ee See ir abr 4-9 om hat ty Ss " CA ~ Repeat oey eee > Set#-9 ’ - nee SS Seco pep een ees te: eae be : ; , 4 * c <6 are eS vate ENO c ae Se dia . nati PIR Se > pind aitea Gainers Agee @. He . é - [A ao wnat 6-0 fi Udamnwes nto a 8 apts HO eo - 2 BOO - 2a oP OR LE OE I : nae 84-9 tbat 2 ~ : it . ; aoe eB ee ws heh te tee an. Be? Bop ene oo Whe i ess “iy RaW. Lesh ate Fo - GPO Fe eae ; AE AAT BLOF Pit ES Fae dont ete eatiorrcne meme eer cman weeny : re Arar neem ec ae nes ae it bre ; . oe “ samt eee Se ate Fb ety ud eX Seaton 0.08 \/ a zg CF IBS, Kansas UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO THE PUBLICATION OF THE RESULTS OF RESEARCH BY MEMBERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS WOL. I. July, 1892 to April, 1893 GEN cS 4 a Ss ~) PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY LAWRENCE, KANSAS 1893 COMMITTEE OF PUBLICATION E. H. S. BAILEY F. W. BLACKMAR W. H. CARRUTH Cc. G. DUNLAP E. MILLER S. W. WILLISTON V. L. KELLOGG, MANAGING EDITOR TABLE OF CONTENTS. CONTENTS OF NO. I. IKANIGAS IPOD NGA, Voces 6oo5 ance hoo vo omn LG: aoe Kansas Mosasaurs, I........S. W. Williston and E. C. Case NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SYRPHID#.........W. A. Snow NoTES ON MELITERA DENTATA GROTE.........V. L. Kellogg IDPIOIRA IBIVAC TEOMA, INlee oom oases ce Geode enw ke OG: CONTENTS OF NO. II. UNICURSAL CURVES BY METHOD oF INVERSION... B. Mewson FOREIGN SETTLEMENTS IN Kawnsas............ W.-H. Carruth iE GREAT SPIRE SPRING MOUND: 5.0. - 2.228 Ale 4S: Barley On Pasca.’s LIMACON AND THE CARDIOID........4. C. Riggs LD TAME RENVORD MOSM ys eke) wide cous uucan, SUV ALCATEL CONTENTS OF NO. III. On THE APIOCERIDA AND THEIR ALLIES......S. W. Williston JMET WA TAS IOAN INU awe in ciple tan bon Gamble MA/Aiiaualg NoTEes ON SOME DISEASES OF GRASSES........W. C. Stevens IMPOIDIERINE aisle Re WAVE GIBBIRIAW. 5) <0) cic )s <-anehaal s cuche ty che eo «Loeu LILOLLEF. ID WALANG IO JEWS) ILS Gaeta dees oo oe wid cewek Cone TyE Maximum BENDING MOMENTS FOR MOVING LOADS IN A PARABOLIC ARCH-RIB HINGED Vee ETE PRINS. test.) velit uke ae ete eon (Cn ALT py CONTENTS OF NO. IV. IPRNOLOGW WN VOAREGAG S66 bond cocooddscco on vont WA SETA DAE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT Ny ari (UsiNpiaeopy SAOAGNIS es sk Go aco co en oo ala, VER Vel MiilE 4 wi iS Ty, baie FA) te yah BY Oo tinied ( ‘thi uty ey iat ag tary AP aK iN AMAA § ERRATA. Zone Zomtor a rs ce 123 PANTO TO GER OO areal rey tance |a AU sega oie ye ie Sey anal OA ark MU SRE tan liga Sane Uerewano | Qe anit 110 TOTAVAC ORIG Goze cu nel cheno cea sete satin Malone cede ategetapa uum rare Rip aoyn ect tached Uae 102 PAVIDTO COT CLC abe Ney aati eee atlas Nay Tee Mt LAY Gearon vari MUS Aane etc event SL ek 101 NIGER AIG UC VO Mae ze Ne Deepen vhs seed Si retin cotter ham emauea ee chia ra ne soo WING NSIS era OME MO ARES Olew ac ematy ee e alah ie, etree rat Silhes Siena teen ci ebaowarn Cuetec tein casters 114 ENST ETO Ilene eanerusecelex weusra Gp MENA ee ee i inne Ate nee a sembaysah intvala Sie tev c rubies mane sia 8 cl 87 ANTON NOLEN TOXNOU ETM ENEMA Lehi ceeal a Ty Heey ees ar i scr eneMOTh| eae ent] Garonne eyo sleek eM avert ey crs net ate ea 161 ANNIE RSPEI TAG RaM ses ees te ee ecient cere eS Decca te NL aA 126 B BB ailen ai ambelen On eurclGlewby ra iees catceamercitnu entry n cement eel Seas Ac uate tiie Fa: (es 85: FAIS oO OK Bi SHVSWOMMA Ol CUIDICSs .222avodooe soosanbuetounsoevcoosenac 92, o& IBSEN! TOTS OHS SySHEIT OM CIWIAVMNES. Sookcooneogcueldosn shoe goons sooe 66, 69 Rau, Ceo. GlASSim@Aliom Olr WkospisRineGka) oc dsccascouseedes baoaconuvcaupaoe 15 Clin, WA WTANKCH PA Coneremnvinemn Olt, loviloliO@rmyoliiv,oseo ueaocesnosaogocedonoue 183. FCHOM Sy Senn Of RABI HAY Ol CmbimMLTWIS; 650580000 c¢00tucddc s000b5000c0006 73 Bibliography, a brief, of municipal government in the United States....... 179 siogr ae SMAUMSUMCS OM ROOM WOE? TMMORNWES 9 5ooopeaeooneoso odes ndpeonc 166. sacar are Wi mall CLE mb vaetaaer sats ce Nn spaletecasney Wen inte siai suet sucueeann am eoeaict atele 155 Ee ee Ae ADMME WACO en ere rae mae sey aeyca siete seeteare ek stk opel asusicun eda eye en aess 119 SOON, ChiEVEE, TV ATMGENOMS Oligoa poses once. ceo udedanobnosesosoeo0b 0s0e 164 Boston MUnICIpalseovernment of, bibliograpby..-ocse. 212. oases 04s see2 5 195 SKONVILREI OUI TERE VCNSVCOVOYSEEY -54 Wiotecech cat ac a ea ty rer as earache ecu cea re ei 123 SLELE GER CTE IUCS: Olen athena mew cpa tel ehe vale iert casiabs Uesteoionenia sie watt sia ites Seats 127 Brockway, Z. R., superintendent Hlmira reformatory................. 165, 166 Cc OCHley’S TACHINOG! HOR WHONCTUNASAM CHEMIE, oo0cdceeccccoe ooocexcvednocsocounse 08 Callicerawvenert Crchiana CluersiOle tas ch Meio eiiik ieee nce Pacha racieio ess 33 UU CPE) TANNINS Acree omleleraerns Hcice o ome enico mad didomsccde sce lome Mob Oa ook 34 Canaciames bn homiolO Cal Steves Seysa ieee eae oe eo eet rere neoa ety cral uae Stace arene 39 ATEN UN AUTOR ANLS th ai se sash aes a nad Gyeton e tower aL crater Re muaryen kT PMR A ey TL EG i we {1 Wan Gio ramiiGlesromiytlieen wastes sede eeu Hy nrere SUN ee WR oeta tliat Ws ne le a8) Mb 89 ASMARCUS TOU s CAT LLG Hey.) paremelapoyay severe ttzcyehetepe etic ec svels terereactta Bi avereeeuece'¢ 63 Carribean Ir OL CES Varies srarancnci sierepeseaays lo Scueerclances iat & SS a etek bes fail, Gls, 18370 Chase, IS, (CL ehaal AWVMIhSIO DS. Wicg schnell) lonyctuaooscdader dads shu eUUEb On ee 15 (GeO elie irre pic asiy to aren ue aaa) Mey emanard, aU MAT LAa NELLA ress tc cae ea at vey bee Soe 156 AE Shi et ex enter aes tes oats SUS cater Bs area eC i eM Chics ean Seed Meese RC a a 37 Charleston, municipal government of, bibliography....................... 196 Cerrar ElilioniSOnn ey ee ava ma cyae eee) cee -yeacksivahoctern os dy elee RAO eats ots Oe 160 Chicago, municipal government of, bibliography.................... aah dg 196 Shy Souo xa Sry ALUMNA eryepe wien omuelenercv eter eye alerts wtcetnle wel s/clshersimois Miersis. ais 34 li INDEX. Gissoidiot Didcles properties Ol Msreree icky er nace eee 50, 51, 70 MlaviCews, WiSeasedsOvanleSHOlirsrces tortie) Ie kk Re ec ar oer 123 Cll AVACEPSsPULPWULEAr Bears cine wok civ nchese cae ese er cee Sacer ch anya 123, 130 QMO GEOL eee hits cis Bs cae al epi ral os aa noone clea ews otic al ale aS ee 131 OSES OL er Skee SOR ea oecieaner eeteral ste econintaeice seus ies cae ee ee 131 OUIGENS ane Cn haere ene nA aida ty Dod Ou dd ano dos ¢ 16 Weestily descriptionOl Gicises ciate pease coerce nGke cee ee eae 29 velox; description Of 5 ss/ahce ee disc inc oe eee oe ano ae 17 SPECIES\OL see sie Meee SaaS leg HRS gee nomena Ne area Re ee eae 17 MO OMPEL VBE: Seis alecs bos Siesc Sue) cushnsete) Sex ioc Bal Smee aT to vi Conops ancustifrons e.g ceo ord see otal iee aisle oa alee eae eerie rae a ee 44 CLAN GIS See ees itr yaceee ety see ae eM aE ATE Ee LE SON ont oA. cic'o ore 44 LONG} LOY ROIS AEE Re ECG nee nn Seno Oct ola caolnwa edie YS's00¢ 500 45 SONY OND [Sr aM a A ea ee UA acura AU ate emer ai) A ota ce gle sidnatés Meese Rete 43 100) ON eee ean et ae nA eMC TiO Ae OBA rar wns"s os ob 6 b.¢00 o's © 45 0) GOV BND US are eee Mer rari eal nee en Team tne hc WG Ee nunnia Ate EMD ani vo G8 o5.005 46 AUR AUIS MeeeA ea ian cee aya ea ME An Lael EN Res eM Ae Sinem toda A ooo aco <6 0.0 6 44 OP NAA Ic ele am ain en eter iy eer lars ini A MrmorrerMQ ea nis 6 S.¢5 oo.6 <0 46 CopestylumrsmargimatwM. ye is ces ouederae eae gels cos rereueu eee eee 37, 41 Corny DUMIbEriOf PATASILES OLS oi aio eee es ies ay os hela) sets eee era Paracas cee eae 23 Critic centresiotiay system OL quarthiGS ten. aece ee ae doce sarees saree 66, 68 Criorrhina wm bratilis. ses eke! ees ete eae ine nena oa eee 38 Wubicss basal points Of a iS¥SbemiOl qj). Dec 1876; xxiii, p. 253, April, 1882; xxvii, p. 428, May, 1884; Williston, Amer. Naturalist, xxv, p. 1174, Dec. 1891. Pteranodon occidentalis. Pterodactylus Owent Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. i, p. 472, June 1871, Sep. p. 16 (nom. preoc). Pterodactylus occidentalis Marsh, Aimer. Journ. Sci. iii, p. 242, April 1872, Sep. p. 1; Cope, Cretac. Vert. p. 68, pl. vii, ff. 5, 6. Ornithochetrus harpyia Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1872, p. 471 (Cope). This species was originally based upon the distal end of two wing- metacarpals, and teeth. In the following year, a fuller description (1) KAN, UNIV. QUAR., VOL, I, NO, I, JULY, 1892 N KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. was given of additional remains referred to the same species and renamed P. occidentalis. Pteranodon ingens. Pterodactylus ingens Marsh, Amer. Journ Sci. iii, p. 246, April 1872, Sep. p. 6. Pteranodon ingens Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xi, p. 508, June 1876. This species is based upon various bones of the wing-finger of several individuals, and three teeth. Pteranodon umbrosus. Ornithochetrus umbrosus Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1872, p. 471. Pterodactylus umbrosus Cope, Cret. Vert. p. 65, pl. vii, ff. 1-4. Marsh (Amer. Journ. Sci. xii, p. 480, Dec. 1876) says this name is a synonym of P. zmgens, published two days earlier. As this synonymy is not certain, and as Cope’s species has been figured, I am not ready to accept his views. Pteranodon velox. Pteroductylus velox Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. iii, p. 247, April 1872, Sep. p. 8. Based upon the distal end of the right metacarpal of the wing-finger, and the proximal extremity of the adjoining first phalanx, two unchar- acteristic parts of the skeleton, Marsh to the contrary notwithstanding. It is doubtful whether the direct comparison of the types will suffice to determine the species with certainty. ‘‘Both of the bones are somewhat distorted by pressure.”’ Pteranodon longiceps. Pteranodon longiceps Marsh, Amer Journ. Sci. xi, p. 508, June 1875; xxvii, p. 424, pl. xv, May 1884. Based upon a somewhat defective skull, without other bones. There is no evidence whatever that the species is distinct’from the preceding. Pteranodon comptus. Pteranodon comptus Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xi, p. 509, June 1876. Based upon wing-bones of three individuals. The description is meagre. : Pteranodon nanus. Pteranodon nanus Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xxi, p. 8438, April 1881. Based upon various remains of one individual; the humerus, alone, is recognizably described. NYCTODACTYLUS. Nyctosaurus Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xii, p 480, Dec 1876. (nomen preoc.*). Nyctodactylus Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xxi, p. 848, April 1881; ibid. xxvii, p. 428, May 1884. * This preoccupation rests, so far as Tam aware, upon Marsh’s statement, I can find no evidence of the name haying been preyiously used. WILLISTON: KANSAS PTERODACTYLS. 3 - Nyctodactylus gracilis. Pteranodon gracilis, Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xi, p. 508, June 1876, Nyctosaurus gracilis Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xii, p. 480, Dec. 1876. Nyctodactylus gracilis Marsh, Amer. Jour. Sci. xxi, p. 3843, April 1881. PTERANODON. Skull. Fragmentary portions of the skull of Pteranodon are not at all rare in the Kansas chalk; but it is exceedingly seldom that a complete, or even approximately complete specimen is found. ‘Their great length and slenderness, together with the extensive pneumaticity of the bones, render their preservation, as a whole, a thing of great rarity. Prob- ably the most nearly perfect one yet known is now in the Museum of Kansas University. It was discovered the past summer by Mr. E. C., Case, a member of the University Geological Expedition. ‘The spec- imen was carefully cleaned on its upper surface, as it lay in the chalk, and then imbedded in plaster before removal. ‘The surface now ex- posed was the under one, which surface is, almost invariably, better preserved and less distorted than the upper one in these animals. A figure of this specimen is given in Plate I. The only portion restored is that indicated by the line in the lower jaw; it is possible that this part of the symphysis may not be exactly as itis drawn. Other, incomplete, specimens in the Museum confirm the outlines, except in the occipital crest, which is not present. As stated by me in the American Naturalist (7. c.), the type specimen of Peranodon, also collected by myself, was incomplete, and the figures of it, as given by Marsh, are faulty. The elements of the skull are all so firmly united that they can not be distinguished. There are no indications whatever of a horny sheath enclosing the jaw, and it is improbable that the covering of these parts was essentially different from that in the slender jawed Pterodactylida. (n texture, the maxillaries are fine-grained, and wholly without the vascular foramina found in the corresponding bones of birds. ‘The bones are composed of two thin and firm plates, separated by cavities which are: bounded by irregular walls of bony tissue. In the compression from which all the Pterodactyl bones have suffered more or less, the greater resistance of these walls has caused irregularities upon both the outer and the inner surfaces. At the borders of the bones, where the thickness has been greater, the rough- ening is not observed. Seen from above, the skull is narrow, as stated by Marsh; but, con- trary to his statement, there is not a sharp ridge extending along the upper border. This border is obtuse and rounded, and in the frontal 4 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. region, flattened. ‘The sagittal crest is large, but not nearly so large as it is figured by Marsh, the restored outline of whose figure is un- doubtedly wrong. The texture of the bone forming the crest is materially different from that of the remaining bones of the skull. The bone is more roughened, and less firm. ‘There is a well-developed ring of sclerotic ossifications. In the specimen figured, the separate plates measure from six to eight millimeters in diameter. They were not imbricated, as in the Pythonomorpha, but have a similar dense texture. There is a superior temporal arch, bridging over a small opening leading downward to the inferior temporal fossa. The fol- lowing measurements will give the principal dimensions of this specimen. Length from tip of premaxillary to occipital condyle. .680 millim. Extreme leneth of skulllemre jie mc ieee ere ee, oO Extent oferest: beyomduonbitey.. es) a een Greatestidiameter on Orbit sen. oc) yeas es eee OS Antero-posterior diameter of nasal opening... 2.5. .-135 Length of-quadrate 36 eh ee eee eee eS) Wadth: of lower jawiall anticn actone ae erie erator Pubis. In a previous paper on the anatomy of Preranodon,* I stated that I had never seen the so-called ‘‘prepubic bones.” Since that time, how- ever, an excellent specimen of them has been discovered among our material. The specimen of which they are a part consists of the larger portion of the skeleton, and is perhaps conspecific with the one to which the described pelvis belongs. The figure given herewith will convey a good idea of their shape. The bones of the two sides are firmly co-ossified, and have been pressed nearly flat; the figure repre- IMIG sit * Amer. Naturalist, Dee, 1891, p. 1124. In this article the description of the foot-phalanges should read: ‘‘ All are slender, except the second one in the third toe, and the second and third in the fourth toe, where they are scarcely longer than wide.”’ WILLISTON: KANSAS PTERODACTYLS. 5 sents them as they are spread out in one plane. The bone is very thin throughout, with a slight thickening at the ischial (a) attachment only. Lying contiguous with the anterior projection, is a slender ventral rib (4). It is possible that the curvature of this bone may be inward, rather than outward. This peculiar structure of the pubis (I belive it represents the pubis, and not the prepubis) seems to be quite similar to that which obtains in the genus Rhamphorhynchus, and, perhaps also, in Pfero- dactylus suevicus (Cycnorhamphus Seeley), and very different from that found in other species of Pferodactylus. The principal measurements of the above described specimen are as follows: /NMOIVOMEMION GYOLINGHOMSs Goda ekos beso aeogb aod see) imu bona: Wensthvol Sy maipluysisee sen). 4 ae aruezat athe a cheea Ine EOLA Expanse of the united Hence a as A ilattencar Ret res Ks\S) Width Penner eres Ce ie il ng NYC TODACTYLUS. The type species of this genus was described as follows by its author (loc. cit. supra): “One of the smallest American species yet found is represented in the Yale Museum by several bones of the wing, a number of vertebrae and the nearly complete pelvis. The wing-bones preserved are elong- ated and very slender. ‘The pelvis is unusually small, and there are five vertebrae in the sacrum. ‘The last of the series indicates that the tail was short. ‘The following are the principal measurements of this specimen : Length of ulna. Aaa ee MO tic oN hea aid ee Oly MEAT TN Length of peecarpal of wing- ager HAS Mon Iintera nit SOO Antero-posterior diameter of outer cena at Te ender. Beet: Ti atevicge toad Dice eo ea I fivensvcree hares ae hate “isaye condyles eT Wenapivon first phalanse Of wines Setet ia) nis cies 2 03 S47 IB Sieiale: OH IMIS TSlals one Oo Seria oA 45 y0 Solos ae hice! Sy This species, which may be called Pieridion gracilis, was about two-thirds the size of P. velox Marsh. It probably measured about ten feet between the tips of the expanded wings.”’ In the December number of the same volume of the American Jour- nal of Science, he described the genus as follows : “‘A second genus of American. Pterodactyls is represented in the Yale museum ‘by several well preserved specimens. This genus is nearly related to Pfevanodon, but may be readily distinguished from it 6 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. by the scapular arch, in which the coracoid is not co-ossified with the scapula. The latter bone, moreover, has no articulation at its distal end, which is comparatively thin and expanded. The type of this species is Pteranodon gracilis Marsh, which may now be called Vycfo- saurus gracilis. It was a Pterodactyl of medium size, measuring about eight to ten feet between the tips of the expanded wings.” The specific description of this species rests solely upon the meas- urements; the other characters given are not only vague, but are also common to all the known species. The generic description, as it is seen, is based upon the structure of the coraco-scapula. It will also be observed that the characters are not drawn from the type speci- men, as that did not include this part of the skeleton, according to the author’s statement. Of these two characters, the non-ossification of the coracoid and scapula is a somewhat doubtful one, as the same character may or may not occur in allied species, as, for example, in the species of Rhamphorhyncus (Rk. Muenstert Goldf.) described by the author himself. So incomplete and unsatisfactory are the characters thus given that Zittel, in his Handbuch, dismisses the genus with the brief remark, ‘‘noch unbeschrieben.”’ Nevertheless, from the peculiar form of the scapula, and from my recollection of the specimens upon which the genus was based, I believe I have determined with certainty an excellent specimen in the Snow Museum of Kansas University as a member of it, and here give a suf- ficiently complete description to place the genus on a more secure foundation. This specimen was collected by Professor E. E. Slosson, of Wyoming University, while a member of my party in western Kansas the past season. It was partly exposed upon a gently sloping surface of firm yellow chalk on the Smoky Hill river, in the vicinity of Mon- ument Rocks. Originally, the nearly complete skeleton must have been preserved, but a number of the bones had been either wholly or partially washed away, in some cases leaving their imprint in tlte chalk. The bones uncovered, and now lying upon the chalk slab nearly in their natural relations, are a humerus, both radii and ulnae, a pteroid, the two carpals of one wrist, both wing metacarpals, a first and a last wing phalanx, both coraco-scapulae, the posterior part of the lower jaws, ilium, femur, sternum, numerous ribs and vertebrae. The two coraco-scapulae lie with their scapular ends nearly touching, and their coracoid ends separated by a space equivalent to the width of the sternal articulation. The two elements appear to have been imperfectly united and were probably not co-ossified. The inferior border of the coracoid, near the humeral articulation, has a greater WILLISTON: KANSAS PTERODACTYLS. 7] expansion than is found in P/evanodon ; its shaft is more rounded and less rugose, lacking especially the strong muscular markings upon the external surface. The articular surface does not appear to differ materially from that in Pferanodon. Yhe scapula is of nearly the same length as the coracoid, but is much less stout. It is a thin, spatulate bone, slightly expanded at the distal extremity, where the margin is rounded, and without the characteristic oblique articular facet. It has no supra-glenoid expansion or process on the posterior proximal border, but has its margin nearly straight or gently concave from the articulation to its extremity. The space included between the bones of the two sides as they lie is a nearly regular, oval one, measuring ninety-five millimeters in its greater, forty-five in its lesser diameter. The sternum les at a little distance from the coraco-scapulae. It is an extremely thin bone, with a stout anterior, styliform projection, at the base of which, on either side, looking upward and outward, is the articular, trochlea-like surface for the sternal end of the coracoid. The width between these articular surfaces measures fifteen milli- meters; the length of the process in front of the articulations is twenty-five millimeters. Immediately posterior to the articular sur- faces, the bone expands nearly at right angles to the Jongitudinal axis to a width of about sixty millimeters. ‘The thin lateral margins are nearly parallel with the longitudinal axis, and show three shallow emarginations between the four costal articular projections. The hind angles are nearly rectangular. ‘The bone, as preserved, is only shallowly concave, and shows no true keel, though a more pro- nounced median convexity towards the front doubtless subserved the function of a carina in part. The left humerus hes in position, and is especially characterized by its enormous deltoid crest (radial crest of Marsh), though otherwise slender. ‘This crest is.further removed from the head of the bone than is the case in species of Pteranodon. It is directed somewhat down- ward, and-has its distal, gently convex, border about twenty-five millimeters in extent, while the width of the process midway between the extremity and the base measures but sixteen millimeters. The bicipital crest is also prominent. The bone is relatively shorter than in Pteranodon. The humerus, as will be seen from the above description, and from the measurements given below, is remarkably like the same bone in Pteranodon nanus, as described by Marsh (4. c. supra), and but a little larger. In P. nanus, however, the coracoid and scapula are said to be firmly co-ossified, and the scapula has of course a different structure, 8 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. The skull has been, unfortunately, almost wholly washed away, a fragment of the cranial wall and the posterior part of the lower jaws alone remaining. Itis impossible, hence, to say much concerning this part of the anatomy. The lower jaws show a different structure from ! that in Pteranodon. As they lie in their natural position, the width at the condyles is about twenty-four millimeters. The angular is less produced posterior to the articulation than in P¢eranodon, indicating a less elongated and less powerful mandibular portion, an indication further borne out by the slenderness of the rami. ‘The impression in the chalk shows the symphysis to begin ninety millimeters from the articulation. The width at this place could not have exceeded sixteen millimeters; and the entire length of the lower jaws could hardly have been more than one hundred and twenty-five millimeters. In the parts preserved, measuring seventy-five millimeters, there are no indi- cations of teeth; yet it is not impossible that there may have been teeth in the anterior portion of the dentary, as in some species of Pterodactylus,. I hardly think it probable, however. There are seven cervical vertebrae preserved, apparently the full complement, as in Pfevanodon and other members of the order. They differ in no especial respect from the corresponding vertebrae of Pfer- anodon, and,apparently, of Pterodactylus. The imperfectly anchylosed, possibly free, atlas shows three pieces, the odontoid process and the two slender lateral pieces. The lateral pieces are entirely free, with a thickened base and a slender, curved upper portion. ‘The odontoid is gently concave in front, and seems to be imperfectly ossified with the axis; it occupies, the lower part of the articulation, corresponding to the hypapophysis of the Pythonomorpha. ‘The axis is the shortest-of the remaining vertebrae, and has a well developed spine. The centrum is strongly convex behind, as are the remaining centra of the series. The following five vertebrae decrease gradually in length. The anterior ones have only a thin ridge or plate for the neural spine ; the seventh, however, has a neurapophysis of some length. ‘They are all, as is usually the case, somewhat distorted from pressure. The under Side is flattened, apparently gently concave longitudinally, and with a lateral ridge terminating in an obtuse hypapophysis at each inferior hind angle. In his discussion of the Pterosauria, Zittel says concerning the vertebrae: ‘‘zwischen oberen Bogen und Centrum ist keine Sutur zu bemerken.” Handbuch, iii, p. 776. In this he is in error, so far as the American forms are concerned. It is usually the case in the Kansas specimens of both genera that the neural arch of the post-cervical verte- brae is wholly or in part detached from the centrum, showing a sutural, WILLISTON: KANSAS PTERODACTYLS. 9 and not anchy- losed union in life. The centra of twelve vertebrae are preserved, in the present specimen, from the region back of the neck ; in only five of them are the neural arches in any way attached. ‘Three of these are evidently anterior thoracic, judging from their structure and the position in which they lie. The shortest of them, to which was attached a very large rib, and which was lying in front of the scapulae, may represent the first thoracic vertebra (a). Its centrum is fully as wide as long, is flat on the under surface, and has a large, stout, hori- zontal parapophysis near the anterior end. Just above this process for the attachment of the head of the rib, and separated by a deep notch, is a much more elongated, horizontal diapophysis for the tuberculum. The cup of the centrum is shallowly concave; the transverse, shallowly U-shaped ball is only a little convex. Two other vertebrae (4), found close by the one just described, and possibly one or the other contiguous with it, differ remarkably in hav- ing no, or a rudimentary, parapophysial process, and in having the diapophyses much shorter. It is not impossible that a slight expan- sion at the lateral margins of the ball may represent small parapo- physes. In P¢eranodon there are at least four vertebrae with dia- and parapophyses. In the other vertebrae from this region the diapo- physes are yet shorter and the neural spine stouter and broader. The other centra preserved are all shaped somewhat like the half of a cylinder, and are a little longer than broad. ‘They have no distinct cup or ball. In two of them there is a very long, recurved parapophysial process, as though formed by an anchylosed rib, on each side ; they are probably lumbar vertebrae. Most of the ribs are very slender; a few are moderately thickened ; one only is very stout; its measurements are given below. encehvotulateralspie cesiomstmenatlascsis = sericea.) a7 mmr. Diametemotlatenalsptecessatine baSe-a 4c yas eee Widiiottodontoid!:rauwA somes cals Sata ce ucla.) Ae ere oOnocdontoids Wt arin hh et eon nena elcaial he Length of axis.. ea, sae REA CSR eee cto ame vate esecs ks CS Height of axis.. : Ne pe erence ree E'S Length of third ees poneben Gy Meme eiets Clete sate i Length of fourth cervical aay Lean tee clas mata tials, ZO Cenineomunuincermicall vertebra alee seis. a 19 Rencenomsiun cervical vertebra. tse. es. + = LO Wensthouseventh cervical vertebra: sis. ss wee. vi. 7 lei shimomseventm cervical (about). ...2..c52.5.:..... 4.20 Werncavextent On anticulan Suita eer sn. sree sss eons let. 7 patemimot lateral ylCCen mere cris tet eusaie = Gia sae ete NAc telanaimaw ADOC san curt cnt. de a aide icici seals eek O 2.) Weneth ef axis.: oie SANS Sy Gey getietey Cuneo airs es WES Transverse vate tee of a, SOUR IES es eM CEN mand Ko Wenticaledianretenots ballitevey® se 2.003 aie site kiss taverns oY Ei Spanse: Ob bhansVense spLOCPSSESs orn). siee a any Sens 2S Elevation of spine above floor of en Eatialy ne eV. AMpCGO-POStEMOL exteMt Of SpIMNern shalt eo ares sae SO Bee lcenoth of thind: Cervical mente bia ae r-h,cey ac) ac seem side oi Height of spine above floor of neural canal..........36 Depth of hypapophysis below floor of neural canal....34 ee lecnetiomd olmbivCenviGal) VieERteDids alta acter.) nly Height of spine above floor of neural canal..........39 Depth of hypapophysis below floor of neural canal....35 5. Length of fifth cervical vertebra. : a377 Height of spine above floor of eure cone. wAe Depth of hypapophysis below floor of neural canal. es er? ransverse diameter. ot ball?) J...) se eee ise L7 Mericaladiametersol Dall. . 2... 228.04 dhe cule sie seke 3,08 Gre Wengthotmsinthacenvical vertebrdi.w. stems bee oe ne 7 20 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. Height of spine above floor of neural canal ..........42 millim. Depth of hypapophysis below floor of neural canal....30 Width of spinous process. si feral tose bina todate eve keraiek eticte gee 210) 7. Length of seventh coeuiea serbepiey, 2 TNS he Sheer Height of spine above floor of aetna enn Se eee 0 Mransverse: diameter or jallliiee-)- erin peace mre Pare sliG) Wentical: dianceter of soallly inion ie eee eee) Widthiof spinous prOCess orci asm © ane yeas ae eee reno Dorsal vertebrae. There are thirty-five vertebrae between the cervicals and the first non-rib-bearing vertebra, to which the pelvis was, evidently, attached. The distinction between the cervicals and thoracics cannot be made from any characters they possess, as the seventh vertebra does not bear a distinct hypapophysis. Neither can it be said with certainty from this specimen which is the first thoracic vertebra, as the cervical ribs had, unfortunately, been displaced in the collection and prepara- tion of the specimen. In another specimen, referred to C. pumzlus, and which, as will be seen later, cannot be specifically distinguished from the present species, short cervical ribs were found attached to six vertebrae posterior to the atlas. That the eighth vertebra is a thoracic one is shown by the relation of the ribs in this specimen. Posteriorly there is no distinction, also, between the true thoracic vertebrae and those of the lumbar region. All the vertebrae anterior to the pelvis bear ribs, and will all be considered as dorsal vertebrae, the true thoracic vertebrae being restricted to those of which the ribs are elongated, and, probably, connected with the sternum. In the anterior vertebrae of the series, the centra are subcarinate below, the obtuse, rounded ridge becoming less and less apparent until no indications of the keel can be seen, before the middle of the series. The transverse processes are stoutest, with a more elongated, sigmoid articular surface, with little or no constriction, and projecting only slightly beyond the stout articulating processes, in the anterior verte- brae we alinvethe mtenthwor eleventh, the articular surface has become markedly smaller, more vertical, and less sigmoid in outline. Thence to the last, the articular surface for the ribs remains nearly the same. The process itself, however, becomes gradually more prominent and constricted, as the zygapophyses becomes smaller. The spinous pro- cesses increase slightly in length and breadth, and are only slightly oblique throughout. In length, the centra increase gradually. The vertical diameter of the ball increases gradually, while the transverse diameter remains more nearly the same. WILLISTON AND CASE: KANSAS MOSASAURS. PAE MEASUREMENTS OF THE DORSAL VERTEBRAE. 1. Length of centrum to rim of ek ee ee millim. sinanisviense dyameten Of Dalry.) Sniiiua a nteiae Soe mene © Vertical diameter of ball . Ss ehoaet Dee pete EO Height of spine above Aero: io weural aah Sy ee S Extent of articular surface of transverse process ......30 Width of spine. . to ey en aR Gans SENDS 4. Length of centrum to rim ol bell. ert ehte da acetone wa ditauisvenrse diameter OF ballin. 2 carl eve ah Geico Vertical diameter of ball . SUR Wes Sy re Suey rama saa) Height of spine above ee oh eure: an He aes AS Die Length be codtpumito Gitntof ball ee a Webcal. ChenonSiere Cus lO. enya ue ac ou boo oe nodoon uo 22 Extent of articular surface of transverse process......106 Width of spine. . A aye 32 15. Length of centrum to rim of Ball. PEN CAER ENA CMO eae eH ENE Transverse diameter of ball.. 2I eavicrine ala ciiamecternote ball -e- yee ciee aan to ee oA AG. LENS Gi CeMpeciin TiO EIN Or BVI os eo ccl6 60 cae coo ds Me Vertical diameter of ball . lee Seats SMa beady eg meas Height of spine above foe ot neural einai WBMES tera vee 58 ee ena MtOuniine Ole Dalln we oeeaayanis otk ties Wee cnentiy eee etl aransmenser diameter, Oly pally (be tee cei diiednte fr) aenmeeoio Wenticalidiameterson ballin Sear ients ti opener arcane 2 UCTS MNO te SPUNC Tareas.) = Soh eae mien tea ca craiois area feeqs ean yAO Sa» (Sine ay Ho) valiany CON OEMS 6 Oran Wisden eo adi ely ehcrardie Gc oe acne Rin LO) Wertiueal Ghiavincior Or ORNL cocgonssee bond on eo oon oe ue eA ranisvietserdiamieter Otballtnan es hem cee ai 4 a ers o ETC Timo fees UMeL i. yak ey te tee PN LU aoe seal thn are Gif gor ebenetingtOnnlim Ob Dall gts va arta cis Sentra cos 43S iMentica ciameterotiballies =a o° sunny sn erecsecte is event) 2 MinAnsVekserdlamete role Dall, eer wane ee a es 71 gtalbemotheto Tim Ot Dalle... pssvnels = yomite seacta ees ae. 37 Caudal vertebrae. Immediately following the thirty-fifth rib-bearing vertebra there is an abrupt change, the tubercular process for the rib giving place to an elongated transverse process. From the position of the pelvis, it is evident that the ilia were attached to the first pair of these. Precisely this relation of pelvis to the vertebrae is found in such lizards as the Monitor and Iguana, and it is probable that such is the relation in all the Pythonomorpha. It will thus be seen that there are no distinct- ively lumbar vertebrae, if by such are meant free, non-costiferous, 22 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. pre-sacral vertebrae. The vertebrae of these animals that have been so designated by writers are in reality basal caudal. A distinctive term for them—those with transverse, non-costiferous processes and without chevrons—is needed, and we propose, provisionally, the term pygial. There are seven in the present series, all characterized by elongated transverse processes, and not differing much from each other. The vertebrae lie in the matrix with the ventral aspect upper- most, concealing the spine and upper parts. ‘The under surface is somewhat flattened, and, as in the preceding vertebrae, is gently concave antero-posteriorly. The transverse processes are elongate, stout towards the base, apparently all of nearly equal length, and directed gently backwards and downwards. In the anterior vertebrae the processes spring from near the front part: as the centra become shorter they arise from near the middle. In the last one of the series there are minute indications of chevrons. MEASUREMENTS OF THE PYGIAL CAUDAL VERTEBRAE. Leawength to rimiok alll Sees accy eid cco erste tenes rae esi ak CTO LETT Widitinotpiatllleescci see toe te oars aA a eed erage tc star eRe Expanse Of transverse processes. ay ene eo Width lor transverse process mean base asm e ee nate) 2. aeengthto: rime Otslballanyt. wie. ete). tha acl many eC a meat 2h) Wenoth storing vod alll tyne ee haat tet eee en ae oe ree gE a: ene th- tori Of balllve nis hence ate itae en ee ee eta) ceeeleme thn totam OfsDallllts os merece al ses cura enero: eR eeaes neurite 2.S oO. Eengthyto rm! of ball ens es cone ane ene eno Expanse Ot transverse processesa i ay sarin eee TO Widtinotuballa ccs ee tae ee cei ae are ie ee She TT 7 lemethtOvri ma -Oboballliey eiancmty wines take Rats heae one eee The centra of those caudal vertebrae which have chevrons do not differ much in shape. They become less constricted, and, back of the middle of the series, are smoothly cylindrical in shape. The transverse processes decrease gradually in length, disappearing en- tirely in the twenty-fifth or twenty-sixth. The spinous processes are more or less incompletely preserved in the anterior vertebrae. They increase only gradually in length for the first twenty of the series, and are markedly oblique, with the posterior border stout, and the anterior border alate. With the twenty-sixth they begin to increase more rapidly in length, and have become more nearly vertical in position, and are thinner at each margin. In the thirty-fifth or thirty-sixth they attain their greatest length, and are here directed slightly forwards. Thence to the end of the tail, the length decreases gradually, and, in position, they are directed more and more obliquely backward. ‘The WILLISTON AND CASE: KANSAS MOSASAURS. 23 chevrons are strongly oblique throughout the series and are firmly co-ossified with the centrum. The tail, it is thus seen, has a broad, vertical, fin-like extremity, which, doubtless, aided much in the propulsion of the animal through the water. There are sixty-seven vertebrae with chevrons present in the speci- men, all continuous, except in one place. ‘The last one is less than one-fourth of an inch in diameter, and shows that there had been yet another, possibly several more. ‘Toward the base of the series the tail has been bent forwards over the back, and it is possible that, where the break occurs, there has been a vertebra lost. The measur- ments, however, do not seem to indicate any loss. ‘The entire series of vertebrae was not less than sixty-eight, and probably not more than seventy, making for the entire vertebral series one hundred and seventeen to twenty. MEASUREMENTS OF THE CHEVRON-BEARING CAUDAL VERTEBRAE. pe eenetaeconmimn Ory Dalley thy sere tee sat tak eine dene esoeea OMT l Ln Geese eI tie LOA Ot al ly ews ce seen ier peueicun Rees cigst ees cue aval (2rd Weitiieaill Ghighangtior Ort loeNWen so does Gales ob oe donee os ole alumi strani ensenaianne terol balla arya mcens tienes ism cenreNea OVAl ro. Length to rim of ball.. SA ieee hae thea cia A eA) 15. Length to rim of ball. His a Ret Sea Height of spine above door he Hen Ca ee 40 ene bhGOts Che NLOM amar tie, ate i ek cakes day char esate cme PO mmvencthetommimnOte Wallin iMesh I. tec i mea alten 23 Nienhealadianietenot all pit pitch su ranleat. <.cey en ou aigyeose Ghievancincie Ot Del, ob badcoounusocees seen e 2 Aaa chitin tO unin ote Dalllienrmueta sien: ween denen. siege oneal 2O PEN MGKOLYS PINE ae oval sty eee tach ected Resvan iia Panera ace ren cet SAI Wiicthnotispinieratubaseauiney stpees. oerae can esr) oO NWACIenWO tise: air CIS talmentG area iein ten) aye fees eer el TO. Iemetheotchevinoms = 21, seat eh nels seus ioh ana etcy naan OIG Mi titided ofatall se 5 4. Ne oe one eke ie ene eee pommvengtimtornim Ot ball. i741, se Se riety oles nage LO Merticalicdiameter-ot ballin ae hee ae een a er saten. ny UCT SERO LAS PINE B.)).t2) os, eich Ae eM miata ello NG WHGthnoTaspinevalbe bases.) vie iens See cece. ee ng Witty Otuspime sate distal end. vee ences veers s . oo. a EMA LIMO ECM EV DOM soe ss state ayes ate Waa tyes hele sinla ll OO NNN GS One eT UPR eee tee 4 st as Ged ote a MME ual ha Selena TO Bi ee eonetOMminm Oi Dalley cn kelene «cn cinegear erat aQure eet" UO Neniealidiam eter otballh sda, tateten aeaiiies qetavieis 00 24 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. Leight OF Spier SF Aas ee, 5 Sateen eer ai ape cane setree Nie) oom OMIA DIOO MEME CM sOb CHEVRON Yeuyte: ands nnnraces sion sear ancl nny Saran JNU AEG Te) icity: Daphne SRNR UL TAPES Rn Ce tel Al a he af 108) 7) Heys ALS aveate) ay WO oa URW LO Ne Se brecrs HEA ene cool cie Git coms Cbs e clays cane Atl Menticalidianie ter: Ofelia t-te tk Aeterna ee aaa eeaLIS LEIS It VOLTS DUE aie aera Pade aac Ace tee ee A Wengih: Of CHEVRON sai ease eel see eee ear ee ee eee en) Avkti tude sof taille scitten a cht cin hans srone dete aae Genet Meee Pes TELO 45- Length to rim of ball ..... tO Roar area Sb aES CMENE Rea RNIN TCA Vierticaludiameter toteballiller, Sorc ie eaces oie een peered eae en TeCl lel git Of Spine ie ee Es rae ar eee A Se Cheon ea ee enoth ofyspume i ee Bhai s Maye cee auitiows ne vateyemsyy ete ease UI Wenigthrotrclrevirony teres are cr. 05, seg tle seal adem Seere eG Altitude totitanlez Gee hate Wetec uae alee. oan Oe BO. Mvengthatouriin OL. Wally cer crt sieeve sins dc, lane emer) Ly C1 tN GORES PME pn Uap cee Uehara e Mali aon ate gute ne AL Mength tOl- CHE yrOmeytananatesy Oot ey siete Se vane cyanea GO AM tarbu cle’: ots tantly oer. 12 imei on as7207 tar vc te eee aetna enn ree ea Ere) a ene tht@ crams © teal alles een egaaee ies ae cel eae an ae ere Come TS IBZ Soyo aay oy eats 0) Nc Keane NM Aime iene, VaR RIPMNB AE Si nel To ae multe 1216) ength of Chev roms s.r pane as a.) eee Me ees cD All titel egorbitanle: Sue sien a esis. che yoni e aa Ripe enn ine ene TOS Go. Wenethy tosnimrot alll poem ictrcu cess anes ea gens ae ee CG) Meme hot isp rc. cca com cue ny ai ila nee eee ee eenicem Ay Venigthvot eleva omy mal cameras nme tena tae key pcr eee sul titulo festa] ucaytin ae cepa ares: piesa. ae tel inioienr ae Sie | SAP) OO*olengthutosmmoot ball oe ier eee cre cere temas nie IemathieO FaC HEV ROM cle aie coca teeny Get ae et cera ane eden Cee aI Vale MU UUG Ceo 0) aE Geta Mena itarslit untalca Qe sus raliN Rey ats Ub GPP) OF. Msemethy ra). waa cig Se alas aie ke tReet elle ca ag ane Ribs. As has already been stated, the cervical ribs were displaced in the present specimen, and measurements of them cannot.be given. Ina smaller specimen, specifically indistinguishable from the present one, the entire cervical series is preserved with the ribs attached. The first, that articulating with the axis, is very short. The following ones are stouter, but increase only moderately in length, that of the sixth measuring only thirty-five millimeters, while that of the seventh is but a little longer. In the specimen of C. ve/ox described, there is a detached cervical rib sixty-five millimeters in length; it probably belongs with the seventh. The thoracic ribs are simple, somewhat flattened rods, moderately WILLISTON AND CASE: KANSAS MOSASAURS. 25 expanded at the proximal end. ‘The greatest convexity is shown about the middle of the series, where the versedsine of the curvature is forty millimeters, the chord being one hundred and sixty. Posteriorly, the short ribs are only gently curved. Lying by the side of the vertebral column, and between the ribs, as they have been pressed down, are a number of flattened, soft, punctu- late bones, which are evidently the costal cartilages. Posteriorly four rows of them are seen, lying closely side by side, some of them eight or ten inches in length. The sternum, composed of the same material, has been so crushed and crumpled that its shape cannot be made out. The whole structure here, whether of ribs, cartilages or sternum, reminds one very strongly of such lizards as the Iguana or Monitor. There is no indication, however, in any specimen, of an episternum. MEASUREMENTS OF RIBS. IWenechymtinstyenoracienmibye (Chond)\e 5 sks toe. ieee) 2. OO} Tall tran Wench cle vent tionadcre mil (Chordie tts ee Als Ling, Gouidyecinitin Close) THl)ac 2s 6% 6c nlclocac ics wo noon Oe Menathercicitecmen dorsally Dit is teers case a sare tons OM LETBUnS Mabey adore Gloreseil Moone coo aco es 6 net Ge The lengths of the different regions, as they he in their natural relations, are as follows: Sql erat sei emu neWaLL ETO. ale LenSs ING kem el siace, situ ite ane aho pean ene eyste pa On 2i2ik lirica icaree epee van le a eid Mo he OO NAR Ae TS eee Ea a onal OO, Total. Beyer tera hs ea Arava 11 Sean rea negnes esl TH Says. ARLEN The measurements a an precilent specimen of C. fortor are as follows: Skull . Sue Me Rie ocmmaien sand SUCH Si ea nO COR ONNOCL CNS: Neck. Ae einen ANTE RAL CEA es at aca tne cc eRe Aude OUR OO Trunk, Cee Vv er ebise preserved). . BB (eae necro) A very complete specimen of a Zzodon in the vlaseute, in which the complete vertebral column is present, numbering one hundred and seventeen vertebrae, gives the following measurements. The skull is complete, save the most anterior portion. Skull (approximated within narrow limits). ..0.700 meters. INF seerctan Sones Mal FT esos Scie nae cle ee OR AZO Plane UT Lee Gey A Hee rane Sie ttete. Mae seen 7 OO MIR ANI Pate Mere weteh Mees scare RUE hie shud -isd ence taors yrereneite iene HAZO Ml Otaliee rs ies) oa See dgtnros ere MOPS TOL LrrZQunts Oni: The vertebral series in this specimen is composed of seven cervicals, twenty-three dorsals, seven pygials, and eighty chevron-caudals. 26 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. The relative proportions of the different regions in the two genera, as shown by the two specimens of C/zdastes and Liodon, may be repre- sented as follows. ‘The first column is for Clzdastes. Sud a ea aknink ches eels ON et Ae ie ae are CO Ty ere oe Tee Ico) dara Ree eee ew y eee er PM Ma Loe, Atlee aye (gt aiain es. as Ose) A Dig 50 ele pee mmeE MUNA I RENEE ARPES eR na VOR ad bebin ec. 2615S A Det is be eae res Ue ereIParaMe an RDN Nae RAWAM A auld LOM rwcn alo W/L. Tl Limbs. The figures in plates II and III will give a sufficiently good idea of the limbs in this specimen. They are figured as they were lying, show- ing the outer sides of the coracoid, scapula and pelvic bones, and the palmar or plantar surface of the remaining bones. Coracoid. It will be observed in plates II and IV that there are two very different types of coracoid, une with a deep emargination, the other without the slightest indication of such. The same non-emarginate form occurs in C. forfoyv, as specimens in our Museum show, in C. propython Cope (Ext. Batr. etc. pl. xii, f. 16,) and in C. dispar, as figured by Marsh*, and as stated by him in the same paper (‘‘ There is certainly no emargination in the coracoid of Cidastes, Edestosaurus and #aptosaurus, as specimens in the Yale Museum conclusively prove.”) It is true that Marsh in a later paper? figured a specimen with emarginate coracoid under the name of Adestosaurus dispar, but it is certain that his identification of his own species was wrong, as will be seen by comparing his figures. From the senior author’s memory of the specimen with the emarginate coracoid figured, and from the figure itself he feels confident that the second specimen is C. velox. That the emargination was overlooked by the author seems strange, as in the same paper in which this figure is given occurs the descrip- tion of Holosaurus, founded upon that very character. Vf the emargi- nation is sufficiently important to base a genus in the one case, then it should be in the other, and the character could not be applied to Edestosaurus, based upon characters which it hardly seems possible that the author himself could seriously consider, for 4. dzspar was the type of Ldestosaurus. It will be observed, further, that the figured coracoids differ very materially in size, those with the emargination pertaining to a small species, while C. dispar is one of the largest. In our Museum there are three specimens with the emarginate coracoid, all of them small or very small, the described specimen of C. velox being the largest. * Amer. Journ. Sci. iii, pl. xi, f. 1, June, 1872. + Amer. Journ. Sci. xix, pl. i, fig, 1, Jan., 1880. s > WILLISTON AND CASE: KANSAS MOSASAURS. 27 The point of chief interest in this relation is the value that can be given to this character. Is it individual, specific or generic? Marsh has called it generic, but we think an examination of the two very complete specimens of C. ¢ortor and C. velox in our Museum will con- vince any unprejudiced student that he is in error. A comparison of the figures herewith given of the paddles will show their great resemblance, and these two forms of paddles have been figured because the species are the most unlike of any that we know in the genus. As all the small specimens seem to possess this character, and as they cannot be called immature specimens, we believe the character is a specific one. As Marsh says, typically both C?idastes and Ldestosaurus have a non-emarginate coracoid, so that neither name could apply to the emarginate form, were it generically distinct. Our Museum also contains both forms of the coracoid pertaining to the genus Platecarpus, of which Hfolosaurus is a synonym. While studying the specimen above described, a striking similarity was observed to several other specimens already determined with con- fidence as C. pumtlus Marsh. A more careful comparison failed to bring out any real differences beyond size, and even this was shown to be very inconstant. The following comparison of the descriptions given by Marsh will be of interest. C. pumilus. TEETH. Nearly round at base, somewhat curved and with smooth enamel. QuapDRATE. The rugose knob | near the distal end of the quad- rate is similar to that in C. Wy- mani (just below the posterior superior process 1s a prominent rugose knob with a deep pit un- C. velox. Premaxillary and maxillary teeth smooth and subcompressed. The great ala less curved than in £. dispar, concave transversely on both surfaces. ‘The alar pro- cess has its articular process very narrow in its extension over the great ala. No notch in posterior margin of external angle. On the der it), but has no articular pit under it. The hook is compara- tively short and has a free com- pressed extremity. The articular margin is not deflected toward the meatus. ‘CERVICAL VERTEBRAE. Artic- ular face nearly vertical, and having a broad transverse outline with faint superior emargination. The hypapophysis stout and trans- versely triangular. ridge below the angle and nearly opposite the meatal pit is a strong rugosity which is rudi- mentary or wanting in C. dispar. The posterior margin of the hook is only a narrow tongue projecting towards the meatal pit, instead of a broad articular surface. Articular face transverse. 28 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. The description, otherwise, shows no discrepancies of importance. The chief difference given by the author is the size, and this character we think our specimens show to be of little specific value. ‘‘It isa question of some importance how far difference in size among the Mosasauroids may be a test of difference in species. Among the numerous remains of these animals which have been discovered I have never yet observed any which presented any evideuce relative to age. * * * Tn this view of the case, some of the many described species of Mosasauroids may have been founded on different sizes of the same.’’* The tength of the cervical vertebrae in the specimen above de- scribed is thirty-seven or thirty-eight millimeters. The cervical verte- brae in two specimens referred to C. pumz/us have lengths respectively of twenty-two and thirty millimeters. In the type specimen of C. velox they must have had a length of at least forty-two millimeters. It thus appears that, between the smallest specimen, which, in life, could have hardly exceeded eight feet in length, our specimens, indistinguishable anatomically, represent forms of ten and twelve feet, while the type itself was about fifteen feet in length. Of the material originally referred to C. pumzlus, there are in the collection five or more specimens, which, altogether, furnish nearly every part of the skeleton. They present no tangible differences from the skeleton of C. velox described above. ‘There can be, hence, little or no doubt but that the name C. pumzlus is a synonym. It is hardly possible to say with certainty that C. afinzs Leidy is or is not the same as C. velox, but, so far as the description goes, we can find few differences. The type is of about the same size as the type of C. velox, and the figures agree well with the bones of the skeleton described. Although the description was not published till 1873, the author makes no mention of the species of Marsh’s.. Leidy de- scribes the back teeth as having the enamel strongly striated, with the surface presenting evidences of subdivision into narrow planes. In this respect, only, it disagrees with the specimen. Plioplatecarpus Dollo is described by its author as having a sacrum of two conjoined vertebrae,+ by reason of which it is placed in 4 sep- arate family from the rest of the Pythonomorpha. It may be pre- sumptious to express a doubt of the genuineness of the sacrum, and yet, save from the fact that the author found two specimens quite alike, one might doubt it strongly. It is not very rare that two, or even three vertebrae are found united from injury in these animals, and guch would readily account for the consolidation as figured and described by Dollo, except for the coincidence of the second speci- * Leidy, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Hayden, vol. i, p. 284. + Bull. Su. Mus. Roy. 8. Hist. Nat. d. Belg. i, p. 8, 1882. WILLISTON AND CASE: KANSAS MOSASAURS. 29 men. A stronger reason for doubt is the statement that the consoli- dated vertebrae belong to the posterior ‘‘lumbar” region, and that the last vertebrae had small tubercles indicative of chevrons. In the reptiles which we have examined, the chevrons do not begin immediately behind the pelvis, but are separated by a longer or shorter region in which the vertebrae bear elongated diapophyses alone. If the conjoined vertebrae figured by Dollo are in reality sacral, it would appear that the animal is an exception to C/zdasfes and such lizards as we have examined. Furthermore, the pelvis must have been of a different structure from that in the Kansas genera of the Pythonomor- pha, for, in these, it is evident that the ilium had an oblique position, and could have been attached to but a single diapophysis. CLIDASTES WESTII, N. SP. A specimen of much interest in the University collection differs so markedly from the other forms represented by specimens, as also from the descriptions of the known species, that we are constrained to regard it as new. It was collected by Mr. C. H. Sternberg from the uppermost of the Niobrara beds, in the vicinity of the old town of Sheridan. The character of the associated invertebrate fossils seems to indicate a different geological horizon, either the Fox Hills group, or transition beds to that group. The specimen consists of a complete lower jaw, quadrate, portions of the skull, the larger part of the verte- bral column, and the incomplete hind and fore paddles. The vertebrae preserved are in two series, the one, numbering thirty-three, continuous with the skull; the other, sixty-three in number, all chev- ron caudals. The terminal caudals preserved indicate that there were several more in life, perhaps five or ten; the first of the series was evidently among the first of those which bore chevrons. Altogether the tail may have had seventy-five chevron caudals. ‘The lengths of the two series are respectively seventy-one and seventy-two inches. Assuming that there was the same number of precaudal vertebrae as in C. velox, the entire vertebral column would have measured in life fifteen feet and four inches. The lower jaw shows the skull to have been very nearly twenty-four inches in length, making, for the animal when alive, a length of seventeen and one-half feet. This is one of the largest species, and it is interesting to observe that the real size here, as usually elsewhere among fossil vertebrates, is less than supposed. It is doubtful whether there is a Cldastes known that exceeded twenty feet in length. While the skeleton was only about one half longer than the speci- men of C. we/ox described in the foregoing pages, or of about the 30 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. same length as a very complete specimen of C. ¢or¢or in the museum, the proportions of the animal were very much stouter. The figures given in plate VI of the twenty-fifth, or eighteenth dorsal, vertebra will show the relations between length and breadth: it is upon these re- markably stout proportions, and the shape of the articular faces, as indicated by the figures and by the measurements appended, that the species is chiefly based. The articular surfaces of the basal caudal vertebrae are remarkably triangular in shape, with the angles rounded, and the sides of nearly equal length. This triangular shape is persis- tent for the first twenty of the series as they are preserved. The paddles, as shown in plates IV and V, show much stouter proportions than in either C. velox or C. tortor. The species comes nearest to C. stenops Cope, but it seems hardly the same. It is, also, evidently allied to C. dispar Marsh. From these and other described species, the following, extracted from the original descriptions, will serve to show the differences, in comparison with the specimen of C. Westzz. C. dispar. The articular faces in the cervicals are a broad transverse oval, faintly emarginated above for the neural canal. In the dorsals and lumbars the cup continues transverse, and the emargination is deeper, but in the anterior caudals the outline becomes a vertical uval. There appears to have been thirteen mandibular teeth. Length of axis with odontoid process.......... 22 lIMES)-1 sa hOS Width between diapophyses.. wus ts ete ragite oz OES Do ee ROS Length from edge of cup to end of f ball in eleventh: vertebrae ary eae eens ene 5 OO Wacditheotipalllny mec ica cats RUA eas eee Aare Fe te KO Depthwos ball yicea se. Wer ovech tn sate oth Vine ly ae eben Te Net A C. Wymani. In the cervical vertebrae, the outline of the articular faces is trans- versely cordate. The centra of the anterior dorsals are elongate, and much constricted behind the diapophyses. In the anterior caudals, the articular faces are a broad vertical oval. Length of axis with odontoid process.........19 lines....100 Width between ees er Piet Aare est) ee OOs4 Width of ball... area ey RUE? Aho Eby 3" Xo) Ded ae An Depth of ball. ey an bi che fi 36.7 Length of cate een ried ball Shey en? . 100 Wadth of cise ee es tee os ea ee eas eee aR) 69.1 C. rex. The cervical vertebrae have very broad, transversely oval faces, WILLISTON AND CASE: KANSAS MOSASAURS. 31 with indications of emargination. The dorsals are elongated, with transverse faces, and a distinct superior excavation for neural canal. The articular ends of the anterior caudals are vertically oval. Length of posterior cervical vertebrae........44 mm....100 Werticeall Chanmener ort MMs des ane er odecercs sua Peele GAs 5 eBrans Verse UamMlete lark tree isis ety ae oss 85'S 2/@ NG Bera OF Weng th¥oiea dorsaleventel tala riers nie) estes oe /2 C. stenops. The anterior caudals possess wide diapophyses. Their articular faces are a vertical oval, a little contracted above, sometimes a straight outline. They present a peculiarly elongate form. IECnigtheOlasasn (ALON) nets tee eines): OO MMMM «6 OO Werntincaill Glignonetcr Of lcs poceccas aacaescas 27 Das aS Tire Ease Chiannsteie OF AN Yo od eo ad scoeseeoe By fe RMA ILSiln OF UNS wnENNGHIOIG, ce oo us sdcood os e0 n> 00720 Se LOO Depthyatacononoidsprocessrreri sae.) cee sO Fee ZORO) MEASUREMENTS OF CLIDASTES WESTII. Length of dentary.. Pe tee ea aor ps eee te FOO! MTL: Depth opposite the frst oath ei wea g ats HTL EA Donen cuneate surest ee 62 LSMIRS SAUCE OH MAEVACMONS 5.5 sen om aansdsason 6 odds OsO Greatest depthat coronoldepnocessia nn an 4 eaOS 2p ene thvotaxdsawithodontord processs es ener. 42 OO Eengthon axis without odontoidsprocesss.... 4... 5.4.) 70 Mentteaiecdiametenot: ballvarns \ te ces doue cek ayaa ee Transverse diameter of eal Sia oe aes sie) 4. Length of fourth cervical Laie to nm ee ball. aes AO Expanse of diapophyses. . oe Sie ana aire ce Ore 5. Length of fifth cervical to rim ak Baill. Davee ales AO reese rar He ey aa 35 Vertical diameter of ball . Bh ema AE ee MORE he tO EXD ANSexOl GiapOpMySESicyaial= i: 21vaiie- te eaten bese, KOO 8. Length of eighth ventebea to rim ae hell eect tn 53 Pe GC a ue oe ans an go lin | JEferednh Ao) eat anh LOH Maier eves eNamener hl RIE byrne rec eeMiealen pea paa 97.1 dinansversexduametenlot Dalz). otal eea eres cease AO Wetticalrdiamneterrotiballle cra. he rine. g ceria st 61s 8e EMP AUSCNOM iAP OPMY SES: cieiceies sus bu der onset a es «hae ee LOO Lome Gn tOumMeOt Dalle. \eyac wei luwdqees aa Cee biey Meni cei) 5O Mransverseuciameten on balls kvysisenemeya sie eli one AO Weuiitcalidiametemotsbalil: oncgemin se) d acide. 30 xpanserOteciap Op lySes ac... ss tielc sits sess esis 2 LOO 30. KANSAS UNIVERSITY hen'ethrto, rimnot “baile yess. Sekai e nine ere penetra siransvense ciameternot balla ein te eer Bxpansezotydiapopliysesrniyae ater aor terete ore eee Kenethytocrim“okl ball ae ate streak cn seieae enn eee earn Mransverse diameter ofepalllac sem Vertical diametentoh ballin.) <4. nae ea een eee Expanse.of dia pop iiySesiressn scent er ae pee Length tourim ot oad see ae ciies uke Sinise 2 me beteeraleten ea eae iDransvensendiamleteis ofmal pee an esi er eterna en een panes material. QUARTERLY. 50 4I LEC 52 43 43 .. 100 54 46 This species is named in memory of Judge E. P. West, lately de- ceased, to whom our Museum owes so much for his long, diligent and faithful labors in the collection and preparation of the geological ERRATUM: P. 17, line 15, for ‘‘ Edestosaurus,” read Clidastes, and in next line, strike out ‘‘ Proc. Acad.” etc. Notes and Descriptions of Syrphidae. BY W. A. SNOW: WITH PLATE VII. Among the insects obtained by Prof. F. H. Snow in a recent trip to Colorado, is an excellent representative collection of the Diptera. The material for the following notes on Syrphidae is chiefly drawn from this collection, That such a collection affords so many points of interest in this, one of the best studied families of North American Diptera, is an evidence of the rich field that is presented by this im- portant and little-studied order of insects. CALLICERA. Callicera Panzer, Fauna Germanica, 1806. Callicera is a small genus hitherto supposed to be peculiar to Europe. The species are found in the high mountains, where the males are often taken while hovering in the air. The present collec- tion includes numerous specimens of a species taken near the summit of Mt. Deception, in Manitou Park, Colorado, at an altitude of nine thousand feet. The occurrence of members of this genus in the western part of the United States is a fact of especial interest and further substantiates the rule that American forms common to Europe are more apt to occur in the western regions. omen); 15 mene eane also on a circle through O, and the.circles through 1, m, n and I Gtaan meeintersect on, @ ik. NOTE B. From the fundamental property of the Cissoid of Diocles we can ob- tain by inversion an interesting theorem concerning the parabola. In the figure of the Cissoid given in Salmon’s H. P. C. Art. 214, ACV — Mik winence Ae Mj Awe AG IVIns ora ke——oNenlVie Aue) i emt verting from the cusp and representing the inverse points by the same letters, we have for the parabola I I I ACR Se ASM r AM, This result is interpreted as follows:—draw the circle of curvature at the vertex of a parabola; this circle is tangent to the ordinate B D which is equal to the abscissa A D; draw a line through A cutting the circle in R, the ordinate B D in M, and the parabola in M,; then I I I AR > AM > AM Draw the circle with centre at D and radius AD; any chord of the parabola through the vertex is cut harmonically by the parabola, the circle, and the double ordinate through D. Foreign Settlements in Kansas. A CONTRIBUTION TO DIALECT STUDY IN THE STATE. Explanatory.—Some years ago when the subject of dialect study in Kansas, or rather of Kansas dialect, was mentioned, Mr. Noble Pren- tis, a gentleman who is warranted in speaking with authority on Kansas, was inclined to think that he settled the question in short order by de- claring that there is no Kansas dialect. Probably the majority of intelligent citizens of the state would turn off the subject with the same reply. In the sense of a mode of speech common to the inhabitants of Kansas and peculiar to them, Mr. Prentis was indeed right. There is no vocabulary, at least no extensive vocabulary, by which the native of Kansas may be recognized in the American Babel. We have no distinctive pronunciation by which we may be known from the inhabi- tants of Nebraska or set apart from the citizens of Missouri. The verb fails to agree with its subject and the participle is deprived of its final ‘g’ with about equal frequency in Western Kansas and Eastern Colorado. But in the same sense it is true that there is no Kansas flora, no Kansas fauna; that is, there is no plant and there is no animal found quite generally in Kansas and found nowhere outside of Kansas. ‘The remark that there is no such thing as a Kansas dialect rests upon a misapprehension of what is meant by the term. In just the same way that we speak of the flora and the fauna of Kansas we may speak of the dialect of Kansas. Yet to avoid popular misapprehension it may be better to speak of dialect in Kansas, rather than of Kansas dialect. Dialect study involves the observation and description of all facts concerning the natural living speech of men, and especially those points in which the speech of individuals or groups differs from that of the standard literary language as represented in classic writers and classic speakers. Standard literary English is always a little behind the times. It is the stuffed and mounted specimen in the museum. Dialect is the live animal on its native heath. Most people, indeed, will think that their speech does not differ materially from standard English. They say, We speak near enough alike ‘‘for practical pur- poses,” Buta thousand years hence the pronunciation of our country (71) KAN. UNIY. QUAR., VOL, I., NO. 2, OCT., 1892. 72° KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. may have changed so much that it will seem like another language, and our descendants will write learned theses to prove that we pro- nounced ‘cough’ like cow or like cuff. A new language will have grown out of an old one, but no one know how it came about. Careful dia- lect study will help explain it. Kansas is a peculiarly favorable field for dialect study. We have here side by side representatives from nearly every state in the Union, and from a dozen foreign countries. The observer has here what else- where he must travel over half the world to find. In a district where the people are all natives, the speech is so nearly homogeneous that it is difficult to find any one who recognizes the peculiarities of his own language, but here the contrast of strange tongues strikes us immedi- ately and we become conscious early of the fact that all men do not speak alike. Study of dialect may be classified under the heads of pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary. Of these the last two are the easiest, and may be carried on by almost any one with pleasure and valuable re- sults. Pronunciation is the most difficult of these matters to study, as competent observation and reports can be made only by one who has made a thorough study of Phonetics. To those who might wish to take up the study of this branch of the subject, Sweet’s Primer of Phonetics, and Grandgent’s ‘‘Vowel Measurements” and ‘‘German and English Sounds” are recommended. In the study of dialect vocabularies it may become of the greatest importance to establish the exact locality of a word and the origin of the persons by whom it is used. For instance, in a family of my acquaintance the word ‘slandering’—sauntering was familiar. It wasa great puzzle to me until I learned that some of the children had been in the care of a German maid. The German word ‘schlendern’ sug- gested the unquestionable source of the peculiar word. As a source of information regarding the origin of the foreign elements of our population when their native speech shall have been for- gotten, but when the influence of it will be left in vocabulary and pronunciation I have thought that a map of the state with the location of all the foreign settlements of even quite small size would be of interest and in time of great value. In the following pages I transmit the results of my inquiries so far as received. It is my inten- tion to make the report complete and to publish the map, when as com- plete as it can be made, in colors. Unexpected difficulties have delayed the work and prevented its beingcomplete. I depended for my information upon the County Superintendents of the State, a class of unusually intelligent and well-informed men and women. But in not a few cases there seems to have been a suspicion in the mind of my we CARRUTH: FOREIGN SETTLEMENTS IN KANSAS. 73 correspondent that I might be a special officer of the state trying to locate violations of the law requiring district schools to be conducted in English, and hence information regarding schools in foreign tongue was withheld or given but partially. And in some cases my _ in- formants were not well posted. A superintendent by the name of Schauermann in a county containing a town called Suabia, tells me that there are no foreigners in his county. In such cases time must be taken to secure a correct result. The questions asked were: Locate, and give origin, date and ap- proximate numbers of any settlements—six or more families—of for- eigners in your county. Do they still use their language to any extent? Do they have church service and schools conducted in their native tongue? In many replies one or more of these points was neglected so that the information is not yet by any means what I desire to make it. However, for the purpose of dialect study approximate correct- ness in location is of chief importance, and accuracy as to numbers quite secondary. Through the aid of ministers and others to whom I have been re- ferred by the superintendents I hope to make this report complete in the following respects: ‘The more exact limits of the settlement; the numbers of those foreign-born; the province as well as land from which they came; the number of churches; the number of schools and the length of time the same are conducted. I solicit the co-operation of everyone interested in this work, and also in the whole subject of dia- lect study. As intimated above, interested observers can without especial training do a service to science and at the same time find a fascinating pastime for themselves by making collections of words and constructions which they believe to be unusual or new. If any such are sent to the writer they will be duly acknowledged. They should in every case be accompanied by a statement of the age, condition and birth-place of the person using them. I wish here to call attention to the work of the American Dialect Society which exists to promote this study. It desires as wide a membership as possible, and membership is open to all interested in the subject. The publication of the Society, Dialect Notes, contains reports of word-lists and other studies, and will be an aid to any who wish to undertake similar work. Subscriptions and membership fees should be sent to Mr. C. H. Grandgent, Treas., Cambridge, Mass. REPORTS BY COUNTIES. AtcHIsON.—Reports no foreigners, by John Klopfenstein, Supt. ALLEN.—Swedes and Danes, from 600 to 700, settled from 1873 to 1880. Have church service, and four to five months school 74 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. in Swedish. Grove and Elsmore townships. Germans in and around Humboldt. ANDERSON.—Irish in Reeder township, 1860 and 1874. Germans, 1860 in Putman township, 1880 in Westphalia township. Have both church and schools in German. BARBER.—Reports ‘‘no foreigners worth making account of, by J. O. Hahn, Sup’t. BarTON.—NO report. Bourson.—Reports no foreigners. Brown.—No report. BurLer.—Germans (Prussians), speaking Low German, in Fairmount and Milton townships. Hold church services but no schools in German. CuHASE.—Russian Mennonites, speaking both Russian and German, in Diamond Creek township, no church, but a portion of school- ing in German. Germans at Strong City, with both church and schools in their native tongue. CHATAUQUA.—Some Norwegians and Swedes, 1870, no location given. Neither schools nor churches in native tongue. One colony of ‘Russians’ (Mennonites?), who have also given up their language. CHEROKEE.—-Weir City, French and Italians, number considerable. Scammon, Scotch, also in large numbers. The French and Italians have neither schools nor church in the native tongue. Germans in Ross, twenty families; with church origi- nally Lutheran, now Mennonite; school irregularly during past ten years. Swedes, a few families in Cherokee township, have entirely given up Swedish language. The Scotch, French and Italians in mines or mining industries. CHEYENNE.—Germans settled in 1885-86 on Hackberry Creek, 160 persons; in the northeast corner of the county, 100; on west border of county, north of Republican river, 120; all with churches and the last two with occasional schools. Swedes are across the Republican adjoining last named German settlement, 120, entered 1886, having neither church nor school in Swedish. CLARKE.—Reports no foreigners. Criay.—No report. CLoup.—Canadian French are scattered over much of the county, with considerable settlements in and around the towns of Con- cordia, Clyde, St. Joseph and Aurora. In all there are churches, in the first three schools also conducted in French. CARRUTH: FOREIGN SETTLEMENTS IN KANSAS. 75 Norwegians occupy portions of Sibley and Lincoln townships with two churches in their own tongue. They number about three hundred. Irish occupy portions of Solomon and Lyon, the south part of Meredith and the southeast corner of Grant townships. Correy.—Germans in Liberty and on border of Leroy and Avon township. Have church service in German. CoMANCHE.—Germans. A few scattered families. Cow.Ley.—A few Swedes and Germans, widely scattered. CRAwrorD.—Irish and French in Grant township; Swedes in west part of Sherman township, have all given up their language. _ Ital- ians, Austrians and other nationalities in south part of Wash- ington, southeast part of Sheridan and all over Baker town- ship, especially in Pittsburg, employed in mining and smelt- ing. DECATUR. —Swedes in Oberlin township; Mennonites in Prairie Dog township; Germans in and around Dresden, with Catholic church; Bohemians in Jennings and Garfield townships. DIcKINSON.—Germans, 500 in number settled in 1860 in Liberty, Union and Lyon townships. Have three churches and two schoolsin German. Alsoin Wheatland, Jefferson, Bonner and Ridge townships, one church and a school. Swedes, 100 settled in 1860 in Center and Hayes township, with two churches and one school in Swedish. Irish, several hundred in south part of Banner township. DonrpHAN.—Germans in Wayne, Marion and southern part of Center. Burr Oak and Washington townships, with church service in native tongue. Norwegians in eastern part of Wolf River township. Douctas.—There are German settlements in Eudora township (300), Marion township (600), and Big Springs township (100), with churches in all and school in the first! There are about five hundred Germans in Lawrence, with three German churches. There are smaller settlements of Germans and Scandinavians at several points in the county. Epwarbs.—Germans and Swedes in Kinsley, Jackson and Trenton townships, have church service in their mother tongue. ELkK.—Swedes in Painter and Hood townships; Irish in Falls township; Germans on the border of Elk and Wild Cat townships. None of these have ehurch or school in the native tongue, but all use it at home. ELLis.—Germans from Russia, settled about 1876 in Catherine, Hart- 76 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. sook, Lookout, Wheatland and Freedom townships, about 3000 in number—one third of the population of the county in 1891. ‘They are Catholics, and have both churches and parochial schools conducted in German. ‘They are large wheat-growers. ELLSworTH.—Germans, (Methodists) in south part of Valley town- ship; Germans (Lutherans) in north part of Columbia and ‘Ellsworth townships; Germans (Baptists) from Prussia, in Green Garden and south west corner of Empire townships. These all have church service, and the Lutherans schools in their own tongue. Bohemians in Valley and Noble town- ships. FINNEY.—Reports no foreigners. Forp.—Germans in Wheatland and Speareville townships. Have church, and one school conducted in German. FRANKLIN.—No report. GARFIELD.—A few scattered families of Germans. Geary. —Irish (Connaught) came into Jackson, Jefferson and Liberty townships 1855, about 1500 in number. Germans (Anhalt) about 1500 came into Jefferson, Milford and Lyon townships in 1862. About 300 English from Sussex settled in Lyon township in 1870. ‘The Germans maintain both churches and schools in German. Govre.—Swedes in Lewis and south part of Grinnell and south west corner of Gove townships. A settlement of Canadian French (600) was made in adja- cent parts of Wild Horse and Morelan townships about 1880o. They conduct church service but no schools in French. GRAHAM. Grant.—Reports no foreigners. Gray.—Reports no foreigners. GREELEY. —Swedes in the north west part of the county, have church service and summer school in Swedish. GREENWOOD.—Norwegians, about 200, in south part of Salem town- ship, have church in their own tongue. Germans in Shell Rock township, about 300, also have church in their own language. HamiLtTon. —Reports no foreigners. Harper.—-Germans about the town of Harper. Hungarians south of Bluff City. Both have church service in German. About too French in Odell and Stohryjlle townships. Harvey.-—Germans (Russian Mennonites) from Odessa, a few from Prussia, the latter speaking Low German. They settled from 1874 to 1876 in Alta and Garden townships, in Pleasant and CARRUTH: FOREIGN SETTLEMENTS IN KANSAS. Hal the eastern part of Newton townships, and about Halstead. They have church and school in German, but speak Russian also. French in north part of Emma township, engaged in raising silk worms. HaASsKELL.-—Reports no foreigners. HopGman.—Germans, about 30 families, settled about 1884 in south east corner of Sterling township; have preaching in German. Swedes in north west corner of Marena township. JacKkson.—Danes in Netawaca and Whiting townships; Irish in Wash- ington township; neither continue to use their native tongue. JeEFFERSON.—Germans (Swiss) in Delaware, Jefferson and Kentucky , townships, maintaining church but no schools in German. JEWELL.—Swedes, widely scattered in Sinclair, Allen, Ewing and Ezbon townships. JoHnson.—NoO report. KEARNEY.—NoO report. KINGMAN. A small settlement of Germans in Peters township, not using German to any extent. A few Irish in Union town- ship. Kiowa.—No report. LABETTE.—Swedes and Norwegians settled in Valley and Canada townships about 1869. Still speak their language, but have neither church nor school in it. LanrE.—Reports no foreigners. LEAVENWORTH.—German, in 1873 in Easton township; in Fair township in 1876; about 600 in each place. They have church service and schools in German. Lincotn.—Danes settled in Grant township in 1869 and since, 400 in number. Germans settled in Pleasant township in 1872, with 300, and in Indiana township in 1869 and later with about 375. Danes and Germans have good schools and churches in native tongue. Bohemians in Highland town- ship in 1878 with thirty families. They speak their native tongue, but have no schools or churches. Linn.—Reports no foreigners. Locan.—Swedes, about 200, about Page City, in north part of county. Have church and school both in Swedish. Lyon.—Welsh, between 1000 and 1500 are located in and about Emporia, with three churches conducted in Welsh. ‘There is a settlement of Skandinavians near Olpe in Centre town- ship. Marion.—Germans (Russian Mennonites), settled in Logan, Durham, Lehigh, Risley, Menno, West Branch and Liberty town- 78 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. ships, from 1870 to 1875, some 5000 in number. They speak both Russian and German, and have church service and schools in the latter tongue. Bohemians, about 500 in number are settled in Clark township. ‘They speak Czech and have church service in that language. French to the number of 200 settled soon after 1870 on the border of Grant and Doyle townships. They speak French still, but have no schools or church service in the language. MarsuHaLL.—Germans (Pommeranians, Hanoverians, Frisians) to the number of 2000, settled in the west part of Marysville town- ship from before 1860 to 1870. ‘They have both church and school in their own tongue. In the north part of Murray and the south half of Vermillion townships are 1200 Irish, who use only English in church and school. They came before 1870. Bohemians in small numbers occupy the north part of Guittard,the north west corner of Waterville and the south part of Blue Rapids townships; Swedes a portion of the south part of Waterville township. No report as to their language. MEADE.—No report. M1Ami1.—Germans occupy the north part of Wea and the west part of Valley townships, about 200 in each settlement; the first has a Catholic, the second a Lutheran church. Irish occupy the north part of Osage township, also about 200 in number. MITCHELL—Germans to the number of 1200 occupy Pittsburg, Blue Hill, and Carr Creek townships. In the first there is a church, and a well-attended schooi (Catholic) at Tipton. MONTGOMERY.—Germans to the number of too are settled in and about Independence. ‘They have church service in German (Lutheran). MorrIs.—Swedes occupy Diamond Valley, the west part of Creek, and the north part of Parker townships. ‘They have several churches and occasionally a school conducted in Swedish. Morron.—Reports no foreigners. McPHERSON.—Swedes settled, about 1870, in Union, Smoky Hill, Harper, New Gottland, Delmore, and portions of other townships, in large numbers, several thousand. ‘They have several churches and excellent schools conducted in Swedish. Germans (Russian Mennonites) occupy Superior, Turkey Creek, Mound, Lone Tree, King City, and portions of McPherson and other southern townships, with several churches and schools. The Mennonitesnumber about 5000 and settled after 1876. CARRUTH: FOREIGN SETTLEMENTS IN KANSAS. 79 Nemana.—Germans (Swiss) occupy Nemaha and Washington, and a portion of Richmond townships, with German churches and schools. Irish are in Clear Creek and north east corner of Neuchatel townships. Most of Neuchatel township is occuppied by French (Swiss). NerosHo.—Germans have a considerable settlement in the south east corner of Tioga township, with church service (Lutheran) in German; another in the east part of Lincoln township, where the language is spoken, but without church or school. Swedes have settlements in the north west part of Tioga and the east part of Big Creek townships; church in the first only, though in both Swedish is spoken almost exclusively. Ness.—No report. Norton.—-Germans to the number of 100 settled about 1880 in Grant township. ‘They have church service in German. OsaGE.—Swedes, (700 in number, ) settled in Grant township in 1871, where they have four churches conducted in Swedish. Welsh settled in 1869 in Arvonia township, and others in the north part of Superior township, 700 in number. ‘They have six churches with services in Welsh. Germans are in the north part of Scranton and Ridgway townships, 200 in number; French in the central part of Superior township, 200 strong; Danes, 200, in north part of Melvern and Olivet townships; a considerable number of Scotch and Irish in and near Scran- ton. Most of these latter are engaged in coal mining. None of the foreigners have schools—except Sunday schools—in their native tongue. OsBORNE—Germans settled in Bloom township, where they have both church and school in their mother tongue. Orrawa.—-Bohemians are located about the border of Sheridan and Fountain townships; Danesin the south part of Buckeye township; Irish, arrived about 1885, in the south part of Chapman township. None of these have church or school in a foreign tongue. PAWNEE.—Swedes settled about 1877 in the west part of Garfield and the north part of Walnut townships, about 500 in all. They speak their native languge at home almost exclusively, and haye preaching in it. PuHILLIps.—Germans occupy Mound and south part of Dayton town- ships, with preaching and parochial school in German. Dutch occupy east part of Prairie View with adjacent portions of Long Island, Dayton, and Beayer townships, with preach- 80 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. ing in Dutch. Some Danes and Swedes in Crystal township, and some scattered Poles. POTTAWATOMIE.—Germans, about 2500, in west half of Mill Creek and adjacent portions of Sherman and Vienna townships, also in Pottawatomie and adjacent portions of Union, Louisville, and St. George townships. ‘There are a few families in Wa- mego and St. Mary’s Mission. ‘They have several schools and churches conducted in German. Swedes occupy the whole of Blue Valley and the west border of Greene town- Ships, and have a small settlement in St. Mary township, numbering in all 1200. ‘They have churce service and a pa- rochial school conducted in Swedish. Irish, to the number of 2000 occupy Clear Creek, Emmet, St. Mary and the border of St. Clere townships. French (Canadian), numbering 200, are found in the north part of Mill Creek and in Union town- ships, also a few about St. Mary’s Mission. Pratr.—Reports no foreigners. RawtLins.—Germans in north east part of county with church and school in German. Swedes in east part of county, Bohemi- ans and Hungarians in north and north east portion. Reno.—Germans, about 300, came in 1880 to north east corner of Little River township, and about 200 to south east corner of Sumner township; alo a settlement in the west part of Hayes township; Dutch, about 350, came 1878 into Haven town- ship; Russians are settled in Salt Creek and Medford town- ships. All have church service and schools in their native tongue. There are also a few French and Danes in the county. REPUBLIC.—No report. Ricr.—There is a considerable settlement of Germans in Valley town- ship, also Pennsylvania Germans in tne west part of Sterling township, with German churches in both. There are also some Germans in the town of Lyons, with a German church. RILEyY.—Swedes, about 2500, occupy Jackson, Swede Creek and ad- jacent portions of Mayday, Center, Fancy Creek and Sher- man townships. ‘They have church services and summer schools in their own tongue. Bohemians and Germans, about 500 together, occupy the north east part of Swede Creek township. Rooxks.—-Germans, to families, settled 1880 in north part of North- hampton township. Bohemians, ro families, located in north part of Logan township in 1879. French, about 30 families, south west corner of Logan, and same number in Twin CARRUTH: FOREIGN SETTLEMENTS IN KANSAS. 81 Mound township, settled in 1878, speak French and have preaching in that tongue. The Germans have church service in German. RusH.—Germans (Russian Mennonites) are located as follows: in Big Timber township 75 families, in Illinois township 25 families, in Pioneer township 50 families, in Lone Star town- ship 50 families, in Banner township 25 families, in Garfield township 25 families, in Belle Prairie township 30 families. In each township there is one church or more, but no Ger- man schools(?). Bohemians are found in Banner and Gar- field townships, about 25 families in each. RusSSELL.—-No report. SALINE.—Germans, (Bavarians and Swabians) about 200, in Gypsum and south part of Ohio townships; Swedes, 3000 to 4000, in Washington, Smolan, Falun, Liberty and Smoky View, and adjacent parts of Spring Creek, Summit and Walnut townships, also in Salina. The Swedescame in 1868. Both Germans and Swedes have preaching and the latter have schools in their tongue. Scotr.—No report. SEDGWICK.—-Germans, 3000 to 4oo0, settled from 1874-82 in Sher- man, Grand River, Garden Plain, Attica and Union town- ships. Also about 2000 Germans in the ciy of Wichita. In both places schools and churches in German. Russians, Italians, French and Scandinavians are represented, a few hundred each, in Wichita. In the country townships a few Dutch and Swedes. SEWARD.—-Reports no foreigners. SHAWNEE.—Germans (Moravians) in Rossville township, speak their native tongue almost exclusively, but have neither school nor preaching in German. SHERIDAN.—No reports. SHERMAN.—Germans, 20 families about the center of the county. Swedes, ro families in north east corner and 25 families in south west corner. both Germans and Swedes have schools and preaching in their native tongue SmItH.— Germans in west part of Swan and Cedar townships, and on border of Harvey and Banner townships, in both churches, and in the first schools, in German. Dutch, in the south half of Lincoln township, have church but no schools. STAFFORD.——Germans in Hayes and Cooper townships, three hundred in number, with two churches having service in German. STanton.—A few scattered Germans. 82 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. STEVENS.——No report. SUMNER.—No report. ‘THomas.—-A few foreigners scattered about the country; all anglicised. TREGO:!—_No report. WAaBAUNSEE.——Germans and some Swedes in Kaw, Newbury, Mill, Farmer, Alma and Washington townships, with both preach- ing and schools in the mother tongue. WALLACE. —Swedes, to the number of 300, have settled since 1888 in the south west corner of the county. They have church and and schools in Swedish. WASHINGTON. —Germans in Franklin, Charleston, Hanover and north part of Sherman townships, have both church and schools (6) conducted in German. Bohemians are numerous in Little Blue township; French about midway in Sherman township; Trish in Barnes, south part of Sherman and Koloko town- ships. WicHitTa.—No report. WILSON. —Swedes have settled since 1870 in Colfax township. They have preaching but no schools in Swedish. Woopson.—No report. WYANDOTTE.—Germans, 150, in north west corner of Prairie town- ship; Swedes, 350, in Kansas City, Kas.; both have church service in the native language. Welsh, 200, in Rosedale, and Irish about midway in Wyandotte township. SUMMARIES. There are German settlements of thirty or more persons in the fol- lowing counties: Allen, Anderson, Butler, Chase, Chautauqua, Chero- kee, Cheyenne, Coffey, Comanche, Cowley, Crawford, Decatur, Dick- inson, Doniphan, Douglas, Edwards, Elk, Ellis, Ellsworth, Ford, Garfield, Geary, Greenwood, Harper, Harvey, Hodgeman, Jefferson, Kingman, Leavenworth, Lincoln, Marion, Marshall, Miami, Mitchell, Montgomery, McPherson, Nemaha, Neosho, Norton, Osage, Osborne, Phillips, Pottawatomie, Rawlins, Reno, Rice, Riley, Rooks, Rush, Saline, Sedgwick, Shawnee, Sherman, Smith, Stafford, Stanton, Thomas, Wabaunsee, Washington, Wyandotte. Total, 60. Skandinavians in settlements of thirty or over are found in: Allen, Chautauqua, Cherokee, Cheyenne, Cloud, Cowley, Crawford, Decatur, Dickinson, Doniphan, Edwards, Elk, Gove, Greeley, Greenwood, Hodgeman, Jackson, Jewell, Labette, Lincoln, Logan, Lyon, Marshall, Morris, McPherson, Neosho, Osage, Ottawa, Pawnee, Phillips, Potta- watomie, Rawlins, Riley, Saline, Sedgwick, Sherman, Wabaunsee, Wallace, Wilson, Wyandotte. Total, 4o. CARRUTH: FOREIGN SETTLEMENTS IN KANSAS. 83 Settlements of Slavonic peoples, Bohemians, Poles, Russians, or Hungarians, in: Decatur, Ellsworth, Harper, Lincoln, Marshall, Ottawa, Phillips, Rawlins, Reno, Riley, Rooks, Rush, Sedgwick, Washington. Total, 14. Settlements of Irish have been made in: Anderson, Cloud, Craw- ford, Dickinson, Doniphan, Elk, Geary, Jackson, Kingman, Marshall, Miami, Nemaha, Osage, Ottawa, Pottawatomie, Washington, Wyan- dotte. Mota ley. French are found in settlements of thirty or more in: Cherokee, Cloud, Crawford, Doniphan, Graham, Harper, Harvey, Nemaha, Osage, Pottawatomie, Rooks, Sedgwick, Washington. Total, 13. Italians are in Cherokee, Crawford, Sedgwick. lotaleear Welsh in Lyon, Osage and Wyandotte. Total, 3. Dutch in Phillips, Reno, Sedgwick. Total, 3. Scotch are reported from Cherokee and Osage. shotalie2: English in Geary and Doniphan. Morale 2: The following counties report that there are no settlements of people of foreign birth within their borders: Atchison, Barber, Bourbon, Clarke, Finney, Grant, Gray, Hamilton, Haskell, Lane, Linn, Morton, Pratt, Seward. — i Mota laws: No reports have been secured from the following counties: Barton, Brown, Clay, Franklin, Johnson, Kearney, Kiowa, Meade, Ness, Republic, Russell, Scott, Sheridan, Stevens, Sumner, Trego, Wichita, Woodson. Motaleis: Seventy-four of our Kansas counties report settlements of citizens of foreign birth in numbers above 30. In so many cases there is no report or estimate of numbers that it is not worth while to give sum- maries. Probably there are not actually ten counties that have not such settlements. Church services in a foreign tongue are held as follows: Allen S.,* Anderson Ganibutlers Ga mChascmG.) Cheyenne G.., Cherokee (G., Cloud F.\S., Coffey G., Decatur G., Dickinson G. S., Doniphan G., Douglas G., Edwards G. S., Ellis G., Ellsworth G., Ford G., Geary Gr Grahanioh | Greeleye ss) Greenwood GS...) Llarper \G: une., Harvey G., Hodgeman G., Jefferson G., Leavenworth G., Lincoln G. Du., Logan S., Lyon W. G., Marion G. Boh., Marshall G., Miami G, Mitchell G., Montgomery G., Morris S., McPherson S. G., Nemaha G., Neosho G. S., Norton G. Osage S. Welsh, Osborne G., Pawnee 8., Phillips G. Du., Pottawatomie G. S., Rawlins G., Reno G2 Durekus hice G- kiley 5: iwooks)F. GG.) Rush G.; saline G. sz, *G—= German, S—Skandinavian, F=Franch, W=Welsh, Du=Dutch. 84 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. Sedgwick G., Sherman G. S.. Smith G. Du., Stafford G., Wabaunsee G., Wallace S., Washington G. Wilson S., Wyandotte G. S. Total, 58. This total of fifty-eight counties in which church service is held in a foreign tongue does not at all indicate the number of such churches. In many of the reports received the number is not given, or merely in the plural. ‘These very incomplete reports indicate one hundred thirty-eight such churches; it is safe to say that the number is nearly double this. More interesting is the number of schools conducted in a foreign tongue. The counties having them are: Allen S., Anderson G., Chase G., Cheyenne G., Cherokee, G., Cloud F., Dickinson G. S., Douglas G., Ellis G., Ellsworth G., Ford G., Geary G., Greeley_S , Harvey G., Leavenworth G., Lincoln G. S., Logan S., Marion G., Marshall G., Mitchell G., Morris S., McPherson S. G. Nemaha G., Osborne G., Phillips G., Pottawatomie G. S., Rawlins G., Reno G. Du. Rus., Riley S., Rush G., Saline S., Sedgwick G., Sherman G. S., Smith G. Du., Wabaunsee G., Wallace S., Washington G. otal 372 The number of separate schools in a foreign language so far as reported is seventy-four, and here, too, it is safe to say that the actual number is much larger. EXPLANATION. The spaces indicating settlements are in many cases too small to admit a complete description of the inhabitants, and accordingly they have been marked by races rather than by nationalities and tribes. “German” is made to do duty for all inhabitants of Germany whether Low or High, as well as for Austrians, German Swiss, and Russo-Ger- man Mennonites. ‘The last are reported simply as Mennonites, but are, I believe, in all cases of German origin. ‘‘Skandinavian” is used instead of Swede, Norwegian and Dane, because in some cases the distinction was not made in the reports, and in order to limit the number of colors on the map which is to come. In the case of Scotch I have been unable to secure information whether they are Highlanders or Lowlanders, and in case of Irish, to what extent, if at all, they speak the old Irish language. Wet Epi ARR iE. WAAMINGS Se fo [os ae, Ve ) Big ay | Ay meat a vd ate dorset coe he i hgylloO, ae Hou woul SR Bea r i oO “Falo allvvaaale Wye ree ae radale WS €: o A PRELIMINARY MAP OF FOREIGN SETTLEMENTS IN KANSAS E Longituae A r p 7 FeO West 98" from —V__Greenwick K a : ; = —— : S P/E}R; arate Pri Wi = - I {Ree Falls ww Lage, FP iS ! | Bri * = @ Cabibrlage Arapalee) | y i Saar Saino eA Sef pasties he - wt + +c MAP OF pauanle ee vi a bd | Wesaem | ciya an A feo emu TY” By ial on Ke ast AS [G7Erab orcnara, NS i DO o: ; oe HOE pape cl m, fO\ Belvidere |? Bower peal {JOHNS ONMS 3 ; itican “oxford ana! | © Moline Catherton | =| Cal \ eae) Tse As Elk Creeks! Brawn, > i [ss Bainhridgs j H Wee Teen SS SS ee = a Mi H exandrl ae . 5 “aN J ! As L AWS FRAN iat Chretes N oy oa xenaria - {Powel AS AWTS oN | % ~ Size of type Indicates importance of aca t Orleans ca w e\B! s (7 fe ml Lfitehron TJE ERS a i an > Bteloau mani E |i) Homborae Sy ® indicates STATE CAPITAL. | . : = mI a = : 40° Rt j Danbury, a Alma, a =i 60h sio8t aot eer sae [sie io aa i j 3 ie + l, TCH thm 5 Urymon LY Bink ee iy AT Lay asso ® Indlcates County Seat ss! 30 29 Aen publican Cie am a WW. F | ce a See Ox ei ace A Roman Figures indicata Numbers of Townships 28 <6 S we Italic Figures indicate Number fear Blathy TYeeait iy a ee Et fio | ? s SOF Tiers Nai 2 lie Fig cate Numbers of Ranges. 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HA Bp oan H a -— - “ols t Ty 5S raIvaiog SS Sill: , 7 7 |: che} 3-7 0 onus | | atittac A ee (i ver I VEN Nok Tae Aivuedion Pye t roa Aad peices E MS ouxilod 4 4 fe re] | “Candi Siri - | = = i lal es ht xow( NT er {80,, H a L— ~ atic leades Ladore 2 lonmbay, Che: TON a “i Bi offax- < [a4 aN ah fale) Sp Nie Wale O (0) 23) — ALL Ae val on Figo ™ d TEA Ca pol WYfagrit eed YT ihiwee breed ankoAiCity oMa Sf er Lo" I ‘ 2\ Wh 8 mE ae ay oe a 3 F caldwe een Oats ‘ it com ; i Bea “Or. Ce E Tah a fs 7 =z Sta ya ae. 7 el 25 A = H . & ” im OF ”o, OF” Btévens Yo Or B 4 Cc ; = Bis Or. Mite AWE { Ks Jy) se VeNDIAN ER RITO : E 25 : : 1 ofS A E a sara F Cc Longitude Hl Wet a Srom i RAE te tao CH E 5 R Oo K K L >" ™ B-Bohemians pom ame: ina fe lew casesla few other Slavs) G-Cermans (including Dutch tear cere Key EFA ES ae ee a r lennonites) —Scandinavians p: anes, Swedes & Norwegians) I-Irish, W- Wel . ish. it-Italians. F-Frenc . H-Hungarians. | geese eta SO * T ‘1 iy ¢ ie - Homan whiner, ee Mes hint ot Palin Pigthls lnduocie: Vaanbor eae’ Jie SOM OF: Beat at ey we 2 Viad Ls et . oe 1 a The Great Spirit Spring Mound. IB dels (S\5 IBVANE Ia AYE The ‘‘Waconda” or Great Spirit Spring, which is situated in Mitch- ell County, Kansas, about two miles east of Cawker City, has been desenibed imidetail by (Ga ‘Patrick im voli vi, ) p.) 22, Drans- actions of the Kansas Academy of Science. An analysis of the water, and of the rock forming the mound on which the spring is located, is also given. The spring is upon a conical, limestone mound 42 feetin height, and 150 feet in diameter at the top. The pool itself is a nearly circular lake about 50 feet in diamter, 35 feet deep, and the water rises to within a few inches of the top of the basin. ‘There is a level space on all sides of the spring so wide that a carriage can be readily driven around it. There is but little indication of organic matter in the water of the large spring, though there isa slimy white deposit adhering to the bot- tom and sides, but the water is colorless, clear, and transparent. ie MMexcessy Ole water esinsteads) Of) overiowing. the) bank, escapes by mumerous small fissures, from 10 to 20 feet down on the sides, especially on the side away from the bluff. In these lateral springs there is an abundance of green alge, and a whitish scum, which seems to be detached from the bottom and to float tothe surface. This has a slimy, granular feeling suggesting ina very marked manner hydrated silica. The mound is situated within about 200 feet of a limestone bluff, which rises perhaps 20 feet above the level of the spring. The natur- al inference would be that the harder material of the mound protected it from the erosion’ which carried away the rock in the valley of the Solomon onthe south, and the rock between the spring and the bluff. Is it not possible however that the mound has been really made by the successive deposits from the spring? Although the mound is plain- ly stratified, this need not interfere with the theory, for the water may have been intermittent in its flow. The rock is very porous, and on being ground to a thin section is shown to be concretionary in structure. (85) KAN. UNIV. QUAR., VOL, I., NO, 2, OCT., 1892, 86 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. An analysis of the water of the spring (loc. cit.) showed that it con- tained over 1120 grains of mineral- matter per gallon, of which 775 grains were sodium chloride and 206 grains sodium sulphate, with 66 grains of magnesium sulphate, 41 grains of magnesium carbonate, and 31 grains of calcium carbonate. An analysis by the author shows that there are 0.874 grains of silica. Samples of the rock composing the mound, and of the adjoining bluff were secured, and comparative analyses made, with the following results: COUNTRY ROCK. GREAT SPIRIT MOUND. Silicasancd-insolubleiresiG Wen: aise 4a ee AcaTiC) Oxidestof tronvandyAluininas eee ome a2 eno Sulphuric Any dnides scans ere e.ck nOOn iiat mmol Carbon Dioxide.) cya. eee re O10 On ie em OuLO Caleiumi@xiden cso 6 er en 1 0 Omen ee ous Magnesium! Oxide sere ssoe ee (HN Onan inert sibs a1 Water and organic matter, undeter- TINE Ces ssc ayagenel Wile Bic ei etlat RAY Cas ONL aT 100.00 T00.00 SpPeciiveseraviliyn: Shyam. con ae eee 2-49 The rocks are entirely different in appearance and structure, that of the mound being twice as hard as that of the bluff. The former contains much organic matter as is shown by blackening when it is heated in a tube and giving off the characteristic odor. The iron is practically of the ferrous variety, probably combined with carbonic acid, and the rock contains traces of chlorides. The particular sam- ple taken was at some distance from the spring, and had been thorough- ly exposed to the weather. The rock of the mound is of just such a character as might have been built up by deposition from the water, as it contains the least soluble constituents of the water. The process of solidification would have been assisted by the silica in the water, forming insoluble ce- menting silicates, as noticed by Prof. Patrick. The analysis given above shows that there is abundant silica in the water for this purpose. Mention has been made of the organic growth in the adjacent springs. The mixed scum on being heated changes from a dull green to a vivid grass-green, and if ignited it swells up and emits an ill-smell- ing vapor, which is evidently nitrogenous in its character. A grayish white ash is left, which contains much carbonate of lime. ‘This is ev- idently freshly deposited, as it is entangled in the alge in granular lumps. *Mostly FeO. and so calculated. +With alkalies, BAILEY: THE GREAT SPIRIT SPRING MOUND. 87 A specimen of the white scum, noticed above, only slightly mixed with the green alge, was analyzed. ‘The.acid solution of the ash con- tains 1.26 per cent of soluble silica. This was of course a combined silica, probably calcium silicate, which becomes the cementing mate- rial in the rock. In another sample of ash, after removing all the sub- stances soluble in hot water, the residue was found to contain 76.46 per cent of silica, The siliceous residue from the scum was examined by Dr. S. W. Williston. It consists mostly of diatoms. He recognized Navicula—z species Nitzschia—2 species Asteronella— 1 species. All three genera are found both in fresh and salt or brackish water. The green material consists essentially of Oscillaria and Conferve. If the scum is allowed to stand for a short time a very strong sulphuret- ted odor is developed, strangely suggestive of salt water marshes or mud flats; and indeed the same odor is noticed in the vicinity of the spring. No characteristic salt water organisms, that should occasion this peculiar odor have, however, yet been observed here. A more extended and special study of the organic life of these interior salt water marshes and springs would be of great interest. On Pascal's Limacon and the Cardioid. BY H. C. RIGGS. The inverse of a conic with respect to a focus is a curve called Pascal’s Limacon. From the polar equation of a conic, the focus being the pole, it is evident that the polar equation of the limacgon may be written in the form: € I — COSX | 5 where e and p are constants, being respectively the eccentricity and semi-latus rectum of the conic. From the above equation it is readily seen that the curve may be traced by drawing from a fixed point O on a circle any number of chords and laying off a constant length on each of these lines, meas- ured from the circumference of the circle. The point O is the node of the limacon; and the fixed circle, which I shall call the base circle, is the inverse of the directrix of the conic. This is readily shown as Pp . Hence the ecos.v follows:—the polar equation of the directrix is r= EES: : ecosx uae : equation of its inverse is r= , which is the equation of the base circle of the limacon. If the conic which we invert be an ellipse, the point O will be an acnode on the Limacon; if the conic be a hyperbola, the point O is a crunode. If the conic be a parabola, O is then a cusp and the in- verse curve is called the Cardioid. The limacon may also be traced as a roulette. Let the circle A C have a diameter just twice that of the circle A B. Then a given diameter of A C will always pass through a fixed point Q on the circle A B, (Williamson’s Diff. Cal. Art. 286) and will have its middle point on the circle A B. Now any point P on the diameter of A C will always be at a fixed distance from C and will therefore de- scribe a limacon of which A B will be the base circle. The pedal of a circle with respect to any point is a limacon. ‘This may be inferred from the general theorem that the pedal of a curve is the inverse of its polar reciprocal, (Salmon’s H. P. C. Art. 122). For the polar reciprocal of a conic from its focus is a circle and hence its pedal is a limacon. (89) KAN. UNIV. QUAR., VOL. I., NO. 2, OCT., 1892, go KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. The base circle is the locus of the instantaneous centre for all points on the limacon. Let BOP bea line cutting a circle in B and Q. Let the line revolve about B, Q following the circle; the point P will trace a limacon. Now, for any instant, the instantaneous center will be the same wheth- er Q be following the circle or the tangent at the point where the line cuts the circle. Therefore the instantaneous center for the point P is found by erecting a perpendicular to the line P B, through B, and a normal to the circle at Q. (Williamson’s Diff. Cal. Art. 294). The intersection (C) of these two lines is the instantaneous center for the curve at the point P. But by elementary geometry C is on the circle. Now as the line P B revolves through 360° around B, the line BC which is always perpendicular to it also makes a complete revolution and the instantaneous center C moves once round the base circle. Below we give a list of theorems obtained by inverting the corre- sponding theorems respecting a conic. In these theorems any circle through the pole is called a nodal circle, any chord through the pole is called a nodal chord, and the line through the pole perpendicular to the axis of the curve is called the latus rectum. The letters e and / signify respectively the eccentricity and half the latus rectum of the in- verted conic. The locus of the point of inter- section of two nodal tangent -cir- The locus of the point of inter- section of two tangents to a para- bola which cut one another at a constant angle is a hyperbola hav- ing the same focus and directrix as the original parabola. The sum of the reciprocals of two focal chords of a conic at right angles to each other is con- stant. P Q is a chord of a conic which subtends a right angle at the fo- cus) ) he mlocus or thespolenotr P Q and the locus enveloped by P Q are each conics whose latera recta are to that of the orignal COMI faSN/7 2 cpieande ay 2 re spectively. cles to a cardioid which cut each other at a constant angle is a lim- acon having the same double point and director circle. The sum of any two nodal chords of a limacon at right angles to each other is constant. ‘If P and Q be two points on a limacon such that they intercept a right angle at the node, then the locus of the point of intersection of the two nodal circles tangent at P and Q respectively, is a lim- acon whose latus rectum is to that of the original limacon as %1/2:1. And the envelope. of the circle described on PQ asa diameter is a limacon, whose lat- us rectum is to that of the original limagon as 1: %y/2 RIGGS: If two conics have a common focus, two of their common chords will pass through the point of in- tersection of their directrices. Two conics have a common fo- cus about which one of them is turned; two of their common chords will touch conics having the fixed focus for focus. Two conics are described hav- ing the same focus, and the dis- tance of this focus from the cor- responding directrix of each is the same; if the conics touch one another, then twice the sine of half the angle between the transverse axes is equal to the difference of the reciprocals of the eccentrici- ties. If a circle of a given radius pass through the focus (S) of a given conic and cut the conic in the DOlMtSmeNey i Candin Ds ativen SAC SIRs S Gs SID is Comstenatt. A circle passes through the fo- cus of a conic whose latus rectum is 2l and meets the conic in four points whose distance from the LOCISMAGCmU Habe neGey, oly. tUMen I | egiprte Ni 2 - 5 —_—_ — ed | —— | os = i iN iP ey ] Two points P and Q are taken, one on each of two conics which have a common focus and their axes in the same direction, such that Sy vancmOnsmare at: omett ON PASCAL’S LIMACON AND THE CARDIOID. gi If two limacons have a common node, two nodal circles passing each through two points of inter- section of the limacons, will pass through the point of intersection of their base circles. Two limacons have a common node about which one of them is turned; two of the nodal circles through two of their points of in- tersection will envelope limacons having fixed node for node. If two limacons are described having the same node and base circles of the same diameter, and if the limacons touch each other, then twice the sine of half the an- gle between the axes of the lima- cons is equal to the difference of the eccentricities. If a circle of a given radius pass through the node (S) of a given limacon and cut it in A, 183) (CG, ahavel ID)S avera I SAMS Bas Cs 5D) is constant. A circle passes through the node of a limacon whose latus rectum is 2 1, meeting the curve in four points whose distances from the INOGISs URS 1p) ys We Tyg aeyel Tey tobe he 1 a= ed Two points P and Q are taken one on each of two limacons which have a common node and their axes in the same direction, such that PS and QS are at right an- Q2 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. angles, S being the common focus. Then the tangents at Pand Q meet on a conic the square of whose eccentricity is equal to the sum of the squares of the eccentricities of the original conics. A series of conics are described with acommon latus rectum; the locus of points upon them at which the perpendicular from the focus on the tangent is equal to the semi-latus rectum is given by the equation p=—r cos 2x If POP, be a chord of a conic through a fixed point O, then wil tan YES) O) tanw) 2b siO” Dera constant, S being the focus of the conic. Conics are described with equal latera recta and a common focus. Also the corresponding directrices envelop a fixed confocal conic. Then these conics all touch two fixed conics, the reciprocals of whose latera recta are the sum and difference respectively of those of the variable conic and their fixed confocal, and which have the same directrix as the fixed confocal. Every focal chord of a conic is cut harmonically by the curve, the focus, and the directrix. The envelope of circles on the focal radii of a conic as diameters is the auxiliary circle. gles, S being the common node. Then the nodal tangent circles at P and Q intersect on a limacon the square of whose eccentricity is equal to the sum of the squares of the eccentricities of the origi- nal limacons. If a series of limacons are de- scribed with the same latus rectum, the locus of points upon them at which the diameter of the nodal tangent circle is equal to the semi-latus rectum, is given by the equation pr = —cos 2x If POP, be a nodal circle of a limacon passing through a fixed point O, then will tan. %P,SO tan. % PSO bea constant, S be- ing the node. Limacons are described with equal latera recta and a common node. Also the director circles envelop a fixed limacon having a Then these lima- cons all touch two fixed limacons common node. whose latera recta are the sum and difference respectively of the re- ciprocals of the variable limacon and of the fixed limacon, and which have the same base circle as the fixed limacon. Every nodal chord of a lima- con is bisected by the base circle. The envelope of the perpendic- culars at the extremities of the nodal radii of alimaconis a circle having for the diameter the axis of the limacon. RIGGS: ON PASCAL’S LIMACON AND THE CARDIOID. 93 Below we give a number of theorems respecting the cardioid ob- tained by inverting the corresponding theorems concerning the parabola. The straight line which bisects the angle contained by two lines drawn from the same point in a parabola, the one to the focus, the the other perpendicular to the directrix, is a tangent to the para- bola at that point. The latus rectum of a parabola is equal to four times the distance from the focus to the vertex. If a tangent to a parabola cut the axis produced, the points of contact and of intersection are equally distant from the focus. If a perpendicular be drawn from the focus to any tangent to a parabola, the point of intersec- tion will be on the vertical tangent. The directrix of a parabola is the locus of the intersection of tangents that cut at right angles. The circle described on any focal chord of a parabola as diameter will touch the directrix. The locus of a point from which two normals to a parabola can be drawn making complementary angles with the axis, isa parabola. Two tangents to a_ parabola which make equla angles with the axis and directrix respectively, The nodal circle which bisects the angle between the line drawn from any point ona cardioid to the cusp and the nodal circle through the point which cuts the director circle orthogonally, is a tangent circle at that point. The latus rectum of a cardioid is equal to its length on the axis. If a nodal tangent circle cut the axis of a cardioid, the points of intersection and of tangency are equally distant from the cusp. If a nodal circle be drawn tan- gent to a cardioid, the diameter of such circle passing through the cusp will be a common chord of this circle and another described on the axis of diameter. the cardioid as The base circle is the locus of the intersection of nodal circles tangent to a cardioid, which cut orthogonally. The circle described an any nodal chord ofa cardioid as diam- eter will be tangent to the base circle. The locus of the point through which two nodal circles, cutting a cardioid orthogonally, and mak- ing complementaly angles with the axis, can be drawn is a cardioid. Two nodal circles tangent to a cardioid which make equal angles with the axis and latus rectum, 94 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. but are not at right angles, meet on the latus rectum. The circle which circumscribes the triangle formed by three tan- gents to a parabola passes through the focus. If the two normals drawn to a parabola from a point P make equal angles with a straight line, the focus of P is a parabola. Any two parabolas which have a common focus and their axes in opposite directions intersect at right angles. A number of other theorems on the limacon respectively but do not cut ortho- gonally intersect on the latus rectum. If three nodal circles be drawn tangent to a cardioid, the three points of intersection of these three circles are on a Straight line. If the two nodal circles cutting a cardioid orthogonally and pass- through the point P, make equal angles with a fixed nodal circle, the locus of P is a cardiod. Any two cardioids which have a common cusp and their axes in opposite directions intersect at right angles. and cardioid are given in Professor Newson’s article in this number of the QUARTERLY, and these need not be repeated here. Dialect Word-List. Bia Weeklies ete The following are some of the dialect words that have come to one observer’s ears within the past triennium. They are all from Kansas, unless otherwise noted. They are printed here to interest others, and to secure a basis for observation. ‘The writer will be under obliga- tions to any one who will note his familiarity with any of these words, insert others, or other meanings, and send them, with a statement of his place of birth and childhood, to him at Lawrence: among: all of, as, Where are you going among you? ali all’ gone, as; Uhe corm is all’ (indiana, Penn.) Comp: German. bat: a ‘hard case.’ bid, in, to bid the time of day. (Indiana. ) beeslings: preparation of artificially curdled milk. (Indiana and Kansas. ) become: to look well in, as, He becomes that coat. bad: desperate, as in, A bad citizen—a desperate fellow. behave: to behave well, as in, Do behave now! : bump on a log: something lifeless, as, He sat there like a bump on.a log. bier: sham, as in pillow-bier. (Vermont. ) branch: a small stream. breeze: a torrent of talk, as in, He gave me a breeze. boo: dried mucous. - buckle down: to work persistently. conniptions: a fit, also ‘conniption fit.’ caba: an old valise. (Penn.) craps: a game with dice; playing, it is called, ‘shooting craps.’ crawl: to try to escape from an embarrassing situation without admitting one’s mistake. crawfish: same as ‘crawl.’ crock: an earthenware vessel, a large bowl. chuck; lunch, (95) KAN. UNIY. QUAR., VOI, I., NO. 2, OCT., 1892, 96 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. chuck-a-luck: loaded (of dice). coddy: odd, out of fashion. chug: to strike a blow, as in, Chug him one. could: to be able, as in, He used to could. cod: a bit of deceit, as in, He gave the teacher a cod. Chenuk: a Canadian. (Note the pronunciation. ) dast: to dare, as in, He don’t dast to do it. dew-claws: hands and knees (?), as in, Get down on your d., = apply yourself intensely. Dick’s hatband, in the phrase, As contrary as Dick’s hatband. What is the origin of this? dick-nailer: anything quite satisfactory, as in, He (it) is a dick- nailer. drop: advantage, as in, to get the drop on a person (allusion to dexterity in drawing a revolver). Comp. also: bulge, inside-track, whip-handle, dead-wood, all used in the same way and with same sense. diven, past participle of ave. drug, pret. of drag. east: yeast. emptings: bread dough set to ferment. Note the expression ‘‘It will come out all right in the emptings,”’ i. e. after it has had a chance to stand. fat up: to increase a stake at cards. find: to supply with board, as in, Pay five dollars a week and find him; I get five dollars and found. fresh: impudent, (due to greenness). fog: to filch. fluke: to steal. (Indiana). - flat: plug tobacco. (Arkansas). gallery: church, as in, He’s in the gallery. gag: an improbable story intended to deceive, as in, He tried to give me a gag. go with: to become of, as in, What has gone with my hat? Ohio; also in Pall Mall Gazette. grub-stake: to give board. girling: a ‘girl-boy,’ in contempt. gaumy; not neat. (Arkansas.) gob, or gaub; a shapeless mass, as, a gob of mud, then sportively, gaubs of wisdom. gray; an awkward fellow. get to: to get an opportunity to, as in, He didn’t get to do it. go to; to intend to, as in, I didn’t go (for) to do it, CARRUTH: DIALECT WORD-LIST. 97 gumbo: a peculiar, putty-like dark soil. (Kansas. ) hen: feminine, as in, hen-party; comp. stag-party, a gathering of men only. honey: a fine fellow, generally ironically. hump: to bestir, as, Hump yourself. hole: bad condition financially; as, Heis in the hole, i. e. he has lost. huckleberry: indifferent, in, a huckleberry Christian. huckleberry: the right person, as in, You’re my huckleberry. hornswog¢gle: to discomfit, as in, I’ll be hornswoggled if I’ll do it. in it: on the successful side, as, He is not in it, i. e., He has no prospect of success. ‘This phrase is‘universal in 1891. infare: the reception after a wedding. in: on the credit side, as, I was in five dollars. jay: a green, conceited fellow. jag: a bit of anything; a spree, a brief drunk. jack mosquito, a large insect of the mosquito family, three times the size of the pestiferous kind; this one does not bite. jimmy: to meddle, as, to jimmy with a thing or person, to ‘fool with.” Comp., to ‘monkey with.’ jump: to leave without notice, as to jump the town, to jump bail; to jump a board-bill is to leave it unpaid. joint: an illegal saloon. What is the origin of it? jigger or chigger: a minute red mite, which frequents weeds and lawns, burrows beneath the human skin and causes excruciating itching. keep: board and lodgings, as, He works for his keep. lay over: to surpass, as, That lays over anything I know. larofamedlers, a phrase used generally as equivalent to, It’s none of your business. (Maryland, Penn., Ohio, Arkansas.) The word is a corruption of Lay-over for medlers, a lay-over being a bear- trap consisting of a pit covered with boughs. light out: to start on the run, as, He ‘lit’ out for home. lagniap: the extra in a bargain, as, Five dollars, and a hat for lagniap. (Louisiana. ) lush: to drink heavily, to ‘swill.’ mog: to move, as, Mog along with you. mogle: the same. main: very, as, It’s main strange. (Worcester county, Mass. ) mosey. to move along with a strut. move: motion, as in, Get a move on you. ' mealer: one who takes only meals at a boarding-house. mind off: to ward off (flies, etc. ). meet up with: to meet. (Tennessee. ) 98 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. peter out: to dwindle. pail: to milk, as, to pail the cow. (Penn.) possessed: anything, as, He acted like ‘all Bossesse 4 quill: to write. (Zhe Writer.) quill-wheel: a ‘rattle-trap’ wagon. : ruther: choice, as, If I had my ruther; also, druther. ride and tie, verbal phrase, describing a mode of travel in which one vehicle is used by two sets of people, one riding ahead a: given distance and tying the team where the others who have walked will come up to it, the first walking on ahead until overtaken and “passed by the second, and so on. (Colorado. ) red up: to make tidy. ring off: to desist or cease talking, technical wie from the: tele- phone, but passed into common usage. Comp., ‘‘saw off.” rucus: quarrel, rumpus. saddy: thanks, thank you. (Penn.) saw off: ‘ring off;’? a short person is said to look ‘sawed ot ; shet, shut, shed: rid, as, to get shut of anything. shear off: to pour off (water from settlings). (Ohio. ) Shapin’s: young peas and beans—the unfilled pod. (Arkansas. ) should have said: said, as, He should have said yes, i. e,, indeed he said yes. shin: to climb, as, to shin up a tree. shut off: to make to stop talking, as, Do shut him off. shebang: anything run-down, as house, cae affairs. scrooch or scrooge: to cringe. skin-away: asmall boy. (Civilized Sac Indians.) - skin: to run, as, Skin out, i. e., run away. skid: to sneak through examinations. (Yale. ) skid: a sharp-pointed instrument. skit: a mild lie. skads: great quantities, as, Skads of money, of books, etc. ; also money, as, He hasn’t the skads. singed cat: a shrewd ‘rustler,’ of unpretentious appearance. skulduggery: knavery. ac skip: to run away, as, Now skip, i. e., Go away from here. © Skip: to leave hastily, as, He skipped the town. slouch: a gawky fellow; then anything imperfect, as, in the phrase, He’s no slouch, i. e., He is an expert; no slouch of a horse, 1. e-, a first-rate horse. sloomiky: not neat slander: to saunter. slump: to fail to meet requirements, as, in examinations. CARRUTH: DIALECT WORD-LIST. 99 -glumps: great quantities. (Clark’s Second Hand Catalogue, N. Y.) sleep: to give lodgings. I have heard, We can eat and sleep him. smoodle: asycophant. (Kansas University.) Comp., ‘swipe.’ smokewood: dried water-soaked wood used by small boys as substitute for cigars. smearcase: a preparation of clabber, often called ‘Dutch cheese.’ snake: to snatch stealthily. snum: to vow, as in, Well, Isnum. Reported as common among girls. snouge: unfair, as, a snouge game. snide: inferior, unfair, as, a snide game, a snide watch, etc. so fashion: thus, as, Do it so fashion. Soap: bribe money in elections. sugar: same as soap. sugar, (explet): pshaw! split: anything, as, He ran like split, also, lickety split. spunky: pouting, incensed. sprinkle (|. sprinkling | ~ stag: masculine, as, A stag-party. stag: to go to an entertainment without a lady companion, as, to stag it. Stoughton-bottle: an unimpressionable fellow. (From Stough- ton’s Bitters, common in the 50’s. ) streak: rapid rate, as, He talked a streak, or more commonly, a blue streak, streak: to run, as, He streaked it for home. steer: to manage (votes), as, A steering committee, the same as ‘whips’ in Parliament. striffin, or strifning: the membrane surrounding the abdominal viscera. (Missouri. ) a small number; also a considerable number. swan: to vow, as, in exclamation, I swan! Swat: to slap or strike, as, Swat him in the eye. suz, (excl.): me, as in, Dear suz, and Law suz. Swipe: asycophant. (Harvard.) tacky: not fashionably dressed. tewed: harrassed, as, I’m tewed and fretted. that; so, as in, Not that far. throw over: to ‘cut’ (an acquaintance). throw over: to stop, as, I threw her over, i. e., stopped talking. Common among railroad men; derived from the use of the reverse lever. tear-down: to thrash, as, He gave the boy a good tearing down. Ioo “KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY, toad on a tussock: anything dull or lifeless. He sat there like a toad on a tussock. tousle: to disarrange (hair). tousey: frowsy. topside: on top of, as in, The best man topside o’ God’s green earth. trade-lash: an exchange of compliments. (Wellesley. ) trottin’-riggin’s: best suit of clothes. two sticks: anything, as, He’s as cross as two sticks. up above: up, as in, Up above stairs. whootle-dasher: a ‘rustler.’ want: for was not, were not, etc. wamus, wampus, warmus; a close, generally knit jacket. (Illinois, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, New England. ) KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. Var. 1. LAINIE, 1 S93) No. 3. On the Apioceride and their Allies. BY S. W. WILLISTON. With Plates IX and X. Since the appearance of Baron Osten Sacken’s papers (22, 23) on the Apiocerinz the past year, in which he iterates his former opinions concerning this group, and in which he criticises papers by me, I have, as opportunity has presented itself, subjected my material to a careful study. The conclusions reached at this time are wholly in consonance with those previously held by me—conclusions agreeing well with those sustained by the eminent entomologists Mik and Brauer. The material which I have had for study has been, I think, more varied than any that has been previously studied, and offers new and pertinent facts bearing upon the discussion. I have spent much time in the careful dissection of the mouth-parts of this and allied groups— parts to which previously almost no attention has been paid by sys- tematists, but which, I am sure, offer a rich and almost unutilized field for systematic research. My attention to their importance was first directed by the able and suggestive paper published by J. B. Smith on the mouth-parts of diptera (26), and I shall follow up the subject in other groups as opportunity permits. ‘The conclusions reached from their study bear out in an ofttimes striking way the relationships indicated by more external characters. I am aware that objections have been made to the use of characters which can only be ascertained by the sacrifice of specimens; but I have always held that facts are more valuable than specimens, and do not hesitate to destroy those which will reveal their secrets in no other way. I regret that my material has not been ample enough to permit sectioning, but I believe that the dissections will be sufficient for the present purpose. I have to thank Mr. D. W. Coquillett for kindly furnishing me with two of the very few specimens that he possessed of RAaphiomidas, a (101) KAN. UNIV. QUAR., YOL.I., NO. 3, JAN., 1893, 102 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. form of the greatest rarity, as well as of the greatest value in the present discussion. The group, whether it be a family or subfamily, includes about twelve known species, all from Australia and America. It is a group, moreover, of great interest to the systematist, and additional discov- eries will be looked for with eagerness. The first species described was by Wiedemann (31), under the name Laphria brevicornis. His description was meagre, and may not suffice for the recognition of the species. Nor can Wiedemann be credited with especial acumen in referring the form to the Asilidz ; he accepted both genera and families in a much wider sense than is now done. Macquart was sufficiently acute to perceive from the description that the species could not be a Zaphrza, and, as Osten Sacken has shown, after the fashion that was not at all rare with him, described a new genus from the data contained in the description, actually figuring the species without having seen a specimen or any figure (10)! He did not do very badly, @ Za Macquart, in the figure, except that he put on an ordinary Asilid palpus. Meanwhile, however, Westwood had described and accurately figured species under the generic name A piocera (29, 30). I regret that Westwood’s papers are inaccessible to me; all that I know concerning them has been derived from Osten Sacken (17). ‘‘As to the place of the genus, he hesitated between the Midaide and the Nemistrinide.” Later (11), Macquart described from specimens the genus Pomacera, not recognizing in them his own genus Zafcnocera, and erected a new family for it, located near the Therevide. Bigot, following Macquart, accepted the family, but rejected Macquart’s name for Apioceride (1). This is the first place that I find the word Apioceridz, though used rather in the sense of Apiocerine, as a subdivision of his ‘‘ Asilides,”’ which included the ‘“Mydaide,” ‘‘Apioceride,” ‘< Laphridz,“~~“Asilide and ‘‘Dasypogonide.” ‘‘Ce genre [Apcocera] me parait mieux placé parmi mes A4sz/zdiz.”’ In 1865, Philippi described the ‘‘hoechst ausgezeichnete Gattung”’ Anypenus as an Asilid, not recognizing the form in any previous description (24, p. 702). His genus has had a rather peculiar history, misleading both Brauer and Osten Sacken, its identity with Apzocera not being discovered till the type was examined. Gerstaecker, in 1868, in his review of the Mydaide (7), refused the genus admittance to that family. ‘‘Die systematische Stellung dieser Gattung [Apzocera] naeher zu fixiren, muss einer spaeteren, ihren naechsten Verwandten vielleicht zu Tage fordernden Zeit vorbehalten bleiben ; so wenig die sich im Augenblick einer der iibrigen Familien iiberzeugend zuertheilen laesst, so wenig gehoert sie auch den Mydaiden WILLISTON: APIOCERID. 03 LB) an. In the same year, Schiner, though recognizing the discrepant characters, referred Afzocera to the Mydaide. ‘‘Sie gleichen im Habitus schon ganz den Asiliden, und bilden zu diesen hin ein ganz naturliches Bindeglied.” (25) In 1877, Osten Sacken described the sixth or seventh known species, from California (16) placing it under the Mydaidz, though with certain reservations. The next reference to the subject was in 1883, when Osten Sacken, who had meanwhile skilfully worked out his chaetotac- tic system, brought arguments to show that Apzocera is an Asilid (17, 18), and a member of the Asilinz. Brauer accepted Macquart’s view that the genus should constituté a family related to the Therevide. <‘‘Ich halte die Apioceriden fiir zunaechst verwandt mit Zzereva und Xestomyza, durch die Riissel- bildung, Beine, und andere bereits friiher hervorgehobene Momente. Bei Apzocera ist die A‘nlichkeit mit den verwandten, aber durch thre Risselbildung einer anderen Linie der heterodactylen Orthorrhaphen augehoerenden Asiliden ein verfiihrendes Irrlicht gewesen (2). Osten Sacken, more recently (21), admitted some doubt of its mem- bership among the Asilide, as follows: ‘‘Since I have shown that A piocera is not a Midaid, the only debatable question is whether it is an Asilid or an aberrant form allied to the Asilide.” Mik, in several papers, has expressed the opinion strongly that the genus should constitute a family : ‘‘ Macquart war der Erste, welcher den Apioceriden die richtige Stellung in Systeme angewiesen hat; er brachte sie in die naechste Verwandtschaft zu den Thereviden” (12, 15). Coquillett has expressed himself in favor of the relationship to the Therevide (4). I have held the opinion that the genus represents a family most nearly related to the Mydaide and the Asilide, and have so defined it (32, 33). Finally, Osten Sacken, after learning more of Rhaphiomidas, has so far receded from his first position as to admit the subfamily ‘‘Apiocerina ” under the Asilidae (23). The question then is: Should Afzocera and Rhaphiomidas* be located under the Mydaidae, following Schiner; under the Asilidae, following Osten Sacken; or regarded as an independent family, in accordance with Macquart’s, Brauer’s, Mik’s, Coquillett’s, or my own views? As regards the relationship to the Therevidae, I accept Osten Sacken’s argument; and yet I believe the relationship is as great to that family as to the Asilidae. As is well known, structural differences in the wings are, almost always, of more importance the nearer they * Since this was written, Coquillett has published (Canadian Entomologist, vol. xxiv, p. 314, Dec., 1892) a new genus, Apomidas, allied to Rhaphiomidas, but differing in the open anal cell. 104 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. approach the base. As is seen in the figure of the wing of Pszlocephala (see plate), the first longitudinal vein is very short, terminating only a little beyond the middle of the wing, while in Afzocera, as well as the Asilidae, it terminates far beyond the middle. This difference is, I believe, of more importance than the resemblances in the structure of the head. The Nemistrinidae need not detain us. Any arguments in favor of relationship with this family will apply more forcibly to the Mydaidae. Does Afiocera belong with the Mydaidae? Osten Sacken says not, for the following reasons : ‘“*To sum up, Agzocera differs from the Midaidae: 1. In the pres- ence of ocelli; 2. In the presence of macrochaetae on head and thorax; 3. Inthe structure of the scutellum; 4. In the structure of the legs; 5. In the presence of palpi; 6. In thevenation; 7. In the structure of the male forceps; 8. In the usual character of the coloring” (17). 1. Hardly a family character. Among the Tabanidae, for instance, the presence or absence of well-developed ocelli is recognized as having a specific valuation only. 2. In all my fourspecies of Afzocera and in Rhaphiomidas, there are no bristles on the front; the same is the case with the species described by Philippi (24). In Ahaphiomidas they are weak on the thorax. 3. There is a well-marked difference in the structure of the scutel- lum, but it is quite as much in the direction of the Nemistrinidae as of the Asilidae. 4. In my opinion, the weakness of the legs allies 4pzocera more closely to the Mydaidae than to the Asilidae. 5. Well developed palpi, quite like those of Rhaphiomidas, occur in at least one genus of the true Mydaidae. Thomson describes the palpi of his genus Harmophana as biarticulate, but in this he is undoubtedly inerror(27). Jaennicke recognized the palpiin Z7rzclonus bispinifer (8), and Macquart in both 7. dspénzfer and 7. luripennis. It is strange’ that Gerstaecker entirely overlooked this character. 6. The venation agrees closely with that of the Mydaidae, save in the shorter discal cell, a Nemistrinid character. 7. Apiocera differs noticeably from the Mydaidae in the general coloration, agreeing in this respect best with the Therevidae. Had Osten Sacken been able to study Zriclonus and Rhaphiomidas, I feel sure that he would have modified some of his views. In the first place, the neuration is remarkably alike, as will be seen by the ex- aminations of the figures here given, and Thomson’s figure of Har- mophana. (27 p» 1X, fig. 5.) This marked neurational resemblance was observed by Osten Sacken in his original description of Rhaphiomidas, WILLISTON: APIOCERID. 105 as follows: ‘‘Closely allied to MWztrodetus Gerstaecker, as there are three cells intervening between the forked cell and the margin of the wing, and as the structure of the proboscis is the same, long and linear, directed forwards, with very narrow lips at the end; differing, however, from that genus in the structure of the antenne, in some minor charactersofthe neuration * * _ ; andin the presence of two [three] distinct ocelli” (16). The only difference in the neuration that can be expressed lies in the shorter discal cell, and it is on the strength of this that Osten Sacken traces a relationship with the Asilide. By com- paring the figures it will be seen that the Nemistrinid neuration offers the same peculiarity. “I believe that a natural arrangement [of families] must be the result of the study of those organs of the imago which are necessary for the functions of external life, principally, therefore, of the organs of orientation connected with the head (eyes and antennez), and in the second line, of the organs of locomotion (legs andwings).”* To this Osten Sacken should have added, as among the most important, the mouth-parts. Certainly there can be nothing which affects the habits of the adult insect more intimately than do the organs by which food is taken into the body. Now, if we admit that the neurational resemblance between TZ7riclonus and Rhaphiomidas is of secondary value only, we must find Asilid resemblances in the head to counter- balance it. The actual fact is, however, that the mouth-parts of the Triclonine, if 1 may use that term to indicate the three genera, Diochlistus, Mitrodetus and Triclonus, are, if Triclonus can be taken as a type, quite like those of Rhaphiomidas and Apiocera, and fundamentally different from the Asilid type. We have then left from among the important characters, according to Osten Sacken, only the antennz, which are Asilid and not Mydaid, and the ocelli. But, the difference in the antennz is not so radical as that which occurs between ZLeftis and Arthroceras, for example, and Osten Sacken has expressed the opinion more than once that these forms belong together, ‘an opinion with which I coincide. Another Asilid argument is left, one on which Doctor Osten Sacken places great weight,—I mean the presence of thoracic bristles in the Apioceridae and their entire absence in the Mydaide. Although fully admitting that too little attention has been given to the chae- totaxy of diptera, I cannot accept the argument as one outweighing those derived from the important differential characters in head and neuration. As Mik has pertinently said (12), the presence or en- tire absence of well-developed bristles among the Syrphidz is of less than generic value. *Entom, Monthly Mag. [3] p. 39, 1891, to6 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. There is yet another point of resemblance between Rhaphiomidas and Yriclonus which appears to me to be a very remarkable coinci- dence, if we assume the forms to be unrelated. In his original description of the former genus Osten Sacken refers to a singular and remarkable metapleural process situated in front of the halteres, which he could not understand: ‘‘In front of the halteres there is a singular conical body, a little shorter than the halteres, the homology of which I do not attempt to explain.” Precisely the same process occurs in Triclonus, as my specimens show, and as Thomson described and figured in Harmophana (Triclonus). Taking all these facts into consideration, is it not rather forced to assume that the relationship to a form like 7Z7zclonus, possessing almost identical neuration, mouth-parts, metapleural process and habits, is less intimate than to the Asilidze, where the neuration is very different, the mouth-parts and habits are entirely dissimilar, and the trichostical bristles replace the metapleural process, because the antenne, ocelli and thoracic bristles agree! Brauer is of the opinion that Z7zclonus is not a true Mydaid (2). With this view I cannot agree. But, even should we ac- cept it as distinct from this family, it would weaken rather than strengthen Osten Sacken’s position, for it is an eremochaetous form, and could not by any possibility be placed among the Asilide. However, leaving Zriclonus and KRhaphiomidas entirely out of account, there remain arguments against the union of Afzocera and the Asilidz which seem to me insuperable. In the first place, the Asilide are pre-eminently a family of predaceous insects; not a spe- cies is known but what feeds upon the juices of insects. , bine eau x, =kBp, in which k may be any number. In a similar manner u being an arbitrary number, Gy: a x,—=uB4, x,—uBi, ee wig ee =uBi, with one value of k in (1) corresponding to a value for u in (2) such that we have the following equations, (@)y : kBi=uBi, kB?—uBé, aerenkrens 3 kBR—uBz. What has thus been established with regard to the rows can, by a similar process, be shown to be true of the columns of a determinant. Reciprocally, if the equations (3) hold between the elements of two rows, then the determinant 4, which is the adjugate of D, has two par- (138) KAN. UNIV. QUAR., VOL. I., NO. 3, JAN., 1893. 134 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. allel rows with elements proportional; then 4—o; and since we know, (see Muir), that 4—-D°—” we must haveithe nesmlt)——o- The reciprocal may be demonstrated in the following manner: suppose Bi kB) Bek Be) a))..h ss. 3 Ba kip ithen q p q p q Dp D=aBifa2Bi+.... +aBrk(asBi+atBs+ ... + aPBa)o Ie DEFINITION..—Every determinant whose elements verify the rela- tion apq—+agp—o, is called a symmetrical gauche determinant, when the elements of the principal diagonal are all zero. PROBLEM.— To show (1) that the value of every symmetrical gauche determinant of an uneven degree ts zero; (2) that every symmetrical gauche determinant of even degree ts the square of a rational and entire Junction of the elements of the determinant. SOLUTION. ae (1). If the gauche determinant is of an uneven or odd degree, with every term such as Gi) aa a aus pena in which I and I’ are the numbers of inversions of two sets of indices, we may associate the term taal. Veena whose values are at once zero, or are equal and have contrary signs; their sum is, therefore, equal to zero, as is also the value of the determinant. For the second part of the problem, let us begin with the following identity: | d?D dD db dD dD Yr Shae r Sitarp s r day das dat dat das, dat pains : dD. a ce D designating the determinant we are considering; aan its derivative m = d2 dat das Toa first, and afterward to as. with regard to a’, and its second derivative with regard to at . Let the degree of D be represented by x, and suppose m—=7—n, and g—s—n—1, the identity with which we started will then become d?D dD 7 dD @UID) © GUID) (1) OS Se Se ——— y datdar 1 da® dan-l da®—! dan-—1 n n—1 n n—1 n n We may show at once that D is a perfect Square by putting, for example, 7—2, thus: vaOmag| —a oO | 2 ~ D = =a MILLER: MODERN HIGHER ALGEBRA. 135 If we include in the theorem all gauche determinants of a degree less than the even number z, it is also true of those of the degree vz. d?D eagei= is a gauche determinant of the even degree z—2, and there- n “n—1 fore a square. dD dD f Now AR ae ee that is to say n n—1l Se ae) __ go n—1 | O ay ay 2 ay 6600.05 db dant ae n 0) if 1 n aan an—l Oy ei? —an n 1 1 2 2 at at oO 8 00 er ee dD —(—1) | : 4 ; <== ee z M jer ma A ® an—1 _4n __gn—1 n—1 iol Bie ep ey pe av af nO ae We therefore find that equation (1) becomes Gl? 1D) ju) - datetime iy) data! which clearly shows that D is the square of a rational function, # say, of its elements; the function # is an integral quantity, since the square of a rational function cannot be an integral quantity except as 9 itself is an integral. ING: STATEMENT. —If w and zw be eliminated from the equations xe) evi, (uy), andy z——t, (Uy) we shall obtain another function that may be expressed thns: F(xyz) ==0; The Problem then is to compute the numbers that are proportional to the derwatives of the first order of the function F (xyz). Suppose that in the list of values of w and w which are now under consideration, f,(uv), f,(uv), and f,(uv), allow of partial derivatives with regard to w and v; and in the list of values of x, y, and z, which correspond to the values of w and 7, F(xyz) also allows of the partial derivatives F, Be and F’. The supposition just made being allowed, we shall then have 136 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. , df, (u, v) ,di,(u,v) ’ 14\“> (x) Fda ik oy dale Cue eres pdt (uv) , aL (u,v) paisa tlepva) (2) Be dt a a a These equations (1) and (2) show that F’, a FY are proportional to D(f,,f;) D;,f,) D,, f2) DG) Davy. ; Dai. abbreviating the work with the help of the notation of functional determinants. This supposes one of the three determinants to have some other value than zero; if one or two of them have a value of zero, the corresponding partial derivatives of F will be zero. If they are all of the value of zero, these equations then become all alike; that is they reduce to but one equation, and they no longer determine F\, Bs and F’; but, whatever w~ and v may be, this can take place only when f,, f,, f,; are connected by certain relations, by virtue of a known theorem under the head of functional determinants. Onalec: Wodelist-—= No, 2% BY W. H. CARRUTH. In response to the request for contributions in connection with the word-list in No. 2 of the QUARTERLY, several persons have sent me lists of new words or comments on those given. From the first class, given by Mr. C. S. Gleed, of Topeka, Kansas, Mr. Theo. S. Case, of Kansas City, Missouri, Mr. E. E. Soderstrom, of Osage county, and Mr. E. E. Slosson, of Laramie, Wyoming, together with additions of my own, this second list is made up. The locality following an expression is simply the one from which it is reported, not its exclusive habitat. When none is given, the expression is from Kansas without earlier origin given. ‘‘B” marks words found in Bartlett’s Dictionary of Americanisms. The recent political campaign furnished several new words, and I believe they originated in Kansas: calamityite, calamity-howler and demopop. Some of my correspondents, and many with whom [I talk, try to make a distinction between dialect and slang. While the one has commonly been used in application to local variations from the stand- ard usage, the other to class peculiarities, our more perfect means of communication have gone far toward breaking down these distinc- tions. In its constitution the American Dialect Society devotes itself to the study of ‘‘spoken English.” Do not be afraid of slang. Make notes of any words and meanings not in standard dictionaries. I wish to call attention of all interested to the publications of the American Dialect Society, E. S. Sheldon, Secretary, Cambridge, Mass. act, doing the act: acting as or like >) (ilesis doing. the enraged father act,’ or ‘He is doing the pious act.’ bat: a queer fellow, a night-worker. beestings: artificially curdled milk. Is it ever dees/ings, as given in former list ? begin with: compare with, as, ‘He doesn’t begin with Jones.’ (Qa M%)) bid: invitation, as, a bid to the wedding. big-bug: an aristocrat. B. (187) KAN, UNIV. QUAR., VOL.I., NO.3, JAN., 1893. 138 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. boom: a sudden and artificial prosperity, or activity in business. boomer: a cultivator of ‘booms’; second, one of a multitude pre- pared to rush upon government land about to be opened for settle- ment. ; break: blunder, especially in ‘a bad break.’ break: to soften (of water). budge: liquor, as ‘ He was full of budge.’ bugger: fellow, as, a jolly bugger. buzz: to converse téte a téte, as ‘He buzzed me a straight hour.’ cahoots: collusion, partnership, as, to go cahoots. B. cahoot. calamity-howler: opposition name for members and especially speakers of the People’s Party, referring to their dwelling on the dark side of the economic and political situation. (Kansas.) calamityites: opposition name for members of the People’s party (Kansas). ; case: dollar, as ‘It cost me two cases.’ chump: a stupid fellow. cinch: a tight hold, as ‘I’ve got the cinch on him.’ clip ahead: to hurry along. come up with: to get even with. come-upence: deserts, as ‘He got his come-upence.’ (N. E.) count ties: to walk on the railroad track. ; cold: without apology or explanation, as, ‘He gave it out cold that he was worth a million.’ cool: complete, unqualified, as, a cool thousand. crank: a monomaniac, an enthusiast. cuss-word: oath. Very common. B. daisy: same as ‘dandy.’ dandy (adj. and n.): anything approved, as a dandy book, game, hat; girl) fun, etc. demopops: opposition name for the united forces of the Demo- crats and People’s Party. (Kansas. ) Dennis: failure, as ‘His name is Dennis.’ Dick’s hat-band, in as odd as Dick’s hat-band. What other comparisons are made ? dive: a low resort. divvy: to divide. do up: to overcome, as ‘He did me up.’ Dod-gasted: accursed, a mild form of God-blasted. door-slammer: a railway conductor. dope: paste; gravy; drug, and to drug, as ‘He won the race by doping the other horse.’ draw: a shallow ravine. CARRUTH: DIALECT WORD-LIST. 139 drive: a venture, speculation, also a covert witticism, a ‘hit.’ drive: go, in ‘I let drive with both barrels,’ i. e. fired. drop: to lose in gambling or speculation. dust: to whip, in, to dust one’s jacket. dust: torun, as ‘Get up and dust.’ Elly: success, in ‘My name is Ely.’ Comp., Dennis. fall down: to’ make a blunder, as ‘ He fell down badly.’ fizzle or fizzle out: to fail, to ‘ Peter out.’ Hip peuieasaitess foo tip tom mes, flub-dub: a snob, a pretender. (Boston. ) fly: alert and a little ‘fast,’ as, a fly young man. flyer: a venture, as ‘ How’s that for a flyer?’ (on ’change) B. gag: local hit, used by variety actors. gas (v. andn.): unnecessary or insolent talk, as ‘ He’s been gassing away all the evening.’ get away with: to overcome, and to get possession of, as ‘He got away with me,’ and ‘They got away with his tin.’ gob: mouth, ‘ Hit him on the gob.’ gobble up: to snatch or appropriate greedily, as ‘The back seats were soon gobbled up.’ go-devil: a kind of large rake used for drawing cocks of hay, sev- eral at a time, to the stack. It is pulled by two horses, each mounted by a boy; also, a work wagon used in street railway construction. gone: empty, weak, as ‘I had such a gone feeling.’ gone On: smitten with, as ‘I’m gone on your neck-tie,’ Comp., stuck on, mashed on. gone Democratic: failed, gone against one, as ‘The game went Democratic,’ i. e. the other side won; or ‘Things have been going Democratic all day.’ (East Tennessee negroes. ) grouty: pouty, cross. B. grub-stake (v. and n.): to furnish board or support to a worker, especially prospector, on condition of a share in the results. guff: banter, ‘Give me none of your guff.’ hair-pin: person, as ‘That’s the sort of a hair-pin I am.’ hand-me-down: ready-made, as, a hand-me-down suit of clothes. heapy: very. (Indiana. ) herd book: a kind of local universal biography in which glory is meted out in proportion to the number of copies the subjects sub- scribe for. high: a spree, as, ‘ He’s off on a high.’ hold up: to rob, by physical force or by solicitation. horning: a ‘chivaree.’ hook up: to harness up, 140 . KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. hoodoo: a bringer of bad luck. hoof it: to walk, hot: wide-awake and, further, expressing general admiration, coupled with warning. ‘A hot man’ is about the same as a ‘bad’ man, though the former does not bluster. hole, in ‘in the hole’: short ona speculation, as ‘I’m in the hole,’ i. e. I have lost, or ‘How much are you in the hole?’ honest Injun: honestly, a common phrase of asseveration among boys. Comp., ‘Hope to die’ and ‘Cross my heart.’ honey: anything well approved, see ‘dandy’; also, the person sought, as ‘you’re my honey,’ i. e. the one I am looking for. horse-shed: to try to win over by personal appeal or bribery, as, ‘I concluded to horse-shed the judge and try to get a pointer on his decision.’ hustle: rustle. hustler: rustler. into: in, as ‘Is there any milk into that pail?’(N. J.) jigger: a small glass of whiskey as dealt out to railroad hands. jim-jams: delirium tremens. Comp., ‘horrors,’ and ‘snakes.’ B. jo-dandy: intensified form of ‘dandy,’ q. v. josh: to knock about, to ‘bum.’ Jonah: a bringer of bad luck. Comp., hoodoo. jug: to catch fish by a certain method. (Missouri.) kid: a child. lay-out: prospect, opening. lickety-clip, v.: to go fast, as ‘He lickety-clipped it.’ lickety-brindle: at headlong speed. licking good: very good. like: like to have, as, ‘I’d like you to do this.’ lint one’s jacket: to ‘dust’ one’s jacket. listen at: listen to. lulu: same as ‘daisy’ and ‘honey.’ Is it Loo-loo, or Lou-lou? mash: to make an impression on one’s heart. masher: a street-corner ogler and lady-killer. Maverick: a waif, any unclaimed article. Maverick was a cattle- man who claimed as his brand no brand at all. Of course on the range many calves escaped branding, and at the ‘round up’ all un- branded calves were claimed as ‘ Maverick’s.’ A boy in Wyoming calls a book without the owner’s name a maverick. Bartlett has not the ‘straight’ of the story of its origin. Methodist Church West: No church. (Southern Kansas.) moke: a clumsy, would-be ‘fly’ young man. | mud: failure, as ‘His name is mud.’ CARRUTH: DIALECT WORD-LIST. I4i TMU COMM. CO Consents muxy: awry, mixed. neighbor: to be neighborly, as, ‘He doesn’t neighbor with any- body.’ Nick-nailer: complete, approved, same as ‘Dick-nailer’ in first list. Out onthe debitiside: as) (lam out arduantei. te. havemlost. or it has cost me a quarter. pants, in ‘ My name is pants’: I have failed. paralyze: to astonish, confound, out-do. pick (onto or at): to tease, to talk overbearingly, as ‘ Pick onto one of your size;’ ‘He’s always picking at me to sell out.’ plunk: dollar, as ‘I drop ten plunks,’ i. e., lose ten dollars. pointer: a hint or clue. poke: a small bag. power: a great deal. (Missouri and Kansas. ) pull off: to remove one’s wraps. queer: to surprise, to make to go wrong ; also reflexive, to put in a bad light, as ‘ He has queered himself,’ i. e., gotten into bad odor. ragged out: well dressed. rally-kaboo: irregular, not according to the standard. rattled: confused. rats: expression of disgust or incredulity. razee: to annoy raspingly. razzle-dazzle: to delude, to confuse, to dupe. redding-comb: a coarse comb. (Ohio.) rig: a horse and carriage, as, a livery rig. right smart: a great deal, also right smart chance, as, ‘I have raised a power of corn, and have got right smart left. right mind: senses, as.‘Are you in your right mind ?’ roll (them) over: to drive fast (of locomotives), as ‘The engineer is rolling them over in great shape,’ 1. e., making good time. rope: room, as ‘Give him more rope.’ ‘Give that calf more rope,’ (said to a noisy fellow). ruction: a quarrel. salt: to lay away as profit, to salt down. Savey, n. and y.: to understand, understanding (like I’'rench savozr faire), as ‘He didn’t seem to have any savey.’ From Spanish saée. Used chiefly at close of sentence or explanation, like ‘See?’ or ‘Do you see?’ scald: preparation, as ‘I didn’t get a good scald on that speech.” shack: to run after an errant ball. Also, the one who does this. Also, to shift for themselves. Used of cattle. E42 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. shake, v. andn.: to get rid of, and in, to give one the shake. side-show: a matter of secondary importance. side-track: to lay aside, to delay. (From railroad usage. ) skin full: very drunk. slews | stacks | slug: to strike viciously. smouge: to steal. (Missouri. ) Socky: a Sac and Fox Indian, then, any Indian. (Osage Co., Kas.) spec(k): speculation, also profit, as ‘He made a neat speck in wheat.’ B. spondulics: money. (Ohio, Kansas. ) stand in with: to get, or keep on the right side of. stogy: a sort of boot; also a kind of cigar. strike: same as ‘touch.’ stuffin’: conceit, as ‘He got the stuffin’ knocked out of him.’ sugar: profit. take and (do anything): proceed to, as ‘I took and threw the -large quantities or numbers. book away.’ take up: begin school; tr. and intr. taken: took. (Linn Co., Kas.) tear: a spree, or a passion, as ‘ He’s on one of his tears.’ that: so, as ‘He’s that sick he can’t speak.’ tin-horn gambler: one who resorts to cheap devices and lacks courage. tinker-tonker: a small boy. touch: to solicit, or to swindle, as ‘I touched him for ten.’ trade-lasts: an exchange of compliments (instead of ‘trade-lash,’ as formerly printed). turn down: to pass above in the spelling-class; to lay on the shelf, as ‘Mr. B. was turned down,’ 1. e., defeated in the election. want: want to go, as ‘He wants out,’ ‘I want in.’ whack: gear, as ‘The clock is out of whack,’ and also of persons. whack up: to pay one’s share, especially raise the stakes in ‘poker.’ whack it up to one: to lay on heavy charges. whang leather: coarse undressed leather used for cord. whip-hand. to have the w. of any one: to have control of him. (New England. ) wic-i-up: wigwam. (Sac word now common among the whites in Osage Co., Kas.) work: to dupe, as ‘We worked him for a five,’ ‘He tried to work mies wrangle: to manage sheep. or other stock. (Wyoming). wrangler: a herd manager. Maximum Bending Moments for Moving Loads in a Parabolic Arch-kib Hinged at the Ends. BY E. C. MURPHY. As a moving load passes over a prismatic beam resting on supports at the ends the bending moment at every point of the beam changes as the load passes from point to point over the beam. It is zero at the supports or hinges and at no other points, and is a maximum at the center of the span when the concentrated load is at the center, or when the uniformly distributed load covers the whole span. The change in the bending moment at any point of the arch-rib we are considering as the load passes over it is very different from that of a simple beam: It is the object of this paper to bring out some of these differences. We consider two cases: first, a concentrated load; and second, a uniformly distributed load. Let A C B, Fig. 1, represent a parabolic arch-rib hinged at the abutments; V, and V, the vertical reactions and H the horizontal re- action at the ends; h the rise, | the span, z, y the codrdinates of any point on the curve and x the distance of P, the concentrated load, from A. The equation of this parabola referred to the point A as origin and Saves: ; h axes x and y, as shown in Fig. 1, is y= TS (al—2 ) Taking moments about A, considering the whole rib as a free body, (143) KAN. UNLV. QUAR., VOL. I., NO. 3, JAN., 1893 144 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. xyes : we find V == r From = (vertical components)=o we find V,—=P xX These vertical reactions are independent of the shape of the rib as. they do not involve z or y and are the same as for a straight beam. Making a section at any point n to the right of the load, consider- ing the left portion of the rib as a free body and denoting the moment by M,, we have Mine BIZ 2) ely Substituting for V, and y their values in this equation we have M,—Px } 1-4 eG uP. 2G) Making a section at any point to the left of the load and denoting the moment by M,, we have ]—x lp lean * In equations (1) and (2) H is a function of P and x but not of y or z. To find its value we make use of the equation of the ‘‘x displace- Mi — Ve ly 5 a oe jek. a) i I j ; Z ment,” viz., Ax= py f Myds ds being the increment of arc, E the modulus of elasticity and I the moment of inertia. Since this dis- placement is zero we have the equation Myds=o from which to find value of H. . If the rib is quite flat we may use dz in place of ds. Making this assumption, substituting for M and y their values, and integrating between limits x and o on the left of the load, and 1 and x on the right of the load we have *x ihe eo ee Serb yae+ J Meyde= P | 4 —— et he (lz? —z3)dz— ot (Iz —z?) ee ele Ae eae ‘ 4hH ("! Wer: a oe. _(z—x)(zl—z? snp (Iz—z?)?dz=o. Integrating and simplifying this equation we have xed hH1s CT (eye ee eee 1 ea 5 12 30 dz-—_P « Solving (3) we have MURPHY: MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENTS. T45 Table I gives values of k for values of = TABLE I. 7 om ee ete a dene: Shes Ollie MORO ici Lea© k -yuy|.980].928).847).744).625). 496). 363).232).109| 0.0 Substituting for H its value in (1) and (2) we have le ee pr iso) Kae. (5) My = a a Differentiating H with respect to x to find the position of the Hoel when H is a maximum, we have solving (7) we have [=¥% and Yap a The first of these roots is the only one which satisfies the conditions of the problem and since it makes the second derivative of H with respect to x in (7) negative it corresponds to a maximum value of H. H is a maximum then, when the load is at the middle of the span. Equation (1) can be put in the form (ie as Mi=y y =H[ 2] pfoy)| ere | 5 The second factor in (8) is the distance from the moment curve; to the rib and the first term of this second factor is the distance from the ‘axis of x to the moment curve. This term being of the first degree in z the moment curve on the right of the load, for any position of the load is a straight line. In the same way (2) can be put in the form (sh—x) 1 Mit 1 sles ae dels shows that the moment curve on the left, for any position of the load, is a straight line passing through the origin. To find ihe loses of the intersection of these two moment curves: » Let the'ordinate of the moment curve be denoted by u, then = ale mie and fy eae an ae P These two ordi- 5 z Sey ' Ay macs | 046 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. nates are equal, and either is the ordinate of the locus when z—=x. Hence if u’ denote the ordinate of the locus we have 8hl? Se L(G) 5 (1? + lx—x?) We notice that this equation is not a function of P but is a function of handl. The shape of the locus depends on the shape of the rib and not at all on the loading. , 2u = 7, (l—2x)and = The curve D F E, Fig. 1, shows this locus for the rib whose rise is to feet and span 50 feet. The moment at any point of the rib can be easily found when this locus is constructed. For, if at the point where the load P, represen- ted as in Fig. 1, cuts the locus lines be drawn to the hinges they form two segments of the special equilibrium polygon for this position of the load. If through the extremities of P, drawn to scale, lines be drawn parallel to these two segments and from their intersection a perpendicular be dropped on P, this line represents H on the same scale that Pis drawn. Then the moment under the load is H multi- ‘plied by the distance between the locus and the rib measured on P, and the moment at any other point of the rib equals H multiplied by the vertical distance from the point to the equilibrium polygon. From M a 7, l 5 j= 575 l we have r | \-t ae | 21 z—l and Caries The value z=] is independent of x, that is, the moment at the right hinge is zero for all values of x. The other value of z is a function of x which approaches 21 as its limit as x approaches zero and equals 1 when += .67 approx. Hence this second point of zero moment on the right of P moves from 21 to 1, while P moves from x=o to = ON): From M=o=2 | 12 fee | 2 Se we have elie ee 1—x z—=o and z=1 a ; xk From z—o we see that the moment is zero at the left hinge for all values of x. The other value of z is negative while x varies from o to ae. ] eB .341 [found from 1— 2 a =o] and it moves from o to 1 while x varies from .34l to 1. This value of z can be put in the form MURPHY: MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENTS. 147 et see) is ja ety: ie ‘The first term in the second member of (ro) is the distance to the point of zero moment on the right of P, hence, the second term in the second member of (ro) is the horizontal distance between the variable points of zero moment. The maximum moment may occur under the load or on either side of the center when the load is on the other side. The moment under the load may be found from M,—(u—y)H, or from M, or M, by put- ting z—x. From the latter we have Mi=Px | I-— == § —— = aoe aye kere: ey ue Je | iis Sperealn aie ah SP alah: ass me ce ee eae cae la | Simplifying (12 we have 5 4 3 ( 2 f } rt ery et Seth One root of (13), found by trial is a=22+. This root makes the second derivative of (13) negative and makes My a maximum. Substituting this value of =. in (11) we have Cy max—— od O01) Differentiating (5) with respect to x to find for what position of the Ioad the moment of the load is a maximum we have ae ee 226 pi ee (Gig) From (15) we find jee abe as SET 6) nea erie aes Differentiating (5) with respect to z we have dM, 5k me eee ie 148 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. Solving this equation we find we have One root of (18) is =. 316. Substituting this value of - in (17) we have z=. 7241 Substituting these values of x and z in (5) we have (M,)max——.o44Pl..°...(19) Hence the maximum moment occurs under the load; is positive, and equals .o86PI. Case II. The moving load uniformly distributed per horizontal foot. Let the notation be as in case one as far as applicable with w equal to the intensity of loading and x the portion of the span ‘covered with the load, measured from A. Proceeding as in case one we find that - 2 ; 2 Vi=— and Vi =wx | ye cat t, both of which are independent of the shape of the rib. , The moment about any point of the rib to the right of the load is M,=V ,z— Z— > wx—Hy. peke: (20) The moment about any point of the rib under the load is _ 72 Z, M,|=V ,z—w MURPHY: MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENTS. 149 From the equation of the ‘‘x displacement we have x 1 f My)ydz+- { IMA ayiGliz— On -araen (2129) e 0) Y/Y’ xX Substituting for M,; and M, their values and simplifying we have ee f z®ydz-+V , { zyde—wx a aay een “yde—H f v7 dz—o 22 o 7 Oo / x | 2 oO - (23) Substituting for y its value in (23), integrating and simplifying we have 213 5 wx?] wel mes ESSE con 24 Bh" (5) From (24) we find Wee NI oe 8 eae wx = 12 | — | = = — nl ts Or eet aan (25) Table II gives values of k’ for values of TABLE II. 0] | | | | ar ly he ee el eas | | 1.0 K" 4,999 4.952 4.816]4..601 4.32 28 4. 000.3. 632/38 236 2.824 2.408 2.000 Substituting for V, and H their values in (20) and (21) we have Sewn? | Zi we Pe esake ie air ere Ey j 2 i | iz (l=?) See ihe (26) ap wx? | 72 ie x2 l 72 wx2 Mii | aie | ices iy == WaT ee AG KAZ) oni o(2)) Differentiating H with respect to x to find the position of the load when H is a maximum we have @Ueh Axe me BS A Te Ox One er (2.9) Brom (2:3) we tind) x—-ojx——l and) x—— toe hy) 5 The second of these, viz., x= 1 satisfies the conditions of the prob- lem and makes the second derivative of H negative; hence, H is a maximum when the load covers the whole span. Equation (26) can be put in the form weet) } Bf) £50 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. The first term of the second factor. of (29) is the ordinate of the moment curve on the right of the load, and since it is of the first degree in z we see that the moment curve on the right for any position of the loading is a straight line. Equation (27) can be put in the form Let i px ol iG wx? ‘) wz? | ee ola ol aoe TOW twee Re le ie mone a ee oat lwxek’L L™* wx? | wz? | | Tec | yy aches gO) From (30) we see that the moment curve under the load is a para- bola whose equation is oe resale, 1h wx? | 16h = i wx Puen (oo eS) wx2k’ Hor x-—15 feet, h—-1o feet and I—— jo, feet4(¢1)) reduces; to po OAR ONGIEE a a (Be) Mie curverA Reo ly hig 2 enrepresents equation: (32): Substituting 1 for x in (32) we have po, ale bi y= ye 2) that is, the moment curve under the loading coincides with the rib when the load covers the whole span and, hence, the moment at every point of the rib is zero for this case. To find the locus of the point of intersection of the two moment curves: Let u denote the ordinate of any point on the locus. Then wx? | RC poe ee ie race aire On as Jeb naa wx3k’ an Ngee Tron 16h penal in) mse Pome ae We see from (33) that the shape of the locus 1 is purep cee of the magnitude of w. 4 Dhescunve Dc (CEB. Fig. 2, ae this locus for ce feet and |——coteet: Putting M,—o in (26) we BEE wx? Zz a wx? , aes es F 13 1 Ap Ze) =O) naeuce tay) MURPHY: MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENTS. I51 21 Solving (34) for z we have z=o and Pere The value zo shows that the moment at the right hinge is zero for all value of x. The second value of z is a function of x whose limits ] ] } from Table II are 21 when xo, and —— when x=—. As a varies a 2 : 3 from — to | there is only one point of zero moment on the right, viz., 2 the hinge. Hence this second point of zero moment on the right moves ; ] from 2] to $1 as x increases from zero to —. ma 2 From M)—o in (27) we have w | x?k eal Fa (REE aie [ — Coie o la mile 2 | P00: econ (Bh) wx? y, | mS 4l Solving (35) we have 4X pe aie, ‘ l= a z= : 41 ( ye i= 0) FD ex Bie eal a i eNO, aan The value z—o shows that the moment is zero at the left hinge for all values of x. ‘The second value of z can be put in the form 3 cha - [cy | ex ceil and from Table II we find that the ratio a is greater than the ratio ieee al (a x i xs : : ual Tikes: that is, this point of zero moment is not under the : | : ] load until x becomes equal to —-. As x varies from — to 1 this point 2 2 ] moves from — to 3l. That is, this movable point of zero moment moves from #1 to 31 while x varies from o to l. The maximum moment may be under the load or to the right of the load. : To find the maximum moment on the right of the load we have Les | || Ky, ‘ Vie | Te aq wigs (zl—z?) dM. Wx? wx? Giza 21 4l? ese Ai au azn 152 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. dM (l—z) { 2xk'z x2z ( x? Is Rite E ae z eat Ba: Sia Mie ae Pale ler eae Tek 21 ] LL ~ te 5 te) ae i can : RPC) Se eo eae és 51. (4) alla Hr f Equating the values of z in (36) and (37) and simplifying we have | BaP ee 4 | 6 | Xx | 5 x | 4 x 3 [ sl @ B2.| caries Aba lt aieahe MeO e Ae Isr 2" easels rail aan —o,......(38) One root of (38) is = .58+ and it makes M, a maximum. Substituting this value of > in (36) we have 7 T1Ool Substituting for x and z their values in (26) we have GM) max ors wil? 2-139) To find the maximum moment under the load we have ee wx? | WZ ara WORT amen WER Ci M\=— + wx 51 (2 ; july eae dM, wx? | eae) w { PUN eal) mea bi sala pasa) Pune ak" 2 Aer ha Ae ire aril Ae This value of z in (40) is the same as that in (35)’ and hence gives minimum values of z instead of maximum values. If in (27) we substitute for x and z values in terms of | it reduces to the form Nils eet CNA gre, oi ((10)) In (41) C is a constant for given values of x and z. Table III gives values of C in (41) for values of - and = MURPHY: MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENTS: 153 TABOR, Tits N Oo won An RhwWNHO From Table III it is easily seen that M, is a maximum for a value of ~~ greater than .4 and less than .5, or approximately .43, and Z : : = approximately .23. For these values (Mh) max—.o165wl?~.....(42) Comparing (M,)max with (M,)max we see that they are equal with opposite signs. Comparing the maximum moment produced by a concentrated moving load (.o86Pl) with the maximum moment produced by an equal, uniformly distributed, moving load (.0165wl*) we see that the former is about 5.2 times greater than the latter, or the maximum moments wilt be equal in these two cases if wl—s. 2P. KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. Vor. I: APRIL, 1893. No. 4. PENOLOGY IN KANSAS. BY F. W. BLACKMAR. The Kansas State Penitentiary at Lansing has been noted as one of the best prisons in the far west. And indeed in some particular features it is quite remarkable. Among its especially good qualities, as compared with other prisons of similar nature, are its financial and economic management and its thorough discipline. Its financial management shows it to be practically a self-supporting institution. The institution has been fortunate in securing good management and in the utilization of the labor of the prisoners, by means of the con- tract system of labor, as well as in performing nearly all of the work in connection with repairs, improvements, etc. But especially has it been fortunate in its location immediately above a rich vein of coal, so that a shaft could be sunk within the prison walls for the working of the mine. (See figure 4.) The mine has thus been made to yield a handsome income for the benefit of the State. The running expenses of the penitentiary for the biennial period of r8g9t and 1892 were $2y7,409.47, while the receipts from contract labor, coal sales and other sources were $215,190.35. Thus making an expenditure over and above cash receipts of $81,- 939-94. But if it be considered, as it ought to be, that coal to the value of $4,420.78 was furnished the western sufferers, and that coal to the value of $42,533.68 was furnished to State institutions by the prison management, and also that $50,106.46 were spent in perma- nent improvement,* it will be seen that the income of the prison has exceeded its current expenses by a margin of over $5,000 for the bien- nium of 1891 and’gz. The total income from the coal mines for two years was $168,993.57 and the total income from contract labor in * Eighth Biennial Report of Kansas State Penitentiary, p. 7. (155) KAN. UNIV. QUAR., VOL. I., NO. 4, APR., 1893. 156 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. the same period was $78,225.80. This is a remarkable showing for a prison containing on an average about goo prisoners of all grades and classes. A close inspection of the prison management will convince one that a strictly military discipline prevails within the prison.* It is a busy place at the penitentiary. All able-bodied men not undergoing special punishment are employed. It is not a place for idlers, for the law permits and requires service. The management of the different industries, the hospital, the library, the insane depart- ment, the kitchen and dining room all show care and system. So, also, for cell-ventilation and other forms of sanitation there is great care exercised by those in authority. While it is well to acknowledge the excellent management of the prison during the past, it is also pertinent to consider what progress may be made in the future. As there has been such great advancement in prison science in the past twenty years, it may be well to meas- ure the Kansas penological system by ideal systems, as well as by the foremost practice in the best regulated prisons in Europe and America, to ascettain in what especial lines Kansas needs to develop her penological system. No doubt it is highly gratifying to the tax-payers of Kansas that the institution is on a self-supporting basis. Especially is this to be approved in a new state where so much must be done in a short time; where schools, churches, hospitals, asylums, and penal institutions must be built and maintained by the people almost before they have made themselves comfortable in a new country. ‘These must be pro- vided for, while railroads, roads, bridges and court houses must-be built and the native resources be made productive for the support of all. But admitting all this, the management of prisons must consider reform as the ultimate service to be performed in all penal institu- tions. The new prison law of New York has admitted that reform is the ultimate end of all confinement. But it views reformation as the only radical means of protection to society. Reformation consists in ‘¢the reasonable probability that the prisoner will live and remain at liberty without violating the law.”+ In this the law rests on the polit- ical basis of protecting society rather than upon the moral basis of converting and improving the qualities of the individual for his own sake. Much progress has been made in the past fifty years in the treatment of prisoners respecting discipline and reform. Indeed, an * The writer is much indebted to the present Warden, Hon. Geo. H. Case, and to his able assistants for their courtesy in Showing him the working details of the prison. + Quoted from Prison Science, by Eugene Smith, p. 7, BLACKMAR: PENOLOGY IN KANSAS, 157 entirely new light has been thrown upon the subject of penology. A careful inquiry has been made into the question of what men are con- fined for, how they are to be managed while under confinement, and what is to be done with them after confinement. Although the funda- mental principles of penology are quite well established concerning the object and nature of discipline, yet there are many questions of detail respecting the methods to be pursued in carrying out these principles of punitive and reformatory measures. In other words, the practical application of theory, in spite of all the progress that has been made, leaves serious difficulties to be met and mastered. It is generally considered by all right-thinking persons versed in prison science that the following objects of confinement are essential in every case: First, the protection of society; second, punishment of the offender ; third, prevention of crime; and fourth, reform of criminals. Doubtless no theory of prison discipline may be considered complete which lacks any one of these four great fundamental principles. Yet it is true that we shall find, even at this day, one, two, and even three of these four fundamental principles violated in the practice of the imprisonment of our fellow beings. The practice of hurrying one, who does commit a crime, away from the sight and contact of his fel- low beings, is indicative of a universal sentiment in modern society. Society demands at least this protection, and its request and privilege should never be denied in this respect. But the old idea of punish- ment for revenge has nearly died out of modern penalties of the law. There was a time when, coupled with the desire to shut one away from society, doubtless for its own protection, was a desire to take revenge upon the individual who had outraged society. Sometimes a desire for revenge precipitated an immediate punishment regardless of law and order. Sometimes it was studiously and systematically cruel in all its plans for punishment as well as in their execution. But ina large measure this has been eradicated from the spirit of our laws and institutions. We see some evidence of it in our modern process of lynching when anger and revenge seize upon people with such force as to cause them to lynch the lawbreaker in a most cruel manner. So also in respect to individuals who have committed great crimes, when the whole community seem so desirous of revenge that they have thrown their whole support into the prosecution of the offender. But these are exceptional cases. The spirit of punishment in modern times is that which looks calmly on the act of the law-breaker as an injustice to society for which he must pay the penalty. In other words, a man is imprisoned for life or hung, not because society desires to wreak upon him vengeance on account of the crime which he has committed, but because society demands protection, and that 158 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. he must be punished on account of the demand to uphold the dignity and power of the law, for law without a penalty has little force to the evil doer. Again, in regard to the prevention of crime. One of the chief objects of penal servitude is to set an example before other evil- disposed persons of what the consequences must be if they in turn violate the law. But in each of these cases it is to make the com- mitment of crime less frequent that men are imprisoned, rather than that they should suffer for their sins. . But, finally, in the last case the reform of criminals within or without the prison walls has become one of the prime principles of penology. No present system or theory can be complete in these days that does not consider in some manner the methods of bringing back into legitimate society those who by their deeds have become outcasts from the body politic. In the study of sociology there are two sides of social life to be considered: First, there is what might be called legitimate society, which has sprung up from indefinite and simple beginnings, but has grown into a strong organism, which might be called the proper status of social life; and then there is the other side of humanity which may be termed the broken down, decrepit or fragmentary part of the great social body, which may be called disorganized society. It is as much the duty of the reformer to study the organized and legitimate society as it is to study the disorganized or the fragmentary. In modern times there have been a great many who call themselves social scientists, who devote a great deal of time to the criminal and the pauper, and properly so, for, indeed, it is from these broken down parts of hu- manity that we realize more especially the nature of human society, and discern more clearly the means of preventing crime; but the ideal or legitimate society must not be lost sight of. We must keep before our eyes the proper laws, proper government and proper pro- tection of organized society while we investigate the habits, condi- tions and qualities of its outcasts. Hence in all modern reforms there are two subjects to consider: A reform measure which shall by direct application tend to develop and strengthen that which is already considered good and, on the other hand, a reform measure which shall reclaim and reform that which is considered bad. In this respect the state prison and the state university are not so far apart as it would seem: one tending to build up and strengthen legitimate society, to protect the state in all its interests, to make law more prominent, reform more stable, human society more moral and intel- lectual, crime less frequent and industry more prevalent by well ordered education. These are the objects of the state university. While, on the other hand, in accordance with the last one of the BLACKMAR: PENOLOGY IN KANSAS. 159 penological principles stated, the prison has for its duty the same objects as the university, although applied to a class of individuals entirely different, who overstep the bounds of the law and by their own habits have abstracted themselves from legitimate society. Both institutions exist for the improvement of society and neither is instituted for the purpose of revenge. While we have carried on the work of reform of prisoners to a considerable extent and while many seem to be carried away with it as the only great method of solving the evils of the day, we must not forget that the great institutions which tend to develop society on the basis of prevention of crime are not the only ones which are important to consider. And this arises from the very fact of reform, that if we allow either crime or pauperism to develop rapidly, un- checked, we shall soon find it such a burden on human society that the legitimate and well organized will become defective on account of the increase in the number of paupers and criminals who form a con- stant menace to civil institutions. While all sentiments for reform arise primarily from human sympathy with the weak and the erring, the state still rests the cause of its action in the full and complete protection of legitimate society. It matters not how individual sym- pathies act, the reformation of criminals finds its cause to be in the common weal of society. To make a prisoner more intellectual, to give him better moral qualities, to prepare him for better industrial independence, to send him out with a better life and means, if he wills, to support himself, to adopt means to help him from the prison world in which he has lived into a greater world outside: all this might arise out of benevolence, but it has for its ultimate end the simple protection and improvement of society as a whole. Conse- quently reform has become the sole great object in detaining crimin- als within prison walls. All other objects must be considered as means to this one great end. In the discussion of penological principles one of the foremost methods of reform to be noticed is that of the classification of all criminals. Perhaps Belgium was the foremost state of Europe to adopt a thoroughly practical classification of prisoners. Formerly it was considered sufficient to have a large prison pen, a foul den into which old and young, light offenders and heavy villains were thrust, taking them out only occasionally for service or keeping them without service at all. Here the old criminals, hardened through many years of repeated crimes, would rehearse their stories to the young who were soon educated in all of the tricks of the trade. Here in these horrid dens the propensities for crime were increased rather 160 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. than diminished, and plots and plans were made for future depreda- tions upon society. Within a comparatively recent period most nations have endeavored to properly classify prisoners. First a general classification, separat- ing the old from the young, the hardened criminals from the novices. The modern tendency is to institute reform schools and work houses for juveniles, reformatories for youth, and regular prisons for hard- ened criminals. But in the highest ideal of prison science each one of these is to be a reformatory of a different class. Kansas has deter- mined upon this classification. The Reform School at Topeka, the Reformatory at Hutchinson and the State Penitentiary at Lansing represent this three-fold classification. The reformatory at Hutchin- son has not been completed. Its methods are to be patterned after the reformatory at Elmira, N. Y., the model institution of its class in America. The chief difficulty in the establishment of such an insti- tution in Kansas is its great expense. It is a great undertaking for a young state like Kansas to compete with an old wealthy state ike New York. Yet the Kansas reformatory may take all the essential features of the Elmira reformatory and by obtaining rather more service from its inmates may be made less expensive. It will be trying to Kansas tax- payers to provide such an industial school for the criminals of the state as that at Elmira, while itis only by dint of close saving that they are able to give as good an education to their own sons and daughters who have never offended against the state. Yet it must be remem- bered that this is done for the benefit of the whole state, for the purpose of lessening crime and expense. The reformatory at Hutch- inson should be completed as soon as possible as there is a great need for it that the prisoners at Lansing may be properly classified and a certain group of those most susceptible of reform should be sent thiene: Within the prison walls classification of individual prisoners ac- cording to crimes, temperament and habits has been of great assistance in their management. In the United States there are two main sys- tems in vogue, that known as the Pennsylvania System and that as the New York System. The former may be defined as the solitary cellu- lar system, and the latter as the single cell system, with prisoners working and dining together. The Pennsylvania system had its origin in the celebrated Cherry Hill prison, built in 1821 to 1829, containing over 600 separate cells for continuous solitary confinement. This solitary confinement in large airy roomsis expensive but is considered as the best treatment of prisoners. Here the prisoner is kept at work, or instructed in trades or books. Work becomes a necessity to him. BLACKMAR: PENOLOGY IN KANSAS. 161 The only punishment is a dark cell with deprivation of work for a period. The New York system is as has been practiced at Auburn, by which the prisoners are confined in solitary cells during the night, but have companionship during the day while at work, and at the dinner table. Each system has warm advocates. The solitary cell system has had most practice in Europe but the American plan has made up the lack of proper classification by the excessive work of prisoners. Many persons hold that classification of prisoners in groups is a failure, and that the solitary cellular system is the only commendable method. Edward Livingston has thus set forth the advantages of this system: ‘¢ very association of convicts that can be formed will, in a greater or less degree, corrupt, but will never reform those of which it is com- posed, and we are brought to the irresistible conclusion that classifi- cation once admitted to be useful, it is so in an inverse proportion to the numbers of which each class is composed. But it is not perfect until we come to the plan at which it loses its name and nature in the complete separation of individuals. We come then to the conclusion that each convict is to be separated from his fellows.” * The extent of isolation which each prisoner undergoes must be determined somewhat by the nature of his case and somewhat by the conditions and convenience of the prison. It is hardly possible for many modern prisons to have complete separation on account of the expense incurred, for this would mean that within the cell itself the prisoner must perform all labor, and that the cell shall be com- modious enough to carry on this labor by himself, or else that he be given labor elsewhere alone. Such a system requires an increased amount of attendance. At the Kansas penitentiary the system of solitary cell confinement at night and when off duty, and the silent associations of prisoners in groups during the day while at work and at meals, is now in vogue. Without doubt this association during the day carries with it evil influences which are in a measure lessened by the requirements of the law for ten hours of labor for all able-bodied prisoners. Whatever system of classification is adopted the reform idea must be faithfully considered. There should be an ample opportunity for study and for work, that both physical and intellectual powers may receive development. It has been proved by long continued observa- tion that the typical criminal is weak in body and in mind. He may have intellectual cunning developed to a considerable degree, and *Tallack, Penological and Preventive Principles, p. 118. 162 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. may be capable of great physical efforts for spasmodic periods, but he is not a well developed being either physically or mentally.+ Hence his reform must frequently begin with physical discipline and this followed by mental training, or the two must be carried on to- gether. In the Kansas penitentiary the law requires prisoners to work ten hours at labor. Consequently they have left, for study and general improvement, their evenings and Sundays. There is a school on Sunday for all who wish to attend. This is a very meagre showing for any systematic training with a view to permanent reform. It would seem that eight hours of labor per day is sufficient for able- bodied persons if any intellectual improvement is expected of them. In many instances it would be more profitable to spend even less time in routine labor and give better opportunity for mental discipline and general physical culture. Mental discipline brings a reform of intel- ligence, of knowledge and of judgment which are supremely necessary in the care of persons criminally disposed and in the prevention of crime. In this respect a careful classification of the inmates of every prison should be had, whatever be the system adopted, and each individual should have a treatment that best suits his case. Men are not reformed in groups and companies but by special influences brought to bear upon the individual. The Elmira reformatory has been a living application of this theory. This institution has been taken as a model not only for America but for the whole world, and at present represents the most successful institution for the reform of young criminals yet established. It makes no distinction between the prisoners within and the people without any further than is necessary on account of the difference in conditions. ‘ When prisoners enter the Elmira reformatory they are given grade ¢wo with the possibility of their falling to grade ¢hree or rising to grade one. Each grade is clothed differently from the others, and in that respect a discrimination in clothing is shown between the differ- ent groups or prisoners within the prison rather than between those within and the people without. All attempts are here made possible to make men dwell upon the better things of life, to turn their whole attention to the development of what manhood is still within them, and thus transform the criminal into independent and self-asserting manhood. But classification should not stop here. According to our princi- ple each individual should be treated according to the character of his crime and the condition of his criminality, indeed, according to his own character. Sweeping laws which pass upon a great mass of +Criminology, McDonald, pp. 86-96. BLACKMAR: PENOLOGY IN KANSAS. 163 criminals, that are made inflexible and indiscriminative, are'the most valueless that can ever be instituted for the guidance of the warden of a prison. In his judgment should rest the determination of many things concerning prison discipline. A warden should be-a: person especially trained for his position by long. practice and theoretical study. So far as possible he should be removed from political regime, and be continued in office during good behavior and compe, fent administration. There should not be too many’ laws and.rules instituted by boards of supervisors, which tend to hamper him,. In Kansas the Board of Directors of the state prison make the rules, for the government of the warden. Ordinarily this check upon adminis, trative government may be wise, but to a well prepared and. -compe- tent warden such laws are liable to prove irksome in the extreme, Even the statutes passed by the state ought to be sufficiently flexible to give large discretionary powers to the warden. Too many: boards are a supreme nuisance to rational government. There is-no greater mistake made than in the creation of a prison law which shall treat.a thousand prisoners as one man, whether in regard to their food, or to the hours they.shall work, or to the method of confinement,-or the length of sentence, or to grade marks, or to the method which may be taken to reform them. Consequently the singling out of each indi vidual as a character study with a desire to give him the full benefit of all helpful measures to reform him, and to place him in a way to make himself independent after he leaves the prison is, indeed, one of the prime factors in prison discipline. The method of classifying together individuals of the same character and degree of criminality, with a view to make them mutually helpful by conversation and associa+ tion rather than to deteriorate their character has been tried in some instances but as a rule it has proved a failure. Nevertheless. it: does seem that something might be done in this way. At least, possibly, those who have a life sentence should be classified together in the same group. If prisoners must work together during the day time each group could be placed by itself. If in any kind of association there is contamination either by words or looks or signs, a few prison- ers of the same degree of criminality could be classified together, which without.doubt will make fewer chances for those who are very evil in nature to degrade others. How far this may be carried with suc- cess can only be determined by those who will make of it a practical example with an intense desire and determination to succeed. At any rate, it may be affirmed that the classification of prisoners in groups can be carried on with great skill and a great deal of benefit, if the buildings are arranged for this purpose: different dining rooms, different apartments and reading rooms, different associations in evety 164 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. way. ‘The departmental system would have this advantage, that sets of rules could be made for the government of each separate depart- ment and would thus more nearly meet the conditions and needs of each separate group of prisoners. But such a classification is urged only in cases where the solitary system is practically impossible. In close connection with this classification might be considered the question of hereditary treatment. Every prisoner who enters any prison whatever should be carefully studied as to his past history and present life, in order to ascertain his own nature and the elements of manhood within him which are possible of development. A careful record of every prisoner, his past life, the crimes he has committed, his education, his conditions and associations should be carefully considered. This record will enable those who have charge of prisoners to study their character, and not only enable them to manage them better as a disciplinary means, but also furnish a means for such reform as the prisoners are capable of. It may do more even than this, in the study of the influence of heredity in crime. There are those who hold that not much can be made out of the fact that criminal fathers are more apt to have criminal chil- dren than others. But no one who has made a careful inquiry into hereditary taints can question that there is a great tendency in hereditary crime. The subject has not been studied sufficiently far to give data enough to warrant us in drawing mathematical conclu- sions. But cases have been cited where criminals have married and intermarried and large numbers of children have become crimi- nals through many generations. An interesting fact is to be noted here, however, that a large number of the so-called hereditary crimes arise out of existing conditions rather than from blood taint; thus a child whose parents are thieves, and the companions of whose parents are thieves, grows up with his early life biased in this direc- tion; all about him are men engaged in these corrupt practices and the early life is impressed with the supposition that this is a normal state of affairs and he naturally grows up to follow the calling of his parents and neighbors, just as an individual who is brought up to know nothing but farming, and considers this the legitimate calling of his father and neighbors, would seem likely to take to it as a liveli- hood rather than to something else with which he is less familiar. The investigations of such men as Charles Booth in London* would seem to indicate that crime arises chiefly out of conditions, examples, and habits, rather than from the assumption that men are born to crime through any inherent psychological tendency. In this * Life and Labor of the People of London, by Charles Booth, 3 vols. BLACKMAR: PENOLOGY IN KANSAS. 165 it is not intended to show that heredity does not have a large influ- ence in the development of crime. Statistics have been prepared to thoroughly substantiate the fact that heredity plays a great part in the development of the criminal. ‘Of the inmates of Elmira reformatory 499, or 13.7 per cent. have been of insane or epileptic heredity. Of 233 prisoners at Auburn, New York, 23.03 per cent. were clearly of neurotic (insane, epileptic, etc.) origin; in reality many more. Virgilio found that 195 out of 266 criminals were affected by diseases that are usually heredi- tary. Rossi found five insane parents to seventy-one criminals, six insane brothers and sisters and fourteen cases of insanity among more distant relatives. Kock found morbid inheritance in 46 per cent. of criminals. Marro, who has examined the matter very carefully, found the proportion 77 per cent., and by taking into consideration the large range of abnormal characters in the parents, the proportion of criminals with bad heredity rose to 90 percent. He found thatan unusually large proportion of the parents had died from cerebro-spinal diseases and from phthisis. Sichard examining nearly 4,000 criminals in the prison of which he is director, found an insane, epileptic, suicidal and alcoholic heredity in 36.8, incendiaries 32.2 per cent. thieves, 28.7 sexual offenders, 23.6 per cent. sharpers. Penta found among the parents of 184 criminals only 4 or 5 per cent. who were quite healthy.’’* Such being the awful tendency of crime to breed crime, questions arising respecting the causes of crime ought to be a careful study by all persons interested in criminology or penology. The question has often arisen, How will you find out correctly about the past history of individuals? Some conclude that, because prisoners are dishonest, there is no method by which you can find out about their past life or early conditions. A careful study of this question by men who are expert in handling criminals, has convinced the public that this may be done. Possibly as much of the record of the prisoner as is convenient to be obtained, should be procured by the court and sent to the warden with the sentence. If it could not, the warden then could ascertain through a commission the past his- tory of each prisoner as he comes to him and a full record of his life, condition, habits, etc. If this was not complete, it could be verified from time to time or be changed from time to time, as facts developed later on. Perhaps no one has succeeded any better in this line than has Mr. Brockway, general superintendent of the Elmira reformatory. Mr. Brockway presents the subject in the following letter : * Havelock Ellis, The Criminal. page 93. 166 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. F. W. BuAckmar, Esq., Lawrence, Kansas: (? ‘DEAR Srr:—Yours of the 21st. There is a mistaken impression abroad about ; the possibility of ascertaining from prisoners the truth on any subject. They are liars, in common with the remainder of the race not in prison. Per- haps more apparently so, but nevertheless they. are not in this respect more untruthful than witnesses called to the stand in courts, witnesses who’ have never ‘been :and, probably, never will be in prison. My observation is, in the five. investigations of my prison administration, had during long years of it, that the statements of prisoners before the several commissions were as truthful as are the statements of witnesses heard at trials outside. The real difficulty in ascertaining the truth in the examination of prisoners is not very much more difficult than to ascertain the truth of any other common class-of “witnesses.. It goes without saying that the examination of witnesses needs to be made by a competent, pains-taking examiner, before whom it is usually easily determined whether the witness is lying, prevaricating or making substantially a truthfui statement. Moreover, it is possible by clues ascertained in the course of the examination from statements made by the prisoner,—names, dates, etc., to verify or disprove the accuracy of the statement he makes on his examination. There are some cases, not very many, where no clue can be had or dates or names ascertained. These, however, constitute such a small per- centage of the prisoners examined, that it constitutes a class scarcely worth considering in this connection. ‘The particular purpose of inquiring into the early ai antecedent history of the prisoners committed to this Reformatory during the last fifteen years has been to ascertain the character of the defects of the man himself, with a view to map out and conduct a course of treatment calculated to cure such defects or build up counteracting impulses and habitudes, as well as to determine the cause of the defects observed. It has been abundantly demonstrated by our experience here that the record made on the date of the prisoner’s admission, which is an abstract of the examination held by the General Superintendent, is substantially accurate,—accurate in all the essentials required to determine the veal character of ‘the man. Iam sure, if it was deemed important to go back one or two.generations for hereditary influences, we might ascertain enough from the prisoner on his examination to enable further inquiry outside which, together with the statements of the prisoner, would form very reliable data. Tam, dear sir, , Very respectfully yours, Z. R. Brockway, Gen. Sine The following table shows something of Mr. Brockway’s method of classification as the result of his investigations :* BIOGRAPHICAL STATISTICS OF INMATES. ‘ 1. Relating to their Parentage (Hereditary.) mnsanity or epilepsy, in) ancestrys). ics. st 4A QOLOr Tas7) pen icent: DRUNKENESS (72 Ancestry). iGlearly traced tsi. 8 cig oot a eee eee © CHORES Oey we eee Deutehaliy ah adi laa eee 403 OY 11.1 Aempenatels aa ciauecis wee ose eens ean eRe etO 25 SOLER One * See Annual Report of the Board of Managers of the Elmira Reformatory, 1889. - -- BLACKMAR: PENOLOGY IN KANSAS. 167 EDUCATION (72 Ancestry). Withoutany education.::-)22:.0.. 0-225 56) 495 OF £3. 6: percent Siniply Keade avich wirtte®.. 4.0. 06 i ae. . oo 2 1, 885: OF BSyt Ordinary common school or more...,.......1,592 or 43.8 Highe Scho olkonpmvonel ct: ries rich tones ep a VO ANON 455 - PECUNIARY CIRCUMSTANCES (27 Ancestry). Bauperizeda eer et eet debe ye an aa eton! 4.8 percent: IN@ EGCTMNUIENTOML, Soccck sbcccc oo Do pedo oud Ho ence Ore ¥/iKe) Honrehandedsseeeiees ht GG @is Tea OCCUPATION (2% Ancestry). Servants ANGUCIERK SU hes nneL NM aisle RLM Ninel pi 376 or 10.4 per cent. Common Jab Orens ernie Pees eee naa) on 32:6 PNeamMe chanical workin ane ers Sana OLL 2029 Waite Enathlerw veer wer eecomei iy ec Sonaene ere aeacee O33) OF ky.y THE, PROFESSIONS (so-called). LENT cA gee ddoleso ebeclige ad geagee up ob ear 16 Medicine see ae on ae WO bake. Gok ag Mine olo pier Men ae MN eNO el niet Le ficachineg wee eye soe eee ue) 25 $7, OF, 204) pen cent: 2. Relating to Inmates Themselves (Environment). THE HOME LIFE. ae (@) Character of Home Life. FROSIEIVC lye DAC a paurenrenatts Tre Ce OOGnOn Gita onpekicemt: itaie (GMM es cis ce Coole on tam cane opie ahd Most icist Ole nC) OO OR Rees aNWe seein elas spt snot cen cert we GOOCOL 1 O48 t (6) Duration of Home Life. Left home previous to 10 years: of age....... 187 or 5.2 per cent. -Left home between ro and 14 years of age.... 226o0r 6.2 Left home soon after 14 years of.age ........1,121 or 30,8 AG OMe Ip LO) iM e1Of CrIMEese...4 selena eek OZ Ol.5¢740 Nore.—As to the 1534 homeless: ‘Occupied: furnished rooms in cities.......... 390 or 25:4 per cent. ‘Lived in cheap boarding houses (itinerant)... 280 or 18.2 pliveds with employer. «yc gs sis assis Aula. 340 Ol 2166 CRovetspamGutrampsee sara su. Vekveey-dotrns aus sscOr 34.8 168 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. EDUCATIONAL. Without any education (illiterates) . -:es00 71@ OF 19:5 per cent Simply read and write i cifcalty .1,814 OF 49.9 Ordinary common school . sglisigiivie lejaualeys EO MOM OUSL SOG igh schooloramore:. incre eer cee Reb ay SSQNOnl any INDUSTRIAL. * Servants. and clerks: .i:/) 400.) ols 0s) SL O4 Ole On OMeTIGemE Common: laborersias je oes eee ee Sac e Lo 5e) Obese At smechanicalworky.<).2 eich 505). elie a OA GQ Olas MGMSrS shies bea te ie eta ela Nh eke any eee Qa Ok usa 0 CHARACTER OF ASSOCIATIONS. Posititviely bad acini tv terse wa. . biteean. 22) O72) OFS 610 DeLNC etm INOtiOOd Ey ce cracks ok ani Napa eure ld BOUOK GZ ONG Poubthuls 30 eke ee aie olson relics Sh coe aueSener cen. OAL OLAMsTE Se CEN ovo s une inmee eee ecto NGM ee ta LSet Mio nears errs Sane S (CO aot 06 NOMINAL RELIGIOUS FAITH OR TRAINING. Protestant - Moe Caen eRe it. Gaels slo, 5 35k (Olnd 2 ancien Romany Catholic. we avis Geter or UOT Olea Gis EDIE W As ase hat Gen eMac ean ieee deere teal Me OF DOk mpgs INGE ei ce has ait G Metaed Orne tes eects litre np 2 eO bem ea. The study of physical, mental and moral characteristics will lead us to other determinations and will show in physical health that the prisoners are as a rule not much, if any, below the average of people at large. It will also show that the majority of them not accustomed to regular work or employment are not capable of doing as much labor or enduring as much constant physical fatigue as would the same body of men who are not criminals taken from the common ranks of the people. So as to mental characteristics, we can urge that the criminal intellect has not been keen enough to take proper rank with the average mind. It is a fact, however, that many criminals are very shrewd and intellectually keen. Doubtless some- thing could be said about the quality of such intellect and its special characteristics: It is the intellect of a coarse nature and not cul- tured, refined, or properly trained in the aggregate. The well devel- oped mind, balanced in every particular, is rare among criminals. It will be seen, however, that a defect in the moral nature is in most instances a secret cause of the crime. Moral insensibility seems to be the common characteristic of a large proportion of prisoners. It *It should be stated that the above who claimed some occupation are, as a rule, not regularly employed, nor steady reliable workmen, tt BLACKMAR: PENOLOGY IN KANSAS. 169 is indeed too true with many of them that their conscience consists merely in the humiliation of being caught. Dwell as they may upon past deeds, the great fault of their own, as far as they view it, is in the fact that they were caught in the act and apprehended and punished. This moral insensibility is found in all grades and degrees, from that of a complete lack of moral symptoms to those of a highly sensitive moral nature. Of the 4,000 criminals who have been through the reformatory at Elmira, 36.2 per cent showed on admission positively no susceptibility to moral impressions; only 23.4 per cent were ordinarily susceptible. * The following tables, taken from the report of the general superin- tendent of the Elmira reformatory for 1889, may be found interesting. It must be observed that the majority of these prisoners are young and all of them under the age of 30. CONDITION AS OBSERVED ON ADMISSION. PHYSICAL. (a) As to health: Webilitatedior diseased). 75 425-442. 45.) 1200.0F 5.5 percent. SOMEW Mat min palned! 53- The following relate to various British Cities: Dr. Shaw’s ‘‘Glas- gow, a Municipal Study,” in the Century, March, 1890, vol. 39, pp. 721-736; the same writer’s ‘‘ Municipal Lodging Houses,”’ in No. 1 of the Charities Review, November, 1891; Julian Ralph’s ‘‘The Best Governed City in the World” (Birmingham) in Harper’s Magazine, 1890, vol. 81, pp gg-111; Thos. H. Sherman’s report on ‘‘ Liverpool, its Pavements, Tramways, Sewers and Artisans’ Dwellings,’’ in Consul- ar Reports, June, 1890, vol. 33, pp. 284-303; and Consul Smyth’s report on ‘‘ Tramways and Water Works in England,” in the Consular Report for December, 1891. Il. AMERICAN CITIES. io) LEGAL, STATUS: For comparison of the provisions of the state constitutions relating to municipal corporations, see F. J. Stimson’s American Statute Law, Boston, 1886, vol. 1, articles 34, 37 and 50. Note the classification of municipalities in Ohio. On the relation of municipalities to the states, consult the chapter on ‘‘The Grades of Municipal Govern- ment” in Judge T. M. Cooley’s Constitutional Limitations, 6th ed., Boston, 1890, and a short chapter at the close of the same author’s Principles of Constitutional Law. Judge J. F. Dillon’s Treatise on the Law of Municipal Corporations, 4th ed., 2 vols., Boston, 1890, is the standard authority on the subject. Note the introductory his- torical sketch. A new text-book on the Law of Municipal Corpora- tions, by Chas. F. Beach, Jr., has been recently issued by Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Reference may also be made to Judge Dillon’s Law of Municipal Bonds, Chicago, 1877, and to A Treatise on Municipal Police Ordinances, Chicago, 1887, by N. T. Horr and A. A. Bemis, of the Cleveland bar. ‘The authors of the last work say in their preface that ‘‘The necessity for it arises from the fact that, except in those cities and towns where the municipal council has the assistance of regularly employed legal advisers, the limits of lawful legislation are apt to be exceeded.” Numerous references to articles in law journals are given on pp. 386-388 of Jones’s Index to Legal Periodical Literature, Boston, 1888. HODDER: MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. 185 An article by J. R. Berryman on ‘‘Constitutional Restrictions upon Legislation about Municipal Corporations,” in the American Law Review, May-June, 1888, vol. 22, p. 403, may be cited. 2. STATISTICS. The Eleventh Census will give very full statistics of cities, but though some of the results have been announced in bulletins, none of the final reports have yet been issued. ‘These results have been sum- marized by Hon. Carroll D. Wright in the Popular Science Monthly for 1892, vol. 40. On ‘‘Urban Population” see p. 459; on ‘Social Statistics of Cities” p. 607, and on ‘‘ Rapid Transit,” p. 785. The following Reports of the Tenth Census treat of this subject: vol. 1, Population; vol. 7, Valuation, Taxation and Indebtedness ; vol. 18, Social Statistics of Cities: New England and Middle States (reviewed in the Nation, vol. 44, p. 256); and vol. 19, Social Statistics of Cities: Southern and Western States. Scribner’s Statistical Atlas of the United States, N. Y., 1883, exhib- its the figures of the census graphically (p. xlv, statistics of popula- tion). Plate 21 illustrates the growth of American cities since 1790. There were then only eight cities of eight thousand inhabitants, and the population of New York was 33,131. Plate 30 gives ratios of dif- ferent nationalities to total population in the largest fifty cities. Plate 76 gives net per capita debt in the largest one hundred cities. On movement of population see an article by B. G. Magie, Jr., in Scribner’s Monthly, January, 1878, vol. 15, p. 418; Prof. Richmond Smith’s ‘‘ Statistics and Economics,” p. 264 in vol. 3 of the Publica- tions of the American Economic Association ; a study on the ‘Rise of American Cities” by Dr. A. B. Hart in the Quarterly Journal of Economics, January, 1890, vol. 4, pp. 129-157; an article by Lewis H. Haupt on ‘‘The Growth of Great Cities” in the Cosmopolitan for November, 1892, and another by John C. Rose, on ‘‘ The Decrease of Rural Population” in the Popular Science Monthly for March, 1893, vol. 42, pp. 621-38. Cf. work by E. Levasseur, entitled Les Popula- tions Urbaines en France, comparees a celles de l’ Etranger, Paris, 1887. The Annual Statistician, published by L. P. McCarty, San Fran- cisco, gives the following statistics for leading cities : Number of votes registered and polled ; number of voting precincts; strength of police; losses by fire and number of fire-engines and firemen; value and capacity of gas and water works; number and character of street lights ; vital statistics; number of murders, suicides, and executions ; length of street railroads and cost of motive power; telegraph and telephone mileage ; number of saloons and cost of licenses; attend- 186 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. ance and cost of schools, annual tax-rate, expenditure and the public debt. 3. FINANCE. Volume 7 of the Reports of the Tenth Census, compiled by Robert ‘P. Porter, gives statistics of local taxation and indebtedness, and a summary of the provisions of the several state constitutions limiting the rate of taxation, the amount of municipal debts, and the purposes for which they may be contracted. See p. 674 for an analysis of the purposes for which the debt outstanding in 1880 was contracted. The Eleventh Census will give similar data. Mr. Porter published an arti- cle on municipal debts in the N. Y. Banker’s Magazine for September, 1876, and another in Lalor’s Cyclopedia of Political Science, vol. 1, p- 730. Cf. also his article in the Princeton Review, N. s., vol. 4, p. 172. Fora further study of this subject, read Prof. H. C. Adams’s Publie Debts; N-oY., 1837; Part 3g; chap-ige. ssce alsolGs Wi. Greens article on ‘‘Municipal Bonds,” Lalor’s Cyclopedia, vol. 2, p. 920; Prof. S. N. Patten’s ‘‘ Azzanzwesen der Staaten und Stedte der Nord- amertkanischen Union, \ena., 1878; C. Hale’s ** Debts of Cities,” Atlantic, vol. 38, p. 661, for the law of Massachusetts; D. L. Harris’s ‘¢Municipal Economy,” Journal of Social Science, vol. 9, p. 149, for the experience of Springfield, Mass., the articles in Bradstreet’s for February 1o and March 3, 1883, for a comparison with local debts in England, and H. B. Gardner’s ‘‘Statistics of Municipal Finance”’ in the Publications of the American Statistical Association, June, 1889, vol. 1, pp. 254-67. On the debt of New York City see the paper by Wm. M. Ivins cited below. A Statement of Facts Concerning the Financial Affairs of the City of Elizabeth, N. J., which has the largest per capita debt in the United States, was published by some of the citizens of that place in January, 1886. Municipal taxation is treated at length in Prof. R. T. Ely’s Taxation in American States and Cities, New York, 1888. The Reports of the Commissioners Appointed to Revise the Laws for the Assessment and Collection of Taxes in New York, 1871 and 1872, contain much val- uable material. The members of the Commission were David A. Wells, Edwin Dodge, and George W. Cuyler. ‘The first report was reprinted in New York by Harpers, and both were reprinted in Eng- land by the Cobden Club. Cf. also Wells’s ‘‘ Theory and Practice of Local Taxation in America,” in the Atlantic Monthly for January, 1874; ‘‘Rational Principles of Taxation,” a paper read in New York, May 20, 1874, Journal of Social Science, vol. 6, p. 120; and his ‘¢Reform of Local Taxation” in the North American Review for April, 1876. On the evils of double taxation see a paper on ‘‘ Local Taxation” by William Minot, Jr., read in Saratoga, September 5, HODDER: MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. 187 1877, and printed in the Journal of Social Science, vol. 9, p. 67. See Report in 1876 of New Hampshire Tax Commission, composed of Geo. Y. Sawyer, H. R. Roberts, and Jonas Livingstone ; and Report of the Michigan Commission, House Journal, February 23, 1882. A similar Commission, appointed by the City of Baltimore, reported in January, 1886. ‘The Report contains, in addition to the recommenda- tions of the Commission, a paper by Prof. R. T. Ely, entitled ‘Sug- gestions for an Improved System of Taxation in Baltimore.” A further may be found in Scribner’s Magazine, ’ article on ‘‘ Municipal Finance’ January, 1888, vol. 3, pp. 33-40, and a thesis entitled ‘Special Assessments: A Study in Municipal Finance,” by Victor Rosewater, is announced for vol. 2 of the ‘‘Studies in History, Economic and Public Law,” issued by Columbia College. 4. GENERAL DISCUSSIONS. Adams, Charles Francis. ‘Municipal Government: Lessons from the Experience of Quincy, Mass.” Forum, November, 1892, vol. 14, pp. 282-92. Berryman, J. R. ‘‘Constitutional Restrictions upon Legislation about Municipal Corporations.” American Law Review, May-June, 1888, vol. 22, p. 403. Bowles, Samuel. ‘Relation of State to Municipal Governments, and the Reform of the Latter.” Journal of Social Science, vol. 9, p- 140. A paper read in Saratoga, September 7, 1877. Bradford, Gamaliel. ‘‘Municipal Government.” Scribner’s Maga- zine, October, 1887, vol. 2, pp. 485-493. Browne, G. M. ‘‘Municipal Reform.” New Englander, February, 1886, vol. 45, p. 132. Bryce, James. ‘‘The American Commonwealth.” Lon. and N. Y., 1888. This well known work contains the following chapters on munici- pal government: chapters 50 and 51, ‘‘ The Government of Cities ;’’ chap. 52, ‘‘An American View of Municipal Government in the United States,” by Pres. Seth Low: chapters 59-64 explain the working of party machinery ; chap. 88, ‘‘ The Tweed Ring in New York City,” by F. J. Goodnow, and chap. 89, ‘‘The Philadelphia Gas Ring.” Cambridge Civil Service Reform Association. ‘Prize Essays on Municipal Reform.” 1884. Contents :—‘‘The Selection of Municipal Officers: their Terms and Tenures,” by T. H. Pease, of Chicago, Ill.; ‘‘ The Appointment of Municipal Officers,” by John Prentiss, of Keene, N. H.; and ‘The Selection and Tenure of Office of Municipal Officers,” by Prof. H. T. Terry, of the University of Tokio, Japan. ‘ 188 y KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. Chamberlain, Joseph. ‘‘Municipal Institutions in America and Eng- land.” Forum, November, 1892, vol. 14, pp. 267-81. Mr. Chamberlain was Mayor of Birmingham 1873-6. He compare§ its government with that of Boston. Crandon, F. D. ‘‘Misgovernment of Great Cities.’”’ Popular Science Monthly, vol. 30, pp. 296 and 520. : Eaton, Dorman B. ‘‘ Municipal Government.” Journal of Social SCIENCE VOlews., sont A paper read in Boston, May 18, 1873. Eliot, C. W. ‘*One Remedy for Municipal Misgovernment.” Forum, October, 1891, vol. 12, pp. 153-168. Fassett, J. 5S. ‘‘Why Cities are Badly Governed.” North American Review, May, 1890, vol. 150, pp. 631-7. Senator Fassett summarizes the results of the investigation in 1890 of a committee of the New York Senate on cities. Field, David Dudley. ‘‘ Our Political Methods,” Forum, November, 1880), VOl*2, pp. 213-22. Fisher, Wm. R. ‘‘Municipal Government.” Publications of the Philadelphia Social Science Association. This Association has united with the American Academy of Politi- cal and Social Science and its publications are now furnished by the Academy. Fiske, Amos K. ‘‘ Remedies for Municipal Misgovernment.”’ Forum, April, 1887, vol. 3, pp: 17O-7 7: Fiske, John. ‘Civil Government in the United States.”” N.Y., 18go. Chapter 5. Ford, Worthington C.. ‘‘American Citizen’s Manual.” N. Y., 1882. Part I, pp. 66-88, on municipal corporations. ~ Forum. ‘“‘The Science of Municipal Corruption.” March, 1893, vol. 15, pp. 43-51. Author's name not given. Godkin, E. L. ‘‘Criminal Politics.” North American Review, June, 1890, vol. 150, pp. 706-23. Godkin, BE. L. ‘“‘A Key to Municipal Reform.” North American Review, October, 1890, vol. 151, pp. 422-31. Grace, William R: ) *“Government of Cities in they State of New Vork. 7 Harpers) 15835 viol i075». 09: Hale, E. E.. ‘‘The Congestion of Cities.” Forum, January, 1388, VOLV4S PDs 527-350 Harrison, Carter H. ‘‘ Municipal Government.” An address delivered before the Nineteznth Century Club of New York City, November 23, 1886. Ivins, William M. ‘‘ Municipal Finance.” Harpers, October, 1884, vol. 69, pp. 779-87. HODDER: MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. 189 Ivins, William M. ‘‘Municipal Government.” Political Science Quarterly, June, 1887. The author claims that changes in municipal organization have been incident to the extension of the general functions of government, and gives an analysis of the system of government in New York City. Ivins, William M. ‘‘Machine Politics and Money in Elections.” lanpenrs ao llandy Series, cauNeave. 30837. This little book describes the working of election laws in New . York, gives the amount of assessments paid by candidates for office, and advocates the adoption of the essential features of the English system. Janes, Lewis G. ‘‘ The Problem of City Government.” 40 pp. N.Y., D. Appleton & Co., 1892. This is a lecture before the Brooklyn Ethical Association, printed in a series entitled “Man and the State.” Johns Hopkins Studies in History and Political Science. Vol. “ es ek 7 = 2) 3.¢ se) ele /¢ Si9he 247 Sls Tals 1.8.8 2.2, %