Nea, KANSAS CITY REVIEW SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, THEO. S. GAGE, M.D, VOLUME VIII, 1884-5. KANSAS CITY, MO.: INDEX. Academy of Science, Kansas, Seventh Annual Meetime: Of sssccts.5 1. tees fececel 454 Academy of Science, Kansas City ......... 120 Academy of Science, Iowa State ..... ...... 150 Academy of Science, Sti Louis.......... 406, 723 Atcelolutive World 03 [seh le siecle 570 Age of Steel, Creators of ........... 02. seseeeeee 251 Adlaskag Exploration: Of:..::.2.0..scsecec0----es 725 Alexander, W. W., Eclipse of the Sun of Mane hillG thease dee tisgenenicctoeses 653 American Association for the Advance- MMEMGLON SCIENCES. aces jsseed anne scdee cccecrees 287 America, Did the Romans Colonize........ 236, 364, 640 American and English City Rapid Tran- Site eeseancccucerelicsatoamueatasceas my saueee hug 452 Ammen, Daniel, Nicaraguan Canal........ 623 Ancient Relics in Illinois....cccec0 sess 1388 ‘Ancient and Modern Engineering and AT CHILECHINE bese sscnilinmescrctestesetoee seecauce 549 Annual Report of Director of Geological BUTE AUG ooct sess cesucees Sones sstreeesemsotosee 390 Animal Character, Oddities of............... 524 Anthropology and Archeology... -...:.+...: 32, 136, 236, 364, 640, 703 Antiquity of Man in America cisec.sc.e. 376 Ady oye \NAIIOYC icgceocondece co Bone Basdoo sen sseGScacOUne 123 Arctici€orpsof Explorers... -s.:-<. o-<:2s-0 161 Arctic MH xplOratlOMl 2.--..isosevcsses cossesecnes 392 Art from a Practical Standpoint............ 430 Artesian Well, The New, at Russell, Kas. 66 Artesian Well at Fort Scott, Kas........... 485 Astronomical Discoveries, Recent ......... 708 Astronomy...130, 188, 306, 399, 5238, 580, 702 Atiantis, The Lost.. ; A434 Atmospheric Haze of 1883- Le ets 447 Bailey, E. H. S., American Association, IMIG e tino uON ireren ac cunnesscs tks Nee smermn ee cece 287 Bailey, E. H. S:, Kansas Cane and Sugar Association Bailey, E. H. S., Artesia in “Well” at Fort Scotiqekias seth ean eg gree ere ieee 485 Baldwin, M. O., The Panama Canal....... 446 Balloon, Tissandier’ s Electric.......... neces 5 Barometric Pressure, Direct and Indirect.277 Barrera, The Conspiracy of. ........-.....08+ 88 Bascom, Dr., What Members of State Un- iversity Owe to the State....c.c... e.0...106 , Bassett, D. A., Crawfordsville Crinoids... 556 Bent, Capt. Silas, Birth of the Tornado... 37 Bent, Capt. Silas, Meteorology of the Mountains and Plains of North America-626 Biology... .. 976 irolécical Survey ‘of ‘Kansas, The Wash- burn... Hae Be 916 Birth of the Tornado. a SNL ea eleaae ald 37 Black-Bird, Death of ..............c..4.. 2175243 Black-Bird —Indian Chronology Untrust- WORT Mrsvecscisticanc seco Gcepicnecieca seeanseceses 361 BlaeksBindiyes essences lela Seo aa 362 Book Notices...50, 142, 205, 278, 340, 394, 526, 598, 659, 717 Bata miei svessais dtedapacessoseilanceeces rarcu teas ts 507 British Association at Montreal ............ 296 Broadhead, G. C., Mines of Carterville, IMO Wie see hes saseasknay oveoreneosmtic ds coun neceuemeaan 70 Broadhead, G. C., Black-Bird ............... 362 Broadhead, G. C., Gravels of Southern eas ASHE ais vessse cee canacints earn eee seneabentes 453 Brown, R. J , An Addreas...........0 sceceeee 454 Brown, R. W., Ancient and Modern En- gineering and Architecture... sc... ssse0s 549 Browning, Dr. J. B., The New Phrenology 669 Burlington Gravel Beds... ..... ...-.......00. 366 Bureau of Scientific Information............ 409 Buriede@ithiest arene eseceesnee orteanceee scenes 440 Cable Railway, The Kansas City............ 541 Canali Me) Nicaraguan sori. secos0o yee: 623 Carpenter, L. G., Eruption of Krakatoa..150 Case, Theo. 8., Kansas City Academy of PSLETe SV 612) crapead ndonasecodounce manera sasevonee aoddde 120 Case, Theo. S., Rescue of the Greely Ex- JEL HATS) Pp auaS soboce sonesnneasteson donsoucin Hoder 166 Case, Theo. S., The New Orleans ae sition...... Banb Hab eeoansiaao LYS Case, Theo. S., "Thermometers ASA 632 Case, Theo. Ss. , Washington Monument...501 Cause of Solar Heat...i...cccssitesesessesse 5383 Cave and Cliff Dwellings of Arizona...... 647 Characters as Resulting from Culture.....118 Cholera, The Safe-guards of America JAASEENN OY=} 9 pabo onan QuocbEqs OSOUCELCaaBOBDAOBE 155, 718 Cholera. The Causes of....-...2.0+6 Reed ial Coal Dust in Colliery Explorations......... 726 Coal Mined in Kansas in 1883 .............. 84 Cocoaine as a Local Anesthetic............, 462 LT INDEX. Coleoptera of Kansas—A Correction....... 394 Collett, O. W., Black-Bird—Indian Chro- nology Untrustworthy AOS SU Coa ahh neg cla 361 Collett, O. W., Conspiracy of Barrera..... 88 Collett, O. W., ’ Death of Black-Bird........ 217 Collett, O. W., Louisiana—How Lost to _ the French.. Fa Sankisnn obo nGneise aoad00 Boe oCoCsOUDOOC 336 Colorado, Its Mining, and Other At- UN ACTIONS oricecasctccsontiecel sececrscricieselecissienses 000 Commencement at Kansas eee 106 Commencement Exercises at Washington University, St. Lowis.................2e0eeee ave Commencement State Normal School, Emporia, Kas...........seseereee ceeues cesses: 117 Conclusions regarding the Waring Sys- tem of Sewerage. ..........sceceesees weeeee ees 4 Consciousness, Where does it reside?......677 Conspiracy of Barrera, The..........-.+.---+- 88 Cook, J. W., Tissandier’s Electric Bal- loon Bogddedoden séa0 edccneuaaconnads HodudeccouadoeD 85 Cope, Prof. E. D., Evolution...........-...... 120 Copper Implements, Use of, by Ameri- can ADOrigines..-.+.--+-.1e+seeceeeee eres 705 Copper in the Drift of Iowa..............+.+ 151 Correspondence.....- ReGe ihe eceuaent 274, 392, 590 Cragin, Prof. F. W., Some Geological and "Topographical features of South- ern, Kansas. ......ceeeeeseeeeceecereseeeees ees 678 Cragin, F. W., Tertiary of Harper Co., 652 Cragin, F.W. Biological Survey of Kansas ore Crawfordsville Crinoids, The...........--++++ 556 Creators of the Age of Steclit ai wale 251 Curiosities of Gila Country, N. M., Na- tural and Artificial ......... ccsesseeeeeesseees 138 Dakota Group, The Flora of............2.2++ 9 Dawson, Wm., New Zealand............ +++. 177 Dawson, Wm., Monthly Astronomical Notes....--+: 306, 399, 445, 523, 586, 652, Death of Black- Birds... 217, 243, 361, 362 Description of Marble Cave, Mom oie 614 Did the Romans Colonize America ? see 236, 364, 640 Difficulties in Searching for Truth......... 655 Directions for Collecting Vertebrate Fos- Fall eachion fiaeaesaduaareecdecaniasdb oddsod paseea000 219 Direct ‘and Indirect Barometric Pressure.277 Earthquakes, Great... ie. -.125 Eclipse of the Sun of March 16tb... ..653 Editorial Notes............ 61, 157, 222, 286, 348, 410, 473, 539, "600, 667, 730 Educator, Myisie vas at.s.an:¢.csssccoet sees 119 Education Outside the Schoolroom......... 101 Hducation:. .....-.2..2.0s0s+e2-- 106, 261, 333, 655 Edwards, Pres’t, Character as Resulting er Culinre ee 118 Electric Lighting, Progress ines 15 Electricity and Magnetism NEC ELE waneseene 685 Entomology «2.000 ..ccceeeeseeseecnsesneceeeeeeees 13 Engineering ......... 96, 245, 328, 541, 623, 709 Enginee'ing and Architecture, Ancient anduMiod enn jain Oi ceseesseen eee eee 549) Eruption of Krakotoa, The.............. 0 150 Evolution. s > .- 120, 512 Europe, Technical Instruction i TM eee 333 Explorers, Arctic Corps of..............-.-«-: i61 Fatigue of: Metalst.9..7.c.u4c-csssssconataeneee 699 Manatres .iscc sea seconde enc nay eee anne 108: Fee, Dr. John, Sanitary Plumbing......... 605 Flora of the Dakota Groups: ceee oe 9 Forces of Inorganic Matter..............-..-- 225 Ford, Mrs. S. M., Art from a Practical Stand pointe sia desccee-tesesc eee eee 430 Fossils of Kansas City and Vicinity....... 72 French, F. G., Technical Instruction in TBD YO) OSlocanasse ago noobon anode GuBaLe 500060 600000008 333: Fulton, A. R., Copper in the Drift of Lewes c e oe 151 Fulton, A. R., Scientific Progress........... 190 Fulton, A. R., Death of Black-Bird.. ... 243. Fungi—Their Nature and Habits.........-. 1 Geography... .161, 341 Geological and ‘Topographical ‘features of Southern Kansas . 678 Geologypneee sss: 25, 386, ‘477, 556, 615, 668 Geology int Genesis:-s.-. sos: cieereeeee 25, Oh Geological Survey of Kansas........... 563, 567 \Germ Origin of Infectious Diseases........ 377 Goodnow, I. T., Cave and Cliff Dwellings Of Arizona. eee eee 647 Grasses of the Great Plains .................. 469 Gravels of Southern Kansas.................- 453 Great Barthquakes/eie... ss... 4. seeesenemeeee 125 Greely Relief Expedition................. 58, 166 Growth of the Tee of Chilem-......:- 95 Gulf Stream, The... SE SA SADE Habitability of Other Worlds...........-...130) Harper County, Kas., Tertiary of........... 652 Hail-storm, A Remarkable. 3080 46. Hallowell, ake , Mining Outlook in n Col- orado for 18830 eee 274: Hanna, J. W., Forces of Inorg ante Mat- (Ol ayee en aeeteeco Josnodnce SausnObsdiod odbexo nadcos 225: Hanna, J. W., Solar Dynamics.............. 308: Haze, Atmospheric, of 1883-84....... seeee ose 447 Health, Relation of Soil to.............-...--- 180: Hickman, E. A., The United States in 1780, 1880 and 1980... 360 »-- 694 Higdon, J.C, Recently “Patented Im- provements.........09, 148, 209, 281, 407, “468, 538, 598, 664, 722, Elistomyeee cere yee ee eect 88, 336, "361, 690 History of the Telephone... 194 Holden, Mrs. H. M., The Lost “Atlantis.. 435, Identification of Minerals...........-.+: 000 425. Improvement of the Mississippi River....328: Infectious Diseases, Germ Origin of....... 37 International Electrical Exhibition....... 34 INDEX. Iowa, Copper i in the Drift Ofiega eee 150 Iowa State Academy of Science............. 150 Trish, C. W., Did the Romans Colonize America 1 ie SR US| 643 224, 349, 413, 475, 602, 668, 732 Jones, Prof. F. A., Music as an Educator.119 Jones, Prof. F. A., The Three Genera of thevGreeksie Uses aaa grey en tc 213 Kansas, Coal Mined in, in 1883.. .. 84 Kansas, Coleoptera;ofis.-2ctcs.ccesess cence 394 Kansas, Geological Survey fen os. 563, 567 Kansas Sugar and Cane Association.......666 Kansas University, Commencement at....106 Kansas and Western Missouri Social Sci- En cevASSOClall OMe sesesk se ec cee cect ceeeiise sass 101 Kansas, Washburn Biological Survey of. 516 Kansas Weather Service............49, 122, 204, 276, 339, 405, 451, 631, 708 Kansas City Academy of Science............ 120 Kansas City Cable Railway.................. 541 Mansas) City, Wossitls! Ofgen. -1ececsscaersoeso= 72 Kansas City, Sewerage of........-0... seceseees 96 Kansas City, Street Pavements of.......... 487 Kirk, W. R., Lost Arts in the Patent Of- (Aes See ie aS gn ene 283 Knaus, Warren, Coleoptera of Kansas....394 Knaus, Warren, Some Older Tornadoes...124 Knight, W. B., Street Pavements of Kan- S ASN OMG Aaae ae eeencs ianaeaeisecou Wnecesterewenres 487 Krakatoa, The Eruption of................... 150 Laboratory That Jack Built, The...........472 Warkins i W., Velocity:......05::.. .a..<. 188, 580 Last Submersion and Emergence of S.\E. KONI SAGs rece ce needa seseue nce cco esse enes 477, 565 Life of Prof. B. Silliman, Sketch of........636 uongevity as Affected by Climate and IMeGitunlt tyra cnuc ss usc sols tucesen senneuunaas 126 MosteAttlamtish sblverssctse) un ticeeecee esac Snes 435 Lost Arts in the Patent Office Gasantenenecs 283 Louisiana—How Lost to the French...... 336 Lovewell, Prof. J. T., Kansas Weather Service» ... 49, 122, 128, 204, 276, 339, 405, 451, 631, 708 Lykins, Wm. H. R., Fossils of Kansas \City and Vicinity... ER ir canentateesteseunc sense 72 wykins, Wm. H. R., Rambles of a Na- “turalist About Kansas Citiyica gaetecesct 605 Marble Cave, Mo. Description Ofescoes....-. 614 Mason, Prof. Otis I., North Australian aM ribes Ue tte ae Sar heii) LMA NN tues Se ack 2 Matter, Inorganic Forces of..............-+. 225 Maturity and Longevicy as Affected by GC Titimnfal te eee sae aes 08 aaa Sas atc 126 Maxwell, S. A., Remarkable Hailstorm .. 46 Maxwell, S. AL Afar AN UES IS aeaeesseeo, Sabde 123 McCarty, R. J. Washington Territory.....351 1044 Medicine and Hygiene..180, 377, 462, 615, 711 Meteorological Discoveries ................ 6+ 196 ee Panaae for the Year USS 4 sel euapeeeence es -.587 Meteorology.. cfosne seamicle eee oT 122, 196, ‘276, 339, 400, 476, 587, 626 708, Meteorology of the Mountains and Plains of North America... ..626 Meteorology Revolutionized by the Weath- era M a pits sadaus ctinssiowsnee css custeieanctes enwes es 40 Mines of Carterville, Mo........02...ssesse000. 70 Mineral Belts of the Continent............. 682 Mineral Opp venirsceeosassuclessnaessieeessleecesn 429 Minerals, Identification of .................00 425 Mining Operations of the Romans......... 387 Mining Outlook in Colorado...............6. 274 Mississippi River, Improvement of......... 328 Missouri River Commission......... sssse0e 54 Models of the Prehistoric Pueblos......... 374 Montreal, British Association at............ 296 Morrison, G. B., Text-Book as an Ele- ment in Science Teaching.....- Bigesaiueane 270 Music -asfany Hiducatoriensscnccs-sctescmas-s~t 119 National Exhibit at the New Orleans Exposition... 90 : ac. ess OOO Natural Curiosity i in California Baoan eeeee Oe, Natural and Artificial Curiosities of Gila Country Ns Mice occ nescence cctecees eames 138 New Artesian Well at Ft. Scott, Kas...... 485 New Mexico, A Paper Uj on. . 690 New Orleans Exposition, The ee 58g 590 New Route to Europe, Proposed......... 59 INICR YZ WA0) KOR OKO aa sansocd aodeeneco: Bonboeseoboud govbu 179 INewaZe allan dike crsiiaen core ene pees eniers NAe Nicaraguan Canal...........-.--+..,539, 623, 709 Nipher, Prof. F. K., Electricity and Miagnetismt st. 2 icc. ..cce cern semsnrsaierieese seeces 685 North America, Meteorology of the Moun- fainsiatid Plainsof V0 ee 626 North Australian Tribes.......--...0:...seeee 32 Noyes, Isaac P.., Meteorological Discoy- Ghali ecsods deoodotonodsne seoudbooasosacubodeoa’S: Gos 196 Noyes, Isaac P., Meteorology Revolution- ized by the Weather-Map So npuonesde soudc 40 Noyes, Isaac P., Red Skies..........22+5 ..-+ 400 Oddities of Animal Character.........-+.---d24 Old Egy pt...cccesescccseceersssceeee cesses teneeeees 139 Panama Canal, Influence of, Upon Cli- MALE: secseccecestadtles score cageessecenael ceases 446 Paris Wood Pavements.........++sseesseeee ees 245 Parker, John oy Arctic Corps of emer ers.. 16 Parker, John D.,, “Arctic Exploration. Pas 392 Parker, John D. Burlington Gravel Beds.386 A John D. Kansas Scientific Sur. Pees John D., Russell (Kas.) Artesian Will tcan Sh eases te eat ee SUR ck 66 Payne, H. R., Germ Origin of Infectious DiSeasesh q sasicaesseceesoe secs sit aseimerincaireae 377 IV Pearsons, G. W., Sewerage of Kansas City. 96 Perkins, W., Longevity and Maturity as Attected by Climate ..isc.c..c0. cceecenesvenss 126 hiysiOlOoe ven .sesoceieissesos sce meade podabénciod 669 Phrenology, The New........ssssececeseeeeee ees 669 Permanency of Wrought Iron Struc- PUNESeseceieenccsascasusooseuaueseeiaceswcausceeacs 727 Physics... 15, 85, 225, 413, 512, Plea for the Occult SEP eee RS a eRe ss "413 (PlimmibingsSaMibaTys cess sseec ste sescenssc nce 605 Popenoe, Prof. A. E., Russian Fruit for American Prairie eee ME RS 47 Practical Studies in Geology......... 2.02.0. 481 Prehistoric Man in Egypt and Bee ..703 Prehistoric Statues... .. 00.0.0... cee: cceeenees “1.559 Pritchett, Prof. C. W., Notes upon Dr. NVI Cons Anticledtc 600s ln ae 700 Problem of Rapid Transit £olved(?)...... Proceedings of Societies 120, 190, 287, 406,7 723 Ercecedings os St. Louis Academy of Sci- ences.. --406, 723 Proctor, R. A , Causes ‘of Solar "Heat......553 Railroad Legislation in Europe, New.....153 Rainfall gf Kansas Increasing ? Is the....456 Rambles of a Naturalist Around Kansas Oily eG ea maeees culsccnese vanes teiunanse mecate 650 Rapid Changes in History of Species...... 522 Recent Progress in Economic Entomology 13 Recently Patented Improvements...... 59, 148, 209, 281, 346, 407, 468; 598, 664, 722 Rodis nicse ee ao aN 400 Relation of Soil to Health.......--. J... 180 Relative Right of Railroad Companies Gyo) (ave). 2] ol bveorssanacaseeeosobA oboobobex‘acd doe 247 Religion and Doctrine of Evolution....... 512 Renaissance, The, in Italy.....................697 Republic of Chile, Growth of the.......... 95 Rescue of the Greely Expedition............ 166 Resulting from Culture, Character as. Riley, Prof. C. V., Recent Progress | ‘of Economic Entomology. BAG a 1B Romans, Mining Oper ations of the......... 387 TRounans Colonize America? Did the..236, 364, 640 Roman Sculpture, Twilight of............... 285 Russell (Kas.) Artesian Well, The......... 66 Russian Fruit for American Prairies...... 47 Sadler, H. E., Sketch of the Life of Prof. IBS Sillliimian eas ees ee cs ae ee eee 636 Sanitary, delim bing oes ec essss sense eneeancece 605 Sanitationammy Sta leoulsiaeeie see. ssccssesmesces 729 Schlieman — His Life and Work............ 34 Scientific Miscellany......54, 148, 209, 284, 344, 407, 598, 664, 722, Scientific Progress.. AG 190 Schoolroom, Baweation: Outnide fe ‘the. ..101 School and ‘State Ie MEE NS Liar Ff .-261 Seleniiam! and its Wses eee. .oe eee ei icsec sce vee 234 Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Kan- a sas Academy of Science...........ceese+- 454 INDEX, Sewerage of Kansas City, Mo.,:'The......... 96 Sewerage System, Conclusions Regard- ing the Waring... .s.scaesco-estesseneeeee 384 Shaw, C. A., Direct and Indirect Baro- metric Pressure... 2. cs. ee sceneries 277 Sketch of the Life of Prof. B. Silliman...636 Snow, F. H., per Summary for ‘1884 i. iu OY ea 587 Socitologiyayecscccdesthscccasterecea cee ecteeecees 101 Social Science Convention of Kansas and Western Missouri....... ......... see: 101, 429 Solar: Dynamiess sce-cscstese tees oes 308 Solar Heat, Causevof-.......5.-...cescncoentaree 533 Some Older Tornadoes...............000..000: 124 Spots upon the Sun, What Were They .....699 Spouting Oil Wells in Russia......... .... 475 Stamped Railway Wheels.................06+- 500 State of Iowa 160 Years Ago.....-.......----470 State Normal School, Kansas, Exercises Bilbaascogods dodcods ao sHescd bugocacon cbddeso0s ond000000 ( Sternberg, C. H, Flora of the Dakota Grou Sternberg, C. H., Directions for Collect- Tog FOSSsIIS eieaccs fos canesnesesene eee nee: 219 see Cot ree eeees wees COSCO CCHS pec ec seers Bee OLORY occ cctcsehe cee eee esd ae 481 Street-Car Rail, A New ...................065- 496 Street Pavements of Kansas City........... 49 6 Stevenson, C. W., Schoo! and State........ 261 Stevens, Mrs. F. E., A Paper Upon INew | Miexacosssseucces sssceeseseecrereeeenchee 690 Taking Aim —Two Eyes or One?......... . 58 Technical Instruction in JDWUUIOWNS Sscocond ose 333 Telephone, History of the...................5 194 Templin, Rev. L. J., Age of the World...510 Templin, Rev. L. J. , Fungi—Their Nature EvoKG| a LEN YRS 3505 qoanc080 Hoagne 6sog00000 Dos0GCeeC Templin, Rev. L. J. , Vegetable Dissemi- INEM ION peseaoabs ...007 Text- Book | as an “Element in Science Meach tng sc... seeaeseeseis-anaeesee sereteeecrene 270 Territory of Washing toms. ss.cceeeeeseee eee 351 Tertiary of Harper County, Kas......... .. 652 hacher, |S) O;)Manatics:....:..-- ees hermometersses-ce-c-) sess ces oeee eee nee . 6382 Three Genera of the Greeks.................. 213 Thoughts on Science Teaching ...... 531 Tiffany, F. B., Cocoaine as a Local Anes: {HOVELENOs: Couns pda odon nods GoddGcnD) cusDoooscCoSsoNCe 462 Tin Mines of West Virginia ............-...- 684 Tin Fields of Mexico.. ............ -.- Seracaeen Oe Tissandier’s Electric Balloon................. 85 Tornado, Birth of the..........00 0 ss eee 37 Tornadwes, Some Older...... 2.02. ..:s sees 124 Trowbridge, S. H.., Difficulties in Search- have? Tope J Mem) Nesoose aeoooeesaqqqodone soNEcs ieee 600 Trowbridge, S. H., Geology in Genesis..25, 77 Twilight of Roman Sculpture.. ...-......... 295 Underground Wires.......2...2:--0-+ sesseseeee 554 United States, in, The 1780, 1880, 1980...694 INDEX, V Van Horn, Hon. R. T., A Plea for the (Overeihl ltesneescosesurssncadbqpante sdoacwosonnoasos 413 Vegetable Dissemination...... ..........66...007 VElO Clty eresens nos einer uceentes yectenene 188, 580 Wairgilwanebrovierbs svc scscees -sesas secre 212 Wiollcan ow Ab Nie Witessscsenccsecscceceecs sectsccecs 179 Walter, E W., New Artesian Well at Hi Scottkease ee. EERE Sc aE aEE Washingtoo Monument, The ...........-.... Washington University, St. Louis, Com- mencement Exercises of.............0..000 ile Z Washington, The Territory of............... 351 Watson, Dr. Louis, Certain Spots on PHEUSUN eo eiccwcse scence ie wuseeeen i cabe eacemue O99 West, E. P., Last Submergence and Emerg- ence of Southeastern Kansas........477, 565 What the Members of a State University Owe tosthe Statemccc esse: sewacecestes 106 Wheats, A Study of American............... 724 WihitecA: Js 5) Colorad o-icxcaseece ceecsec cscs 301 Winchell, A., Habitability of Other WY Ori) siete nent din Minas acan uate neues 130 Winchell, A., Thoughts on Science Teach- IN Ore ea ae seep accep cic ache na aS a 53] Witinds Appriliscetc.secserase ose covecetucesscos sees 123 Worlds, Habitability of Other............4. 130 Yavin pe vi Uh KANSAS CIUDY REVIEW OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, A MONTHLY RECORD OF PROGRESS IN SCIENCE, MECHANIC ARTS AND LITERATURE. VOL. VIII. MAY, 1884. NO. 1. iO TAINLY. FUNGI—THEIR NATURE AND HABITS, REV. L. J. TEMPLIN. The most casual observation of the objects that surround us reveals the fact that they consist of innumerable and greatly varied forms of organic beings. A little scrutiny shows that these all belong to one or the other of two great king- doms—the Animal and the Vegetable. These, in their higher forms, are dis- tinguished by such marked characteristics that they cannot be mistaken; but in their lower forms they approach each other so closely that the unprofessional ob- server is often at fault, and even scientists and specialists sometimes engage in grave controversies as to which kingdom an individual, or species, should be assigned. But careful and persistent investigation always succeeds in clearing up all mysteries and removing all doubts as to the place any organic being should occupy in the established system of classification. Confining our attention to vegetable organisms we find two grand series, distinguished, especially, by differ- ent modes of fructification and reproduction. ‘These series are the phanerogam- ous, or flowering plants, and the cryptogamous—flowerless, or spore-bearing plants. As between the animal and vegetable kingdoms we find the line of demark- ation but dimly drawn, so we find these two series of plants so nearly approach- ing in some of their forms that a knowledge of their natural history is essential to enable one to readily assign them to the series to which they belong. Some VIII—1 2 KANSAS CITY REVIEW OF SCIENCE. ferns and equisete are readily mistaken for flowering plants, while, on the other hand, some Belanophoria closely simulate some of the fungi. But even a limited knowledge of botany will enable the student to avoid such mistakes. Crypto- gams are arranged in a number of different groups, of only one of which—fungi —we wish to take notice in this paper. This group, Cryptogams, are essentially different from phanerogams, or flowering plants, not only in their different modes of fructification, but also in the very principles of their organic life. Phanero- gams grow by the building up of their organic structure directly from the inor- ganic elements under the action of the life principle, which here operates as a constructive force. But fungi grow by the appropriation and assimilation of mat- ter that has previously been organized by some of the higher organic forms, except, perhaps, in a few isolated cases of meteoric fungi, that derive all their nutriment from the atmosphere. Common flowering plants absorb carbonic acid from the air by their leaves and green twigs, and by some vegetable chemistry the constituents of this gas are separated and the carbon is appropriated to build- ing up the organic structure of the plant, while the oxygen is exhaled again to the atmosphere. This process takes place only under the influence of sunlight, and by this means chlorophyl—leaf green—which is the chief agent in building up vegetable tissues, 1s organized. But in the growth of fungi the very reverse of this process takes place. The growing fungus derives its nutriment from matter already or- ganized, consequently it inhales oxygen and exhales carbonic acid, just as green plants do in the dark; so no true chlorophyl is formed by this class of plants. To all fungi belong both a vegetative and a reproductive system ; but there is a great difference in the comparative development of these respective parts. In some, the vegetative, and in others the reproductive organs predominate; but in some forms the reproductive system appears to be entirely wanting. In such cases it is probable that the sporeless forms are but one stage in the development of some fungus that insome other stage and under some different form will become spore-bearing. It is a fact that is now fully established and generally known that many fungi assume such different forms and exhibit such different phenomena at differ- ent periods in their history as to be recognized as different plants, and in many cases to receive different names and be classed in different genera, orders and even families. There are anomalous cases of fructification in which there is a succession of spores produced one from another, each generation growing smaller in size, sometimes to the fourth or fifth generation, the last one entering into the proper nidus and reproducing the original form. This continued reduction in size seems to be for the purpose of reducing the spores to such dimensions as will enable them to enter the stomata of leaves, or other suitable nidus, where condi- tions are suitable for germination and growth. An illustrative example of this mode of fructification is found in the entophytes of the order Czeomacei, which produce spores either single or in chains at the end of fertile threads, which FUNGI—THEIR NATURE AND HABITS. 3 grow from a delicate mycelium. When these germinate they produce others, and so on to the fifth generation in some cases. The Bean rust—Puccinia Fabee—has, besides male organs, four different kinds of reproductive organs, only one of which reproduces the original form, while all the others have undoubted alternation of generation. First, the puccinia appears from the spores of which the A‘cidium is produced and this is followed in the regular course of generation by Uredo, the spores of which enter the leaves of the bean and are developed into the Puccinia, thus completing the cycle of transformations. It has been shown by Professor Henslow that Uredo linearis is only a second- ary form of Puccinia graminis, thus proving that rust is but an earlier form of mildew. It is also a question whether Uredo segetum and Uredo mayidis, the smut of wheat and corn, are not only incomplete forms of other fungi. The na- tural history of Puccinia graminis is a very interesting one. For a long time farmers had believed that there was some mysterious relation between the Bar- berry rust, A‘cidium herberidis, and the Puccinia graminis, or wheat rust. This was sneered at by those claiming superior wisdom, as a superstition similar to the once popular notion that the moon exerted a controlling influence over ter- restrial vegetation. But late investigations by men of eminence as_ naturalists, and of superior ability as investigators, have proved this theory to be correct. It has been observed that cereals growing in the vicinity of barberry bushes af- fected with the A°cidium, became affected with rust as soon as the Atcidium had completed its fructification and shed its spores. That the bushes were the origin of the Puccinia in the wheat was rendered probable by the fact that the preva- lence of the disease in the grain is seen to be in exact proportion to the contiguity of this to the diseased bushes—the disease being largely developed in the grain growing near the bushes but diminishing on receding from them, till at a consid- erable distance it disappears altogether. But we are not left to inference in this matter even from such positive premises, for M. DeBarry proved by direct exper- iment that the Puccinia could be transplanted to the leaves of the Barberry, where it produced the Aicidium, the spores of which when transferred tosome member of the family Graminez, again produces the Puccinia. That this is a very usual mode of transformation in these two forms of fungi, is established beyond ques- tion; but that this is the only method of procedure, as recently asserted by an Indiana professor is evidently not correct, for it has been proven that the spores of the Puccinia may germinate directly on plants of the grass family. On any other hypothesis it would be impossible to account for the sudden appearance of the wheat rust over wide regions of country, destroying the grow- ing wheat by thousands of acres, as has been observed by the writer, where there was probably not a Barberry bush, on an average, to each township. Some other means must have been employed for the propagation and dissemination of these multitudinous reproductive germs to cause such wide-spread devastation of the growing grain as has, at times, been witnessed in some parts of the country. 4 KANSAS CITY REVIEW OF SCIENCE. Another instance of polymorphism in fungi is found in a species of Isaria, that is parasitic on the Bramble moth—Bombix Rubi—which has several distinct periods and modes of fructification. This fungus in passing from one stage of its growth to another, not only changes from one species and genus to another, but it actually leaps over the chasm that separates one family from another—starting as a member of Hyphomycetes and ending as a member of the Ascomycetes family. Numerous other cases are now known and many others are suspected in which fungi that have been named and classed as entirely distinct plants are but different forms of the same species. So far as we yet know these different forms are but steps in regular cycles that invariably return to the original start- ing point whence again to start on their regular round of transformations. Our present knowledge does not warrant the conclusion that any of these changes are the progressive steps from lower to higher forms of vegetable organ- isms. ‘The classification qf fungi is based on the mode of fructification. Ac- cording to this all fungi are embraced in two grand divisions or sections, accord- ingly as the reproductive germs are produced in cysts or capsules, or without any such enclosing organs. In this last the reproductive germs, called spores, are produced on spicules. This section has been called Sporifera from these facts. The other division is termed Sporidifera, in which the fruiting germs are pro- duced in cells or cysts, and are termed Sporidia. To the first of these sections belong four families, two of which are furnished with a hymenium or spore-bear- ing surface, while the other two are destitute of this. Of the hymeniferous fam- ilies one—the Hymenomycetes—has its hymenium on an exposed surface. Of this family the common mushroom—Agaricus—with its expanded pileus and radiating gills, is a familiar example. In the second family—Gasteromycetes— though a hymenium is present, it generally remains inclosed in a peridium, or outer investing membrane, till the spores are nearly or quite mature, when, by the rupture of the peridium, the spores are liberated and discharged into the air as fine dust. The common Puff-ball (Lycoperdon,) of the meadow is a well- known example of this mode of fructification. Of the two families, belonging to sporifera, that are destitute of a hymenium, the first to be noticed is the Con- iomycetes, which is noted for the abundant development, in its advanced stages, of dusty spores. So greatis the predominance of the reproductive system of fungi belonging to this family tl.at at maturity nearly the whole substance of the plant seems to be converted into thesespores. In the Hyphomycetes, the second family of this division, it is the spore-bearing threads cr filaments that are the most noticeable for their abundance. To this family belong that numerous class of low forms of fungi known as moulds. To these two families belong some of the most injurious species with which we are acquainted. In the first one we find that series of parasitic fungi that prove so deleterious to living plants, the Puccinia, Uredo and A‘cidium. To these belong the various rusts and smuts of our grain fields. To the second of these families belong the Mucedines, a single genus of which, the Peronospora, has proved the most destructive to living plants of any FUNGI—THEIR NATURE AND HABITS, 5 of the parasitic fungi of any family. Here also we find the grape-vine Oidiums that have caused such havoc in the vineyards of both Europe and America. The very common moulds, Penicillium and Aspergillus, are also members of this family. Of the Sporidifera section of fungi there are two families, the Physomycetes and Ascomycetes. In the first of these the reproductive cells termed sporidia are produced in bladder-like cells scattered on free or slightly felted fertile threads that proceed from the mycelium. The most noted order of this family is that of the Mucors in which asci with spore cells are produced in vascular sacs growing at the extremity of slender threads that spring from the mycelium or spawn. One species, the Ascophora elegans, is remarkable for having two kinds of fruit and for growing on bread while yet hot from the oven. To the; Ascomycetes belong several orders of importance, among which may be mentioned the Peri- sporiacei, which are very destructive parasitic fungi. The mildews that infest and prove so destructive to the hop, rose, and peas, are found in this order. These forra a coating of felt on the surface of the leaves that give them a white color. The Tuberacei are subterranean species, of which the Truffle is the most impor- tant. This is a highly prized article of food in many parts of Europe, and, I believe, in some of the southern parts of the United States. The Morchella fur- nishes a number of species that are highly esteemed as articles of diet. The num- ber of different kinds of fungi is somewhat remarkable; more than two thousand of the more conspicuous ones have been figured. ‘The order Agaracini contains not less than one thousand different forms, and some others are nearly, if not quite, as numerous in their genera and species. If we direct our inquiries to the habitats of fungi we are confronted by the fact that from the frozen Steppes of the north to the burning plains of the torrid zone there is no climate, continent nor island where they are not found—on the open plains; in the deep, dark forests; on the bleak, barren mountains, and in the dark caverns; growing in the earth, on the rocks, attached to trees, logs, stumps, sticks, plants, leaves, offal, and in liquids; sending their mycelia into the stomata of leaves and the pores of timber; flourishing on all kinds of dead and decaying organic matter; and preying on all forms of living organisms, ani- mal and vegetable; removing that which is already dead, and bringing disease and death to the living. Abounding in all latitudes, penetrating every orifice and crevice, thriving in all conditions, multiplying with a rapidity that is incon- ceivable, appearing at times in numbers that overwhelm the imagination, filling the air with their spores and sporidia, which by their levity are liable to be car- ried by the wind and sown upon all objects, where they patiently wait for the coming of conditions favorable for their germination and growth. Affecting the interests of all living beings, they command the attention and invite the study and investigation of all thoughtful students of nature. It therefore becomes a subject of interest to inquire in what manner and to what extent fungi affect other organic beings. One of the most important offices performed by this low class of organisms is to remove dead and decaying organic matter. Much of this mat- \ 6 KANSAS CITY REVIEW OF SCIENCE. ter, if left to decay in the air, would pollute the atmosphere with its poisonous exhalations. No sooner has life become extinct in any organic forms than they are seized upon as the nidus for innumerable forms of parasitic fungi, the spores of which have been so profusely sown upon every object, that penetrate their tissues and appropriate their substance to the building up of their own structures. In thus removing useless and offensive matter that would prove deleterious to health, these fungi prove beneficial, But some of them attack and destroy the texture of sound timbers to the great damage of buildings and structures. As, for instance, that one known as dry rot—Merulius lachrymans—that attacks the sound timbers of buildings, etc., sending its mycelium into the pores of the wood and reducing the inner portions to a rotten, worthless condition. Another simi- lar one is Polyporus hybridus, which attacks oak-built vessels and causes much damage to them. But it is those parasitic fungi that prey upon living plants and animals that cause the most serious losses and are to be the most dreaded. We need allude to but few of these parasites on living beings to illustrate the destructive power of these cryptogamic forms. The potato fungus—Peronospora infestans—has attracted more attention and caused greater ravages, probably, than any other parasitic plant in modern times. ‘This has caused losses to the extent of hundreds, if not thousands, of millions of dollars since it first began its extensive ravages some forty years ago. The ravages of Puccinia on the cereals and of Uredo on maize, with their extensive damages, are too well and generally known to need extended elucidation. The hop mildew has been the cause of extensive losses to that crop in those regions where it is extensively cultivated. The rose, verbena, hollyhock, goose- berry, bean, and indeed nearly every species of plant, are subject to the attacks of one or more species of cryptogamic parasites. The rot in the apple, the blight in the pear, and the yellows in the peach are traceable to a similar cause. Were it not for the power of these low organ- isms, in connection with predatory insects, to hold in check the luxuriance of vegetable life, it is probable there would be such an exuberance of these forms as to literally overrun the earth. But if in this light, fungi are to be regarded as beneficial, it must be admitted that in many instances, as noted above, the mat- ter is largely overdone—we have entirely too much of a good thing. But the attacks of fungi on living organisms are not confined to the vegetable world. Animals also are subject to these attacks. There no longer remains any doubt that many diseases are caused by the presence of fungi in the animal system. The White grub, the larva of Lachnosterna, is attacked by a species of fungus, probably a Spheerea, that grows in the form of sprouts from the sides of the mouth of the insect. The disease among bees, known as ‘‘foul brood,” is caused by a fungus that spreads over the surface of the comb and sends its mycelium into the young larvee, soon reducing them to a putrid, stinking mass. ‘The silk-worm disease that has proved such a scourge to the silk interest in France, is caused by the fungus Botrytis bassiana, that seems to defy all efforts for its extermination. The FUNGI—THEIR NATURE AND HABITS. 7 commen house-fly, Musca domestica, is subject to a species of fungus now called Sporendonema musce, that kills its victim and afterwards appears as a mouldy halo around it. The Bramble moth, Bambyx rubi, is attacked and killed by a species of Isaria. Different genera of this sub-order are found on dead larve of moths, dead spiders, etc., but whether they are the cause or consequence of death in these cases is doubtful. Some members of the wasp family—Vespa— are subject to the attacks of the fungus, Torrubia sphenococephala, which may be often seen protruding from the insect while still living. Numerous insects of widely different orders are attacked by a great number of species of spheriaceous fungi. Certain species of fungi often prove quite destructive to fish, especially to the young fry. The ova of toads and frogs have been found penetrated by this same aquatic fungus. The mycelia of fungoid plants have been found in the tissues of birds, and even the ovum is not exempt, as Signor Pancery, of Naples, discovered no less than seven species in the albumen of hen’seggs. May we not have here a hint as to the manner in which hereditary diseases are transmitted from parent to offspring? Man is subject also to the deleterious influences of fungoid organisms. Mr. Hogg has discovered as many as fourteen different forms of fungi in as many different cutaneous diseases. Scald-head, ring-worms, tetter, etc., are produced in this way. Many, if not most, of the diseases to which man is liable, are the effects of living germs of a fungoid nature. Ague, typhoid, typhus, scarlet and yellow fevers, small-pox, cholera, measles, diphtheria and other diseases are believed to originate in this cause, and in regard to many there is no longer any doubt. Consumption has recently been traced to the existence of bacillus in the pulmo- nary organs. A common disease in India, called Madura foot, is caused a by fungus, the mycelium of which penetrates the tissues of the foot, changing the flesh and bones to a diseased mass full of cavities and channels. We are therefore led to the conclusion that a knowledge of the nature, history and habits of fungoid vegeta- tion is intimately related to the welfare of the human family, and should be more generally studied and understood than has hitherto been the case. There are some peculiarities belonging to some of the members of this class of vegetation that may be of interest to notice before leaving the subject. While many of them have the spore or sporidia-bearing surface exposed to the light, others seem to avoid this position, constantly keeping the fruiting surface turned away from the light. An illustrative example of this is found in Polyporei, which are so averse to direct light on the hymenium that, if the plant be reversed so as to expose that side, the fructiferous surface is gradually obliterated and a new one is formed on the under surface. In many fungi, if a cut surface be exposed to the air it is soon changed in color, generally to a blue tint. The Boleti may be cited as an illustration of this property. When a slice of B. luridis or of B. cyanescense is exposed it soon acquires this color, caused, according to Dr. Phipson, by the action of the ozone of the atmosphere on the acetate of aniline 8 KANSAS CITY REVIEW OF SCIENCE. that is found to be a constituent of these fungi. A remarkable phenomenon attending some fungi is the emission of a considerable degree of heat. The Bole- tus zeneus is declared by Dutrochet to evolve more heat than any other vegetable known except the Aurum. But a still more remarkable phenomenon manifested by fungi is the emission of light. Numerous fungi in different parts of the world possess the property of luminosity. Agaricus olearius, growing on the olive trees in the south of France possesses this quality in ahigh degree. Also A. gardneri, a fungous parasitic on the Pintado palm of Brazil, is noted for its luminosity. Luminous fungi are quite common in this country. We have often seen large surfaces of decaying timber giving out a very brilliant phosphorescent light from the numerous mycelia that had penetrated the pores of the wood. This lumin- ous wood, under the name of ‘‘ fox-fire,’’ is often exhibited by boys as a curiosity. The cause of this luminous property of fungi has been the subject of much controversy, but as in the experiments of M. Tuslane the luminosity was extin- guished in a non-respirable gas, and also in vacuo, it is quite probable that it is the result of a slow combination of the oxygen of the air with some property pecu- liar to the plant. Another notable phenomenon observed in some, especially in the spores, is the motile power they possess. Some spores are furnished with cilia which, by their contraction and expansion, enable the germ to move about like a thing of life. Some of these, especially the Myxogastres, so nearly simulate the animal amoebe in their motions that many naturalists have insisted on placing them in the animal kingdom; but this view is now generally abandoned and they are accorded their proper place among vegetable organisms. Fungi differ exceed- ingly in the odors they emit, some of them being very agreeable while others send out a most intolerable stench. The writer well remembers, when a boy, of searching the woods for a cer- tain species, probably a Polyporus, that grew on the decaying timber of the sugar maple, acer saccharinum, and exhaled a very agreeable, musky flavor when not inhaled too strong, for in that case it was too pungent to be pleasant. Of the fruiting germs, their mode of production, fertilization, distribution, germination and growth we might speak at length; and here we might find one of the most interesting fields for investigation in all the vegetable kingdom, but space forbids our entering into this interesting part of the subject, and we must be content to have taken this cursory glance at the part of the field noticed and with a faint hope that at some future time we may be able to learn more of these objects, among the most minute and wonderful of all the works of Nature. THE FLORA OF THE DAKOTA GROUP, 9 THE FLORA OF THE DAKOTA GROUP. CHARLES H. STERNBERG. If the reader will go with me in imagination, we will visit the shores of the great cretaceous ocean that once beat against the carboniferous hills. We have to roll back the centuries, several thousands of them, when Time was not near so grey as now. We walk along the boundless sea whose western boundaries no scientist has ever traveled. We find the eastern coast-line of this great ocean enters Kansas near the mouth of Cow Creek and taking a northeasterly direction, passes through Dickinson, Cloud, and Washington counties; and in the same direction through Nebraska, touches Iowa, through Minnesota into British America, and so on to Greenland. Great sand flats are projected above the waves during low water, while here and there, often miles apart, islands lift themselves above the waves. They are covered with luxuriant forests. We will visit these islands and study their magnificent flora. We find they closely resemble the trees of our own southern shores. Here the grand Red- wood or Seguoia reaches 300 feet into the air; beside it, the magnificent Catalpa, Protophyllum. Were agrove of elegant Poplars, Popular Elegans, delights the eye ; their beautiful leaves waving backward and forward at the slightest breeze. Near by are clumps of Sassafras, Sassafras Mirabile, with leaves that measure a foot across. Iam writing as though all these species grew near together, which is not the case, as each island has its own peculiar flora. Yonder a stately Menispermites lifts its magnificent head into the air, one of the finest known trees that is now cultivated in our conservatories, on account of its beautiful foliage ; then comes that other grand tree, with numerous species, Lirtodendron, or Tulip tree, with its peculiar anchor-shaped leaves. We find also another wonderful tree, with leaves a foot in length. ‘They are thick and leathery, with powerful ribs, the mid-rib being perfoliate, i. e., passing through the leaf near its base; the margin of the leaf is wavy. This species has no repre- sentative living. The genus and species being both new to science. I discov- ered it in but two localities, one near Fort Harker, the other a few miles from Minneapolis, too miles apart; it is called Astidrophyllum Trilobatum. Another beautiful tree that is much sought for now by ornamental gardeners, is the Avalza, or Sweet Gum. Its graceful leaves have from three to five lobes, that are cut down nearly to the mid-rib. One magnificent species, Avalia Sa- porteana, has serrated lobes. The Sassafras is the most common of cretaceous plants, represented by numerous species. One, Sassafras Mudgit, resembles the Sassafras of Ohio. On the ground under the trees grow the pretty fern Gleichenia Turriana. The Cinnamon and Fig Ficus, are represented by numerous species. I discovered a number of figs that were new toscience. The Beech, Betula, is also found. 10 KANSAS CITY REVIEW OF SCIENCE, These species show that the climate resembles that of Virginia. Conifera are represented by Glyptostrobus Gracillissimus, resembling the Morway Pine. I found their cones, but they are rare. Liguidambra Integrifolia with its lobes cut down nearly to the middle, is quite a common cretaceous plant; Willows, Saux ; Black Walnut, /uglans ; Oak, Quer- cus; Maple, Acer; Bass-wood, Platanus; Magnolia, Rhamnus; Box-elder, Megun- dotdes and Plum, Prunus, are common in the Dakota flora. Another tree with fern-like leaves, Zodea Saporteana, is found. One species with parallel veins, Phragmites, is the only species I discovered in the cretaceous with veins arranged in this way, proving that the climate did not resemble that of the tropics, where the Palm with parallel veins and others like it, are in the majority. One very peculiar species, the Hvremophyllum Fimbriatum, has leaves that are dental from their lower margin, with equal short teeth, appendaged with obtuse auricles, and separated by half-round sinuses. Searching along the mudflats, we find numerous leaves have fallen in and are partly covered. Lifting one up carefully, we find beneath, an exact cast of the leaf, and thus have the impressions, we find now in the sandstone of the Dakota, been made. Often the soft sand was by pressure packed into solid rock, the impressions were indelibly stamped. The noted Palzo-Botanist, Prof. Leo Lesquereux, has been able through these impressions, to study the whole Dakota flora and identify the species as readily as if the trees were before him. His interesting work, ‘‘ The Cretaceous Flora,” has been published by the Government in Vol. VI, of the Geological Survey under Prof. F. V Hayden. It is a magnificent work, beautifully illus- trated with thirty lithographic plates. Ina later work called ‘‘The Review of the Cretaceous Flora,” he has described and figured twenty-five new species discovered by myself, and later, during my expedition for Prof. Agassiz, I dis- covered twenty new species, and 800 specimens beautifully preserved, that have been described by Prof. Lesquereux. About 200 species of forest trees have been discovered in the sandstone of the Dakota Group, and described by the Professor and Doctor Newberry. This Dakota Flora is a wonderful disproof of the theory of Natural Selec- tion. Here we find at the base of the cretaceous, millions upon millions of years old, a flora as perfect as any of the present day. There has been no improve- ment during all these ages. Some of these species are called new, more on account of the position in which they are found, than from any dissimilarity between them and those of recent species. What has Nature been doing in the vegetable kingdom during these count- less centuries? Is the line of development confined only to animals? And more wonderful still, these perfect plants appear for the first time in the earth’s history. Like the hero of old that came into the world full-grown and ready armed, so the grand flora of the Dakota appeared with no intermediate species between it and the coal plants of the carboniferous. Let the scientists of the Darwinian THE FLORA OF THE DAKOTA GROUP, ata school explain this fact and make it conform to the theory of Evolution if they can. Another proof of the richness of the vegetation during the Dakota epoch, is fonnd in the fact that nearly all the sandstone laid down during that time, is strongly impregnated with iron, showing that it had been first accumulated by plants. There are also beds, of considerable extent, of impure coal, that is mined and used by people for fuel in western Kansas. In addition to the sand- stone, are beds of shales and various colored clays. Some of them contaian iron pyrites, crystals of gypsum and alum. I once found a spring flowing from a bed of shale that contained so much alum that the taste was quite perceptible. Scattered through the formation are enormous sandy concretions, often twenty feet in diameter, circular in shape, flattened above and below; two or three are often joined together. They sometimes rest on softer rock, which has been washed into pillar-like supports, and they resemble large mushrooms. The rocks of the formation are estimated to be about 200 feet thick. I have traced the same formation in Texas, near Weatherford, where they top the limestone of the Permian. In one place I saw an escarpment of red sandstone thirty feet thick; it contained fragments of sassafras cretaceum. In searching for fossil-plants, there is nothing to indicate their presence. The sandstone is all the same, and one may look at every exposure with no results for miles, and perhaps suddenly stumble upon a rich locality in the same kind of rock. The sandstone makes fine building material. In this formation, I have found a locality of fine white sand which I use in making a scouring soap. The deposit is eighty feet long, twenty feet thick, and extending into the bluffs. The surface features of this group are a broken, hilly country, often so rough, in fact, as to be unfit for farming, though it makes a good range. Fine springs of pure water gush out of the hill-sides that do not freeze in the coldest weather. These springs are sometimes utilized in milk-houses, and the water allowed to flow around the sides of the milk-pans, keeping them at an even temperature. In Kansas the formation is about sixty miles wide, except along the Arkansas, where it extends to the western boundary of the State. That the rocks are of marine origin, is proved by the presence of sea shells. They are quite abundant south-east of Brookville. No animal remains have been found, unless the theory of Prof. Cope is correct. He claims that all the won- derful remains of dinosaurs found in Colorado, belong to this formation. Some of these enormous reptiles reach a height of twenty-five feet, and length of sixty feet. They are the largest known land animals and were herbivorous in habit, feeding on the branches of trees. Prof. Marsh places the deposit in the Jurassic age. Whether fossil plants have been found associated with the bones or not I am unable to say, neither can I give the data from which Prof. Cope forms his conclusions. A vast territory in the Dakota group remains still unexplored and promises a rich harvest of things, new and old, to the ones who will be enabled to give the whole formation a careful examination. I trust it will be done at an early date. 12 KANSAS CITY REVIEW OF SCIENCE, I give below a list of the localities where fossil leaves are found, which-will be found of value to any one who may wish to make collections. From what I have written, you will see how rare these localities are. It will also be interesting in showing the distribution of Dakota plants. 1. Near the bridge on Thompson Creek, at Mr. Scott’s place, seven miles south of Fort Harker. Characteristic species: Sassafras mirabile, S. cretaceum, S. obtusum, Cissites harkeranii, Menispermites ovalis, Sequoia formosa, Photophyl- lum sternbergit, P. minus, Glyptostrobus gracillissimus, Laurophyllum reticulatum. 2. Two miles above the bridge on Mr. Hudson’s place called Rye Hollow: Ficus sassafras cretaceum and obtusum. 3. Sassafras Hollow, seven and one-half miles south of Fort Harker near mouth of Dry Creek: Sassafras cretaceum, S. Obtusumand S. mirabile, Protophyl- lum sternoergit, P. minus, P. quadratum, and P. rugosum. 4. Hay-stack Mountain near Bluff Creek, twelve miles south of Fort Har- ker: Liguidambra integrifolia, Aralia concreta, Sassafras cretaceum, S. mtrabile, S. obtusum, Protephyllum sternbergi, P. minus, and P. rugosum. 5. Three miles south of Fort Harker, above high bluffs, on the river: Aralia quinguepartita, A. tripartita, A. saporteana, Lamophyllum reticulatum. 6. Fivemiles south-west of Fort Harker, on Skunk Creek, above John Essick’s place: Glyptostrobus gracillissimus, Pinus, leaves and cones. Sassafras, several species. Lopulites elegans, Liguidambra integrifolia, ¥erns, etc. 7. Six miles southwest of Fort Harker, on Ash Creek, near Mrs. Ward’s place: Liguidambra, Sassafras and Platanus. 8. South of Fort Harker, on Skunk Creek, on Mr. Hoofland’s place: Ar- alia saporteana, A. tripartita, Daphnegenotdes protofolia, Laurus nebrascensts. g. Skunk Creek, Section 36: Betula beatriciana and Laurus nebrascensts. 1o. Elk Horn Creek, twelve miles northeast of Ellsworth’s: Lzrtodendron cruciforme, Salix protofolia, Liriophyllum and Phragmites. t1. Six miles northwest of Brookville, near Mr. Sherman’s: