ber 27. Smears made from the various organs of this rabbit showed bipolar bacilli, with no other organisms present. The place was visited again on November 6, the loss having been in- creased to 50. Many of them were scouring, but those that were posted showed pneumonia. Feeling that the disease prob- ably was hemorrhagic septicemia and that there seemed no other way of handling it, we recommended that the whole flock be vaccinated, explaining at the time that no sheep vaccine could be obtained so far as we knew, but that cattle vaccine might be serviceable. We offered to administer the vaccine free if the owner would pay for the material used. One of the sick animals was brought to the laboratory, but died on the way. On the following day, November 7, smears made from the lungs showed a bipolar organism. A rabbit was inoculated intravenously with 2 c.c. of an emulsion made from the lungs. The rabbit was found dead on Monday morning, November 12, and had been dead for some time. Smears made from the various organs showed numerous bipolar bacilli. Cultures made from this rabbit re- vealed a small gram negative organism. The owner finally de- cided to vaccinate 500 and accordingly separated out this num- 14 G. H. GLOVER, I. E. NEWSOM, E. "W. ALKIRE ber, taking all the sick and any that appeared to be weak. On November 10, the vaccine having arrived, it was given in 2 c.c. doses to 504 animals, including about 40 that were noticeably- sick and that had been separated into the sick pens. On No- vember 13, the place was visited again, when report was made that two had been lost since vaccination and that one of these had not been vaccinated, owing to the fact that it was in a comatose state at the time the vaccine was administered to the others. The owner felt that all of the vaccinated animals were looking better and said that no more had sickened. On November 23, one more animal had been lost and at this time only one was sick. The others appeared well. December 1 the owner had lost four out of the vaccinated sheep all told, but at this time there were 11 sick from the unvaccinated ones. These sick ones were each given 3 c.c. of vaccine. On December 28, he reported that the sheep were all doing well and that only two had been lost since the previous visit, but he felt that these had died from bloating or overcrowding and not from the original disease. Lot No. 11. Consisting of 1,100 Colorado lambs in pens four miles east of Berthoud. These were visited on November 9, 1917, at which time they had been in pens about two weeks. A severe storm had struck these sheep a few days after their arrival and since that time 27 had died, although the weather at the time of our visit was pleasant. The alfalfa appeared to be of good quality, in addition to which they were being fed a fourth of a pound of oats per head. Symptoms were coughing and discharge from the nose. A few were scouring, with temperatures from 103 to 106. Post-mortem revealed a severe bronchitis, with a little lobular pneumonia. A few hemorrhages were noted at the base of the heart. There was some redness in the abomasum and subserous hemorrhages of intestines. Smears from the lungs showed a bipolar organism. It was recommended to the owner that he wait a few days and if his losses continued that it would be wise to try vaccination. A rabbit inoculated with a lung emulsion on November 10, died during the night of November 12. Smears from various organs from this rabbit showed a large number of bipolar organisms. Cultures made revealed a small gram nega- tive bacillus. INVESTIGATIONS AS TO CAUSE OF SHEEP DISEASES IN COLORADO 15. On December 3, the local veterinarian reported that the owner had lost a few after our visit, but that none had died for about ten days. On December 7, the owner brought a sick sheep to the labora- tory and reported that he had lost 32, and that, while they had stopped dying for a time, he was now losing a few more. He had invested in half a ton of sheep tonic, sold by a certain chemical company, following which there had been no loss for ten days. The sick sheep was slaughtered and a post-mortem showed a very slight bronchitis and a very severe reddening in the fourth stomach. A rabbit inoculated from the heart blood remained healthy. December 16, the owner called up, saying that he was still losing lambs. The place was visited again on December 18. Fully 200 of the lambs were noticeably ill ; many were coughing, and a considerable number had a profuse nasal discharge sneaked with blood. Vaccine was ordered on this date and administered on the 21st. December 28, three of the vaccinated lambs had died. Several still showed a discharge from the nose. January 5, three more had died since vaccination. Some were still sick. January 14, he had lost one the evening before. Post-mortem revealed bron- chitis, hemorrhages in the lymph glands and many hemorrhages in the serous membranes. There were five lambs noticeably stiff and ill. One of them had a temperature of 105.8. January 15, one more animal had died. Post-mortem showed numerous hemorrhages between the fore limb and thorax ; many subpleural hemorrhages, some of considerable size. The lungs were spotted with hemorrhages. The trachea, bronchi and larynx extremely red and hemorrhagic. The thymus and prepectoral lymph glands were hemorrhagic and swollen. Prescapular lymph gland was normal. Spleen was swollen and black, with many sub- scapular hemorrhages. Several subperitoneal hemorrhages were noted. Mucous membrane of the fourth stomach was extremely reddened throughout. A rabbit inoculated subcutaneously with a lung emulsion from the sheep posted on January 14, died on the 28th, showing an extensive edematous lesion at the point of inoculation. Bouillon cultures made direct from the spleen and heart blood of the sheep posted on January 15 showed the pres- ence of a bipolar organism; the one from the heart blood being a pure culture, whereas the one from the spleen was mixed with a larger baciUus, later determined to be colon. 16 G. H. GLOVER, I. E. NEWSOM, E. W. ALKIRE January 22, tlie place was visited again. One lamb had been lost since the previous visit and several were coughing and dis- charging from the nose. Nine in all had been lost since vaccina- tion. February 12, the place was visited again, when it was found that four had been lost since the previous visit, making 13 in all since vaccination. One posted showed the usual bronchitis and hemorrhagic lymph glands. July 15, owner stated that 62 were lost altogether during the feeding season, making a loss of 22 head following vaccination. Apparently, in this case, a single vaccination w^as not successful in stopping the losses. A second vaccination was urged, but was refused by the owner. Lot No. 12. Consisting of 790 New Mexico lambs shipped to Windsor and arriving there on November 9. At the time of arrival two were dead in the car and several were scouring. They were visited on November 13, at which time 20 had been lost and as many more were noticeably sick. Many were scouring. No grain whatever had been fed. Post-mortem examination on several revealed a rather severe bronchitis and considerable inflammation in the pyloric end of the fourth stomach. Also inflammation of the first few inches of the duodenum. There was little pneumonia. No laboratory work was done on this outbreak. Vaccination, however, was recommended, and on November 17 approximately 770 lambs were vaccinated. On the 24th, it was stated that two had died since vaccination. By December 28, there had been no further loss. Lot No. 13. Consisting of 1,600 young and old sheep on a ranch near Canon City. They were visited by Dr. Charles G. Lamb, State Veterinarian, who reported that some 40 had been lost at the time he saw them. The thoracic and abdominal viscera was shipped to our laboratory, where it arrived on November 27. There w^as some pneumonia and considerable bronchitis. Smears made from the lungs showed a bipolar organism. A rabbit inoc- ulated with a lung emulsion died on the night of November 30. Smears made from this rabbit showed a large number of bipolar bacilli. Cultures, however, became contaminated with colon bacilli and were finally discarded. Dr. Lamb reported that the symp- toms were coughing, followed sometimes by vomiting. There was some discharge from the nose and the breathing was rapid and INVESTIGATIONS AS TO CAUSE OP SHEEP DISEASES IN COLORADO 17 labored. Some died within 24 hours after being noticed to be sick. Vaccination was recommended, both from the State Veter- inarian's office and from our laboratory, but was not carried out. It was later reported that over 300 of these animals were lost. Lot No. 14. A lot consisting of 4,500 sheep on feed near Greeley. These animals had been shipped in from two different sources and at two different times. One lot of 2,100 were New Mexico lambs and had arrived in the pens November 10. Eleven days later the loss began. A local veterinarian was called on the 27th, at which time the loss had been rather heavy. Material was selected and brought to the laboratory at Fort Collins. Hemorrhages were very numerous throughout. Smears made direct from the various tissues brought showed the presence of a bipolar organ- ism. A rabbit inoculated from an emulsion of the heart muscle on November 27 died on December 2. Smears showed bipolar bacilli. The place was visited by us on November 28, at which time some 40 were dead, 10 of which had died the night previously. Two animals were posted. The larynx, trachea and bronchi were extremely reddened and hemorrhagic, with some hemorrhages in the lungs. Subpleural hemorrhages were numerous, particularly along the intercostal arteries. There were large extravasations of blood over the diaphragm, subpericardial and subepicardial hem- orrhages ; considerable straw-colored fluid in the throax and abdo- men ; subserous hemorrhages on the spleen and on the intestines. The fourth stomach was deeply reddened throughout. The blood was of a peculiar purplish hue. Vaccine was ordered for the 2,100 and was administered on November 30, at which time 47 had died and 8 or 10 were noticeably ill. On December 4, the local veterinarian reported that six of the vaccinated sheep had died and that two in the other lot were dead. On December 8, 1,100 of the unvaccinated sheep were vaccinated. The owner reported at this time that only four of the vaccinated sheep had died. On December 12, vaccination was finished on the entire flock of 4,500. December 26, it was reported that there had been no further losses. Lot No. 15. In the vicinity of Monte Vista, consisting of 1,600 head, had been on pea fields for three months. About 60 head had been lost at the time of our visit, December 22. Symptoms were as follows: They would become delirious, get down, and lie some- times for several days. Sometimes they would die at once. The 18 G. H. GLOVER, I. E. NEWSOM, E. W. ALKIRE owner stated that a few days before he had changed from a heavy- field of peas to a light one and that since that time there had been little loss. However, we found two that were ill and three that had died the night before. The two ill ones were slaughtered for examination, but one showed no lesions whatever, whereas the other showed a severe inflammation of the fourth stomach. The three dead ones showed a rather extreme tracheitis and bronchitis, with hemorrhagic lymph gland and thymus, sub- epicardial hemorrhages, the stomach and intestines normal. A rabbit inoculated subcutaneously with a lung emulsion from one of these animals remained healthy. Smears did not show bipolar organisms. January 2, this lot was visited by the local veter- inarian, at which time about 80 head had been lost. The loss had been so heavy that the owners had decided to ship to market, but, owing to their inability to get cars, some 800 were left in the field; 506 of these were vaccinated, and 300 were left unvac- cinated. By January 11, nine days later, 12 had been lost out of the vaccinated lot and eight out of the unvaccinated. On this date all were shipped, so that our records are unfortunately in- complete. COMMENT. The above series indicated to us that the grain food had little to do with the losses in question, since in only one of these cases were the animals on a grain ration which could in any way account for the condition. The finding of a bipolar organism that was virulent for rabbits and also the finding of many acute cases giving typical lesions of hemorrhagic septicemia made us feel that B. omsepticus wa^ responsible for much of our trouble. We appreciated the fact, of course, that the B. ovisepticus was alone probably not the deciding factor, but that when the sheep were exposed to untoward conditions, particularly when being shipped from one place to another, that this organism might set up just such conditions as we found. It was also possible that in transit they picked up a particularly virulent strain of the organism. LOSSES IN PREGNANT EWES. For some years we have had reported to us rather heavy losses in pregnant ewes, particularly at about lambing time. We have usually attributed this to the severity of the weather, lack of feed and other untoward conditions, and we still feel that these are a considerable factor. We shall detail some cases which we have visited during the past winter. INVESTIGATIONS AS TO CAUSE OF SHEEP DISEASES IN COLORADO 19 Lot No. 19. Consisting of 1,500 head of ewes in the vicinity of Las Animas. They had been shipped from Routt County in October and had been kept in their present quarters since that time. They had not been dying rapidly, but altogether some 25 or 30 had been lost out of one pen containing about 500. They were beginning to lamb. The owner stated that only those ewes that had not yet lambed were affected. They had been visited by other veter- inarians who were unable to find any very distinct lesions. At the time of our visit, there were 8 or 10 that were noticeably sick, 6 of which were lying on the ground in a comatose state. Some had lain in this condition for ten days or more. The ewes were being fed ensilage, which was blamed for the trouble. It had, however, been withheld from these 500 for over a week, but the others had been continued on it. They continued to die in the one lot and not in the other, indicating thereby that the ensilage was probably not the cause. Post-mortem examination on three or four of the animals that had lain in a comatose state revealed practically no lesions except emaciation. We were, however, informed that those ewes had been in a good state of flesh when taken sick. One that had died the night previous to our visit and was in a good state of flesh showed numerous lesions. There were laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, solidfication of the lower portion of the apical and cardiac lobes of the lungs, subpleural arid subepicardial hemorrhages and an extreme reddening throughout the mucous membrane of the abomasum. Kidneys appeared congested and the lymph glands were swollen and hemorrhagic. There was a single fetus in the uterus. Material from this animal was brought to the laboratory at Fort Collins, where an emulsion was made of the lung and heart blood and inoculated intraperitoneally into one guinea pig and one rabbit, and subcutaneously into one rabbit, 1 c.c. in each case. Ten c.c. of the same material was given intrajugularly to a yearling lamb. These inoculations were made on March 2, 1918. By 10 o'clock the next morning, the rabbit that had been inoculated intraperitoneally and the guinea pig were dead. By the following day the rabbit inoculated subcutaneously was dead. Cultures from these rabbits and the pig gave us a small oval gram negative bipolar staining organism. The inoculated sheep died on March 12. The inoculated sheep developed as follows : March 4, 1918— Temperature, 104.2. Looks well. 20 G, H. GLOVER, I. B. NEWSOM, E. W. ALKIRE March 5, 1918 — Temperature, 105.2. Has g(X)d appetite and looks well. March 6, 1918— Temperature, 103.6. Eating. March 7, 1918— Temperature, 107. March 8, 1918— Temperature, 105.4. March 9, 1918— Temperature, 106.2. March 10, 1918— Temperature at 9 :30 a. m., 106 ; 5 :45 p. m., 102. Not eating. March 11, 1918 — Temperature 8 :30 a. m., 105.5. Not eating. 4 :45 p. m., 105. Dull. Not eating. Lying down most of the time. March 12, 1918. Temperature, 104. Very dull. Breathing labored. Lies most of the time. Not eating. 3 :45 p. m., died. Post-mortem examination made within 30 minutes of death as follows: Several hemorrhages on either side of the lower portion of the thorax. All lymph glands appeared normal. Larynx normal, trachea slightly injected. Two or three small abscesses in left lung, with correspondingly inflamed areas on costal pleura. A considerable number of pin point hemorrhages throughout right lung. Left pleura showed advanced suppurative pleuritis throughout its entire surface. A considerable amount of ill smelling fluid in the left pleural cavity. Many subepicardial hemorrhages practically covering the whole ventricular surface of the heart. The leaves of the fourth stomach were deeply reddened, but the walls appeared normal. Duodenum was deeply reddened for several inches. A rabbit inoculated intravenously from emulsion of the lung of this animal was found dead the next morning. Cultures from this rabbit showed the presence of a bipolar gram negative organism. Vaccination of the ewes was recommended and carried* out by the local veterinarian and reported as follows : 1,301 sheep were vaccinated, after a loss of 46, with 6 sick at the time of vaccination. Of these 6, 5 died subsequently. No animals sick- ened for a period of two weeks following vaccination, at which time the disease appeared to break out with more virulence than ever, when 20 died within a week. Two hundred and eighty-seven of this lot were revaccinated at the end of the third week, using 1 c.c. per dose. Of the 943 which were not vaccinated, 10 were lost. The records of those revaccinated are as yet incomplete. Lot No. 18. A lot of approximately 500 lambing ewes had been shipped from Routt County in October, 1917. In November a few had been lost, but they stopped dying until January, since which INVESTIGATIONS AS TO CAUSE OF SHEEP DISEASES IN COLORADO 21 time the loss has been approximately 35. They were visited on March 1, 1918. The owner had previously written describing the symptoms. He had said that they showed delirium, threw the head back as though there was some brain disturbance. Temper- atures on the sick sheep varied- from 102 to 104. There were 8 or 10 noticeably ill at the time of our visit. Four animals were posted, two of which were slaughtered for the examination. Those that were slaughtered showed few lesions. One of the dead ones had undergone such decomposition that nothing satis- factory could be determined. The other, however, showed prac- tically the same lesions as the one described under Lot No. 19, except that there was no pneumonia. The heart and lungs were brought to the laboratory, where, on March 2, 1 c.c. of a lung and heart blood emulsion was given intraperitoneally into a guinea pig and a rabbit, and 10 c.c. intrajugularly into a lamb, weight 55 pounds. By 10 o'clock the next morning, March 3, all three of these inoculated animals were dead. Cultures from all three revealed typical bipolar organisms, as did the smears. Post-mortem on the lamb revealed the following: Many sub- cutaneous hemorrhages. Both prescapular lymph glands deeply reddened, swollen and hemorrhagic. Trachea and bronchial tubes were deeply reddened and a few subpleural hemorrhages in the lungs. Subpleural hemorrhages numerous along either side of the spine and in the intercostal spaces and also along the sternum. The heart, particularly at the auriculo-ventricular groove, was studded with hemorrhages. The fourth stomach was deeply red- dened throughout its mucous membrane, as was also the first few inches of the duodenum. Kidneys were congested and there were a few small hemorrhages on the outer surface of the bladder. A sheep was inoculated intrajugularly with 10 c.c. of a sus- pension of the heart blood of the above lamb, also a rabbit intra- peritoneally with 1 c.c. of the same material. The rabbit died on the 8th, culture from which revealed the usual bipolar organism. The record of the inoculated sheep is as follows : March 5, 1918 — Temperature, 104. Looks well. March 6, 1918— Temperature, 103.8. March 7, 1918— Temperature, 105.5. March 8, 1918— Temperature, 106.2. March 9, 1918— Temperature, 103.8. March 10, 1918— Temperature, 104.3 at 9 :30 a. m., 105.6 at 5 :45 p. m. 22 J. G. "WILLS March 11, 1918— Temperature, 103.4 at 8 :30 a. m., 104.8 at 4 :45 p. m. March 12, 1918— Temperature, 103.7. The temperature varied between 103 and 104 until March 24, 1918, when it was not further taken. The sheep appeared entirely healthy. Cultures from this outbreak were used for later work which will appear in a separate place. Four hundred and twenty-five of these sheep were vaccinated, at which time 7 were ill and 40 had died. Six of the sick ones died following vaccination. No further ones sickened for two weeks. During the third week, the disease broke out again and 12 head died. Two hundred and thirty-five were revaccinated. Four or five were sick at the time of revaccination, all of which died, but none has sickened or died since. (to be continued.) ADDRESS.* Chairman J. G. Wills, Albany, New York. (Section on Sanitary Science and Police.)* We have again gathered to consider matters pertaining to sanitary science and police measures for the control of the in- fectious diseases of domestic animals. The attitude of those present will, no doubt, have consider- able bearing on future measures and regulations for the elimina- tion of these important maladies from our flocks and herds. In these times, with so many thousands of men and women taken from their usual occupations and placed under new and strange surroundings, many of them in destructive rather than constructive activities, it becomes necessary to conserve more carefully both plant and animal life in order that our people be fed. Under such circumstances it is most important that we secure the maximum animal production. We, as members of a profession intimately connected with a grnat industry, are in a favorable position to render efficient service at this important period. Favorable conditions exist for unscrupulous persons taking advantage of the existing diminu- tion in the number of practicing veterinarians and to attempt to introduce among our live stock such infections as foot and mouth, contagious pleuro pneumonia, or rinderpest. Our enemies * 55th Annual Meeting, A. V. M. A., Philadelphia, 1918. chairman's address 23 could cripple our animal industry, particularly in relation to the production of meat and leather, in no more effective way than by deliberate distribution of the virus of some of the most serious infections in large breeding communities. The veterinary pro- fession, as well as those allied with it, are not in position to meet such a contingency at this time as effectively as under ordinary conditions. Our already overburdened government and state sanitarians, as well as the practitioner, are so occupied with the ordinary abnormalities of live stock that any additional demands upon them could not be well met at this time. It is consequently important that we be especially vigilant to guard against these dangers, using every means to avoid such a possibility, rather than be placed at a disadvantage by attempting to check it after it appears. Our live stock industry demands the fullest possible protection from such attacks at this time, since the demands upon us for meat, milk, wool and leather are so great that each pre- ventable loss adds to the burden of ourselves and our allies. Every productive animal removed from economic usefulness affects, to some extent, the situation here or abroad. It may be a reduction in food, in clothing or in some item of equipment, and in itself may be infinitestimal in extent, but if we multiply the one by thousands or tens of thousands it becomes a serious menace to many essential industries vital to the welfare of the country. . The systematic reduction in the number of animals dying or becoming inefficient in production, due to preventable disease or injury, has come to be one of the most important functions of the veterinarian. The prophylactic features of his work have become more important than formerly, when treating the sick rather than preventing their becoming so was looked upon as the' chief function of medicinal practice. This Association is in a position to render great service in connection with increasing food production, as well as in control of the infectious diseases of animals. Its membership, covering every section of the country and comprising every branch of the profession, is most representative. Our influence upon animal owners has much to do with the increase in live stock production, which at this time is most important. The future of animal industry looks very encouraging at this time. This country must become the principal market for breed- ing animals to replenish the decimated herds of continental Europe. 24 MAURICE C. HALL Our animals must furnish the seed stock for those countries where war has caused the destruction of native herds. We are in a position to command an important position from a business standpoint, if we can furnish purchasers good stock, give them reasonable assurance of freedom from disease at prices that will attract buyers from other countries. Cattle, horses, sheep, swine, poultry, and, in fact, every kind of farm animal, will be in de- mand. Our position as a stock-raising nation will be enhanced by the responsibilities we will be called upon to meet. It is a foregone conclusion that our prestige in this connection will be largely in proportion to the efficiency of our work as veterinarians and sanitarians in eliminating diseases in our domestic animals. Our responsibility as professional men makes necessary the control of these maladies through scientific rather than haphazard methods. By closer association with stock owners and breeders we may do much to bring this profession into closer cooperation with those who are so intimately associated with us. It is upon those who have left their homes and business, often at a great sacrifice, that we must depend for the upbuild- ing of the profession in the army and the control of diseases among animals used for military purposes which have such an important bearing on the successful prosecution of the war. We have cause to feel justly proud of the personnel of the Army Veterinary Corps and those who have made possible this efficient organization should receive the commendation of this Association in every possible way. We will now pass to the regular program provided for this Section on Sanitary Science and Police. PRACTICAL METHODS OF TREATMENT FOR WORM INFESTATION.* Maurice C. Hall, Ph. D., D. V. M., Parasitologist, Research Laboratory, Parlce, Davis & Co., Detroit, Michigan. This paper will deal as briefly as possible with a dozen of the more important worm parasites affecting horses, cattle, sheep, swine, dogs, cats and poultry. It will approve the use of perhaps a half-dozen drugs. It will deal with nematode worms primarily. In the belief of the writer, this is a practical paper. There is a ♦Presented at Section on Sanitary Science and Police, 55th Annual Meeting, A. V. M. A., Philadelphia, 1918. METHODS OF TREATMENT FOR WORM INFESTATION 25 disposition among practitioners to regard laboratory men as im- practical. As a laboratory man, it is the writer's belief that as regards the use of anthelmintics the practitioner is frequently highly impractical in that he often uses inefficient measures in place of equally feasible effective ones. The determination of the value of anthelmintic medication in practice is not always a simple and certain procedure. Under what we may call barn- yard, stable, hog-pen and kennel conditions, it is not always easy to ascertain what worms are passed. There are too many com- plications. The manure of one animal is mixed with that of other animals, and that of one day with that of other days. The farmer or the stable hand is commonly uncertain as to just what has happened and neither their observation nor their judgment can be trusted in many cases. The technique of examination necessary under such circumstances is crude and unsatisfactory. Poking in the manure with a stick gives a minimum amount of information. The number of worms passed may sometimes be ascertained or guessed at, if the worms happen to be large ones, but the number left cannot be readily ascertained and clinical evidence of recovery from a sub-chronic afebrile state of mal- nutrition and impoverishment, such as is commonly present in clinical cases of parasitism, comes slowly and such evidence can seldom be sought for by the busy practitioner. Under these circumstances, drugs of but little anthelmintic value become es- tablished as anthelmintics. Strictly speaking, treatment with such drugs is not practical treatment. These are conditions practically inseparable from the practice of veterinary medicine and no criticism can be fairly leveled at the practitioner on that score. What we need in this case are dependable anthelmintics, with an efficiency established by nu- merous tests under experimental conditions. This is the task of the laboratory man. It is a task that has been undertaken, but only a small part of the work has yet been done. Part of what I may say today will probably prove to be premature in the light of what we will know next year, but if we waited till we knew everything about a subject before telling it, rather than tell the little we know, our progress might be surer, but it would undoubtedly be much slower. Critical laboratory tests of numerous reputed anthelmintics, and there are hundreds of substances that have had anthelmintic value claimed for them, show that most of the anthelmintics have less value, often much less, than is commonly assigned to them, 26 MAURICE C. HALL while a few prove on critical test to have the value which clinical evidence has attributed to them. These results naturally lead to skepticism in regard to the actual value of untested anthelmintics. By a critical test I mean the administration of the drug to ex- periment animals under fixed conditions, the subsequent collec- tion of all feces passed, the careful collection of worms from such feces daily for a period of four or more days, and, finally, the killing of the experiment animal at the end of the experiment and the post-mortem collection of all parasites not removed in order to ascertain where the treatment failed, as well as where it succeeded. Most of the recommendations I wish to make are based on such tests, and where they are not, I make my recom- mendations with reservations. The horse is infested with a number of worms, of which we will consider only the strongyles, pinworms and ascarids. The strongyles of the horse include several genera, but the two genera of importance in the large intestine are the genus Strangylus, sometimes called Sclerostomum (the large red pali- sade worms), and the genus Cylicostomum, also called Gylichnos- tomum and Trichonema (the small worm from the large intes- tine) . The latter genus includes a rather large number of species which have been lumped under the name Strongyliis tetracanthus or Sclerostomum tetracanthum. There are 3 species of Strongy- lus commonly present in horses, Stk-ongylus eqvdnus, S. edentatus and S. vulgaris. Species of both genera are commonly present in the same animal and often in large numbers. The disease due to the presence of the strongyles of both genera has been called stronglidosis by Leneveu. It is an afebrile, wasting disease, characterized by digestive disorders, debility, anemia and edema, and complicated by the many serious sequelae resulting from aneurism production by ;S^. vulgaris. The importance of our horses for cavalry, field artillery and transport purposes at this time, the value of these horses by the time they arrive in France, and the prevalence of strongylidosis make the subject of treatment for this disease a matter well worthy of our consideration. It is generally understood that these worms are hard to re- move, and on that point the veterinary practitioner and the parasitologist are in agreement. It is, therefore, somewhat sur- prising to learn that, on the contrary, these worms are not particularly difficult to remove. In tests which I made in col- laboration with Dr. U. H. Wilson and Mr. Meyer Wigdor, we METHODS OF TREATMENT FOR WORM INFESTATION 2 7 obtained very high anthelmintic efficacy in the treatment of strongylidosis. The results of our experiments are detailed in a paper which is already in press, but I will give a synopsis of those results here. We secured the removal of every Strongylus, 107 of them, from a horse that had fasted over 24 hours, by the administration of 16 mils of oil of chenop odium, followed immediately by a quart of linseed oil. We removed 96 per cent of the Strong,ylus present, 66 out of 69, from a horse that had fasted over 24 hours, by the administration of 16 mils of oil of chenopodium, followed 2 hours later by a quart of linseed oil. We removed 95 per cent of the Strongylus present, 78 out of 82, from a horse that had been fasted over 24 hours, by the administration of 3 6-mil doses of oil of chenopodium at hour intervals, followed an hour after the last dose by a liter of linseed oil. We removed 76 per cent of the Strongylus present, 61 out of 80, from a horse that had been fasted less than 24 hours, by the administration of 16 mils of oil of chenopodium, followed immediately by a quart of lin- seed oil. We removed 48 per cent of the Strongylus present, 102 out of 214, from a horse that had been fasted less than 24 hours, by the administration of 2 ounces of turpentine in a quart of linseed oil. We removed less than 1 per cent of the Strongylus present from one horse that received 18 mils of oil of chenopo- dium and a quart of linseed oil after fasting less than 24 hours; from a second horse that received 18 mils of oil of chenopodium and a quart of linseed oil after fasting less than 24 hours ; from a third horse that received 8 mils of oil of chenopodium and a quart of linseed oil after fasting 24 hours ; from a fourth horse that received 2 drams of tartar emetic in a mash daily for 5 days ; and from a fifth horse that received 2 drams of iron sulphate in a mash daily for 7 days. The foregoing shows that 96 and 100 per cent efficacy were secured by the use of 16 mils of oil of chenopodium, followed immediately or 2 hours later by a quart of linseed oil, in animals that had been fasted over 24 hours. In these cases, the horses were given a light feed in the evening and all hay and bedding removed. No food was given the next day. The next day the treatment was given early in the morning and the animal not fed for 3 hours aftefrward. Where animals were fed the morning before treatment, equally good results were not obtained. With approximately the same size of dose, the efficacy fell to 76 per cent in one case and less than 1 per cent in another. With 28 MAURICE C. HALL smaller doses, 10 mils and 8 mils, the efficacy remained below 1 per cent. It would appear from this that doses of about 16 mils of oil of chenopodium were needed and that the animal should be fasted over a period of almost 36 hours to insure the best results. The one experiment with turpentine, securing in 2-ounce dose in a quart of linseed oil the removal of 48 per cent of the Strongylus present in a horse fasted for less than 24 hours, indicates that we have in turpentine a fairly effective sub- stitute for oil of chenopodium when the latter is unobtainable. Some experiments I performed previous t6 the experiments noted above bear out our findings in a general way. Horse No. 1 was given 8 mils of oil of chenopodium, followed immediately by a liter of linseed oil, after fasting for less than 24 hours. The treatment removed 51 per cent of the Strongylus present, 19 out of 37. Horse No. 2 was given 16 mils of oil of chenopodium, followed immediately by 800 mils of linseed oil, and 100 mils of castor oil, after fasting for 24 hours. The treatment failed to remove any Strongylus. Fifteen days later this horse was given 20 mils of chloroform, followed in 15 minutes by 750 mils of linseed oil. The animal had been given some feed shortly before treatment. This treatment also failed to remove any Strongylus. The animal was killed 6 days later and found to have 3 Strongy- lus in the cecum. The -explanation for the failure of treatment here probably lies in the presence of a very small number of Strongylus, perhaps safe in a remote part of the cecum. Horse No. 3 was given 12 mils of oil of chenopodium, followed by 800 mils of linseed oil, after fasting for 24 hours. The treatment failed to remove any Strongylus. Six days later the horse was given 2 doses of 20 mils each of carbon bisulphide at a 2-hour interval, followed by 800 mils of linseed oil two and a half hours later. This treatment failed to remove any Strongylus. Eight days later the horse was given 3 doses of carbon bisulphide, 3 drams to the dose, at hour intervals. Sixteen days later the animal w^as killed and found to have 12 Strongylus in the cecum. The failure of the treatment here may have been due to the size of the dose, the fasting period, the presence of a few Strongylus in a remote portion of the cecum, or to the development of sex- ually mature forms fi*om agamic worms attaining the intestine between the time of treatment and the time of death. Horse No. 4 was given 20 mils of carbon bisulphide, followed by 800 mils of castor oil one and a half hours later. The treatment failed to remove any Strongylus. Five days later the horse was METHODS OF TREATMENT FOR WORM INFESTATION 29 given 12 mils of oil of chenopodium, followed immediately by 800 mils of linseed oil. The horse passed one Strongylus, Seven days later the horse was given 3 doses of carbon bisulphide, of 3 drams each, at hour intervals. No worms were passed and the animal was killed 10 days later. There were 13 Strongylus post- mortem, so the treatment with chenopodium was 7 per cent effective and those with carbon bis*ilphide entire failures. So far as conclusions may be drawn from the 14 experiments noted here, and we must draw what conclusions we may, since this represents almost the entire body of dependable tests avail- able to date, we may say that apparently Strongylus may be re- moved from horses with a rather high degree of certainty with doses of 16 to 18 mils of oil of chenopodium, followed immediately or after an interval by a quart or more of linseed oil, provided the animals have been fasted for a period of 36 hours. It would perhaps be good practice to repeat the treatment at an interval of 2 weeks. The removal of Cylicostomum was even more readily accom- plished in our experiments. We secured the removal of every Cylicostomum from 4 horses. In one of these cases the hor^e fasted less than 24 hours, received 16 mils of oil of chenopodium, followed immediately by a quart of linseed oil, and passed 70 Cylicostomum; in another case the horse fasted over 24 hours, received 16 mils of oil of chenopodium, followed 2 hours later by a quart of linseed oil, and passed 540 Cylicostomum; in the third case the horse fasted over 24 hours, received 3 6-mil doses of oil of chenopodium at hour intervals, followed an hour after the last dose by a liter of linseed oil, and passed 1,242 Cylicosto- mum; in the fourth case the horse fasted less than 24 hours, re- ceived 2 ounces of turpentine in a quart of linseed oil, and passed 274 Cylicostomum. We removed 97 per cent of the Cylicostomum present (or perhaps 100 per cent, if these larval forms had issued from their cysts in the mucosa after the passage of the anthel- mintic, as seems likely), 77 out of 79, or 77 out of 77, as the case may be, from a horse that had been fasted over 24 hours, by the administration of 16 mils of oil of chenopodium, followed imme- diately by a quart of linseed oil. We removed 29 per cent of the Cylicostomum present, 187 out of 635, from a horse that had been fed shortly before treatment, by the administration of 10 mils of oil of chenopodium, followed immediately by a quart of linseed oil. We removed 11 per cent of the Cylicostomum present, 428 out of 3,623, from a horse that had been fasted less than 24 30 MAURICE C. HALL hours, by the administration of 18 mils of oil of chenopodium, followed immediately by a quart of linseed oil. We removed less than 1 per cent of the Cylicostomum present from 1 horse that received 8 mils of oil of chenopodium, followed immediately by a quart of linseed oil, after fasting less than 24 hours ; from a second horse that received 2 drams of tartar emetic in a mash daily for 5 days ; and from a Ijiird horse that received 2 drams of iron sulphate in a mash daily for 7 days. From the foregoing it may be concluded that in amounts of 16 to 18 mils oil of chenopodium in 1 to 3 doses, followed imme- diately or at an interval by linseed oil, may be expected to re- move all or nearly all strongyles from the cecum and colon of the horse in many cases, provided the animal is fasted 36 hours previous to treatment. Infestation with Oxyuris equi, or pinworm, is not an uncom- mon condition in horses and may be suspected when horses are seen rubbing the tail against some object. or when such a practice is indicated by the presence of a bare spot where the hair has been rubbed off the tail near its root. The presence of these worms may also be suspected when yellowish egg masses are found around the anus, as a result of the crushing of the gravid female by the anal sphincter. In a recent paper, the eminent French parasitologist, Railliet (1917) states that this worm is readily removed. He notes the use of internal medication by mouth, but believes that the easy way to remove pinworms from the horse is by means of copious enemata of warm, soapy water or vinegar water, to which may be added corrosive sublimate to make a 1 : 2000 solution, or a mucilaginous emulsion of thymol, the enemata to be repeated as often as necessary. The treat- ments noted by Railliet as used in oral medication are as follows : Tartar emetic in doses of 15 to 20 grams in food; corrosive sub- limate in doses of a deciliter of a 1 : 1000 solution daily in drink or food for about 15 days ; areca nut, freshly ground, in 100-gram doses ; and thymol, in 15- or 20-gram doses, suspended in muci- lage. In our experience, the removal of pinworms by means of oral medication was very easily accomplished, as a rule. In the tests in collaboration with Wilson and Wigdor, we removed 100 per cent of the pinworms present in 5 horses by the following treatments : Oil of chenopodium, 16 mils, followed immediately by a quart of linseed oil, the horse being fasted for over 24 hours ; oil of chenopodium, 16 mils, followed 2 hours later by a quart METHODS OF TREATMENT FOR WORM INFESTATION 31 of linseed oil, the horse being fasted over 24 hours ; oil of cheno- podium, 3 6-mil doses at hour intervals, followed an hour after the last dose by a liter of linseed oil, the horse being fasted for over 24 hours; turpentine, 2 ounces, followed immediately by a quart of linseed oil, the horse being fasted less than 24 hours; and by tartar emetic, 2 drams daily in the feed for 5 days. We failed entirely to remove the few pinworms present in 2 cases. In one of these cases the horse received 18 mils of chenopodium, followed immediately by a quart of linseed oil, the horse being fasted less than 24 hours ; in the other case the horse received 2 drams of iron sulphate daily in the feed for 7 days. The above experiments confirm the idea expressed by Railliet as to the readiness with which pinworms may be removed. They may be cleaned out by oil of chenopodium in 16-mil doses, fol- lowed immediately or after an interval by a quart of linseed oil, in horses that have been fasted over 24 hours, by 2 ounces of turpentine, followed immediately by a quart of linseed oil in horses that have fasted less than 24 hours, or by 2-dram doses of tartar emetic in the feed daily for 5 days. So far as we can judge from so few experiments, fasting less than 24 hours interferes with the efficacy of oil of chenopodium against these worms, and iron sulphate in 2-dram doses daily for 7 days is unsatisfactory. The writer has been under the impression for some years that the removal of ascarids, the large maw-worms, of the horse should present no special difficulties, since ascarids in man, dogs and swine yield so readily to treatment. However, test of treatments have led to the conclusion that Neveau-Lemaire (1912) was quite right in stating that none of the numerous treatments commonly employed, such as tartar emetic, turpentine, santonica, empyreu- matic oil, and benzine, give satisfactory results. We failed to remove any ascarids from 4 infested animals treated as follows : One horse received 8 mils of oil of chenopodium, another 10 mils, and a third 16 mils, the chenopodium being followed immedi- ately by a quart of linseed oil ; the fourth horse received 2 ounces of turpentine, followed immediately by a quart of linseed oil. All of these horses were fasted less than 24 hours. A horse which received 2 drams of tartar emetic in feed daily for 5 days passed 8 per cent of its ascarids; one that received 16 mils of oil of chenopodium, followed immediately by a quart of linseed oil, the horse being fasted over 24 hours, passed 3 per cent of its ascarids ; one that received 18 mils of oil of chenopodium, followed imme- diately by a quart of linseed oil, the horse being fasted less than 32 MAURICE C. HALL 24 hours, passed 12 per cent of its ascarids ; and one that received 3 6-mil doses of oil of chenopodium, followed an hour after the last dose by a liter of linseed oil, the horse being fasted over 24 hours, passed 25 per cent of its ascarids. In view of the above results, the writer is unable to make recommendations in regard to treatment for ascarids in the horse. Numerous treatments are known to me, and are said to be effective. Doubtless some of these treatments are effective, at least at times, but until their value has been experimentally dem- onstrated I would feel no confidence in them personally and would prefer to suspend judgment on this topic pending further investigation. Chenopodium is specifically ascaricidal in man, dogs and swine, and has a very high anthelmintic value. Its low efficacy against ascarids in the horse, in the dose used and in the way it was given, was a surprise. It is possible that a variation in dosage or mode of administration, such as giving a larger number of fractional doses over a longer period, may secure satisfactory results. I have found such consideration necessary in securing a satisfactory chenopodium treatment for hookworm in the dog, but given such consideration a satisfactory treatment is possible. Railliet (1915) says the preference among practi- tioners is for tartar emetic or arsenic to remove ascarids from the horse. Tartar emetic has the disadvantage of being a severe gastro-intestinal irritant and dangerous. Experimentally, I have found treatment with repeated doses of arsenic a slow and not very certain procedure. As far as cattle are concerned, the only parasite I care to touch on at this time is stomach worm. This is the same worm that infests sheep, and just as the stomach worm does the great- est damage to lambs among sheep, so it does its greatest damage to calves among cattle. In districts where stomach worms are plentiful in sheep, it is practically certain that they will be plentiful in cattle, and under these circumstances calves should be treated for stomach worm. Experimental tests to determine the efficacy of treatments and the doses required are lacking as far as stomach worm in cattle is concerned. However, we know that the copper sulphate treatment is highly efficacious and safe against stomach worm in sheep, and we may assume that the same treatment would be efficacious and safe against stomach worms in another ruminant in the appropriate dose, which dose can be computed reasonably well from the dose for a sheep. I prefer safe and conservative doses, repeated at long enough METHODS OF TREATMENT FOR WORM INFESTATION 3? intervals to allow subsiding of inflammation and to avoid cumu- lative effects, to large doses. So I would start my dose for calves around 100 mils of 1 per cent solution in water for animals 2 to 3 months old, grading the dose up conservatively from this point, and repeating treatment at intervals of a month or 6 weeks from spring until after frost. The dose can be given with a metal dose syringe to calves under proper restraint or if the number war- rants it, more elaborate devices for administering the dose may be used. Stomach worm in sheep is a well-known and serious pest. There are a number of treatments which have been recom- mended, among which may be mentioned .the gasoline treatment, the creosote treatment and the copper sulphate treatment. In my opinion, the fact that gasoline is volatile and apt to enter the lungs and that it must be given three times in such compara- tively expensive vehicles as milk, and in large amounts, precludes its use so long as there is anytliing else that is free from these drawbacks. Most of the experiments on which I base my objec- tion to gasoline and creosote have been published by Hall and Foster (1918). In the same paper will be found the experiments showing the advantages and efficacy of the copper sulphate treat- ment. The copper sulphate treatment for stomach worms in sheep was devised by Hutcheon in South Africa and was very thor- oughly tested. His reports cover the administration of the treat- ment to 23,00D sheep and show the good clinical results and the freedom from worms postmortem of sheep so treated. Our work in the Bureau of Animal Industry convinced us of the excellence of this treatment. Hall and Foster (1918) noted the use of 50-mil doses for lambs under 12 months old and 100 mils for those older, and described and figured an apparatus for admin- istering the treatment. I am under the impression, based on our experiments and on some additional evidence obtained in Vir- ginia and in Michigan in the control of stomach worms in sheep and goats, that stomach worms can be readily kept under con- trol, at a point where it will have no discernible effect on the health of the sheep and perhaps even be eradicated from the range involved, by the administration of 50 mils of 1 per cent solution of copper sulphate every month or so except during the winter in localities where winter means freezing weather. I have modified the apparatus originally described by Hall and Foster and now use this modification. This uses a shorter, 34 MAURICE C. HALL Fig. 1. Apparatus for drenching sheep for stomach worm. The apparatus at the right is the one with clip control on tubing. thicker tube for the sake of compactness, is mounted on a board for the sake of convenience in hanging it up and in protecting the glass, has the inlet and outlet in glass as an integral part of the construction, partly for the sake of appearances and partly for the increased efficacy. Some earlier modifications use a glass control valve (Fig. 1), but this was too fragile and the present apparatus, like the original, uses the clamp on the rubber tube. All apparatus is fed from a reservoir through one tube and de- livers the dose to a metal tube, which is inserted in the sheep's mouth. It is commonly stated by authorities that the copper sulphate crystals used in making this solution must be clear blue crystals, those having white patches or crusts on them to be rejected. In looking over my papers, I do not find the reason for this. I have heard some reasons assigned, among others that the white patches were oxidized or insoluble, which is not the case, as the white patches represent copper sulphate which has lost part of its water of crystallization through efflorescence on exposure to air. Another reason which might be assigned, and this is perhaps the true reason, is that the loss of this water makes a difference in the amount of copper sulphate necessary in making up a solution, METHODS OF TREATMENT FOR WORM INFESTATION 35 SO that the weight of blue crystals, containing a rather large amount of actual CUSO4 as the same weight of whitish material containing less water of crystallization. The fresh blue crystals of copper sulphate are CUSO4, 5H2O ; on exposure to air the light- colored patches form and these have the formula CUSO4, 2H2O. At 100 C, CuSO^, H2O is formed and at red heat CuSO^. The differences in weight of these various forms of copper sulphate make considerable difference in the amount required to make a 1 per cent solution or any given strength. Thus to make a quart < of the 1 per cent solution would require 0.946 gm. of the blue crystals, 0.747 gm. of the blue white powder formed on the crys- tals by efflorescence, or 0.6 gm. of the anhydrous copper sulphate formed at red heat. Hence in making a solution, it is important to know what strength is being made, and one should use only one sort of copper sulphate to insure this. The copper sulphate solution resulting, if of the required strength, will be the same, no matter what form of the salt is used. Nodular worm infestation in sheep is a serious disease which I mention only to express the opinion that we have not as yet established a really satisfactory treatment for it. In our experi- ments in the Bureau of Animal Industry, Hall and Foster found an efficacy of 17 per cent for chloroform and castor oil, 16 per cent for gasoline in milk, 9 per cent for chenopodium, 0.6 per cent for copper sulphate solution, and 0 per cent for powdered copper sulphate in capsule, and petroleum benzin in milk. The presence of the complex ruminant stomach and the fact that the adult nodular worm is in the cecum and colon remote from the mouth are facts that make oral medication for nodular worm a difficult matter. The bulk of the injury due to the worm is done in the larval stage, so that the removal of the adult worm, if accomplished, probably does little for the sheep, unless the anthel- mintic treatment is part of an eradication program contemplating adequate prophylaxis as well. Rectal medication might be used for the removal of the adult worms, but this is a slow procedure and less apt to be practical than oral medication. Railliet (1915) notes the use of such a method by Brumpt. A preliminary dose of 25-30 gms. of sulphate of soda is given to the sheep to render the stools fluid. This being accomplished, the sheep is suspended by its hind legs and given a rectal injection of 1-11/2 liters of water containing a thymol emulsion with the thymol at the rate of 1 gm. for each 3-5 kilos of weight of sheep ; the anus is then held closed and the abdomen manipulated in 3C MAURICE C. HALL, such a way as to make the lavage penetrate and rinse out the intestine. This method is perhaps suitable for the patient work- ers of Europe with their sheep scattered in small flocks over many holdings, but it is not well adapted to the American temper- ament or the large flocks in this country. The worm which is most generally recognized as a common drawback to swine-raising is the ascarid. These worms are extremely common in swine and are often present in large num- bers. They are large worms and frequently may be seen in the intestines of swine at abattoirs in such numbers as to distend the small intestine, forming a sort of sausage with worms for the stuffing. In the experiment work carried on at Washington, chenopodium was found superior to any other drug for the removal of these worms. Oil of chenopodium may be used in about this dosage : Give pigs 1 mil of the oil for every 25 pounds of weight of pig up to 8 mils, following the dose immediately hy a purgative, such as an ounce of castor oil for animals weighing up to 100 pounds, and double this amount for those weighing over 100 pounds. Be sure the animal is fasted a full 24 hours before treatment and not fed for two or three hours after treat- ment. The writer has seen abundant evidence of the necessity for observing this rule. Restraint for pigs is a more or less vexatious problem, but Foster found that he could dose 176 hogs in an 8-hour day, the animals ranging in size from young pigs to large boars and brood sows. We dosed pigs by pulling the jaws apart with two loops of heavy wire or rope. Another method which is used is to put one end of a short piece of old rubber garden hose in the pig's mouth and pour the dose through the hose as the pig chews on it. While on this topic of dosing pigs, the writer would like to again express the idea that mineral mixtures and stock tonics are inadequate and unsatisfactory substitutes for anthelmintic treatment. Experiments by Foster and myself in the Bureau of Animal Industry convinced us that mixtures of charcoal, lime, ashes, iron sulphate and such ingredients were of no value in removing worms or preventing worm infestation in swine, but the Bureau did not see fit to publish our conclusions. The reason which was given me for this was that these mineral mix- tures were valuable in the bodily economy of the pig and that if the farmer learned that they did not remove worms he might quit using them. This reasoning did not appeal to me at the time and does not appeal to me at this time. If a farmer wishes to feed METHODS OF TREATMENT FOR WORM! INFESTATION 37 mineral mixtures for the value of the mineral food content, he should do so, but he should not invest time or money in such mixtures for the purpose of clearing out or preventing worm infestations. If he does, he allows his pigs to remain wormy when they should be relieved from worms and puts money into something he may not need or want. In the same category as the mineral mixture are most of the so-called stock tonics. Of these products, the Michigan Dairy and Food Department says : ''In recent years agricultural papers have been filled with advertisements of various stock tonics. * * * Wherever care- ful experimental trials have been made under expert and dis- interested supervision * * * the outcome has invariably bee^ that the use of condimental feeds as feeds was problematical and without material effect on production." The products are about as ineffective in controlling worms. I fed one of the best known stock tonics to a 10-kilo dog, giving 14 doses in 16 days, using the dose for a 500-pound hog. In that period the dog passed 17 per cent of its ascarids and no Dipylidium. At the same rate it would have required 3 months to free the dog of its ascarids. Had it been given in food, as it was supposed to be, it would have been much less effective. Another well-known stock tonic was fed to a 10-kilo dog daily in the dose for a 100-pound hog. As this tonic is 95 per cent com- mon table salt, the dog was unable to keep it 'down, so after 3 days' vomiting the dose was cut in half, and given daily for 14 days. No worms were passed, and the treatment was a failure. Another tonic for hogs was given to a 14.5-kilo dog, in the dose for a 50- to 75-pound pig, giving 27 doses in 32 days, or double the number said to be necessary. This treatment was 6 per cent effective against ascarids and removed no Taenia. To be sure, a dog is not a hog, but the evidence as to anthelmintic ineffective- ness is none the less relevent. Stock tonics must be safe for general use. Anthelmintics are not safe for general use, as a rule, if they are potent. Hence, .stock tonics seldom contain the amounts of potent anthelmintics necessary to accomplish much. The writer has been testing anthelmintics on dogs for three years .and ha^ made tests on 400 dogs. As a result of this work, certain anthelmintics for dogs have been rather firmly estab- lished as satisfactory. 38 MAURICE C. HALL The dog ascarids may be easily eliminated by the use of oil of chenopodium administered in a single dose of 0.1 mil per kilo of weight of dog. The oil may be given without enclosing it in a capsule, but this causes a lot of salivation, a very tenacious saliva when the chenopodium is accompanied by castor oil, which is the way it should be given. Hard capsules may be used for the oil or the soft, elastic capsule. In my experimental work, I have found the soft capsule entirely satisfactory and prefer it to other forms of administering the drug. I use the dosage given by Hall (1917) when administering the soft capsules, namely, 5 minims to dogs weighing 10 pounds or less; 10 minims to dogs weighing 10 to 20 pounds ; 15 minims to dogs weighing 20 to 30 pounds; not to exceed 20 minims to dogs weighing over 30 pounds; and for toy dogs, cut the dose to 2 or 3 minims. Give an ounce of castor oil to dogs other than toys, and give toys a half ounce; give the castor oil immediately after the chenopo- dium. This is important. Chenopodium is toxic, constipating and a gastro-intestinal irritant. Castor oil slows absorption and distributes it over a larger surface of the gastro-intestinal mu- cosa, and it promotes elimination. Dogs can be given double the minimum lethal dose of oil of chenopodium with castor oil and will survive, as Hall (1918) has already noted. If dogs show symptoms of poisoning, which is not apt to be the case when castor oil is given with the chenopodium, give more castor oil. The following are contraindications for oil of chenopodium — severe acute or chronic nephritis, organic heart trouble of certain types, marked cachexia, severe gastro-enteritis, and severe in- fectious diseases, especially distemper. Nephritis is extremely common in dogs, as we know from such work as that of Meyer (1911) and as our postmortem examinations constantly show. Normal kidneys are scarce, even in young dogs. Meyer notes that Siebel suggested that this condition was probably a sequel to distemper, that disease which seems always and everywhere present among dogs. The large amount of meat in a dog's diet may predispose to nephritis. Ordinarily, dogs with the custom- ary chronic nephritis tolerate oil of chenopodium very well, but I have had one or two deaths among my dogs that I thought were due to the action of a therapeutic dose of chenopodium in causing an intensification of an already severe nephritis. Ziegler (1917) regards death from a lethal dose as due to acute nephritis ; per- sonally, I believe death is due to a combination of nephritis, gastro-enteritis and heart depression. METHODS OF TREATMENT FOR WORM INFESTATION Organic heart trouble in dogs is rarely recognized or even looked for, and I have seen no cases where I could attribute the death of an animal to the presence of such a condition, but the fact that chenopodium acts terminally as a heart depressant indicates the danger in this quarter. Cachexia in dogs is apt to be an accompaniment of parasitism, but it is a condition that calls for caution in the use of an anthel- mintic. I have had a number of deaths occur from the use of therapeutic doses of chenopodium and other drugs in cachectic animals. Such animals should be put on a nourishing diet before treatment, but if it is necessary to administer anthelmintics immediately, use one which is not a gastro-intestinal irritant, if possible. For this purpose santonin is to be recommended. San- tonin is not a drug which gives good results in single-dose treat- ments. Even when in large doses, and I have used such doses as a half -grain for every pound of weight of dog, santonin cannot be depended on to remove all the worms present. The correct way to use santonin, so far as tests indicate, is to give small doses daily for a number of days, then suspend treatment for a few days and repeat if necessary. I find experimentally that such treat- ment can be depended on to remove ascarids without setting up gastro-intestinal irritation. So far I have found santonin a very safe drug when given with an equal amount of calomel, and I have yet to see the first fatality from this combination. I gave one dog 61 grains of santonin and an equal amount of calomel in this way in 90 days; the animal lost some weight and lost hair around the eyes, neck, the axillae and inguinal region and along the abdomen, but seemed in good health otherwise. Another dog was given 50% grains in 18 days. Gastro-enteritis is a contraindication for the use of oil of chenopodium for the reason that the oil is a gastro-intestinal irritant. It is a condition that occasionally complicates dis- temper. Dogs suffering from distemper should not be given oil of chenopodium. The bacterial infection overburdens the kidneys and heart, frequently occasions gastro-enteritis, and leads in many cases to cachexia. Such animals do not tolerate anthelmin- tic treatment. For the removal of whipworms from the dog, santonin is the best drug of which I am aware. It should be given, as noted by Hall (1917), in doses of a grain a day with an equal amount of calomel. I think it is safest to give it for a week, then suspend 40 MAURICE C. HALL treatment for a week, then repeat as often as necessary. Some experiments along this line are given here : Dog No. 110, a mongrel, weighing 13.6 kilos, was given a grain of santonin and an equal amount of calomel daily for a total of 6 grains in 8 days. The dog passed no worms and was found to have 2 whipworms on postmortem examination. The treatment was a failure, evidently due to not being persisted in. Dog No. Ill, a terrier, weighing 10 kilos, was given the same treatment for a total of 6 grains of santonin and of calomel in 8 days. The dog passed 29 ascarids the second day of the treat- ment, 2 the third, 1 the fourth, and 1 the seventh. On post- mortem it had 1 ascarid and 1 whipworm. It will be noted that 1 ascarid did not come away until the seventh day and that another was still present postmortem. Had the treatment been persisted in, it would have removed the other ascarid, probably in a day or two, and the whipworms in time. Dog No. 108, a mongrel, weighing 9.5 kilos, was given san- tonin and calomel 1 grain each daily for a total of 12 grains of each in 15 days. The third day of treatment the dog passed the posterior portion of a whipworm and the fourth day the anterior portion. On postmortem the animal was free from worms. Dog No. 71, a spaniel mongrel, weighing 12 kilos, was given 1 grain each of santonin and calomel for a total of 61 grains in 90 days. The ninth day of treatment the dog passed 1 whipworm. Postmortem the dog had 32 hookworms and 4 Dipylidium; this confirms the dictum tbat santonin is of no value against hook- worms and also indicates its lack of tseniacidal value, so far as Dipylidium is concerned. The dog lost a lot of hair, as already noted above, and had sores around its nose, but it was very active at all times. Dog No. 120, a mongrel, weighing 13.5 kilos, was given 5 grains each of santonin and calomel daily for 5 days, and then the dose lessened, on account of the persistent vomiting, to 21/2, 3 and 31/2 grains daily for a total of 501/2 grains in 18 days. On the fourth day of treatment the dog passed 14 whipworms. Post- mortem the dog was free from worms. This experiment and the preceding show the tolerance of the dog for santonin, when given with calomel, and also the need for persistent treatment in order to remove whipworms. The most serious of the intestinal parasites of dogs is tne hookworm. Hall and Foster (1918) found that chloroform at the rate of 0.2 mil per kilo, mixed with an ounce or so of castor METHODS OF TUKATMENT FOR WORM INFESTATION 41 oil, had an efficacy of 57 per cent against hookworm; oil of chenopodium at the rate of 0.1 to 0.3 mil per kilo, followed im- mediately by an ounce or so of castor oil, or given with castor oil, had an efficacy of 3S per cent, and thymol and calomel, in doses of 0.298 to 1.752 gm., had an efficacy of 15 per cent. In further tests of chloroform in our laboratory at Detroit, I have been unable to obtain as high efficacy as was obtained in the work at Washington. However, I have found that healthy dogs have a considerable tolerance for chloroform, surviving doses, not only of 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 mil per kilo, but also of 0.666 mil, 1.0 mil and 2.0 mils per kilo. I have been told by a physician that he has given chloroform in doses of a half ounce to an ounce to patients. Alessandrini only uses 3-4 grams for man. The oral administration of chloroform produces an acute yellow necrosis of the liver, and this same condition is present and responsible for death in delayed chloroform poisoning from anesthesia. The condition has been studied and described by Whipple and Sperry (1909). If the patient survives, the necrosis clears up in from 10 days to 3 weeks, leaving a practically normal liver. One of the Detroit dogs. No. 88, a collie mongrel, weighingl5 kilos, was given by stomach tube 30 mils of chloroform, a dose rate of 2 mils per kilo, in 40 mils of castor oil. Soon after dosing, the dog lay down, but was up and around in an hour and showed no symptoms. An hour and a half after dosing, the dog vomited, and then lay down for a half hour. After that the dog looked and acted entirely normal. Twenty-one days after this treatment the dog had a litter of 7 pups, and at least one of these pups was alive and well 4 months later. Fifty-five days after the chloroform was administered this dog was put in a chloroform box with 4 other dogs. The other dogs died inside of an hour. This dog survived the same atmosphere for almost 7 hours and then appeared to be coming out of the anesthesia; more chloro- form was added and the dog presently succumbed. Attempts to remove hookworms with single doses of oil of chenopodium did not meet with a high degree of success. The repeated administration of small doses, 2-5 minims daily for several days, gave good results, but apparently occasioned some little gastro-intestinal irritation. The method most used at present in the removal of hookworms from man, the administra- tion of 3 doses at hour intervals, gave the best results. Some tests of this mode of treatment were as follows : 42 MAURICE C. HALL Dog No. 289, a hound, weighing 21 kilos, was given 3 doses, each dose consisting of a 10-minim soluble elastic capsule of oil of chenopodium, followed immediately by 15 mils of castor oil, at hour intervals, the last dose being followed an hour and a half later by 4 mils of chloroform in 15 mils of castor oil. The fol- lowing day the dog passed 61 hookworms and 5 ascarids. The animal was killed the fourth day and found to have 10 hook- worms. The treatment was therefore 86 per cent effective against hookworms and 100 per cent effective against ascarids. Dog No. 301, a spaniel mongrel, weighing 15 kilos, was given the same treatment, except that no castor oil was given with each dose of chenopodium and the chloroform was given an hour after the last one in 30 mils of castor oil. The day after treat- ment the dog passed 33 hookworms and 1 ascarid. The third day after treatment the dog was found dead. One hookworm was found postmortem. The treatment was therefore 97 per cent effective against hookworms and 100 per cent effective against ascarids. This dog was in a late stage of distemper and anthel- mintic treatment was contraindicated. Nursing would probably have saved the animal ; the anthelmintic hastened death. Dog No. 300, a wolfhound mongrel, weighing 18 kilos, was given 3 doses, each dose consisting of a 5-minim soluble elastic capsule of oil of chenopodium, at hour intervals, followed an hour later by 4 mils of chloroform in 30 mils of castor oil. The next day the dog passed 3 hookworms. The animal was killed the fourth day after treatment and found to have 3 hookworms, 1 Physaloptera, and 15 Bipylidium. The treatment was there- fore 50 per cent effective against hookworms and 0 per cent effective against Physaloptera and Dipylidium. Dog No. 292, a hound, weighing 14.5 kilos, was given the same treatment as Dog No. 300, except that each 5-minim capsule was accompanied by 15 mils of castor oil. The following day the dog passed 23 hookworms and the second day 7 hookworms. The animal was killed the fourth day and found to have 1 hookworm and 2 Taenia pisiformis. The treatment was therefore 97 per cent effective against hookworms and 0 per cent effective against Taenia. Dog No. 293, a collie mongrel, weighing 12 kilos, was given 3 doses, each dose consisting of a 10-minim soluble elastic capsule of oil of chenopodium, at hour intervals, the last dose followed an hour later by 15 gm. Epsom salts in simple syrup. The next day the dog passed 2 hookworms and the second day 2 more METHODS OF TREATMENT FOR WORM INFESTATION 43 hookworms. The animal was killed on the fourth day and found free from parasites. The treatment was therefore 100 per cent effective against hookworms. Dog No. 294, a collie, weighing 19 kilos, was given the same amount of chenopodium in the same way, but the Epsom salts were omitted and one-third of a grain of cascarin was given with the first and third doses of chenopodium. Two days later the dog passed 2 hookworms and 1 whipworm and 4 days later passed 1 more hookworm. The animal was killed the fourth day and found to have 1 hookworm, 21 whipworms, and 6 Taenia pisi- fo^mis. The treatment was therefore 75 per cent effective against hookworms, 5 per cent effective against whipworms and 0 per cent effective against Taenia. Dog No. 299, a mastiff mongrel, weighing 15 kilos, was given 3 doses of 19 minims of oil of chenopodium in soluble elastic capsules at hour intervals, each dose being followed by the feed- ing of uncooked meat, to ascertain the effect of the presence of food on the efficacy of the anthelmintic. The day following treatment the dog passed 3 hookworms and 5 ascarids. The dog was killed the fourth day and found to have 5 hookworms. The treatment was therefore 37.5 per cent effective against hook- worms and 100 per cent effective against ascarids. The presence of food lessened the efficacy of the anthelmintic, as would be expected. Dog No. 309, a foxhound, weighing 14 kilos, was given 3 doses of 10 minims of oil of chenopodium in soluble elastic capsules at half-hour intervals, followed a half hour after the last dose by 30 mils of castor oil. After this treatment the dog broke out of its cage and got some meat. It passed no worms and was killed the fifth day after treatment. Postmortem there were 2 hookworms and 6 whipworms. The treatment was there- fore 0 per cent effective against hookworms and whipworms. Summarizing the foregoing, it appears that very high efficacy against hookworms in the dog may be expected from the use of oil of chenopodium in 3 doses of 10 minims each for average- sized animals or larger ones and of 5 minims each for smaller animals. Even the latter dose is too large for toys, and should be cut down according to the size and condition of the animal. The chenopodium seems to be quite effective whether given alone or with 15 mils of castor oil to each dose. I prefer to give the castor oil, as I believe it adds to the safety of the animal very materially. The hour interval seems to give more efficiency than MAURICE C. HALL the half-hour interval.' Some purgative should be given not later than an hour after the last dose of chenopodium. I prefer the soluble elastic capsule to other forms of administration of the chenopodium for dogs. It is convenient and effective, so far as dozens of tests on dogs show. The addition of chloroform to a final dose of castor oil probably aids in removing additional worms. Treatment for hookworm in dogs calls for considerable judg- ment. Such animals already have an irritated intestine due to hookworm petechias, and, if clinical cases of uncinariasis or kennel anemia, are weak, emaciated and anemic. It is easy to kill such dogs by anthelmintic treatment. Hookworms are difficult to re- move and call for larger doses of drugs than do ascarids. They will not respond to such drugs as santonin, which are non-irritant, and they require the use of such drugs as chenopodium, chloro- form or thymol, all of which act more or less as gastro-intestinal irritants. Under these conditions, it may often be advisable to combine nursing treatment with repeated treatments by small doses of anthelmintic at intervals of 2 weeks or so, until the removal of part of the worms and the nursing put the animal in shape to endure the relatively drastic treatment necessary to clean out the infestation. The worms which are of commonest occurrence in cats are the ascarids. These set up substantially the same chain of symptoms in cats as in dogs, except that the high-strung nervous system of the cat prediposes it to certain nervous disorders, and cats in- fested with worms are frequently subject to ''fits." The treat- ment I have used and found successful for removing these worms is to give the cat a half-ounce of castor oil and then stick a pin in a 5-minim soluble elastic capsule of oil of chenopodium and squire from 2 to 4 minims of the oil against the roof of the mouth, or against the tongue. This is safe and effective. One must use these small doses in treating cats in order to be on the safe side, as they are twice as susceptible to poisoning from chenopodium as are dogs, the minimum lethal dose per kilo being only half as large. The common nematodes of poultry are the heterakids, includ- ing the large Ascaridia of the small intestine and the small Hete'rakis of the cecum. I have nothing to add here to the find- ings reported by Hall and Foster (1918), who found an efficacy against Ascaridia of 76 per cent for turpentine in 2-mil doses, mixed with an equal amount of olive oil and followed immedi- METHODS OF TREATMENT FOR WORM INFESTATION 45 ately by 8 mils of castor oil, and an efficacy of 69 per cent for oil of chenopodium in a dose of 0.2 mil mixed with 2 mils of castor oil and preceded by 2 mils of castor oil, and an efficacy against Heterakis of 19 per cent for chopped tobacco stems soaked in water and mixed with feed. A consideration of the foregoing shows that in the present state of our knowledge our best anthelmintics for certain pur- poses are oil of chenopodium, which is perhaps the most valuable anthelmintic known, santonin, valuable where repeated doses are desired and gastro-intestinal irritation must be avoided, turpen- tine, which acts in some respects like a weaker oil of chenopodium, copper sulphate, valuable in the ruminants, where its emetic action is not manifested, and tobacco, which seems to be adapted to the peculiar task of removing heterakids from the ceca of poultry. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Hall, Maurice C. 1917. Anthelmintic treatment for nematode infestations in dogs. Jour. A. V. M. A., v. 5 (3), Dec, pp. 342-345. The anthelmintic value of chenopodium components. In Hall and Hamilton, pp. 240-261. Hall, Maurice C, and Winthrop D. Foster. 1918. Efficacy of some anthelmintics. Jour. Agric. Research, v. 12 (7), Feb., 18, pp. 397-447, 1 fig. Hall, Maurice C, and Herbert C. Hamilton. 1918. Investiga- ations on the composition of oil of chenopodium and the anthelmintic value of some of its components. Jour. Pharm. & Exp. Therap., v. 11 (3), Apr., pp. 231-261. Meyer, K. F. 1911. The pathology of nephritic affections in domesticated animals. Proc. A. V. M. A., pt. 1, pp. 224-441. Neveu-Lemaire, Maurice. 1912. Parasitologic des animaux do- mestiques. Paris. 1257 pp., 770 figs. Railliet, A. 1915. L 'emploi des medicaments dans le traitement des maladies causees par des nematodes. Rec. d. med. vet., Paris, V. 91 (15), Aug., 15, pp. 490-513. 1917. L'oxyurose de Equides. Rec. d. med. vet., Paris., V. 93 (19), Oct., 15, pp. 517-541. Whipple, G. H., and J. A. Sperry. 1909. Chloroform poison- ing. Liver necrosis and repair. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull. (222), V. 20, Sept., pp. 278-289. Zeigler, W. H. 1917. A study of oil of chenopodium. Interstate M. Jour.,v. 24 (10), 13 pp., fig. 5. PRACTICAL METHODS OF PROPHYLAXIS AGAINST WORM INFESTATIONS.* B. H. Ransom, Chief, Zoolog-ical Division, United States Bureau of Animal Industry. The development of methods of prophylaxis is a highly impor- tant branch of parasitology, and is one of the great practical objects toward which the investigations carried on by parasitol- ogists are directed. In the formulation of practical methods it is essential to know not only that certain results will be obtained, but also why they are obtained. Accordingly, practical methods of prophylaxis against worm infestations can only be considered to have a solid foundation when they are based upon a knowledge of the parasites involved, and on this account knowledge of the life histories and behavior of parasites is of great practical impor- tance. Methods of control must be adjusted to peculiarities in the biology of the parasites concerned. Furthermore, not only may it be necessary to vary our methods for different species of para- sites, but it is often necessary to use various methods for the same species according to locality, host animal affected, season of the year, and other conditions. A comprehensive discussion of methods of prophylaxis against parasitic worms infesting live stock would necessarily extend to a great length, as about 100 species each of tapeworms and flukes, and at least 250 species of roundworms parasitic in domestic animals are known to science. Obviously, within the proper limits of the present paper, it would be out of the question to take into consideration all of these para- sites, and even though the great majority can be passed over, either because we have too little knowledge of their life histories or because their economic importance is relatively slight, the number remaining is still too great to be adequately treated in a short paper. Consequently, rather than to attempt a discussion of any considerable number of the parasitic worms affecting live stock, it has seemed desirable to direct attention more particularly to a few of the forms that I have had under investigation at various times. These forms are used as examples of the practical impor- tance of knowledge of life histories not because they provide bet- ter illustrations than others but because I have had a more direct interest in them. * Presented at Section on Sanitary Science and Police, 55th Annual Meet- ing, A. V. M. A., Philadelphia, 19] 8. PROPHYLAXIS AGAINST WORM INFESTATIONS 47 The manner in which I have treated the subject assigned to me may inspire the criticism not only that I have fallen short of what might have been reasonably expected from the title but that within the scope to which I have limited my paper it contains very little that is really practical. The material presented, how- ever, I believe has a distinct practical value in its bearing on the question of prophylaxis against parasitic worms and therefore I trust its presentation under the title borne by this paper may be accepted as not altogether inappropriate. Certain granulomatous growths and so-called summer sores on the skin of horses are infested with nematodes. These nema- todes are larval forms whose identity until recently was entirely unknown. Thanks to the work of Descazeaux in South America, Railliet in Europe, Van Saceghem in Africa, and Bull in Aus- tralia, it is now evident that these worms are the larvae of one or more species of Hahronema. Two species- of Habronema are known which live as adults in the stomach of the horse. Prior to the work of the investigators just mentioned I proved in the ease of one of these species (Hahronema muscae) that the common house fly acts as the intermediate host. The maggots of the fly developing in manure from horses harboring the adult worms become infected with the parasite, probably as a result of swal- lowing the eggs or embryos which are contained in the feces of infested horses. It is also possible but perhaps less likely that the embryonic worms after hatching actively penetrate into the bodies of the fly maggots. In the fly maggots they undergo con- siderable growth and development. At about the time the mature fly emerges from the pupa or resting stage that follows the active maggot stage the worms have completed their development so far as they are capable of doing in the fly. Horses while eating fre- quently swallow flies and the mouths of horses commonly are very attractive to flies. It is therefore natural to suppose that the young parasites in the flies reach the stomach of the horse as a result of the horse's swallowing infested flies. I have in fact found in a horse 's stomach all stages in the growth of the parasite from the latest stage found in the fly up to the full-grown adult worm, and there is little doubt that many Hahronema larvae reach the stomach of their host as a result of the swallowing of infested flies or fly pupae. Fly pupae are often very numerous amid the chaff in the bottom of hay mangers and are not infre- quently swallowed by horses. In the published report of my investigations on Hahronema, with reference to the fact that the 48 B. H. RANSOM fly 's proboscis is a favorite location of the larval worms, it was suggested that they may abandon their intermediate host in some such manner as Filaria larva? abandon the mosquito, and it wa&^ stated that, although no evidence of such an occurrence had been obtained, it is conceivable that the larvae might escape from the fly through a slight rupture of the proboscis occurring at a moment when the fly was sucking moisture from the mucous mem- brane of a horse 's lips, after which they could readily reach their final location, the stomach. It would seem in the light of the researches of Bull, Van Saceghem, Descazeaux and Railliet that the presence of Habronema larvae in summer sores is to be simi- larly explained; that is, they are probably introduced by flies. while sucking moisture from wounds or perhaps even from the uninjured skin. It remains to be determined whether the worms in summer sores ultimately die in the skin or other tissues into- which they may migrate, without undergoing further develop- ment, or whether they finally reach the stomach in a round- about manner like certain parasites of the alimentary tract and other internal organs that are known to enter the body not only through the mouth but also through the. skin. The case of Habronema is a rather good illustration of the practical impor- tance of knowledge concerning the life history of parasites. Though our knowledge in this case is still incomplete, it is clearly valuable as a basis upon which to work in devising measures of prophylaxis. Without this knowledge there would be very little chance of hitting upon a successful scheme of avoiding Habro- nema infection, but with the practical certainty that certain worms are responsible for summer sores, and that these worms are transmitted to horses by flies which in turn acquire the parasites as a result of breeding in manure from horses harbor- ing the adult worms in their stomachs, it is quite possible that at least one solution of the summer sore problem may be reached by a solution of the problem of eradicating the flies that breed in horse manure. A few years ago it was discovered that sheep in this country were commonly infested with tapeworm cysts in the muscles corresponding in all respects to those which the Germans had found occasionally in sheep and which they had taken for the larvae of Taenia solium. An idea of the frequency of these para- sites may be gained from the fact that nearly 40,000 sheep car- casses have been retained by United States meat inspectors in a single year on account of infestation with muscle cysticerci. In PROPHYLAXIS AGAINST WORM INFESTATIONS 49 other words, one sheep out of about every 300 slaughtered showed infestation with these parasites in sufficient degree to be caught by the inspector. As cysticerci located in the muscles are often hard to detect, it is, of course, certain that many cases escape even the careful inspection given by our Federal inspectors, so that the actual frequency of the parasites is undoubtedly greater than that indicated. Most of the cases found are slight cases and would be passed for sterilization under the regulations apply- ing to tapeworm cysts in hogs, but nevertheless no small loss in our meat supply would occur if it were necessary to subject all the sheep carcasses found affected with tapeworm cysts to sterili- zation. Investigation of the sheep cysts was made and by careful study and experiments it was conclusively demonstrated that instead of being the larvae of a rather dangerous tapeworm of man, as formerly supposed, they were not forms transmissible to human beings but belonged to a previous unrecognized species of tapeworm of the dog (Taenia ovis). With this knowledge it was possible to handle sheep carcasses affected with tapeworm cysts under a different rule of meat inspection, namely, the rule apply- ing to cases of infestation with parasites not transmissible to man. This rule provides that carcasses need to be condemned or passed for sterilization only in cases of heavy infestation or in cases in which the parasites can not be removed by trimming. Carcasses found to be lightly infested are eligible for food pur- poses after the removal of the parasites. This discussion of a matter of meat inspection strays somewhat from my subject, but the rectification of an important meat inspection regulation was not the only result of the investigation of the sheep cyst question as it demonstrated how the spread of the parasite might be pre- vented. It is this result that is of special interest in the present connection. A scheme of prophylaxis based upon the assumption that sheep acquired their infection from swallowing the eggs of a tapeworm of man would necessarily fail. The truth of the mat- ter having been established, however, upon a basis of conclusive experiments, it is evident that the proper prophylactic measures against the mutton cysticercus are to destroy unnecessary dogs, to burn or bury the carcasses of sheep or otherwise dispose of them so that they can not be eaten by dogs, to feed no uncooked mutton to dogs, and further to insure the freedom of dogs from tapeworms by periodical anthelmintic treatment. In short, prac- tically the same measures apply as in the case of the gid parasite 50 B. H. RANSOM and the echinococcus parasite, whose adult stages are likewise tapeworms of the dog. Very often the problem of controlling parasites whose life histories are complicated by the necessity for intermediate hosts such as the two parasites just discussed is simpler than the problem of controlling a parasite with a direct life history. For example, it is a very difficult matter to prevent the spread of the common intestinal round worm of hogs, Ascaris suum or Ascaris lumhricoides. This parasite has a direct life history inasmuch as it is transferred from one hog to another through the medium of microscopic eggs passed in the feces of one hog and swallowed by another. Recently Major Stewart of the Indian Medical Service has made the remarkable discovery that if the eggs of Ascaris are fed to rats and mice they hatch out in the intestine and the embryos migrate to the liver and other organs, including the lungs, meanwhile undergoing considerable growth and devel- opment. From the lungs the larvae migrate up the trachea, and may be recovered from the saliva. Having crawled up the trachea, they pass down the esophagus, through the stomach and into the intestine. They remain for a time in the cecum, but finally leave the body in the feces. About two weeks are required for these migrations. Stewart failed to infect pigs by feeding them Ascaris eggs, and was led to conclude that rats and mice act as intermediate hosts. According to his view, the transfer of the larv^ to hogs or human beings is brought about through the contamination of food or water by the saliva or feces of infested rats or mice during the time the parasites are present in the mouth or intestine of these animals. Mr. Foster and I have repeated Stewart's experiments with results very similar to his, but have determined some additional facts, and have demonstrated that the parasite has a direct life history, so that our conclusions are at variance with those expressed by Stewart. Omitting a discussion of the details of our experiments, I may say that we have conclusively proved that pjgs become infected with Ascaris as a result of swallowing the eggs of the parasite. After hatching, the larvge undergo the same migrations as they do in rats and mice, with the difference that when they reach the pig's intestine after passing through the lungs they settle down and slowly develop into adult worms. In rabbits and guinea pigs, on the other hand, we have found that the larvas, as in rats and mice, are unable to continue their development in the intestine. The incomplete development of Ascaris larvae in various animals PROPHYLAXIS AGAINST WORM INFESTATIONS 51 shows that they are able to adapt themselves to a transient exist- ence in strange hosts, but affords no evidence that these animals act nnder any circumstances as intermediate hosts. Stewart ob- served that rats or mice are very liable to die from pneumonia in cases of heavy invasions of the lungs by migrating Ascaris larvffi, and this fact was also noted in our experiments on rats, mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits. We have further found that pneumonia is liable to occur in pigs at the time the larvae invade the lungs, and this pneumonia in pigs as well as in the smaller laboratory animals may result fatally. It seems not improbable that future investigations will show that infection with Ascaris and closely related parasites is responsible for some of the obscure lung troubles in pigs, children and other young animals. Ascaris is harbored by a high percentage of hogs in all parts of the w^orld. Though it appears to be most common in pigs less than a year old, it is of rather frequent occurrence in older animals. The eggs are present in the feces of infested animals in large numbers and in course of time the soil of places occupied by hogs becomes heavily laden with them. In the case of many species of parasites the eggs or the larvae that hatch from them do not survive more than a few months. Ascaris eggs, however, are endowed with remarkable vitality and have been kept alive for as long as five years. They can survive for some time in a dry condition, and their shells are very impermeable, so that they' are not affected by ordinary disinfectants. As an indication of the impermeability of the shells, it may be noted that formal- dehyde solution makes an excellent medium in which to incubate the eggs in studying the embryonic development of the parasite. Taking into consideration such facts as these and considering also that the hog lives in particularly close relation with the soil, it is clear that the problem of preventing infection with Ascaris is not an easy one. Notwithstanding the evident difficulty of the problem, how- ever, there is one line of attack against the parasite which appears promising, and may lead to good results in reducing the damage done by it. Evidence is available which indicates that as hogs grow older they are not only less liable to injury by Ascaris but are also less susceptible to infection. It may be assumed there- fore that the protection of very young pigs is particularly impor- tant. Evidently a fertile source of infection in the case of the suckling pig is the teats of the sow, soiled as they commonly are with the dirt of the pig pen. Such dirt is liable to contain many 52 B. H. RANSOM Ascaris eggs, so that when the pig suckles it swallows not only its mother's milk but also very often Ascaris eggs in large or small numbers. Accordingly, it would seem that special care of the sow just before and during the suckling period with respect to cleanliness of herself and of the places in which she is kept is worthy of serious consideration as a prophylactic measure against Ascaris infection. Another difficult parasite to manage is the stomach worm of sheep and other ruminants, the species of nematode known as Haemonchus contortus. Investigations which I made a number of years ago demonstrated the correctness of the belief previously held on theoretical grounds that this parasite has a direct life history, no intermediate host being necessary. The eggs of the stomach worm pass out of the bodies of infested animals in the feces. The larva which soon hatch from the eggs undergo certain developmental changes and in a few days in warm weather are ready to be swallow^ed by a sheep or other ruminant. After reaching the stomach of their host they complete their develop- ment to maturity in about three weeks. An interesting point that came out in these investigations was the fact that the larvae when they reach the infectious stage crawl up blades of grass, thus getting into a position where they are more likely to be picked up by grazing animals than if they remained on or in the ground. Another important fact is the slight resistance of the eggs and newly hatched larvse to freezing or drying. On the other hand, the larvae that have reached the infectious stage are highly re- sistant to cold anl also to dryness, and consequently can live over the winter and also survive periods of drouth. Although the larvae in the infectious stage are able to live many months, they ultimately die if they do not reach a suitable host. From knowl- edge thus far available it seems safe to assume that practically all infection in a pasture will die out within a year after the removal of sheep and other ruminants. Apparently also there is little residual infection in fields that have been plowed up and replanted. Just how long the adult parasites may live in an infested animal is uncertain, but they appear to be rather short lived, inasmuch as the number rapidly diminishes in animals that are removed from pasture, and placed in stables or dry yards. In such places the chances of reinfection are comparative- ly slight. Sheep, however, that were kept on frequently cleaned board floors still showed a few stomach worms at the end of about a year and a half, but it is believed that these resulted from re- PROPHYLAXIS AGAINST WORM INFESTATIONS 53 infection rather than they had survived in the sheep since their removal from pasture. After considerable experiment the c<)n- clusion has been reached that the only certain way of preventing infection among lambs is to take them away from the ewes at birth, feed them artificially on sterile milk, and keep them in clean pens and pastures, using scrupulous precautions to avoid the introduction of infection with contaminated feed, or water, or dirt carried on the feet of attendants. Obviously, such a rigorous method can not be applied practically. The plan of taking the lambs away from the ewes at birth, of course, would not be necessary if one could be sure that no worms were present among the ewes, but stomach worms are so common that there is no assurance that at least a few will not be present. Furthermore, medicinal treatment can not be depended upon to remove all stomach worms nor has it yet been found possible under practical conditions to protect the ewes from reinfection long enough for all the worms in their stomachs to die or disappear. In view of the practical impossibility therefore of entirely and with certain- ty ridding sheep of stomach worms, or of raising lambs alto- gether free from them, sheep must be considered always to be infected even though in slight degree, and the practical problem to be solved is to keep the number of worms down to a point where they will do no damage. In work at the Bureau of Animal Industry farm near Vienna, Virginia, Avhere study is being made of methods of handling -sheep to avoid stomach worm trouble, successful results are being obtained by Doctor Cooper Curtice, who is in immediate charge of the work, in the following manner. During the autumn and winter the breeding ewes, the lambs of the spring crop and the yearlings are kept in separate flocks. The ewes are allowed to graze without reference to whether infection is present in the fields or pastures used. The lambs are kept, however, only in fields which have been plowed and planted with appropriate forage crops since their previous occupancy by sheep, and are changed to fresh fields as the grazing becomes exhausted. They may remain in one field for several weeks or months. This practice is continued throughout the following year, and they are similarly handled the autumn of the next year as yearlings, after which they are handled as breeding ewes. Beginning about May 15, the lambs and yearlings of the year before (now year- lings and two-year-olds respectively) are dosed once a month jintil September 15 with 50 to 100 c.c. of one per cent copper 54 B. H. RANSOM sulphate solution, meanwhile being changed from time to time to -fresh grazing as the forage crops develop. The lambs from the breeding flock are dropped in April. Until about June, when the first forage crops become available, the lambs are kept in the stable. The ewes are turned out daily on stubble fields or similar pasturage, being brought to the stable at noontime to allow the lambs to suckle, and are also kept with the latter in the stable at night. The manure is removed from the stable about once a week. About May 15 the ewes receive a dose of 100 c.c. of one per cent copper sulphate solution, and thereafter until September 15 are similarly dosed once a month. When the pasturage prepared for the lambs becomes available in dune they are turned out daily and grazed between hurdles or portable fences, a fence in front and a fence behind, being moved to a fresh area every two to three weeks. At noontime they join the. ewes in the stable, go back to pasture in the afternoon, and are kept with the ewes in the stable at night, so that they are with the latter during a period at noon and during the night, at other times being kept separate. Late in July or early in August the lambs are weaned and after- wards stabled and pastured entirely apart from the ewes. The two or three weeks' shifting of pasturage is continued until about the middle of August, when the lambs are turned into the corn field, and a month or so later they are placed on a field or fields which have been plowed and planted to a suitable forage crop at the proper time to be ready for them. After this the lambs are handled as yearlings. Under this method it will be noted the lambs receive no medicinal treatment, the treatment of the ewes, and the rotation of the. pasturage being depended upon to prevent stomach worm trouble among the lambs. This method has also served to protect against trouble with other internal parasites as well as stomach worms. Complete freedom from stomach worms and other parasites has not been secured but the degree of infection has been exceedingly slight. The scheme out- lined above may seem troublesome but it has not proved partic- ularly difficult to follow. Further investigation may enable us to correct defects in this method, as well as to simplify it and make it more practicable, and we are encouraged in believing that we will finally be able to outline a definite scheme or schemes for handling sheep that can be depended upon to prevent losses from stomach worms and that at the same time will not be expensive or unduly troublesome. PROPHYLAXIS AGAINST WORM INFESTATIONS 55 Having in the foregoing briefly discussed a few special cases illustrating the usefulness of knowledge of the life history and behavior of parasitic worms in the development of practical methods of prophylaxis, I shall conclude by mentioning some rules or principles which have a more or less general application in the prevention of infestation with parasitic worms. Wet land is usually very favorable to parasitic infestation. It should be drained or excluded from use as pasture. Close-grazing, over-stocking, and long-continued use of the same pasture favor excessive parasitic infestation. Stock should be changed to fresh pasture as frequently as possible. The use of planted forage crops and the changing of stock from one field to another in regular rotation will help greatly to keep down infestation with parasitic worms to a minimum. In general, the parasites of ruminants, horses and hogs are not inter-transmissible and these three classes of animals may be pas- tured in rotation on the same ground without danger (with some exceptions) of the passage of parasites from the animals of one class to those of another. Live stock should be excluded from places where stable and barnyard manure is stored, and care should be taken that such places do not drain into pastures or paddocks or into water sup- plies. Exact data are lacking concerning the importance of manure as a source of parasitic infection when spread on fields after removal from piles or pits in which it has undergone more or less fermentation. The use of such manure on fields may not involve as much risk of spreading infection with parasitic worms as might be supposed, especially if the manure is plowed under after its application. Animals suffering from infestation with parasitic worms will often show great improvement if they are removed from pasture and placed in yards free from vegetation, or in stables, provided these places are kept in a dry and cleanly condition by proper drainage and frequent removal of manure. Well-fed animals are less likely to suffer from the effects of parasitic worms than those provided with insufficient food. A clean water supply protected from fecal contamination is an important item among the general precautions to be taken against the infestation of live stock with parasitic worms. Human excreta should be disposed of in such a way that there may be no contamination of feed, or water, or of places occupied by live stock. 56 DISCUSSION All unnecessary dogs should be destroyed. Others should bo kept free from tapeworms. Dead animals should be disposed of in such a manner as to prevent their being eaten by dogs. Dogs should not be fed raw mutton or uncooked offal of any kind. [The discussion by Dr. Seymour Hadwen, of Ottawa, Canada, on Practical IMethods of Treatment and Prophylaxis for Arthro- pod Infestations was not furnished the Journal for publication.] The Chairman: The symposium on parasitology is now open for general discussion. I know some of your have some questions to ask. DISCUSSION. Dr. Dalrymple: A good many years ago, at the Louisiana Station, we made some experiments with parasites in sheep. The object at the time was to see if we could raise lambs from mothers infested with the (Esophagostomum colwmbianum. I think Dr. Ransom remembers those experiments because they were pub- lished in bulletin form at the time. In trying to get the lambs free from infestation from the mothers we erected a place •with three compartments. One was at the end for the ewes, another at the other end for the lambs, and the middle one was the suckling pen. The object of that was to try to keep the lambs away from the mothers except at certain periods, which we called suckling periods, during the course of the day. Afterwards, I was convinced that the nodule worm really was not doing the harm that was supposed of it, but that the stomach worm was doing a heap more harm than the w-orm we were investigating at the time, because all the lambs afterwards had stomach worms. Then we started an investigation with the stomach worm, and this previous work, keeping the animals apart, suggested an ar- rangement there. First of all, we tried what we called the '' dry- lot method," feeling that if we got the lots clear of grass and kept them that way there was a possibility of reducing the chances of infestation. That method led up to a suggestion of arranging an area, depending on the size of the flock of sheep, with one part for infested ewes and another part for the lambs, having between the two lots a ditch sufficient to carry off any infection that might be carried from the lot the ewes occupied onto the lot containing the lambs. We had a dog-proof fence around the whole thing to keep dogs away, and arranged this three-compartment shed so that we could keep the lambs abso- DISCUSSION 57 lutely free from their mothers except during the suckling pe- riods. Then the presumption was, we could raise sound lambs, or practically so, from diseased or infested mothers, and when they were ready to wean and place upon clean grazing provided for them, we could reduce the mortality, raise the lambs up to a marketable condition with as little infestation as possible. We at that time tried a great many agents. We experimented with gasoline, coal-tar creosote, and even with carbon bisulphide. I remember we tried giving it in milk, in oil, and as an emulsion. At that time we did not try sulphate of copper, but we had varied results from the other agents mentioned. Speaking about sulphate of copper, we have been recommending that agent a good deal, of late years, both for lambs and calves, using it in the strength that the South African people recommend, some- thing like 16 ounces to 9l^ gallons of water, in solution, giving so much of the solution according to the age of the animal. I have been recommending this in cases where the animals were pretty badly infested, to give two doses during one week, then skip a week, and give two doses the third week. During this time we had the lambs or calves kept in a dry place away from infection, and then, of course, put them onto a clean place after the treatment with sulphate of copper. This was not done under my own supervision, but merely by suggestion, and I believe with good results. I do not know whether that is the best method of giving this treatment, but it seemed to evidence good results when given in the manner described. Of course, as in many other sections of the country, we have large grazing areas, and it is difficult to treat individual animals on our immense cut-over pine lands in the South. They are magnificent grazing lands for both sheep and cattle, but we have to use treatment in a more wholesale way, rather than by a very intensive individual method. I want a little information on the Armed Sclerostome, or what we used to call the Strong.ylus armatus. We hear from our prac- titioners in Louisiana a great deal about this parasite. The treat- ment, I think, which they have given has been that recommended in some works on parasitology, at some stages giving turpentine, and at others antimony tartrate. I believe, possibly on account of carelessness in connection with the water supply in that level section, there may be a good deal of infection of the shallow wells through seepage from infected feces, and which may be a con- tinuing source of the trouble. However, it has increased to such 58 DISCUSSION an alarming extent that I once thought of writing to you (Dr. Ransom). Speaking about horse flies or tabanids, I recollect as far back as 1896 we made an investigation of a very serious outbreak of anthrax in the northern portion of our state. I do not remember just the different varieties present, but I think we referred to the most predominant at that time as the Tahanus lineola, which were in plague numbers. Even house windows were darkened by these lies, and when they were frightened from the backs of animals it was just like taking a sprinkling pot full of blood and sprinkling the animals' backs, the blood pouring from the punctures. In reporting the outbreak I remember we stated our belief that, on account of the speed with which the infection traveled, there must be some variety of insect to carry it so fast and spread it so widely; and that horse flies were in such tremendous numbers, there was no doubt in our minds that they were the responsible carriers of the infection from one animal to another. That we have since proven in our laboratory work by Dr. Morris, our bacteriologist and assistant veterinarian of the Station, who has been doing some excellent investigation work with carriers of anthrax infection. He has transmitted the dis- ease from infected animals to sound animals by means of some of the blood-sucking insects, such as the horn fly, etc. While in the early days we did not think so much of insects as trans- mitters of disease, I was very much impressed with this prob- ability, and made the statement at that time that some day it would be found that insects were very much more responsible for the transmission of diseases than was then thought. You know what it is today. So many diseases are now known to be transmitted, either directly or indirectly, through the medium of insect life. Is there anything you have that is later than the old treatment for the Strongylus armatus, Dr. Ransom ? Dr. Ransom: I think Dr. Dalrymple's question is answered in part by Dr. Hall's paper. I have done practically no work at all on the treatment of these horse parasites. Dr. Hall's paper is as new to me as it is to Dr. Dalrymple. Dr. Dalrymple: I understand at a certain stage the worm is in the circulation and at another stage in the alimentary canal. It is a question of treatment during the different stages of the worm, I presume, if there is anything new. Dr. Ransom : There are three species that have been com- monly considered under the name of St'rongylus armatus. There DISCUSSION 59 is Strongylus vulgaris^ which is a rather small species and which has its younger stages in the mesenteric arteries. It is that form which is believed by Looss and others to be the sole cause of verminous aneurism. Another form has its young stages in the pancreas, connective tissues between the liver and stomach, and in similar locations. The young stage of still another species is found in the subperitoneal connective tissue, particularly under the peritoneum on the right side of the body and also in the testicles of cryptorchids. Those three have each one some differ- ent habits with reference to the larval stages. The early history of these forms, so far as we know them, is very similar in each case, that is, the eggs pass out of the body in the feces and are spread about over the pastures and hatch very promptly. After a period of development, which probably requires only a few days, the larvae reach what may be called the final larval stage, and in this stage, as in the case of the stomach worms of sheep, the larvae climb up blades of grass and in that way get to points where they are more likely to be picked up by horses while graz- ing. It is on that account that more infection is acquired by horses on pasture than in stables. Dr. Fitch: In relation to Dr. Hall's paper and the use of oil of chenopodium in the treatment of strongylidosis of horses, it seems to me rather strange that he could recommend oil of chenopodium as strongly as he did without taking into consider- ation the lesions which may exist in the blood vessels, in the peritoneum and in the other internal organs caused by this para- site. I do not know the action of the oil of chenopodium upon the larvag of these parasites which exist in those places, but I am rather of opinion that there it has very little, if any, action. Is there any data on this question ? Dr. Ransom : Nothing new. Dr. Fitch : It would seem to me then, even though you rid the intestinal tract of Strongylus equinus, Strongylus edentatus and Strongylus vulgare, nevertheless the larvae of each are found in these other localities, you have opportunity for reinfection and possibly more pronounced lesions and more pronounced symp- toms resulting from the lesions in the other localities. Certainly it would be a boon to certain sections of the United States, and particularly in Minnesota, if we could have some agent that would rid horses of those larvae which enter the blood vessels. Aneurisms are common in certain districts in Minnesota. Again, in regard to the Hahronema of which Dr. Ransom spoke, in all 60 DISCUSSION the autopsies which I made at Cornell University on horses, I never found a specimen of Hahronema megastoma. Dr. Crocker, who conducts the autopsies at the University of Pennsylvania, tells me that Hahronema megastoma is a relatively common para- site. In the few autopsies which I have performed at the Uni versity of Minnesota we have found a number of Hahronema . megastoma and a few Hahronema microstoma. Hahronema mus- cae is transmitted by flies and there is a possibility of the others being transmitted in the same way. It seems strange that there should be this localization in the parasite, and I should like to ask Dr. Ransom if he has any explanation in regard to it. Fur- ther, I would like to ask if there is any explanation in regard to the relative inefficiency of the oil of chenopodium for the Ascaris of horses. Dr. Ransom: With reference to Dr. Fitch's question con- cerning Hahronema, no explanation occurs to me why it has failed to be present at Ithaca and is fairly common in St. Paul. Perhaps Dr. Fitch was not looking for it. Dr. Fitch : We were. Dr. Ransom : Perhaps the time of year had something to do with it, and climatic conditions may be an important factor. Dr. Fitch : We performed autopsies as they came along and they occur at different times of the year. Dr. Ransom : I have found Hahronema in Colorado, Nebras- ka, Illinois and the District of Columbia. Dr. Fitch : Have you ever found it in New York ? Dr. Ransom : I have never had an opportunity of examining horses in New York. Dr. Fitch : Are there cases on record ? Dr. Ransom : No, not so far as I know. Dr. Fitch : They probably occur. Dr. Ransom : Yes. With reference to the other question about oil of chenopodium and Ascaris, I am just as much in the dark as Dr. Hall is as to why it should be so effective in the case of pigs and ineffective in the case of horses. The thought occurs to me that possibly, since Dr. Hall has referred to only relatively a few cases in which it was tried on horses, his failure to remove the parasites may have been more or less accidental. As with other remedies, it is important to have not only carefully con- trolled experimental evidence, but in addition a large mass of evidence derived from the practical use of the remedy before drawing a definite conclusion. The use of medicinal agents is DISCUSSION 61 affected by so many conditions that one is hardly safe on the basis of a few experiments to draw a conclusion as to the efficacy and value of a drug. Accordingly, it seems to me we should not draw very definite conclusions as to the value, or lack, of value, of any particular remedy for a certain parasite in a certain ani- mal until a considerable mass of data is accumulated. This is a point which Dr. Hall emphasizes in the introduction of his high- ly interesting and important paper. Dr. Hoskins : I was present at the autopsy of the first horse that Dr. Hall tried chenopodium on and a much more surprised man than Dr. Hall was, at the result of the autopsy and the failure of chenopodium, would be hard to find. He is going to keep at it, however, and has stated in his paper that he is unable to figure out why that particular drug should be so efficacious in other species and fall down so flatly in horses. He is going to keep on until he strikes the right combination. He is strongly of the opinion that some modification of the method of adminis- tering it will prove effective, either in repeated, graduated doses or in combination with something else, and it is his intention to continue the experiments. Of course, it means a horse every time he conducts an experiment, and it is rather a costly proced- ure. He usually has to wait until we have a horse for which we have no further use, and the work is carried on in that way. Dr. Fitch-: Did you notice whether the horse in the experi- ment had all the species of Strongyli or whether they were all equiiius, and also whether there were any larvae present ? Dr. Hoskins : I would not state positively on that point, although I believe he has found in many of his cases that there were representatives of all three species. Dr. Connaway: Just a little matter of history connected with the relation of flies to anthrax that Dr. Dalrymple men- tioned. I recall an outbreak of anthrax in Mississippi in the summer of 1889. Did you have the same trouble in Louisiana at that time? Dr. Dalrymple : That was the year I went there. Dr. Connaway : It was the summer of 1889. It was not very long after the Pasteur treatment had been discovered. There was a popular notion among planters there that a certain fly — I do not know just what particular fly it was — was associated with this disease. They applied ointments of various kinds to keep those flies off, so we see sometimes our science follows popu- lar notions which give us good suggestions. The same, I think, H. S. MURPHEY is true of the tick. Old Col. Dean, of the Bureau of AnimnI Industry, who was one of the old inspectors that had to deal with the tick in the early days, told me that the suggestion that the tick was a carrier of Texas fever came from the observation that cattle from certain districts were more ticky than other cattle from the South, and that those very ticky cattle were worse spreaders of this disease when they came on to our North- ern pastures, so there was another popular notion that the ticl^ was a carrier of disease that was proved later by scientific in vestigation. A METHOD OF OPERATING SCROTAL HERNIA IN BOAR PIGS TO SAVE THE TESTICLE.* H. S. MuRPHEY, Ames, Iowa. HISTORY. Last spring a number of telephone calls and letters were re- ceived from a community asking regarding a method of operating boar pigs, with the idea of saving the testicle and using the animal for breeding purposes. We were told that a certain veterinarian, one of our recent graduates, was doing such an operation successfully. We referred the inquiring veterinarian to this veterinarian for information, and believed that we had extricated ourselves from a dilemma in a diplomatic manner, but soon both veterinarians went to the army and the owner of the pigs then began writing us. After some discussion, the clinic staff decided to attempt the operation if the owner would assume the risk. Accordingly, a letter was sent to the owner pointing out the dangers of the operation and the probabilities of failure. It was pointed out that the operation might .not succeed on ac- count of failure to close the hernial ring, that the contraction of scar tissue following the operation might result in sterilizing the animal, and that there was also a possibility that the animal would throw ruptured pigs, but in spite of this the owner sent us three pigs. Five were operated in June and July, 1918. In all of the operations the hernia was cured. Three of the pigs have made a complete recovery and are heading herds. One of them has not been used for breeding purposes, but is vigorous. The fifth would pay no attention to a sow in heat. He was castrated January 24, 1919. Extensive peritoneal adhesions were present * Presented at the 31st Annual Meeting of the Iowa Veterinary Association, Ames, Iowa, January, 1919. SCROTAL HERNIA IN BOAR PIGS 63 on the operated side, but both testicles contained very large numbers of actively mobile spermatozoa. It is now evident that he lacked only the sexual appetite. METHOD OF PROCEDURE. First, shrink the animal for one or two days. If the abdomen seems to be very full it is advisable to give a physic. Second, administer 4 to 6 grams of chloralhydrate per 50 pounds weight, per rectum, after lavage. After 20 to 30 minutes the case is ready for operation. The pig is placed on his back with the hind parts elevated at an angle of 35 to 45 degrees. Rigid aseptic pre- cautions are essential. The following instruments are necessary : scalpel, 3 or 4 hemostats, hernia clamp, catgut and a Peter's ligature needle, Carson's special curve ligature needle, two sutur- ing needles, and silk or linen suturing material. Reduce the hernia by manipulation. A liberal incision over the external ring is made through the skin, fat and fascia, exposing the tunica vaginalis communis, and also the muscular wall of the abdomen in front of the ring. The tunica vaginalis, communis with its contained spermatic cord is separated from the underlying tissue so that the whole of it may be palpated and grasped just posterior to the external inguinal ring. The handling should be done carefully in order not to set up irritation resulting in adhesions not wanted. If the hernia has not been reduced it should be at this time. There are very seldom adhesions in scrotal hernia, so that reduction is a comparatively simple process. Locate the spermatic cord in the posterior part of the tunic. The ductus deferens, and the vessels can be palpated through the tunic without difficulty. Pick up the common tunic with the right hand while the left hand holds the spermatic cord poste- riorly; have an assistant place the clamp longitudinally on the tunica vaginalis communis so that the canal will be obliterated both longitudinally and tranversely. Before the clamp is tight- ened draw the tunic downward out of the canal as far as possible without injuring the peritoneum, clamp tight and suture tunica vaginalis communis close to the clamp with catgut, using the lock stitch. Remove clamp and allow cord to return into inguinal canal. It is now advisable to push the spermatic cord downward and medially so that the anterior portion of the external ring may be sutured. Two or three strong retention sutures are put in here merely to hold the parts rigid until the inflammatory reaction will cause enough adhesions to keep the canal closed. 64 OSCAR SCHRECK Touch edges of skin with tincture of iodine and suture, using^ Glover's stitch No. 2, also known as the whip stitch. Suture should be left in from 7 to 10 days, the animal forced to take some exercise, given light fluid or semi-fluid diet. The swelling, which is severe, but mostly edematous, due to shutting off of the outgoing lymph vessels through the inguinal canal, should be massaged daily. My colleagues in the clinic, Drs. C. H. Covault and T. S. Leith, share the credit with me for the technique and execution of this operation. CHOREA IN DOG (ST. VITUS' DANCE) Oscar Schreck, New Haven, Conn. Chorea in its generic signification includes such a wide range of nervous conditions, and has for its predisposing causes such a variety of pathological lesions that at times some confusion arises from the fact that under the name ' ' Chorea ' ' are included several forms of nervous diseases and wrong diagnosis and etiology is apt to be made. Chorea is a peculiar disorder, for the most part^ of early life of the animal. It may, however, begin in adult life, and is essentially a functional disorder of the nervous centers. Characterized by disorderly movements, which in this instance are usually unilateral, but soon become general. The whole body of the animal is not usually affected until late in the disease, and the left side is usually more severely attacked than the right. But the animal is not deprived of consciousness, and with it has the power of all voluntary motion. It is not uncommon to meet with it at all seasons of the year. The impairment is the result of bacterial or chemical poisons upon the neurons, and probably a nervous predisposition plays a chief part. In general terms, Choreic movements of all kinds are primarily due to neuronic weakness or instability. Worms are believed by some to be a frequent exciting cause; also dentition, intestinal irritation, pregnancy, etc., and finally atmospheric conditions. Few cases in the animal that are the sequelae of distemper ever wholly re- cover. The disease is also seen often in the spayed animal. Con- stipation, debility, etc., are also stated as causes. SYMPTOMS. Chorea generally comes on insidiously, and the onset is seldom well marked, and not infrequently before any convulsive move- t CHOREA IN THE DOG 6& ments are recognized, with more or less general loss of health, and, as a rule, first the animal's disposition becomes irritable or moody, with impairment of the nutritive functions. Various prodromed symptoms of this disease are mentioned by the dif- ferent authors, but the choreic movements are mostly first mani- fested upon one side, to one leg or shoulder, with a peculiar action and twitching of the eyelids, which the animal has no power to control, and any excitement is apt to intensify the muscular twitchings In the dog, usually the muscles of the head and neck are affected. The actions of the muscles of the head and neck are probably as incoherent as those of the face, due to alterations in the spinal cord, or to the disease of the facial nerve affecting the face only, so that the head is somewhat jerked to one side, and the muscles of the body partake at times of gen- eral convulsive movements, and deglutition at times rendered difficult. In the fully dev€4oped disease the symptoms vary in degree rather than kind, and there will also be found some im- pairment of the strength of the affected muscles of the animal, some paresis, a fact especially easy of recognition in cases of uni- lateral chorea. The animal 's appetite is often affected and bowels confined. In some cases urine and feces are involuntarily dis- charged and the urea excreted is greatly increased. In the progress of the disease the eye loses its brightness and 'intelli- gence, and we often see a very marked irregularity in the breath- ing, awl^wardness of movements in the extremities and difficult for the animal to stand still. The convulsions generally subside in some degree when the animal is lying down (if they are not very violent) ; they are, however, at times very severe just pre- ceding repose. The animal may be able to restrain them for a few minutes, but they soon become aggravated again in a short time. This and the convulsive twitching movements of the face, ears, limbs, with erratic behavior of the voluntary muscles, when called into action, are characteristic of chorea. The changes which exist in the brain or spinal cord in con- nection with this disease are unknown, and it is doubtful if any exist. All theories in relation to it are either pure assumptions or are based upon insufficient data. But we do know that the disease seems to exist in animals that have had isolated cases of hysteria or epilepsy among different branches of their family. 66 OSCAR SCHRECK TREATMENT. Chorea, or St. Vitus' Dance, is, as stated, a disease of the nervous system, which is most frequently seen in the young ani- mal. It responds to treatment often, but it is by no means rare to meet cases which are persistent and will not yield to any remedial measures we can bring to bear, and in such, recovery is not certain. In the treatment we should, as far as possible, remove all sources of reflex irritation, or any existing cause, such as worms or anything which disturbs and annoys the ani- mal ; such does harm. If there is constipation it must be immedi- ately removed. As Chorea in the dog and cat, in most cases, is allied closely with distemper, arsenic is the. most favored remedy with some, when the Chorea is not dependent upon rheumatism. Arsenic will always maintain its place in the treatment of Chorea or of its many neuroses. There are times when the remedy fails and we are unable to tell under what circumstances the arsenic may be expected to be effective and when not, and, as it is not a local disease, but one in which motor disturbances are produced as a result of impairment of the nervous functions (reflex Chorea, however, should not be forgotten), the treatment may be divided into three parts. First, the removal of the cause ; second, to stop the waste of nervous energy in the animal ; and, third, to stimulate and build up the nutrition of the neuron bodies. This is a disease in which we might suppose the agents commonly called antispasmodics could be used with advantage, and experience has proven that, as auxiliaries, they may, and, in fact, are, frequently very valuable. As general remedies calcu- lated to control spasms, however, they are very ineffective. It is impossible, therefore, that any one mode of treatment, or any particular set of remedies, can or do answer in all cases. Ex- cellent results have been obtained by simple hygienic treatment, generous diet, and the animal kept as quiet as possible. As the cell bodies of the neurons must be supplied with nutrition, and as many animals will not take suflicient nourishment, to say nothing of an abundance of food which should be taken in this trouble, forced feeding should be resorted to if necessary, feed- ing often and in small quantities at a time. Raw eggs seem to work wonders in the treatment of this disease in the dog ; in fact, all nervous troubles. (Two or three eggs are to be beaetn up with a tablespoonful of cold water and fed to the animal.) Fats play an important part in nervous nutrition and should form a great part of the food of the animal. As is well known in human CHOREA IN THE DOG 67 medicine, cod liver oil is highly spoken of, but in our patients fats of meats and milk are used. Raw eggs stirred in milk is a valuable food, because it contains a chemical compound which acts as a stimulant to cell metabolism. Scraped raw beef is easy of digestion, which is of the utmost importance in this diseas*^. As excitement and bad hygienic rules are predisposing factors, supplying the animal with opposite conditions ought to, and, in fact, do, effect improvement. The remedies useful are the min- eral tonic group, of which arsenic stands first; and still other agents are used by some. However, we cannot say that any drug or drugs does the greatest good ; we can only give results of our own methods used in the treatment of this disease. Galvanization is also serviceable (not too strong) ; saline solution, when the bowels are confined; sodii salicylate, 2-7 grains, has been highly recommended; also antipyrin in 10-grain capsules, followed by the systematic employment of arsenic, if the disease does not respond to antipyrin. Exalgini, as recommended by Brumley, has given results in mild cases in my hands. But the best results will be derived from drugs given for the purpose of stimulating the cell bodies of the neurons to more active metabolism, so that they may take up the food supply brought to them. But the doses must be small, for there is danger of over-stimulation, which is detrimental to the animal. Nuclein and lecithin are also highly recommended by some, claiming the system should be furnished the constructive elements it lacks or in which it is deficient. Below are given some useful prescriptions in the treatment of this disease which have been tried by the writer with more or less success: I^ Tr. Gelsemii 5 ij Stronii lodi Stronii Bromi aa 3 j Elixir Pep. Lactat qs. . . . g iij Sig. Teaspoonful in a little water every two to six hours as required to control the symptoms. I^ Monobromated Camphor gr. xlv Ext. Quassiae gr. xxx Ext. Belladonnae gr. iv ■ ' ■ M. et. fiat pill No. XXX. Sig. One pill t. i. d. 68 CHARLES MURRAY R Sol. Potassii Arsenitis 3 ss Syupi Ferri lodii g j Sig. 10 to 30 drops in water t. i. d., reducing and increasing dose, watching the effect of the drug. R Liq. Potasii Arsenitis 5 j Tinct. Ferri Mur 5 ij Inf. Gentianae g xiij Sig. Teaspoonful t. i. d. IMMUNIZATION PRODUCTS AND INDICATIONS FOR THEIR USE.* Charles Murray, Ames, Iowa. Immunity represents resistance to infection. If such resist- ance be the attribute of a race or species it constitutes a natural immunity ; if it be attained through the activity of the body cells as a result of having had the disease, or as the result of inoc- ulation with a modified or attenuated form of the causative factor, it is known as active acquired immunity. If the resist- ance to disease is due to defensive factors not originating in the individual protected, but to factors introduced by the injection of serum from another individual which has acquired an active immunity to the disease in question, it constitutes a passive ac- quired immunity. The purpose of immunization is to increase any resistance already possessed by an individual. The nature of the disease determines the extent of such increase, and the nature of the disease depends, in turn, upon the infectious agent and the host. The remarkable success attending the immunization against some of the diseases first combatted by this method (smallpox, for example) has led to the belief that the same results may be obtained in all diseases. Pasteur's vaccination of cattle and sheep against anthrax in 1881 encouraged the belief that vacci- nation would be completely protective. In the early nineties, when von Behring discovered the antitoxin of diphtheria and demonstrated its efficacy in the treatment of that disease, and later when he and Kitasato produced an antitetanic serum and demonstrated its value in the treatment of tetanus it was felt by many that eventually immunizing agents would be found for ♦Presented at 31st Annual Meeting of the Iowa Veterinary Association, Ames, Iowa, January, 1919. IMMUNIZATION PRODUCTS AND THEIR USE 69 all diseases and thereby they would be conquered. Unfortu- nately, such has not come about. The element of luck undoubt- edly accompanied these pioneer efforts in that the diseases first selected for experimentation were most adaptable to illustrate the various processes of immunization in their most favorable aspects. At present we are forced to the conclusion that no kind of immunization will protect at all times and under all condi- tions. Individual resistance or susceptibility to the same in- fectious agent makes it impossible to bring all individuals to the same degree of immunity. All we have a right to expect is that we may reduce a fatal to a non-fatal infection, cause a mild one to be so modified as to be unrecognizable, or furnish complete protection. The degree of modification to which a microorganism is subjected in its preparation for injection determines in large measure the degree of protection afforded by an immunizing treatment. However slight the reaction following the adminis- tration of an agent to produce active acquired immunity, there is reason to believe that there is some increase of the virus, this increase being necessary to stimulate the body cells to the pro- duction of antibodies. The problem that confronts us is so to regulate this stimulation that the individual may suffer the least possible injury. There is an all too prevalent idea today that the microorgan- ism of any disease will, if properly introduced into a susceptible individual, stimulate within that individual an immunity to the disease of which the organism is the cause, also that the finding of an organism associated with any disease calls for the admin- istration of some sort of product of this organism in order to combat the disease. From this erroneous idea we have thrust before us in the literature of many concerns the spectacle of what seems to be a contest to incorporate in a given vaccine or bacterin the greatest number possible of species of bacteria without their having been proven of etiological importance; in other words, the tendency seems to be to forget that immunity is highly specific and requires for its production the specific organism of the disease. The mere occurrence of an organism in the organs of an animal suffering from a disease is not prima facie evidence of its having any primary significance or, for that matter, any significance at all. To illustrate, the B. cholerae suis was once looked upon as the active agent of hog cholera, largely because of its so frequently being found in the organs of animals dead from this disease. The use of a bacterin prepared from this 70 CHARLES MURRAY organism had little if any effect in controlling hog cholera. When the true cause of hog cholera became known its use in the pro- duction of an immune substance gave practically complete con- trol of the pure form of the disease. Secondary invaders, such as the B. cholerae suis, are generally suppressed by controlling the primary agents of disease. To incriminate an organism as the etiological factor in any disease requires that it meet the re- quirements of •the so-called ''Koch's postulates," which are: 1. The suspected organism must be found in all cases of the disease under consideration. 2. The organism must be isolated and grown in pure culture. 3. Inoculation of the organism into suitable animals should reproduce the disease. 4. The organism must be isolated from such animal. With few exceptions the above rules will apply to most animal diseases. Hog cholera, in which the virus is ultra microscopic, is one of the exceptions, but, using the living animal as a culture medium, this, too, will answer satisfactorily the requirements of Koch. The relationship of an organism to a particular disease may also be established through serological tests. There is a well-defined distinction between the various bacteria with regard to the immunity produced as the result of their intro- duction into an individual. The ones most satisfactory are those acting entirely through their toxins; e. g., the diphtheria and tetanus organisms. Next in the scale are those producing acute septicemia and which are easily destroyed, such as the bipolar organisms. Those which produce a chronic condition are least satisfactory, and of these the ones producing the chronic con- dition running the longest course are lowest in immunizing prop- erties. Of all agents used in the stimulation and production of immunity the living virus is the most efficient. This is dem- onstrated in practice in the use of anthrax and plague (human) vaccine and in the laboratory animal particularly by the use of living bacteria as antigens for the production of agglutinins, etc. The reaction induced by the use of living virus is very much like- that brought on by the natural disease. The main objections to its use are the danger from an insufficient attenuation or modi- fication of virulence and the difficulty of preserving the live organisms in the form of vaccine for long periods. Very few living organisms can be used with safety except they have been given some degree of attenuation. Some which have a selective IMMUNIZATION PRODUCTS AND THEIR USE 71 action for certain tissues have been found safe to use when in- jected unattenuated in tissues for which they have little affinity. At the Pasteur institute at Paris it has been shown that the typhoid bacillus is unable to produce disease unless it be admin- istered through the gastro-intestinal tract and that subcutaneous injections of fully virulent culture are made without ill effects. In the earlier periods of work on immunization it was the hope that bacteria of a type closely related to the real etiological factor, but harmless, might be utilized to confer an immunity against their closely related type and the real cause of disease. But continued study showed the high degree of specificity of immunizing substances. The harmless colon bacillus, so closely related to many of the disease-producing organisms of the colon- typhoid group that mild serological inter-reactions may be dem- onstrated, it would seem should stimulate an immunity for the harmful types, but such is not the case. More and more light has been thrown on this specific property of antibody production and the number of recognized immunizing bacteria has steadily decreased. The restricted circle of immunizing bacteria is well illustrated in the present knowledge of immunity in pneumonia. The serum which protects against an infection of onp group of pneumococcus has no protective value against another, although culturally and morphologically the different types are the same. The acquirement of this specific property by bacteria is undoubt- edly the result of their accommodating themselves to their host, and when removed from the host and cultured on artificial media they rapidly lose the same. Theobald Smith in a paper before the Congress of American Physicians and Surgeons at Washington in 1916 stated that ' ' In spite of the various objections to the method of living vaccines it is the coming method; not, perhaps, in our day. The oppor- tunities for improving and fixing the vaccinal value and safety of immunizing strains have not yet been exhausted and here, as in other directions of preventive work, we must look to the results obtained from animal pathology in its dealing with nat- ural diseases to give us courage to proceed. ' ' Dr. Philip B. Hadley of Rhode Island has in his work with fowl cholera demonstrated the possibility of the use of avirulent strains of microorganisms as immunizing agents against virulent ones. He isolated one strain of the B. avisepticus which proved harmless to fowls and rabbits, yet which injected into these animals rendered them highly immune to the most vii'ulent CHARLES MURRAY strains. Perhaps such strains will be found among organisms of other diseases. Second to the living virus in the production of immunity is the organism killed by heat or antiseptics. The so-called bacterins for various diseases form an important adjunct to the prac- titioner's stock of therapeutic agents. But, again, the fact of their specific action must be borne in mind. To use a ' ' shotgun ' ' mixture of microorganisms in the preparation of a bacterin for the treatment of a disease merely because all are found associated with it and in the hope that one or more of them may perhaps be the ones responsible for the condition is too crude a procedure to merit the interest of the intelligent practitioner. As with living vaccines, so with dead cultures ; some confer an immunity, others do not. Success with one does not guarantee success with another. Those organisms whose antigenic properties depend upon the presen.ce of certain products, such as toxins or ferments, cannot be expected to act satisfactorily when killed because the production of these ceases when the life of the bacteria ceases and the content in the microoorganism is not sufficient to raise the immunity level high enough to protect an individual from infection. =The apparent success of immunization against hemor- rhagic septicemia through the use of bacterins is most encour- aging for this method of vaccination. A recent modification in the use of killed cultures is that of suspending bacteria before injection in an homologous immune serum (sensitized bacterins). These bacteria become saturated with immune bodies and in this condition quickly and with lessened reaction produce immunity. "With certain '".ypes of bacteria, such as the typhoid bacillus and staphylococci, their use, as shown by Besredka, Gay, Murphy and others, is attended with success. Others, such as the streptococci, reported by Kinsella and Swift, are less valuable on experimental laboratory animals than the non-sensitized. Th. Smith accounts for the conflicting reports on the use of such sensitized bacterins by the inability to control the degree of saturation by any known methods of titration. He assumes an analogy between the union of antiserum and bacteria and that of toxin and antitoxin. With the latter he has shown that in a mixture of toxin and antitoxin the maximum immunity was produced when there was excess •enough of toxin to produce a local lesion. With the quantity of toxin remaining fixed and the quantity of antitoxin increased, the active immunity decreased. It was still present when the mixture was just neutral — that is, produced no recognizable local lesion IMMUNIZATION PRODUCTS AND THEIR USE 73 in the living animal — but the immunizing properties were entirely lost when the antitoxin present was double the neutralizing dose. The increased immunizing properties of sensitized bacterins are doubtless due to the mixture's greater penetrating power. More tissue cells are stimulated and more antibodies are formed. The marked success of the simultaneous treatment of hog cholera may be due to the wider distribution of the virus under the influence of the immune serum. The possibility of unfavorable results with sensitized living bacteria is also apparent in that the more widely they are disseminated the greater their power of producing infection if their virulence is sufficient. Doubtless what represents the most refined method of im- munization is the use of separate parts of bacteria as antigen rather than the whole, either living or dead. On the theory that bacteria possess chief and secondary antigens, investigators have attempted to make use of the former and to exclude the latter, on the theory that liberal dosage of the former will result in sufficient resistance to overcome the infection entirely. For in- stance, ]\Iuch has shown that the lipoid derived from the tubercle bacillus will, when injected, produce an immunity to tubercular infection. While this method of immunization is not yet in practical use, it promises much in that it would eliminate from vaccines their harmful and at the same time* non-immunizing substances. It is a well-known fact that tuberculin therapy in its early application fell into disrepute largely due to the lack of knowl- edge of antibody reactions and the cardinal principles of im- munity. Of recent years, through painstaking work of many investigators, its prestige is being somewhat established and its value becoming recognized, while at the same time its possible dangers and limitations are recognized. So, too, Wright 's method of vaccine treatment, while recognized as an unquestionably powerful therapeutic weapon, is, because of unskillful applica- tion, use in cases where not indicated, and commercialization, in danger of falling into the same disrepute. Its application is a serious procedure and demands careful control and the same preliminary training and study should be required of those who apply it as are required for all other branches of specialized medicine. The value of active immunization depends upon whether it is applied as a prophylactic measure or as a means of control after the disease has gained a foothold. For the former purpose it is a logical and rational method of treatment, 74 CHARLES MURRAY proven so in the case of smallpox, rabies and typhoid. Sufficient immunity to protect against accidental or spontaneous infections may readily be established, since the degree need not be much above normal. The application of the method in the treatment of a disease already established by the preparation of a product from the bacteria by which the disease is caused depends upon the condition of the individual case. Disease production follow- ing the entrance of a microorganism into the animal body depends upon two factors, the offensive powers of the organsim and the defensive powers of the body. If the latter are greatly in excess the organisms become localized and are rapidly destroyed and recovery results. In such case no form of treatment is required. If, to the contrary, the virulence of the organism is high and its offensive powers surpass the defensive powers of the body the infection becomes generalized, the tissues and blood streams are invaded and death is likely to occur. Here, again, active im- munization is not indicated because already sufficient antigen is present if it could be utilized, and the small quantity contained in a bacterin would not be sufficient to change the outcome. To use a living vaccine at this stage would be folly, since already the body is overcharged. If the struggle between invading organism and the body is nearly equal, and the defenses are sufficient to check the infectious process so that it assumes a chronic, localized form spreading but slowly, if at all, encapsula- tion by fibrin or other tissue changes may occur, or pressure due to cell detritus may offer interference. In either case protective antibodies are diverted from the bacteria and combine with the obstructing mechanism and no form of immunization can be of help until surgical treatment removes the same. Systemic causes may at the same time operate to prevent the healing of a lesion. The supply of circulating antibodies may be sufficient to hold the lesion in abeyance, but owing to the small quantities of bacteria in- contact with the blood stream there is insufficient antibody formation. This is an ideal condition for vaccine treatment. In generalized systemic infections where there is acute sepsis and bacteria are multiplying rapidly in the blood stream, and the defensive forces of the body are overwhelmed by the flooding of the bacteria, vaccines are useless and often harmful, since the tissues are already saturated with antigen, and if capable of antibody production this would certainly occur without the limited additional antigen contained in the vaccine. In a con- dition in which bacteria are in the blood stream but not multiply- IMMUNIZATION PRODUCTS AND THEIR USE 75 ing there, being given off by a local lesion such as endocarditis, and the case ha« assumed a chronic or subacute condition, the use of vaccines may be justified. The data at hand do not suffice either to warrant or condemn their use, but theoretically the treatment is sound. In acute diseases, such as pneumonia, typhoid, hemorrhagic septicemia, etc., vaccine treatment during the course of the dis- ease has little justification. In some of these the antibodies present are greatly increased over normal, but the patient is seriously ill in spite of no bacteria being demonstrable in the circulation. The use of vaccines in such cases, if it serves at all, can only serve to increase the antibodies which are already pres- ent in quantities far above the normal and sufficient to protect if they could only be utilized. The bacteria during the short course of the disease are in many cases extremely resistant to the action of antibodies, and the production of immunity is delayed until just before or at the crisis, and the introduction of vaccines could scarcely be hoped to alter the outcome. In acute infections which run a specific course there is no theoretical basis for vaccine treatment. Time does not permit a full discussion of passive immunity. This type, as has been said, is produced by the introduction of a serum which contains antibodies and its effect upon an animal suffering from disease, barring the possibility of anaphylaxis, is harmless. In veterinary practice the principal antisera used are for tetanus, hog cholera, hemorrhagic septicemia, blackleg, an- thrax and streptococcic infection. The results obtained with aU except the latter are gratifying. The principal difficulties in the use of these in the past have been due to administration of doses too small to be of any marked benefit. To illustrate, only a few years ago the dose of tetanus antitoxin for the horse was recom- mended at from 500 to 1500 units. Larger dosages are now ad- vised, but they are undoubtedly yet too small. In human prac- tice the dosage recommended is the maximum, 10,000 to 20,000 units intravenously with repetition in from 18 to 24 hours with 5,000 to 10,000 intramuscularly. As a prophylactic, dosage of not less than 1,500 units is advised. With this treatment the mortal- ity of the disease has been reduced from 80 or 85 per cent to 60 or 65. If such quantities are required for the human, how futile must be the small quantities used by veterinarians ! The almost prohibitive cost of the treatment for large animals prac- tically precludes the extensive use of this therapeutic agent, but 76 W. HORACE HOSKINS the same should not be condemned as worthless so long as the quantities used are so small. REFERENCES. Hutyra and Marek, Special Pathology and Therapeutics of Dis- eases of Domestic Animals. Kolmer, Infection, Immunity and Serum Therapy. Zinsser, Infection and Resistance. Simon, Infection and Immunity. Th. Smith, Transactions of the Congress of American Physicians and Surgeons, 1916, X pp. 99-109. Kolle and Wasserman, Handbuch der pathogenen Microorgan- isman. Kolle and Hetsch, Experimentelle Bakteriologic. AMERICA'S DANGER IN THE NEW WORLD BATTLE FOR FOOD.* W. Horace Hoskins, Dean, The New York State Veterinary College, New York University. The problem of abolishing war is the problem of abolishing hunger. Today, with the Foch armistice in operation, the world is still in the midst of a battle for food. America is a participant in this battle, little as the well-fed minority of our people may be disposed to realize it, and we must acquit ourselves as well in the war that has not ended as in that which is just being brought to a close by negotiations in France. Hunger caused the collapse Of Germany. Let us see that it does not cause disaster to the Allies, now in the flush of their overwhelming victory. The morale of the German soldier in the trenches was weakened far more by the thought that his family at home was almost, if not quite, starving than by the battering of the Allies' war machine. The w^hole fabric of Middle Europe fell apart because its peoples could not face starvation year after year and keep up their courage. We shall not need a League of Nations if we can conquer this most formidable belligerent of all, and if we have a League of Nations it will be powerless to prevent, even though it may lessen, war unless the food problem of the world is solved. If the League of Nations and the victory over hunger become parallel ♦Presented at February Meeting, V. M. A. of N. Y. City. AMERICA'S DANGER IN BATTLE FOR FOOD 77 influences, , then indeed we may look reasonably forward to a period of protracted, perhaps even permanent, peace on earth. Apart from the appalling destitution that has accompanied the war, there remains a permanent hunger problem, due to the great increase of the earth 's population in the last hundred years and the wasteful neglect of proper development of the sources of food supply. America's role of a bountiful provider has been a forced, one. The great volume of supplies that we sent to help our Allies in their direst need was accumulated only by stinting our own people. This stinting, of course, has not fallen on the well-to-do ; it never does. It has fallen chiefly upon a great part of our population, at least fifty per cent of the whole, which was in- sufficiently nourished before the war and has patriotically denied itself still further in order that the needs of our government might be achieved. It will be well to realize that the foremost task of reconstruction in America is to settle the food question here, and if we do not realize this our other political and economic virtues as a nation will not see us through the trying days that are to come. The supply of animal food is at the basis of the nutrition of every people. How can we expect to continue long our com- placent endurance of 70 cent bacon and 20 cent milk? We must find ways to break the force of this ominous situation or we shall be quickly brought to our senses. Without going beyond the Empire State of our Union, we can see the facts clearly. Of the 22,000,000 acres of farm land in New York, only 9,000,000 are under cultivation. The animal food supply was one-half of the people's diet in 1840. Today it is less than one-third, and growing still less. In 1870 there were 5,000,000 sheep in this State, but in 1916 the number had fallen to 400,000. Of the animals which remain $5,000,000 to $7,000,000 worth is lost annually from infectious and contagious diseases which should be prevented by proper control through a system of veterinary sanitary police. Though New York is the richest state in the Union, the farm mortgage still haunts the agriculturist here. There are more of these mortgages in New York than in any of the Middle or New England states. We do not realize that we have more abandoned, idle and unprofitable farms than any other Eastern state. What is the result of this ? There is no more dire poverty or keener suffering in the world than is to be found on the lower 78 W. HORACE HOSKINS east and west sides of New York. Fifty per cent of tte people of the state are without sufficient nourishment. Only recently we have been startled by statistics showing that 23 per cent of the school children of this city are underfed. A survey has disclosed that the average daily consumption of milk for approximately 6,000,000 people in the metropolitan district is one-half glass per day, though the minimum for a growing child should be one pint and a half per day. There is another aspect of the problem. Last winter we had an average of seventy-five deaths a day in New York City from pneumonia for six consecutive weeks and an equal number of deaths from tuberculosis. These fatalities were due largely to under-nutrition. It is a common fallacy to assume that the farmers are always well fed, even if the people of the cities lack. The truth is that at least fifty per cent of the population of America, city and country together, is not able to obtain sufficient food. The farm- ers are compelled in many cases to sell the best of their products in order to provide for debts and pressing needs in other direc- tions, and they struggle along with what is left. What is the remedy for this ? I offer two main suggestions : First, that we should establish community abattoirs and food conservation stations. Second, that we should restrict our exports of food products so that the price levels in this country will fall within the reach of the average family. The community abattoir is a means by which we can surely bring down the price of meat. Each abattoir so established ought to be in charge of a competent animal engineer, who would see that full use was made of the supply of animal food in the community and that the quantity of this supply should be steadily increased until it would become sufficient. One of his functions would be to reduce and eliminate infectious and contagious dis- eases among food animals, and thus cut off a great loss of which the public does not seem to be aware. Another step would be to see that the farmer receives full value for his animals by conserving every pound, so that the hide, horns, hoofs and other products should be made to yield him the maximum revenue. Under the present methods of selling it is often the case that the producer loses $45 of the value of each animal through inability to market it properly. AMERICA'S DANGER IN BATTLE FOR FOOD 79 The animal food conservation station would show the farmer how he could make a good profit from food animals; what he could grow best on his farm in order that he might maintain the largest possible number of animals with success; how each com- munity might provide animal and vegetable food in abundance, wool for cloth, leather for shoes and numerous by-products of animals, such as glycerine, for community needs. I should say that it would be a fair estimate that the establish- ment of these stations would reduce the price of meat fifty per cent, in addition to multiplying greatly the supply of other foods whose productivity and nutritive value depend so largely upon animal industry. America is bountifully able to provide food for its own people, but we cannot do so if things are to continue thus out of joint in our economic system. We are a wasteful people, because once there were ample supplies for all when our rich farm lands were tilled by a comparatively few pioneers. Now, with a great and growing population, we are pinched. Retail prices of food are so high that a continuation of them is virtually impossible. Shall we continue to ignore our own dangers while realizing those abroad ? The success of our American system of republican govern- ment was based upon a sufficiency of food, which caused our people in the formative period of the republic to be strong, steady and clear-headed. We must go back to that sufficiency if we are to meet our opportunities in the new period of political and eco- nomic development which we face. Europe has shown us vividly that peoples who do not know where they are to get the next meal and whether that meal will be sufficient are a danger to the whole world. Let us be warned in time. The Oklahoma State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners will meet in Oklahoma City April 28, 29 and 30, 1919, for the examination of applicants who desire a license to practice in the state. THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.* N. S. Mayo, Secretary, American Veterinary Medical Association. It is not necessary, I am sure, to emphasize to you the need of organizations. There is not a trade, occupation, or profession in America, and one may say in the world, that is not organized. Individual effort can accomplish relatively little. When individ- ual effort is organized it is great. As veterinarians, we have need of local associations to deal with problems of every-day practice and problems that are common to our profession in a given locality. Then there is need for a state organization that will enable us to cope with the problems that affect our own state, such as the laws governing practice, veterinary education, the control of transmissible animal diseases and the promotion of the live stock industry of the state. There is also need for regional associations, such as this and the Missouri Valley Veter- inary Medical Association, that have still a wider sphere of use- fulness and that shall take up regional veterinary problems in which they are particularly interested. In presenting to you the importance of the A. V. M. A., I also wish to emphasize the value of local, state and regional associations and to urge every one of you to join them, attend them, take part in the program and in the work of the association. And I want to assure you that the A. V. M. A. will assist as best it can in advancing the interests of these associations and the profession. It is due to Dr. V. A. Moore of the A. V. M. A. that I am here tonight to represent that association and to assist in this meeting. The American Veterinary Medical Association was organized as the United States Veterinary Medical Association fifty-five years ago in New York City and the membership in those early days embraced the names of the pioneer veterinary educators and leaders in the United States. For many years the association was essentially an eastern association and the meetings were held in New York, Boston, Philadelphia and Washington. The first meeting held west of the Alleghanies was at Cincinnati in 1884 and the next western meeting was in Chicago in 1890. Since that time the majority of the meetings have been held in the central or western states; only once has the association met in a southern ♦Address delivered before Southeastern States Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, Birmingham, Alabama, February, 1919. AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 81 state, when the meeting was held in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1897. Arrangements had been made to hold the 1914 meeting in New Orleans, but on account of the outbreak of foot and mouth disease the meeting was canceled. The meeting to be held next fall in New Orleans is the first to be held in the far south, and it is be- lieved that it will be a valuable means of stimulating an interest, not only in veterinary work in the south, but will also aid in the development of the live stock industry in a region that is so well adapted to the purpose. The work of the American Veterinary Medical Association for many years was devoted largely to the presentation and dis- cussion of subjects of interest to the practicing veterinarian, and it was not until the Association began to hold some of its meet- ings west of the Alleghany Mountains that the Association became national in its scope and began to take an active part in dealing with national veterinary problems, such as legislation looking toward the proper recognition of veterinarians in the United States Army, the question of veterinary education and the con- trol of transmissible animal diseases. Within the past ten years the growth of the American Veterinary Medical Association has been rapid, and at the present time there are more than 3,500 members, most of them in the United States and Canada, but some are scattered nearly all over the world, India, Japan, the Philippines, Hawaii, West Indies, Central and South America and the leading countries of Europe. Its membership, active and honorary, includes the leading veterinarians of America and the world. It is the largest, and I believe the most efficient, organization of its kind in the world. In 1915 the A. V. M. A. established the official monthly journal that is now so ably edited by a distinguished member of this association, Dr. W. H. Dalrymple of Baton Rouge. This journal is a high-class magazine, presenting the best current literature of our profession; but also keeps the Association in touch with its members, as well as with other professions, the live stock industry and the veterinary profession of the world. If you are not a member of the A. V. M. A. and do not care to join you should certainly subscribe for this excellent journal. Among the problems that are national in character, a few will be mentioned that have received the active support of the A. V. M. A. For many years the veterinarian in the American Army was neither an officer nor enlisted man. The A. V. M. A. took up NELSON S, MAYO the problem of the army veterinarians many years ago to secure a proper recognition for the veterinarian, as well as to secure an efficient organization of the army veterinary service, and it is due almost entirely to the efforts of the A. y. M. A. that the present organization was established. While the foundation for an efficient army service has been laid, there is still work to be done to put the service on a high plane, and this service will need outside assistance for some time to come. Another important work of the A. V. M. A. has been to assist and support the Bureau of Animal Industry, the best organized and piost efficient bureau of its kind in the world. This organization, in cooperation with state and local prac- titioners, has stamped out of the United States two great animal plagues, contagious pleuro-pneumonia and foot and mouth dis- ease, plagues that have ravaged Europe ' ' So long that the mem- ory of man runneth not to the contrary. ' ' You are also familiar with the splendid progress being made in the eradication of the cattle tick and the control of other animal plagues. The A. V. M. A. has not only actively supported the Bureau of Animal Industry but has also taken a prominent part in securing proper remuneration for veterinarians in the Bureau service. In peace, the B. A. I. is the largest single employer of veterinarians in America and the number will probably be considerably increased in the near future. The veterinarians in the Bureau have prob- ably been the hardest worked and the poorest paid of any pro- fessional men. A substantial increase in their pay has just been secured from Congress. It must be remembered that whatever benefit accrues to veterinarians now in the service will also apply to veterinarians who may in the future enter the service. Another problem that has received much attention from the A. V. M. A. has been veterinary education, and a tremendous advance has been made in the past few years. Entrance stand- ards have been raised, the courses in the veterinary colleges have been lengthened and more thorough work done. It is evident that upon a thorough preparatory and technical training the future of the veterinary profession rests. At present veterinary education is undergoing a rapid transformation, particularly from private to state schools, and the problem is one that is receiving the most comprehensive consideration by the American Veterinary Medical Association. While the subject of veterinary education is essentially a national one, the advancement of veter- AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION inary education should receive the active support of every mem- ber of our profession. When an appeal for help came from the stricken members of our profession in Belgium and France, it was sent to the A. V. M. A. through Professors Vallee and Liautard. Through the A. y. M. A. an appeal was made to the profession in America and more than five thousand dollars was raised by voluntary contributions. This is known as the ''Liautard American Veter- inary Relief Fund." This is for the relief of veterinarians and their families in the allied countries. Two thousand five hundred dollars have been sent to Professor Vallee in France and the families of American veterinarians who were in need have also been assisted. Just as soon as the armistice was signed, problems developed in connection with reconstruction that affected our profession. To assist in dealing with these, committees were appointed by President Moore, both for the United States and Canada. I have endeavored to give you a brief summary of the work and scope of the A. V. M. A. and the opportunity it offers for promoting the progress of the veterinary profession in all lines. In order to make substantial progress, we must have an organi- zation that shall receive the active support of members of our profession. Every individual veterinarian owes it to his profession and to himself to join the A. V. M. A. and help make our pro- fession in America what it should be — the best in the world. There are great problems that must be met and solved. America is essentially agricultural, and a permanent and successful agri- culture rests upon the live stock industry. This must be pro- tected and developed, and it is upon us as veterinarians that this responsibility rests. We must not only join our associations but each one individually must work toward these ends, for it is a good work well done that is the key to all substantial progress. The American Veterinary Medical Association stands for the best interests of our profession. It stands for higher and more thorough education. It stands for a high professional ideal. It stands for the advancement of the live 'stock industry and for efficient veterinary service in the Bureau of Animal Industry, in the army, in the state and in the community. Membership in the A. V. M. A. is a stimulus to better professional service and to higher ideals. We need your active support and you need the A. V. M. A., for it will help you in your chosen profession and 84 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS ABORTION in your service to humanity, and this is, after all, the measure of a real man. I believe that the next meeting of the A. V. M. A. in New Orleans will be one of the best and most interesting in the history of the Association, and that substantial progress will be made and that the veterinarians of the new and progressive South will do their part in building up our profession, not only for this year, but for all time. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS ABORTION.* Your committee reported at your 1917 meeting at some length on its efforts to summarize the knowledge of and opinions on the bovine infectious abortion problem of those representative veter- inarians and live stock men of America who had had experience with the disease. No recommendations having in view the adop- tion of active measures to control the disease were made as a re- sult of the committee's studies. Since our last report much water has gone under the bridge, but it has not been all clear water. The menace from the disease looms larger. It will not disappear of its own accord or without a supreme and unified effort on the part of all individuals and organizations concerned. We commend the action of the American Veterinary Medical Association in appointing a committee to study this same prob- lem. Two of the members of your committee are serving on that committee, and we have assurance that something of merit will be accomplished by the vigorous manner manifested by its chair- man and individual membership in setting themselves to the task. The new committee referred to should undertake to estab- lish new facts and a deeper and more comprehensive insight into the disease. It appears to us that your committee should confine itself to the task of keeping your association in touch with the develop- ments that proceed out bf research and experience with the dis- ease and of crystallizing the thought of those who are best quali- fied to think on this problem, with the result that more or less definite recommendations may be presented to you from year to year. We propose to present to you the annual increment of ♦Presented at the 1918 meeting of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association at Chicago, Illinois. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS ABORTION 85 bibliography dealing with the great problem in order that it may be added to the rather comprehensive list already published by you and further to seek for your consideration a paper reviewing the accessions to our knowledge for the year and present by one in a position to command your attention. Your committee wishes to present for your thoughtful con- sideration its conclusions as follows : Bovine infectious abortion is in fact or potentially the great- est menace to the cattle industry of America. There is at hand sufficient evidence to warrant the conclusion that it is a dangerous communicable disease of cattle and possibly of swine if not of other domestic mammals but not of man. Moreover there are available physical and laboratory methods, based on the accepted belief that the disease is primarily due to Bact. abortus (Bang), to enable live stock sanitary authorities to make a reasonably accurate diagnosis (a determination of the presence or absence of infectious abortion in a herd) sufficient to satisfy the demands of intelligent and reasonable men, and it is not the part of wisdom or caution to hesitate longer to apply our knowledge to an official attempt to suppress the disease in spite of the acknowledged limitations of that knowledge. Therefore, it is the best judgment of your committee that your association resolves that in its opinion : Bovine infectious abortion is a dangerous communicable dis- ease of cattle due to a specific germ, Bact. abortus (Bang), and that hereafter it shall be considered as such and as coming within the meaning of the laws or regulations of the states having gen- eral or special laws, or regulations, covering the handling of contagious diseases of live stock and that in other states laws or regulations should be forthwith adopted to bring the disease under official cognizance. Regulations rather than specific laws, capable of adaptation to the changing conception and added knowledge of the disease and to local conditions, are recommended to the various state authorities for adoption. Live stock sanitary authorities of the Federal government and of the respective states should immediately take steps to make public to the live stock interests of the country that bovine infec- tious abortion is a dangerous communicable disease of cattle, at least, and that it is a reportable disease within the meaning of the live stock sanitary laws and regulations of the nation and REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS ABORTION state. Also, the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry and the respective state authorities should define, as their judgment and local conditions warrant, as clearly as possible, what constitutes the presence of the infection ; i. e., what are the criteria by which a layman or a veterinarian may be guided in making a decision as to the diagnosis of the disease in a herd. Penalties commensurate with the seriousness of the offense should be imposed in flagrant cases of violation of regulations covering the movement of infected or exposed animals, having in mind the prevention of the introduction of infected stock into healthy herds or into infected herds without the purchaser's knowledge of the consequences. The traffic in sterile or infected cattle should cease except for immediate slaughter or under such official sanction as will safeguard the cattle industry of the country. There should be instituted without delay as a necessary eco- nomic measure a campaign of education of all live stock men relative to the seriousness of bovine infectious abortion and its consequences, such as interference with breeding and milk secret- ing functions, and relative to the measures that can be readily applied with assurance of at least partial success in the control of the disease ; and adequate federal and state appropriations are urged for the furtherance of research into the nature of the dis- ease and for the most effective methods of its suppression and control. To this end, we recommend federal aid for cooperation with the states that are in a position to cooperate effectively in studies on bovine infectious abortus. Ward Giltner, G. M. Potter, E. S. Bayard, E. C. SCHROEDER, T. H. Ferguson, Committee on Infectious Abortion. [Note. — This report was not adopted but was referred back to the committee.] CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS, TOOTH IN THE BRAIN. Dr. E. Biart, Leavenworth, Kansas, reports having found a molar tooth in the cerebrum of a hog that was slaughtered for food. The hog was apparently normal in every way. The tooth was about the size of a hazel nut, and plainly showed the char- acteristics of a molar tooth. UNUSUAL CASE OF QUADRUPLETS. The following interesting case of bovine quadruplets has just been reported by Dr. John F. McKenna, Fresno, California. On January 29, 1919, Dr. McKenna was called to see a case of re- tained placenta in a two-year-old Holstein heifer which had just given birth to four calves. The first, a heifer, born January 28 at 2 a. m. ; the second, a bull, born at 8 a. m. the same day ; the third, a bull, born at 10 a. m. ; and the fourth, a bull, which came at 11 :30 a. m., but was born dead. The three first calves were all alive and able to stand in 24 hours. The mother was very weak and was placed on stimulant treatment, and the placenta re- moved. A report from the case on February 20 was to the effect that the three calves were alive and the mother in the best of health and doing well. FOWL CHOLERA. Subjects. — Variety of breeds, some pedigree utility strains, others common barndoor fowls, -all obviously affected more or less when seen. Symptoms. — Thfe onset of the disease -was sudden; client noticed the birds, as he termed it, squirting, aijd the excrement passed had an offensive odor and adhered to the feathers about the vent, staining it whitish yellow to greenish or brownish color. Loss of appetite, great prostration, staring feathers. The birds moped, or sat around with tails and heads down, combs dark 88 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS colored, swaying gait, trembling, extreme thirst and severe diarr- hoea, high fever, and rapid emaciation present. Post-Mortem. — Liver enlarged, dark colored, and tears easily. The intestines were congested and contained a frothy material. Hemorrhagic enteritis. Spleen enlarged. Small (petechiae) present on heart and coverings (pericardium). Epicardium, kidneys dark and enlarged. Blood does not coagulate readily. Owner found dead birds in the nest, which made him think some- one had poisoned them. Diagnosis. — Fowl cholera, after post-mortem. Prognosis. — Unfavorable. Treatment. — All the sick birds were removed from the nest, and dead ones cremated. The hen-houses and nests were cleaned with McClintock's germicidal soap and sprayed with lime wash and carbolic acid. The houses and perches were creosoted and fumigated with sulphur and formaldehyde. Medicinal Treatment. — Zinc Sulpho. Carb grs. 15 Sodium Sulph grs. vii Hg. Bichlorid grs. vi Acid Citric grs. iii M. haust. Sig. — This was dissolved in a gallon of water and given to the birds in place of drinking water at troughs, which were scrupu- lously cleaned. Diet. — Sour milk, dry food, containing powdered charcoal; no hot-mash food allowed. Hygiene. — The birds were fed out of troughs previously dis- infected, and not off the ground. The yard was disinfected daily with Jeyes' fluid and covered with fine wood turnings, which were afterwards burnt along with excrement. — Henry B. Eve, M. R. C. V. S., Folkestone, in Vet. Journal. The American horse, so writes The Listener in the Boston Transcript, has won peculiar honors in the great war, as well as the. American Indian. The English captain, Sidney Galtrey, in a book entirely devoted to '^The Horse and the War," declares in so many words that the Yankee horse ' ' is the real equine hero of the war. ' ' ABSTRACTS. FIBROMA OF THE TESTICLE IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS. R. Galli, in II Nuovo Ercolani of 1913, published an article on this subject which is of some interest from the great rarity of fibromata of the testicle in animals, and from the fact that it records three characteristic cases. The fibromata are benign tumours. They vary in size from that of a pea to a man's fist, and present a small lobulated sur- face. They are movable and hard; and sometimes they are not uniform. Sections show a shining aspect, a compact texture, a white or yellowish color, and a periphery which is rounded or has more or less pronounced excrescences. There may be calcified or ossified zones in which the sectioning knife encounters great resistance. On account of the compression caused by these tu- mours, the tissues constituting the scrotal diverticula tend to excoriation and ulceration. Fibromata grow slowly, and attain a great size. They sometimes undergo sarcomatous transforma- tion, and may then grow rapidly. Of the author's three cases, the first was in an old ass, the second in a young ass, and the third in an old horse. Very clear and demonstrative microscopic preparations were obtained by staining sections by Van Geissen's method. In all the cases, the typical texture of the fibroma was observed. — Kevista de Higiene y Sanidad Pecuaris. (Vet. Rec.) WHAT IS "PTOMAIN" POISONING? Under Current Comment, the Journal of the American Med- ical Association, March 8, 1919, has the following to say with regard to ''ptomain" poisoning, which may be of interest to some of our readers, as we have recently heard of a diagnosis of this kind having been made in connection with the deaths of a number of mules after arrival at a Southern point : The term ' ' ptomain ' ' poisoning, says The Journal, has become a cloak for ignorance. Jordan (Jordan, E. O. : Food Poisoning, University of Chicago Press, 1917) says that ''ptomain poison- 90 ABSTRACTS ing is a convenient refuge from etiologic uncertainty. ' ' In fact, any acute gastro-intestinal attack resulting from a great variety of causes is apt to be called ''ptomain" poisoning. Selmi, in 1873, first used the word ptomain (from the Greek meaning a corpse) to include the poisonous products of putrefaction which gave the reaction then looked on as characteristic of vegetable alkaloids. From the time of Selmi, when ptomains were regarded as animal alkaloids, our conception of these substances has changed markedly. The last attempt to give precision to the term was by Vaughan, who defined ptomains as intermediate cleavage products of protein decomposition. Rosenau and his associates at Harvard have been searching in vain for the past year and a half for ptomains that might cause gastro-intestinal or other symptoms. Split products of protein putrefaction are readily isolated. Some of these products have physiologic activity, but none of them thus far have been demonstrated to be poisonous when taken by the mouth. The so-called ptomains isolated and de- scribed by Selmi, Nencki, Brieger, Schmiedeberg, Faust and Vaughan were usually obtained from putrid organic matter that had decomposed past the point at which it would be used as food. Furthermore, most of these substances were tested by injecting them subcutaneously or intravenously into animals. Many sub- stances are poisonous when thus introduced parenterally, though they may be harmless by the mouth. Again, many of the so-called ptomains isolated and described have since been shown to con- tain impurities. Chemists are now seldom confident of the purity of protein fractions, even when obtained in crystalline form. The chemical search for split protein products as the cause of ''ptomain" poisoning has practically been abandoned. Most of these split products are amins, which are either not poisonous at all, or no more so than their corresponding ammonia salts. The chemical resemblance between muscarin and cholin has di- rected the work toward the phosphatids, but thus far this line of research has not helped solve the puzzle of ' ' ptomain ' ' poison- ing. Chemists avoid the use of the word ptomains, for the reason that it lacks precision. This is a curious instance of the popular use of a technical term that sounds well, but means little. Only clinicians cling to it as a convenient refuge. Ptomain is a term for chemical substances of uncertain origin, unknown nature, and doubtful existence. ABSTRACTS 91 PSEUDO-TUBERCULOSIS OF THE PIG (CASEOUS ADENITIS) AND VISCERAL PSEUDO-TUBERCLES. Caseous glandular ' lesions in the form of nodules, or more rarely of visceral tubercles, which it is difficult to distinguish from tuberculosis, are frequently found in the pig. Chaussee, in La Becueil de Medecine VetSrinmre of last year, published the following account of these conditions. The author relates five cases of this nature, in which inocula- tion into guinea pigs proved that the lesions were not bacillary, while the naked eye exmination could give no certainty on the point. These observations enabled him to gain a more exact knowledge of the two classes of lesions. One of these five observations is here given. A pig of fifteen months old, in excellent condition, had both the maxillary glands very slightly hypertrophied. In each of these glands, some fifty caseous points were found. They were hard, had no fibrous envelopes, were of a yellowish cream color and from one to seven millimetres in thickness. The intermediary glandular tissue was gray, clearly distinct from the lesions, in full vitality, and ap- parently normal. There were no other visceral lesions. When one of the "pseudo-tubercles" was crushed and microscopically examined, no tubercle bacilli were discovered. The inoculation of guinea pigs confirmed the non-tubercular nature of the con- dition. This example and the other cases reported by the author show that nodular caseous non-tubercular lesions of the lymphatic glands exist fairly frequently in the pig. Their differentiation from tuberculosis is not always easy, and is based upon the fol- lowing characters. The non-tubercular nodules are not regularly spherical, and have no fibrous envelope. Their caseation is complete and uni- form, dry, and with calcification. Their color is that of gum, or greenish. In the lesions due to Koeh 's bacillus the nodular form is rare in the glands of the pig. Glandular tuberculosis is generally of the hypertrophic type, with complete or incomplete degeneration in the form of masses extended over the whole of the major part of the gland. If these tuberculous lesions are of some months' standing, the viscera are usually affected by generalization, while in ''pseudo-tuberculosis" they are generally intact. In one of the author's cases of ''pseudo-tuberculosis," however, tubercles ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE were found in the lung and the liver, but these were much harder and more calcified than lesions due to the tubercle bacillus. In cases in which tuberculosis and "pseudo-tuberculosis" co-exist the double diagnosis may be difficult, but to recognize the pres- ence of tuberculosis is sufficient. The lesions of this ''pseudo-tuberculosis" are easy to dis- tinguish from parasitic tubercles of the liver — echinococci, and cysticerci. , Not having been able to make the necessary cultivations and inoculation, the author has not investigated the cause of this porcine ''pseudo-tuberculosis." He regards the lesions as prob- ably caseous sequestra, due to a previous benign infection of the digestive apparatus. His sole object in publishing his article is to show that it is necessary in practice to know that these lesions exist, and to distinguish them from tuberculosis due to Koch's bacillus. — Revista de Higiene y Sanidad Pecuarias. (Vet. Rec.) ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE CONFERENCE OF VETERINARY CORPS. At a conference of members of the Army Veterinary Corps, held in St. Nazaire (Loire Inferieure), France, February 7-11, 1919, the following program was executed : SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 8. Morning — Opening address, Chief Veterinarian, A. E. F. Summary of work in hand. Lieutenant Colonel Edmunds. Organ- ization into sections. Afternoon — Post-mortem on seven animals of Veterinary Hos- pital ; reactors from I. P. test, January 22, and on animals which reacted to blood test, January 22, but not to I. P. test. Majors Merillat, McKillip, Gould, Ratigan and Captain Jervis. SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 9. Morning — The various mallein tests compared, Major Hilty. Value of the laboratory tests. Lieutenant Liebold. Blood test on animals which did not react, January 22, Captains Zingher and Weiss, M. C. Technique of I. P. test. Captain Balthaser. Afternoon — Mallein I. P. test on 4,000 animals. Veterinary Hospital and Remount. r ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 93 MONDAY, FEBRUARY 10. Morning — Discussion on seven animals from Remount, killed and posted. Majors McKillip and Ratigan and Captain Jervis. Result of Pasteur Laboratory on some animals. Major Rappin and Captain Jervis. Result of Base Laboratory, Captains Zing- her and Weiss, M. C. Classification of reactors, Major McKillip. Afternoon — Reading reactions. Majors McKillip, Merillat, Ratigan, Gould and Captain Balthaser. TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 11. Morning — Discussion on result of post-mortem, February 8, Majors Merillat, McKillip, Gould, Ratigan and Captain Jervis. Afternoon — Address, Lieutenant Colonel Aitken, of British Army. Address, Lieutenant Colonel Broque-Ruseau, of French Army. Organization of Veterinary Corps, Chief Veterinarian, A. E. F. Evening — Banquet. Captain Howard N. Beeman, formerly Veterinarian of the 10th Division, Camp Funston, Kansas, has been transferred to Camp Meade, Maryland, as Camp Veterinarian. Captain Joseph F. Crosby, formerly Veterinarian with the 19th Division, Camp Dodge, Iowa, has been transferred to Camp Grant, Illinois, as Camp Veterinarian. Lieutenant Herbert B. Nixon, formerly stationed at New York City, has been honorably discharged from the service. Captain Herbert J. Brotheridge, formerly at Auxiliary Re- mount Depot, Camp Johnston, Florida, has been honorably dis- charged and has been succeeded by Lieutenant Earl S. Markham. Lieutenant Harve Frank, formerly at Camp Funston, Kansas, has been honorably discharged. Lieutenant Guy J. Phelps, formerly at Camp Travis, Texas, has been honorably discharged. Major Robert C. Musser has been directed to report at Camp Lee, Virginia, for duty as Camp Veterinarian. Captain Morgan B. Lamb, formerly of Camp Lee, has been ordered to report at Camp Bowie, Texas, for duty as Camp Veterinarian. Majors Klein and Gilliland received honorable discharges from the Army early in February and have returned to their former vocations. 94 AHMT VETERINARY SERVICE Lieutenant-Colonel G. J. Marshall received an honorable dis- charge from the Army February 20 and has returned to Harris- burg, Pennsylvania, to resume his duties as State Veterinarian. The latter part of January, Major Pierre A. Fish received a communication from Professor Vallee in France notifying him that he had been elected an honorary president of the Anglo- American-Franco-Belgian Veterinary Relief Fund. The Journal desires to extend to the Major its hearty congratulations. The Journal has received the news, unofficially, that Colonel D. S. White has returned from France, having been honorably discharged, and has returned to his home at Columbus, Ohio. ' Lieutenant Charles E. Caulfield, of New York, attached for a time to the Army Veterinary Corps, has been sent to France to aid in the work of reconstruction through the Knights of Colum- bus service. Lieutenant F. T. 0 'Sullivan, of New York City, with the American Expeditionary Forces, has returned to this eountry. Lieutenant 0 'Sullivan was with Major Knowles, of Helena, Montana. Captain Charles S. Chase, Lieutenant A. J. Ward, Lieutenant Joseph P. Mack and Lieutenant A. J. Allott, of the Army Veter- inary Service, have been released from service and returned to practice in New York. Captain H. Ticehurst, of Morsemere, and Lieutenant William P. Grimes, of Hawthorne, New Jersey, have been released from Army Veterinary Service duties, the former having resumed practice and the latter his position in the B. A. I. Lieutenant E. B. Parker has received his discharge from the army and has returned to his home in Newton, Illinois, where he has entered practice. Lieutenant W. J. Walsh, formerly of Camp Greenleaf, has returned to his home in Creston, Iowa. Dr. Hartwell Robbins has been transferred to Washington, North Carolina, from Atlanta, Georgia, where he has been in B. A. I. service. The Veterinary Examining Board for the State of Colorado is composed of the following members : Dr. G. H. Dickey, Colo- rado Springs ; Dr. R. H. Bird, Greeley ; Dr. A. N. Carroll, Pueblo. ASSOCIATION NEWS. AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE ON BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS. Publication of this committee, appointed by Pesident Moore, was inadverently omitted in previous numbers of The Journal, the original personnel of which was as follows : J. G. Rutherford (Chairman), Canadian Pacific Railway, Calgary, Alberta ; Jacob Traum, University of California, Berke- ley, California; C. E. Schroeder, B. A. L, Bethesda, Maryland; J. G. Wills, 27 Matilda Street, Albany, New York; *S. H. Ward, State Capitol, St. Paul, Minnesota; J. J. Ferguson, Honorary Member, c/o Swift & Co., Chicago, Illinois. * Owing to the unfortunate death of one of the valued mem- bers of the committee. Dr. S. H. Ward, President Moore ap- pointed Dr. Charles E. Cotton, State Capitol, St. Paul, Minnesota, to fill the vacancy. SECRETARY'S OFFICE. A form letter with statement of dues to the A. V. M. A. has been prepared and sent out to all members who have not paid their dues for the current year. Members must bear in mind that the United States postal regulations do not permit journals to be sent unless the subscriptions are paid. The names of those who are delinquent must be stricken from the subscription list of the journal. Send in your remittance promptly and keep your journal coming regularly. Don't forget this ! OTHER ASSOCIATIONS MASSACHUSETTS VETERINARY ASSOCIATION. The regular monthly meeting of the Massachusetts Veterinary Association was held at Boston, Massachusetts, February 26. One new member was admitted to membership and applica- tions from two veterinarians were read and laid on the table until next meeting. 96 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS The resolution of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Asso- ciation relative to Federal control of interstate distribution of tuberculin was taken up and discussed and the association went on record as approving the action taken by that association at their December meeting regarding same. Harris W. Peirie, Secretary. , KENTUCKY VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The annual meeting of the Kentucky Veterinary Medical Association was held at Seelback Hotel, Louisville, Kentucky, Feb. 5, and w^as one of the most enthusiastic and successful ever held by the association. The papers and reports presented were interesting aftd the discussions were lively. Dr. Charles F. Fisher presented a paper on ' ' Cattle Practice and Some of the Conditions We Are Called Upon to Treat." Dr. S. F. Musselman, State Veterinarian, gave a very interest- ing report on the control of hog cholera. From a l-oss of $2,000,- 000 in 1917 there has been a reduction to about $300,000 in 1918. This accomplishment goes to show what is possible by cooper- ation. Dr. Gibson, in charge of tuberculosis control work, B. A. I., presented a paper on ' ' Tuberculin Test and the Accredited Herd System. ' ' Dr. H. Gieskemeyer gave an interesting talk on ''Diseases of Hogs," and also told of his field experience in the use of hemor- rhagic septicemia bacterins on 10,150 head of hogs during the months of December and January. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year : President — Dr. W. H. Simmons, Extension Veterinarian, Col- lege of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington. First Vice President — Dr. Charles W. Fisher, Danville. Second Vice President — Dr. Ed. Calldemeier, Louisville. Third Vice President — Dr. F. 0. Schneider, Frankfort. Secretary-Treasurer — Dr. Harry Gieskemeyer, Fort Thomas. Executive Committee— Dr. R. L. Pontius, Lexington; Dr. Henry Harthill, Louisville; Dr. D. E. Westmorland, Frankfort; Dr. G. P. Isbell, Hopkinsville ; Dr. G. W. Pedigo, Glasgow. The next meeting will be held at the University of Kentucky, Lexington, June 18-19. Harry Gieskemeyer, Secretary. OTHEK ASSOCIATIONS 97 MISSISSIPPI STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The thirteenth annual meeting of the Mississippi State Veter- inary Medical Association was held in Greenville, Mississippi, at the Cowan Hotel, Norton Brothers' Hospital and the Chamber of Commerce on February 4-5. This, as was shown by an unusually large attendance and much enthusiasm, was the best meeting of its kind ever held in the State of Mississippi. The association received the cooper- ation of many visiting veterinarians from other states, among whom were: Dr. H. Jensen, Dr. J. D. Reardon, Dr. Johnson of Little Rock, Dr. J. W. Scheibler, Jr., Dr. Buck and Dr. Cochran of Memphis. The association also enjoyed the hearty cooperation of the B. A. I. forces in Mississippi. On the morning of February 4 the meeting was called to order at the Elysian Club by the President, Dr. Edwards of Vicksburg. The association was given an address of welcome by Rev. Phillips G. Davidson of Greenville. Dr. J. A. Barger, in- spector in charge of tick eradication forces in Mississippi, made a very interesting response. Mr. R. S. Wilson, who has charge of the demonstration forces in Mississippi, gave a very interesting address on the progress made by the extension forces in Mississippi since he has been in charge. He also made several interesting remarks in regard to the relationship of the work of the demonstration agents and the veterinarians, in which he said that as Mississippi became better supplied with graduate veterinarians such veterinary work as demonstration agents are doing now would then be placed in the hands of the veterinarians. The next was a paper from Dr. Eichhom of Pearl River, New York, read by Dr. J. D. Reardon of Kansas City, Missouri, on the control of some of the infectious diseases and the conservation of our live stock. Dr. H. Jensen of Kansas City, Missouri, gave a very intelli- gent talk on what we have learned about biologic products. Dr. W. M. L. Gates of Clarksdale, Mississippi, read a very practical paper on anthrax and its control in Mississippi. Dr. H. L. Fry of the B. A. I. on hog cholera control work in Mississippi, read a very instructive paper on hog cholera. 98 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS Dr. J. J. Jones of the tick eradication forces in Mississippi, made a very interesting talk on the value of tick eradication to Mississippi veterinarians. On the evening of February 4 the association assembled at the Chamber of Commerce for a business session. The following officers were elected for the incoming year : President — E. S. Norton of Greenville. Vice President — ^J. T. Alston of Tupelo. Secretary-Treasurer — J. A. Barger of Jackson. The following were appointed on committees : Executive Committee — W. M. L. Gates, J. A. Brown and B. T. Huston. Legislative Committee — Hudson Chadwick, W. M. Ferguson and H. 0. Moore. Diseases Committee — Jno. Olive, J. T. Alston and C. L. Allen. Program Committee — J. A. Beavers, H. L. Fry and L. I. Lucey. Dr. W. R. Edwards of Yicksburg was elected as a member of the State Veterinary Examining Board to fill the unexpired term of Dr. James Lewis, deceased. A motion was made that resolutions concerning the death of Dr. James Lewis of Greenville, Mississippi, be drafted and sent to the American Journal of Veterinary Medicine and the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association for publication. A committee was also appointed to draw up resolutions relative to the death of Dr. Taylor of Gulfport, Mississippi, and Dr. Burrass of Boonville, Mississippi. The association instructed the Secretary of the Mississippi State Veterinary Medical Association to donate $100.00 to the American Veterinary Medical Association for the benefit of the New Orleans meeting if called upon. On Wednesday, February 5, the association held a very inter- esting clinic at Norton Brothers' Hospital, which took up the entire day. Many up-to-date surgical operations were performed and were witnessed by live stock men in the vicinity of Green- ville. In the evening a banquet was held at the Cowan Hotel, which was very much enjoyed by the association and visitors. Dr. J. A. Barger presided as toastmaster in his usual entertaining way. Dr. Shipp, sanitary inspector of the State Board of Health, made a very interesting talk on sanitation. Dr. Shipp was a OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 99 guest of the association and his presence was very much appre- ciated. The most enjoyable feature of the banquet was a musical entertainment given by Dr. and Mrs. Barclay of Jackson entitled "Musical Episode from Life." After the banquet the body adjourned to meet again in Jack- son in 1920. J. A. Beavers, Secretary. MISSOURI VALLEY VETERINARY ASSOCIATION. Nearly three hundred veterinarians were registered at the mid-annual meeting of the Missouri Valley Veterinary Asso- ciation held at the Coates House in Kansas City on February 11, 12 and 13. This is the largest attendance of graduate veter- inarians during the twenty-six years of the association's history. The program was opened by the report of the Committee on Examination, made by Dr. D. F. Luckey, chairman of the com- mittee. He called attention to the confusion existing in shipping regulations in different states and the frequent conflicts between state and federal regulations, and made a strong plea for the establishment of uniform rules with which shippers, veterinarians and railway employees might easily become familiar. Dr. H. S. Murphey reported for the Committee on Surgery, laying special stress on wound treatment. The importance of removing damaged and devitalized tissues was emphasized. He also gave considerable attention to the value of Dakin's solution in the treatment of wounds in animals, stating that experiments had failed to show its superior properties in veterinary practice. A very comprehensive and well-prepared paper on the control of infectious abortion was given by Dr. G. F. Jungerman. The cardinal points in the control of this disease are cleaning up of infected premises, segregation of infected animals, removal of retained placentas and thorough cleaning up of affected cows, using for irrigation purposes a weak solution of liquor cresolis compositus every three days. In addition to these measures, bacterin treatments given in series of not less than six injections are recommended. Blackleg and its control was the topic of a paper rendered by Dr. L. W. Goss. He gave a review of the various methods of immunizing cattle against this disease, together with comparative studies of natural aggressin and a culture filtrate prepared at the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. In a rather extensive 100 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS use of this culture filtrate, he finds that the immunity after the first five to ten days compares very favorably with that following the use of natural aggressin. A few members in discussing this paper stated that in their hands several culture filtrates had been used with not the best success. However, no adverse reports were made by any one who had used the Kansas product. Dr. H. S. Murphey reported on some interesting cases in dentistry and described an operation for saving the testicle in ruptured pigs which Jiad been the means of making valuable breeding animals out of what otherwise would have been meat hogs. Regarding dental affections, lie states that practically all dental cases involving the first, second or third cheek teeth in young horses at the time of eruption of the permanent teeth, accompanied with bony enlargement, are due to infection, and recommended extraction and destruction of tooth-forming mem- branes as 'a logical treatment. Dr. N. S. Mayo gave an interesting paper on the treatment of wounds with chlorazene and dichloramin-T, illustrating their use with a series of motion pictures. Dr. J. W. Connaway gave a very able discourse on bacteremia and disease transmission, laying special stress upon anthrax,, tuberculosis and hog cholera. Dr. J. W. Parker presented some new ideas relative to irregu- lar reactions to the tuberculin test. He stated that on autopsy in abattoirs 20 per cent of reacting animals showed no micro- scopic lesions, while, on the other hand, occasional non-reactors showed extensive lesions. His explanation of this latter condi- tion is that progressive production of toxins in the body results in a maximum of metabolism which is not increased by the intro- duction of the toxins of tuberculin. Dr. W. H. Bailey presented a paper on passive hyperthermia. Thermotaxis was ably discussed from both the physiological and pathological points of view. Dr. J. C. Flynn reported on some of the unusual cases he had encountered in canine practice. Among these were three cases of pancreatic atrophy characterized by ravenous appetite, emacia- tion and the passage of a peculiar pulpy, adherent form of feces. The most unusual case, and one which the Doctor stated would probably not be believed by any of his audience, was a case of a dog whose pylorus had been obstructed by fibrous tissue, re- OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 101 suiting from a large sternal abscess, for a period of over two years. During this time the dog would eat in a normal manner but after two hours would vomit up the stomach contents. The owner stated that there had been no evacuation from the bowels for over two years, which the Doctor satisfied himself was cor- rect, after holding the dog under close observation for several days' time. Autopsy showed the intestinal wall to be greatly atrophied and of papery consistency. Dr. W. E. Stone reported for the Committee on Therapeutics on the intravenous use of iodine and arsenical compounds. In his hands, arsenic administered in this way has not proven efficacious in destroying circulatory parasites. Dr. Arthur Groves gave a clear-cut description of the im- munization of hogs as conducted by the B. A. I. in the Kansas City stockyards. The results of the method have been uniformly good and have proven a boon to the stock hog industry. Papers by C. M. McFarland and C. E. Salsbery dealt with mixed infections in swine, each author giving his findings relative to the organisms present in such cases. There seemed to be a close agreement in their work, conducted entirely independently. Dr. McFarland mentioned the work of Proescher with the so- called micrococcus of hog cholera. This organism has been culti- vated to the 42nd subculture and produced typical hog cholera in hogs inoculated with the 6th subculture, from which it had been repeatedly recovered, and again proved pathogenic. The authors agree that bacterial vaccines for mixed infections should contain at least 50 per cent Bacillus suisepticus, the balance being made up of the other invaders, such as colon, paratyphoid and suipestifer bacilli. Dr. W. F. Brownlee read a well-written paper praising the results of serum and bacterial vaccines in mixed infections of swine when used with proper discrimination. The last day's program was devoted to the problem of sheep diseases. Dr. I. E. Newsom reported on the investigations of sheep losses in 'Colorado, which he finds are largely due to hemor- rhagic septicemia. So satisfactory has been the preventive treat- ment with bacterial vaccines that he recommends this procedure to those who are assembling lambs for feeding purposes. He reported on 28,833 animals in affected herds ; the loss at the time of vaccination totaling 488, with 1,281 sick. The losses after vaccination were only 338. The owners in practically all cases -were entirely satisfied with the results of the treatment. 102 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS Dr. E. T. Baker gave a very practical discussion of sheep diseases with appropriate means of treatment or control. He emphasized the growing importance of sheep-raising and the necessity of veterinarians familiarizing themselves with the char- acteristics of the different breeds and the anatomical and physi- ological peculiarities of these animals. He classified the various common diseases and described their treatment in an entirely practical manner, at the same time injecting considerable levity, which often put his audience in an uproar. The banquet on the night of the 12th was largely attended, the number of ladies present being particularly commendable. Dr. N. S. Mayo served as toastmaster and called upon repre- sentatives of the Kansas City Live Stock Exchange, Stock Yards Company, B. A. I. and the Army Medical Service. Mrs. Ashe Lockhart carried away the honors of the evening in a splendid toast, * ' The Veterinarian 's Wife. ' ' Captain Daniel LeMay, a charter member of the association, spoke feelingly of his long experience in the regular army on the eve of his final retirement to civil life. Dr. H. H. Silverforb had charge of the entertainment for ladies and deserves great credit for his carefully arranged pro- gram. Other members of the local arangements committee also deserve much credit for their efficiency work. Special committees were appointed to report at the next meet- ing on the matter of live stock shipping regulations and the re- vision of our classification of swine diseases. Resolutions were passed on the death of Dr. W. S. Nichols of Ravenna, Nebraska, the only member whose death has been, reported within the past six months. The next meeting will be held at Omaha, as usual; the time probably being early in July. R. F. Bourne, Secretary. ASSOCIATION OF STATE AND PROVINCIAL VETERINARY COLLEGES. The Committee on Methods of Teaching Surgery of the Asso- ciation of State and Provincial Veterinary Colleges, consisting of Dr. C. A. Cary of Auburn, Alabama, Dr. H. E. Kingman of Fort Collins, Colorado, and Dr. J. N. Frost (Chairman) of Ithaca, New York, rendered the following report : The methods of teaching surgery should be divided into five groups: first, the basic training, which leads up to surgery; OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 103 second, classroom or text-book work; third, laboratory work; fourth, clinics; fifth, experimental work. Since pathology and anatomy constitute part of the surgeon's basic training, they relate to the subject at haad, so there should exist a direct correlation between these subjects and the subjects taught under the heading of surgery that the basic and advanced training may be cemented into a well-rounded understanding of conditions demanding surgical attention. The basic training should be planned with the definite pur- pose of applying the knowledge obtained when the opportunity arrives; that is, when the student is confronted with a case for diagnosis or treatment. It is the common experience of instructors of advanced sub- jects that a great deal of time must be consumed in instruction in anatomy and pathology when it should be necessary only to build upon these subjects in making a final diagnosis. The pathology of some of the more common surgical condi- tions, such as fistulous withers, poll evil, laminitis, sinking of the os-pedis and hygroma of the so-called mucus bursas, should be more thoroughly understood and taught. Too much of our path- ology refers to the human and not to veterinary conditions and too much time is spent in microscopic pathology in proportion to gross or macroscopic pathology. We believe that a course in surgical anatomy, given in the same year as the surgical instruction that the student might have the subject fresh in his mind, would be of benefit. As the practice of veterinary surgery is coming to deal more and more with other species of animal rather than the horse, the teaching of anatomy should also deal more fully with the cow, sheep, pig and dog. The classroom or text-book work in surgery should be aug- mented or illustrated as far as possible by the material in the clinic or laboratory. We believe that a large part of the class- room work should be in the form of a quiz, either written or oral. Specific operations for certain of the more important diseases of the horse are fairly well described in our text-books. There is a lack of a good text of surgical technique and also of the oper- ations for surgical diseases of the cow, sheep and pig. In order that a surgeon may perform a good surgical oper- ation he must know, and be able to practice, various forms of re- straint. This must include not only the restraint of the horse but of all the domestic animals. It must also include restraint 104 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS in the field as well as in the hospital. The laboratory should provide a place for the student to first learn and practice these methods. Here also he should be taught surgical technique, including preparation of the field of operation, the use of antiseptics and the use of both general and local anesthesia. Considerable time should be spent in the teaching of the preparation, administration and uses of local anesthesia, as this is important both from a surgical and humane standpoint. By using anesthetized subjects which are later destroyed the student may be taught to become proficient in the preparation of the field of operation, use of instruments, control of hemor- rhage, and to complete those operations which he will be called upon to perform in his profession. This not only teaches the student to use instruments and carry out the operation, but it serves to give him confidence and likewise teach him the dangers of the different operations. It is only by actual practice that these things can be learned, and we believe that these surgical exercises should include all of the domestic animals, both large and small. After a certain amount of proficiency has been reached in the laboratory, the student may be allowed to assist in the clinic with the major operations or perform the minor ones. The clinics are one of the most important branches in the teaching of surgery. Here it is that the student sees or assists in performing actual work. With good clinical material, the classroom work may be illustrated, which tends to fix the subject more firmly in the mind of the student. In connection with the clinic a hospital should be maintained so that the student may be given an opportunity to follow the course of the cases which he has seen operated upon. Here he should be trained thoroughly in the preparation of the patient and the after-care and treatment, which is many times of more importance than the operation itself. The patient should be under the direct care of the student, who, under the supervision of an instructor, is required to dress the case daily, noting the different effects of the dressing agents and watching the process of healing. It is only by understanding these things thoroughly that a student will later be able to give a reliable prognosis and instruct others in the care of his pa- tients. OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 105 An outside or ambulatory clinic is necessary, as it is only by this means that a well-balanced course in surgery can be given. Here the student meets the conditions as he will be required to meet them in practice. And it is only by means of an ambulatory -2 > S ^ 1^ November 10, 1917 November 13, 1917 November 30-December 8, 1917 December 21, 1918 March 5, 1918 March 24, 1918 (revaccinated) . March 5, 1918 March 19, 1918 (revaccinated) . March 5, 1918 March 26, 1918 March 27, 1918 April 5, 1918 May 22, 1918 May 23, 1918 June 8, 1918 June 10, 1918 Total 504 771 4,500 1,100 1,801 287 425 235 486 1,000 525 652 45 100 900 650 40 20 10 200 6 7 4 4 75 23 100 2 4 8 50 20 49 40 46 40 16 70 12 * 2 25 170 10 13,481 505 550 4 2 4 22 35 18 4 2 5 2 25 1 1 5 1 131 * Several. DISCUSSION ON DR. NEWSOM'S PAPER. Dr. Sims : I believe we have had all the conditions Dr. New- som described there, in the extreme northwest. We have found a bipolar organism in a few cases — not quite so often as he has. Where the vaccine was not within reach we have changed condi- tions by changing the feeding ground and watering. It would take five days to get the vaccine to them, and we would advise them to change the feeding places and watering places ; and in a good many instances the trouble has disappeared before the vac- cine was injected. Most of our veterinarians, I believe, agree that it was due to lack of exercise, and to overfeeding ; and through exercising we have controlled this trouble in most instances, driving the sheep from one to three miles each day. And the reports are that it has controlled in the majority of these outbreaks, although in a few 146 W. HORACE HOSKINS cases it did not. We found it was the fattest that died in most instances. Perhaps our trouble with pregnant ewes is somewhat different from what Dr. Newsom finds, because he says he has had lambs die from the same outbreak. Our veterinarians appreciate very- much Dr. Newsom 's work. It has been a great help within the last three years. THE TREND OF VETERINARY EDUCATION.* W. Horace Hoskins, New York, N. Y. Reciprocity is needed and becomes more so every year and we can find a solution for it; there is no question about that in my mind. It must be for better government and through the civil service commission of our government and this association joining with the Department of Agriculture and the army, which shall con- stitute a board who shall prepare suitable questions and a form of examination to determine the qualifications of members of the profession and when they pass this examination under the aus- pices of this association they will give them a certificate showing they have passed the examination. The examination, I hope, shall admit any member of the profession to the federal services ; with the exception of the additional examination required for entrance into the army veterinary service or any other civil positions that come within the province of the veterinarian in any other department of our government. It will give them a status that will never be obtained in any other way, and then we can go into the state legislatures and ask them to accept this certificate in lieu of an examination. That is perfectly plausible and can be carried out and I am hoping that I may live long enough to take that matter up with Congress in Washington, and all it will require is an additional appropri- ation for the civil service commission to carry it out. We have no standard of recognition in Europe and here we have just as many standards as there are state boards and just as many standards as colleges. We have large private colleges and state colleges, and so without any further remarks I feel this can be carried out and is the only solution of the reciprocity that will ever solve the difficulty. ♦Presented at Section of Veterinary Faculties and Examining Boards, 55th Annual Meeting, A. V. M. A., Piiiladelphia, 1918. THE TREND OF VETERINARY EDUCATION 147 The state board standards are constantly changing. A few years ago in one of the states there was a complete political up- heaval. Five men were swept out because they were not of the same political affiliation, five other men were placed on the board because of their political faith, the same faith as the party that had come into power. Thus were installed five men who had been educated twenty-five years ago and they were asking ques- tions from text-books of twenty-five years ago and the graduates all failed simply because they were asking questions these young men did not know anything about, and they will repeat this con- stantly until we have the power in another way by submitting or modifying our legislative act, by submitting to the state gov- ernment a number of names. We have had a governor say that it is the prerogative of the governor and he is capable of selecting his own candidates. The trend of state colleges for some time has not been fruitful with the best possible results and the continued actions of the parent association under which we live and exist has not always been conducive to the very best results. There has been the con- stant trend of the American Veterinary Medical Association to drive out of existence the private schools. Still there were some things to be gained by driving some private schools out of exist- ence, while with others there were likely to be great losses inci- dent to attempting to do so. In the history of veterinary educa- tion in this country the story of private schools shows a wonder- ful work. So long as the veterinarian is not supported by the federal government we must realize that veterinary education is a state problem. If states will not support us then we must have private schools and we ought not to be unmindful in this connec- tion of the fact that for more than thirty years seventy per cent of the members of this association have been graduates of private schools. We have had good private schools and some poor ones, because state schools are always dependent upon the liberality of the state administration in furnishing funds for their mainte- nance. One of the great trends of state institutions is that in- variably they are located in small inland towns and associated with an agricultural school in some isolated community. We have good schools but no great schools in inland towns, and it will take thirty or forty years to attain same for the very reason that the teaching staff must be given adequate salary such as would be a living salary for their maintenance from year to year. No state has been generous enough to give liberal 148 W. HORACE HOSKINS salaries sufficient to make our state schools as strong as they ought to be, and when the veterinary association required there should be five veterinarians on the teaching staff, some of the schools were compelled to take two or three men with nominal pay and nominal connection and add them to their faculty, while one or two were paid full salaries. The great problems are not all in the agricultural districts and the great schools are destined to be those so located that they can command part of the time of a large number of men who are specialists by virtue of years of experience, years of training and years of observation. If you are going to get them in the inland towns you must pay them larger salaries than any state has been willing to give for the teaching staff and when you take them into the inland towns you take them away from the everyday problems and thereby lessen their value as teachers. In large cities it is possible to get a large number of men for a comparatively small total amount. You cannot use more than twenty or twenty-five men on your teaching staff because you cannot give them more than one or two hours and I would rather have men teaching that are in everyday contact with the problems to solve in practice than the men in small inland towns forced to spend their time in labo- ratories or libraries. It is possible to get these men in the city school. In New York we have such assistants and they are con- tributing part of their services, and a school of that kind can be maintained for less than in the inland tov^ia, where the majority of the teaching staff must be given adequate salaries to keep them the entire year. The larger problem is the animal food problem and the relation of animal diseases to man; also the great problem of feeding large masses of people in great metro- politan districts. We must be able to feed and clothe the people in metropolitan districts or we have not solved their problems properly. The relation of animal diseases to man is seen more in the large cities than in the inland towns. The trend of state schools has been to get away from the old apprenticeship system and the best system will link the apprenticeship with the necessary laboratory instruction before they will turn out a fully rounded veterinarian. The increased requirements of high school education have not been all that has been talked about and is not today furnishing us the best class of students. The boys who come out after four years of high school work, of 18 or 19 years of age, have no DISCUSSION ON DR. HOSKINS' ADDRESS 149 knowledge of animal industry, animal iiusbandry, and no knowl- edge of normal animal life, and therefore they are far less fitted than those referred to in another address of the president's — those who come from the forge and from the farm — had a val- uable equipment when they came. The state schools cannot keep up the old apprenticeship system. The trend of the state schools is to give a man one line of instruction and one man's conception of the subject. I would rather have veterinary students get three or four men 's points of view because I am sure it will develop a thinking man and not one with an ego tendency thinking that the way they have been taught is the only way. Legislatures have not realized what veterinary medicine means. The public has no idea of our inti- mate relation with mankind extending from infancy to old age ; until the public gets the conception that the food they eat, whether it be meat, or milk ; the shoes they wear, or the wool in clothing is dependent upon veterinary education — not until we get the public to see that vision will we get these state colleges properly supported. I believe the large cities offer the best opportunities for conducting great veterinary schools. Another factor of state schools — they are never accompanied by that same loyalty you will find in men of the old private schools. Men very often went back to private schools for post- graduate work. Their sons went there also with that feeling of loyalty and devotion that you cannot get by simply paying salaries. The trend is for state schools to offer a man $500 more, or, as seen in Dakota, a man was taken down in Nebraska to do experimental work by the offer of more salary. This is particu- larly true of state schools in inland towns. Private schools are due to exist in the large cities for years to come through the loyalty and devotion of men connected with the schools both as their trustees and teaching bodies. DISCUSSION. Captain F. C. Waite: I ask for information. In Dr. Hos- kins' introduction it might not be known to all of you that this same question of reciprocity on the Federal Examining Board has been before the medical profession for many years, and they have finally found a half-way solution which seems, at least to me, to be found in a national examining board. It does not have certificates because certificates have no value except when an examining board chooses to accept them. The laws of many of 150 DISCUSSION ON DR. HOSKINS' ADDRESS the states at the present time prohibit that and specify a man can get a license to practice medicine after taking an examina- tion ; other states are already accepting these certificates and issuing licenses upon them. Gradually the states are coming in so that this privilege is being extended. The army, navy and public health service accept those certificates. The board is made up of representatives of the medical profession from representa- tives of the government of the different bureaus. At present it is supported financially by grant extending over a term of years. The examining board is giving examinations four times per year, at each examination an additional number coming up to be recognized as the standard — high standard of the country — if a man has a certificate from the national examining board, not a federal board, a private thing made up from civil life and gov- ernment. Dr. Glennon : Mr. Chairman, in reply to Dr. Hoskins, it being up to the governor as to whom he would select, that was true even in our state until the last session of the legislature. Now the governor has the appointment of one member out of three that are recommended to him by the Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey. I think that is a step in the right direction. Dr. Rogers: I had the privilege of being for ten years a member of the New Jersey State Board. We had, I think, a very good board and we did very good work. There was one pecu- liarity about it as far as my inquiry goes — we had an inordinate number — in other words, we felt it to be our duty to be always looking for an opportunity to let the chap go through. If you are ever going to get the best values you must fix it in such fashion that when a man goes up for a license to practice, to pass that examination they have a standard, and a proper stand- ard, and if he does not pass it there must be no kick coming. As now constituted the principal function of the state board is to 0. K. him. Dr. E. L. Quitman: I want to express my sentiments as co- inciding with every word stated by Dr. Hoskins, and in view of the possibilities or the great trend growing in the veterinary profession and furthermore the possible dearth within the next year or two, I think his remarks should be given serious consid- eration by members of the state colleges, by the American Veter- inary Medical Association, by the Bureau of Animal Industry, a: 1 last, but by no means least, the army. I am quite sure that DISCUSSION ON DR. HOSKINS' ADDRESS 151 nearly every member of the state colleges feels in his heart that Dr. Hoskins spoke the truth. They may not admit it, but they cannot help but see and know that it is a correct picture of con- ditions. In my opinion, too radical a change is going to bring about such a dearth of veterinarians that the country will in a couple of years be overrun with quacks, and instead of being a step in advance may be many steps in the retrograde direction. There is such a thing as eating more than one can digest and biting off more than one can chew, and I am very much afraid we are confronting such a condition at the present time. Dr. C. H. Stange : I represent one state college. I got the impression from Dr. Hoskins that private institutions did more and better training than the state does by spending three or four times the same amount of money in giving a man a profes- sional education. I cannot see how that can be done. If the pub- lic cannot furnish more money for better education than the standard of the present time at the private veterinary or medical college, with food to pay for, I am very much mistaken. I want to tell the men who are assembled here that a medical education, either in human or veterinary profession, is one of the most ex- pensive educations anybody can get at the present time, not only on account of the faculties that must be maintained but on ac- count of the equipment necessary. Also I want to call your at- tention to the fact that especially since the motor trucks have come into the large cities a very large percentage of the grad- uates of veterinary colleges, either private or state, are prac- ticing in rural communities. The big problems are not in the cities but in the communities where the food animals are being produced. It is during the process of production and getting ready for market that the infectious diseases are found. In our state we lost 28,000,000 swine in one year from infectious diser " s and still the author of the paper would have you believe the problems are much greater in the cities. There is, in my mind, no comparison. You are going to talk about sanitation and preventive medicine — I want to invite the author or sper rs to come to the studied conditions of facts. Because, as I get it, if I am correct in my deduction from his speech, he does not under- stand the condition we are in for the whole community where a large part of these food products come. As far as educating men at a state college in small cities, I believe we can educate veterinarians for these rural provinces to handle the question — aside from preventing disease among 152 DISCUSSION ON DR. HOSKINS' ADDRESS live stock — ^tp more advantage when we have them under those conditions than in any city in which I have been. In a great many of the state institutions at the present time men are re- quired to go out and do practical work before they graduate. The objection to a state college was raised that the students and faculty do not get city practice. I want to say the big problems in disease controlled work in this country are in the agricultural districts and we can train them better in those districts than any big city. Dr. Glennon: I have given this problem thought from an active country practice. In my judgment, the gentleman who just sat down has made quite a common mistake. The argu- ments advanced cannot be refuted but the premises he assumes are in a large degree incorrect. When I send my boy to get a veterinary education what do I want for that boy? I want his education to be well rounded. I want him to be equally familiar with the pathology and therapeutics of all animals. I want him to do what I have been able to do, to do my own surgery, to do my own pathological work. I want him to be familiar with the conformation of the horse, I want him to be familiar with cattle. There is no use denying the opportunities of acquiring the knowledge of cattle and the practice among swine is better acquired in the agricultural districts than in large cities, but when it comes to running horse practice, draft horse practice, opportunities in cities are better. Furthermore, city schools can be conducted at less expense than country schools. Comparative anatomy, physiology, pathology, practical botany — those things are, for example in the city of New York, largely taught by men who have made those subjects specialties, and who may attract students from many sections; for example, in New York schools students get their surgery from a medical col- lege and a good deal of physiology from the medical school and from men who are thoroughly conversant with it and thoroughly well prepared to teach. I feel myself the present tendency to make the veterinary school the agricultural crutch is not the pur- pose for which we send our boys to school. We want our veter- inarians to be more practical. Take the tendency to teach thera- peutics— you cannot teach therapeutics that way — that is, as far as the boy gets and while I am very glad to go to him I would rather take the opinion on the question of therapeutics from a man like those who are practicing in a large city than I would from any pharmacologist who ever went down the pike. 4 DISCUSSION ON DR. HOSKINS' ADDRESS 153 I think it would be better for city and country to get together — let the city schools send the boys to the country for one year and the country boys be sent for one year to the city schools. Dr. Williams: I was unfortunate in not reaching the room until near the close of Dr. Hoskins' address. I gathered from some of his last remarks that he believed there was greater loyalty in private than in state schools. I did noir understand what kind of loyalty this was — loyalty to schools or to the pro- fession. I do not think we should criticise anybody's loyalty without very good grounds. So far as I know, the men in the private schools have been loyal to their colleges. I have been a member of the faculty of a state college for twenty-two years. Every man who was on that faculty twenty-two years ago is a member of the faculty as it stands today. Every man is loyal to the school — they are just as loyal to the profession as any member of any faculty in any college. In Dr. Stange's remarks he stated we were changing very greatly the methods of scientific education. It is not our veterinary profession alone, but the change has overtaken all scientific education. When I graduated in 1879 veterinary education was given in the lecture room — that is out of date now. Any veterinary or medical school that attempts to teach any of these sciences, wholly or chiefly, in the school room is a dead institution. Today scientific education is conducted in the laboratory. That is the difference in veterinary education now and forty years ago. Dr. Rogers has stated there are certain advantages in the city over the country. Granted. There are more cats in the city with intestinal difficulty on account of swallowing hair than there are sick cattle. We have a great many cats and dogs in our clinic and some of them come back very frequently. Some dogs as soon as they are liberated from the hospital go out and get into another fight and come back. As Dr. Stange says, the most pressing problems are among the meat and milk producing animals and the infectious diseases found among them. There can be no question about that. As a matter of fact, sixty per cent of the veterinary practice in the state of New York is with dairy cattle, and ninety per cent of the cattle practice is with the genital organs. Dr. Rogers mentioned one very important truth, more im- portant at one time than now, when he expressed the wish that students might pass part of their time in a eity and part in a country college. In the college with which I am connected there 154 DISCUSSION ON DR. HOSKINS' ADDRESS are thousands of dollars expended annually in order to give students actual clinical observation and experience. The only way to properly" instruct students is to have adequate clinical instruction in connection with the college. It is an old idea, now done away with, that the college should give the didactic teach- ing and leave the practical teaching to a nondescript faculty which is not in control of the college. That is, the student during his vacation shall go out into the country and practice with a veterinarian and there get his clinical observation and teaching. I have seen some of that. I am not finding fault with the under- lying principle. The point is this — whenever an institution sends students out to veterinary practitioners to get their clinical edu- cation they have no control over the character of the teaching by the practitioner, and the school is at the mercy of those prac- titioners. It seems to me it is the duty of the college to furnish that education to the student and not leave it to someone else. Dr. Quitman: A few like Dr. Williams should realize a school in the country is a country school, but a school located in a city, whether state or private, is both a city and a country school. Dr. Williams has truly said that at least sixty per cent of the practice of today is dairy practice. Cattle raised entirely for meat production are taking the time and attention of the country veterinarian in many parts of this country where in our parts it is the dairy cattle that are given attention. I think it is a matter to be easily understood in making the statement that a city school has advantages of both city and country. You take any city like Philadelphia, New York, Detroit, Chicago, Mil- waukee, Minneapolis, any of the cities of any size, and they are immediately surrounded by great dairy farms and in some cases have farms for raising meat-producing animals. I honestly be- lieve that any school, whether it be Cornell or schools located in the cities of Philadelphia, Chicago or New York, within visiting distance, there will be as many head of cattle as there will be surrounding these schools located in the country, or, in other words, in a radius or zone of twenty-five miles surrounding a city school, there will be found as many head of cattle as will be in a zone of twenty-five miles surrounding the inland state school. I believe Dr. Williams has underestimated the percentage. I would say in the country veterinary practice, seventy-five per cent is dairy practice. There are some locations where that will vary considerably. Take along those lines, twenty-five miles DISCUSSION ON DR. HOSKINS' ADDRESS 155 right here in Philadelphia, there are as many head of cattle, and I know there are around Chicago, as around Cornell. Dr. Williams: I was comparing only a few days ago the clinical report of two of our colleges, one in the country, the other in the city. Very few of our colleges issue reports regard- ing their clinical material. We have always issued reports re- garding our clinical material because we believe that a clinical report better than anything else demonstrates the actual facilities for teaching. The other announcement which I examined was from one of our leading city veterinary colleges. The report shows that in the country school there was 100 times the amount of bovine clinical material as in the city school. I do not know of any city school which has shown by its published clinical re- port any great amount of clinical material among cattle, hogs, swine and in breeding animals. Dr. R. C. Moore : I was wondering if there might not be a reason for the discrepancy in the great number of animals for clinics in city and country schools. I was told not long ago by a gentleman connected with country schools when they got short of clinic material they got pigs for castration — on that basis we would have a great number. I think in some of the city schools it is possible for a man to make $3.00 a day of the actual clinic material brought there for diagnosis, taking up three hours per day, sometimes our material will run to $6.00. I believe we have as much of a clinic as any veterinarians in the profession. Our lecture courses have diminished to a great extent. I do net believe they can be dispensed with, but they should be reenforced by the clinic, and by the autopsy, another important feature that is not receiving enough attention. Cases in the hospital should be watched carefully through their course or by students in a nearby stable or hospital, and brought right into the clinic to the college where the clinic is held, to be observed and a careful autopsy made, if death occurs, not only occasionally but time after time. Dr. Geo. H. Miner : I understand the sum and substance of what we want to discuss is not the advantage of the state college or the city or country schools, one over the other, but what the trend of veterinary education is and to take up the consideration as to what subjects the present conditions have helped in one over the other. We want to discuss the question of sanitation and the problems that are arising recently in animal husbandry and animal production. I do not believe we are gaining anything DISCUSSION ON DR. HOSKINS' ADDRESS by this discussion pro and con in relation to city and state schools and I would suggest that we confine ourselves to problems that really interest us in developing veterinary education and making an animal turn out more valuable for future work. Dr. Hoskins: I want to answer these discussions. I had in mind that the trend toward multiplication of weak state schools w^as not for the best. They can 't get beyond a few years ' instruc- tion for we cannot get the states to pay for more than two or three instructors, and they are always in political jeopardy for their support from year to year under our political system. What we do not want is to lean towards the multiplication of these schools; they are in a very large number of instances attached to agricultural colleges that are seeking large sums every year for their own maintenance. In our efforts for higher education the last few years we have driven out of existence some of the better private schools. We had better turn our attention tow^ards the larger support of them and encourage the enlargement of them for the advantages they offer in larger cities, for there is not a problem today in veterinary medicine that is not covered within a radius of twenty-five miles of New York city, with its great laboratories, its great clinical institutions — federal and municipal — with its transportation problems, not only with our own country but with the world ; with the relation of animal dis- eases to man in a great metropolitan district. The horse shows* the dog shows, the poultry shows, even the feline shows, all come within the province of veterinary medicine. I am saying that the hope of veterinary education does not lie wholly in state schools, but with state schools liberally endowed, for medical education is expensive ; it costs $2,000 to educate a medical student, for which they receive $1,000. Veterinary medicine for the future must not be in the line of multiplying weak state schools, but strong schools in the great metropolitan districts, and to look both for endowment and state support for the maintenance of these schools. Dr. C. a. Gary : I want to say a word — let's get down to this thing. We are not going to settle the problem of education in five minutes and we are not going to change the facts. I have some idea of the conditions in New York and the South, and in Europe as well. I want to say that I have visited most of the prominent schools of this country and Europe and I have at- tended the clinics. I have never been in any one that has had all the things I thought it ought to have, or that they had a FRATERNITY 157 corner on this whole thing", or, in other words, have written up a monograph. There are some things in the country we never have in the city, and vice versa, and, no matter how much they argue, it is a fact. We have a condition in the South which you have not much of in the North. They told me when I started in our small town of 2,000 inhabitants we would not have any students. I have had all the clinical work we could use, just as much varia- tion as any schools I have seen with this exception — we do not have a great number of clinics. If I went to Dr. Hoskins, to New York, I would not see many things I see in my school. That is not a fault, not a fault of his school ; it is a fact, nevertheless, and one we might get around — we find certain localities have their peculiarities in their surroundings and in their animal hus- bandry life. Just one thing I might mention. In Alabama, three years ago, there was not a carload of hogs shipped out. Last year in the peanut reg:ion we shipped 2,300 carloads, an increase in production last year of fifty per cent. These are facts from records made on these shipments. A good many of our men are doing more hog practice than anything else. Three years ago they could not have made a living in that neighborhood in that way. Yes, we want to get over this question and get to- gether and do something and push things along. We are getting up into scientific areas, we want to get out and find these things, and so we are going to do something and not knock each other whether we have private schools or state schools. Some one says we are not getting what we ought to get. I believe you are get- ting all that is coming to you. Let us look the question square in the face and get to work. FRATERNITY. J. W. Sallade, Auburn, Pa. Anyone familiar with the history of this division of the A. V. M. A. realizes that the object for which it was formed has not yet been attained in full measure. Annually good papers are presented and discussed. Subjects like ''The Education of the Veterinarian," ''Reciprocity and Equality in Veterinary Instruction," "The Curriculum and Veterinary Army Service" have been very ably discussed in papers by Drs. Bemis, Quitman and Turner, presented at the ♦Presented at Section of Veterinary Faculties and Examining Boards, 55th Annual Meeting, A. V. M. A., Philadelphia, 1918. 158 J. W. SALLADE fifty-fourth annual meeting, and the discussion following reveals the fact that there is still a lack of coordination of the several bodies comprising this section and that we have not yet been able to find a concrete basis upon which to build a lasting co- operation. It is generally known that many applicants for license are notoriously deficient and that it is claimed the same average con- ditions prevail among the graduates from all colleges (but not gracefully admitted). This leads us to believe that we can never have uniformity of product without uniformity in methods of teaching and that is the evident conclusion of men who have had experience in the examining room. Faculty members who have served on examining boards of the Veterinary Officers Reserve Corps, and have thus come in contact with graduates from all veterinary colleges bear testimony to the conditions found to exist by state board examiners. Dr. Quitman in his analysis of the deficients gives the results as follows: Per Cent Poor and improper teaching methods 50 Deficient education of students 25 Deficient intellect (tho educated) 25 And this places the fault half with the colleges and half with the student body. All members of the state boards are very naturally not in- fallible, some perhaps are incompetent, but the fact remains that they have to deal with the college product as it is supplied by the colleges. If that be fifty per cent deficient the blame should not be placed on the board which rejects some applicants. Being members of the same society demands that we should associate as brothers. Good fellowship always considers the other man 's viewpoint and respects him as a fellow being and his opinion as sincere. These are strenuous times and we are forced into service of whatever kind it is decided our station in life should fit us for. Aofe limit only determines the kind of service one must render. Fraternity in its broad sense includes a common brotherhood of all mankind. God created man in His own image ; His mission is to serve God and mankind and to love his brother as himself. It should therefore be our aim to dwell together in peace. The object of this section of the A. V. M. A. is hearty co- operation between the faculties of the veterinary colleges and FRATERNITY 159 the examining boards, in an effort to discover the cause of defi- cient training and how to remedy it. Thus far it has apparently- been the function of at least some of those connected with the faculties to charge incompetency, irregularities, etc., to the boards and thus hope to escape responsibility. They argue that the questions used by the board should be submitted to them, not for criticism, but as a guide to enable them to prepare students to meet the requirements of the boards. To my mind there must have been something the matter with the teaching or the manner of issuing diplomas to students, which impelled the enactment of laws creating state veterinary medical examining boards whose function it is to safeguard mankind and brute creation against charlatans and impostors, some of w^hom might have escaped from a recognized veterinary college. In contention of that view it might be justly said boards do not fix the curriculum ; they have no voice in selecting the teach- ers or in shaping the material from which colleges attempt to create their product, but are public functionaries whose duty it is to place the seal of approval on college work. Therefore, all veterinary colleges should teach the same subjects, have a uniform program, proper equipment and the best teachers available, to thoroughly teach every branch and instill the student mind with its beauties and its application. Much care should be exercised in matriculating students. Preliminary education is a necessary qualification, but not the only one, and perhaps not the most vital one. Application and adaptability are important factors and a period of probationary service would probably develop those qualities. Fee collecting with some colleges is the principal if not the only source of revenue and that may account for the insuffi- ciencies complained about. Good fellowship and moral courage will aid us in recognizing and applying the remedy. There can no longer be any question about the lack of knowledge many students possess after finish- ing a prescribed course in some veterinary college. That fact is too patent for contradiction. They should never have been allowed to continue to the end. Their moiiey, time and energy^ applied in some other vocation to which they were fitted by nature would thus have been a real benefit and the examining boards which had to deal with them could have been saved many labored expressions by the faculty that must have and should have recognized his intellectual deficit. 160 W. SALLADE The examining boards should be composed of men of mature judgment, experience and moral responsibility, whose aim and purpose it should be to honestly and impartially develop the product of the college. Their certificates must represent quality, their examination should be fair and practical and honestly cover the field of instruction. No good can result from asking catch questions. The element of fair play must not be lost sight of— justice to all, the guiding star. While the faculties have a responsible duty to perform and are performing it conscientiously, the examining boards are equally charged with responsibility — that of safeguarding the general public against imposition from spurious pretenders. Under their signature they guarantee the diploma, conferring privilege, honor and authority. Such being the high purpose of these several corelated bodies, it is self-evident that the same motive of action is dependent upon either and that our relations ought to be of the most friendly character. In like manner we are responsible for the personnel of the veterinary profession and its power as a factor in the community. If the spirit of cooperation and fraternal feeling is in us, deceit and duplicity may not enter into our relations. Faculties will welcome constructive criticism and weak points which may exist in the teaching of any subject receive correction. If, on the other hand^ examining boards become obsessed with the idea that it is their function to puzzle applicants for license with catch questions and thus not only discommode and as a result reject them, but also cast reflections on the college, they practice unfair tactics and perpetrate a wicked injustice on both. Unfortunately, there does not appear to be any remedy for unequal standards of examining boards under state regulation, since the state acts under which we operate are so vitally di- vergent that common ground for reciprocity is not available. That, however, does not prevent us from adhering to a "moral code, and if colleges were standardized and the curriculum uni- form, students from any one of them should be able to acquit themselves satisfactorily before any board, provided such board is imbued with the power of the golden rule. Our relations of faculty and faculty, of faculty and board and one board with another should at all times be amiable. Nothing that I can think of is more detestable than an endeavor to take undue advantage of another; by doing so is not only disreputable but brands you as an undesirable associate. DISCUSSION ON DR. SALLADE'S PAPER 161 If this humble effort will stimulate some discussion along these lines I shall have reached my objective. I can see the beauties of the subject but am incapable of exhausting its possibilities. In the discharge of our several duties, the same ideals and motives must prevail. The primary condition of successful co- operation must be a fraternal feeling, a certain degree of mutual confidence. The advancement of the veterinary profession and the pres- ervation of its reputation are largely dependent upon our co- related functions. DISCUSSION. Dr. F. C. Waite : May I have the privilege, not as a military man but as Dr. Waite ? I have been in professional work twenty- five years, devoting all my time to it, investigating medical schools of this country, and the navy schools of this country, and am very glad of an opportunity to give my opinion as to w^hat is the matter with things brought out in this paper. I have had in my official w^ork reports come to me from medical, dental and veterinary schools — I may say the proportion of students in veterinary schools is much greater than in medical or dental ones. The veterinary students must be of more superior intellectual ability than those among the dental or medical men, or the teach- ing must be far superior, or the subject must be extremely eas}^, or what I believe is the real thing, that the pedagogics of teach- ing are not appreciated, I find several of the veterinary schools reported that all their students this year passed every course without a condition. Those who taught know that is not the case ; in education the rate (total men who are conditioned and fail, according to reports) is from ten to eighteen per cent. We know dental education is not up to medical education, which is twelve per cent ; total in veterinary schools is two per cent. The reports of veterinary schools for this year is less than two per cent of conditioned students ; about eighty-five per cent of all men failed in not a single subject. These are facts and startling facts to me. Another thing I have learned which is startling to me as an edu- cator is that the veterinary course in some of the schools of this country is not graded. I learn it is possible for a man to flunk freshman subjects, go along four years with those conditions hanging over him and then, at the end of four years, be denied 162 DISCUSSION ON DR. SALLADE'S PAPER his diploma. Why? Because he had not passed the subjects three years ago, a subject or subjects which if it is a graded course is necessarily prerequisite to the courses above and in- structors in reputable veterinary schools in this country are per- mitting men who have shown they have not the knowledge on fundamental subjects to go ahead and take subjects based on those and go on and on, and not dismiss them until the entire course has been complete and the inference is, not dismissed until they have paid their entire three or four years' tuition. We might as well face these things. That is the thing medical schools did twenty-five or thirty years ago, things they got out of twenty years ago. They recognize the course must be graded, one subject is preliminary and requisite to another and a man should not be permitted to go on. I found a report from one school in which a man had flunked seven freshman subjects and the dean said he thought he could make them all up on opening of next term. These are some of the startling things in com- parison with what is being done in medical and dental schools and I get to my feet, not as an officer, but as a teacher, to call your attention to these facts, that there should be something done in the question of regulation. We as teachers know we get in every class men who are totally incapable ; in all of the veterinary schools of this country, this year, there has been only one man barred for poor scholarship, according to the reports I have received. Just one man ! In one dental school there were sixty-five men barred for poor scholarship and were told they could not return. A man who is a poor student and is allowed to go on certainly depreciates all the work of his college. I hope the stenographer will put my name down as Doctor Waite, not as Captain Waite. I am say- ing these things, I hope, to help you. Dr. N. S. Mayo: I wish to corroborate what Dr. Waite has just said. It has been sometimes pleasant but sometimes un- pleasant to visit the veterinary schools of this country and in- spect them for this association, finding the condition, from a teaching point of view, from an educational point of view, at a number of veterinary schools has been terrible. This hardly describes their condition. Not long ago a graduate of this last spring, a young man with a good preliminary training, a high school graduate, said : ' ' I have graduated ; now I want to go to a real veterinary school. Where shall I go?" I discussed a num- ber of schools that were real schools. Another student said to me. REQUIREMENTS FOR ENLISTMENTS FOR VETERINARY STUDENTS 163 ''So many failed in the class since I have joined it, and they were pretty sore about it." He said, "We are not kicking be- cause they failed ; we are complaining because they ever let them start," because every student who knew anything, knew from the beginning if they were not getting fair marks they could never get along." Where a student realizes that condition there is something wrong with that school. Another thing the writer of the paper touched upon is one I have thought of many times — and that is the question of eliminating from the schools students of veterinary medicine, those who never will be successful. So far as I know, this is not done in veterinary schools. Those of you who have taught know that after a year or a little more you can pick out some men that you are convinced that if they went to a veterinary school for ten years would never be successful in that profession. In some of the better medical schools — I do not know that they do it in all of them — they take those students and say, ''You are not adapted to medicine; you had better quit; go somewhere else and find another sphere of usefulness." I know a young fellow who went in for aviation, aeronautics, a splendid student. They had him there a month or two, then said, "You are not adapted to aviation, ' ' but it was a kindness to that fellow to do that, and I believe the veterinary schools which have the real training of successful, leading veterinarians — a credit to their profession — at heart, should take up this question and help these young fellows that have started on the wrong track to get them in some other line of usefulness and success. REQUIREMENTS FOR ENLISTMENTS FOR VETER- INARY STUDENTS IN THE ENLISTED MEDICAL RESERVE CORPS.* Captain F. :C. Waite, Washington, D. C. Instead of having the above title, it should be ' ' Love 's Labor Lost." In June I was asked to come here and read a paper on this subject. They gave me two months to prepare it and I carefully organized things, and was all ready to give you the result of my efforts when I received orders that there was nothing to tell at the present time. There was never any enlistment in the Medical Reserve Corps, nor in the navy nor in the Marines, and it is not possible for a * Presented at Section of Veterinary Faculties and Examining Boards, 55tli Annual Meeting, A. V. M. A., Philadelphia, 1918. 164 GEO. M. POTTER man to get a commission now between eighteen and forty-five, as the door has been shut tight on all civilians. How long that is going to continue no one can predict and not knowing what is going to happen, no one can predict what the conditions of the future will be. I tried on Saturday to find what the situation was so that I could tell you. I went to the chairman of instruc- tion on special training of the general staff, and that committee has charge now of all education and training in relation to the army, civilian instruction and training, and asked him what I could tell this body as to the present status and he held up his fingers and said so much — nothing. Nothing told at the present time. We hope something may be said in a very short time, but until definite orders come through nothing can be said as to what is going to be done with prospective or present stu- dents. I regret very much to have to be so unsatisfactory, but it is the best I can do. THE EXTENSION VETERINARIAN.* Geo. M. Potter, Manhattan, Kansas. It would be interesting to trace the growth of the medical profession, and the concurrent development of the veterinary pro- fession, step by step, from the superstition and quackery of the dark ages to the triumphs of modern surgery and preventive medicine, but that is a part of the history of our profession with which this audience is entirely familiar, so I will pass directly to the consideration of my. subject. The latest development along medical lines consists in the education of the public. No longer does the art of healing depend upon mysterious secrets to be jealously guarded by the physician, for the practice of medicine is a science dependent upon certain principles, which the people at large may understand to a degree. Preventive medicine has assumed great importance in the control of contagious diseases. The great plagues of the past can now be controlled by quaran- tine, preventive vaccination and the establishment of proper sanitary surroundings. Our success in controlling tuberculosis, typhoid fever and smallpox is directly proportionate, however, to the knowledge which the people have concerning these prin- ciples and the extent to which they make their habits of living conform to them. Education, therefore, becomes an important *Presented at Section of Veterinary Faculties and Examining Boards, 55th Ani-v.al Meeting, A. V. M. A., Philadelphia, 1918. THE EXTENSION VETERINARIAN 165 element in combating disease. The same principles apply in animal diseases, and tuberculosis, abortion disease, blackleg and hog cholera can be controlled by essentially the same methods. The same need of education is seen here, and in response to that need there comes forward the extension veterinarian. Let us go into detail concerning the necessity of educating the owners of domestic animals. Our present methods of con- trolling disease, effective as they are, and yet so imperfect, are of very recent origin, and there has not been time for them to be generally understood and adopted. The revelations of bacteri- ology are so recent, so astounding to the lay mind, and have so changed our conception of disease that we should little wonder at the slowness of the public in accepting them. It was but yesterday that our animals ran at large upon the public range, and the older generation cannot forget the practices of former days. They have not changed their methods to conform to the changed conditions. Animal values have been so low that stock was often permitted to die rather than incur the expense and trouble of treatment. Competent and adequate veterinary service has not been present except in a few favored sections. The pure- bred industry and improved transportation facilities have dis- seminated disease far and»wide. Ignorance and superstition still prevail to a large extent. These facts not only indicate the need for educational work but illustrate the difficulties. There are other difficulties. The inertia and indifference of the great mass of live stock owners impede progress ; political interference ham- pers efforts for disease control, and dishonest selling of diseased animals is continually spreading infection. But great as are the difficulties, the possibilities are even greater. Everywhere men are demanding better stock, and the more valuable animals require and receive better care. Every man w^ho raises purebreds may be made a missionary for better sanitary conditions and better methods, if properly approached. Our agricultural colleges are ever striving to improve conditions, and our veterinary colleges are turning out men better qualified than ever before to handle these problems in an intelligent and scientific manner. There are now many organizations and where- ever we find a breed association, a cow-testing association or a boys' and girls' club there we have a valuable agency for dis- seminating information. The work being done by our Federal Meat Inspection Service offers great educational possibilities which are being used to a limited extent. 166 GEO. M. POTTER The public is awakening to the dangers of human and animal diseases and their desire for wholesome meats and pure milk can be taken advantage of in any educational campaign. THE WORK OF THE EXTENSION VETERINARIAN. What shall we teach ? Not surgery, not materia medica ; these belong to the veterinarian and there is no necessity for trespass- ing upon his field. But there is need for teaching the funda- mental principles of preventive medicine and sanitation. We must teach the stockman that disease is not a visitation of Provi- dence over which he has no control, but that it is due largely to the conditions which he himself imposes upon his animals, and he can, by taking thought and employing correct methods, main- tain his herds in health. The stockman needs to understand the specific nature of dis- ease, that blackleg, hog cholera, tuberculosis, etc., are each due to a definite organism and there are methods adapted to each which he may employ in combating them. He should learn that many of the infectious diseases, for which we have as yet no cure, can be prevented by proper methods of herd practice, and by vaccination. We should strive to give him correct informa- tion concerning biologic preparations, citing their limitations as well as their virtues, lest he, through disappointment at oc- casional failures, become skeptical of their value. We must demonstrate the necessity of sanitation, pointing out the fact that dark, damp, filthy quarters harbor disease and lower the resistance of animals, while the opposite conditions promote health and vigor. The layman must be taught that pathogenic organisms cannot withstand the direct rays of the sun and he can best combat disease by flooding his stables with sunlight, by the use of disinfectants and by the liberal use of whitewash. Finally, we must impress upon our stockman the importance of proper herd management. He must be constantly on the alert to protect his herds against the introduction of disease. There is ever-present danger in our traffic in animals, not only in the purchase of diseased animals, but because of the frequency with which disease is contracted from infected yards and cars. The quarantine of all newcomers until health is assured, therefore, becomes an important precaution. We must teach the necessity of isolating affected animals and the prompt employment of competent veterinary service where, in spite of precaution, dis- I THE EXTEInSION VETERINARIAN 167 ease breaks out. The rotation of pastures plays an important part in controlling both infection and parasites. Likewise the management of the breeding herd is of utmost importance in con- trolling certain diseases. In short, we should urge the adoption of a definite system of herd improvement as the most effective weapon in controlling disease. THE MAN. What qualifications must the extension veterinarian possess? First and most important is personality; those qualities which enable him to meet all classes of men and discuss their problems with them intelligently, sympathetically and yet with dignity; in other words, a ''mixer." Second, experience is essential in order that he may convey the impression of one speaking with authority. If you will pardon the personal reference, the writer has found a varied experience, including postmortem work in meat inspection, field work, laboratory and investigational work and teaching, of the greatest value. Experience gives the breadth of view which is essential in educational work. Third, the ability to translate technical terms into the everyday language of the stockman. His audience must not go away bewildered by a lot of terms which they are incapable of understanding. The ques- tions which the intelligent presentation of a subject is sure to call forth aid greatly in clarifying it. Here is tested one's ability to think on his feet, and here, if he rises to the situation, he can often do his most effective work. Here also a humor without sting, a repartee that does not cut, and a few well-chosen illus- trations help to enliven the discussion and the audience departs in happy frame of mind. Other qualifications might be men- tioned but these are fundamental. RELATIONSHIPS. What relations should exist between this new phase of vet- erinary activity and the established branches, such, for instance, as the regulatory work of state and nation, the college, and the practitioner. Regulatory work, if it is to be effective, must from its very nature become educational. Whoever has undertaken to control animal diseases has soon discovered the importance of public appreciation of the underlying principles of disease con- trol. We have numerous examples ; for instance, cattle and sheep scabies, foot and mouth disease and Texas fever. In regard to the last, we have, after twelve years of effort, accompanied by much friction and strife, gotten the work well organized and 168 GEO. M. POTTER progess in the future should be more rapid. Results have come more through education than compulsion. Who can say how much more rapid our progress might have been had there been a well-organized extension force to prepare the way? At the present time educational methods are being employed to very great advantage in controlling hog cholera, and the demand for information concerning other diseases is insistent and wide- spread. It is not too much to say that every effort at regulation should be accompanied by and even preceded by an educational campaign. Therefore, the relation of education to regulation should be intimate. There must exist the same intimate relations between exten- sion service and college and laboratory. Unfortunately, there has been somewhat of a tendency in official quarters to regard these as entirely separate and distinct branches, each to be con- fined to its own field without reference to the others. The exten- sion worker must not concern himself with regulatory matters and all investigational work must be left to college and labora- tory. But that is wrong. These various lines of activity are so interrelated and so dovetailed together that one cannot be alto- gether separated without doing violence to the whole. The ex- tension veterinarian will naturally teach the ideas which he received in college, amplified by his own experience and the re- searches of the investigator. What he teaches will differ only in detail and manner of presentation ; the principles will be the same. We must, therefore, keep in close touch with these other branches in order to be abreast of the times. On the other hand, he can himself contribute much. He meets many more stockmen than they, visits them on their farms and discusses their prob- lems with them; consequently, his knowledge of conditions is much more intimate than that possessed by the college professor or the laboratory man. In his extensive travels he is in a posi- tion to gather valuable data, and as he gathers and interprets facts to his audiences he thereupon becomes an investigator of the first importance. It would be most unfortunate were we to permit our so-called division of labor to deny us the benefits of his observations in the field of investigation. The activities of the extension veterinarian must be closely linked with those of the college and laboratory. The relations that should exist between extension veterinarian and practioner are not so easily defined. They are more personal and must vary according to conditions. This question of veter- THE EXT0NSION VETERINARIAN 169 inary extension was raised by the writer last year at a meeting of this body. At that time the fear was expressed that this new form of activity might encroach upon the field which the prac- titioner regards as peculiarly his own. A venerable member of many years' experience as educator and practitioner gave as his testimony that he had no fear of this movement to educate the public. In his experience the enlightened client had always proved the most satisfactory one with which to deal. There has also been a tendency among veterinarians to con- fuse the extension veterinarian with the county agent. The two are not identical, although the former must work much with the latter. The activities of the county agent along veterinary lines have engendered considerable heat among veterinarians, and in- dignation meetings have been held and resolutions passed. The veterinarian cannot justly be blamed for his resentment. He believes that a profession that is worth working for is worth fighting for. He has had to spend three or four years and much money to acquire it and pass a rigid examination before he can practice. His profession is at once his life work and his means of obtaining a livelihood. He sees what he considers an irre- sponsible person who knows comparatively little of the require- ments of the practice of medicine come in, in violation of those laws which he himself must observe, and with semiofficial sanc- tion begin to tear down his (the veterinarian's) work and de- prive him of his living. It would be a poor and unworthy ^^ stick" indeed who would not resent such treatment. But I would have the veterinarian pause and consider the facts. The county agent movement, too, has sprung up in response to a need. We needed a more systematic, a more purposeful agriculture and that could be brought about only through competent leadership, hence the county agent. The agent is usually a young man of college train- ing, chosen for his fitness as a leader. It is his province to study the needs of his county and initiate movements to meet them. In case of outbreaks of animal disease he may appropriately take the initiative in a campaign for their control. But sometimes in his enthusiasm and desire to serve he oversteps the bounds. His partial knowledge does not permit him to realize his limitations and he makes mistakes, with the result that sooner or later ''his chickens come home to roost. ' ' I had the experience of detecting such a mistake shortly after it had been made and demonstrated it to the agent in a manner that did not cause resentment. That same agent was a valuable man to his community, in spite of mis- 'ITO GEO. M. POTTER takes, because he was the only man to take the initiative in emergencies. He also turned much work to the local practitioners which they might not otherwise have received. Those in author- ity are beginning to realize the danger of permitting the agents to perform veterinary service, and this abuse may be expected shortly to correct itself. In this same connection I cannot hold the veterinarian en- tirely blameless. He has not always filled the need of his com- munity. He has not often enough regarded himself as a public servant but barters his services for so much money. Not fre- quently does he educate his clients in the principles of sanitation and disease control. Not often does he assume the initiative, in a spirit of leadership, for the control of outbreaks. Too fre- quently does he forget the duty he owes his profession, and is guilty of carelessness in diagnosis or treatment, failing to act the part of a professional man. Too often have I had the reply, when recommending to a farmer that he employ veterinary assistance, ' ' Why, I can vaccinate my hogs myself and do a better, cleaner job than will Dr. Blank. ' ' What then can I say ? Does not that reflect upon the profession as a whole ? Does it not make ridicu- lous the complaint of the veterinarian, and strengthen the case of the county agent who will do a fairly satisfactory job without charge? These deficiencies we may refer to the failure of our colleges to inculcate in their students the idea of the responsi- bilities devolving upon the professional man. We as educators and leaders must strive to overcome these faults. We may have tried in a perfunctory sort of way, but there must be a conscious and concerted effort to make each and every student and every practitioner realize his responsibilities toward the public and toward his profession. There is yet another angle from which to view this question. There has never been adequate veterinary service in the more sparsely settled sections of the country and war has accentuated this deficiency, as a large number of the most capable veterina- rians have entered military service. A large part of our meat- producino- animals come from those very areas. The diseases continue to operate, however, and there are few trained men to direct their control. In this our great national crisis we cannot permit these animals, so necessary for the food supply of the country, to die, so in the emergency we must call upon the most readily accessible help, which in this case can be rendered by the county agent. He is already rendering valuable service in the DISCUSSION ON DR. POTTER'S PAPER 171 campaign against hog cholera, in vaccinating against blackleg, and in many other ways. Until we can supply competent and adequate veterinary service we cannot well deprive the stockman of the only relief available to him, consequently the ideal must give place to the requirements of our present necessities. The county agent movement represents progress. We know the fate awaiting him who attempts to impede progress; there- fore, let the veterinarian beware how he opposes the county agent. The two can work together to mutual advantage and each should be willing to go half-way to meet the other. Finally, I would have this body, this Section of Veterinary Faculties and Examining Boards, consider this whole question of veterinary extension. It is a new departure in veterinary education. Shall it be left to develop haphazard, or shall it be intelligently directed to meet the needs of the times ? Again, in regard to the county agent, the veterinarian feels that he has a grievance. Let us, the friends of education, take up this matter in a dignified and friendly manner with the proper officials, try to discover the causes responsible for any unsatis- factory conditions, eliminate them, and then join with these other representatives of progress for a better and more productive animal husbandry. DISCUSSION. Dr. Bex\cham : I am sure we have all had thoughts on this subject. The question, as it appears to me, is, is it a menace? I believe it is worth while to give it the consideration that Dr. Potter has given it, with free and open minds, either for or against the subject. Just what do we mean by the term '^ exten- sion"? We are all more or less familiar with the agricultural experiments of the last forty years, we are also well acquainted with the rapid growth of our agricultural colleges during the last two decades. We recognize the fact that some great achieve- ments have been rendered during this time, but there was no way by which the information obtained by the experiment station could be extended to those most interested, as a very small per- centage of even the boys on the farm were able to attend the agricultural college. The great mass of the farmers have neither attended college nor the experiment station ; some means had to be provided for extending this information to the farmers ; they must learn the sanitary principles underlying our successful activity. The extension service was established to render this 172 DISCUSSION ON DR. POTTER'S PAPER service ; it was established by both veterinary and state legisla- tion ; it employs instructors and specialists ; it has correspondence schools for students who otherwise could not obtain this educa- tion. The specialists cover nearly all the subjects connected with agriculture, forage crops, animal husbandry and live stock sani- tation and the prevention of animal diseases. We know there are experiment stations employed for a certain amount of research, our agricultural colleges have taken in med- icine as a part of their curriculum, the experiment station is employed for precisely the same purpose. The extension service serves as a sort of package delivery between agricultural colleges. Another part of the extension service that Dr. Potter referred to is the county agent. In too many instances the county agent has overstepped the bounds of propriety and engaged in activities otherwise not intended for him or for which he had no particular training, but we must remember that the county agent is a man of no special training along veterinary lines ; he has not had the benefit of any rules or regulations particularly defining the lines of his activities. He had to depend wholly on his own conception of the position. The farmer is anxious to learn, ignorant or rather unconcerned regarding the fine points of ethics, referred to the county agent for advice. Sometimes it was not easy for him to refuse. In too many instances he was too eager and jumped at the opportunity. Recently county agents are being more restricted in their activities; they are being controlled; rules are being perpared to govern their actions. It seems to me it would be much better for us to get in and help on these rules to safeguard his interests. Another service that we can render is to get the county agent and farmer to work together with the veterinary surgeon. I could cite county after county in which county agents have been located for two months to one and a half years where you have never met better cooperation in any county. By the exercise of a little tact and common sense on the part of the veterinary surgeon the two parties were brought together; since then they are working with absolute harmony, to the benefit of every one. Are we going to array ourselves against it and gain the ill will back of this movement and force the treatment of preventive medicine in the hands of those not prepared for it, or are we going to support it and try again to retain the interest of the live stock industry, without which the veterinarian cannot exist, and afford ourselves the DISCUSSION ON DR. POTTER'S PAPER 173 opportunity of confining the teaching of veterinary medicine or prevention of veterinary medicine to veterinarians ? Dr. Williams: Dr. Potter in his interesting paper alluded to one special type of the extension veterinarian. Veterinary science has had a sort of dual or triple origin. The older veter- inary schools in continental Europe were brought into existence for the purposes of the armies of Europe to teach regarding the diseases of horses, as an essential part of the military service. In this country, when agricultural colleges were founded, there was a widespread interest in the teaching of veterinary science as a part of agricultural education for the benefit of agriculture. Later we have come to the point where we regard veterinary education as meeting and coalescing with medicine. My work upon the diseases of genital organs of cattle relates to animal husbandry, to the production of human food, both in quantity and quality, and has a relation which has not yet been carefully studied regarding human health and life. When we reach the point of the influence of diseases of the genital organs of cattle upon human health the boundary line between human and veter- inary medicine disappears. When agricultural colleges were first founded they nearly all included veterinary science in their cur- ricula, not to make veterinarians, but to better fit men for agri- culture. I started in that way, in an agricultural college, with a view to learning a little veterinary science to make me a better live stock husbandman. It was a tremendous fizzle, because I have never had anything to do with animal husbandry, but went into pure veterinary science instead. For five years I was paid a salary for teaching veterinary science to agricultural students ; whether I taught veterinary science I will not say. So far as I know, I did no good. I did not know how to present the subject and I have felt that my work as a teacher of veterinary science in agricultural schools was largely without profit. We still have veterinary education in agricultural schools as a part of the regular curriculum. After my experience of five years I retired from the field for twenty years. I am now back again trying to teach agricultural students something along the lines which Dr. Potter has mentioned. I find there is a constant tendency on the part of agricultural students to ask for more and more re- garding the treatment of disease and less and less regarding the knowledge I think I should give them. There is a constant con- flict which I have not as yet been able to overcome. Students come to me from the agricultural college and ask whether they 174 DISCUSSION. ON DR. POTTER'S PAPER may take the re^lar course in veterinary obstetrics. I tell them no, because they have not yet had subjects which are considered by me essentially preparatory subjects. Still, I think by being very cautious and limiting ourselves to the nature of disease and doing a very little work with reference to first aid with animals, a great deal of advising them what to let alone, I think we are making some progress. Extension work is old, as old as our agricultural colleges; they were founded about 1868. We have another type of extension veterinary teaching to farmers, that of the lectures by veterinarians in farmers' insti- tutes and farmers ' meetings. We have the two plans in operation at present in the State of New York, the farmers' institute con- ducted by one set of authorities and certain other farmers' meet- ings by other authorities. The farmers' institute authorities employ veterinarians to attend these institutes and to lecture upon veterinary subjects. Being a great dairy state, one of the subjects talked about is that relative to abortion in dairy cattle. The men who are employed by the institute authorities to lecture upon the subjects are always in conflict in their teachings with my teachings in the state. I go very largely to the farmers' meetings and to the meetings of dairymen and dairy cattle breed- ers and say one thing and these farmers' institute workers tell another thing, and so the conflict goes on. In some states free veterinary extension w^ork is carried on by correspondence. There is a force of veterinarians selected by the state, or the state uni- versity. The veterinarian does not see the animals at all. There has been a considerable resentment aroused. This is inevitable because the veterinarian sitting in his office and perhaps without practical experience cannot be expected to make the same diag- nosis as the veterinarian who examines the animal, so there arises conflict and a certain degree of ill feeling. I have been advised since I came to the meeting regarding an occurrence pretty close to Dr. Potter, in an adjoining state. I was watched by a man while I did a little instrumental work upon the genital organs of cattle. He had never done any of the work himself and started out at once teaching others how to do it. If he had entitled his work, ''Teaching others how not to do it," he would have gotten along much better, because he gave to the live stock owner the idea that he knew just what to do. I think it is about as proper for a veterinarian, be he in extension work or other capacity, and I belive Dr. Potter will agree, as for a human surgeon to go out among people and teach the heads of DISCUSSION ON DR. POTTER'S PAPER 175 families to perform the appendicitis operation as to go out and instruct the owner of valuable cattle how to meddle with live stock. I do not care what branch of this extension service one takes up, no difference whether he teaches agricultural students in college, by correspondence, or as a traveling extension veter- inarian like Dr. Potter, he should be very, very careful what he does and not try to teach things to men who are not teachable under the circumstances. There has always been danger and always will be of a teacher overstepping his office. We must leave diagnosis, surgery and therapeutics with veterinarians, and the greatest value we can give to popular teaching is to indicate where the boundary line lies between those matters which only the trained veterinarian is in position to comprehend and those w^hich may be successfully taught to the layman. There is one other plan for extending knowledge to veter- inarians and that is by publications in the form of bulletins, circulars, etc. Personally, I favor these very strongly because the teacher can then place in writing over his signature what he wishes to say, and it stands there as what he has said. It is difficult to speak to people and not leave a wrong impression. For example, in a recent publication of my own, with regard to abortion of cattle, I stated that some of the things recommended could be done by the animal husbandman, some by an ordinary veterinarian, some by specially trained veterinarians. I got a letter of inquiry a few days ago asking how do I go at it to douche the uterus of a cow which is sterile? I said, send for the veter- inarian who knows how. That is all the answer I had for that man and I can not and will not attempt to give any other. What impresses me in all this work is that every part of it should be carried out with the very greatest care that less harm should be done than good. Professor Robert Graham has been discharged from the army and has returned to his work as professor of animal pathology at the University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. A bill to establish a veterinary school in connection with the University of Illinois has been introduced in the Legislature. This bill has the support of the Illinois Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, the Live Stock Association and the university authorities. The prospects for its passage are good. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN A MODERN VETERINARY COURSE.* H. H. Havner, Pennsylvania State College. A statement with reference to the world's live stock situation will serve to establish more clearly the relationship and impor- tance of animal husbandry in a modern veterinary course. From figures submitted by the Food Administration, the European live stock losses resultant by the war are : for our European allies, 47,000,000 head of stock; for Germany, 18,000,000 head; for Austria, Russia and Turkey, 35,000,000 head. The total Euro- pean loss in livestock resultant of the war has been 100,000,000 head, or over half of the total amount of live stock in the United States. Upon the United States will rest the main burden of replenishing the breeding herds of Europe. Recently agricul- tural commissions representing in an official capacity their re- spective countries abroad have visited the United States and have inspected several breeding herds in this country, with a view of making purchases after the war. This is significant since it shows that European countries will likely turn to the United States for the foundation of breeding herds. Pure-bred live stock breeders in the United States are very optimistic as to the future of the live stock industry, in this country. During the next few years marked progress can be expected in all live stock breeding operations in this nation. FEED QUESTION AN IMPORTANT ISSUE. Aside from the importance of the live stock industry, the question of feed cost and food conservation should be briefly dis- cussed. Because of the necessity for grain conservation, the Food Administration has urged a maximum use of non-edible human foods to a point as far as is practicable in the making of beef and pork. A campaign with this in view has been launched through the various agencies which by reason of their organiza- tion are in direct touch with the farmer or producer. The States Relations Service, through the extension service of the several agricultural colleges, has been the chief agency through which this campaign has been carried out. ♦Presented at Section of Veterinary Faculties and Examining Boards, 55th Annual Meeting, A. V. M. A., Philadelphia, 1918. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN VETERINARY COURSE 177 POINTS EMPHASIZED IN THE MEAT PRODUCTION DRIVE. The points emphasized in the meat production drive which was launched in this country some time ago are : (1) The use of a larger amount of roughage with a wisely balanced grain combination in order that the annual meat pro- duction of the United States can be increased without cutting any serious inroad into the grain supply that can be used for feeding our own population, as well as the population of our European allies. (2) The keeping of more live stock — a policy much needed for the period of the war and also for the reconstruction period of the world 's agriculture after hostilities have ceased. (3) A well-outlined system of management for herds and flocks so that a maximum efficiency in production may be realized. These fundamental considerations have been included in the live stock development program of a majority of our states where live stock constitutes the basis of successful agricultural develop- ment. For the most successful results in such a live stock pro- gram it is necessary that such a movement have the most active support of the producer, the consumer, all agricultural organi- zations, and, lastly, the most hearty support of all associations, which, by reason of the profession of the members, are closely allied with any general live stock policy. Live stock constitutes the long-range gun of agriculture ; the making of beef and pork by the use of non-edible human foods guards against a grain famine; efficient management of herds and flocks insures a maximum profit to the farmer; these are the underlying reasons for teaching animal husbandry in a mod- em veterinary course. What animal husbandry subjects are most needed for the student of veterinary medicine ? It is quite a common conclusion by a majority of all veterinary colleges that animal husbandry in a modern veterinary course should comprise such essential sub- jects as, ''Types and Breeds of Farm Animals," ''Animal Breed- ing," Live Stock Judging" (which includes both market and breeding animals), "Feeds and Feeding" and a "Live Stock Management" course, which should include subject material and practicums dealing with the fitting of animals for show, the harnessing, driving and improved methods of breaking horses to work, and lecture material, and, if possible, actual practicum work which deals with all phases of live stock management. 178 H, H. HAVNER A majority of veterinary colleges could not be criticised for not offering these animal husbandry subjects. A lack of animal husbandry knowledge has been due in a large measure to the fact that the average veterinary student has not appreciated the importance of these subjects, and consequently has taken only enough interest to get a passing mark without making the best use of the material presented with a view of using it in the future. The reason for this apparently half-hearted interest in animal husbandry by the average veterinary student while in college and for a time after graduation seems to be due to the student viewpoint that agricultural subjects, of which animal husbandry is a part, bears very little importance to the practice of veter- inary medicine. It is found, however, that this viewpoint changes when the veterinarian has been out of college some five or ten years. The veterinarian is bound to discover sooner or later that his profession is in reality a part of the agricultural devel- opment of our nation. For the best success of the veterinarian and the live stock breeder one of the fundamental problems seems to be to get the student to appreciate the importance of the animal husbandry subject matter which is given as a part of the veter- inary course. We will appreciate, I believe, the fact that the student's viewpoint of a given course and the interest he takes in the subject matter presented will depend to quite a large extent upon the ability of the instructor to present the material. The subject matter ought to be presented so that it will be fully understood and also should be given a practical application to the student's future work. One of our leading veterinary edu- cators believes that the animal husbandry subjects should be taught by a man who has a degree in veterinary medicine, as well as a degree in animal husbandry. It is the idea of this educator that a man so trained will be in a position to present the important phases of the animal husbandry subject matter as it relates to veterinary medicine. One of the ways where im- provement can be made in assuring a more thorough knowledge of live stock for the veterinarian is to take steps which will over- come the tendency of students to minimize the importance of animal husbandry in a veterinary course. In some instances this lack of sympathy for live stock subjects may be due to the way the subject matter is presented ; in other cases it may be due to a lack of harmony and cooperation between the members of the faculty of the school of agriculture and the school of veter- inary medicine, and, lastly, the scheduling of too many subjects DISCUSSION ON DR. HAVNER'S PAPER 179 for one semester or year's work. The latter is bound to cause a neglect of the animal husbandry work offered. To insure a more hasty progress of the veterinarian in his work this matter is certainly worthy of thoughtful consideration for it must truth- fully be admitted that if the veterinary student does not get hold of the fundamental animal husbandry subjects while he is in college it will retard his progress and the progress of agricul- tural development until he has learned these things. There has been a tendency toward a spirit of fraternization of veterinarians and live stock breeders the past few years. This is shown by the holding of live stock breeders' meetings and veterinary associations' meetings on the same date and at the same place. While it has been advisable to hold separate sessions for each organization, the fact that the meetings were held at the same time has made it possible for joint meetings to be sched- uled. At these joint meetings opportunity has been given for both veterinarians and live stock breeders to take part in the discussion. Many points have been cleared up by this open and above-board discussion, and it has been possible to proceed much faster with regulatory sanitary laws for the control of disease because of a common viewpoint. In many instances both a clear and a common understanding has been made possible because of a frank discussion of certain fundamental principles of live stock disease control. Both the veterinarian and the live stock breeder can be expected to share the responsibility that belongs to each of them providing a common understanding and a practical and workable plan of live stock disease control is mapped out. For the success of our nation 's live stock breeding enterprises it might be a very timely suggestion for all veterinarians and particularly the members of this association to give this subject of the relationship of the veterinarian and the live stock breeder some thoughtful consideration. If this relationship is established in a proper manner in the classroom in our colleges an important step will have been taken to insure closer cooperation and, there- fore, more rapid progress in all matters pertaining to the inter- ests of the live stock breeder and the veterinarian. DISCUSSION. Dr. Connolly : I think the time will come when we will put a veterinary education on the same basis as we have medical education. I think this association in the past has been working along wrong lines in this sense, that we have increased the pro- 180 AUBREY H. STRAUS AND A, C. WIGHT fessional version of it at the expense of the preliminary require- ments. I think an ideal veterinarian is one who has graduated at a veterinarian college and has done these things because he needs them as a farmer, and as a man who will give some help to develop the live stock interest. Then, too, on top of his agri- cultural education, as some of the members of this association have done, and they make splendid men. Some are splendid practitioners. As it is, I believe the time will come when we will regard some of the things mentioned 'as prerequisites. In our medical schools we regard a high school education necessary; in some schools, like Johns Hopkins, they require a collegiate education; in some others, they require two years' college work. I think it is not too much to require now, instead of two years? of high school work, four years. I believe four years' high school work, with three years of professional work, will make a better veterinarian than an eighth grade man, as we used to have, with four years of professional work. Too many of them take up this kind of work without the fundamental training to help them out. The subjects that are mentioned by Dr. Havner, I see, are re- quired in some of our state schools. Iowa, for instance, gives a good portion. Ohio puts it in its curriculum, but does not re- quire it. I think it is elective. I believe it ought to be required because it makes better men. The stockman has more respect for you if you talk with him in his own language, can give him some advice on feed and feeding, and if you are a good judge of live stock, if you can select a good breeding animal ; if you show some knowledge along those lines your business will be better. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON ULCERATIVE LYMPH- ANGITIS IN HORSES OF THE A. E. F.* First Lieutenant Aubrey H. Straus, Sanitary Corps, U. S. Laboratory No. 1, and First Lieutenant A. C. Wight, Vet. Corps, Vet. Base Hospital No. 6. Under the heading of "Ulcerative Lymphangitis" we have grouped several pathological conditions, very similar in clinical appearance, which affect principally the limbs of horses and mules. Although we are uncertain as to the correctness of the term ''Ulcerative Lymphangitis," it is the one which has been adopted by our French confreres, so, for the sake of uniformity, the term is retained. *This article was prepared in July, 1918, but could not be published at that time. Changes in personnel prevented continuance of the work as planned. — Aubrey H. Straus, Assistant Professor of Bacteriology, Medical College of Vii^ginia, Richmond. Virginia. ULCERATIVE LYMPHANGITIS IN HORSES OF THE A. E. F. 181 This disease has appeared among the horses of the United States army in France and has assumed such proportions, with a resultant loss of horses from the front, that a thorough investi- gation from a bacteriological standpoint, in the hope of finding some means of limiting the spread and of further improving the methods of treatment, was considered advisable. The two classical forms of acute, contagious lymphangitis — that is, epizootic lymphangitis and ulcerative lymphangitis, the latter type due to the bacillus of Preisz and Nocard — ^have fre- quently been encountered and recognized. Our attention, how- ever, was speedily directed to another form, which we have now come to recognize as a predominant, in which neither the cryp- tococcus of Rivolta nor the Preisz-Nocard bacillus was to be found. Streptococci were found in sixty-one per cent of the thirty-six horses examined by us; no other organism of any significance being found in these cases. All of the cases of ulcerative lymphangitis studied by us had been infected also with generalized mange. In addition to this, there were received from the surgical ward from time to time a number of cases in which the lesions of ulcerative lymphangitis appeared along lymphatics following an injury or an abscess. Our observations have led us to believe that the portal of in- fection is either (a) through a break in the continuity of the skin, as is present among the lesions of mange, or (b) following traumatism. We have not been able to demonstrate the mode of transmission of the infective agent, but we believQ it is by direct or indirect contact. Ulcerative lymphangitis nearly always attacks the limbs, usually the posterior. The first symptoms noticed are a more or less pronounced swelling lameness and a slight rise in temper- ature, which may remain for several days before ulcerative lesions appear. There appears, nearly always below the hock or knee, a prominent, well-defined swelling, varying in size from that of a pigeon's egg to that of a hen's egg or larger. Clipping of the hair over the lesions shows a reddish swelling, immobile and elastic in pressure. There is little free pus, but usually a sero-sanguineous exudate. Necrosis takes place at the center of the swelling, leaving a deep ulceration with irregular borders, to which are attached threads of necrotic tissue. The lesions occur on all parts of the limbs, but particularly in the region of the pastern, cannon and fetlock.. In some cases there occur later in the disease one or more large abscesses along the chain of 182 AUBREY H. STRAUS AND A. C. WIGHT lymphatics, at various levels from the hock to the lymph glands. These secondary abscesses, upon discharging, yield an abundance of creamy pus. Specimens for bacteriological examination were taken both from the initial lesions and, where found, from the large secondary abscesses. When culturing for bacteriological examination, the ulcer- ation, including the surrounding area, is first thoroughly cleansed with some soapy disinfectant, as Liquor Cresolis Compositus. Sterile swabs are then used, inserting the swab as deeply as pos- sible into the base of the ulceration. Cultures taken in this man- ner rarely show contamination, the causative organism being ob- tained in most instances in practically pure culture. In some instances, where feasible, the pus itself was collected from a freshly opened abscess, but cultures made from the swabs were quite as satisfactory. In the first cases examined cultures were made on many varieties of media, including tubes for anaerobic growth. White mice and guinea pigs were also inoculated with material direct from the horse. After noting the results from this work, the following rather simple technique has been evolved and has proven entirely satisfactory. Cultures are now made only on whole blood agar plates and in dextrose bouillon. These two media, together with slides of the pus stained by the method of Gram, disclose, we believe, in every instance the causative or- ganism. Cultures from thirty-six horses were examined. The predom- inating cause, as previously mentioned, was the streptococcus, twenty-two of the thirty-six horses examined showing the pres- ence of this organism in almost pure culture. This streptococcus grows rapidly in dextrose bouillon, producing long chains and acidity ; on blood agar small actively hemolytic colonies are pro- duced, rendering its isolation very simple. Most of the strains so isolated proved virulent for guinea pigs, producing a large abscess at the site of inoculation, followed in some instances by abscesses in the lymph glands draining the site of inoculation. Owing to the scarcity of rabbits and white mice, very little work was done with these laboratory animals. We were unable in any of these twenty-two cases to find any other organism which would account for the infection. A few staphylococcic colonies occurred on some of the plates, but they were few in number and non-pathogenic for guinea pigs. ULCERATIVE LYMPHANGITIS IN HORSES OF THE A. E. F. 183 Four of the thirty-six horses examined were infected with the bacillus of Preisz-Nocard, three of them being so badly in- fected as to be considered incurable, while the fourth will prob- ably recover. This organism was found in pure culture in the three severe cases and in a mixed infection in the fourth case. The virulence of all of the cultures was proven, the pigs inoc- ulated dying in from fifteen to forty-eight hours following intra- peritoneal injections and developing large abscesses following subcutaneous injections. This organism grows very poorly in bouillon. On whole blood agar dry, whitish, opaque colonies are formed; an increasing area of hemolysis is gradually formed around these. These colonies are easily distinguishable and, after a little experience, the morphology of the organism and the appearance of the colonies permit of a diagnosis being made in twenty-four hours. The organism on solid media gives a very dry growth which does not emulsify. The organism is Gram positive and very pleomorphic ; granules and striations also oc- cur. The bacilli are generally found in the slides made from the original pus, but not regularly enough to enable a diagnosis being made in this manner. Of the ten remaining cases one proved a staphylococcic in- fection, four were found to be glanders and in five the crjrpto- coccus of Rivolta was found. The latter was not found by cul- turing, but was readily distinguished on the slides made from smears directly from the lesions. TREATMENT EMPLOYED. This has consisted in the first place of a thorough cleansing of the field by shaving the hair and local disinfection. Many dif- ferent lines of local treatment have been tried, among which may be mentioned surgical ablation, opening and curetting of the abscess, cauterization, etc. At present the routine treatment consists in opening the abscess, then curetting, followed by daily applications of dry antiseptic dressing. This is followed by cauterization of the excessive granulations. By these methods alone we have been able in the majority of cases to heal the initial lesion, but, unfortunately, in spite of the improvement in the initial lesion, secondary lesions occurred in nearly all cases. In the hope of preventing, or at least diminishing, the tend- ency to the formation of secondary abscesses and relapses, we have tried vaccine treatment in the cases of streptococcic and staphylococcic infection. With the first horses studied auto- 1S4 AUBREY H. STRAUS AND A. C. WIGHT genous vaccines were prepared and used. Later stock vaccines containing from four to ten strains of streptococci were employed. The streptococci were grown in dextrose bouillon for twenty-four hours, killed by heat (fifty-six degrees for one hour) and diluted with physiological salt solution to approximately one billion to the cubic centimeter. The vaccines were preserved with car- bolic acid, five-tenths of one per cent. By the use of this vaccine we have obtained a marked diminu- tion in the number of relapses; in fact, we believe from our experience that, with a prompt diagnosis, proper local treatment as indicated and the administration of vaccine that secondary ulcerations in the streptococcic infection will rarely occur. After trying various doses we are using the vaccine at present as follows : First day 1 Va billion Second day 2 billion Third day 2 % billion Fourth day 3 billion Fifth day 3 Va billion Sixth day 4 billion Seventh and successive days, continuing with, until discharged as cured 4 billion TYPICAL CASES. No. 82, black gelding, admitted to hospital January 27 with numerous lesions on the right hind fetlock. Placed on local treatment February 15. Lesions smaller but not healed. Not much swelling in the leg, some excessive granulation. February 19, granulations cauterized. February 27, new prominent ab- scess size of hen's egg on upper right hind cannon, anterior internal surface. This abscess was firm and painful. It was opened and the necrotic center removed, local treatment also be- ing used. March 8, cultures were made from this abscess and streptococci obtained in practically pure cultures. This strep- tococcus was virulent for white mouse, killing in thirty-six hours. It aJso produced a large abscess in a pig at site of inoculation, from which the organism was recovered. An autogenous vaccine was prepared and its use begun on March 11. April 15, horse nearly healed and no further relapses. April 18, autogenous vaccine discontinued and stock vaccine begun. April 26, dis- charged as cured. May 10, still in good condition. No. 24, sorrel gelding. February 27, intense lymphatic swell- ing of the right hind leg. Very painful on pressure and marked lameness. March 1, a chain of abscesses appeared along the in- ternal aspect of the limb, extending from the fetlock to the ULCERATIVE LYMPHANGITIS IN HORSES OF THE A. E. F. 185 inguinal region, following the line of the lymphatics. The ab- scesses were opened, a thick, creamy pus being evacuated. Local antiseptic treatment was applied. March 6, large abscess in right inguinal gland opened and cultures made. Steptococci present, but pure cultures were not obtained directly from the pus. Some of the pus was injected into a guinea pig and a large abscess developed. From this a hemolytic streptococcus was ob- tained in pure culture, no other organisms being found. The pig continued to develop abscesses one after another, finally dying after two months. March 18, cultures were again made and this time the streptococcus was readily found and isolated by the technique now used. March 22, use of autogenous vaccine begun. April 13, killed as incurable. This horse was selected for study on account of the severity of the infection, no cure being antici- pated. No. 56, bay gelding. This horse had been under treatment for mange and was considered cured. March 26, an intense lymph- angitis of the left hind leg was noticed. March 29, an abscess evacuating reddish pus opened spontaneously on the outer distal third of the left hind cannon. Cultures from this abscess showed the presence of staphylococcus aureus in pure culture. This culture produced a large abscess at the site of inoculation in pig from which the culture was recovered. An autogenous vaccine was prepared. April 3, injections of the autogenous vaccine com- menced. April 16, lesion entirely healed and swelling of leg markedly reduced. May 2, no relapse. Leg normal size and horse discharged as cured. Conclusions: Horses examined 36 Streptococci found in 22 Cryptococcus found in 5 Bacillus of Preisz and Nocard 4 Stapiiylococcus aureus 1 Excluded as glanders 4 Second — As seen from the above table, the streptococcus is, as far as our observations have been carried, the organism to be regarded as the most frequent cause of ulcerative lymphangitis. This may not be true in many outbreaks but is undoubtedly true in the one studied by us. Third — Clinical appearance alone is generally not sufficient to enable one to distinguish the different types of lymphangitis. Therefore if this disease is to be controlled we believe that a bac- teriological diagnosis should be made on every horse as soon as received at the hospital. This is of importance, as we believe from work now being carried on that cross infections frequently 186 PHILIP HADLET occur. In making the diagnosis it is of the utmost importance to first exclude glanders by use of the mallein and complement fixation tests. Fourth — Vaccine treatment in the streptococcic type of in- fection has, in our opinion, proven successful in preventing sec- ondary abscesses when combined with the proper local treatment. Among the cases studied so far relapses, where formerly the rule, have been found to occur rarely. THE DIAGNOSIS OF FOWL CHOLERA AND FOWL TYPHOID INFECTIONS IN DOMESTIC BIRDS. Dr. Philip Hadlet, Agricultural Experiment Station, Kingston, Rhode Island. There are present in this country, as well as in Europe, several diseases of poultry and of other bird species which are difficult to diagnose on the basis of the clinical features and the post- mortem appearances alone ; and diseases in which the recognition of the bacterial agent, even when discovered, is sometimes by no means a simple procedure. The diseases in which such con- fusion exists are found predominantly in poultry and in pigeons, although they may appear in other avian species. By poultry- men they are usually referred to as ''cholera," an appellation which covers a multitude of maladies. Among pigeon fanciers the term "megrims" probably also covers a varied assortment of diseases so far as the actual etiologic agent is concerned. It therefore seems desirable that our views on the nature of the various infections embraced under these heads should be clarified and that we should possess some serviceable means of definitely differentiating the maladies by resort to observation of the clin- ical features, the postmortem appearances and the nature of the causative agent. It is the aim of the present contribution to give in a summarized form some of the results of several years ' study and observation by the author on some of these avian diseases, and especially on the maladies popularly known as ''fowl ty- phoid" and "fowl cholera," since it is these two that are most frequently confused, not by the poultrymen alone, but often by the bacteriologists as well. The chief difference between these types of infection may best be presented in the following table : DIAGNOSIS OF CHOLERA AND TYPHOID IN DOMESTIC BIRDS 187 THE DISEASE. FOWL TYPHOID. Pathogenic changes highly vari- able. Exudative or hemorrhagic symp- toms, or both, are common. Pericardial exudate (serous or fibrinous) common. Leukemic condition often pres- ent. Degeneration of liver capsule common ; liver enlarged. Skin of breast reddened along keel. FOWL CHOLERA. Pathogenic features fairly con- stant. Hemorrhagic symptoms most prominent, except in lungs. Pericardial exudate not common. Leukemia not present. Liver lesions limited to puncti- form hemorrhages or slight parenchymatous degeneration ; not enlarged. Breast area not reddened. THE CAUSATIVE AGENT. FOWL TYPHOID Seldom present in blood in great numbers before death. Often absent from liver and spleen during disease. Frequently attain length of 1.5 to 2.0 microns in media. Marked variability in size of rods. Distinctly ovaPin young cultures and when fresh from tissues. May be gram-positive when fresh from intestinal content. Organisms stain peripherally. In blood occurs commonly as a diplobacillus or in short chains. Young cultures (agar) may show long filaments. Old cultures show no viscous sediment. Grows well in ordinary media. Grows well on potato. FOWL CHOLERRA. Always present in blood in great numbers. Always present in liver and spleen. Seldom more than 1 micron in length, usually 0.6 to 0.8 mi- crons. Slight variability in size of rods. Distinctly short rod in shape. Always gram-negative. Organisms stain more strongly at poles. Seldom appears as a diplobacil- lus or in chains. Seldom if ever shows long fila- ments. Old cultures show heavy viscous sediment. Seldom grows luxuriantly in or- dinary media. No visible growth on potato. BIOCHEMICAL. FOWL TYPHOID Produces terminal alkaline in litmus milk. Renders milk translucent. Produces acid in dextrin, dulcit, maltose in five days or less ; does not ferment saccharose. Cultures may give positive methyl red test (maltose in- fusion broth). Cultures do not form indol nor reduce nitrates. Organism shows many variants biochemically. Cultures usually produce H2S. TOXICITY AND FOWL TYPHOID. Culture filtrates may be highly toxic in small doses. Organisms only moderately vir- ulent (except at height of epi- demics). Cultures become attenuated with considerable rapidity. Organisms contain a definite en- dotoxin and possibly an exo- toxin. M. L. D. for rabbits usually large. FOWL CHOLERA. Does not change reaction of milk in 150 days. Does not make milk translu- cent. Produces no acid, or trace only, in these sugars, but produces (usually) acid in saccharose. Cultures give negative methyl red test. Cultures form indol and reduce nitrates. Organism shows few variants. Cultures do not produce H2S. VIRULENCE. FOWL CHOLERA. Culture filtrates give no toxic effects. Organisms highly virulent (ag- gressive). Cultures retain virulence with considerable tenacity. Organisms contain neither endo- toxin nor exotoxin in the strict sense. M. L. D. may be from one to four organisms. 188 PHILIP HADLEY SEROLOGICAL REACTIONS. FOWL TYPHOID. FOWL CHOLERA. Agglutinates homologous antigen Agglutinates its homologous an- in high dilutions. tigen seldom higher than c 320 Agglutinates Bad. pullorum an- Serum does not agglutinate Bad. tigen in equal dilutions. pullorum antigens. Cultures are agglutinated by Cultures are not agglutinated by Bad. pullorum serum. Bad. pullorum, serum. IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS. FOWL TYPHOID. FOWL CHOLERA. Organisms are opsonized and Organisms are phagocyted to a phagocyted in immune ani- slight extent only in immune mals. animals and seldom in normal animals. Animals can be immunized with Animals can be immunized only difficulty by use of killed cul- slightly if at all by killed cul- tures, tures. Animals can be immunized with Successful immunization by difficulty by use of living at- means of living cultures is tenuated cultures. rare. In connection with this table no special comment is necessary except in the case of pigeon inoculations. It has long been re- garded a diagnostic test of the fowl cholera bacillus to obtain in the needle-tract, following the intramuscular inoculation of a pigeon, an area of yellow necrosis. It can scarcely be doubted that this reaction is characteristic of B. avisepticus. But the important point to observe is that essentially the same reaction may be called forth by the injection of other bacterial cultures, and notably by inoculation with certain members of the para- typhoid group, especially the subgroup which are anaerogenic, such as B. gallinarum. In the ca^e of many of these strains the necrosis is not so much yellow as it is grayish-yellow or grayish ; but the difference between this and the straw-yellow of B. avisep- ticus is sometimes difficult to detect. From these data one may conclude that to diagnose a fowl cholera infection only on the grounds of a pigeon-inoculation, as is sometimes done, is by no means a safe procedure. Taking into consideration all the differences between the two diseases, or their agents, mentioned in the table, the writer would recommend the following tests as affording the most rapid diag- nosis of a suspected case of fowl cholera. The points may be grouped under the heading of (1) a presumptive diagnosis and (2) a conclusive diagnosis. PRESUMPTIVE DIAGNOSIS. 1. Organism less than 1 micron in length and not predomi- nately in pairs ; numerous in heart 's blood and in all the organs of the body. DIAGNOSIS OP CHOLERA AND TYPHOID IN DOMESTIC BIRDS 189 2. Pigeon inoculation (intramuscular) results in death in eighteen to forty-eight hours, and upon autopsy shows straw- yellow necrosis along the needle tract in the breast muscle. CONCLUSIVE DIAGNOSIS. 1. No growth on potato. 2. Viscous, ''swirling" sediment in broth cultures after four to six days. 3. Does not change reaction or consistency in litmus milk cultures. 4. Cultures form indol and reduce nitrates, but do not pro- duce H2S. 5. Cultures ferment saccharose with slight acid-production, but do not ferment significantly maltose, dextrin or dulcit (only one need be employed for the test). Cultures do not ferment arabinose. But all poultry diseases of the fowl cholera or fowl typhoid type, when judged by clinical features alone, are not necessarily fowl cholera or fowl typhoid. It now seems well established* that organisms of the paratyphoid B. type, similar in important respects to Schottmuller's B. paratyphous B, may occasion epi- demics not onh^ in poultry but in pigeons and in song-birds. It also seems probable that we must regard the paracolon organisms as playing a similar pathogenic role in birds. These organisms have been described from time to time in relation to poultry dis- eases and the present writer has made a study of several that manifestly belong to these groups. These paratyphoids and para- colons from poultry may be separated from one another by the same means that are used for the separation of the paratyphoid from the paracolon bacteria in the case of higher animals. They may be separate from the anserogenic paratyphoids (next to be mentioned) as shown in the accompanying table. ♦See Bulletin 174 of the Agricultural Experiment Station of the Rhode Island State College, 1918, pp. 4-216. 190 PHILIP HADLEY TABLE I. PRESENTING SOME OP THE ESSENTIAL BIOCHEMICAL DIF- FERENCES BETWEEN SOME OP THE PATHOGENIC BACTERIAL SPECIES FROM POULTRY. Name of Bacterial, Species B. paratyphosus B B. paratyphosus A Paracolon bacillus B. galliaarum .... B. pullorum A. , . . B. pullorum B . . . . B. aviseptlcus .... Fermentation ot CD W o resent. There are several tsen'-^ and manv un- cinari?e present in thp low^r portion of the bowe^ The lungs, heart, spleen, pancreas and liver are negative. The postmortem findinsrs in the control do^rs were identical exccDt for the absence of srlass. For the microscopic Drepa rations from six to twelve segments of the intestine from different portions were removed before the bowel was opened. This was done to avoid the possibility of any trauma to the mucosa while opening the bowel. These segments measured from 5 to 10 mm. in length. The stomachs were opened before the specimens for microscopic examination were removed. The tissue for examination was immediately placed in ten per CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 20? cent solution of formaldehyde. The paraffin method was used in the preparation of the material for sectioning. The findings microscopically were equally negative. The sec- tions from the stomach of each of the dogs and from the control dogs did not show any abnormal changes. The epithelium was intact and there was not seen any infiltration with leukocytes or small round cells of the mucosa, submucosa or muscular layers in some of the sections. From the intestines of four of the dogs (3, 4, 6 and 7) there was seen some denudation of the tips of some of the villi of their epithelium. There was not, however, any exudate on the surface of the villi, or any inflammatory re- action within them. No other abnormal changes could be found in any of the sections. The central lacteals and lymphatics were engorged in those dogs that were examined during the period of active digestion. The gross and microscopic findings were iden- tical on the dog that was given one large dose of glass (50 gm.) and examined postmortem forty-eight hours later. In both of the control dogs, denudation of the tips of some of the villi of their epithelial cells was observed. CONCLUSION. The ingestion of ground or powdered glass has no toxic effect and produces no lesion, either gross or microscopic, on the gastro- intestinal tract of dogs. ' ' The writer was recently consulted as to the effects of pow- dered glass on swine. While not able at that time to give a definite answer, the opinion was expressed that it might cause some irritation of the gastro-intestinal tract, but it was doubtful if it would cause death. Some years ago a case came under my observation where a man was convicted of attempting to kill a neighbor's cattle by placing broken glass in the food. As I recall, no cattle were injured. The experiments of Major Simmons and Lieutenant von Glahn show that, while ground glass in food appears to be a fearful matter, as a matter of fact it does not have any dele- terious effects. Dr. Charles P. Wilson has recently received his discharge from the army and has resumed practice at Decorah, Iowa. Dr. H. C. Graham, formerly of the Veterinary Corps, Camp Greenleaf, is now located at Barrytown, Michigan. COMPLETE PROLAPSE OF THE UTERUS OF A COW. S. A. Goldberg, Depai'tment of Pathology and Bacteriology, New York State Veterinary College, at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. A three-year-old grade Jersey cow weighing about 800 pounds. She calved apparently normal in the evening and was found dead with a prolapsed uterus the following morning. Autopsy at 3 o'clock in the afternoon. The external examination showed that the animal was in good condition. The abdominal cavity was greatly distended with gas. The uterus was prolapsed completely and one horn was nearly Everted left uterine horn showing colyledons and a small part of the remaining foetal placenta. entirely everted. This horn was hard toward the body of the animal and the everted sac contained a considerable amount of liquid. On the everted part near the tip there were portions of the placenta adherent to some of the cotyledons. The rest of the everted mucosa was dark red, due to diffuse hemorrhage and to hyperemia. Internal examination showed a considerable amount of sub- cutaneous, omental and subperitoneal fat. There were petechias and ecchymoses in the subcutaneous tissue over the sternum. On CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 205 opening the abdominal cavity a considerable amount of dark red liquid escaped. There were numerous fibrous tufts and ecchy- moses on the mesentery. The wall of the uterus was greatly thickened by oedema. The left horn was nearly entirely everted. It contained about eight liters of dark red liquid, the une verted right uterine horn, and a large strangulated loop of small intestine. This portion of the small intestine was dark red in color, while the rest of the intes- tine was normal. On section, the mucosa of the strangulated loop was reddened and thickened. There was a considerable amount of hemorrhage and hyperemia in all the coats of this portion of the small intestine. The foetal membranes were at- tached to the cotyledons of the right horn, as well as to those of the uneverted part of the left horn. All the cotyledons, how- ever, were of a dark red color, due to hemorrhage. The spleen was darker and softer than normal. On section, the pulp was semi-liquid in consistency and of a dark red color. The splenic corpuscles were invisible. The kidneys were pale and soft. On section, the cortices were yellowish and soft, while the medullas were congested. The kidneys bulged on section and the capsules peeled easily. The liver was lighter in color than normal and somewhat enlarged. On section, it bulged and the parenchyma had a sort of cooked appearance. In the lungs there was an adhesion between the parietal pleura and the left apical lobe. There were reddened fibrous tufts scattered on various parts of the pleura. Both apical lobes were congested and in places they showed small hemorrhages. Both caudal lobes were pale. There were areas of emphysema in various parts of both lungs. The mammary glands were somewhat congested. This was more pronounced in the anterior quarters. Otherwise the glands appeared normal. Microscopically, the everted uterine horn showed necrosis of the superficial layers of the mucosa. The epithelial layer was replaced by fibrin, hemorrhage and numerous polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The arterioles and capillaries were greatly distended with blood. In the deeper layers of the mucosa there were nu- merous polymorphonuclear leucocytes, fibrin, and marked active hyperemia. The glands were slightly degenerated and there was some hemorrhage in the lumina of the tubules. The muscular coats showed marked active hyperemia and few polymorphonu- 206 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS clear leucocytes. In the strangulated portion of the small in- testines the mucosa showed the epithelium almost entirely gone, but a few glands in the deeper part of the mucosa remained. There was much hemorrhage, fibrin and active hyperemia in the mucosa. The other coats showed hemorrhage and hyperemia. Media inoculated from the liver gave a growth of B. coli. Media inoculated from the spleen gave no growth. Diagnosis: Immediate cause of death, toxaemia or exhaus- tion. Fatal illness: E version and prolapse of the uterus (diph- theritic metritis). Strangulated hernia of part of the small in- testine into the everted uterine horn. Secondary lesions: Acute parenchymatous nephritis and de- generation of the liver. HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA IN HORSES. John Patterson, Hedrick, Iowa. Hemorrhagic septicemia in horses is a condition about which we are unable to get much first-hand information. Outbreaks are reported, the disease is said to exist, but nothing definite is confirmed. Detailed information regarding the pathology and symptoms are lacking. A great many of the outbreaks are diag- nosed sjrmptomatically and no effort made to confirm it in the laboratory. If this short article will be of any assistance to another prac- titioner, or if it will stimulate or assist in the further investiga- tion of the disease, the purpose will be accomplished. . This outbreak occurred in the months of February, March and April of 1918. It included eight horses in all — three died of the disease, another, which would have died eventually, was killed for postmortem purposes, and four recovered, as will be noted later. A few days previous to February 17 two horses had died showing the same symptoms as No. 3, which was sick at this time. On the day before the animal was in the harness all day and ate the usual amount of feed in the evening. Nothing out of the ordinary was noticed by the owner. The next morning was found down in the barn and unable to rise, pawing and striking continually, nostrils dilated and breathing rapidly, pulse fast and weak, temperature 97.5, bowel movement seemed to be normal. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 207 When placed in an upright position the symptoms were less marked and the animal would eat hoth hay and grain, as well as drink water from a bucket. When assisted to the feet with slings he would support himself and move about the stall as much as slings would allow. When the animal was down there was trismus of the muscles of the neck and the neck held in the position of lordosis. At this time the diagnosis wa^ problematical and was with- held. Treatment in the way of purgatives and stimulants was given. On the second day following the animal died and on account of the very bad weather only a limited postmortem was held. The blood was dark, with not much tendency to clot. There were numerous small petechia on the atria of the heart — ^large blotch- like hemorrhages beneath the epicardium and on the muscular pillars beneath the endocardium. We consider these lesions as almost pathognomonic of hemorrhagic septicemia in the do- mestic animals. The day before this animal died a colt. No. 4, was down in the next stall, unable to rise without the sling, and manifesting the same symptoms as No. 3. This colt was given 200 mil. of the anti-serum prepared at the state biological laboratory for hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle. The next morning was given 150 mil. more. This colt received no other nor further treatment and in a week's time was turned out to pasture in a nearby orchard. On March 22, thirty-one days after No. 3 had died, horse No. 5 was found down in the barn early in the morning, but by the time we reached the farm was up eating and apparently all right, since the temperature was normal and no clinical symp- toms visible. This, however, was a mistake, for at 3 p. m. the horse was down again and another one, which made No. 6, was also down. This time there was no mistaking, for they both showed the same violent symptoms as seen in the previous animals. They were assisted to their feet and given an aloes ball and arecoline. When on their feet the symptoms almost entirely disappeared and the same appetite for feed and water was mani- fested as in the other cases. On account of the fact that we were unable to get more of the anti-serum from the laboratory, colt No. 4 was bled from 208 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS the jugular. The clot was removed and these two cases, Nos. 5 and 6, were given 90 mil. of the serum intravenously. This in- jecting was done on the next morning after they had taken sick in the afternoon previous. Both of them were given 60 mil. of the colt serum each day for two days. On the third day after No. 6 came down sick she was turned out in the lot, apparently as good as ever. At this time No. 5 was still in the sling. Up to this time all of the animals had been in the same barn. Those that had been getting hay and corn to eat were changed to straw and oats and vice versa. Others had hay and oats, while some had straw and corn. Two days after Nos. 5 and 6 came down a black filly, No. 7, was found down and unable to rise in a pasture adjoining this barn. She was dragged to the barn on a sled, put in the sling and given the same line of treatment with the colt serum that Nos. 5 and 6 had received. It was necessary to keep her in the sling for about ten days, after which time she was turned out, fully recovered. About this time the owner was running short of work horses and went to a nearby market, where two aged mares were pur- chased. This team was stabled in a large shed some 300 feet from the previously mentioned b^rn and on higher ground. It was also about 100 feet from the pasture in which No. 7 was at the time of taking sick. This mare was on the place just ten days when she came down sick in the same way that the others had done. She was given one dose of 100 mil. of the colt serum and made a rapid recovery in a few days. No. 5 showed much improvement the first seven or eight days and then began to .fail until on the tenth day was unable to sup- port his own weight in the sling. He was killed and a very complete postmortem, which took some three or four hours, was held. The following were the findings: Blood very dark and showed marked hemolysis, petechias on mediastinal, prepectoral and mesenteric lymph glands; approximately three pints of straw-colored fluid in the pericardial sac; hemorrhages beneath the epicardium and the very characteristic hemorrhages of the endocardium, which at times seemed to extend into and follow the muscular striations of the myocardium. The entire body was dissected and no other lesions found. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 209 Samples of the blood, pericardial fluid, part of the lymph glands and the entire heart were forwarded to the department of veterinary investigation of the state college for a laboratory diagnosis. Large numbers of bipolar staining organisms were found in the pericardial fluid. They were not, however, pathogenic for laboratory animals, and would not grow on laboratory media. Whether or not they are pathogenic when found in the animal at this stage, whether or not the treatment given the animal had destroyed their virulency r.nd the animal died from the lesions produced, or whether climatic conditions or some other unknown factor influenced, is only to be conjectured. The lesions found in the organs were typically those of hemorrhagic septi- cemia. In fifteen days after No. 8 had recovered she was bled from the jugular and the remaining: horses on the farm were given 100 mil. intravenously. "Whether or not the disease had run its course cannot be determined, but no other animals became sick after the treatment. SUMMARY. The disease was not caused by the feed, since all sorts of changes were made in feeding corn, oats, clover hay, straw and corn stover, as well as corn fodder. There was not any one com- bination of feeds that any two animals had after the first two died. An anal5^sis of the water showed it to be typical of Iowa waters. All animals drank water drawn from the same well, but from different containers. All animals given medicinal treatment alone died, while all those given either the laboratory serum or the serum from the recovered colt lived, with one exception. The lesions of the heart may practically be considered path- ognomonic. Dr. Sam Heath has bought the practice of Dr. J. A. Fries at Durand, Michigan. Captain E. C. Jones has been transferred from Camp Kearny, California, to Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. Dr. C. B. Griffiths, formerly of Baileyville, Kansas, is now assistant in the Veterinary Department at the Kansas State Veterinary College. ABSTRACTS. POLYNEURITIS OF FOWLS. (Contribucion al estudio de la polineuritis de las gallinas.) C. Sanz Egana. Revista Vet. Espana. Vol. XII, No. 6, June, 1918, pp. 241-247. The author has encountered in Malaga a polyneuritis in fowls which he regards as due to ''deficiency" or avitaminosis. The fiock in which the disease appeared was kept exclusively for the purpose of consuming injurious insects, and had to live almost entirely on what food the ground provided. Occasionally a feed of seeds of sweet sorghum was furnished to them in special cir- cumstances, but this was seldom. The disease presented itself generally in a chronic form, and the first symptoms which indicated illness were pains in the legs and difficulty in walking. The gait was vacillating, with inco- ordination of movements. Little by little the paresis increased, the feathers were held erect, and the wings became involved and pendulous. Paralysis of the neck was accompanied by rigidity and contractures simulating those of tetanus, and there were manifestations reminiscent of those exhibited by a pigeon from which the cerebellum has been removed. Dysphagia accompanied paralysis ojf the neck. Respiratory symptoms (acceleration, dyspnoea) and general emaciation were vei^^ marked. General sensibility diminished greatly. In most instances the disease lasted from fifteen to forty days, but there were more acute cases in which death ensued in from five to eight days. — Yet. Bev. FRACTURE OF THE NAVICULAR BONE. Berrar, in the Deutsch Tierdrztlich Wochenschrift for 1913, discusses this subject. Fractures of the navicular bone are usu- ally effected in the transverse direction and situated in the neighborhood of the medial crest. There are predisposing causes, such as prolonged rest, neurectomy, etc., while the exciting causes are concussions or traumatisms. The certain diagnosis can only be established by means of the Rontgen rays, for acute navicular disease and arthritis of the foot present the same symptoms as fracture of the navicular bone. Prognosis is always unfavorable. ABSTRACTS 211 and the lameness persists even in cases where the fracture is con- solidated by a callus. In twenty-five horses destroyed on account of incurable affec- tions of the organs situated in the interior of the hoof, Berrar found, upon postmortem examination, four fractures of the na- vicular bone. The author advances interesting considerations concerning the genesis of these fractures, basing his arguments upon the function of the bone. The bone is compressed between the second phalanx and the perf orans tendon ; and all its interior structure is organized to support pressure. This structure resembles a col- lection of tubes or columns disposed perpendicularly to the two surfaces of pressure. The navicular bone is fixed at its two ex- tremities by a rather complex ligamentous apparatus, and sup- ported by the perforans tendon. Fractures supervene from ex- cessive pressure transmitted by the second phalanx ; and the per- forans tendon, which is relaxed in certain positions of the limb, may not counteract such pressure sufficiently. — Annates de Medecine Yeteriymire. DETOXICATED VACCINES. Thomson (D). The Lancet (London), March, 1919, p. 374. Thomson has conducted extensive researches on the removal of the endotoxins from the gonococcus and other organisms in order to produce non-toxic vaccines which could be injected in sufficiently large doses to develop a great amount of immunity. The toxicity of most germs was successfully reduced some fifty to one hundred times. Thus, with ordinary gonococcal vaccine it was found necessary to begin in acute cases with doses not ex- ceeding 5,000,000, and gradually to increase to about a maxi- mum of 250,000,000. On the other hand, the same strains of gonococci, when detoxicated, could be administered in acute cases in doses of 2,500,000,000 and increased to 10,000,000,000. These large doses caused even less toxic symptoms than the small doses of the ordinary vaccine. The therapeutic results obtained corresponded very markedly with the serologic tests. Thus it was found that the cases which showed the highest degree of immunity, as estimated by the complement-fixation test, recovered much more rapidly, and vice versa in those which showed a low degree of complement fixation, the disease ran a prolonged course. 212 ABSTRACTS The dose of 200,000,000 of ordinary gonococcal vaccine pro- duced malaise and fever in the normal subject, whereas the symptoms arising from a dose of 5,000,000,000 of the detoxicated vaccine were scarcely noticeable, and no fever was induced. Ex- periments have been carried out with detoxicated vaccines for the prevention and treatment of bronchial and nasal catarrh, and the results so far have been very promising. Thomson says that the clinical evidence is increasingly convincing that this detoxi- cation process will revolutionize the whole subject of vaccine treatment and preventive inoculations. THROMBOSIS OF THE AORTA IN A MARE. (Note sur un cas de thrombose de I'aorte posterieure chez une jument. ) QUENTIN. Rec. Med. V6t., Vol. XiCIV, Nos. 15-17, 15th August- 15th September, 1918, pp. 414-415. A thirteen-year-old mare, on returning to the stable after be- ing shod, suddenly became lame with extension and rigidity of the hind limb. A few yards farther on, the animal fell suddenly. The expression was anxious, the eye staring, the nostrils con- tracted, the respiration accelerated, the conjunctiva a dark red, and the facial artery obviously distended. The trunk, shoulders, neck and face were hot and burning and covered with an abun- dant hot sweat. The hind limbs and the croup, on the contrary, were cold and dry. There were violent expulsive efforts, with protrusion of the clitoris and vaginal retropulsion. The animal groaned and even cried out. The most important postmortem discovery, explanatory of the symptoms, was a dilation of the terminal part of the aorta, con- taining a thrombus which weighed 250 grammes. This was yel- lowish, composed of concentric layers, with a rounded anterior end, and prolongations from its posterior extremity into the ex- ternal iliac and hypogastric arteries. In addition, the following lesions were found: A cyst of the right ovary as large as a turkey's egg-, diffuse subacute nephritis (the right kidney weighed 830 grammes, and the left 1,200 grammes) ; and a cer- tain degree of cardiac hypertrophy, more particularly of the left ventricle. — Yet. Bev. Dr. John M. Hanrahan has recently returned from army service and has accepted a position with the state of Montana, with headquarters at Bozeman. THE INTRADERMAL PALPEBRAL MALLEIN TEST. (Observations relatives a rintra-dermo-mall6ination palp6brale comme mStliod de diagnostic de la morve. ) A. Louis and D. Lecompte. Rev. Gen. Med. Yet., Vol. XXVII, No. 320, August, 1918, pp. 361-368. In discussing the diagnostic value of the intradermal palpe- bral mallein test, Drouin and Naudinat (Rev. Gen. Med. Yet., 1914) drew attention to the possibility that oedema may be con- fined to the lower eyelid, with hardly any inflammation of the conjunctiva, and a limpid (not muco-purulent) discharge. They contended that such reactions should cause the horse to be con- sidered as ''suspect," and that, by way of control, the sub- cutaneous test should be applied. A ministerial circular, dated December 23, 1914, authorized the employment of the intra- dermal palpebral method of diagnosis, and indicated that an in- conclusive reaction should be followed by the subcutaneous test. In the present communication, Louis and Lecompte give particulars of a number of cases in which the palpebral test has given a doubtful or incomplete reaction in animals shown to be suffering from glanders by other methods of diagnosis. In one case the intrapalpebral injection of mallein never gave a clearly positive reaction, though positive evidence of the presence of glanders was afforded by the subcutaneous test, by intraperi- toneal injection into male guinea pigs of material derived from closed lesions, and by serological tests. The postmortem exam- ination confirmed the diagnosis. All their observations, therefore, eonfirm the contention of Drouin and Naudinat and the instructions contained in the official circular : ' ' Any animal presenting, thirty-six hours after injection, a more or less marked and persistent oedema confined to the lower eyelid, is to be held as 'suspect' until the diagnosis is controlled by the subcutaneous injection of mallein." — Yet. Bev. After having served as meat inspector while in the army. Dr. H. T. Ludwig ha^ accepted a position with the B. A. I., under Dr. J. S. Grove, at Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Dr. M. W. Meidigh has returned from Camp Meade, Mary- land, to State College, Pennsylvania. Lieutenant George A. Handley has been transferred from the Chicago po»t to Fort Meyer, Virginia. ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE. FROM THE OFFICE OF THE SURGEON GENERAL OF THE ARMY, WASHINGTON, D. C. The following orders of transfer and reassignment of veter- inary officers have been issued during the past month : 1. Major John R. Scully, V. C, is relieved from duty as The Veterinarian, A. R. D. No. 327, Ft. Sill, Oklahoma, upon the arrival of Captain James R. Mahaffy, V. C. 1. Captain Forest R. Harsh, V. C, from duty as Camp Vet- erinarian, Camp Wheeler, Ga., to Camp Shelby, Miss., for duty as Camp Veterinarian. 2. Captain John P. Divine, V. C, from Camp Dix, N. J., to Camp Mills, N. Y., for dutj^ as the Camp Veterinarian. 3. Captain Harry R. Holmes, V. C, from Camp Sevier, S. C, to Camp Upton, N. Y., for duty as The Veterinarian. 4. Captain James R. Mahaffy, V. C, from duty as Zone Vet- erinarian, Eastern Purchasing Zone, Washington, D. C, to A. R. D. No. 327, Ft. Sill, Okla., for duty as The Veterinarian. 5. Captain Eugene J. Cramer, V. C, from Camp Wadsworth, S. C, to A. R. D. No. 320, Camp Custer, Mich., for duty as The Veterinarian. 1. 1st Lt. George S. Place, V. C, from A. R. D. No. 319, Camp Zachary Taylor, Ky., to Animal Embarkation Depot No. 301, Newport News, Va., for duty as The Veterinarian. 2. 1st Lt. Roy J. Hock, V. C, from A. R. D. No. 318, Camp Sherman, Ohio, to Philippine Department for duty. 3. 1st Lt. Herbert K. Moore, V. C, from Camp Wheeler, Ga., to Camp Lee, Va., for duty as Assistant to the Camp Veterinarian and Meat Inspector. 4. 1st Lt. Charles E. Richardson, V. C, from A. R. D. No. 306, Camp Greene, N. C, to A. R. D. No. 309, Camp McClellan, Ala., for duty. 5. 1st Lt. Francis DeSales Houston, V. C, from A. R. D. No. 314, Camp Beauregard, La., to A. R. D. No. 309, Camp Mc- Clellan, Ala, for duty. 6. 1st Lt. Roy R. Washer, V. C, from Camp Lee, Va., to Camp Knox, Ky., as Assistant to Camp Veterinarian and Meat Inspector. 7. 1st Lt. Frank C. Meisner, V. C, from Camp Knox, Ky., to Ft. McPherson, Ga., for duty as Post Veterinarian and Meat In- spector. 8. 1st Lt. Ralph B. Stewart, V. C, from Camp Jackson, S. C, to Ft. Leavenworth, Kans., for duty as Post Veterinarian and Meat Inspector. ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 215 9. 1st Lt. Wm. D. Faison, V. C, from duty as Veterinarian, 5th Cav., Ft. Bliss, Tex., to Ban Francisco, Calif., for duty as Transport Veterinarian on the U. S. Transport "Dix." 10. 1st Lt. Homer Johnson, V. C, from Camp Hancock, Ga., to Camp Custer, Mich., for duty a^ Assistant to the Camp Veter- inarian and Meat Inspector. 11. 1st Lt. Robert S. Beattie, V. C, from A. R. D. No. 302, Charleston, S. C, to Ft. Bliss, Tex., for duty as Veterinarian with the 5th Cav. at that Post. 12. 1st Lt. Wm. R. Wolfe, V. C, from A. R. D. No. 329, Camp Travis, Tex., to A. R. D. No. 317, Camp Pike, Ark., for duty. 13. 1st Lt. Geo. A. Handley, V. C, from duty with the Zone Supply Officer, Chicago, 111., to Ft. Myer, Va., for duty as Post Veterinarian. 14. 1st Lt. Edward M. Lynn, V. C, from duty with the Zone Supply Officer, Chicago, 111., to Camp Pike, Ark., as Assistant to the Camp Veterinarian. 15. 1st Lt. Albert McGreevy, V. C, from duty with the Zone Supply Officer, Chicago, 111., to Camp Travis, Tex., for duty as Assistant to the Camp Veterinarian. 16. 1st Lt. Ralph M. Ward, from duty from the Zone Supply Officer, Chicago, 111., to Ft. Bliss, Tex., for duty as Assistant to the Camp Veterinarian. 1. 2nd Lt. Edward M. Juckniess, from A. R. D. No. 319, Camp Taylor, Ky., to Philippine Islands for duty. 2. 2nd Lt. Geo. W. Rawson, from A. R. D. No. 307, Camp Wadsworth, S. C, to A. R. D No. 311, Camp Wheeler, Ga., for duty. 3. 2nd Lt. Frank 0. Brostrom, from A. R. D. No. 318, Camp Sherman, Ohio, to Philippine Department for duty. 4. 2nd Lt. Chauncy E. Moorman, from A. R. D. No. 313, Camp Shelby, Miss., to Ft. Sam Houston, Tex., for duty with the 14th Cav. 5. 2nd Lt. Harry I. Stanton, A. R. D. No. 314, Camp Beaure- gard, La., to A. R. D. No. 309, Camp McClellan, Ala., for duty. 6. 2nd Lt. Herbert M. Armstrong, at A. R. D. No. 318, Camp Sherman, Ohio, is, in addition to his other duties, assigned to duty with Field Remount Squadron No. 350, that Camp. 7. 2nd Lt. Ward C. Timblin, from F. R. S. No. 350, Camp Sherman, Ohio, to A. R. D. No. 318, Camp Sherman, Ohio, for duty. 8. 2nd Lt. Harry E. Mitchell, from A. R. D. No. 329, Camp Travis, Tex., to A. R. D. No. 317, Camp Pike, Ark., for duty. 9. 2nd Lt. James E. Masterson, from Camp Jackson, S. C, to Ft. Leavenworth, Kans., for duty as Veterinarian at the U. S. Disciplinary Barracks of that Post. 10. 2nd Lt. Frank R. Osborn, from A. R. D. No. 329, Camp Travis, Tex., to A. R. D. No. 317, Camp Pike, Ark. 21C ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 11. 2nd Lt. Anthony J. Matter, from A. R. D. No. 326, Camp Cody, N. M., to Ft. Wingate, N. M., for duty as Post Veter- inarian. 12. 2nd Lt. W. W. Utzmann, from A. R. D. No. 326, Camp Cody, N. M., to Ft. Ringgold, Tex., for duty with the 4th Cav. 13. 2nd Lt. Oscar W. Anderson, from duty with the Zone Supply Officer, Chicago, 111., to Camp Sherman, Ohio, for duty as Assistant to the Camp Veterinarian. 14. 2nd Lt. Joseph T. Mahoney, from duty with the Zone Supply Officer, Chicago, 111., to Camp Bowie, Tex., for duty as Assistant to tiie Camp Veterinarian. 15. 2nd Lt. Lester W. Thiele, from duty with the Zone Sup- ply Officer, Chicago, 111., to Camp Kearny, for duty as Assistant to the Camp Veterinarian. 16. 2nd Lt. Paul S. Christman, from Camp Wadsworth, S. C, to A. R. D. No. 307, Camp Wadsworth, S. C, for duty. The following officers have been promoted to the grade of Captain for the period of the emergency to date from November 13, 1918. These officers are on duty with the American Expedi- tionary Forces, France : 1. 1st Lt. H. B. Balthazer. 2. 1st. Lt. J. L. Barstow. 3. 1st Lt. H. L. Blackburn. 4. 1st Lt. E. I. Cheely. 5. 1st Lt. Harold Clarke. 6. 1st Lt. W. M. Decker. 7. 1st Lt. G. L. Fallon. 8. 1st Lt. J. J. Essex. 9. 1st Lt. P. T. Gillie. 10. 1st Lt. G. W. Grim. 11. 1st Lt. H. H. Haigh. 12. 1st Lt. F. E. Jones. 13. 1st Lt. W. C. Keck. 14. 1st Lt. R. E. Kyner. 15. 1st Lt. C. J. McAnulty. 16. 1st Lt. R. B. McCord. The following officers have been promoted to the grade of Captain for the period of the emergency to date from February 17. 1919. These officers are on duty with the American Expedi- tionary Forces, France : 1. 1st Lt. C. R. Boshart. 5. 1st Lt. J. N. Shaw. 2. 1st Lt. C. R. Farmer. 6. 1st Lt. 0. J. Conzelman. 3. 1st Lt. C. L. Miller. 7. 1st Lt. P. H. Burnett. 4. 1st Lt. W. C. Nickel. 8. 2nd Lt. C. S. Stirrett. The following 2nd Lieutenants, V. R. C, were promoted to the grade of 1st Lieutenant, V. C, U. S. A., to rank from No- 17. 1st Lt. H. C. McKim. 18. 1st Lt. N. S. Nutty. 19. 1st Lt. J. P. Porch. 20. 1st Lt. T. J. Quinn. 21. 1st Lt. G. T. Reaugh. 22. 1st Lt. D. S. Robertson. 23. 1st Lt. H. B. Roshon. 24. 1st Lt. R. W. Smith. 25. 1st Lt. Edwin Temple. 26. 1st Lt. J. R. Underwood. 27. 1st Lt. H. C. Vestal. 28. 1st Lt. A. C. Wight. 29. 1st Lt. F. F. Younglove. 30. 1st Lt. G. M. Zinkham. 31. 1st Lt. C. W. Likely. ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 217 vember 13, 1918. These officers are on duty with the American Expeditionary Forces, France : 1. 2nd Lt. B. C. Bridges. 2. 2nd Lt. L. J. Brown. 3. 2nd Lt. J. E. Butin. 4. 2nd Lt. M. L. Claflin. 5. 2nd Lt. A. W. Combs. 6. 2nd Lt. B. H. Dunkley. 7. 2nd Lt. M. C. Fritzwater. 8. 2nd Lt. C. T. Guilfoyle. 9. 2nd Lt. E. M. Hough. 10. 2nd Lt. W. M. McLeod. 11. 2nd Lt. O. 0. Long. 12. 2nd Lt. L. A. MarshalL 13. 2nd Lt. C. S. Parker. 14. 2nd Lt. J. F. Rogers. 15. 2nd Lt. H. M. Savage. 16. 2nd Lt. Thomas Shields. 17. 2ndLt.L. R. Smith. 18. 2nd Lt. J. T. Traylor. 19. 2nd Lt. W. L. Williamson. 20. 2nd Lt. E. W. Youngblood. The following Captains have been honorably discharged from the Veterinary Corps, United States Army : 1. Captain C. R. Sandberg, who was on duty as The Veter- inarian, A. R. D. No. 322, Camp Dodge, Iowa. 2. Captain A. H. F. Harmening, who was on meat inspection duty with the Zone Supply Officer, Chicago, 111. 3. Captain Norris L. Townsend, who was on meat inspection duty with the Zone Supply Officer, Chicago, 111. 4. Captain Thomas T. Rundle, who was on duty at the Vet- erinary Hospital, Camp Lee, Va. 5. Captain J. L. Wright, who was on duty as Camp Veter- inarian, Camp Greene, N. C. 6. Captain P. H. Wallingford, who was on duty as Camp Veterinarian, Camp Humphreys, Va. 7. Captain Basil Bennett, who was on duty as The Veter- inarian, A. R. D. No. 325, Camp Logan, Tex. 8. Captain Robert Graham, w^ho was on duty as The Veter- inarian at the Medical Department Laboratory, Ft. McPherson, Ga 9. Captain Homer V. McCullah, who was on duty as the Camp Veterinarian, Camp Fremont, Calif. 10. Captain C. H. Carnahan, who was on duty as The Veter- inarian, 13th Division, Camp Lewis, Wash. 11. Captain R. M. Hofferd, ^^^ho has been on duty with the 92nd Division, A. E. F., returned to this country with that di- vision and was discharged at Camp Upton, Long Island. 12. Captain R. A. Moye, who was on duty as Camp Veter- inarian, Camp Sherman, Ohio. 13. Captain R. Porteuse, who was on duty as Camp Veter- inarian, Camp Gordon, Ga. 14. Captain D. M. Iloyt, who was on duty as Camp Veter- inarian, Camp Shelby, Miss. 15. Captain R. D. Chew, who was on duty as Camp Veter- inarian, Camp Beauregard, La. 2nd Lieut. R. L. Conklin, V. C, Regular Army, resigned March 12, 1919. 218 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE Major A. R. Kincaid, U. S. A., who was on duty as the Divi- sion Veterinarian, 17th Division, Camp Beauregard, La., has been honorably discharged. The following 1st Lieutenants have been discharged from the Veterinary Corps during the past month : 1. 1st Lt. G. M. Smith. 16. 2. 1st Lt. Rosser Lane. 17. 3. 1st Lt. John Doerr. 18. 4. IstLt. Edgar E. Williams. 19. 5. 1st Lt. F. R. McNabb. 20. 6. 1st Lt. G. W. Lies. 21. 7. 1st Lt. Arnold J. Thompson. 22. 8. 1st Lt. J. B. Barnes. 23. 9. IstLt. E. J. Laing. 24. 10. 1st Lt. W. F. Dixon. 25. 11. 1st Lt. A. D. Kendrick. 26. 12. 1st Lt. J. D. Corson. 27. 13. 1st Lt. C. T. Dooley. 28. 14. 1st Lt. G. J. Kigler. 29. 15. 1st Lt. F. W. Heuben. 1st Lt. C. P. Lamb. 1st Lt. B. B. Flowe. IstLt.R. D. Miller. 1st Lt. R. D. Lorton. 1st Lt. M. H. Hilman. 1st Lt. S. M. Langford. 1st Lt. O. C. Kackley. IstLt. J. E. Syferd. 1st Lt. F. W. Bratten. 1st Lt. G. W. Hamilton. 1st Lt. R. M. Thomas. 1st Lt. E. S. Markham. 1st Lt. M. L. Claflin. 1st Lt. A. M. Combs. The following 2nd Lieutenants have been discharged from the Veterinary Corps during the past month : 1. 2nd Lt. L. R. Montgomery. 2. 2nd Lt. R. F. Gard. 3. 2nd Lt. Julian Lyon. 4. 2ndLt. E. L. Foos. 5. 2nd Lt. W. C. Bateman. 6. 2nd Lt. A. Sanders, Jr. 7. 2nd Lt. W. H. Roeschlein. 8. 2nd Lt. D. K. Williams. 9. 2nd Lt. Wm. G. Warren. 10. 2nd Lt. E. C. Hicks. 11. 2nd Lt. H. A. Milo. 12. 2nd Lt. G. B. Shinn. 13. 2nd Lt. 0. H. Trout. 14. 2nd Lt. L. H. Mathers. 15. 2nd Lt. J. R. Wiley. 16. 2DdLt. F. P. Murphy. 17. 2nd Lt. Wm. M. Long. 18. 2nd Lt. R. E. Duckworth. 19. 2nd Lt. Irving Moles. 20. 2nd Lt. M. W. Neidigh. •21. 2ndLt. F. F. Buck. 22. 2nd Lt. P. H. Egan. 23. 2nd Lt. C. McH. Greer. 24. 2nd Lt. C. J. Simmons. 25. 2nd Lt. Cecil Elder. 26. 2ndLt. 27. 2ndLt. 28. 2ndLt. 29. 2ndLt. 30. 2ndLt. 31. 2ndLt. 32. 2ndLt. 33. 2ndLt. 34. 2ndLt. 35. 2ndLt. 36. 2ndLt. 2nd Lt. 2nd Lt. 39. 2ndLt. 40. 2ndLt. 41. 2ndLt. 42. 2ndLt. 43. 2ndLt. 44. 2ndLt. 45. 2ndLt. 46. 2ndLt. 47. 2ndLt. 48. 2ndLt. 49. 2ndLt. 50. 2ndLt. 37. 38. R. W. Broadhurst. C. M. Lutz. 0. A. Cook. L. J. Hinson. M. P. Fuller. J. F. Lineberger. 1. H. Arnold. M. A. Quinn. Wm. T. Pittinger. Henry G. Smith. F. L. Cissell. E. P. Anderson. C. E. Blosdale. P. L. Matthews. V. A. Holby. F. S. Klein. C. E. Wicktor. R. G. Menefee. S. A. Schneidman. W. M. Henry. Michael Shiply. J. 0. Ashley. A. J. Allott. D. L. Cecil. H. A. Chapin. ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 219 51. 2nd Lt. George Wessels. 52. 2nd Lt. W. B. Hirleman. 53. 2nd Lt. C. B. Emerick. 54. 2nd Lt. S. D. Cronk. 55. 2nd Lt. H. F. Dailey. 56. 2nd Lt. T. S. Williams. 57. 2nd Lt. F. W. Beck. 58. 2nd Lt. S. R. Poulter. 59. 2nd Lt. J. C. Mitten. 60. 2nd Lt. F. F. Dowd. 61. 2nd Lt. E. J. Yocom. 62. 2nd Lt. M. L. Plumer. 63. 2nd Lt. H. E. Van Der Veen 64. 2ndLt. E. B. Oliver." 65. 2nd Lt. D. D. Dragoo. 66. 2nd Lt. J. J. Glover. 67. 2nd Lt. L. P. Sharp. 68. 2nd Lt. F. J. Trafton. 69. 2nd Lt. W. T. Vilott. 70. 2nd Lt. M. L. Hutchins. 71. 2nd Lt. E. E. Brosnan. 72. 2nd Lt. 0. N. .Schultz. Lieutenant Colonel Gerald E. Griffin, U. S. A., has been re- lieved from duty at Ft. Myer, Va., and directed to proceed to Atlanta, Ga., and take station at that place. He will act as Gen- eral Veterinary Inspector in the following territory : Tennessee, New Orleans, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, North ('arolina and South Carolina. Major R. M. Staley, U.S.A., now General Veterinary Inspector for that territory, will be re- lieved from duty on the arrival of Lieutenant Colonel Griffin and will proceed to Washington, D. C, and report to the Surgeon General for duty. Major Staley contemplates an early return to civil life. The duties of the General Veterinary Inspector for this dis- trict may be briefly summarized as follows : (a) To cooperate with the Bureau of Animal Industry in the disinfection of public stables, yards and stock lines used in the transportation and collection of animals for or in the military service. (b) Inspecting and reporting upon: The sanitary condition of yards, depots, veterinary hospitals, horse lines and stables, etc., in his territory belonging to or used by the War Department and not under the control of the Department Commander, the methods used in handling animals therein, the efficiency of vet- erinary officers and upon such other offices that have a direct bearing on the Veterinary Service or on the prevention of dis- ease and inefficiency of animals. VETERINARY ENLISTED PERSONNEL, MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. The General Staff have recognized that the Veterinary Corps, Regular Army, must have an enlisted personnel. The reorganization plans for the Regular Army call for an enlisted Veterinary Corps personnel in the Medical Department. To determine the number of men necessary a ratio of forty en- listed men for each thousand authorized public animals has been used as a basis. The grades for this personnel will be similar to those now in the Medical Department, so that the Veterinary Corps men will have the same opportunities for advancement as men of other branches of the service. 220 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE Authority for the enlistment of men for the Veterinary Corps, Regulai: Army, was published in the following circular : War Department, Circular No. 141. Washington, March 24, 1919. INSTRUCTIONS GOVERNING VOLUNTARY ENLISTMENT, AMENDMENT TO CIRCULAR NO. 113, WAR DEPARTMENT, 1919. Paragraph 5, Circular No. 113, War Department, 1919, is re- scinded and the following is substituted therefor: 5. Enlistment of men for certain special services. Extract: Men who desire to enlist or reenlist in the Veterinary Corps or Dental Corps will be enlisted for the Medical Department and will be transferred immediately to the Veterinary Corps or Dental Corps, respectively, for assignment in accordance with the provisions of Circular No. 101, War Department, 1919. (342, A. G. 0.) By order of the Secretary of War : Frank McIntyre, Major General, Acting Chief of Staff. FIRST ENLISTMENT, VETERINARY CORPS, REGULARY ARMY. On March 26, 1919, two days after the authority for enlist- ments was published, Gabriel A. Wright enlisted at Camp Sher- man, Ohio. All Veterinary Detachment Commanders were immediately notified of this provision for an enlisted Veterinary Corps per- sonnel in the Regular Army. It is hoped that the Corps will be able to obtain a considerable number of men by voluntary enlist- ment. All enlistments are for the grade of private, but provision is made for promotion of those capable of performing the duties required of the grades. There are two enlistment periods author- ized at present. For those who have had previous service they may enlist for either one or three years, while men without pre- vious service will have to enlist for three years. Besides service in the United States, men will be required for duty with the American Expeditionary Forces, France, in Panama, Hawaii, Philippine Islands and China. An unusual opportunity is hereby offered for travel in foreign lands. It will probably be necessary for men who desire overseas service to enlist for three years. Men qualified as clerks, typists, stenographers, pharmacists, cooks, horseshoers, teamsters and stablemen will be needed. Besides the opportunity for travel this service will offer train- ing to men in horseshoeing, veterinary first aid, care and han- dling of animals, feeds and feeding, inspection of meat and milk products and horsemastership. ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 221 A VETERINARY ARTIST. A real artist has been discovered in the person of 2nd Lieut. Horst Schreck, V. C, U. S. A. Lieut. Schreck has been on duty at Auxiliary Remount Depot No. 303, Camp Dix, New Jersey. While there he made some excellent paintings and pen and ink drawings of pathological conditions. His work has been pro- nounced as exceptionally accurate and realistic. Lieut. Schreck is now on duty at the Auxiliary Remount Depot, Camp Hancock, Georgia, and is devoting his time to the making of paintings and drawings of cases of dermatitis gangrenosa in the various stages of the disease An accurate clinical history will be kept to ac- company the drawings. It is expected that the Veterinary Corps will be able to obtain some very valuable data in regard to this disease, which has been prevalent in some of the Remount Depots, and will be able to present to the veterinary profession original work along this line which will be of great scientific value. OFFICERS, VETERINARY CORPS, UNITED STATES ARMY. On Duty On Duty November 11, 1918. April H, 1919. Colonels ' 1 0 Ijieutenant Colonels 3 2 Majors ! 78 78 Captains '. 205 182 First Lieutenants 681 487 Second Lieutenants 1,216 555 2,184 1,304 RANK, PAY AND ALLOWANCES FOR VETERINARIANS. On August 20, 1918, the Comptroller approved the Auditor's decision that there was no authority for the appointment or promotion of a veterinarian now in the Army as defined by par. 4, Sec. 16, National Defense Act, June 3, 1916, to the grade of Major, Veterinary Corps. On October 9, 1918, the Comptroller ruled that the Selective Service Act of May 18, 1917, did not authorize the appointment in the temporary forces raised thereunder of colonels, lieutenant colonels and majors in the Veterinary Corps. On December 6, 1918, the Auditor ruled that there was no authority for the promotion of veterinary officers except as pro- vided in Sec. 16, National Defense Act, June 3, 1916, which re- quires five years ' service to a first lieutenancy, etc. From the time the first opinion was received at the Surgeon General's office until a final decision was rendered by the Comp- troller, the Director of the Veterinary Corps has been untiring in his efforts to have these opinions reversed and consequently 222 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE secure for the officers of the Veterinary Corps their just status. It is a source of great satisfaction to be able to report the success of these efforts. On April 9, 1919, the Comptroller rendered a decision which reverses the ones above referred to. The grade of Major in the Veterinary Corps, Regular Army, under the National Defense Act of June 3, 1910, for veterinarians now in the Army after twenty years ' service is held to be authorized. Payments made or to be made to men commissioned in the Veterinary Corps as colonels, lieutenant colonels, majors, captains, first lieutenants and second lieutenants will not be disturbed by the accounting officers if correctly made in other respects. It is expected that prompt action will be taken by the War Department to restore the grade of major for the Veterinary Corps in the Regular Army. Major Albert N. Towner of the Army Veterinary Corps with the A. E. F. is now Area Veterinarian of the American embarkation center. Major H. F. Steele of the regular army veterinary service and who for more than a year has been in the war zone in France has recently returned to this country and sent to the White Plains, New York, Sanitorium to recover from an attack of laryngitis that made him voiceless for many weeks. While in New York City he visited his Alma Mater. Captain 0. E. McKim of New York, who, after an unusual experience as veterinarian to the allied horse shipping service, entered the U. S. Army Veterinary Corps in France, has just recovered from an attack of lobar pneumonia in Germany fol- lowing the armistice. At all times in the war zone he daily re- ported for duty in the service until after November 11, 1918. Captain McKim lectured on army veterinary service at the New York State Veterinary College in New York City before going abroad. Major E. B. Ackerman of Brooklyn, recently located at Camp McClellan, Alabama, after very successful work at Camp Greene, North Carolina, has been released from the service and will resume practice in the metropolitan district. Captain R. A. Mullings, formerly stationed at Jersey City, in charge of that division of the B. A. I., and who entered the Army Veterinary Service and was placed in charge of army meat inspection in the eastern division, will shortly leave the Army Veterinary Service to accept a position of larger service with one of the ' ' big five. ' ' ASSOCIATION NEWS. AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. NEW ORLEANS AND THE A. V. M. A. In only a few months after this page sees the light thousands of veterinarians will be hurrying from their homes to various ticket offices to inquire about accommodations from ''Somewhere in America" to New Orleans, Louisiana. It will be simple for the railroad agent to advise you, because so many of the great arteries of transportation lead direct to the ''Winter Capital oT America." GRUNEWALD HOTEL, NEW ORLEANS. Headquarters 56th Annual Meeting A. V. M. A. The nearest the A. V. M. A. has ever come to the southern section was twenty-two years ago, when it visited Nashville, Tennessee. Since that time many changes have been made on the map and hundreds of students have chosen to enter the veter- inary profession, all of which has brought "Dixie Land" into keen competition with other sections of the country. The Crescent City is looking for you and when you arrive outstretched arms will welcome you into the gates of a different AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 225 atmosphere of social life, so saturated with a blend of southern hospitality and French manners, tRe memory of which will linger with you long after the convention has been forgotten. Historically, New Orleans is the most interesting city in America, with the Creole quarter of French and Spanish romance and the American quarter, a great modern metropolitan center throbbing with business, its massive steel and stone structures reaching up- wards toward the sky line. If you are yearning for a journey abroad and cannot make your desires mature, just consider and supplement it with a trip this fall to the A. V. M. A. from November 17 to 21, inclusive, and the famous restaurants of the city will maintain their splen- did reputations, offering with pride to their guests the same French, Italian, Latin-American and other high-class cuisine that each nation daily serves to its countrymen. The fifty-sixth annual meeting will be held on the twelfth floor in the auditorium of the Grunewald Hotel. The hall is large, light and twelve stories from the street, so the traffic will not disturb the execution of the program. On a separate page will be seen a picture of headquarters which should not fail to attract the most fastidious. Other magnificent hotels are the St. Charles, Monteleone, DeSoto, Lafayette, Cosmopolitan, Plant- ers ', and the Inn. Commercial houses desiring space for exhibi- tion purposes should communicate early with the management of the Grunewald for reservation and prices, and signify, a willing- ness to use the same spac6 for sleeping quarters, with the under- standing that assignment be made accordingly, on the twelfth floor, convenient and accessible to all in attendance. From all appearances, this will be one of the largest and most important meetings ever held ; notably because it is scheduled for New Orleans, which never fails to command attention when on the itinerary of the average tourist. Therefore, those anticipat- ing the trip should plan for reservation months in advance, for choked European traffic has turned loose a mass of sightseeing Americans to discover new things at home, and many of them will be departing from a colder climate to various southern points, particularly New Orleans, because of the early approach of the racing season. The time of year selected is the most beautiful and delightful of all. The hot summertime will be gone and the air will be tempered with the cool breezes from the great gulf, which is only about one hundred miies distant, where the Father of Waters 226 AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION empties its volume into the sea. Come to the meeting — bring new members and persuade your friends to accompany you. Bring cool suits for warm, pleasant days and a medium-weight for evenings and sudden changes. Like all semi-tropical areas, frequent changes in the weather may be expected. However, there need be no particular inconvenience if one only uses a little judgment and comes accordingly. The ladies, as usual, are extended a cordial invitation to at- tend and we, in Louisiana, strongly insist that they make this occasion one of their most important social functions of the season. The committee will provide pleasing and cheerful enter- tainments, full of splendor and action, certain to meet. with the approval of the most discriminating. A convention without the ladies would be lacking in character, culture and refinement, all of which go to broaden our vision and promote a spirit of kindly feeling toward all. Doctors, bring your wives and daughters! And wives and daughters, prepare now for one of the best times in all your lives. The Louisiana Veterinary Medical Association through its officers is doing everything possible to make the occasion a com- plete success, to the end that we hope no one will leave dis- appointed, but, on the other hand, wish to linger a little longer, and ;.s the train slowly departs, firmly resolve to hurry back to the land of the golden sunset. — E. I. Smith, Secretary-Treas- urer and Chairman Arrangements, Louisiana Veterinary Medical Association. TO APPOINT DELEGATES TO NEW ORLEANS. Responding to invitations from President Moore of the Amer- ican Veterinary Medical Association and Dr. E. P. Flower, president of the Louisiana Veterinary Medical Association, the Louisiana State Medical Society, recently in annual session at Shreveport, Louisiana, unanimously passed a resolution provid- ing for the appointment of one delegate and one alternate from each congressional district of the state to attend the annual meeting, in New Orleans, of the American Veterinary Medical Association. Captain J. A. McKinnon, formerly located at Manila, Philip- pine Islands, is now in Siberia. He. has been appointed Chief Veterinarian of the American Expeditionary Forces. Captain 0. C. Selby has returned from Camp Meade, Mary- land, to his home in Worthington, Minne'sota. OTHER ASSOCIATIONS LOUISIANA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. Dr. E. Pegram Flower, president of the Louisiana Veter- inary Medical Association, has appointed the following committee of arrangements in connection with the next meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association to be held in New Or- leans from November 17 to November 21, inclusive : Dr. E. I. Smith, chairman, Baton Rouge, La. Mr. Thomas J. Hill, Association of Commerce, New Orleans. Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, Baton Rouge, La. Dr. R. W. Tuck, New Orleans, La. Dr. E. P. Flower, Baton Rouge, La. Dr. A. W. Vornheder, New Orleans, La. Dr. J. Arthur Goodwin, New Iberia, La. Dr. J. R. I'l^ton, Baton Rouge, La. Dr. F. J. Cambon, New Orleans, La. The above committee will do everything possible to make the convention a colossal success and the chairman invites suggestions and will be at the command of the association from now until the end of the session. E. I. S., Secretary-Treasurer. MAINE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. At the January meeting of the Maine Veterinary Medical Association, held at Augusta, Maine, the congratulations of the members were extended to Dr. A. L. Murch of Bangor, Maine, on his recent election to the Legislature. E. E. Russell, Secretary. VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK CITY. The regular monthly meeting of the Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation of New York City was held in the lecture room of Car- negie laboratory, 338 East Twenty-sixth Street, Wednesday even- ing, March 5, at 8 : 30 o'clock. President Cochran in the chair. The minutes of the February meeting were read and ap- proved. 228 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS Dr. Thomas B. Kogers-, Woodbury, New Jersey, gave an in- structive address on '^A New Pharmacopaeia, " or a veterinary section in the new U. S. Pharmacopaeia, which will be adopted in 1920. Dr. Rogers gave important reasons for the necessity of this veterinary section in the U. S. P. Amongst others, he mentioned the lal^ge number of preparations necessary for the larger animals, as, for example, the equine veterinary blister and the aloetic physic ball. The smaller animals also need a number of special preparations other than those listed in the U. S. Pharmacopaeia. The Doctor advocated the more general use of the acetic acid extracts in veterinary practice, stating that in his experience they were just as effective as the alcoholic extracts and also stat- ing that the doses should be slightly larger. He advocated the appointment of a veterinary delegate on the revision committee of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia. Discussion. — Dr. Hoskins said that a committee of the Ameri- can Veterinary Medical Association had been appointed to take up this work at the Philadelphia meeting. Dr. Ellis mentioned the cloudy appearance the acetic acid extracts gave when mixed with water as one of his objections to them and that he did not think they were quite as active as the alcoholic extracts. Dr. DeVine said he had used the acetic acid nux vomica for a num- ber of years with good results. Dr. Rogers asked the Secretary to read a letter he received from Charles A. LaWall, asking that a veterinarian be appointed on the revision committee of the IT. S. P. This letter was referred to Dean Hoskins, who will communicate with the President of the American Veterinary Medical Association. On the question box being opened the following question was asked, ''Are the serums and bacterins of any real value in the prevention and treatment of canine distemper?" This subject furnished material for an interesting discussion entered into by Drs. Ellis, Millar, Crawford, Rogers and DeVine, Dr. Gannett also intervening to report that the Boston terrier bitch from which he removed the ovaries and uterus had made a good re- covery. The concensus of opinion was that the sero-bacterins have their value if practitioners know how to use them. The President then called on Lieutenant McTammany, lately returned from France, to say a few words on his army experi- ences. The Lieutenant gave the members a genuine treat in relating his sixteen months of army life in France. He said he OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 229 had been under fire on four different fronts and that he had met only two persons in France whom he had known before going across, one of them being our old colleague Major C. Clayton. He also gave an amusing account of his experiences getting into and out of the various hospitals in France which was very much enjoyed by all present. The proposed amendment to the by-laws was taken up for discussion. This amendment, by a majority vote, was tabled. Dr. W. I. McKinney, chairman of the committee on smoker, said that on account of the high prices of food and entertainment, etc., the tickets to the smoker would cost about $4.00 and that he did not think the committee was warranted to go ahead and make arrangements on that basis. It was regularly moved, sec- onded and carried that the motion to hold a smoker be recon- sidered. Dr. Ellis, chairman on twenty-fifth anniversary committee, said that as our alumni dinner and reunion would come in June he thought it would be better to postpone the twenty-fifth anni- versary of the association celebration until our first meeting in the fall. Dr. Thomas E. Smith moved that we hold a social function to celebrate the twenty-fifth anniversary of the associa- tion sometime during the month of October. Seconded and car- ried. Dr. McKinney, reporting for the board of censors, recom- mended that Dr. I. I. Curren be dropped from the roll. It was moved, seconded and carried that the recommendation of the board of censors in this case be adopted and that Dr. I. I. Curren be hereby dropped from the roll of membership in this associa- tion. Dr. Harry ' Ticehurst, Morsemere, New Jersey, Dr. Isaac Wertheimer, 42 Bushwick Place, Brooklyn, and Dr. George C. Bowen, New Hyde Park, Long Island, were unanimously elected to membership in the association. Dean Hoskins, chairman of the legislative committee, reported progress in the Carroll bill. Dean Hoskins mentioned the intro- duction of several new bils in the Legislature of importance to the veterinary profession, among them a bill to extend the tuber- culin test so that owners of dairies may employ any veterinarian to test their cattle and make no report to the department of agriculture necessary, and that owners have the right to sell their reacting animals where they choose. !30 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS Another bill has been introduced increasing the tax on bitches from $3 to $10 a year. Dean Hoskins spoke at some length on the injustice of this tax on dog owners and of the immense sums the state was collecting from dog taxes, $900,000 in this state in the past two years, without giving anything adequate in return to the sheep industry, for which these taxes were originally in- tended, to build up the sheep industry. Drs. Gannett, Smith, Rogers and DeVine also spoke on this proposed legislation. No further business appearing, the meeting adjourned. J. E. Crawford, Secretary. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY VETERINARIANS. The semi-annual dues (per capita tax) of all members of this association for the term of six months ending August 31, 1919, are now due at the rate of $1.50 for each member. In this connection I respectfully quote the following extracts from our national constitution as adopted at the Philadelphia convention : Art. 5, Sec. 2. The representation of any association at the national con- vention shall be based on the average amount of per capita tax paid Jay that association during the fiscal year. Art. 10, Sec. 1. The fiscal year of this body shall begin on September 1 and end on August 31. Art. 10, Sec. 2. The per capita tax to cover the expenses of this associa- tion shall be $3.00 per annum and shall be collected from all active members by the state, divisional and district associations, and by them remitted to the national secretary. Members-at-large shall remit per capita tax direct to the national secretary. This tax may be paid semi-annually. All drafts, exchanges, postoffice or express money orders should be made payable to Dr. S. J. Walkley, Secretary, 185 Northwestern Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Some of our subordinate associations have previously remit- ted per capita tax for their entire membership for the year end- ing August 31, 1919, and other associations have remitted for a portion of their members for that period. This call is issued for the benefit of those members, only, whose per capita tax for the period ending August 31, 1919, remains unpaid. The Bureau veterinarians deserve much credit for the liberal response made to the appeal for donations of two days' pay and an itemized statement of the contributions will be published later, showing the amount of each contribution. A large majority of those donating have given basic salary plus the temporary bonus and in some cases the donations have been in excess of those salaries. OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 231 It is of paramount importance that we have as nearly 100 per cent membership as possible and it should be borne in mind that contributing to the legislative fund does not constitute mem- bership in the association. The per capita tax or membership fund and the legislative fund are separate and distinct. Zone vice presidents and district organizezrs are urged to continue their efforts for a greater membership so that we may- be prepared for some real teamwork in launching an intensive drive on a moment's notice. Our committee on legislation and publicity will keep the membership advised regarding develop- ments in connection with legislation in which our association is interested. On February 18, 1919, Dr. J. S. Koen of Des Moines, Iowa, resigned as our national president on account of leaving the Bureau service to accept more lucrative employment. Under the provisions of Art. 8, Sec. 2, of our national constitution, the vice president at large thereupon assumed the duties of the presi- dent. Hence, all correspondence for the office of our national president should be addressed to Dr. Frank P. St. Clair, Federal Building, South Side Station, Omaha, Nebraska. This leaves the office of vice president at large vacant and the present indi- cations are that it shall remain vacant until the time of our next national convention. Dr. Frank R. Jones of Fort Worth, Texas, has resigned as a member of our committee on legislation and publicity, on account of leaving the Bureau service to enter a more promising field in the commercial world, and Dr. 0. B. Hess, in charge, office of hog cholera control, Washington, D. C, was appointed by former President Koen to fill the resulting vacancy on our committee of legislation and publicity. S. J. Walkley, Secretary. March 24, 1919. ASSOCIATION OF STATE AND PROVINCIAL VETERINARY COLLEGES. REPORTS OF COMMITTEES. Committee on Methods op Teaching Serum Therapy. It is the experience of those offering courses in bacteriology and in serum therapy and immunity that the veterinary student is capable of undertaking such courses earlier than students in other fields. This is due to the fact that the supporting subjects in the veterinary curriculum furnish a better basis for laboratory 232 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS work in these subjects than do the supporting subjects in other courses. The course in immunity and serum therapy should be preceded by a thorough and complete lecture and laboratory course in general and pathogenic bacteriology, together with the fundamental discussion of theories of immunity. This should be offered not earlier than the sophomore year, and should not be followed immediately by the course in serum therapy and immunity. The latter should be given not earlier than the first semester of the senior year, preferably the last. In the interim the student will have had his courses in pathology, chemistry, physiology and medicine and will be better able to undertake the study of immunity and serum therapy. This subject presents intricate reasoning and phenomena of great complexity and a true insight into it can be obtained only through great labor. With Dr. Zinsser, we believe that it is a poor plan to attempt too extensively to simplify the material or to make an A B C of immunity as a quick road to comprehension. The self-satis- faction which comes to the student who masters the principles of immunity well repays him for the effort required. After mastering these principles, the concepts of the subject are rela- tively simple. The subject must be treated critically and the data which are accepted as fact must be separated from those upon which there are well-founded differences of opinion. The course should include a thorough lecture and recitation course of at least thirty-six hours covering the work given in such standard texts on immunity as Zinsser, Kolmer or Simon. This should begin with the discussion of infection and the problem of virulence. Too much emphasis cannot be laid on this important phase of the problem. The student must be able to understand that pathogenic bacteria possess defensive powers against the defensive forces of the body and are capable of utilizing these to overcome body resistance, thus making infec- tion possible. The types of immunity should be thoroughly discussed and the student should have well fixed in his mind what these are and how they are brought about. The action of the toxins and the theory of antitoxin production, as advanced by Ehrlich, must be thoroughly understood by the student and until he has such knowledge he should not be permitted to take up the study of the second and third order, antibodies, since only by clear con- ception of antitoxin production can he be expected to master the theories of the development of the more complex antibodies. OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 233 The practical and commercial methods of antitoxin production should be presented to the student, and in his laboratory course he should be permitted to put into practice the methods learned in the text-book, by actual production of some antitoxin, such as diphtheria or ricin. The phenomena of agglutination and pre- cipitation, both in theory and in practical application as diag- nostic means, should be mastered by the student. The practical application is to be brought out by laboratory demonstration and exercises carried on in the laboratory course. The bac- tericidal properties of blood serum, cytolysis and sensitization demand painstaking study. The nature and action of comple- ment and amboceptor and the relationship of these two to anti- gens are to be brought out by discussion and by laboratory prac- tice with the complement fixation and related tests. Ability to conduct a Wasserman test should be one requisite of the labora- tory course. Phagocytosis and chemotoxis and the relation of these to immunity should be clear to the student. In the labora- tory he should demonstrate the action of opsonins by the Wright method and should supplement this by the actual preparation of autogenous bacterins for some pyogenic infection and should follow up this work in clinic by the administration of these bac- terins to a case under his observation. The fundamental facts of anaphylaxis, together with theo- retical consideration of the same, with particular emphasis laid on the relationship of anaphylaxis to infectious disease and the bearing it has on problems of infectious disease and the clinical significance of anaphylaxis merit considerable time spent on the study of this phenomenon. The course is to be rounded off by consideration of the therapeutic immunization of animals for different diseases and by discussion and interpretation of the allergic reactions. Give the student such a course and it will not leave him an easy prey to the unscrupulous or grasping commercial man. Our courses in immunity ' and pathogenic bacteriology should not leave the student a menace to himself and the community through an ignorance of proper and sufficient knowledge of a very profound subject, making him untrustworthy in his diag- nosis and in his prophylactic and therapeutic efforts and espe- cially in his practice of this phase of medicine and interpretation of the related phenomena, nor, on the other hand, should it leave him pessimistic and hypercritical in regard to the true value of serum diagnostic methods and allergic tests often improperly 234 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS interpreted, or of the effectiveness of or the proper indications for serums and vaccines which science and practice have established. He should be influenced by his training to experiment judiciously, on the one hand, and, on the other, not to injudiciously utilize methods or materials under the guise of experimentation, as is frequently the case in veterinary practice, which is nothing more nor less than malpractice. Chas. Murray, L. W. Goss, Ward Giltner, Committee. Report of Committee on Entrance Requirements. This association was organized to consider and encourage primarily higher standards of veterinary education, of which preliminary education is a very important part. Undoubtedly, the question as to the proper degree of education a prospective veterinary student should have attained before being permitted to enroll in a veterinary college will always be more or less de- batable. Even if all veterinary colleges were on a uniform basis of fifteen units of high school work as an entrance requirement, we should soon be debating the question as to whether further increases in this standard should not be considered. That, how- ever, is a question for the future and undoubtedly our present attention should be centered upon the creation of a uniform standard of fifteen units of high school work as a requirement of all veterinary colleges in this country. In considering entrance requirements there usually are two opinions prevalent among veterinarians and teachers: One is that we should begin our professional education at a point where the high schools complete their work ; the other contention is that we should require the minimum amount of preliminary education which is rather indefinite but usually the smallest amount that can be required and still the school receive recognition at the hands of the Bureau of Animal Industry and at the present time in the Surgeon General's office. In advocating the higher en- trance requirements we should be guided by three principal factors: First, is the requirement reasonable and can and will it be met by a competent and desirable class of young men ; sec- ond, is it the proper thing to do so far as the welfare of the live stock industry is concerned, and, third, is it best for the veter- OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 235 inary profession itself and the professions with which we must associate ? In answer to the first question we need but take the records of veterinary colleges which have gone from eighth grade re- quirements to the fifteen high school unit standard. In brief, the figures indicate in all cases that there is a temporary decrease in enrollment, but that within a few years' time the enrollment reaches the former figure and, in most cases, exceeds it. Thus any contention that the high school requirements would not enable the colleges to supply the requisite number of veterina- rians for our country is without foundation. In answering the second question, experience will also be a valuable assistant. Some adherents to a low standard require- ment would have us believe that, so far as veterinary education is concerned, there are two distinct types of young men, one who is a practical, hard-working young man who has the qualities which enable one to make good under a handicap, and the other one with education, not accustomed to work and without any practical inclination. We can rest assured that these young men all belong to one and the same class, and the only difference is that one class has had greater educational facilities and thus has the advantage in training and mental discipline which enables him to assimilate and use to a much greater advantage the educa- tion that is offered in a professional school. Upon graduation such men are of much greater service to the stock man, state and nation, as well as living a larger and more beneficial professional life. The third question as to which standard is best for the veter- inary profession itself and its relation to other professions is one that depends upon the opinion of those whom the profession serves and upon the character of the young men entering the pro- fession, as well as the confidence and respect shown them by our sister professions. Some would have us believe that a successful veterinarian should be one who is a combination of a horse ioekey. a cow puncher and a person that knows a little about medicine. Such a person cannot be accepted as a professional man by any other profession, nor by the veterinary profession itself, if it desires to have the confidence and respect of an en- lightened public. If a thorough preliminary education makes a student impractical and develops a dislike for the kind of work that the members of our profession are required to do, no such cases have been brought to our attention. 136 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS It has been observed, however, that more thoroughly educated men do their work in such a way as to place it on a skilled and technical basis and to remove it from the realms of empiricism. So great has been the improvement in the students and graduates of some state institutions that most of the faculty members would prefer to enter into some other line of work than to attempt to instruct a group of half-educated students. It has been suggested that the amendment offered at Kansas City prescribing fifteen units of high school work for entrance as one of the regulations provided by the A. V. M. A. should be modified to conform with the ruling of the Surgeon General ' ' and thus establish once and for all the policy of the American Vet- erinary Medical Association." This suggestion is not different from past suggestions because it simply recommends that we adopt the least possible requirement and get recognition at the hands of the government. It is doubtful whether the Surgeon General or the Bureau of Animal Industry cares to be put into the position of dictating the entrance requirements for all the colleges whether or not it concerns schools which graduate men engaged under them. Even more doubtful is it whether or not the profession as a whole as represented by the American Veter- inary Medical Association ought to shirk the responsibility which is really the profession's problem and not the question of one or two branches of our government. It is a shame and disgrace that the profession itself does not have the courage to provide the necessary educational requirements but that we must be con- stantly compelled by government regulation to provide even a low standard. It is a plain issue not difficult to understand by those who care to study it carefully, and it should be faced squarely. Your committee recommends that this association most heartily endorse the amendment offered by Dean A. L. Klein at the Kansas City meeting, which is as follows : ''Beginning with the collegiate year of 1918-19, the matric- ulation requirements of an approved veterinary college shall be not less than one year of high school work or equivalent studies taken in other preparatory schools. Beginning with the collegi- ate year of 1919-20 said requirements shall be not less than two years of high school work or equivalent studies taken in other preparatory schools. Beginning with the collegiate year of 1920-21 the matriculation requirements shall be not less than four years of high school work or equivalent studies taken in other preparatory schools. Provided, that candidates for ad- OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 237 mission to approved veterinary schools who cannot present a sat- isfactory certificate from the proper official of the school or schools attended covering the required amount of preparatory work may be admitted upon passing satisfactory examinations in subjects included in the corresponding years of a high school course. Certificates must show in detail, and by school years, the subjects studied, the number of hours and the number of weeks devoted to each, and the grade obtained in each; said certificates to be available for examination by the committee on intelligence and education of this association. And, provided further, that no student shall be admitted to advanced standing except upon the presentation of a certificate of honorable dis- missal from the proper official of the school previously attended and a certificate from the same official showing in detail the stud- ies completed, and, in such cases, credit shall be allowed only for equivalent studies in which the candidate has obtained a passing grade ; all other studies shall be taken over. And, be it further provided, that no credit shall be allowed for studies taken in veterinary schools which are not approved by this asso- ciation. All certificates shall be available for examination by the committee on intelligence and education of this association." C. H. Stange, for Committee. Report of the Committee pN Methods of Teaching Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Object. — ^With the exception of some purely scientific and interesting work for the physiologists, the only reason for teach- ing or studying the subjects of pharmacology and therapeutics is in their application to the treatment of disease. Your com- mittee believes, therefore, that the instruction in these subjects should be made as practical as possible. It is quite generally con- ceded that the study of pharmacology is about as uninteresting as any in the veterinary curriculum. Interest can be kept up to some extent by a fairly close application of the principles of the use of the various agents in the treatment of sick animals. We have considered the subject of pharmacology in the broad sense to include both Materia Medica and Pharmacology proper and will therefore discuss materia medica, including pharmacy, pharmacology and therapeutics. Materia Medica and PJiarmacy. These subjects can be best taught in the laboratory, as it is impossible to become familiar 238 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS with them in any other way. The course should include the principles of manufacture and actual manufacture of one or more preparations from each pharmaceutical group; exercises showing solubility and incompatibility of the more important groups, together with a study of the physical characteristics of the more easily recognized drugs. The following deserve a little further attention. Solubility. The general solubility of the more important drugs should be tested in the laboratory. We realize that it is impossible to learn or remember more than a relative solubility — that is, whether a drug is soluble in water, alcohol, glycerin, etc., and whether freely or but slightly soluble. As a rule, this is all that is desired or should be expected and is sufficient for ordinary work. Solubility is useful to a veterinarian only so far as com- patibility is concerned and is important only in prescribing and dispensing drugs. On this account the commonly used drugs should be carefuly studied and but little stress placed upon those which are seldom employed. Incompatibility. Incompatibility is a subject usually consid- ered very difficult to learn, but for working purposes is not so hard. Chemical incompatibility is the one which gives the most concern. We realize that there are almost any number of agents chemically incompatible with each other, yet with the present tendency to combine but few drugs in a prescription, there are few which are likely to be met with in actual work. The subject can be very effectively taught by a few exercises on the different groups of drugs, showing the most common incompatibilities, as acids and alkalies, tannic acid and metallic salts, silver nitrate, reducing agents, alkaloids, etc. These exercises may be supple- mented by class work, pointing out that the application of chem- istry is much to be preferred to the individual incompatibles for each drug. Materia Medica. Under this head will be included char- acteristics and doses. It is obvious that nearly the entire subject of materia medica should be taught in the laboratory. Characteristics. Students should have an opportunity to see, handle, make tests of solubility and incompatibility and prepare concise notes on the physical characteristics of the different drugs. While we realize that it is impossible to detect many drugs by their physical characteristics, nevertheless, the fact that students can see and handle them enables them to become more or less familiar with each and to be able to identify some of the more OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 239 common drugs with pronounced characteristics. The actual tests for purity and identity are of great importance to the pharmacist but not to the veterinarian. Doses. Doses is a subject of much controversy. Some author- ities advocate rather large ones and others fairly small. While an exact dose would be ideal, we know that there is no such thing and that average doses or safe doses should be accepted, with the idea of impressing upon the minds of the students that it is necessary to give to dose effect or until the desired action is produced. No one can tell the exact dose of drugs. Conditions vary greatly and the desired action is so different that only expe- rience gained in actual practice will determine the doses required. Pharmacology Proper. This in a restricted sense means the action of drugs. It is very important because a practitioner should know not only that a drug does so and so, but also how it produces this action. Laboratory work with experiments upon animals we believe the ideal way of teaching this subject. We believe, further, that seeing the action of a drug most vividly impresses its action upon the minds of the students and shows what may be expected from average doses. In this way, anti- dotes, both chemical and physiological, may be demonstrated. While purely experimental work in pharmacology requires a good knowledge of physiology and considerable surgical ability as prerequisites, the most important action of many groups of drugs may be demonstrated without killing the animal and with little or no apparatus; as the rapid purgatives, eserine, arecoline, etc., drugs acting upon the eye, upon the nervous system, digestive system, the belladonna group, etc. On the other hand, those experiments demonstrating action upon blood pressure usually require considerable apparatus and result in the death of the animal. Yet these experiments may be worked as demonstrations and will prove well worth while. The laboratory work should be supplemented with class work either in the form of lectures or recitations to bring out details which cannot be brought out in the laboratory and at the same time to couple up the action of the various agents with their use in the treatment of disease. So far as possible, the laboratory work in both materia medica and pharmacology should be cor- related with the matter gone over in class. The pharmacology of a drug should include the pharma- ceutic preparations — that is, the forms in which it may be pro- cured, doses, methods of administration, its action upon the 240 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS different systems of the body, its most important action, how the action is produced, any untoward or side actions, toxicology, including symptoms, diagnosis and treatment and the uses. Stress should be placed upon the more important groups and the more important members of each group and their method of action in the treatment of disease. This greatly aids in teaching the subject and in keeping the interest of the students because they will see the importance of the action, as well as the use. Furthermore, they will never be able to use medicines to the best advantage without knowing their action. One must know the finer details of action because there are so many factors which must be taken into consideration in prescribing in different con- ditions. Therapeutics. Therapeutics may be defined as that subject which treats of the cure or alleviation of disease. It is the sub- ject with which we are vitally concerned because without thera- peutics there would be little or no use for any kind of medicine. Furthermore, there would be but little work for veterinarians if their work stopped with diagnosis and prognosis. Therapeutics may be taught and should be taught in three places, each almost as important as the other. They are by class work in the principles involved in connection with pharma- cology or separate, in the subject of medicine and in the various clinics. Class Work in Therapeutics. With the exception of the un- derlying principles of treatment, it is impossible to deal in more than a general way with the subject of therapeutics in class work. Students should be instructed in the principles of thera- peutics— i. e., what is desired in certain conditions, how drugs or other means act in various pathological conditions and why we need a certain line of treatment in these cases — rather than to be taught to use a few drugs for certain diseases. In other words, it should be impressed upon the minds of the students to use rational therapeutics or treat the pathological conditions as mani- fested in each case, instead of relying upon empirical treatment. We should also discourage the use of pet prescriptions for this and that, but encourage treatment of each case individ- ually. This is not so difficult as it seems because we assume that a student will know or understand physiology and pathology and then if he knows pharmacology and the principles involved it is not difficult to prescribe intelligently. Taking the case of a disease like eczema, for an example, it is not enough to have OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 241 several prescriptions to use in this disease, but it should be pointed out that the treatment must vary with the pathological changes encountered, whether moist or dry, acute or chronic, etc., since what will prove of excellent value in one case may be detri- mental in another. Prescription Writing. Your committee believes that consid- erable practice should be given to prescription writing. Practice in this work gives an opportunity to make different combina- tions for various conditions. It wi'l also aid in forming the habit of thinking a prescription when dispensing medicine instead of placing several ingredients in a bottle or paper and telling the owner to give a certain amount without knowing what each dose will be. If the instructor will not criticise too severely much profit can be gained from this work. Emphasis should be made that in the present light of medicine there is no place for the old shotgun or blunderbuss prescription, but that this has been re- placed by one of few drugs upon which dependence can be put for doing what is desired. Any prescriptions given should be presented with the idea that they are only representative and only show the various ways in which drugs may be combined. Medicine. Therapeutics should be thoroughly considered in the study of medicine. In this subject the various diseases are discussed, including symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. As a usual thing, the diagnosis and symptoms are thoroughly dis- cussed and but a small amount of attention given the treatment. Treatment should, however, be as carefully discussed as the other two. One teaching medicine should not be content with men- tioning certain agents in the treatment of a disease, but should explain why they may be used and what results may be expected from their use. cullies. The various clinics ar^ the only places in which ap- plied therapeutics may be taught. They may be likened to the so-called bedside therapeutics • in human medicine. Patients are brought to clinic for treatment. They offer opportunity for in- struction in examination, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment, and the last is of most importance to the owner. The clinics are the only places in which we can couple up the various patho- logical conditions with actual treatment instead of basing thera- peutics on supposition and theory, as must be done in the class room study of therapeutics or medicine. 242 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS SUMMARY. 1. ]\Iateria Medica and Pharmacy should be largely taught in the laboratory. 2. Pharmacology should be taught in both laboratory and class room. The greater amount of instruction in the' laboratory the better. 3. Therapeutics can only be superficially taught in the class room and should therefore be rounded out in the study of medi- cine and in the clinics, the latter of which may be compared to laboratory work where the students are able to observe the results from the use of various therapeutic measures. H. J. Milks. DOMINION VETERINARY MEAT INSPECTORS' ASSOCIATION OF CANADA. On March 15 the D. V. M. I. A. of Canada met in the Ontario Veterinary College to hear Dr. Geo. Hilton of Ottawa give an address on ''The Work of the Veterinarian in the Field." He described all the contagious diseases and told how they were handled according to regulations. He also showed a number of lantern slides on the work. It was all instructive and much enjoyed by all. Dr. Fowler of Toronto was next called and gave us an address on his new treatment of tetanus. He treats with the serum and makes the injection into the spinal cord direct, between the lum- bar and sacral vertebrae. This treatment has been very success- ful, as he has lost only one case out of twenty-eight. This was very interesting to all, as it was something new. Dr. McGilvray was next called and gave a few remarks. Moved by Dr. Torrie, seconded by Dr. Weaver, that a hearty vote of thanks be tendered the speakers. Carried. On March 22 the association met for general business and election of officers. Minutes of last meeting read and adopted. Communications were then read. First from Edmonton branch, asking us to request the department at Ottawa to assist them in installing a library there. It was decided that it would be best for them to communicate direct first before asking our assistance. The secretary was instructed to inform them of the decision. Second, from Dr. Barnes, saying that he would attend the civil service convention in our interest. OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 243 Third, address from our president, Dr. D. R. Bone of Edmon- ton, was read. This was a very interesting and helpful address and showed that he had spent a lot of time and thought on it. It was received with applause and a clap of hands. Moved by Dr. Irvine, seconded by Dr. D. C. Tennent, that the secretary write an appreciation of his endeavors in preparing this splendid address. Fourth, a motion from the Edmonton branch that this address be sent to every member. Some of the suggestions in this address were discussed, especially the publishing of a paper in connec- tion with our work. It was decided to send the minutes of each meeting to the American Veterinary Medical Association Journal. Applications from eleven new members were read. Moved by Dr. Weaver, seconded by Dr. Fisher, that applicants be accepted. Carried. Moved by Dr. Irvine, seconded by Dr. Thompson, that all branches of our organization pay their per capita tax to our association and we to pay' the total to the Civil Service Feder- ation. Carried. After a lot of discussion on the salary of the secretary, it was moved by Dr. Weaver, seconded by Dr. Wingate, that the posi- tion of secretary be honorary. This was defeated. Some complaints were heard about the meetings being held on Saturday night and it was left for the executive to try out a meeting on a Wednesday night. Dr. Cook then named Drs. Tanner and Maxwell as scrutineers for the elections, with the following results: President— Dr. R. H. Cook. Vice President — Dr. D. C. Tennent. Secretary-Treasurer — ^Dr. Wm. Tennant. Executive Committee — Dr. R. J. Thompson, Dr. A. G. Mur- ray, Dr. E. L. Frechette. Wm. Tennant, Secretary-Treasurer. RETIRING PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. In most organizations such as ours the office of president is generally only an honorary one, but our constitution has imposed upon the occupant of that office certain duties, which I have en- deavored to fulfill to the best of my ability. Whether or not I have succeeded I leave to your good judgment. As you are aware, early in the year our department trans- ferred me from Toronto to Edmonton and our worthy vice presi- 244 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS dent, D. R. H. Cook, has filled the president's chair at Toronto meetings in a very able manner. I wish to thank each one of you for the very great honor you have reposed in me in electing me for four succeeding years to the most honorable position in your association. To fail to men- tion the names of those who have held office with me during my term as president would be to fail in my duty entirely, and prove myself ingrate or wholly devoid of appreciation; there- fore, I especially wish to thank Dr. Cook; Dr. Fisher, who stayed at the helm through more than one stormy session; Dr. Tennant, who later assumed the office of secretary, and the vari- ous members of the executive committee for their unselfish and whole-hearted support which has been so effective in building upon a sound and lasting foundation the Dominion Veterinary Meat Inspectors' Association. To these gentlemen I wish to express my thanks for being instrumental in bringing to a satis- factory completion various questions which it has been the object of our association to attain. To the officers whom you are about to elect for the coming year let each one of us give the most loyal support. As your retiring president I would also solicit your most loyal support to the Canadian Meat Inspection Service, ever conscious of our duties and responsibilities towards the service, which, to say the least, we are proud of. In the minutes of your December meeting at Toronto I note a call for suggestions for ways and means of inducing a number of members to attend the regular meetings of the association. Why, let me ask, should we be forced to look for some induce- ment in the form of entertainment ? After what our association has done, and is doing, to improve conditions in the service, the inspector who continually absents himself from the meetings is not fair to himself. Honest membership makes an inspector a better man and more efficient ; the spirit of unity brought about by membership in our organization makes for harmony at a plant and results in better performance of duty. Our departmental heads must also realize that, there is something radically wrong with a man who cannot attend the meetings in so just a cause as the association is engaged in, that such a one in shirking his duty towards the association is capable of shirking his duty towards the department's service also. With reference to enlarging the attendance at meetings, as also increasing membership in the association, let me suggest the OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 245 need of an official organ in the form of a bulletin or journal issued by the D. V. M. I. A. It seems imperative that some system be inaugurated whereby complete news of what is being done within the association may be disseminated and thus bring into more intimate touch the members who I am glad to say are now located in every province of our Dominion. Such a system would also be of service in stimulating the social nature of our activities and I would suggest that this be regarded as a stepping-stone towards greater development of the organization. I would rec- ommend that the incoming officers give this matter their early consideration. In regard to organization in the West, I may say our appeal for membership in Western Canada has already met with a hearty response which is encouraging. With the exception of one inspector, whom we expect to have on our membership roll in the near future, all veterinary inspectors in Vancouver, Ed- monton, Calgary and Prince Albert are members of the Dominion Veterinary Meat Inspectors' Association. A good, active branch association has been formed in Edmonton, at which papers are read every two weeks. These papers are of a high calibre, in- structive and interesting, and the fact that all members are regular attendants and each one enters into the discussion speaks well for the Edmonton branch of the D. V. M. I. A., as also the Canadian Meat Inspection System. A feeling seems to have gone abroad in Winnipeg that if the inspectors there did become mem- bers of the association their voices would not be heard in the conduct of the organization. I believe that it is on this account that our appeal for membership from Winnipeg has met with little response. Let me assure any who may in this manner misunderstand the objects of the D. V. M. I. A. that the organi- zation is composed of veterinarians appointed under the meat and canned foods act in all and every locality in the Dominion and that each member already has and will continue to have a say in the workings of the association. It is our desire that every veterinary meat inspector in Canada become a member of the association. No man can live to himself; let us cooperate; the greatest good to the greatest number. *' Community of interests" is the dominant note in the tune to which the industrial and business world, in common with our allied armies, are marching today. It is the realization of this fact which has resulted in that splendid coordination of allied power and resources which is, perhaps, the most striking feature 246 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS of the present world struggle. Success in any line of endeavor is admittedly largely a question of organization and to organiza- tion we must look for the realization of our hopes in the future. The objects of the Dominion Veterinary Meat Inspectors' Asso- ciation officially stated are : To unite fraternally all veterinary meat inspectors employed by the Department of Agriculture ; to secure by discussion of topics pertaining to meat inspection a uniform interpretation of the departmental rules and regulations and thus promote efficiency of the service ; to secure through co- operation with the Department of Agriculture more equitable salary rates and regulation of hours of labor ; to obtain for its members full benefits of all laws existing and which may be here- after enacted, and by upholding all civil laws. Wherever in the lives of men conditions obtain which require remedial action, experience shows that somehow, at some time, an attempt will be made to rectify and adjust. The D. V. M. I. A. has made and will continue to make that attempt and, while not at all times acquiring our objective, yet not without a measure of success, which is indeed gratifying. While, unfortunately, the meat in- spector does not enjoy a seven to eight hour a day service, as most other occupations, and while the work of an inspector is dangerous in that he is so continuously exposed to infection from diseased portions, together with conditions under which post- mortem work is performed, at times somewhat disagreeable, still in a happier day that is not too far distant we hope to see a wider interest manifested in developing conditions which will be more becoming professional servants. Since its inception our association has seen a marked improvement in the condition of employment amongst inspectors. For this it can justly claim a great deal of credit. Looking back over the past four years, we note that pay for overtime has been accomplished, minimum sal- ary advanced from twelve to fourteen hundred dollars per an- num, the maximum salary from eighteen hundred to two thou- sand. It is to the credit of the association that I announce these changes which I am pleased to say have been brought about by cooperation with the Department of Agriculture. If the D. V. M. I. A. was to be judged by what it has done in the betterment of financial conditions that alone would justify its existence. In order to maintain the efficiency of our gov- ernment meat inspection system, it is necessary that the salary and working conditions for the professional men approach a standard somewhat commensurate with the opportunities for OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 247 veterinarians in other fields of endeavor. In this connection it is gratifying to know that the Civil Service Commission has at present under consideration a professional class of salaries, as well as an improvement in conditions. Our interests at Ottawa are being represented by our honorable vice president, and I am sure I voice the sentiments of every veterinary meat inspector, whether a member of this association or not, when I say we trust his efforts may be highly successful and for that end we will ever pray. I would not consider this address complete without making reference to the death of Dr. John Webster Smith, which oc- curred in Edmonton, in October of last year. Dr. Smith, whose home was in Newmarket, Ontario, was deeply interested in the success of the association, a promising member, and, although only a short time with us, he earned the respect of all who were fortunate to come in contact with him. It is with profound re- gret that I announce his early demise, which was a shock to all who knew him. At the time of writing this address news has come to me of the death of Mrs. George A. Nichol, wife of one of our members. Dr. Nichol has for some time been stationed in Calgary, but later was transferred to Edmonton. On behalf of the association I wish to extend to Dr. Nichol our heartfelt sympathy with him in this sad bereavement. In conclusion, let me say that during the four years of the presidency I have seen many ups and downs in the association. My decisions, which perhaps have not at all times concurred with those of the majority, have, I assure you, been formulated con- scientiously and with the best motives in view, and the addresses which you have received from time to time have carried with them the interests of the association first and at all times. I would ask you gentlemen to accept my resignation as an office- holder in your organization and to the officers to be elected for the ensuing year I wish to extend my good wishes for a most suc- cessful term; I would pledge to them my continued loyalty to my unabated interest in the advancement, growth and develop- ment of the Dominion Veterinary Meat Inspectors' Association of Canada. Gentlemen, I thank you. D. R. Bone. Dr. W. N. Gaston has received his discharge from the army after having been stationed at Fort Riley, Kansas, and Camp Lee, Virginia, and is now located at Seneca, Kansas. NECROLOGICAL. DR. CHAS. A. WALDRON. Dr. C. A. Waldron, Tecumseh, Michigan, died recently rather suddenly as the result of nephritis. The Doctor was one of the oldest practitioners in the State of Michigan. Formerly he was a member of the State Examining Board and of the Michigan State Association. DR. WILLIAM H. SERIGHT. The Journal has just received notice of the death of Dr. Wm. H. Seright of Atlanta, Georgia. Full details have not reached the office, but we understand Dr. Seright was born at Pleasanton, Kansas, in 1879. His education was begun in a common school and continued in the Kansas State Normal School. He was grad- uated from the Kansas City Veterinary College in 1910 and joined the A. V. M. A. in 1917. DR. JOSEPH T. NATTRESS. Dr. Joseph T. Nattress, one of the most prominent practi- tioners in the state of Illinois, died at his home at Delavan on March 19. Dr. Nattress was a graduate of the Ontario Veterinary Col- lege in the year 1885 and joined the American Veterinary Med- ical Association in 1904. Dr. Nattress has taken a very active part in all matters per- taining to veterinary progress in the state of Illinois, and was one of the most influential veterinarians in that state. He was a man of sterling integrity, took a decided stand on every question for veterinary advancement. Dr. Nattress was planning to at- tend the next A. V. M. A. meeting in New Orleans with his wife. His death will be a great loss to the profession, not only in Illi- nois, but the nation. DR. W. C. KRAEMER. Dr. "W. C. Kraemer, a lieutenant in the 307th Field Artillery, died recently, in France, of pneumonia. Dr. Kraemer was a graduate of the Veterinary Department of the University of NECROLOGICAL 249 Penusylvania in the year 1916 and joined the A. V. M. A. the same year. Dr. Kraemer was associated with Dr. E. P. Althouse of Sunbury, Pennsylvania, before he entered the army service. WILLIAM RANSDELL GOODWIN. William R. Goodwin, former vice president of the Sanders Publishing Company and managing editor of The Breeder's Gazette, Chicago, died on April 5 at his country home, Oakhurst, near Xaperville, Illinois, in his fifty-sixth year. Mr. Goodwin was born at Brookville, Franklin County, Indi- ana, August 19, 1863, and was the son of the late Rev. Dr. Wil- liam R. Goodwin, of the Methodist denomination, who was presi- dent of a college at that place. Mr. Goodwin was educated in the public schools of Quincy, Danville and Decatur, Illinois, and early matriculated at Illinois Wesleyan University, Normal, Illinois, where he studied for three years. He completed his college course at the DePauw Univer- sity, Greencastle, Indiana, in 1883, receiving his B. A. degree. In 1886 his Alma Mater conferred upon him the advanced degree of Master of Arts. At the time of his death, Mr. Goodwin had been associated with The Breeder's Gazette for something like thirty-four years, and all who have been readers of that splendid journal can testify to the magnificent work performed by the late managing editor in the upbuilding of the live stock interests of the country through his wonderful store of information along these lines, and his facile pen. Mr. Goodwin was a true friend to the veterinary profession, and always anxious for its advancement along progressive and scientific lines to meet the ever-increasing needs of our advancing live stock industry. Just previous to the annual meetings of the A. V. ]\I. A. it was his frequent custom to remind the writer to send him a report of the proceedings to be published in the Gazette, which evidenced the interest he always manifested in the profession. It would be utterly impossible, in a short obituary notice, to do justice to the work and accomplishments of this able and good man, who will be missed from ocean to ocean, as well as abroad ; in fact, wherever the Gazette is read, and that means the world over, where progressive live stock husbandry obtains. The deceased was buried, April 8, in the village cemetery within sight of his former stately Oakhurst home, where hundreds of his friends and associates gathered to pay their last tribute of 250 respect; and, to quote from the story of his life in the Gazette, to which he devoted the greater part of it : ' ' No massive stone yet marks the place, but in the hearts and minds of thousands of American farmers and stock breeders" (and, we might add, veterinarians) ''there is already a monument more imperishable than granite to his memory. ' ' Mr. Goodwin leaves a widow and one son, who is at present a student at the University of Chicago. W. H. D. REVIEWS. REPORT OF NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE, CORNELL UNIVERSITY. This is the usual annual report and it summarizes the year's work. In the medical and ambulatory clinic 3,210 cases were handled, 718 in the consulting and surgical clinic, and 393 in the small animal clinic. A few unusual cases are described in detail. The diagnosis department made 1,337 examinations. Classi- fied and named in the order of preponderance of numbers, the cases examined include poultry diseases, rabies, tumors, glanders, anthrax, actinomycosis, parasites, blackleg, tuberculosis, hemor- rhagic septicemia, blackhead, and Johne's disease. During the year the college sent out 72,007 doses of tuber- culin, 15,435 doses of anthrax vaccine, 15,374 doses of hog cholera serum, and 6,087 doses of mallein. Researches on the Diseases of Breeding Cattle, by W. L. Wil- liams and C. M. Carpenter, describes additional investigations conducted during the year, and correlates these with past work. Valuable data are submitted and a thoughtful and interesting interpretation is made. "Whether or not the reader finds him- self able to follow the authors from the data submitted to the conclusions reached, the article furnishes abundant food for thought. Handling an Outbreak of Calf Scours and Pneumonia, by C. M. Carpenter, is a paper of special interest and value to prac- titioners in dairy districts. It describes the general hygienic measures adopted, mentions the indications for the use of serums and bacterins, and gives in detail the results obtained in handling a large and badly infected herd. It also records a bacteriological study of individual cases. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED 251 The Paranasal and Facial Sinuses of the Sheep, by G. S. Hopkins, Department of Anatomy, gives brief and accurate de- scriptions and excellent illustrations. Likewise an article by E. Sunderville, also of the Department of Anatomy, on the digestive anatomy of the sheep, is especially adaptable to the need of the times. Certain Aspects of the Pathology of Spavin, by S. A. Gold- berg, Department of Pathology and Bacteriology, deals briefly with rather extensive researches relative to the origin, nature, and development of joint lesions. It is a valuable contribution to the literature on this subject. Foreign Bodies in the Tissues with a Report of Six Cases is an additional paper by the same author. A Preliminary Report on the Urine Analysis of the Dairy Cow, by C. E. Hay den. Department of Physiology, reviews past work, describes methods, and suggests a tentative standard for normal urine, based on the examination of fifty samples. Oro- kinase and Salivary Digestion in the Horse, Cow, and Pig, by B. J. Finkelstein, of the same department, describes researches that clear up some doubtful points relative to salivary digestion. Horseshoes of Interest to Veterinarians is a paper by Henry Asmus, Department of Horseshoeing. This illustrates and men- tions briefly the use of 151 types of shoes designed to correct vari- ous faults of conformation and gait. Some of the shoes were designed by the author. The Strongylidffi Affecting the Horse, by W. A. Hagan, De- partment of Pathology and Bacteriology, gives a general classi- fication of the entire family (Strongylidae), together with a more detailed study of the life history and appearance of the species that infest the horse and inflict damage. The author refers to a rather common error in describing aneurisms in the mesenteric arteries to invasions of Strongylus equinus. S. vulgaris is stated to be the real offender. R. R. Birch. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. Report of the Dean of the New York State Veterinary Col- lege, New York University, for 1917-1918. Report of the New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University, for 1917-1918. The Veterinary Alumni Quarterly of the Alumni Association, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Colum- bus, March, 1919. 252 MISCELLANEOUS Philippine Journal of Science, Section B, Tropical Medicine, November, 1918. Recueil de Medecine Veterinaire (Alfort). Revue Generale de Medecine Veterinaire (Toulouse). American Journal of Clinical Medicine (Chicago). Veterinary Record (London). Veterinary News (London). Veterinary Journal (London). Revista de la Sociedad de Medicina Veterinaria (Buenos Aires). La Clinica Veterinaria (Milan) . MISCELLANEOUS. OKLAHOMA NOTES. Dr. C. R. Osborn, who has been located at Chickasha doing hog cholera control work for the la^t year, has been transferred to Sioux City, Iowa. Dr. W. P. Shuler has been appointed as a deputy state veter- inarian and will give his time to tuberculosis control work under the recently enacted law. The Doctor took unto himself a wife in the person of Miss Catherine Linning on March 26. It is ex- pected that they will continue to reside in Oklahoma City. Dr. J. P. O'Connor, Inspector in Charge of Hog Cholera Control, is spending his vacation at Vinita. Dr. Arthur W. Deem has been honorably discharged from the Veterinary Corps and has located at Fairview. Several owners of hogs are bringing suits against various serum producers for damages alleged to have resulted from the administration of anti-hog-cholera serum. We are finding very little of the old-fashioned kind of hog cholera, but there is plenty of what appears to be swine plague or ''mixed infection." Dr. Evard A. Dean, recently connected with the army meat inspection service, is now attached to the meat inspection force at Oklahoma City. He has been suffering from a severe attack of influenza. J. S. Grove, Resident State Secretary. (Won't other Resident State Secretaries emulate Dr. Grove's example and furnish the Journal interesting news notes? — Ed.) Captain Robert Porteus has received his discharge from the army and is now located at West Lafayette, Ohio. MIS CELLANEOU S 253 Dr. Ben Howes, for more than twenty years a veterinary in- spector in the Bureau of Animal Industry, has resigned to engage in farming in Orleans County, New York. The vacancy caused by his resignation has been filled by the detail of Dr. Samuel W. Schuppan of Buffalo, New York, to Beesher^Falls, Vermont, where he will supervise the inspection and quarantine of animals imported from Canada into the United States. Seizures have been effected on the following products : Anti- Choleric Hog Remedy; American Hog Remedy; Snoddy Hog Pholera Remedy; Swine-Lixir; Cal-Sino Hog Restoratitve ; Na- tional Hog Remedy; S. H. Hog Remedy; AHRA Hog Health Company; B. A. Thomas Improved Hog Powder. These prepara- tions are labeled in such manner as to convey ingredients which could not produce the effects claimed by the manufacturer. The Journal is in receipt of the drawings and specifications of a choke-removing appliance patented by Dr. 0. G. Beck, Remount Department 319, Louisville, Kentucky. The Doctor informs us he will be glad to attempt to answer any questions concerning this new patent of his, as he believes it will be of benefit to the profession. Dr. U. G. Houck has been appointed Chief of the Division of Hog Cholera Control in the United States Bureau of Animal Industry to fill the vacancy created through the resignation of Dr. O. B. Hess, who resigned to accept a position with the Fort Dodge Serum Company at Fort Dodge, Iowa. Dr. Houck has served in various important capacities during the twenty-two years he has been connected with the Bureau. It was he who inaugurated the hog cholera control work that has been conducted in cooperation with the various states since 1913. When foot and mouth disease broke out in this country in 1914 he was re- lieved of the position to assume charge of that campaign in the field on account of his previous experience with that disease. Examinations for registration in veterinary medicine for the commonwealth of Massachusetts will be held at the state house, Boston, Massachusetts, on June 25 and 26. Application blanks may be had of the secretary. Dr. E. "W. Babson, Gloucester, Mas- sachusetts. E. W. Babson, Secretary. The Wisconsin Board of Veterinary Examiners will give an examination at the Capitol Building, Madison, Wisconsin, June 3 and 4, commencing at 9 a. m., June 3, 1919. T. H. Ferguson, Secretary. VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS In the accompanying table the data given is reported by many Secretaries as being of great value to their Associations, and it is to be regretted that some neglect to inform us of the dates and places of their meetings. Secretaries are earnestly requested to see that their organizations are properly included in the following list: Nain^e of Organization Alabama Vet. Med. Ass'n Alumni Ass'n College Ql Vet Med.O. S. U Alumni Ass'n N. Y.-A. V. C... Alumni Ass'n U. S. Coll. Vet. Surgeons American V. M. Ass'n Date of Next Meeting Arkansas Veterinary Ass'n B. A. I. Vet. Ass'n of" Iowa B. A. I. Vet. In. A., S. Omaha. British Columbia Vet. Ass'n California State V. M. Ass'n Central Canada V. Ass'n Central N. Y. Vet. Med. Ass'n Chicago Vet. Society Colorado State V. M. Ass'n Conestoga Veterinary Club Connecticut V. M. Ass'n Dominion Vet. Meat Inspec- tors' Ass'n of Canada Genesee Valley V. M. Ass'n Georgia State V. M. A Hudson Valley V. M. A Idaho Ass'n Vet. graduates Illmo Vet. Med. Ass'n Illinois State V. M. Ass'n Indiana Veterinary Ass'n Iowa Veterinary Ass'n Kansas State V. M. Ass'n Kentucky V. M. Ass'n Keystone V. M. Ass'n Louisiana State V. M. Ass'n. Maine Vet. Med. Ass'n Massachusetts Vet. Ass'n Nov. 17-21, 1919. 3d Mon. each mo. Place of Meeting Birmingham. Columbus 338 E. 26th St. Wash., D. C. New Orleans June 11, 1919. June and Nov 2d Tu. each mo.... June 5 and 6 2d Thu. each mo.. 3d Sat each mo... Michigan State V. M. Ass'n... Minnesota State V. M. Ass'n Mississippi State V. M. Ass'n Missouri Valley V. Ass'n Missouri Vet. Med. Ass'n Montana State V. M. A Nat'l Ass'n B.A.I.Veterinarians Neb. Vet, Med. Ass'n Nevada State Vet. Association New Yoik S. V. M. Society... North arolina V. M. Ass'n... North T^akota V. M. Ass'n North- Western Ohio V. M. A Ohio State V. M. Ass'n Ohio Tri-County Vet. Ass'n . Ohio Valley Vet. Med. Ass'n., Oklahoma State V. M. Ass'n. Oregon Vet. Med. Ass'n Pennsy.vania State V. M. A.. Portland Vet. Med. Ass'n S. Carolina As'n of Veter'ns..., Schuylkill Valley V. M. A South Dakota V. M. A So. Aiix. of Cal. S V.M Ass' Southeastern Michigan V„ M, Ass'n Southeastern States Vet. Med. Ass'n Southern Tier V. M. A Southwestern Mich. Vec. Med. Ass'n July 10,11 2d Tu. each mo. Ames, la S Omaha, Neb. Name and Address of Sec'y Syracuse Chicago Fort Collins .. Lancaster, Pa. Toronto Rochester., Ames Shelby vilie... Philadelphia. Monthly. July 9-10. June 25-27 „.. Meet with A. M A. July 24-25.. July 7, 8, '19 4h Tu. each mo.. Sept. 4, 5 3d..Wed, Dec., Mar., June. Sept, 2nd Wednesday Jan.,Apr.,JuI.Oct. Portland Quincy House Boston Brainerd. Kansas City, Mo. Butte Reno Brooklyn Oklahoma City Harrisburg Portland, Ore.... Columbia, S. C. Reading Los Angeles., .luly 5 Birmingham, Ala., Bingham ton C. A. Cary, Auburn W. R. Hobbs, care O. S. U., Columbus, Ohio Jos. A. DeGroodt, Mendham, N. J. Week beginning Nov. 17 N. S. Mayo. 4753 Ravenswood Ave., Chicago R. M. Gow, Little Rock F. Jelen, Cedar Rapids, la. J. V. Gififee, So. Side, Omaha K. Chester New Westminister, B C. Geo. H. Hart, Berkeley A. B. Wick ware, Ottawa W. B. Switzer, Oswego A. A. Leibold, Chicago I E. Newsom, Ft. Collins H. B. Blady, Sec'y A. T. Gilyard, Waterbury Wm. Tennant, Toronto J. H. Taylor, Henrietta, N. Y P. F. Bahnsen, Americus W. H. Kelly, Albany C. V. Williams, Blackfoot L. B. Michael, Collinsville, 111. L. A. Merillat, Chicago G. H. Roberts, Indianapolis H. D. Bergman. Ames J. H. Burt. Manhattan D. E. Westmoreland. Owenst>orc E. S. 1?ockwell E. I. Smith, Baton Rouge E. E. Russell, Farmington W. A. Ewalt, Mt. Clemens C. P. Fitch, St. Paul J. A. Barger, Jackson R. F. Bourne, Ft. Collins, Col. Chas. D. Folse. Kansas City A. D. Knowles, Missoula S.J. Walkley, 185 N. W Ave. Milwaukee, Wis. S. W. Alfort, Lincoln W. B. Earl, Reno, Nev. C E. Hayden, Ithaca J P. Spoon, Burlington W. J. Mulroony, Havana C. E. Hershey, Tiffin, O. R. I. Bernath, Wauseon Dr. W. R. Lukens, Hillsboro C. S. Henry, Terre Haute D. W. Gerber, Okla. City, Ok. B. T. Simms, Corvallis, Ore. D. E. Hickman, Phila., Pa. Sam. B. Foster, Portland, Ore B. K. Mclnnes, Charleston C. R. Potteiger, Reading S. W. Allen Watertown J. A . Dell. Los Angeles H. Preston Hoskins, Detroit H. C. Hutchens, Atlanta, Ga. R. R. Birch. Khaca, N. Y. L. \. Winter, Eau Claire Mich. JOURNAL OP THE American Veterinary Medical Association FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet Med. Ass'n) W. H. DALRYMPLE, Editor. BATON ROUGE, LA. V. A, Moore, President, Ithaca, N. T. N. S. Mayo, Secretary, Chicago. M. Jacob, Treasurer, Knoxville, Tenn. Executive Board Geo. Hilton, 1st District; T. B. MaNCE, 2nd District; S. E. Bennett, 3rd District; J. R. Mohler, 4th District; C. H. Stange. 5th District; R. A. Archibald, 6th District; A, T. Kinsley. Member at Large. Sub-Committee on Journal J, R. Mohler Geo. Hilton R. A. Archibald The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsitie for views or statements published in the Journal, outside of its own authorized actions. Reprints should be ordered in advance. A circular of prices will be uent upon application- Vol. LV., N. S., Vol. 8. June, 1919. No. 3 *THE VICTORY OVER RABIES." In a recent number of the Journal of the American Medical Association, under Current Comment, a high tribute is paid to the great Pasteur for his classic work in connection with rabies, that dire disease of humanity. Says the Journal : ''Amid the victories of the European battlefields that have thrilled the hearts of all warm-blooded Americans and every lover of democracy throughout the world, we may well pause for a moment to contemplate another type of victory — man's conquest of rabies, the dire disease that once meant a painful end of most of those who were inoculated with its deadly germs. Year after year the reports of the lives saved by the fruits of Pasteur 's pio- neer labors in combating the microbial enemies of mankind bring the story of the beneficent influence of this great Frenchman's contribution to medical science. ''While the names of great generals and distinguished states- men are attracting foremost attention in the eyes of all the world, and men are rehearsing the conquests and combats of former great struggles, let us not forget the perennial victory over rabies. During the year 1916, according to a report re- cently issued, 1,008 persons from the district of Lyons received the antirabic treatment at the bacteriologic institute of that city. 256 EDITORIAL A single death in this list places the mortality at 0.099 per cent. Since 1900, more than 9,000 persons have received antirabic in- oculations, with a total of nine deaths, or 0.09 per cent. The story has become an old one ; but it will long bear repetition as an eloquent testimony to the blessings of intelligent scientific re- search. ' ' We take pleasure in reproducing the above tribute to the great Pasteur, and his never-to-be-forgotten work in the cause of humanity in connection with rabies. We feel, however, that there is an additional phase of the work that should not be lost sight of which has been the means of greatly lessening the num- ber of cases of this frightful malady, in both man and the lower animals, by eradicating the infection itself. We refer to the splendid work of those countries which enacted laws, and en- forced regulations, to prevent the transmission of the infection, by reducing the possibility of rabid animals, dogs especially, in- oculating people and other animals, thereby eliminating the in- fection of rabies to a very large extent, and rendering the anti- rabic treatment unnecessary to a considerable degree. It is well known that for years previous to the Great War, rabies infection did not exist in Great Britain or Ireland, having been completely stamped out, although a few cases have occurred there since the opening of hostilities, which, doubtless, were introduced through a weakening of the quarantine restrictions against dogs from other countries during that country's war stress. There are other European states which, we believe, had a similar satis- factory pre-war record with regard to rabies ; and there are still others, we think, Australia, for example, in which the infection never obtained a foothold on account of rigid quarantine restric- tions being imposed against dogs of any kind entering the coun- try. So, while all credit must be given to the labors of the great Frenchman, the results of which have saved the lives of thousands of human beings before other measures were being adopted, and are still doing so, the work of eliminating the infection, and so preventing the disease, should be given its due meed of credit, and of which a part, at least, if we are not mistaken, belongs to the veterinary profession. CYANOGENESIS. A recent technical bulletin from the Oklahoma Experiment Station, giving the results of a Study of the Cyanogenesis in EDITORIAL 257 Sorghum Vulgare, by Dowell of the Department of Chemistry, suggests the fact that many animals are annually lost, more particularly cattle, as the result of the development of prussic acid in different varieties of plants, and in different localities. In this country sorghum seems to have attracted most atten- tion, although in other countries, and in some sections of this country, many fatalities occur from the development of this rapidly-poisonous acid, or glucoside, in at least some of the members of the legume family. In the Gulf States region, and especially on some of the bottom lands of the Lower Mississippi Valley, prussic acid poisoning is not at all uncommon amongst cattle grazing on old cow-pea (Dolichos) fields during winter, and especially after a frost; while on the higher lands in the same region, no trouble «eems to be experienced from this cause. Again, while there may be occasional deaths reported from the consumption of "stunted" sorghum, in the Gulf States, they are by no means so frequent as are reported from other sections of the country. In fact, the writer has known of sorghum having been fed in all stages and conditions to farm animals of different varieties without any untoward results whatever. We have seen reports from European countries of fatalities occurring in cattle from this cause that were fed meal made from Burmah beans, and perhaps some other legumes, chemical analyses having shown the presence of the poisonous principle in the feeding material. Without touching upon the chemistry in- volved, one would almost be led to believe that the locality and the character of the soil had something to do with the elabora- tion and development of the glucoside, or the acid, in particular varieties of plants which seem to harbor it, and prove so danger- ous to animals consuming them. We have known of cases where, on the same farm, pea vines grazed on bottom lands would prove fatal ; while the same variety of peas grown on the higher lands would be altogether innocuous. Death is usually so sudden that it is almost impossible to obtain any benefit from therapeutic measures, animals dropping dead "in their tracks," so to speak. However, it is possible to lessen, to some degree at least, the number of fatalities by the adoption of precautionary or preventive measures on the part of stockowners. But first of all, and this is the point we are de- sirous of stressing, viz., that the veterinarian should make him- self familiar with this condition in parts of the country where 258 EDITORIAL it occurs, and be able to intelligently advise his client just how to proceed so that he may make the value of his professional knowledge felt in the prevention of a loss in animals that fre- quently assumes quite large proportions; and as therapeutic measures seem almost, if not altogether, out of the question, one of the first suggestions would be to avoid the use of such fields at a season of the year when grazing on them is dangerous, and turn the growth under for the preparation of some other crop. Or the utilization of the grazing up to the time only when it is apparently comparatively safe, or before the first frost in the Southern section of the country at least. Another method which seems to have found favor is to permit cattle to partially ^'fill up" on some other feed before turning them on to these ''poisoned fields," in which, case the quantity of the dangerous ingesta would be materially lessened, and the untoward results somewhat modified. It has been found also that when conditions were such that cattle were deprived of water for some time in these pea-vine pastures, that the acid seemed to take effect only after the animals had quenched their thirst by partaking of copious draughts of water, when they would die quite suddenly, probably due to dilution of the relatively dry ingesta and rendering the poisonous principle more capable of absorption. We mention these few illustrations to show that while the veterinarian may be more or less helpless as a therapeutist under such conditions, he may be of untold benefit to the stockowner at times in preventing him incurring very serious losses, if he will only familiarize himself with the predisposing causes which help to bring them about. To the owner of a large number of cattle, the saving of them by preventive measures is a big thing. To the veterinarian who is the means of the stockowner 's suc- cess, it means a big thing to him also. In fact, it is the big things that count, in veterinary practice as in any other line of en- deavor, and are most likely to impress the laity with the real value of the profession. Success in minor matters has its good effect ; but success in the larger problems with which the veter- inarian has to deal leaves its relatively greater impress upon the minds of those with whom he has to come in contact in his pro- fessional capacity. Dr. A. D. Kendrick has been discharged from the army and has resumed his practice at Homer, La. p STUDIES ON THE HYPERIMMUNIZATION OF HOGS AGAINST HOG CHOLERA. M. Dorset, C. N. McBryde, W. B. Niles, J. H. Rietz, Biochemic Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, . United States Department of Agriculture. INTRODUCTION. The anti-hog-cholera serum which is now widely used for the prevention and treatment of hog cholera is produced from im- mune hogs by injecting them with large quantities of defibrinated blood obtained from hogs sick of hog cholera. The blood of the immunes is subsequently drawn, and a preservative added, and this constitutes the serum which is used in practice. In an early publication* the process of hyperimmunization is described as being carried out in two ways: (1) The quick method, which consisted of the injection subcutaneously into an immune hog of an amount of disease-producing blood equivalent to 10 c.c. for each pound of body weight; and (2) the slow method, which con- sisted of the injection of the immune first with 1 c.c. of disease- producing blood subcutaneously for each pound of body weight, followed after an interval of 10 to 14 days by a second dose, amounting to 2% cc. for each pound of body weight, and this in turn was followed by a third injection given approximately 12 days after the second, in the proportion of 5 c.c. of disease- producing blood per pound of body weight. .As will be seen, the injections were made subcutaneously and, in the quick method, 10 c.c. of disease-producing blood per pound of body weight were required to accomplish hyperimmunization, while in the slow method a total of 8.5 c.c. of disease-producing blood per pound of weight were required. There were certain objections to both of these processes. The quick method required the subcutaneous injection of very large amounts of defibrinated virus blood, the task being found to be difficult to perform and resulting frequently in the develop- ment of large subcutaneous abscesses. In the case of the slow method abscesses were likewise produced at times and further- more a very long period was required to secure hyperimmuniza- tion, the time being at least 32 days before the hyperimmunized Dorset, M., McBryde, C. N., and Nlles, W. B. "Further Experiments Con- cerning the Production of Immunity from Hog Cholera," Bulletin 102, U. S. Department of Agriculture, B. A. L, January 18, 1908. 260 M. DORSET, C. N. M'BRYDE, W. B. NILES, J. H. RIBTZ hog was available as a serum producer. In order to overcome these objections, the intravenous method of administration was resorted to, and it was shown* that immune hogs could be hyper- immunized satisfactorily by the administration of a single dose of disease-producing blood intravenously, in the proportion of 5 c.c. per pound of body weight. This method of hyperimmuniza- tion resulted in eliminating entirely the objections named above and has been, from the beginning, employed in the commercial preparation of anti-hog-cholera serum. In the earlier experi- mental work hogs which had been immunized artificially by the injection of virus and serum, as well as hogs, which appeared to be natural immunes, or which had recovered from an attack of the disease, were hyperimmunized and their serum tested. It was found that all three classes of immunes yielded a potent serum. In the early work no consideration was given to the possibility that the length of time elapsing between immunization on the one hand and hyperimmunization on the other might have an important influence upon the potency of the serum. It is a fact, however, as may be seen from the record given in Bureau of Animal Industry Bulletin 102 f, that intervals of from 6 to 13 months elapsed between the original immunizations and the hyperimmunizations. In all cases where a proper amount of disease-producing blood was used for hyperimmunization the serum proved to be of satisfactory potency. In a report for the years 1910 and 1911, HolmesJ describes certain experiments with improved methods of anti-rinderpest serum preparation. Prior to the time when these experiments were carried out by Holmes, it was customary to produce anti- rinderpest serum by giving susceptible cattle a simultaneous in- jection of virulent blood and a suitable amount of anti-rinderpest serum. About three weeks thereafter the cattle were given one massive injection of defibrinated virulent blood in an amount equivalent to 10 c.c. per pound of body weight, or they were hyperimmunized by a first injection of about 3.5 c.c. per pound of body weight, this being followed after a period of two to three weeks by a second injection of virulent blood in the proportion of from 7 to 10 c.c. per pound body weight. All of these injec- * Report of Chief of Bureau of Animal Industry for 1909, p. 53, U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, 1911. t L. c. t Indian Civil Vet. Dept., Memoirs No. 3, Rept. of the Research Work of the Imperial Bacteriological Laboratory. Muktesar, during 1910 and 1911. STUDIES ON HTPERIMMUNI^ATION AGAINST HOG CHOLERA 261 tions were made subcutaneously. Holmes states that when a susceptible animal is immunized against rinderpest by the simul- taneous inoculation of serum and virus it passes through a period of hypersusceptibility which he calls the ' ' negative phase. ' ' This is followed by a period of resistance to the disease — "positive phase." According to Holmes, cattle which were hyperimmunized three weeks after receiving the simultaneous inoculation, re- ceived the hypering dose after they had passed through the *' negative phase" of the immunity and were ixi the "positive phase." His conception was that the injection of the massive amounts of virulent blood required in hyperimmunization during the negative phase of immunity — that is, before the body cells of the animal had produced the antitoxin in any considerable quantities — would result in a maximum stimulation of the body cells and therefore in the development of a serum of maximum potency. He believed that when the hyperimmunizing injection was made during the period of positive immunity, the virus, which was injected, combined in part, at least, with the antitoxin which had been developed as a result of the previous immunizing dose and for that reason the stimulation of the cells concerned in antitoxin production was not obtained to the desired extent. In the same paper Holmes describes experiments with virulent blood diluted with 0.5% potassium citrate solution in comparison with defibrinated virulent blood, undiluted, which had been in common use. As a result of his experiments he reports that hyperimmuniza- tion during the negative phase, while the animals were passing through a modified attack of rinderpest as a result of the simul- taneous inoculation, resulted in a more potent serum than was obtained by waiting until the reaction following the simultaneous injection has passed away. He furthermore states that a more potent serum is obtained when virus blood is drawn directly into 0.5% potassium citrate solution and injected after hemolysis of the red cells has taken place than was secured by the injection of an equivalent amount of undiluted defibrinated blood. He attributes his success with the diluted blood to the fact that the virus is partially, at least, freed from the red cells through the process of hemolysis, and also to the fact that the diluted blood is more quickly absorbed, thus producing a more rapid effect on the injected animal. 262 M. DORSET, C. N. M'BRYDE, W. B. NILES, J. H. RIETZ EXPERIMENTAL WORK. The above described work of Holmes suggested to us that perhaps certain improvements could be made in the production of anti-hog-cholera serum. Perhaps a more potent serum could be obtained if the hyperimmunizing injection was made at the so-called ^'negative phase" of immunity; or it might be that a considerable saving could be effected hy injecting a smaller amount of virulent blood at the time of the negative phase, thus securing a serum as potent as that produced by the ordinary methods but with a smaller expenditure of virulent blood, which is one of the principal items of cost in the production of anti- hog-cholera serum. Furthermore, it seemed possible that hemolysis of the virus blood used for hyperimmunization would result in the production of a more active antigen than the undiluted defibri- nated blood which was in common use. The advantage of rapid absorption of the diluted virus blood, upon which considerable stress is laid by Holmes in his work on rinderpest, could not be expected in anti-hog-cholera serum production, because the common practice is to make the hyperimmunizing injection in- travenously, thus securing a rapid dissemination of the virus throughout the body. It appears that hyperimmunization by intravenous injection has not been practiced in producing anti- rinderpest serum. The plain advantages of the intravenous in- jection in the production of anti-hog-cholera serum would seem to indicate the employment of that method in producing anti- rinderpest serum. In order to obtain immunes of proper weight and condition for hyperimmunization it has been the practice of this Bureau to feed and bring to proper size the pigs which have come through serum tests in good condition. In the serum tests these pigs receive subcutaneously 15, 20 or 25 c.c. each of serum and 2 c.c. each of virus. They may show during the test a temperature reaction with some loss of appetite, but in most cases they show no visible symptoms and no temperature reaction. These serum- test pigs weigh from fifty to eighty pounds when released from the tests and from one hundred and fifty to two hundred pounds when they are ready for hyperimmunizing, the interval between immunization and hyperimmunization being anywhere from three to six months. This plan of utilizing test pigs is followed by a number of commercial serum plants, which are thus assured of a supply of immune pigs of the proper weights for hyper- STUDIES ON HYPERIMMUNIZATION AGAINST HOG CHOLERA 263 immunization. If potent serum could be secured by hyper- immunizing immune hogs within a short interval after they are immunized, this practice of holding the test pigs could be done away with, thus effecting a saving of time and cost. HYPERIMMUNIZATION AT THE NEGATIVE PHASE. In carrying out the experiments, a number of susceptible pigs were first given simultaneous inoculations of serum and virus and were later hyperimmunized after intervals of 1 day, 2 days, 5 days, 7 days, 9 days, 10 days, and 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 weeks, re- spectively. At the 1 day, 2 day and 5 day intervals the pigs were hyperimmunized with 5 c.c. of virus per pound; at the 7 day, 9 day, and 10 day intervals one pig was given the regular hyperimmunizing injection of 5 c.c. of virus per pound and an- other pig was given 2.5 c.c. of virus per pound, or one-half of the regular hyperimmunizing injection; while at the longer inter- vals 1 pig was given 5 c.c. of virus per pound. These pigs, which may be termed '^ short-interval immunes," weighed from 95 to 205 pounds at the time of hyperimmunization. The same viruses which were used for the hyperimmunization of the short-interval immunes were also, at the same time, used for the hyperimmunization of ''regular immunes," that is, pigs which had been through serum tests and had thus received the simultaneous treatment when they weighed from 40 to 65 pounds. They showed no symptoms of illness following this treatment and were not again exposed to disease until virus was adminis- tered for hyperimmunization. At the time of hyperimmunization these regular immunes weighed from 163 to 210 pounds and were therefore approximately of the same weight as the short-interval immunes. The interval between the immunization and the hyper- immunization of the regular immunes was from three to six months. These hogs were hyperimmunized in order that we might have a control on the antigenic properties of each of the lots of virus used in the hyperimmunization of the short-interval immunes. The regular immunes were hyperimmunized and bled on the same dates as the corresponding short-interval immunes and the serums thus obtained were tested for potency in the same way as those obtained from the short-interval immunes. The records of all of the short-interval and of the regular immunes from which serums were obtained are shown in Table 1. 264 M. DORSET, C. N. M'BRYDE, W. B. NILES, J. H. RIETZ Table 1. SHORT-INTERVAL AND REGULAR IMMUNES FROM WHICH SERUMS WERE OBTAINED. Record of Immunization Interval Between Immunization and Hyperimmuniza- Record of Hyperimmunization m Q I ii 1 tion Weight Hyperi munize (lbs.) Dose Vi: Pound of Imm (c.c.) Or" 3374 60 2 1 day 145 1 1 ^ 725 3378 60 2 2 days 170 1 5 850 3404 t 2 %Z months 230 5 1150 4794 60 2 5 days 205 5 1025 4845 t 2 $3 months 180 5 900 3291 40 2 7 days 115 5 575 3294 40 2 7 days 95 2.5 237.5 4859 t 2 $3 months 210 5 1050 3295 40 2 9 days 99 5 495 3293 40 2 9 days 109 2.5 272.5 4785 t 2 $3 months 192 5 960 3290 40 2 10 days 127 5 635 3292 40 2 10 days 119 2.5 297.5 4787 t 2 $3 months 207 5 1035 3589 40 2 3 weeks 150 5 750 3603 t 2 %Z months 182 5 910 3586 40 2 4 weeks 127 5 635 3956 t 2 13 months 218 5 1090 3584 40 2 5 weeks 153 5 765 3615 t 2 $3 months 180 5 i 900 3587 40 2 6 weeks r56 5 1 780 3616 t 2 $3 months 195 5 1 975 3588 40 2 7 weeks 167 5 1 835 3617 t 2 $3 months 192 5 1 960 3590 40 2 8 weeks 158 5 1 790 3630 J. 1 2 $3 months 190 5 1 1 950 t These hogs were immunized in serum tests when they were shoats weighing from 40 to 65 pounds and received at that time from 15 to 25 c.c. of serum with 2 c.c. of virus. t The interval between immunization and hyperimmunization of these hogs varied from 3 to 6 months ; the exact time that elapsed in each case is not recorded. Two weeks after hyperimmunization, all of the hyperimmun- ized hogs, both the regular and the short-interval immunes, were bled and serum was prepared from each in the usual manner by defibrinating the blood and adding 0.5% of phenol. These serums were tested on susceptible pigs, a serum from a regular immune being compared in each instance with the serum from one of the short-interval immunes. In carrying out the tests of the different serums susceptible pigs weighing from 35 to 85 pounds each were used. Six pigs were used in testing each STUDIES ON HYPEKIMMUNIZATION AGAINST HOG CHOLERA 265 serum, two pigs received 5 c.c. each of serum, subcutaneously, two received 10 c.c. each, and two received 15 c.c. each. Each pig at the same time received a subcutaneous injection of 2 c.c. of virus in the groin opposite to that in which the serum was injected. A certain number of pigs were injected with the virus alone to serve as controls. In several instances two or more serums were tested at a time, so as to reduce the number of virus controls. Tables 2 and 3 afford a comparison between the serums ob- tained from the short-iijterval immunes and those obtained from the regular (long-interval) immunes. Table 2. PROTECTION AFFORDED BY SERUMS FROM SHORT- INTERVAL IMMUNES. Interval Between *Protection Afforded hy Serum Against 2 c.c. Virus. Immunization and Hyperimmuniza- tion a 5 c.c. Serum 10 c.c. Serum IS c.c. Serum 3374 1 day None None None 3378 2 days None None None 4794 5 days None None None 13294 7 days None None $ Partial 3291 7 days None t- Partial JPartial 1-3293 9 days None None None 3295 9 days None None Complete t3292 10 days None None None 3290 10 days None None None 3589 3 weeks None None Complete 3586 4 weeks Partial Partial Complete 3584 5 weeks Complete Complete Complete 3587 6 weeks None None None 3588 7 weeks Complete Complete Complete 3590 8 weeks None Complete Complete * Complete protection means that neither of the test pigs showed any visible symptoms of sickness ; partial protection, that one or both of the test pigs became sick but recovered ; no protection, that one or both of the test pigs died from hog cholera. t These hogs were hyperimmunized with only 2.5 c.c. of virus per pound body weight. t There was only slight loss of appetite in these pigs (see Table 4). 266 M. DORSET, C. N. M'BRYDE, W. B. NILES, J. H. RIETZ Table 3. protection afforded by serums from regular (long-interval) immunes. Interval Between * Protection Afforded by Serum Against 2 c.c. virus. Immunization and Hyperimmuniza- tion u 5 c.c. Serum 10 c.c. Serum 15 c.c. Serum 3404 More than 3 mos. Complete Complete Complete 4845 do. Complete Complete Complete 4859 do. Complete Complete Complete 4785 do. None Complete Complete 4787 do. Complete (^ompiete Complete 3603 do. Complete Complete Complete 3956 do. Complete Complete Complete 3615 do. Complete Complete Complete 3616 do. Complete Complete Complete 3617 do. Complete Complete Complete 3630 do. None Complete Complete * Complete protection means that neither of the test pigs showed any visible symptoms of sickness ; partial protection, that one or both of the test pigs became sick but recovered ; no protection, that one or both of the test pigs died from hog cholera. The results shown in Tables 2 and 3 are very striking. Every one of the eleven regular long-interval immunes yielded a serum of good potency, while only one hog among the thirteen that were hyperimmunized within six weeks after simultaneous inoculation yielded a serum potent enough for use in practice. A closer ex- amination of Tables 2 and 3, as well as of those which follow, shows that there was almost complete lack of potency in the serums from the hogs that were hyperimmunized within ten days after they were immunized. Of the nine hogs hyperimmunized during that period, three (Nos. 3294, 3293 and 3292) were given only half as much virus per pound of body weight as was given to the other hogs in this group and to the regular long-interval immunes. These three hogs are therefore excluded from con- sideration in the discussion of the results of serum tests. The serums from the six hogs that received 5 c.c. of virus blood per pound within 10 days after immunization were tested on 36 susceptible pigs, six pigs for each serum (see Table 4). Of these test pigs 29, or 80.5%, died of hog cholera. There is an indication that some of these serums had a slight protective value, but in none of them was this evident in a degree comparable to that shown by the se-rums from the regular (long-interval) im- munes. STUDIES ON HYPERIMMUNIZATION AGAINST HOG CHOLERA 267 Table 4. TESTS OF SERUMS FROM HOGS HYPERIMMUNIZED WITHIN TEN DAYS OF IMMUNIZATION. Serum from Hog: 3374, Hyperimmunized 1 Day After Immunization. Serum Dose Virus No. of Pigs Dose Injected Result 5 c.c. 10 C.C. 15 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 2 2 Both died of hog cholera, do. do. * Serum from Hog 3378, Hyperimmunized 2 Days After Immunization. 5 c.c. 2 C.C. 2 Both died of hog cholera. 10 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 do. 15 C.C. 2 C.C. 2 do. Serum from Hog 4794, Hyperimmunized 5 Days After Immunization. 5 c.c. 10 C.C. 15 C.C. 2 C.C. 2 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 2 2 Both died of hog cholera, do. do. * Serum from Hog 3294, Hyperimmunized 7 Days After Immunization. 5 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 1 1 Both died of hog cholera. 10 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 1 died of hog cholera ; 1 slight loss of appetite, recovered. 15 c.c. 2 c.c. ' i Both showed slight loss of appetite ; 1 otherwise well. I Serum from Hog 3291, Hyperimmunized 7 Days After Immunization. 5 c.c. 2 c.c. 1 2 1 died of hog cholera ; 1 sick, recov- ered. 10 c.c. 2 c.c. 1 2 Both showed slight loss of appetite; otherwise well. 15 c.c. 2 c.C. 1 1 2 do. * Serum from Hog 3293, Hyperimmunized 9 Days After Immunization. 5 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 1 1 Both died of hog cholera. 10 C.C. 2 c.c. 2 do. 15 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 1 died of hog cholera ; 1 slightly sick ; [ recovered. 1 These serums were from hogs hyperimmunized with only 2.5 c.c. virus per pound of body weight. 268 M. DORSET, C. N. M'BRYDE, W. NILES, J. H. RIETZ Serum from Hog 3295 Hyperimmunized 9 Days After Immunization, Serum Dose Virus Dose No. of Pigs Injected Result 5 C.C. 10 C.C. 15 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 2 2 Both died of laog cholera. do. Both remained well. * Serum from Hog 3292, Hyperimmunized 10 Days After Immunization. 5 c.c. 10 c.c. 15 c.c. Both died of hog cholera. do. 1 died of hog cholera ; 1 sick but re- covered. Serum from Hog 3290, Hyperimmunized 10 Days After Immunization. 5 c.c. 2 C.C. 2 Both died of hog cholera. 10 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 do. 15 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 do. * These serums were from hogs hyperimmunized with only 2.5 c.c. virus per pound of body weight. The serums obtained from the hogs that were hyperimmunized from three to six weeks after immunization (see Table 5) were somewhat more potent than those from the preceding group of pigs, yet they were, on the whole, distinctly inferior to the serums from the regular immunes. Of 24 pigs used to test these serums 5, or 20.8%, died of hog cholera, in spite of the fact that some had received the larger doses of serum (10 c.c. to 15 c.c). The serums from the pigs that were hyperimmunized 7 and 8 weeks respectively, after immunization (see Table 5) appeared to be of good potency, as only one test pig out of 12 (8.3%) died and that one received the smallest serum dose. STUDIES ON HYPBRIMMUNIZATION AGAINST HOG CHOLERA 269 Table 5. tests of serums from hogs hyperimmunized from three to eight weeks after immunization. Serum from Hog 3589, Hyperimmunized 3 Weeks After Immunization. Serum Dose Virus Dose No. of Pigs Injected Result 5 c.c. 10 C.C. 15 C.c. 2 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 C.C. 2 2 2 1 died of hog cliolera; 1 ered. 1 died of hog cholera; well. ♦Both remained well. sick, recov- 1 remained Serum from Hog 3586, Hyperimmunized 4 Weeks After Immunization. 5 c.c. 10 c.c. 15 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 I Both slightly sick ; recovered. 2 I 1 remained well ; 1 sick, recovered. 2 I Both remained well. i Serum fr am Hog 3584, Hyperimmunized 5 Weeks After Immunization. 5 c.c. 10 c.c. 15 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 c.c. • 2 c.c. 9 2 2 Both remained well, do. do. Serum from Hog 4845 (Control on Short-Interval Hyperimmune 4794), 5 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 1 died of hog cholera ; 1 very sick, survived in unthrifty condition. 10 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 1 died of hog cholera ; 1 very sick, survived in unthrifty condition. 15 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 1 died of hog cholera ; 1 remained well. Serum from Hog 3588, Hyperimmunized 7 Weeks After Immunization. 5 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 i 1 Both remained well. 10 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 1 do. 15 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 1 do. Serum from Hog 3590, Hyperimmunized 8 Weeks After Immunization. 5 c.c. 1 2 c.c. 2 1 1 1 died of hog cholera ; well. 1 remained 10 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 Both remained well. 15 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 1 do. * "Remained well" means that the pigs showed no visible symptoms of sick- ness ; in some instances pigs so reported showed a temperature reaction. 270 M. DORSET, C. N. M BRYDE, W. B. NILES, J. H. RIETZ Serums were obtained from eleven regular (long-interval) immunes and these were tested in groups along with, the serums from the short-interval immunes, the same virus being used for the test pigs in both groups. A total of 66 test pigs were used for the regular immune serums and two of these (3.3%) died during the tests. The two which died each received only the smallest dose of serum. (See Table 6.) Table 6. test op serums from hogs hyperimmunized from three to six months after immunization. Serum from Hog 3404 (Control on Short-Interval Hyperimmune 3378). Serum Dose Virus Dose No. of Pigs Treated Result 5 c.c. 2 c.c. 10 C.C. 1 2 c.c. 15 C.C. I 2 C.C. 1 2 2 2 Both remained well, do. do. Serum from Hog 4845 (Control on Short-Interval Hyperimmune 4794), 5 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 1 1 Both remained well. 10 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 1 do. 15 c.c. 2 C.C. 2 1 do. i Serum from Hog 4859 (Control on Short-Interval Hyperimmune 3291), 5 C.c. 1 2 c.c. 2 Both remained well. 10 C.C. 1 2 c.c. 2 do. 15 c.c. ! 2 c.c. 2 do. Serum from Hog 4785 (Control on Short-Interval Hyperimmune 3295), 5 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 1 died of hog cholera ; sick, recovered. 1 slightly 10 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 Both remained well. 15 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 do. Serum from Hog 4787 (Control on Short-Interval Hyperimmune 3290). 5 c.c. 10 c.c. 15 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 2 2 Both remained well, do. do. Serum from Hog 3603 (Control on Short-Interval Hyperimmune 3589). 5 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 Both remained well. 10 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 do. 15 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 do. STUDIES ON HYPERIMMUNIZATION AGAINST HOG CHOLERA 271 Serum from Hog 3956 (Control on Short-Interval Hyperimmune 3586). Serum Dose Virus Dose No. of Pigs Treated Result 5 c.c. 10 c.c. 15 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 Both remained well. 2 do. 2 do. Serum from Hog 3615 (iControl on Short-Interval Hyperimmune 3584). 5 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 Both remained well. 10 C.C. 2 c.c. 2 do. 15 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 do. Serum from Hog 3616 (Control on Short-Interval Hyperimmune 3,587). 5 c.c. 10 c.c. 15 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 c.c. to to lO 1 Both remained well. 1 do. do. Serum from Hog 3617 (Control on Short-Interval Hyperimmune 3588). 5 c.c. 1 2 c.c. 1 2 Both remained well. 10 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 do. 15 c.c. 2 c.c. 1 2 do. Serum from Hog 3630 (Control on Short-Interval Hyperimmune 3590). 5 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 1 died of hog cholera ; covered. 1 sick, but re- 10 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 Both remained well. 15 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 do. As a control on the virus used in the tests, several susceptible pigs were always inoculated with the same virus in the same dose as that used for the test pigs. Table 7 gives the results of these injections. It will be noted that all of these controls developed hog cholera. A large proportion were killed in order that their blood might be used in other experiments. The early slaughter of these controls prevents a determination of the actual death rate that would have occurred had the pigs not been killed. The fact that they were utilized for virus production shows that they developed acute and rapid disease with sustained high temper- atures and past experience leads us to believe that at least 95% would eventually have succumbed had not the course of the dis- ease been interfered with. As may be seen from the table, all ^72 M. DORSET, C. N. M'BRYDE, W. B. NIL.ES, J. H. RIETZ of the controls exhibited distinct lesions of hog cholera at autopsy. Table 7. virus controls on tests of serums from short-intervati and long-interval immunes. Virus Used in Testing Serums from Hogs 3374, 3378, 3404, 4794 and 4845. Pig No. Wt. (lbs.) Virus Dose (c.c.) Killed for Virus Autopsy Findings. 1902 1903 1904 1905 60 55 55. 55 2 2 2 2 1 6th day Well marked lesions of hog cholera. 6th day do. 6th day | do, 6th day | do. Virus Used in Testing Serums from Hogs 3291, 3294 and 4859. 1569 1570 1571 1572 35 43 55 56 2 2 2 2 7th day 1 Well-marked lesions of hog cholera. 7th day j do. 7th day | do. 7th day j do. Vi rus LTsed in Testing Serums from Hogs 3 295, 3293 and 4785. 1648 47 2 7th day 1 Well -marked lesions o f hog cholera. 1649 58 2 7th day . do. 1650 40 ' ; 7th 1 day do. Virus Used in Testing Serums from Hogs 3290, 3292 and 4787. 1811 1812 1813 1814 45 45 80 55 2 1 9th day 2 1 9th day 2 7th day 2 1 7th day Well-marked lesions of hog cholera, do. do. do. 2429 2430 Virus Used in Testing Serums from Hogs 3589 and 3603. I I 2 I 8th day | Well-marked lesions of hog cholera. 2 j 17th day* | Extensive lesions of hog cholera. I I 2795 2797 Virus Used in Testing Serums from Hogs 3586 and 3956. 20th dayt 13th dayt Extensive lesions of hog cholera. Well-marked lesions of hog cholera. STUDIES ON HYPERIMMUNIZATION AGAINST HOG CHOLERA 273 Virus Used in Testing Serums from Hogs 3584, 3615, 3588 and 3617. Pig No. Wt. (lbs.) Virus Dose (C.C.) Killed for Virus Autopsy Findings. 3050 3051 3052 40 60 60 2 2 2 8th day Slight lesions of hog cholera. 8th day Well-marked lesions of hog cholera. 13th dayf Extensive lesions of hog cholera. i Virus Used in Testing Serums from Hogs 3587 and 3616. 2825 2826 2827 50 50 50 2 2 2 7th day 8th day 8th day Well-marked lesions of hog cholera, do. do. Virus Used in Testing Serums from Hogs 3590 and 3630. I 28th day* | Slight lesions of hog cholera. 10th day | do. 1 * Killed in moribund condition. t Died. From the above results, it is evident that in the case of hog cholera, hyperimmunization shortly after immunization, or dur- ing the so-called ''negative phase," is undesirable because it re- sults in the production of very inferior serum. It appears that, as a rule, and within certain limits, the longer the interval that elapses between immunization, on the one hand, and hyper- immunization, on the other, the more potent the serum. These results have been surprising in view of the success of Holmes* in producing a highly potent anti-rinderpest serum by hyper- immunization at the ''negative phase" within 10 days after im- munization. In this connection it is interesting to recall the findings of Park and Zingherf in their work on the active immunization of children against diphtheria by injection of mixtures of toxin and antitoxin. They found that children who were naturally immune responded promptly and strongly to the immunizing dose by the production of antitoxin, whereas less than 25 per cent of those who possessed no natural immunity responded within four weeks to the same injection. In our own work we have been dealing I * L. c. t Park, W. H and Zingher, A. Active Immunization in Diphtheria and Treat- ment by Toxin-Antitoxin. Jour. Amer. Med. Asso., Vol. 63, No. 10, p. 859, Sept. 5, 1914, and Active Immunization with Diphtheria Toxin-Antitoxin. Jour. Amer. Med. Asso., Vol. 65, No. 26, p. 2216, Dec. 25. 1915. 274 M. DORSET, C. N. M'BRYDE, W. B. NILES, J. H. RIETZ with a living virus along with what may be assumed to be a toxin that exists in the blood of sick pigs and we have used no antitoxin in the operation of hyperimmunizing ; therefore our experiments cannot be regarded as strictly analogous to those of Park and Zingher. However, the results we have obtained are very similar, for we find in hog cholera that susceptibility to immunizing response is a very different thing from susceptibility to disease and we might almost conclude that they are in a degree, in inverse proportion, the greater the susceptibility to infection the less the susceptibility to immunizing response and vice versa. We have been unable to notice any marked physical signs of ''negative phase" following the simultaneous inoculation of sus- ceptible pigs, provided, of course, a sufficient dose of serum is used. In some individuals there may be a transient rise of temperature a few days after inoculation, but nothing more if the work is properly done. Defibrinated blood from a pig affected with a virulent strain of hog cholera, such as was used in our experiments, is usually fatal to susceptible pigs when given in doses of 1/100 c.c. or even less. The records given above show that we have been able regularly to administer from 50,000 to 100,000 times that dose to pigs within ten days after simultaneous inoculation without producing any marked reaction. To our minds, this seems to prove that there is no ''negative phase" or stage of increased susceptibility to disease, following simul- taneous inoculation against hog cholera, and that the state of increased susceptibility to immunizing response is not fully de- veloped, as a rule, until the lapse of seven weeks or more after simultaneous inoculation. HYPERIMMUNIZATION WITH DILUTED AND LAKED VIRUS BLOOD. As has been stated previously, Holmes* reported that rinder- pest virus diluted with hypotonic citrate solution was more satis- factory for hyperimmunization than the undiluted defibrinated blood. He believed this was due in part to the freeing of virus from the red blood cells through hemolysis and in part to the more rapid absorption of the diluted virus, the hyperimmunizing dose in anti-rinderpest serum production being given simul- taneously. In anti-hog-cholera serum production the hyperimmunizing dose is given intravenously, hence rapid dissemination, even of * L. c. STUDIES ON HYPERIMMUNIZATION AGAINST HOG CHOLERA 275 the undiluted defibrinated blood is assured, but since there was a possibility that through hemolysis a greater amount of the antigen would be made immediately available, we have hyper- immunized several iinmunes with diluted virus in order to com- pare serum produced in that way with serum secured by the com- mon practice of injecting the undiluted defibrinated blood. 1. Virus blood diluted ivith citrate solution. Blood was drawn from pigs sick of hog cholera directly into a solution con- taining 0.5 per cent of potassium citrate and in sufficient amount to give a mixture consisting of equal parts of blood and citrate solution. A portion of the blood from the pigs which furnished this virus was drawn into separate containers and defibrinated without any addition whatever. These two lots of virus, one con- sisting of the diluted whole blood and the other of the undiluted defibrinated blood, were used to hyperimmunize five regular, ^'long-interval" immunes. All hyperimmunizing injections were made intravenously, as follows : Immune hog 4779 was hyperimmunized with 5 c.c. per pound of fresh citrated virus blood. Immune hog 4781 was hyperimmunized with 10 c.c. per pound of fresh citrated virus blood. Immune hog 3298 was hyperinimunized with 5 c.c. per pound of citrated virus blood that had been held in a cool place for 24 hours. Immune hog 4786 was hyperimmunized with 5 c.c. per pound of citrated virus blood that had been held in a cool place for 3 days. Immune hog 4782 was hyperimmunized with 5 c.c. per pound of undiluted defibrinated virus blood. The citrated virus blood used to hyperimmunize hogs 3298 and 4786 was held for a time after preparation to determine whether standing and, therefore, more complete hemolysis, would increase its antigenic properties. Fourteen days after hyperimmunization, each of the above hyperimmunes was bled and serum prepared from each in the usual manner by defibrination of the blood and the addition of 0.5 per cent phenol. The five different serum lots were tested on susceptible pigs in doses of 5 c.c, 10 c.c, and 15 c.c, against 2 cc of virus blood. Control pigs were injected with the virus l)lood alone. The results of the serum tests are shown in Table 8. 276 M. DORSET, C. N. M BRYDE, W. B. NILES, J. H. RIETZ Table 8. tests of serums prom hogs hyperimmunized with citrated virus blood. Serum from Hog 4779, Hyperimmunized with Fresh Citrated Virus Blood. Serum Dose Virus Dose No. of Pigs Treated Result. 5 c.c. 10 c.c. 15 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 2 Both showed slight loss of appetite, otherwise well, do. do. Serum from Hog 4781, Hyperimmunized with Fresh Citrated Virus B.ood. 5 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 1 remained well ; other slightly sick, recovered. 10 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 Both slightly sick, recovered. 15 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 Both remained well. Serum from Hog 3298, Hyperimmunized with Citrated Virus Blood Held for 24 Hours. 5 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 Both died of hog cholera. 10 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 Both remained well. 15 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 1 remained well ; other showed only slight loss of appetite. Serum from Hog 4786, Hyperimmunized with Citrated Virus Blood Held for 3 Days. 5 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 1 died of hog cholera; other showed only slight loss of appetite. 10 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 Both showed only slight loss of ap- petite. 15 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 1 died of hog cholera ; other showed only slight loss of appetite. Serum from Hog 4782, Hyperimmunized with Undiluted Defibrinated Virus Blood. 5 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 Both remained well. 10 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 do. 15 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 do. STUDIES ON HYPERIMMUNIZATION AGAINST HOG CHOLERA 277 Table 9. virus controls on tests of serums from hogs hyper- immunized v/ith citrated virus blood. Pig No. Wt. (lbs-) Virus Dose (c.c.) Killed for Virus Autopsy Findings. 1569 1570 1571 1572 35 43 55 56 2 7th day 2 7th day 2 7 th day 2 7th day Well-marked lesions of hog cholera. do. do. do. Of 24 pigs used to test the potency of the serums from the immunes that received the citrated virus blood 18, or 75%, be- came sick and 4, or 16%%, died. All of the six pigs (100%) that were given serum from immunes hyperimmunized with un- diluted defibrinated blood remained well. All of the pigs injected with virus alone as controls on the serum test (see Table 9) contracted acute hog cholera and were killed on the 7th day after inoculation in order that their blood might be used in other experiments. Three of the immunes that were given the citrated virus blood received 5 c.c. per pound and one received 10 c.c. per pound, so that, of actual virus blood three received 2.5 c.c. per pound and one 5 c.c. per pound. From the tests it will be seen that the serum from the immune that was given the largest dose of ci- trated virus blood was no better than that from the immunes which received only half as much. The serum from the immune that was hyperimmunized with the undiluted defibrinated virus blood was distinctly more potent than those from the immunes hyperimmunized with the citrated virus blood. « 2. Virus blood diluted with water. If the antigenic prop- erties of virus blood could be increased by dissolution of the red blood cells it would be reasonable to expect that the degree of increase would depend upon the extent of the dissolution. We have endeavored to obtain a more complete hemolysis by draw- ing the virus blood directly into distilled water and by mixing defibrinted virus blood with distilled water. The experiment was carried out as follows: Blood was drawn from four sick pigs into sterile bottles con- taining sterile, distilled water. Two hundred cubic centimeters of blood was drawn from each pig into an equal amount of water, the blood of each pig being caught in a separate bottle. The re- 278 M. DORSET, C. N. M'BRYDE, W. B. NILES, J. H. RIETZ maining blood from each of the virus pigs was then collected in separate bottles, defibrinated, strained through sterile gauze, and mixed. The bottles containing the diluted blood and the mixed defibrinated blood were placed in a cooler and allowed to remain for twenty-four hours. At the end of three hours the bottles containing the diluted blood were shaken sufficiently to loosen the clots from the sides of the bottles. At the end of twenty-four hours the serum had separated well in these bottles and the clots had contracted and were floating at the surface. The bottles were then shaken in order to break up the clots. The contents of the four bottles were next strained through four thicknesses of sterile gauze into the same bottle and thoroughly mixed. Sodium chloride in the proportion of 0.4 per cent was added to produce a normal solu- tion and the diluted blood was then used for the hyper immuniza- tion of an immune hog. The defibrinated blood which had been collected at the same time from the same sick pigs was divided into two parts, one part being diluted with an equal volume of sterile distilled water. After hemolysis, sodium chloride was added in the proportion of 0.4 per cent. This diluted, defibrinated virus blood was likewise used for the hyperimmunization of a second immune hog. A third immune was hyperimmunized with the remaining portion of defibrinated virus blood, undiluted. The three hogs which were hyperimmunized in this experi- ment were as follows : Hog 3569 was hyperimmunized with 5 c.c. per pound of whole virus blood plus an equal volume of distilled water with 0.4% of sodium chloride added. Hog ^570 was hyperimmunized with 5 c.c. per pound of defibrinted virus blood plus an equal volume of distilled water with 0.4% sodium chloride added. Hog 3568 was hyperimmunized with 5 c.c. per pound of undiluted, defibri- nated virus blood. Fourteen days after hyperimmunization, blood was drawn from each of the above hyperimmunes and serum prepared from each in the usual manner by defibrination of the blood and the addition of 0.5% phenol. The three lots of serum thus obtained were tested on susceptible pigs in doses of 5 c.c, 10 c.c, and 15 cc, against 2 c.c. of virus blood. For the purpose of control, two pigs were injected with the virus blood alone. The results of these serum tests are shown in Table 10. STUDIES ON HYPERIMMUNIZATION AGAINST HOG CHOLERA 279 Table 10. tests of serums from hogs hyperimmunized with virus blood diluted with water. Serum from Hog 3569, Hyperimmunized with Whole Virus Blood Diluted with Distilled Water. Serum Virus >To. of Pigs Result. Dose Dose Treated 5 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 1 sick but recovered ; other showed only slight loss of appetite. 10 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 Both showed only slight loss of ap- petite. 15 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 1 sick but recovered ; other remained well. Serum from Hog 3570, Hyperimmunized with Defibrinated Virus Blood Diluted with Distilled Water.- 5 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 Both died of hog cholera. 10 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 1 died of hog cholera ; other sick but recovered. 15 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 Both slightly sick but recovered. Serum from Hog 3568, Hyperimmunized with Undiluted, Defibrinated Blood. 5 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 Both remained well. 10 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 do. 15 c.c. 2 c.c. 2 do. Virus Controls. Killed on 9th day when moribund ; well-marked lesions of hog cholera, do. It will be seen that the serum from hog 3568, hyperimmunized with the undiluted, defibrinated blood, possessed a high degree of potency, as all of the pigs receiving this serum were completely protected even by the smallest doses. On the other hand, the serums from hogs 3570 and 3569, hyperimmunized with the diluted, defibrinated blood and the diluted whole blood, were distinctly low^er in potency (Table 10). As hog 3568 received twice as much actual virus blood as hogs 3570 and 3569, the re- sults of the serum tests cannot be taken as an indication that dilution of the blood and hemolysis reduced the antigenic power of the virus, but, rather, that those changes in condition did not enhance the antigenic power sufficiently to compensate for the reduction in the total amount of virus injected. 2S0 M. DORSET, C. N. M'BRYDE, W. B. NILES, J. H. RIETZ ^ The preceding experiments indicate that neither dilution nor hemolysis increases the antigenic properties of hog cholera virus blood to any material degree when injections are made intra- venously. SUMMARY. The methods employed to hyperimmunize hogs against hog cholera are discussed and experimental evidence is presented to show that hogs which are hyperimmunized within a short inter- val after simultaneous immunization do not produce serum of satisfactory potency. It is also shown that as a rule ability of the hyperimmunized hog to yield a potent serum increases, with- in certain limits, as the interval between immunization and hy- perimmunization increases. The simultaneous inoculation of non- immune pigs with serum and virus was followed almost immedi- ately by a remarkably firm immunity which enabled them to withstand enormous doses of virus blood administered intra- venously within a day or two after simultaneous inoculation. Hyperimmunization with virus blood diluted wiht 0.5% citrate solution and with distilled water is described and experiments are presented which indicate that dilution and hemolysis do not materially increase the antigenic properties of the virus blood. CONCLUSIONS. 1. In the production of anti-hog-cholera serum an interval of not less than seven weeks should be allowed to elapse between immunization and hyperimmunization. It is believed that the most uniformly satisfactory results will be obtained by allowing at least three months to elapse between immunization and hyper- immunization. 2. The ability of immune hogs to respond to hyperimmuniza- tion to the desired degree, once acquired, remains unimpaired for at least a year. 3. There is no evidence of a ''negative phase" or state of hypersusceptibility to hog cholera folowing simultaneous inocu- lation. 4. Dilution and hemolysis of hog cholera virus blood do not materially increase its antigenic power. Dr. L. F. Koonce of Raleigh, N. C, is recovering from an at- tack of ''flu" contracted while attending a meat and milk in- spectors ' meeting in New York City recently. THE CONTROL OF SOME OF THE IMPORTANT INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN THE CON- SERVATION OF OUR LIVE STOCK.* Dr. a. Eiciihcrnt, Pearl River, New York. At no time in the history of our country has the veterinary profession been confronted with more serious problems than at present. All conditions, especially those affecting the food sup- ply, have changed since the outbreak of the present great world conflict, and since our participation in the war the conservation of the food supply became the keynote of the leaders. For many years to come after the conclusion of peace the depletion of live stock in all countries in Europe will continue to make them dependent upon outside sources for their meat food. From the present outlook the United States and Argentine will be especially called upon to make up the deficiency created in European countries. The great demand for foreign shipment re- sulting in a marked increase in value of all live stock brought about a natural tendency among the breeders and stockmen to immediately realize the profits and disregard to some extent the future as far as the supply of live stock is concerned. For this and many other reasons it is obvious that it is the duty of the veterinarians to enlighten stock owners of the neces- sity to maintain their breeding stock at a maximum and to con- serve the health and quality of the animals. All means and pre- cautions should be taken to guard against losses from diseases and the authorities should conscientiously enforce all measures by which it is possible to guard against the spread of disease. In this regard the occurrence of sporadic diseases among the live stock is of minor importance when compared with those scourges which are responsible for the death of thousands — yes, hundreds of thousands — of animals. There should be no slacking on the veterinarian's part and unless he realizes that it is his duty to assist with all his ability in the conservation of live stock he fails to do his bit. In the different localities of our country various infectious and contagious diseases are prevalent. Some sections suffer year * Paper prepared for the meeting of the Southeastern States Veterinary- Medical Association, Birmingham, Alabama, February, 1919. 282 A. EICHHORN after year from losses from a certain disease which is unknown in other sections. This is primarily dependent on the geographic and climatic conditions, as well as on the adaptation of certain localities for the breeding of certain live stock. Among the dis- eases which are most widely spread throughout the United States and w^hich on account of its insidious nature is the most difficult to control is tuberculosis. Unfortunately there has never been a definite plan formulated which would encourage an early con- trol and eradication of this disease and in view of the character of the disease and complexity of the control of tuberculosis it w^ould not be possible to discuss this affection within the scope of this short treatise. Furthermore, it would not be possible to take up many of the other diseases within the time allotted to me and it will be probably most advantageous to confine the dis- cussion to some of the diseases which are especially prevalent in your locality and which might be responsible for great losses among the various species of animals. ANTHRAX. More recently anthrax has appeared in various parts of the country in which heretofore it was unknown. Several of the New England States have become new centers of the infection and in most instances the introduction of the disease was traced to tanneries which on account of the shortage of hides were com- pelled to import them from foreign countries. Anthrax is known to be insidious in certain parts of the country in which the disease occurs annualy among the live stock. Such infected localities are known as anthrax districts, our Southern States being especially heavily contaminated. Besides the disease is also prevalent in some of the Northern and Western States, but the area there is more limited. In the Eastern part the origin of the disease may be in most cases traced to polluted streams from tanneries which, inundating the land, have depos- ited the virus of the disease on to the low lands. From here animals carry the disease to more distant parts of these localities and the infection becomes in some cases permanently established. The tenacity of the anthrax spore which may persist in the soil for many years without suffering in its vitality renders the elimination of the infection from infected localities very difficult. Besides the infection may establish itself in suitable soil perma- nently in a way that the anthrax spores at proper temperature and moisture conditions will germinate and again reproduce CONTROL OF SOME OF THE IMPORTANT INFECTIOUS DISEASES 283 spores. Thus the propagation and reinfection of the soil may- take place without a re-contamination of the soil from outside sources. Under such conditions one can readily see the difficult problem of eliminating the infection from the soil. The persistent cultivation of the land, drainage of areas sub- ject to inundation may reduce the infection in such localities. However, the danger of the reappearance of the disease must be always given due cognizance in view of the resistance of the anthrax spore. In the control of this disease, as in all other infectious dis- eases, it is primarily essential to make an early, definite, positive diagnosis of the disease. The post-mortem characteristics which in some cases are definite may be far from pathognomonic in every instance. The clinical manifestations in the form of the tarry consistence of the blood, the enlarged spleen, gelatinous infiltration of the subcutis, the bloody discharges from the nat- ural openings, etc., while in many cases present, are not mani- fested in every case. This applies especially to the peracute cases in which very few of the characteristic lesions are indicated. During life, unless our suspicion is aroused to the presence of the disease from the history, the symptomatology of anthrax is not absolutely characteristic. ThereforCj we are dependent to make the diagnosis positive, especially in more obscure cases, by subjecting the blood to miscroscopical examination and if neces- sary to test inoculations. As soon as the disease is being diag- nosed the opening of the carcasses should not be undertaken since such procedure induces the formation of spores from the germs contained in the body of the carcasses, which naturally would bring about a permanent infection of the land. It should be realized that spores do not form in the carcass of the animal unless it is opened and that the vegetative form of the organism is readily destroyed by the putrefaction of the carcass. In case the disease is suspected and a definite diagnosis cannot be established it is advisable to take a few drops of blood on to a piece of glass from a carcass as soon after death as pos- sible, dry the same in the air and cover with another piece of glass. This should be properly wrapped and forwarded for diagnosing purposes. Such material affords sufficient quantity for microscopical examination and also if necessary for test in- oculations. As soon as the diagnosis of anthrax has been made the veterinarian should look for the source of infection. The 284 A. EICHHORN animals should be kept from the source of infection, the car- casses should be burned and if such is impossible they should be buried at least seven feet deep and covered with quicklime. The premises should be thoroughly disinfected. If the disease occurred in a dairy, quarantine measures should be instituted prohibiting the sale of milk for at least ten days from the occurrence of the last case. On premises where the dis- ease has appeared, all animals, including horses and hogs, should be subjected to vaccination. The simultaneous method is best adapted in such instances, which consists of the injection of an anti-anthrax serum on one side of the animal and the spore vac- cine on the other side. Temperature readings should be taken on all animals, and those showing rise of temperature over 103°, with the exception of hogs, should be given the serum alone. Those animals showing signs of the disease should be given curative doses of the serum which has proven to save a large proportion -of animals. In order to safeguard the stock in the infected locality and to prevent further outbreaks, it is further advisable to vaccinate the animals around the infected premises, and in such instances, also, either the simultaneous method or the double vaccination may be employed. Vaccination of the stock should be under- taken for several years, even if no further signs of the exist- ence of the disease have occurred, since it is a well-known fact that the disease may again develop even after a period of several years, in which case a reinfection of the soil may result. As far as the contamination of the streams from the tanneries is concerned, the Federal authorities are aiming to promulgate measures by which the importation of hides from anthrax car- casses might be prevented. Up to date, however, there are no satisfactory means by which this may be accomplished. Some of the more up-to-date tanneries, in order to prevent the con- tamination of the streams from the drainage water of the tan- neries, instituted settling tanks in connection with the establish- ment, which, however, have not proved to entirely eliminate the infection, although by passing the drainage water through a series of settling tanks and then spreading the solid material over filter beds the infection may be reduced considerably. Chlo- rinating of the drainage water has also been attempted and proved highly satisfactory. Such practice, however, proved quite expensive and to my knowledge has not yet been inaugurated in any of the tanneries. CONTROL OF SOME OF THE IMPORTANT INFECTIOUS DISEASES 285 Thus, as long as tanneries will handle hides from anthrax carcasses they will be a constant source of infecting the lands lying along the streaSis into which the drainage from the tan- neries flows and the sanitary authorities must direct their at- tention principally to controlling the disease as soon as it makes its appearance. BLACKLEG. Another disease in which the infective agent is present in the soil and which is responsible for great losses among the cattle in our country is blackleg. Although not as contagious in its nature as anthrax, nevertheless in so-called blackleg territories losses from this disease amount to considerable among the young stock. The causative agent which i^ ever present in the soil may enter the body in various ways. The infection probably occurs most frequently through ingestion, although abrasions in the skin may also afford an entry for the germs. More recently Dr. Hadwen, Chief Pathologist of the Branch of Animal Industry of the Do- minion of Canada, discussed with the writer certain observations which he made in connection with his studies on the life history of the hypoderma larvae during which he observed that during the burrowing process through the skin the larvae may carry the blackleg infection. Once the organism becomes localized it exerts its pathogenic action upon the tissues surrounding the place of invasion. Here under favorable conditions the blackleg organism will propagate, eliminating the toxins, which causes a degeneration of the mus- cles and through the destruction of the nitrogenous matter gases are formed. The toxins are absorbed by the body fluids, causing the systemic disturbance and finally death. It must be recognized that blackleg is a toxemia and that the blackleg organisms do not invade the general circulation but remain localized during the life of the animal. At the point of localization the pathological process continues, causing the char- acteristic lesions of the disease in the form of the crepitating swelling, gangrenous in its character. In this connection blackleg is very similar to gas gangrene, which caused so many deaths among the wounded soldiers. It is a well-known fact that the Bacillus welchii, the causative agent of gas gangrene, and which has been the destructive disease of the armies at war, resembles morphologically, biologically and in its cultural characteristics very closely the bacillus of blackleg. 286 A. EICHHORN In fact, differentiation at times can be only accomplished by the most painstaking biological tests. Bull and Pritchett of the Rockefeller •Institute for Medical Research in their study of gas gangrene have established that this organism produces under certain conditions a very power- ful toxin which is actually responsible for the serious results of the disease and deaths. These facts have likewise been estab- lished by the writer in his connection with the study of black- leg. The same claims as made by Bull and Pritchett, that under suitable conditions cultures of gas bacilli produce true toxins to which their pathogenic effects may be ascribed, may also be applied to the cultures of blackleg bacilli. They further main- tain that there are produced at least two distinct toxins, one of which is hemolytic, while the other causes local edema and ne- crosis and probably also a more general toxic action. This we find to be also the result of the blackleg toxins. The hemolytic action on the blood is best shown by intravenous injection of Berkefeld filtrates of cultures which contain the meat. On the other hand, the local destructive effects may be readily produced by subcutaneous or intramuscular injections of such filtrates, such lesions then resembling closely those which occur in the actual disease of affected animals. They further claim that repeated injections of filtrates in pigeons and rabbits result in a true active immunity, and the blood of immunized rabbits neutralizes the toxic actions of the filtrate not only in the test tube but also in the living animal with respect to the locally injurious actions, as well as the de- struction of blood corpuscles. They have also found that the blood of rabbits which have received three injections of toxic filtrate from a given culture is capable of neutralizing not only that particular filtrate but the filtrate from four other cultures as well. These findings coincide with the action of blackleg filtrate as far as it has been studied and that we possess in this product true immunizing toxins which are responsible for the principal pathogenic effects in blackleg infection, and again it is noted that in order to produce such toxins it is essential to add meat to the medm, otherwise the production of these specific toxins is inhibited. These experimental findings constitute the fundamental knowledge on which the control of blackleg by the specific toxins is being attempted. CONTROL OF SOME OF THE IMPORTANT INFECTIOUS DISEASES 287 Up to the present time the most common method of vacci- nation which has been employed not only in the United States but also in other countries where blackleg is prevalent consisted of the injection of attenuated virus prepared in either pellet or powder form. The number of annual vaccinations with this product amount to many millions, and while the reports prove conclusively of value to the product as an immunizing agent, nevertheless the results are not uniformly satisfactory, as direct losses from vaccination are known to occur from time to time; and, furthermore, insufficient protection following vaccination is also of too common occurrence. The shortcomings of the blackleg vaccine lie mainly in the fact that in its production the virulence and immunity producing properties cannot be. accurately enough controlled and tested. It is true that the vaccine is weighed or measured, but it is im- possible to establish the amount and activity of the virus which it contains. Due to the shortcomings of the different methods of vacci- nation, investigators have sought to develop a product which would possess the greatest possible immunizing properties and also be safe and controllable from the time of its production until the administration into the animal. Japanese investigators in continuing the work to develop a germ-free filtrate as inaugurated by Foth produced from mass cultures a safe and effective product for blackleg immunization and at the present time the germ-free filtrate is used almost uniformly for vaccination purposes against blackleg in Japan. The results of vaccination of animals with Blackleg Filtrate has proven beyond a doubt the effectiveness of this method. Out of one million animals vaccinated by this method less than 1/25 of 1% died of blackleg, which must be considered a very small percentage, since the fact must be recognized that most of the deaths occurred shortly after vaccination, that is, before im- munity was fully established, and besides vaccination in most instances was undertaken in herds where the disease had already made its appearance. It is natural in the production of Blackleg Filtrate the great- est care must be exercised in order to insure a potent product, that is, the filtrate must contain the active toxins of the black- leg germ. The toxins when injected into the animal produce an active immunity which will afford a protection lasting for about one year. Blackleg Filtrate being germ-free may be injected 288 A. EICHHORN safely into calves at any age without the slightest danger. Ani- mals over two years old are seldom affected, especially if they have been vaccinated in their younger age, as the immunity pro- duced will protect them through the ages of lesser susceptibility. The highest degree of immunity is produced by vaccination of animals at ages between six months and two years. Animals vaccinated should not be exposed to the infection until the immunity has been established, that is, for a period of ten days, since during that period they are still susceptible, even hypersusceptible, to the infection. Aside from vaccination, other measures of control must also be inaugurated, special attention to be given to the destruction of the carcasses in order to prevent the re-impregnation of the soil with the infection. HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA. Hemorrhagic Septicemia is a collective name for those infec- tious diseases of different species of animals which are caused by the Bacillus hipolaris septicus. Not only does the causative agent primarily attack the animal and cause outbreaks with great losses but the germ is frequently secondarily responsible for losses among live stock. The disease may occur as an independent in- fection in cattle, sheep and hogs, whereas the organisms have been found as secondary invaders in hog cholera, equine influ- enza (shipping fever) and in canine distemper. Recently Mc- Gown attributes a destructive disease of sheep in Great Britain known as Braxy to a variety of this organism. Hemorrhagic Septicemia or bipolar organisms are very widely distributed in nature. They are found in the soil, on various plants, in stagnant water and even on the normal mucous mem- branes of animals. Under such conditions they apparently live as saprophytes and under favorable environment they become virulent, causing outbreaks of the disease, and later, after the infection has been overcome, they return to the harmless stage. The disease running as a true septicemia, the symptoms and post-mortem lesions are characteristic of such an infection. It manifests itself either as an intestinal or pectoral form with a febrile condition and not infrequently the symptoms and even the anatomical changes resemble those of anthrax. On post- mortem a subcutaneous exudate is found, which is gelatinous in its character. The hemorrhages are present in the connective tissue, on the serous membranes, in the abdominal and thoracic cavities, the heart, etc. The lymph glands are enlarged and are CONTROL OF SOME OF THE IMPORTANT INFECTIOUS DISEASES 283 injected with blood. In the pectoral form a characteristic thick- ening of the interlobular connective tissue is present which tends to' make. the lungs appear similar as in pleuropneumonia. In the intestinal form there is frequently a necrosis of the mucosa, resulting in hemorrhages into the lumen. There are great vari- ations in the manifestations of both symptoms and lesions of this disease and a positive diagnosis is frequently difficult. The mi- croscopical examination in some instances may reveal the caus- ative agent in the blood or tissues, but this may also fail, and in such cases the only way to make a positive diagnosis is by test inoculations. The disease being fatal in its character, at- tention must be directed towards preventing and checking all outbreaks. For this purpose vaccination has been employed wath uniformly good results. The first time vaccination was resorted to in the United States was in an outbreak of Hemorrhagic Septicemia which occurred among the buffaloes in the Yellowstone Nationl Park. The method of preparation of the vaccine used in that instance has been described by Mohler and Eichhorn in an article on Vacci- nation against Hemorrhagic Septicemia in 1911. Siifce that time this method has been employed on hundreds of thousands of animals throughout the United States and the results justify the use of the vaccine for preventive purposes. In a recent publication on Hemorrhagic Septicemia by the Bureau of Animal Industry it is stated that cattle, sheep, swine, rabbits and fowls if treated with heated cultures of hemorrhagic septicemia germs obtained from animals of the same species as that to which they themselves belong will almost invariably become protected against injections of living cultures of the same germ, even though applied in comparatively large quan- tities. Furthermore, in connection with the control of hog cholera, veterinarians have found that frequently it is advisable to use Hemorrhagic Septicemia vaccine in conjunction with the serum simultaneous treatment of cholera, especially so in localities where they learned from experience that the serum simultaneous method failed to check the disease and that hogs continued to die wdth marked chronic symptoms and lesions of a lung infec- tion with hemorrhagic septicemia. In such cases it is assumed that the serum simultaneous method will not prevent the devel- opment of the pathological process resulting from the secondary 290 A. EICHHORN infection with the hemorrhagic septicemia organism, which nat- urally accounts for the continuance of losses in such instances. Outbreaks of hemorrhagic septicemia, especially in cattle and sheep, frequently result from stockyard or stock car infections. Thus, for instance, in the fall and winter of 1915 and 1916 numerous outbreaks were reported to the Bureau of Animal Industry in which young stock cattle that had been purchased in carload lots at some of the large stockyards had developed hemorrhagic septicemia even a few days after their arrival. At the same time two flocks of sheep and one of goats were found to be affected with the disease. Thus, in order to prevent the occurrence of outbreaks, it is apparent that thorough sanitation of the stockyards and the stock cars is essential. In actual out- breaks aside from the protective vaccination a thorough disin- fection of the premises is also necessary. HOG CHOLERA. Of the diseases of hogs, hog cholera is no doubt by far the most important, causing tremendous losses throughout the United States and other countries. It is not necessary to enter into the discussion of the symptomatology and post-mortem appearances of hog cholera, since every veterinarian is thoroughly familiar with the characteristic manifestations. It is recognized that fre- quently the diagnosis is difficult even from post-mortem appear- ances, since the characteristic lesions are not fully developed in all cases. The disease is highly contagious in its character and may be spread in many different ways. No doubt the transpor- tation of hogs is the most important factor in the spread of the disease. This feature has been recently ably discussed in an article by Dr. Luckey, State Veterinarian of Missouri, who con- siders that transportation of hogs is the most important factor for the existence and spread of hog cholera. Of course, other methods of dissemination should not be lost sight of, such as in- fection by polluted water, dogs, birds and man. Fortunately, we are in a position to combat this disease by vaccination and the reduction of the number of cases of cholera in the past few years has conclusively proven that it is possible to prevent the outbreaks and reduce the losses from cholera markedly by the intelligent use of hog cholera treatment. Hog cholera serum has been probably the most important bio- logical product produced in recent years. Its effectiveness in hog cholera caused by the filterable virus is no longer questioned. CONTROL OF SOME OF THE IMPORTANT INFECTIOUS DISEASES 291 In this instance it is also essential to have a potent serum, and to adhere to the strictest precautions against contaminations, both in the handling and administration of the serum. In spite of the fact that the protective value of hog cholera serum has been established beyond a doubt, nevertheless numerous complaints are made which question the beneficial effects to be derived from immunization against hog cholera. Various factors are respon- sible for such failures. Among these, probably the most common- ly recurrent one is a mistake in diagnosis. Practitioners are very prone to establish a diagnosis of hog cholera in case several animals die, without determining the character of the post- mortem lesions. An insufficient knowledge of other infectious diseases of swine may also be responsible to some extent for the failure in hog cholera vaccinations. A serum without the proper potency, or, on the other hand, in the simultaneous method, a potent virus, without the potent serum, may bring about bad results. It should be understood that hog cholera serum repre- sents one of the crudest biological products which we have at our command for combating disease, since we have no means of properly standardizing it, and of establishing with any degree of certainty the amount of protective substances contained in the blood, serum. It must be acknowledged that the study of disease of swine has been somewhat neglected. Veterinarians are prone to accept any outbreak of infection as hog cholera, frequently relying for their diagnosis on lesions which are far from pathognomonic. The lesions which are commonly accepted as those of hog cholera may also be associated with other diseases. Thus, for instance, hemorrhages in the kidneys may appear in association with any septicemic condition, as is likewise the case with the cutaneous, subpleural and subperitoneal hemorrhages. An edematous, hemorrhagic condition of the lymph glands is also not infre- quently found in the presence of the kidneys of swine. When appearing irregularly and infrequently it may arise from ex- cessive acid or oily substances in the food, from injuries or from overheating. It is therefore apparent that in order to establish an accurate diagnosis of the ''virus cholera" it is essential to take into consideration everything which is characteristic of the symptomatology and anatomical changes of the disease. German investigators have recently devoted a great deal of attention to the study of disease of hogs, especially with refer- -ence to their relation to hog cholera. As a result of this work 292 A. EICHHORN it has been established and substantiated by such men as Pfeiler and Joest that there are a number of varieties of bacteria of the coli-typhus group which cause affections of hogs characterized by necrosis and ulceration of the large intestines. It is there- fore suggested that such cases should be designated by the com- mon name of ^'bacillary hog cholera" in contradistinction to the ''virus cholera." The bacillary type of cholera appears more or less in the form of a stable affection. Once established, it is very persistent, particularly because its character is not recognized. This no doubt accounts for the many reported failures from the use of hog cholera serum. It is true that the virus cholera is the most destructive disease of hogs, nevertheless the constant losses from other diseases must be significant and have to be taken into account. From time to time reports are published that serum has proved ineffective in a certain outbreak of disease among hogs ; in some instances it is even stated that the blood from such affected animals proves non-virulent. These, I believe, are the cases which on careful study would prove to be due to other in- fections rather than the filterable virus. The importance of losses from hog cholera is very evident, and since the protective vaccination has proved to be very effect- ive in this disease, one can realize the advantages and the impor- tance of employing this treatment ; but only to those cases where the serum will exert its action upon the true etiological factor; otherwise the veterinarian will be called upon to explain the failure and of course he will be apt wrongly to blame it to im- potent serum, which will bring this valuable product into dis- repute. Aside from tuberculosis and contagious abortion, the four diseases discussed are of the greatest economic importance. Their occurrence as enzootics and epizootics necessitates a constant vigilance for their suppression before the infections become ex- tensively disseminated. Veterinarians should cooperate with the sanitary authorities in their effort to suppress these dangerous diseases, as only by concerted action can we hope to attain the results which are essential at the present time to the welfare of our country. Dr. W. B. Burris has resigned his position as meat inspector at the city abattoir, Baton Rouge, La., and has entered practice at Shreveport, La. VETERINARY ETHICS. N. S. Mayo, Chicago, Illinois. ''Once upon a time" (this is no fairy tale) while a student in college we took a course called Ethics or the Science of Duty. The moral seed, presumed to have been sown, evidently fell upon rocky soil, for the only thing that memory now recalls is the name. Later, as a veterinary student, we also received some good advice along this line. This is only mentioned to show I am not qualified as an expert upon this subject. It may be worth while to refresh our memory by reading the code of ethics of the American Veterinary Medical Association. Section 1. Members of this association are expected to con- duct themselves at all times as professional gentlemen. Any flagrant violation of this principle shall be considered by this association as unprofessional conduct, and on written charges filed with the Executive Board, may subject the violator to sus- pension or expulsion, as provided in Article 5, Section 7, of the Constitution. Section 2. No member shall assume a title to which he has not a just claim. Section 3. No member shall endeavor to build up a practice by undercharging another practitioner. Section 4. In all cases of consultation it shall be the duty of the veterinary surgeon in attendance upon the case to give the opinion of the consulting veterinary surgeon (whether favorable to his own or otherwise) to the owner of the patient in the pres- ence of all three. In case of the absence of the owner the veter- inary surgeon consulted may, after giving his opinion to the at- tending veterinary surgeon, transmit it in writing to the owner through the medical attendant. It shall be deemed a breach of this code for a consulting veterinary surgeon to revisit a patient without a special invitation by the attending veterinary surgeon or agreement with him. Section 5. In advertising, the veterinary surgeon shall con- fine himself to his business address. Advertising specific medi- cines, specific plans of treatment, or advertising through the * Read before the Michigan State Veterinary Medical Association. 294 N. S. MAYO medium of posters, illustrated stationery, newspaper puffs, etc., will not be countenanced by this association. Section 6. Any person who shall advertise or otherwise offer to the public any medicine, the composition of which he refuses to disclose, or who proposes to cure disease by secret medicines, shall be deemed unworthy of membership in this association. Section 7. It shall be deemed a violation of the code of ethics for any member of this association to contract with or through the officers of any live stock insurance company for the profes- sional treatment of tlie members' stock so insured; but this rule shall not prevent any member from becoming an examiner of risks and acting in the capacity of an expert for the same. Section 8. Each member shall observe the code of ethics adopted by this association and be answerable to the Executive Board for any breach of the same. The principles of veterinary ethics are largely those that have been adapted from the human medical code. In human practice great emphasis is properly placed upon the relation between the physician and patient, an ethical relation that is of much less importance in veterinary practice. This phase of ethics is largely replaced in veterinary practice by the relation between the veterinarian and the owner of the animals. There is, however, an ethical relation between a veterinarian and his patient that should never be forgotten. The veterinarian should be as humane as possible. With modern anesthetics, both gen- eral and local, much pain can be prevented, and it is the duty of every veterinarian to alleviate the sufferings of his patient as much as possible. Veterinary ethics may be considered under three heads : 1. The relation of the veterinarian to the owner of the ani- mal. 2. The relation of the veterinarian to fellow practitioners. 3. The relation of the veterinarian to the public, and one might add the relation of the veterinarian to himself. A veterinarian is or should be the expert adviser to his client, so far as the health of the -client's animals is concerned, and to do this he must have his client's confidence. This confidence can be gained by strict integrity and '' making good" in prac- tice. A veterinarian should be frank and, above all, sincere in his relations with a client. There is nothing that destroys con- fidence so quickly as deception, even though such deception is practiced at the client's request and for his benefit. The basis VETERINARY ETHICS 295 of all ethics, professional or other, is strict integrity. Mistakes may be forgiven, though they are often costly, but deception or trickery lives long in human memory. The relation of a veter- inarian to his client is changing, particularly in country districts, toward preventive medicine. The stockman wants to know how to keep his flocks and herds free from disease, and the veter- inarian must be able to advise him, as well as treat ailing animals. Such advice should be largely negative, that is, what the stock- man should not do. The positive technical treatment must be given by a skilled veterinarian, and the veterinarian should edu- cate his clients along this line. Recently a professor in a veterinary college was required, against his judgment, to give a course of veterinary lectures to agricultural students. This course proved to be very popular, but it was a negative course — don't do this, don't do that — but call a qualified veterinarian. The relation of a veterinarian to his client is so extensive that it cannot be covered in a paper of this kind. Success de- pends largely on the personality of those involved, as well as on the tact, skill and good judgment of the veterinarian. The gen- eral principles governing the relations between practitioners are well known, so I shall only consider some phases that appear to be overlooked or violated most frequently. Criticisms of another veterinarian's work are a frequent cause of trouble. If a stock owner is dissatified with a veter- inarian's services the stockman will usually present only his views that in most cases are not sufficient to base a professional opinion upon. A successful practice cannot be built upon crit- cism of your fellow practitioner. In most cases such criticism injures you more than it does your competitor. It does not make friends nor increase your efficiency. If some of your so-called friends are urging you on, remember it is only the innate human desire to be entertained by a scrap — it is not done to further your interests. Another frequent violation of ethics is cutting prices to get business. Every time you cut prices you are injuring yourself more than your competitor. A professional man is often meas- ured by his own estimation of his ability. No one knows better than yourself what your services are worth. Anyone can cut prices, but it is not an easy matter to restore them. It takes a good veterinarian to do first-class work, and he should receive corresponding remuneration. At the present time a veterinarian 296 N. S. MAYO should avoid cutting prices for the returns for his work have not increased proportionally to his expenses. The relation of the veterinarian to the public is changing very rapidly at the present time. People are becoming educated as to the importance of preventing the spread of transmissible animal disease, and the practicing veterinarian has a public duty to perform along this Jine. He should take an active part in outlining preventive measures to protect the live stock industry. He- should be an authority to whom farmers and stockmen look for guiding help. The veterinarian should, of course, work in harmony with state and federal veterinarians. The farm ad- viser, farmers institutes, granges and similar organizations offer excellent opportunities that should not be neglected. There is also the local paper and live stock journals that are always look- ing for ''copy" on subjects that are of general interest to the community. And in rural communities live stock is very impor- tant. The underlying principle should be to make yourself, a valuable asset to the community. The foregoing brings up the question of advertising. In this the veterinary profession has also followed the medical profes- sion, which does not approve paid advertising. I believe, how- ever, that a neat professional card in local newspapers is ethical and helpful in various ways. A veterinarian should also use neat printed stationery. Cuts of prancing stallions or even of yourself, while they may be artistic, are unethical and should not be used. There are some things not mentioned in the printed code of ethics that are equally important. A veterinarian is a professional man, and ahould fulfill professional requirements. A veterinarian whose hospital does not compare favorably with an ordinary livery stable is violating professional ethics. The public today under- stands the fundamentals of hygiene and sanitation, and the veter- inarian by his personal appearance and surroundings should fulfill this requirement. Not all the ethics of our profession can be expressed in the written code. Ethics is the science of duty. There are business ethics that must be fulfilled for violation of these seriously im- pairs one's professional standing. There is also one's duty to himself to maintain the high standards that govern professional men in all phases of human relationship. You represent the veterinary profession in your community, and the profession will ABORTION AND STERILITY 297 be judged very largely by you. In case of doubt, it is always safe to follow the golden rule or just put ourself in the other fellow's place, remembering that — * ' The purest treasure mortal times afford Is spotless reputation ; that alway men are but gilded loam or painted clay." ABORTION AND STERILITY.* E. T. Hallman, East Lansing, Michigan. The conception that most people have of abortion disease is that of a specific infection of the reproductive organs, character- ized by premature expulsion of the foetus. This phase of the problem I do not care to consider, except to show its relation to the problem of sterility. Schroeder and Cotton, Wall and others have claimed that the abortion bacillus does not persist very long in the non- pregnant uterus, the latter apparently not being a favorable place for its propagation. If this is true the reason has not been given. However, the changes in the uterus resulting from pure abortion bacilli infection have enabled other pathogenic micro- organisms to establish themselves for varying lengths of time. It is these complicated infections that I wish to consider at this time. It is well known to most of you w^io have had any experi- ence with abortion in cattle that failure to conceive sooner or later becomes an even more serious problem, both economically and from the standpoint of losing calves. The generally accepted opinion is that failure to breed under these conditions is a com- plication of the abortion infection, but due to other micro- organisms. Whether this is right or wrong is not definitely settled; but it is known that under these conditions sterility is a common condition and ?n most cases, whatever the cause, careful clinical examination will reveal pathological conditions apparently explaining failure to conceive. It is not possible to consider in one short paper the various conditions causing sterility. It occurs to the writer that best use of the time can be made by confining his remarks to what has in his experience proven to be the most common condition * Presented at meeting of Southeastern States Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, Birmingham, Alabama, February, 1919. 298 E. T. HALLMAN associated with sterility, viz., chronic catarrhal endometritis and cervicitis. Another reason for the writer taking this view of the problem is that chronic catarrhal conditions are the most difficult for most veterinarians to diagnose and treat. In the acute inflammatory conditions, the diagnosis is more easy and treatment consists largely of irrigation and drainage. Etiologically, chronic catarrhal cervicitis and endometritis may be due to a variety of microorganisms. In the cases we have studied we have not been able to demonstrate the presence of the abortion bacillus, though they were from herds in which abortion has been a serious problem for several years. Staphy- lococci, streptococci and B. communior were the microorganisms usually found. Usually the only symptom observed by the layman is failure to conceive after service. The animal may come in heat regu- larly, take the bull, but fails to conceive. Rectal examination reveals but little change, if any, from a normal condition. The uterine walls may be flaccid, but since there is considerable differ- ence in the tone of normal uteri at different periods this is not of much value in diagnosis. The best evidence of disease is obtained by vaginal examina- tion. In order for one to recognize an abnormal condition he must be quite familiar with the normal condition. The condi- tion of the cervix and character of the vaginal and cervical secre- tions in health depend upon whether the examination is made at the time of estrum or otherwise. In a state of health, except during estrum, the mucosa of the vagina and cervix is a light pink color and comparatively dry. The cervical canal is closed. During estrum, the cervical canal is partly dilated and the mucosa a deeper pink color. There is a considerable quantity of a thin, clear secretion in the cervical canal and vagina. Shortly after estrum disappears this may be streaked with blood. In chronic catarrhal conditions the secretions are increased in quan- tity and often show flakes and streaks of pus. Frequently there is an adhesive mucus that may be mistaken for the mucus of pregnancy. The mucus membranes are more congested and if the case is of long standing there may be hypertrophy of the folds around the external os and cervical canal. In making vaginal examinations for purposes of diagnosis the hand and arm should be disinfected and then rinsed in clean water. Soap or the coal tar disinfectants on the hand so alter ABORTION AND STERILITY 299 the character of the secretions that their condition cannot be determined. It is desired to consider the pathology of these conditions somewhat in detail, or at least what appears to the writer as the pathological condition from a study of several cases that came under his observation. I want to emphasize the importance of a knowledge of the pathology of the conditions under consideration because only by knowing this can a sound, rational treatment be outlined. Pathologically, the changes consist of a mucoid degeneration of the superficial epithelium and more deeply seated lesions in the uterine mucosa. The superficial lesions (mucoid degenera- tion of the epithelium) are of importance in that they explain the altered secretions, thereby rendering clinical diagnosis pos- sible. But they are not of the most importance from the stand- point of treatment. It is the more deeply seated lesions that are of the greatest importance to you in that they determine the character of the treatment to be given and at the same time explain the limitations of medicinal agents in the treatment of these conditions. Our investigations indicate that there are no extensive changes in the uterine mucosa indicating large numbers of highly virulent microorganisms, but that the deeply seated lesions of the mucosa consist of foci of fibrosis due to colonies of bacteria of low virulence. All grades of fibrosis may be seen, varying from small foci of granulation tissue to foci of scar tissue. Sometimes these areas are seen adjacent to the smaller uterine blood vessels, and sometimes adjacent to or surrounding the uterine glands, and sometimes independent of the glands and blood vessels. Their effect on the uterine glands is apparent. It is the old story of granulation tissue contracting to form scar tissue. If a gland is involved the resulting scar tissue interferes, no doubt, with the nutrition of the gland and atrophy is the result. We have slides showing all stages of this periglandular fibrosis from the early stages in which may be seen leucocytes in the gland lumina, disintegration of the glanular epithelium, and immediately outside of the gland a zone of granulation tissue, to the later stages, where there is atrophy of the glandular epithelium and cicatricial tissue surrounding the gland. These areas of fibrosis are not large, averaging in our cases about two hundred and fifty microns but found to be well scattered through- out the uterine mucosa. The lesions are apparently the result of multiple foci of infection and clearly show the insidious and 300 E. T. HALLMAN progressive nature of the condition. The condition suggests not a diffuse inflammatory reaction due to large numbers of micro- organisms of a highly virulent type but to multiple foci of infec- tion in the deeper layers of the mucosa, probably occurring over a varying period of time and due to microorganisms of low virulence. I do not want to leave the impression that the changes in the uterine mucosa are very marked. A clear understanding of this is very important in that it indicates what may be expected from treatment. While there was some fibrosis^ of the uterine mucosa and atrophy of some of the uterine glands in each case studied, the changes were such that they could not be detected clinically nor by macroscopical examination of the uteri after they were removed from the carcass. It is of interest to note here that each case studied was a persistent non-breeder. A clinical diagnosis of chronic catarrhal cervicitis or endometritis and treatment had been given by the writer. The animals were finally sold for beef for failure to breed, though I might add that the conditions under which the animals were treated were such as not to encourage hopes of recovery. In these cases it seems that the changes were not such as to render the animals permanently sterile. The number of glands showing atrophy were comparatively few and the amount of uterine mucosa involved in fibrosis was comparatively small. It appeared that there remained quite sufficient normal mucosa to meet the demands of a functioning uterus. The question arises, what was the cause of sterility in these cases? It seems that the answer is this: sterility was due to an active condition or process, and not due to structural changes. To repeat an often- quoted phrase, ''It was functional and not organic." This latter is not wholly true, but probably the answer lies partly in both; slight organic changes giving rise to functional disturbances. It seems to me that in order to get this conception it is only neces- sary to consider the complex function that the reproductive or- gans perform. It is a law of nature that the more highly specialized a cell or organ is, the more seriously it is disturbed by any abnormal influence. An irritant which may only cause certain lowly specialized parts to grow may cause more highly specialized parts to degenerate and die. So it seems to me that sterility in many cases is explained by ABORTION AND STERILITY 301 ( functional disturbances and not by any extensive changes in the uterine mucosa. TREATMENT. If I have succeeded in conveying to your minds the apparent nature of the trouble, the limitations of jnedicinal agents are apparent. Our conception of this problem is that infection in these cases (and tliere is no doubt about infection being the primary cause) does not mean the presence of pathogenic micro- organisms in the uterine cavity, but means a condition, a process, due to the establishment and growth of pathogenic micro- organisms in the uterine mucosa. If you have this conception of the condition you can easily understand why the administra- tion of medicinal agents into the uterine cavity, to the exclusion of other factors, is not going to have much effect on the condition. The usual use of medicinal agents in these cases never reach the source of the trouble in that their action is superficial and the cause is more deeply seated. It seems that recovery can only occur in case the defensive and reparative mechanism of the uterus is increased, so that the infection can be destroyed and the damage repaired. It appears that destruction of the micro- organisms must be accomplished by the defensive mechanism of the uterus itself and not through the application of medicinal agents into the uterine cavity, which, to reach the infection, would have to penetrate the superficial layers of the uterine mucosa. How best to strengthen and aid the defensive mechan- ism of the uterus in these cases is the problem before us. I have no solution. Perhaps if we can increase the circulation through the parts by massage and other means, thereby increasing the number of phagocytes, the amount of bactericidal substances, and nutrition of the uterine mucosa, some aid may be given. Uterine curettage has been used in woman. It is not con- ceivable that any large proportion of the microorganisms could be removed in this way and if any good comes from this practice it is more likely that it is the result of mechanical irritation and stimulation, rather than from actual removal of the micro- organisms. Curettage of the bovine uterus is hardly possible. At this time I am using injections of iodine into the uterus and swabbing the cervix with iodine in conjunction with uterine and ovarian massage. First, the cervical canal is cleaned with a physiological salt solution or a two or three per cent sodium borate solution. This is easily accomplished by connecting a female 302 J. R. MOHLER metal urinary (mare) catheter with a pump or fountain syringe and inserting the fenestrated end of the catheter into the cervical canal. By constantly changing its position while the solution is flowing the secretion can be removed. If it is desired to irrigate the uterus the solution may he forced into the uterine cavity until there is a moderate tension in the uterus (governed by the hand in the rectum) and then the catheter disconnected and the solution forced out by uterine massage per rectum. It is ques- tionable whether uterine irrigations are indicated except in cases where there is an appreciable quantity of an inflammatory exu- date in the uterine cavity. If there is hypertrophy of the folds of the cervical mucosa the hypertrophied parts are removed surgically. From one to two ounces of a fifty per cent Lugol's Solution of Iodine is then introduced into the uterus and the uterus massaged in order to force it into both horns. The cervical canal is swabbed with a pledget of cotton held in a pair of uterine dressing forceps and dipped in undiluted Lugol's Solution. This is repeated at weekly or ten-day intervals if indicated. It is not believed that the in- jections of strong solutions of iodine actually reach and destroy the microorganisms, but it is hoped that irritation and stimula- tion of the uterine mucosa will react favorably upon its defensive mechanism. This idea may be erroneous, but, anyway, the treat- ment of chronic catarrhal cervicitis and endometritis is still in the experimental stage. LIVE STOCK EVOLUTION IN PROGRESS.* J. R. MOHLER, Chief, Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture. A meeting of this kind is always a happy occasion. I am glad to see that there is little formality. That is one reason I enjoy attending a meeting of live stock raisers. Sometimes I have the feeling that the live stock industry has become important because of the frankness and the clear vision of the people it attracts as much as through its own intrinsic merits. I say that in all candor. Everyone who studies live stock learns a great deal about other things as well, including much useful knowledge about people. The trained eye of the live stock inspector and of Address before Southei'n Cattlemen's Association, New Orleans, La. LIVE STOCK EVOLUTION IN PROGRESS SOST the stockman sees things as they actually are and places an accurate valuation on them. He readily sees through the shell of formality and distinguishes things that are genuine from those that are not. So I am not only glad to be here, but I ask you to take my remarks informally. As most of you know, the Bureau of Animal Industry is well scattered over the country. It is principally a field organization. My desk happens to be in Washington and I spend most of my time there, but less than 8 per cent of the entire Bureau staff is in Washington. That means that more than 92 per cent of the Bureau 's members are distributed over the country, more partic- ularly in States where live stock raising is already prominent or is developing. I mention this so that you will know if our point of view fails to have proper breadth the fault is personal rather than that of the Bureau's organization. SOUTH IS RIPE FOR RAPID CHANGES. It has occurred to me that you would be interested in a few thoughts about the live stock changes that our own generation is witnessing. When we think of evolution, the mind generally goes back over the pages of history, or even to the period before history was written. We think of it as work which nature per- formed, especially with reference to the descent of man. Also, it is difficult to think of evolution in a new country like the United States. Yet this nation already has played a great part in the development of new animal life and the Southern States especially are ripe for many changes. More than that, these changes — and they are changes for the good — can be hastened by the skill of man. Those who are here today can play an important part in this work. That may seem to some of you — and it does to me — a great responsibility. It is a great responsibility, but we have come over a long, long trail of experience. LIVE STOCK CHANGES WITHIN THREE CENTURIES. Thanks to our increasing knowledge of heredity, we can direct evolution of domestic animals almost at will in a general direc- tion. To get a prospective of our present position, let us go back about 300 years, to the time of the Pilgrim Fathers. The meat sources of America at that time were wild animals entirely. There was no domestic live stock worth mention. Today the domestic animals of the United States number more than two hundred 304 J. R. MOHLER and seventeen million, or twice as many as the number of people. The beginning of live stock breeding in the United States was slow, of course. Most of it has occurred in the last 100 years. Yet the average increase in horses, mules, cattle, sheep, and swine for the last three centuries in this country has been about 700,000 animal each year. Within the last century the buffalo has become practically extinct and other wild animals have dwindled in numbers. Do- mestic meat animals have replaced wild game as a food for man- kind almost entirely. Three hundred years is scarcely nine gen- erations, a remarkably short time for such large-scale evolution of animal life. Now, what is an application of these facts ? How can we use them? Their principal value is to give us the con- fidence of experience. More useful facts, however, are those of comparatively recent date. In fact, they have not reached the public to any extent. The Bureau lately has been studying live stock trends in other countries as well as in the United States, and some of the apparent developments are most interesting. Without going into detail let me give you the general facts re- garding cattle and dairy cows, in which the South will soon be taking more interest than today. The conditions I am about to describe cover the period from 1850 to the present year. FEED LIMITS NUMBER OF CATTLE IN WESTERN EUROPE. Generally speaking, the number of cattle in the older coun- tries has increased but slightly during that 68-year period. This is true of such countries as Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, France and Germany. For the most part there has been a great- er increase in the number of cows kept for milk than in the total number of cattle, an observation indicating one of two things. Either the milk cow is gradually replacing the beef animal or else the census takers and statisticians have used greater care in dis- tinguishing between dairy cows and cattle. But in general there has been only a small increase in the number of cattle in Western Europe during the period from 1850 to 1918, inclusive, due probably to dependence on imported feed. Yet, even with the war as a disturbing factor, the output of dairy products increased considerably during the period. Denmark, for instance, has im- proved her cattle until the average cow now yields somewhat more than six thousand pounds of milk annually, compared with about four thousand pounds in the United States. For con- r LIVE STOCK EVOLUTION IN PROGRESS 305 venience, I am speaking in round numbers. So it appears that even after a fairly definite maximum is reached in the number of cattle kept, dairy production may still increase through skill- ful breeding. Observations in the less densely settled countries are quite different. In Australia, Argentina, Uruguay, Canada, and the United States there has been a rapid rise in the number of cattle kept both for milk and beef during the same years, 1850 to 1918. The increase still continues and from European experience we have every reason to look for greater meat and greater dairy production in these newer countries. REFRIGERATION STIMULATES INTERNATIONAL MEAT TRADE. It is important also to remember that modern methods of refrigeration and canning have transformed the long-distance trade in meat and dairy products. Shipping live animals for slaughter was never very satisfactory. The animals and the necessary feed required too much shipping space, but meat frozen by artificial methods is a compact commodity and may be shipped safely to any market in the world. The lesson from abroad, therefore, seems to be this: If the United States is safely to retain the agricultural leadership established by the war, we must improve both the quality and the quantity of live stock. We must improve the quality especially and do it on a sound basis of economics. Perhaps we can not compete with Argentina and Australia in supplying cheap beef to Europe, but we should at least be able to feed our own population. You may ask why that is necessary. There are many reasons, of which I need mention only a few. Failure to mantain our live stock in proportion to our population means dependence on other countries. It means dependence on them for meat, for leather, and for animal fats. It means dependence on them also for fertilizers with which to maintain crop yields in the absence of manure. It may even mean dependence on them for milk with which to feed our children^ as Europe lately has been depending on the United States for milk in condensed or powdered form. In other words, if we fail to feed ourselves or to satisfy our home market, someone else will, and in fact is already doing so. DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH AMERICA. Imports of meats and meat products by the United States in 1918 exceeded one hundred million pounds. These were received 306 J. R. MOHLER principally from Argentina and Canada. A report lately re- ceived from the American Consul General at Buenos Aires con- tains some public remarks made by the manager of an Argentine packing establishment and they are remarks which are very illuminating. Among other comments, he stated that "large quantities of canned meats are now regularly shipped to the United States, the great cattle country of former years." Also ''that the United States can no longer be regarded as a meat exporting nation. ' ' Incidentally, the South American slaughtering and meat pack- ing establishments are employing about thirty thousand workers^ and in 1917 that country exported more than half a million tons of frozen and chilled meats, estimated to be about 55 per cent of the total exports of this commodity from all countries. Yet the first ship to carry meat chilled by artificial refrigeration was in the spring of 1879, scarcely 40 years ago. So you can see that important changes involving the meat industry are going on constantly and that South America is preparing to feed nations that fail to provide meat for themselves. Now, how can Argen- tina, for example, produce meat cheaply enough to compete with the home-grown meat products of other countries? The con- sular report mentioned answers that question very definitely. ''There has developed," it states, "the systematic improvement of herds by the infusion of the best stock blood of the world, which has resulted in types of cattle even superior to the im- ported strains." "The extensive growing of alfalfa, which insures an abun- dance of the best pasturage for cattle feeding, has made it pos- sible to support and fatten one animal per hectare (21/2 acres) where two hectares (5 acres) of unimproved land were needed to support one animal which had later to be fattened on improved land." Moreover, the cattle are in the open throughout the year. Those conditions are strikingly similar to conditions here in the southern part of the United States and I want to call your at- tention especially to the importance of better types of live stock. The proper type of pure-bred animal — whether cattle, hogs, sheep or poultry — makes its gains vastly more economically than scrub stock. The same is true of dairy production. Lately I was inter- ested in reading a report from Dallas County, Texas, which stated that the feeding cost per gallon of milk was 39 cents for scrub cows, whereas in a dairy having pure-bred Holsteins it was only LIVE STOCK EVOLUTION IN PROGRESS 307 16 cents. Some of you may be more familiar with the details of that report than I am, but the condition is a typical one. THE TIME ELEMENT AS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR. The splendid progress you have made in tick eradication is gratifying. In comparison with periods commonly considered in connection with evolution, the work began late. The eradication of the Texas fever tick started, as you know, less than 13 years ago, yet nearly two-thirds of the area is now clean. How long is it going to take you to make the cattle tick an extinct creature in the United States? Hog cholera eradication along systematic lines began even later, in 1913, seven years after the campaign against the tick. The progress there also is encouraging. Last year about five and a half million hogs were vaccinated and the death rate from cholera was the lowest on record, less than 4 per cent. The number of hogs dying from hog cholera in 1918 was about 60 per cent less than the year when the work began. So it looks as though hog cholera can be suppressed entirely within a few years provided the work is pressed with vigor, as I am sure it will be. Systematic eradication of tuberculosis by the accredited-herd plan began still later, only about a year ago. About 300 herds are now fully accredited — a rather small figure, to be sure — but still a healthy beginning. You can take that remark in two ways. With these three scourges at last out of the way, or reduced to impotency, and the lesser ailments cut down in proportion, the United States should be a live stock region where animal im- provement should continue with accelerated progress. Already we are blessed with freedom from certain scourges of the old world and the southern hemisphere. Veterinarians are familiar with those scourges, at least by reputation, but I doubt whether even the names of many of the foreign contagions are familiar to some who are here. There is rinderpest, surra, pleuro-pneumonia and Malta fever. There is also foot-and-mouth disease which, as an occasional visitor to the United States, is more familiar. THE IMPORTANCE OF QUARANTINE SERVICE. The inspection and quarantine service of the Bureau keeps all those destructive animal plagues at bay. In fact, the Bureau of Animal Industry was established by Congress in 1884 to erad- 308 J. R. MOHLER icate pleuro-pneumonia. This was accomplished in several years and no case has occurred since 1892. Thus, we have been free from it for a quarter of a century. In brief, the United States has less than half as many serious animal scourges as exist in the world, largely because this country has had a good start in disease control and is following it up. That phase of the work, however, has been the prevention of loss; an equally important task is the upbuilding of what we may call our live stock assets. You are all familiar with the principle known as the survival of the fittest. Without going into the details of evolution, let me say that scrub live stock is no longer fit for perpetuation in the United States. A scrub is wasteful of feed, and wasteful of its owner's labor. The scrub animal has served its purpose as a connecting link between the old obsolete method of farming and the new progressive methods. Thousands of farmers in this country already have discarded scrub stock and are better off because of that decision. Pure breds are worth more to keep and are worth more to sell. The scrub animal has been useful as a connecting link, but our aim from now on should be to make the scrub extinct and to make it the missing link of the future so far as live stock is concerned. That cannot be done immedi- ately, but it is the goal toward which we should work. USEFUL FACTS ABOUT HEREDITY. The Bureau lately has been conducting some experiments in the study of heredity, and you may be interested in some of the results already evident. These results are noteworthy, not so much as furnishing new discoveries about animal breeding but by establishing a sounder basis for the principles of heredity which are already accepted. Here are some outstanding points. ''The heritage transmitted by an animal can not be altered by any system of feeding, or training, or by accident." A bull, for instance, may be expected to produce just as good calves be- fore or after he is in the best show condition as when actually in that condition. A law of heredity which every one should remember and should impress on all live stock owners is this : ' ' The person who simply by careful management tries to produce continuous improvement in a scrub herd is doomed to disappointment." Still another important breeding law is the following: ''Selection based on progeny is more effective than selection based on individual merit." That emphasizes the importance of knowing the family LIATE STOCK EVOLUTION IN PROGRESS 309 history of breeding stock and studying the production records instead of relying too much on the appearance of the individual animal. When a person buys a pure-bred animal he is really buying more than an individual; he is obtaining the heredity traits of its ancestors as well. 1 need not remind you that pure-bred stock is harder to buy and easier to sell than any other kind. That is why the Bureau is encouraging community breeding associations, pig clubs, cow- testing associations, bull associations, and similar activites. Such organizations focus attention on the value of better live stock and eventually become sources of pure-bred animals of merit. Com- pared with the status of community live stock work a few years ago, the present progress seems encouraging, but on closer scru- tiny of the field we see that improvement of live stock is really just beginning. For instance, cow-testing associations in the United States numbered about 357 last year, composed of dairy- men owning approximately 172,000 cows. That seems a con- siderable number, but it is scarcely three-fourths of 1 per cent of the dairy cows in the United States. Probably not many of you have heard of the employee in the patent office who about fifty years ago resigned during a tem- porary lull in the work. His reason was based on the fear that everything which could be invented had been invented and he desired to change his employment before the patent office was discontinued. And that was before the invention of the tele- phone, the automobile, phonograph, airplane, submarine, wireless — ^you can complete the list for yourself. In fact, since the time that employee of short vision resigned, the really marvelous in- ventions of all centuries have taken place. So in dealing with live stock, let us realize that the best years are coming; also that we are making progress not with machinery which has no power to perpetuate itself, but, rather, with living creatures, and that every accomplishment is multiplied by suc- ceeding generations. Prom the account of the cow-testing work you will see that even with our present knowledge of heredity and what is happening in the live stock industry throughout the world, we are just beginning scientific development in animal im provement. It would go on faster, I am sure, if there were more meetings like this where we could exchange ideas and informa tion. The press, the various extension agencies, and other organ- izations, however, have been of untold service in carrying agri- 310 J. R. MOHLER cultural information into the homes of live stock owners on whom the actual rate of progress finally depends. The main thoughts I want to leave with you are these : Animal evolution is constantly going on. You are working here in the South where the field for improvement is ripe. If you are just beginning, begin right. If you have started wrong, get right as soon as you can. This means the wise choice of breeding animals and following out a consistent plan. The kind of live stock which the South is to have eventually is merely the sum total of what each farmer chooses. You can help to make the unprofit- able scrub cow extinct. The method is obvious; just stop breed- ing that kind. You can continue the extermination of the prin- cipal animal diseases, and once they are stamped out, the quaran- tine services of the Bureau and the various States will see that thev do not set back. SHORT COURSE FOR SOLDIERS AND SAILORS. The Massachusetts Agricultural College has just announced its policy to repeat as often as may be necessary the special six weeks short course in agriculture and horticulture for returning soldiers and sailors. Such a course was given at the college dur- ing February and March of this year. The success of the first course and the number of inquiries received from men in service in the United States and France has induced the college to make this provision for men who wish a short period of practical in- struction as a preparation for farming. It is expected to make special provision during the summer term, beginning June 30, for instruction of soldiers, and if there is sufficient demand for it to give a special six weeks short course soon after college opens next fall. Representatives of the private veterinary schools held a meet- ing in Chicago May 12 to consider entrance requirements. There were present representatives from the Grand Rapids Veterinary College, the Indiana Veterinary College, the St. Joseph Veter- inary College, the McKillip Veterinary College, and the Chicago Veterinary College. It was unanimously agreed by these repre- sentatives to adopt the requirements of the Bureau of Animal Industry, which demand two years' high school preparation for the session of 1919-20. This preparation to be certified to by the State Department of Education. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS. MAN DIES FROM ARSENICAL POISONING BY ABSORPTION. E. I. Smith. Inspector in Charge, B. A. I., Baton Rouge, Louisiana. A local cattle inspector (layman) while engaged in the work *« ^-.±1.--- 1 r 1^ 1 r r 4n^ J Graph I. DIASTOLIC PRESSURE. The above is a reproduction of the significant part of the graph on diastolic pressure. Values are considered in round numbers, being reduced to the near- est figure ending in 0 or 5. Sventy-three percent of all cases are seen to fall 40 to 50 mm. pressure. 410 SAMUEL SCHILLING Graph II. SYSTOLIC PRESSURE. The sigTiificant part of the graph on systolic pressure. Values also reduced to nearest figure ending in 0 or 5. Sixty-nine percent of all cases are seen to fall between 90 to 100 mm. pressure. falls; the arithmetic mean may be influenced to too great an extent by a few atypical cases and it does not show to what extent animals may be expected to vary from that mean. Ac- cordingly, Charts I, II, and III were constructed. It will be seen that: (1) The diastolic pressure for 73% of all cases fell between 40 and 50 mm. Hg. (2) The systolic pressure of 69% of all cases fell between 90 and 100; and the pulse pressure of 66% was 40 to 70. Such a large preponderance of cases between these fairly narrow limits is rather indicative that they represent approximately the true values. If we had been able to exclude all physically or psychically abnormal animals and completely control all sources of error the percentages within these limits undoubtedly would have been much higher still. BLOOD PRESSURE OF THE HORSE 411 1 \ "■"V ' " f ■ 1 . 1 1 ^ ■■■■ Q '"^^^^B' w i 1 . ._ . ^1 ^B 1 • 1 , ■■■■■■■■■I >f "" ( ■ - "■■■■■■■■ >. p ' 1 ' : , ^llglUligg^^ Q "^^^^^^^^H N ^i ^B I Brf luli^i^i^i^i^ ^ ""^^^^^^^^B* ^ ^B ■ 1 1 ■IHIHIBIIIB Q rTTTTTTrl'' ^ I IIIIIIIIIIK^^~ ■■■■■■■1 "^^^^^^^l lllllllllll|[q-£^ 1 c. ____, iiiiiiiiihI'^ ^^^^^PHSmpSHH* If 1" 1 "1 ^ + " 1^ 5 i^iigginiiiigiif (^ ^ ""^^^^^^^^^^B %,, ™. ■ . . L .. I ^ ^ UggllQV^ Pllllf. 1 ■ I 1 .. 1 ._^._^.„ 1 1 ■ • 1 1 ■Bb a 1 ■■■■ ~|HB' ivi ^B . I \ 1 : ::5:::nn a c i; > ■- i E ^X" ._ "kP t »5«£9/ TT : -2 " ""+ Graph III. PULSE PRESSURE. Significant part of the graph on pulse pressures. Values are given in near- est figure ending in 0 or 5. Sixty-six percent of all cases fall between 40 tq 70 mm. pressure. 412 SAMUEL SCHILLING In the remainder of the analyses it was therefore thought ad- visable to exclude from consideration all cases which presented either a diastolic pressure below 35 or above 55, or a pressure systolic below 85 or above 105 Such cases were suspected not to be in normal health even though they presented no other clinical evidences of disease. THE INFLUENCE OF AGE. In determining the influence of age on the blood pressure it was thought best to group the animals as: 1 year olds, colts; 2-4 year olds, adolescent animals ; 5-11 years old, mature animals ; and 12 or older, old animals. A sufficient number of colts below one year was not available to yield reliable results. The average diastolic and systolic pressure were now computed by taking the arithmetical mean; the number of cases within a group was found too small to apply the former method. The results were found to be a^ follows: Table II. EFFECT OF AGE ON BLOOD PRESSURE. Age Diastolic Pressure Systolic Pressure Number of Cases 1 44.8 105.1 6 2-4 43.4 99.9 22 5-11 42.1 102.5 54 12 or over 44.6 107.0 8 Very little variation in the diastolic pressure is seen. The systolic pressure,- however, seems to be high in the young colt, is lower during adolescence and the prime years of life and again increases with age. This is in strict correlation with tlie behavior of the pulse rate at the various ages. It is well known by horse- men that the age of a horse from the standpoint of utility which is governed by his general health is determined more by the pre- vious usage, care and diseases he may have suffered from at some time or other than by his actual years. Thus we would expect to find in the group of horses from 5 to 11 some prematurely aged animals which would bring the average for the group up higher than the true, representative level. That is the probable ex- planation for the fact that the average systolic pressure of ani- mals between 5 and 11 is hisfher than that for those from 2 to 4. BLOOD PRKSSURE OF THE HORSE 413 THE INFLUENCE OF CONDITION AND WEIGHT. Following similar means as employed in the determination of the influence of age, it was attempted to correlate condition as to flesh and blood pressure. Animals were arbitrarily classed as (1) poor, meaning those that were so devoid of adipose tissue as to appear bony and present figures showing some degree of emaci- ation; (2) fair, meaning those that showed no emaciation but ap- peared wiry and muscular; (3) good, which included those with rounded contours, giving indication of some padding of sub- cutaneous and intramuscular tissue with fat. The results are tabulated below. Table III. EFFECT OF CONDITION ON BLOOD PRESSURE. Condition Diastolic Pressure Systolic Pressure Number of Cases Poor Fair Good 40.6 43.2 42.9 98.2 105.5 98.2 10 36 43 No satisfactory explanation appeared when these figures were taken by themselves, for they represented animals of all ages. When, however, a subsequent analysis was made in which only animals 5 to 11 years of age were considered and these were subdivided into horses in good condition above and below 1,300 pounds in weight and animals in poor to fair condition above and below 1,300 a rational explanation became apparent. EFFECT OF WEIGHT AND CONDITION ON THE BLOOD PRESSURE OF HORSES 5 TO 11 YEARS OF AGE. Below 1,300 Pounds. Condition Diastolic Pressure Systolic Pressure Number of Cases Poor to Fair Good 43.1 42.6 106.5 96.0 29 10 Above 1,300 Pounds. Condition Diastolic Pressure Systolic Pressure Number of Cases Poor to Fair Good * 42.1 * 96.1 17 Only one case. 414 SAMUEL. SCHILLING It is seen that the factor of weight probably has little if any influence on the blood pressure of the horse as indicated by the groups of horses in good condition of flesh. The animals in poor to fair condition, however, show a higher systolic average than the corresponding group in good condition. On further search it was found that of the 27 animals in good condition only 5 showed a variation in either diastolic or systolic pressure greater than 10 mm. Hg. from the average of 40 to 50 mm. Hg. at dias- tole and 90 to 100 at systole. On the other hand, of the 29 cases in poor to fair condition 15 showed a greater variation than 10 degrees in either the diastolic or systolic pressure; of those in poor condition 5 out of 7 and of those in fair condition 10 out of 22 presented such marked variation. This probably means that among the animals in poor to fair condition we have a greater percentage Of abnormal cases ; that would account for the higher average of systolic pressures found in this group. Incidentally it is an indication that perhaps the blood pressure of the horse is greatly influenced by the health of the animal; later investi- gations may show that the determination of the blood pressure can be used a^ an aid in recognizing and diagnosing pathological conditions. It also shows that the diastolic pressure remains more constant even in cases of disease. When we exclude all abnormal cases above referred to from both groups of horses we obtain results as follows : Table IV. EFFE"CT OF CONDITION ON BLOOD PRESSURE OF HORSES 5 TO 11 YEARS. Condition Diastolic Pressure Systolic Pressure Number of Cases Poor to Fair Good 42.7 42.2 96.0 95.7 15 22 Thus it would appear established neither that the condition of flesh per se nor the weight of the animal when uncomplicated by pathological conditions is an important factor in influencing the blood pressure of the horse. THE INFLUENCE OF SEX ON THE BLOOD PKESSURE. The probability that the condition of flesh is of slight impor- tance as affecting the blood pressure is further brought out in the analysis to determine the influence of sex. In this case all BLOOD PRESSURE OF THE HORSE 415 the mature animals were subdivided as to sex and condition. Again cases showing variations more than 10 mm. Hg. from the average limits were excluded. The averages found are here given : Table V. EFFECT OF SEX ON Poor to BLOOD PRESSURE. Fair. Sex Diastolic Pressure Systolic Pressure Number of Cases Male Female 1 44.0 43.7 93.3 97.7 6 9 " Good. Sex Diastolic Pressure Systolic Pressure Number of Cases Male Female 4a.5 43.1 94.7 95.3 11 9 Grand Average. Sex Diastolic Pressure Systolic Pressure Number of Cases Male Female 43.7 43.4 94.2 97.1 17 18 The systolic pressure of females appears slightly higher, yet the difference is so small as not to warrant drawing positive con- elusions. Yet should subsequent work substantiate the results here presented it would be wholly in accordance with the estab- lished fact that the systolic pressure of women tends to be higher than that of men. A further point of interest is that of six pregnant mares ex- amined five felh within the normal limits; the sixth presented a low — 26 mm. Hg. — diastolic pressure. Pregnacy probably has little effect on the blood pressure, though the number of cases examined is too small to draw definite conclusions from. CONCLUSIONS. (1) The ordinary type of sphygmomanometer as used in human practice is applicable in taking the blood pressure of the horse, mule and ox. 416 M. C. HALL (2) The normal diastolic pressure for the horse is from 40 to 50 mm. Hg. The normal systolic pressure is from 90 to 100. (3) The systolic pressure is subject to the widest variation; the diastolic pressure is more constant. (4) The systolic pressure is higher in the colt than in mature animals. An increase in blood pressure is common in old age. (5) Females have a slightly higher systolic pressure than males. (6) Weight and condition as to flesh seem not to have any noticeable influence upon the blood pressure. REFERENCES. ^ Stewart: Manual of Physiology. Wm. Wood & Co., New York City. Howell : Text Book of Physiology. W. B. Saunders, Philadel- phia. ^ Brooks and Luckhart: The Chief Physical Mechanisms Con- cerned in Clinical Methods of Measuring the Blood Pressure. The American Journal of Physiology, Vol. 40, No. 1, March, 1916. ^ Brooks and Bleile : Sounds Heard in the Auditory Method of Measuring the Blood Pressure. The Journal of the Ameri- can Medical Association, Vol. 71, pp. 514-517, Aug. 17, 1918. Acknowledgment is made to the cooperation of Drs. V. V. Brumley and J. U. Schoemaker^ who were of aid in placing much clinical material at the writer's disposal. STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS. I. EXPERIMENTS WITH REPEATED DOSES OF OIL OF CHENOPODIUM. Maurice C. Hall, Ph. D., D. V. M., 'Parasitologist, Research Laboratory, Parke, Davis & Co. Detroit, Michigan. The superiority of oil of chenopodium as an ascaricide to other ascaricidal anthelmintics, when suitable d,oses of the in- volved drugs are compared, has been experimentally established for the dog by the work of Hall and Foster in the Bureau of Animal Industry, and of Hall in this laboratory, for swine by Hall and Foster (most of the work on swine was done by Foster), ♦Resigned March 27, 1919. STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS 417 and has been clinically established in the case of man by numer- ous observations of physicians here and in the tropics. In the case of the ascarid of the horse, Hall, Wilson and Wigdor found chenopodium superior to most of the drugs commonly u.sed, and work by Hall, Smead and Wolf, to be published in a paper in this series, shows carbon bisulphid superior to chenopodium. The therapeutic dose of oil of chenopodium for removing ascarids from dogs has been found by the writer to be 0.1 m. p. k. (mil per kilo). In this dosage, experiments on dogs indicate that it is inferior to choloroform in single therapeutic dose of 0.2-0.3 m. p. k. in removing hookworms. In human medicine, it has been found necessary to give chenopodium in repeated doses, usually at hour intervals, in order to remove hookworms, and even under such conditions, several treatments are not in- frequently necessary. To determine the method in which cheno- podium could be successfully employed against the hookworm in the dog and to secure further data as to the anthelmintic action of this drug, the following experiments were performed : Chenopodium in Doses Repeated Over a Numher of Days. Dog No. 153, weighing 16 kilos, was given 2 minims of cheno- podium in 1 dram of castor oil daily for a total of 12 treatments in 13 days. The dog had distemper and died 2 days after the last treatment. No worms were passed. There were 7 whipworms postmortem. Treatment was therefore 0 percent effective against whipworms. Dog No. 158, weighing 16 kilos, was given the same treatment daily for a total of 17 treatments in 20 days, and killed the day after the last treatment. The dog passed no worms and had 6 whipworms postmortem. Efficacy against whipworms, 0 percent. Dog No. 152, weighing 12 kilos, was given the same treatment daily for a total of 18 treatments in 20 days, and killed 3 days after the last treatment. The dog passed 1 hookworm on the twelfth day after beginning treatment. It had 14 Dipylidium postmortem. Efficacy against hookworms, 100 per cent; against Dipylidium, 0 per cent. Dog No. 154, weighing 15 kilos, was given the same treatment for a total of 18 treatments in 20 days, and killed 3 days after the last treatment. Through the 8 days after the first treatment, the dog passed a total of 8 hookworms and none thereafter. Post- mortem it had 7 hookworms and 41 Dipylidium. Efficacy against hookworms, 53 per cent; against Dipylidium, 0 percent. It is 41S M. C. HALL remarkable that over half of the hookworms should yield to 7 treatments and the remainder resist a total of 18 treatments, but this is in keeping with the difficulties and uncertainties of hookworm treatments as shown in numerous other experiments. Dog No. 155, weighing 9.5 kilos, was given the same treatment for a total of 18 treatments in 20 days, and was killed 3 days later. In the first 3 days after the first treatment, the dog passed 2 hookworms and 1 was found in the large intestine postmortem. The dog had 2 other hookworms, 19 whipworms and 3 Dipylid- ium postmortem. Efficacy against hookworms, 60 percent; against whipworms and Dipylidimn, 0 percent. This shows the same peculiarities as regards the resistance of individual hook- worms to treatment. Dog No. 156, weighing 9 kilos, was given the same treatment for a total of 18 treatments in 20 days, and killed 3 days later. The second day after the first treatment, the dog passed 1 as- carid. No worms were found postmortem. Efficacy against as- carids, 100 percent. Dog No. 157, weighing 12 kilos, was given the same treatment for a total of 19 treatments in 23 days, and killed 1 day later. The ninth day after the first treatment, the dog passed 1 whip- worm. The dog had 16 whipworms postmortem. Efficacy against whipworms, 6 percent. Dog No. 159, weighing 14 kilos, was given the same treatment for a total of 19 treatments in 23 days, and killed 1 day later. The dog passed no worms and had 1 Dipyiidium postmortem. Efficacy against Dipyiidium, 0 percent. The preliminary fecal examination of this dog showed fluke eggs; no flukes were de- tected in the daily examination of the feces or postmortem. How- ever, these flukes, a species of Alaria (Hemistomum), are very small, not difficult to detect postmortem, but likely to be de- stroyed in feces and unrecognizable, and it is likely that the treat- ment removed them. Dog No. 162, weighing 12.75 kilos, was given 5 minims of oil of chenop odium in the soft, or soluble elastic, capsule, fol- lowed immediately by 2 drams of castor oil, daily, for a total of 12 doses in 13 days, and was killed 5 days later. The second day after the first treatment, the dog passed 1 whipworm. It had 2 Dipyiidium postmortem. Efficacy against whipworms, 100 percent; against Dipyiidium, 0 percent. Dog No. 163, weighing 15 kilos, was given the same treatment for a total of 12 treatments in 13 days, and was killed 5 days ««M!HIW^^^"™^i^iP later. The third day after the first treatment, the dog passed 1 hookworm, and 1 Dipylidium was found in the cecum post- mortem. There were 97 other Dipylidmm postmortem. Efficacy against hookworms, 100 percent; against Dipylidium, 1 percent. Dog No. 164, weighing 15 kilos, was given the same treatment for a total of 12 treatments in 13 days, and was killed 5 days later. The second day after the first treatment, the dog passed 1 hookworm. It had 3 Dipylidium postmortem. Efficacy against hookworms, 100 percent; against Dipylidium, 0 percent. Dog No. 165, weighing 14.5 kilos, was given the same treat- ment for a total of 12 treatments in 13 days, and was killed 5 days later. The fifth day after the first treatment, the dog passed 1 whipworm. It had 7 whipworms and 5 Dipylidium post- mortem. Efficacy against whipworm, 13 percent; against Dipy- lidium, 0 percent. Dog No. 166, weighing 12 kilos, was given the same treatment for a total of 12 treatments in 13 days, and was killed 2 days later. In the 5 days after the first treatment, the dog passed 29 ascarids, and in the 3 days after the first treatment, passed 24 Dipylidium. It had 1 whipworm postmortem. Efficacy against ascarids and Dipylidium, 100 percent; against whipworms, 0 percent. - -''-^m Dog No. 167, weighing 14.5 kilos, was given 12 treatments in 13 days, and was killed 2 days later. In the 2 days after the first treatment, it passed 2 ascarids, and in the 11 days after the first treatment, it passed 54 whipworms. It had 12 whipworms and 1 Dipylidium postmortem. Efficacy against ascarids, 100 percent ; against whipworms, 82 percent; against Dipylidium, 0 percent. Owing to an accident while collecting worms postmortem, some whipworms may have been lost, but the efficacy was about 75 percent or more. Dog No. 168, weighing 11.5 kilos, was given the same treat- ment for a total of 12 treatments in 13 days, and was killed 2 days later. The day after the first treatment, the dog passed 2 as- carids, and the tenth day after the first treatment, it passed 3 whipworms. It had no worms postmortem. Efficacy against as- carids and whipworms, 100 percent. Dog No. 169, weighing 12 kilos, was given the same treatment for a total of 12 treatments in 13 daysj and was killed 2 days later. The day after the first treatment, the dog passed 2 as- carids. It had 1 Dipylidium postmortem. Efficacy against as- carids, 100 percent ; against Dipylidium, 0 percent. 420 M. C. HAl^U Dog No. 283, weighing 11.5 kilos, was given 5 minims of oil of chenopodium in soft (soluble elastic) gelatine capsules, fol- lowed by 15 mils of castor oil. Treatment was repeated on the third, fifth and seventh days thereafter. The dog was found dead 3 days after the last treatment. In the 8 days following the first treatment, the dog passed 3 hookworms. It had 11 hook- worms postmortem. Efficacy against hookworms, 21 percent. Dog No. 228, weighing 8 kilos, was given chenopodium at the rate of 0.05 m. p. k., with 30 mils of castor oil. The next day the dose was repeated and the dog w^as killed 6 days after the second treatment. On the day following the second treatment, the dog passed 5 hookworms, and in the 4 days following the first treatment, it passed 31 whipworms. It had 16 hookworms, 175 whipworms, and 2 Dipylidium postmortem. Efficacy against hookworms, 24 percent; against whipworms, 15 percent; against Dipylidium, 0 percent. Chenopodium in Doses Repeated During One Day. (Of the following 7 experiments, the 4 with dogs 293, 294, 299 and 309 have already been published in another paper. They are repeated here for the sake of completion.) Dog No. 293, weighing 12 kilos, was given one 10-minim soft gelatine capsule of chenopodium every hour for a total of 3 doses, and the last dose was followed an hour later by 15 grams of Epsom salts in simple syrup. During the next 2 days the dog passed 4 hookworms, and was killed the fourth day after treatment. It had no worms postmortem. Efficacy against hook- worms, 100 percent. Dog No. 294, weighing 16 kilos, was given a 10-minim capsule of oil of chenopodium with % grain of cascarin; this was fol- lowed an hour later by a 10-minim capsule of chenopodium and another % grain of cascarin. In the next 4 days the dog passed 3 hookworms and 1 whipworm. It had 1 hookworm, 21 whip- worms, and 6 Taenia pisiformis postmortem. Efficacy against hookworms, 75 percent; against whipworms, 5 percent; against tapeworms, 0 percent. * Dog No. 299, weighing 15 kilos, was given one 10-minim soft capsule of chenopodium every hour for a total of 3 doses, and was fed uncooked meat immediately after each dose to see if it af- forded protection against the drug in the absence of purgation and also diminished the efficacy. The day after treatment, the dog passed 5 ascarids and 3 hookworms. It was killed the fourth STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS 421 day. It had 5 hookworms. Efficacy against ascarids, 100 per- cent; against hookworms, 37.5 percent. Dog No. 314, w-eighing 6 kilos, was given one 10-minim soft capsule of chenopodium at 8 : 30 A. M. and immediately fed some uncooked beef heart and bread. At 2 : 00 P. M. the dog was given a second 10-minim capsule and offered food, but re- fused it. At 4; 35 it was given a third capsule and food. At 9 : 00 A. M. the next day the dog was given 30 mils of castor oil. This was an attempt to determine the effects in the admin- istration of a capsule before each meal, advocated by some physi- cians in human cases of hookworm. The dog passed 2 ascarids the day after treatment, and w^as killed the fourth day. It had no W'Orms postmortem. Efficacy against ascarids, 100 percent. Dog No. 309, w^eighing 14 kilos, was given one 10-minim soft capsule every half hour for a total of 3 doses, the last dose being followed a half hour later by 30 mils of castor oil. At an un- determined interval after getting the castor oil, the dog broke out of its cage and ate some food. No worms were passed. The dog was killed the fifth day. It had 2 hookworms and 6 whip- worms. Efficacy against hookworms and whipworms, 0 percent. Dog No. 148, weighing 13 kilos, was given one 10-minim soft capsule of chenopodium every hour for a total of 3 doses, the last dose being followed immediately by 30 mils of castor oil. The dog passed no worms and was killed the fourth day. It had 6 whipworms. Efficacy against whipworms, 0 percent. Dog No. 151, weighing 13 kilos, was given one 5-minim soft capsule of chenopodium every hour for a total of 3 doses, the last dose being followed immediately by 30 mils of castor oil. The dog passed 1 hookworm the day after treatment and 2 whip- worms the third or fourth day after treatment. The animal was killed the fourth day. It had,l whipworm postmortem. Efficacy against hookworms, 100 percent ; against whipworms, 67 percent. Where very small doses of chenopodium, 2 minims, were given daily for a total of 12 (1 case), 17 (1 case), 18 (4 cases) and 19 (2 cases) treatments, the efficacy against ascarids was, as usual, 100 percent; against hookworms, 100, 60, 53 and 0 percent; against whipworms, 6, 0, 0, 0, and 0 percent; against Dipylidium, 0 percent (5 times). These experiments confirm the idea that chenopodium is successful against ascarids almost always, that repeated doses increase its efficacy against hook- w^orms, and that it should not be regarded as a taeniacide. They also bear out the writer 's suggestion that santonin is the remedy 422 M. C. HALL. of choice for whipworms, sls even these numerous treatments with small doses of chenopodium fail to remove these worms in most cases. Where larger doses of chenopodium, 5 minims, are given daily for 12 doses, the drug shows the expected efficacy against ascarids, 100 percent (4 cases) ; an efficacy against hookworms of 100 percent (2 cases) ; against whipworms, 100 (2 cases}, 75 to 82, 13 and 0 percent; and against tapeworms, 100, 1 and 0 (5 cases) percent. The efficacy against tapeworms is to be expected, the base of 100 percent efficacy against tapeworms is an accident, out of keeping with numerous failures on the part of this drug to remove any tapeworms whatever ; the whipworm findings indicate that repeated doses of 5 minims daily are much more effective than 2 minims daily; the findings for hookworm are based in both cases on a single hookworm and so are in- conclusive. A test of this same 5-minim dose every other day f orv4 days showed 21 percent efficacy against hookworms. A test of half the therapeutic dose (0.1 m. p. k.), or 0,05 m. p. k., given on 2 successive days, showed 24 percent efficacy against hookworms, 15 percent against whipworms, and 0 percent against Dipylidium. In the repeated doses given in 1 day, three 10-minim doses at hour intervals, followed by Epsom salts, were 100 percent effective against hookworm, and 67 and 0 percent effective against Whipworms; the same dose, given with cascarin, was 75 percent effective against hookworms, 5 percent effective against whip- worms, and 0 percent effective against tapeworms ; the same dose with meat, but without purgation, was 100 percent effective against ascarids and 37.5 percent effective against hookworms, the same dose, given 3 times during the day with food, was 100 percent effective against ascarids; the same dose, given every half hour and followed a half hour later by castor oil, was 0 percent effective against hookworms. The foregoing suggests that chenopodium in repeated doses of 5 minims daily for 12 doses is rather efficacious against as- carids, whipworms, and, probably, hookworms. But such pro- longed treatment is objectionable from the standpoint of the practitioner. The use of three 10-minim doses at hour intervals, followed by a purgative an hour later, gives promise of success in treating dogs as in treating man for hookworms, but, even as in that case, repeated treatments will not infrequently be STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS 42 3 necessary. This subject demands more data. Prolonged expe- rience to date only enables us to formulate the following state- ments with regard to oil of chenopodium: Oil of chenopodium has no equal as a drug for the removal of ascarids, as it will in the big majority of cases remove 100 percent of the worms present in the dog, and is apparently about as effective, under proper conditions of administration, against ascarids of man and swine. It is apparently as effective as anything against ascarids in the horse and will probably give satisfactory results when it has been sufficiently studied to ascer- tain the proper dose and mode of administration. Chenopodium does not have, in our experience, as much value for removing hookworms in single therapeutic dose as does chloroform, but such experimental evidence as we have, together with the clinical evidence of thousands of human cases treated with chenopodium, indicates that in repeated doses, either at hour intervals or on consecutive days, it should prove reasonably satisfactory against hookworms in dogs. No drug can be depended on to remove whipworms when given in single dose, as the writer has stated elsewhere. Re- peated doses of oil of chenopodium, 5 minims daily for 12 days, for instance, seem to give rather good results and warrant further investigations along this line. But the fact that santonin is not a gastro-intestinal irritant gives it the choice for use against whip- worms, so far as we are aware at present. It can be given in doses of a half -grain or a grain daily, with equal amounts of calomel, and seems entirely safe when so given, so far as our experiments show. Chenopodium will occasionally remove tapeworms, but the numerous failures to remove any in a long series of experiments show positively that it cannot be regarded as a suitable anthel- mintic for the removal of tapeworms, so far as dog tapeworms are concerned, and so far as findings in regard to them can be applied to other tapeworms and hosts. The national prohibition amendment will do one good thing, anyway, in the opinion of a well-known horseman of Salina, Kansas. It will give the horses, enough to eat. ''Closing the breweries has practically killed the demand for barley," said Mr. Price. ''Barley makes excellent feed for horses, and with corn, bran and chops at their present high prices, this is the solution of a problem." CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS. SARCO-CHONDRO-OSTEOMATA OF A HEN. B. F. Kaupp. From the Laboratory of Pathology of the North Carolina Experiment Station. Sarcomata develop either in previously normal tissue belong- ing to the connective-tissue group — as, subcutaneous tissue, or connective tissue of glands, etc. — or in some preexisting con- nective-tissue tumor, as a fibroma, chondroma, etc. The trans- formation of the parent tissue into tumor tissue takes place through the growth and multiplication of the existing cells. The division of the cells takes place chiefly by mitosis. FIGUKJi; 1. Sareo-Chondro-Osteomata of the Tibial Region of a S. C. Rhode Island Red Hen. CLINICAL \Nr> CASE REPORTS 425 FIGURE 2. Sarco-Chondro-Osteomata of the Thoracic Wall of a Hen. A, the Tumor. Chondromata develop chiefly in those places where cartilage is found normally — that is, in the osseous system or in the car- tilage of the respiratory tract; but they also occur in tissues which normally possess no cartilage — for example, in the salivary glands, and in the testicles and more rarely in other organs.* Like sarcomas, chondromas may be associated with other tumor tissue as sarcoma, myxoma, fibroma, etc. The cartilage may be- come ossified, forming osteomatous tissue. Osteomata is applied to tumors consisting of osseous tissue. Such growths arise chiefly from the bones of the skeleton, but may develop elsewhere. The abundant production of bone in a chondroma leads to the formation of an osteochondroma. Sarcomata are particularly liable to secondary changes. Areas in the tumor may show a decided disposition to complete the developmental tendency of connective tissue. As a result of such processes true bone formation may occur — osteosarcoma ; or cartilage may be produced — chondrosarcoma.! "^ Case Report. The case here described furnishes a tumor of multiplicity of tissues of a conjunctive nature. Similar tumors have been de- scribed in the bitch by Petit of France. * Ziegler, Ernst. General Pathology. Wm. Wood & Co.; New York, 1908. t Manual of Pathology, Coplin, W. M., P. Blakiston's Sons Co., Philadel- phia, Pa., 1908. 426 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS History. — A Single Comb Rhode Island Red hen was brought to the laboratory with the report that an enlargement had grad- ually been developing on the tibia just above the hock (Fig. 1). The bird was thin in flesh. There were also other tumors ob- served on the sides of the thoracic walls. The bird seemed to suffer no inconvenience, having a good appetite, and appeared happily disposed. The bird was killed by gas in the death chamber for autopsy purposes. Autopsy findings. — There is observed an irregular-shaped tumor on the left thoracic wall measuring 2 x 2 x 1.5 cm. There is also an irregular-shaped tumor on the right thoracic wall measuring 7x6x2 cm. This latter tumor is shown in Fig. 2A. These two tumors were attached to the ribs. A third hard tumor, irregular in shape, was observed on the leg just above the hock (Fig. 1). This tumor measured 7 x 10 x 11 cm. The tumor had no capsule ; on the other hand, presented rather a raw surface. It sprang from the subcutaneous connective tissue. Both macro- scopic and miscroscopic examination was made of these tumors. A sagittal section is shown of the tumor from the leg in Fig. 3. At a will be seen an osseous ulcer containing true bone tissue; at 5 is seen fibro-cartilage of this bone ; at c is sarcomatous tissue ; FIGURE 3. Sagittal Section of the Sarco-Chondro-Osteomata Shown in Figure 1. A, Osseous Ulcer ; B, Fibro-Cartilage ; C, Sarcomatous ; D, Hemorrhag-ic Spots, Frequent in Sarcomas ; E, Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue from Which Tumor Sprang". CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 427 at d is seen hemorrhagic spots, frequent in sarcomas ; at e is the skin and subcutaneous tissue from which the tumor springs. The sarcomatous elements are of the large spindle-celled variety. FAILURE OF BLACKLEG CULTURE FILTRATE TO CONFER LASTING IMMUNITY IN ANIMALS VACCINATED UNDER SIX MONTHS OF AGE. Geo. H. Hart, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of California, Berkeley, California. In January, 1918, two yearling heifer calves died of blackleg on the campus hill pasture occupied by the University Certified Dairy. This was the first appearance of the disease on this land, despite the fact that it had been used constantly for cattle during the last fourteen years and no preventive vaccination given. Cultures were made from the tissues of the second animal and B. Chauvei isolated by Dr. J. Traum, in the Veterinary Science Laboratory. The remaining animals, numbering 23 head, were vaccinated on January 23, 1918, with blackleg culture filtrate, including one calf. No. 2062, which wa^ born December 22, 1917, and was one month old at time of vaccination. On May 28, 1918, calf No. 2062 was found on the pasture with a large crepitating swelling on the left shoulder. One hundred and fifty mils of blackleg serum were immediately given subcutaneously, a portion at several points around the circumference of the swelling and fifty mils intravenously. The following day 100 mils additional were given intravenously. The animal recovered, but months elapsed before the swelling had entirely disappeared and* at present writing, one year after the attack, the animal is unable to perfectly use its left shoulder. It, therefore, had lost its im- munity and became naturally infected with the disease four months and five days after being vaccinated. On May 29, 1918, twenty animals were vaccinated, ten receiv- ing culture filtrate and ten tissue filtrate (aggressin). All of these animals had received a previous dose of culture filtrate on January 23. It was decided not to again vaccinate these animals unless more deaths occurred, and at the same time new calves weaned and turned on the range were to be given but one vac- cination. No cases of blackleg have occurred in the twenty head, sixteen of which are still on the range, three having been killed and one died from an injury. 42 8 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS The latter part of December, 1918, three weaned calves were vaccinated for the first time with culture filtrate and turned on the pasture. One of these calves. No. 2064, was born on Sep- tember 7, and was therefore over three months old when vac- cinated. On April 18, 1919, this animal was found dead and a positive diagnosis of blackleg made and B. Chauvei isolated. This animal, therefore, had lost its imm.unity and succumbed to a natural infection with blackleg four months after being vacci- nated. In many parts of California it is necessary to vaccinate calves well under six months of age, to prevent losses. When such vac- cination is applied to young animals it should be repeated twice yearly, the same as though the old muscle vaccine were being used. TENDONITIS AND PERIOSTITIS RESULTING FROM INJURY BY A CELLULOID SPIROLET LEG BAND. B. F. Kaupp, From the Laboratory of Pathology of the North Carolina Experiment Station. History. A one-year-old Single Comb Rhode Island Red cock from pen 26 trap-nested Rhode Island Reds on the Experiment Station poultry plant. The bird had always been in good health. He was marked with a celluloid leg band for purpose of identifica- tion. The band had worked its way to near the hock and had become, by pressure, partly imbedded into the skin of the region. As a result of this injury tendonitis and later productive in- flammation with periostitis developed. ^ Symptoms. The bird was first noted to be lame. Upon examination the spirolet band was found injuring the leg and was removed. The bird continued to become worse and was finally removed from the flock and placed in the hospital. The posterior portion of the leg in the metatarsal region was swollen and appeared to contain an abscess. The part was lanced and a quantity of cheesy pus removed. This treatment was re- peated at intervals of about ten days for about a month. After curetting, each time, the wound was treated with iodine. Finally the abscess condition appeared to have disappeared but there CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 429 Figure 1. Early stages of tendonitis caused by injury in a S. C. Riiode Island Red cock. Figure 2. Periostitis with exostaosis of distal end of tibia and proximal end of metatarsus. 1, tibia ; 2, metatarsus ; 3, bony deposits. was a productive inflammation involving the tendons of the flexor region and the other soft structure, as shown in Fig. 1. 430 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS Repeated painting of these tendons with iodine did not in any way control the inflammation, and finally the entire hock joint became. affected. Finally, after about four months, during which time the bird became extremely emaciated, the patient was de- stroyed for study purposes. During these weeks the bird showed evidence of considerable pain. Autopsy. A post-mortem examination showed the hock joint to be greatly enlarged and hard to the touch, with the exception of the outer upper portion of the enlargement, which showed a fluctu- ating spot suggestive of an abscess. This surface was sterilized with alcohol and with a sterile knife was lanced and found to contain a cheesy pus. After inoculating some culture medium, for study of a possible organism, a smear was made and stained with aqueous fuchsin for study. This material was found to be made up of polymorphonuclear cells with a few mononuclears and some erythrocytes with a small coccus or diplococcus. The specimen was boiled and the soft structures removed, so that the bony parts could be studied. There was evidence of a periostitis with abundant exostosis formation, as shown in Fig. 2. Bacteriological Study. Character of the organism. — The organism, as it appears in prepared specimens, is a small coccus about 0.7 micron in diam- eter and appears single, in pairs, or in groups. There are no spores, flagella, or capsules. It grows rather slow, the optimum temperature being 37 °C. Staining reactions, readily with ordinary aniline dyes as fuchsin, Loffler's alkaline methylene blue and gentian violet. Reaction to gram stain, positive. Cultural features. — Agar stroke, growth slow at first, was abundant by the end of 48 hours. Forna of growth, echinulate. Elevation, raised. Luster, glistening. Topography, surface smooth. Optical characters, opaque. Chromogenesis, dirty yel- low. Potato. — Growth, moderate. Form of growth, little tendency to spread. Elevation, flat. Luster, dull. Topography, con- toured. Chromogenesis. — Light orange-yellow. Diastatic action, stronof. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 431 Agar Stah. — Growth, moderate. Best on top. Line of punc- ture, scant and echinulate. Gelatin Stah. — Growth slow with liquefaction after ten days. Nutrient Broth. — Surface growth, small pellicles at end of 48 hours. Clouding, diffuse cloudiness, later medium becomes clear with a slightly yellowish sediment. Milk. — Coagulates milk in 9 days at 37 °C., with very slow digestion of the curd. The coagulum is very firm. Agar Colonies. — Colonies at the end of 24 hours vary in diam- eter up to 1 mm. The edges are smooth and the color is orange- yellow. Growth in Broth Over Chlo'roform. — No growth occurs. Growth in Glycerol Broth. — The organism grew abundantly in the open arm without gas formation. There was formation of 5 per cent acid. Reduction of Nitrates. — At the end of 14 days there was a marked reduction of nitrates. Formation of Indol.- — Negative. Growth Under Oil. — Slow growth, showing it to be a facul- tative anaerobe. Thermal Death Point. — Time of exposure in water bath, 10 minutes. Temperature (C) 1 o O 43 2 O (0 00 «3 05 13 Control + + + + + 46 4- + + + + + + + + 50 + + + + + + 54 58 62 64 "" — "" — The exposure to 58 °C. arrests growth and 62 °C. kills the organism. 432 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS Below is given the results of the action of this organism on six different sugars. All fermentation tubes contained 1% of the sugar. Titration made at the end of 14 days. Sugar 2 § CD < Maltose 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 3.0 4.5 3.0 5.5 4.5 0.5 3.5 4.5 3.5 5.0 4.5 0.5 3.25 4.50 Saccharose 3.25 Mannite Lactose . . . . . . 5.25 4 50 Raffinose 0.50 There was no change in the raffinose. There was strong acid formation in the maltose, dextrose, saccharose, mannite and lac- tose. This organism corresponds to type A of Staphylococcus aureus as indicated by McFarland.^ This organism corresponds very close to Ml as described by Jones,^ though an absolute comparison cannot be made owing to the fact that Jones titrated at five days and we titrated at 14 days. However, we have, as in his Ml, the organism-forming clumps, orange to orange-yellow (his was orange), milk firmly coagulated, fermentation with acid production in dextrose, lac- tose, saccharose and maltose, with no acid formation in raffinose. We did not try our organism in silicin or inulin. Our organism belongs to the staphylococcus group and not to the galactococcus group. In terms of the numerical system of recording the salient characters of an organism (group number), as suggested by the Society of American Bacteriologists, we have as a total 221.2223612. Pathogenicity. In the early part of this paper it was shown that this organ- ism was isolated, in pure culture, from the shank of a Single Comb Rhode Island Red cock. The following inoculations were made upon other birds. 1 Joseph McFarland, Pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa, p. 342, 1912. 2 F. S. Jones, Studies in Bovine Mastitis, III. Infection of the Udder with Micrococci and Other Microorganisms. Jr. Exp. Med., Dec. 1, 1918, Vol. xxviii. No. 6, pp. 721-733. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 433 Case No. 1. — A Single Comb White Leghorn hen, leg band No. A13, was inoculated with 3 c.c. of an emulsion in bouillon into the left shank, forcing the liquid along the flexor tendons and around the hock. The bird at the end of 24 hours showed great depression, lameness and a partial loss of appetite. Consider- able local reaction resulted, the part being hot and sensitive to touch. The bird was unable to use its leg, gradually became emaciated, finally a total loss of appetite with fatal diarrhoea, the bowel discharges being of a greenish-yellow color and fluid in consistency. The bird died on the 24th, or eleven days after inoculation. Upon opening the abdominal and thoracic cavities the organs appeared normal, with the exception of the kidneys, which ap- peared a grayish color, indicating a possible cloudy swelling. Cultures were made from the kidneys, liver and heart blood. The swelling of the shank at the point of inoculation had subsided. All inoculated tubes showed pure cultures of the Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus inoculated. The organism, in this case inocu- lated subcutan(^ously into the shank, produced a local reaction which subsided in a few days without suppuration, and a fatal septicemia, which caused the death of the bird in eleven days, giving the above clinical picture. The liver and kidneys, upon microscopic examination, showed cloudy swelling. Case No. 2. — A Single Comb White Leghorn hen, leg band No. 42, was inoculated with 4 c.c. of an emulsion in bouillon subcutaneously and in the left shank. The point of inoculation, at the end of 24 hours, was hot and painful to the touch, indicating a rather violent local reaction. There was a gradual loss of appetite, with resultant loss of flesh. Diarrhoea developed, but subsided in about ten days. This bird was inoculated on January 13, 1919. On March 6, 1919, she was observed and measurements taken. Her original weight was 3.1 pounds; she now weighed 2.5 pounds and appeared cheerful. The left hock was enlarged with apparent exostosis and the leg could not be extended, it apparently being in constant flexion, perhaps due to the fact that the bird, unable to use the leg, held it constantly in a flexed position. The right hock measured 5.5 cm. in circumference and the left, or inoculated hock, 7 cm. in circumference. The inoculation was not made directly into the hock but midway of the metatarsus and by pressure forced up into the hock along the flexor tendons. The bird now has a good appetite. 434 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS The bird was killed in the death chamber and shank cooked to determine the extent of exostosis that had taken place. It was evidenced that the bird had gained considerable of her weight she had lost as a result of the severe symptoms following the injection, in which there appeared a possible septicemia but from which she had now entirely recovered with the exception of the hock lesion. After cooking out the tibia and metatarsus an examination of the bones revealed an ulceration, or destruction of the articular cartilage of the upper distal end of the metatarsus, and a begin- ning exostosis of the distal end of the tibia outside the ulcerated portion. This organism has, then, reproduced the condition found in the cock from which it was first isolated. Case No. 3. — A Single Comb Rhode Island Red cockerel, eight months old, was inoculated in the right shank. The method of inoculation was as follows : A sterile thread was pulled through between the flexor tendons by aid of a curved needle. As the string was pulled through a loopful of the culture from an agar slant was placed upon it so that inoculation was along the course of the string, thus making a foreign body by clipping the string close on each side of the leg. The inoculation was made on January 29, 1919, and on February 2, 1919, there was noted an acute suppurative process following the usual symptom of heat, swelling and painfulness to the touch. Like the two preceding inoculations, the bird was not able to bear any weight on the inoculated leg and, in fact, held the leg suspended in the air. This was followed by a gradual loss of appetite with gradual emaciation, and the bird died at 2 p. m., February 12, 1919, in a very emaciated condition. Like the two previous cases, the bird developed a diarrhoea, the bowel discharges being of a yellowish- green color. Autopsy. After the skin in the region of the point of inoculation of the shank had been sterilized with alcohol an incision was made into the point of inoculation. There was present a small amount of cheesy pus along the thread, from which a pure culture of the Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus was obtained. The kidneys ap- peared a pale gray, indicating a cloudy swelling. The ureters were blocked, being distended with a pasty material in the ante- rior portion, and a watery material in the posterior part. Sec- tioned surfaces of the kidneys showed both active and passive CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 435 congestion. Pure culture of the organism was recovered from the kidneys and also from the liver. The liver was dark in color and apparently congested, as noted from the sectioned surface. Microscopic Study. Liver, both active and passive congestion. Cloudy swelling is present. In some sections the nuclei stain faintly or not at all, and the cytoplasm in these cells stains very faintly. These areas are nearing a state of focal necrosis. In these areas there are noted some cells in a state of mitosis. Kidneys, both active and passive congestion is present. In the convoluted tubules to some extent, and to a greater extent in the collecting tubules, there are noted both polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leucocytes. Cloudy swelling of the cells of the tubules is present and in some zones the cells are swollen and their bases have left the periphery and moved toward the center, partially, and in some cases completely, clouding the lumen. In some areas the cytoplasm and nuclei stain very faintly and are apparently nearing a state of focal necrosis. Case No. 4. — Rabbit inoculation. To determine if this organ- ism will produce a suppurative inflammation in the rabbit there was given subcutaneously to a half -grown hare 2 c.c. of a bouillon culture. At the end of 24 hours there was slight induration at the point of inoculation, with some heat and tenderness. .By the end of the third day all indications of a disturbance at the point of inoculation had subsided. This is only one test, but in this case the organism failed to produce abscess. Summary. There is here presented a case of infection of the fowl with the Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus. The organism is isolated in pure culture from an abscess of the hock. Infection of the hock with Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus in this case caused abscess, with exostosis and immobility of the joint. Inoculations of the above organism into other fowls produced in one a similar condition of abscess and exostosis. In others it caused a fatal septicemia, the organism being reisolated from the kidneys, liver and heart blood. In one inoculaJ:ion of the hare subcutaneously by the above organism no abscess or septicemia was produced. 436 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS PSEUDO-LEUKAEMIA IN A DOG. H. J. Milks, Department of Small Animal Diseases, and S. A. Goldberg, Department of Pathology, New York State Veterinary Colleg-e, at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. A three year old grey fox hound male. The owner stated that the animal progressively lost weight for about two months. The clinical examination showed the animal greatly emaciated, the ribs and hip bones standing out prominently. He showed slight dullness and depression. All the external lymph glands were enlarged, firm and prominent. The abdomen was slightly tucked up, and palpation showed several large hard masses, probably enlarged lymph glands. The temperature for five days varied from 102.3°F. to 103.4°F.; the pulse varied from 108 to 120 ; the respiration varied from 24 to 50. Blood examina- tion showed Hgemoglobin 96%, Erythrocytes 3,146,000, Leu- cocytes 7200. No differential count was made. Presumptive diagnosis, pseudoleukiemia or Hodgkin's disease. The animal was destroyed by chloroform. Autopsy protocol. — The external examination showed the animal to be greatly emaciated. All the superficial lymph glands were greatly enlarged. The mucous membranes and conjunctivae appear.ed normal. Internal examination showed the animal to be in very poor condition. There was very little subcutaneous and subperitoneal fat. The peritoneum, as well as the arrangement of the organs, was normal. The spleen was of a bright red color throughout. It was greatly enlarged, being 29 cm. long, 14 cm. wide at its widest point, gradually tapering down to 6 cm. at its opposite end, and 3 cm. thick at the thickest point. It weighed 316 gms. On section it bulged. There were rounded whitish nodules, .5 mm. to 2 mm. in diameter, uniformly distributed throughout the splenic pulp. Microscopically, the splenic pulp was nearly entirely gone. There was an infiltration of round cells resembling lymphocytes throughout. There was also considerable hyperaemia. The trabe- culae were also greatly infiltrated by round cells. The kidneys were slightly lighter than normal. On section they bulged slightly, the cortices were somewhat lighter than normal. There was a red zone of hyperaemia between the cortices and medullas. The medulla were normal. Microscopically, the CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 437 figure; 1. glomerular arterioles were markedly congested. Most of the Bow- man's capsules were filled with coagulum. The convoluted tubules showed marked cloudy swelling. There were few casts in the straight tubules. The liver was slightly enlarged and lighter in color than normal. It appeared normal in consistency. The lobules were apparent. The centers of the lobules were red, while at the periph- ery they appeared yellowish white. On section blood oozed out. The liver tissue appeared- somewhat .hazy. It bulged very slightly on section. Weight of the organ was 950 gms. Micro- scopically, all the periportal spaces and the interlobular con- nective tissue were infiltrated by small round cells resembling lymphocytes. There was less infiltration around the central veins. The liver cells showed granular and fatty degeneration and there was some congestion of the sinusoids. There was little greyish semiliquid feces in the intestines. The stomach was nearly empty. The mucosa of the intestines was uniformly thickened, of a greyish color and thrown into folds. The other coats were also somewhat thickened. The Peyer's patches were apparently not enlarged. Microscopically, the intestinal mucosa showed marked mucoid degeneration. Prac- tically the entire epithelium was replaced by goblet cells. There was a marked increase in the connective tissue of the submucosa. The other coats were normal. 438 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS The prostate gland was somewhat enlarged, otherwise the genital organs appeared normal. Microscopically, the prostate gland showed hypertrophy and degeneration. The bone marrow was lighter in color than normal, otherwise it was apparently unchanged. In the brain the meninges were congested, the lateral ven- tricles were apparently somewhat distended. The floor of the lateral ventricles and the choroid plexuses were somewhat con- gested. Microscopically, the meninges showed some congestion, otherwise the brain appeared normal. The pleurae were apparently normal. The lungs showed some anthracosis, otherwise they appeared normal. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 439 In the heart the myocardium was lighter in color than normal. The valves, endo,, and pericardium were normal. The coronary- vessels were congested. Microscopically, the myocardium showed marked cloudy swelling, the epicardium showed some congestion. There was no lymphocytic infiltration in any part of the heart muscle. All the lymph glands were greatly enlarged, some were slightly congested, but most of them were of a greyish or yellow- ish grey color. On section they bulged and appeared homoge- neous. The larger lymph glands showed some softening in the center. The Ij^mph vessels draining into the lymph glands were prominent, as were also the lymph ducts. Microscopically, the structure of the lymph glands was entirely changed. The lymph 440 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS nodules, as well as the sinuses, were obliterated. They presented a uniform mass of lymphocytes, some of which showed degenera- tion. The trabeculae and the capsules were infiltrated by lymph- ocytes. The following is a description of the lymph glands in detail, giving the dimensions in centimeters and the weights of the groups in grams : Number of Glands Found Dimensions in Centimeters Wt. of Group in gms. First Second Third Fourth L. Submaxillary R. « 3 3 2 2 2 1 Constricted at each end 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 3 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 11 2 4 3 3 12 6x3x2 6.2x4.5x2.3 2x1. 7x. 9 2x1.8x1.2 8.5x4.5x2.5 Body 6x4x2.5 7.2x6.4x3 7x5.5x4 5.5x5x2 3x2x1 7x2.5x2 See below 3.8x1.8x1.2 3.1x1.8x1.8 1.9x1.6x1 2.8x2x1.4 2.8x1.8x1.2 2.5x1.5x1.4 1.6xl.3x.7 2.3x2x1.2 7x4x2.3 8x5x3.5 5x3.5x2.5 5x3.5x2.5 3.2x2.5x1.6 5th 1.6x1.4x1.1 Smallest .8x.6x.4 4.5x3x2.5 7.1x3.7x3.7 12x8.5x5 5x3.2x2.5 Largest 8x4.5x3.5 4x4x2.5 3.4x3x3.2 .9X.8X.5 2.3xlx.8 3.2xl.9x.8 Ant. Const. 2x2x1 7x4.5x2.5 6.5x4.7x3 3x2x1 3x3.2x1.3 45.5 48.5 L. Subparotid R " 5 5 8 0 L. Retropharyngeal R. 55 0 Post. Const. 4x4x3.2 49 0 L. Prescapular R " 107 0 112 5 L. Subscapular R « 33.5 15.0 R. « 2.8x1x1 1.9xlx.6 2.5xl.2x.8 1.8x1.5x1 .7X.7X.7 19.0 R. « 1.3X.5X.5 18.0 L. Int. Inguinal R " 14 5 L Sacral R. " 2.5x1.5x1 2.5xl.4x.9 16.0 L Ischiatic R " . . 7 5 L. Ext. Inguinal R " 100.0 L. Popliteal R " 56.0 Sternal 4x2.5x1.5 6th 1.7xl.3x.9 Largest 2.5x1.5x1 1.2x1.2x1 3.5x2.5x2.5 5x5x3.5 3.9x2.7x2 Smallest 2x1. 2x. 8 3.3x2.3x1.2 2.5x1.7x1.3 30.0 Mediastinal 25 0 Gastric 1.9x1.3x1.5 1x1x1 2.9x2.5x2 1.5xl.2x.9 82.5 267.0 Rectal 35.5 129.0 A few of the lymph glands are worthy of special mention. The mesenteric gland was in the form of a coiled mass surround- ing the caecum and the ileo-csecal valve. The coil was 15 cm. in diameter and 9 cm. thick. It weighed 637 gms. There was a group of lymph glands in the region of the vena cava and the abdominal aorta on the abdominal surface of the CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 441 ^^ '^•^^*iP# ^c University Farm. Evening,. ' Address of Welcome — Mr. F. E. Little, Mayor of Brainerd. Response — Dr. C. P. Fitch, University Farm. Live StocK Sanitary Control Measures, Laws and Regula- tions, Dr. C. E. Cotton, Secretary Minnesota Live Stock Sani- tary Board, St. Paul. On July 1, 1919, the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry Regulation 7 will become effective. This regulation is to pre- vent the spread of tuberculosis in cattle and swine and control the interstate movement of all cattle. The tuberculin tests and health certificates of veterinarians in Minnesota whose com- petency and reliability are certified to by the Executive Officer of the Live Stock Sanitary Board, will be acceptable to the Bureau. The Bureau regulation for a proper tuberculin test and health certificate will be discussed and understood. 484 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS The last legislature passed a law relative to controlling and regulating the use of serum-virus treatment for hog cholera. The Live Stock Sanitary Board's interpretation of this law and rulings will be explained and a discussion invited. After the program a smoker will be tendered the association by the Brainerd Chamber of Commerce. THURSDAY. Morning. The work of the State Veterinary Examining Board, Mr. A. J. Tupa, Executive Secretary, St. Paul. Case Reports ; Sterility of Cattle, Dr. K. J. McKenzie, North- iield. Retained Placenta, Dr. W. L. Boyd, University Farm. Army Veterinary Service in France, Major D. B. Palmer, Minneapolis. Afte'rnoon. An auto tour will be provided by the Brainerd Chamber of Commerce in order to visit some of the neighboring herds. On this trip Mr. W. A. McKerrow, Extension Live Stock Specialist, University Farm, will give a demonstration of the judging of live stock. Adjournment. On Wednesday evening a reception for the ladies is planned at the Ransford Hotel. A theater party for the ladies will be given at the Best Theater on Thursday afternoon. Reservations for rooms should be made early, as a large crowd is expected. C. P. Fitch, Sec.-Treas. TIPPECANOE (INDIANA) VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The most successful meeting ever held by the Tippecanoe Veterinary Medical Association took place June 5. Afternoon session at the Veterinary Building, Purdue University, where Dr. Cotton of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C, gave a splendid address on contagious abortion disease. A banquet was held at 6 o'clock at one of the local hotels in honor of the veterinarians who have returned from service. Dr. Roy B. Whitesell of Lafayette gave a resume of his experience on the battlefield. Dr. Whitesell was among the first veterinarians to go across after we entered the war. OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 485 Dr. R. F. Smith of Burrows also gave a brief review of Ms experience in France, Italy and a visit to Austria and Hungary- after the armistice was signed. Dr. Smith had the pleasure of interviewing Drs. Hutyra and Marek while in Budapest. He was greatly impressed with the magnificent equipment of the Royal Veterinary College. Following this, Professor G. L. Roberts of Purdue University, who was head of the educational reconstruction of the West Baden Hospital, gave a stereopticon lecture, pointing out the methods and systems adopted in fitting the unfortunate crippled soldiers to take up a new life work. L. C. Kigin, Secretary and Treasurer. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY VETERINARIANS. Dr. J. A. Kiernan, chairman of our Committee on Legislation and Publicity, Washington, D. C, wired this office on the 4th inst. that the agricultural appropriation bill for the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1919, passed the House of Representatives on June 4, containing the Rainey amendment and the overtime pay provision as it passed the House in the sixty-fifth Congress, and that Congressman Rainey feels confident that the House action will be confirmed by the Senate. The following is a copy of that section of the agricultural bill containing the above-mentioned legislation: ^'MEAT INSPECTION, BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY: For additional expenses in carrying out the provisions of the meat-inspection act of June 30, 1906 (thirty-fourth statutes at large, page 674), there is hereby appropriated for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1920, the sum of $803,960 ; provided, that here- after the Secretary of Agriculture is authorized, in his discretion, to pay employees of the Bureau of Animal Industry employed in establishments subject to the provisions of the meat-inspection act of June 30, 1906, for all overtime work performed at such establishments, at such rates as he may determine, and to accept from such establishments wherein such overtime work is per- formed reimbursement for any sums paid out by him for such overtime work." This means that, if the House provision prevails in the Senate, funds will be available with which to grant basic (permanent) 486 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS salary increases of $120 each per annum to 2,932 employees in the meat inspection service who are now receiving basic salaries of $2,500 or less per annum. This increased appropriation will also permit of basic salary increases of $240 each per annum to 11 veterinary inspectors in the meat inspection division now receiving basic salaries in excess of $2,500 per annum. The permanent salary increases that will be made possible through the Rainey amendment are in addition to the temporary bonus of $240 per annum provided for in Section 7 of the legis- lative, executive and judicial bill for the fiscal year 1920, which is quoted verbatim on pages 33 and 34 of the proceedings of our Philadelphia convention. You will note that those 11 veterinary inspectors who stand to receive a basic salary increase of $240 per annum through the Rainey funds are barred from any tem- porary salary increases through the legislative act. It is my understanding that the agriculture bill for the fiscal year 1920, as passed by the House during the present Congress, also provides sufficient lump sum appropriations to permit veter- inarians in branches of the Bureau service, other than meat in- spection, to receive basic salary increases on about the same basis as herein specified for veterinarians in the meat inspection service. S. J. Walkley, Secretary. Dr. William E. "White is in charge of the Bureau cooperative hog cholera work in the state of South Carolina, with head- quarters at Columbia. He is associated with the State Veter- inarian, Dr. R. 0. Feeley, who is also an official in the State College of Agriculture. Dr. Charles E. Schneider has been placed in charge of federal meat inspection at Albert Lea, Minn., vice Dr. George W. Knorr, resigned to engage in outside business. Drs. Solon Gillen, A. C. Curtiss, Jay B. Current, Jay W. Reeder, William C. Storch and Frank J. Lingo have been added to the force of inspectors at Columbus, Ohio, engaged in the eradication of tuberculosis. The Louisiana State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners met in Baton Rouge, Wednesday, June 11, and examined six applicants for license to practice veterinary medicine in Lou- isiana. COMMUNICATIONS. STOCKYARDS AGAIN OPEN TO PUBLIC. To the Editor: We are of the opinion your readers will be interested in the following and for that reason are sending it to you for your news columns. Armour & Co. After being closed for two years, due to government restric- tions prohibiting visitors from the stockyards because of the war, Armour & Co.'s huge plant in the Chicago stockyards is again open to visitors. This announcement will prove of interest to not only people who intend to visit Chicago some time this summer but to many others as well because, the announcement says, ' ' preparations are being made by Armour & Co. to open their other plants in vari- ous parts of the country so that a trip through a packing plant, which is an educational one, will not just be limited to Chicagoans or visitors to Chicago, but to people in fifteen different parts of the United States, where Armour & Co. have packing plants. Uniformed guides are in attendance to explain the various inter- esting things to be seen." ANTHRAX AND SERUM. To the Editor: The approach of the anthrax or charbon season naturally brings to mind our experience of former years, and in this con- nection, I recall most vividly my experience in the use of anti- anthrax serum as a curative agent during the season of 1918. We were using the serum from two of the principal biological houses as a curative agent, with very flattering results, using from one to two hundred cubic centimetres intravenously as an initial dose and following this up with either intravenous or subcutaneous doses, as the case seemed to indicate. Along about August the supply of serum ran out, and after two or three weeks' continuous telegraphing we at last procured a new supply. We immediately resumed our treatment, as the infection at that time was very prevalent, but with absolutely negative results ; in fact, losing over ninety per cent of the cases treated with the second supply of serum. Now, the question arises, what was the cause of this sudden change. tSS COMMUNICATIONS We know that the bacillus of anthrax is a microorganism of varying virulence, as proven by the fact of the manufacture of No. 1 and No. 2 viruses. It stands to reason that if the Bacillus anthracis may be cultivated in the laboratory of two such dis- tinct strengths as we have in our No. 1 and No. 2 vaccine, then the same condition may, and in all probability does, obtain in nature. The conditions under which these bacilli grow must necessarily govern their virulence. The question is, was there a sudden change from a low viru- lence in the spring, when we were having ninety per cent recov- eries with the use of anti-anthrax serum, to a very high viru- lence in the fall, when we were having a ninety per cent loss with the same treatment, or was there a diminution in the potency in the second lot of anti-anthrax serum. We would be pleased to have some one answer this inquiry. F. J. Douglass. New Orleans, La. ABOUT SECTION 7, CODE OF ETHICS. Editor of the Journal : Section 7, Article 19, of the by-laws of the Association, deal- ing with the Code of Ethics, is as follows : "It shall be deemed a violation of the Code of Ethics for any member of this Asso- ciation to contract with or through the officers of any live stock insurance company for professional treatment of the members' stock so insured, but this rule shall not prevent any member from becoming an examiner of risks and acting in the capacity of an expert for same." Come now the insurance companies with a contract amount- ing to an agreement in direct violation of the above code, but offering a fair and just remuneration for such services and de- manding skillful and scientific work. If a large number of animals are insured this work will amount to considerable. On the other hand, if we refuse to sign up with them some non- member will get it, with the result that it will amount to a loss of a part of our routine practice. What are we to do? The question is this : Is this part of the code fair to the members ? If it is, then please will some one state why? If it is not, then why let it stand ? As yet we do not know to what magnitude the live stock insurance business may grow. However, it is well to be prepared so that if it should meet with more or less universal favor with the stock raiser and prove COMMUNICATIONS 489 a practical economy to him that we may not have to relinquish a part of our legitimate income to some other man just l;ecause the Code of Ethics of the Association of which we have the honor of being members tells us that we must. G. E. JORGENSON, Assistant State Veterinarian. Clermont, Iowa. Marechal Petain Decorating Major G. R. Powell with Legion d'Monneur. Veterinary Corps, A. E. F. Editor of the Journal : I am sending you a little snapshot of something that may be of interest to the readers of the Journal. 490 COMMUNICATIONS The picture is of the famous French general, Marechal Petain, decorating Major G. R. Powell, V. C, Assistant Chief Veterina- rian, A. E. F., with the Legion d'Honneur. Major Powell hails from Cleveland, Ohio, and I believe is the first American veterinary officer to be decorated with the Legion of Honor and the only one to be personally decorated by the famous Petain. Yours truly, William D. Odou, Captain, V. C. A HIGH COMPLIMENT TO THE B. A. I. AND TO THE VETERINARY PROFESSION. Washington, D. C, May 29, 1919. Dear Doctor Mohler : I understand that the Bureau of Animal Industry is thirty- five years old today. The progress that the Bureau has made since its establishment is little short of marvelous. It is now, without a doubt, the most effective organization of its kind in the world, and I think it deserves the congratulations of the whole nation for the achievements to its credit. We all wish the Bureau many, many happy returns of the day. Sincerely yours, (Signed) F. R. Harrison, Assistant to the Secretary. REGULATIONS FOR INSPECTION OF LIVE STOCK. The regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture for the in- spection and quarantine of horses, cattle, sheep, swine and other animals imported into the United States, issued under date of April 23, 1918, effective May 1, 1918, as amended, are hereby further amended by revoking regulation 39 thereof. This amendment shall become and be effective on and after July 1, 1919. Done in the District of Columbia this 17th day of May, 1919. Witness my hand and the seal of the Department of Agricul- ture. (Signed) D. F. Houston, (Seal) Secretary of Agriculture. IVnSCELLANEOUS. VACCINATING STOCKER AND FEEDER HOGS TO PROTECT COUNTRY'S SWINE INDUSTRY. In an effort to protect the swine industry of the country against the possibility of introducing sick hogs into well herds, and at the same time to permit the shipment from stockyards of stocker and feeder hogs, the United States Department of Agri- culture conducts a system of vaccination against cholera as a part of its inspection service at the various stockyards centers. More than 324,000 hogs were immunized for shipment as stockers and feeders from stockyards of 18 cities during the six months from July to December, 1918, inclusive. To accom- plish this without spreading disease in the face of all the attend- ant dangers, required such close care that the wisdom of some phases of the inspection system may not have been always ap- parent to all concerned. A description of the conditions under which stockers and feeder cattle are inspected is contained in a statement recently issued by the Bureau of Animal Industry of the department. With swine moving by carloads and trainloads from pro- ducing areas into public stockyards of the country, says the statement, the pens of such yards are inevitably infected with the common swine diseases, of which cholera is the most important. Owing to this condition Federal regulations formerly required the slaughter of swine received, but after the serum and virus treatment against hog cholera was standardized, the possibility of reshipping immature hogs for further feeding resulted in a modification of the rules. Under the plan now in force swine properly vaccinated and disinfected may be reshipped for any purpose, including breeding. PURPOSE AND METHODS OF INSPECTION. Immunizing hogs against cholera is a veterinary procedure, including the preventive-serum treatment, taking of tempera- tures, and observing the condition of the animal during the test period. Necessarily the official regulations are of technical char- acter, and it has come to the attention of the Department of Agriculture that in some cases the rules have been misinterpreted 492 MISCELLANEOUS SO as to make tliem appear responsible for fluctuations in the stock-hog market. For the information of the public, the Bureau of Animal Industry outlines briefly the method of inspection : All public stockyards are considered to be infected and swine are, therefore, exposed to the contagion from the time of their entry into the yards ; consequently, it is important that they be immunized promptly after arrival at such yards to protect them against contracting the disease. For that reason the department opposes the immunization of swine that have been so exposed for more than five days. Hogs, though they may not show physical symptoms of cholera, may in some instances be affected with the disease to such an extent that immunization will not protect them. VALUE OF FIVE-DAY LIMIT. If the five-day limit were not applied many animals in this condition might be shipped to the feed lots, which would result in serious financial loss to the buyer through a high percentage of mortality, besides creating a center of infection in that com- munity. It is not permissible to immunize swine for immediate ship- ment interstate if they show symptoms of contagious or infectious disease. If a considerable percentage of the animals in a lot is found to have high temperatures, the possible presence of such disease is indicated, and the animals are not immunized or permitted to be shipped interstate. It is possible to have hogs with high temperatures as a result of conditions surrounding the shipment to market, in which case they will return to normal within a short time. In these instances the owner is permitted to present the animals for reexamination as frequently as desired within the five-da}^ limit, and if, upon such reexamination, they are found to be normal their immunization is supervised, and after they are disinfected a certificate covering their interstate movement is issued. This provision is for the purpose of affording the owner every opportunity consistent with safety to the swine in- dustry to market his shipment in the most profitable way. MUST PROTECT PURCHASERS. The practice of shipping swine from one public stockyard to another before immunization is liable to reduce the protection MISCELLANEOUS 493 afforded very considerably, because of the uncertainty as to the length of time the animals have been exposed. To permit the interstate movement of such lots would afford insufficient protec- tion to the purchasers who are not familiar with these various phases. Department inspectors, therefore, have instructions not to supervise the immunization of such lots unless it can be shown conclusively that not more than five days have elapsed since the animals were first unloaded in a public stockyard. The widespread interest in the feeder and stocker trade is shown by the fact that the great majority of feeder hogs were sold in small lots. The figures for the Kansas City stockyards, where more than 100,000 hogs were immunized under Federal super- vision during the last half of 1918, show that those animals were sold in about 600 different consignments, an average of approxi- mately about 166 head per lot. Briefly, it will be observed that the entire plan is to protect the swine industry against the introduction of sick hogs or those of doubtful health into well herds. Under the Federal regu- lations no hogs are held a longer time- than is necessary to give them a clean bill of health. — Weekly News Letter. PROTECTION AFFORDED OKLAHOMA HOGS FROM UNQUALIFIED VETERINARIANS. To the Editor: — The following item from the Dallas (Texas) News illustrates a principle familiar to every member of the medical profession : "Oklahoma City, Okla., May 27. — Complaints are being re- ceived by J. A. Whitehurst, president of the State Board of Agriculture, from graduate veterinarians that provisions of the 1916 statute relative to vaccinating hogs for cholera place an un- necessary burden upon the veterinarians in requiring examina- tion and bond before they can apply the simultaneous serum and virus vaccination. Mr. Whitehurst applied to the attorney gen- eral for an opinion in the matter, and the reply is that, however severe the burden may be, there is no way to relieve it, and that the provisions of the law must be complied with. Laymen, veterinarians, physicians and all are placed in the same category, says the opinion of the attorney general. They must pass a satisfactor3^ examination at the hands of the veterinary depart- 494 MISCELLANEOUS ment of the A. & M. College and put up a bond of $1,000 to be approved by the Board of Agriculture." In this state, as well as in many others, the chiropractor and the Christian Scientist do business without leave. They practice on human beings, no matter how serious the ailment may be. The osteopaths have to take an examination in their own peculiar theories, though they are allowed to apply these extraordinary theories in the treatment of any disease, chronic or acute. But the poor veterinarian has to qualify professionally and in addi- tion put up a thousand dollar bond before he is allowed to dose the swine ! It is said that the most convulsive type of humor is sometimes born of tragedy. S. H. Landrum, Altus, Oklahoma. Journ. Am. Med. Assn. SUCCESSFUL MEETINGS OF INDIANA EXTENSION VETERINARIANS. The second series of meetings for veterinarians in Indiana have been held in seven different sections of the state. Dr. W. E. Cotton, Assistant Superintendent of Experiment Station, Be- thesda, Md., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, gave a very interesting and instructive talk on con- tagious abortion disease at the various meetings. A lively dis- cussion followed each address given by Dr. Cotton. The attendance was unusually good, and the Indiana veter- inarians feel deeply indebted to Dr. Cotton for the clear and concise way in which he presented his subject. The response to these meetings has been so gratifying that it is the intention of the extension department to continue to hold similar meetings from time to time in the future. L. C. Kigin, Extension Veterinarian. Dr. Fenner C. Smith, formerly of Ithaca, N. Y., is now located at Sherman, N. Y. Dr. Don A. Boardman has moved from Springville, N. Y., to Rome, N. Y., where he is now practicing. After a residence of some time in Omaha, Neb., Dr. Charles H. Walker has moved to Idaho Falls, Idaho. JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical Association FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass'n) W. H. DALRYMPLE, Editor. BATON ROUGE, LA. V. A. Moore, President, Ithaca, N. Y. N. S. Mayo, Secretary, Chicago. M. Jacob Treasurer, Knoxville, Tenn. Executive Board Geo. Hilton, 1st District ; T E. Munce, 2nd district ; S. E. Bennett, 3rd District; J. R. Mohler, 4th District; (J. U. Stange, 5th District; R. A. Archibald, 6th District; A. T, Kinslev, Membei- at Large. Sub-Committee on Journal J. R. Mohler Geo. Hilton R, A. Archibald The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or statements published in the Journal, outside of its own authorized actions. Reprints should be ordered in advance. A circular of prices will be sent upon application. Vol. LV, N. S. Vol. 8 August, 1919. No. 5 ANESTHESIA IN VETERINARY PRACTICE. Before this article appears in print, it is possible that a bill will have passed the British Parliament requiring the use of anaesthetics in veterinary practice in Great Britain. In fact it seems a little strange that, ere this, such a law had not been in force over there, considering the greater age of the profession and the position it holds among the other so-called learned professions, notwithstanding the fact that some of our confreres in the "tight little island" seem to continue to deplore the lack of proper recognition by those in authority. No doubt anaesthetics are being used much more generally by the profession than in former days, but there is still room for their wider application everywhere, and we know that their greater use in operations, where they are not now employed, would not only aid in the relief of unnecessary suffering in pa- tients under surgical procedure, but raise the status of the pro- fession in the eyes of, not so much the fanatic, if we will, but of sensibly-humane and right-thinking people ; for we observe, from some of our British exchanges, that among the members of Par- liament who discussed the bill referred to, and were in favor of 496 EDITORIAL its passage, were men of broad vision with reference to such mat- ters, were friends of the veterinary profession, and who seemed to be surprised that some such law had not already appeared on the statute books. If such a law is thought necessary, in the cause of humanity, in another country, it is surely required in the various states of our own, when one considers the barbarities that are too often practiced under the guise of surgery. True, many of our professional men practice anaesthesia, either local or general, when its employment is necessary, but there are still too many who do not ; and there is the great army of licensed non-graduate men and empirics who probably rarely or never think of it. Doubtless there are difficulties in the way of the enforcement of such a measure in any country, and which might be said to be intensified in our own on account of peculiar conditions. However, the sooner the matter is agitated and brought before the minds of the profession and the stock-owning public in the various states, the sooner will relief come, and much unnecessary animal suffering prevented ; remembering that one, if not the first, law of surgery is the relief of pain. In the cause of humanity, therefore, we commend those of our British confreres who favor the passage of their Anaesthetics Bill, there being many of them no doubt, and we trust that we, in this country, may, ere long, be guided and benefited by their ex- ample by having some such humane law passed in each state, and enforced, so far as that is practicable. SHALL WE PROFIT BY THE EXPERIENCES OF THE LATE WAR? The trite saying that ' ' it is an ill wind that blows nobody any good," may, we believe, be applied,. in a measure at least, to con- ditions which we hope may result from the recent world conflict, costly as the struggle has been in both life and treasure. The splendid efforts which were put forth for the conservation of life, TDoth human and animal, and the gratifying results obtained, is sure to have a most salutary effect on the practice of both human and veterinary medicine and surgery in the future; and the experiences gained on the battle fronts of Europe have afforded opportunity, as never before, which will doubtless be taken ad- vantage of by both branches of the medical profession in the EDITORIAL 497 peace times that are to follow, which the world, generally, will get the benefit of. Such progress as has been made in medicine and surgery, during the few years of conflict, could not have been thought of, much less accomplished, under ordinary peace con- ditions; and it is to be hoped that the advantages gained will not be lost sight of, but form a stimulus to greater effort in the future for the benefit of the profession, and for those who are dependent on it for the saving of animal life and the relief of animal suffering. In addressing the General Surgical Meeting of the A. M. A., recently at Atlantic City, Dr. Ernest W. Hey Groves, of Eng- land, made the statement that — ''No subject reduced us to such despair in the early days of the war as fractures. I may equally say that in the latter days of the war perhaps no subject has been more satisfactorily dealt with. That improvement was due, not to the genius of any one man, or to the invention of any one apparatus, but simply to the principles of cooperation, continuity and team work." If this was the case with the medical corps, we have no doubt that the same may be said with reference to the veterinary ; not perhaps with regard to fractures, but certainly with Avounds, and doubtless with other conditions, found obstinate at first, but which afterwards responded to treatment which experience, ' ' co- operation and team work" found to be satisfactory. One would not expect to find anything else than cooperation and team work under military conditions in the field. However, now that the war is over- and the members of our American Veterinary Corps are returning to civil life and prac- tice, the valuable lessons learned during the days of hostilities should not be forgotten, but carried into everyday practice, bear- ing in mind that the profession, generally, would be better off if a little more cooperation was indulged in by its members. A further benefit we believe the profession will have gained as a result of the war will be the much closer international rela- tionship which will accrue from the mixing together, and com- panionship, of members from the different countries engaged in the strife. This, -j,of itself, is a condition very much to be de- sired, as it is somewhat rare to find representatives of the pro- fession in different parts of the world who really know, and appreciate, each other's worth as professional men. The fra- ternization among members of the profession which the war has 498 EDITORIAL afforded should go a long way to remove such misunderstanding, and bring about greater sympathy and true fraternalism. Another beneficial result we believe will be that our Govern- ment will be brought to realize more fully the advantage of a trained Army Veterinary Corps, which they cannot fail to do if they will but familiarize themselves with what this branch of military service accomplished for the different countries, our ^n included, in the conservation of life and usefulness among the animals at the fighting fronts. So that while all deplore the terrible catastrophe of the late struggle, now fortunately at an end, let us hope that the future may be the gainer, if only we will endeavor to profit by the ex- periences obtained during active hostilities, and will put them to useful service in the ''piping times of peace.'' SCIENTIFIC FEEDING. To supply food in the right proportion to meet the various requirements of the animal, without a waste of food nutrients, constitutes scientific feeding. It is by carefully studying the composition of feeding stuffs, the proportion in which they are digested by different animals and under different conditions, and the requirements of animals for the various food nutrients when at rest, at work, giving milk, producing wool, mutton, beef, pork, etc., that the principles of feeding have been worked out. In applying these principles in practice the cost and special adapta- tions of different feeding stuffs must, of course, be taken into account. — Weekly News Letter. Dr. Charles Thigpen is now located in Anniston, Ala. Drs. E. B. Haskin and Elmer Lash of Jackson, Miss., have reported in person to the Chief of the Bureau, "Washington, D. C, for duty in the tuberculosis division. Dr. E. L. Keed has resigned his position as manager of the Hog Cholera department of H. K. Mulford^& Co., and has ac- cepted a position with the Florida State Live Stock Sanitary Board on hog cholera control and inspecting and testing hog cholera serum and virus at Chipley, where the only serum lab- oratory in Florida is located. VIBRIONIC ABORTION. By Sir S. Stockman, Board of Agriculture, London, (Eng.). This disease was first described by the writer working in col- laboration with Sir John McFadyean for the Departmental Com- mittee appointed by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries of Great Britain to inquire into Epizootic Abortion. A full offi- cial report of the investigation was published in 1913.^ The present article does not attempt to give a complete ac- count of the investigation, which occupied a period of several years, but it is hoped that it may prove of interest to some of the writer's American colleagues from whom he has recently re- ceived inquiries regarding the causal micro-organism and the method of its cultivation in the laboratory. The subject, more- over, acquires a further interest owing to a recent publication by Dr. Theobald Smith. ^ Species of Animal Susceptible to the Disease. The disease was first discovered amongst ewes, and there is little* doubt that this species is the most commonly affected in Great Britain; it appears also to be the most susceptible to ex- perimental infection. Only three outbreaks of the disease in cows have been met with in Great Britain amongst the many thousand outbreaks of abortion in cattle which have been inquired into. It would ap- pear to be a disease of rare occurrence in cattle, though this may be open to another explanation, viz: that infected cows do not usually abort. Experimental infection in pregnant cows does not usually cause abortion, but a few positive results have been obtained. Positive results were also obtained experimentally in the goat and the guineapig. Character and Symptoms of the Disease. Vibrionic abortion assumes enzootic characters, being confined to certain farms, and showing no great tendency to become epi- zootic, as in the case of bovine abortion. Amongst sheep on in- 1 Part III, Abortion in Sheep. Cd. 7156 and Appendix to Part III, Cd. 7157. Messrs. Wyman and Sons, Ltd., 28, Abingdon St., London, S. W., and Agencies of T. Fisiier Unwin in the British Colonies and the United States of America. Price, sevenpence. 2 Spirilla Associated with Disease of the Foetal Membranes in Cattle. Jour. Exp. Med., XXVIIL 1918. 500 S. STOCKMAN fected farms it may apparently disappear almost entirely for several years, and break out again periodically with appalling losses. It is still a question whether the infective agent during the years of latency persists on the pastures as a saprophyte, or in the organs of certain members of the old stock which act as carriers. (See Report.) The symptoms in ewes are primarily those of premature parturition, but some of the animals show a sanguineous, mucoid, discharge from the vulva days or even weeks before abortion occurs. In experimentally infected ewes this discharge sometimes appeared a few days after infection. Vibrios can be found in the discharge, but it does not always happen that actual abortion takes place, although vibrios may undoubtedly have invaded the uterus, caused a certain amount of catarrh, and passed through the os uteri with the discharge. When abortion takes place the foetus is usually dead and putrid. Septic metritis is a not infrequent sequel. In the experimental animals the intervals between infection and abortion varied from 13 to 113 days, and it is probable that this also applies in prac- tice. On the farm the usual history is that a few lambs were aborted in the early stages of the pregnant season, but the appall- ing losses appeared with almost dramatic suddenness about six weeks before normal lambing time. Forty to fifty per cent, of the lambs may be lost. Post Mortem Appearances. Specific lesions are not found in ©rgans other than the uterus, but the pelvic tissues may be haemorrhagic owing to bruising caused by efforts to expel the f(]etus. The uterus may be normal externally or it may show considerable oedema in the region of the neck. Internally the mucous membrane may show little alteration except a mucoid catarrh in the early stages. In later stages the membrane is congested and shows livid patches. Be- tween the mucous membrane and the foetal envelopes a variable amount of exudate is found, if the examination is made before abortion occurs. The exudate is usually watery in consistence, of a reddish colour and contains flockules of greyish mucus. From the surface of the cotyledons a milky juice can be squeezed out, and in this, as in the exudate, vibrios can be found. Some of the separated cotyledons may present a strikingly anaemic ap- pearance, as in the case of bovine abortion. The foetus may be well-formed and covered with wool, or it may be small, wool- less, dark red in colour, and even pulped up in the membranes. VIBRIONIC ABORTION 501 Even a well-developed foetus may show a red oedematous fluid in the abdominal wall and peritoneal cavity, and vibrios may be found in the oedema and in the contents of the stomachs. If putrefaction has supervened the appearances are altered accord- ingly, and the stench is foul. The Virulent Material and Its Dissemination. The contents of the infected uterus, the foetus, and its mem- branes, are virulent. The virulent material is spread about the pastures by infected ewes long before they show outward signs of going to abort. Methods of Infection. The disease can, of course, be conveyed experimentally by inoculation, but that is not a natural method. Experiments at the laboratory, however, showed that animals could also be in- fected by the natural passages, the alimentary tract, and vagina, particularly the former. One very practical experiment was carried out in this connection. Infected ewes were pastured in a clean grass paddock at the laboratory, and two of them at least were known to have discharged vibrios, 14 and 40 days before two other clean but pregnant ewes were moved in. These two ewes aborted 40 and 46 days after coming on to the paddock, and vibrios were found in the discharges and membranes, and in a foetus. Morphological and Staining Characters of the Vibrio. When examination is made of preparations from natural ma- terial stained with fuchsin, methylene blue, or gentian violet, the vibrio is seen as single elements shaped like the letter S or a comma. There may be two or more joined end to end forming a spiral, but very long filaments are only found in old cultures. It is frequently noticed that a more densely staining area in the form of a round dot appears at one end of the comma-like ele- ments. The vibrfcs are decolourised by Gram's method. In old cultures, especially in those which have been successful on the surface of solid media, there are very long filaments made up of comma-like elements, and it is by transverse division that multi- plication seems to take place. In old cultures many of the vibrios have a granular appearance, and innumerable round granules are found free in the medium. These granules stain best by toluidin blue 1%. Viewed by dark ground illumination 502 S. STOCKMAN the vibrios from a liquid culture are actively motile, and the comma-like elements can be seen shooting off from filaments. Physical Requirements for Culture. Under strictly anaerobic conditions no growth is obtained. The vibrio, however, does not grow in a free supply of air; in the substance of solid media which has been liquified, sown, and then quickly cooled by placing the tubes in cold water, the growth appears below the surface. It will grow at room temperature, though slowly. The most suitable incubating temperature is 35°- 37° C. Liquid cultures are destroyed by a temperature of 55°- 57° C. maintained for ten minutes. Filterahility. The granules pass through the Berkefeldt filter V, but no grow^th has been obtained from the filtrate. Cultures. Provided natural seed material be used, such as mucous exu- date from the uterus or fluid from the foetal stomach, it is easy to obtain a first growth on any of the ordinary media including peptone broth. As regards the solid media, however, this does not apply to smear preparations on the surface of sloped tubes. Broth. When sow^n with natural seed material and incubated at 37° C, growth is evident in from 24 to 48 hours. The natural exu- date or tissue used for sowing seems to supply the necessary de- oxygenater. On shaking up a tube the growth shows as a vibra- tory greyish cloudiness. Sub-cultures fronu broth tube to broth tube usually fail. If, however, a small portion of raw potato be added to the broth tubes and sterilized in the autoclave, a liquid medium is obtained in which cultures can be kept up in series. The writer has used this medium for many years for culturing bacteria, such as this vibrio and the bacillus of swine erysipelas, which seem to prefer an atmosphere slightly attenijated as regards oxygen. The potato seems to act like tissue in the now well known Tarozzi method, but in a less, and in this case more favour- able degree. The surest method of keeping up cultures in series is to sow with several drops of a liquid culture containing potato agar tubes which have been liquified and cooled to 45° C. They are then solidified by plunging into cold water. After ten days' in- VIBRIONIC ABORTION 503 cubation when colonies are evident, a portion of the agar contain- ing the growth is scooped out with a sterile platinum scoop, and transferred to a potato-broth tube. By alternating the medium every ten days in this way from liquid to solid and vice versa, the writer has had no difficulty in keeping his original cultures running for over ten years. Agar. Most frequently no growth occurs on the surface of slopes. When growth does take place it is in the form of a very thin grey film. If the agar be sown when liquid and then sloped or plated (not above 45° C.) innumerable brownish colonies like specks of bran appear just under the surface. If the agar be sown when liquid and then cooled quickly in the upright position growth takes place at first about one-third to one-quarter of an inch below the surface, and later it shows itself just below the surface, probably having made its attenuated atmosphere by ab- sorbing oxygen. The growth in the deeper zone begins as a grey cloudy ring. After about a month many of the colonies are from a pin-point to a pin-head in size, the large ones having a reddish- brown colour. Sometimes large isolated red colonies appear deep down in the medium. Fairly good plate cultures may be ob- tained on agar which has been made by using potato-broth in- stead of meat broth. This medium is put up in flat bottles which are heavily sown on the surface with a liquid culture, and incu- bated in a rarefied atmosphere. Gelatin. If a liquid culture is richly sown on liquified gelatin which if afterward solidified, the growth is slow, as the medium cannot be kept solid at an incubating temperature. It begins to show as a greyish cloudiness in about ten days, and a ring is formed about half an inch below the surface. It does not extend upwards. Blood Agar Slopes. This is the best method of obtaining surface growths, but it is not always successful. Grown in this way, however, the vege- tating power of a seemingly enfeebled strain often seems to have become reenforced when transferred to other media. On the surface of blood-agar the vibrio grows as a greyish film which often becomes fairly dense. It may also appear as round globu- lar colonies of a grey colour. In old cultures on this medium some of the filaments attain an enormous' length, and granules 504 W. E. COTTON are very abundant. To obtain a somewhat dense emulsion for purposes, such as the agglutination test, several liquid cultures (if in potato broth they should be first filtered through paper) should be centrifuged, and the deposit of vibrios diluted to the requisite degree. Observations regarding the agglutinating value of the serum of infected animals on the vibrio were made, some of which are recorded in the Appendix to the Departmental Report. It would appear that specific agglutinations develop in the blood of affected animals, and that the test is a valuable aid to diagnosis. It is also valuable as a means of determining whether an animal has aborted from infection by the vibrio or by the bacillus of bovine abortion. ABORTION DISEASE OF CATTLE.* W. E. Cotton^ Bureau of Animal Industry Experiment Station, Bethesda, Md. I am fortunate in being assigned a subject which I am sure will interest you, whose duty and privilege it is to help guard the great live stock industry of the country against loss through disease. The subject is of unusual interest at this time, because a world shortage of cattle and of most everything else makes the need for preventing waste probably greater than ever before. With the exception of tuberculosis, infectious abortion prob- ably causes greater losses to the cattle industry of this country than any other disease, and it is even a question whether tubercu- losis can be excepted. Of all the great plagues that affect our cattle industry, it is perhaps the least understood. In the short time which we have, I shall try to discuss the more important known facts and their application to the control of the disease. It is now generally conceded that the abortion bacillus of Bang is responsible for most of the abortions of a contagious nature. Other causes no doubt are at times responsible for abortions, but these probably play a minor part in the abortion question. In this connection it is well to mention the recent work of Dr. Theo- bald Smith (Journal of Experimental Medicine, Vol. XXVIII, No. 6). Dr. Smith reports, that from 41 cases of abortion in a group of herds under one management with more or less intercourse be- * A lecture delivered to the veterinarians of the State of Indiana through the Agricultural Extension Service of Purdue University. ABORTION DISEASE OF CATTLE 505 tween herds, lie recovered B. abortus from 27 and a spirillum from 14, and that in no instance were both organisms found in the same animal. He concludes that the organisms are mutually exclusive. He asserts that, like B. abortus, the spirillum requires reduced oxygen pressure for its growth, and that it seems to have the same characteristics as the vibrio of ovine abortion de- scribed by McFadyean and Stockman in 1913 (Report of De- partmental Committee of the Board of Agriculture and Fish- eries on Epizootic Abortion, Part III, Abortion in Sheep), but that the question as to whether the two organisms are identical has not been answered. Because of the publication of the above work, it may be inter- esting to record that Drs. Buck and Creech of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Division of Pathology, have informed me that in the year 1918, on the following days, January 5, March 11, and December 30, they isolated a spirillum or vibrio in pure cul- tures from the aborted fetuses of four cows. Abortion bacilli were found to be present in the uterine material of one of these cows and in the milk of another soon after they aborted. AH of the cows reacted to agglutination tests for abortion disease, and two of them had acquired the reactions since the beginning of the pregnancy that was terminated by abortion. Drs. Buck and Creech do not claim that they have traced any real etiological relationship between the spirillum or vibrio and the abortions with which they were in some way associated ; on the other hand, they believe that the exclusion of the abortion bacillus as a possible causative agent in the few cases investigated, did not appear to be justified. In Dr. Smith's article, no report of tests of the blood of the animals under observation is made, and what such tests might have revealed is questionable. McFadyean and Stockman report that they were able with some difficulty to infect cattle with their vibrio of ovine abortion, and report two outbreaks of natural infection of cows with this organism. They suggest that cattle may be a factor in the epi- zootiology of ovine abortion, and also make the following state- ment: ''There seems to be little doubt that cattle can become infected with abortion, due to the vibrio, but there is a good deal tof experimental evidence and field observation in favor of the view that infection by this microbe is rare. ' ' Should Dr. Smith's spirillum prove to be identical with the English vibrio, and should it prove to be actually responsible for 506 W, E. COTTON the abortions that Dr. Smith reports, it would seem that it was a factor of much more importance in cattle abortion than the Eng- lish investigators were led to believe. However, since all of Dr. Smith's cases were confined to a group of herds under one man- agement, the figures given in his results can not be taken as in- dicative of the prevalence of this infection, even if the spirillum should prove to be a factor in causing abortions. While abortions, even those of an infectious nature, are some- times caused by other organisms than the Bang bacillus, I think I am safe in saying that could we by some magic destroy all of these bacilli in existence, our troubles from cattle abortion would for the most part disappear. The abortion bacillus was discovered by Bang and Stribolt in 1897. The disease had been suspected of being of an infectious nature for a considerable time. Bang described the organism and its cultural characteristics, the principal one of which was its peculiar relation to oxygen, requiring a reduced oxygen pres- sure for its development. He also described the lesions found in the uterus, and reported that by introducing cultures of the organism into the vaginas of pregnant cows, he was able to pro- duce abortion. Not as much attention was paid to Bang's and Stribolt 's dis- covery as it merited, and it was not until Bang in 1906 rean- nounced the discovery and reported the results of further work, in a paper before the National Veterinary Association at Liver- pool, that investigation became active. Soon after this, their work was confirmed by several investigators, and McFadyean and Stockman in 1909, as members of a Departmental Committee ap- pointed by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries of Great Britain to inquire into epizootic abortion, made extensive inves- tigations, as a result of which they concluded that the bacillus of Bang was responsible for epizootic abortion in Great Britain, but they were not able to confirm Bang's and Stribolt 's findings as to the organism's relation to oxygen. The Bang bacillus was not identified as the causal agent of abortion disease in America till 1910, when, according to Giltner, McNeal and Kerr published the first account of the isolation of the organism in this country. The abortion bacillus is a short, non-motile, gram-negative rod, 1 to 2 /A. in length and about 0.5 ix in width, which stains readily with the ordinary anilin dyes. It grows slowly on ordi- ABORTION DISEASE OF CATTLE 507 nary bouillon agar containing a small amount of bile or glucose and glycerine, but better on serum agar. A slight reduction in oxygen pressure seems to favor its growth. Bang seemed to think that reduced oxygen pressure was necessary for its growth, but other investigators have grown it in ordinary tubes sealed with paraffin, and even without sealing, if the tubes are prevented from drying out. . The abortion bacillus is killed by a temperature of 60° C, maintained for 15 minutes, but resists a temperature of 55° C, maintained for 20 minutes to three-quarters of an hour or more. It is therefore killed when present in milk by efficient pasteuri- zation. Cultures of the organism are able to remain alive for months. Mohler and Traum found bouillon cultures kept at room temper- ature for eight months to still be alive. While Holth kept cul- tures alive under similar conditions for nine months. Schroeder and I kept cultures in tubes sealed with paraffin in the incubator for over 900 days. In this case, however, there was slow multi- plication and the test is not a measure of viability. Bang found that the bacillus would remain alive in uterine exudate kept in the ice box for seven months. Holt obtained cultures from fetal material kept at 2° to 4° C. for eight months, and McFadyean and Stockman found that exudate contained* living abortion germs after six to seven months, but that after a year they could find none. The organism, when contained in uterine exudates and fetal material, withstands exposure to sun and weather to a remark- able degree. While McFadyean and Stockman found that exu- date rich in abortion bacilli, artificially dried foi> three days, then powdered and kept for three months, was inert, they suggest that under natural conditions, exudate requires a long time to dry, because a hard crust forms on the outer layer and protects the inner mass. A small quantity may be quite moist after two months in the laboratory. In support of this, Schroeder and I found that uterine exudate exposed on the ground for 10 days in February, when the weather was warm for the season, was dried into a leather-like mass, but which still contained living abortion bacilli. We also exposed infected placentae and fetal organs under fly screen in a wood from December 22, and found living abortion bacilli to be present at the end of January, or after 38 days, and also on May 5th, or after 135 days. During this time the material was more or less protected by fallen leaves. 508 W. E. COTTON It seems, therefore, from the evidence available, that the abor- tion bacillus has a fairly strong vitality, and while it does not bear spores, and so far as we know does not multiply under natural conditions outside of the animal body, its persistence and per- petuation are insured, in part, by its ability to remain alive out- side the animal body for a long time. This fact is of great prac- tical significance; because it shows that we cannot depend on natural agencies to destroy the organisms to the extent that we can in some other diseases. The products of abortion, the dis- charges which follow it, and the afterbirth and discharges fol- lowing a normal birth from an infected cow, because, as will be shown later, they may also contain virulent bacilli, must be de- stroyed. ANIMALS SUSCEPTIBLE. While abortion may be experimentally induced in several species of animals, it is generally conceded that except in rare instances, cattle only suffer as a result of natural infection. It may be necessary to qualify this statement somewhat, since re- ports from the field indicate that sows, at least at times, acquire infection. Good and Smith in 1916 reported the isolation of abortion bacilli from the afterbirth and fetuses of an aborting sow, and the experimental induction of abortions in sows by injection and feeding of such bacilli. Dr. Connaway of the Missouri Station told me over a year ago that he and his assistant had found the blood of several sows, on farms where abortion disease was present among the cattle, to give positive reactions to the agglutination tests for B. abortus. Recently, Dr. Buck of the B. A. I., Division of Path- ology, informed me that he has isolated B. abortus from the prod- ucts of abortions from outbreaks of abortions among sows in Indiana, and that the blood of these sows gave positive reactions to the agglutination test for abortion disease. Should outbreaks of this kind prove to be common, abortion disease at once becomes of much greater economic importance than is even now generally believed. LOCATION OF THE INFECTION IN THE ANIMAL, AND CHANNELS OF ELIMINATION. The fetus, the fetal membranes, placenta and the discharges from the uterus at the time of abortion and for a time following ABORTION DISEASE OF CATTLE 509 it contain the infection. Any discharges from the uterus shortly preceding abortion should, of course, also be regarded as dan- gerous. In the fetus, the bacilli seem to be most numerous in the stomach and intestines. They are also present in the liver, spleen and heart blood. The number of bacilli discharged at and following an abortion is enormous. Infected cows also often discharge abortion bacilli from their uteruses at apparently normal parturitions. The organisms disappear from the uterus within a few weeks, commonly not to exceed two or three, after an abortion or par- turition. It persists a longer time if the afterbirth is retained than if the cow cleans properly. Its persistence is probably de- pendant to a considerable degree on the damage done to the uterus, and is shorter the more nearly the abortion approaches a normal parturition. The maximum length of time that Schroeder and I found the uterus infected after an abortion was 51 days. Though we have searched repeatedly in the non-pregnant uterus for abortion bacilli, we have failed to find them except as noted above for a short time following an abortion or parturition. We thought that they might be eliminated from the uteri of in- fected cows at periods of oestrum, but w^e have failed to find this to be the case even though, as at the suggestion of Dr. Mohler, Chief of the B^ireau, we gave cows large intravenous injections of abortion bacilli shortly before oestrum. Evidently the uterus is a favorable place for the development of the abortion only when it is actually functioning. In addition to the genital tract, the udders of most infected cows, whether they abort or not, become infected in one or more quarters. The supra-mammary glands are also usually infected, and in one case Schroeder and I found that the infection had reached the lymph nodes at the brim of the pelvis. We have killed a number of infected cows and made careful search in their organs for abortion bacilli, but have found them only in the udder, the glands above mentioned, and in the pregnant uterus, never in the ovaries.* The udder seems to be the only place in the non-pregnant cow where the bacilli can grow. It furnishes a culture field from which bacilli enter the blood stream, as is evidenced by the infection of the supra-mammary glands and those at the brim of * Drs. Buck and Creech report having recovered abortion bacilli from a joint of an infected cow which showed lameness. Regions of reduced vitality- may possibly become Infected. 510 W. E. COTTON the pelvis. If the cow is non-pregnant, the bacilli, finding no favorable medium in which to grow, either perish or are returned to the udder; if, however, the cow is pregnant, the organism finds a favorable medium in the pregnant uterus where it can multiply. Bcause of this, we often have infected cows either aborting a second time or producing apparently normal calves but with infected placentae. The behavior of the abortion bacillus in its relation to the udder of infected cows is very curious. Nowhere else among bacterial diseases do we find a similar relation. The fact that a large proportion of infected cows harbor abortion bacilli in their udders for long periods is a unique phenomenon. True, with many bacterial diseases some cases become carriers, and in some, like the Typhoid Marys and Johns, remain carriers and dissemi- nators for many years ; but they may be regarded as accidental, and not essential to the perpetuation of the disease. The infec- tion of the udder with the abortion bacillus, however, seems to play a definite part in the survival of the organism. In the diseases caused by protozoa, such as Texas fever, surra, malaria, etc., most recovered animals remain carriers for a considerable period, and this is necessary for the perpetuation of the or- ganisms, because the infective agent is carried from animal to animal only by insects, which in some cases also act as true inter- mediary hosts in which the organisms undergo a stage of their development. With the ordinary bacterial diseases few car- riers are necessary to secure their perpetuation, because the ani- mals they attack are at all times more or less susceptible. Con- versely, since carriers are so numerous and persistent in abor- tion disease, it seems likely that there are only short periods in the life of the animal when proper conditions exist for the im- plantation of the bacillus, and, we may assume, that evolution has provided the bacillus, to insure its perpetuation, with ability to maintain itself in the udder without endangering the life of its host. The bacillus is unique in seeming to require embryonic tissue for its active development, which is present in animals only during the relatively short periods of their existence. Growth in the udder may be likened to a resting stage of the bacillus, multiplication there is evidently slow and no resistent tissue changes seem to be induced in the organ. A sort of commensal relation seems to be established between the bacillus and the udder cells. ABORTION DISEASE OF CATTLE 511 The above relationship seems to point to a critical time of in- fection in the cow, and that this is the period of gestation. Ob- servations of Schroeder and myself lead us to believe that most infections probably occur after the cows become pregnant; and from then until the placenta ceases to be active. Just when the danger of infection is greatest we are not ready to say, but it seems reasonable to believe that it may not be till some time after conception, and is not until there is a sufficient culture field of embryonic tissue on which the bacilli can grow. As to the upper limit of infection we have some knowledge. We found that an intravenous injection of abortion bacilli made 11 (Jays before parturition caused the infection of the placenta, and that an in- jection into the udder, 53 days before parturition, had the same result. The udder may be infected in one or more quarters, and though the presence of the bacilli can not be determined every day, their elimination is fairly constant, and may persist for years. In one case under our observation, elimination continued 6V2 years, and in many others for several years. The udder seems to be a reservoir from which the uterus can be reinfected, and from which a more or less constant stream of abortion bacilli flows to the outside world. In the case of the infected uterus, the discharged material is much more intensely infected, but, as a rule, it is discharged only during a short period, whereas in the case of the udder, the bacilli are quite likely to be given off more or less constantly as long as the cow is in milk. A small percentage of bulls react to the complement-fixation and agglutination tests. This means that they either are or have been infected. The reactions are not as marked nor do they persist as long as in cows. This seems to indicate that the infec- titon does not find so favorable a soil in which it can maintain itself as it does in the cow. Schroeder and I made tests of the organs of four reacting bulls for the presence of abortion bacilli. The first of these bulls at one time reacted in a dilution above 1-200, but some time be- fore he was killed the reaction had faded out. No abortion bacilli were found in his organs. The second bull which had reacted in a dilution of 1-400, but which had dropped to 1-200, on autopsy, showed the presence of an abscess in one of its epididymides. We proved this to be infected with abortion bacilli, hut were un- able to find these bacilli in the seminal vesicles or any other 512 W. E. COTTON organs. In this case the passage to the seminal vesicles was probably blocked off.* • The third bull had reacted in a dilution of 1-800, but had de- clined to 1-400. No microscopic lesions were found, but we were able to recover the organisms from th^ lymph glands at the brim of the pelvis. The fourth bull, unlike the above three cases of natural infection, had been artificially infected by receiving a large intravenous injection of abortion bacilli. He was killed three weeks later. Abortion bacilli were recovered from the glands at the brim of the pelvis but from no other organs. Our observations lead us to believe that bulls are not often infected, and the available evidence is not sufficient to incrimi- nate the bull as a common disseminator of abortion disease. Even if their seminal fluid is infected, we are not certain that the cow served would become infected. True, it seems that she would, but we have some experimental evidence which indicates that this may not usually be the case. The three infected bulls recorded above served a considerable number of cows without in- fecting them, but, as the precise importance of the bull in his relation to abortion disease remains to be measured, we should take no unnecessary liberties with him of a kind which may lead to disaster such as promiscuous use, the exposure of uninfected cows to reacting bulls, etc. METHOD OF INFECTION While the channels of elimination are fairly well known, the €xact modes of infection are a matter of discussion. Formerly much weight was attached to the soiling of the external genitals of the pregnant cow as a mode of infection. It was supposed that in some way the infection entered the vagina and finally reached the uterus. Bang, while admitting this possibility, at- tached more importance to the bull as a means of infecting the cow, ' ' £is that is, ' ' he said, * ^ the only way in which direct intro- duction of the virus into the uterus can be effected. ' ' It is quite natural to assume, when the infection of an organ which has a direct opening to the outside occurs, that the infect- ing agent enters directly through that opening. But this is not necessarily the case. In fact, it seems that evolution would have provided those openings with such defenses that direct infection * Drs. Buck and Creech of the B. A. I., Division of Pathology, tell me that they have found the seminal vesicles of four bulls to be infected, and to show definite lesions. ABORTION DISEASE OF CATTLE 513 would be difficult. In the case of pulmonary tuberculosis, the first and most natural thought wa^ that the infection entered through the air passages, the most direct route, and it was a long time before the more circuitous, but possibly easier route via the digestive tract and blood stream, was seriously considered as an avenue of infection. Just so with abortion disease; the first thought was that infection occurred directly through the external opening of the genital tract, but now the evidence points to infec- tion via the intestinal tract and blood stream as the more probable route. It has been quite commonly believed that the bull, even though not infected himself, was a m'echanical carrier ; his penis becoming soiled with abortion bacilli from serving an infected cow, and he introducing the infection into the genital tract of the next cow that he served. While this seems very likely, we have very little evidence to show that it often happens. While Bang attached much importance to the bull as an agent of infection, McFadyean and Stockman, without denying that the disease may sometimes be spread by coitus, are of the opinion that nothing more than a subsidiary role in the spread of infectious abortion can be assigned to the bull. Hadley and Lothe were unable to infect heifers either by having them served by reacting bulls or by bulls that previously served reacting cows. Up to the present time, Schroeder ^nd I have failed to infect cows through the agency of bulls, but we are not yet ready to say that it cannot be done. The evidence does not encourage the idea that the bull is an important factor in spreading the disease. The fact that in our observations reacting bulls did not transfer the disease to the cows they served, should not be used as a reason for excluding infected bulls as possible disseminators of the disease, because to prove that one method of contact between an infected bull and a cow does not transfer the abortion infection, throws no light on the harm a bull may do through now unknown and possible methods through which he may expel abortion bacilli from his body.* It seems to be difficult to infect cows artificially via the vagina, and even when they are infected in this way, we are not certain * Drs. Buck and Creech of the Division of Pathology of the Bureau of >nimal Industry have isolated B. abortus from the enlarjered testicle of a bull. The testicle showed marked lesions, and the attendant reported that the bull's seminal fluid was of abnormal appearance. It is quite likely that this bull had been discharg-ing B. abortus with his seminal fluid. Even though such a bull may not infect cows directly through their genital tracts, and of this we are not certain, he might easily do so through the discharged seminal fluid con- taminating food which susceptible cows may eat. 514 W. E. COTTON that the bacilli deposited on the mucosa are not absorbed and reach the placentae through the blood stream rather than by- direct passage through the os uterus. Schroeder and I have had little difficulty in infecting pregnant cows, by intravenous injec- tion, by injection into the udder through the milk duct, or by feeding; but the few attempts that we have made to infect cows through the vagina, have failed. Non-pregnant cows are much more difficult to infect. Our observations indicate that the commonest mode of infection is by the ingestion of infected food and drink, and that the most susceptible period is that of gestation. As stated above, we wexe able to infect a cow's placenta by injecting abortion bacilli into the udder through the milk duct. Therefore, this is a possible route of infection, but whether under the ordinary conditions of milking bacilli would enter the udder through the milk ducts we are not ready to say. We have an experiment in progress which we hope will throw some light on this point. We have, however, proved this much : that once the bacilli enter the udder of a pregnant cow, they may reach the uterus. We have yet to prove whether, under normal conditions, enough abortion bacilli can enter the udder to set up infection. At present, we can only say that the udder is a possible route of infection. As to the period from infection to the expulsion of the fetus, we can say little except that it varies. In all proba- bility it depends both on the natural resistance of the cow and the intensity of infection. SYMPTOMS. Premonitory symptoms of infectious abortion are rare, and often pass without being observed. When present, they begin from a few hours to two or three days before expulsion of the fetus. One of the early symptoms is the sudden swelling of the udder, but this would not be noticed in cows in milk. Too much weight must not be given to a slight swelling of the udder, for this is apt to occur about the fifth or sixth month of pregnancy in healthy animals. Cows in milk may show a change in quantity and quality of the milk, the milk becoming more like colostrum. The animal becomes uneasy, its vulva is slightly swollen, and mucus, which may be blood-stained, is discharged from the vagina at intervals. This is followed by a yellow odorless discharge. These discharges soil the tail and may be sufficient to soil the floor behind the animal. ABORTION DISEASE OF CATTLB 515 Abortion most commonly occurs between the fourth and seventh month of gestation, and occurs most often in the first and second pregnancies, though it may occur in any pregnancy. It may occur twice in the same animal, and rarely three or more times. If a cow aborts in the early months of gestation, the fetus and its membranes are expelled together and the uterus soon contracts. If the abortion occurs later, the afterbirth is apt to be retained. Some of the fetuses are born alive, but are weak, and usually die within one or two days. Following an abortion there is usually a discharge, which may vary in character from a clear mucus containinig islands of choc- olate-colored material to a dirty, yellowish-gray, muco-purulent substance. This discharge may continue for two or more weeks, dependent in a large measure on the degree of completeness with which the afterbirth is passed. If the afterbirth is retained for a considerable period, all the evils attendant on the retention of a putrifying mass within the uterus may result. But of course this is apart from the abortiton and would be likely to occur from retention of afterbirth from any cause. AU retained placentae should not be charged too hastily to the abortion bacillus. It is common for cows that have aborted to require several services before the next conception takes place. At the Experi- ment Station we have had such cows that required six or more services before they conceived, and of 8 such cows, 5, or 62i^ per cent, required an abnormal number of services for conception, and one failed to conceive at all. The second conception follow- ing an abortion usually requires only one or two services. Evi- dently considerable damage is done to the mucous membrane of the uterus by an abortion, and a varying length of time is re- quired for its repair. DIAGNOSIS. By all means, if it is possible, use the agglutination or com- plement-fixation test to determine if infectious abortion exists in a herd. Both tests are reliable, but because of its simplicity the agglutination test is to be preferred. This test will show definitely whether the animal is or has been infected. It will not tell whether a cow will abort, because all infected cows do not abort. But it will point out the animals that are probably dangerous, in much the same way that tuberculin points out the animals that are or may become dangerous. 516 W. E. COTTON Schroeder and I have used the agglutination test for several years, and have found it to be as reliable as any biological test with which we are acquainted. None of these tests tell us whether or not a disease is going to terminate fatally. Abortion is the fatal termination of abortion disease. All cases of abor- tion disease do not terminate fatally. We have both weak and apparently normal infected calves born. These are cases that did not terminate fatally. We have found reactions in infected cows to occur in dilutions of 1-100 to 1-3200, and in many instances found them to persist for long periods. We have reasons to believe that reactions will persist as long as abortion bacilli remain in the udder and for some time after, and that the reactions often persist at a high level for long periods. In no case have we found the milk to be infected unless the cow also reacted to the agglutination test. The milk of reacting cows agglutinates abortion bacilli but in somewhat lower dilutions than the blood. Colostrum, however, agglutinates in much higher dilutions, sometimes as high as 1-25000 ; and in cows in which the reaction has disappeared from the blood, the colostrum will still show agglutinating power. The test of the colostrum is therefore much more delicate than that of the blood. Calves of aborting cows often, but not always, react. The reactions, when they occur, are usually in approximately the same dilutions as those of their dams, and after a few weeks they fade away. Regarding the reactions in calves, Schroeder and I have ten- tatively concluded that they are very apt to be associated with the presence of abortion bacilli in the placentas. If further studies prove this to be true, it seems likely that the infected pla- centa is the source of tfie agglutinins in the calf, and that they do not pass preformed from the blood of the dam. This is reason- able, since it is in the placenta that the greatest changes seem to occur, and it is here that the greatest fight between the invading organisms and the tissue cells probably takes place. We do not wish this tentative conclusion to be accepted as a proved fact. The evidence we have is satisfactory in character, but not yet sufficiently abundant to establish a fact. The reaction in calves, as far as has yet been determined, has no significance so far as the perpetuation of the disease is con- cerned. The reactions soon disappear, and we have every reason ABORTION DISEASE OF CATTLE 517 to believe that when the calves reach maturity, unless reinfected. from other sources, that they vs^ill be free from infection/'^ Schroeder and I have found that blood will keep in sealed tubes for months, and that the suspension of abortion bacilli used for making the test will keep an equal or longer time. Therefore, the practicing veterinarian can draw the blood and send it to a laboratory to be tested, or if this can not be done, he can do the testing himself, as only simple apparatus is necessary. The veterinarian who can make use of the agglutination test has it in his power to give to his clients information that may enable them to protect their herds against the introduction of in- fected animals, and to enable them to separate the probably dan- gerous from the probably safe animals in infected herds. In our opinion, no animal that reacts in a dilution even as low as 1-50 should be regarded as safe to be taken into a healthy herd. It should be borne in mind, that when biologic tests of any kind are made, irrespective of whether they are agglutination^ complement-fixation, or abortion tests for abortion disease, or tuberculin tests for tuberculosis, failure to obtain a reaction is. not absolute evidence that the tested animals are free from infec- tion unless an interval of time is known to have passed since their last exposure to infection. If the agglutination test can not be made, the veterinarian must resort to a study of histories and symptoms in making a diagnosis. The history of the herd as to previous abortions and recent purchases of animals should be carefully inquired into, also the presence of abortions on nearby farms, sources of food supply, etc. If an abortion occurs, careful search should be made in the afterbirth and uterine exudate for the yellow or chocolate- colored masses, and the dirty yellowish discharge from the vagina which often, but not always, persists for some time. If micro- scopic examination of the fresh uterine exudate or of portions of the cotyledons reveals large numbers of small short bacilli, in clumps, they are apt to be abortion bacilli. Retained placenta, while it should arouse suspicion, is by no means evidence of the disease. An abortion occurring in a herd that has been free from the disease should be regarded as suspicious until it has been definitely determined that it is not infectious. To be sure, all abortions are not due to infection, but most are, and until one is certain that he is not dealing with infectious abortion he had * Reactions in calves may be indicative of immunity. 518 W. B. COTTON best take the precautions that should be taken with animals af- fected with this disease. PATHOLOGY. In abortion disease no pathological changes that can be dem- onstrated seem to occur outside of the pregnant uterus. In this the changes seem to be mainly confined to the cotyledons and the fetal membranes. The fetus seems to die because its supply of nourishment and oxygen is interfered with, and does not pre- sent marked lesions, though sometimes a marked subcutaneous oedema is present. The cotyledons are congested, sometimes hem- orrhagic, and usually show areas of necrosis, dirty yellowish in color. Though the udder is infected, no one has yet, so far as I know, demonstrated any changes in it. TREATMENT. Treatment of infected animals, up to the present time, has given very poor results. Extravagant claims have been made for carbolic acid, methylene blue and urotropine, administered inter- nally. In some cases the number of abortions seemed to be re- duced by the administration of these substances, but when the remedies were put to real tests, they failed. A good deal of false hope regarding these rememdies is due to the fact that abortion disease naturally tends to die out in herds into which no new animals are introduced. Abortions are very plentiful one year, the next year treatment is given and the number is much smaller. The remedy is at once given credit for the reduction, while if no treatment had been given the result would likely have been the same. Bacterin treatment has been tried, but while its precise value has not been determined, it offers little hope. The cow, after she has aborted, if she retains her placenta, requires treatment. But don't think that you can disinfect the uterus by the use of strong disinfectants without doing much damage to it. Most of the disinfectants do more harm to body cells than to bacteria. Remove the retained placenta by gentle mechanical means which do not injure live animal tissue. Flush out the uterus thoroughly with salt solution in order to remove the masses of necrotic material and exudate, and rely on the natural defensive powers of the tissues to destroy the remaining germs. Vigorous measures can be used to destroy abortion or other bacilli after they leave the animal body, but as long as ABORTION DISEASE OF CATTLE 519 they are in contact with living body cells, it is far better to con- fine ourselves to the use of gentle means to remove them than to try to destroy them in situ, and in so doing weaken and destroy myriads of valuable body cells. How can we hope to render the uterus, with its numerous crypts and glands, sterile by the application of a substance which kills the uterine cells more readily than bacteria, unless we de- destroy most if not all of its mucous membrane. If the process of sterilization is not complete, the living bacteria remaining find in the dead cells an excellent medium, contained in an excellent incubator kept at the proper temperature for their multiplica- tion, and in addition more or less free from the restraining influ- ence of the normal cells and their exudate, which is much re- duced or absent because many of the living cells have been para- lyzed or damaged by the disinfectant. Under such conditions a very few germs would become myriads in a very short time. The normal germicidal power of vital tissue and exudate is very con- siderable, but this will certainly be reduced or lost if the cells are damaged by strong chemical substances. Modern war surgery has taught us the following lesson: Whenever a wounded and possibly infected surface is to be treated, our efforts should be directed to the removal of infec- tion and all dead and r^.evitalized material in which bacteria can grow by gentle means, and an avoidance of those measures which are supposed to kill bacteriii without removing them or the dead tissue, etc. PREVENTION AND ERADICATION. We have much to encouraize us in our efforts to control and eradicate abortion disease. Wiiile there are many unknown factors in the problem, there are several known ones, and these will aid in the discovery of more. We know the cause of the disease, many of the characteristics of the infective agent, and the sources from which it flows. We know that it is a definite, tangible thing which has no motion of its own, but must depend on outside forces to carry it to a new victim. We have discov- ered some of the agents that carry it from place to place, and can detect those animals, even though apparently healthy, which harbor the infection. We also know at least one of the portals by which the infection enters an animal. It seems that with so many known factors we ought to be able to make some little progress in controlling the disease. 520 W. E. COTTON Let us first of all consider the precautions that promise to be effective in protecting the as yet uncontaminated herd. Though the disease is widespread, we are not justified in assum- ing that it is universal. Very many herds are undoubtedly still unaffected and the protection of them seems to be of first consid- eration. In my judgment, the most likely agent to carry the infection into a new herd is the newly-purchased, infected, pregnant cow, that will abort or have a seemingly normal parturition, but with an infected placenta, some time after she has entered the herd. At this time she scatters a plentiful supply of infection about the stable, barnyard and pasture, where it is apt to soil the food or water of healthy susceptible animals. Or she may, if the bull is a factor in the transmission of the disease, infect him. More- over, if the infection fails to become implanted in susceptible animals at this time, there are still chances in the future, because the infected cow is very likely to produce infected milk for years, and her placentae and discharges at future parturitions may prove to be infected. She is therefore apt to be a more or less continuous spreader of relatively small amounts of infection, and at times may discharge large amounts of it. We should always hear in mind that an apparently healthy cow may he a chronic carrier and disseminator of abortion hacilli. We can protect the healthy herd against animals of this kind, and also against infected bulls, by the use of the agglutination or complement-fixation tests. No bovine animal should be allowed to come into the herd unless its blood has first been subjected to one of these tests and proved to be negative. The test should be made after a period of several weeks ' quarantine, because it takes some little time, just how much we do not know, for antibodies or agglutinins to develop in an animal's blood after the infection has gained entrance ; therefore, an animal which showed no re- action at the time it was purchased, might show one a few weeks later, because, when the first test was made the animal may have been so recently infected that agglutinins and antibodies had not had time to develop. The above applies to biological tests in gen- eral, including the tuberculin test. Failure to obtain a reaction should not be regarded as absolute evidence that the tested ani- mals are free from infection, unless an interval of time is known to have passed since the last exposure to infection. ABORTION DISEASE OF CATTLE 521 Another possible source of infection is the supply of feed and forage, other than that produced on the farm. As has been pointed out, ingestion is one, if not the principal mode of infec- tion. Feed or forage produced on a farm where infectious abor- tion exists may become soiled with discharges from aborting cows or with milk from infected cows; and since the abortion bacilli can withstand the action of natural destructive agents for a considerable time, one would be taking considerable risk in feed- ing such feed or forage to healthy cows. Under this head we should consider another food product which is a greater menace than ordinary purchased grain and forage; this is unpasteurized separator milk returned from the public creamery. Such milk is one of the best agents for spread- ing disease germs, and especially abortion germs, which are so frequently found in the milk of cows infected with abortion dis- ease. To be sure, the milk is not fed to cows, but nevertheless the germs are brought to the farm and the chances that some of them will reach the cows' feed is considerable. Furthermore, recent experience in your state indicates that under certain con- ditions hogs may become infected, at least by some strains of the abortion bacillus. A large share of separator milk is fed to hogs. Pasteurization or sterilization of milk makes it safe, and should be insisted on at all times. The dog is another agent which brings abortion infection and many other infections to the farm. When we consider the dog's fondness for animal tissue, even if it is partly decomposed, and that he has a habit of carrying large pieces of such tissue home with him and burying it for a future meal, we can appreciate the damage he may do. We can readily imagine a dog visiting a barnyard or pasture in which an abortion had occurred and bringing a large amount of infection home with him, there to contaminate grass, feed or water given to susceptible cows. With our present limited knowledge of abortion disease, it is not an easy matter to determine what is best to do with infected herds. Choice, however, may be made from three general methods of control : 1. Cleaning the herd by radical methods; using the aggluti- nation test to determine the infected animals, and retesting to detect possible latent cases of infection. 622 W. E. COTTON 2. Immunization by natural processes; keeping the losses down as much as possible by sanitation while the herd is becom- ing immune. 3. Artificial immunization acompanied by sanitation. The first of these methods, where it can be economically prac- ticed, ought to be the best; because, if it is sucessful, the herd soon becomes clean and free from carriers; and, after a proper safety period to allow possibly latent cases to develop to the ex- tent that they can be detected by serological tests, animals could be safely transferred from it to other herds. The advantage of this will be especially appreciated by the breeder of pure-bred cattle. To clean a herd by this method will require diligence on the part of the owner, and if the disease has become well established, may not be feasible except among animals of more than usual value. If, however, the disease has been only recently intro- duced, or only a few animals have become infected, it ought to be possible to clean the herd without great expense. In carrying out this method, the herd should be tested by the agglutination test, all reacting animals at once eliminated, and all likely extra-animal sources of infection removed by a thorough cleaning of the premises. Retests of the herd should be made at short intervals (two or three months) until it is reasonably cer- tain that no latent infection is present. The disposition of the reacting animals is not an easy prob- lem; many of them are perfectly serviceable and may never abort, but they are unsafe animals and should not be allowed to associate with healthy ones. We cannot be sure that they will be safe till they cease to react, which may be years in the future. Their offspring, however, if kept from their dams and other sources of infection after they are weaned, are free from the dis- ease, so far as we know. Unless the reacting animals have un- usual value, or can easily be isolated well away from the healthy herd, it is probably best to sell them for immediate slaughter. The second method of treating the infected herd is based on observations made by many veterinarians and cattlemen to the effect that the disease tends to die out in a herd into which no new animals are introduced; the herd being kept up from its own offspring. The young animals reared in an infected environ- ment seem to acquire immunity in some way. ABORTION DISEASE OF CATTLE 523 Dr. J. P. Turner, now Major Turner, has had under his care a large dairy herd belonging to one of the public, institutions in the District of Columbia. He reports that for many years the herd suffered much from abortions. New cows were constantly being brought in to replace those that became unprofitable. As long as this practice continued, abortion disease was very trou- blesome. The institution finally abandoned this method and used its own heifer calves to replenish the herd. Since this change was made there has been a great reduction in the number of abortions. Of course it remains to be seen whether this good record will continue, but evidences from other sources lead one to believe that it will. This plan of control, while not requiring so much effort as the first one, has the disadvantage of being rather expensive when the losses due to abortions and their sequelae are taken into ac- count; and furthermore, the herd will have to be regarded as an infected one for a long time, possibly as long as the original animals remain in it. The losses from abortions while the herd is acquiring immu- nity can, no doubt, be greatly reduced by protecting the non-re- acting cows while they are pregnant, from the reacting ones that are pregnant or have recently aborted or given birth to calves, by removing them as far as possible from the infected environ- ment. It is also desirable to prevent, as far as practicable, mass infection by the products of an abortion or an infected placenta or discharges coming in contact with the herd. Immunity to this disease is probably relative, and can be broken down by an excessive exposure. The point to be aimed at in this method of immunization should be to give non-pregnant animals repeated exposure to small amounts of infection. In order to prevent mass infection, it is a good plan to pro- vide a maternity stable to which cows showing evidences of approaching abortion or parturition can be moved, and where they can be kept until they have aborted or given birth to calves and all discharges from their uteri have ceased. If a cow then aborts, or gives birth to a calf with- an infected placenta, the in- fected material will be in a confined place where it can be taken care of instead of being scattered among the herd. Such a stable need not be elaborate or expensive ; in fact, the simpler the better, provided it gives the necessary protection to the ani- mals and is so arranged that it can be easily cleaned and disin- 524 W.E.COTTON f ected. It should contain a sufficient number of box stalls to accommodate the maximum number of cows that may become fresh at any one time. The stall partitions should be tight, in order to limit any infected material that the cow may pass, to her stall. The infected material can then be destroyed. After the cow has ceased to discharge, the stall, and better, the entire stable, should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. The third method of control is that of artificially inducing immunity by the subcutaneous injections of living abortion bacilli about two months before conception. The method has been developed by McFadyean and Stockman in England. Their work, however, was based on that of Bang, who gave repeated in- jections of living abortion bacilli in increasing amounts, before the cows were bred. McFaydean and Stockman found that they could safely give a single massive injection of living bacilli about two months before conception, and acomplish about the same re- sults as by the repeated injections of much smaller amounts. A large number of cattle in England have been treated by this method and the results seem to be promising. Since living bacilli are used, the method is recommended for infected herds only. Immunization by this means is being tried in this country, but it is too early as yet to measure its value. It must still be re- garded as in the experimental stage and must be used with care. In addition to its limitation to infected herds, it has the further objection that there is always the danger of making a carrier of the immunized cow through udder infection. This, however, may not be of serious moment, at least in herds in which no other at- tempt is made to control the disease, because most of the cows would likely become carriers anyway through natural infection. It is to be hoped that this method of immunization will soon be improved, or an entirely new one developed that will make it pos- sible to certainly, safely and cheaply immunize; for such an agent would be of incalculable value in controlling abortion dis- ease. In measuring the value of an immunizing agent against this disease, it is well to remember a suggestion made by Dr. W. L. Williams, to the effect that all factors concerning the output of the herd must be taken into consideration, and not the abor- tions alone. In other words, we must be sure that reductions in abortions are not gained at the expense of the breeding and milk-producing efficiency of the herd. It is also well to bear in ABORTION DISEASE OF CATTLE 525 mind that while the animal's body probably has the machinery for immunization, it is a very intricate and delicate mechanism, and if we do not know its parts and the laws which govern their operation, we may do considerable damage if we carelessly at- tempt to set the machinery in motion. With our present knowl- edge, we should feel our way carefully till we get more light, lest we do damage in tampering with a delicate yet powerful piece of machinery. Even where artificial immunization is practiced, it is highly desirable that exposure of pregnant cows to massive infection be prevented as much as practicable, and that other sanitary measures be adopted. Regarding the bull, though the evidence does not prove him an important factor in the spread of infectious abortion, it would be far from a safe policy to ignore the danger that may come through him. If the herd is free from disease, he certainl}" should not be allowed to serve outside cows unless it is known that they are from clean herds. Neither should an outside bull be permitted to serve cows in the herd unless it is known that he comes from a clean herd. If, on an infected farm, a single bull must be used to serve both abortion-free and infected cows, he should not be permitted to serve an infected cow until at least two months have elapsed after she aborted or gave birth to a calf. The service should take place on neucral ground, and he should not be permitted to serve a healthy cow for a few days after. All infected material, such as placentae, fetuses and uterine discharges should be burned or buried at once, and not permitted to lie about where it can be carried on the feet of persons or ani- mals, or by hogs, dogs or rats, to places where it may infect cattle. In disinfecting stables which become infected, the one fact that should be borne in mind above all others is, that to be effec- tive, the disinfectant must come into actual contact with the germs to be killed. It can not do this if the germs are covered with a thick layer of dirt or manure. Thorough cleaning with- out disinfection is very apt to be more effective in preventing the spread of disease than disinfection without cleaning. As an agent for the disinfection of stables, the Experiment Station of the Bureau of Animal Industry uses a 1-700 bichloride of mer- cury solution. This ha^ always been found to be effective, but of course there are many other agents possibly equally as good. 626 W. E. COTTON The disinfection of the external genitals and the douching of the vaginas of cows as measures to prevent infection has many advocates, but it seems to me, that besides being useless, work of this kind is more apt to do harm than good, and that it is far bet- ter to leave the protection of the vestibule and entrance to the uterus to unhampered natural agencies. Some investigators advocate that extreme measures be taken to protect the calf from infection, but Schroeder and I are led to believe from our observations that this is not necessary. We have allowed calves to remain with their infected dams, and have placed calves from infected cows on uninfected cows, and vice versa, but up to the present we have not succeeded in infecting any of them. However, we have had a limited number of ani- mals under observation, and for too short a time for our results to be conclusive. But it certainly is very difficult to infect young calves to a degree which makes it possible to determine that they are infected. A calf that reacts to the agglutination test at birth will, within a few weeks, cease to react, even though it is in the meantime consuming its mother's milk which may be highly in- fected. In no case has the calf of a normal cow nursed by an in- fected cow given a reaction. It is even possible that the consump- tion of infected milk by calves may produce a certain amount of immunity, and this idea is in harmony with the gradual develop- ment of herd immunity in herds into which no new animals are introduced. It seems from our present knowledge that it is fairly safe to allow the calves to remain with their dams till weaning time, or even till the end of the first year of life. It is well to remember that it is not many years ago that the Texas fever, tuberculosis and hog cholera problems were as mys- tifying as that of abortion disease is today. We now know enough about the first of these to completely drive it from the land, and this is actually being done so rapidly that the end is not many years off. Our knowledge of the second is certainly sufficient to control the disease, and likely also to eradicate it completely. It is only a matter of making use of the knowledge we have. I do not mean by this that tuberculosis will cease to be a factor in our animal industry within the immediate future, for its control and eradication is a stupendous task and is going to take time, but I do believe that we will eventually succeed even with our present knowledge. Of hog cholera, as you well know, while our knowledge is not complete, nevertheless great losses ABORTION DISEASE OF CATTLE 527 are being prevented by making use of the facts that have been discovered. Formerly the veterinarian was at a loss to know what to do or to advise when he was forced to undertake the abortion problem. I feel that the time of this state of helpless- ness is passing, and that already there is much actual service that the veterinarian can render towards reducing the losses from abortion disease, and as time goes and our knowledge becomes more perfect, he can render more and more. He is rendering splendid service in combating the other three great plagues which affect the animal industry, and I am sure that he will give the same kind of service in this. He need have no fear that he will work himself out of a job, for of work in the realm of veterinary medicine, as in every other field, there is no end if we but look for it. In closing I would like to emphasize the following : 1. Most cows that are infected with abortion disease become and remain carriers and eliminators of infection through their udders for long periods. 2. The placentae of infected cows at what seem to be normal parturitions may be infected. 3. The most probable route of infection is the digestive tract. 4. The most susceptible period seems to be that of gestation. 5. The greatest source of infection is the aborting cow at and following an abortion. 6. Though the evidence points to the bull as playing only a minor part in disseminating this disease, it is not safe to take lib- erties with him. 7. Calves seem to be insusceptible, and the progeny of in- fected cows usually remain free from infection unless exposed to it after they are a year old. 8. Do not try to kill abortion or other bacilli when in con- tact with delicate animal tissue by the use of strong disinfectants. 9. The agglutination test will detect infected animals except those too recently infected to have developed a reaction. It is an excellent test but is not prophetic nor perfect. It will not tell whether an animal will abort, but will tell whether she is apt to be dangerous. 10. The veterinarian can do at least three things in helping to control abortion disease. They are as follows : (a) He can make an accurate diagnosis. Means are now at hand by which infected animals may be detected. 528 P. A. FISH {b) He can give advice as to means of protecting healthy herds, of reducing losses in infected herds, and possibly cleaning up such herds. (c) He can give rational treatment to the uteri of cows fol- lowing abortions and to the uteri of infected cows following par- turitions in which the placentas are retained. It is important that the injured uterus be gotten back into as nearly normal con- dition as possible at an early date, because it is quite likely that this will have much to do with the cow's next conception both as to the promptness w^th which conception takes place and as to whether it will be follow^ed by a normal birth. Also, the length of time that abortion bacilli will continue to be discharged from the uterus probably depends, to a great extent, on the rapidity of repair of the lesions in the uterus. VETERINARY TRAINING PREPARATORY FOR THE ARMY.* p. A. Fish, Chairman. The European war has disturbed the equilibrium of the world to the extent that many lines of activity will never again return to the precise conditions existing before the war. Readjust- ment, even in unexpected quarters, will be necessary in order to meet the demands of the future. In educational, as well as other affairs, this must occur. In general subjects to some extent, in professional and technical subjects to a greater extent, there must be pruning and elimination of the non-essentials and devel- opment along lines w^hich, properly coordinated and directed, rep- resent efficiency and practical utility. The best insurance against trouble is preparedness. The best reason for the existence of an educational institution is its use- fulness. The more necessary it becomes in the utilities of the public, the stronger it stands as a necessity with a correspond- insrly decreased danger of failure. * At the Semi-Centennial Celebration of Cornell University, conferences were heM in the different colleges. In the Veterinary College Conference, there was an extended program consisting of reports by committees of the alumni on the various ways by which its work could be improved. Among these reports was one on "Veterinary Training Preparatory for the Army," presented by a committee of which Major P. A. Fish was chairman. Lt. Col. R. J. Stanclift, Major R. J. Foster. Major A. L. Mason and Capt. W. E. Mul- doon were the other members. This was sent to the Editor by the Dean of the College, who states in his letter : "This report contains so much of interest that I feel it will be quite as helpful to the faculties of other veterinary col- leges as it has been to us. As it deals, for the greater part, with the subject generally, rather than with specific reference to our college, I am sending it to you for publication in the Journal in order that all of the veterinary colleges may have the advantage of the suggestions made by the committee." — Editor. VETERINARY TRAI^NING FOR THE ARMY 529^ The first Veterinary School, established at Lyons, France, 1762; was because of war conditions. The great loss of horses in the wars preceding that date caused such a drain upon the resources of the countries involved that, the necessity for ade- quate knowledge, in the care of in juries and the treatment of dis- ease, for the conservation of these animals became of the utmost importaiice. The first great impetus for veterinary education, therefore, came through war and its depleting effect upon live^ stock. In the course of time, with increased ravages from epi- zootics among the other domesticated animals, the establishment of a veterinary school was more than vindicated. Other veterin- ary schools were established in quite rapid succession in other countries as well as France. Although the military side of vet- erinary education gradually subsided in most of the schools, it was maintained and, in later years, perhaps, intensified in the Germanic countries. It is well to remember the original demand for , veterinary education, and, profiting from recent experience, realize that the present-day veterinary curriculum can, without radical change, be rounded put to serve adequately the needs of both army and civil veterinarians. In the past there has been little or no attempt on the part of the veterinary schools to arrange the curriculum to the needs of the veterinarian entering military service. This has doubtless been , due to the fact that there has been little demand for it. Until after the outbreak of the European war, the veterinarian in the U. S. Army held an anomalous j>osition. Charged with responsibility for the health of the Army animals, he was with- out rank or authority, without adequate assistance and with no system of records. Under such conditions the highest results could not be expected, nor very much inducement offered for young men to enter the service. With the participation of the United States in the war and with the incorporation of the veterinary branch in the Medical Department with the long-sought-for rank, a more attractive field ha^ been opened. For an officer, the Army seeks a man well educated in general subjects, as well as the more technical one of the profession for which he has prepared himself. This is nat- ural and necessary if he is to associate with officers in other branches and is to be a real leader of men, with proper responsi- bility for material placed in his care. 530 P. A. FISH With the changed status as to rank and a more comprehensive, as well as a more detailed, knowledge of the problems gained from the experience of the war, it may be expected that more young men will be inclined toward army veterinary service. The pro- gressive veterinary college, desirous of serving the state and nation, should, to meet this demand, scrutinize carefully its cur- riculum and adjust it in such a way that the basic needs of any veterinarian shall be maintained and yet afford opportunity for features of special benefit for those desiring to enter army serv- ice. In a general way, it may be questioned if a course of in- struction designed for the veterinarian entering military service would not be of just as much value for a veterinarian entering civil practice. In many instances certain of the courses already given need only slight modification; other courses should be extended, and in some cases a relatively few new courses may be required. Since he is to become a part of the military organization, it should be obvious that the Army veterinarian should have some knowledge of fundamental military affairs which, at first glance, appear to be wholly isolated but later may be found to have a real value in coordinating his professional knowledge with his military environment. In the case of some veterinary schools associated with universi- ties, military drill is already a part of the curriculum. In addi- tion to the drill, which is important, a course of lectures on mili- tary science in the university, dealing with basic principles, should be attended by the veterinary students, for the student should realize that he is preparing himself for the duties of an officer as well as a veterinarian. One of the factors of military training which has received much favorable comment has been the transformation in the physical bearing and effi9iency of the young men after experi- ence in the service. Indifference, neglect of details, even slouchi- ness, has been evident in many who possessed collegiate training. Although ignored in the college curriculum, morale is a factor which should receive consideration as a fundamental principle, especially in the case of young men planning to enter the Army. Each department in a professional school has a certain responsi- bility, and by its methods of administration, attention to details and efficiency, can do much to develop in the student such quali- VETERINARY TRAINING FOR THE ARMY 531 ties of neatness, orderliness and system as will reflexly influence his later career and expedite his progress in the service. A brief outline of the duties of Army veterinary service may be considered, as follows : 1. The care of all sick animals in a given command, including not only their professional care, but the operation of veterinary hospitals, the preparation and preservation of records, and the administration of the veterinary detachment. 2. Veterinary hygiene and sanitation, dealing with the health and efficiency of animals, including the control of communicable diseases. Except where given as separate courses, such a course might comprise the sanitary inspection of stables, corrals, picket lines, forage and bedding, methods of feeding, watering, groom- ing, shoeing, improvised stabling, correction of sanitary defects, detection and segregation of communicable diseases, mallein test- ing, and suitable recommendations for the establishment of quar- antine. 3. Meat and Dairy Inspection : (a) Inspection for soundness of meat at the time of receipt, while in storage and at issue. (b) Inspection for compliance with Government specifica- tions on receipt. (c) Inspection of Quartermaster storehouses and refrigera- tors and the methods of operating and handling of food therein. (d) Inspection of abattoirs, slaughter houses, butcher shops, branch storehouses and packing houses, handling meats which may be sold to troops direct or through the Supply Officer. (e) Ante-mortem and post-mortem inspection for soundness and suitability of animals slaughtered for human consumntirin. (/) Inspection of dairies and milk cows and dairy products. 4. Laboratory Service: (a) Laboratory diagnosis. (6) Preparation of biologies, including mallein and tuber- culin. (c) Laboratory diagnostic tests for glanders. 5. The special duties of an Army veterinarian: The pur- chase, mobilization and transportation of animals, as well as the evacuation of disabled animals and their care during evacuation in order that they may not encumber troops. Considering the curriculum in its relation to the preceding outline, the course in anatomy should devote sufficient attention 582 p. A. FISH to the surgical ailatomy of the horse. It should also give instrucr tion on the location of the principal lymphatic glands of all the food-producing animals. < The professional care and treatment of sick animals^ may be considered as adequately provided for by the regular courses in medicine, surgery, materia medica and therapeutics, with special attention devoted to communicable diseases. Clinical practice should insist upon the necessity of keeping careful and correct records of all cases. In the Army increasing attention is being devoted to the importance of military records. In the course on Feeds and Feeding, not only the balanced ration, food values and the formulation of rations should be con- sidered, but also inspection of forage and grain, with proper at- tention to concentrates and roughage from a military standpoint. A veterinary officer is frequently called upon to pass expert opin- ion upon the kind, quality and feeding value of forage and grain. In addition to his knowledge of this material native to our own country, he will in many cases find it advantageous to possess information relative to the forage of our insular possessions and even of some foreign countries. Qualification as a forage inspec- tor is important, and deficiency in this respect is by no means infrequent. Ability in this direction is perhaps quite as essen- tial as passinig judgment on meats and meat products or in judg- ing animals for soundness. The consideration of poisonous plants may well be taken up in connection with forage or as a part of the course in materia medica. In the course in Breeds and Breeding, in addition to the proper care of the stallion, mare and foal, attention should be paid to the types fitted for cavalry, artillery and heavy artillery work. In conjunction with this course, or as a separate course, there should be instruction in judging and examination for soundness and determination of the type of work for which the animal is best fitted. Unless supplemented by separate courses, the instruction in veterinary hygiene and sanitation should cover the location and construction of veterinary hospitals and stables with respect to drainage and ventilation ; stable management ; methods of feed- ing, watering and grooming ; inspection of bedding and of corrals and picket lines. Certain general principles should receive uni- versal acceptance. The advisory service of veterinarians is of little value if there is disagreement upon fundamentals. VETERINARY TRAINING FOR THE ARMY 533 The course in horse-shoeing is very important, and special attention should be given to pathological conditions affecting the foot. As a rule, a large percentage of animals are rendered non- effective because of foot trouble, due primarily to shoeing. In army service especially a veterinarian should be well qualified in horsemanship. The veterinary training camps have demonstrated that a rather large percentage of recent graduates have been deficient in this important matter. Practical training along this line is urgently needed, and the veterinary college should offer opportunity to the student to become thoroughly familiar with all that pertains to the use of the horse, includ- ing harness, bits, and saddles, driving and work with the rope, making rope halters, tying, etc. A course in equitation, considered in a restricted sense as lim- ited principally to riding, is perhaps of doubtful utility in the college curriculum, because on the one hand the facilities in this regard may be lacking or inadequate, and because, unless the course is under the direction of one familiar with Army tech- nique and methods, the student may be obliged to unlearn much of the instruction given him when later he comes in actual con- tact with the methods of the service. Postponement of this work until practical and correct procedure can be developed, after en- tering the Army, is probably the more advantageous plan for all concerned. The course in meat and dairy inspection should be supple- mented so far as possible by practical demonstrations at the abattoir, with due consideration for ante and post-mortem ex- aminations. The milk and dairy inspection should include prac- tical instruction and work in stable sanitation; tuberculin test- ing; the production of milk, its care, shipping and conversion into dairy products. Matters pertaining to Government speci- fications and applicable to Government conditions may, perhaps, be taken up more advantageously after entering the service. Laboratory practice: A laboratory supplied with proper equipment should encounter little difficulty in furnishing ade- quate, practical instruction in laboratory diagnosis, with due at- tention to the production of mallein and diagnostic tests for glanders. The subjects referred to under group 5, relative to the duties of an Army veterinarian, the purchase of animals, mobilization and transportation, etc., can best be presented by one who has 534 p. A. FISH had military experience. Other topics, bearing on details of a character special to Army service sufficient to cover a course ex- tending over a few weeks, could be included in this group. Lan- tern slides may be arranged to illustrate some of these special features and this course be made obligatory for those contemplat- ing Army service. For the presentation of such a course, it might be possible that an Army veterinarian could be detailed for the purpose. A course in Military History should also be of interest. Al- though data relative to the recent war will be available, there doubtless is also existing much information of value relative to the Civil War, Spanish-American War, and experience on the Mexican border, which, if not collected and properly arranged will be entirely lost for future use. It has been the aim to outline the subjects which it is believed will benefit and especially equip the young veterinarian so that upon entering the Army there will be a minimum loss of momen- tum and a speedy development of efficiency along the lines pecu- liar to the service. No attempt has been made to outline courses in minute detail, as the facilities, equipment and environment of the college should develop these details according to the best judgment of the faculty. In the event of the establishment of a veterinary school in connection with the Army Medical School for the training of young officers, it is believed that the curricu- lum as outlined will nevertheless be of much value. If such a training school is not established, the need for such a curriculum is even more manifest. As applied to the curriculum of the New York State Veter- inary College at Ithaca, N. Y., it is noted that the department of Anatomy already offers a course in surgical anatomy. If not already included in other courses, special attention should be given to the location of the lymphatic glands in the food-produc- ing animals. The professional care and treatment of sick and injured ani- mals are adequately provided for in the courses arranged for that purpose. In the courses in feeding and breeding it is recommended that they include or be sufficiently extended to cover the military view of the subjects as mentioned on page 532. The course in Hygiene as now given for a period of only one hour per week for one term, dealing with the general principles of the subject, seems inadequate. To the Army veterinarian this VETERINARY TRAINING FOR THE ARMY 535 is a major subject, and the course should be enlarged to include those features which are of special value from a military stand- point. In this connection it should be noted that if the proposed battery of artillery is established at Cornell, it will offer an ex- cellent opportunity for experience in stable management, sanita- tion, etc., of much practical benefit to the students, if suitable ar- rangements can be made. The course in horseshoeing is very important and, as now given, is probably adequate if sufficient attention is given to its relation to the pathological conditions of the foot. Although a course in judging, or animal mechanics, is not listed in the curriculum, such a course is available in the College of Agriculture. If this course can be modified to include a con- sideration of types suitable for Army purposes, including exam- inations for soundness, it should be included as a required sub- ject in the veterinary course. As already pointed out, th^ subject of horsemanship is of primary importance to a veterinarian whether he enters the Army or not. While some of the details, properly included under this term may be scattered through some other courses, it is a question well worth considering if matters pertaining to this subject should not be arranged in an orderly and systematic way and presented as a separate course. Like the course in Hygiene, the subject of Meat and Dairy Inspection is of major importance to the Army veterinarian. The time alotted to it seems insufficient, in view of the responsi- bility placed upon the veterinary officer. It is recognized, how-- ever, that after entering the service opportunity is given for fur- ther preparation in this work, especially in connection with Gov- ernment specifications. Laboratory Practice: As for laboratory diagnosis, biologic products, production of mallein and tuberculin and the tech- nique associated with their use, it is believed that the equipment, facilities and methods of the college are more than adequate for the requirements of an Army veterinarian. As previously mentioned, the subjects in group 5 relative to the duties of an Army veterinarian, embracing features which are peculiar to military service, can be presented to the best ad- vantage only by one who has had rather extensive experience in the service. Amplified by the use of lantern slides and possibly by some practical demonstrations, such a special course would be of exceeding value. With a competent Army Veterinarian de- 536 . . R. y. STONE AND C. W. FISJIER . . tailed ta conduct the course, it is entirely practicable, and it i^ recommended that an effort be made to put it into effect. ^i j For the prestige of the veterinary profession, the good of th^ service, and for the benefit of the officer, himself, the Army Vet- erinarian should be an authority in his field, highly qualified on all matters pertaining to the Army animals. To this end, and foi^ this purpose, the veterinary college should lend its earnest effort. Lt. Col. R. J. Stanclift. Maj. R. J. Foster. Maj. a. L. Mason. CaPT. W. E. MULDOON. Maj. p. a. Fish, Chairman. A CHRONIC POX-LIKE INFECTION IN GOATS AND ITS SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT.* R. V. Stone and C. W. Fisher. f In these days when food animals are so important, it behooves us as veterinarians to do what we can in the line of conser- vation of such animals. The goat is coming into import- ance so rapidly in this and other countries that some of us are often called to treat or advise in the care of this animal. It is hardly necessary to mention the fact that the goat will solve the sanitary milk supply problem for many families as well as furnishing a milk more nourishing and more easily digested than any other. Of the ordinary ailments of the goat the veterinarian should readily understand them after a little thought. One disease, however, appears to be quite prevalent in this state and offers a problem not easily solved when first seen. The authors of this paper believe that it will become of economic, importance to the goat industry, inasmuch as the persistent character of the disease causes a marked decrease in milk production as well as a great loss in flesh of animals affected. It is the result of meeting this condition in the field that has led to the work we are about to describe. It is our hope that in presenting this we may bene- fit to some extent the suffering goats and the perplexed veter- inarians who may at some time confront this disease. * Read by R. V. Stone before the California State Veterinary Medical As- sociation and Southern Auxiliary at Fresno, June 2 and 3, 1919. t C. W. Fisher, a practitioner of San Mateo, California, conducted the field work, and R. V. Stone of the Cutter Laboratory conducted the bacteriological examination and preparation of Bacterins. A CHRoMG ¥0X-LlkK INFECTION IN GOATS 537 It was in the early spring of 1917 that an outbreak in a herd of goats was brought to our attention, and subsequent de- velopments resulted in an extensive amount of work for both Dr. Fisher and myself. We very soon concluded that it would be of interest to determine, if possible, the contributing factor to the persistent type of infection we found existed. CASE REPORTS. Case No. 5922, a 4-year-old, kidded Jan. 26, 1917, at 142 days. Three buck kids all lived, but were not very strong. Al- though the birth was plainly premature, she seemed not to suf- fer and had at first a normal flow of milk. About two weeks after kidding, she became stiif in her joints, loss of appetite, loss of milk flow, coat rough, staring, and eyes sunken. No eruptions appeared on the skin, however. On March 19th a large swelling on the sternum was noticed and it was lanced, quantities of pus being removed. Other abscesses were found in the same region. Pus was taken from one of these abscesses by Dr. Fisher on March 29th, which was examined culturally, yielding a pure staphylococcus. Of her three kids, one soon appeared to droop and eruptions containing pus covered the whole abdominal re- gion and inside the legs. His knees were swollen and when lanced emitted the same pus. Postules appeared between his toes so that he was unable to walk. With care and treatment by the owner he recovered, although was undersized. The second triplet had the knees affected, also an al)scess on the nose that had to be opened. No pustules were seen and he made a good recovery. The third triplet had no trouble. The mother was treated with Mixed Goat Bacterin, with quick recovery. Case No. 5993, a doe presenting subcutaneous nodular-like swellings. Some of these had a tiny opening through the skin. By pressing nodules so opening, a thick caseous material would exude. A cultural specimen was taken by clipping the hair, disinfecting after washing and excision of the material with a sterile scalpel. The cultures disclosed a pure staphylococcus, This animal has remained untreated for almost two years with no lessening of the number of nodules. She is now undergoing bacterin treatment. Case No. 6097, was a young doe that had been diseased for over a year. The original owner had used various local dress- ings without avail. Finally, discourged and not wishing to have 538 R. V. STONE AND C. W. FISHER the animal on the premises, because of danger of infecting other goats, the doe was given to a family some distance away, who desired it. The new owners also tried to remedy the condi- tion, with no results. In October, 1917, specimens were taken and the staphylococcus was present pure. Bacterin was pre- pared and treatment begun in November. In December the animal had made a complete recovery, which has been perma- nent up to June, 1919. Case No. 6055, a 5-months-old kid, in November, 1916, de- veloped a rheumatic trouble; the joints becoming stiff and the animal rapidly became almost helpless, knees swollen, ankle joints weak, ears covered with small eruptions. At times she had to be lifted to her feet and coaxed with the best of food to keep her alive. Only one or two injections of the bacterin were given, with the result that the animal was completely recovered. However, two years later, she has developed a nodular stage and treatment is now being conducted in which we will administer several doses of the bacterin. Case No. 5923, was a 2-year-old purebred Toggenburg doe. She developed pustules soon after kidding. From these pustules we isolated a staphylococcus in pure culture and after injecting a bacterin prepared from a mixed lot of goat strains, recovery soon was accomplished. Case No. 6246. In July, 1917, a doe, some seven years old, broke out with pustules. Excellent care and treatment was given by the owner with varying success. In March, 1918, Dr. Fisher was called, and recognized the above-described disease. Pus was taken, from which the same organism was isolated. After a few doses of autogenous bacterins were given, recovery was very rapid. In May, 1918, the doe looked in excellent condi- tion and pregnant. About the time of termination of preg- nancy in July, she became very sick, not eating anything for five days and breaking out with large areas of confluent pustules. There was a bloody vaginal discharge but no pregnancy. Later the owner gave us the goat for investigation. Autogenous bac- terin soon brought her back to condition. In December, 1918, she developed a light attack again and during January to March, 1919, a heavy treatment of bacterin was given. Now she is in fine condition and gives hopes of being productive. No pus- tules or nodules have been observed since treatment started in January.- None of these cases presented pictures resembling those observable in Takosis. A CHRONIC POX-LIKE INFECTION IN GOATS 539 Our first impression wgis that the cases presented lesions re- sembling those observed in cow-pox. The skin was covered with many scabs averaging one-quarter inch in diameter, or coalescent to include large areas. The hair was in tufts and the animals showed evidences of marked irritation. These pustular erup- tions were most frequently present on the udder, thorax, on the back near the tail, and on the inner surface of the limbs. If one lifted the scab, there was disclosed to view a small crater- like depression about one-quarter inch deep, highly inflamed, and the cavity contained a small quantity of creamy pus, some- what tenacious in consistency, from which we later made bac- teriological examinations. At the time of our first visit we inquired into the history of the cases and learned that the condition had been introduced from the southern part of the State, and Arizona, from which places this herd was partially built up. The disease spread rap- idly through a large herd, especially affecting the young does soon after freshening. In this way much loss was caused in milk flow and flesh. This new stock arrived in the summer o'f 1916 and it was not until March, 1917, that the cases were brought to the attention of Dr. Fisher. During the interval between the summer of 1916 and March, 1917, the condition had per- sisted. We were informed that experimental inoculation had been attempted by scarifying the udder and rubbing vesicular contents on the scarified area. This apparently would render the outbreak on the udder less severe, but would not confer com- plete immunity. Local antiseptics were resorted to with the re- sult that the particular lesions treated would heal, but the con- dition would break out soon on some other portion of the body. Various types of lesions were observed and treatment was re- sorted to in each. The various forms observed were three in number. The first was the initial appearance of the pustule. This form would continue for three to four weeks when the majority of the cases would recover. But in some cases recovery did not take place, and it was these chronic cases that the authors had occa- sion to observe. Then here, besides the skin eruptions, we would frequently find a second form consisting of a subcutaneous swell- ing which varied in size from a small shot to a glandular-like swelling the size of a walnut. Incision of these swellings dis- closed a caseous pus without odor which would yield upon cul- 540 . R. V. STONE AND G. W. FISHER turing a Gram positive, staphylococcus resembling in all respects the organism isolated from the pit of the pustule^ . These subr cutaneous swellings were usually present on the face, back, sides, and inner surface of the limbs. The larger nodules were visible from a distance ; the smaller ones being readily felt when strok- ing the hair. A third condition observed and which readily yielded to bac- terin therapy was arthritis involving the f orelimbs particularly. At some times it would be so severe that the animals would have to be lifted manually to get them on their feet. Abortions oc- curred in many cases and sterility resulted in certain cases. One of these apparently sterile animals W' as observed closely and w^hen brought into good condition following gradually increased injec- tions of bacterins, was bred and appears to be pregnant at the time of this writing. We Have not worked with the abortion cases to any extent, but believe there is a connection between the frequent abortions occurring in infected herds and the organism we have studied. The usual type of infection referred to us was benign in character, only two animals showing a malignant form of the condition. These consisted of two kids whose heads w^ere caught in their feeding stanchions with a result that the tissues of the neck w^ere badly bruised, but the skin was not broken. The area affected became sw^ollen and later edematous. The temperature reached 107 degrees Fahrenheit. Both kids evi- denced great suffering and prostration. They were killed to relieve their further suffering. Dr. Fisher conducted a thorough post-mortem of these animals and found the following condi- tion present : There were no lesions other than locally, the tissues of the neck region were extensively hemorrhagic and edematous. In the auditory canal was a caseous pus. In the lymphatic glands of the throat was a marked congestion. Cultures w^ere made from the glands, auditory canal and spinal fluid. In all of these a pure growth of the staphylococcus was obtained. Catch- ing the heads in the stanchions w^as believed to be the immediate cause of the swelling, yet the organism was in the system appar- ently dormant but waiting for a traumatic area in which to localize. It was believed that if we were contending with true goat- pox one attack should confer an immunity to the disease, but this did not appear to be the case. It was therefore decided that an attempt to isolate organisms from the pus contained beneath the cap of the scab w^ould be of interest. Accordingly several speci- ( A CHRONIC iPOX-tilKE INFECTION IN GOATS 541 lirens were taken from various goats and forwarded to the labora- tory in Berkeley. In all of these specimens the same organisms were isolated in pure culture! In all of our work the utmost care was employed in taking specimens to prevent the entrance of contaminating influences. Sterile instruments were used to lift the cap after the area had been clipped, washed and disin- fected. The small amount of pus was then collected on a sterile swab and immediately returned to a sterile test tube. Cases that had not been treated, but whose histories informed us that the condition had been present for over a year and a half, as evi- denced by continual nodules on the body, yielded positive cul- tures from the cheesy4ike pus excised. BACTERIOLOaY GF THE DISEASE. Inasmuch as the organisms isolated were culturally and mor- phologically similar to each other it was decided to employ auto- genous bacterins prepared from them to determine if these strains were of therapeutic value. These bacterins were prepared by the usual methods. The cultures were first examined for purity. The organism is a staphylococcus having an orange pigment and producing marked hemolysis on uncooked rabbit's blood. This quality of causing hemolysis is retained even in cultures over two years old. At first the organisms stained unevenly by the Gram method, but later became stabilized, staining readily by Gram's method. Once the purity of the cultures was proven, sub-cul- tures were made and incubated 24 hours at 37.5° C. They were then scraped in physiological salt solution and sterilized at 56° C. for 30 minutes. They were preserved with 0.5% phenol and diluted to a standard of 500 million organisms per milliliter. After this they were tested for sterility and bottled. At first analogous strains were used on the respective cases, but later on the strains were incorporated into a mixed bacterin with equally good results as compared to the autogenous preparations. We endeavored to demonstrate the specifiicity of the or- ganisms by experimental inoculation of rabbits, guinea pigs and normal goats. A heavy suspension of fresh cultures was made, using physiological salt for the diluting medium. With an intradermal tuberculin needle small quantities of the inoculum were injected underneath the skin. In the case of the rabbits and guinea pigs, only a slight traumatic inflammation was ob- served. This disappeared within 24 hours. However, in the goats marked swellings resulted, which later became necrotic and 542 R. V. STONE AND C. W. FISHER large patches of skin sloughed away. The areas from which these sloughs came, persisted raw and necrotic. Healing could not be induced even though antiseptic dressings were applied frequently. A few weeks later it was decided that the bacterin should be used to endeavor to remedy the condition. This was done, with a resulting rapid and complete recovery. Agglutination tests were then attempted, using normal goat serum for controls and the serum from goats naturally infected. The positive cases agglutinated in dilutions of 1-400 while the normal sera did not agglutinate even at 1-10 dilutions. Four cases of transitory infection by the pustular form in the case of the human have been reported to us. These persons were engaged in the care and milking of the animals infected. One of these parties had been vaccinated against smallpox several times, yet contracted the pustular type of infection twice at in- tervals of a year. So far as the area in which this condition is found is con- cerned, we have personally taken observations of five herds, three of which are situated at wide limits from each other, the remain- ing two being about two miles apart. From these five herds we obtained the same organism, as judged by its morphology, pig- ment and hemolytic properties. In the goat journals are num- bers of queries from many sections in which the conditions de- scribed simulates these we have observed. We believe the con- dition is quite widespread. Recently Professor Ivan C. Hall of the University of Cali- fornia visited one of these herds with us. The chronic cases in this herd had been under bacterin treatment two years previously. The animals have been free from disease since then. At the time of our visit the goats were in the best of condition, with a yield of 25 gallons of milk each day from 32 goats. Only two animals showed any infection. These had the nodular form. They had not been treated previously. " Specimens were taken and divided in two portions, one of which Professor Hall exam- ined and we the other. Working independently we both iso- lated the staphylococcus. SUMMARY. 1. A condition in goats, benign in character, but of economic importance through loss in milk production and flesh, has been observed. Lesions in early stages resemble goat-pox. STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS 543 2. Whether true goat-pox or a condition having lesions simu- lating those observable in goat-pox has not been determined. 3. However, a pure Gram positive staphylococcus having an orange pigment, and producing marked hemolysis on un- cooked blood agar has been isolated from every specimen taken. 4. Baeterins prepared from this organism produce a rapid recovery in cases affected. 5. This therapeutic value may be specific or non-specific, but the oro-anism has been demonstrated as being particularly viru- lent for goats, but non-virulent for guinea pigs and rabbits. 6. Three distinct forms of infection have been successfully treated with baeterins. These forms are: a. Arthritis. h. Exanthemata. c. Subcutaneous multiple abscesses. 7. Cases in which bacterin therapy is not employed do not recover rapidly, but may persist at least a year and a half. STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS.^ II. THE ANTHELMINTIC AND INSECTICIDAL VALUE OP CARBON BISULPHIDE AOAINST OASTRO-IN- TESTINAL PARASITES OF THE HORSE. Maurice C. Hall, Ph. D., D. V. M. Morgan J. Smead, V. S., B. V. So. Charles F. Wolf, D. V. M. Biological and Research Laboratories, Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit, Mich. By critical experimental methods, i. e., treatment followed by careful examination of the manure and post-mortem examina- tion, it has been found by Hall (1917) that carbon bisulphide is apparently 100 per cent effective against bots; by the same methods, it has been found by Hall, Wilson and Wigdor (1918) that some of the common anthelmintics are not adequately effec- tive against ascarids in the horse, "even such drugs as oil of cheno- podium, highly ascaridal for ascarids in other hosts, falling far short of 100 per cent efficacy. Using these same critical methods, we find that carbon bisulphide, in addition to being 100 per cent effective in removing bots, is almost that effective in removing ascarids. This drug has been used heretofore against ascarids I * Read before the Southeastern Michigan Veterinary Medical Association, Detroit, Mich., April 9, 1919. 544 M. C. JIALL^ M. J. SMEAD^ C. F. WOLF in the horse, but in the absence of critical tests, its real efficacy was a problematical quality. We are now able to report that in carbon bisulphide we have a dependable remedy for the refrac- tory ascarid of the horse. This information fills a distinct gap in our knowledge of dependable treatments for parasites of the horse, and in connection with the findings of Hall, Wilson and Wigdor (1918) to the effect that oil of chenopodium, properly used, is approximately 100 per cent effective against strongyles, cylicostomes and pinworms in the horse, it establishes the topic of anthelmintic treatment for the common parasites of the diges- tive tract of the horse on a sound basis of tested and dependable drugs. Our method was the same as that used by Hall, Wilson and Wigdor. The horses were dosed by, and the fasting, feeding and care of manure supervised by, one of us (Smead). The exam- ination of the manure for worms and bots passed and the post- mortem examination of the digestive tract were made by Hall, Smead and Wolf, assisted by J. R. Stafford. No effort was made to detect cylicostomes in the manure or to count them post- mortem. However, if cylicostomes had been present in the manure to any extent they would probably have been detected, and it is our opinion that practically none were passed. Food was removed from 8 horses at noon, March 10, 1919, and the animals were given their first, or their only, treatment with carbon bisulphide in hard capsules about 8 :30 the next morning. No purgatives were given. In view of the new data relative to the time required for dead bots and worms to pass from a horse under these conditions, we give the protocols rather fully. Horse No. 1094 was given 6 drams of carbon bisulphide in 1 dose. On the succeeding days, in their order, this horse passed the following: 1 bot, 0 ascarids; 2 bots, 0 ascarids; 58 bots, 1 ascarid ; total 61 bots, 1 ascarid. The horse was killed the third day after treatment and had 105 dead bots and 5 dead ascarids in the large intestine on their way out. The drug removed 166 bots and 6 ascarids, leaving none in the stomach or small intes- fme. This horse had 85 pinworms, hundreds of Strongylus spp. and thousands of Cylicostomum spp. The treatment was there- fore 100 per cent effective against bots and ascarids and 0 per cent effective against pinworms, Strongylus spp. and Cylicosto- mum spp. (We assume from the number of cylicostomes left, together with the failure to remove Strongylus and pinworms, that the treatment was an entire failure against cylicostomes, STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS 545 even though the manure was not closely examined to see if any of these were passed.) The stomach and small intestine were normal. Horse No. 1092^ was also given 6 drams of carbon bisulphide in 1 dose. On the succeeding days this horse passed bots as follows: 0 bots; Shots; 70 bots; 77 bots; 36 bots; 48 bots ; 33 bots; 5 bots; 2 bots; total, 279 bots. This horse passed 2 as- carids on the third day after treatment and 2 or 3 at a later day ; owing to a misunderstanding, exact records were not kept for these worms. The horse was killed the ninth day after treat- ment and had 2 bots in the double colon and no ascarids any- where. This horse had 1 pinworm, hundreds of Strongylus spp. and some Cylicostomum spp. The treatment was therefore 100 per cent effective against bots and ascarids and 0 per cent effec- tive against pinworms, Strongylus spp. and Cylicostomum spp. The stomach showed a healing inflamed area in the cardiac por- tion. Horse No. 1092 was given 4 drams of carbon bisulphide at 1 dose and this dose was repeated 2 hours later. On the succeed- ing days, in their order, this horse passed the following: 0 bots, 0 ascarids ; 0 bots, 1 ascarid ; 0 bots, 4 ascarids ; total 0 bots, 5 ascarids. The horse was killed the third day after treatment and had no bots anywhere; it had 2 live ascarids in the small intestine and 38 dead ones in the large intestine. There were 9 Strongylus spp., some Cylicostumum spp. and no pinworms. The treatment was therefore over 95 per cent effective against ascarids and 0 per cent effective against Strongylus and Cylicos- tomum spp.; no data regarding bots and pinworms, as these parasites were not present. Cardiac stomach was inflamed and showed adherent mucous exudate. Horse No. 823 was al^o given 2 4-dram doses of carbon bisul- phide at a 2-hour interval. On the succeeding days this horse passed the following : 1 hot, 0 ascarids ; 0 bots, 2 ascarids ; 1 bot, 10 ascarids ; 1 bot, 4 ascarids ; 0 bots, 6 ascarids ; 0 bots, 3 ascarids ; 0 bots, 0 ascarids; 0 bots, 1 ascarid; total 3 bots, 26 ascarids. Subsequent to the eighth day after treatment, no bots or ascarids were passed. The horse was killed on the seventeenth day after treatment and had no bots or ascarids anywhere. There were hundreds of Strongylus, thousands of Cylicostomum and no pin- worms. The treatment was, therefore, 100 per cent effective against bots and ascarids, and 0 per cent effective against Stron- 546 M. C. HALL;, M. J. SMEAD^ C. F. WOLF gylus and Cylicostomum. In passing, it may be noted that the small number of bots present in this horse is correlated with the fact that this animal had not been on pasture the previous sum- mer, but had been kept in the stable or allowed in a bare lot for exercise. The inflammation of the gastric rausoca, following treatment, had almost entirely subsided. Horse No. 1091 was also given 2 4.-dram doses of carbon bi- sulphide at a 2-hour interval. On the succeeding days this horse passed bots as follows : 0, 7, 13, 6, 4, 2, 2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ; total, 35 bots. This horse also passed 3 ascarids, but the exact date was not recorded. The horse was killed the fourteenth day after treatment and had no bots or ascarids post-mortem; it had hundreds of Strongylus spp. and numerous Cylicostomum spp., but no pinworms. The treatment was therefore 100 per cent effective against bots and ascarids, but 0 per cent effective against Strongylus and, apparently, Cylicostomum. There are no conclusions regarding pinworms, as these were not present. There had been some inflammation in the cardiac stomach, but this had almost entirely subsided at the time of necropsy. Horse No. 897 was also given 2 4-dram doses of carbon bisul- phide at a 2-hour interval. On the succeeding days, this horse passed no bots. At some date it passed 1 or 2 ascarids, but, ow- ing to a misunderstanding, no records of the number of worms or the date were kept. The horse was killed on the fourteenth day after treatment and was found to have no bots. There was 1 live ascarid in the small intestine. The horse had 4 pinworms, numerous Strongylus and some Cylicostomum, The treatment was not entirely successful against ascarids in this case, remov- ing 1 or more and leaving 1. This is probably due to the worm being in the lower ileum and the drug being largely absorbed be- fore reaching the site of the worm. The treatment was 0 per cent effective against pinworms, Strongylus and, apparently, Cylicos- tomum. There are no conclusions in regard to bots, as there were none present. This freedom from bots is correlated with the fact that this animal had been kept off pasture the preceding summer. The stomach of this animal showed evidence of an in- flammation, in the cardiac portion, that had almost entirely sub- sided. Horse No. 1100 was given 3 doses of 3 drams each of carbon bisulphide at 1-hour intervals. On the succeeding days this horse passed the following: 0 bots, 0 ascarids; 31 bots, 4 as- STUDIES OF ANTHELMINTICS 547 carids ; 58 bots, 2 ascarids ; 29 bots, 0 ascarids ; 14 bots, 0 ascarids; 13 bots, 0 ascarids; total 145 bots, 6 ascarids. The horse was killed the sixth day after treatment and had 15 dead bots in the large intestine and no ascarids anywhere. There were 4 pin worms, hundreds of Strongylus spp. and some Cylicosto- mum spp. The treatment was therefore 100 per cent effective against bots and ascarids and 0 per cent effective against pin- worms, Strongylus spp. and Cylicostomum spp. A considerable portion of the cardiac stomach was highly inflamed. Horse No. 1106 was given the same treatment, 3 doses of 3 drams each at 1-hour intervals. On the succeeding days this horse passed the following : 0 bots, 0 ascarids ; 17 bots, 1 ascarid ; 12 bots, 1 ascarid ; 7 bots, 0 ascarids ; 6 bots, 0 ascarids ; 1 bot, 0 ascarids ; 0 bots, Q ascarids ; 0 bots, 0 ascarids ; 0 bots, 0 ascarids ; 1 bot, 0 ascarids ; total 44 bots, 2 ascarids. After the tenth day no parasites were passed. The animal was killed on the seventeenth day. One dead bot was found in the double colon and no ascarids anywhere. There were numerous Strongylus, innumerable Cyli- costomum and no pinworms. Treatment was, therefore, 100 per cent effective against bots and ascarids, and 0 per cent effective against Strongylus and, apparently, Cylicostomum. The in- flammation of the gastric mucosa had almost entirely subsided. A consideration of the foregoing shows the following : Carbon bisulphide has a dependable efficacy of approximately 100 per cent against bots and ascarids, the two common and im- portant parasites occurring in the anterior portion of the diges- tive tract, i. e., the stomach and small intestine, of the horse. In our animals, the bots were mostly Gastrophilus nasalis, with a few G. hemorrhoidalis ; the ascarids were the common Ascaris equo- rum (A, megalocephala) . In our experiments, it was uniformly 100 per cent effective against bots, removing all of 690 bots from the 6 infested animals, and usually 95 to 100 per cent effective against ascarids, removing (approximately) 91 of 94 worms from the 8 infested animals, or almost 97 per cent. Carbon bisulphide gives as good results in 1 6-dram dose as in 2 4-dram doses or 3 3-dram doses, and it is likely that the smaller sum total of drug in the one dose is to be preferred to the greater total in several doses, especially as the gastric lesions seem less pronounced with the 1 dose. It is quite possible that further experiment will show that a single dose even smaller than 6 drams will be adequate. Dove (1918) found that young bots 548 M. C. HALL, M. J. SMEAD^ C. F. WOLF could be killed by carbon bisulphide in ^5 minutes, while last- stage larvae required almost 3I/2 hours, G. intestinalis being more resistant than other species. The question as to whether carbon bisulphide in one dose remains in the stomach long enough to remove the bots, and perhaps remains as much as 3% hours, would seem to be answered in the affirmative by the sucess of our 1-dose treatment. Carbon bisulphide given without purgation will remove the bots, but they will usually not be found in the manure for the first 24 hours after treatment, and the maximum number are apt to be in the manure of the third day, and may be in that of the fourth day after treatment. Dead bots may be passed for 10 days and others may still be present in the large intestine 17 days after treatment. Where purgation is employed, bots may come away in the first 24 hours, according to Dove (1918), usually the following day, however, and may come away for 5 days, according to the findings of Hall (1917) and Dove (1918). Ascarids usually come away on the second and third day, but may come away as late as the eighth day. Carbon bisulphide is of no value against worms in the pos- terior portion of the digestive tract, the cecum, colon and rectum, i. e., against pinworms, Strongylus and Cylicostomum. This is perhaps due to the rapid absorption of the drug in the stomach and small intestine, and this may account for the occasional escape of an ascarid located in the lower portion of the small intestine. The simultaneous administration of linseed oil might serve to carry the carbon bisulphide in solution down the intes- tine more rapidly, increasing its efficacy against ascarids. Whether it would cause the removal of any worms from the large intestine is doubtful. Hall (1919) has reported two experiments where horses given a 20-mil dose of carbon bisulphide, or two such doses at 2-hour intervals, followed in 1% to 2I/2 hours by 800 mils of linseed oil, entirely failed to remove any strongyles. In this connection, it may be said that the carbon bisulphide is soluble in oils, but is practically insoluble in water; Dove (1918) is in error in stating: ''The carbon bisulphid, being solu- ble in water, evidently reaches all portions of the stomach, either as a gas or in solution." A common laboratory test for iodine is that employing a discrete undissolved bubble of CS2 at the bottom of an aqueous solution. STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS 549 Obviously, adequate anthelmintic treatment for removal of all the common species of worms and bots from the horse would require consecutive treatments with carbon bisulphide and oil of chenopodium, the two anthelmintics now known to be depend- able for the purpose. The lesion due to carbon bisulphide given in hard capsules consists in inflammation in the cardiac portion of the stomach, usually over an area the size of a man's hand or larger. This inflammation, when present, subsides almost entirely in the course of two weeks. The fact that horse No. 1094 had a normal stom- ach on the third day after treatment with 1 6-dram dose, sug- gests that this single-dose treatment occasions less local damage than repeated doses; certainly the amount of toxic drug ab- sorbed is less. REFERENCES. Dove, W. E. 1918. Some biological and control studies of Gas- trophilus haemorrhoidalis arid other bots of horses. U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 597, April 9, 52 pp., 5 pis., 4 text figs. Hall, Maurice C. 1917. Notes in regard to bots, Gastrophilus spp. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assn., v. 5 (2), Nov., pp. 177-184. 1919. Practical methods of treatment for worm infesta- tion. J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass., v. 8 (1), Apr., pp. 24-45^ 1 fig. Hall, Maurice C; Robert H. Wilson; and Meyer Wigdob. 1918. The anthelmintic treatment of equine intestinal strongylidosis. J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass., v. 7 (1), Oct., pp. 47-55. 1918. Some notes on the treatment of equine ascariasis and oxyuriasis. J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass., v. 7 (1), Oct., pp. 56-57. Dr. R. 0. Suddath is now located at Marietta, Ga., instead of Auburn, Ala. Dr. B. F. Davis, state veterinarian, has .his headquarters at Cheyenne, Wyo. Dr. L. A. Danielson is now located at Santa Rosa, Calif. His former address was Madera, Calif. Dr. D. L. Allen, Resident Secretary for Alabama, is now lo- cated at Prattsville. His former address was Auburn. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS. VERMINOUS CATTLE. By E. HoRSTMAN, Baton Rouge, La. Internal parasites infesting live stock are the bane of the southern cattle owner and stock raiser in the lowlands and marshy ranges of the south, when infection once gains a start on such pasturage. Burning off the range is impractical owing to the extensive area and wooded portions, since the entire pastur- age acreage is generally given over to the stock, to roam at will, it is all then considered infected on any one farm. There is no free part to which the stock could be moved after treatment, without entailing the expense of renting other premises than your own, until such time that' the infected range could be made clean by rotation. Sheep raising under these conditions is a hazardous under- taking and is responsible for there not being more of this indus- try in a country that otherwise would make this a very profitable investment. Hogs likewise are found, in many so-called out- breaks of hog cholera, to be suffering from infestation of intes- tinal and kidney parasites. Cattle have suffered less. However, a number of owners having reported illness in their herds, on investigation they were- found to be infested with the twisted stomach worm (Haemon- chus contortus). Figure 1 is that of a three-year-old heifer, ''Hereford," treated for twisted stomach worms, ''Haemonchus contortus." Life prolonged for about five months. Post-mortem showed gastro-enteritis, a deep red and thickened stomach membrane. By application of the copper sulphate treatment as prescribed by the Bureau of Animal Industry: 1 pound crystallized blue- stone, powdered, dissolved in 9% gallons of warm water, used as a drench, twice, 12 days apart, 7 ounces to yearlings, 16 ounces to mature cattle, has been found effective, when the cattle could be moved to new pasturage after treatment. Cattle suffering from this parasite are nearly always in such a debilitated state that the treatment with copper sulphate is very drastic and more than they can withstand. Restoration by tonics and stimulants from the enfeebled condition is first in order. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 551 At the *' W. C/' ranch, Lafourche Parish, La., which lies about nine feet above sea level, the experience with the ' ' Haemonchus contortus" and other internal parasites, among them the whip- worm, ' ' Tricocephalus affinis," the lung worm, ' ' Dictyocaulus viviparous," tapeworms and the grub larvae have proven ex- tremely costly to the owners. w Fig. 1. » Fig-. 2. Figure 2 shows extreme emaciation of a four-year-old native cow, Jersey, found down and in dying condition, was destroyed. On post-mortem the whip-worm, ' ' Tricocephalus affinis, ' ' and in- numerable grub larvae were found, with inflammation of true stomach and smaller intestines. 552 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS This ranch contains about 2500 acres, over which approxi- mately 1000 head of cattle, ' ' Heref ords, ' ' have free access. This ranch was stocked about one year past with white-face cattle from Texas. Trouble soon began and cattle were dying at the rate of 4 to 5 each week. A significant point noticed was : The sick were confined to the last lot imported; the others, of the first shipment, apparently were not afi:ected, indicating almost conclusively that the trouble, whatever it was, came with the shipment and was not a native disease. The staggering gait, swelling under chin, emaciation, membranes anaemic, copious evacuations, no temperature, appetite good though variable, pointed to worms. On post-mortem the previously mentioned parasites were found in profusion, and the animals suffering from Verminous Bronchitis with lungs congested, others from gastro-enteritis, due to the twisted stomach worm. All fats, heart, kidney, mesenteric and extending to orbital fossa were of jelly-like consistency, a veritable cachectic condition. The ques- tion arises here : Why are these cattle not showing above symp- toms at their native heath in Texas ? If they brought the infec- tion with them, which it is claimed they did, and since the ''W. C." ranch had no cattle on it for years prior to the present stock- ing, the infection could not have been present upon their arrival, to be picked up. Does acclimation changes have anything to do with verminous virulence? Concluding it does not, there must be some mistake as to the history of origin of these parasites. Every veterinarian of note for miles around has passed on these cattle and held post-mortems, and as one of them character- istically writes the following: '^ Nothing of additional informa- tion was found. Worms were present in every case, all kinds of worms — lung, stomach, round and tapeworms. The animals are still dying at the rate of one a day. ' ' This was the mortality at the time; however, the end of deaths has been apparently reached, as there were but four left of the sick lot when last seen ; all of the herd otherwise looking fat and well. Some have recovered, others recovered apparently, had a re- currence and died ; most of them lingered along from two weeks to five months and eventually died. The copper sulphate treat- ment was applied and aided the weaker ones to hastily make their exit from this mortal coil. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 553 STERCOREMIA OF SHEEP, E. A, Bruce, Agassiz, B. C. Stercoremia is defined in Borland's dictionary a^ a 'Hoxic state occasioned by poisons absorbed from retained feces." This term is believed to more correctly describe a condition* that has heretofore been called preparturient eclampsia or post- partum paralysis. Such a condition was recently investigated in a flock of sheep in which 92 fatalities occurred. HISTORY. The location of these sheep was in the lower Similkameen Valley, close to the- Washington State border. The flock con- sisted of 719 sheep of mixed breeding, chiefly grade Suffolk and Merino. The sexes were as follows: Rams 12, wethers 123, ewes 584 ; of the latter about 135 were yearlings, of which some 50 or 60 were not with lamb. Winter feeding started on January 14 on a redtop hay which contained a small amount of ergot, a not uncommon occurrence in the interior of British Columbia. It is, however mentioned, as one veterinarian who saw these sheep diagnosed their complaint as ergot poisoning. On February 1 the feed was changed to alfalfa and was gradually increased until by the 25th they were being fed heavily. Lambing was due to start about March 1, and all sheep were in a fat condition. Good water was always available, but a number of animals showed a preference for snow. Salt was regularly supplied, 14 pounds of sulphur being mixed with 100 pounds of salt. About lambing time some chopped oats and bran was fed. Shortly after the trouble started some turnips were offered, but were not readily eaten, apparently because the animals were not accustomed to roots. The animals being fasted, it was noticed that they ate a lot of cactus (Opuntia sp.) and it was thought that they had been eating some before. On February 17th the owner wrote this laboratory to the effect that he had lost 9 fat ewes with lamb, and described symp- toms which indicated a feeding trouble ; advice was given to cut down the feed and to give lots of exercise. This letter was held up in the mail, but on March 6 he fasted them for four days; at that time 150 animals were down and others showed sickness. On the fourth day many passed feces, and on the two following 554 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS days many more were relieved from the constipation, which had been general. During this time it was noticed that the sheep were eating a lot of cacti; this no doubt helped, as it is known that some species of Opuntia are laxative; on the other hand, they may serve to form phytobezoars. A telegram having been received to the effect that some 50 sheep had died, it was decided to investigate the trouble in per- son. This was done on the 13th of March, by which date further fatalities had occurred and a large number of other animals were in a precarious condition. The feed had been cut down, but the sheep were still without sufficient exercise or laxative food, such as roots or linseed oil meal. No new cases had shown up for five days, nor were any seen by me. The day after I left some occurred ; the owner then fasted the sheep for two days with good results. All ewes that looked like lambing were then put into a corral and fed lightly on alfalfa and. turnips, which they would now eat freely. Latest reports are that these ewes have lots of milk and that no new cases have developed. The balance of the flock — wethers, ewes that had lost their lambs, and ewes that had their lambs — were fed on alfalfa in a pasture near the corral for seven days, when some of them appearing dumpish the owner quit feeding and took them to the hills; good results followed, due no doubt to the fact that they were at last getting the exercise necessary in having to find their own food. All the ewes were affected and 92 died. All the wethers were affected, but only two were badly so, and none died. The 50 or 60 yearling ewes not with lamb were all affected to the same extent as the wethers, as were the rams. SYMPTOMS. The early symptoms, which unfortunately were not seen in person, are stated to be as follows: The animals appear dull, hang their heads and let the ears droop, are off their feed and constipated, froth a little at the mouth, but frothing does not last over one day; there is a nervous movement of the head and ears and the head may be carried high or to one side; there is apparent blindness, an unsteady gait and grinding of the teeth. The degree of sickness varies, some may keep on their feet, but the bad cases go to the ground in from one to four days; the fattest ewes go down the quickest. When they first go down there are slight nervous spasms, afterwards they lie for days CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 555 almost motionless. Animals that had received doses of salts or oil suffered severely for seven or eight days, grinding the teeth and having nervous spasms every little while. The majority lie in a comatose condition, but occasionally the feet may be moved a little ; urine, which appeared normal is passed, and feces may be after the lapse of several days. Such feces are in a mass indicating the fixed position of the animal, and the masses show the first feces to be very hard, gradually becoming softer and mixed with sand, bile and sometimes blood. The presence of bile and sand is often well marked. The animals usually lie on one side with the head slightly drawn back, but in one instance a sheep was seen which laid for days in the normal attitude of sleep and eventually died in the same position. The shortest time an animal was sick is said to be ten days, and the longest time three weeks. Many ewes give birth to premature lambs, usually only a few days off term, but in one instance the owner claimed birth was twenty days ahead of time. Even after being down five or six days, and in one case eleven days, living lambs were born; in fact, over 90% of such lambs are born alive. When parturition occurs, and if defecation has taken place, the ewe can often stand if helped to her feet, and will recover. It is interesting to note that the ewe which had a lamb after being down eleven days has made a complete recovery, notwithstanding the fact that no food or water was taken for that length of time, and probably for a day or two before. There is usually no elevation of temperature, but such may appear, as in some cases gangrene of the bowel occurs through continued pressure of fecal masses; the respira- tion is shallow and the pulse fast and weak. About 35 ewes were dry after recovery, and in all the milk was scanty or absent for one or two days. This was responsible for a heavy mortality in lambs (number undetermined), many being killed for lack of mothers. In some instances where recently recovered ewes had enough milk to suckle a lamb, the lamb would die, presumably either because it had become weakened in utero or that the milk contained some of the toxins absorbed from the intestinal tract. It may also be noted that lack of milk was noticeable in ewes which had not been down but which had been sick. AUTOPSY. In general lesions are confined to the abdominal cavity, there being intense constipation, a yellowish clay-colored liver and 556 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS fatty kidneys. The stomachs show no inflammation, but the rumen and omasum are full and contain some sand, the reticulum and abomasum may be empty or contain a little food. The small intestines are bile-stained. Hard fecal matter occurs all through the intestinal tract ; in many instances oval masses some three to four inches long by one and a half to two inches in diameter are found; such masses may consist largely of sand and gravel. In cases where these have exerted continual pressure, gangrene of the bowel occurs, with a resulting peritonitis and invasion of the body by organisms from the intestinal tract. The presence of sand was no doubt largely due to the sheep picking up the same when eating cacti. No evidence of per- foration by the spines of cacti was noticed, neither were the oval masses cactus phytobezoars. The spleen, heart and lungs appear normal, but the latter naturally show some congestions, due to the long time the animal has been on the ground. The kidneys are fatty, and the liver varies in color, but is usually a yellowish clay color, the gall bladder is full of a light-colored bile. The urine looks normal, but unfortunately none was collected for laboratory examination. Cysticercus tenuicollis was not an uncommon parasite. Micro- scopical examination of the heart, liver and kidney of animals which had been down for a number of days, show that there may be a slight degeneration of the heart muscle, necrosis and fatty infiltration of the liver, fatty infiltration of the kidney and a diffuse glomerular and tubular nephritis. TREATMENT. If given early enough a dose of salts or oil and enemas are of benefit, but experience shows that badly affected animals suffer acutely if drenched and usually die. Should any ewes show signs of parturition they should be delivered at once, and providing defecation has occurred (as sometimes happens under the influence of bile secretion), they may then be helped to their feet, and carefully tended, when recovery will often result, even though the animal has been lying in a comatose state for days. All sick animals that are able to walk should be made to take exercise, and should have their feed cut down sharply, actual starvation for two or three days will be beneficial if symptoms are aggravated. If possible, some succulent food, such as roots, should be fed, or small quantities of bran mash or CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 557 linseed oil meal. A liberal supply of salt should be provided, to which some charcoal may be added with advantage. COMMENT. While there may be other closely allied conditions in sheep, it seems reasonable to suppose that at least some of the cases which have been diagnosed heretofore as preparturient eclampsia and prepartum paralysis are in reality cases of stercoremia. While such a condition exists in males and non-pregnant females, it is undoubtedly worse in pregnant ewes; this is prob- ably due to the increased tendency to constipation through pre- sure caused by the uterus, and to the fatty condition of the liver commonly seen in pregnant animals. One of the most important functions of the liver is that it is a neutralizer of poisonous proteid products formed in the intestine ; given an in- creased tendency to constipation and a liver that is already somewhat altered, one can readily understand why the pregnant animal suffers the most. The gravid uterus undoubtedly plays some part, probably in providing that much more space for the accumulation of toxins, as once parturition occurs relief is afforded. In this question of auto-intoxication, it must be remarked that all the tissues of the body are mutually interdependent. If one suffers, all suffer, and a disease of one organ or tissue is thereby apt to establish a vicious circle which is constantly enlarging. REFERENCES. Allbut, Sir T. C. (1910.) Medicine. Ency. Brit., 11th ed., Vol. 18, p. 63. Frey, F. F. (1918.) Antepartum paralysis in sheep. Am. Jour. Vet. Med., Vol. 13, No. 6, p. 283. Glover, G. H., Newsom, I. E., Alkire, E. W. (1919.) In- vestigations to determine cause of sheep diseases in Colorado. Jour. Am. Vet. Med. Assn., N. S. Vol. 8, No. 1, p. 18. Hadley, F. B. (1918.) Preparturient eclampsia of ewes. Am. Jour. Vet. Med., Vol. 13, No. 6, p. 284. Luckey, D. F. (1918.) Good care kills sheep. Am. Jour. Vet. Med., Vol. 13, No. 5, p. 248. Mott, F. W. (1910.) Neuropathology. E7icy. Brit., 11th ed., Vol. 19, p. 430. 558 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS Newsom, I. E. (1918.) Antepartum paralysis in sheep. Am. Jmir. Vet. Med., Vol. 13, No. 7, p. 353. Smith, F. (1902.) A Manual of Veterinary Physiology, p. 204. Stengel, A. (1914.) Constipation; in Osier and McCrae's Modern Medicine, 2nd ed.. Vol. 3, p. 315. Stockton, C. G. (1914.) ''The interrelation of digestive functions," in Osier and McCrae's Modern Medicine, 2nd ed., Vol. 3, p. 19. Tuke, Sir J. B. Macpherson, J., Bruce, L. C. (1910.) In- sanity. Ency. Brit., Vol. 14, p. 599. CASE REPORTS. James A. Waugh. Pittsburgh, Pa. Delayed Bovine Delivery — Water bag broke at 7 a. m.; owner delayed and did not call me until 5 p. m., after he had examined and ''found the tail coming;" hind legs flexed at the hocks, and caught on the brim of the pelvis. I corrected the posititon and delivered a live heifer calf. Had three cases last year: Two dead bull calves, and the owner raised the heifer calf. Examined and found another tail and hind limbs ; then delivered a fine bull calf alive. Fleming-Craig and Williams describe these conditions, but they are rare. Used only my hands and small ropes in delivery, but was well equipped with instruments. Dr. Rectenwald had converted and presented me with a ' ' Farmer Miles ' ' leg extender or spreader made into an obstetrical repeller, and I was tempted to use it, as the owner was out in the pasture after the cows and I feared it might be a thoroughbred calf, which I was anxious to deliver alive if possible in the absence of the owner — "Wanted to win !" Silicate of Soda in Broken Limbs — I have had good success with silicate of soda solution in bandages applied to broken limbs. A race horse (a pacer) broke an os-corona in a front limb in a race at Washington Fair last September. The animal is now in training and going sound. Another, a large 5-year-old draft gelding, broke an os-corona in front leg in a runaway. This horse is now working on the farm, although his joint is stiff below the fetlock. CLINICAL AXD CASE REPORTS 559 I have had dozens of cases in dogs, the last one being a broken tibia in a 7-year-old fat dog, which ended in recovery. The Journal begs to acknowledge the courtesy of the Bureau of Agriculture of the Philippines for permission to use the fol- lowing illustrations; of Mr. 0. W. Barrett, of New York City, for obtaining the same ; and of Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, of Washing- ton City, for his kindness in sending them for publication; and while hermaphrodism and false hermaphrodism may not be un- familiar to readers of The Journal in this country, it is believed that the illustrations shown, including the surra case, which was a monorchid, may prove of interest to many. FIG. 1. Surra case of long standing on Alabang Stock Farm. Scrotal and Pre- putial Edema. Monorchid : One testicle possibly removed, possibly abdominal. Not destroyed by edema because the one in evidence is apparently normal as to size and location. Preputial Edema dripping serum from lower surface of 560 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS FIG. 2. False Hermaphrodism in Native Horse — Mestizo (grade) ; sire and dam Mestizos. Only glans of penis normal; body of penis retrovergent ; very short. Testicles probably inside of abdomen. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 561 FIG. 3. Same animal as shown in Fig. 2. Note the female side as shown by the teats. ANOTHER VETERINARY SCHOOL. The State College of Agriculture of Georgia for the first time announces a Veterinary Degree Course of four collegiate years leading to the degree of D. V. M.; also a combined course in Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine to occupy six years, the degree of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture to be conferred at the end of the fourth year ; the degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine to be conferred at the completion of the entire course. In announcing the course, the Bulletin of the College states : ''The General Assembly of the State of Georgia, realizing the importance of the development of the live stock industries and the necessity for guaranteeing protection against the ravages of diseases which commonly decimate herds and flocks in localities not provided with efficient veterinary service, and wishing to provide means by which the services of graduate veterinarians may be guaranteed to the State and nation, has appropriated funds to the State College of Agriculture for the maintenance of a veterinary degree course." This adds another school to the few veterinary institutions already established in the South. ABSTRACTS. ANiESTHESIA IN ANIMALS. BiBBEY (H. ) The Veterinary Record (London), June 7, 1919, p. 460. From the correspondence in our daily papers and our Veter- inary Journals it will be seen that there is a likelihood of an Act of Parliament compelling all operations on animals to be done under some ansesthetic. If I might say a few words in favour of this Bill, I think as far as it goes it is a very good Bill, and in my opinion will help the profession very much ; but I do think there should be no specified operations, but that all should be included. For the last 20 years I have never done an operation except under some anaesthesia, and the operations performed have been many and various. I never had any cause for alarm or com- plaint, and I might say that if once a man operated under an ansesthetic he would never resort to the old method. There is the absence of increased help, and there is the comfort in controlling your patient to your requirements. Now take the simple operation of docking. The colt or other older animal is caught, and the seat of operation put under local anesthesia, and in a few seconds the tail can be amputated with the scalpel, and the arteries secured. There is never any evi- dence of pain, and the colt will stand in the same position after he is liberated. I have docked some thousands of colts of all ages, and never had to put one under restraint^ beyond one man. I do all severe operations under chloroform, including parturition in ewes, and prolonged parturition in the mare. Some weeks ago I was asked by a gentleman who is a member of the R. S. P. C. A. to castrate some colts, but I must put them under chloroform. The fee was fixed and the arrangements made. The first colt was brought out and cast on his side, and chloroform was administered; after some excitement the colt was under, and the operation performed to the owner's wish, but he thought the colt suffered a little when coming round. This I explained was the effects of chloroform and not under my con- trol. ABSTRACTS 563 I then advised him to allow me to castrate the next colt under cocaine ; this he consented to. The colt was cast on its side, same as the other one (which I may say is very simple and quick). After the usual antiseptic toilet the testicle was placed under cocaine, using a very long and fine needle (which is the secret of success) . If the needle is plunged well into the testicle, which is very soft, the colt feels very little. After a time it comes under the anaesthetic, the scrotum is opened, the testicle is liberated, all the non-vascular parts separated, and with the castrator the operation is finished. Allow the colt to get up without any feel- ing of pain whatever ; he walks off as if nothing had happened. I asked the owner after if he wanted me to chloroform the third colt, but the cocaine had so pleased him, that I had to do the other the same. At the time of writing this letter I have just operated upon a cow's teat for stricture of the duct, by opening the sinus half- way up under cocaine, without the animal being held at all. The teat was laid open and restitched, and the cow was chewing the cud while I had the teat at my leisure. No doubt there are others using it for their work, but if my experiences of the use of anaesthetics is a means of helping others in the cause of humanity I am satisfied. LECLAINCHE AND VALLEE'S POLYVALENT SERUM FOR THE LOCAL TREATMENT OF WOUNDS. [Translations and abstracts by William N. Berg, Washington, D. C] On the specific treatment of wounds. Leclainche and Vallee: Compt. Rend. Acad. Sciences ; Vol. 154, pp. 636-637, 1912. (Translated verbatim.) With rare exceptions almost, specific serotheraphy has been limited up to the present time to the treatment of infections or of generalized intoxications. We have attempted to utilize the properties of a specific serum in the treatment of wounds. It seemed to us that such a medica- tion should realize the desiderata of modern surgery in permit- ting the discontinuation of antiseptics, not only for aseptic wounds, but also for certain infected wounds. The serum should at one time cover the surfaces with a pro- tective layer favorable to the vitality of the cells and bring to 564 ABSTRACTS the phagocytes the antibodies which stimulate their phagocytic action. Such a serum should be polyvalent and capable of assuring the destruction of germs habitually found in infected wounds. To obtain it we have submitted the horse to an immunizing treat- ment with the following varieties of microbes : staphylococci and streptococci of different varieties; colon bacilli and pyocyaneus of various strains. The serum should be rich in agglutinins, lysins, and amboceptors (sensibilisatrices) ; our animals were immunized subcutaneously and by repeated inoculations. The bacterial bodies used were obtained from agar cultures or on the Maurice NicoUe medium (potato agar; gelose a la pomme de terre). Equal parts of the organisms are used in the mixture. The bacteria, killed by alcohol-ether, are then dried and preserved in vacuum in a refrigerator. For use, the dried germs are weighed, ground in an agate mortar, and emulsified with physiological salt solution. One injects from 0.005 to 0.050 gram of dried microbial bodies, corresponding to ten times the weight of the fresh microbes. The inoculations are made every 8 days, with increasing doses. After several months of treat- ment the subjects support the injection of 0.050 gram of fresh microbes, with nothing but vigorous local reactions and rises in temperature. The serum obtained is very rich in agglutinins and ambocep- tors. The complement deviation test shows that these latter can fix quantities of fresh guinea pig complement frequently greater than 1 c.c, using either the microbial mixture used in treatment or any one of the germs composing it. The amboceptors (sensibilisatrices), which represent the fer- ment essential to the intra-leucocytic digestion of the organism, act as they were a rigorously specific antiseptic, and they are brought in a vehicle undoubtedly favorable to cellular life and certainly incapable of harm. We have used the serum for the treatment of the most divers accidents: wounds that are old or extensively relaxed (atones) and suppurating cavities. After washing with boiled water, an application is made of the liquid serum or of the dried, powdered serum. The details of the observations need not be given here. In all cases the duration of cicatrization is noticeably shortened and it takes place very often with a surprising rapidity. ABSIRACTS 565 Comparative treatments with normal horse serum demon- strate the role of the specific bodies in the polyvalent serum. As might be expected, the medication is fully efficacious only if the wounds treated contain, as agents active in tissue disintegration, the species used in treating the producers of the serum. Thus only mediocre results are obtained in treating suppurating cav- ities caused by inoculation with (bacille pesteux) bac. of bubonic plague (observations of Prevot and Ramon). With these reservations in mind, surgical therapy should benefit largely by the use of a serum obtained under the above described conditions. On the Specific Serum Treatment of Wounds. Leclainche and Vallee: Revue Generale de Medecine Yeterinaire: Vol. 24, pp. 313-316, 1915. Translated verbatim. The medication of infected wounds consists essentially in the destruction of germs which prevent or retard cicatrization. This destruction may be realized by the use of antiseptics or by the intervention of the organic defenses. The inconvenience of antiseptics lies in the fact that they exert their destructive action on living elements at the same time, altering or killing the organic cell at the same time with the microbes introduced. On the other hand, the organic defenses, left to themselves, operate but slowly in the tissue repair ; if this is insufficient, the local accident's progress or the infection be- comes general through blood or lymph channels. In the absence of an antiseptic selective to the microbial cell,, which has not yet been obtained, the physiological treatment of infected wounds seems to be attainable only by provoking an exacerbation of the organic defense. To be efficient, this action should determine not alone the phagocytic absorption of the microbial agents, but also and always their intracellular diges- tion. It is possible to provoke phagocytic absorption in various ways; certain physical agents and the application of normal horse serum act in this way. However, this ingestion of germs: does not by any means imply their destruction; the parasitized cells are killed in large numbers and undergo purulent dis- integration. Experimental studies carried out during the past few years enable us to state that it is possible to assure the digestion of the 566 ABSTRACTS microbial agents in the wound by bringing to the organic cells, in a specific serum, the amboceptors (sensibilisatrices) correspond- ing; to conserve to the cells all their vitality and their aptitude for building repair tissue. In March, 1912, we made known, in a communication to the Academy of Sciences, a method of obtaining a polyvalent serum which up to the present has been prepared in the laboratory and with aim toward scientific research. This serum has been ex- perimented wdth in several service hospitals during the past years. Actual conditions have permitted numerous trials. It contains the antibodies corresponding to the diverse agents of inflammation and suppuration ; numerous strains or varieties of staphylococci, streptococci, colon bacilli, pyocyaneus, proteus, etc. With these aerobes we have associated various an£erobes : vibrion septique (malignant edema) and perfringens bacillus (also called Bac. phlegmonis emphysematosse by Fraenkel; Bac. aerogenes capsulatus by Welch and Nuttall; the gas bacillus; bacillus of gas-gangrene). The action of the polyvalent serum is exercised locally on all wounds of whatever origin, suppurating or not; it acts in the same fashion on mucous and serous membranes. Not alone is its application painless, but the preexisting pain diminishes and disappears almost entirely. In a number of cases, the pus has disappeared in 48 to 96 hours; in more grave cases, the characters of the suppuration have changed; pus that was fetid, sanious, colored, gave way to a light discharge which rapidly disappeared itself. At the same time the wound cleans itself, the coatings dis- appear, the sphaceli (gangrened parts) are eliminated, non- detached flaps become repaired. The disappearance of the suppuration and its modifications of appearance are constant ; they characterize the action of specific polyvalent serum. The transformation of the local condition is followed by a disappearance of secondary phenomena; edema, lymphangitis, local or diffuse; adenitis. The temperature in cases of fever is lowered after the first dressings; in other cases, the application of the serum causes a thermal reaction, slight and temporary. The general condition of the patients improves and they experience a sensation of well- being. Cicatrization is rapid, a considerable gain is made over ABSTRACTS 567 the usual period, and the appearance of the cicatrices is irre- proachable. The mode of action of the polyvalent serum implied direct contact with the tissues. This action is altogether different from that of normal horse or goat serum experimented with by various workers after the interesting researches of Raymond and Petit. The specificity is demonstrated by an entire series of experi- ments. Its reactions in vitro are specific. It acts remarkably in the treatment of wounds of the horse, although it is naturally indifferent to the normal homologous serum; further, its action is limited to the horse infected with the species used in the prep- aration of the serum. This specificity is established clinically; fall in temperature, disappearance of pus, rapidity of action, after controls with other medicaments and especially with normal horse serum, fresh or heated. The mode of action of the polyvalent serum implies the neces- sity of direct contact with the tissues injured, hence the necessity of various methods ; surface dressings, soaked pads, injections into cavities or passages. The medication should be completed by measures appropriate to the length of time the foreign body has been in the wound or sequestra in the tissues. The role of the serum permits its use without the use of any antiseptic. By its coagulating and negative chemotactic action the antiseptic cannot help paralyzing or interfering with phago- cytic action and that of the antibodies. A simple washing with water or physiological salt solution constitutes the sole prepara- tion desirable. The applications today are used for a most diverse variety of accidents ; with regard to their form and location, but comprising in every case a microbial infection, various trauma, war wounds, anthrax, connective tissue inflammation (phlegmons), abscesses, suppurating arthritis and synovitis, infections of the eye, sup- purating cutaneous affections, burns and chilblains, etc. In all cases very valuable and neat results have been obtained without the slightest serum sickness or anaphylaxis having been ob- served. The polyvalent serum is also indicated in preventing com- plications in the simple wounds and trauma of operations. The serum dressing realizes a true physiological antisepsis the ad- 568 ABSTRACTS vantages of which are easy to foresee. It is indicated in all surgical interventions, especially where a sufficient asepsis is not realizable or complications are to be feared, by reason of the condition or location of the wound (emergency operations, nat- ural predispositions (diathesiques), grafts, peritoneal and other serous infections, local gangrene, etc.). In a- detailed memoir we will communicate the observations that have been communicated to us. We here salute the memory of MM. Motais and Reymond and thank MM. Bazy, Delbet, Legueu, Monprofit, Variot, Cazin, Soulie, Gagey, Soubrel et al., who have been kind enough to experiment with the polyvalent serum and to cooperate with us. For this we are profoundly grateful. (1) The use of polyvalent serum in veterinary medicine; L. Cu- villier ; Revue Generale de Medicine Veterinaire : Vol. 24, pp. 392-402, 1915. p. 393. Bacteriological investigations made on pus from vari- ous sources showed that in the majority of cases the presence of varieties of staphylococci, rarely streptococcic forms were pres- ent. Cuvillier used the serum for 2 years in various service hos- pitals in Paris, always with good results. Clinical details of 7 cases are given, some of which had been treated only with the serum, others had had antiseptics. The Specific Serum Treatment of Wounds; Leclainche and Vallee; Rev. Gen. de Med. Vet., Vol. 25, pp. 306-316, 1916. pp. 306-8. General discussion of the shortcomings of anti- sepsis. p. 308. Beginning with 1907, our investigations of the specific treatment of wounds led us in 1910 to obtain a serum active toward the most usual pyogenic agents and we have made a com- parative study of its action and that of normal serum of the same origin. As large a variety of microbes as possible is obtained from infected (p. 309) wounds of all kinds and different localities. Each type is cultivated separately. The totality of germs ob- tained, after drying in vacuum after the action of alcohol and (1) The specific polyvalent serum is prepared at the laboratory of Pro- fessor Valine at the Veterinary School at Alfort ; at present the entire pro- duction is reserved for the exclusive use of the Health Service. ABSTRACTS 569 ether, are to be used, under rigorous conditions, for the pro- gressive immunization of the horses to produce the serum. When a test shows the presence of a sufficiently high content of lytic and bacteriotropic antibodies, the animal is bled aseptically. The serum which they furnish is, in general, strictly sterile. However, on account of the accidental contamination by organisms from the air or wandering in the circulation, the liquid after transference to ampoules is submitted to tyndallization (intermittent steriliza- tion) by repeated heating at 56-57. Kept at 38 for 4 days, the ampoules, before delivery, are individually controlled. Natu- rally, no antiseptic or other product is added to the serum; it remains entirely physiological. p. 309. The antibodies may be detected by the ordinary lab- oratory methods (agglutination, complement deviation, measure of bacteriolytic power). It is only a matter of using the current methods and experiments that are always verifiable. Observations demonstrate that an action that is local is exer- cised on the infected wound. This is shown especially by a clinical study of the comparative evolution of wounds treated with normal and with specific serum. This research on the horse permits most interesting observations. While normal horse serum is without action, as might be expected, the specific serum ob- tained from the same horse exercises a very evident action. p. 310. In an infected wound the abundant suppuration of which has been dried up by one or two applications of specific serum, dressings with normal serum are followed by a return of the suppuration. It is, therefore, to its content of antibodies, and not to its physiological properties alone, that the specific serum owes its action. * * * the serum operates only against those varieties used in its preparation, (i. e., varieties of organ- isms.) Over 300,000 ampoules of 5 c.c. of polyvalent serum have been delivered under our supervision. The microscopic control of the exudates from treated traumata establishes the intensity of the phagocytosis stimulated by a favorable serum dressing. This is exercised especially on strep- tococci, staphylococci and pyocyaneus; one may even follow, using appropriate staining methods, the stages in the intra- cellular digestion of the phagocytized germs. However energetic this process may be, it never ends by a complete, sterilization of the injured surfaces, and a culture from the local secretions 570 ABSTRACTS always shows them (p. 311) fertile. Aside from unforeseen condi- tions, a total cleansing can be accomplished only if the serum touch the fixed or migratory anatomical elements of the wound, and is renewed with sufficient frequency at their surface ; neces- sities which are practically irrealizable. # # * The local amelioration follows when it should, after the first dressings; but a complete action is not obtained until the medication is used regularly. Many failures called to our atten- tion are due to the practice, so strongly contra-indicated, of using antiseptic washes before the serum dressing. * * * p. 312. We have had in view only the production of a med- ication for wounds, the action of which is purely local. Gradually, however, the serum from old producers acquired very manifest antitoxic properties. Accustomed to the hypo- dermic use of various serums, the medical corps naturally tried the polyvalent serum by this method, in the treatment of the in- fectious phenomena which accompany large traumata. In this way it happened without any intervention on our part that several authorities in the surgical world have had recourse, in the treatment of large infected wounds, to intravenous or hypodermic injections of our serum. Because of the large num- ber of favorable results obtained, we have set aside for this special use the serums from our oldest and most solidly immunized pro- ducers, making known to those interested that it would not be desirable to use hypodermically all of the polyvalent serum pre- pared by us. At this time, we have delivered two varieties of the same serum — one, fit for hypodermic use by reason of its great activity, the other, sufficient for dressings, reserved for this sole use. p. 313. The fear of anaphylactic accidents should be no ob- stacle to the use of the polyvalent serum. * * * The local treat- ment of wounds with serum results in a slow penetration, which causes, according to Besredka, a progressive de-anaphylaxis, which, of itself, is sufficient to avert all serious accidents. The contra-indication of the serum in cerebral surgery is a simple reminder of the classical lesson which must be formulated before the serum is placed in the hands of the physicians. The experiments, of Besredka have shown that the brain reacts w4th extreme violence on the introduction of a small amount of serum in anaphylactic cases. All wounded should be considered as sensitized, at the time, by one or more injections of serum. It is ABSTRACTS 571 necessary to warn practitioners not aware of these facts against the temptation to apply locally on the centers a physiological liquid for the purpose of avoiding the dreaded effects of anti- septics. * * * A too prolonged use of serum tends, at most, to the appear- ance of serum erythema or pseudo-erysipelatous lesions, always localized about the wound. The absolute innocuity of long re- peated dressings in the cure of radiodermatitis systematically followed with great success in the various services of the Saint Louis Hospital is a convincing proof of the sound foundations of our assertions. p. 314. We would terminate this exposition with the question whether the use of an anti-gangrene serum might not be confused with that of the polyvalent serum; it is convenient to briefly recall the conditions. Until lately, it was admitted as a classic notion that the gaseous gangrene of the surgeon, the malignant edema of Koch, the traumatic gangrene of the veterinary surgeon are due to the septic vibrio of Pasteur. Since, during the past 20 years, gaseous gangrenes of non-vibrio etiology have been found in widely sepa- rated instances, there is a tendency to consider these accidents as relatively exceptional. In 1898 one of us showed that one obtains with animals im- munized and treated with the virulent septic serous fluid from the vibrio, a serum endowed with absolute preventive properties with regard to experimental infections of susceptible species. The serum is, at the same time, antimicrobic and antitoxic ; it neutral- izes in vitro the septic toxin which in several instances kills the experimental animals when injected intravenously. The well-known frequent complications of gaseous gangrene in war wounds constituted an indication for the use of a pre- ventive serum, and in the last months of 1914, first at Bordeaux and then at Paris, several horses were immunized for the use of the Sanitary Service of the Army. Various circumstances prevented the delivery of the serum and the delay enabled us to submit the producers of the serum to a treatment with B. perfringens, regarded as a frequent cause of gaseous gangrene. On the other hand, the hypodermic use of a part of the polyvalent serum enables one to obtain a unique type by a com- bined treatment of the same producer with pyogenic and septic 572 ABSTRACTS agents ; vibrio and perf ringens. The totally different methods of immunization permit this dual object and experimental tests demonstrate that the superposition of the actions does not dimin- ish either of them. (Note by Berg: The N. Y. City Board of Health have immunized one out of eleven horses to both tetanus and diphtheria at the same time, producing a serum with a high potency for both.) It is therefore easy to prevent gaseous gangrene due to septique and perf ringens (i. e., vibrio septique and B. per- fringens). p. 315. It is indispensable that the pathogenic microbes be phagocyted. For a long time we have been studying the condi- tions of phagocytosis of a microbe closely ailed to V. septique, the bacterium of symptomatic anthrax, which certain bacteriol- ogists have identified with the vibrio of Pasteur. We have showed that for the bacillus of anthrax the phago- cytic action is experimentally retarded by local traumata, notably the hemorrhages, by the association of the virus with inert par- ticles, by the presence of foreign bodies and by the simultaneous presence of other microbes deprived of all pathogenic action. The serum may, therefore, sometimes fail in the cases of V. septique and B. perf ringens. On the other hand, the experi- mental prevention is so clearcut that its systematic use for the wounded seems indicated. For preventive measures, the treatment has no inconveniences and is similar to the preventive treatment of tetanus. The passive immunity lasts for a few days only; hence it should be renewed as with tetanus serum until the cleaning of the infected wound is realized. As a curative measure, the serotherapy is indicated in the beginning of infections as a complement to the various surgical and therapeutic measures. The therapeutic action of the serotherapy is specific, and the limit of its efficiency is marked by the proportion — indeterminate at the actual hour — of the gangrenes due to V. septique and B. perfringens. But in such cases failure is to be expected, theoretically. The systematic prevention of gaseous gangrene will be real- ized perhaps when one has determined the various etiological factors and the corresponding antibodies have been obtained. ABSTRACTS 573 The Polyvalent Serum in Veterinary Therapy: Leclainche and Vallee; Rev. Gen. Med. Vet., Vol. 26, pp. 65-67, 1917. A brief re-statement of the precautions necessary in the use of polyvalent serum and its limitations. The Treatment of Wounds with the Polyvalent Serum of Leclainche and Vallee : Rev. Gen. Med. Vet., Vol. 26, pp. 67-79, 1917, Guillaume and Bittner. Grave cases which cannot be treated satisfactorily by anti- septics will yield to polyvalent serum. Clinical details are given of about 12 eases, which demonstrate, according to G and B, the superiority of the serum treatment over that with antiseptics. Specific Serotherapy of Wounds and Pyogenic Infecrions. A. Guillaume and G. Bittner; Revue Generale de Medecine Veterinaire ; Vol. 28, pp. 113-136, 1919. A continuation of these authors' previous work on the use of the polyvalent serum of Leclainche and Vallee in the local treat- ment of wounds. A number of important observations demon- strate rigorously the remarkable fidelity of the method and the rapid successes it has given in certain desperate cases. The new series of observations include wounds of all kinds, in all regions and of all tissues, as well as several cases of general- ized pyogenic infections. Twenty-nine cases are described, giving treatment, etc., with the polyvalent serum, as follows: fistulous withers; wounds of ligaments and tendons; wounds of joints, suppurating arthritis of the shoulder; street nail; cartilaginous quittor; ''classic" ulcerous lymphangitis of Preisz-Nocard ; in- fectious polyarthritis of colts, etc. Among their conclusions the authors state that in the treat- ment of wounds nothing can compare with the serum treatment. Dr. J. M. Smith, Baton Rouge, La., has been transferred by the Bureau to Birmingham, Ala. Captain D. J. Meador has returned to Auburn, Ala., aft^r being stationed at Camp Kearny, Calif., since January. Dr. James A. Waugh, of Pittsburgh, Pa., has been offered and has accepted the chair of Surgery and Obstetrics in the Cincinnati Veterinary College. ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE FROM THE OFFICE OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL OF THE ARMY, WASHINGTON, D. C. The following orders of transfer and reassignment have been issued for Veterinary officers during the past month : 1. Major J. R. Jeffers, V. C, U. S. A., from temporary duty in the office of the Surgeon-General to Fort Keogh, Mont., for duty as the Veterinarian. 2. Major Frank G. Hershberger, U. S. A. ,relieved from present duties and directed to report at Camp Upton, N. Y., for duty as the Camp Veterinarian. 3. Major Geo. A. Hanvey, Jr., U. S. A., from duty at Camp Upton, N. Y., to Washington, D. C, for temporary duty in the office of the Surgeon-General. 4. Major Andrew E. Donovan, U. S. A., from duty at Camp Dodge, Iowa, to Camp Grant, 111., for duty as the Veterinarian. 5. Major Chas. H. Jewel, U. S. A., from duty at Camp Dix, N. J., to Washington, D. C, for temporary duty in the office of the Surgeon-General. 1. Captain J. L. Hartman, V. C, from duty at Chicago, 111., to Manila, P. I., for duty in the Philippine Department. 2. Captain S. B. Ingram, V. C, from duty at Chicago, 111., to Manila, P. I., for duty in the Philippine Department. 3. Captain Clarence Loveberry, V. C, is relieved from duty in the Philippine Department upon arrival of Captain Ingram and directed to report to San Francisco, Calif., and to the Adju- tant General for instructions. 4. Captain J. R. Steffler, V. C, from Camp Dix, N. J., to Fort Oglethorpe, Ga., for duty as Post Veterinarian. 5. Captain H. Clarke, V. C, from Camp Upton, N. Y., to Washington, D. C, for temporary duty in the office of the Sur- geon-General. 6. Captain J. F. Crosby, V. C, from Camp Grant, 111., to West Point, Ky., for duty as Camp Veterinarian. 7. Captain E. P. O'Connell, V. C, from Camp Upton, N. Y., to Washington, D. C, for temporary duty in the office of the Surgeon-General. ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 575 8. Captain J. A. Weigen, V. C, from duty at Camp Dix, N. J., to A. R. D. No. 329, Camp Travis, Texas, for duty at that place. 9. Captain R. R. McComb, V. C, from Camp Devens, Mass., to Chicago, 111., for a course in instruction in meat inspection. 10. Captain R. V. Vanskike, V. C, from A. R. D. Camp Sheri- dan, Ala., to Fort Oglethorpe, Ga., for duty as the Veterinarian. 11. Captain N. Neat, V. C, from Camp Lee., Va., to Chicago, 111., for a course in instruction in meat inspection. 1. 1st Lieut. F. C. Waters, V. C, from Fort Oglethorpe, Ga., to A. R. D. No. 329, Camp Travis, Texas, for duty. 2. 1st Lieut. H. L. Williams, V. C, from Remount Depot, Fort Reno, Okla., to Camp Sherman, Ohio, for duty. 3. 1st Lieut, J. A. Rennie, V. C, from A. R. D. No. 328, Camp Bowie, Fort Worth, Texas, to Camp Courehesne, N. M., for duty with the 9th Engineers. 4. 1st Lieut. H. M. Savage, V. C, from Hoboken, N. J., to A. R. D. No. 304, Camp Meade, Md., for duty. 5. 1st Lieut. F. W. Lambert, V. C, from Camp Dix, N. J., to Camp Eagle Pass, Texas, for duty. 6. 1st Lieut. M. Sierveldt, Jr., V. C, from Chicago, 111., to Camp Eustis, Lee Hall, Va., for duty as the Veterinarian. 7. 1st Lieut. F. B. Steinkolk, V. C, from Camp Dix, N. J., to Fort Sill, Okla., for duty as assistant to the Post Veterinarian. 8. 1st Lieut. C. J. Lambert, V. C, from Camp Dix, N. J., to Fort Huachuca, Ariz., for duty as assistant to the Post Vet- erinarian. 9. 1st Lieut. 0. W. Howells, V. C, from his present duties at Fort D. A. Russell, Wyo., to duty as assistant to the Vet- erinarian at that place. 10. 1st Lieut. L. A. Marshall, V. C, from Camp Dix, N. J., to Camp Grant, 111., for duty with the 6th Division. 11. 1st Lieut. F. W. Taylor, V. C, from Camp Dix, N. J., to El Paso, Texas, for duty with the 8th Engineers, Camp Baker. 12. 1st Lieut. F. H. Woodruff, V. C, from duty with the 8th Engineers, Camp Baker, Texas, to San Francisco, Calif., for transportation to Philippines for duty in the Philippine Depart- ment. 1. 2nd Lieut. H. W. Wise, V. C, from Chicago, 111., to Port of embarkation, Hoboken, N. J., for duty. 676 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 2. 2nd Lieut. L. T. Eagle, V. C, from duty at Newport News, Va., to Charleston, S. C, for duty at the Port of Embarka- tion at that place. 3. 2nd Lieut. J. B. McNamara, V. C, from Camp Dix, N. J., to A. R. D. No, 323, Camp Funston, Kans., for duty. 4. 2nd Lieut. T. J. Riley, V. C, from Camp Dix, N. J., to A. R. D. No. 305, Camp Lee, Va., for duty. 5. 2nd Lieut. H. Leberson, V. C, from duty at Camp Jack- son, S. C, to A. R. D. No. 329, Camp Travis, Texas, for duty. 6. 2nd Lieut. C. F. Wilson, V. C, from Camp Grant, 111., to A. R. D. No. 322, Camp Dodge, Iowa, for duty. The following officers have been honorably discharged from the Veterinary Corps, United States Army, during the past month : LIEUTENANT-COLONELS. 1. H. E. Bemis 2. MAJORS. Reuben Hilty 1. W. F. Guard 4. H. B. F. Jervis 2. Walter G. White 5. Christian W^m. Greenlee 3. John R. Scully CAPTAINS 5. 1. H. L. Messmore 7. J. S. Spikes 2. C. W. Likely 8. F. M. Lee 3. R. S. Sugg 9. J. L. Lindsay 4. W. C. Nickel 10. Ora L. Campbell 5. E. C. Jones 11. L. R. Smith 6. M. S. Esslinger 12. Daniel J. Meador FIRST LIEUTENANTS. 1. A. H. Schmidt 18. A. X. Barr 2. J. G. Bailey 19. W. G. Ellwitz 3. Bernard Johnsen 20. C. B. Shore 4. H. J. Weaver 21. F. E. Hill 5. F. M. Hopper 22. G. E. McEvers 6. W. A. Litton 23. J. 0. Schlegel 7. R. Fenstermacher 24. C. J. Couchois 8. E. L. Hannon 25. A. A. Leibold 9. D. R. Duff 26. E. 0. Ericson 10. R. A. Branson 27. J. N. Campbell 11. M. L. Nelson 28. S. W. Harrison 12. J. L. Klotz 29. J. L. Hartranft 13. S. L. Pilgrim 30. C. A. Collins 14. E. B. Mount 31. L. D. Potter 15. J. L. Skiles 32. MacF. Campbell 16. G. C. Armstrong 33. E. A. Dowd 17. H. C. Wachs 34. E. W. Youngblood ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 577 FIRST LIEUTENANTS- —Continued. 35. G. W. King 44. H. C. Kutz 36. M. E. Agnew 45. C. A. Beall 37. Odell Archer 46. Nelson N. Lefler 38. Clive Daly 47. Anthony V. Jandernoa 39. H. F. Nimphius 48. R^dfield C. Mills 40. R. H. Schneider 49. Alfred T. Baesxler 41. G. W. Hunter 50. Wm. M. Thomson 42. David M. Smith 51. Elmer Wm. Berg 43. J. H. Hewitt SECOND LIEUTENANTS. 1. W. H. Hauer 35. D. B. Wilson 2. H. B. Mitchell 36. F. E. Kitchen 3. C. P. Lunneen 37. S. B. Watson 4. G. L. Allen 38. H. R. Hornbaker 5. H, P. Bonnikson 39. H. K. Mcintosh 6. E. S. Ring 40. F. C. Heninger 7. E. E. Lange 41. C. C. Neidig 8. D. W. Nicholas 42. W. U. Lemons 9. S. P. Bolstad 43. G. L. Schaefer 10. Wm. W. Yard 44. G. M. Parrish 11. F. Low 45. L. E. Webster 12. R. W. Gates 46. E. L. Shuford, Jr. 13. P. -F. Carr ■ 47. C. Parker 14. C. M. De^ 48. J. H. Batsche 15. E. A. Gilmore 49. W. H. Lynch 16. H. W. Ayers 50. Martin L. Walter 17. L. W^ Ingram 51. R. J. Poff 18. J. N. Hunter 52. R. A. Devlin 19. J. E. GilfiUan 53. R. L. Wolfe 20. W. R. Peeler 54. Sherman L. Bratton 21. H. E. McLaren * 55. J. T. Quarll 22. H. J, Gohde 56. Walter I. Wilkins , 23. Max Danziger 57. H. L. Armstrong 24. P. B. Silvester 58. Glen R. Bach 25. F. H. Schroer 59. Clark S. Burgett 26. D. W. Kennamer 60. George H. Elliott 27. S. M. Turner 61. Roy E. Selement 28. H. G. Weigand 62. Samuel F. Lipton 29. J. R. Kreger 63. Hugh D. Laird 30. W. C. Schultz 64. Harry L. Cotton 31. Loren Flora 65. Noel C. Elberson 32. R. A. Showalter 66. George Wm. Clark 33. F. A. Burlington 67. Lawrence B. Adams 34. R. C. Gilmore ,68. John J. Wermuth MAJOR JOSEPH R. JEFFERIS, U. S. A. Major Joseph R. Jefferis, V. C, R. A., reported for temporary duty in the Veterinary Division, Surgeon General's Office, 678 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE Washington, D. C, June 21st, 1919. Upon completion of this duty he will take station at Fort Keogh Remount Depot, Mon- tana, as the Veterinarian. Major Jefferis sailed for France from Hoboken, N. J., August 7, 1917, and arrived at St. Nazaire August 20, 1917. He was assigned to duty commanding Veterinary Hospital at A. R. D., Base Section No. 1. On September 10, 1917, he was ordered to the Medical Supply Depot, Cosne, France, in charge of veteri- nary supplies till November 14th, when he returned to Veter- inary Hospital at St. Nazaire as Commanding Officer. July 5th, 1918, transferred to Saint Aignon as Division Veterinarian, 41st Division. Was later transferred to 1st Replacement Depot as the Veterinarian. May 21st, 1919, was ordered to Le Mans to command Veterinary Hospital No. 11. Proceeded to Brest in charge of this organization and sailed from that port on S. S. President Grant, May 28th, 1919, arriving in Boston June 9th, 1919, and this hospital was demobilized at Camp Devens. MAJOR WALTER G. WHITE, U. S. A. Major Walter G. White, U. S. A., was honorably discharged from the Veterinary Corps, United States Army, at Washington, D. C, on June 27th, 1919. Major White was first commissioned in the Veterinary Corps as a 2nd Lieutenant on June 28th, 1917, and reported at Camp Hancock, Ga., for active duty on August 24th, 1917, where he was assigned to the 109th Field Artillery, 28th Division. Octo- ber 10th he was ordered to Auxiliary Remount Depot No. 308 as the Veterinarian, and while at that station was promoted to the rank of First Lieutenant. On January 16th, 1918, he was ordered to Camp Upton, Long Island, N. Y., to assist in organiz- ing Veterinary Hospital No. 6 for overseas service. He was promoted to the grade of Captain, V. C, March 9th, 1918, and sailed for France with Veterinary Hospital No. 6 March 28th, 1918. Arriving France this organization was ordered to Neuf- chateau for station. On September 18, 1918, Captain White was transferred to the 32nd Division as Division Veterinarian and served with this division in the Argonne offensive. The division was either on the front lines or immediate reserve from this time until the armistice was signed. After the armistice, the division formed part of the forces of the Army of Occupation and was sta- tioned for some time in Germany. On December 22, 1918, Cap- tain White was transferred as Division Veterinarian to the 2nd « ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 579 Division, where he served until May 15th, 1919. Captain White was promoted to the grade of Major on May 3rd, 1919, and was transferred to the 90th Division on May 15th, returning with this division to the United States, and arriving in this country on June 7th, 1919. Upon the demobilization of the division, Major White re- ported to the Veterinary Division, Surgeon-General's Office, for temporary duty and consultation prior to his discharge. MAJOR BURT ENGLISH, U. S. A. Major Burt English, U. S. A., who has just returned from overseas, was a recent visitor at the Veterinary Division, Sur- geon-General's Office. As a Captain, Veterinary Corps, Regu- lar Army, he was Division Veterinarian, 76th Division, where he organized the divisional veterinary service and sailed for France with this division on July 5th, 1918, arriving in Liver- pool, England, July 12th, and in France July 15th, 1918. He was promoted to the grade of Major, Veterinary Corps, National Army, February 26th, 1918. Upon arrival in France he was stationed with the division St. Amond, Montrond. On July 25th he was ordered for tem- porary duty at St. Aignon. August 10th ordered for temporary duty at Neufchateau Veterinary Hospital No. 6. On August 25th he was assigned to duty with headquarters 6th Army Corps, which was being organized as a part of the First Field Army for duty in the offensive on the Toul front, and participated in the first drive of this corps in that sector (St. Mihiel drive). In December the 6th Corps followed the Third Army north- ward to the border of Germany and took station in Southern Luxemburg. Major English remained as Corps Veterinarian until the corps was demobilized April 15th, 1919, when he was ordered to headquarters Third Army at Coblenz, Germany, as Corps Veterinarian, 4th Corps. He returned to the United States with the 4th Corps. MAJOR GEORGE A. HANVEY, U. S. A. Major George A. Hanvey, U. S. A., just returned from over- seas service, has been ordered to the Veterinary Division, Sur- geon-General 's Office, for temporary duty. Captain Hanvey was assigned as Division Veterinarian, 84th Division, stationed at Camp Taylor, Ky., on January 14th, 1918. He was promoted to the grade of Major, Veterinary Corps, Na- 58(f ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE tional Army, on February 20th, 1918. As Division Veterinarian he sailed for France on September 9th, 1918, and arrived in Liverpool, England, September 21st, 1918, and proceeded to Ramsey Rest Camp, England, where the division stayed three days, then crossed the English Channel from Southampton to Le Havre, France. He remained with the 84th Division until November 8th, 1918, when he was transferred to the Advanced Veterinary Hos- pital No. 5 at Toul, France, as the Commanding Officer. On January 27th, 1919, he was transferred to the 88th Division as Division Veterinarian. On April 28th, 1919, he was again trans- ferred to Veterinary Hospital No. 6 as Commanding Officer, and placed on temporary duty in the office of the Veterinarian, Ad- vance Sector, S. 0. S., until Veterinary Hospital No. 6 prepared to leave France for the United States. This organization sailed from Brest, France, on the U. S. S. Agamemnon June 10th, 1919, and arrived in Hoboken, N. J., June 18th, 1919. They then proceeded to Camp Upton, where the hospital was demobilized, on the completion of which Major Hanvey was transferred to the Surgeon-General's Office. MAJOR D. H. UDALL, U. S. A. Major D. H. Udall was commissioned Major, V. C, October 3, 1917, and reported for active duty on February 11th, 1918, at the M. 0. T. C, Camp Greenleaf, Ga. After completing the course of training at this camp, he was assigned as Division Vet- erinarian, 86th Division, and reported at Camp Grant April 15th. 1918. Sailed from New York with the 86th Division on Septem- ber 8th, arriving in Liverpool, England, September 23rd. Sailed from Southampton September 24th, arrived at Le Havre, France, on the 25th, and proceeded with the 86th Division to St. Nere de Cubzac, arriving on the 28th, where the 86th Division was sta- tioned, where it was used as a replacement unit. On Novem- ber 15th was transferred from the 86th Division to the First De- pot Division at St. Aignon. January 1st, 1919, relieved from this duty and ordered to report as Commanding Officer, 18th Vet- erinary Hospital, stationed at Souzi. February 8th, 1919, trans- ferred to 7th Veterinary Hospital as Commanding Officer. February 14th, 1919, transferred to the A. E. F. University at Beaune for duty as instructor in Physiology, Veterinary Depart- ment. Ordered to Brest for transfer to the United States on June 8th, and sailed from that port on the S. S. Great Northern ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 581 June 30th, arriving in New York July 6th. July 11th reported for temporary duty in the office of the Surgeon-General, Vet- erinary Division, Washington, D. C.-, prior to being discharged from the service. MAJOR GEO. B. M'KILLIP. Major Geo. B. McKillip, U. S. A., was commissioned Major, V. C, December 11th, 1917, and reported for active duty on De- cember 28th, when he reported for temporary duty in the office of the Surgeon General, Washington, D. C. December 28th to January 17th, 1918, took course of veterinary instruction at Washington, D. C. January 18, 1918, reported to Camp Upton, N, Y., as Commanding Officer, Veterinary Hospital No. 6, where this hospital was organized and trained prior to its transfer for overseas service. On March 27th, 1918, sailed from New York with Hospital No. 6 on the S. S. Olympic and landed at Brest^ France, April 4th, 1918. April 4th to 7th the Hospital No. 6- was at the Rest Camp just outside of Brest. The Hospital No. 6 was then ordered to Neufchateau, arriving at that station on April 11th. On September 12th relieved of command of Veter- inary Hospital No. 6, Neufchateau and assigned as assistant to the Chief Veterinarian of Base Section, Headquarters Bordeaux^ Base Section No. 2. September 20th Headquarters Base Section was transferred to St. Nazaire. From September 21 to March 1, 1919, wa^ assigned a^ Assistant Chief Veterinarian, Base Sec- tion, which was stationed at St. Nazaire. March 1st, 1919, re- lieved as Assistant Chief Veterinarian, Base Section No. 2, and ordered to Beaune, Cote d'Or, A. E. F. University, a^ Director of Veterinary Department of the College of Medicine, until June 17th, 1919. Relieved from this duty and ordered to report to St. Aignon for embarkation to United States. Left Brest on S. S. Great Northern June 30th and arrived in Hoboken July 6th, 1919. Was ordered to Camp Dix, N. J., for demobilization. Trans- ferred to Washington, D. C, for temporary duty in the Veteri- nary Division, office of the Surgeon-General, upon completion of which duty he was discharged July 12th, 1919. MAJOR HENRY W. PETER, U. S. A. Major Henry W. Peter, U. S. A., joined the 38th Division, Camp Shelby, Miss., as Division Veterinarian, November 27th, 1917, and sailed with this division from Hoboken on October 2nd, 1918, arriving at Southampton, England, October 7th, 1918. 582 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE Sailed from that port October 11th, 1918, arriving at Le Havre, France, October 12th. Left Le Havre October 14th and arrived at Nantes training area with the 38th Division, where it wa^ used as a replacement division. On November 11th was trans- ferred from Nantes to St. Aignon for reassignment, and was as- signed as Commanding Officer, Veterinary Hospital at Leux, Cote d'Or, arriving this station on November 27th, 1918. This hospital was in course of construction and when completed had acommodations for 200 animals, and the personnel consisted of Veterinary Hospitals No. 14 (white) and No. 21 (colored), and one labor battalion (colored). Remained in command of this hospital until May 27th, 1919, when both hospital units entrained for La-Mans preparatory to returning to the United States. On May 25th, 1919, was assigned as Commanding Officer No. 14 and sailed with this unit from Brest on the battleship Kansas June 16th, arriving at Newport News June 27th, where the hospital was demobilized. Upon demobilization of this unit Major Peter reported for temporary duty to the office of the Surgeon-General, Veterinary Division, Washington, D. C, preparatory to being re- assigned to duty in the United States. MAJOR WILLIAM F. GUARD, U. S. A. Major William F. Guard, U. S. A., was honorably discharged from the Veterinary Corps, United States Army, at Washing- ton, on June 25th, 1919. Major Guard was first commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant, Veterinary Reserve Corps, on December 17th, 1917, and called to active duty January 28th, 1918. He reported at Camp Lee, Virginia, on February 1st, 1918 ; assigned to duty with Veterinary Hospital No. 3. On April 1st, 1918, he left Camp Lee with this hospital and sailed for France from Newport News, Virginia, on April 14th, 1918, arriving at St. Nazaire on June 1st, 1918. Upon arrival in France he pro- ceeded to Camp Valdehon, where he remained on duty until Sep- tember 12th, 1918. On this date he was relieved from duty with Veterinary Hospital No. 3 and ordered to duty in the office of the Chief Veterinarian at Headquarters Advance Section, S. 0. S. On November 20th, 1918, he was relieved from duty in this office and ordered to Verdun (Meuse) for duty as the Com- manding Officer of the veterinary hospital. On September 27th, 1918, he was promoted to the grade of Captain; promoted to the grade of Major on June 3, 1919. Relieved from duty at Veterinary Hospital and ordered to the United States May 23rd, ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 583 1919. Arrived in Hoboken, N. J., June 19th, 1919. Exported for temporary duty in the office of the Surgeon- General, and upon completion of this duty was discharged. PROMOTIONS IN THE VETERINARY CORPS, AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES. The following Majors have been promoted to the grade of Lieutenant Colonel : 1. John H. Gould 2. Richard H. Power 3. Robert Vans Agnew The following Captains have been promoted to the grade of Major: 1. Andrew E. Donovan 2. Herbert S. Williams 3. Wm. C. Van Alstyne The following 1st Lieutenants have been promoted to the grade of Captain : 1. H. P. Gill 2. F. C. Sager 3. J. C. Johnson 4. L. R. Smith 5. 0. E. McKim The following 2nd Lieutenants have been promoted to the grade of 1st Lieutenant : 1. C. A. Beall 2. F. H. Steele 3. R. C. Coulson 4. J. J. Riordan 5. W. A. Litton 6. E. C. Cavanaugh 7. G. W. King 8. W. H. Boswell 9. J. M. Atterberry The following Captains in the Veterinary Corps, retired, are promoted to the grade of Major on the retired list : 1. Alexander McDonald 2. Daniel LeMay 3. Walter R. Grutzman The following officers have resigned from the Veterinary Corps, Regular Army, during the past month: 584 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 1. 2nd Lieut. Henry L. Sommer, V. C, who was on duty at Camp Lewis, Washington. 2. 2nd Lieut. Joseph W. Burby, V. C, who was on duty at Camp Gordon, Georgia. OFFICERS, VETERINARY CORPS, UNITED STATES ARMY. On duty On duty June 11, July 11, 1919. 1919. Colonels 0 0 Lieutenant Colonels 5 6 Majors 74 68 Captains 193 182 1st Lieutenants 430 382 2nd Lieutenants 432 357 Total 1126 995 AD MISCEL A FAREWELL BANQUET COMPLIMENTARY TO LIEUT. COL. L. A. MERILLAT. The Journal is in receipt of the news from France that a farewell banquet was given to Lieut.-Col. Louis A. Merillat, V. C, of Chicago, by members of the faculty of the National School of Veterinary Medicine at Alfort, May 24th, 1919. The banquet was held in the council chamber of the school, and many interesting talks were given. Some of the subjects dwelt upon were : The promotion of closer international rela- tions in regard to Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry; and the possibility of holding the International Veterinary Con- gress in the United States in the near future. The following prominent members of the profession were present at the banquet : President Vallee ; Professors Kaufman, Petit, Moussu, Dechampre, Cadiot, Coquet, Bourdelle, Railler, and many of the assistant professors. Mr. Pierre Blaziot, ex-mem- ber of the French Veterinary Mission of New York, and Capt. William D. Odou, V. C, U. S. A., liaison o cer, Veterinary Corps, A. E. F. Dr. Fred Low has received his discharge from the Army and is now located at Oakes, Iowa. ASSOCIATION NEWS AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. Committee on Legislation. OFFICE OP the secretary. 185 Northwestern Ave., Milwaukee, Wis., June 21, 1919. To the Officers and Members of all State, Divisional and District Associations, and Memhers-at -Large, N. A. of B. of A. I.V.: Greetings : ^ An amendment to the Agricultural Appropriation Bill intro- duced in the U. S. Senate by Senator Walsh of Montana provides for an additional appropriation of $100,000 for the fiscal year be- ginning July 1st, 1919, to be used for Equine Meat Inspection. The amendment provides that any part of this appropriation not used for Equine Meat Inspection is to be applied to other Meat Inspection by the Bureau of Animal Industry. The Committee on Legislation of the A. V. M. A. desires the cooperation of the B. A. I. Veterinarians in the achievement of this much-desired end. You are therefore earnestly urged to do your utmost in the effort to secure the. enactment of this amendment. Act at once ! There is no time to lose ! As this amendment is now being considered in conference, it is especially desirable that telegrams be sent to the following Members of Congress : REPRESENTATIVES. republican. democratic Gilbert N. Haugen, of Iowa, Asbury F. Lever, of S. Carolina. Chairman. Gordon Lee, of Georgia. James C. McLaughlin, of Michigan. Sydney Anderson, of Minnesota. SENATORS. Carroll S. Page, of Vermont. Thomas P. Gore, of Oklahoma. George W. Norris, of Nebraska. Ellison D. Smith, of South Caro- William S. Kenyon, of Iowa. lina. 586 AMERICAN VKTERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Remember, it is the personal touch that counts. Urge promi- nent Live Stock Men and other influential friends of the above- mentioned Members of Congress to wire them urging their sup- port of the Walsh Amendment. Bills for refund of telegraph tolls in connection with the above should be forwarded direct to Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, chairman Committee on Legislation, A. V. M. A., 338 E. 26th Street, New York, N. Y., with copies of telegrams attached. Fraternally yours, S. J. Walkley, Sec. to Committee on Legislation, A. Y. M. A. A FEW FACTS ABOUT LOUISIANA AND NEW ORLEANS. New OKLtAttS \H 17^ The settlement of a French colony in Eastern Canada was the beginning of romance and tragedy in Louisiana, when in 1673 Pere Marquette and Louis Joliet received an inspiration from the Indians, who told them wonderful tales of a mighty river which flowed west from the Great Lakes to the Paciflc Ocean, where the colonists could, ultimately, open up channels of trade with India. This was 131 years after the discovery of the ''Father of Waters" by Ferdinand De Soto who, in his vain hunt for gold across the heart of the Gulf States, finally returned to Mississippi much depressed over his tragic fate. He fell sick with the fever and died, as he had lived, a daring leader. His body was deposited in the depths of the rolling Mississippi as a sacrifice to the wonderful country and natural drainage system he had discovered. Louisiana experienced many gloomy days as the English, Spanish and French were eager to claim her as their own, at whatever cost it might be. However, the determined spirit of AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 587 the French predominated, and in 1718 Bienville, a gallant Frenchman who had been in America 19 years, was informed by an old squaw whom he found seated beneath a moss-covered oak, chanting revelations from the ''Great Spirit," that the time Would come when between the river and the lake (Pontchar- train) there would be as many houses of the white man as there were trees then. Oak made historic in "Evangeline." In 1755 the English drove the French from Acadia, now known a^ Nova Scotia, and history records it as ''The Exile of the Acadians." Later Longfellow immortalized the tragedy and their final settlement in Louisiana along the Bayou Teche, Atchafalaya and Acadian shores in his beautiful story of Evange- line. Her name was originally Emeline la Biche, but owing to the particular sweetness of her character and gentle disposition she was no longer called Emeline but Evangeline, meaning * ' God 's little angel. ' ' Longfellow traces her wanderings in search of her lover back to Philadelphia, and there says no more, but history asserts that she died in Louisiana, and was buried on the bank of the Teche under a gigantic oak which is now known as the Evangeline Oak, and if this is true, the writer has had the honor of standing beneath the oak and viewing the 588 AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION country where almost one hundred and fifty years ago took place a happy reunion between the scattered Acadians. Southwestern Louisiana is known as the land of the ^'cajuns/' which is a corruption of the word Acadian, and their language, customs and superstitions have filtered into every parish in the State, and into a large number of counties in adjacent States. They are a simple-minded, prolific and home-loving people, and until only recently have many of their lives been touched by modern ideas. The land they own is measured in arpents, which is an old French calculation for land, and the term is recognized in all legal transfers of property. I believe an arpent orig- inally was equivalent to an acre in English measure. In the meantime Louisiana and the City of New Orleans lived happily under the French flag, but in about 1768 the Span- ish took possession of the country and landed in New Orleans for the purpose of establishing a Creole* form of government. All went well until O'Reilly, an Irishman in the Spanish army, de- cided to execute the French leaders who fought the change. In October, 1769, five patriots were led to the Spanish barracks and shot, thus becoming the first Louisianians to give their blood for the cause of freedom. 0 'Reilly endeavored to place the colony under just laws, and erected a court called the Cabildo, which was the seat of gov- ernment for the Superior Council, and combined many of the powers of the Supreme Court with the present Legislature. New Orleans now had a population of a little more than 3,100, including negroes. The city and country flourished and the peo- ple became a mixed race, notably French, Spanish and American. In 1781, the year Cornwallis surrendered to Washington at Yorktown, Va., Oalvez, a daring young Spanish Governor of Lou- isiana, won a brilliant victory over the English at Pensacola, Florida, as he had previously done at Natchez, Miss., and Baton Rouge, La. This virtually settled the American Revolution, but left Louisiana under Spanish rule. However, the people pros- pered and a few years later appeared the first newspaper in the State, called the Le Moniteur de la Louisiane. In 1795 the indigo crop failed on acount of an insect, but this made way for the first adventure in raising sugar cane, which has proven to be such a splendid success. * A French Creole in Louisiana is a native descended from French an- cestors who had settled in the State. Some of the most prominent white families in Loviisiana are, therefore, Creoles. AMERICAX VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 58"J In 1800, through a secret treaty negotiated by Napoleon, Louisiana was ceded by Spain back to France. The transaction was kept a secret for a 'year on account of the strained relations between England and France. After the facts became known, the United States Government objected to such a powerful man as Napoleon holding so much territory in America and com- menced to lay plans whereby there could be purchased from France the Island of New Orleans and the Florida country. Finally two great Americans, Robert R. Livingston and James FAMOUS JACKSON SQUARE, NEW ORLEANS. Showing old Spanish Cabildo and St. Louis Cathedral in background. Monroe, went to France, and after much discussion, bought all of Louisiana from the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains for fifteen million dollars. The papers were signed April 30, 1803. Congress approved the treaty, but with the understanding that the territory should be divided into two parts, one to be called the District of Louisiana and the other the Orleans territory. In 1804 President Jefferson appointed Claiborne the first Governor of the present State, and in the meantime New Orleans had grown to 10,000 population, while it was shipping millions of dol- 590 AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION lars' worth of cotton, sugar, molasses and tobacco. The city- streets were not well kept and were poorly lighted. The people preferred to lavish their pride on their houses, which were built with large high rooms, broad halls and wide galleries. The life of the Creole was happy and gay, and the city was unusual in this distinction. The people were prosperous, and the planta- tion owners always extended a glad hand to the wayfarer, invit- ing him to tarry as long as he liked, for food was a-plenty. The next great move, which finally resulted in much grief, was the importation of slaves to work in the cotton and cane. Later, in 1812, after Louisiana had a population of 60,000, Congress, after a long, spirited debate, whether or not the Creoles, a mixed race, could be true to any other country but Spain or Prance, ad- mitted it to the Union. In the meantime the Baratarian pirates, who lived on two small islands on the southern coast of Louisiana, were terroriz- ing the city of New Orleans, robbing vessels and smuggling into the State goods on which they had never paid a revenue tax. The Governor of the State offered a reward of $500 for the head of the leader, and he in turn became angry and filed a counter offer of $500 for Governor Claiborne's head. The Baratarians were so bold and well fortified that no one dared make a claim for the reward. Therefore the leader went about unmolested. The Chief Executive asked the Legislature to put a stop to these unlawful activities, but they lacked the courage and the finances to proceed against 500 outlaws. Captain Jean Lafitte was the leader of the Baratarians, yet he possessed a number of unusually good qualifications which were later recognized by General An- drew Jackson, who reached New Orleans December 1, 1814, for the purpose of fortifying the city and defending it against at- tacks from the British. The people had little confidence in Jackson, as he was a strenuous character from the west, and did not appear to have the polish and training of the British leaders. However, he proceeded to organize his troops, which were a mix- ture of Louisiana, Mississippi, Kentucky and Tennessee soldiers, with Baratarians, Indians and negroes, and on the 8th of Janu- ary, 1815, the battle of New Orleans was won. This was. a bril- liant victory, but it had its regrets, inasmuch as it was fought the day after peace was declared between America and England. Following the battle the people of New Orleans went wild with enthusiasm, which was a splendid tribute to the military genius AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 591 of General Jackson. Notwithstanding the honor the people paid him, the Legislature passed a resolution thanking other heroes in the conflict, but purposely omitted Jackson because he had dared to usurp the power of State rights by placing the city of Xew^ Orleans under martial law, and for that he was brought before the court and fined $1,000. He paid the fine and admon- ished every citizen to forever obey the law. The rebuke was not overlooked, as Congress, some years later, refunded the fine with interest, which amounted to about $30,000. f:% >**>$*!** ^ w* jx-'^"* Sky line, City of New Orleans, from the Mississippi River. Following the victory the people became united, Louisiana was saved, and the Creoles and Americans were joined in a com- mon cause. From the time the first Governor was appointed there appear both Creole and American names in the long list of Governors between 1816 and the present time. Louisiana pros- pered, settlers came in and tilled the soil. Plantations were started which raised cotton, cane and tobacco. Schools, churches and villages w^ere built. In 1830 the first railroad was con- structed from New Orleans to Milneburg on the south shore of Lake Pontchartrain. Levees were built, but they were inade- quate and the drainage and w^ater system paved the way for 592 AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION grief. In 1853 occurred a great yellow fever epidemic, follow- ing the arrival of a vessel from Eio de Janeiro, which bore sev- eral infected immigrants who took sick and died. The fever spread. Many people left for the North, and those who re- mained awaited their fate. The first week in August nine hundred and forty-seven deaths were recorded, and on the 22nd of the same month the fever was at its peak when two hundred and eighty-three died in one day. In the meantime medical science had not discovered the cause, but a few careful observers had noticed that the negroes suffered much less from the at- tacks. The colored population lived amid very unsanitary con- ditions, in unprotected cabins frequently surrounded by pools of stagnant water. These conditions exposed them more direct- ly to the mosquito, and to make themselves more comfortable, every night they would burn a mass of old rags which produced a smudge of dense smoke sufficient to protect them from the mos- quito. Later, when it was discovered that a certain species of mosquito transmitted yellow fever the apparent immunity en- joyed by the negro was fully understood. New Orleans emerged from the epidemic more determined and stronger than ever to fight difficulties. Rigid quarantines were instituted. Gigantic levees erected, cisterns relegated to the junk heap, and a perfect water system established, so that today yellow fever, in the minds of the younger generation, is ancient history, and the city employs the use of the most sanitary equipment. The next great conflict was the war between the States, and New Orleans and Louisiana had its share of the sorrow, as the mouth of the Mississippi was a contested point between the two armies, since in the control of the ''Father of Waters" would lie a strategic feature of untold military value. On April 19, 1862, Admiral Farragut, in command of the Federal fleet, finally broke through and steamed up the river past New Orleans. From the early days, when the French, English and Spanish were claiming Louisiana, up to the close of the Civil War, the people of the Pelican State had a stormy time. They experi- enced many joys and sorrows, but never faltered nor abandoned the cause of ultimately establishing a permanent State. Today the Commonwealth and the city is one of prosperity and content- ment. The city of New Orleans, with a population of over 400,000, in the southeast corner of the State, and Shreve- port, with a population of 35,000, in the northwest corner, AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 593 are both splendid monuments of industry which are significant of pride and diligence. Schools and churches cover the land and the educational system is making some remarkable improve- ments, Tulane University (New Orleans) and the Louisiana State University (Baton Rouge) are two well-equipped institu- tions which should command attention from those who are seek- ing the best educational facilities. Louisiana offers unusual at- tractions to the homeseeker, commercial and professional man. The people are richly endowed with the spirit of good old South- ern hospitality and are quick to recognize quality. Gibson Hall, Tulane University, New Orleans. For months you have been hearing the call to come to the Crescent City November 17 to 21 inclusive, and for the next three months you will hear the invitation repeated, and the ap- peal frequently emphasized. Do not overlook this great occa- sion to see an interesting feature of our country, as that and the Association will broaden our scope of vision, and make us glad that we are privileged to grasp such a magnificent opportunity. E. I. Smith, Sec.-Treas., Committee on Arrangements, L. V. M. A. 594 AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION. The passage of the Agricultural appropriation bill marks two achievements for the profession. The increased pay of those who have heretofore received twenty-five hundreds of dol- lars or less annually, and the first step toward a fixed increase of those who have heretofore had a minimum salary of $1400 to $2000. The securing of the reestablishment of Equine Meat Inspec- tion and an appropriation of one hundred thousand dollars that may be used for this purpose will help solve an economic problem of world-wide importance. W. Horace Hoskins, Chairman. NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE, NEW YORK UNIVERSITY. The following list of graduates received their diplomas at the commencement exercises on June 11th, 1919, at the New York State Veterinary College, New York University : Abramson, Alexander H., 444 Grand street, New York City. Benson, Clarence 0., Wassaic, N. Y. Carabba, Victor, 178 Mulberry street, New York City. Felder, Morris, 142 Manhattan avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. Koslow, Louis, 1766 Prospect place, Brooklyn, N. Y. Kreindler, David A., 2750 West 17th street. Coney Island, N.Y. Lebish, Jacob, 293 Henry street, New York City. Spevack, Victor, 43 Nostrand avenue, Brooklyn N. Y. Wright, James M., Somerville, Mass. The Following prizes were awarded : Faculty Gold Medal, Victor Carabba; Alumni Prize, Jacob Lebish; Lt. W. W. Yard Prize (1st), David A. Kreindler; Lt. W. W. Yard Prize (2nd), Victor Spevack; Prize in Therapeutics, Victor Carabba; Prize in Canine Surgery, Victor Carabba. The fourth-year curriculum will be in force for the year 1919-20. Henry Henning, Secretary, Faculty. Captain Joseph F. Crosby was transferred in July from Camp Grant, 111., to Camp Knox, West Point, Ky. OTHER ASSOCIATIONS COLORADO VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The seventeenth semi-annual meeting of the Colorado Veter- inary Medical Association, held at Fort Collins on June 5 and 6, was well attended and proved of unusual interest. The committee appointed to study the question of a uniform price for the administration of biologic preparations reported progress but was unable to make a definite recommendation. Dr. Charles G. Lamb, chairman of the Committee on Legis- lation, reported that all of the bills recommended by the Asso- ciation at its winter meeting failed of passage in the Legisla- ture. He explained the amendments which were made to the stallion bill so that the veterinarians might be informed on mak- ing examination for soundness. Three new members were added to the roll, as follows: Wm. H. Feldman, John A. Bestall and Charles A. McKim. The president's address, by Dr. H. E. Kingman, called atten- tion to the need of better preparation and organization for put- ting through necessary legislation, and also dealt with the possi- bility of making the college more useful to the profession by in- creasing the facilities for laboratory diagnosis and by the addi- tion of a summer school. Lieut. H. G. Wiegand, who had spent nearly two years in France, related his experiences as an army veterinarian in that country. Major Wallace M. Decker, who had just returned from France, was called upon, and in a few extemporaneous remarks told of the conditions as he found them in the army. The question of ''Caesarian Section in Sows" was well dis- cussed by Dr. N. J. Miller, who was followed by Dr. A. A. Her- mann on the same subject. Dr. Miller finds that caesarian section is not only frequently desirable, but in a large percentage of cases both the mother and the young may be saved. Dr. A. W. French read a paper on "Sheep Diseases," in which he discussed more especially necrobacillosis, scab and pneumonia. Dr. C. E. Salsbery, of Kansas City, read a paper on ''Diseases of Fowls," which he said were becoming of great importance to veterinarians, owing not only to the prevalence of disease in this 596 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS species, but also to the value of the poultry industry. He dis- cussed particularly cholera, white diarrhoea and tuberculosis. He stated that vaccination against cholera with the killed organism was proving of value in the hands of many, and was becoming a standard procedure. Dr. A. T. Kinsley, of Kansas City, discussed the question of ''Contagious Abortion in Cattle," which created much comment and called forth many questions. Case reports were given by Drs. R. H. Bird and G. H. Glover. The high point in the clinic was reached in a demonstration on a number of sterile cows, conducted by Dr. George F. Junger- man, of Hiawatha, Kansas. Dr. Jungerman not only demon- strated the actual condition in many of the animals, but ably dis- cussed his method of handling such cases. There was also a demonstration of diseased generative organs from both cattle and hogs selected at the packing houses in Denver and shipped up for the meeting. Many other interesting cases were presented for diagnosis and operation. The entertainment provided for the ladies consisted of a tea given at the home of Mrs. R. F. Bourne on the afternoon of the first day and a banquet and ball in the evening. I. E. Newsom, Secretary. NEW JERSEY SCHOLARSHIP.* By William Herbert Lowe, Paterson, N. J. As the thought of a New Jersey Scholarship first came to my mind it seemed like a dream, impossible of realization, but sud- denly there appeared before me the Coat of Arms of New Jer- sey, the plows and the horse 's head, with the motto, ' ' Liberty and Prosperity." As I started out for the Scholarship a mental vision of our Coat of Arms was ever before me. Let us think of the picture for a moment. The interpretation of the plows and the horse's head were to me convincing proof that the early settlers of New Jersey, the colony as you know, was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States of America, unquestionably realized the fundamental importance of agriculture and animal husban- * An address delivered June 10, 1919. before the Alumni Association, New York State Veterinary College, New York University. OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 597 dry, the basis upon which veterinary science is founded, for there can be no successful agriculture without animal husbandry, and animal husbandry cannot attain its highest and most efficient state of development and preservation unless the laws of life — vegetable and animal — are diligently studied and the vital prin- ciples governing the same intelligently applied in the cultivation of the soil and in the propagation, development and maintenance of all classes of animals in a state of domestication. The application of science to agriculture and animal hus- bandry is making for results that spell a greater ''Liberty and Prosperity" than the world has ever known. The treatment of animal diseases will be the least part of the work of the veter- inarian in the years to come. The greatest field for his labors is in the development and management of an animal husbandry under conditions that will not invite infection, disease and un- necessary loss. An economic veterinary science that will at the same time protect the health and safeguard the lives of the hu- man population from infection and infestation of animal origin. The people of New Jersey are progressive and patriotic. In agriculture, in education, in science, in invention, in manufac- ture and in commerce her people have always occupied a promi- nent position, and is it any wonder that the veterinary profession of that State should blaze the way for the establishment of the first State Veterinary Scholarship in America? I think not. How could they do less and be true to her time-honored tradi- tions ? New Jersey has produced some of the greatest minds, and there also seems to be an attraction within her borders for those born elsewhere. I New Jersey was the birthplace of that eminent veterinarian and sanitarian, Daniel E. Salmon, the man who founded at Washington what has become the greatest veterinary and animal- bureau in the world, and was its chief for twenty-one years. It is interesting to note that the organization of this bureau oc- curred in 1884, the same year as the V. M. A. of New Jersey was organized. Salmon's knowledge of the geographic, railroad and other advantages of the state led the national government to locate the largest and most important animal quarantine station of this country temporarily at Garfield, and permanently at 598 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS Athenia, which is within a three-mile drive of my home and about twelve miles from the college. This is the quarantine station where imported cattle, sheep, swine and other livestock arriving at the port of New York from all parts of the world are held in quarantine before being re- leased for shipment to points of destination throughout the length and breadth of this broad land. The livestock arriving at this quarantine station are mostly breeding animals of the choicest blood and the finest pedigree. It is hardly necessary in this presence to mention that New Jersey furnished New York University with its second chan- cellor in the distinguished personage of Theodore Frelinghuysen, who was born at Millstone, Somerset County, N. J., March 28, 1787. That eminent educator and statesman held many important positions in his state and in the nation, including that of Attor- ney General of New Jersey, United States Senator, and Presi- dent of Rutgers College. My home town, Paterson, I am proud to say, gave Nicholas Murray Butler to Columbia University. The home of the late John Payne Lowe, agriculturist, editor and trustee of the Veterinary College, pioneer in the cause of veterinary education in America, was situated on the banks of the picturesque Passaic, at Little Falls, N. J., of fond recollec- tion to the speaker. New Jersey was represented at the initial meeting of the U. S. V. M. A., now the A. V. M. A., at the Astor House, New York City, in 1863, and has the distinction of furnishing two presidents to this great organization, both alumni of the A. Y. C, now a corporate part of New York University ! The delightful home of Thomas A. Edison is at Llewellyn Park, N. J., but the distinguished electrician spends much of his time in his workshop at West Orange. Grover Cleveland, born at Caldwell, N. J., is buried at Princeton, and I might add that the present occupant of the White House, or rather the present President of the United States, hails from Princeton. These are a few of the men whose works make for '* Liberty and Prosperity." Fellow colleagues, if I am not greatly mistaken, it is such a liberty and such a prosperity that America and the whole world is crying out for today, and let me say that as the fundamental OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 599 importance of veterinary science is better understood by the public and its teachings more generally heeded will an endur- ing and satisfying peace be established throughout the world. There can be no better evidence of the veterinarian's vision and unselfish love for his profession than the creation by the veterinary alumni of a Scholarship fund. It seems very fitting and proper that the New Jersey Schol- arship should be established in New York University, the great university that has assumed the responsibility of fostering Ameri- can veterinary education in the cradle of its birth. It is my very great pleasure to be able to announce at this time the creation of a New Jersey Scholarship fund of $10,000 in New York University, but let it not be assumed that this establishment is made solely by the veterinary alumni of New York University, for such is not the case. The New Jersey movement is a far bigger and broader one than that of any col- lege or university. It has the suppt)rt of alumni of the Ontario Veterinary College in Canada and the Royal College of Veter- inary Surgeons of London, England, as well as of the foremost veterinary schools of the United States. A more devoted and loyal body of men does not exist in any profession, in any state or nation. ''Perstare et Pra^stare," persevere and excel. Veterinary education means science applied to agricultural pursuits, to animal husbandry, to animal industry; it means the production and conservation of food and clothing for man- kind ; it means the safeguarding of the human family from dis- ease of animal origin ; it means a well-fed people, a healthy peo- ple, and a happy people ; it means ' ' Liberty and Prosperity. ' ' ASSOCIATION OF STATE AND PROVINCIAL VETERINARY COLLEGES. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE METHOD OF TEACHING OBSTETRICS AND DISEASES OF THE GENITALIA. Throughout the history of veterinary education, obstetrics and the diseases of the genitalia have been poorly taught — probably the most poorly taught of any subjects in the veterinary curriculum. There are several reasons for inefficiency. In the first place, most veterinary schools have been located in great 600 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS cities, where obstetrics and the diseases of the genital organs play a minor role. The general location of the schools in cities has operated to defeat efficient teaching in this field in two ways. In the first place, it has naturally and generally led to the selec- titon of a teacher who has had little or no clinical experience with either obstetrics or the diseases of the genital organs. In some cases it has been attempted to overcome this defect by selecting as teacher of obstetrics a veterinarian engaged in coun- try practice, who shall visit the veterinary college at stated in- tervals in order to give instruction. Evidently this cannot over- come the defect, because the surroundings inevitably make the teaching secondary and the private practice primary. The sec- ond cause of inefficient teaching in this field is that in city col- leges clinical material for illustrative purposes is not available. Under these conditions, it is only natural that the teaching of veterinary obstetrics should be very poorly done, as compared with the other branches of the veterinary curriculum. This is very unfortunate, because veterinary obstetrics and the diseases of the genital organs stand at the threshold of all successful animal husbandry and dairying, in which the regular physiologic reproduction of vigorous young is the first essential. When the literature upon veterinary obstetrics and the dis- eases of the genital organs is examined carefully, it is found to be scanty, poor in character, and poorly arranged. In the various textbooks upon veterinary obstetrics, few efforts have been made to present the subject in a thoroughly scientific and practical manner. Rather, it is presented as a sort of hodge- podge and jumble of fact, fiction, and conclusion, largely devoid of foundation or correlation. The literature upon the diseases of the genital organs is even worse. By searching here, there, and everywhere one may find mentioned- quite a list of diseases of the genital organs. Some of them are found in textbooks upon sur- gery, others in books on obstetrics, and yet others in works upon medicine. Even in these various groups of literature, the dis- eases of the genital organs are, with a single exception, not brought together, but scattered here and there, so that the vet- erinary student has no conception whatever of the diseases of the genital organs as a whole, and has no adequate opportunity in our literature to study them clearly and satisfactorily. An interesting commentary upon the status of the teaching of obstetrics and the diseases of the genital organs is that the ma- OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 601 jority of veterinary students are not seriously urged to procure and study any textbook upon the subject. The state schools of America have, as a class, stood apart from the private schools in teaching from textbooks wherever they are available. In some state schools, however, no text is used in veterinary ob- sterics. No adequate text exists upon the diseases of the genital organs. Amongst veterinary teachers there has been much dif- ference of opinion regarding the value of textbooks. Taking all the schools together, the prevailing opinion has been that text- books have but a minor value, especially in the field under dis- cussion. This attitude leads to two serious results in teaching : 1. The student has no secure anchorage upon which to base his studies. 2. The student is taught to disregard the value of veterinary literature, whether upon obstetrics or upon other subjects, and whether standard or current. This attitude is perhaps largely responsible for the very meager libraries of many veterinarians. The attitude of many teachers of veterinary obstetrics upon the question of a textbook has perhaps been more deplorable than a similar attitude in any other field. Essentially, as I un- derstand them, some teachers of veterinary obstetrics claim that the classroom work is of very scant or no value ; that there are no such things as scientific principles in veterinary obstetrics, and that a veterinary obstetrist must finally grow up as a result of his actual experience in the field. In other words, they aver that obstetrics is not teachable by an instructor and can be learned by the student only when out in actual practice. This attitude has always constituted a serious reflection upon instruction in veter- inary schools. The position should be that every field of knowl- edge in veterinary science should be brought before the student in the school, in such a manner that upon graduation he shall be able to apply practically and safely his knowledge in every branch of the work. Scientific veterinary obstetrics can no more be readily learned by the practitioner in the field, without adequate college training, than anatomy, physiology, surgery, or any other subject. The only way by which veterinary obstetrics can be divorced from quackery is through the medium of adequate scientific college teaching. For this purpose, there are certain fundamentals which should always be kept in mind. In order to teach a sub- ject, there must be the teacher, the 'student, the equipment, and the material. 602 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS The teacher of obstetrics and the diseases of the genital organs must have a thorough scientic conception of the subject. Not only must he know all the fundamental subjects, such as anatomy, physiology, embryology, pathology, and bacteriology, but he must know thoroughly all the forces in parturition and must have had practical experience with animals in both normal and abnormal birth. The student needs to be well equipped for his work before be- ing admitted to the class in obstetrics. His knowledge of the anatomy of the genital organs should be very thorough. Dr. Dykstra of this committee emphasizes this as an absolute essen- tial. It is discouraging to note that the anatomy of the genital organs of the domestic animals is very poorly taught. As a mat- ter of fact, the descriptions of the genital, organs of domestic ani- mals in textbooks upon anatomy are exceedingly crude and loaded with omissions and errors. The defectiveness of literature upon the anatomy of the genital organs might be illustrated by the statement that, until very recently, there did not exist in any veterinary anatomy an illustration of the internal generative organs of the cow of such a character that the organs themselves could be identified by comparing them with the illustrations. Neither does any textbook on anatomy show that the preputial sac of the ruminant and porcine male does not exist at the time of birth, but develops with the advent of puberty. Such errors and omissions might be extended almost indefinitely. The student should be given a regular course in anatomy, as a part of the general subject. One of the great difficulties which confronts the teacher of anatomy and the teacher of obstetrics is that the genital organs which come to him in the ordinary course of his work are quite largely pathologic. This is especially true of the cow, where perhaps more than in any other animal the anatomy of the genital organs is of great importance. Cows with healthy genital organs do not as a rule find their way to the anatomical laboratory. The teacher of veterinary anatomy and of veterinary obstetrics should consequently seek material from reliable sources for his teaching work. This is best done by visiting the abattoir and securing the genital organs from young animals and from animals which are pregnant, and com- paring these with organs which are evidently pathologic. The veterinary anatomist naturally teaches regarding the form, structure, consistence^ and volume of the dead organs. The obstetrist is not interested in the dead organ, except because OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 603 it furnishes a basis for understanding the live organ. The ob- stetrist desires to show the student what the organ is like in a living healthy animal, where it is located, what its consistency is, and its relationship to other organs. For this purpose, he needs have typically healthy genital organs from the abattoir in order that he may show the student in the classroom all that is possible regarding the organ. Later he needs to supplement this knowledge by having the student palpate the organs in liv- ing, healthy animals, and in diseased animals. There are certain fundamental principles in obstetrics which can be taught in the laboratory better than in the clinic. For instance, there are certain principles to be brought out in con- nection with dystocia, especially with reference to mutation and embryotomy, which are best taught by means of the apparatus which we have come to designate a phantom. It does not need to be elaborate. Almost any sort of box, in crude imitation of an abdominal cavity and genital tract will answer the purpose. With this the student may manipulate a dead fetus, learn the various mutations, and especially get clearly the fundamental principles of embryotomy. In my experience as a teacher of obstetrics I believe that, for the labor required, the laboratory exercises upon embryotomy conducted upon freshly killed new- born calves placed in the phantom have been the most valuable part of the obstetric teaching. Upon this point Dr. Dykstra is in perfect harmony with your chairman, and states: ''Through- out the teaching of the entire subject, laboratory instruction is of first importance." He admits freely, however, that he can not duplicate the actual difficulties met in practice and that the work is not complete without actual clinical instruction in ob- stetrics. A thorough knowledge of embryology is absolutely essential to a scientific understanding of obstetrics. Many cases of dy- stocia are due primarily to some aberration in the development of the fetus. The diseases of the fetus cannot be understood until the student has a thorough knowledge of the physiology of the fetus. It is essential, also, to an understanding of the dis- eases of the genital organs that embryology should be thoroughly studied. For example, one can not comprehend retained pla- centa unless he knows the structure and the physiology of the healthy placenta of both mother and fetus. The student must understand very thoroughly also the physi- ology of the genital organs. He must know the physiologic func- 604 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS tions of the ovaries, must understand the influence upon the nerve centers of the ovisac and of the corpus luteum, and must know, so far as can at present be known, the physiology of every part of the genital tract. At present there is a great deal of con- fused immature enthusiasm regarding the diseases of the genital organs of cattle, where veterinarians are rushing in, assuming that they may render a remarkable service, when they do not know a corpus luteum from a cyst and have no comprehension of the physiology and pathology of either corpus luteum or cyst, or of the ovary as a whole. It should be very clear that a knowl- edge of the physiology of the entire genital system is the first essential in dealing with these diseases. The final teaching of obstetrics and the diseases of the geni- talia must be conducted in the clinic. The student must be taught upon suitable animals how to palpate the internal genital organs, and by that palpation determine whether they are healthy or diseased, whether the animal is pregnant or non-pregnant, and any other details necessary for a proper diagnosis and prog- nosis. This palpation and diagnosis should be made upon both healthy and diseased animals. Following, or at the same time, the student needs to have actual observation and experience in dystocia and in the handling of the disease of the genital organs. In the New York State Veterinary College, at Cornell University, I urged for a long time — and there was finally established — an extensive ambulatory or out-clinic, which has been instru- mental in making available annually in our clinical work hun- dreds of cases of diseases of the genital organs and of dystocia. It has proven the most valuable surgical work the college has performed. It has a double value. First — and I have always thought the most important — is the fact that it keeps the teach- ers in constant touch with the work and familiar with the various plans of handling the difficulties met. I have always held that a clinic is quite as essential for the teacher as it is for the stu- dent— that a teacher without constant clinical experience has no business in the classroom for the teaching of clinical subjects. I have also held that this clinic should be a college clinic — not the private practice of the teacher. The animals should be under the teacher's care, in such a way that he can get the greatest pos- sible amount of information regarding the character of the dis- ease for himself, in order that he may make use of it in teaching. The clinic is also essential for student instruction. If it is de- OTHER ASSOCIATIONS • 605 sired to teach the student regarding the douching of the uterus for chronic endometritis, far more can be taught in one hour of actual clinical work upon the diseased uterus than in any num- ber of hours of theoretical teaching. There are certain princi- ples which can be laid before the student in the classroom, but there are certain applications of these principles which can be taught only in the clinic. The physical aspect and the diagnosis of cervicitis may be taught in outline in the classroom, but they can not be truly well taught -except by showing the cervicitis thoroughly in the clinic. The same rule holds in teaching the handling of dystocia. There is no place where it can be taught as effectively as in the clinic. It is unnecessary to demonstrate every possible manipulation. That is impossible in any clinic. However, if the teacher understands the matter of instructing, he can demonstrate the application of all the chief principles of obstetrics with a comparatively small number of cases. No two cases of difficult labor are the same, but there are certain funda- mental principles running through all, or nearly all of them which, if the teacher has the proper initiative, can be clearly shown to the student. For example, in extending a retained an- terior limb, the principles involved in the mutation may be thoroughly demonstrated clinically with a retained posterior limb, in posterior presentation, but it is necessary that the prin- ciple should be demonstrated thoroughly to the student, and the teacher needs one of the two complications in order that he may give the student the best instruction possible. How the teacher of obstetrics and genital diseases in a city college may offer appropriate instruction to his students is a very complex and embarrassing problem. It has largely been solved by fiction — or perhaps the meaning could be more aptly expressed by the new word camouflage. The school has made statements in its announcement intended to lead people to believe that it conducts adequate clinics in obstetrics and the diseases of the genital organs. The subject of obstetrics and diseases of the genitalia is con- stantly growing in importance. The expense of keeping breed- ing females and keeping their young up to efficient age increases each year. The dairying industry is undergoing a critical read- justment. It is highly essential that unusually efficient dairying animals shall breed successfully and regularly, so that the repro- duction of valuable stock shall be strengthened and the repro- 606 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS duction of poor stock be rendered unnecessary. The keynote to such advancement lies in a better understanding of the genital diseases by veterinary practitioners. This better education must be supplied by the veterinary colleges. The question is a serious one. Each veterinary college is under profound obligations to furnish education of a high order in this field. It must furnish the capable teacher adequate equipment and abundant clinical material. If a given college can not offer such education, it should provide some means where- by its students may procure it at another institution, either as undergraduate or as post-graduate work. Every practitioner amongst breeding animals should have thorough education in this field, and a candidate for license ought not be admitted to practice except he can show that he has had ample opportunity to learn the subject — that the college has supplied competent teachers, adequate equipment, and abundant clinic. A mere perfunctory written answer on obstetric ques- tions should not be accepted, unless the examining board knows that the candidate has had the proper opportunity actually to learn the subject in the clinic. B. R. Dykstra. C. H. COVAULT. OKLAHOMA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The Oklahoma State Veterinary Medical Association met at the Lee-Huckins Hotel June 30 and July 1. About 75 veter- inarians were in attendance and an excellent meeting was held. The principal papers offered were as follows: ''How Federal Activities Affect the Local Veterinarians," by D. M. Campbell, Chicago, 111.; ''Hemorrhagic Septicemia in Central Oklahoma," by W. H. Martin, El Reno, Okla. ; "Diagnosis and Treatment of Swine Diseases," by A. T. Kinsley, Kansas City, Mo.; "Meat and Live Stock Situation of the World," by R. F. Eagle, Chi- cago, 111. ; ' ' Formaldehyde and Its Uses in Veterinary Medi- cine," by R. C. Moore, St. Joseph, Mo.; "Inspections for Inter- state Shipment of Live Stock," by J. S. Grove, Oklahoma City, Okla. ; ' ' Tuberculosis Law, Interpretation and Application, ' ' by E. V. Robnett, Oklahoma City, Okla. The semi-annual banquet was held at the Lee-Huckins Hotel on the evening of June 30th, with Dr. A. T. Kinsley as toast- OTHER, ASSOCIATIONS 607 master. The association was favored with an address by a prom- inent cattle breeder who made the timely suggestion that veter- inarians, and especially State and Federal officials, should take greater pains to avoid publishing the news when *' reactors '* are found in herds of pure-bred cattle on account of the great finan- cial losses which may follow unnecessary publicity. He suggested that such matters be handled by the proper authorities without advertising the breeders' misfortunes. Officers of the State Association for the year ending July, 1920, are as follows: President, W. H. Martin, El Reno; Vice- President, W. P. Shuler, Oklahoma City; Secretary, D. W. Gerber, Oklahoma City; Treasurer, C. H. Hooker, Vinita. J. S. Grove. WESTERN MICHIGAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The summer meeting of the Western Michigan Veterinary Medical Association was held June 25th, 1919, at Grand Rapids, Mich., with a clinic in the forenoon at Dr. M. E. Elzinga's hos- pital. The lunch, afternoon session outing, etc., was held at Manhattan Beach, Reed's Lake. This meeting was one of the largest and best ever held by the association. O. H. Van Brussel, Sec.-Treas. CENTRAL NEW YORK VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The tenth annual meeting of the Central New York Veter- inary Medical Association was held at Syracuse on June 26, 1919. The business meeting was held at the St. Cloud Hotel, opening at 3 :45 p. m., with a good attendance present. The meeting was called to order by President J. M. Currie. and the following members answered the roll call : Drs. W. G. Hollingsworth Drs. W. B. Switzer J. A. Pendergast J. M. Currie E. E. Cole A.J. Tuxill E. E. Dooling Frank Morrow W. L. Clark A. E. Merry C. R. Baldwin W. M. Pendergast 608 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS J. C. Stevens J. V. Townsand J. K. Bosshart M. W. Sullivan A. L. Danfort'h D. A. Boardman W. M. Long J. H. Stack HONORARY MEMBERS. Dr. V. A. Moore Dr. Otto Faust The minutes of the previous meeting were read by the Sec- retary and were approved and ordered placed on file. The entertainment committee reported that at the last min- ute they had been unable to find a suitable place to hold a clinic. On motion duly seconded; Drs. J. A. Pendergast and E. E. Doo- ling were appointed a committee to arrange to secure a suitable place for holding clinics in the future. It was further moved and seconded that the President ap- point a committee to look into the matter of purchasing an operating table for the use of the association, if one could be had at a reasonable price. Drs. Pendergast and Dooling were also appointed on this committee. An interesting discussion arose in regard to the illegal prac- titioner; and while it showed that some work had been done, it also showed that there were plenty of violations at the present time. The President now called for reports of officers, and at this point he was asked to deliver his annual address, which was very interesting and much enjoyed. The Secretary's report was read and received; and that of the Treasurer was accepted and ordered to be handed to the audit- ing committee. The auditing committee reported favorably on the Treas- urer's report, and it was ordered placed on file. The question of members three years in arrears with their dues was taken up, and it was moved and seconded that the Sec- retary communicate with all such members, and if they then failed to meet their obligations they should be suspended. The election of officers for the ensuing year resulted as fol- lows : President, Dr. W. L. Clark, Seneca Falls ; Vice-President, Dr. A. J. Tuxill, Auburn; Secretary-Treasurer, Dr. W. B. Switzer, Oswego. The acting Censors were reelected for an- other year. A paper on Difficult Parturition, by Dr. W. L. Sullivan, and one by Dr. J. H. Stack, on Lympho- Carcinoma, were presented, OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 609 both of which were very interesting and instructive, and pro- voked a good discussion. Then followed a general discussion on Torsion of the Uterus. This being the tenth anniversary of the association, a little extra entertainment had been planned by the committee. The members adjourned to the dining room of the St. Cloud Hotel where an excellent banquet took place, many of the wives and lady friends being present. After the banquet, adjourn- ment was made to the meeting room, where the ladies participated in the pleasure of listening to the instructive addresses delivered by Mr. A. L. Brockway of Syracuse, and Prof. V. A. Moore, Director of the New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University. Dr. Moore's subject was the Physical Examination of Cows, and Mr. Brockway spoke along similar lines, both ad- dresses being very interesting. The association adjourned until November, and there was a general feeling that no one could afford to miss the meetings of the society. W. B. SwiTZER, Secretary. TO OUR VETERINARY ROTARIANS. ROTARY (An Acrostic) Rally, brothers, to The Wheels Our Emblem of desire To make things better than they were. And serve as to inspire ; Remembering Service, only, aids our brothers in life's race; Yet Self will ofttimes forge in front, should Service yield the pace. W. H. D. Captain Eddell C. Jones has received his discharge from the Army and has resumed practice at Gothensburg, Nebraska. Captain Jones has been stationed at Camp Greenleaf as post veterinarian for the past six months. Dr. G. E. Ellis, Baton Rouge, La., has been transferred by the Bureau to Washington, D. C. COMMUNICATIONS. Lieut. E, Lapple, V. C, writes interestingly from Montabaur, Germany, although previous to the signing of peace. Journal A, Y. M. A. : I take great pleasure in writing after my arrival in the 1st from the 90th Division. We are now located in the Rhine River region and don't know when peace terms will be signed, so we may get back again to the good old U. S. A., but let us all hoi>e this may be before the snowflakes fall, as we have all seen enough on this side, and after an absence of a year or more from the dear ones in America, we may be taken back to the ''Land of Lib- erty," where a language is spoken we can all understand. Our speaking in France and Germany is done mostly by the hand method and is hard to understand. The Journals have been more than interesting to me, as I have no textbooks for reference, and often find time to read all that is contained in them, now that we are out of combatant lines. The country of Germany is beautiful, and the hillsides al] along the Moselle and Rhine rivers are more than beautiful, castles being seen commonly, and they are real good pastime to look into, as quite a few of them contain the bones of individuals who have died many years ago. The latest information we have is that only 120,000 animals remain in the A. E. F., and we all know they will be disposed of as soon as the Germans sign peace terms. The Germans are anxious to secure American animals, both for work and eating purposes, as they all use cows in wagons to haul their stable manure to the fields; and some of them use dog teams to make purchases when their back-bags don't accom- modate the purchased articles. As I have no more of interest to say, and feel that it is a pleas- ure to write in the interest of The Journal, I beg to close, hop- ing to see my brother veterinarians at the A. V. M. A. in Novem- ber. Lieut. E. Lapple, Vet. Corps. Dr. J. P. Bushong has severed his connection with the Lederle Antitoxin Laboratories and is now with the Cutter Labora- tories at Berkeley, Calif. NECROLOGICAL. LIEUT. J. D. LEE. Lieut. Jeptha D. Lee, a member of the A. V. M. A., died in France about the 1st of March, from an acute attack of pneu- monia. Lieut. Lee was born in Mukwonago, Wis., September 7, 1877. He received his early education there, and later entered Carroll College. In 1898 he served with Company A, 4th Wis. Vol. Inf., during the Spanish-American War. The year following he entered Marquette University and studied dental surgery. Ill-health at the time forced him to make a change in his choice of professions, and his love for animals made veterinary science his second choice. He graduated from the Ontario Veterinary College with honors in 1907; opened a modern veterinary hospital in Menominee, and enjoyed a large practice, and where his loss is keenly felt throughout the entire community. Lieut. Lee was one of the first, if not the first, Wisconsin vet- erinarian to offer his services to his country. He applied for his commission on April 12th, 1917; received it in June, and was called to active service in September. He was assigned to duty with the 111th Train Headquarters and Military Police of the 36th Division, then in training at Camp Bowie, Fort Worth, Texas. He went overseas in June, 1918; served at the front from October 9th until hostilities ceased, with the 111th Sanitary Train, and later was transferred to the 133rd Machine Gun Battalion, 36th Division. Lieut. Lee's loyalty and devotion to duty won him the respect and love of both officers and men. Lieut. Lee was a member of the historic Lee family. MISCELLANEOUS. HUNS DEMAND PEDIGREES OF HORSES STOLEN IN BELGIUM. Let me commend the following occurrence to the notice of Major August Belmont, of the Jockey Club, in New York, and to that of all the principal clubs and organizations which have at heart the welfare of that king of all sports, horse-racing : In one of my former letters I described how when the Ger- mans invaded Belgium they looted all the blooded stock upon which they could lay hands. Indeed, only about a quarter of the racing studs in the kingdom escaped seizure by being hurried over the borders into Holland and into France. But the Germans were unable to secure possession of the pedigrees of the horses thus stolen, and were so infuriated there- by that they deported into Germany the official starter of the Belgian Jockey Club, an Englishman. In the belief that he either knew the pedigrees or could be instrumental in obtaining them, the man was alternately cajoled and subjected to the most inhuman treatment, all, however, without avail. Today he is a physical wreck. But what is more amazing still is that although Germany was supposed to have released all entente interned prisoners within a few weeks following the signing of the armistice in the first days of November, the starter is still a prisoner in Germany. HELD FOR RANSOM. Worse still is the fact that the Union Club of Berlin, which is the German counterpart of the Jockey Club in England and in France, indeed, for 60 years past the premier social and sport- ing club of all Germany, has addressed a communication to the Belgian Jockey Club admitting the fact that the starter is still de- tained in Teuton captivity and quite shamelessly demanding as a condition of his liberation that the pedigrees of the blooded stock stolen from Belgian stud farms and racing stables should be surrendered to the club. Moreover, one of the principal officers of the Union Club, one of the numerous Princes Hohenlohe, has sent an independent let- ter to the secretary of the Belgian Jockey Club offering his per- MISCELLANEOUS 613 sonal influence in securing the liberation of the starter and his return to Belgium if the secretary would be so good as to obtain for him — that is to say, for the writer — the pedigree of a par- ticularly beautiful mare which he had carried off from Belgium. WARNED OFF THE TURF. These are not matters of mere gossip, but of actual record. They have been communicated by the Jockey Club of Belgium to the jockey clubs in Paris and in London, and have resulted in a unanimously adopted resolution barring the entry of all horses owned by the Huns and by their Austrian and Hungarian allies, and warning German owners, German trainers and Ger- man jockeys off the British and French turf. The ban will apply equally to any English or French trainers or jockeys who may remain in Teuton employ or who may take service in Germany or Austria. It is up to the various racing: organizations in the United States to follow suit. Racing is; ba^ed on the observance of certain ethics of honor. Without these ethics clean sport is impossible, and in the late war the Germans have shown in a thousand different ways that they do not consider any laws of honor as binding. — Washington Post, June 18, 1919, OKLAHOMA NOTES. Dr. Leroy B. Fox has returned from several months' sojourn among the Indians in the vicinity of Kearn's Canyon, Arizona. He reports that the natives are not entirely in sympathy with the efforts of the B. A. I. to eradicate dourine from their horse stock, although about 4 per cent of the animals handled were found to be infected. Dr. H. H. Kettler, formerly with the B. A. I. at Fort Worth, Texas, and more recently with the Army Veterinary Corps, has been reinstated on the meat inspection force at Oklahoma City. Dr. L. D. Barber, State agent for the Purity Serum Co., has opened an office at the Oklahoma National Stock Yards. Dr. C. H. Reid entered the service of the State as a Deputy State Veterinarian July 1st. He will devote most of his time to tuberculosis eradication. Dr. Roy C. Smith has resigned his position as dairy inspec- tor in Enid and accepted an appointment as Deputy State Vet- erinarian on July 1, 1919. 614 MISCELLANEOUS Dr. Fred S. Molt, Veterinary Inspector, is recovering from a very severe attack of malaria. Dr. H. W. Ay res, who has been with the Army Veterinary (Corps at Camp Upton, N. Y., for nearly a year, has finally se- vcured his discharge and returned to Oklahoma City June 27th. / J. S. Grove, Resident State Secretary. EXHIBITION OF THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, U. S. ARMY, AT CONVENTION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, ATLANTIC CITY, N. J. JUNE 9 TO 14, 1919. VETERINARY DIVISION This comprised a series of types of chests of articles used in this service and charts, maps and photographs showing its work in the care of horses and mules. Charts were presented showing the non-effective and death rates among horses and mules for the American expeditionary forces and in the United States, and also the death rate from glanders. Phases of the inspection and transportation of meat and meat food products were also shown in photographs. Types of chests shown were: Those issued to veterinary hospitals containing surgical instruments, to hospitals of capacity of 1,000 animals, with contents, those containing mis- cellaneous veterinary supplies as issued to hospitals; those con- taining dental instruments, veterinary field unit chest issued to mobile troops and camp organizations, and field chest issued to each veterinary officer in the field. There was also shown the officer's wallet issued to veterinarians on field duty, and the wallet issued to each farrier. TICK ERADICATION IN THE SOUTH. Status of cattle dipping for the month of June, 1919, in the following States : Number of Number of dippings. dippings. Alabama 994,275 Xorth Carolina 7,589 Arkansas 655,479 Oklahoma 627,572 Florida 275,687 South Carolina 143,641 Georgia 528,409 Texas (North) 1,612,969 Louisiana : 1,505,614 Texas (South) 322,359 Mississippi 423,686 JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical Association FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass'n) W. H. DALRYMPLE, Editor. BATON ROUGE, LA. V. A. Moore, President, Ithaca, N. Y. N. S. Mayo, Secretary, Chicago. M. Jacob Treasurer, Knoxville, Tenn. Executive Board Geo. Hilton, 1st District ; T E. Munce, 2nd T'istrict ; S. E. Bennett, 3rd District; J. R. Mohler, 4*:h District; C. H. Stance, 5th District; R. A. Archibald, 6th District ; A. T. Kinslev, Membiu- at Large. Sub-Committee on Journal J. R. Mohler Geo. Hilton K. A. Archibald The American Veterinary Medical Association i.s not responsible for views or statements published in the Journal, outside of its own authorized actions. Reprints should be ordered in advance. A circular of prices will be sent upon application. Vol. LV, N. S. Vol. 8 September, 1919. No. 6 KEEP THE STANDARDS UP. While we are not aware at this time that the question of edu- cational standards is to form a topic for discussion at the com- ing annual meeting of the Association, it would be well to bear in mind that the progress being made in the field of veterinary science, in its different branches, as well as in animal husbandry, demands higher educational standards than those obtaining in the past; and the future will no doubt require even higher, if the profession is to obtain and maintain the position it ought to occupy, and the usefulness which will be demanded of it. The education and accomplishments which were thought good enough, and seemed to serve their purpose, in days gone by, fall short of present-day necessities, and for future demands are likely to be more or less obsolete and inadequate. The writer was much impressed by some statements, along this line, in an article by Dean Eugene Davenport, of the Uni- versity of Illinois, in a recent number of the Breeder's Gazette, when referring to a proposed veterinary college in connection with the University. Among other things. Dean Davenport says : 616 EDITORIAL ' ' Nothing is clearer than that a new era is at hand in respect to education and research within the field of veterinary science. Recent discoveries have thrown new light on the causes of diseases in animals and man, and while they have made treatment more rational than heretofore, they have vastly complicated the sub- ject as a whole. Because of this, the old-time methods and ma- terials of instruction have rapidly become antiquated, and any college which now undertakes to prepare practitioners in this field must be equipped with the best of apparatus and the most skilled of instructors if it is to meet the demands which the pub- lic rightfully makes. ''Contemporaneous with this increased knowledge of animal diseases has come a sweeping change in the field of effort; that is to say, modern veterinary science aims at the control of animal diseases and their prevention, rather than at the cure of a few individuals which have become afflicted. This again is a more complicated matter, in that the field of study is much broad- ened, and involves many more considerations than heretofore. ''This change in subject matter and in objective has resulted in a closing up of many of the earlier schools in veterinary medi- cine, and for no other reason than that the research and instruc- tion which new conditions seemed to require laid a burden and .(expense upon the organizations which they could not meet. This :is only another way of saying that instruction in this field is -now absolutely tied to investigation, and that the two together are vastly more expensive than in the older days when the only object was to diagnose the illness of individual animals and pre- :scribe a standard cure." ' In a recent address before the American Society for Clinical Investigation, Dr. Graham Lusk, of New York, in referring to the conditions of some of the medical schools in the earlier days^ makes the statement, "These were the days when there appeared to be no future for clinical science, days in which there was almost no intellectual, social, or financial influence making for its welfare. And yet we in this country, since that time, have made great headway in this direction, not on account of the influence of any special men, but because the principle that the primary mission of a medical school 'to take some part in the advance of true medical knowl- edge, and not merely to diffuse what is already known,' is ever- lastingly right." And he further states : ' ' In this great land of ours, which is overflowing with oppor- tunity and abundance, it is of very special importance to ele- vate our intellectual standards. Many scientific men hardly seem to realize the heavy world responsibilities w^hich have been placed upon us." EDITORIAL 617 We have quoted somewhat freely from these two men of broad vision in order to emphasize our point in connection with the elevation of our educational standards. If it is considered necessary by the medical profession to elevate intellectual stand- ards in the interest of humanity, per se, it seems just as essential that the standards of medical science as applied to the lower creatures should be kept up, not alone for economic reasons, but because the veterinary profession plays a very important part in the conservation of the public health through the control and eradication of those diseases which are transmissible from ani- mals to man. So that besides, or in addition to, the personal or more selfish ends to be subserved, it should be remembered that the profession is the servant of the public, through whom it maintains its existence, and in order to meet the public's ever- increasing demand for better and more effective service, it will be necessary that our educational standards keep pace with the more modern requirements, and the ''greater responsibilities placed upon us." Therefore, we say, ''Keep the standards up." THE JOURNAL: PERSONAL OWNERSHIP. So far the Editor has had no special reason to complain of lack of contributed material for the upkeep of The Journal, but he is sometimes led to feel that there must be a great deal of val- uable copy that ought to be received for publication, but which, evidently, fails to reach the editorial sanctum. With the numerous and valuable papers presented at the various state association meetings throughout the year by mem- bers, who are also members of the A. V. M. A., and of which The Journal is the official organ, one would think that there never ought to be a scarcity of this particular class of material for pub- lication. Also, with so many veterinary institutions throughout the country, the personnel of each being mainly composed of members of the Association, a plenitude of clinical reports should be forthcoming each month to supply readers with matters of in- terest and instruction in that particular department. And, further, there is the vast number of members in private practice who, amongst them, could furnish most valuable data for fel- low practitioners, etc. Consequently, with such a large member- ship in the A. V. M. A., engaged in different branches of the profession, to draw upon, one is led to think that The Journal 618 EDITORIAL should never suffer from, even the possibility of, a shortage of material for its pages. And while, to repeat, such a condition of affairs has not actually occurred thus far, the copy in hand to fill up the various departments, more particularly after the pro- ceedings of the previous annual meeting have been used up, occa- sionally gets to a point which gives the editor more or less con- cern with reference to subsequent issues. We have given this matter a good deal of thought and have tried to reason out, with so much material to draw upon, why more copy is not submitted by members of the Association for publication in their official organ, and we have reached the con- clusion that one, if not the main, reason is, that members fail to realize that The Journal is not an independent privately-owned publication, but is the property of the American Veterinary Med- ical Association, each individual member having a personal own- ership in it, and, therefore, ought by right to feel a certain re- sponsibility in aiding the editor in trying to make it the success we all would wish to see it as the official organ, and worthy, of the largest veterinary organization extant. We cannot but believe, however, that if each member would get this personal-ownership-idea, he would view the upkeep of his Journal from an entirely different standpoint, and would realize that a certain amount of responsibility rests with him, so far as its ultimate success is concerned. Members of the Association, The Journal is ours, individu- ally and collectively. Therefore, let each and all of us contrib- ute to its usefulness, in its various departments, as a scientific and practical aid to the veterinary profession in general. We feel that it should be unnecessary for us to have to make an appeal of this kind; and we do not believe it would be, if every member would assume the correct attitude toward The Journal, which, in reality, is his own property. However, as we are about to commence a new Volume, we felt we might be pardoned for drawing attention to the matter at this particular time. Editor's Note: Owing to conditions brought about by the late war, and the changes of location of many members of the Association and subscribers to The Journal who were in the Army Veterinary Service, it was to have been expected that ir- regularities would occur with regard to the delivery of the pub- EDITORIAL 619 lication. However, now that matters have assumed a more normal condition, with more permanent addresses being estab- lished, it is to be hoped the irregularities spoken of will be largely eliminated. In order to effect more immediate delivery of The Journal in the case of those who have not been receiving it regularly, the Editor has three suggestions to make, viz : 1st. That all communications concerning changes of addresses, or non-delivery of The Journal, should be sent direct to the office of the publication. Baton Rouge, La., and not to the Secretary of the Association in Chicago. 2nd. In order that requests may be met, and the following month 's issue of The Journal sent to the newer address, all such communications should be received at the office in Baton Rouge, La., not later than the 15th of the month. 3rd. When giving a new address, the old one should always be mentioned. ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON ON HEREDITY. "Our conscious years are but a moment in the history of the elements that build us. . . . And though today I am only a man of letters, either tradition errs or I was present when there landed at St. Andrews a French barber-surgeon to tend the health and the beard of the great Cardinal Beaton; I have shaken a spear in the Debatable Land and shouted the slogan of the Elliots; I was present when a skipper, plying from Dundee, smuggled Jacobites to France after the '15 Yes, parts of me have seen life, and met adventures, and sometimes met them well. And, away in the still cloudier past, the threads that make me up can be traced by fancy into the bosoms of thousands and millions of ascendants: Picts who rallied round Macbeth and the old (and highly preferable) system of descent by females, fliers from before the legions of Agricola, marchers in the Pannonian morasses, star-gazers on Chaldean plateaus." Dr. Geo. H. Bems of Brooklyn was elected President in June of the Alumni Association of the New York State Veterinary College at New York University. A PRELIMINARY NOTE ON A NEW COCCIDIUM OF RABBITS. E. A. Bruce, Ag-assiz, B. C. • Without entering into the controversy as to whether the common coccidia of the rabbit's liver and intestine are one and the same species or not (E. stiedoe; E. pe^rforans) , it may be said that another coccidium has been found in British Columbia. PATHOGENESIS. Affects the intestinal tract. Is especially pathogenic for very young rabbits, often causing the loss of a whole litter. Mature animals are affected but appear to suffer no ill effects, and may carry coccidia for several months. Fatal cases may or may not be preceded by diarrhoea. Once diarrhoea is established death usually follows in 24 hours. Three cases have been seen in which infection was mixed, E. stiedce being present as well as the coc- cidium under consideration. THE PARASITE. The life cycle may be completed in as short a time as five days. Oocysts kept in 3%% pot. bichromate were infective six months after being passed. The endogenous forms have not as yet been fully worked over, the following remarks therefore apply to parasites found in the faeces. The oocysts, generally oval, vary greatly in size from 11.62 fji to 24.90 fjL in width, and from 15.77 fi to 39.84 fx in length. The oocyst wall is thick, and in the larger specimens is of a well marked pinkish-orange colour. Many show an excess of mate- rial comprising the outer wall ; this may show at any part, even extending down the whole length of the cyst and projecting out- wards for several microns, but is commonest towards the narrow end, where a large micropyle is present. The oocyst contains in addition to the four dizoic spores char- acteristic of the genus Eimeria, a very well marked globular residual body composed of a large number of granules. This residual body is seen as soon as sporoblast formation begins, and is as large or larger than the individual sporoblasts ; it is abso- lutely spherical and retains its shape until the sporozoites are LIFE HISTORY OF LUNGWORM 621 formed when it sometimes disintegrates, the granules' being scat- tered around the sporocysts. The sporocysts contain a well-marked residuum. The nucleus of the sporozite is a delicate pink. SUMMARY. This coccidium of the genus Eimeria which is especially path- ogenic for young rabbits, differs from previously described forms : In the extreme variation of the size of its oocysts, the pinkish- orange colour of its larger oocysts, the excessive formation of material for the oocyst wall, the pink colour of its sporozite nucleus, and the presence of a very well marked globular residual body. A series of drawings covering the -exogenous forms is now ready, but publication of the same is being deferred pending a completion of a study of the whole life cycle. Published by permission of Dr. F. Torrance, Veterinary Director General^ Ottawa, Canada. ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE LUNGWORM. Dictyocaulus filaria, in Sheep. [Preliminary Report.] John E. Guberlet. Contribution from Parasitological Laboratory of the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Stillwater, Oklahoma. Some investigations on the lungworms in sheep are being car- ried on in this laboratory in which the principal facts in the life history of Dictyocauliis filaria (Rudolphi) have been determined. The investigations are as yet incomplete and further work is in progress. It seems, however, that a report of the results thus far obtained would be desirable. It is expected that a more com- plete report will be made at a later date. Herms and Freeborn (1916 and 1917) reported upon the symptoms and methods of treatment for lungworms in sheep, goats and other domesticated animals. They also considered some factors in regard to the development of these parasites. Yon Linden (1915) (after Herms and Freeborn) in reporting upon the free-living stages of larval lungworms stated that there are two types of embryos. One type is adapted to a free-living stage outside the body of the host and is later supposed to be 622 J. E. GUBERLET capable of infesting a new host. The other type is unable to do so but is supposed to grow to maturity within the body of the original host. This belief was partly confirmed by Herms and Freeborn (1916) but was later rejected by them (1917). Neither of the above writers was able to bring about an experimental in- fection. During the course of the investigations carried on here some facts were observed in connection with the development of the larval worms and the method by which they leave the body of the host, also the method by which they gain entrance to a new host. The writer wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. L. L. Lewis of the Veterinary Department, Oklahoma Agricultural College, Stillwater, for advice, many valuable suggestions and criticisms which he has so kindly offered during the course of this work. METHODS BY WHICH EGGS AND EMBRYOS LEAVE THE BODY. The eggs of Dictyocaulus filaria are extruded into the air pass- ages of the lungs and are carried up through the trachea to the pharnyx with the muco-purulent discharge which accompanies them. They are then swallowed and pass from the body through the alimentary canal. Some eggs leave the body in the muco- purulent discharge through the nostrils, but these are probably very limited in number. The writer has made more than two hundred miscroscopic examinations of smears from the nasal discharges of sheep which were heavily infested with lungworms and a total of only six or seven eggs were found. From the same sheep numerous larvae were observed in the feces upon mi- croscopic examinations of the mucus in the trachea and bronchi and of the feces. In making examinations of the mucus of the trachea and pharnyx only one free larva was observed while nu- merous eggs were present. Several eggs were observed in the esophagus. Herms and Freeborn (1917:866) state that eggs can be demonstrated in the contents of the small intestine throughout its entire length but that they are absent in the large intestine and feces. That seems to indicate that the eggs may hatch in the large intestine since the embryos can be demonstrated very readily in the feces. The eggs that leave the host by way of the nostrils or mouth may hatch and develop into larvae capable of bringing about in- festation in another host if deposited in favorable conditions. LIFE HISTORY OF LUNG WORM 623 DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYOS. The development of the embryos of Dictyocaulus filaria is similar in most respects to that of the stomach worm (Hcemon- chus contort us) as shown by Ransom (1906). The females of D. fitaria are oviviparous and therefore deposit eggs containing active and well developed larvae. The eggs extruded by the worms, or taken from their uteri, hatch in 24 to 36 hours at a temperature of 16° to 20° C, when placed in tap water, pond water, normal saline solution or moist soil. Only a very few of the eggs hatch when placed in dust. Those that do hatch die within a short time. Larvae taken from feces also die in a few hours when placed in dust. The newly-hatched embryos are of the oxyurif orm type with a tubercle having three chitinous lips or teeth at the anterior end. The larvae are from 350 fx to 375 /jl in length and appear to be of only one type, contrary to the report of Von Linden, who states that there are two types. The embryos placed in water, moist soil or droppings make a rapid growth, reaching a maximum length of from 490 /x to 600 /x, during which they molt at least twice. The first molt takes place in from two and one-half to five days. Most of the larvae cast their skins in four or five days. Some, however, retain this skin or sheath. The second molt takes place in seven to ten days. Apparently a few of the worms cast the skin of this molt also. Some of the embryos retain the skins of both molts while most of them retain only that of the second which serves as a protective sheath. Those which cast the skin of the second molt develop a third sheath which acts as a protection. In this pro- tective sheath the larval worms can withstand drought and cold. The sheath is apparently sealed at both ends to prevent excessive loss of moisture by evaporation. As soon as the embryos reach the second molt they migrate onto upright objects. In the experiments in the laboratory they migrated onto small clods, blades of grass and up the sides of the glass dishes and onto the under side of the lids of the con- tainers in which they were kept. The migrations took place when the air in the dish or bell jar was saturated with moisture. As soon as the air became less humid the larval worms coiled up wherever they happened to be. When conditions became moist again they continued their migrations upward on the blades of grass or on the glass. When the embryos became dry they shrank within the sheath leaving some space between their body and the protective sheath. J. E. GUBERLET RESISTANCE OF EMBRYOS. The embryos of lungworms before developing to the sheathed stage show but little resistance to dryness. After developing the protective sheath they show remarkable resistance to adverse conditions. Some sheathed embryos in normal saline solution, others in pond water, and still others in moist soil, were frozen solid for a period of ten or twelve days and when thawed out they were active and seemed to suffer no injury. They were later repeatedly frozen and thawed for several days without material injury. Some embryos which were reared in moist soil until they had developed their protective sheaths were then allowed to dry. These larval worms have been in a thoroughly dried state for a period of nearly five months and some are still alive. Upon ex- amination they appear lifeless and completely dried and are shrunken within the sheath, but when placed in moisture they show signs of life in about fifteen or twenty minutes. In the course of one-half to three-quarters of an hour they are active. A number of sheathed embryos were preserved for study. They were killed by dropping them into boiling 70% alcohol and 10% glycerine and some were observed to be still active at the end of nearly three hours. Some larval worms have been kept alive in normal saline solu- tion and in pond water for a period of over three months. Others in moist soil and upon blades of grass have been kept alive in the laboratory between five and six months, the period of time over which the experiments have been conducted. EXPERIMENTAL INFESTATION OF LAMBS. Two lambs were used for experimental purposes and were in- oculated with the sheathed embryos of Dictyocaulus filaria. Both lambs were free from lungworms as shown by repeated mi- croscopic examinations of their feces. These were kept in thoroughly disinfected pens and care was taken that their food was not contaminated in any way. The first lamb was given between six and seven hundred em- bryos on January 25th. These were given in gelatine capsules through the mouth directly into the stomach, followed by a smMl amount of water from a bottle. Fecal examinations were made every four days. The lamb showed some symptoms of infesta- tion on February 18 and 20 when it sneezed a great deal and had several very severe fits of coughing, the cough being of that husky nature which is typical in sheep infested with lungworms. LIFE HISTORY OF LUNGWORM 625 The sneezing and coughing continued at intervals with muco- purulent nasal discharges until the animal was killed. On March 4 larval lungworms were first observed in the feces. The em- bryos were then observed in the feces almost daily until the lamb was slaughtered on March 21. The post-mortem examination showed the lungs very badly congested, especially at the extremities of the lobes. One hun- dred and seventy-five worms were taken from the air spaces and congested areas of the lungs. The majority of the immature worms appeared in the air passages immediately adjoining the congested regions. Many also were found within the solid areas. Undoubtedly, a considerable number of worms were left in the lungs unobserved, as they were in the minute air spaces in the congested areas and could not be detected. Many of the worms were mature while the others were more or less immature. The second lamb was given five or six hundred sheathed em- bryos on April 18 and 19. These were given in capsules directly into the stomach as in the first lamb. Fecal examinations were made every four days. The lamb first showed symptoms of in- festation on May 10th, when it did some sneezing and had a very severe fit of coughing. The sneezing, coughing and nasal dis- charges were then observed almost daily until the lamb was killed. Larval worms were first observed in the feces on June 1, when they appeared in large numbers. Numerous embryos were then observed daily until the lamb was slaughtered on June 11. On post-mortem examination it was found that the extremi- ties of the lobes of the lungs were badly congested. The anterior lobe of the right lung had partly atrophied and was not func- tional, which undoubtedly was the result of the severe congestion. Nearly two hundred worms were taken from the air passages and congested areas of the lungs. Some of the worms were mature while the others were nearly so. Post-mortem examinations were made on several lambs taken from the same flock during and immediately following the period of these experiments and in no case was there any indication of lungworm infestation. The results of these experimental infections showed that the worms reach maturity, or the egg-producing stage, in from five to six or seven weeks after being ingested by the sheep. The method by which they pass from the alimentary canal to the lungs is still a matter of conjecture. They undoubtedly burrow 626 J. E. GUBERLET through the lining of the stomach or intestines and enter the lungs either through the blood stream or through the lymphatics. Experiments are under way in an attempt to clear up this point. METHOD OF GAINING ENTRANCE TO THE HOST. The larval lungworms are passed from the infested sheep with the feces. If deposited under favorable conditions of tempera- ture and moisture they will molt and develop to the ensheathed infectious stage in about eight or ten days. In low swampy lands where there is sufficient moisture and humidity so that the air is saturated and the vegetation becomes wet, the ensheathed embryos migrate onto the blades of grass and other vegetation where they are eaten by grazing sheep or other suitable host ani- mals. The larval worms then migrate to the lungs where they complete their development. Ponds and stagnant pools are probably not of great import- ance as a direct source of infection because the embryos sink to the bottom and remain there unless carried to the surface by cur- rents, or by stirring the water. However, in real shallow pools some worms may gain entrance to sheep from this source. Ponds undoubtedly play a more important part in an indirect way in that they provide moisture and a more or less humid and satu- rated atmosphere which is a favorable environment for the de- velopment of larval lungworms. SUMMARY OF LIFE HISTORY. The life history of Dictyocmilus filaria may be summarized in the following manner : 1. The eggs are extruded into the air passages of the lungs and pass to the pharnyx with the mucus and are swallowed. The eggs hatch while passing through the alimentary tract and the resulting embryos leave the animal in the feces where they can be readily demonstrated. 2. The embryos, when deposited in favorable conditions of temperature and moisture, molt and develop protective sheaths in eight to ten days. 3. The ensheathed embryos leave the feces or soil when the atmosphere becomes saturated with moisture and migrate onto blades of grass or other vegetation where they may be eaten by grazing animals. "When eaten by suitable host animals they mi- grate to the lungs, where they complete their development. EQUINE AND HUMAN GLANDERS 627 4. When the l^irval worms reach the lungs they cause very- severe hemorrhages and congestion in certain areas, resulting in pneumonia. 5. The ensheathed embryos possess remarkable resistance to cold and dryness. They may be frozen for considerable periods of time or repeatedly frozen without injury. They may also be completely dried for considerable periods of time without in- jury. 6. The larvae of Dictyocaulus filaria reach maturity in the lungs in five to six or seven weeks after being taken into the stomach of a suitable host animal such as a sheep, or other rumi- nant. 7. The mode of gaining entrance to the body of the host is peculiarly adapted to grazing animals, since the larvae migrate onto blades of grass and other vegetation where they can be readily eaten. LITERATURE CITED. Herms, W. B., and Freeborn, S. B. 1916. Lungworms ; a preliminary report on treatment, with some observations regarding the epidemiology and life history of the parasite. Unversity of Cal. Agr. Ex- periment Station Cir. 148. 1917. Pulmonary Strongylosis. Journ. Am. Vet. Med. Ass'n, Vol L, No. 7, pp. 862-868. Ranson, B. H. 1906. The life history of the twisted wireworm {Hcemonchus contortus) of sheep and other ruminants. U. S. Dept. Agi., Bu. An. Ind., Cir. No. 93. Von Linden, Grafin. 1915. Untersuchungen iiber die Entwickelung der freilben- den Generationen der Lungenwiirmer. Centralblatt fur Bakt., Parasit., und Infekt. Orig. Bd. 76, No. 2-3, pp. 147-178. RELATIONSHIP OF EQUINE AND HUMAN GLANDERS. By C. D. McGiLVRAT^ Toronto, Ont. It has long been recognized that glanders was a specific dis- ease affecting equines and that its occurrence had a special sig- nificance owing to its transmissibility to man. 628 CD. m'gilvray The causal organism is the ' ' Bacillus mallei, ' ' which was iso- lated and grown in pure culture by Loeffler and Schutz in 1882. Prior to this the disease was nevertheless generally acknowledged to be of a contagious character and the identification of the ' ' Ba- cillus mallei," supported by exact animal experiments, was con- firmative. Glanders has been found more or less prevalent among horses in all countries irrespective of climate, with the possible exception of Australia, which appears to have remained exempt. In Canada the disease has been largely suppressed although formerly it prevailed quite extensively in certain sections, entail- ing considerable losses among horses and occasionally affecting man. The disease has some points of interest in its clinical as- pects in man and horses. GLANDERS IN MAN. In alluding to the occurrence of Glanders in man I am prompted to do so in view of the fact that two cases came under personal observation while dealing with the eradication of glan- ders among horses in Manitoba. The details of these cases are appended herewith and are recorded in monographs on Human Glanders published during 1906 and 1907 by G. D. Robins, M. D., of the Royal Victoria Hospital at Montreal. CASE OF DRS. GRAIN AND ROSS. The subject was a young farmer named Eraser aged 22 years, residing near Selkirk, Manitoba. He had been away from home for a few weeks and returned on August 20th, 1905. During his absence one of the horses on the farm had acquired a profuse nasal discharge. He closely examined the horse, particularly its nostrils and its mouth as to the condition of its teeth. During the process of examination of the teeth one of his hands was slightly scratched. Two days later (August 22nd) he felt lan- guid while at work and during the day vomited several times. The following day, August 23rd, he refused food and complained of pains in the region of the loins and hips. During the suc- ceeding days he continued to get worse and on August 26th a physician was consulted and made a diagnosis of probable ty- phoid fever, there being at this time no external manifestations suggesting glanders. On September 3rd the first clinical objective symptom ap- peared as a large painful nodule on the forehead. Two days EQUINE AND HUMAN GLANDERS 629 later the nodules had rapidly increased and appeared almost simultaneously on the chest, arms and legs. The joints became extremely painful owing to involvement of the articulations and synovial membranes. On September 6th the nodules had de- veloped into pustules and later formed ulcers. The nostrils ulcerated and discharged a viscid bloody material. On this date an examination of the horses was made by me and I also had the privilege of seeing the young man. One of the horses showed well-marked clinical evidences of glanders and was confirmed by mallein test. The attending physicians also made a positive diagnosis of glanders in the man, which was confirmed by cultures and male guinea pig inoculation. Pustules and ulcers developed still more rapidly, the lips and eyelids ulcerated, accompanied by a viscid discharge causing one eye to become completely closed. The patient succumbed on September 8th, literally cov- ered with pustules and ulcers. Notanda: The period of incubation was two days, as the patient unquestionably became inoculated on August 20th and on August 22nd became ill. The typhoid-like illness continued for 12 days, and on September 3rd the first clinical objective symptom appeared followed by the period of nodular eruption, nasal discharge and ulcer- ation lasting five days, death taking place on Septem- ber 8th. The duration from time of infection to death was 18 days. CASE OF DR. J. D. STEWART. The subject was a farmer named Hall aged 35 years residing near Darlingford, Manitoba. Several of his horses had acquired profuse nasal discharge and sores on the skin of the limbs. The owner undertook treatment of the horses and during the process became infected during the first week in May 1905. On May 5th he began to feel unwell and complained of headache. He continued at work until May 8th when on account of severe pain- ful swelling in the right leg and left arm he remained in bed. A physician was consulted and it was thought the ailment was probably inflammatory rheumatism. On May 12th I happened to see his horses and found them suffering from advanced glan- ders. I also examined the man, he complained of pains in the axilla, and in his joints, particularly the knees and hips. His face showed marked icterus with darkish areas under the eye- lids. On the calf of the right leg and on the left upper arm 30 C. D. m'gilvray there was present a painful swollen tense shiny area of cellulitis about the size of one's hand. I reported the case to Dr. J. D. Stewart at Darlingford, Manitoba, and advised him that in my opinion it was glanders developing. He visited the patient and found him restless and feverish, temperature being 103.2° — and pulse 100. The circulatory and respiratory sj^stems were negative. The patient's conditon re- mained unchanged until May 16th, when the fever increased and an ulcer had formed on the left shoulder and a nodule on the forehead and one on the left thigh. The pulse was quite irregu- lar ; there was no cough, and no nasal discharge as yet. On May 17th the patient was in extreme agony through pain and greatly depressed. Reddened nodules and pustules developed on the shoulders, back and thighs. At this time a consultation of three physicians took place by request of Dr. Stewart. On May 19th the patient became literally covered with sores and died the following day, May 20th, 1906. The diagnosis of glanders in the horses was confirmed by mallein test. The diagnosis in the case of the man was confirmed by cul- tures and male guinea pig inoculation. Notanda : The period of incubation, while not definitely fixed, did not exceed five days, as patient began treatment of his horses on May 1st and became sick on May 5th. The disease extended from May 1st to 20th, the duration thus being about twenty days. GLANDERS IN HORSES. Natural infection occurs through the medium of the nasal dis- charge and secretions of the cutaneous ulcers from diseased ani- mals. In the majority of cases infection in horses takes place through the ingestion of food or water contaminated with the ' ' Bacillus mallei ' ' contained in the nasal discharge from infected animals. While the disease spreads less rapidly when horses are kept under good sanitary stable conditions or where they are kept at pasture, nevertheless it must be acknowledged that even under these apparently favourable conditions it frequently pre- vails to a considerable extent. This is clearly demonstrated by the occurrence and spread of glanders among horses on the open ranges of the west. In general the disease is disseminated through the ordinary channels of horse traffic and frequently EQUINE AND HUMAN •LANDERS 631 through the medium of occult cases. In horses glanders varies in duration but usually inclines to a chronic course characterized by the development of nodules which tend to degenerate and to form lesions affecting the mucous membranes, the skin, lymphatic glands and internal organs, more especially the lungs and liver. In the majority of cases the lungs and air passages are affected. Sometimes the lesions are limited to the lungs in the form of grayish tubercle-like nodules and at other times by pneumonic areas with purulent or caseous foci embedded therein. These are the so-called occult cases or concealed pulmonary glanders, which largely predominate in horses. Where the air passages are af- fected the lesions are found chiefly affecting portions of the trachea, the larnyx and the nasal cavities, accompanied with nasal discharge. In the early stages of development the lesions appear on the affected mucous surface as grayish nodules the size of millet seeds surrounded by a reddened area. Degeneration of the nodules results in the formation of ulcers which, as a result of coalescence and tissue destruction, are of varying size and somewhat irregu- lar in shape with raised borders and ragged edges. Where the skin is involved the lesions appear as small nodes and bud-like ulcers, the so-called ' ' farcy-buds. ' ' The legs are most generally the seat of the cutaneous lesions, although they also occur at times on the face and sides of the body. At the onset there is frequently an acute edema or lymphangitis extending up the fore- arm or the thigh. This is succeeded by the development of nodes and the formation of farcy buds along the course of the lym- phatic vessels. The appearance of one bud is rapidly followed by others extending in rows along the corded lymphatic vessels. The buds at first exude a viscid oily material which adheres like varnish to the surrounding hair. Later they become trans- formed into deep crateriform ulcers with thickened granulating margins and a purulent secretion which at times is reddish. The submaxillary lymph glands invariably become enlarged on the side corresponding to the affected nasal cavity, particu- larly when there is nasal discharge. At first the affected gland is slightly tumefied and sensitive, but subsequently, as a result of persisting adenitis, it becomes organized into a firm, knotty tumor firmly embedded in the surrounding tissues. Where the lungs are affected the bronchial lymph glands may also show infection. 632 C. D. m'gilvray DIAGNOSIS. In horses the cardinal signs constituting clinical cases of glanders may be enumerated as follows : 1. A chronic discharge either from one or both nostrils, which is tenacious, becoming profuse, and occasionally tinged with blood and generally without offensive odor. 2. Visible ulceration of the nasal septum. 3. Enlargement and induration of the sub-maxillary glands on the side corresponding to the affected nasal cavity. 4. The presence of farcy nodes, buds or ulcers on the skin of the legs or body. In referring to the dignosis of glanders in horses it should be clearly understood that they may be affected for a considerable length of time, even for a year or more in some cases, without showing any recognizable clinical evidences. These are the so- called occult cases or pulmonary glanders, in which the disease remains in a concealed state affecting the lungs or the air pas- sages. These occult cases predominate in horses and form the larger percentage of those affected. In view of this some satis- factory means must therefore be employed to detect occult cases and to confirm the diagnosis in clinical cases. For this purpose allergic reactions are adopted and the test is made with Mallein, w^hieh is prepared from the toxic substance produced in cultures of the ''Bacillus mallei." "When applied to suspected animals the resulting negative phase or positive reaction serves as an in- dex as to the presence or absence of infection. The nature of the reaction to Mallein depends on the method of applying the test, there being three methods available, either of which may be em- ployed. They are known respectively as the Ophthalmic Mallein Test, the Intra-palpebral Mallein Test, and the Subcutaneous Mallein Test. In the application of the Ophthalmic Mallein Test four or five drops of concentrated Mallein are placed with- in the lower eyelid with a dropper or a camel's hair brush. Nothing is put in the other eye, which thus serves as a control. The positive reaction becomes noticeable within ten hours and lasts from six to thirty hours longer, and is manifested by a muco-purulent secretion from the inner canthus of the eye and reddening of the conjunctiva with edema of the eyelids. In the negative phase the eye remains unchanged. In the ap- plication of the Intra-palpebral Mallein Test a few drops of Mallein are injected hypodermically into the skin of the lower ■QUINH AND HUMAN GLANDERS 633 eyelid. The positive reaction is manifested by painful swelling of the eyelid and a muco-purulent secretion from the inner canthus. The swelling increases during the twenty-four hours following the injection and continues for forty-eight hours or longer. In the negative phase a slight edema may be present which is comparatively painless and usually disappears during the first twenty-four hours. In the application of the Subcutaneous Mallein Test about 2i/2 c. c. of Mallein solution is injected subcutaneously with a hypo- dermic syringe, the site selected being the side of the neck. Be- fore injection the temperature is taken twice three hours apart to obtain the normal range. Following the injection the temperature is taken, commenc- ing with the tenth hour and recorded at intervals thereafter two hours apart until the twentieth hour. The positive reaction is manifested by a marked increase of temperature reaching and exceeding 103° F., and the development of a hot painful swell- ing at the seat of injection on the neck. The typical reactionary swelling is circular in outline three inches or more in diameter and persists for twenty-four hours oi* longer. In the negative phase the temperature remains within a nor- mal range and at the site of injection there is only a slight local edema which tends to disappear in a few hours. THE SUPPRESSION OF GLANDERS. Glanders in man may be regarded to some extent as an occu- pation disease in that those affected have usually intimate rela- tionship with horses and contract the infection by inoculation direct from a diseased horse, or else are laboratory workers who become infected with the ''Bacillus mallei" while engaged in laboratory diagnostic technique. The prevalence of human glan- ders depends on the existence of equine glanders. Thus cases of human erlanders become more prevalent where the disease pre- vails extensively among horses. The eradication of equine glanders is therefore essentially im- portant. In the suppression of equine glanders in Canada all animals which definitely react to Mallein are immediately slaugh- tered and their carcasses properly disposed of by burying or by cremation. The stables and utensils contaminated by the dis- eased animals are then thoroughly cleaned and disinfected under the direct supervision of a Veterinary Inspector of the Health of Animals Branch. The remaining horses are again tested in fif- 634 H. M LEOD teen days, and if no further reactions are detected the premises are released from quarantine. As a result of this policy the disease has been materially re- duced and its complete eradication is possible and has already been accomplished in several of the Provinces of Canada. The subjoined statistical information shows the progress made and the compensating cost of suppressing glanders during a period of 13 years, extending from 1905 to 1917 : YEAR. Horses tested for Glanders. Reactors affected with Glanders. Amount of Compensation paid. 1905 1906 1,777 1,403 3,065 1,319 813 380 930 993 247 733 177 37 40 871 336 199 124 70 19 38 24 20 45 4 Nil Nil $69,053.27 27,207.37 17,303.11 9,304.91 5,391.27 1,536.66 3,389.98 2,030.00 1,780.00 5,313.33 443.33 Nil Nil 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 THE URGENT NEED FOR MEAT INSPECTION LAWS IN OUR CITIES AND TOWNS, AND IN RURAL IOWA.* J. H. McLeod, Charles City, Iowa. [Editor's Note : During the session of the Iowa State Legislature recently- adjourned, legislation was enacted covering a number of the points suggested in Dr. McLeod's paper, particularly in connection with the control of tubercu- losis and the safeguarding of the public milk supply.] In presenting this subject under the above title, I realize that the situation in Iowa is only partially covered, as the necessity for action in recommending adequate state laws, which will not only insure a pure meat supply, but legislation governing our milk supply is, of course, equally important and necessary. We, as veterinarians and sanitarians, are not necessarily con- cerned with the historic past in this connection, except to correct apparently defective and obsolete statutes, which now have only a limited place in the control of infectious or contagious disease. It was once believed (and not so long ago) that fumigation was ♦Presented at the 31st Annual Meeting 'of the Iowa Veterinary Association, Ames, Iowa, January, 1919. NEED FOR MEAT INSPECTION LAWS 635 one of our main reliances in preventing the spread of contagious disease. Now a fuller understanding of the manner in which in- fection is spread and careful tabulations of statistics show the emphasis belongs on much more important preventive measures. Koch's theory, that the bovine type of tubercle bacillus did not infect man, is past history, but even so that belief and opinion from Koch has proven to be of great value, as it started scientific investigation in that direction, which has since demonstrated conclusively that the bovine type of tubercle bacillus can and does infect man, and is one of the main factors in primary infec- tion of this disease in children. So we have gathered from this opinion and belief of Koch's, some facts concerning this disease that must be made known to our people, through an intensive educational campaign. The farmer and breeder must be still further reached and advised. The national government is reaching out a helping hand. It is willing to do its share in an educational campaign for the eradication of this disease. It invites cooperation with state and county authorities, chambers of commerce, clubs, farm- ers' bureaus, farmers' and breeders' agricultural associations, eta. As soon as this cooperation has been assured an intensive campaign of publicity for the eradication of bovine tuberculosis should be launched. The plan of eradication and compensation for reacting animals is that of cooperation by the owner of the cattle, the county, state and bureau of animal industry. This is a practical proposition ; it is fair to everyone concerned, but with- out cooperation as above outlined very little can be accomplished. Let the state of Iowa, by legislative enactment and in cooperation with the federal government, make appropriation for the eradica- tion of bovine tuberculosis, and authorize the boards of super- visors to act jointly in its eradication from circumscribed areas. When farmers and breeders fully understand the nature of this disease, its danger to public health, as well as a large yearly eco- nomic waste, and that the government stands ready to pay its just share in making up the loss sustained by the owners in the disposal of reactors (which is the crucial point), there should be no question of their favoring adequate state laws to meet the re- quirements of the situation. The present situation in Iowa makes it imperative that some action be taken in framing and recommending adequate laws 636 J. H. m'leod governing the inspection of our food animals prior to and after slaughter. The increasing prevalence of tuberculosis in our herds of cattle and hogs impresses the need for this class of legis- lation, as this disease alone is responsible for more than 50 per cent of the animals rejected as unfit for food at packing plants in Iowa where federal meat inspection service is maintained. We are all familiar with the slogan regarding Iowa, ''Of all that is good, Iowa affords the best, ' ' but in her supervision over that portion of edible meat products, the cattle and hogs, that are raised on her fertile farms and later consumed by the people, she does not appear to be doing her best. She can do better by- providing and maintaining a meat inspection service which will insure her people that such products are pure and wholesome and free from diseases which are communicable from animal to man. The federal meat inspection service covers to a considerable extent the meat products sold within the state, and from such federal service we derive great benefit, still the federal meat in- spection service is intended for interstate and export trade. Some time after this federal meat inspection service was inaugu- rated certain foreign countries which were large importers of our meat products served notice upon our government that they would not accept our meat or its products, unless it could certify to them that they were free from certain specified diseases. This demand was met by Congress in 1891, and resulted in much im- proved meat inspection service, which provided for the ante- mortem and post-mortem inspection of all food animals intended for export or for interstate trade, the microscopic inspection of pork, and the stamping of all such inspected products by the well-known ''Inspected and Passed" stamp. The public health and economic welfare of this nation depend largely upon this act of Congress ; still it has its limitations, for this valuable service is without jurisdiction over food animals which are slaughtered and consumed within the state borders. The people of this commonwealth are certainly justified in de- manding from our state government the same class of meat prod- ucts as were demanded from the United States by foreign gov- ernments. We are all more or less familiar with local conditions which create a demand for legislation governing this matter. The un- sightly and unsanitary slaughter house can be abolished, if re- course be taken to the Iowa nuisance statute. Dealers, however, NBB3D FOR MEAT INSPECTION LAWS 63^ have no difficulty in overcoming this action. They have been known to bring for slaughter calves and sheep to their places of business and to kill their beeves at the point of purchase. They can accommodate themselves remarkably well as circumstances and local conditions permit. Tubercular animals are bought and sold every day, creating centers for new infection. The larger portion of milk which is consumed within the state is neither from tuberculosis-free herds nor is it pasteurized. It is placed on the market simply as milk,, supposedly within the law as to butter-fat content. If the Iowa statute which governs the sterilization of creamery by-producta is in force we do not know it, neither do we appear to be deriving much benefit therefrom. A statute of such significance to ^ the hog industry rigidly enforced would surely have a tendency to decrease the spread of tuberculosis in hogs. Instead, it has been observed that hogs fed creamery by-products show a larger per- centage of tuberculosis than do hogs fed outside the creamery^ circuit. If the percentage of tuberculosis in cattle and hogs in- creases as it has in the past few years we will soon have become one of the worst infected states. ' j The aggregate amount of food which is diverted from the! proper channels of commerce through tuberculosis, hog choleraj hemorrhagic septicemia, and other diseased conditions by rejec- tion of carcasses and from state losses is enormous and repre- sents, perhaps, millions of dollars. There is a phase of the situation which appears more promis- ing. Our most successful farmers and breeders are now coming to a realization of the fact that it does not pay them to feed high- priced feed to diseased stock, and from the sentiment expressed by many of them it appears certain that they would welcome any just measure which aims to protect our public health and live- stock interests. They gradually analyze the situation in their own interests and appear now to be in a more receptive mood for legislation than ever before. On the other hand are those who have had the benefit of years of state-wide publicity and educa-. tion but still turn a deaf ear to it all. They are not interested although they have followed their reactors to the packing houses, the inspector has explained the nature of the disease and shown them the lesions. It i^ hard to convince them when they are up against a serious financial loss. 638 J. H. m'leod The owner of the suspected stock may know that his stock is tubercular and he may not ; at all events he keeps still about the matter until it happens when sales are made from his herd of cat- tle, reactors are found and complaint is entered and an official test is ordered. Such suspected herds I have known to be 100 per cent tubercular. Can any one estimate the amount of infec- tion originating and dispersed from such infected cattle for years, perhaps, before the official test is made ? The unsuspecting pur- chaser of such stock simply must take tuberculosis along with the animals purchased and a new center of infection is established. Imagine, if you please, the result of an auction sale of such a herd. Such sales should be prohibited, unless it can be shown that all stock sold is free from all forms of contagious or infec- tious disease. Through the medium of sales both public and pri- vate the spread of contagious diseases has been going on for years throughout our state and if allowed to go on, in the case of tuber- culosis alone the state is simply legalizing the traffic in tubercular animals and legally exposing men, women, and children to infec- tion. I have taken considerable space in presenting the question of tuberculosis, as we cannot expect to get far with meat inspec- tion in our cities and towns and in our rural districts until satis- factory legislation is passed and the work of eradication com- menced. The sanitary municipal slaughter house, township meat rings with well-drained sanitary slaughter houses, should be en- couraged. There should be maintained adequate ante-mortem and post-mortem veterinary inspection service when possible over all animals intended for consumption as food. This service con- ducted under state supervision would prove of great value in locating the disease-infected centers, which would mean much to the community. The list of diseases and diseased conditions recognized under federal inspection laws which render our food-producing animals unsafe for human consumption, should be made to apply to all animals slaughtered and consumed within the state. We should aim to procure legislation and eventually maintain a meat in- spection service for Iowa as near to the standard of the federal service as we can get. Our veterinary colleges are graduating capable men, carefully educated for this work, who will welcome the opportunity of ap- plying their talent in this broader field, which means so much to the public health and our livestock interests. FURTHER REPORT ON LYMPHANGITIS IN CATTLE CAUSED BY ACID-ALCOHOL FAST ORGANISM.* By J. Traum, Agricultural Experiment St£?lion, Berkeley, Calif. The subject that I am scheduled to present to you this after- noon has already been discussed by me before most of you in one form or another. Report on this disease has been published in the Journal of the A. V. M. A., May, 1916. Cases have been coming to our notice at various times, and while the percentage of cattle so affected is small we do not con- sider the disease a very rare one. The reason that such cases have not more often been brought to the attention of the cattle practitioner is principally that a general disturbance does not accompany this disease. It is only noticed or becomes of any concern to the dairyman when the lesions break through the skin, producing a discharging wound which is usually difficult to heal by ordinary wound treatment. In one of our cases severe lame-^ ness was also present. We feel that this is distinctly a disease which should interest the veterinarian since it resembles tuberculosis in many respects. It should be of further interest to you because the affected cases yield to simple operative treatment. The presentation and dem- onstration this afternoon is intended to act in part as an introduc- tion to that portion of tomorrow 's clinic devoted to this disease. History of our important cases, together with a description of the lesions and reference to our laboratory work, appears to me to be an effective way of bringing the clinical picture of this disease before you. On November 20th, 1915, I received for examination a nodule about the size of a hen 's egg, which had been removed on Novem- ber 18th from the subcutaneous tissue of a cow corresponding to a point about the center of the humerus. Upon section this ma- terial was found to contain in its center an area of coagulation necrosis about the size of a hazel nut, surrounded by a dense connective tissue which, in turn, wa^ permeated by small-sized necrotic foci. Smears made from these necrotic areas and stained by Ziehl-Neelsen method, decolorizing with 20% sul- puric acid and also with 95% alcohol or with 3% acid-alcohol Presented at annual meeting of the California State Vet. Med. Ass'n, Fresno, Calif., June 1, 1919. 640 (hydrochloric), showed organisms which, in some instances, could not be distinguished morphologically or tinctorially from tubercle bacilli. CASE 1. The history of the cases concerned, as reported to us, is as follows : Early in October the above mentioned cow and another cow (Case 2) each presented an enlargement about one and one- half inch in diameter, back of the knee ; in cow No. 1 the left knee being affected, in cow No. 2 the right. The dairyman had been treating these with tincture of iodine. This treatment pro- duced no apparent improvement. The abscess on cow No. 1 was discharging a cream-colored, glutinous, odorless pus, containing yellowish, calcareous granules at the time when the nodular mass above mentioned was removed. It was found then that the dis- ease process had extended on the external face of the limb up to the shoulder joint, following the course of the lymphatics, and manifesting itself in the form of corded nodular masses varying REPORT ON LYMPHANGITIS IN CATTLE 641 from the size of* a bean to that of a goose egg. In cow No. 2 the disease presented a similar picture, but was not so extensive, the nodules being smaller and fewer in number. As indicated above, the microscopic examination suggested a diagnosis of tuberculosis, but the location of the lesions on the three animals (another cow, Case No. 3, having developed similar lesions on the right front leg) , together with the fact that al- though semi-annual tuberculin tests were made no reactors had been found in this herd during a period of two years, did not warrant the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Another nodule was re- moved from cow No. 1 on November 24th, carefully handled, and taken to the laboratory and, upon microscopic examination, re- vealed the presence of acid-alcohol fast organisms which resisted the action of antiformin. The nodules in all these animals were firm on palpation, but all the removed nodules were found upon section to contain ne- 642 J. TRAUM erotic areas which in most instances had reached a stage of lique- faction. Some of the nodules were difficult to remove intact, since the pus had made its way to the outermost zones of the capsules. The organisms in the solid necrotic areas were more plenti- ful than where liquefaction was present. In most instances they were 3 to 5 microns in length and beaded, appearing to be made up of two or more coccoid or bacillary members ; some were fine, thin, straight rods, about 2.5 to 3.5 microns in length, others were slightly longer and slightly curved or bent, still others showed one end larger. Coccoid forms were also found. The organisms retained the color when stained by the Gram method. When stained by the Ziehl-Neelsen and counterstained by the Gram method, organisms with one or two acid fast portions and a Gram positive granule were observed. Few showed the Gram stain only. In the middle of December a fourth cow showed four small subcutaneous nodules in back and a little below the left knee. From Cases 1, 2 and 3, pus and nodules were obtained at vari- ous intervals and inoculated subcutaneous intramuscularly and intraabdominally into a large number of male and female guinea pigs; subcutaneously and intravenously into rabbits and chick- ens. Mice were fed this material. These experimental animals were allowed to live various lengths of time, with no apparent ill effects except, that in the guinea pigs and rabbits, at the points of inoculation, not infrequently there developed an en- largement which disappeared in from two to three weeks — these sometimes contained acid fast organisms. In a few of the many inoculated guinea pigs, several pin point or one or two small irregular necrotic areas were observed in the liver. One hog inoculated subcutaneously and another intraabdominally gave negative results. Cases 1, 2 and 3 were kept under observation continuously until slaughtered. At no time were all the nodules removed from Case 1 and for a period of over one year no discharging wounds developed. At the beginning of this year, however, one of the nodules had soft- ened and was on the point of breaking through the skin. On February 28th a large mass of involved tissues was removed for study and on April 9th this cow was slaughtered. Aside from the lesions shown in the photograph, the left prescapular gland REPORT ON LYMPHANGITIS IN CATTLE 643 contained, in the cortex, a calcareous area about 10 m.m. in diameter.' Two guinea pigs inoculated with nodules from the limb, obtained at autopsy, and chloroformed 70 and 74 days re- spectively after inoculation, showed nothing of diagnostic value. One guinea pig inoculated with the calcareous lesion of the pre- scapular gland, and chloroformed 74 days afterwards, failed to show any evidence of disease. On March 15th, 1917, all the diseased tissues were removed from Case 2 and no further development of the disease occurred. When this animal was slaughtered, May, 1917, the affected por- tion was found to have been replaced by connective tissue. Post- mortem was otherwise negative. On July 14th, 1916, we operated on Case 3, removing all af- fected tissues. The notes of this operation read : Removed sev- eral subcutaneous nodules. These varied in size from one-half pea to that of an unshelled almond. At the point of the shoul- der, several nodules formed a large conglomerate mass. On ac- count of the thin walls of the capsules it was difficult to dissect out the nodular masses without permitting the enclosed glu- tinous and cheesy material from escaping from the nodule. In May, 1917, this animal (Case 3) was sold to the butcher. Autopsy findings were again negative, excepting for a slight thii3kening at the operative field. Case 4 was operated upon February 20th, 1916, removing the four small encapsulated necrotic masses. No reappearance of disease was reported in this animal. On February 12th pus which had been obtained by Drs. Hill and Caldwell of Oakland from the vicinity of the fetlock joint of the left hind leg of a cow (No. 5) was brought to my attention by Dr. F. W. Wood of the Cutter Laboratory. This pus ap- peared very similar to that obtained from cows 1, 2 and 3. Mi- croscopic examination in this case also showed similar acid-alco- hol fast organisms. Drs. Wood, Hill and myself visited the dairy owning cow No. 5 on February 19th and found a sixth case. In this last case we found a soft tumor, about one inch in diameter, back of the right knee, and nodular masses connected by cords of infected channels extending upward to a point below the shoulder on the outside of the leg, very much like those found in the other eases. In case No. 5, at one point, the pus had made its way to the surface from a small nodule, presenting an ulcer which, in appearance, was like the buds found on the limbs of farcy horses. 644 Drs. Caldwell and Hill operated on this case, carefully dis- sected out the diseased tissues. Guinea pigs and rabbits were inoculated with material from this case with negative results excepting that one guinea pig, chloroformed 25 days after inocu- lation, showed many abscesses in the liver, in which indistinct acid fast organisms and Gram positive beaded rods and coccoid forms were found. The clinical picture thus far described suggested streptothri- eosis (Farcin du boeuf). The presence of acid fast organisms did not tend to weaken this diagnosis, but rather supported it, since bacillary acid fast forms have been described as being pres- ent in this disease. In all our work, however, we were unable to find any branching filamentous forms. The large number of tubes of varied culture media inoculated from these cases have thus far failed to yield any definite results. Animal inocula- tions have up to date been of no assistance in establishing a def- REPORT ON LYMPHANGITIS IN CATTLE 645 inite diagnosis. They, however, eliminated mammalian tuber- culosis, since a large number of guinea pigs inoculated with ma- terial, which, as evidenced by microscopic examination, contained a great many acid fast organisms, failed to develop tuberculosis even when allowed to live for many months. At this time the allergic tests were resorted to in our attempt to establish a diagnosis, but this procedure failed to clear up the situation. All six cows were tested intradermally both with a strepto- thrichin, prepared fr6m Streptothrix nocardii grown for five weeks on 4% glycerin bouillon and prepared after the manner of Koch's 0. T. and used in 20% strength, and with a 50% dilu- tion of avian tuberculin (the latter kindly furnished by Dr. Van Es). Cows 1, 2 and 5 gave distinct reactions to the avian tuber- culin, while cow^ 3 gave a doutbful reaction. Case 1 gave an equally strong reaction to the streptothrichin, while cases 2 and 646 J. TRAUM 5 failed to give a decided reaction to this test. Cases 4 and 6 failed to react to either of these tests. Cases 1, 2 and 3 were ophthalmically tested with streptothrichin and Case 1 again gave a marked reaction, while the others were negative. Cases 1, 2, 3 and 4 were tested with ordinary veterinary tuberculin, 1 and 2 being tested subcutaneously with 10% 0. T., and the others intradermally with 50% 0. T., and the results were negative in all cases. All four were then given the ophthalmic test for tu- berculosis and again the results were negative. The failure thus far to grow the organism and the reaction to avian tuberculin also suggested an organism very much like the one responsible for Johne's disease (Enteritis paratuberculosis). The usual clinical manifestations of this disease, however, have never been found in either of these herds nor in other herds in which the disease was later studied. An intradermal tuberculin test was applied to Cases 1, 2 and 3. Case 2 reacted with swelling the size of two almonds, while Cases 1 and 3 were negative. In July, 1917, Case 1 gave posi- tive swellings in both subcaudal folds. First, an injection was made with tuberculin and 36 hours later the opposite fold was injected with avituberculin. Case 1 was later again tested, once with the subcutaneous and once with the intradermal method, giving negative results to both tests. The last two tests were six months apart. On November 1, 1917, a seventh case came to our attention. This animal gave a definite reaction to the intradermal tuberculin test which persisted for at least 120 hours. A string of well-de- fined subcutaneous enlargements and connecting cords were found on the left fore leg, extending above the knee. One of the softened nodules was opened and scattering acid fast or- ganisms were found in smears from this material. Guinea pigs and culture media inoculated with this material yielded results similar to those described above. No autopsy was made in this case. Case 8. Another case came to our notiae December 21st, 1917. This animal was lame on the right forelimb and showed a large discharging wound on the outside, a little above the center of the radius. On February 6th, 1918, we removed the lesions re- sponsible for the discharging wound and the affected tissue above this area. We did not, however, remove all the nodules below this mass nor did we remove the scattering nodules on the left REPORT OX LYMPHANGITIS IN CATTLE foreleg. The wound healed rapidly. A photograph taken May 29th, 1919, showed that there was no recurrence of the disease in the operated area. No other discharging wounds have thus far developed. Notes on this case read: A large number of nodules which were on the right front leg, extending from the fetlock to a point on the shoulder were removed. The nodules were small, vary- ing in size from one-sixteenth to one-half inch in diameter and were, in most cases, surrounded by distinct capsules. They ap- peared in the course of long tortuous cords which frequently branched to the side. On section, the nodules show^ed yellowish glutinous pus containing some calcareous material — the smear stained for acid fasts revealing but few such organisms; when, how^ever, treated with 2% NaOH solution, no difficulty was ex- perienced in finding acid-alcohol fast organisms. In August, 1917, this cow reacted to the intradermal test and was negative to the subcutaneous test January, 1918. This ani- mal has been associated for some time with tuberculous cattle. The inoculation of guinea pigs, rabbits and media of various kinds with material from this case also failed to reveal anything of diagnostic value. Case 9. On February 18th, 1918, our attention was called to a discharging wound on the left foreleg in back of the cannon bone, about halfway betw^een the fetlock and the knee joints. About this discharging wound there was a mass of nodules con- nected by corded channels containing glutinous pus and extend- ing from this mass to nodules above the knee and below into the tendon sheaths. On February 25th, 1918, this case was operated upon. We made an incision extending almost the entire length of the cannon bone and removed all the involved area excepting where the line of infection carrying pus extended into the tendon sheath. Guinea pigs, rabbits, and a nine-months-old heifer calf were inoculated with material obtained by operation. Results were negative. This animal was tested intradermally February 20th, 1918, and showed a reaction at 60 hours ; at the 84th hour only an ap- preciable thickening was present. To all external appearances this animal was cured ; but she could not be gotten with calf and so was slaughtered June 3rd, 1918. The only evidence of disease detected was present in the operated limb where a few half-pea- 648 J. TRAUM sized necrotic foci were found attached to the inner surface of the skin just above the fetlock. (Specimen exhibited). LESIONS FROAi CASE riilUWX AT CALl !'-U!lX 1 A S'lWTE A'KTERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETING — FRESNO, CALIF., JUNE 1 AND 2. Several lower nodules removed for inoculation purposes. Two more cases came to our notice (Cases 10 and 11) in March, 1918. These showed at the 96th hour reactions to the in- tradermal tuberculin test. They were slaughtered March 6, 1918, and the only lesions found are shown in the photographs. Guinea pigs and rabbits inoculated with material from this case failed to reveal anything of diagnostic value. These two, with one other cow, were the only reactors in a herd of 68 cows. Upon examination before slaughter, all three animals appeared to be affected with this disease, one only very slightly. All three were slaughtered and no visceral or lymph node lesions were found in any of these animals. I was assisted in these autopsies by Dr. Hart and the inspector. REPORT ON LYMPHANGITIS IN CATTLE 649 A twelfth case that I desire to bring to your attention showed subcutaneous nodules and connecting corded lines of infection along the thoracic and abdominal wall. This animal was killed April, 1919, and the above-mentioned were the only lesions found. This animal was tested intradermally five days before slaughter; a strong reaction resulted which was still present at the time of slaughter. Two guinea pigs inoculated with material from the subcutaneous nodules, obtained at autopsy, and chloroformed 74 days after inoculation showed no lesions. A Holstein cow affected with this disease was brought to Fresno, Calif., for demonstration purposes. This cow was given intradermal tuberculin test May 26th, 1919 ; 72 hours later there was a large pea-size swelling; a week after injection she showed a pea-sized swelling. Dr. Hayes operated upon this case June 2nd, removing two almond-sized nodules on the outside of the left foreleg above the knee. A larger mass of conglomerate nodules was present below the knee which extended to the fetlock. These were purposely saved for further study. The removed nodules and many others were soft on palpation. In fact, one nodule below the knee had broken through the skin. This cow was expressed to Berkeley and on her way to pasture accidentally broke her back. Post-mortem showed an abscess in the lung caused by penetrating wire. No other lesions were found except those shown in the photograph. The presence of lesions of this disease has not been def- initely established in any visceral organ. In fact, in only one was it suspected ; a cow which showed strong positive complement fixation and reacted to intradermal tuberculin test, was autop- sied and several of the mesenteric lymph nodes showed what then appeared to be tuberculous infection. Guinea pigs inoculated with this material, however, failed to develop tuberculosis. No other lesions were found in this cow. Acid fasts were not searched for in this case. Many other cases came to our notice but the above will suffice to bring the matter to your attention. The complement fixation test, using the tubercle bacilli as antigen, yielded a high percentage of positives in the limited number tested. This is not strange, since group reactions with acid fast organisms have been obtained by other workers. These samples were included in the course of fixation tests made in cooperation with Dr. Jean V. Cooke upon several hundred sera from tuberculous and non-tuberculous cattle. 650 J. TRAUM In the previous pages I have stated that our media inoculation yielded nothing definite. Recently, however, more encouraging results developed. Material obtained from Case 1, February 28th, 1919, at the time of operation, yielded, on cooked blood agar, an acid fast, exceedingly pleomorphic organism. The growth extended from the piece of inoculated tissue. The or- ganism now grows readily at 37° C, and fairly well at 26° C, on plain and glycerine bouillon and agar, raw and cooked blood agar, Loeffler's blood serum, not so well on potato nor on alkaline glu- cose broth. It produces neither gas nor acid in glucose, lactose, maltose, mannite, or saccharose media. On glycerine bouillon it develops a membrane on the surface which wrinkles only in old cultures; the medium remains clear except for occasional Hakes. Growth on the surface extends on the sides of the tube ; several weeks' old cultures show heavy sediment. When concen- trating culture grown on this medium, the characteristic tuber- culin odor is noticed; it is, however, not so marked as in hot, concentrated tuberculin. Orange-colored pigment has been observed in several tubes of glycerine agar and glycerine bouillon, seven to eight weeks after inoculation. The form and staining reactions of this organism vary con- siderably even in smears made from the same colony. Some- times it is distinctly diphtheroid. At other times it shows coc- coid appearance. This was more often noticed when grown on agar. Fine rods, 3 to 5 microns or longer, bent or curved, often made up of shorter elements, are most frequently observed. Rods not of the same thickness throughout, rods with one or both ends slightly thicker, or thicker in the center, and rods with pointed ends may be seen. They are Gram positive ; acid fast when decolorized by Gab- bett's method, showing, however, few greyish or blue organisms. When decolorized by acid-alcohol, a larger number give up the fuchsin stain. They do not, as a rule, stain uniformly. The pathogenicity studies of this organism have thus far yielded the following results: Two guinea pigs inoculated sub- cutaneously, and two inoculated intraabdominally with glycerine bouillon cultures, each showed at the end of a week subcutaneous swellings about 11/2 inches long by % inch thick. One of the intraabdominally inoculated pigs was chloroformed 26 days after inoculation. The local swelling had decreased in volume to about REPORT ON LYMPHANGITIS IN CATTLE 651 one-fourth of what it was at a week after inoculation. Upon sec- tion, this swelling showed an abscess, containing glutinous pus, which involved the abdominal muscle but did not extend into the peritoneal cavity. No other lesions in this animal except few pin-point greyish areas in the liver were found. Culture from the abscess showed distinct growth in three days which was simi- lar to the inoculated culture. Smears made from this pus stained with steaming carbol-fuchsin and decolorized by Gabbett's method showed exceeedingly large number of acid fast organisms difficult to distinguish from the tubercle bacilli. When decolor- ized by acid alcohol and counterstained by methylene blue the same picture was seen except that here and there a blue organism was observed. The other three, guinea pigs are still alive at this writing. The local lesions have practically disappeared. Two rabbits inoculated with the same culture showed at the end of a week bean-sized subcutaneous swellings. A month after inoculation these swellings had increased to the size of a hen's egg and at the back of the leg a thickening about three-quarters by one-half inch had developed. Pus withdrawn with a syringe yielded results the same as pus from the guinea pig described above. Two six-month-old calves were inoculated subcutaneously above and back of the knee; a third w?f^ inoculated intraven- ously. Sixteen days after the inoculation, one of the inoculated cah^s showed a soft, round swelling at the point of inoculation about two inches in diameter. This swelling did not materially change in size at the end of a month. Smears made from pus withdrawn from this lesion showed organisms similar in mor- phology and staining reactions to those obtained from the guinea pig — cultures showed growth at four days. White rats inoculated subcutaneously with the same culture showed no local lesions. The piece of tissue from which the above-described organism developed was removed from the test tube. Portion of it w^as inoculated into one guinea pig subcutaneously and the other por- tion into a second guinea pig intraabdominally. The former was chloroformed two months after inoculation — autopsy re- vealed no lesions. The latter, chloroformed 57 days after inocu- lation, showed a few small necrotic areas on liver. Smears re- vealed no acid fast nor other organisms. These tw^o guinea pigs 652 M. C. HALL developed local swelling, about 1 inch long and 1/2 inch thick, which, however, had disappeared when chloroformed. Only in one other instance (Case 4) was a similar organism isolated. After three generations on glycerine bouillon, we lost it. Up to that time, we had no opportunity to do very much with it. CONCLUSIONS. The findings and observations recorded in this paper indicate that we are dealing with a disease which resembles tuberculosis in the character of the lesions and by the presence of acid-fast organisms in the lesions. It further resembles tuberculosis by the fact that a large percentage of cases under discussion give positive reactions to the intradermal tuberculin test; a number of such reactors have been autopsied (including some not re- corded above) and in none of the cases did w^e find tuberculosis; in fact, in some of the reactors tuberculosis could be definitely eliminated. That it is not tuberculosis is satisfactorily demonstrated by the failure to produce a single case of tuberculosis in the large number of guinea pigs inoculated with materials from the above- described and other cases. The organism isolated from lesions and described here as the probable causative agent resembles tu- bercle bacilli to some extent, differing, however, sufficiently in the character and speed of growth and microscopic appearance of smears from the cultures to easily differentiate it from tubfercle bacilli. STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS. III. CHLOROFORM AS AN ANTHELMINTIC. Maurice C. Hall, Ph. D., D. V. M., ♦Parasitologist, Research Laboratory, Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit, Mich. That chloroform is valuable as an anthelmintic for removing hookworms — what we may call an uncinaricide — has been claim- ed by Allesandrini on the basis of clinical experience with hu- man patients, and has been experimentally shown in tests against hookworms of the dog by Schultz and by Hall and Foster. Chloroform is a constituent, and the active uninarici- Resigned March 27, 1919. STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS 653 dal ingredient, of Hermann's mixture, wliieh contains chloro- form and castor oil combined with oleo?cisin of male fern or oil of eucalyptus, and is also present in a number of proprietary and trade preparations. In experiments on dogs. Hall and Fo3ter found that 0.1 m. p. k. (mil per kilo) was too small a ci.se for this drug, and experiments in this laboratory indicate that at least 0.2 or 0.3 m. p. k. should be used. This naturally raises the question as to whether chloroform is a safe drug to use and what constitutes a safe therapeutic dose and a lethal dose. It has long been known that the administration of chloro- form to produce anesthesia was sometimes followed by a de- layed poisoning in which pathological alterations of the liver were a prominent condition, sometimes accompanied by degen- erations of the kidneys and heart. Bevan and Favill referred the toxic effects of delayed chloroform poisoning to toxins, which could not be eliminated, from the liver cells. They noted the presence in the blood and urine of acetone, diacetic acid and betaoxybutyric acid. Opie and Alford found that fats in- creased in susceptibility to chloroform poisoning, while car- bohydrates afforded a measure of protection against it, which accords with the clinical experience of English surgeons. Of- fergeld thought that death in delayed chloroform poisoning is due to nephrolysis, as a result of the action of the chloroform on the kidney cells. Wells thought that the liver changes are due to the effect on the liver of poisons that destroy the synthetic functions of the liver cells without destroying their autolytic ferments, with a resultant autolysis of the liver cells, indicated by the presence of free amino acids, purins, proteoses, peptones and polypeptids in the liver. Whipple and Hurwitz have found that fibrinogen may be almost eliminated from the circulating blood in chloroform poisoning, subsequently reappearing after the repair of the liver, which takes place usually within 10 days. Whipple and Sperry find that chloroform anesthesia for one or two hours invariably causes some central liver necrosis and note that chloroform anesthesia for 35 minutes in man may cause almost complete liver necrosis with a fatal termination; the essential change is extensive necrosis and fatty degeneration of the liver; there may be numerous ecchymoses and hemor- rhages into the peritoneum and upper intestinal tract ; the pan- creas may show fat necroses and ecchymoses ; in pregnancy there 654 M. C, HALL may be placental neeroisis with separation and hemorrhages; the liver necrosis is microscopically visible only after 6 to 10 hours; they find that dog's die in 1 to 4 days, with symptoms of intoxication and vomiting, sometimes vomiting blood. Scho- enhof has summarized 29 cases of delayed chloroform poison- ing in man, of which 17 recovered and 12 were fatal. He cites some experiments on dogs as follows : Dog 1, weighing 5.5 kilos, was given 7 mils of chloroform (a little over 1.27 m, p. k.) ; after 5 minutes dog was restless, salivated and staggering; recovered in a half hour. Next day, this dog w^as given 20 mils of chloroform (a little over 3.63 m. p. k.) ; symptoms more pronounced, dog vomiting and falling; dullness, sleepiness and vomiting of blood lasted 2 days; dog recovered. This animal's total dose was practically 5 mils per kilo. Dog 3, weighing 4.5 kilos was given 50 mils of a mixture of absolute alcohol (28 parts), chloroform (40 parts), and camphor (20 parts) : died in 15 minutes. The chloroform dosage here is 5 mils per kilo, without considering the other drugs used, and the other druas must have contributed largely to the toxic effects. Dog 4, a medium-sized dog (he regards a dog weighing 5.5 kilos as a medium-sized dog in a previous experiment; Hall and Wigdor found a 10-kilo dog to be the average size) was given 35 mils of chloroform (about 6 m. p. k., apparently) ; dog vomited and was dull; the next day the dog was given a mix- ture of 5 mils of alcohol and 20 mils of chloroform (apparently about 3.6 m. p. k.) and died almost immediately. Apparently this dog had almost 10 mils per kilo, in addition to the alcohol. Graham believes that the necrosis following chloroform is due to its breakdown in the body with the formation of hydro- chloric acid, a belief supported by the increase of salts in the urine and by the inability of ether and chloral hydrate to par- allel the changes caused by chloroform, dichlormethane and tetrachlormethane ; alkalis inhibit the production of these les- ions. Farquhar has used sodium bicarbonate by mouth, by rectum, subcutaneously and intravenously, in a very serious case of delayed chloroform poisoning in man, with recovery, which bears out Graham's findings. Jensen finds adrenalin valuable in cases of chloroform poisoning. Whipple and Speed find that in noririal animals the liver eliminates from 45 to 65 STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS 655 per cent of the phenoltetrachlorphthalein injected intravenous- ly, but where the liver is damaged, as by chloroform, phthalein appears in the urine; in one of their experiments, a 21-pound dog (a little less than 10 kilos) was given 15 mils of chloro- form, followed 41/2 hours later by 10 mils additional, a total of over 2.5 mils per kilo ; the* dog was still alive 4 days after- ward (no further data given). Simonds finds that feeding sugar in cases of phosphorus or chloroform poisoning furnishes cerbohydrate essential to protein metabolism, and supplies easily oxidized material to the liver, in which the glycogen is depleted, inhibiting autolysis. It appears from the experiments noted in the foregoing, that dogs may survive the oral administration of 5 mils of chlo- roform per kilo of body weight, when given in 2 doses on suc- cessive days. Evidently doses of ,0.3 mils per kilo should be readily tolerated as a therapeutic dose of chloroform by dogs in reasonably good condition. The following experiments were performed in this labor- atory : Dog No. 19, weighing 22 kilos, was given chloroform at the rate of 0.1 m.p.k. in 30 mils of castor oil. The dog passed no worms: was killed the fourth day; had 1 ascarid, 3 hook- worms, and 12 tapeworms. Efficacy against ascarids, hookworms and tapeworms, 0 per cent. Digestive tract in bad condition. Dog No. 12, weighing 6 kilos, was given chloroform at the rate of 0.2 m.p.k. in 30 mils of castor oil. The dog passed 7 hookworms; was killed the fourth day after treatment; had 1 hookworm and 6 tapeworms postmortem. Efficacy against hookworms, 87.5 per cent; against tapew^orms, 0 per cent. Di- gestive tract in good condition. Dog No. 89, weighing 9 kilos, was given chloroform at the rate of 0.2 m.p.k. in 30 mils of castor oil. The dog passed 6 hookworms; was killed the ^twentieth day; had 75 hookworms and 3 ascarids. Efficacy against hookw^orms, 7 per cent ; against ascarids, 0 per cent. Digestive tract in good condition. Dog No. 115, w^eighing 10.5 kilos, was given chloroform at the rate of 0.3 m. p. k. in 30 mils of castor oil. The dog passed 2 hookworms; was killed the fifth day; had 2 hookworms post- mortem. Efficacy against hookworms, 50 per cent. Digestive tract in fair condition. 656 M. C. HALL Dog No. 118, weighing 12.5 kilos, was given chloroform at the rate of 0.3 m.p.k. in 30 mils of castor oil. The dog passed 1 hookworm; was killed the seventh day; had 2 hookworms, 3 whipworms and 43 tapeworms postmortem. Efficacy against hookworms, 33 per cent; against whipworms and tapeworms, 0 per cent. Digestive tract in fair condition. Dog No. 58, weighing 3 kilos, was given chloroform at the rate of 0.4 m.p.k. in 30 mils of castor oil. The dog passed no worms; died the second day after treatment; had no worms postmortem. Digestive tract in bad condition. This dog was a weak pup, which accounts for its failure to tolerate this dose. Dog No. 83, weighing 9.5 kilos, was given chloroform at the rate of 0.4 m.p.k. in 30 mils of castor oil, and 5 hours later was given 30 mils of simple syrup in accordance with the idea that carbohydrates afford protection against chloroform poisoning. The dog passed no worms; was killed the thirteenth day; had 12 tapeworms postmortem. Efficacy against tapeworms, 0 per cent. Digestive tract in fair condition. Dog No. 61, weighing 6 kilos, was given chloroform at the rate of 0.666 m.p.k. in 30 mils of castor oil. The dog passed no worms ; was killed the fourth day ; had no worms postmortem. Digestive tract in bad condition. Dog No. 87, weighing 7 kilos, was given chloroform at the rate of 1.0 m.p.k. in 35 mils of castor oil. The dog passed no worms; was killed the twenty-seventh day; had no worms post- mortem. Digestive tract in good condition. Dog No. 88, weighing 15 kilos, was given chloroform at the rate of 2.0 m.p.k. in 40 mils of castor oil by stomach tube. The dog passed 1 hookworm ; was killed the fifty-fifth day ; had 1 tapeworm postmortem. Efficacy against hookworms, 100 per cent; against tapeworms, 0 per cent. Digestive tract in good condition. This dog was put in a chloroform box with four others; the others died in an hour, whereas this dog survived almost 7 hours and required an additional amount of chloro- form in the box to kill it. This experiment was published in a previous paper by Hall. Hall and Foster at Washington found that chloroform in doses of 0.2 m.p.k. removed 474 out of 830 hookworms from 5 dogs, an efficacy of 57 per cent. All the work done indicates that the efficacy of chloroform against ascarids, whipworms and tapeworms is too little, actually and in comparison with other STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS 657 drugs, to warrant its employment against these worms. In sin- gle dose to remove hookworms it has given better results than single doses of oil of chenopodium or thymol in dogs, but the results in all cases are somewhat uncertain. In human medicine, chenopodium has been given, as a rule, in 3 doses at hour in- tervals, and it seems likely that some such method of treatment, repeated doses of chloroform or chenopodium, will be neces- sary to remove hookworms from the dog. It has the advantage that the treatment may be stopped after the first or second dose if the animal shows signs of intolerance. Another possibility is to give small doses daily, or at intervals of 2 or more days, for a number of days. The writer has experimentally tested this once with chloroform as follows: Dog No. 280 Aveighing 11 kilos, was given 15 minims of chloroform in a soft gelatine capsule, followed immediately by 15 mils of castor oil. Three* days later the treatment was re- peated. Two days thereafter it was repeated. Two days after this, it was repeated again. Four days later the dog was killed. It had 6 hookworms, 4 whipworms and 17 Dipylidium post- mortem. Efficacy against hookworms, whipworms and tape- worms, 0 per cent. This dog received a total of a dram, ap- proximately 4 mils, of chloroform in 7 days. It is possible that the use of the soft gelatine capsule as a container for chloro- form is partly responsible for the failure of the treatment, as these capsules did not give in this or other tests the same ef- ficacy that had been obtained by the use of chloroform dissolved in castor oil. It is probable thajt the dose used was too small, being less than 0.1 m.p.k. Tests of chloroform administered in the soft capsule were made as follows: Dog No. 256, weighing 22.5 kilos, was given 7 soft capsules, each containing 15 minims of chloroform — a dose rate of 0.3 m.p.k. — followed immediately by 30 mils of castor oil. The dog passed 1 ascarid and was killed the sixth day after treatment. There were no worms postmortem. Treatment 100 per cent effective against ascarids. Digestive tract normal. Dog No. 265, weighing 12.5 kilos, was given 4 of these 15- minim capsules — a dose rate of 0.3 m.p.k. — followed immedi- ately by 30 mils of castor oil. The dog passed no worms and was killed the sixth day after treatment. Four hookworms were found postmortem. Treatment 0 per cent effective against 658 M. C. HALL hookworms. Digestive tract showed pinpoint petechia? in the greater curvature of the stomach and in the lower ileum. The reason for the failure of the chloroform to remove any hookworms from dog No. 265 is not evident. It might be thought that the capsules were hardened by the action of the chloroform and failed to open until they had passed the upper intestine where the worms were, but the presence of petechige in the stomach points to a different conclusion. Moreover, in the case of dog No. 256, the fact that the capsules opened in the stomach was evident from a marked chloroform narcosis exhibited by the dog within 45 minutes after the administration of the capsules. In the 13 experiments discussed here, the digestive tract w^as normal and in good condition in 6 animals; in fair condition, that is, with only limited areas of moderate inflammation or petechia?, in 4 animals; and in b^^ condition, with considerable inflammation or hemorrhage, in 3 animals. The dogs with di- gestive tracts in good condition were animals that had re- ceived comparatively small single doses (0.1 to 0.3 m.p.k.) and been killed 4 to 6 days after treatment (Nos. 12 and 256) or 4 days after the last dose in repeated treatments (No. 280), or WTre animals that were killed 21 to 55 days after single treatment Avith doses of 0.2, 1.0 and 2.0 m.p.k. (Nos. 89, 87 and 88), Those with the digestive tract in fair condition were animals that had been killed 5 to 17 days after treatment with 0.3 to 0.4 m.p.k. (Nos. 115, 118, 265 and 83). Those with the digestive tract in bad condition had been killed or had died (No. 58) in 2 to 4 days after 'treatment with 0.1, 0.4 and 0.666 m.p.k. (Nos. 58, 61 and 19) ; the one that died was weakly and sick before treatment. Hepatic necrosis was present in dogs Ncfi. 118, 58, 83 and 61, with doses ranging from 0.3 to 0.666 m.p.k., and killed or dying 2, 4, 13 and 17 days after treatment. A consideration of available facts to date with reference to chloroform as an anthelmintic, indicates the following :. That in administrating chloroform to dogs for removing hookworms, doses of 0.1 m.p.k. are too small and that doses of 0.2 to 0.3 m.p.k. should be used; that in the higher dosage, chloroform will have an efficacy of perhaps 50 per cent, which is better than single doses of thymol or santonin will have; that normal dogs will survive doses of 3.65 m.p.k. in one dose and 5.0 m.p.k. in 2 doses on 2 successive days; (Schultz states that 2 doses of CORNELL SEMI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 659 0.3 m.p.k. in 10 mils of castor oil each, given the same day, will kill ; poesibly the dogs in his experiment were not in good physi- cal condition or other factors were involved; that normal dogs will show hemorrhagic gastro-enteritis for at least 4 days after doses of 0.4 to 0.6 m.p.k. ; that the digestive tract will be in fair condition in 5 to 7 days after doses of 0.3 to 0.4 m.p.k.; that there will be entire recovery of the digestive tract in 1 to 2 months after doses of 1.0 to 2.0 m.p.k. ; and that hepatic necrosis may persist microscopically for over 2 weeks in animals given 0.3 m.p.k. Chloroform appears to be safe and more effective against hookworms in single dose than any other anthelmintic, but in doses of 0.2 m.p.k. it is only about 50 per cent effective and repeated treatment is necessary for removal of all hook- worms present. DEAN MOORE'S PORTRAIT PRESEJNTED TO CORNELL UNIVERSITY AT SEMI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. One of the unique and important features of the semi-centen- nial celebration, held at Cornell University at its recent com- mencement, was a conference at each of the colleges, where sug- gestions, in the form of committee reports from alumni, were presented on topics concerned with the improvement of the cur- riculum, in increasing the efficiency of the instruction and the strengthening generally of the relation of the University with the public. Among these was, the State Veterinary College, where the following reports, showing the wide range of the subjects, were submitted and discussed. 1. The Teaching of Animal Husbandry. C. W. Bay, Chairman. 2. Veterinary Training Preparatory for the Army. P. A. Fish, Chairman. 3. Instruction in the Fundamental Sciences. L. L. Buchanan, Chairman. 4. Teaching of the Applied Subjects. J. G. Wills, Chairman. 5. Cooperation of the College with the Live Stock Interests of the State. Cassius Way, Chairman. 6. Methods of Teaching Veterinary Subjects. C. P. Fitch, Chairman. 660 P. A. FISH 7. Additional Subjects or Departments. J. F. Shigley, Chair- man. Before the presentation of the program, the Governor of the State, Alfred E. Smith, appeared and in fitting but brief re- marks expressed his interest in the work that is being done and his desire to cooperate and to promote the live stock as well as the agricultural interests of the State. DR. V. A. MOORE In the midst of the general program President Schurman en- tered, and Dr. Birch, remarking that the meeting was unique in more ways than one, asked that Dr. Cassius Way be permitted to take the floor temporarily. In the presentation of Dean Moore's portrait to the University the following remarks were offered : Dr. Way : It is a great pleasure for us, as alumni, to be pres- ent todav at this celebration on the fiftieth anniversarv of the CORNELL SEMI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 661 founding of Cornell University, which, by the way, is the fiftieth anniversary of the beginning of better veterinary education in America, for it was through the broad vision of Ezra Cornell that the foundation for the work of this college was laid. It is a singular honor for us to present to the University, through our president, a portrait of our esteemed director, who occupies a unique place in the realm of science. Those who know him in this field admire and respect his ability, while those of us who are fortunate enough to know him as a teacher have learned to love him. In the field of veterinary medicine he occupies a pinnacle ; at this time he has the honor of being the president of our American Veterinary Medical Association, the greatest organization of vet- erinarians in the world. He was recently honored with an hon- orary degree from one of our great sister institutions, Syracuse University. The University, and especially this college, has been fortunate all these years in having the guidance and association of Profes- sor Moore, and we trust that we may have his guidance and his. counsels for many, many years. We have come to know him as the thorough scientist, the great teacher, and the true friend. Mr. President, on behalf of the alumni of this college I have the great honor to present to Cornell University a portrait of our beloved director, Veranus Alva Moore. President Schurman: It is a great pleasure, on behalf of the University, to accept this portrait of Dr. Moore, director of this college, which the alumni have presented. I deem it a great privilege and find it a great satisfaction to be present on this occasion. I did not wish to miss this, because I have come to en- tertain a great friendship and a very great affection for Dr. Moore. We have worked together in great harmony. I should be very sorry if such a piece of great good fortune should come to him and I not be here to share it. These are not things we usu- ally say to one another. Men do not wear their hearts on their sleeves. It is not easy for me to speak of the great esteem in which I hold Dr. Moore, for it is not only regard and esteem, but the deepest friendship, I feel for him. I have the honor to represent the University in which he rep- resents one of the colleges. I regard Dr. Moore as one of the great educators in the University. I do not believe that there is a man anywhere in this University who has wiser and sounder 662 p. A. FISH ideas on education. While he belongs to you alumni, he also be- longs to the Universit}^ as a whole, as a eo-worker and a co-edu- cator. I place, very great value upon the sentiments of Dr. Moore on every question of University policy. That represents his standing in this University. You know what he has been to you. As the chairman of the committee said in presenting this portrait, he is a leader. When we lost, through retirement, one of the most eminent men in veterinary science (whom I see here, and whom we all hope will be spared for very many years to us), I remember I felt how hard it Avould be to find a man who would fill that very large place. Dr. Moore has filled that place. No one realizes that more than his great predecessor. It has been the good for- tune of the University that it has had such great directors for this college. There are certain qualities which must be possessed by a man at the head of a college. The director must be a gentleman. That goes without saying. He must have tact, he must have sym- pathy. You know, through these years how Dr. Moore has suc- ceeded so conspicuously in fulfilling these requirements. I do not know" whether you know how large a work he has done in presenting the work of this college to the leaders at Albany and elsewhere. There is no man I know in the State, dealing with the Legislature, who enjoys their confidence more fully and who has more influence " with them. That is because there is a perfectly frank and honest procedure. He puts all the cards on the table and never asks for more than he feels the college needs and can use wisely. The chairman of one of the most important committees in the Legislature said to me in reference to the vet- erinary college : ' ' It is the most economical institution in the State of New York." I am glad to be with you, my young friends of the Veterinary College, on this splendid day. You are not waiting until Dr. Moore is old, but while he is in the full flush of his powers you have chosen to honor him. On behalf of the University I wish to express to you my appreciation of the fine sentiment that has animated you in this worthy enterprise. Dr. Moore : There are times when it is difficult, if not im- possible, to find words to express adequately one's feelings. I find myself in such a situation now. Had I known, I fear I would not have advocated the conference so persistently. If this CORNELL SEMI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 663 has been planned to surprise me, and incidentally to embarrass me temporarily, it has been a great success. If it is a reminder that the "chloroform" stage is approaching, I will tell you that ti is already here. If, however, it has been to assure us of your loyalty to the teachings of this college and the things for which it stands, it is most gratifying, and confirms the opinion I have held for many years. I have felt for a long time that the alumni were true to the principles upon which this college was established. I believe that ultimately they will triumph. I believe that the time will come w^hen there will be a veterinary profession in this country that will stand second to none in its loyalty to truth and devotibn to service. But meantime it seems that the sum of our duty is to fight for the cause we have honestly in hand and with the weap- ons that we ourselves have forged. That is being done in New York State. Dr. Law, the father of scientific veterinary educa- tion in America, and who is with us today, can testify to fifty years of endeavor with the men who received their inspiration from him, and also of the advances that have been made. The progress that the college has made has been due to the hard work and cooperation of the faculty and the standards your professional services have created. With the many forces that are tending to make a better veterinary profession, one man can do but little. The credit belongs to all. I would not be human if I did not feel deeply this expression of friendship. I assure you I appreciate it and thank you one and all. P. A. Fish. Dr. Wm. H. Lowe of Paterson, N. J., was elected Alumni Representative to the Council of the General Alumni Association of New York University. Chancellor Brown of New York University, in his address at the Commencement Exercises on June 18th, paid a high tri- bute to the response of the Alumni and undergraduates, in the stressing needs of New York University during the war period. He stated that more monies and endowment funds had been given and pledged during the past year than in the preceding six years. The demands for enlarged service is a rich testi- monial of appreciation of her valued educational opportunities. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS. METASTATIC MELANO-SARCOMA. From Veterinary Division, Kans. State Agr. College. A male dog 8 years old, presented as a patient at the Veter- inary clinic of the Kansas State Agricultural College on the 3rd day of April, 1919, with the following history : About one month previous a small nodule on the animal's sheath first attracted the owner's attention. In a short time other nodules appeared until the entire sheath was involved and extensively swollen. AIELANO-SARCOMA. Symptoms: Temperature 103.2, pulse 120, respirations 50. The sheath was extensively swollen and covered with nodular enlargements. Urination was but slightly interfered with. The inguinal lymph glands were also enlarged. A tentative diagno- sis of melanosis and possibly carcinomatosis was made and an unfavorable prognosis given. No treatment was applied. The animal was killed on April 12th, 1919, and Dr. L. R. Vawter, Instructor in Pathology, Division of Veterinary Medi- CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 665 cine, Kansas State Agricultural College, submits the following post-mortem report: DIAGNOSIS METASTATIC MELANO-SARCOMA. Skin in region of sheath exhibited small nodules on the sur- face ranging in size from a pea to a hazel nut. The sheath greatly indurated and paraphymotic. The penis exhibited material swelling and the skin slightly roughened by small granulations. The prostate gland was about five times the average size and upon section was uniformly black in color. LUNGS OF DOG AFFECTED WITH MELANO-SARCOMA. The kidneys each contained two melanotic nodules on each surface and the cut surface also exhibited two or three in each kidney. These nodules averaged one-fourth inch in diameter. The spleen exhibited five nodules along the edges of about one-sixteenth inch in diameter. The lungs exhibited very nu- merous melanotic nodules throughout and many very prominent nodules about the size of a pea both on dorsal and ventral sur- faces. 666 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS Many minute almost imperceptible melanotic deposits were scattered throughout the lung as well as on the surface. The bronchial and mediastinal lymph glands, both right and left, ex- hibited marked melanosis. ^Microscopical examination w^as conducted on sections taken from all the affected tissues. These demonstrated conclusively the presence of a melanotic sarcoma. No melanotic or sarcomatous condition was found in any other tissues. CHRONIC TENDINITIS. From Veterinary Division, Kans. State Agr. College. A jack weighing about 900 pounds was presented at the vet- erinary clinic of the Kansas State Agricultural College on the 30th day of April, 1919, with the following history : CHRONIC TENDINITIS BEFORE OPERATION. According to the owner the animal appeared lame in the right hind limb about 18 months ago, and 6 months ago the foot knuckled under so the weight was supported on the anterior cor- onary region. According to the owner the animal also appeared CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 667 to have some trouble with the left hind limb, but in his opinion this was not serious and did not require attention. Symptoms: Temperature, pulse and respirations were nor- mal. The right hind fetlock was extremely flexed so that the solar surface of the foot was turned up and the animal's weight was borne on anterior coronary region. The left hind foot rested upon the anterior margin of the toe. The flexor tendons of both hind limbs were thickened, though not sensitive to pressure. A diagnosis of chronic tendinitis was made and an unfavor- able prognosis given. Treatment: The animal was placed on the operating table and by following the usual technique, the tendon of the deep flexor of the left limb was divided so that the left hind foot could readily be placed in a normal position. In the case of the right hind limb the deep tendon was also divided, but it was believed, owing to the fact that this limb had been in its abnormal position for such a long time, it would not be possible to straighten the phalangeal region, and therefore the superficial flexor was also divided so that the foot could be placed in a normal position. Immediately after the operation the attention of our students was called to the fact that in our experience cases in which there was extreme flexion did not as a rule do well after an operation because, while the foot would assume a normal position, the phal- angeal bones would not always adapt themselves to the new con- dition and degenerative changes might be expected. The left hind limb did well and caused no trouble. The right hind limb below the hock became considerably swollen, especially so in the phalangeal region, and about 2 weeks after the opera- tion degenerative changes manifested themselves by intense oedema and the presence of small abscesses. A week later the fetlock region broke down completely so that the animal bore its weight on the posterior surface of the phalangeal region. The general condition of the patient remained good during all this time, but the condition of the limb was considered hopeless and the animal was therefore destroyed. A medial section of the left hind limb below the tarsal region demonstrates that the space between the divided ends of the deep flexor had filled in properly. A similar section of the right hind limb also indicated that the space between the divided ends of both the superficial and deep flexors had filled in properly and therefore that portion of CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS CHRONIC TENDINITIS IMMEDIATELY AFTER OPERATION. CHRONIC TENDINITIS A FEW WEEKS AFTER OPERATION. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 669 the operation had terminated successfully; however, this sec- tion also indicated that the first phalanx had been unable to adapt itself to the changed relations and therefore nature was attempting to form a new joint between the antero-inferior ex- CHRONIC TENDINITIS. MEDIAL SECTION OF RIGHT HIND LEG. tremity of the first phalanx and the second phalanx. This had resulted in intense inflammatory and degenerative changes which had manifested themselves outwardly by swelling and abscess formation. ■ CIRCULATORY FILARIASIS. From Veterinary Division, Kans. State Agr. College. A male hunting dog, 4 years old, was presented at the veterinary clinic of the Kansas State Agricultural College on 18th of March, 1919, with the following incomplete history : 670 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS About ten days or two weeks previously the owner noticed that the dog was showing enlargement of the abdomen which had been increasing in size daily. Symptoms: — Temperature 100.6, pulse 110 and very irreg- ular, respirations 18. Conjunctiva and other visible mucous membranes very anemic. Breathing laborious and abdominal in character. The abdomen was twice its normal size owing to the presence of w^hat was believed to be ascitic fluid. The hind limbs were edematous. CIRCULATORY FILARIASIS. A tentative diagnosis of valvular insufficiency was made, and an unfavorable prognosis given. No treatment was at- tempted. The animal was killed on the 19th of March. Dr. L. R. Vawter, instructor in Pathology in the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State Agricultural College, submits the fol- lowing postmortem report: Gross appearance of cadaver revealed marked ascites and edematous swelling of the posterior extremities. The latter con- dition extending from the gluteal region to the tarsus in each CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 671 limb. Upon removal of the skin a very marked dropsical in- filtration was evident at the above regions. The abdominal cavity contained about one and one half gal- lons of sero-sangineous exudate. The liver exhibited a rough uneven surface and on the interior surface immediately below the portal vein was an area where the capsule had apparently ruptured allowing the escape of blood into the abdominal cavity. HEART AND LUNGS OF DOG AFFECTED WITH CIRCULATORY FILARIASIS. Microscopic examination of sections from the liver revealed passive congestion associated with marked fatty infiltration. HEART The marked dilatation of the right ventricle was very ap- parent upon gross examination of the organ. The heart was opened in a manner so as to expose the au- riculo-ventricular valves and the semilunar valves. A tangled mass of Filarice immites (Dicro filaria) were found extending through the right auriculo-ventricular orifice thus preventing proper closure of the valves. The tangled mass of Filarias im- mites extended continuously into the right ventricle and then followed the lumen of the pulmonary artery into right and left lungs. The largest mass of filarias was evident in the right 672 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS lung where the primary branches of the pulmonary artery con- tained numerous filariae. The filariae were absent in the left side of the heart and common aorta. The ascites was probably due in part to cardiac disturbance caused b}^ the presence of filariae and the escape of bloo4 due to rupture of hepatic vessels through the capsule of the liver during the period of violent exercise during a hunt. Morphology and Life cycle of Filaria immitis. The Filaria immitis is a long slender thread-like white worm ranging in length of 6 to 8 inches in the males, and 8 to 10 inches in females. The larvae are found in fresh blood prepar- ations and usually about one sixteenth of an inch in length. LIFE CYCLE According to Bancroft, Noe, Fullehorn and others the em- bryos which are already freed in the body of the viviparous female enter the blood stream' of the host. The larvae are taken up from the host blood by sucking insects particularly mos- quitos, namely Anopheles maculipennis, Anopheles bifurcatus and Culex fatigans. The larvse migrate from the digestive tract of the blood sucking insect into the excretory malpighian tubes of the insects where they undergo developement. In 10 to 12 days after they have been taken up by the insect they break through the walls of the malpighian tubes of the mosquito and enter the circulatory system of the suctorial appendage where they again migrate through the walls of the suctorial appendage during the biting period of the insect and gain entrance to the blood stream of the vertebrate host. The filariffi are sometimes found in the subcutis exclusively, but none were found in this region in this dog. In so far as we could determine the filaria? were absent from kidneys, spleen and liver. GENERALIZED TUBERCULOSIS OF THE HORSE. M. F. Barnes J V. M. D., From the Division of Laboratories of the Pennsylvania Bureau of Animal Industry. On April 4, 1919 our laboratory received a specimen con- sisting of a section of lung and a section of spleen of a horse, with the history that the horse from which the specimens were CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 673 taken was a bay gelding, about 8 years old, weighing about 950 pounds and had been a healthy individual since about five years ago when he had distemper, until just about eight weeks prior to April 4th when he developed a dry cough, became sluggish, easily exhausted and sweat very easily. Some time later his appetite became decreased, the cough became more pronounced 1 HW 1 1 * ^ J 1 Hi BlHM^iiiiBlft^^^^B ^m No. 1. SECTION OF SPLEEN OF HORSE SHOWING TUBERCULOUS LESIONS. the temperature becoming somewhat elevated. About ten days prior to death he showed symptoms of pleurisy and hydro- thorax, also edematous swelling of the inf rasternal region and an elevation of temperature to 105 degrees Fahrenheit. These symptoms disappeared about three to four days previous to death. During the later stages of the disease the animal rapidly became emaciated and the appetite became very much decreased. The owner of this horse at the time of its death, had owned CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS him for three years and had kept him in a basement barn where at least one other horse and some cows w^ere kept, all of which have apparently been in good physical condition although a tu- berculin test has never been made. No. 2. SECTION OF LUNG OF HORSE SHOV7ING TUBERCULOUS LESIONS. The report of autopsy upon this animal shows that there was a fibrinous pleuris}^; lymph glands were hemorrhagically swollen ; otherwise the spleen and the lungs were the only organs affected, the latter showing evenly distributed lesions through- out their substance. Upon examination of the section of lung and spleen re- ceived at the laboratory, the former presented cheesy necrotic areas throughout its substance varying in size up to about one half inch in diameter and many of these confluent. The spleen showed numerous circular abscesses throughout the section and measuring from miliary size up to one half inch in diameter. Smears and sections of the affected lung and spleen revealed numerous acid fast bacilli characteristic of the bacillus of tu- berculosis. The following laboratorv animals were inoculated with a saline emulsion of pus from these specimens : — CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 675 No. 449. Rabbit. Inoculated subcutaneously April 4, 1919. Died June 3, 1919. Generalized tuberculosis. No. 450. Rabbit. Inoculated subcutaneously April 4, 1919. Died July 5, 1919. Generalized tuberculosis. No. 451. Guinea pig. Inoculated intraperitoneally April 4, 1919. Died April 20, 1919. Generalized tubercu- losis. No. 452. Guinea pig. Inoculated subcutaneously April 4, 1919. Died May 23, 1919. Generalized tubercu- losis. From the above experiment it .appears that the strain of tu- bercle bacillus under study was of the bovine type. The source of the infection of this horse is not known but inasmuch as this animal was stabled in a basement barn with cattle it is quite probable that there has been a bovine spreader of the disease in the stable at some time leaving the stable or feed contaminated with tubercle bacilli of the bovine type. Several cases of tuberculosis of the horse have been reported although when the situation is summed up the disease is com- paratively rare in the equine family and especially is this true of generalized tuberculosis. Most cases that Jiave been reported have shown more or less localized lesions. Such a case as this must certainly have an important bear- ing upon attempts to eradicate tuberculosis of cattle. This ani- mal having had open tuberculosis of the lungs must have been the spreader of millions of tubercle bacilli. It seem^ then that one who is attempting to rid a herd of cattle of tuberculosis in a barn where other species of animals are also kept, at least from an economic standpoint, should look to, and make an in- spection of other animals. HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA IN HOGS.* G. A. Johnson, Sioux City, Iowa. This herd consisted of approximately eighty-eight shoats and seven two-year-old sows. The sows had been immunized against the filterable virus as pigs in 1917, but the shoats had not been immunized. So far as the owner could determine the pigs appeared all right until the evening of December 6, 1918, when five or six Presented at recent meeting of the Iowa Veterinary Association, Ames, Iowa. 676 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS did not come out to feed and on the morning of the 7th, about fifteen were off feed. I first saw the herd late in the afternoon of this date, when we found about thirty off feed, and presenting the following symptoms : loss of appetite, slightly gaunted, dry hacking cough on being driven out of their bed, a marked distressed appearance manifested by the ears drooping, back arched, hair standing, and disinclination to move. Quite a number were thumping, some badly, others only slightly, bowels appeared normal, eyes had a drowsy appearance but no discharge, temperatures running from around 104° to 106°, mostly 104° to 105°F. " Some of those that were eating presented as high tempera- tures as those that were sick. Post mortem of pig No. 1, showing thumps, temperature 105°, ears drooping, back arched, hair standing, slight cough on being made to move, bowel excretions normal. Lesions: cervical lymph glands slightly enlarged and hy- peremic at the periphery, lungs presented small, moist, pinkish- gray consolidated areas in the anterior lobes, with a few filariae in the posterior, inferior portion of the caudal lobe. Bronchial lymph glands considerably enlarged and of a bright pink color at the periphery. Heart presented a par-boiled appearance. Abdominal viscera appearantly normal. On the forenoon of December 8 about seventy-five head, in- cluding one of the old sows, were off their feed, and presenting about the same symptoms as were observed the evening before. This was about double the number off feed about sixteen hours earlier. Most of those sick the evening before appeared about the same, though some appeared worse, especially as to the thumping. Temperatures were a little higher, a few up to 106° and one 107°F. Post m.ortem of pig Xo. 2, presented lesions very similar to those of pig No. 1, except that the lesions in the lungs were a little more extensive, and the heart presented an extensive, acute, vegetative pericarditis and myocarditis. The lungs and heart were taken to the laboratory for microscopical examina- tion which revealed an abundance of bipolar staining micro- organisms, B. suisepticus. One pig that presented a temperature of 104.5 °F. and quite severe thumps, with irregular and labored heart action, was ta- CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 677 ken to Doctor Statter's hospital and given a large dose of anti- hog cholera serum and a dose of mixed bacterins. It made an uneventful recovery. The remainder of the herd did not receive any treatment and there was a loss of only five head at last report, January 4, 1919. At the time of my visits I was pretty certain that it was an outbreak of swine plague, which was confirmed by the laboratory work so far as it went. But the apparent severity of the out- break and the rapidity with which it spread through the herd led me to suspect the presence of the filterable virus, although none of the lesions ordinarily attributed to this were present. This view was somewhat strengthened by the fact that a pig from this drove had been posted by the veterinarian in charge of production at one of the serum plants, with the diagnosis of suspicion of cholera. This was on the date of my first visit. Judging from the conditions as they appeared to me at that time I did not think that enough animals could be saved to pay for the serum treatment, consequently no treatment was given. In the after light of this case it is plain that I made at least two mistakes : First, that the filterable virus was not present, or if it was we must change our ideas relative to its pathogenicity. Second, that despite appearances the disease was not of a fatal type. Again, if treatment had been given and the results had been as satisfactory as they were without, it would have led to the false belief that the treatment had checked the disease and saved the animals. TETANUS IN PIGS. H. N. Waite, Corsica. S. D. A farmer near here had over a hundred shoats about three months old. Among them were fifty-seven males which he had castrated just a week before. I was called out to see them. The owner told me that his pigs were sick with a funny sickness; said they got stiff and he thought it was lock-jaw. Five had died and two were showing the symptoms of tetanus. We talked it over and I advised him if any more showed symptoms to let me know and we would sive them antitoxin. I didn 't see or 678 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS hear from him again until July 4th, when the owner told me that thirteen had died and some were showing symptoms every day. We immunized thirty-six of the thirty-seven with 300 units each of antitoxin. Five of the thirty-seven cases could not walk. One we considered a hopeless case and didn't expect any of the five to pull through. Every one up to this time that had shown the symptoms had died. After treating them there was not an- other case developed and three of the four showing the symptoms recovered. They were treated about two weeks after they were castrated. I had never heard of a case of that kind and never heard of giving treatment to pigs and didn 't know how much to give, so it was just an experiment but the results were satis- factory. _ The following list of graduates of the class of ''19" New York University, received their diplomas and prizes on Com- mencement Day: Abramson, Alexander Henry; Benson, Clarence Oakley; Carabba, Victor (Prizes: Faculty Gold Metal, Canine Surgery and Therapeutics); Felder, Morris; Koslow, Harry Louis; Kreindler, David Arnold (-Prize: W. W. Yard, 1st Practical Prize); Lebish, Jacob (Prize: Alumni Prize); Speveck, Victor (Prize: W. W. Yard, 2nd Practical Prize); Wright, James Mathews. The West Virginia State Veterinary Examining Board held its regular examination at the Kanawha Hotel, Charleston, on June 1st, and the following applicants passed: Dr. Taylor, Richie County, W. Va., and Dr. D. C. Mollody, of Oakland, Md. The new board consists of Dr. E. M. Spangler, President. Dr. J. C. Callender, Vice-President. Dr. W. E. Langford, Secretary. The Lederle Laboratories at Pearl River, N. Y., have among their group of Veterinarians representatives of several of our veterinary schools. At the head Prof. Adolph Eichhorn of the New York American Veterinary College, Dr. Chas. H. Higgins of the Montreal Veterinary College, Dr. Sven Isaacson Ryan and Dr. John P. O'Leary of the Veterinary Department of the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, and Dr. J. F. Schubert of New York State Veterinary College at New York University. ABSTRACTS. MOST STRENUOUS LABOR, A CONDITION PRELIM INARY TO IMPORTATION OF MEAT AND OTHER FOODS FROM ABROAD/ By R. V. OSTERTAG. Zeitschrift fur Fleisch-und Milchhyg-iene ; Vol. 29, February, 1919; pp. 113-115. As the terrible war ended and the democratic form of gov- ernment was instituted, the German people believed, that now their unexampled suffering and hunger lasting years, to which may be attributed the many deplorable effects on their mental and physical beings, will have an end. The German people have read in the enemy press that they have nothing against the Ger- man people, and from that concluded that after cessation of hostilities, the shackles on our income of food would be loosened, and it would be possible to obtain from the excess supplies over- seas, if only in small lots at first, in order to better our starva- tion diet. This hope has not been realized! On the contrary, the blockade has been tightened, and more than two months have elapsed since the conclusion of the armistice, without a single overseas importation having been possible. But now it is at least clear, from recent conferences with American and Entente rep- resentatives at Treves, what we may expect from America and under what conditions. And these terms are a terrible warning to the German people. Their disregard leads Germany irre- trievably into famine! The Under-Secretary of State in the Imperial Nutrition Of- fice, Excellency v. Braun, who presided at the German Commis- sion on Nutrition at the armistice, stated to a newspaper re- porter that the Entente had agreed to an emergency allowance for the period of the armistice, of food equivalent to 30 million dollars to be fed to invalids, children, expectant and nursing mothers, and certain workers. It was stipulated that our entire merchant fleet, in seaworthy condition, be placed at the disposal of the Entente. If the repair and equipment of the boats are carried out immediately and their departure from German ports in no wise delayed, the emergency deliveries may be expected 1 Translated by William N. Berg, Washington, D. C. 680 ABSTRACTS in 2 to 3 weeks. The amount of food that may be obtained for 30 million dollars at present world-market prices, is not very large. From statements obtained from the German Commission on Nutrition, the following kinds and quantities of foods may be considered: 70,000 t pork products, mainly bacon and lard and other ' fats ; 50,000 t wheat and smaller amounts of con- densed milk, oatmeal, rice, and meat extract. It is to be noted that these quantities will suffice only for invalids and other needy individuals and not for the general improvement of nu- trition. With regard to the further supply for Germany, the representatives of the Entente and America have stated, that the world's supplies of fats and cereals are ample for the entire world 's needs. The revictualing of Germany is dependant only upon our compliance with the terms. The prevention of the threatening famine lies in our hands. Labor is necessary for the prevention of this famine, unremitting and most strenuous labor in order to provide material as rapidly as possible for foreign payment of the promised food supplies. The important ma- terials are coal, potash salts and manufactured articles. What has happened to the output of these commodities? Strikes and senseless wage demands have so diminished the coal output that during the entire war, in spite of the tremendous consumption of coal by the munition plants, we were never so poorly pro- vided as now. Therefore, at the present time coal cannot be exported, and all industrial establishments suffer from its scar- city, among them, the potash industry which furnishes one of our most valuable commodities in exchange for food. Every ad- ditional day of insufficient coal production increases the danger of famine. On these matters the German people do not seem to see clearly. Otherwise it would be difficult to understand why the people, in these most trying times through which Germany has ever passed, instead of uniting for earnest productive work, give themselves over to strikes and phantastic wage demands which continually depress the foreign purchasing power of our money and render our manufactured goods unsaleable be- cause too expensive. It is therefore the sacred duty of every one, by word and deed, through example and instruction to ex- plain to the worker, his wife and children, that disaster will overtake us if we do not work perseveringly to earn the food from abroad and that we will not become richer but poorer if all demand multiples of present day wages. This results in our ABSTRACTS 681 paying so much more for our necessities and we will not be able to purchase anything abroad because of the high price of our commodities coupled with the depreciation of our money. Russia is a warning. One should read the short account by Jenny (in the Mitteilungen der Deutschen Landwirtschafts-Ges- ellschaft 1919 Stiick 4) of the Russian agriculture under the present regime and perceive in his dispassionate descriptions, the conclusive tragedy of the devastation of city and country in the formerly great Russian Empire, which had the advantage over Germany of having an excess of land productive of foods and feeds, and capable of existing without imports. One reads how phantastic wages, driven past all possible agricultural lim- its, have separated capital and labor, damming both to sterility. How ''stupid equality" destroyed agricultural productiveness. How violent, work-detesting elements through the formation of local Soviets have become tyrants and terrorize the active coun- try people. How one hears in the country the same ''terrible groans and sighs" and the same "death-rattles of tortured men" as in the cities. How starving city people go out into the coun- try to take food by force; how tumultuous mobs of peasants from regions of crop failure travel to better land to plunder it and as a result of such occurrences, the curse of complete law- lessness and the war of all against all reigns in the giant Em- pire. Labor and more labor, rigorous state regulation, and the post- ponement of hazardous agricultural experiments to more favor- able times, must and shall preserve the German people from such a fate. 'THE ETIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF GRANULAR DERMATITIS." "The etiology and treatment of granular dermatitis, R. Van Saceghem (Bui. Soc. Path. Exot., 11 (1918), No. 7, pp. 575- %7S; abs. in Trop. Vet. Bui., 6 (1918), No. 3, pp. 171-173).— Further experiments confirm the author's view that flies are the vectors of Habronema larvae, the cause of summer sores, as previously expressed, and proved that the parasites found in the verminous nodules is an aberrant larva of H. miiscce. This substantiates the view of Railliet and Henry. 682 ABSTRACTS ''Horses affected with granular dermatitis often showed con- junctivitis, and this was found to be set up by the presence of small verminous nodules located especially on the membrana nic- titans. ' ' A curative treatment regarded by the author as specific con- sists in the careful disinfection of the sore and then the appli- cation of a powder consisting of plaster of Paris 100, alum 20, naphthalin 10, and quinin 10 parts, or a sufficient quantity of any other bitter powder. This powder protects the sore against flies, is very adhesive, rapidly dries up the sore, and the bitter ingredient prevents the animal from biting itself. It prevents further infection with larvae, and those already present become encysted and are eliminated without causing any dam- age. All the sores treated in this way become rapidly cicatrized. Care should be taken to renew the plaster as long as the slight- est breach in continuity of the surface remains. — Experiment Station Record. FIELD DAY AND MEETING IN MASSACHUSETTS. The Massachusetts Veterinary Medical Association will hold a Field Day and Meeting in Springfield Wednesday, September 17th, and possibly including the 18th. The meeting will be at the Eastern States Exposition Grounds where a room has been reserved for headquarters, and the reading of such papers as may be presented. However, the meeting is being held at this time to enable the members to take advantage of the Exposition, which has the unique record of having staged the most successful meeting of the National Dairy Show in its twenty, or more, years of existence. All the ''boys" in the East are cordially invited to this meeting, where there will be some one to receive them and direct them to the different places of interest. Dr. W. 0. McHugh has been recently transferred from Cleve- land, Ohio, to Huntington, W. Va., where he is in charge of meat inspection. Capt. E. F. Pile, who has been serving with the A. E. F. for the past year, expects to return shortly and upon his return will ao^ain locate at Liberal, Kansas. ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE FROM THE OFFICE OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL OF THE ARMY, WASHINGTON^ D. C. OFFICERS, VETERINARY CORPS, UNITED STATES ARMY. On Duty. July 11, 1919. Aug. 11, 1919. Colonels 0 0 Lieutenant Colonels 6 5 Majors 68 54 Captains 182 119 First Lieutenants 382 255 Second Lieutenants 357 178 Totals 995 611 The following orders of transfer or reassignment have been issued for veterinary officers during the past month: 1. Lieut. Colonel Robert Vans Agnew, V. C, who has just returned from service overseas, is directed to report for duty as Post Veterinarian, Fort D. A. Russell, Wyoming. 2. Lieut. Colonel Richard H. Powers, V. C, who. has just re- turned from service overseas, is directed to report for duty as the Veterinarian, Auxiliary Remount Depot, Camp Pike, Ar- kansas. 1. Major B. A. Seeley, V. C, who has just returned from duty overseas, is directed to report for duty as the Veterinarian, Auxiliary Remount Depot, Camp Upton, N. Y. 2. Major W. J. Ratigan, V. C, who has just returned from service overseas, is directed to report to West Point, Ky., for duty as Camp Veterinarian, Camp Knox, Ky. 3. Major Charles H. Jewell, V. C, from duty at Camp Dix, N. J., to Washington, D. C, for duty in the Office of the Sur- geon General, Veterinary Division. 4. Major Burt English, V. C, who has just returned from overseas where he served as the Corps Veterinarian, 5th Army Corps, is directed to proceed to Auxiliary Remount Depot, Camp Lee, Va., for duty as the Veterinarian. 6S4 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 5. ^lajor William C. Van AUstyne, V. C, from duty as the Veterinarian, 6th Cavalry, to Fort Oglethorpe, Ga., for duty as the Veterinarian. 6. Major Thomas H. Edwards, V. C, from duty at Camp Sheridan, 111., to Auxiliary Remount Depot, Camp Jackson, S. C, for duty. 7. Major Henry W. Peter, V. C, who has just returned from duty overseas, is directed to report for duty as the Vet- erinarian, Fort Bliss, Texas. 8. Major A. Mitchell, V. C, who has just returned from duty overseas, is directed to report for duty as the Veterinarian, Auxiliary Remount Depot, Camp Funston, Kan. 9. Major Joseph N. Hornbaker, V. C, is relieved from duty in the Office of the Surgeon General, Washington, D. C, and directed to proceed to the Philippine Islands on the transport sailing about September 5, 1919, for duty as Assistant to the De- partment Surgeon, Philippine Department. TREATING ARMY HORSES FOR MANGE OVERSEAS. A TYPICAL CASE OF MANGE. Showing the system of marking liorses, May 26, 191! ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 685 10. Major Walter Eraser, V. C, who has just returned from service overseas, is directed to report to Fort Sill, Okla., for duty as the Post Veterinarian. 11. Major J. H. Uri, V. C, who has just returned from duty overseas, is directed to report for duty as Camp Veterin- arian, Camp Gordon, Ga. 12. Major G. H. Koon, V. C, who has returned from duty overseas, is directed to report for duty as Camp Veterinarian, Camp Dodge, Iowa. 13. ]\Iajor J. J. Connolly, V. C, from duty as Division Vet- erinarian, 6th Division, is directed to report to the Zone Supply Officer, Chicago, 111., for instruction in meat inspection. THE DIPPING VAT. Showing the shed which houses this steam-heating plant for keeping the solution in the vat warm. 3d Army Veterinary Evacuation Section No. 3, June 1, 1919. Coblenz, Germany, 686 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 14. Major A. E. Donovan, V. C, is directed to report for duty as Division Veterinarian, 6tli Division, Camp Grant, 111., in addition to his other duties. 1. Captain D. S. Robertson, V. C, from Camp Lee, Ya., to Zone Suply Officer, Chicago, 111., for a course of instruction in meat inspection. 2. Captain Edward M. Curley, V. C, from duty in the Of- fice of the Surgeon General, Washington, D. C, to Fort Leaven- worth, Kansas, for duty as the Veterinarian, U. S. Disciplin- ary Barracks, that post. 3. Captain Edward P. O'Connell, V. C, from duty in the Office of the Surgeon General, Washington, D. C, to Auxiliary DOW^N THE SLIDE TO A LIME AND SULPHUR BATH. 3rd Army Veterinary Evacuation Section No. 3, Coblenz, Germany, June 1, 1919. ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 687 Remount Depot, Camp Devens, Mass., for duty as the Vet- erinarian. 4. Captain Robert P. McComb, V. C, from duty Camp Devens, Mass., to Zone Supply Officer, Chicago, 111., for a course of instruction in meat inspection. ' 5. Captain J. R. Underwood, V. C, from Camp Dix, N. J., to Fort Riley, Kan., for duty at the Mounted Service School as Instructor. 6. Captain C. C. Bourland, V. C, from Fort Des Moines, Iowa, to Camp Fort Bliss, Texas, for duty as Veterinarian with 82nd Field Artillery. 7. Captain P. R. King, V. C, from Fort Bliss, Texas, to Canal Zone, Panama Canal Department, for duty. THE PLUNGE. 3d, Army Veterinary Evacuation Section 3, Coblenz, Germany, June 1, 1919. 688 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 8. Captain H. E. Homer, V. C, from Hoboken, N. J., to Camp Bragg", N. C, for duty as Camp Veterinarian. 9. Captain A. C. Wight, V. C, from Camp Dix, N. J., to Camp Humphreys, Va., for duty. 10. Captain George W. Brower, V. C, relieved from duty in the Philippine Department on the arrival of ^la.jor Hornbaker, and will proceed to the U. S. on the first available transport. 11. Captain H. R. Holmes, V. C, from A. R. D., Camp Up- ton, N. Y., to Commanding Officer, Fort Jay, Governors Island, N. Y., for duty as Post Veterinarian. 1. 1st Lieut. C. F. Morris, V. C, from duty at Camp Fun- ston, Kan., to Commanding Officer, that Camp, for duty as as- sistant to Camp Veterinarian. JUST COME UP FOR THE SWIM OUT. 3d Army Veterinary Evacuation Section No. 3, Coblenz, Germany. June 1, 1919. ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE * 689 2. 1st Lieut. L. V. Murrian, V. C, from Camp Dix, N. J., to A. R. D., Camp Travis, Tex., for duty. 3. 1st Lieut. J. R. Shand, V. C, from San Francisco, Calif., to Camp Dix, N. J., for duty as assistant to Camp Veterinarian. 4. 1st Lieut. D. H. Mallan, V. C, from duty at Camp Grant, 111., to Zone Supply Officer, Chicago, 111., for instruction in meat inspection. 5. 1st Lieut. W. 0. Hughes, V. C, from Camp Dix, N. J., to A. R. D., Camp Gordon, Ga., for duty. 6. 1st Lieut. S. D. Stroly, V. C, from Camp Upton, N. Y., to Zone Supply Officer, Chicago, 111., for instruction in meat inspection. 7. 1st Lieut. 0. E. Markley, V. C, from Camp Dix, N. J., to A. R. D., Camp Gordon, Ga., for duty. 8. 1st Lieut. J. N. Dornblaser, V. C, from Camp Dix, N. J., to Fort Riley, Kan., for duty as instructor in the Mounted Ser- vice School. 9. 1st Lieut. N. L. Cline, V. C, from duty with Zone Supply Officer, Chicago, 111., to Fort Sill, Okla., for duty as assistant to Post Veterinarian. 10. 1st Lieut. F. E. Metcalf, V. C, from Camp Taylor, Ky., to A. R. D., Fort Bliss, Tex., for duty. 11. 1st Lieut. R. I. Lovell, V. C, from Camp Dix, N. J., to Marfa, Tex., for duty with 8th Cavalry. 12. 1st Lieut. G. Castleberry, V. C, from duty with 82nd F. A., Fort Bliss, Tex., to Fort Ringgold, Tex., for duty with 4th Cavalry. 13. 1st Lieut. J. A. McCallan, V. C, from duty with 4th Cavalry, Fort Ringgold, Tex., to Zone Supply Officer, Chicago, 111., for instruction in meat inspection. 14. 1st Lieut. R. M. Sarde, V. C, from Camp Dix, N. J., to Remount Depot, Front Royal, Va., for duty. 1. 2nd Lieut. R. E. Smith, V. C, from Camp Upton, N. Y., to A. R. D., Camp Custer, Mich., for duty. 2. 2nd Lieut. H. J. Boyce, V. C, from Camp Dix, N. J., to Commanding Officer, the Camp, for duty as assistant to Camp Veterinarian. 3. 2nd Lieut. S. G. Kielsmeier, V. C, from Camp Mills, N. Y., to Fort Bliss, Tex., for duty with 5th Cavalry. 690 • ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE The following officers have resigned from the Veterinary Corps during the past month: Captain J. N. Graves, 2nd Lieut., Regular Army. 1st Lieut. W. A. Aitken, 2nd Lieut., Regular Army. 1st Lieut. C. E. Fanslau, 2nd Lieut., Regular Army. 1st Lieut. A. O. Gierke, 2nd Lieut., Regular Army. 1st Lieut. J. W. Hastings, 2nd Lieut., Regular Army. Paptain N. M. Neate, 2nd Lieut., Regular Army. LIEUT. COLONEL L. A. MERILLAT, U. S. A. Lieut. Colonel Merillat was commissioned direct from civil life as a Major, National Army, October 5, 1917, and assigned to duty as Division Veterinarian, 41st Division with station at Camp Greene, N. C. He reported for active service October 16, 1917, at that camp. Transferred from Camp Greene to Camp Mills, N. Y., on October 24th and was stationed there until December 11, 1917. Left United States on that date, ar- riving in France December 29, 1917. Proceeded to Camp La Courtine, France, where he was stationed until January 6, 1918. Acted as Chief Veterinarian, Advance Veterinary Hospital, Neuchateau (Vosges) from January 10th to April 28th. This was the first A. E. F. Veterinary Hospital and was organized, equipped and enlarged from the capacity of 7*00 to 1200 animals. The first sulphuration plant of A. E. F. was built and operated at this hospital. A research laboratory was installed and op- erated with this hospital by Lieut. Strausse, M. C, and Lieut. Wight, V. C. On April 24th, Col. Merillat was relieved from duty at this hospital and appointed executive officer for the Franco- American Veterinary Liaison Mission, Paris, in which capacity he served until August 1, 1918. The mission submitted circulars to the American army on the management of animals and the handling of the principal animal scourges, inspected remounts, veterinary hospitals and organizations of the line and made recommenda- tions on the sanitary problems involved in the requisitioning of approximately 75,000 horses from French civilians. He was appointed Chief Veterinarian, 1st Army, A. E. F., on August 1, 1918, and served in this capacity until February 23, 1919. "With the first army, he served through the last phases of the Aisne-Marne operation and through the battles of St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne. The average number of animals in the First Army during the St. Mihiel and ]\Ieuse-Argonne ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 691 Operations was about 93,000 head. The Veterinary Corps of the First Army during these operations evacuated under the directions of Col. Merillat approximately 23,000 disabled an- imals. Assisted the veterinary service of the Third Army in the march to the Rhine going as far as the city of Luxemburg where the work was taken over by Lieut. Colonel Bemis who was ap- pointed Chief Veterinarian, Third Army. Moved from the bat- tlefields to the training areas with headquarters at Bar-Sur-Aub, December 5, 1918. From February 23 to June 1, 1919, he attended the Ecole Veterinaire Nationale d'Alfort for the purpose of writing a re- port on the education of military veterinarians in France. June 1st to July 11, 1919, enroute to the United States, arriving in New York on the latter date. July 12 to 23rd, on leave of ab- sence from Camp Dix, N. J. Col. Merillat reported for temporary duty Office of the Sur- geon General Veterinary Division, on July 23, 1919, and re- ceived his honorable discharge at Washington on the 25th. The veterinary profession is justly proud of the services that Col. Merillat has performed in the Veterinary Corps during the war. Starting with an assignment as Division Veterinarian, Col. Merillat was exceedingly fortunate to have seen active ser- vice with combat troops and also with the service of supply when he was in charge of the Veterinary Hospital. It is only fitting that Col. Merillat 's active army service should be crowned with one of the highest decorations that the French Government bestows upon foreign officers. While on duty in Washington, he was notified that he had been decorated with the Legion of Honor by the French Government. MAJOR CHARLES H. JEWELL, V. C, U. S. A. * Major Jewell was assigned as Division Veterinarian, 80th Division, Camp Lee, Va., and reported for duty January 11, 1918. Left United States with this division on May 22, and arrived at Brest, France, May 30, 1918. The division was im- mediately assigned to the north of France and brigaded with the British army. Relieved from duty with the 80th Division July 26th and ordered to join the First Army then operating in the Chateau-Thierry district. This was the first time that a corps veterinarian had ever functioned with an American army corps. The work of organizing the corps veterinary service at this time was extremely difficult owing to the lack of lines of communica- 692 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE tion with regard to handling of the evacuation of sick animals. It was necesary to organize the evacuation system for sick ani- mals at this time. On August 12th, he was relieved as Corps Veterinarian, First Corps, and assigned Third Corps Veterin- arian, remaining in the same sector while the First Corps moved to a new area. Relieved from duty 3rd Corps October 7, 1918, and assigned to the 2nd Army as Army Veterinarian with head- quarters at Toul, France. Organized the veterinary service 2nd Army until shortly after the Armistice when he was relieved and assigned to the 9th Army Corps with station at St. Mihiel, France. Remained with the 9th Army Corps until it returned to the United States, Arrived in New York City with the 9th Army Corps Headquarters on June 6, 1919, and assigned to Office of Surgeon General, Washington, D. C, for duty. MAJOR GEORGE H. KOON, V. C, U. S. A. On October 27, 1917, Major Koon was assigned as Division Veterinarian 82nd Division, Camp Gordon, Ga. Promoted to the grade of Captain, October 9, 1917. Transferred as Division Veterinarian, 32nd Division, on January 16, 1918. Sailed with that division from the United States for overseas service on Jan- uary 31, 1918, arrived Liverpool, England, February 16, 1918, and sailed from Southampton, England, for La Havre, France, on February 26th. The 32nd Division arrived in the 10th Training Area with headquarters at Prauthoy (Haute-Marne) March 1, 1918. It was the 6th division to join the A. E. F. On March 8th, Cap- tain Koon was ordered to the ''Service of the Rear" for tem- porary duty of purchasing animals from the French and was on this duty until April 29, 1918, when he returned to the 32nd Division. On May 15, 1918, the 32nd Division moved to the Alsace sector, remaining there until July 15, 1918, when it was moved by train to the Compiegne sector. Two days after the concentration of the division in the Compiegne sector it marched to the Marne, arriving at Chateau Thierry July 27, 1918, and on July 29th this Division relieved the 3rd Division on the Ourcq in the Aisne-Marne Offensive. August 28, 1918, the 32nd Division again entered the front line northeast of Soissons as a part of the French 10th Army. It was the only American unit operating with that Army and assisted in capturing strong German positions on the Juvigny plateau. The Division con- tributed to an important extent in the success of the French in ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 693 outflanking the German line on Chemin des Dames. Captain Koon served as Division Veterinarian 32nd Division throughout this offensive and on September 3rd, 1918, was relieved and promoted to act as Corps Veterinarian, 6th Army Corps. On September 13th, ordered to the 90th Division as Division Vet- erinarian in the St. Mihiel drive. Promoted to grade Major, U. S. A., September 27, 1918, and continued to act as Division Veterinarian with the 90th Division during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Relieved from duty with the 90th Division on De- cember 5, 1918, ordered to 3rd Army Corps as Corps Veterin- arian and served with this Corps on the march to the Rhine. The 3rd Corps was the most advanced American Corps in Ger- many and the only one to cross the Rhine, holding the most ad- vanced territory with the 1st, 2nd and 32nd Divisions. Relieved from duty with the Army of Occupation on July 9, 1919, and sailed from Brest, France, on July 16, 1919, with the 3rd Army Corps headquarters. Arrived in New York July 27, 1919, where the headquarters were disbanded after which Major Koon reported to the Surgeon General for assignment. Major Koon is the proud possessor of five battle stars, he having actively participated in 4 offensives and 1 defensive. This is an unusual record even for line officers. Major Koon has been assigned as Camp Veterinarian, Camp Dodge, Iowa. ELECTION TO DECIDE TUBERCULOSIS POLICY. The first election in the United States to decide whether or not a county should eradicate tuberculosis from its herds of cat- tle has been ordered to be held in Clay County, Mississippi, Sep- tember 2. The election was ordered by the county board of supervisors after a petition asking for it had been presented by a group of citizens. The results of this election will have much more than local interest, because the election may be the fore- runner of hundreds or thousands of others in other sections of the country, according to the Department of Agriculture. — Breeders Gazette, July 31, 1919. Two State Scholorships for New Jersey were announced on Alumni Day at the New York State Veterinary College, New York City. ASSOCIATION NEWS. AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. President Moore has appointed Dr. Fred. Torrance, Ottawa, Canada, a member of the International Committee on Bovine Tuberculosis, to succeed Dr. J. G. Rutherford, who has resigned on account of pressure of other duties. SECRETARY'S OFFICE. The past few weeks have been rather quiet ones so far as the work of the Secretary's office is concerned, but not so for the Secretary, who has been undergoing a rather strenuous time in a hospital. However, the worst seems to be over. Next month statements for dues for the coming year will be sent out to- gether with a letter to all members. The program of the New Orleans meeting is well under way and promises to be an unusually good one. Several papers on the Army Veterinary Service are promised and a number of papers on practical subjects that will be of interest to every practicing veterinarian. Some scientific papers are also pro- vided for on transmissible diseases that will give the very latest definite data on diseases that every veterinarian should -have. Owing to illness, the Secretary has only been able to attend the meetings of the Illinois Veterinary Medical Association, a report of which is published in this issue of the Journal, and the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association meeting at Omaha. At both meetings the advantages of the A. V. M. A. were pre- sented and a number of new applications were received. At the present time there are about five hundred applications for membership in the Secretary's hands. Every member of the Association should make an effort to get at least one new mem- ber. This can be done if each individual will make an effort, and it would mean a tremendous advance- in the progress of the Association, and of the profession generally. It is reported that good progress is being made for the per- manent veterinary organization of the Army and also on the bill for increasing the pay of the veterinarians in the service of the 695 Bureau of Animal Industry. There are a number of problems of a business nature to come before the Association at the next meeting and every member should make plans now to attend the meeting and bring his wife or sweetheart. There will be ' ' some- thing doing" all the time. N. S. Mayo. LOOKING SOUTHWARD. For the past twenty-six years the American Veterinary Med- ical Association has had its regular annual meeting either in August or September. In 1893 it convened in Chicago, October 17-20th, just twenty-six years and one month to a day from the time it will meet in New Orleans November 17-2 1st, When the members have been trained for a quarter of a century to look forward to the meeting in August or September, the period seems unusually long when it is deferred until November. In 1914 we began to have visions of New Orleans, but our hopes were suddenly shattered with an outbreak of foot and mouth disease which retained the profession at home, and it was looked upon as a duty, during perilous times when the patience of all men was severely tried. Many regretted they could not visit the south at that time, but were unanimous in their opinion that the right policy was followed. d:3^ L^ Entrance to State University, Baton Rouge, La. 696 A. V. M. A. This year we are again looking southward, and by the time you become the reader of this page, only a few more than sixty days will be between you and November 17th. Much could hap- pen in that time to destroy our ambitions to attend, but we are not anticipating such a calamity. We are optimistic, and sin- cerely believe this will be a striking event in the history of our Association. It should be a record breaker in attendance, defin- ite scientific information derived, recreation, social relationship, and a better understanding of the responsibilities resting upon the veterinary medical profession. Briefly, the future of the profession largely depends upon close observation and upon the character of the membership. We must stand enthusiastically united for a common cause, and the younger generation of vet- erinarians must keep vividly in mind the splendid lessons taught them by their seniors, so that the spirit may be perpetuated. Undoubtedly, many new members will be present, and for the first time, will be participants in a great scientific organization. Their first impressions will be lasting ones, and, to a certain extent, a standard for future meetings will be established. We do not want a limit placed on ambition and talent, and in order to avoid this possible handicap, let each older member encourage everyone to take a part. We sincerely hope the spirit of enthu- siasm and freedom will be injected into all. Joy should travel with us from our homes to New Orleans and return without a single interruption. The journey southward should be one of anticipation and the homeward one of complete satisfaction. The local committee is doing everything possible toward paving the way for success. Little details are being looked after, and as time is our greatest asset, we are taking it by the forelock and arranging things well in advance. The convention this fall should be a turning point toward a greater Association, as the membership is rapidly increasing and our duties expanding. A number of vital subjects should be cautiously and logically discussed, and a member who listens carefully, and finally expresses his ideas outside, has, perhaps, withheld a valuable suggestion. ''Timidity is responsible for the loss of a great deal of talent". Let us keep in mind the time, place, and opportunity to advance ideas, in a constructive spirit, is in official session, so all can appreciate the status quo. Only once a year do we have the privilege of renewing old acquaintanceships, making new friends with new members, and L. V. M. A. 697 with those who attend, now and then. Some who were present a year ago have crossed the Great Divide, and who knows how many will be permitted to attend another meeting? It is a great reunion and should, in a measure, celebrate the reunion of nations which is a crisis in the course of human events. Names and places have been immortalized, and now it remains with us to make our hopes materialize, and our ambitions to reach the peak of success. RESERVE SUGAR REFINERY, LOUISIANA. Showing young growing sugar cane in foreground. As we turn our eyes toward the land of the golden sunset, we have before us a panorama of views which can only be com- prehended through personal observation. Many will journey through the industrial fields of the nation over and between the majestic mountain ranges, and finally across the plantations white with cotton, and sweet with sugar cane, toward sea-level where the proud, stately oaks stand so silent, delicately draped with long tresses of gray Spanish moss. They will be approach- ing New Orleans, the Crescent City, with its warm gentle at- mosphere in direct contrast to the great blanket and drifts of white snow. When you emerge from the depot and journey up Canal street, you will see great banners fluttering on the broadsides of the Grunewald Hotel, ''Headquarters American Veterinary Medical Association, November 17-21st". The imagination of this picture should be an inspiration to all and enthuse us to such an extent that there will remain only one thing to do, and that is to commence right now to be ready in November for a trip southward. E. I. S. OTHER ASSOCIATIONS. ASSOCIATION OF STATE AND PROVINCIAL VETERINARY COLLEGES. REPORT ON THE SUBJECT OF TRANSMISSIBLE DISEASES IN THE VETERINARY CURRICULUM. By L», Van Es^ Agricultural College, North Dakota. By degrees a change has taken place in the reason for existence of a considerable part of the veterinary profession. Influences which require no special mention are driving the veterinarian more and more into the open country, where a greater variety of problems are requiring of him more skill and a more thorough training than was needed in the days when ^'horse-doctoring" was his almost sole occupation. The country's increasing population, its crowding into large cities and industrial centers has brought changes in the social-economic aspects of animal husbandry, and those in turn have imposed new functions upon the veterinary profession, which also require that consideration must be given to the more or less urgent need of reorientation of our curricula. Curricula have, indeed, engaged the attention of those in- terested in veterinary progress for some time, but this atten- tion has largely centered about length of courses, time devoted to subjects and questions of uniformity. No doubt, those con- siderations are largely justified by actual conditions, but on the whole they have been permitted to overshadow the far more important features pertaining to teaching technique and methods, which after all constitute the very essence of professional train- ing. That those features are uppermost in the minds of certain progressive teachers is encouraging enough, but it should re- ceive more than a mere private interest. The attempt to standardize our curricula, to create a more .or less iron-bound uniformity of courses, may be praiseworthy enough, but when carried beyond a certain point it is apt to OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 699 become obstructive to progress. It may be well to define for certain subjects the proper place in the curriculum or to de- termine how many hours should be devoted to them, but the autonomous conduct of an institution, as long as it admits only students with sufficient preparation, should not be subjected too much to the ministrations of overlords whose educational ideals, perhaps, as yet permit no distinction between schools conducted in the interests of their promoters and those forming an integral part of public higher education. As long as we have no uniformity in human ideals, in in- tellectual achievements and above all in the capacity of a teaching personnel, we can have no illusions about a rigid uni- formity of schools. However much this may be desired by some, schools will continue to excel in certain subjects and will fail to achieve the best in others. Those natural and unavoidable limitations should by no means prevent us from establishing certain ideals and from striving for their realization, and with this in mind a given part of a curriculum may well become the subject of our se- rious consideration and inquiry. No doubt the subject of communicable diseases now occupies a prominent place among those which will enable the future veterinarian to acquit himself in the fullest measure of the task which is essentially his. With the changes which this task has undergone as already mentioned, a consideration of this subject is a timely one and more in particular because of the abundance of evidence, that the importance of thorough training and instruction dealing with the transmissible dis- eases of animals is not always recognized. When we witness the enormous sale of so-called immunizing agents of questionable value, how those often pertain to dis- eases of unknown etiology, how veterinarians are permitting themselves to degenerate into sale agents for biologicals and how our association meetings are rapidly becoming more market places for those products, where vaccine and serum hucksters all but monopolize the programs, we cannot escape the con- clusion that a large number of veterinarians are not well forti- fied by a well grounded knowledge of the conception of in- fection, of the diseases produced in this manner or the im- munity principles involved. Yet the very things mentioned are in reality but manifestations of the great interest taken 700 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS by veterinarians in general in this particular class of diseases. This interest, being apparently fairly established, leaves us with the problem, as to the best methods of rendering it fruit- ful and directing it in logical and rational channels. The solution of this problem is to a large extent the function of our veterinary schools, which cannot remain blind to the fact that this constitutes one of their chief claims to public confidence and support. For this reason alone a discussion of the ways and means by which this may be best accomplished appears to be warranted, especially so if this may lead to the establishment and the defining of certain ideals pertaining to this particular field of veterinary medicine. Such a consideration must first of all include such details as the subjects placed in the curriculum and the preparation which the student should receive before he is asked to under- take its mastery. In dealing with such items as curriculum and students, we assume beforehand that the former extends ever a period of nine months for four consecutive years, and that the latter enjoys at least that degree of educational ma- turity, which we have a right to expect from the completion of a first class high school. We may further state, that in this discussion, we have in mind a curriculum based as much as possible on the logical sequence of the subjects taught, and in which the first two years are nearly exclusively devoted to the essentially non-clinical subjects, while the last two years are given to the purely clinical branches and those which are more closely connected with it. The place which the subject of transmissible diseases should occupy in a curriculum is above all determined by the number and character of the subjects which may be deemed essential as preparation. While avoiding details, we deem it necessary to define the ones which more especially constitute the foundation upon which the presentation of the infectious diseases must be based. Without failing to recognize that nearly all subjects of a veterinary curriculum are related to one another, we men- tion here : bacteriology, veterinary zoology and entomology, gen- eral pathology, methods of diagnosis and immunology. Although bacteriology belongs to the non-clinical subjects, it will not be possible to present it early in the course, where chemistry, anatomic subjects and physiology must be given the right of way. It can, however, be offered during the latter OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 701 part of the second year and extended into the early part of the third year. As presented to students of that status, we believe that emphasis should be given first of all to the classification of micro-organisms, their natural history, physiology, morphology and above all the technique and methods by which they are studied. We deem this much more imperative to good final re- sults than a drilling at that time in the peculiarities of given species of pathogenic organisms, although in the part of bacte- riology taught during the third year this could perhaps be un- dertaken. Whether or not the bacteriology taught should in- clude a consideration of the protozoa is a question to be decided by the respective teachers of bacteriology and veterinary zoology. The latter subject, dealing with animal parasites and insect parasites and insect pests, must also be regarded as basic to the teaching of the communicable diseases inasmuch as the latter Include a large group which are caused by those factors, and, in the consideration of live stock sanitary methods, it is not always possible to make a distinction between diseases due to macro- and those due to micro-parasites. The teaching of vet- erinary zoology may also be undertaken during the end of the second and the beginning of the third year. While the relation of animal parasites to disease should be revealed to the students^ it will not be necessary to give special emphasis to this feature^ but classification, life history and morphology must be thorough- ly treated, at least of the common and the more representative species. General hygiene, also a subject fundamental to the later teaching of the transmissible diseases, may be taught at a time when the student has completed his work in physiology and chemistry. In presentation of this subject, the actual pre- vention of communicable diseases cannot be ignored altogether, but the major effort should be devoted to the relation of extra- neous influences and surrounding media to animal well-being^ while under the heading of hygiene may also be considered such features as statistics, sanitary laws, the exercise of the police power, etc. A student should be able to successfully grasp this subject during the latter part of the second year. During that time he may be permitted to visualize some of the problems connected with diseases, which will confront him in the third and fourth years. The subject of hygiene can be so presented that it constitutes a kind of connecting link between the strictly non- 702 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS clinical and the more purely clinical branches of the curriculum. Of more importance, as such, however, is the instruction in general pathology and pathologic anatomy, which in the writer's opinion should be the piece de resistance of the third year, even if at that time the student must be introduced to the surgical subjects and to special pathology and therapy. For the latter subjects general pathology and pathologic anatomy always is an indispensable ground work and it is so no less for the suc- cessful teaching of the communicable diseases. The teaching pathologist has the task of revealing to his students the opera- tion of disease causes and its results on the body structures and functions. This instruction should not be confined to the static result of pathologic changes, but must also embrace the dynamics of disease if the student is to develop the power of reasoning and analysis upon which his future success is bound to depend. In no part of the curriculum is a thorough understanding between teachers more essential than between those in charge of general pathology, the surgical branches and special pathology and ther- apy. Their efforts must be carefully timed and in harmony, be- cause of necessity their work somewhat overlaps, while one is dependent upon the successful teaching of the other. : This co- ordination is likewise of importance for the fruitful considera- tion of the communicable diseases. Methods of diagnosis and clinical exploration must also be given a place in the curriculum of the third year and is as essential as a preparation and complement in clinical teaching as it is to the presentation of the transmissible diseases. The latter should also be preceded by some ground work in immunology, which we conceive to be an inquiry into the various reactions set into motion when a foreign protoplasm or its de- rivatives invades the animal organism. The immunity mechan- ism should be thoroughly explained, the artificial methods based on it must be made clear to the student while the application of immunity reactions in the diagnosis and the investigation of disease requires a most thorough treatment. From what was said above, it will be apparent that the subject of transmissible disease should form part of those taught during the fourth year of the curriculum, and that furthermore it should be given the status of separate discipline. Such a status, however, should not prevent its perfect cor- relation to the other clinical branches, in fact it would not be OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 703 entirely incompatible to good results if the subject were handled by members of the clinical teaching staff. Nor, does it mean that the teachers of special pathology or surgery must keep aloof from any disease of bacterial or gross parasitic origin, but rather that a certain series of diseases must be set aside for a more special and detached consideration, either because of their general economic importance, their relation to public health, the special methods of their control or peculiar problems met with in their presentation to students. Tentatively we may conclude in this series such diseases as tuberculosis, glanders, anthrax, black-leg, abortion disease, hog- cholera, the hemorrhagic septicemia group, coli bacillosis, necro- bacillosis, foot and mouth disease, pleuropneumonia, rinder-pest, poultry scourges, rabies, coccidioses, piroplasmosis, trypanosomi- ases, mycoses, helminthiases, scabies, etc. The selection of the series must be carefully made with the full participation of all teachers engaged in the instruction of clinical subjects in order to avoid unnecessary duplication. After the series has been so chosen, its systematic treatment be- comes the function of the teacher or the department set aside for the purpose. This treatment must be thorough-going, and should embrace considerations relating to etiology, clinical fea- tures, pathologic anatomy, epidemiology, immunology and treat ment as well as prophylaxis. In the presentation of the subject use must be made of didactic and laboratory methods as well as of clinical demonstra- tions and sufficient time must be made available for the purpose. Opinions will probably differ as to what constitutes a sufficient time allowance to be devoted to the teaching of this subject, but it is probable that with three one-hour recitation periods and three two-hour laboratory and clinic periods per week through- out the entire senior year justice could be done to the subject. The teaching technique will vary with the ideas of the in- dividual instructors and no advantage can be obtained by es- tablishing hard and fast rules for their guidance, but even without attempting this it may be profitable to give this feature some general consideration. The qualifications and the scientific and professional equip- ment of the teaching personnel will to a greater or less extent determine the manner in which the subject of transmissible disease is presented to an audience of students. In this subject 704 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS above all others a* large experience obtained in the field, com- bined with scholarly attainments and a contagious enthusiasm for his work, would tend to make an ideal teacher. He would be able to present his subject without leaning on a text; he would largely furnish his own even if the task of the true teacher consists to a great extent in interpreting to his students the recorded work and observations of others. Such a teacher need not devote much time to hearing recitations by students in his lecture room, but only requires the casual discussions in laboratory and clinic in order to keep himself informed on his student's grasp and progress. Unfortunately this type of veterinary teacher is rare in our country. Often there is a lack of scholarship in those who have a large and rich experience, while in the case of those who do combine those valuable qualifications, it is very uncommon that schools succeed in obtaining their services. For such men our schools have but a feeble attraction and even if an institu- tion is capable of developing such a teacher, it is very apt to promote him into some executive position, in which his pro- fessional talents become lost in a tangle of administrative drudg- ery. Thus necessity often forces institutions to employ as teachers young men, who however scholarly inclined, however enthu- iastic for their work, are delinquent in that degree of practical experience which would qualify them as authority. When such men finally reach that stage of development the institutions usually lose them because for such men the current of attraction is commonly away from educational work. Teachers of this type will frequently be dependent on an authoritive text and the method of class-room quizzing and recitations. No doubt this has its advantages also. Students so trained are perhaps better prepared to face a state examining board, which, as a rule, is more pleased with candidates whose heads are storehouses of facts than with those whose brains have acquired the rather uncommon but precious art of thinking and reasoning. If teaching is to be worth while at all it must not only aim at the acquisition of more knowledge but at the development of the power of its logical interpretation as well. Facts can always be gotten from texts but in the formation of habits of thought OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 705 we will have to rely on the teaching staff unless the student is endowed by nature with an unusual mental equipment. In the didactic presentation of the eommunicable diseases a general consideration of common features should precede the discussion of the special members of the group and the latter 's placing in the teaching program should be more from the view- point of what may become available in clinic or laboratory than of their natural classification. In this relation two types of disease may be recognized, one including those diseases which are not likely to be met with in either clinic or autopsy room, and the other those with which the students can be brought in actual contact. In the planning of the teaching program the question confronts us whether or not the best results can be secured by a more or less systematic class-room presentation, using clinic and laboratory as secondary factors, or by building the course around the available clinical material. The latter could perhaps be accomplished with success in institutions which have at their disposal an enormous amount of material repre- senting a great variety. As a rule our schools have no such a volume available and are compelled to get the best out of a more modest amount and hence they will be obliged to com- pensate for this deficiency by an emphasis on didactic teaching. The latter can and must be reinforced by laboratory work with and demonstrations of preserved material, and special pains must be taken to gather this in abundance. Inasmuch as it is ordinarily impossible to time the presenta- tion in clinic and autoposy room with that of the lecture room, we would be inclined to devote didactic teaching first to those diseases which are not apt to be met with clinically, and to use the available laboratory and clinic periods to a study of the pre- served materials pertaining to them. The living cases of the other type of diseases must even with- out a preceding class-room discussion be carefully studied in the clinic whenever there is opportunity. On such occasions the more salient features of the disease can be briefly explained, but the phenomena actually seen must be carefully recorded by the students by the direction and under the supervision of the teacher, and those records must again be consulted and dis- cussed when the given disease is being considered in the class- room. 706 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS We deem this recording of facts actually seen in the clinic and autopsy room as of the greatest importance from an in- structional viewpoint. Such records should he made on special forms as directed by the teacher; they must be made to form part of the students' permanent equipment as well as of that of the department. Not only should the student be obliged to preserve the records of the cases he has actually seen and studied, but those made by previous classes or other sections can also be drawn upon to complete the collection. Such records in sufficient number will not only be of value in class-room discussions but will be much more important to the future practitioner than the time honored *' notes" which he is often compelled to prepare with great effort and which in the end are far inferior to the printed text on his shelves. The two-hour periods designated as clinic and laboratory should be devoted to clinical demonstrations, autopsies or labor- atory exercises. In an ideal institution the department of transmissible diseases should have at its disposal the physical equipment, which would permit the teaching staff to either bring before a class living material for clinical study or to conduct autopsies or to take the students in the laboratory for bacteri- ologic, immunologic or histo-pathologic exercises. With the growing importance of this type of teaching we believe it justi- fiable to insist at this time that such equipment be provided. As long as our schools are not so equipped, it will be necessary to so correlate the time set aside for this type of teaching that labor- atory facilities also used by other departments can be utilized. This arrangement may have the appearance of a certain loose- ness or lack of system. It will furthermore impose some extra burdens upon the teaching staff, but is probably the only solu- tion of the problem of getting the most out of time and material. Clinical and autopsy material must be utilized to the great- est extent possible. A case of a given disease can both be pre- sented by a teacher of surgery or special pathology as well as by the one dealing with transmissible diseases. The former will emphasize the more clinical features, while the latter will give special weight to its communicable character and its importance to exposed live stock. In the same manner will the pathologist share his material with the teacher of communicable diseases and vice versa. This may give rise to some duplication but to a useful one, and even if in some cases there may be conflict OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 707 in the expressed opinions of teachers, this can only result in stimulating the student to analysis, to reasoning and to in- dependence of thought. After all, like in other subjects, which have their place in a veterinary curriculum, the presentation of the communicable diseases must place the students in the possession of certain facts or theories, but at the same time they must be led to de- velop the habit of clear thinking and independent reasoning when confronted with a problem. A school which merely turns out living encyclopedise only fulfills half of its mission. The other half, the training of mind, is what counts for fully as much. In the light of the preceding discussion, the following con- clusions are offered: 1. The present day functions of veterinarians render it ad- visable that the subject of communicable diseases be given a special place in the curriculum of veterinary schools. 2. That it is during the senior year, when this subject can be most successfully taught. 3. That the subjects bacteriology, veterinary parasitology and entomology, general hygiene, pathology and pathologic an- atomy, methods of diagnosis and clinical exploration, general immunology constitute the immediate pre-requisites for the fruit- ful presentation of the transmissible diseases. 4. In the presentation of the subject, didactic teaching must be combined with laboratory exercises and clinical demon- strations. 5. Institutions are warranted to establish special depart- ments devoted to this subject and such departments should have at their disposal the equipment necessary for the type of in- . struction mentioned in the preceding paragraph. 6. Not less than three lecture periods of one hour each and three laboratory and clinic periods per week throughout the entire senior year should be devoted to this subject. 708 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS PLACE AND RELATION TO OTHER SUBJECTS OF THE DISCIPLINE OF TRANSMISSIBLE DISEASES IN A VETERINARY CURRICULUM SUBJECIS 1st YEAR 2nd YEAR 3rd YEAR 4th YEAR 1st Sem. 2nd Sem. 1st Sem. 2nd Sem. 1st Sem. 2nd Sem. 1st Sem. 2nd Sem. Anatomic Group Embryology ^■1 Descriptive Anatomy ■■ Hi Regional Anatomy Histology and Mic. Anatomy ^m ■■i Chemistry ■■1 ■■ ■■ Physiology ■H Animal Husbandry ■■ Pharmocologic Group Materia Medica ■■ ■■ Pharmacy ■B Toxicology ■■ Bacteriology ^^ Vet. Parasitology and Entomology ^a^ General Hygiene .^i»»«i Surgical Group Surgery ■■ ■■ Obstetrics ^^^* ^m Horse Shoeing w^ Pathology and Path. Anatomy ■mm^^ aa^BM ■"■■■^ "^^^ Milk and Meat Hygiene ■■ ■■ Special Pathology and Therapy §■■ ■■1 Methods of Clinical Diagnosis ^^^K HB^^ General Therapy ■■i Immunology ^.^^ — ■— Transmissible Diseases seex 3e«e Jurisprudence ■■ Ambulatory Clinic ^^^B ■■ OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 709 LOUISIANA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION COMMITTEE MEETING. On Saturday, July 26th, in the Association of Commerce, New Orleans, La., the Committee on Arrangements, the one on Pro- gram, Badges and Entertainments, and the sub-committee on Finance, appointed to cooperate with the A. V. M. A., held an interesting meeting and reported much progress along the lines of their respective duties. The financial situation appeared to be well in hand and the outlook for further funds was bright. Dr. Cambon, Chairman sub-committee on Finance, reported that he had received dona- tions from several Southern State Associations. The question of badges was settled and those who attend the A. Y. M. A. this fall may be proud to wear such an exquisite work of art. A special badge will be designed for the ladies, and will be one which will be useful long after the meeting is over. The local program will be greatly enlarged and made ex- tremely attractive so that each member will cherish it as a souvenir of the occasion. Considerable advertising will be se- cured for the program, which will make it unique in more ways than one. All the Committees are giving important matters early at- tention so that every detail may be perfected before November 17th, and in the meantime, several other meetings will be held so as to take care of any new features which may arise. Those in attendance were: Dr. F. J. Cambon, New Orleans, La. Dr. Frank Collins, Monroe, La. Dr. F. J. Douglass, New Orleans, La., Chairman, Committee on Programs, Badges, and Entertainment. Dr. E. P. Flower, Baton Rouge, La. Dr. F. S. Hewitt, Hammond, La. Mr. Thomas J. Hill, Association of Commerce, New Orleans, Louisiana. Dr. D. H. Maclean, New Orleans, La. Dr. Hamlet Moore, New Orleans, La., in Charge of Pro- grams. Dr. E. I. Smith, Baton Rouge, La., Chairman, Committee on Arrangements. 710 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS Dr. R. W. Tuck, New Orleans, La. Dr. A. W. Vornheder, New Orleans, La. The meeting was a splendid success, and each time we are always fortunate in having with us Mr. Thomas J. Hill, of New Orleans Association of Commerce, who gives us the benefit of his experience in handling other large conventions, particularly the entertainment feature and the hotel negotiations. The conference emphasized the necessity of those contemplat- ing attendance to make early hotel reservations. From present indications many are doing so and it is believved such a pro- cedure will insure more comfort and satisfaction to all concerned. The following letter has been sent by Chairman of the Com- mittee on Arrangements to all the New Orleans hotels. ''On account of the meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, which will be held in New Orleans, Novem- ber 17th to 21st, inclusive, all the New Orleans hotels have been given considerable amount of advertising through the pages of the Journal of the Association, which reaches nearly 4,500 sub- scribers, both at home and abroad. We expect about 1,500 or 2,000 of these members to attend the convention this fall, and have urged them to secure their hotel reservations months in ad- vance of the meeting. This will be a large and important convention and will mean much to New Orleans and the entire South. Therefore, it would be very gratifying indeed if you could give these requests very careful consideration by assuring those who write you that they will be taken care of immediately upon their arrival. Mr. Thomas J. Hill of the Association of Commerce informs me that he believes the hotels will exert the limit of effort to accomodate all the delegates and their families who arrive. Dis- tinguished speakers, such as Governor Ruffin G. Pleasant, Mayor Martin Behrman and Doctor Oscar Dowling, will be on the pro- gram of the convention, together with other notables from the veterinary profession in the United States and Canada. Feeling sure of your heartiest cooperation, I beg to remain.'* Acknowledgments have been received which are very gratify- ing, as they go on record with a promise to afford each member of the A. V. M. A. every attention and kind consideration. In arranging two other conventions in New Orleans for the B. A. OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 711 I. employes, the writer has found that the hotels lived up to their obligations. E. I. S., Sec.-Treas., Chairman, Committee on Arrangements. WEST VIRGINIA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The West Virginia Veterinary Medical Association met at the Hotel Kanawha, Charleston, W. Va., on July 1st, this being the annual meeting. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: President, Geo. W. Kinsey, Wheeling. Vice-President, I. H. Horton, Moorefield. Secretary-Treasurer, S. E. Hershey, Charleston. A very instructive paper was read by Dr. Neff, Federal rep- resentative co-operating in Tuberculosis Eradication. The following members answered roll call: W. E. Langford, Keyser. I. H. Horton, Moorefield. L. N. Life, Weston. W. D. R. Nickoll, Lewisburg. F. C. Nickoll, Cass. tT. A. McMasters, Ravenswood. R. Morgan, Winfield. E. M. Spangler and J. C. Callender, Parkersburg. L. N. Reefer, Wheeling. W. B. Alfred, Weston. CO. Davis, Rich wood. C. C. Hudkins, Charleston. C. T. Higgenbotham, Charleston. Drs. Neff and Armstrong, Charleston, W. Va., were elect- ed honorary members. S. E. Hershey, Secretary, ILLINOIS STATE VETERINARY ASSOCIATION. The summer meeting of this association was held in the Aud- itorium of the State University at Urbana on July 7 and 8. Over three hundred veterinarians were in attendance and a very interesting meeting was had. 712 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS Prof. Mumford, Dean of the Department of Animal Hus- bandry of the University, gave an address on "What the Live- stock Breeder Expects of the Veterinarian." This subject was also discussed by D. 0. Thompson of the State Agricultural So- ciety. Dr. J. C. Stokes gave a summary of the results of a large number of autopsies at shipping centers and called attention to the large loss of livestock in shipping, much of which could be prevented. Approximately sixty per cent of the losses were the results of diseases of the respiratory organs. Dr. Stokes urged veterinary practitioners to advise their clients who shipped stock to avoid crowding, particularly in hot weather, to see that the cars were clean, disinfected and properly bedded and to avoid shipping weak, ailing animals or those advanced in pregnancy. Dr. A. T. Kinsley spoke upon the ''Differential Diagnosis of Some Transmissible Diseases of Swine." He deprecated the use of the term ''Mixed Infection" diseases and stated that in his opinion this disease was hemorrhagic septicemia of swine. This subject provoked a lively discussion by Drs. Schwarze, Cahiel, Craig, Glover, Roberts and others. Dr. H. B. Raffensperger of the Bureau of Animal Industrj^ read an unusually interesting paper giving a summary of the recent discoveries with reference to the life history of the com- mon round worm of swine. He also exhibited a number of un- thrifty pigs. These pigs were sacrificed and the larval worms in the lungs were demonstrated to those present by miscroscopic examination. Dr. W. W. Dimock of Lexington, Kentucky, read an inter- esting paper on "Animal Parasites," treating the subject broad- ly in its relation to Animal Industry and the general plan for their control. Dr. H. Preston Hoskins of Detroit read a paper on "Hem- orrhagic Septicemia" of cattle and called attention to the wide- spread distribution of the bipolar organisms. Dr. E. T. Baker of Moscow, Idaho, the recognized authority on sheep diseases, discussed this important subject in his entertaining way. Dr. W. G. Keehn read a paper on preventive medicine, dealing large- ly with the use of biologic preparations and sanitation. Dr. N. S. Mayo spoke on his veterinary experiences in the Tropics. Dr. E. L. Quitman discussed the "Treatment of Equine In- fluenza and its Complications" and State Veterinarian A. T. Peters .spoke on * ' The Importance of Uniform Methods in Test- OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 713 ing for Inter-State Shipments." Lieut. F. Reynolds, V. C. U. S. A., and Dr. H. W. Burkland of Atlanta, Georgia, discussed the "Biological Findings and Chemical Aspects and Treatment of a Fatal Disease of Horses and Mules at the Atlanta (Georgia) Stockyards." Dr. S. L. Stewart gave an illustrated address on '^Pecularities of Anatomy and Autopsies of Sheep." Dean Davenport of the Department of Agriculture of the University gave an address on ''The University's Part in Veterinary Edu- cation." The Faculty School of Music entertained the Associ- ation with a fine selection of vocal and instrumental music. Special provision was made for the entertainment of the ladies that included a visit to the Women's Department of the Uni- versity and to the U. S. Aviation field at Rantoul. N. S. M. WESTERN NEW YORK VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The fifth annual meeting of the Western New York Veter- inary Medical Association was held June 27th, Buffalo, N. Y. The meeting was called to order at 10 a. m., and the fore- noon was devoted to clinics which were held at the hospital of the Humane Society and consisted of operations of Neurectomy, Removal of Tumor, Treating of Capped Hock, etc. A number of cases were presented for diagnosis and observation. The business session was opened at 3 p. m. with President J. L. Wilder presiding, 28 members responded to roll call, rou- tine business was then disposed of. Reports of Officers was next given and showed the Association to be in good, flourishing con- dition. Officers were elected for the ensuing year as follows: Pres., Dr. W. E. Frink, Batavia, N. Y. V.-Pres., Dr. F. E. McClelland, Buffalo, N. Y. Sec.-Treas., Dr. F. F. Fehr, Buf- falo, N. Y., and the following directors : Rr. Anderson Crowforth, Lockport, N. Y. Director for 3 years. Dr. Edward Rafter, Hamburg, N. Y. Director for 3 years. Dr. E. L. Volgenau, Buffalo, N. Y. Director for 2 years. Dr. Geo. R. Chase, Attica, N. Y. Director for 2 years. 714 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS Dr. Nelson P. Hinkley, Buffalo, N. Y. Director for 1 year.. Dr. Joseph L. Wilder, Akron, N. Y. Director for 1 year. Four new members were added to our number making a total of 50 members. At 6 :30 the meeting adjourned for dinner, in which the ladies joined after spending the afternoon on a boat ride on Lake Erie. After dinner the ladies were escorted to the theatre and the meeting reconvened for the addresses and papers. Dr. Anderson Crowforth gave a very interesting talk on "How to collect the money". Dr. Crowforth showed the dif- ferent ways and methods he used to extract the "coin" from the slow pay and dead beats. Dr. Nelson P. Hinkley then gave a very interesting paper on Tetanus and Tetanus Antitoxin, showing how numerous tetanus cases had been treated with tetanus antitoxin successfully in all stages of the disease. Dr. V. W. Rood read a paper on "Forage Poisoning" which aroused no small amount of discussion among the members. Dr. F. F. Koenig gave a very interesting aad instructive talk on "Physical Diagnosis of Cattle". The Doctor being well versed in this subject gave a very concise method for making a proper physical examination and showed where in many cases it was more accute or valuable than a biologic test. Meeting then adjourned to the ^cond week in December, 1919. F. F. Fehr, Secy. CONVENTION CALL. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY VETERINARIANS. Office of The Secretary, 185 Northwestern Ave., Milwaukee, Wisconsin. August 12, 1919. To the Officers and Members of all State, Divisional and District Associations, N. A. of B. of A. I. V. Greetings : This office has been directed by National President St. Clair, to announce that the Second Annual Convention of the N. A. of B. of A. I. V. will be held in New Orleans, La., beginning at 10 :00 A. M., Monday, November 17, 1919. OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 715 The number of members for whom per capita tax has been paid for the fiscal year ending August 31, 1919, shall determine the number of votes to which a Division is entitled. Enclosed herewith are credential cards for delegates and proxies. For each delegate elected, the President and Secre- tary of the Division should fill out a pink and white credential card. The white card should be mailed to this office and the pink card given to the delegate. If the Division decides to be represented by a delegate of another Division, the blue and green cards should be filled in; the green card being sent to this office and the blue card mailed to the proxy for the Division. The cards, after being properly signed, should be mailed to this office with as little delay as possible. This is important, not only for the purpose of facilitating preparations for the Second Annual Convention, but it is also very important to the delegates themselves. If a Division is entitled to more than one delegate and sends only one delegate, such delegate is entitled to as many votes in the Convention as the Division or Divisions that he represents may be entitled to, and but one set of credentials need be made out for such delegate. Each delegate should receive from the officers of his Division a pink credential card, and should deliver same in person to the National Secretary at Convention headquarters previous to the opening of the Convention ; and for each proxy that may be carried, a blue credential card should be delivered to the proxy who shall file same with the National Secretary at Convention headquarters previous to the opening of the Convention. In this connection your attention is respectfully directed to the fol- lowing extracts from our National Constitution adopted at the Philadelphia Convention : Article TV, Section 1. The annual convention shall be held at the same time and at the place of the regular annual meetings of the American Veterinary Medical Association. Article V, Section 1. The representation at the National Convention shall consist of duly elected delegates, who shall be entitled to cast one vote for every ten members, and one ad- ditional vote for a fraction thereof over five members in good standing of the State or District represented. Any State or 716 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS District, or any combination of States or Districts within a zone may send to the National Convention one or more delegates. Article V, Section 2. The representation of any Association at the National Convention shall be based on the average amount of per capita tax paid by that Association during the fiscal year. Article IX, Section 1. All National Officers not delegates shall be allowed the right to participate in all debates without the privilege of voting and shall not be permitted to cast a proxy vote. Delegates should assure themselves as to the standing of their own Division and of any Divisions they are expected to repre- sent by proxy. If you are not sure on this point, by sending a letter to this office you can procure the desired information. Members who are in arrears cannot represent any Division in the Convention. Divisions should see that the credentials are properly filled in with ink, using the proper cards for the pur- pose, and mailing cards to this offiice as early as possible. It will be difficult to return the cards for correction and it is there- fore urgent that the instructions be followed, thereby prevent- ing delay and confusion to the delegates and to the Committee on Credentials. No National Officer can cast a proxy vote, but he can cast the vote or votes of a Division if he be the regularly elected delegate of said Division. The Grunewald Hotel, University Place, off Canal Street, will be our Convention headquarters. At this hotel we will have Convention Hall and executive offices free, and all officers and delegates desiring rooms at that hotel should make reserva- tions at once as Secretary-Treasurer Rafnel of our Louisiana Division advises that it will be impossible to get accomodations at the Grunewald if you wait much longer. The rates on rooms at the Grunewald Hotel are as follows: Single room without bath for one person, per day, $1.50. Single room without bath for two persons, per day, $2.50 and up. Single room with bath for one person, per day, $3.00. Single room with bath for two persons, per day, $4.00 and up. Double room without bath for one person, per day, $2.00. Double room without bath for two persons, per day, $3.00 and up. Double room with bath for one person, per day, $4.00. Double room with bath for two persons, per day, $5.00 and up. OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 717 All correspondence regarding reservations of rooms at Con- vention headquarters should be addressed direct to the Manager of the Grunewald Hotel. The locations of other hotels in New Orleans and their rates were published in the Journal of the A. y. M. A., July, 1919, pages 465-466. All Divisions are urged to be represented at this eonvention by regular delegates. Invitations will be extended to members of the Louisiana Delegation in Congress, the Honorable Secre- tary of Agriculture and other Department Officials, his Excel- lency, the Governor of Louisiana, the Mayor of New Orleans and other men prominent in public life, to attend this Convention. Many of our friends who are leaders in the U. S. Live Stock Sanitary Association will be present. Our Convention will be in conjunction with the 56th Annual Session of the American Veterinary Medical Association. It is therefore important that we have the largest possible number of delegates in attendance. Division Secretaries should forward to this office, as early as possible, the names of regular and alternate delegates. All cor- respondence regarding credential cards, and other Convention matters should be addressed to this office. We have arranged with the A. V. M. A. to have one session of the Section on Sanitary Science and Police at their New Or- leans Convention devoted to papers and topics of special inter- est to B. A. I. veterinarians. It is believed that this arrange- ment will stimulate greater interest in the B. A. I. affairs with the profession in general and be of far reaching effect in our campaign of publicity. On to New Orleans! Fraternally yours, S. J. Walkley^ Secretarif. NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY. The twenty-ninth annual meeting of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society was held at Brooklyn, N. Y., at the Imperial Restaurant, on July 23-24 and 25th. President G. A. Knapp presided. Mr. Fennelly of Borough Hall gave the ad- dress of welcome. Major D. H. Udall responded on behalf of the Society. The lady visitors were present during this part of the business session but left early to enjoy the many things 718 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS provided for them by the Local Committee on Arrangements. The Board of Censors presented the names of thirty-two can- didates for membership. All of these applicants were elected without any dissension. This number of candidates marks the record for the Society up to this time. It is planned to make the list of applicants larger during the next year, and to make 1919- 20 the banner year. The Board of Censors also presented the names of Dr. T. E. Munce of Harrisburg, Pa., and of Dr. Benj. A. Pierce of Springfield, Mass., for honorary membership. There was a unanimous vote for these two men, both of whom were present and participated in the discussion of papers. In the afternoon session of the first day Dr. R. H. Spaulding read a paper on ''Leukemia and Pseudo-Leukemia in Dogs". Dr. A. Eichhorn read a paper on the ''Present Status of Hog Cholera". Dr. C. I. Corbin gave the last paper of this session. His subject was "Clean Milk." For the morning of the second day Dr. C. M. Carpenter discussed "Some Researches upon a Spirillum Associated with Abortion in Ewes". Dr. H. J. Wash- burn of the B. A. I., Washington, D. C, was to present a paper on "Diseases of Sheep". He was unable to be present and his paper did not reach the secretary until after the literary pro- gram was over. The paper will be published in the proceedings of the Society however. Dr. V. A. Moore read an excellent paper upon "The Law Relative to the Physical Examination of Cattle". Dr. Williams played his usual valuable part with "A Method for Measuring the Reproductive Efficiency of Cat- tle". In the afternoon Dr. J. F. DeVine gave a very interesting and instructive talk on "The Control of Abortion Disease and its Allied Ailments by the Practitioner." Dr. R. M. Kingston talked on "The Use of Garbage in the Feeding of Hogs." Dr. Kingston has had valuable experience in this field and it was reflected in his talk. Dr.. S. A. Goldberg closed the literary part of the program with an illustrated talk on "The Differential Features Between Melanosis and Melanosarcoma. " These pa- pers will be published in the various veterinary journals of this country as well as in the proceedings and so no fuller discussion of the literary work will be attempted here. A shore dinner was provided for the veterinarians at the Shel- burne, Brighton Beach, on Thursday night. This was well attended and very greatly enjoyed. The dinner was followed by a night at Coney Island. Most of the party were much in- OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 719 terested in this resort. Some of them at least made three sep- arate visits. We had an excellent scientific and practical pro- gram from which all obtained great benefit. Coney Island was a healthy stop-gap between more serious efforts. The third day of the meeting was set apart for the clinic. This was held at the hospital of Gannett & Risley, 74 Adams St., Brooklyn. The clinic was interesting and helpful. So many cases were found on hand that a lunch was served at noon at the hospital in order to finish the work in the afternoon. Dr. S. A. Goldberg was scheduled to give a post mortem demonstration at the clinic but it was found necessary to have this work done the day before. A large number of the members and visitors stayed for Sat- urday in order to make the trip to the Lederle Antitoxin Lab- oratories at Pearl River, N. Y. Those who did were greatly re- paid. We not only saw this well equipped and sanitary insti- tution, but were allowed to see the steps in the preparation of the different serums and antitoxins. It is very unusual to add a fourth day to the time of the meeting but Dr. Eichhorn and his staff made this one of the best days of the meeting for those of us who were privileged to stay for it. The whole day wa^ provided for by the Laboratories. This included a most excel- lent lunch served to us by the members of the staff who were supervised in this part of the entertainment by Mrs. Eichhorn. Dr. H. S. Beebe of Albion, N. Y., was elected President, Dr. Wright J. Smith, Kingston, N. Y., Vice-President; Dr. C. E. Hayden, Ithaca, N. Y., Secretary-Treasurer; and Dr. H. J. Milks, Ithaca, N. Y., Librarian. Dr. V. A. Moore invited the Society to Ithaca for the next annual meeting. The invitation was accepted. Ithaca will be a good place to look forward to for next year. Dr. Cassius Way and the other members of his committee set the standard a little higher than usual at Brooklyn. Ithaca will at least keep up to that standard at the next annual meeting. C. E. Hayden. Dr. H. W. Wilson has recently received his honorable dis- charge from the army and is now located at Helena, Ark. Capt. Jos. F. Crosby has been transferred from Camp Grant, 111., to Camp Knox, West Point, Ky. COMMUNICATIONS FETISH WORSHIP. Editor, Journal: Is not the time ripe for a return to sane methods in the mat- ter of admission to the Veterinary Schools? Probably every Dean in the land finds himself yearly face to face with the necessity of refusing admission to young men of high character, possessed of a fair elementary education, familiar with farm life, and farm animals and, best of all, endowed with the belief that Veterinary Medicine is the life work they most ardently desire. We believe that insistence on high school semesters or Regents' counts is based upon a common error, i. e., that the acquisition of high school diplomas or Regents' counts constitutes a liberal education. The advocates of this system lay stress on the impossibility of getting a veterinary education if these preliminaries are lack- ing. A little quiet thought will show how untenable their position is. We throw down this challenge. ''There is no subject in the curriculum of any Veterinary School on this continent that cannot be mastered by a student who has passed the Grammar Grades of a modern public school and has also had two years High School facilities in Algebra and Plain Geometry". LANGUAGES ARE USEFUL, NOT ESSENTIAL. No one appreciates more fully than the writer the advantages of a good general education. It smooths one's way, renders life worth living, allows its possessor to withdraw himself from the petty cares of the world and rest in the contemplation of litera- ture or art. Other things heing equal, the highly educated veterinarian has a better social position. The present methods deprive us of a class that are in every way desirable, i. e., the country bred man who has reached per- haps his middle twenties, and is irresistibly drawn to Veterinary Medicine. He has learned to stand alone, knows the value of time, money and application, and once in the profession, he makes COMMUNICATIONS 721 good. Why injure at once the stockowner, the schools and the profession by the perpetuation of this academic nonsense? Say to the student: "You will find this school easy to get into, hard to get out of." Let him take the chances — he will rarely fail himself or you. No doubt many teachers of Veterinary Medicine feel like I do about this matter. Let us get together and insist on the modification of this un-American method of cultivating the spirit of class. Very truly yours, Thos. B. Rogers, D. V. 8. OKLAHOMA NOTES. One of our dispensers of anti-hog cholera serum has recently been convicted in the district court for causing the death of about 200 pigs. The plaintiff claimed that the party doing the vaccinating guaranteed good results. The jury assessed the damages at $3,000.00. The case will be appealed, since it is claimed that the pigs died from causes over which the operator had no control. Dr. E. V. Robnett, State Veterinarian, has recently tested 55 head of Holstein heifers which were in the hands of a dealer in the southwest part of the state. Twenty-three reactors were found. These cattle were part of four carloads recently received from New York and it appears that some of these cattle have been trailed into Texas. State authorities report a great many herds of sheep as be- ing infested with stomach worms. The copper sulphate treat- ment is giving good results. Dr. H. H. Kettler, of the B. A. I. force, has been transferred to Hog Cholera Control Work at Fort Worth, Texas, effective August 11th. Dr. Ivan W. Allen, who has been with the Army Veterinary Corps for about two years, has been reinstated on the meat in- spection force, effective August 1. Dr. H. W. Ayres has been appointed as Deputy State Veter- inarian. He gives most of his time to tuberculosis eradication. J. S. Grove, Resident State Secretary. NECROLOGICAL. DR. CHARLES M. COOPER. Dr. Charles M. Cooper died at Kansas City, July 2, 1919. Bom in Trenton, Butler County, Ohio, October 26, 1876, and entered the service of the Bureau of Animal Industry as a tag- ger in December, 1902. He was previously engaged as a teacher in public schools. He was graduated from Kansas City Veter- inary College in 1906, and was appointed a veterinary inspector in the Bureau of Animal Industry through civil-service examin- ation. He was assigned to duty as an abattoir inspector and rendered efficient service. DR. CHARLES F. COLSON. Dr. Charles F. Colson, veterinarian in the Bureau of Ani- mal Industry stationed at Union Stock Yards, Chicago, 111., died July 2, 1919. Born at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, April 29, 1879. Graduated from the McKillip Veterinary College in 1905, and took a special course for six months in pathology and diagnosis at that College following graduation. Appointed veterinarian in the Bureau through civil-service examination June 12, 1905, and assigned to duty at Seattle, Washington. He was trans- ferred to Chicago, 111., in 1906, and has been employed there most of the time since that date. The Eastern Iowa Veterinary Association will hold its next regular meeting in Muscatine, Iowa, on October 8-9th. Elab- orate arrangements have been made by the committee in charge for a program and entertainment, and a large and successful entertainment is anticipated. All neighboring veterinarians are invited to attend. The program will be especially interesting because it will deal with some of the newer conditions which have arisen in Iowa during the past year. Dr. Charles Thigpen is now at Anniston, Ala. REYIEWS. THE EXAMINATION OF THE URINE OF THE HORSE AND MAN. By Pierre A. Fish^ D. Sc, D. V. M., Professor of Veterinary Physiology, New York State Veterinary Colleg-e, Cornell University. Third Edition revised. 79 pages. The C'omstock Publishing Company, Ithaca, N. Y., 1919. Cloth, price $1.75. It is unnecessary to allude to the importance placed by the practitioner of human medicine on an examination of the urine as an aid to diagnosis and prognosis in the human patient; and while this has not been taken advantage of to the same extent by the Veterinarian, there is no valid reason why this should be the case at the present time with the advanced state to which the education of the veterinarian has attained. The author early realized that simplification of methods, without too great a sacrifice in accuracy, is essential for satis- factory examination, especially by veterinarians, and has, in sub- sequent editions, faithfully endeavored to eliminate apparent difficulties, until in this latest edition, by making certain changes and some aditions, he has been able to bring the work up to date. Dr. Fish is to be congratulated for presenting to the Vet- erinary Profession this valuable work on a subject of such great importance, which is bound to be taken more advantage of, as time goes on, as a valuable aid to diagnosis in veterinary patients. The work contains some ten chapters, with illustrations. Chapter I is devoted to the Secretion of Urine; Chapter II., to Quantity, Color, etc. ; Chapter III, to Qualitative Tests ; Chap- ter IV, to Organic Constituents; Chapter V, to Abnormal Sub- stances in the Urine ; Chapter VI, to Bile, Blood, etc. ; Chapter VII, to Quantitative Analysis; Chapter VIII, to Volumetric Methods ; Chapter IX, to Chemical Examination of Urinary De- posits, etc. ; Chapter X, to Microscopical Examination of Urine, etc., and an Appendix with Formulae for Reagents. The name of Dr. Pierre A. Fish attached to any work bear- ing upon the subject of veterinary physiology is sufficient to warrant the authenticity and accuracy of the subject matter; and we feel that this latest edition of his work on the Urine 724 should occupy a prominent place in the library of every pro- gressive veterinarian. The publishers have every reason to feel satisfied with the appearance of the publication. W. H. D. BOOK OF VETERINARY DOSES, THERAPEUTIC TERMS AND PRESCRIPTION WRITING. By Pierre A. Fish^ D. Sc, D. V. M., Professor of Veterinary Physiology, New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University. Fifth Edition revised. 185 pages. The Comstock Publishing Company, Ithaca, N. Y., 1919. Leather, price $1.50. The value and popularity of a work is generally evidenced by the number of editions through which it passes. This being the case, it is obvious that previous editions of Dr. Fish's excel- lent little work have fully met that requirement, and that the Fifth Edition will be as eagerly sought after as those which have preceded it. This little pocket edition is a veritable multum in parvo con- cerning the topics to which it is devoted, as may be inferred from the following divisions: Dosage or Posology; Veterinary Doses j Therapeutic Terms; Termination of Medical Terms; Pre- scription Writing; Weights and Measures; The Principles of Combining Drugs in a Prescription ; Examples of Prescriptions ; Thermometric Equivalents; Deliquescent and Efflorescent Salts ; Latin Words and Phrases with Abbreviations and English Equivalents; Incompatibility; Examples of Incompatibility in Prescriptions; Poisons and their Antidotes; Classification of Medicines according to their Physiologic Actions; Physiological Points for Practioners, Etc. The author's reputation as a physiologist and therapeutist, and the success to which previous editions of this work have at- tained, is so well known to the Veterinary Profession, both at home and abroad, that the success of his latest effort is already assured. The publishers are to be commended for the excellent manner in which they have performed their part. W. H. D. After having served with the veterinary corps of the army, Dr. R. F. Vermilya has been discharged and is now with the B. A. I., at St. Paul, Minn. MISCELLANEOUS. AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL PASSED. On the evening of July 24, the President signed the bill mak- ing appropriations for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1920. It is very gratifying to those who are interested in live stock matters that the Congress in its wisdom has seen fit to increase the appropriation for con- ducting some of the important activities of the Bureau of An- imal Industry. In the item for inspection and quarantine work, including the eradication of scabies in sheep and cattle, there is an increase of $21,338. This increase was allowed for the purpose of com- bating sheep and cattle scabies, which during the past year has reappeared in some localities in the Western States. An increase of $1,000,000 over the amount of last year is allowed for the control and eradication of tuberculosis of ani- mals, which gives the Bureau $1,500,000 for this work. How- ever, in providing this increase. Congress has stipulated that the amount provided, the sum of $500,000 is to be used for admin- istrative and operating expenses, while $1,000,000 is to be used for the payment of indemnities for cattle destroyed. It was evidently the desire of Congress that the owners of cattle des- troyed on account of being affected with tuberculosis should re- ceive the greater portion of the appropriation in the way of in- demnities, and that the benefits to be derived by the public at large through the eradication of the disease should be taken care of by the use of one-third of the appropriation. It is considered that the owners of the cattle destroyed suffer the greatest loss, and, therefore, they should receive the direct benefits of the appropriation through the use of the greater portion of the funds for indemnities. In the item for animal husbandry work there is an increase of $19,000 over last year's appropriation. This additional sum is to be used for the investigation of the soft pork problem, which is becoming more and more important with the rapid development of the swine industry in the Southern States. The item of hog cholera control work provides the sum of $446,865. This appropriation is nearly equal to the combined 726 MISCELLANEOUS sums of the re^ilar appropriation ($247,600) and the allotment from the War Emergency appropriation ($202,000) that was used during the last fiscal year in combating hog cholera. The available funds for this year's work will enable the Bureau to continue these activities on about as extensive a scale as during the last year of the war. In addition to the regular annual appropriation of $3,000,- 000 for carrying out the provisions of the Federal Meat In- spection law, there has been appropriated an additional sum of $803,960 for the present fiscal year, which is $426,760 over last year's appropriation. Of this increased amount Congress has stipulated that $100,000 may be used for the inspection of horse meat. The balance of this increased appropriation will be used for advancing the salaries of the Meat Inspection employees. An important provision has been included in the law authoriz- ing the Secretary of Agriculture to pay employees of the Bureau detailed to meat inspection establishments for all over-time work performed at such establishments, at such rates as may be determined by the Secretary, and to accept from the establish- ments reimbursements for the sums paid out by him for such over-time work. J. R. M. A PRECURSOR OF MENDEL. Besides the work of the two Englishmen, Knight and Her- bert, an experiment from the first half of the nineteenth century, which has elicited considerable interest, because of its sug- gestion of the later discoveries of Mendel, is that of John Goss, of Hatherleigh, Devonshire, England, with garden peas. In the summer of 1820, Goss pollinated flowers of the Blue Prus- sian variety with pollen of a dwarf pea known as Dwarf Spanish, obtaining as the result of the cross, three pods of hybrid seeds. In the spring of 1821, when he opened these pods for planting, he was surprised to find that the color of the seeds {i. e., of the cotyledons), instead of being a deep blue like those of the female parent, was yellowish-white like that of the male. Here was evidently a case of complete dominance of yellow-white over blue cotyledons. However, .the plant growing from these seeds in that season ''produced some pods with all blue, some with all white, and many with both blue and white peas in the same pod." Here was evi- MISCELLANEOUS 727 dently a plain discovery of the fact of segregation, according to what later became known as Mendel's law. The following spring (1822) he separated the blue peas from the white, sowing the seeds of each color in separate rows. He found that the blue seeds, which we should now call the ' ' recessives, " produced in turn only blue seeds; while the white seeds, or "dominants", as they are now called, ''yielded some pods with all white, and some with both blue and white peas intermixed." Here, then, is the typical case of the seg- regation of the heterozygotes or hybrid dominants. Although Goss in this experiment undoubtedly made evident the fact of dominance and segregation, he did not recognize them as such, nor did he, apparently, sow the seeds of his different plants separately, or make counts of the number of seeds of the two colors found on each separate plant, as did Mendel in his experiments. Goss was chiefly interested in the question of the possibility of the ''new variety" having superior value as an edible pea, and yet remarked that, in case it possessed no superior merit, there yet might be "something in its history that will emit a ray of physiological light." However, the "physiological light" did not appear until after the discovery of Mendel's papers in 1900. — Herhert F. Roberts in Journal of Heredity. Captain Lester R. Smith of the Veterinary Corps, United States Army, has just returned from duty over-seas. He en- tered the military service as second lieutenant and was not long in being promoted to the grade of Captain. Before joining the A. E. F. he was an employee of the B. A. I., and is now coming back to the service and reports for duty at Fort Worth, Texas, where his address will be 602 Flatiron Building. He predicts that the New Orleans meeting will be the largest ever held and the boys who wore khaki will be well represented. Dr. Smith spent about two weeks with his brother. Dr. R. L. Smith, in Natchitoches, La., where he and his charming wife made his visit one continuous round of pleasure, and making him doubly glad that he could be back to the good old U. S. A. The Captain rather hesitated about leaving Louisiana, particularly Natchi- toches, because of the sincere hospitality of its splendid people, who are famous for allowing their guests to invariably leave with one regret, notably because they cannot linger a little longer; however, they make up for this and quickly hurry back. 728 MISCELLANEOUS TICK ERADICATION IN THE SOUTH. Status of Cattle dipping for the month of July, 1919, in the following states: Number of dippings. Alabama 1,045,425 Arkansas 686,799 Florida 227,260 Georgia 519,444 Louisiana 1,405,535 Mississippi 370,284 North Carolina 6,963 Oklahoma 574,649 South Carolina 158,208 Texas (North) 1,691,157 Texas (South) 512,558 LOUISIANA STATION BULLETIN ON ANTHRAX. Louisiana Experiment Station Bulletin No. 168 on The Transmission of Anthrax by Non-Biting Flies by Dr. Harry Mor- ris, Bacteriologist and Assistant Veterinarian, has just been pub- lished, and contains some very interesting and important in- formation on the subject which should prove valuable to the veterinary sanitarian. Dr. F. M. Keams has purchased the practice and hospital equipment of Dr. E. M. Lang at Louisville, Ky. Dr. Lang has returned from practice and has bought a large stock farm near Louisville. Dr. J. R. Houchins has received his discharge from the army at Camp Bragg, N. C, and is now located at De Funiak Springs, Fla. Dr. Michael Shipley is now at Little Rock, Ark. His former address was Cookeville, Tenn. Lt. Max Siereveld has been transferred from Texas to Camp Eustis, Va. MISCELLANEOUS 729 NATION-WIDE DRIVE TO IMPROVE ALL LIVE STOCK. United States Department of Agriculture Announces Campaign to Eliminate Scrub Sires from Breeding. "Better Sires— Better Stock." This is the slogan of a national better live-stock crusade, to get actively in motion October 1, that is announced by the United States Department of Agriculture, working in coopera- tion with the State agricultural colleges and other agencies interested in live-stock improvement. The campaign looks for- ward to the future food needs of this country's increasing population and results from long and careful observation of the live-stock industry in this country, and was planned after extensive consultation with specialists and breeders. The plan is to hasten the replacement of the multitude of scrub do- mestic animals in the United States with pure-bred or high- grade stock, and also to improve the quality of pure-breds themselves. The goal in view is greater efficiency in pro- duction. The campaign will be the first organized crusade in a large country to improve all live stock simultaneously. It will in- terfere in no way with any work in live-stock improvement now being conducted, but makes all the work more definite and ef- fective by providing official recognition for progressive breed- ers. The campaign will be supervised from the Department of Agriculture in Washington, and in each State by the State agricultural college. County agents and other field workers of the Department of Agriculture and of the State colleges will handle the campaign locally. Every live-stock owner ac- tively cooperating and keeping and using none but pure-bred sires of good quality will be given an emblem as an official recognition of meritorious effort. Dr. W. A. Curtis has been transferred from Chanute, Kans., to Kansas City, Mo. Dr. J. M. Twitchell has returned from France, where he served with the A. E. F. at a Veterinary hospital for over a year, and is again located at Center, Colo. 730 MISCELLANEOUS I WONDER. I wonder if the new regulations of the U. S. government for the testing of milch cattle in transport from one state to another, with the rigid provisions therefor which went into effect July 3, do not owe at least their inception to the fight Dr. Winchester of this city is putting up against crooked methods in admitting and testing diseased cows. The local doctor may be more than a voice crying in the wilderness, after all, as slowly but surely the public is being awakened to the menace the tubercular cow is to the public health. — The Leader, Lawrence, Mass. As the Journal goes to press we are in receipt of a neat little booklet ''Recuerdo de Buenos Aires", from Dr. H. L. Darby, who is still in the tropics as a specialist for Sherwin- Wiliams Co. The photographs are splendid representations, depicting the magnificient beauty of Buenos Aires. It appears to be a city of unusual attractiveness and we guess the doctor will hesitate about leaving when he has completed his investi- gations. The Journal office is in receipt of numerous letters from members of the A. V. M. A., from all parts of the country stating that they will be on hand for the New Orleans meet- ing. Prospects are bright for a large attendance, and judging from the letters received the men who wore the khaki will be there in numbers, for even from far off France comes in- iquiries as to the time of the meeting, rates, etc. Dr. E. P. Flower, Secretary and Executive Officer of the Louisiana State Live Stock Sanitarj^ Board, is taking a much needed rest in the "Land of the sky," North Carolina. Dr. M. H. Gandy, Shreveport, La., is temporarily in charge of offnirs in the office of the Louisiana State Live Stock San- itary Board. Dr. E. B. Shaw, formerly engaged in tick eradication work in Louisiana, has been transferred to the work of hog cholera in the same state. 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