Cyr CVV YY Wi Wey i |e y 1 \ ALAA = lower Gaps “Septem 5 ROW. Son: G. ee a ARV js fh = s Is s bt 1 a\ { R =| eS alk amar < mil a < A Ne Ss é e y Soe * ] « ya i LUNG - ,, ’ fh Ss | BA Se ‘ “a | SS aN 4 p & yee fh) ‘ SS Boras | ,, Ped , KJ fom ae | ee i ‘\}: es . 4 2 = 7) ¢ - « 1 pg pa a im \ee 4 re Dy ee "4 pas = SNS 4 : « , rR oa i a eg a «toss: mxle st A f Yet i 7 me ¥ tl} if A Ue NG y : i ; . ‘ 7 4 ig save ae hire oy fs SOS NS i a es Nas ks ¥ Ph Le es Me: be ig sty 8 it A ee Fe R; oY a) wy “ ee , ‘ ra u i f 4 >A i th ' . ‘ras Ms ty i, ai yeu vt mh. ' } Th eit ; \ ri ed ‘ AD ees met ‘ ’ THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN DEVOTED TO THE PUBLICATION OF THE RESULTS OF RESEARCH BY MEMBERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS VOL. XIT PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY LAWRENCE, Kan. 1920 11-3273 CONTENTS OF VOLUME NII. z Ps PAGE ee Cicadellid# of Kansas. Plates I to XVII. By P.B.Lawson.. 5 ». 2—The Cicadide of Kansas. Plates XVIII to XXVII. By P. B. RS ee BM eat eo ge ces oly GOR > Vol. XII, Nos. 1 and 2 ~ (Continuation of Kansas University Quarterly.) LAWRENCE, KANSAS _ Published Semimonthly from J anuary to June and Monthly from July to December, inclusive, by the University of Kansas. Entered as second-class matter December 29, 1910, at the post office at Lawrence, Kansas, | under the act of July 16, 1894. 8-3058 | NOTICE TO EXCHANGES. The attention of learned societies and other institutions he va which exchange scientific publications with the University of | ia Kansas is ealled to the list of publications of this University on ia the third and fourth pages of the cover of this issue. Those marked “Supply exhausted” cannot be furnished at : all; those marked “Supply small” cannot be furnished sep- — arately ; those marked “Supply large” will gladly be furnished to any of our exchanges who may need them to qo their - files. Back numbers of the Kansas University Quarterly wild ete eat logical Survey, as far as possible, will be sent to those of our ~ newer correspondents who are able and willing to reciprocate. ANNOUNCEMENT. The Kansas University Science Bulletin (continuation of the Kansas University Quarterly) is issued in parts at i irregu- . lar intervals. One or more volumes, containing from 300 to’ 400 pages of reading-matter, with necessary illustrations, is issued each year. The subscription price is $3 per volume. Exchanges with other institutions and learned societies every- where are solicited. All exchanges should be addressed to the LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS. All communications should be addressed to THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN, LAWRENCE, KAN. EDITORIAL BOARD. W. J. BAUMGARTNER, Managing Editor. H. E. JORDAN, Exchange Editor. S.-J. gee a! . STEVENS. W. S. HUNTER. 0. O. STOLAND. as —s aS * PIPL od . . rm as tS Se : Ss = ~ > 22 =. $e *: oe >= = : ds, Sm ; > = a or = Fs r 2 e: = 3 a = ee > » =z ae VoL. XII, No. 1—MARCH 15, 1920 ‘Whole Series, Vol. XXII, No. 1.) . ENTOMOLOGY NUMBER IV CONTENTS: " THE CICADELLIDZ OF KANSAS, P. B. Lawson. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY LAWRENCE, KAN. Entered at the post office at Lawrence as second class matter. Peas ae KANSAS UNIVERSITY KANSAS STATE PRINTING PLANT -IMRI ZUMWALLT, Stare Priwrne 1920 38-3058 — TOPEKA, - TABLE OF CONTENTS. Te aa ae eee ee IMPORTANCE OF THE CICADELLIDE. MEME 2 t 56k eek oR ee Le PHICAL DISTRIBUTION ..........-.- MATIC PosITI0oN OF THE CICADELLID. Cuter 1s aoe See a FEATURES...... )GNITION OF THE CICADELLIDA.........---.-. IC TREATMENT OF THE KANSAS SPECIES. _ SCIENCE BULLETIN — Vou. XII, No. 1.] Marcu 15, 1920. Se Sa a ; ; , LIBRARY 3 The Cicadellidze of Kansas.” new youn : BY P. B. LAWSON. BOTANICAL = GARDEN 7 a INTRODUCTION. z 2 The first attempt to make a list of the Cicadellidx of Kan- 2 “sas seems to have been made by Professor E. A. Popenoe, -__-who in 1885, in the Transactions of the Kansas Academy of - Science, vol. IX, p. 63, listed a few of the members of this family that he had personally collected in the two preceding ‘ years. Nothing more seems to have been done along this SS jine till the year 1905, when there appeared a list of the Kansas f species in the Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, a vol. XIX, p. 235, by Mr. F. F. Crevecceur, in which some eighty species and varieties were reported, nearly if not all of them taken by himself, within a few miles of his home at Onaga, Kan. He was followed by Mr. E. 8S. Tucker, who in 1906, in vol. XX, part 2, p. 192, of the same publication, added twenty- - three species to Mr. Crevecceur’s list, all of these species being taken in Douglas county. A fourth list was published in 1907 by the same writer in the Kansas University Science Bulletin, —_vol. IV, p. 65, where were listed the species taken by him in Douglas and Sedgwick counties. And finally, in 1911, there appeared a complete list of all the Cicadellidz taken in the state to date, by Mr. 8. E. Crumb, who published his list, along with available host plant records, in the Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, vol. XXIV, p. 232. * Submitted to the Department of Entomology and to the graduate faculty of the Uni- versity of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Received for publication December 12, 1919. 39 OV 4- Wye 6 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. It would seem that with five lists already published of the & Cicadellid fauna of the state, that some other group might well have been chosen for further work. State lists, such as the ones referred to, are of great value to systematic ento- mologists in determining the geographical distribution and limits of the species enumerated, but to the beginner, who zis starts out to get acquainted with the fauna of a given region, they cannot be of much help, other than to inform him that he might or ought to run across the species so listed. Accord- ingly we have thought that a systematic treatise of the known Kansas forms might not be out of place. It has been our aim to make this paper something more than a state list. The attempt has been made to provide, rather, a sort of manual for the study of our native forms. Accord- ingly keys have been provided for the separation of all the groups down to species, descriptions have been written for all- the species known to occur in the state, and, as far as possible, host plant and locality records have been added to assist in . the finding of any desired species. We have, moreover, attempted to bring together our latest knowledge concerning the economic importance of this family. Many articles have been written on this subject, but each treats only of some particular phase of it. It has been thought that a summing up of our knowledge on this subject might help to a correct appreciation of the economic position of this group. The systematic position of this and of related families is of interest to the systematist. We have not tried to advance any essentially new ideas on the subject, but have thought it advisable to give what seem to be the prevailing ideas on this line. No attempt has been made to give a detailed description of the morphology of the Cicadellidz. We have included only a brief chapter on this phase, just enough to enable one to properly use the keys and understand the descriptions. But we have gone rather fully into a study of what we have called the “internal male genitalia.”’ This is what may properly be considered the original part of this paper, and therefore we have devoted a whole chapter to its discussion. It should be said here that the list of species is by no means complete. We know of some species, previously listed as oc- curring in the state, which are here omitted. This has been LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID®. i done because of what seem to have been doubtful determina- wy tions. We have endeavored to exclude every species of the occurrence of which in the state we had any doubt. Accord- ingly we have practically confined ourselves to the species rep- resented in the Snow collection at the University of Kansas. _ There are other collections in the state which will yield addi- tional records. It is our purpose to examine these as soon as possible and add to this list. Among others, the collection "8 of the Kansas State Agricultural College and Crevecceur’s col- lection will yield further records, as will the private collec- tions of Prof. Herbert Osborn and others who have collected inthe state. These all should have been included in this paper, but a combination of circumstances seems to have made it impossible. We have, however, included in the keys, and given descrip- e> tions of a goodly number of species, which, judging from their known occurrence, are likely to be found in the state. We believe this will add to the usefulness of the paper. ~ The question of bibliographies has proved to be a trouble- ~ some one. It was finally decided to give a rather full bibliog- raphy for each species, but to omit, except in cases where the bibliography was brief, the mere lists and those papers which d do not distinctly add to our knowledge of the group. Ac- cordingly we have chosen our bibliographies with a view to . showing the course of the synonomy of the species, and to those papers which give information as to life history, food plants, economic importance and control, and those which give figures illustrating the species. In addition we have tried to include a list of the papers which have appeared since the publication of Van Duzee’s catalogue. ; % 2 z.< _—~ . po irws sa 4 i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. This paper was started and completed under the direction of Prof. S. J. Hunter, head of the department of entomology in Kansas State University. To him the writer is greatly in- debted for making this work possible and for his ever readiness to help with suggestion or with needed equipment or material. Dr. H. B. Hungerford, of the same department, has also been keenly sympathetic and helpful during the carrying on of the ~ work. Prof. Herbert Osborn kindly determined much material for me, as did Dr. E. D. Ball. I am especially indebted to the latter for much help received from him during a period of six weeks spent at Ames. During that time he gave me many help- ful suggestions out of his large acquaintance with this group, and turned over his whole collection and library, as well as the collections of the Iowa State Agricultural College, for my use and study. I was thus enabled to examine many of the Osborn and Ball types, Doctor Ball’s individual types, and as many of Van Duzee’s types as are in the college collection. It would be hard to conceive of any one being more free and ready to help with the results of their years of labor and study. _ Needless to say, many papers on the Cicadellide have been freely used. The bibliography given would have been impos- sible without Van Duzee’s wonderful catalogue, with the ex- ception here and there of a few papers on the economic phase, — and of the papers which have appeared since the catalogue was issued. Besides the catalogue, we have used freely the papers written jointly by Osborn and Ball, as well as the individual papers of each. Van Duzee’s writings on the family have been very helpful, as have De Long’s paper on the Tennessee species and on the genus Chlorotettiz. The writer was fortunate to start his study of this group with a very large collection already gathered together from all over the state. Credit should be given to several of those whose locality records are here being used. Prof. F. H. Snow’s name appears on many of the specimens collected in Kansas. The records of Pottawatomie county are practically all those of Mr. F. F.. Crevecceur. Mr. E. S. Tucker took many species from (8) ze LAWSON = “KANSAS CICADELLIDE. ae ie ywick = Hensine counties. Mr. S. E. Crumb made large . S collections from Douglas and Cherokee counties. Mr. F. X. 23 ‘illiams should have credit for the specimens taken in most ae i ee extreme western and northwestern counties. Mr. R. H. 5s Be eamer collected many species, especially in the southeastern x counties. Dr. C. P. Alexander also collected several species, . < ck Liefly in Reno and Hodgeman counties. The records from ay Riley county, as well as several others, were sent me by Dr. M. ai Ce Tanquary, of the Kansas State Agricultural College. Un- pe _ fortunately this list was not received in time to be fully in- = yrporated in this paper. i aes Bee vanks are also due to Miss Gertrude Standing for her great P help i in typewriting this paper. To these, and to all who in any way assisted with the work, the writer is greatly indebted. s Economic Importance of the Cicadellide. The relation of the Cicadellidx to problems of economic im- portance has received a very varying degree of attention from entomologists. The Homopterists, and especially those who have studied this particular family, have always been more or less forward in calling attention to their destructiveness. On the other hand, many entomologists have had their attention so taken up with insects whose damage has been so much more evident that they have regarded the Cicadellidz as having very little bearing or relation to real economic entomology. But it is not our purpose to say that the one group has been too enthusiastic, and the other too reticent, in recognizing the true economic position of these forms. It is our purpose merely te discuss the problem in the light of our present-day knowledge, and let the reader decide which group is right, or whether each — is but partly right. The damage done by the Cicadellidx is that of puncturing the tissue of the leaf or stem of a plant, and then with its efficient little mouth parts sucking up the plant juices. Be- cause of this means of feeding, the damage is seldom seen, cer- tainly not by the casual or superficial observer. The work of insects with biting mouth parts, on the contrary, is readily seen, for the host plant soon is distorted or destroyed by the biting out of portions of the leaves or stems. Thus the work of grasshoppers, beetles, etc., is soon manifest, even though they be present in relatively small numbers. The results of the feeding of a large number of Cicadellidz on a plant may not be noticed, however, till the plant is beyond rescue, for it will retain its form until pumped dry and the leaves begin to curl up and fall. There are other reasons, too, why these insects escape notice so often, even though doing damage. In the first place, they are very small, not small as all insects go, but small as compared with the insects which the ordinary person usually observes, and in comparison with many of our main economic pests. They vary considerably in size, many being under 3 mm. in lengt! while others, especially South American species, may (10) LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID. 11 reach 18 or 20 mm. in length. Our largest forms are about ‘14 mm. in length, or slightly over half an inch, while our smallest forms are close to one-twelfth of an inch long. The majority or our species run from three to seven millimeters in length, or from about one-eighth to one-fourth of an inch. Their small size, coupled with the fact that they usually remain on the under side of the leaf or blade of grass, accounts very readily for their so easily escaping detection. Then, too, as a rule, they are protectively colored, that is, they usually greatly resemble their surroundings in color. Thus a green species on a green blade of grass may not be seen even thoug!: in full view, and when one is looking straight at it. In some species also the art of camouflaging seems to have reached perfection. Though the general colors may not correspond ‘very well with those of the host plant, yet there is a stripe here or a spot there which seem to be present solely for the purpose of making the insect invisible, at least such is their effect. Some species also, such as Dorycephalus, show clearly an adaptation of form, as well as color, to their environment. Sitting on a head of Elymus, they so greatly resemble their surroundings as to be practically invisible, and according to Professor Osborn a head of the host may be carefully exam- ined and reveal no insect until it is shaken loose. Frequently, too, the damage done by this group of insects is attributed to other insects or to the attacks of fungi. Usually the result of the continued sucking of the life juices of the plant results in more or less discoloration of the plant cells around the puncture. These spots often resemble the spots produced by other insects and may often be mistaken for the presence of some fungous disease. Professor Osborn points out the fact that the work of species infesting grasses and grains may be readily confused with the work of aphids or thrips, but that usually the aphids do not discolor nor produce spots on the infested plant, at least during the early stages, while the injury of the thrips is indicated by small dots or lines which usually run parallel with the leaf veins and remain white. The spot produced by the leaf hopper, on the other hand, while at first pale, later changes to a brown or black color. Furthermore, if the leaf hoppers are the guilty parties, the fact will usually be recognized by the presence of. their j ire _THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. molted skins, some of which, at least, will usually be found clinging to the leaf or grass blade. é The injury to plants by the Cicadellidz may be divided into two groups. First, the sucking of the plant juices till the plant is killed or its vitality so reduced as to result in a re- duced yield of food or fruit. Second, the transmission of plant diseases. Much work has been done on the former group by Professor Osborn, and on the latter by Doctor Ball. In the following discussion I have drawn very largely from — the work done by them. The matter of the reduction of the yield due to the sucking of the plant juices, is rather a peculiar one. Or perhaps it reveals a rather peculiar turn of mind in mankind. I believe it shows that there is still a great field of development for economic entomology and a field which should receive much attention. In the main, agriculturists and many entomologists have turned their attention to fighting those insect pests which do very visible and usually a very serious amount of damage. The average farmer will at once notice a pest that will destroy, in a mass, several rows of his corn. Or he would notice at once, and fight with all his energy, anything that picked out about every tenth hill and utterly destroyed it, though not touching the other nine hills. But the same man seemingly pays no attention to any pest that reduces in the aggregate the yield of the whole field to the amount that would have been produced by the destroyed rows or by the every tenth hill, as long as he sees no very apparent and severe damage and the field as a whole seems to-be doing fairly well. The same would apply to wheat and oats, rye and barley, alfalfa and clover, prairie hay and pasture. The question ought to be, not how much did the field raise, but what could such a field yield if no damage whatever be done by injurious insects? No matter what the crop, or what any one’s views may be as to the damage done by leaf hoppers, all must agree that every little bug takes some of the life juices that belong to the plant, and that this multiplied by hundreds or thousands cannot but help reduce the yield of the crop infested. So it is with this thought in mind, namely, that we ought to strive after the best possible yields, yields not hampered nor re- duced by insect pests, that we turn to discuss the damage done by leaf hoppers to the various crops. an ‘wie a. , o eis “aT, re "Wy LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID4. 13 The damage done by reducing yields may be divided into four heads: 1. Damage to forage crops and pastures. 2. Damage to grains. 3. Damage to orchards, vineyards and gardens. 4. Damage to shade trees and ornamental plants. The total value of our forage crops would be hard to esti- mate and also to overestimate, for under this head would come the leguminous crops such as the clovers and alfalfa, the hay crops both wild and cultivated, and the immense amount of food furnished by pastures. The following table, copied from Hitchcock’s textbook on grasses, will give some idea of the tremendous importance of such crops in a single year, 1909: Production Value \cres. (Tons). (Dollars). MbrmnGY ONE © cos cae. ok ete 14,686,393 17,985,420 188,082,895 Timothy and clover mixed...... 19,542,382 24,748,555 257,280,330 MVE aIONG! oo ce. ee 2,443,263 3,158,324 29,334,356 UE ie a ee eee 4,707,146 11,859,881 93,103,998 Millet or Hungarian grass...... 1,117,769 1,546,533 11,145,226 Other tame or cultivated grasses, 4,218,957 4,166,772 44,408,775 Wild, salt or prairie grasses.... 17,186,522 18,383,574 91,026,169 ecptirs CULO TECOM: 5a. so ewe ws 4,324,878 5,367,292 61,686,131 Wostse- forage. =... 08 ir. ne ea 4,034,432 9,982,305 46,753,262 Thus we find nearly 75 million acres of land devoted to pro- ducing forage crops, yielding annually nearly one hundred million tons valued at over 800 millions of dollars. For to- day all these figures, especially that of the value, must be de- cidedly low. Then too they do not include the immense value of the forage produced by the millions of acres of pastures. The amount of loss to such crops due to insects is hard to estimate and it is still more difficult to correctly determine the amount of injury due to one group of insects when there are many different kinds infesting the crop. But we are perhaps safe in saying that by far the most numerous and widespread of the insects affecting such crops are the leaf hoppers, and that a goodly share of the shrinkage in such crops, due to insect pests, is due normally to these forms. It will require much more accurate and persistent experimenting than has yet been done to enable us to be at all dogmatic about the exact relation of the Cicadellidz to the forage crops, but yet, thanks largely to Professor Osborn’s work, we can safely accept some facts, while holding others in abeyance till further work is done. 14 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. - The seriousness of the damage to the forage crops depends of course on the number of leaf hoppers present. Not much has been done to get accurate data concerning their numbers, but Professor Osborn has found that frequently the numbers run up far above a million per acre, and he is of the opinion that in such grasses as timothy and blue grass, a million per acre would not be putting the figure too high. In work on the potato-leaf hopper Doctor Ball has found that in the period of their greatest abundance several million leaf hoppers may be found to an acre of potatoes. Then, as to the amount of food taken by this number of leaf hoppers from the plants of that acre, and the resultant depreciation in weight of the amount of hay cut, we again have no definite figures because of the lack of experimentation. But after years of observation, Professor Osborn gives as his opinion that in some cases at least, from 25 to 50 per cent of the growth of such grasses may go to feed the leaf hoppers. In Bulletin 248 of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Professor Osborn gives some idea as to the leaf-hop- per damage to the hay crop of that state. In 1913 there were 1,194,000 acres of hay in the state, which yielded about a ton of hay per acre, the value of the crop being over sixteen and a half million dollars. That acreage should have produced two to three times as much as it did, and if leaf hoppers are responsible for even ten per cent of such shrinkage, their damage becomes very serious and their control should call for serious attention. Applying these figures to the hay crop of the entire country, we see that at the very conservative esti- mate of a ten per cent loss, the leaf hoppers reduce the hay yield by at least ten million tons, valued in 1909 at about 80 millions of dollars and to-day at perhaps fully twice that sum. Thus these insignificant little creatures become a cause for ‘real consideration, for at the very least, if the above estimates be anywhere near the truth, we can safely accuse them of causing an annual loss of 100 million dollars to the hay crop. But there is still more to this problem than the mere decrease in yield. Professor Osborn, in the above-mentioned bulletin, also considers the effect upon the quality of hay produced, and shows that hay that has escaped the attacks of such insects is of much more value than a similar amount of hay that has LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID®. tS been infested by them, for the former seems to show a dis- tinctly higher percentage of protein and fat than the latter. If further investigations along this line confirm this; it makes the case against the leaf hoppers even more serious. Attention should be called at this point to the fact that all the above figures apply only to the cultivated forage crops. Pastures are injured fully as much, if not more, than all the cultivated crops. But even if we apply the same figures as the above, and accuse the leaf hoppers of reducing the value of the pastures by ten per cent, we add to their debt a tremendous figure, for the value of such pastures is very great. The species concerned in damaging forage crops are many, but several stand out as distinctly more serious than the rest. Seriously injurious to the leguminous crops is Aceratagallia sanguinolenta, commonly called the clover-leaf hopper. Gib- son states that as many as 600 of these have been counted on a single plant, and that aside from the drain upon the plant the egg punctures cause gall-like formations in the surrounding tissue. EHmpoasca mali is also accused of being sometimes in- jurious to this crop. Dreculacephala mollipes is to be consid- ered a serious pest of grasses as well as of grains. Others of great importance are Deltocephalus inimicus, affinis, sayi, balli, Euscelis exitiosus, Phlepsius irroratus, and Cicadula 6-notata. Aljl the above are very common in Kansas. In some parts of the country Dreculacephala reticulata and noveboracensis, Delto- cephalus configuratus, Acocephalus striatus and albifrons, and Helochara communis, the last in low lands, are also considered as more or less injurious to grasses. In central and western Kansas the native pastures, composed largely of Boutelowa and Buchloe, are very heavily infested with various species of the genus Aconuwra. Coming now to the relation of leaf hoppers to the grain crops, we find many instances where wheat, oats, corn, rye, and barley have been injured. In Bulletin 108 of the United States Department of Agriculture, Professor Osborn gives a list of recorded serious damage by these insects. The sharp-headed grain leaf hopper, Dreculacephala mollipes, is undoubtedly the most serious of such forms, but such species as Dreculacephala reticulata, Deltocephalus inimicus, Euscelis exitiosus, and Ci- cadula 6-notata have also been recorded as doing some damage. The damage to orchards, vineyards and gardens is perhaps 16 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. not as serious as the damage to the forage crops and grains, yet — here too we find serious damage at times. Few of our fruit ra trees are at all seriously infested with leaf hoppers. About the only species that seem at all troublesome are Empoasca mali and Typhlocyba rose. The former Mr. F. H. Lathrop reports as injuring apple, which it infests along with Empoasca uni- color and Typhlocyba rose, producing “‘a severe and character- istic curling of the foliage and resultant injury to the tree.” The damage done by Typhlocyba rosx is described by Mr. Leroy Childs as follows: ‘The insects during their twenty- nine to forty days of nymphal development are constant feed- ers, and when present in numbers are capable of removing much food that would otherwise be utilized by the plant. One insect feeding continually on an apple leaf during this period removes or destroys from one-third to one-half of the green chlorophyll. Four or five insects have been observed to remoye, with the possible exception of a narrow green margin on the edge, the entire green coloration of the leaves. An injury of this extent, in the case of a general infestation over the tree, noticeably inhibits normal functioning of the leaves. Trees so infested appear yellowish-brown during late summer and are much below normal in vigor. “The insects confine their feeding to the under surfaces of the leaves entirely. The first indication of their presence is the appearance of yellow spots on the upper surfaces of the leaves. As feeding continues these spots become larger and more numerous until the leaf shows a decided greenish-yellow color- ation. Leaves so injured are deprived from further function- ing and their presence on the tree only further devitalizes it by acting as surfaces for evaporation. In cases of a severe in- festation many of the injured leaves drop prematurely during the latter part of August.” Other fruit trees, such as plum trees, are frequently infected with leaf hoppers, but no appreciable damage seems to result. The damage to vineyards by several species of leaf hoppers is very severe and either involves the outlay of considerable ex- pense for spraying or else greatly reduces the amount and quality of the crop as well as lowering the vitality of the vines. The chief species concerned here is Hrythroneura comes and its several varieties, although Erythroneura tricincta, illinoien- sis, obliqua, creveceuri and others are frequent feeders on s < t rt a “4 », ¥ Ys e AM Sie Li Vi ree iy a Bhi ei 3 ey 7 , 7 ‘it \ pay ee ee | a Op a Aas o re ay LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID®. 17 the grape. The bulletins by Slingerland, Quayle, Hartzell and Johnson fully deal with the damage and control of these forms. _ Leaf hoppers as a group do not seem to injure garden crops seriously. But there are a few species that at times do serious _ damage. Notably injurious here is Empoasca mali, which is a serious pest of such crops as beans and potatoes. Here also comes the injury to sugar beets by Eutettix tenellus. The in- jury by these species in this case, however, has to do with the relation of leaf hoppers to plant diseases, and will therefore be discussed under that head. In the cotton-growing region several members of the sub- family Cicadelline have been considered injurious to the cot- ton, though Sanderson seems to doubt their having any effect on the plant. The supposedly injurious forms here are Homal- odisea triquetra, Aulacizes irrorata-and two species of On- cometopia. Essig gives Cicadella atropunctata as injurious to such plants as blackberry, grape, lemon, orange and raspberry. It can perhaps hardly be said that leaf hoppers are injurious to shade trees. While a large number of species normally live on trees, and others at times may infest them, yet no really serious injury seems to have been reported. Thus the members of the genus Jdiocerus are largely confined to willows, cotton- wood and Cratzgus. Cicadella hieroglyphica and its varieties, many species of Macropsis and some species of Empoasca occur on willow. Bythoscopus apicalis is confined to honey locust. Oncopsis distinctus lives on walnut, a Scaphoideus on elm, Ty- phlocyba lethierryi on hard maple. The nearest to real injury to shade trees ever seen by the writer was observed on notic- ing the decolored condition of the leaves of a young sycamore tree. On examination the leaves were found to be heavily in- fested by an Erythroneura, the damage being very similar to that of the grape-leaf hopper to the grape. The damage to ornamental plants also is not very serious. Few cases are recorded of any such damage. It is sufficient perhaps here to note the work of the rose-leaf hopper which, in parts of the country, seriously injures rose bushes, the dam- age being similar to that on the apple by the same species. The writer has noticed a few leaf hoppers in greenhouses but seemingly they are never present in large enough numbers to demand attention. - 2—Sci. Bul.—3058 18 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. When we turn, however, from the damage done by the Cicudellidx by the mere sucking up of the sap of the plant, to the possible and proved relations of the insects to the trans- mission of plant diseases, we enter at once an open and a very important field. We will discuss this phase of the economic importance of the group under the following heads: 1. Leaf hoppers and bacterial diseases. a. Leaf hoppers and curly-leaf. b. Leaf hoppers and fire blight. 2. Leaf hoppers and hopperburn. 3. Leaf hoppers as possible disseminators of fungous diseases. The relation of leaf hoppers to the transmission of bacterial plant diseases opens at once a very large and important field. Who knows but what these and related insects are responsible for many of the diseases that have hitherto baffled the plant pathologist and been the despair of the farmer and horticul- turist? Doctor Ball’s excellent work has opened up the way for the future on this line. He seems to have proved definitely that such insects may be the normal disseminators of plant diseases, just as, in the case of the mosquito, they are responsible for spreading animal diseases. After years of work on the beet- leaf hopper and its relation to curly-leaf in the sugar beet, among others, the following facts, quoted from his bulletins, were proved: “The punctures of the beet-leaf hopper (Hutettix tenellus) cause a specific disease in sugar beets called ‘curly-leaf.’ “Leaf hoppers taken from wild plants did not transmit the disease until they fed on diseased beets. Three hours on a beet rendered them pathogenic, but they could not transmit till after an incubation period of one or two days. “Curly-leaf has never been produced except through the punctures of a beet-leaf hopper. If a single leaf hopper is applied to a beet for five minutes, the curly-leaf disease will appear after about two weeks, if conditions are favorable.” The above facts, added to the fact that the bacterial agent, Bacillus morulans, has been isolated by Boncquet, show con- clusively that these insects may be responsible for similar plant diseases. And since the amount of damage done in such cases is very large, the field should prove both interesting and im- portant. iM LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID. 19 Not very much has been done on the relation of insects to the transmission of Bacillus amylovorous which causes “fire blight.” Doctor Merrill has worked on the relation of aphids to the spread of this disease, and Mr. F. H. Lathrop has done some work on the relation of Empoasca mali to the same dis- ease. The latter reports that while in the tests Empoasca uni- color and Typhlocyba rose showed negative or doubtful results, Empoasca mali seemed to be a positive agent in the spread of the bacteria and in the infecting of new shoots. Should this work be confirmed we would have a practically untouched field opened to us, which, with careful work, might better enable us to be victors in the fight against this serious disease. But we are not yet through with Empoasca mali. Again it is under indictment, this time for producing what should be called “hopperburn,” especially on potatoes. Here again we are indebted to Doctor Ball, who seems to have shown that this insect produces much of what in the past has gone under the name of ‘‘tipburn.” Furthermore, that hopperburn is perhaps a disease similar to curly-leaf, and that it differs from tipburn by readily-told characteristics, the latter being the result of purely physiological conditions. In the past two summers great damage has been done by this disease, if such it shall prove to be, but for which this leaf hopper alone seems responsible. Again, leaf hoppers may prove to be disseminators of fungous diseases. Any insect of course may play this role, but because of their feeding and egg-laying habits, combined with their jumping disposition, they seem to be especially suited to trans- mit such fungi from plant to plant and thus spread the dis- ease. This is a field as yet untouched that might yield dis- coveries of importance to the agriculturist and horticulturist. Perhaps this discussion of the economic importance of the group would not be complete without a brief résumé of the methods of control. This consists in using natural farming methods and spraying. The chief ways to control the species damaging forage and grain crops would be those of rotation and clean farming. ‘These of course are the best for the soil and are also the way to check insects. Most of such forms hibernate in the egg stage under the sheath of the grass blades. If therefore the places where such grasses occur, such as the fence and hedge rows, the corners, and land adjoining fields, 20 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. be burned over in the winter, there will follow a great diminw tion of the hoppers the following season. Pastures especially should be burned over once in two or three years if they are seriously infested with these insects. The time of planting © certain crops, and the time of mowing grasses may be so regu- ~ lated as to result in escaping serious injury from the leaf hop- pers. Thus Gibson reports that cutting the alfalfa crop from a week to ten days earlier will often check the clover-leaf hop- per. If acrop is mowed so as to catch most of the leaf hoppers in the egg or nymphal stage the majority of the eggs will be destroyed and most of the nymphs will starve before they can migrate to other food.: Hopperdozers are sometimes used as direct controls to catch and destroy large numbers of the leaf hoppers when they are present in unusual numbers. In the case of grain fields best results are obtained by plow- ing as soon after harvest as possible and then keeping the ground free from grass and weeds till planted. This, combined with rotation and clean farming around the edges, would be insurance against leaf-hopper damage. The beet-leaf hopper is also controlled by cultural methods. The leaf hoppers in vineyards are mainly controlled ig spraying, though hopperdozers are sometimes used. The usual spray material is “Black Leaf 40,” 1 part to 1,500 or 1,600 parts of water, applied at the time of the presence of the maximum number of nymphs. Doctor Ball gives the same contact in- secticide for the control of Empoasca mali on potatoes, using it at the rate of one pint to 100 gallons of water with five pounds of soap added, two applications to be made a week or ten days apart. The rose-leaf hopper and forms doing similar damage can be controlled in the same way. Mr. Childs suggests also the use of the rose as a trap crop in the control of the latter as an apple pest. At this point we may also call attention to another bad habit of Empoasca mali. In Psyche, XXV, p. 101, 1918, Mr. George Becker called attention to this species attacking man. The writer has had several people tell him about being bitten by little green leaf hoppers, but not till a short time ago did he have any personal proof of the fact. One night, while collect- ing under a light, he felt a little prick on his hand, and on look- LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID®. 21 ing down saw a little green leaf hopper at work. It was se- cured and proved to be the species mentioned. The matter of such biting brings up an interesting question, for so few of the Homoptera have ever been known to be guilty of such conduct. In fact, outside of the occasional piercing of Cicadas, the writer does not know of any other members of this order that have been recorded as attacking man. Whether they merely prick the skin because it is their nature to be piere- _ ing something or whether they are really fond of an occasional meal of blood would be an interesting question for determina- tion. From the foregoing discussion of the economic importance of the group it will be seen that it is necessary to know which are injurious species and which are not. Hence the value of a systematic study of the group and an acquaintance with its forms, so as to be able to single out those of economic impor- tance. Life History. The life histories of a majority, even of the economic species of Cicadellidx, have not been fully worked out. Some have, however, been worked out in detail, so that it is fairly easy to give a general life history for the group. These insects belong to an order in which the metamorphosis is incomplete, that is, there is no distinct pupal or quiescent stage in the life cycle. It would, however, be better to speak of them as having a gradual metamorphosis rather than an incom- plete one, reserving the latter term, as pointed out by Professor Comstock, for such water forms as dragon flies, which do not resemble the adult at all in their imperfect stages and yet can- not be said to have a complete metamorphosis. Thus there are three stages in their life cycle, namely, egg, nymph and adult. The female leaf hopper is provided with a strong enough ovipositor to enable her to push the eggs in under the covering of some plant tissue. There is of course a great deal of dif- ference in the different groups, and even among the species of the same genus, in the kind of material chosen for egg deposi- tion, it being the rule that the eggs are always deposited in the kind of plant which is to furnish food for the nymphs on emerging. In general it may be said that grass-feeding species deposit their eggs either between the sheath of the blade and the stem, — or else in the margin of the leaf, where a layer of epidermis covers the egg. In either case the eggs are protected by a part of the host plant. Other forms deposit their eggs in the veins of leaves or sometimes under the epidermis in the tissue be- tween the veins. Such is the case with the grape-leaf hopper, the potato-leaf hopper and a host of others. Still others de- posit eggs in the stems of their host plants. This is true of such forms as the rose-leaf hopper, the apple-leaf hopper (Hm- poasca unicolor) and others. Some, such as the clover-leaf hopper, deposit their eggs either in the leaves or the stems of their host plant. In a few cases also the same species may oviposit alternately in two different hosts. This has been shown to be the case with the rose-leaf hopper, the overwinter- (22) LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID2. 23 ing eggs being deposited in the rose, while the eggs for the second generation are deposited in apple. Here we seem to have a good case of alternation of-gkestions for only a very small percentage of these insects remain on the apple, their summer host, to deposit overwintering eggs. Of course where a species is a general feeder, it may oviposit in any of its host plants. The eggs are usually whitish, elongate, and often slightly curved. Before they hatch the eyes of the nymphs are usually seen as distinct reddish spots. Comparatively little is known concerning the number of eggs deposited by a single individual. In some cases the num- ber seems to be quite low, while in others it is rather large. Some grass-feeding species deposit a few eggs together ; others as many as fifty side by side. Osborn states that Parabolocra- tus viridis may lay as many as 120 eggs in a single hour. Of course eggs deposited under the sheaths of the grass blades are more readily found than those deposited in the leaf or stem. In the case of the latter, however, a blister-like swelling seems to develop around the eggs shortly after deposition, which helps in locating them, or the leaf may be held up to the sunlight and the eggs often discovered. The period of incubation varies greatly in length. Eggs laid in the fall hatch the following spring or summer, the egg stage thus lasting several months. Eggs laid in the spring or sum- mer hatch in varying lengths of time. Osborn gives an aver- age of about a month for the duration of the egg stage of _Dorycephalus platyrhynchus, and 10 to 17 days for Deltoceph- alus inimicus. Gibson gives 5 to 17 days as the length of the incubation period for eggs of Aceratagallia sanguinolenta dur- ing the summer in the latitude of southern Illinois, and from 3 to 35 days, with an average of 12 days, depending upon the tem- perature, for eggs of Dreculacephala mollipes in southern Ari- zona. The nymphs are readily recognized as the young of Cica- dellids, usually having more or less of the form of the adult except for the wings, though usually lacking most of the colora- tion of the adult till just before or after the last molt. During the nymphal stage the wings are represented by wing pads which gradually increase in size, but even just before the fifth or last molt they are much smaller than the wings of the adult. 24 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Not only do the nymphs usually look like the adults, but they usually act like them too. They have the curious habit of running sidewise which is so characteristic of the family, and are also capable of jumping, as are the adults, though they are not as active as are the perfect forms. The number of molts is usually, if not always, five. There are some records of but four molts in some forms, but if true, it is only so of a very few species. Molting occurs nearly always on the under side of the leaf, and here the molted skins may readily be found, for they are usually firmly attached to the leaf. The length of the nymphal stage varies greatly in the differ- ent species. A few species overwinter as nymphs, in which case this stage lasts for several months. In summer, however, the nymphal stage usually lasts for several weeks. Thus Gib- son gives 18 to 35 days, with an average of 25, for the length of the nymphal stage of the clover-leaf hopper, and 20 to 51 days, according to temperature, for Dreculacephala mollipes at Tempe, Ariz. Johnson gives from 19 to 37 days for the duration of the nymphal stage of the grape-leaf hopper in the Lake Erie valley. Childs gives above 35 days for the first brood nymphs of the rose-leaf hopper, and about 24 days for those of the second brood in Oregon. Osborn gives ten months as the length of the nymphal stage of Dorycephalus platyrhyn- chus, for this species overwinters as a nymph. But very few attempts have been made to determine the length of the life of the adult. Childs, however, has given us some interesting data on this point. He found that the males of the first generation of the rose-leaf hopper die in from four to ten days after mating. Fertile females he found to live a month to a month and a half after mating, while unmated fe- males live very much longer, some specimens being kept for 70 days, and a single one for 116 days, death in both cases be- ing due to starvation. Individuals of the second brood were kept alive for 129 days. The unmated male, he states, lives a much shorter period. Of course it is well known that in the case of species which hibernate as adults, both males and fe- males live several months. The overwintering of the leaf hoppers is varied. Many pass through the winter as adults, a few as nymphs, and the ma- jority perhaps as eggs. But no set rule can be given regarding » apes ne ie a St rer neg er Pe ey ee LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDE. ~ 25 - the habits of any group, for even within the genus we do not find uniformity as to the condition in which hibernation occurs. Thus Empoasca mali overwinters as an adult, while E. unicolor hibernates in the egg stage. The nearest that we dare come to generalizing may be to state that the majority of species which oviposit in grass, pass through the winter in the egg stage, while a large number of those ovipositing in trees hibernate as adults. It seems, therefore, that the greater number of our forms overwinter in the egg stage. The hibernating adults are often found under leaves and rubbish in the woods. This is especially true of many Typhlo- cybini. Of course where the winters are warm, we can hardly designate any stage as the hibernating stage, for under favor- able circumstances they may breed throughout the year. The number of generations per season is also an interesting question. Should we generalize we would say that the ma- jority of species have two generations in a season. As to the rest, some undoubtedly have three or more generations, while some have only one. Thus Gibson claims three generations a year for the clover-leaf hopper in southern Missouri and four or more further south. Professor Osborn says there are two generations a year of Drzculacephala mollipes in Ohio, while Gibson claims six for southern Arizona. Others, like Em- poasca unicolor, have but a single generation. Most members of the genus Deltocephalus have two broods, as do such forms as many members of the genus Euscelis and many of the Ty- phlocybini. Natural Enemies. In one of his bulletins Professor Osborn has given quite an extended account of the natural enemies of the leaf hoppers. We will do little more than to give the substance of this and of one or two other papers, for comparatively little work has been done on this line. The natural enemies of the leaf hoppers may be divided into four groups, as follows: 1. Predaceous enemies. 2. Parasitic enemies. 3. Fungus diseases. 4. Climatic conditions. The predaceous enemies of leaf hoppers do not seem to be | an important means of control. Among such enemies are the birds, but even such active foes do not seem to be very efficient in controlling them. It has been found that while a goodly number of birds feed upon Cicadellids, yet in the aggregate such food forms but a small part of their dietary. Professor Osborn sums up the relation of birds to leaf hoppers as follows: 1. 119 species of birds are known to feed upon leaf hoppers. 2. Only 700 out of 47,000 bird stomachs examined contained leaf hoppers, or less than one out of every fifty. 3. The leaf-hopper content of a majority of these stomachs was only from 1 to 10 per cent, so that not more than one-thousandth part of the food of birds can be composed of leaf hoppers. Domestic birds such as turkeys and chickens are said to feed on leaf hoppers, but their inroads on such insects could not be considered as serious. Toads and frogs, being insectivorous, should use a small proportion of leaf hoppers in their dietary. Gibson states that the former has been observed feeding on them in alfalfa fields. Among the Arthropoda themselves we find perhaps the most efficient predaceous foes of the leaf hoppers, though all com- bined do not seem to do anything appreciable in holding them in check. Various spiders and mites are said to be among such enemies. Slingerland and Johnson give the names of mites predaceous on the grape-leaf hopper in their bulletins (26) ae LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID2. 27 ’ on that species. Childs gives a list of spiders preying upon the rose-leaf hopper, while Professor Osborn gives a large list of spiders that have been known to feed upon leaf hoppers. Insects themselves furnish several predaceous enemies. Thus Osborn mentions such enemies among the Nabidx and Lygaeidx. Quayle mentions ladybirds, aphis lions and ants as enemies of the grape-leaf hopper, while previously, Walsh, Glover and Slingerland had recorded one of the dance flies, a - soldier bug, and the larve of Chrysopa, respectively, as also feeding on the same leaf hopper. Johnson accuses a Capsid of attacking this species also. Gibson mentions the agricul- tural ant as an enemy of Draeculacephala mollipes. Childs records a Scatophagid as an enemy of the rose-leaf hopper and also observes that dragon flies have been observed attack- ing that species. The writer one evening observed some damsel flies flying over the grasses near the edge of a pond. They so evidently seemed to be hunting that they were closely watched and were soon seen to be attempting to catch some very small Locustid nymphs and also to be after the leaf hop- pers. Several times the leaf hoppers were seen to escape by their characteristic shift to the under side of the grass blades. Finally a damsel fly was observed to have caught one of the hoppers, and we were able to get close enough to identify the species as Deltocephalus inimicus and to catch the predator, not, however, before the last sign of his meal had disappeared. There are records of at least two families of wasps. that provision their nests with leaf hoppers. Comstock states that the Nyssonide provision their nests with the immature stages of these insects. F. X. Williams described a member of this family, Harpactus gypone, from Grant county, Kansas, which used the adults and nymphs of Gypona cinerea for this pur- pose. He found also that Mimesa argentifrons, a member of the family Mimesidx, provisioned her nest with Euscelis exitiosus. Further studies with these and related families of wasps might reveal the importance of these insects as natural enemies of the leaf hoppers. The chief natural enemies of the leaf hoppers are the parasitic insects. These are undoubtedly responsible for hold- ing these insects in check, so that they do only the usual amount of damage annually. Such parasites are found in the dipterous genus Pipunculus and among the Strepsiptera. But 28 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. far more important than these are the hymenopterous para- __ 4 sites belonging to the subfamily Anteonine and to the family Bethylidz. Dr. F. A. Fenton’s paper on this group shows how extensive is the parasitization of leaf hoppers by these forms which parasitize the nymphs and adults. Professor Osborn states that sometimes 20 per cent of the individuals of - some of our native species are thus parasitized. The members of the genus Gonotopus parasitize the majority of the Jassini, while Aphelopus is the only parasite of the Typhlocybini. Various hymenopterous egg parasites are also at times very efficient. a The relation of fungous diseases to leaf-hopper control is yet an open question. Only rarely have they been recorded as attacking these insects. Professors Garman, Webster, and Thaxter are seemingly the only ones reporting such cases. The first two give records of Draeculacephala mollipes being attacked by Empusa grylli. Professor Thaxter, in 1890, ob-. served Empusa killing the grape-leaf hopper in Connecticut. It seems very probable, however, that in favorable seasons my this or other fungi may play some part in the natural control of the leaf hoppers as they do for instance in the checking of the grasshoppers. Climatic conditions undoubtedly play an important part in the control of insects. Thus many a foreign insect, on in- troduction to this country, has not been able to gain a foot- hold because of the different and untoward weather conditions. It is well known also that even some forms which have become more or less acclimated, as well as native forms, are often kept in check by extremes of heat or cold. Thus in Kansas very severe winters or very hot summers are known to pre- vent outbreaks of Toxoptera. Undoubtedly the same is true of large numbers of insects, and among them, of the leaf hoppers. Johnson quotes Trimble as observing in 1865 that when the thermometer reached 100 degrees Fahrenheit, thou- sands of the grape-leaf hoppers were killed. It is easily shown that grape-leaf hopper nymphs are killed by an exposure of a few minutes to the hot sun, so that it is very probable that when it becomes very hot, and host plants wither, that many may not be able to find sufficient protection and therefore succumb to the extreme heat. No one doubts also that untold numbers of individuals are destroyed by the extreme cold, a eit es oa = $ _ LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID. 29 2ezes, and snows of winter, regardless of whether hiberna- on occurs in the egg, nymphal or adult stage. Actual ex- imentation with extremes of heat and cold, controlling also the moisture conditions, should give us interesting and per- _ haps very instructive data as to just what part climatic con- 6 litions do play in the control of such insects. sali ee he pe ys ey aly md Feats rats 7 pe let ot aan . A Lame ue) AL Che, jul Sa i> Dory 4 Meee rs Geographical Distribution. Leaf hoppers are so well distributed over the earth that they are truly cosmopolitan. They are well represented in all the faunal realms, and in some countries are among the commonest of the insects. In his catalogue of the Hemiptera of America north of Mexico, published in 1917, Mr. Van Duzee lists about 700 species, and the number now known must be well beyond that. I have been unable to get any estimate of the total number of species known to science. Professor Osborn has pointed out two facts of great in- terest when one views this group as a whole or when the fauna of two continents are compared. First, the fact is soon cbserved, that the leaf hopper fauna of even two widely- separated portions of the earth, are essentially and funda- mentally alike in group characters. This is taken as showing a common origin of-the groups. And second, that though in the main characters and larger groupings there are so many similarities, yet there seem to be relatively very few cases of specific identity between the species of such separated coun- tries or continents. Examples of this fact are numerous when | our own forms are compared with the European. The sub- family Paropinz, for example, occurs on both continents, yet not one of our eight species seems to occur in Europe. Of our seventy-five or more members of the genus Deltocephalus only four are known to occur in Europe. And this is about the case in almost any group one may choose. This fact would argue for an early separation of our forms from the European and for a consequently long development here. It would seem to indicate also that introduction of leaf hoppers into new continents, separated by oceans, is to-day rather rare if occurring at all. And when one considers the few adaptations of these forms for transmission, especially as to life history, one is all the more convinced that such intro- duction does not often take place. If such be the case it is evident that the distribution of the leaf hoppers over the earth must have occurred in the early times when the different por- tions of the earth were more connected than they are now. (30) LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID. dl That leaf hoppers, however, are able to push out the limits - of their environment once they are in a country and unhindered by high mountains or climatic conditions essentially different from that to which they are adapted, is very evident. The range of many of our North American species is steadily being increased. Thus Professor Osborn shows that Dreculacephala reticulata seems to be steadily pushing northward from its southern home, seemingly having the power to adapt itself to such minor changes as it may meet. FEuscelis exitiosus he also believes to have recently spread over the United States. In the United States we find a rather general distribution of the members of this family with the exception of the Paropine. The members of this subfamily are seemingly confined to Cali- fornia or at least to the west of the Rockies. The Bytiosco- pine on the other hand, are found well across the states The Agallia group while found from north to south and east to west, is yet undoubtedly subtropical. The genus Jdiocerus is in the main more northerly in its distribution. The members of whe genus Macropsis are more abundant in the Northeastern states, few reaching the Pacific coast. Oncopsis is practically north- ern in its distribution, while the members of the genus Bytho- scopus are well represented in the Western states though also occurring in the south and east. Thus in one subfamily we find groups which favor each of the several portions of the country in their distribution. The Cicadelline are tropical or subtropical as a group. Nat- urally we therefore find the subfamily best represented in our Southern states though many species seem to have been able to adapt themselves to northern conditions and some are found commonly even in Canada. They occur across the continent from east to west. Only two or three of the nearly fifty species of the United States are known to occur in Europe. Many of them, however, are found in Mexico and the West Indies, some such region seemingly being their original home. Comparatively few members of the subfamily Gyponine seem to be found on our western coast. As a group they seem to be tropical or subtropical and hence are best represented in our Southern states, though some species extend through our Northern states into Canada. They are found in the Eastern as well as the Western states. 32 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Of the great subfamily Jassinz, we find representatives in all parts of the United States. Here too, however, we see many restrictions to certain regions. Thus the genus Acucephalus ~ is confined largely to the Northeastern states. Cicadula, Thamnotettix and others are largely northern, Uhleriella, — Aligia, Neoceelidia and others largely western, Spangbergiella and Acinopterus essentially southern, while still others, such as Deltocephalus, seem to find their optimum conditions in the Middle West. Others are undoubtedly largely Rocky Mountain forms. Some genera, on the other hand, and even some species, seem to be able to find favorable conditions clear across the continent and from the north to the south, so that they may be — spoke: _ 4s occurring throughout the United States. Systematic Position. The Cicadellidz were formerly placed in the great order Hemiptera. Of late years the suborders of this order have been given ordinal rank, so that to-day we speak of these in- sects as belonging to the order Homoptera. This order un- doubtedly stands as the highest among those insects which have an incomplete metamorphosis. In the division of this order there seems to be a general dis- position to follow Amyot and Serville in forming the two groups Auchenorhynchi and Sternorhynchi, the former to in- clude those families in which the beak arises cleai:, com the posterior or lower part of the head, the latter including the families where the beak seems to arise from between the pro- thoracic legs. These groups may be further separated by the character of the antenne and the number of tarsal joints. In the former the antenne are usually awl-shaped or setaceous; in the latter they vary in form but are never bristle-like. The members of the former group also always have three-jointed tarsi, while the tarsi of the latter are composed of but one or two segments and rarely are lacking. Some authorities in dividing the Hemiptera into suborders make the Auchenorhynchi equal to their suborder Homoptera and the Sternorhynchi to the suborder Gularostria. Along with the Cicadidz, Membracidez, Cercopide, and Ful- goridz, the Cicadellidz belong to the Auchenorhynchi, and it is with this group that we are particularly concerned in dis- cussing the systematic position of the leaf hoppers. It now seems to be generally believed that the Cicadidz are the lowest of these five families. Comstock and Needham . pointed out in 1899, in a paper on the wings of insects, that this family had the nearest to the primitive condit'»n of wing venation of any Hemiptera. Funkhouser does not believe that the wings of the Cicadidz are as generalized as those of the Membracide, though agreeing in placing them below the latter in phylogenetic rank. This is Osborn’s opinion also. The fact that they are the only Auchenorhynchi with three ocelli, the (33) 3—Sci. Bul.—3058 34 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. others having two or none, would indicate their more primi- tive condition. It is quite commonly believed also by Homopterists that the Fulgoridx represent the most specialized forms of this group. This opinion was held by Kirkaldy and Hansen and is held to- day by Funkhouser and others. One cannot look carefully at the wonderful antenne of a large number of these forms with- out agreeing with this disposition of the family provided the development of the antenne and its sensory organs be consid- ered an important criterion. Certain it is that they must be placed by themselves, for it would be hard to try to connect them closely with any of the four other families of the group. The three families, Membracide, Cicadellidxe, and Cercopidzx are now left for consideration. One cannot have even a casual acquaintance with these forms without realizing their sim- ilarity and close affinity. That they are all three derived from a common stem seems to be plainly evident. The question is as to their relative position. Having made the Cicadidz the lowest and the Fulgoride the highest families of the Auchenorhynchi, we must necessarily place the remaining families in between, so that we now have the Cicadidzx arising from a lower stem, the Membracide, Cica- dellidx, and Cercopidz from a middle one, and the Fulgoride from a third and highest one. When we study the families arising from this middle stem it seems that Funkhouser has made his point in claiming that the Membracidz are the lowest of the three. This would put them next to the Cicadidz, but as we have indicated, their relation- ship would not be so much with them as with the other families of the middle stem. In support of his position he shows that the Membracide have a very poorly developed sensory system, causing them to respond very slowly to stimuli, that the wings are very generalized, and that the genital organs are simple. In the first, if not in all of these respects, the Cicadellide and Cercopidz are certainly more specialized. The question now arises as to which of these two families is closer to the Membracide.. Here we are helped by a curious insect which seems to be half Membracid and half Cicadellid. I refer to Athalion, an insect found in this country and in Central and South America. It looks very much like a Cica- dellid, but instead of having a double row of prominent spines er en LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 35 on the hind tibiz, has those parts of the leg covered with weak spines or hairs quite promiscuously arranged. Here is an ap- proach to the Cicadellid leg. On the other hand, it has certain very distinct Membracid characters though lacking the chief characteristic of the family, namely, the Membracid pronotum. So similar is this insect to both these families that entomolo- gists have had much trouble in deciding to which it belongs. Stal placed it with the Membracidz, but Ashmead included it with the Bythoscopidz. Van Duzee places it under a subfamily of its own, as a Membracid, but as the form of that family closest to the Cicadellide. Thus we seem to be safe in putting the Cicadellidze next to and above the Membracide because of their better sensory sys- tem, and because of this connecting form. It is not at all im- probable, however, that the 4thalioninz will later be placed in a family by themselves, but in any case they would still consti- tute the link between these two families. The Cercopide do not seem to show such close. relationships to the Membracidx, nor do they seem to be as closely connected with the Cicadellidz as is this family to the tree hoppers. There seem to be no forms connecting them with the leaf hoppers, and yet their relationship with them and the tree hoppers is very evident. For this reason it seems probable that they are an older offshoot from this middle stem than either of the other two, and this would seem to be evidenced also by their peculiar life history. It seems probable that the nymphal habit of enveloping themselves in a mass of spittle could not be a habit easily or quickly developed. That it is a protective habit is certain, for as Dr. F. A. Fenton has shown, while large numbers of Cica- dellids and Fulgorids, also a Membracid, are parasitized by the Anteoninz, we have yet to find a single instance of the para- sitization of a Cercopid. Thus this habit has been long enough in development to have seemingly made it an absolute success in the protection of these insects from their parasitic foes. So that considering their specialized life history, along with their morphology and the absence of intermediate forms between them and the Cicadellids, we would place the Cercopidxe above the latter and have them leaving the middle stem before the Membracids and Cicadellids. 36 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Diagrammatically this phylogenetic relationship would be ex- pressed as follows: FULGORIDAE CERCOPIDAE CICADELLIDAE MEMBRACIDAE CICADIDAE When we consider the relationships of the different sub- families of the Cicadellide we again find opportunity for differences of opinion. Van Duzee in his catalogue arranges them in the following order, beginning with the lowest: Paropine. Bythoscopine. Cicadelline. Gyponine. Jassine. Dr. F. A. Fenton in his paper on the parasites of leaf hop- pers gives the following phylogenetic tree for these sub- families: TYPHLOCYBINAE GY PONIN AE { CICADELLINAE BY THOSCQPYNAE PAROPINAE LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 37 Here the tribe Typhlocybini has been removed from the Jassinze and given subfamily rank, the phylogenetic arrange- ment, however, agreeing with that of Van Duzee, whose ar- a rangement seems to be quite generally accepted. A question that yet may have to be decided differently is that of the position of the tribe Typhlocybini or the subfamily _ Typhlocybinz. In many ways they appear to be the highest members of the family. This is especially true of their wings which show very evidently a specialized condition as com- pared with the wings of the members of the other subfami- lies. The loss of the ocelli in some of the genera may also be taken to indicate specialization. Gillette, however, in his monograph of the American mem- bers of the subfamily, calls them the lowest of the leaf hop- pers, and there are others who at least partially share this view. In this connection the work on the parasites of these forms is rather interesting. Fenton finds that the members of the tribe Typhlocybini are parasitized only by members of the genus Aphelopus and curi- ously enough Kornhauser finds that our only known Mem- bracid parasite is a member of the same genus. While we would not argue that this was any proof that the Typhlocybini are the closest leaf hoppers to the Membracids, and therefore the lowest of the Cicadellidx, yet, if Kellogg can trace the relationships of seemingly unrelated birds through the agency of their parasites, may it not be possible to do some- thing of the same kind here. If closely related Mallophaga are found only on closely related birds, may we not expect to find closely related parasites parasitizing closely related Homoptera? In fact do we not find this in the case of all in- sects? For certainly it would be easier for a parasite to adapt itself to parasitizing a closely related form than one distantly related. So that it may be that in a few years we may find the Typhlocybini to be not the highest, but among the lower, if not the very lowest of all the groups of this family. 38 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. PLATE I. 1. Dorsal view of Phlepsius irroratus. (v, vertex; e, compound eye; Pp, pronotum; s, scutellum; c, clavus; es, elytral suture; cs, claval suture; co, corium.) 2. Face of Phlepsius irroratus. (f, front; e, compound eye; a, an-. tenna; I, lora; g, gena; c, clypeus; lr, labrum; la, labium.) 3. Metathoracic leg of Phlepsius irroratus. (c, coxa; t, trochanter; f, femur; ti, tibia; ta, tarsus.) 4. Tip of abdomen of female Phlepsius irroratus. (s, last ventral segment; 0, ovipositor; p, pygofer.) 5. Tip of abdomen of male Phlepsius irroratus (s, last ventral seg- ment; v, valve; p, pygofer; pl, plates.) 6. Hind wing of Phlepsius irroratus. (a, apical cells; m, marginal vein.) 7. Elytron of Phlepsius irroratus. (1, first sector; 2, second sector; 3, outer branch of first sector; 4, inner branch of first sector; 5, first cross nervure between sectors; 6, claval suture; 7, outer claval vein; 8, inner claval vein; a, apical cells; b, anteapical cells; c, appendix.) The Chief Morphological Features. While there have been some attempts to work out the mor- phology of the Cicadellidx, yet it does not seem that the subject has yet received much thorough investigation. Therefore in this paper we propose to give only as much information on the morphology as will enable one to recognize members of the family, and enable them to use the keys for their specific de- termination. It is hoped at some future time to carefully study the morphology, both external and internal, of the family. As in all insects, the body of the leaf hopper is divided into three distinct regions, namely, head, thorax, and abdomen. The chief features of each are briefly described below and il- lustrated in the accompanying plate (plate I). The upper or dorsal portion of the head is called the vertex. There is no distinct division between this portion and the rest of the head, but often there is more or less of a distinct margin between it and the face. The greater portion of the latter is called the front. It is not separated from the vertex by a dis- tinct dividing line or suture, but is distinctly bounded laterally by sutures which frequently run past the antenne clear to the anterior margin of the head. On the lower side or ventrally the front is bounded by a transverse suture. The clypeus is the rectangular sclerite attached to the anterior or lower edge of the front. The lore are the rather semicircular sclerites on either side of the front and clypeus, while the genx are the large sclerites extending from below the eyes and surrounding the lore. It might be stated that Cogan claims that the clypeus proper is not clearly differentiated in the Homoptera, and that what is usually called the clypeus is really the labrum or upper lip. The eyes are of two kinds, compound and simple. The former are always large and prominent and occupy a large part of the head. The simple eyes or ocelli are always small, and are lacking in many members of the Typhlocybin. In the Paropine and Bythoscopine they are situated on the front, be- low the margin of the vertex, in the Cicadelline and Gyponine (40) F > S Vy Sn ee Tae es a Oe } LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 41 _ they are situated on the vertex, while in the Jassinz they are on or near the margin of the vertex. The antennz or feelers are always setaceous or bristle-like. They are on the face between the compound eyes and the front. The basal segments are large but soon they become very small. The number of segments is comparatively large. In the genus Idiocerus the antenne are used in the differentiation of the species due to the possession in the males of variously-shaped, flattened discs at the apex. The mouth parts consist of a large 3-jointed beak or pro- boscis which, in a groove on its anterior or dorsal surface, bears a minute triangular’ sclerite and two pairs of brown stylets which run its whole length. The former is claimed by Cogan to be the small epipharynz. By some it is thought to be the labrum or upper lip, and the membrane below it the epi- pharnyx. The inner pair of stylets constitute the mavillz, while the outer ones are the piercing mandibles. The proboscis or rostrum is the Jabium or lower lip. The thorax, as in all insects, is composed of three segments called respectively the pro-, meso-, and metathorax. Dorsally however, only two of these segments are seen. The large por- tion behind the head is the tergum or dorsal sclerite of the pro- thorax and is called the pronotum. The triangular sclerite back of the pronotum is a part of the dorsal sclerite of the mesothorax and is called the scutellum. The side pieces of the thoracic segments are called pro-, meso-, and metapleurz, re- spectively. The appendages of the thorax are the legs and the wings. Each of the three segments bears a pair of legs and the meso- and metathorax a pair of wings in addition. The legs have the usual segments, but the tibiz are very long and very charac- teristically armed with a double row of stout spines. The tarsi -are invariably 3-jointed. The mesothoracic wings are thicker than the membranous metathoracic wings. The former are often called the elytra and a few speak of them as tegmina. In the accompanying plate the different parts of the wing are labelled according to the terms used in the following systematic treatise of the Kansas species. The metathoracic or hind wings are some- times simply called the wings. They are much wider than the elytra and when at rest have the inner portion distinctly folded. 42 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. In the Typhlocybini their venation is of importance in the separation of the genera, otherwise they are not much used systematically. The abdomen consists of a number of distinct segments, but the segmentation of the terminal portion is indistinct. Each segment consists of two pieces, a dorsal tergum and a ventral sternum. These are connected by pleural membranes. There are eight distinct tergites, the last one being called the pygofer. This sclerite is usually more or less divided caudo- dorsally and through this excision rises the anal tube which bears the anus at its apex. The question as to the number of segments composing the anal tube is an‘interesting one and one that requires careful study. In the female the pygofers nearly enclose the ovipositor which is composed of three pairs of valves. The pygofers are usually exceeded in length by the ovipositor. The terminal sternites are of importance in classification. In the female, in many genera, the last sternite is characteristic of the species and is much used in differentiating them. In a comparatively few species this last ventral segment is de- scribed as being composed of an outer and inner membrane. This is the case in the Deltocephalus compactus-weedi group. It may be that a careful study with caustic potash specimens will reveal the existence of such a condition in many more, if not in all of the Cicadellidez. In the male the sternite just before the valve is called the last ventral sternite. The valve is usually a small and tri- angular sclerite situated just before the plates. In many genera the valve is described as lacking, but it seems more probable that it is never absent, but only apparently so be- cause it is often overlapped by the last ventral segment. It is of great value in classification. In some genera, however, it cannot be much used. Just caudad of the valve is a pair of usually triangular sclerites, called plates. These also are often much used in ~ classification. They are fastened to the posterior margin of the valve. Their homology brings up a question yet to be worked out, for the question at once arises as to whether they represent the divided sternite of the ninth abdominal seg- ment, or whether they are paired reproductive appendages, derived as are the other reproductive appendages from primi- LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 43 tive locomotory organs. The plates vary much in size and shape in the different genera and even in species of the same genus. When viewed ventrally they frequently completely cover the pygofers, though often they are very small and much exceeded by the pygofers. In systematic work on the Cicadellidz, the last sternite, commonly called the last ventral segment, with the pygofers and ovipositor of the female, and the last ventral segment, valve, plates, and pygofers of the male, have been spoken of as the genitalia. In this paper they are spoken of as the external genitalia to distinguish them from the other, hitherto little used, more or less hidden genitalia, which, to distinguish them from the above, are here called the internal genitalia. The Male Internal Genitalia. The genitalia of the various groups of insects are being studied more and more both by the morphologist and syste- matist, for it is now well known that in many groups they are a very great help if not the chief means of separation and classification. Along with the venation of the wing, they have often furnished the chief characters for working out the sys- tematic problems of many groups. Already much use has been made of them as witnessed by work on the Melanopli and other Orthoptera, many groups of the Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and other orders. Knight’s paper on the genus Lygus is illustrative of their value in systematic work. In the Homoptera some use has been made of the terminal portion of the abdomen in classification. The importance of the pygidium in the Diaspine is now well known to all, and the use of the terminal sclerites in the Cicadellide has done much to help in the differentiation of the species. As before men- tioned, the pygofers, last ventral segment, and ovipositor of the female, and the pygofers, last ventral segment, valve, and plates of the male, have been the parts spoken of as the geni- talia of this family. These are the parts that are external and are thus readily observed. There are other parts of the genitalia, however, which have been but little used and yet which it seems are of much importance and could be readily used, especially in cases where all other helps seem to fail. These portions are what we have called the “internal male genitalia,” using the word “internal” merely to distinguish them from the ordinarily used organs which we have styled the “external genitalia.” In reality these organs are not in- ternal, being situated in an open genital chamber which is the “‘terminal chamber” of Sharp’s Pentatomidz. These organs have been but little used in systematic work on the Cicadellidx.’ Johnson in his bulletin on the grape-leaf hopper gives a drawing of them as he saw them in that species, but evidently no attempt was made to get at their connection with the abdomen and with each other. In his Hemiptera- Homoptera of the British Isles, Edwards occasionally makes (44) LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 45 a little use of these organs and figures portions of them, but again no effort was made to dissect them out and get at the relative differences in the various genera or species. Hitherto Prof. Franz Then seems to have come the near- est to actually using these organs in systematic work on the leaf hoppers. In his papers on several members of the genera Deltocephalus and Thamnotettix he figures in a comparative way the internal genitalia of several species and shows that they vary characteristically for each species. His figures, however, do not show the details of form and structure nor the connection of the various parts. The organs that we have placed under the heading of in- ternal genitalia are three in number. These we have called the paired styles, the style-edagus connective, and the cedagus. ; The styles are always paired and fastened to the dorsal _ surface of the plates. At the point of their attachment to the plates the latter bear distinct ridges or chitinous thickenings usually near the antero-lateral margin. These styles are chitinous organs varying very much in shape. They are some- times simply columnar in form, but most often triangular in outline. They are often fastened to the plates at about their middle, though usually nearer the anterior end. They vary much in their shape at either end in the different species, but most particularly in the form of the posterior end. There are also usually characteristic irregularities or processes along the margins. The greater portion of the styles usually pro- jects out into the genital chamber and is therefore really ex- ternal, but the anterior part of it always passes through the membrane forming the anterior wall of the genital chamber, and reaches into the body cavity, often reaching into the cavity of the seventh abdominal segment. Professor Then applied the term “Griffel’’ to a style. They are undoubtedly a pair of claspers. The style-cedagus connective, or briefly, the connective, is a chitinous sclerite which connects the two styles and is also usually connected with the cedagus at its caudal extremity. I have been unable to find in the literature a homologous sclerite and hence do not know whether it has already been named. Professor Then called it the “Stutze.” The term I have suggested for it is in keeping with his name for it also 46 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. explains its function. It is undoubtedly used to codrdinate the action of the styles in copulation and usually also with — them, that of the cedagus. There are always more or less prominent processes on the mesal margins of the styles to which the connective is fastened. It varies much in the dif- ferent genera being sometimes simply a transverse chitinous bar, at other times it is U- or V-shaped, and often is quite elongate and columnar in form. In rare cases it seems to have no connection with the cedagus and is then much reduced ~ in size. The question of its homology seems to afford an interesting problem for future work. The cedagus is commonly spoken of as the penis sheath. + this-ease-+beterett-is-+he- penis sel andthetermshave | been setsyronyreush Professor Then called it the ‘““Mem- brum virile.” It is also a chitinous sclerite, connected an- teriorly with the connective. It assumes a great variety of forms and is often very characteristic even in closely-related species. Its base is usually quite enlarged or bears a more or less strongly developed dorsally directed process. This is for the purpose of fastening it to the wall of the genital cham- ber which is composed of the membranes that form the anal tube and the ental surfaces of the pygofers. The terminal portion of the cedagus is variously developed, sometimes simply, often with additional chitinous lateral or ventral processes. In addition to the above it has been found that the pygofers themselves often bear chitinous bars or spines that are dis- tinetive of the species. Thus the posterior margin of the pygofers often bears a characteristic tooth or lobe, and in the sides of these organs there are often characteristically shaped chitinous structures. In some genera moreover the dorsal margin bears chitinous bars which are specifically distinct and which in some genera are united anteriorly, forming a U- or V-shaped chitinous structure around the base of the analtube. These structures are, of course, too small for super- ficial study, but because of being in the pygofers, are described, when present, with the external genitalia. They seem to be of equal importance in some cases with the internal genitalia in the separation of species and varieties that show no differ- ences in the external genitalia. It has been the purpose of this paper to study and describe these internal genitalia in representatives of the more import- LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 47 ant and common of our-genera. Although this has been done for a goodly number of species, yet the real value of such work will not appear till a whole genus is worked, and then its worth will be readily seen. Accordingly what is here done is only to prepare the way for such work, to show that there are possibilities with the leaf hoppers on this line, to get ac- quainted with the structures, and gain experience in the neces- sary technique. The technique employed is as follows: The specimens to be examined are first soaked in a ten per cent solution of caustic potash. The time they are left in the solution depends alto- gether on the size and color of the specimen. Light and deli- cate species are left for only two or three hours. Large and dark forms may require several days before they are clear. Care should be taken however not to leave small species in too long as they become too light. If plenty of material is at hand the whole specimen may be dropped into the fluid, otherwise only the abdomen or the tip of the abdomen need be used, thus retaining much of the value of the desirable specimen. For this soaking the specimens may be kept in small vials, each bearing a number, so that accurate records may be kept and the mixing of the species avoided. In this way the same vial of caustic potash can be used over and over again till the fluid becomes too dirty. When thoroughly cleared up by the caustic potash, the speci- _ mens are removed into a watch crystal of distilled water. A watch crystal with the middle of its convex surface flattened is the best. This enables one to rest it without fear of tipping on the glass stage of a binocular. The particular binocular used was a Bausch & Lomb machine with a 32 mm. objective and 8x oculars. The watch crystal and stage both being glass excellent illumination can be obtained by using a spotlight on the mirror of the binocular. Minuten Nadeln are the most satisfactory dissecting needles for such work, ordinary dissect- ing needles being altogether too big for work with the smaller forms, particularly the Typhlocybini. It was found best to first draw all the organs in situ from a lateral view. As accurate a drawing as possible was made in this way and any parts not clearly seen were later cleared up when the pygofers were torn open and the organs fully exposed to view. Then the styles may be torn loose from the plates 48 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. and the cdagus from the membrane _of the genital chamber, and thus the styles, the connective, and the cedagus be freed intact. These were then usually drawn in their normal posi- — tion, that is a dorsal view of them was obtained. Thus with the previous lateral in situ view, and a dorsal view, a fairly accu- rate idea of these organs can be gained. Both these drawings were later verified and if necessary corrected when the mounted genitalia were studied with the higher magnification of the compound microscope. The drawing of these organs was greatly facilitated by us- ing, in one of the oculars, an eye-piece scale ruled into squares. The drawing paper was then ruled into inch squares corre- sponding to these squares. In this way drawings can be made quickly and accurately and with all the various species drawn to the same scale. Our drawings are about 40 times the size of the genitalia. ; After they are dissected out and drawn, the genitalia are transferred to 95 per cent alcohol for a few minutes, then to — xylol for a similar period, and finally mounted on slides in Canada balsam. A pin with a small loop in the end and with the other end fastened into a wooden handle is an excellent tool for the transfer of these tiny organs from one liquid to another. As in other groups of insects it will be found that these genitalia show distinct and specific differences in some genera, while in others they are, for purposes of classification, of little or no value. In some cases however I believe they are practically the only criterion that will enable us to correctly decide between species and varieties, and also to decide the generic position of some forms, which though specifically dis- tinct, yet give much trouble as to their true generic disposition. The value of these internal genitalia may readily be shown in the little that has been done on the Agallia group. In their re- view of the members of this genus Osborn & Ball pointed out the existence of three groups within the genus. The differences between these groups, while based partly on adult characters, were more particularly indicated in the nymphs, which vary considerably both as to structure and life history. In 1907 Kirkaldy, recognizing the distinctions between these groups, gave to them subgeneric rank, and accordingly divided the 4 LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 49 genus into the subgenera Agalliopsis, Agallia, and Acerata- gallia. In the work on the internal genitalia of these forms, repre- sentatives of each were examined, and it was found that in these organs there are distinct differences between the mem- bers of the three subgenera, and that in each subgenus these organs, though differing specifically, are yet of the same gen- eral type. Thus in Agallia novella, a member of the subgenus Agalliopsis, the styles are each composed of two distinct sclerites, a condition not found in any member of the other sub- genera. The cedagus is also characteristic of the subgenus, being much larger and with accessory lateral processes which do not occur in the other subgenera. Moreover, it was found that this species has, partially imbedded in the pygofers and partially free, a very peculiar and characteristic chitinous process corresponding to which there is nothing in the other subgenera. Agallia constricta and 4-punctata were then studied as types of the subgenus Agallia. Here the styles were found to consist of a single piece, and though distinctly and specifically different in the two species, were yet of the same type, each being some- what club-shaped and terminating in two blunt apical processes. The cedagus also in eaeh case was found to be of the same type and vastly different from that of novella, having an enlarged base and a long and curved terminal process. In constricta, however, it is much stouter and heavier basally than in 4- punctata. Agallia uhleri, sanguinolenta, and cinerea were next studied as representatives of the subgenus Aceratagallia. The three were found to agree in type of styles and cedagus which in the case of both organs was entirely different from that found in the other two subgenera. In this group the style consists of a more or less club-shaped basal portion and a broad flat terminal portion which has the mesal margin distinctly ser- rate. But the styles of the three species, while of the same type, are yet specifically distinct. Thus in sanguinolenta the terminal portion is drawn out into a long lateral tooth, while the style of whleri, though much like it, lacks this lateral tooth. The style of cinerea, on the other hand, has the mesal margin strongly rounded apically, a condition not found in the other 4—Sci. Bul.—3058 50 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. two, denoting the closer relationship of uhleri to sanguinolenta than to cinerea. These three forms agree also in having a small cedagus built on the same pattern but differing in minor details. Thus it was found that representatives of these three sub- genera, though each with its own characteristic genitalia, yet by these organs alone could readily be divided into three dis- tinct groups. In view therefore of this, combined with the differences in the nymphs and the adults, it has been thought best to raise Kirkaldy’s subgenera to generic rank. And this leads us to believe that with similar studies in other groups, similar changes, one way or the other, will be forthcoming. The above shows the value of such studies in determining generic differences. It has been found throughout the work that they are also of great value in specific determinations within the genus. So far we have not run across a single case where we could not find specific differences in the genitalia of the species of any genus. It is true, however, that in some genera, such as Jdiocerus, these differences may be very slight, and further and careful study must be given to them before they could be used very much in separating the species. Even here, however, it has been found that they have some value, for such species as Idiocerus verticis and nervatus can readily be distinguished by the structure of the cedagus. Furthermore, we believe these genitalia will help to settle questions as to the specific or varietal rank of certain forms. Illustrations of this were readily found among the Typhlocybini as well as among other groups. Thus it was found that Evry- throneura obliqua had a constant form of internal genitalia. When its variety fumida, however, was examined, it was found that in no way could it possibly be considered as belonging to the same species, for the differences both of styles and cedagus could not possibly be as great in mere varieties of the same species. In the styles it was found that the terminal tooth of the latter was invariably much longer and more slender, while the cedagus of the latter was distinctly bifid apically as com- pared with the bluntly apexed cedagus of the former. Then when the variety dorsalis was examined, the style was found to be very different apically from that of the preceding two forms, while the cedagus had a pair of very large and con- spicuous lateral processes of which in the two preceding forms LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 51 there was not even a suggestion. It seemed clear enough then that the three forms examined must be distinct species. With the thought in mind that such would also prove to be the case with the variety nevus, we started in to study the latter form, but to our surprise, we found that in no appreci- able way did it differ from typical obliqua, and-as far as the genitalia showed was a true variety. And when one considers the color markings, it can readily be seen that this form is certainly far nearer typical obliqua than are either fumida or dorsalis. Accordingly we have decided to give the latter two specific rank, while retaining nevus as a variety. In the same way it was found that the variety nigra of Erythroneura vulnerata could no longer be considered as such because of the absolute difference in these organs, and so it too is raised to specific rank. Erythroneura comes and its varieties also furnished inter- _esting results. All the varieties were not at hand for study, but all available ones were studied with the result that varieties scutelleris, basalaris, and maculata are here given specific rank, while the other varieties studied, namely, ziczac, vitis, infuscata, and coloradensis, are retained as varieties. The former three have a type of genitalia, especially the cedagus, entirely differ- ent from that found in the rest of the comes group. The dif- ferences are very strong and obvious. They differ, however, very characteristically among themselves in the shape of the chitinous process in the dorsal margin of the pygofers. In basalaris this process is a simple rod tapering to an acute tip. In maculata this process terminates in two short and stout and widely separated teeth. In scutelleris it is of the same type as in maculata, but terminates in two long slender and approximate teeth. Thus they are readily separated from each other. Moreover, when one studies the color markings of these forms, it will be seen that these three are more distant from comes than are the four which are retained as varieties. The variety coloradensis differs from typical comes only in the black spots of the scutellum. In ziczac the spots of comes have darkened and fused into the characteristic elytral lines and these are carried on to the pronotum and head in infuscata. And, as Gillette states, ziczac can readily be taken as an inter- mediate form between the typical comes and the variety vitis. : vag See £ fraser a2 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. It should be mentioned here, however, that even in the case of these four varieties minor differences were observed and further study to ascertain the limits of variation in the genitalia of this group might make changes in the position in which we at this time leave these varieties. For the present though it seems best to leave them as varieties. The three which here are given specific rank are, however, very distinctly good species. It should also be mentioned here that in the larger group- ings there is more or less uniformity in the form of the geni- talia. This is not true of all the groups. But in some cases, as for example in the Typhlocybini, we find the styles charac- teristic of the group. Thus in the larger groups, the genera, the species, and in the varieties, we find in a study of these organs much that either confirms our present disposition of the members of this family, or else that shows us how to improve in our classification. All that this paper shows is simply the possi- bility along this line. As previously stated, the real value of such studies can only be shown when genera are treated in their entirety. This it is hoped will be done for many, if not all the groups, in the years to come. } . r Recognition of the Cicadellide. It is not probable that the Cicadellide would be confused with any of the Homoptera Sternorhynchi, for in the latter, among the differences, the beak seemingly arises from be- _ tween the prothoracic legs instead of the posterior portion of the head, the antennz are of any form except setaceous as they ‘are in the leaf hoppers, and the tarsi are composed of one or two segments, while in the leaf hoppers there are always three. Of the Homoptera Auchenorhynchi the Cicadidx, because of their much larger size, need never be confused with the leaf hoppers. The Fulgoride are also distinguished from them by having the variously formed antennz situated directly below the eyes, instead of having the invariably setaceous antennze between and below the eyes. The Membracidz usually have the pronotum extending back over the abdomen, whereas that of the leaf hoppers does not. In the few tree hoppers where the pronotum does not extend back over the abdomen, we do not find the hind tibiz provided with the double row of stout spines as in the leaf hoppers. The Cercopide are separated from the leaf hoppers by also lacking these spines, having instead one or two stout spines along the tibiz and a circlet of small ones at the apex. The following is a key for the separation of these families: A. Large insects with three ocelli. Cicadide. AA. Smaller insects with two or no ocelli. B. Pronotum usually prolonged backward over abdomen; hind tibiz without double row of spines. M embracidz. BB. Pronotum never prolonged backward over abdomen. C. Antenne setaceous, between and below eyes. D. Hind tibiz with distinct double rows of spines. Cicadeilide. DD. Hind tibiz with one or two stout spines and termi- nating in a circlet of small spines. Cercopide. CC. Antenne of various forms but directly below the eyes. Fulgoridez. It will be seen from the above that the characteristically spined hind tibize alone are enough to distinguish the leaf hop- pers from any of the other families. Indeed this is the out- standing feature of the family. (53) Systematic Treatment of Kansas Species. Van Duzee in his catalogue of the Hemiptera of America north of Mexico, divides the Cicadellidez into five subfamilies, which may be separated by the following key: A. Ocelli below margin of vertex. B. With a distinct margin between the vertex and the front. — Paropine. BB. Without a distinct margin between the vertex and the front. Bythoscopine. AA. Ocelli, if present, on or above margin of vertex. B. Ocelli on disc of vertex. - C. Body elongate, cylindrical. Cicadelline. CC. Body more robust, flattened. Gyponine. BB. Ocelli, if present, on or near the margin of vertex. Jassine&. The Paropine do not occur in the state, being found only west of the Rockies. Subfamily BYTHOSCOPINA (Dohrn). The members of this subfamily are in the main short and broad species, having the ocelli below the margin of the vertex on the front, and with no distinct margin between the vertex and the front. KEY TO GENERA. A. Anterior margin of pronotum not distinctly produced beyond an- terior margin of the eyes; vertex rounded anteriorly. B. Head as wide as, or wider than, pronotum. C. Elytra without a distinct appendix. D. Pronotum finely granulated. E. Posterior margin of vertex elevated, forming irregular curve. Agalliopsis. EE. Posterior margin of vertex normal, forming regular curve. Agallia. DD. Pronotum transversely and coarsely granulated. Aceratagallia. CC. Elytra with distinct appendix. Idiocerus. BB. Head narrower than pronotum. Bythoscopus. AA. Anterior margin of pronotum distinctly produced beyond anterior margin of the eyes; vertex obtusely angulate. B. Striations of pronotum oblique. Macropsis. BB. Striations of pronotum transverse. Oncopsis. (54) LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 55 Genus AGALLIOPsIS Kirk. This genus is distinguished from related genera by the characteristic elevated and irregularly curved posterior margin of the vertex. This condition results from a similarly formed vertex in the nymphs, in which, according to Osborn and Ball, “the entire posterior margin of the vertex is elevated and car- ried obliquely upward and forward before the eyes on the same plane as the face, the upper carinate margin being shallowly roundingly bilobed.” Only two species of this genus are found in the United States, one of which occurs in Kansas. Agalliopsis novella (Say). (Pl. 2, figs. 1-4.) Jassus novellus Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, p. 309, 1831. Macropsis nobilis Forbes, 14th Rept. Ill. St. Ent., p. 22, 1884. Agallia novellus Van D., Can. Ent., XXI, p. 8, 1889. Idiocerus novellus Prov., Pet. Faune Ent. Can., III, p. 293, 1890. Agallia novella Van D., Bul. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., V, p. 196, i894. Agallia novella O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Nat. Sci., VII, p. 54, 1898. Agallia novella DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 13, 1916. Agallia novella Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 571, 1917. Agallia novella Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 20, 1919. Form: The body outline forms almost a perfect wedge. It is com- paratively more slender than the members of the genus Agallia. Length, about 3.75 mm. Vertex short, gradually lengthening toward eyes, with distinct lobe caudad of mesal margin of eyes. Pronotum twice as wide as long, anterior margin quite convex between lobes of vertex, posterior margin slightly concave within same limits, lateral margins obsolete, humeral margins long, longer than in Agallia constricta. Elytra very long, extending far beyond tip of abdomen. Color: There is a considerable range of variation in the color. Some specimens, especially females, are often almost unicolorously light brown, barely showing the four black spots near the margin of the vertex. Others, usually males, have a much more variegated appearance, being dark brown, with lighter markings along the margin of the vertex, sides of the scutellum, the basal half and tip of the clavus. In such forms the four black spots of the vertex are very prominent, as is the median line of the pronotum with its dark black spot on either side. External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment very long laterally but only about half as long medially, due to a deep circular excision; pygofers exceeded by the ovipositor. Male, valve about two-thirds as long as wide, truncate behind; plates long and scarcely tapering except near tip and forming the lid to a box formed by the very peculiar and very characteristic pygofers. The last-mentioned organs alone are enough to distinguish the males of this species. 56 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Male internal genitalia: Styles composed of two unequal pieces, the larger ventrad of the smaller; connective inverted Y-shaped, with slender rounding arms and stem broadened to connect with cedagus; edagus with wedge-shaped base, to end of which is fastened U-shaped structure con- sisting of a straight anterior arm and.a curved posterior one. A pair of slender pointed stylets arise near base of the U and run caudad along either side of the curved arm of the U. In the side of each pygofer is imbedded a curved chitinous bar, the ends of which on emerging turn dorsad and end in a toothed, triangular, pointed style. At the base of the anal tube lies a well developed horseshoe, the tips of which end in upturned points in the pygofers. Distribution: Cherokee, Riley, Douglas and Pottawatomie counties are the only ones in which this species has yet been taken. Presumably it occurs throughout the eastern portion of the State. Hosts: The records show that grasses and weeds in woods or shaded places have yielded all our specimens. Genus AGALLIA Curt. This is group I of the genus Agallia of Osborn and Ball. It differs from the preceding genus in not having the elevated and irregularly curved posterior margin of the vertex, and from the following genus in that the pronotum is finely granu- lated instead of being coarsely punctured and transversely striated. Just two species of this genus occur in Kansas. These may be distinguished by the following key. KEY TO SPECIES. A. Broader, stouter, male plates tapering regularly to acute tip, last ventral segment of female with posterior margin usually elevated. ; 4-punctata. AA. Narrower, more slender, male p'ates distinctly constricted near the middle, last ventral segment of female with posterior half distinctly depressed. constricta. Agallia 4-punctata (Prov.). (Pl. 2, figs. 5-6.) Bythoscopus 4-punctata Prov., Nat. Can., IV, p. 376, 1872. (Agallia flacida Uhl. MS) Van. D., Can. Ent., XXI, p. 9, 1889. Agallia quadripunctata Van D., Ent. Am., V, p. 167, 1889. Ulopa canadensis Van D., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XIX, p. 301, 1892. Agallia 4-punctata G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 80, 18938. Agallia 4-punctata O. & B., Proc. Day. Acad. Sci., VII, p. 48, 1898. Agallia 4-punctata Deu., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 12, 1916. Agallia 4-punctata Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 572, 1917. Agallia 4-punctata Lathr., 8S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 21, 1919. Form: This species is not only larger than the other species of the Agallia group found in the state, but it is also proportionately more ro- Ver si iif Ta LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 57 bust, and hence is readily distinguished. Length, about 4 mm. Vertex short, of about same length throughout. Pronotum more than twice as broad as long, anterior margin broadly convex, posterior margin slightly concave, humeral margins rounding to eye. There is a very distinct bulge to the sides of the elytra that seems quite characteristic. Color: Varies from yellowish brown to almost dark brown. Usually quite uniformly colored, except for the two dark spots on vertex and pro- notum. Males and females colored alike. More uniform in color than the following species. External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment three-fourths as long as wide, tapering through posterior third, hind margin usually ele- vated; pygofers broad, exceeded by ovipositor. Male, valve about twice as broad as long, slightly produced medially; plates broad at base, tapering evenly to acute tips. The straightness and evenness of the plates is characteristic. Pygofers shorter than plates and almost hidden by the latter. Male internal genitalia: Styles club-shaped, terminating in two short lobes, the inner of which is sharply pointed; connective broad and well- developed, consisting of a short caudally directed portion and a long part directed cephalad to unite with the edagus; cedagus consists of a broad T-shaped portion from the base of which arises a very long slender proc- ess extending caudad beyond the margin of the pygofers. Distribution: Douglas, Riley, Labette and Pottawatomie counties have furnished the Kansas specimens hitherto col- lected. There are specimens from Kansas City, Mo., in the Snow collection. The range of this species would seem to be that of the preceding. Hosts: Osborn and Ball give the following host plants: Horse-radish, beet, Helianthus, Eupatorium. Agallia constricta Van D. (Pl. 2, figs. 7-10.) Agallia constricta Van D., Can. Ent., XXVI, p. 90, 1894. Agallia constricta O. & B., Proce. Dav. Acad. Sci., VII, p. 52, 1898. Agallia constricta DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 13, 1916. Agallia constricta Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 572, 1917. Agallia constricta Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 19, 1919. Form: A good deal like preceding species but somewhat smaller, not so robust, elytra longer and narrower. Length, 3.5 to 4 mm. Vertex slightly longer next the eyes than elsewhere, posterior margin slightly elevated; pronotum twice as wide as long, anterior margin strongly con- vex, posterior margin slightly concave, humeral margins distinctly de- veloped at the expense of the practically obsolete lateral margins. - Color: Much the color of 4-punctata. The type shows a pair of large black spots on vertex, and a pair on posterior half of pronoctum. Vertex with a median brown line extending the length of the pronotum and al- 58 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. most entire length of scutellum. Posterior half of scutellum lighter colored than the rest of the quite uniformly colored body. External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment about as long as wide, posterior half depressed on either side of a median carinate line, posterior margin obtusely rounded; pygofers wide and slightly exceeded by ovipositor. Male, valve twice as broad as long, margins parallel; plates long and narrow, constricted near middle, making these organs very characteristic; pygofers large, equalling or exceeding the plates. Male internal genitalia: Styles of same type as in 4-punctata only the processes here are much longer; connective T-shaped, not as wide as in 4-punctata, and without the bend of the former; cedagus large, horn- shaped, with small dorsal process at base and bifid at tip. Distribution: This species, like the preceding, seems to be found only in Eastern Kansas as shown by the following map: Ee SHERMAN |THOMAS | SHERI | GRAH rons | 038 ruren| CLAY eb Baer whusneel cache cove freee cus | ne saune saune ie GRELY] wich. | SCOTT|LANE] NESS =e ae COFFET| GREEN wooo | aLucy FORD ELK CRAW. MORT sex sen ce] ae om iAN om ome HARP | SUMNER | COW. e | CHAT (MONT. | LAB |Cx#eRO Hosts: Our specimens were taken when sweeping grasses and weeds, on alfalfa, and at electric lights. It seems to be quite a general feeder occurring on a variety of food plants. oo | Genus ACERATAGALLIA Kirk. This is the third group of Osborn and Ball. These forms are readily separated from the other members of the Agallia group by the coarsely punctured and transversely striated pronotum. There are no round black spots on the pronotum, which is either unicolorous or marked with dark bands. The three members of this genus that occur in the State may be separated by the following key: KEY TO SPECIES. A. Spots on vertex large, usually dark, forms. sanguinolenta. AA. Spots on vertex small, lighter forms. B. Elytra greatly exceeding tip of abdomen. uhleri. BB. Elytra scarcely exceeding tip of abdomen. cimerea. LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 59 Aceratagallia sanguinolenta (Prov.). (PI. 3, figs. 5-8.) Bythoscopus sanguinolentus Prov., Nat. Can., IV, p. 376, 1872. Bythoscopus siccifolius Uhl., Bul. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv., I, p. 359, 1876. Agallia siccifolius Van D., Can. Ent., XXI, p. 9, 1889. Agallia sanguinolenta Van D., Ent. Am., V, p. 166, 1889. Agallia sanguinolenta G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 81, 1893. Agallia sanguinolenta O. & B., Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., VII, p. 58, 1898. Agallia sanguinolenta Gibs., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bul. 737, 1916. Agallia sanguinolenta DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 14, 1916. Agallia sanguinolenta Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 573, 1917. Agallia sanguinolenta Fent., Ohio Jl. Sci, XVIII, No. 6, p. 182, 1918. Agallia sanguinolenta Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 22, 1919. Form: a cuca] SALE ae GRE'LY| WicH.| SCOTT |LANE ak he M=PHER| MARION] cys ce KEAR. nonce. | HARVEY f rt GREEN: =a i FORD PRATT Hains. | SEDGE ison | STAN. KIOWA = WILSON ss mae. = um CONAN. mer HARP. |SUMNER | COW cw [Br pe | on | Ba Hosts: Taken sweeping among weeds. De Long took speci- mens from ironweed. ‘ORT ae 8 a LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 83 Oncometopia lateralis (Fabr.). (Pl. 8, figs. 1-2.) Cercopis lateralis Fabr., Ent. Syst., Suppl., p. 524, 1798. Cercopis marginella Fabr., Syst. Rhyng., p. 96, 1803. Cercopis costalis Fabr., Syst. Rhyng., errata, 1803 (n.n. for marginella Fabr ). Teitigonia striata Walk., List Homop., iii, p. 775, 1851. . Tettigonia lugens Walk., List Homop., iii, p. 775, 1851. Tettigonia pyrrhotelus Walk., List Homop., iii, p. 775, 1851. Proconia costalis Walk., List Homop., Suppl., p. 224, 1858. Proconia costalis Stal, Homop. Fabr., ii, p. 118, 1869. Proconia costalis Van D., Can. Ent., xxi, p. 9, 1889. Proconia costalis Osb., Proc., Ia. Acad. Sci., i, pt. 2, p. 125, 1892. Oncometopia costalis Sloss., Ent. News, v, p. 5, 1894. Oncometopia costalis G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 81, 1895. Oncometopia lateralis Ball., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 44, 1901. Oncometopia lateralis Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 509, 1905. Oncometopia lateralis Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 99, 1915. Oncometopia lateralis DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 18, 1916. Oncometopia lateralis Van D., Cat. Hemip., N. A., p. 592, 1917. Oncometopia lateralis Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxviii, p. 2, 1918. Oncometopia lateralis Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 29, 1919. Form: Shorter than preceding species, but quite broad. Length, 7 to 8mm. Head, about half as long as wide, vertex obtusely angled, eyes prominent. Pronotum short, anterior and posterior margins about par- allel. Elytra broad and only slightly exceeding abdomen. Color: Vertex, pronotum and scutellum black, irrorate with yellow. Elytra red to slaty blue, nervures black, frequently with light or yellow margins. Face black irrorate with yellow. Narrow yellow lateral stripe starts from eye, crosses thorax, and extends along margin of abdomen to pygofers. External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment about twice as long as preceding, lateral margins narrowed posteriorly, posterior margin with broad incision on median third which reaches about one-fourth of way to base; pygofers large, widest at middle, exceeding ovipositor. Male, plates together forming a triangle longer than wide; pygofers long and nar- row, exceeding plates, covered with fine hairs as are the plates. Internal male genitalia: Styles much as in undata, proportionally broader, outer margin nearly straight, inner margin with broad lobe half way between apex and process for attachment to cedagus, apex with slight inwardly directed point, lateral margins of apical third serrate, a few slender hairs near lateral margin about one-third the distance from the tip; connective consisting of a broad strap-like piece between the styles with the ventral surface bearing a large square portion medially; cedagus large, produced anteriorly to meet connective, with a large dorsal process running first caudad and then cephalad, and two pairs of long slender terminal lobes running dorsad, the first pair broader and longer than the posterior pair. Distribution: This species occurs throughout the state as shown by the following map. 84 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. cLoup Ue SHERI. ROOKS fates SUTGH: Bee CLAY & ink ortava ace LOGAN cove freee ELLIS | RUSS cve|SAUNE sane GRE'LY] WICH. ae ao: se Tra TISPHER are = corr i GREEN: wooo. ALLEN) BEE te COMAN. | BARBER | HARP. | SUMNER | Cow. ke Hosts: Osborn reports this species as occurring in bogs and low ground; De Long records it from grasses and weeds. Oncometopia lateralis var. limbata (Say). Vettigonia limbata Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, p. 340, 1825. Tettigonia costalis Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser, 3, iii, p. 821, 1855. Tettigonia septentrionalis Walk., List Homop., Suppl., p. 193, 1858. Oncometopia limbata Van D., Psyche, v, p. 389, 1890. Oncometopia lateralis var. limbata Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 45, 1901. Oncometopia lateralis var. limbata Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 593, 1917. Form: Somewhat smaller and narrower than preceding form, elytra longer. é Color: Black, vertex and face somewhat irrorate with yellow. Two small orange spots about one-third distance from anterior margin and in line with ocelli. Lateral yellow line broad and distinct. Distribution: Rawlins county has furnished us our only specimen of this variety. Hosts: Unknown. Genus CICADELLA Latr. In this genus the ledges over the antennal sockets are not prominent. The vertex is bluntly conical, and slightly sloping, with the lateral margins not in a distinct line with the curve of the eye. Pronotum rather long, broadest at lateral angles. The elytra cover the terga of the abdomen and are not reticu- lately veined at the apex. Two members of this genus and two varieties have been col- lected in Kansas, but two other species likely occur and are therefore included in the key. LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 85 KEY TO SPECIES. A. Head as wide as pronotum, vertex wider than long, face in profile strongly curved. B. Head marked with distinct lines forming a pattern. C. Head pattern complex, no parallel lateral lines; length over 6 mm. hieroglyphica. CC. Head pattern simple, with median and lateral parallel lines; length 6 mm. or less. gothica. BB. Head marked with definite spots, not forming a distinct pat- tern. atrepunctata. AA. Head narrower than pronotum, vertex’as long as wide, face in pro- file only slightly curved. occatoria. Cicadella hieroglyphica (Say). (Pl. 9, figs. 1-3.) Tettigonia hieroglyphica Say, J\l. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, p. 313, 1831. Tettigonia hieroglyphica Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 3, iii, p. 805, 1855. Tettigonia hieroglyphica G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 81, 1895. Tettigonia hieroglyphica Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 51, 1901. Tettigoniella hieroglyphica Van D., Trans. San Diego Soe. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 52, 1914. Tettigoniella hieroglyphica DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 20, 1916. Cicadella hieroglyphica Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 597, 1917. Cicadella hieroglyphica Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxviii, p. 3, 1918. Form: Rather stout. Length, 6 to 7 mm. Vertex bluntly conical, wider than long. Pronotum nearly twice as wide as long, posterior angles ‘ broadly rounded, posterior margin medially emarginated. Elytra broad, but exceeding the abdomen. Color: Varying from brick-red to greenish and slaty blue. Black markings on vertex very strong and distinct, enclosing a light colored T on basal half. Elytra with pale bands along costal, claval and sutural margins. External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment about as wide as long, lateral margins narrowed posteriorly, posterior margin triangu- larly produced; pygofers long and narrow, equalling or slightly exceed- ing ovipositor, bearing a few stout hairs. Male, last ventral segment less than twice as wide as long; plates long, broad at base, but tapering to long acute apices, margins fringed with short hairs; pygofers long and narrow, equalling or exceeding plates and bearing stout hairs. Male internal genitalia: Styles short, distinctly bent in at point of at- tachment to connective by a large, heavily chitinized lobe, then curving outward and tapering gradually to blunt apex, with an outwardly pro- jecting process; connective slender, Y-shaped, stem of -Y broadening to broad base; cedagus with pair of short processes extending dorsad from its point of attachment to connective, a long process leaving it dorsally from a point a little past its middle, and a similar longer one leaving it apically, the latter to the left of the former. These two processes are narrow and long, narrowest at the base, and widening to a point shortly before the apex where they are the widest, the right one wider than the left one, and then tapering to the acute tips. A pair of somewhat narrow tri- angular chitinous processes extend from the base of the anal tube to the main body of the edagus. 86 . THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Distribution; This species is well distributed over the state as shown by the following map: SHERMAN sar SHERI. |GRAH |ROOKS ren oe ae LINC — Lgcan GOVE |TREGO] ELLIS saune cue] SALINE MORRIS a GRELY]| Wwice.] SCOTT Saat ae co MEPHER| MARION] cyigse| ” H corr nae AM Gal pees Gray | FORD stax. ra HAS Gos KIOWA T KING. am WILSON] NEOS. ELK CRAW. Hosts: “Taken abundantly on willows. @ [ean cara aac Re SUMNER | COW. |cHaUT |MONT | LAB. Mio Cicadella hieroglyphica var. dolobrata (Ball). Tettigonia hieroglyphica var. dolobrata Ball, Proc. Ia., Acad. Sci., viii, p. 52, pl. 3, fig. 2, 1901. Tettigonia hieroglyphica var. dolobrata DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 20, 1915. | Cicadella hieroglyphica var, dolobrata Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 597, 1917. Cicadella hieroglyphica var. dolobrata Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxviii, p. 3, 1918. This is a smaller form than the preceding, appearing more robust. In color it is typically black, retaining a few of the light markings of the typical hieroglyphica on the front, vertex, pronotum and scutellum, and generally having the claval sutures light. Genitalia as in preceding form. Distribution: Occurs along with the typical form. Hosts: Willows. Cicadella hieroglyphica var. uhleri (Ball). Tettigonia hieroglyphica var. uhleri Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 52, pl. 3, fig. 3, 1901. Cicadella iieeoulgaited var. uhleri Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 597, 1917. Cicadella hieroglyphica var. uhleri Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxviii, p. 3, 1918. This variety is slightly larger than typical hieroglyphica, being more robust and with longer elytra. It varies very greatly in color, running from a brick-red through several shades of bluish or grayish green, and even to a fairly distinct bright green. The black markings of the vertex are much reduced in size, appearing only as narrow lines. Genitalia as in typical hieroglyphica. Distribution: Much rarer with us than the two preceding forms. Reported from Douglas, Cherokee and Riley counties. Hosts: Willows. LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 87 Cicadella gothica (Sign.). Tettigonia gothica Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 3, ii, p. 345, pl. 11, fig. 6, 1854. Tettigonia hieroglyphica Harr., Hitchcock’s Geol. Mass., edn. 2, p. 580, 1835. Tettigonia similis Woodw., Bul. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., iii. p. 25, 1887. Diedrocephala hieroglyphica Prov., Pet. Faune Ent. Can., iii, p. 267, 1889. Tettigonia hieroglyphica Harr., Ottawa Nat., vi, p. 32, 1892. Tettigonia similis Van D., Ent. News, v, p. 156, 1894. Tettigonia similis Van D., Ent. News, v, p. 156, 1894. Tettigonia similis O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 231, 1897. Tettigonia gothica Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 54, 1901. Tettigonia gothica Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 510, 1905. Tettigonia gothica Van D., Can. Ent., xli, p. 383, 1909. Tettigonia gothica Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 100, 1915. Tettigonia gothica DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 21, 1916. Cicadella gothica Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., 597, 1917. Cicadella gothica Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxviii, p. 3, 1918. Form: Much like hieroglyphica but smaller. Length, 5.5 to 6 mm. Vertex more pointed than in preceding species, wider than long. Ner- vures of elytra distinct. Color: Varies from light reddish to grayish-green. Vertex reddish or greenish-yellow, apex with black spot, margins of reflexed portions, a line from these to ocelli, and a pair of loops on the disc, black. Scutel- lum with distinct black marks. Elytra grayish-green or reddish, unicolor- ous, or irrorate with yellow. External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment very long, raised medially, lateral margins narrowed posteriorly, posterior margin triangu- larly produced; pygofers long, bearing a few heavy hairs and equalled or slightly exceeded by the ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment about twice as broad as long, anterior and posterior margins parallel; plates very long and slender, margins with fine hairs and also with a row of stout hairs or bristles, slightly exceeding the spiny pygofers. Distribution: Taken only in Douglas, Riley and Pottawa- tomie counties. Hosts: Osborn reports taking this species from grass land and on birch and willow. De Long records taking it from oak. Cicadella atropunctata (Sign.). (Pl. 9, figs. 4-5.) Tettigonia atropunctata Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 354, 1854. Tettigonia circellaia Bak., Psyche, viii, p. 285, 1898. Tettigonia atropunctata Fowl., Biol. Centr. Am., Homop., ii, p. 266, pl. 17, fig. 27, 1900. Tettigonia atropunctata Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 55, pl. 4, fig. 2, 1901. Teitigonia circellata Van D., Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 53, 1914. Tettigonia circellata Essig, Inj. Benef. Ins. Calif., edn. 2, p. 66, 1915. Cicadella circellata Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 598, 1917. Cicadella circellata? Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxviii, p. 3, 1918. Form: Longer and more slender than gothica. Length, 6 to 7 mm. Vertex bluntly rounded, about three-fourths as long as broad, two-thirds the length of the pronotum. Elytra long and narrowing posteriorly, giv- ing the insect a wedge-shaped appearance. 88 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Color: Vertex, front, face, anterior margin of pronotum and under side, yellowish; posterior part of pronotum and elytra bluish or bluish- green. Front with short median line, two broken lateral lines and - margin, black. Clypeus black medially at apex; vertex with spot at apex, in the middle, outside of each ocellus, and a crescent on each side an- teriorly, black. Pronotum with seven black dots near anterior margin and three on basal half. Nervures of elytra black. External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment much longer than broad, about three times as long as penultimate segment, keeled, pos- terior margin greatly and acutely produced; pygofers very long and narrow, exceeding the ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment longer than preceding one, anterior and posterior margins parallel, as are the lateral margins; plates very long and slender, acutely pointed, and with row of stout hairs or spines along margin, slightly exceeded by the long and narrow pygofers. Internal male genitalia: Styles small, basal portion heavier, posterior portion slender, curved, terminating acutely; connective slender, Y-shaped, the stem of the Y broadened basally; cedagus With broad, rather truncate base, a stout, blunt process running dorsad, and a pair of larger, broad- based, and acutely pointed, dorsally directed, terminal processes. Distribution: Has not yet been reported from Kansas, but should occur in southern part of the state. Hosts: Essig reports this species as a general feeder on such plants as grape, blackberry, raspberry, sunflower, etc. This species so closely fits Signoret’s description of Tettv- gonia atropunctata, that, with Dr. E. D. Ball, we do not follow Van Duzee’s synonomy. Cicadella occatoria (Say). Tettigonia occatoria Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vi, p. 311, 1831; Compl. Writ. ii, p. 385. : Tettigonia occatoria Say, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 3, ii, p. 353, pl. 18, fig. 11, 1854. Tettigonia compta Fowl., Biol. Centr. Am., Homop., ii, p. 271, 1900. Tettigonia occatoria Fowl., Biol. Centr. Am., Homop., ii, p. 279, pl. 18, fig. 29, 1900. Tettigonia occatoria Ball, Proc. la. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 57, pl. 4, fig. 4, 1901. Tettigoniella occatoria Van D., Bul. Buf. Soe. Nat. Sci., ix, p. 212, 1909. Tettigoniella occatoria Osb., Ohio Nat., ix, p. 462, 1909. Tettigoniella occatoria DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 21, 1916. Cicadella occatoria Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 598, 1917. Cicadella occatoria Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxviii, p. 3, 1918. Cicadella occatoria Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 31, 1919. This species, though surely in Kansas, has seemingly not yet been taken. It is a long narrow form, about 6 mm. in length. The color is yellow, and it may be readily recognized by the longitudinal, brown stripes, four on the vertex, five on the pronotum, and with the elytra also striped. Female, last ventral segment less than twice as long as preceding one, posterior margin obtusely rounding or truncate; pygofers long and LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID. 89 narrow, equalling ovipositor. Male, plates broad at base, very acute apically; pygofers long, narrow, scarcely tapering, much exceeding plates. Hosts: According to De Long this species was taken on weeds and shrubs. Genus KOLLA Dist. Distant describes this genus as follows: ‘“‘Allied to Tetti- goniella, but differing by the structure of vertex of the head, which is subconically narrowed anteriorly, with the lateral margins in a line with the outer margins of the eye; near the inner margin of the eyes the vertex is also more or less foveate ; face with the lateral areas somewhat strongly, transversely striate, and centrally, longitudinally sinuate and flattened.” Three species of this genus have been collected in Kansas. KEY TO SPECIES. A. Conspicuously marked with bands and stripes. B. Elytra striped; over 5.5 mm. in length. bifida. BB. Elytra not striped; 5 mm or less in length. geometrica. AA. Not marked with bands and stripes, rather uniformly brownish or black. hartii. Kolla bifida (Say). (Pl. 7, figs. 4-5.) Tettigonia bifida Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, p. 313, 1831; Compl. Writ., ii. p. 387. Tettigonia bifida Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 55, 1851. Tettigonia tenella Walk., List Homop., iii, p. 770, 1851. Tettigonia bifida Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 3, ii, p. 11, pl, 1, fig. 11, 1854. Helochara bifida Prov., Pet. Faune Ent. Can., iii, p. 338, 1890. Tettigonia bifida Van D., Bul. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., v. p. 196, 1894. Tettigonia bifida O. & B., Proce. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 175, 1897. Tettigonia bifida Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 58, pl. 5, fig. 1, 1901. Tettigonia bifida Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 509, 1905. Tettigonia bifida Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent., Bul. 108, p. 63, 1912. ~ Tettigonia bifida Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 99, 1915. Kolla bifida DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 22, 1916. Kolla bifida Van D., Cat. Hemip., N. A., p. 598, 1917. Kolla bifida Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxviii, p. 5, 1918. Cicadella bifida Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 31, 1919. Form: A fairly large, robust species. Length, 5.5 to 6 mm. Vertex about twice as wide as long, bluntly conical. Pronotum slightly wider than head, and nearly twice as long, anterior margin broadly convex, posterior margin very slightly concave, lateral and humeral margins about equal. Elytra broad, venation very simple, there being no cross nervures before the apical cells. Color: Vertex black with two white spots at apex and a median and basal band yellowish or white. Face very dark brown, lighter laterally. Pronotum greenish with anterior margin black, followed by a yellow band, posterior margin white or greenish-white, preceded by a black band. 90 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Scutellum yellow with black transverse impression. Elytra green, ner- vures broadly black, apical cells smoky. External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment long, convex, lateral margins tapering posteriorly and posterior margin with median half roundingly produced; pygofers long and narrow, forming a keel medially, exceeding ovipositor and clothed with very coarse large hairs. Male, plates short, wide at base, apices quite acutely produced, less than half the length of the long and narrow pygofers; lateral margins of plates and the pygofers with large, coarse hairs. Internal male genitalia: Styles short, anterior end acutely pointed, distal half broad, apex truncate with laterally directed tooth; connective T-shaped with short cross piece and long stem, dorsally directed, to meet cedagus, the two parts seeming to be distinct pieces; ceedagus consisting of two L-shaped pieces, the short branches directed dorsad and the long slender ones caudad and generally crossing each other; a pair of L-shaped processes with thickened terminal portions extend down from the anal tube to the cedagus. Distribution: Taken in Douglas, Cherokee, Pottawatomie and Riley counties. Hosts: Swept from grasses in low places. Kolla geometrica (Sign.). (Pl. 8, figs. 5-6.) Tettigonia geometrica Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 3, ii, p. 12, pl. 1, fig. 12, 1895. Tettigonia psittacella Fowl., Biol. Centr. Am., Homop., ii, p. 290, pl. 19, fig. 26, 1900. Tettigonia geometrica Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 59, pl. 5, fig. 2, 1901. Kolla geometrica Dist., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, i, p. 530, 1908. Tettigonia geometrica Osb., Ohio Nat., ix, p. 461, 1909. Kolla geometrica DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 23, 1916. Kolla geometrica Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 599, 1917. Kolla geometrica Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxvili, p. 5, 1918. Kolla geometrica Ols., Bul. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., xiii, p. 119, 1918. Cicadella geometrica Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 32, 1919. Form: Like bifida in structure but smaller. Length, 4.5 to 5 mm. Vertex about twice as long as wide, bluntly rounded. Pronotum as in bifida, wider than the head. Elytra long, not as broad as in bifida, vena- tion simple, lacking cross veins before apical cells. Color: Vertex black, with two yellow apical spots and median and basal yellow bands. Face black. Pronotum and scutellum as in bifida but with narrower bands and therefore a larger green discal portion. Elytra green, except for smoky apical cells, with three spots in front of these and costal margin light. External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment about as in bifida, perhaps not produced quite as much on posterior margin. Male, plates as in bifida though perhaps more acutely pointed. Internal male genitalia: Styles relatively shorter and broader than in bifida; edagus with upright arms of the L relatively longer than in LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 91 bifida; lower portion of chitinous processes extending down from anal tube also relatively heavier than in bifida. Distribution: Taken in Cherokee county only. Hosts: De Long reports sweeping this species from weeds and grasses in pastures, and especially from the ironweed, Vernonia glauca. Kolla hartii (Ball). (Pl. 7, figs. 6-7.) Tettigonia hartii Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 61, pl. 5, fig. 4, 1901. Tettigonia hartti DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 20, 1916. Kolla hartii Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 599, 1917. Kolla hartii Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxviii, p. 5, 1918. Form: Shorter and stouter than preceding species. Length, 3.75 to 5mm. Vertex conical, obtusely rounding, twice as wide as long. Prono- tum twice as long as vertex, about three-fifths as long as wide. Elytra broad, venation simple, as in bifida. Color: Female, brownish. Vertex with pair of black spots on pos- terior margin and brown arcs that cover front on either side of a light median line extending up on to apex of vertex. Pronotum with irregular dark spots near anterior margin. Scutellum with dark triangular spots in basal angles. Elytra with nervures pale, claval margins lined with light blue. Male, shining black, with space around ocelli and apex of scutellum pale. Spot on apex of vertex white, front pale with dark arcs on either side of median pale line which has black borders that often enlarge to eliminate the pale line. External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment about three-fifths as long as wide, posterior margin truncate, very slightly sinuate on either side of a very small median tooth; pygofers broad and long, form- ing median keel, exceeding ovipositor and bearing few large coarse hairs. Male, plates wide at base but tapering to long acute point posteriorly, with coarse hairs on lateral margins, much exceeded by the long, coarsely haired pygofers. Internal male genitalia: Styles longer than in preceding members of the genus, apices curved inward; connective as in preceding species; cedagus U-shaped when viewed laterally, having two short processes ex- tending more or less dorsad and a single process, twice as long, extend- ing caudad, the base of the U being formed by this process; a very characteristic club-shaped process extends downward from the base of the anal tube. 92 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Distribution: This species seemingly occurs only in the southeastern portion of the state as shown by the following map: CLOUD SHERMAN [THOMAS | SHER}. | GRAH rons | os se CLAY ete rs “> ae - cdl C WALLACE] LOGAN | GOVE |TREGO| ELLIS cue] SAUNE| sau GRE'LY} WICH.) SCOTT|LANE| NESS =n ran =o co T1SPHER CHASE corre age BUTLER rooce, | FORD sale SEDGE. STAN. cnn [ws KIOWA KING, WILSON Hosts: De Long reports this species as common on grasses, especially Aristida gracilis. Genus HELOCHARA Fh. In this genus the head is slightly wider than the prothorax and considerably broader than long, slightly obtusely angled, and with the reflexed portion of the front distinctly elevated. The pronotum is long, being twice as long as the scutellum, and with such distinct lateral and humeral margins as to appear six-angular. Scutellum small, partially covered by pronotum. Elytra coriaceous, except for apical cells, veins distinct. An- tennz of males plate-like on apical third. The single species of this genus occurring in the United States is found in Kansas. Helochara communis Fh. (Pl. 10, figs. 3-4.) Helochara communis Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 56, 1851. Tettigonia herbida Walk., List Homop., iii, p. 769, 1851. Tettigonia communis Walk., List Homop., iv, p. 1156, 1852. Helochara communis Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 3, ii, p. 730, pl. 21, fig. 17, 1854. Helochara communis Osb., Proc. Ia. Acad Sci., i, pt. 2, p. 125, 1892. Helochara communis G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 82, 1895. Helochara communis Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 62, pl. 6, fig. 1, 1901. Helochara communis Osb., U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 108, p. 60, 1912. Helochara communis Osb., Me, Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 103, 1915. Telochara communis DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 24, 1916. Ielochara communis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 600, 1917. “ST6T ‘¢ ‘d ‘WAXxx “4SI7 JeN ‘SN “WY [Ng “s[Q sunwuwo0s vLmyo02aq LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID. 93 Form: Rather small, robust species. Length, 4 to 7 mm. Vertex broader than long, slightly and obtusely pointed and with the elevated portions of front strongly elevated. Pronotum large and long, anterior margin broadly rounded, posterior margin distinctly emarginate. Scutel- lum short, overlapped by pronotum. Elytra coriaceous except at apex. Whole dorsal surface distinctly punctate. Color: A green form. Head and anterior region of pronotum more yellowish. Front, including reflexed portion, with lateral brown arcs. In male, face black because of broadening and fusing of the arcs. External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment over two-thirds as long as broad, lateral margins narrowed posteriorly, posterior margin in- cised on either side of the medially produced lobe; pygofers long and narrow, slightly exceeding ovipositor and bearing a few, coarse, short hairs on either side of the ovipositor. Male, valve short and broadly triangular; plates bread at base but tapering and prolonged acutely, ex- ceeding the short pygofers. Internal male genitalia: Styles with basal half gradually tapering, a large process on mesal margin for attachment to connective and poste- riorly a large lateral bulge, the distal portion curved slightly outwardly, toothed on mesal margin and terminating rather truncately with a dis- tinct outward point; connective T-shaped, the cross piece heavier than the standard; cwdagus consisting of a pair of heavy dorsally directed processes and a pair of narrower, larger, sinuate and acutely pointed terminal processes. Distribution: This species probably occurs throughout the eastern portion of the state, but hitherto has been reported only from Cherokee county. Hosts: Found only on swamp grasses. Genus GRAPHOCEPHALA Van D. In this genus the head is narrower than the pronotum, the vertex is flat, obtusely rounding and with a distinct margin. The front is not inflated. The pronotum is narrowed anteriorly and with the posterior margin slightly emarginate. The elytra are long and coriaceous, venation obscured, and with _ rather long apical cells. Two of the three United States’ species have been taken in Kansas. KEY TO SPECIES. A. Large, 9 mm. or over, vertex unmarked. coccinea. AA. Smaller, 6 mm. or under, vertex marked with black lines. versuta. 94 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Graphocephala coccinea (Forst.). (Pl. 8, figs. 3-4.) Cicada coccinea Forst., Nov. Spec. Ins., p. 69, 1711. Tettigonia quardivittata Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, p. 312, 1831; Compl. Writ, ii, p. 386. Tetligonia coccinea Harr., in Hitchcock, Geol. Mass., edn. 2, p. 580, 1835. Proconia quadrivittata Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 55, 1851. Tettigonia picta Walk., List Homop., iii, p. 758, 1851. Tettigonia quadrivittata Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.. ser. 3, ii, p. 348, pl. 11, fig. 11, 185%. Aulacizes quadrivittata Fh., Trans. N. Y. St. Agr. Soc., xvi, p. 450, 1856. Diedrocephala coccinea Uhl., Bul. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv., i, p. 357, 1876. Diedrocepha'a quadrivittata Glov., U. S. Dept. Agr., Rept. for 1876, p. 33. Diedrocephala coccinea Van D., Can. Ent., xxi, p. 9, 1889. Diedrocephala coccinea Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 22, p. 28, 1890. Diedrocephala coccinea Osb., Proce. Ia. Acad. Sci., i, pt. 2, p. 125, 1892. Diedrocephala coccinea Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 177, 1897. Tettigonia quadrivittata Fowl., Biol. Centr. Am., Homop., ii, p. 276, 1900. Tettigonia idonea Fowl., Biol. Centr. Am., Homop., ii, p. 276, 1900. Diedrocephala coccinea Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 510, 1905. Diedrocephala coccinea Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 108, p. 60, 1912. Diedrocephala coccinea Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 101, 1915. Diedrocephala coccinea DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 25, 1916. Diedrocephala coccinea Gibs., Can. Ent., xlviii, p. 178, 1916. Graphocephala coccinea Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 601, 1917. Graphocephala coccinea Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxviii, p. 5, 1918. Graphocephala coccinea Ols., Bul. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., xiii, p. 120, 1918. Graphocephala coccinea Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 32, 1919. Form: A large, cylindric, elongated form. Length, 8to9 mm. Vertex, wider than long,.two-thirds length of pronotum, roundingly acutely angled. Pronotum narrowed anteriorly with lateral and humeral angles about equal, posterior margin distinctly emarginate. Elytra long and narrow. Color: Face yellow, separated from orange-yellow vertex by broad black line on margin. Vertex with two, small, black marginal lines be- fore the ocelli, and frequently the posterior half reddish or green medially. Pronotum red with narrow light green band on anterior margin, and a posterior large dark green W, with outer arms turned mesad. Elytra red with costal, claval and sutural margins and median stripe on corium, green, the apex and appendix black. External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment slightly longer than wide, lateral margins slightly narrowed posteriorly, posterior margins broadly rounded and medially produced; pygofers long and narrow, equalling ovipositor and bearing a few coarse hairs on either side of median line. Male, plates long, broad at base but apically greatly pro- duced and concavely tapering to long acute tip, lateral margins bearing stiff hairs; pygofers long and narrow, greatly exceeding plates and covered with numerous coarse hairs. Internal male genitalia: Styles tapering at anterior end, curved out- ward medially and ending in distinctly out-turned apices; connective slen- der, Y-shaped; cedagus with triangular body when viewed laterally, a long, slender process leaving it from near distal end, and a still longer, heavier one extending dorsad from the distal apex; a V-shaped chitinous bar at base of anal tube. ) LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 95 Distribution: Reports and specimens at hand seem to show this species as occurring only in eastern Kansas. It undoubt- edly occurs further west in the state than is shown by the following map: ne mote = LINC LOGAN ELE! ELLIS | RUSS saune cus) SANE, MORRIS Eid GRELY} wicy.| SCOTT NESS =n he rice | M°PHER| MARION L CHAS! ® COFFEL LRN HAM |KEAR. nonce. Reno ae STAN. TS PRATT! KING. ae ete L K. : @ MIORT| STEV. [SEW | MEAD cea COMAN. | BARBER | HARP. SUMNER COW. © cor | rT ia LAB. | CHERO Hosts: Seemingly we have here a very general feeder. It has been taken from numerous weeds, shrubs and trees. The writer this season found the nymphs of the last instar in large numbers on Ambrosia trifida during the last week in July and the first week in August. By the last week in August the nymphs had all molted into adults. Graphocephala versuta (Say). Tettigonia versuta Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.. vi, p. 311, 1831; Compl. Writ., ii, p. 386. Tettigonia versuta Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 3, p. 348, pl. 11, fig. 10, 1854. Diedrocephala versuta Woodw., Bul. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., iii, p. 22, 1887. Diedrocephala versuta Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 22, p. 27, 1890. Tettigonia redacta Fowl., Biol. Centr. Am., Homop., ii, p. 276, pl. 18, fig. 21, 1900. Diedrocephala versuta Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 64, pl. 6, fig. 3, 1901. Diedrocephala versuta DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 25, 1916. Diedrocephala versuta Gibs., Can. Ent., xlviii, p. 177, 1916. Graphocephala versuta Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 602, 1917. Graphocephala versuta Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxviii, p. 5, 1918. Graphocephala versuta Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 33, 1919. Form: Like coccinea but smaller. Length, 5 to6 mm. Vertex broader than long, a little shorter than pronotum, apex blunt, lateral margins distinctly rounding. Pronotum narrowed anteriorly, humeral margins slightly longer than lateral margins. Elytra not quite as long as in coccinea. ‘ Color: Vertex with black marginal lines and with pair of median parallel lines connecting anteriorly with broken lines which run back parallel with the margin, between the margin and the ocelli. Space be- tween parallel lines and around the margin whitish or yellowish, the rest 96 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. reddish. Face yellow, pronotum yellowish anteriorly, greenish posteriorly, often with red bands continuous with red bands of clavus and of head, between which are blue bands. Scutellum red or yellowish with black markings. Elytra blue, claval suture with a blue stripe either side of which is a broader red one, apex and posterior third of costal margin pale with several small, dark, triangular spots. External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment as long as broad, lateral margins strongly tapering posteriorly, the disc longitudinally elevated, posterior margin produced angularly; pygofers long and narrow, equalling or slightly exceeded by ovipositor, forming distinct keel on mesal margin, bearing a few short, coarse hairs. Male, plates long and narrow, often twice as long as the last ventral segment and bearing coarse hairs on the lateral margins; pygofers exceeded by the plates. Distribution: Taken in Cherokee county. Hosts: Gibson gives cowpeas and clover as hosts. De Long took specimens from shrubs and weeds. Probably a general feeder like the preceding. Genus DRACULACEPHALA Ball. The following is the original description of the genus:. “Similar to Diedrocephala, the vertex usually longer and more acutely angled. Face, as seen from side, usually straight, or slightly concave to the middle of clypeus, where it is broken backwards. Disc of clypeus quite gibbous. Pronotum with the lateral margins parallel, narrower than or only equalling the eye. Elytra long, narrowing apically, greenish, the nerv- ures raised, distinct, the apical and the ante-apical cells ir- regularly reticulate veined. Anterior tibiz slender, round. “Type of the genus D. mollipes Say.” Two members of this genus have been collected in Kansas. D. noveboracensis has not yet been reported in the state but likely occurs in the northeastern portion and is therefore in- cluded in the key. D. reticulata should be found in the south- ern part. KEY TO SPECIES.* A. Front, as seen from side, almost straight. Sides of front with dark arcs. B. Vertex long, acute, margins as seen from above straight, spots on apex minute or none. Profile of front straight. C. Size small, vertex of fema'e distinctly longer than broad. Lines on vertex usually faint. Last ventral seg- ment of male broad. mollipes * Adapted from key by Dr. E. D. Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 67, 1901. LAWSCN: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 97 A. Front, as seen from side, almost straight—concluded. CC. Size larger, vertex of female distinctly shorter than broad. Lines on vertex usually distinct and broad. Last ventral segment of male long, cylindrical. angulifera. BB. Vertex shorter, roundingly acute, margins as seen from above slightly rounding, spots on apex distinct. Profile of front slightly rounding. noveboracensis. Front, as seen from side distinctly rounding. Sides of front mottled with brown or unmarked. reticulata. AA. Dreculacephala mollipes (Say). (Pl. 9, figs. 6-7.) Tettigonia mollipes Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, p. 312, 1831; Compl. Writ., ii, p. 383. Tettigonia mollipes Harr., in Hitchcock Geol. Mass., edn. 2, Aulacizes mollipes Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 56, 1851. Tettigonia innotata Walk., List Homop., iii, p. 770, 1851. Tetligonia antica Walk., List. Homop., iii, p. 771, 1851. Diedrocephala mollipes Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 3, ii, p. 1854. Acopsis viridis Prov., Nat. Can., iv, p. 352, 1872. Diedrocephala mcllipes Osb., Rept. Ia. St. Agr. Soc., for 1892, p. 687. Tettigonia mollipes Fowl., Biol. Centr. Am., Homop., ii, p. 273, pl. 18, fig. 15, 1900. p. 580, 1835. 726, pl. 21, figs. 12, 13, Dreculacephala Dreculacephala Dreculacephala Dreculacephala Dreculacephala Dreculacephala Dreculacephala Dreculacephala Dreculacephala Dreculacephala Dreculacephala Form: Rather long and slender. mollipes Ball, Proc. Ta. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 67, pl. 7, fig. 1, 1901. mollipes Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 511, 1905. mollipes Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 108, p. 56, 1912. mollipes Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 103, 1915. mollipes Gibs., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 254, 1915. mollipes Van D., Ent. News, xxvi, p. 178, 1915. mollipes DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 27, 1916. mollipes Gibs., Can. Ent., xlviii, p. 177, 1916. mollipes Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 603, 1917. mollipes Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxviii, p. 6, 1918. mollipes Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 37, 1919. Length, 6 to 9.5 mm. Vertex very long, acutely angled, sides straight, disc flat, longer in female than in male. Face straight in profile. Pronotum with lateral margins parallel, anterior margin rounding, posterior margin emarginate. Elytra long, nervures distinctly raised, apical portion reticulate. Color: Vertex, anterior part of pronotum and scutellum yellow, latter two sometimes greenish. Vertex with two small apical spots, lines on reflexed portion of front, a median and a pair of lateral lines, brown. Face yellow to fuscous with nine pairs of brown arcs laterally. Disc of pronotum and elytra bright green, nervures light, costal and apical mar- gins light. External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment about two-thirds as long as broad, posterior margin sinuate on either side of obtusely rounded ‘median lobe; pygofers long and narrow, equalling or exceeding ovipositor and bearing a few stout, coarse hairs along sutural margin. Male, valve short, angularly produced; plates large, as long as pygofers, and with short, stout hairs on margin. 7—Sci. Bul —3058 98 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Internal male genitalia: Styles with proximal portion large and scarcely tapering, large lobes for connection to connective, distal half first curving outward and then with a seeming terminal inwardly pro- jecting segment which is toothed on the inner margin near the apex, and then curved outward at the extreme tip; connective T-shaped, with the cross bar heavy; cedagus consisting of a T-shaped heavy piece with a very short standard, from the sides of which extend out two long, tapering and twisting processes, the points of which extend laterad; a heavy characteristically shaped chitinous process extends downward from the base of the anal tube. Distribution: Occurs throughout the eastern portion of the state as shown by the following map: : capo =r CLOUD WALLACE] LOGAN aes +) RUSS- aos usw | SAUNE Ae Bus a Bao rue a nonce. | ae = i ForD BUTLER Hosts: This is a very general feeder, but because it occurs on so many cultivated crops, often in very large numbers, it is to be considered an insect of economic importance. The writer has taken it on corn, many native grasses and at lights. Gibson gives the following hosts: Wheat, barley, oats, alfalfa, Johnson grass, kafir corn, sorghum, cowpeas, Bermuda grasses and many native grasses. Osborn gives rye, bluegrass and brome grass as additional hosts. It is also known to feed on timothy. Dreculacephala angulifera (Walk.). Tettigonia angulifera Walk., List Homop., iii, p. 771, 1851. Diedrocephala angulifera Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 3, ii, p. 727, pl. 21, fig. 14, 1851. Diedrocephala angulifera Van D., Ent. News, v, 156, 1894. Dreculacephala angulifera Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 69, pl. 7, fig. 4, 1901. Dreculacephala angulifera Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 511, 1905. Dreculacephala angulifera Van D., Ent. News, xxvi, p. 178, 1915. Dreculacephala angulifera Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 102, 1915; Bul. 248, p. 78, 1916. Dreculacephala angulifera Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 603, 1917. Dreculacephala angulifera Weiss, Ent. News, xxix, p. 310, 1918. Dreculacephala angulifera Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxvili, p. 6, 1918. LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 99 Form: Larger and broader than preceding species. Length 8 to 11 mm. Vertex distinctly shorter than broad, disc concave anteriorly. Pronotum wide with long lateral margins. Elytra long, but broader than in mollipes though with similar venation. Color: Akout as in mollipes except that the lines on the vertex are broad and distinct. External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment about three-fourths as long as wide, lateral margins strongly tapering posteriorly, posterior ‘margin strongly and angularly produced medially; pygofers very long and narrow, equalling or slightly exceeded by ovipositor, and bearing a very few coarse, stout hairs along either side of the ovipositor. Male, last ventral segment characteristic, distinctly longer than wide, cylindri- cal; valve semicircular, strongly and angularly produced medially; plates long and slender, slightly divergent, nearly equalling pygofers, tips curved upward and inward, and bearing a few hairs on lateral margins. Distribution: Sedgwick county is the only place in the state from which specimens of this species have yet been taken. Hosts: Doctor Osborn reports this species as occurring in the coarse grasses of lowlands and in timothy. Drexculacephala noveboracensis (Fh.). Aulacizes noveboracensis Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 56, 1851. Tettigonia prasina Walk., List Homop., iii, p. 768, 1851. Tettingonia noveboracensis Walk., List Homop., iv, p. 1158, 1852. Diedrocephala noveboracensis Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 3, ii, p. 19, pl. 2, fig. 5, 1854, Diedrocephala noveboracensis Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr.. Div. Ent., Bul. 22, p. 27, 1890. Diedrocephala noveboracensis Osb., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., i, pt. 2, p. 125, 1892. Diedrocephala noveboracensis G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 82, 1895. Diedrocephala noveboracensis O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., p. 177, 1897. Dreculacephala noveboracensis Ball, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 71, pl. 7, fig. 6, 1901. Dreculacephala noveboracensis Osb., 20th Rept. N.Y. St. Ent., 5, 511, 1905. Dreculacephala noveboracensis Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 108, p. 59, 1912. Dreculacephala noveboracensis Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 101, 1915. Dreculacephala noveboracensis Van D., Ent. News, xxvi, p. 179, 1915. Dreculacephala noveboracensis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 605, 1917. Dreculacephala noveboracensis Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxviii, p. 6, 1918. Dreculacephala noveboracensis Weiss, Ent. News, xxix, p. 309, 1918. Dreculacephala noveboracensis Ols., Bul. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., xiii, p. 121, 1918. This species has not yet been reported from Kansas, but should be found in the eastern and northern portion. It is a rather large, stout species, 8 mm. long, with a shorter vertex than the preceding species. The vertex, when seen from above has slightly rounding margins, and ° the profile of the face is slightly rounding. It occurs, according to Osborn, on the coarse grasses of low ground. Dreculacephala reticulata (Sign.). (Pl. 9, figs. 8-9.) Jettigonia reticulata Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 3, p. 22, pl. 2, fig. 10, 1854. Diedrocephala flaviceps Ril., Am. Ent., iii, p. 78, 1880. Tettigonia flaviceps Johns. & Fox, Ent. News, iii, p. 60, 1892. 100 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Tettigonia diducta Fowl., Biol. Centr. Am., Homop., ii, p. 274, pl. 18, fig. 17, 1900. Dreculacephala reticulata Ball, Proce. Ia. Acad. Sci., viii, p. 73, pl. 6, fig. 8, 1901. Dreculacephala reticulata Osb., Ohio Nat., ix, p. 463, 1909. Dreculacephala reticulata Osb., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 108, p. 52, 1912. ‘Dreculacephala reticulata Van D., Ent. News, xxiv, p. 179, 1915. Dreculacephala reticulata DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 27, 1916. Dreculacephala reticulata Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 606, 1917. Dreculacephala reticulata Ols., Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxviii, p. 6, 1918. Dreculacephala reticulata Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 38, 1919. Form: Smallest of the members of this genus that occur in the state. Length, 4.5 to 5.5 mm. Vertex blunt, much broader than long. Face in profile convex. Pronotum longer proportionally than in other members of the genus, humeral margins longer than lateral margins, posterior margin distinctly emarginate. Elytra characteristic because of the numerous apical reticulations. Color: Face lacks the dark arcs characteristic of the three preceding species, being yellow or orange-yellow, as is the vertex, except for two light spots which include the ocelli. Anterior portion of pronotum and scutellum yellow. Disc of pronotum and scutellum grayish green with nervures and costal margin light. External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment slightly wider than long, lateral margins slightly tapering posteriorly, posterior margin with median half roundingly produced; pygofers are long but rather stout, equalling the tip of the ovipositor and bearing a very few stout scattered hairs. Male, valve rounded on posterior margin; plates long, tapering regularly to acute tips from broad base, almost equalling pygofers. © Internal male genitalia: Styles of same type as in mollipes, but shorter and stouter; connective T-shaped, but with cross piece distinctly curved; cedagus much as in mollipes though smaller. Distribution: Should be found in the southern part of the state. Hosts: A general grass feeder. De Long reports it from Bermuda grass. It has been reported on oats and wheat. Subfamily GYPONIN# (Stal). The members of this subfamily are for the most part large forms, having a broad, somewhat flattened body. Their flat- tened form, together with the fact that the ocelli are situated on the disc of the vertex, is enough to separate them from the other subfamilies. Three of the four United States genera are known to occur in Kansas. KEY TO GENERA A. Very short and broad, clavus truncate at tip. Penthimia. AA. Elongate forms, clavus not truncate at tip. B. Head with sharp narrow margin, elytra oblique at apex. Gypona. BB. Head with broad flat margin, elytra perpendicular at apex. Xerophloea. LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 101 Genus PENTHIMIA Germ. The members of this genus are short, ovate, Cercopid-like insects. The head is narrower than the pronotum, the vertex being very broadly rounded. Pronotum is widened posteriorly, distinctly transversely striated, and with the posterior margin broadly concave. The elytra, though exceeding the abdomen, are very short and broad and the broadly truncate apex of the clavus is very noticeable. There is a distinct appendix. The single American species of this genus has been taken in Kansas. Penthimia_ americana Fh. Penthimia americana Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 57, 1851. Penthimia vicaria Walk., List Homop., iii, p. 841, 1851. Penthimia picta Prov., Nat. Can., p. 352, 1872. Penthimia americana G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 83, 1895. Penthimia americana Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 514, 1905. Penthimia americana Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 100, 1915. Penthimia americana DeL., Tenn., St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 29, 1916. Penthimia americana Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 610, 1917. Penthimia americana Lathr., 8. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 41, 1919. Form: The above generic description gives the form of this species. Length, 5 to 6 mm. Color: Varies from reddish-brown to black. External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment long, posterior corn- ers rounded, posterior margin slightly concave on either side of a median lobe which itself is slightly or sometimes distinctly emarginate, forming two teeth; pygofers very short and broad, slightly exceeded by ovipositor. Male, valve triangular; plates broad at base, tapering to acute apex, bearing fine hairs on margins, as long as very short pygofers. Distribution: Taken only in Pottawatomie county. Hosts: Osborn records this species as occurring on hickory, maple and other trees and shrubs. DeLong reports it from oak. Genus GYPONA Germ. This genus contains some of our largest Cicadellidx. They are more elongate than Penthimia and differ from Xerophloea in lacking the broad thin-margined head of the latter. The head is short and broadly rounded on the anterior margin. The pronotum has distinct lateral and humeral margins and is narrowed anteriorly. Its anterior margin is broadly rounded, while the posterior margin is broadly, though slightly, con- cave. The five members of the genus listed below are known to occur in the state. 102 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. KEY TO SPECIES. A. With longitudinal stripes on vertex, pronotum and scutellum. octo-lineata. AA. No longitudinal stripes on vertex, pronotum and scutellum. B. Very broad species, green or black. melanota. BB. More slender species, gray or brown, usually spotted. C. Brownish species, veins not punctate laterally. D. Without submarginal spots on pronotum; not irro- rate with red. pectoralis. DD. With four, anterior, submarginal spots on prono- tum; often irrorate with red. puncticollis. CC. Grayish species, veins distinctly punctate laterally. cinerea. Gypona octo-lineata (Say). (Pl. 10, figs. 1-2.) Tettigonia octo-lineata Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, p. 340, 1824; Compl. Writ., Wp. oor ° Gypona striata Burm., Genera Ins., i, pl. 16, No. 9, 1838. Gypona cana Burm., Genera Ins., i, pl. 16, No. 10, 1838. Gypona flavilineata Fh., Homop. N. Y. St. Cab., p. 57, 1851. Gypona quebecensis Proy., Nat. Can., iv, p. 352, 1872. ‘ Gypona flavilineata Spangb., Spec. Gypone, p. 8, 1878. Gypona scrupulosa Spangb., Spec. Gypone, p. 9, 1878. Gypona olivacea Spangb., Ent. Tidskr., p. 24, 1881. ; Gypona octo-lineata Uhl., Stand. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 247, 1884. Gypona octo-lineata Van D., Psyche, v, p. 390, 1890. Gypona octo-lineata O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 179, 1897 (part). Gypona octo-lineata Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 512, 1905. Gypona flavilineata Osb., Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 238, p. 105, 1915. Gypona octo-lineata DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 31, 1916. Gypona octo-lineata Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 611, 1917. Gypona octo-lineata Gibs., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., lvi, p. 90, 1919. Gypona octo-lineata Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 41, 1919. Form: A large oval species. Length, 7 to 10 mm. Vertex broadly rounded, thin-margined, over half as long as basal width. Pronotum characteristic of the genus, narrowed anteriorly, anterior margin broadly though slightly convex, posterior margin about equally concave, lateral margins long, humeral margins shorter. Scutellum large. Elytra long, tapering posteriorly, sometimes reticulately veined, including the clavus. Color: Light green usually, often darker. Vertex with six yellowish or red longitudinal lines, pronotum with eight, scutellum with four. Nervures of elytra varying from yellow to red. The red stripes and veins give the brightly-colored forms a distinct reddish look. External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment longer than pre- ceding segment, narrowed posteriorly, longest laterally partially due to posterior margin being turned downward and forming a broad, rounded, median excision extending a third of the distance to the base;, pygofers broad and long, exceeding ovipositor, bearing a few stout hairs on apical third. Male, last ventral segment very long, slightly notched medially, concealing valve; plates long and narrow, longer than last ventral seg- ment, widely separated at base, overlapping apically, nearly or quite equalling the short pygofers. LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDA. 103 Internal male genitalia: Styles very large, thickest just beyond the middle, apical third bent laterad, terminating in a foot-like form, toothed on inner margin apically; connective broad and stout, with a short stout median process to cedagus; cdagus V-shaped, very heavy basally, terminal portion tapering, long and slender, terminating bluntly and bear- ing near apex a pair of long, slender lateral processes. Distribution: Our commonest member of the genus. Is found all over the state as shown by the following map: CLOUD" a THOMAS | SHERI. | GRAH ros | os8 riven CLAY =e cS ae ne GRELY| wich.) SCOTT|LANE] NESS pae a ee Toa rem L COFFEY ANQE nae] ayy nae] ayy ace FORD — ewe | stan. GRANT [ss KIOWA KING. ama 03 CRAW. MoRT| STEV. eerie a corn eae HARP UIs cow. =, LAB. [le Hosts: Occurs on a great variety of weeds, grasses, shrubs. and trees. The writer has observed the nymphs very commonly on Carya ovata around Lawrence. Gypona melanota Spangb. Gypona melanota Spangb., Spec. Gypone, p. 19, 1878. Gypona bipunctulata Woodw., Bul. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., iii, p. 30, 1887. Gypona nigra Woodw., Bul. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., iii, p. 31, 1887. Gypona bipunctulata O. & B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 181, 1897. Gypona melanota Van D., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xxix, p. 112, 1903. Gypona melanota Van D., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 513, 1905. Gypona bipunctulata Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 513, 1905. Gypona melanota Smith, Cat. Ins. N. J., end. 3, p. 101, 1910. Gypona melanota Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 613, 1917. Gypona melanota Gibs., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., lvi, p. 95, 1919. Gypona bipunctulata Gibs., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., lvi, p. 98, 1919. Form: This species is the most robust looking of the members of this genus, being very broad and flat in proportion to its length. Length of female, 9 to 11 mm.; male, 8.25 mm. Vertex, about twice as long medially as next to the eye, anterior margin broadly rounding, slightly concave preapically, the oblique striations very distinct. Pronotum about twice as long as vertex, distinctly transversely striated. Elytra very broad, slightly exceeding abdomen. Color: The females are all greenish, frequently bearing a pair of black spots laterally on the pronotum not quite half way back, and a 104 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. black spot on base of each elytron, just under outer edge of pronotum. The males may be of the same color as the females, or they may be black forms. In the latter, the vertex may be partly or entirely black except for light marks around the ocelli, a pair of light spots on the posterior margin a little further apart than the ocelli and another pair of light spots near the anterior margin a little in front of the eyes. The pronotum may have the disc blackened, showing the pair of black dots, or it may be entirely black except for a strip of light along the lateral margins. The scutellum may have the dise blackened, or it may be entirely black except for touches of light markings near the apex. The elytra are very smoky, but are usually light and hyaline enough to let the black abdomen show through, showing the black spot at the base, as in the female. External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment long, longest at lat- eral angles, shortest medially, posterior margin broadly concave with a very small median lobe; pygofers broad and long, slightly exceeding ovipositor and bearing, especially on apical half, a few coarse hairs. Male, valve hidden by last ventral segment; plates broad, obliquely truncate and overlapping apically, exceeded by the large pygofers which bear a few stout hairs laterally. Distribution: Specimens have been taken in Pottawatomie and Douglas counties. Hosts: Seemingly confined to native grasses. In 1905 Professor Osborn suggested that G. melanota Spangb. might be a melanotic form of G. bipunctulata Woodw. Dr. Ball is of the opinion that such is the case and in his col- lection are to be seen the large females and the smaller males of both colors. Many of these were taken together, so there seems to be no doubt as to the synonomy of these two forms. Gypona pectoralis Spangb. Gypona pectoralis Spangb., Spec. Gypons, p. 46, 1878. Gypona pectoralis Spangb., Ent. Tidskr., i, p. 33, 1881. Gypona albimarginata Woodw., Bul. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., iii, p. 31, 1887. Gypona hullensis Proyv., Pet. Faune Ent. Can., iii, p. 269, 1889. Gypona pectoralis Wirtn., Ann, Carn. Mus., iii, p. 220, 1904. Gypona pectoralis Van D., Ottawa Nat., xxvi, p. 68, 1912. Gypona pectoralis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 614, 1917. Gypona pectoralis Gibs., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., lvi, p. 94, 1919. Form: Not as broad as preceding species. Length, 8.5 to 10.24 mm. Vertex less than twice as long medially as next to the eye, broadly rounded. Pronotum characteristic of the genus. Elytra long, well ex- ceeding the abdomen, subcoriaceous. Color: Brownish; vertex and pronotum having a mottled appearance as does anterior portion of scutellum. Posterior portion of scutellum lighter. Elytra darker than other parts, often having large or small dark spots on the cross veins and sometimes on the cells. External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment broad, slightly longer LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLID. 105 than preceding segment, posterior margin truncate, with a small median excision; pygofers broad and long, exceeding ovipositor, and bearing, chiefly on distal half, quite a few large coarse hairs. Male, last ventral segment long, semicircular, covering the valve; plates very broad and obliquely truncate apically with the outer angles more prominent than the rounding inner angles; pygofers about as long as the plates, narrow, and covered with numerous very large hairs. Distribution: Taken in Douglas, Pottawatomie, Sumner and Montgomery counties. Hosts: Probably a grass-feeding species. Gypona puncticollis Spangb. Gypona puncticollis Spangb., Spec. Gypone, p. 54, 1878. Gypona puncticollis DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 30, 1916. Gypona puncticollis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 615, 1917. Gypona puncticollis Gibs., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., lvi, p. 98, 1919.- Form: As in preceding species. Length, 8 to 9 mm. Color: Reddish brown with vertex, pronotum and scutellum lighter than the elytra, the scutellum the lightest. Head, pronotum and basal and costal portion of elytra often irrorate with red. Spot behind each ocellus light brown. Pronotum with four black spots near the margin. Elytra with black spot en humerus, on some of the cross veins and also in some cells. External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment broad and long, posterior margin sinuate, lobe on median third with a median notch; pygofers broad and long, exceeding ovipesitor and with coarse hairs on apical half. Male, genitalia as in preceding species except that last ventral segment is more produced medially and the plates are longer and further apart. Distribution: Taken only in Pottawatomie and Riley coun- ties. Hosts: De Long gives Elymus virginicus as one of the grass hosts of this species. Gypona cinerea Uhl. Gypona cinerea Uhl., Bul. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv., iii, p. 460, 1877. Gypona cinerea Woodw., Bul. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., iii, p. 32, 1887. Gypona cinerea Will., Kan. Univ. Sci. Bul., viii, p. 223, 1913. Gypona cinerea Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 615, 1917. Gypona cinerea Gibs., Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., lvi, p. 100, 1919. Form: This species varies very greatly in size. Length of females 6 to 11 mm., males 5 to 9 mm. Vertex produced more than in other mem- bers of the genus, about three times as long medially as next the eyes and almost as long as the pronotum. Pronotum twice as broad as long. There are long- and short-winged forms in both sexes. In the long- winged females the elytra just exceed the abdomen; in the short-winged forms they are exceeded by the abdomen. The elytra of the lcng-winged 106 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. males greatly exceed the abdomen, whereas in the short-winged males the elytra are shorter than the abdomen. In any case the elytra are quite broad. Color: The color varies from a light, brownish-gray to a dark ciner- ous. Vertex and pronotum densely punctate with black. Vertex with pair of black spots on posterior margin, a little further apart than the ocelli. Pronotum often with series of anterior, submarginal dark spots. Scutellum slightly punctate with fuscous, the basal angles dark. Elytra very characteristically marked with fuscous, with impressed punctures on either side of the nervures, and frequently having small fuscous spots in the cells. Head, pronotum and scutellum sometimes lightly irrorate with red. External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment longer than preced- ing, posterior margin with a large excavation, reaching one-third of the distance to the base, the base of which bears a distinct, obtusely-pointed or rounded lobe; pygofers are broad and long, exceeding the ovipositor, broadest at the middle, each bearing preapically a lateral, black, impressed line. In the long-winged male the last ventral segment is somewhat longer than the preceding one and the posterior margin is slightly con- cave and elevated; plates are long and narrow, overlapping apically, about equalling the ovipositors which bear a few stout hairs on apical half. In the short-winged male, the plates seem to be further covered by a relatively longer last ventral segment, so that they appear shorter. In the specimens examined they were not found to overlap apically. Distribution: Taken in Grant and Pottawatomie counties. Hosts: Williams records this species as common on Buffalo grass in Kansas. Genus XEROPHLGA Germ. The members of this genus differ from the other members of the Gyponinz in having a much flatter head, with broad thin margins. They also have the apices of the elytra perpendicu- lar in position rather than in the more horizontal position characteristic of the other genera. One of the two United States’ species has been taken in the state. Xerophlea viridis (Fabr.). (Pl. 10, figs. 5-6.) Cercopis viridis Fabr., Ent. Syst., iv, p. 50, 1794. Xerophlea grisea Germ., Zeits. f. Ent., i, p. 190, 1839. Xerophlea virescens Stal, Of. Vet. Akad. Forh., xi, p. 253, 1854. Xerophlea viridis Stal, Hemip. Fabr., ii, p. 59, 1869. Parapholis peltata Uhl., Bul. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv., iii, 461, 1877. Xerophlee peltata G. & B., Hemip. Colo., p. 82, 1895. Xerophlea viridis O. & B., Proe. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, p. 179, pl. 19, fig. 1, 1897. Xerophlwa viridis Osb., 20th Rept. N. Y. St. Ent., p. 512, 1905. Xerophlea viridis DeL., Tenn. St. Bd. Ent., Bul. 17, p. 28, 1916. Xerophlee viridis Van D., Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 616, 1917. Xerophlea viridis Lathr., S. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 199, p. 40, 1919. LAWSON: KANSAS CICADELLIDZ. 107 Form: Wedge-shaped, robust. Length, 6 to 7.25 mm. Head very flat and thin, narrower than pronotum. Vertex about twice as broad as long, obtusely angular apically. Pronotum broadest at posterior lateral angles, humeral margins longer than the lateral margins, sinuate, roundingly angled with the posterior emarginate margin, anterior mar- gin quite convex. Apex of scutellum long and acute. Elytra broad and long, much exceeding abdomen and perpendicular apically. Entire dor- _ sal surface coarsely and deeply pitted. Color: Female bright green, elytra faded apically. Occasionally a female will be very light green, very irregularly mottled all over with dark brown, giving her a brownish rather than a greenish color. Males are usually a dirty yellowish-green. The vertex bears a broad brown median stripe which extends on to the pronotum and makes the dise and posterior margin brown. Elytra with a brown spot before the clavus and often with a series of smaller spots along sutural margin to the apex. External genitalia: Female, last ventral segment very long, as long as wide, and incised medially clear to the base, forming two large approxi- mate lobes; pygofers are broad and long, slightly exceeded by ovipositor, and bearing short appressed hairs. Male, last ventral segment long, posterior margin somewhat convex, hiding the valve; plates very long and narrow, pointed apically, exceeding the short pygofers. Internal male genitalia: Styles large and very characteristic, basal half club-shaped, then suddenly narrowed and gradually thickening to a broad truncate apex with a distinct inner acutely pointed angle, the outer angle being rounded; the connective is broad basally, tapering sinu- ately to the apex; the cedagus has a small basal, dorsally directed proc- ess followed by a sharp constriction, and terminates in a bluntly pointea process, which, viewed laterally, appears triangular. Distribution: A common form found throughout the state as shown by the following map: SHERMAN ROOKS jose waren ot id “i sau saune GRELY 45 eo. LANE] NESS os Tere rice. | M 02a. ss oe Veet a PAMENTOSUS* DGWOCELUS . 2 sess oe. 2 Sat ne ee eee eS en ee Recognition of the Cicadellide...: 220246 al-. te ~ 3 tk repleta, Cicadula punctifrons var reflexus, Deltocephalus. .. 2. 22. ec ee Nees cee sue reticulata, Dreculacephala; . 0:25.50 7.32225 es ee TOVUStA,ACONUTE,. Janes. ¢ cosa 62 eee ee eee a SRN ae oe er robusta; Driotura... 2.85 he vs wl oe eu ae ee er ce rosa: Ty pllocy. ban, .c-ctas Lacee ee see ieee res ee INDEX. rubroscuta, Erythroneura.......... SPS eee hs Se See ee ee SEEREHUS Syed GIG CUS me cians Fork e Sade Oe eo os boo ESS ne he RmnnleDGal. APerniagalia. 5.5 22 2c. ashe Shc wm eee Ee ERC RS OME TRE MORE aS 2) trai p a. nara SS Oy See a ON RES ee ee PemereiS SSR MIONIE Ns COL) aos, Sie ese ee Re gts homses vale ee ok ee SIRIUS os ts SG Vase eae Re oe es = . oe. Feet cc ena en oe cial ee eee 201 tumidiuirons, INeocoelidta sient... =, decker dite Chie ue ned ee ees ee 225 tunicatus, ;Chlorotettixy (2.0. saree en eae id ee ee ee eee 222 curpiculuss Phlepsitis 3 ..2..cilsee acre eae nat Th whee ah 199 Mvp hlocy bas hs va kococciss heats BR ew Re SO Ae RE oe Oe 245 OSA Eva cos irene as Seen Bose Seen: San eee NTI cea ne ee 245 MLO CVU weixe sees, Se oe eee ak Riau, nae apna hn Cues Oe 235 Key tongener atc ie ORS aca assets, sixth rie Gaia ee RL a a 235 pinleris ‘Aceratagallaiapcws cs ak el fa al eee ck ha a 60 unleri;Cieadellay hieroglyphiceasvane... 7.) ade oe ae eee 86 MUMerT HOUSCELISH yt i oo 2 a pense Tae Ts SU int tae ie Se eae ae te 173 undata, Oneometoplar..8.: Fs cine acces phe Pe oe cae ne 81 mnicolor,Chlorotettix rae. se ti aah se ee ee 220 vanauzel: Dory cephalus)... ¢ octave cat in cea he hee dee es 116 Mariata,. ClCACULa. seek ok. eee on Seale elena as ee ee 228 versuta;,. Graphocephala? i) Aen sss. cl ee ae eis noes eee ee 95 VETUIGIS: “POLO CELUS oof) atch eA pha eh ac Oe COLE ee ae 67 MIFGis.-Acinopterus ACHMINALUS, Van. arcs ess. eee 208 Vit CdS: AMA CKOPSISS Yas; secre. get Ghensis coum reese ls Salas 9 OMENS Rois To ee 75 Min GiSs Rarabolocratusia. ocho vases a odetone ORL ne 2) ee 120 Wills] 1S; SX CROP ll Gaara. te ee checks aace blued eras te aa eR oa SO 106 wrianus, “Chioratetgexs sc ssp 8c 2 Geben tna ve tei smeh pa tees olan ae . 221 wvisendus:Meltocephaltus 7 =..,5 s:csitusences ok kan beet Sh eee 142 witellinasIWMiesamia cs fo cates aie SO a a eh) ec ee 189 Vitis ry conOneura COMESEVIAR sc.. hi: 2. aocas spn Healt cienesee Seo eee 257 Miviaus, -C hlOrotethixs 5p) iss Sets haere ea ee aa vulneratas Fry bhroneuraecs:. 22 \ -. ral aay | ‘% Baik a (Hs oust di 5 ety . bs j ‘ . ' a i . HE \ > | Leet Doha ee aN “ 5,4 iO Ar H ah ee ae a ? NY pe D ) * > A , nae Ae : | i i é ‘ wee i: uy te ri i oy ’ h ‘ ' } 4 UF v ! \ . Behe Cer eee we Les 4 Oh Ae, = i lm _ = s : , ' ‘ ' , - ] : H \ eet ‘ 4 ri 4 x K E " ‘ > . \ . j ) ‘ | . ' . ! \ 5 . re ‘ ‘ , ’ | . THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLER TIN: VoL. XIII, No. 9—May, 1920. CONTENTS: APPLICATION OF MARVIN’S PERIODOCRITE TO RAINFALL PERIODICITY, Dinsmore Alter. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY, LAWRENCE, KAN. Entered at the post-office in Lawrence as second-class matter. 9-860 THE KANSAS. UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. VoL. XIII.] MAY, 1920. Eo: 9: Application of Marvin’s Periodocrite to Rainfall Periodicity.* BY DINSMORE ALTER. (Plates VII and VIII.) ROFESSOR MARVIN has recently ! published a criterion for discrimination between real periodicities and fortui- tous ones. This criterion, called by him the periodocrite, seems to me to fill a real need, and I hope that it, or a slight modification of it, may be adopted generally for such purposes. If the data covers q of the suspected cycles they are arranged in gq rows and p columns. The total number of observations is N. «= + Ne V,2 = *Vn jg then formed. Let n be any N 71979 N number of the rows or cycles. The mean is taken of the n ob- servations, in each column, and «, = + | Vien is n 7979 Nn n eee: ' 1 formed. The ratios = are plotted as ordinates and Vn 2 abscisse. ‘‘When y is substantially and consistently greater than « a real periodicity is indicated of greater or less amplitude.”’ In the first of these two papers published here I have given two tables continuing the work of the previous paper on a rainfall period equalling one-ninth the principal sun-spot period. The first of these tables shows the percentages of normal for each phase of each of twenty-four consecutive * Received for publication August 5, 1921. 1. Monthly Weather Review, March, 1921, pp. 115-124. (109) 110 _ THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. cycles in the eastern third of the United States.. The second table shows the same for each of seventeen consecutive cycles of a large western group. These tables are peculiarly well adapted for application of Professor Marvin’s Periodocrite. In table 1 of this paper I-have formed the means of the first n cycles for each column of the Eastern group table described above, allowing n to assume each integral value from one to twenty-four. These means are the tabular values printed under each phase number. From these I have computed x and y, beginning with n—3:. In table 2 I have done the same thing for the Western group. The last columns show the ratios y/a. Each of these thirty- five ratios is greater than one, the mean for the first table be- ing about 1.4 and for the second about 1.2. In plate VII I have shown these results graphically, and for purposes of comparison have copied the curves representing the annual cycles of Washington, D. C., and of Boston from the figure given by Professor Marvin in his paper. The following has no connection with the application I have just made of the periodocrite to rainfall, but I believe that a slight modification of its graphical representation, not in any way changing its principle nor the method of analysis, will make it even more useful to discriminate between accidental and real periodicities of small amplitude. When x is plotted as ccm the abscisse corresponding to suc- Vn n cessive values of n become very closely crowded together, so much so that in the case of of 24 cycles the last half of them are rep- resented. by a very short portion of the curve, one easily over- looked in comparison with the much longer part representing the first half of the data. For a larger number of cycles the case be- comes even worse. Yet these are the cycles in which accidental errors have been damped, to a large extent, and in which any true ee of small amplitude will show itself most clearly. Furthermore _" has become small, if the amplitude of a real periodicity is snialt, and the distance that is plotted above the line of perfect fortuity seems to the eye to be negligible, despite the fact that y/z, the real criterion, may rapidly be increasing to a large value. ALTER: MARVIN’S PERIODOCRITE. 111 I would therefore suggest that the graphical representation be changed to X —=nand Y—y/x. If this be done Y will, in general, decrease when X is small, even though there be a real periodicity of small amplitude superimposed on observations with large accidental errors; then, when 7 has become large enough to damp out the major portion of these errors, increase rapidly, no matter how small the real periodicity, to an infinite limit. If, however, there are no real periodicity Y will ap- proach one as a limit. Such cases as the annual cycle at Bos- ton, where the amplitude is small but where n has become very large, and which look doubtful as plotted by Professor Marvin, despite our knowledge of their truth, will show clearly the differences between themselves and accidental combinations. In plate VIII I have replotted in this way the four curves of plate VII. In conclusion, I wish to warn against a possible misunder- standing on the part of the reader concerning Professor Mar- vin’s statement on page 118 of his article mentioned above, that “other sequences 15 months, 16 months, one-ninth the variable sun-spot period, like the circles, all fall in the class of perfect fortuity.” In a letter to me of later date he says: “T would like to know what the testimony of the periodocrite principle would be in reference to the alleged cycles you have examined. I am sure it is easily possible for you to make the application, as you have all the tabulations and data most fully worked up, whereas for me to do the thing myself would mean practically the entire duplication of the work you have already done.” It is evident from this statement that he means to refer only to the five towns in Iowa and not, as some might erroneously infer, to the great mass of data I have used. 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J. Chem. Soc., 59, 400 (1891). J. Am. Chem. Soc., 22, 188 (1900). » 3. J. A. Chem. Soc., 35, 1539 (1903). : (3) - 4 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. A second general method for the synthesis of the mustard oils is based upon the intermediate formation of the salt of a substituted dithiocarbamic acid, RNHCSSMe. This is illustrated by the Hof- mann! syntheses of alkyl isothiocyanates, which involve the desul- phurization of the salt RNHCSSNH,R with mercuric chloride, silver nitrate, etc. In the aromatic series compounds of the type RNHCSSNH,R cannot, as a rule, be isolated, but instead lose hydrogen sulphide and go over to the ordinary thiourea, RNHCSNHR. On the other hand, the aryl amines react with carbon bisulphide and ammonia and give almost quantitatively the corresponding ammonium salts, RNHCSSNH,. This should afford a convenient source of mustard oils, provided some simple means could be devised for removing a mole of NH,SH. METHODS FOR SUCH ELIMINATION, Andreasch® and others have shown that the ammonium dithio- carbamates react with ethyl chloroformate with the formation of aryl isothiocyanates, RNCS.. The yields, however, are varying and the products are apt to be contaminated with the corresponding oxygen ureas. The method involves, too, the use of the expensive ethyl chloroformate. In a paper published in 1891, Losanitsch® described a number of salts of phenyl dithiocarbamic acid and obtained from the am- monium dithiocarbamate, in water solution, the corresponding col- ored salts of copper, nickel, cobalt, iron, mercury and manganese. The statement was made “that the best method for the prepara- tion of phenyl mustard oil is to treat a solution of ammonium pheny] dithiocarbamate with copper sulphate and distill with steam. The yield of mustard oil is theoretical.” No confirmatory data, however, were given for this statement. Later Heller and Bauer‘ found that lead carbonate reacted with the ammonium ary! dithio- carbamates, yielding mixtures of the aryl isothiocyanates and mono- aryl thioureas. Since considerable amounts of the aryl isothiocyanates were needed in another investigation in this laboratory, it seemed ad- visable to follow up this observation of Losanitsch and ascertain 4. Ber. 1, 170 (1868). Ber. 8, 108 (1875). Ann. 371, 201 (1909). 5. Monat. 27, 1211 (1906). Monat. 30, 701 (1909). Monat. 33, 363 (1912). Am. Ch J. 24, 432 (1902). Ber. 35, 3368 (1902). Ber. 36, 3520 (1903). Ber. 40, 2198 (1912). 6. Ber. 24, 3021 (1891). 7. J. Prak. Ch. (2) 65, 365 (1902). DAINS ET AL.: ARYL ISOTHIOCYANATES. 5 whether the method was really a practical one and to determine if possible the optimum conditions. The investigation has shown that the general method suggested by Losanitsch is capable of giving very satisfactory results in the synthesis of aryl isothiocyanates. Yields of mustard oil up to 77 per cent based upon the weight of the amine have been obtained—a result which is impossible by the usual method. REACTIONS INVOLVED IN THE DESULPHURIZATION OF THE ARYL DITHIOCARBAMATES. Using aniline as a typical aryl amine the synthesis is best illus- trated by the following reactions: I. CeHsNHe2 + CS2 + NH,sOH = CeHsNHCSSNH, + H20. II. CesHsNHCSSNH; + Pb(NO3)2 = CgsHsNCS + NH4NO3 + HNOs-+ PbS. Equation II does not occur directly, since the addition of the lead nitrate causes the precipitation of the lead salt— II. 2CsH;NHCSSNH4 + Pb(NO3)2 = (CgsH;sNHCSS)2Pb + 2NH4NO3. The lead phenyl dithiocarbamate on heating breaks down as follows: IV. (CgsHsNHCSS)2Pb = CsHsNCS + CeHsNHCSSH + PbS. The free phenyl! dithiocarbamic acid tends to decompose with the formation of thiocarbanilide, aniline, etc. To prevent this a second mole of lead nitrate is used: V. (CgHsNHCSS)2Pb + Pb(NO3)2 = 2CgHsNCS + 2PbS + 2HNOs. Since the nitric acid diminishes the yield by freeing phenyl] dithio- carbamic acid from its NH, salt, an excess of ammonium hydroxide is added. The ideal proportions would be: VI. 2C6HsNHCSSNH; + 2Pb(NO3)2 + 2NHsOH = 2CgH5NCS + 2PbS + 4NH4sNOs. For the best results, the solution after the addition of the lead nitrate should be neutral or only slightly acid. An excess of ammonia converts the mustard oil into monopheny! thiourea. EXPERIMENTAL. - PREPARATION AND ISOLATION OF THE AMMONIUM PHENYL DITHIOCARBAMATE. The following procedure, which is a modification of the method described by Heller and Bauer,’ was found to give the best results. Carbon bisulphide (54 gms.) and 28 per cent ammonium hydroxide 8. J. Prak. Chem. (2) 65, 369 (1902). 6 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. (80 gms.) were mixed in a wide-mouthed flask or tall beaker set in ice. To this was added through a dropping funnel, in the course of 15 minutes, aniline (54 gms.), the whole being kept in agitation with an automatic stirrer. The milky heterogeneous mixture, which first resulted, became clear and homogeneous after the addition of the aniline. The am- monium salt soon began to separate, and the mixture may become so thick as to stop the stirrer. After standing an hour in the ice bath the white ammonium salt was filtered, the mass washed with a little aleohol and dried quickly on a porous plate or between filter paper. The best yield of this salt was 86 per cent of the theory, although this may vary decidedly, not only in the case of aniline but also with the other aryl amines. This is due to the in- complete separation of the ammonium salt rather than to its non- formation. PROPERTIES OF THE AMMONIUM PHENYL DITHIOCARBAMATE. On standing, the salt slowly decomposed with the formation of hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, carbon bisulphide, aniline and thio- carbanilide. The decomposition was hastened when the salt was boiled with water. The results here indicated that the two main reactions were as follows, the first predominating: I. CeHsNHCSSNH4 = CgHsN Hoe + CSe+NHs. II. CgHsNHCSSNH4 = CgHsNCS + HoS + NHs. The mustard oil and aniline reacted to give thiocarbanilide, but the yield is low, only about 20 per cent of the theoretical. With the ammonium salts of the p-chloro and p-bromophenyl dithiocarbamates, where the amines and isothiocyanates are less volatile, 55 to 60 per cent yields of the substituted thiocarbanilides have been obtained by this method. DECOMPOSITION WITH ACIDS. When an aqueous solution of the salt is treated with hydrochloric acid the quantitative decomposition can be expressed as follows: CeHsNHCSSN Hy + 2HCl = CgHsNH2HCl + C82 + NH4Cl. Only traces of hydrogen sulphide and phenyl] isothiocyanate are formed. PREPARATION OF THE ARYL ISOTHIOCYANATES FROM THE AMMONIUM SALTS. It is evident, then, that in order to produce the mustard oil, RNCS, from the dithiocarbamate, RNHCSSNH,, some metallic salt must be used which will form a stable sulphide and an ammonium DAINS ET AL.: ARYL ISOTHIOCYANATES. 7 salt. To determine the best conditions for such a decomposition the following experiments were undertaken, using the dry am- monium salt of the aryl dithiocarbamates. FERROUS SULPHATE. A solution of 60 gms. of the iron salt in the minimum volume of water was added to 40 gms. of the ammonium pheny! dithio- carbamate in 200 cc. of water. A yellowish-brown precipitate formed immediately. The mixture, which had a noticeable odor of the phenyl! isothiocyanate, was allowed to stand for an hour and then distilled with steam, but with the result that only 3 cc. of an impure mustard oil was obtained. ZINC SULPHATE. On mixing 30 gms. of the ammonium salt in 300 cc. of water with 47 gms. of zine sulphate in 150 cc. of water a thick, white pre- cipitate of the zinc phenyl dithiocarbamate was formed. This changed on steam distillation to zine sulphide and gave a 23 per cent yield of the phenyl! isothiocyanate. COPPER SULPHATE. To a solution of 25 gms. of the ammonium salt in 150 cc. of water was added 34 gms. of copper sulphate in the same volume of water. The odor of mustard oil was very pronounced, and the yellowish- brown copper salt changed readily, on distilling the mixture with steam, to the black copper sulphide. The yield of oil in this case was 71.7 per cent—a very decided increase. LEAD NITRATE. Using the same concentrations as above, 25 gms. of the ammonium salt and 40 gms. of lead nitrate gave the brown lead salt with a subsequent yield of 77.2 per cent phenyl isothiocyanate—a maxi- mum which has not been exceeded. In general it has been found that while both the copper and lead salts are suitable desulphurizing agents, the use of lead nitrate gave the better result in about the above ratio. PREPARATION OF PHENYL ISOTHIOCYANATE WITHOUT SEPA- RATION OF THE AMMONIUM SALT. The data obtained from the preparation of the ammonium salts of the aryl dithiocarbamates showed that the isolation of this com- pound might be far from quantitative, with the result that the yield of mustard oil based on the amine used would be proportionately lowered. This was proved directly by many experiments, two of which will be described in detail. 8 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. In each case the following amounts of reagents were used and the same procedure followed as exactly as possible: Aniline: .. 63 E24 Coc coe ee Cee oe eae aired cise eS 26 gms. @arbon -bisulphide= 2a..1-4 cerca eee eee 27 gms. Ammonium hydroxide (2970). »2ccacsus soe hee ore 44 ems. AlGOhOl Me te Fates ONT DR Cana oN et eT NEE: 20 ce. Téa wnnatraite:? See ve sie hae hates Sites thes evens 100 gms. The addition of the aniline required one-half hour. The stirring was then continued for another one-half hour, and the mixture filtered after standing for an additional hour. The separated salt was dissolved in 200 cc. of water, treated with the lead nitrate (in 200 ec. water), and distilled with steam. The yield of pure mus- tard oil was 20 gms. (53 per cent). In the second case the unfiltered solution and salt was made up to 200 cc. with water and desulphurized as before. The product weighed 28 gms.—a yield of 74.2 per cent, based’on the aniline used. The best yield obtained under these conditions was 76.8 per cent pure phenyl! isothiocyanate. The difference in yield in the above experiments between 53 per cent and 74 per cent is due without question to the solubility of the ammonium salt in the aqueous ammonia. LABORATORY PREPARATION. The following directions are given as suitable for a laboratory experiment in the preparation of the phenyl! isothiocyanate: Place 54 grams of carbon bisulphide and 80 grams of conc. NH,OH (28 per cent) in a tall beaker, surrounded by ice, and stir the mixture with a turbine. Drop 56 gms. of aniline into this mixture from a separatory funnel during the course of 20 minutes. The separation of ammonium phenyl dithiocarbamate soon begins. Continue the stirring for 30 minutes after all of the aniline has been added. Then allow the mixture to stand for another period of 30 minutes without stirring. Dissolve the salt by the addition of 800 cc. of water, and add to the solution (with constant stirrimg) 200 gms. of lead nitrate dissolved in 400 ce. of water. Steam-distill the product from a 5- liter flask. Put in the receiver a little dilute sulphuric acid; this will combine with traces of ammonia or aniline that might be driven over, and thus prevent the formation of any mono- or diphenyl thiourea. DAINS ET AL.: ARYL ISOTHIOCYANATES. 9 LARGER-SCALE PRODUCTION. The preparation of the mustard oil was carried out in a number of experiments, using from five to ten times the amount of the reagents listed above, with corresponding dilution. The percentage yields, however, were not so great as with smaller amounts. For instance, 280 gms. of aniline gave 232 gms. of product, and 560 gms. of aniline yielded 435 gms. of pure redistilled phenyl! isothiocyanate. The low results were due in part to difficulties in properly mixing the reagents. If much free nitric acid was formed it decomposed the ammonium phenyl] dithiocarbamate, thus preventing the for- mation of the lead phenyl dithiocarbamate. Other by-products that occurred were ammonium thiocyanate, diphenyl thiourea, triphenyl guanidine, which appeared as the nitrate, and monophenyl thiourea, where any excess of ammonia was present. In addition a strong current of steam is needed to separate the oil from the mass of lead sulphide formed. ACTION OF LEAD NITRATE ON OTHER SALTS OF THE PHENYL DITHIOCARBAMIC ACID. It seemed worth while to try the desulphurization of other than the ammonium salts, since in the absence of that reagent certain side reactions might be prevented. Soptum Satt. C,H,NHCSSNa. PAA a rier sce, 8 Soh e sess, irre a 28.0 gms. Carbon bisulphidé ............. 27.0 gms. Sodium hydroxide ............. 13.1 in 50 ec. water. CAGMALELAUET: eae tot eee cats eet 100.0 in 300 cc. water. The sodium salt which formed on mixing the reagents was so thick that the stirrer was stopped. Alcohol, 22 cc., was therefore added, and the stirring continued for one-half hour. After standing for an hour the orange-colored mixture was dissolved in 300 ce. of water and treated with the lead nitrate solution. Only a 30.2 per cent yield of the mustard oil was obtained, the greater portion of the aniline having been converted into thiocarbanilide. Barium Sait. (C,H,NHCSS).Ba. PAMITMN Geen ce na Aon rae ated He's 28 gms. Carbon bisulphide ............. 30 gms. Crys. barium hydroxide ........ 47.5 gms. in 110 cc. of water. COUNT ORCC St hea ee ee pea a 42.1 gms. in 42 cc. of water. Sodium hydroxide ............. 9.6 gms. in 18 ce. of water. The aniline was slowly added to the mixture of barium hydroxide 10 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. and carbon bisulphide and then stirred for an additional hour. The odor of hydrogen sulphide became noticeable, showing decomposi- tion. The zinc hydroxide formed by the addition of the sodium hydroxide to the zine chloride was now added and the mixture allowed to stand overnight. On distillation with steam, 15.2 gms. of mustard oil, or 37.4 per cent, was isolated. Caucrum Satt. (C,H,NHCSS) Ca. Parallel experiments were now made, substituting calcium for barium hydroxide, the other conditions remaining the same. Very little phenyl isothiocyanate was obtained, the main product being thiocarbanilide. In the report on “The Manufacture of War Gases in Germany,” it is stated that Kalle & Co. made the phenyl mustard oil used in the preparation of phenyl iminophosgene from the calcium phenyl dithiocarbamate, which was then desulphurized with a mixture of zine chloride and sodium hydroxide. That calcium phenyl! dithiocarbamate was formed from the carbon bisulphide and calcium hydroxide was shown in the following ex- periment: ALIN Gs 2s cic). wieeise ae eee aaerens 28.0 gms. Carbon) bisulphide 7-22.22 se ee 27.2 gms. Calcium) hy @roxide... sees. ae 12.0 gms. in 26 cc. of water. eadnitrate eet coccinea cra 100.0 gms. in 300 ce. of water. On the addition of the aniline there was a tendency for the mass to collect in a gummy paste. This was prevented by the addition of a little alcohol and stirring the mixture for 24 hours. After desulphurization with lead nitrate 15.6 gms. of oil were isolated, which corresponded to a yield of 38.4 per cent. The increase in mustard oil is doubtless due to longer stirring and the more efficient desulphurizing agent, lead nitrate. PREPARATION OF OTHER ARYL ISOTHIOCYANATES. The following experiments were carried out in order to ascertain whether the method was suitable for the preparation of other aryl isothiocyanates: o-ToLyL IsoTHIOCYANATE. 0-C,H,NCS. oO-Nolmidines \: eeeroeeas eee 32.2 gms. @arbon. bisulphide = 2.5.6. -e=- 27.0 gms. ATMIMONIA WAtED caecc eesti ere 47.0 gms. ALCOHOL: Sata taut he ele meree eee 20.0 cc. ead invtraten! ac eae eer 100.0 gms. in 200 cc. water. 9. J. F. Norris, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 11, 827 (1919). DAINS ET AL.: ARYL ISOTHIOCYANATES. 11 The ammonium salt crystallized out readily after addition of the amine. The mixture was then brought into solution by the addition of 400 cc. of water and treated as before. The weight of pure o-tolyl mustard oil was 32.8 gms., or 73.27 per cent. m-ToLy IsoTHIOCYANATE. m-C,H,NCS. Using the same proportions as before, the solid ammonium salt, which is easily soluble in water, soon formed. From the reaction mixture was isolated 33.5 gms. of oil, or 74.7 per cent yield. p-Totyi IsorHiocyANATE. p-C,H,NCS. Under the above conditions 32.3 gms. (72.1 per cent) of the p-tolyl mustard oil (b. p. 270) were obtained. 1, 3, 4,-Xytyu IsorHiocyaNnaTE. (CH,),C,H,NCS. es SA wlidine 5 oo srt se a. ok 36.4 gms. Carbon bisulphide ............. 27.0 gms. Ammonium hydroxide ......... 47.0 gms. LP ErG Sr Tic) aes, ee ROE age i a 100.0 gms. in 200 cc. of water. After three hours’ stirring the ammonium salt separated in coarse crystals, which were dissolved in 400 cc. of water before the addi- tion of the lead nitrate. The mustard oil was very slowly volatile with steam, and was obtained partly by this method and partly by extraction of the oily lead sulphide with carbon bisulphide. The separation was not complete, and only 25.5 gms. (52 per cent) of the xylyl isothiocyanate (m. p. 31°) were obtained. PseupocuMYL IsoTHiocyaNnaTE. 1, 2, 4,5, (CH,),C,H,NCS. PG CUPIERE 2 gd a a Lo a's ars Sa RSE ee Oe Ok 20.0 gms. CAE EIDE ero. Ge ec tgs os 2 Seiad ek éweds'e's4 as 15.0 gms. AratnGniE Agee 10S 9 8) 366863 £5 Wiis Sele ts oaks 3 23.0 gms. Ye CORE NO Ree ot ge re fe ee Rd Se ee ies ge 22.0: cc. PETS Bove Ti Shee hp aaa atte A ae 2 Gn Rae 49.0 gms The ammonium salt separated after two hours’ stirring. It was dissolved in 1,000 ce. of water and treated with the lead nitrate in the same dilution. The isothiocyanate is difficultly volatile with steam, and the yield, 50.2 per cent, could probably have been in- creased by extracting the sulphide residue with some solvent. ALPHA-NaApPHTHYL IsorHiocyANaTE. A-C,,H-NCS. Alpha-naphthylamine .......... 20.0 gms. Carbon bisulphide ............. 15.0 gms. Ammonium hydroxide ......... 22.0 gms. CONOR. ene G een es oie oo 20 cc. 12 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. The reaction mixture was dark colored and required long stirring before the ammonium salt separated. It was then dissolved in 400 ce. of water and desulphurized. The isothiocyanate, which melted at 35°, was isolated by extract- ing the sulphide precipitate with repeated portions of alcohol. ‘The product weighed 17.6 gms. (68.2 per cent). Brta-NAPHTHYL ISOTHIOCYANATE. The procedure was the same as with the alpha-naphthylamine, and while the ammonium salt, which was readily formed, reacted with the lead nitrate, no isothiocyanate could be isolated from the residue using alcohol as a solvent. It is probable that some other solvent would have proved more suitable. o-ANISYL ISOTHIOCYANATE. 0-CH,OC,H,NCS. OFAMISIGING 5 ene Sect voe.c ate 37.1 gms. Carbon sbisulphide ace ..oscy- 27.0 gms. Ammonium hydroxide ......... 47.0 gms. INICONGI foe wwcrse eee ee 20 cc. eas strates hws at ora ecient 100.0 gms. in 200 ce. of water. The ammonium salt separated quickly as a mass of coarse crys- tals. The mixture was allowed to stand for one hour and then dis- solved in 800 cc. of water and desulphurized. The mustard oil, which distilled slowly with steam, weighed 35.2 gms. (70.7 per cent). p-ANIsyL IsoTHIOCYANATE. p-CH,O0C,H,NCS. DPeAMISIGING: P.cncce cee eee eee 10.0 gms. Carbon bisulphide .......:..... 10.0 gms. Ammonium hydroxide .......... 13.0 gms. TAM (G0) 86) at Gear Seas Se cee cio che PAO 0Ce: Weadsnitratio- is necvace see oe 27.0 gms. in 500 cc. of water. The salt formed readily in large white crystals. After standing two hours the mixture was dissolved in 500 cc. of water and treated as usual. The mustard oil was easily volatile with steam and gave a yield of 9.2 gms. (68.6 per cent). p-PHENETIDYL ISOTHIOCYANATE. p-C,H,OC,H,NCS. In this case the weight of p-phenetidine was 41.3 gms.; otherwise the amounts of reagents corresponded to those used in the prepara- tion of the o-anisyl isothiocyanate. The mustard oil distilled slowly with steam and gave a yield of 72.7 per cent. DAINS ET AL.: ARYL ISOTHIOCYANATES. 13 HALOGEN SUBSTITUTED PHENYL MUSTARD OILS. m-BROMOPHENYL ISOTHIOCYANATE. m-BrC,H,NCS. M=—Bronloaniine see's «a cis see ee 15 gms. Carbon bisulphide ..:.:........ 10 gms. Ammonium hydroxide ......... 13.6 gms. DAG WIGALC oo booed ne cs vanes 29.0 gms. in 500 cc. of water. The dithiocarbamate formed very slowly and coarse crystals of the ammonium salt began to appear only after an hour’s stirring. These were dissolved in 500 cc. of water. The oil which came over with the steam solidified on cooling. The yield, however, was only 7 gms. (37.4 per cent). p-BROMOPHENYL IsoTHIOCYANATE. p-BrC,H,NCS. The same quantity of reagents were used as in the preceding prep- aration except that 15 cc. of alcohol was added in order to decrease the solubility of the ammonium salt, which separated in the form of fine, needle-shaped crystals. After standing overnight the mix- ture was dissolved in 500 cc. of water and filtered from a little un- changed p-bromoaniline. The yield of mustard oil was 39.6 per cent. p-CHLOROPHENYL IsorHiocyANaATE. p-CIC,H,NCS. FRC mleroanilMmes osc oe ee a ee 20.0 gms. enon SUIIMOe: te 583 SELES. orca ear ah: 15.0 gms. Aramonium hy droKagdes o2c sash 235 Gaba or esas ond ob on 24.5 gms. Beil pact nog Soe Avice ale See ea he, ce renga et soba S 20 ce. eR MELT Ser eae fete Rh ee tL ed a oe ee oy 52.0 gms The mixture containing the ammonium dithiocarbamate was dis- solved in 500 cc. of water and treated as usual. The yield was 15.8 gms. of the solid isothiocyanate (59.6%). p-lopoPpHENYL IsoTHIOCYANATE. p-IC,H,NCS. PE CRMNARMENOUE ON oo cits cic ei hs ce OER ee Eee eee 20 gms. Curncn tainEpde? fo ess Stee setae es Jeb 12 gms. AIIM WVATORIAG Fe yi 3 Siac bos rene sla ves d 14.2 gms. CUTE Tr Nea Ue dat Ay a SE oe aad Aimy Gas Seta ae bee ae 20 ce. Rene mite hte 5 co dhs) cu oh Usk cede oh tee Pees. 30.2 gms The crystals separated after 30 minutes’ stirring. The mixture after standing for four hours was added to 500 ce. of water, and later filtered from a dark-colored insoluble residue. The mustard oil, which was obtained in a 53.4 per cent yield, was volatile with steam and melted at 79°. p-NITROANILINE. All efforts to prepare the ammonium p-nitrophenyl dithiocar- bamate failed, the nitroaniline being recovered unchanged. 14 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. RESUME OF RESULTS. , Aryl Per cent yields based isothiocyanates. on amines used. HCH You Ae Seth alte oid ehetnets Leet ME Goals Se one oe eee 76.8 raed 101d Lace rte aes nem neers AL A ie OR er ene NRRL 73.2 100¢ 21) 20) hid [aera Se Rate Se eA on were id a NT REMR EERO PEGE < 74.7 joa FXO) hid Dehae B Neain il rete oe che Rohn erie A Abi aa Rit bt os 72.1 ESO yad ed. G ia bid ie aR Re ceri PRED IN COeta cede Ra t=. ee ee ED ARE 52.0 Pseudocumiyl tie ete och oe pelea cab ee eee 50.7 Alphasnaphthy] neath eae heroes Aes See ase eee 68.0 Beta-naphthyil cast.ceee se epee Se ne eerie 00.0 O=AMISV lls os tot see nee eae es Bees Sets ath, Oe Ae a ee 70.7 ATMS VANE crsulers cast Ohie cl oR ROI RETRO Gas Re FeO Te 68.6 jopsled ave e¥=i (oh id Ua nen Aerie a ewer ch ake en rN cemtearneretai B tances with inc 72.7 m—Bromophenyl js soe nom ilesd ae sch aie oe alte eee era ee erreee 37.4 p=Bromophenyalr: sos oro teachers eis oe one Oe ei eee eee 39.6 D=Chlorophenyil) wo ass cceee oak CeN ken loon ID oes ee eee 59.3 PALOUOPNENGL. Pease see foe cee ne ee he alot as ome Ree ee 53.3 JOG hi thsaye) 6(s) (0,4 Sen Oe ements bs het bao r pa ee Sem “Beye tre fe 00.0 From the consideration of the foregoing results, it is evident that the success of the method is dependent upon at least three factors: First, the completeness of the formation of the ammonium aryl dithiocarbamate, RNHCSSNH,. Second, the ease and completeness of separation from the sulphide precipitate. Third, the avoidance of side reactions leading to the formation of free aryl dithiocarbamic acid, aniline, etc. The low yield in the case of the xylyl, cumy! and alpha-naphthyl derivatives would seem to be due to their slight volatility with steam and the difficulty of extracting the oils from the mass of lead sulphide. The cause of the failure with beta-naphthylamine must be de- termined by further investigation. With the halogen substituted anilines which are less basic than the aniline, toluidine, etc., there is probably incomplete salt forma- tion, which would thus account for the lower yields. SUMMARY. The paper describes a method for the preparation of aryl isothio- cyanates which is relatively simple and inexpensive and which gives yields greater than any which require the intermediate formation of the diaryl thioureas. THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY — SCIENCE BULLETIN. Vou. XIII, No. 11—Juny, 1922. CONTENTS: A RarnFai Pertop Equa To ONE-NINTH THE SuN-spot Prrtop, Dinsmore Alter. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY, LAWRENCE, KAN. Entered at the post office in Lawrence as second-class matter. 9-3728 THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Vou. XIII.] JuLy, 1922. [ No. 11. A Rainfall Period Equal to One-ninth the Sun-spot Period. DINSMORE ALTER. SYNOPSIS. RELIMINARY discussions based on the rainfall of the United States have been published in the Monthly Weather Review and the University of Kansas Science Bulletin. The present paper com- pletes the investigation of this period, using much longer records and the data from the United States, Northern Europe, Central Si- beria, the Punjab in India, Chile, South Australia, Jamaica and Madagascar. Numerous tables and curves are given. The con- clusion reached is that the period does exist, and that the relation- ship to sun spots is not a direct one, but due to an unknown common cause. In purely continental areas, minimum rainfall is connected with a maximum of sun spots; in purely marine, with a minimum of sun spots. For areas with rainfall between these types the period is not plainly found. INTRODUCTORY. In August, 1915, Dr. A. E. Douglass read a very interesting paper before the Berkeley meeting of the American Astronomical Society regarding an investigation of the growth of trees in many parts of the world, indicating an eleven-year period in rainfall (1). It seemed to me that the data collected by the Weather Bureau should definitely settle such a question of periods. Some prelimi- nary reading showed, however, that a tremendous amount of time had been spent on the problem (2), and that if solvable it must be very complicated. Other work prevented starting any actual in- vestigation; then the war intervened and the problem was untouched till the spring of 1919. The first data examined were those from (17) 2—-Science Bul.—3728 18 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Lawrence, Kan., where records since 1868 are available. Several hun- dred hours of work showed nothing. Once a stretch of five years was found which resembled another five quite closely after eliminating the seasonal curve. Another time resemblances were found after about twenty-two years. All such were easily explainable as acci- dental. It seemed useless to carry the work further with the data at hand. A paper by Professor Turner (3), however, gave me a new sug- gestion, although there was little if any logical reason for any con- nection. In this paper Professor Turner shows plainly the existence of a period in earthquakes with a length between 14.8421 and 14.- 8448 months. It occurred to me that this period might be com- mensurable with the sun-spot period. Upon multiplying it by 9, I obtained 11.13 years, which is the mean sun-spot period to the exact hundredth of a year. Such an exact coincidence is very probably not accidental (4a). The next move was to examine all sun-spot data in order to find whether such a period also exists in sun spots. The results have been inconclusive, some evidence favoring the existence of the period, but not being definite enough to settle the question either way. The general conclusion seems to be that any relationship of sun spots to weather is not a direct one, and that periodicities which are commensurable may exist in each separately, as might happen if the variations were due to a common cause. This will be more fully developed in the general discussion of results. In three preliminary papers (4b) I have investigated the rainfall of the United States, and in them arrived at the conclusion that they afford evidence toward the existence of the rainfall periodicity. When these papers were published it was recognized that they did not constitute proof, that data were needed from all parts of the world and, as Marvin (5) stated in a critical discussion, long rec- ords were needed. Since the publication of the first papers I have been gathering all available data, much of it in unpublished manu- scripts sent me by meteorologists from many countries of the world. The reduction of these data has been a long job, even requiring hun- dreds of hours to prepare a single table. For example, the rainfall of many separate stations were given for Sweden; these had to be combined as one table. The same was true of the Punjab in India, where data from twenty-five stations were copied out of Eliot’s book and averaged to give a district record to 1900. After that it was necessary to borrow seventeen large volumes and copy a little ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 19 from each to complete the tables. To complicate the task, these data were given for fifty-five districts during the early years and for thirty-three during the later. From some countries averages made correctly were sent in form to use, but in the main the data, as se- cured, required much work to put it in a form to begin the investiga- tion. Such tables are added to this paper in order that other in- vestigators may be saved the preliminary computations. All long records have been studied, with the exception of Canada, which is so close to the United States that it was felt the results secured would not be worth the work of averaging many stations together to get district values in usable form. In the proper places comments will be made on the methods of securing district averages in the United States and other countries. It is believed that many of these should be remade. MATERIAL SUITABLE FOR HARMONIC ANALYSIS. A mass of observational material, when plotted with time as ab- scisse and observed values as ordinates, may show no repetition of the same curve, even though such a curve might exist. There may be nothing definite about it to indicate a period. In such cases or- dinary methods of harmonic analysis become useless. This failure to repeat values, when a period exists, may be due to any one or more of the four following causes: (a) Incommensurable periods may coexist. In this case the curve will never repeat itself, although for short periods of time there may be a fairly close approximation to such repetition. If there are three or more incommensurable periods the curve obtained for the data is very complex. For example, the seasonal variation of the rainfall would be incommensurable with a possible one equaling the sun-spot period. Of course, if one of such periods is known, as in the case of the seasonal variation in the example above, it may be eliminated. (6) There may be large accidental errors. Such errors mask a periodicity almost completely in any one cycle and disappear only when the data values in each of a number of well-distributed phases are added through many cycles. From the theory of errors, their influence will be inversely proportional to the square root of the number of cycles added. (c) Long-period variations may exist. If there are periods longer than the interval of the data they will produce much the same effect as accidental errors or incommensurable periods. (d) There may be periods which vary in length. An example of such a period is the sun-spot period, which, although averaging 20 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. 11.13 years, has varied from 7.3 to 17.1 years during the last 115 years. When any of these four difficulties exists it is almost impossible successfully to treat the problem unless the investigator stumbles upon the true period, either by a fortunate suggestion or by some reason extraneous to the problem, or by the patient trial-and-error method by which Kepler found his three laws of planetary motion. Schuster (6) has developed a method designated as the periodogram, which will avail in some cases. METHOD USED BY TURNER IN EXAMINING THE EARTHQUAKE DATA. The exact form of this method seems to be due to Schuster (6), and is a slight modification of the one astronomers have used for generations. Suppose that we have a mass of material—for ex- ample, the number of earthquakes recorded per month, or the rain- fall per month—through many years. Plotting shows no perio- dicity, or at the most only a faint hint of such. Chance or Schuster’s periodogram leads us to suspect a period of, for example, 15 months. We can write the first 15 months’ data in a row as the heads of as many columns. The sixteenth month, the thirty-first, etc., will fol- low successively in the first column, the seventeenth, thirty-second, etc., in the second column, and so on, the thirtieth, forty-fifth, etc., in the fifteenth column. Each column will then contain only months which are in the same phase of the suspected period, if it actually exists. We will refer to one such row as a cycle, and to the columns as phases. Suppose the period to exist. It may not show in a single cycle, probably will not, because of large accidental errors or incom- mensurable periods, either or both of which may be present. But the months of any phase of an incommensurable period will, in the long run, be almost evenly distributed through all the phases of our assumed period, and will, therefore, be subject to the same laws as accidental errors, namely, their influence will be inversely propor- tional to the square root of the number of cycles. In the course of four cycles (five years in our present example) their importance will be only half as great as for any one cycle; after sixteen cycles one-quarter as great, etc. However, the effect of our assumed fifteen-month period will be equal in each, and therefore as prom- inent in the average as in any one cycle. Thus, no matter how large the accidental errors, or the variation due to incommensurable periods, the true variation from phase to phase will begin to appear. ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 21 If the assumed period does not exist, the mean values of the phases will approach each other as we increase the number of cycles. This last point gives us two very powerful criteria for the verity of our assumed period: (a) Having given a large number of cycles, we may compare the phase values of the first half of the cycles with those of the latter half. If the variation be real the curves from the two halves of the data should agree fairly well. If the variation be accidental there can be only chance resemblance. Unless the assumed period exists, the two halves of the data are entirely independent, when there are enough cycles to eliminate residuals of other periods that might exist. A very simple test for a real relationship between the two curves may be made as follows: There is an even chance that if the results are purely accidental, any pair of values from the same phase in the two curves will lie on the same side of the normal. If there are three curves, one-fourth of them should show all three curves on the same side. Much departure from this accidental grouping indicates strongly a correlation. (6) Having obtained the phase values, as above, for each half of the data, we may consider half the difference of identical phases in the first and last halves of our data as a measure of the deviation of the two curves from each other and of the amount of chance error left in each phase. Call this half difference d. We will have in this example d,, d,, . . . d,,. The probable error of any point on the eurve which is formed from the whole of the data will be given by the formula, IZ(d®) SS TT A RS le ST ; \ n-1 If this probable error is as large as half the variation from maxi- mum to minimum phase there is approximately an even chance that the variation is accidental. If the ratio of « to the variation is smaller than about one-eighth, the chances are less than one in a thousand that it is accidental. These ratios are tabulated in the general discussion of results for each set of data. Both these criteria must be applied in any case under discussion. Let us suppose that the assumed period is not an exact number of months; for example, 14% months. In this case 7 cycles will equal 104 instead of 105 months. We must spread our 104 months over 7 cycles of 15 phases each; that is, over 105 phases. To do this we will fill each of the first 6 cycles and the first 14 phases of the seventh cycle just as formerly, using all the data that we have for 7 22 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. cycles. We will then use the month’s data which we used for the fourteenth phase of the seventh cycle again in the fifteenth phase. Doing this, no month will fall more than a half phase from the proper one as determined by the mean of all positions. If we assume a period of 15% months we will merely skip one of the month’s data, or better still, average it with the next following one. In this man- ner any period may be plotted with any number of phases desired, and no month’s data more than a half phase from its proper place. FIRST APPLICATION OF THIS METHOD TO RAINFALL. One-ninth of the mean sun-spot period is very nearly 149% months. I tabulated all the rainfall data from Lawrence, Kan., beginning with 1868, according to the method outlined above. The result showed a variation of about 12 per cent each side of the normal. Next I divided the data into halves and found the two to agree fairly well. Following this I examined data from all of Kansas, from Nebraska, New England and Ohio. The data from Ohio checked fairly well; those from New England and Nebraska gave results which were discordant with themselves. The variation of the sun-spot period now came to mind. If there were any real variations due to sun-spots or to a common cause they would cer- tainly have to keep a constant relationship with the phases of the sun-spot period. Table 1 shows the dates of maxima and minima of sun-spots as determined by Wolf and Wolfer (7). It also shows the number of years intervening between successive maxima or minima; in other words, the actual sun-spot periods during those years. As a first approximation to keeping the phases in step with the sun spots, I plotted the rainfall between the dates of each pair of consecutive minima on a period one-ninth that interval. Minima occurred in 1889, August, and in 1901, September. The interval is 145 months. I therefore used a period of 164% months between those dates. The next minimum occurred in 1913, May. This interval is 141 months, and I used a period of 15% between these dates. When this was done I secured very much better results than before, so much better that I could not believe them due to accident. I obtained similar curves for each state the whole length of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts as far as Texas. When the data of New England and Pennsylvania were divided in halves, curves of similar shape were obtained for each, differing only in phase. This improvement over the results from a constant period indicated that a more rigid method of keeping constant relationship with the sun-spot phases should be devised before definite conclusions were drawn. ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 23 RIGID FOLLOWING OF THE SUN-SPOT PHASES. It is evident that the sun-spot period between the minima named above had values of 145 and 141 months, respectively. Let us examine the two maxima occurring between these dates. One oc- curred in 1894, February, and the other in 1906, May, with an in- terval’ of 147 months. This must have been the average value of the sun-spot period between these dates. It is longer than the period obtained from either pair of minima named above, yet it occurs as part of each of them and contains no part that is not in one or the other of them. We are forced, therefore, to the con- clusion that if continuous (8a)— The length of the sun-spot period is continuously varying and a . value of the period obtained between successive maxima or suc- cessive minima is merely an average of all values passed through in this interval. If we had a curve with time plotted along the axis of abscisse and the corresponding values of the sun-spot period as ordinates, the average value of the sun-spot period between two maxima or two minima occurring at ¢, and t, would be given by— ta curve ti—t2 = average value= ee If we plotted abscisse and ordinates on the same scale, these average values would form squares bounded by ordinates through the dates which limit them. The area between the axis of abscisse and the unknown curve, described above, representing the actual value of the period at all times, would in the interval between two maxima or two minima have to equal the corresponding known square. Since these squares overlap, we know the value of a series of overlapping definite integrals of the unknown curve. From these data it is possible, assuming the simplest curve to be the true one, by the aid of a planimeter, to construct the curve without knowl- edge of its mathematical form. In doing this it is easier to choose some convenient period as the axis of abscisse and to measure de- partures from this period. Changing the axis in this way merely changes all the integrals by a known constant amount and changes the known squares into known rectangles. It is also practical to magnify the scale of ordinates very much over the scale of abscisse. Locating the curve consists first in measuring the area of each of the rectangles; then penciling in what appears to be the curve, measuring the definite integrals of the approximate curve with the planimeter; erasing for a new approximation, and repeating many 24 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. times. In the curve of the sun-spot values reproduced as Figure 1, I have erased each part of the curve probably a hundred times. Although very laborious, the process, with enough patience, yields very good results. The accuracy of the period curve depends upon the accuracy with which the epochs of maxima and minima are obtained. A steep but narrow peak, such as that of 1861, may be unreal for this reason. However, due to the short duration of such a peak and the fact that it must almost immediately be counter- balanced, there will usually be little effect in data extending over a long range. In the preceding paragraph I have spoken of the sun-spot period at any date as a varying quantity, not even approximately constant through a single cycle. This may necessitate a definition of “period” somewhat different from what is ordinarily understood. I there- fore give the following definition, which will be adhered to whether referring to sun spots or rainfall. The length of the period at any date is the reciprocal of the rate of change of phase at that date and need not continue even approxi- mately through a complete cycle. From this curve I have taken the mean value of the sun-spot period for each year. These values are given as column 2 of table 2. Column 3 gives the departures from 15 months of one-ninth these values. Obviously, 15 months was chosen because it is the nearest integral number of months to one-ninth of a period. If, for example, the number given for any year in column 3 were + 9, it would mean that during that year one-ninth of the sun-spot period was 16 months. If it were —9 it would mean that the period was 14 months. In the first case it would be necessary, working on a 15- phase basis, to skip a month every 16 months as long as that length of period persisted; in the second case to repeat one every 14 months. We can thus construct a table of months to be re- peated in the analysis of our rainfall data when the ninth of the sun-spot period is less than 15 months, or to be skipped (or better still, averaged with the next adjacent one) when the ninth is more than 15, in order that Wolfer’s sun-spot maxima may all fall in one phase and his sun-spot minima in one. In this work I have in each case averaged the month to be skipped with the next following one instead of actually skipping. Thus three months’ data give two phases, the result desired through skip- ping, and all data are used. There is, however, such a slight gain in accuracy that I scarcely believe it worth the slight extra work in- volved. If this averaging and repeating is done correctly the epoch ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 25 of maximum of each of the cycles of the sun spots will always fall in one phase of the suspected rainfall variation and also each minimum in one. Wolfer’s values of maxima and minima are un- certain by a month or so, and therefore in the first paper the placing of them within one phase from the mean was considered as a perfect check in determining the months to be averaged or re- peated. When there was a greater error than this in determining the position of a maximum or a minimum it meant that there was a slight error in the curve and that it was necessary to apply a slight adjustment factor to the values of the period taken from it. In no case did I have a large factor to apply, thereby showing that the curve as constructed was approximately correct. Indications from the work explained above were that the period taken from it could be relied upon to within three or four months, and that such errors as did occur were canceled in most cases by ones of opposite sign before adjustment had become serious. I did not realize at the time that readers might think this discrep- ancy purposely made by me in order to better my results. To avoid this objection I have, in this paper, made the Wolf-Wolfer epochs fall exactly in the Same phase each cycle. The phase in which the sun-spot maximum falls has been numbered 1 and that in which minimum falls 8. For 1913 Wolfer has published two dates of sun- spot minimum, first May, and later August. I used the former in the first paper before seeing his later work. The sun-spot curve seems to me to indicate May, or even an earlier epoch, correct. Wolfer’s later epoch may, therefore, be a typographical error, and I have continued to use May. Since a short period locates its epochs of maxima and minima more exactly than a long one, it will be pos- sible later, if the existence of the short rainfall period be admitted, to revise the Wolf-Wolfer epochs from the rainfall data. Such a gain in accuracy would mean much in an investigation of the sun- spot periodicity. Table 3 shows which months I have averaged and repeated in the analysis of the rainfall data of each country investigated. It is probably useless to emphasize that there was no change in this table for any of the countries under consideration. At first thought the results of table 3 and of figure 1 are startling. However, an inspec- tion of the much greater changes in the period which have persisted through entire cycles during the last 115 years, namely, from 88 to 205 months, shows that these variations through short periods of time are to be expected. Moreover, there is no way to draw a curve 26 _ THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. satisfying the necessary conditions and having smaller variations, unless possibly by introducing more points of maxima and minima upon it. Such a complication would be much less probable than the variations shown by the present one, all of which are less than the variations from the mean value of complete cycles of approximately 11 years have been in the rather recent past, as shown by table 1. THE RAINFALL DATA EXAMINED. I have examined the rainfall averages of each of the forty-two sections in which the United States has been divided by the Weather Bureau, of a number of stations in Central Siberia, of the Punjab in India, of a few towns in Chile, of complete records of Denmark and Sweden and stations in Holland and England, of South Australia, of Jamaica, and of Tananarive, Madagascar. I had a small amount of data from the Soudan and Abyssinia and scattered small amounts from other countries, but none of these enough to examine with any weight. There were also data such as received from Canada, where the proximity of countries for which I had data made it seem un- wise to take the great amount of time necessary to average the in- dividual stations, and where, unlike Madagascar, thousands of miles from the nearest data used, it seemed useless to obtain results with the little weight that would be attached to one station. The results from each of the sections named above are discussed here, the tables are given from which these results are deduced, the values are given for each individual cycle, and the means of the halves or thirds are given and plotted, as also the curves from the whole data. The sections are grouped in three main divisions: (A) Interiors and eastern coasts of large continents. ‘There are three such sections: Eastern United States, Central Siberia, and the Punjab. (B) Western coasts of continents. This group includes the Pa- cific coast of the United States, the group of countries from the northwest European coast, and a very small amount of data from Chile. (C) Other sections. This includes South Australia, Jamaica and Tananarive, Madagascar. The last sun-spot maximum occurred in 1917, and all data since then are thus unavailable for use in examining the existence of the period. This would not be a serious handicap for predicting, if the period should be proved to exist, since the course of the maxima and minima could be followed from cycle to cycle by using means from ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 27 a large number of sections and an extrapolation made for a cycle in advance without serious error. Indeed, in such a case it might be possible to predict the time of the next sun-spot maximum or mini- mum quite accurately from the rainfall data. Errect or ANNUAL CycLe. In many cases the residual left from the seasonal variation is large enough to distort the curves ma- terially. I have, therefore, always carefully eliminated it, no matter how large or how small. To do this I have, wherever it is very pro- nounced, prepared two tables for each section according to the plan previously outlined, repeating and averaging in each one the months determined by table 3. In the first of these tables I have used the actual values of the rainfall. In the second I have used instead of each January the mean of all the Januaries, and so on for each month of the year. In this second table the mean monthly values were repeated or averaged exactly as in the first one, to give a table entirely similar to the first table. The variation from phase to phase in this second table is, therefore, entirely the seasonal residual and contains all of it. For the average state in the United States it is approximately four per cent each side of the normal, the rest of the seasonal variation having been damped out by the process of tabu- lating the incommensurable period which is being investigated. The quotients of the sums of each phase of the first table by the second give us the percentage of normal rainfall of that phase for the section concerned throughout all the years of the data. Each month is in this way weighted in accordance with its normal rainfall. In no case has there been any smoothing of results other than that marked in the tables where the mean has sometimes been smoothed by aver- aging each phase with the ones immediately adjoining for better ex- amination. In the eastern United States and northern Europe the yearly variation of rainfall is small enough that each month may be weighted the same without serious error. I have, therefore, in these two cases divided the actual rainfall of each month by its normal and thus obtained the percentage of normal to plot. This has the advantage for the reader that he need look at but one table instead of two to see how the period has been followed from cycle to cycle. It may occur to some that possibly there is in some manner a residual of the seasonal effect left in this period, despite the elimina- tion explained above. There are three answers that may be givn to this objection, all of which are merely the same one in different forms. 28 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. (a) In Professor Schuster’s discussion of the periodogram (6) method of searching for periods we find the following: ‘There is a limit beyond which it is useless to go. This limit is reached when the values of A and B for two closely adjoining values n, and n, are no longer independent of each other. The theory of vibration shows that independence begins when there is an ultimate disagreement of phase amounting to about one-quarter of a period.” (b) Professor Turner has worked out the effects of any period on adjoining periods (8b). He divides the data into integral parts and calls any one of these submultiples q; p is a period near q, such that q+a—p.x<1. From the Fourier sequence the periods g and q+1 are independent. Let us consider the seasonal period as q and the ninth harmonic of the sun-spot period as p. In order that 2 may be as small as 1, we must have g=3. That z be less, requires q=2. But, quoting Professor Turner, “q is a fairly large integer for any peri- odicity worth serious consideration.” (c) The work involved in computing the periods near 12 months for each state is much greater than the value of the results. I have, however, taken Pennsylvania as typical of the United States and computed periods of 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16 months. For 12 months, which is the seasonal period, the amplitude of the variation is 34 per cent; for 13 months it is 11 per cent; for 14 months it is 12 per cent; for 15 months it is 10 per cent; and for 16 months it is 17 per cent; the amplitude of the ninth harmonic of the sun-spot period is 26 per cent. The mean value of the ninth harmonic during this interval of years was 15.8 months, showing the increase in amplitude at the nearest of the other periods as de- manded by the theory or the periodogram (6) or by the Fourier sequence (8c). A serious source of weakness in the state averages published by the United States Weather Bureau and by almost every other meteorological service developed during this investigation. This may well be illustrated by the state of Washington as a fair sample. Within one year the number of stations used in the state average varied between 105 and 130. Over a number of years the range is larger. The eastern part of the state is very much drier than the western. If one is comparing two months’ rainfall it becomes im- perative that he know what stations were omitted each month. The month showing the greater fall may be below normal and that show- ing less may be above because of omission of eastern stations in the first and western in the latter. I realize that it is impossible to ob- ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 29 tain a perfectly homogeneous record, since volunteer observers must sometimes fail, often through no fault of their own, but I would ven- ture to suggest a method by which the records may be reduced to a near homogeneity. The sum of the actual rainfall for all the stations used may be divided by the sum of the normals of the several sta- tions and the quotient published as the percentage of normal which fell that month. The means of the normals of stations chosen for accuracy of records and geographical distribution may then well be taken as the normal of the state, and when multiplied by this quo- tient will give a weighted mean of the state that will be practically homogeneous from year to year. This lack of homogeneity in state records is much more serious in investigation of long periodicities such as the Briickner and eleven-year cycles, and might easily show entirely negative results where the period actually exists. An ex- ample of the reduction of scattered material to homogeneity is given in this paper in the treatment of Chile, where long records are available from five towns with widely differing normals. These records begin in different years and omit certain years irregularly. The sums of the actual rainfall given were tabulated for the fifteen- month periodicity, as were also the sums of the normals for each month that a station was used. These sums were then added through each half of the data for each phase, and the quotient of actual by normal was taken. These tables are Nos. 19 and 20. In _ the eastern part of the United States the normals from one part of a state to another vary by small enough amounts that the records are not seriously impaired. For the western part I felt it best to take instead the stations on the coast having perfect records ex- tending as far back as 1880. All such were used except where sta- trons in California happened to be very close together, in which cases one was always omitted in order not to give that small section of the coast undue weight. Nineteen such stations in California and western Oregon were available. No station in Washington had such a long record without break. This procedure also has the advantage of almost doubling the length of record over the published state averages. The results from these stations are shown as tables 10 to 12. The names of the stations will be found at the heads of these tables. The Adelaide Observatory in South Australia seems to have kept the most ideal record from 1861 to 1907. They averaged the same fifty towns, apparently, from the beginning to the end of that period. Unfortunately, this method was discontinued and the present one of averaging all available stations, as in the United 30 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. States, instituted. The great shift in normal made it impossible to compare the early and the later records. This investigation of Australian rainfall ends, therefore, with 1907, although the later ‘results kindly sent by the meteorological director of the common- wealth are published here for information: Group A. The Punjab, Eastern India United States. Siberia. (smoothed). Be Ee eR AEE Ge tet Het came woe ew nee 2.7 2.4 3.6 Range of curve from whole data.......... 23 17 29 RaGION Jahr sac ees sate ecs Shocks Cierny kancietos 0.117 0.141 0.138 Number phases on one side of normal.... 12 10 *9 8 The ratios in each of these cases are approximately one-eighth, showing, as previously developed, a very small chance of such acci- dental agreement. In the case of India the same « was derived from the relationship of both the first and last of its three curves to the middle one. Since the ratio given measures the possibility of chance agreement of either of these curves with the middle one, the chance that both agree in this manner by accident is only the square of the chance that one does. Group B. Pacific coast Northern (smoothed). Europe. Chile. Cpe is. Seba Pek spn Oe SECIS: Rey Ve ROLL 3.8 2h 5) 3.9 ATI TOS inh wesiver ee tone OTE: Bree ok tors ier ei 43 22 25 EAGUO sagt ato avoxshhetete ore rerete Saar Eee Neer sce 0.088 0.114 0.156 Number of phases on one side of normal.. {*11 12 10 12 As would be expected from an examination of the curves, the chance of mere accidental agreement between the two halves of the Pacific coast and northern European curves is negligible. In the case of Chile, just as one would judge from the appearance of the curves, it is much larger than for the other two, but is still small. Group C. South Madagascar Australia. Jamaica. (smoothed). (3s ORR OA ele tae BOS Ra et aa i 8 Wea Pee Boe 4.6 25,5) fi J RETA O Sieh A Sht, Sue ceeteCt cose Gh teks ond choke eeecctamtds 24 19 28 EET O ite eee De ee ete Ne Meer OEE ee 0.193 0.184 0.182 Number of phases on one side of normal.. 8 10 8 The results of group C, while favoring the true existence of the periodicity to some extent, do not show the certainty of groups A and B. This is to be expected in the case of Jamaica, which is a * Unsmoothed. ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 31 small, mountainous island, where, as Professor Pickering says, “The rainfall is very unequal in different portions of the island.” It varies from 33 inches west of the mountains to 248 on the eastern end of the island. For Madagascar there is but one station, with a record over only 21 cycles, so that the correlation is all that one could expect. In the case of South Australia, however, we have a long, homogeneous record from fifty stations. The effect of the period is evidently much less certain there than in the region of groups A and B. In this it reminds one of the results obtained from the central third of the United States, a region located between the two types represented by groups A and B. Data are not at hand to show whether such a reversal, as in the United States, would be found between the northern and southern parts of South Australia. An investigation of this character would, I venture to predict, show the reversal. I hope to secure data to examine this region more thoroughly. GENERAL DISCUSSION. In group A, which consists of interiors or eastern coasts of large continents, we find the minimum of our curves coming exactly at phase 1 in each case. This is the phase, as told above, which every ninth cycle contains the sun-spot maximum. Each of these curves shows also the effect of a second harmonic of this period with one minimum at this same phase, the other neutralizing the maximum, which would normally fall at phase 8. This much can safely be ac- cepted as true features of purely continental curves. In group B we find more variation in curves from one section to -another. For the Pacific coast we find the minimum at phase 7 and the maximum at phase 13; for northern Europe the minimum at 7, if we smooth our curve, and the maximum at 14. The small amount of data from Chile does not give any very definite results, almost equal minima at 2 and 12, with maxima at 10 and 14. The marine type seems, then, with considerable uncertainty, to give a minimum of rainfall at time of sun-spot minimum and a maximum shortly before the sun-spot maximum. The halves or thirds of the curves at any one place will differ from each other for one or more, probably all, of the following reasons: (a) Accidental errors and other periodicities are not entirely damped out. (b) The epochs of sun-spot maxima and minima are uncertain, and consequently some data are incorrectly placed by one or more 32 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. phases. If this periodicity is generally accepted, the recent sun- spot epochs can be revised to give the best rainfall results, since the short period and the great amount of data will locate them more accurately than the sun-spot counts themselves. (c) The curve probably actually undergoes changes, similar in shape and magnitude to those of the sun spots, one maximum of which will be several times higher than another. This is indicated directly by the persistency with which a phase for quite a number of consecutive cycles will often differ from its mean by fairly large amounts. (d) If the rainfall is not a pure continental or pure marine type, we will have one type often prevailing, although in the long run the other dominates. Although I have examined this period as though it varied in length, I do not desire to stand in the least committed to an actual variation. This period, the eleven-year period and the Brickner are all harmonics. When examined by itself each is found to be variable. However, it is quite possible that their variations and that of the sun-spot period are only apparent, being caused by the superposition of a number of constant periodicities. Regardless of this constancy, I believe these three periods not to be separate, but merely terms in an irregular, long-period rainfall variation. It is very important that a search be made very carefully to determine what other terms there may be of such large magnitude as these. If the relationship between sun spots and rainfall were a direct one, the eleven-year period would certainly far overshadow both this and the Brickner. Instead, its magnitude seems usually to be less than either. The search for a thirty-three-year period in sun spots has been inconclusive, although analysis shows a very strong - sun-spot variation of twice this length. The relationship of the Brickner cycle to the sun-spot period stands out vividly, however, if we look for its epochs in long, homogeneous records from which the eleven-year period has been eliminated. by averaging between consecutive sun-spot maxima or minima. In concluding, I desire to quote from Pickering’s statement, at the close of his article men- tioned above, as most nearly expressing my own opinion on this relationship: “T do not believe that the sun spots themselves, or their absence, cause the droughts. The spots are merely a surface indication of an overturn of ma- terial and temperature occurring beneath the solar surface in connection with magnetic storms. . . . I have only to derive statistics from observed rain- fall data to show the coincidence.” I wish to acknowledge the assistance of the research committee. ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 33 of the Graduate School, whose grants for computers have been a very important factor in the prosecution of the work. Mr. Anthony Oates was engaged as computer for the earlier stages of the work and Miss Nellie Lynn for the later. Prof. F. E. Kester has devoted a great deal of time to discussing each phase of the problem, and to his suggestions is due much of the success. Prof. C. F. Talman has loaned me many books from the library of the United States Weather Bureau. Mr. 8. D. Flora has thrown open to me all the records in the state meteorological office at Topeka. Prof. Carl Ryder has sent me a great deal of manuscript matter, which has been extremely valuable. The Governor General of Madagascar sent manuscript tables of rainfall and temperature at Tananarive. The Egyptian government sent valuable manuscript records of Sou- dan and Abyssinia, which unfortunately do not extend back far enough for present uses. Supplemented by the next ten years’ rec- ords, they will be very valuable. Meteorologists of several other countries have sent all available printed records. To all these I owe my most sincere thanks. BIBLIOGRAPHY. la. Dovciass, A. E.: The Correlation of Sun Spots, Weather, and Tree Growth. Pub. American Astronomical Soc., 1918, vol. III, p. 121. 1b. Douatass, A. E.: Climatic Cycles and Tree Growth. Carnegie Institu- tion of Wash., 1919. The author seems to have proved definitely a correlation between climate and sun spots. Nothing on this subject that has yet come to my attention begins to compare in importance with this work. 2. Hann, J.: Sun Spots and Rainfall. Handbook of Climatology (trans. by R. DeC. Ward), vol. I, p. 406. Briickner: Klimaschwankungenseit, 1700 (Vienna, 1890). Has shown a varying period of about thirty-five years in rainfall and temperature. Lockyer: The Solar Activity, 1833- 1900. Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. 68, p. 285. Showed a possible correlation of this period with sun spots. Clough, H. W.: Synchronous Variations in Solar and Terrestrial Phenomena. Astrophys. Jour., vol. 22, p. 42. Has greatly strengthened the evidence of such a relationship. They have also considered the variation in length of the sun-spot period. Clough says: “The solar-spot activity is periodically accelerated and retarded, and this action is primarily manifest in the varying length of the eleven-year spot cycle, since it operates continuously throughout the entire interval to accelerate or retard the occurrence of the two phases.” (Loe. cit., p. 59.) 3. Turner, H. H.: A Fifteen-month Period in Earthquakes. Monthly No- tices, Roy. Astronomical Soc., April, 1919, p. 461. 4a. AtterR, Dinsmore: Possible Connection Between Sun Spots and Earth- quakes. Science, May 14, 1922, p. 486. 4b. Atter, Dinsmore: A Possible Rainfall Period Equal to One-ninth the Sun-spot Period. Monthly Weather Review, Feb., 1921. Continua- tion of Investigation of a Possible Rainfall Period Equal to One-ninth the Sun-spot Period, and Application of Marvin’s Periodocrite to Rain- fall as S Kansas University Science Bulletin, vol. XIII, Nos. 8 and 9. 38—Science Bul.— 3728 34 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. 5. Marvin, C. F.: Discussion of Rainfall Periodicity. Monthly Weather Re- view, Feb., 1921. 6. Scuusrer, ArrHuR: On the Periodicities of Sun Spots. Phil. Trans. 206a (1906), p. 71. 7. Wourer, A.: Revision of Wolf’s Sun-spot Relative Numbers. Monthly Weather Review, April, 1902, pp. 171-176. Tables of Sun-spot Fre- quencies, ibid, July, 1915. Tables of Sun-spot Frequency for the Years 1902-1919, zbid, Aug., 1920, p. 459. 8a. Turner, H. H.: On a Simple Method of Detecting Discontinuities in a Series of Recorded Observations, With an Application to Sun Spots. Suggesting that they are caused by a meteor swarm due to successive encounters of the Leonids with Saturn, which has been more than once perturbed by the Leonid swarm. Monthly Notices Royal Astronomical Society, 1914, pp. 82-109. 8b. Turner, H. H.: Sun-spot Periodicity as a Fourier Series. Jbid, 1913, pp. 714-732, especially p. 717. 8c. Turner, H. H.: Further Remarks on the Expression of Sun-spot Perio- dicity as a Fourier Sequence. Jbid, 1914, pp. 16-26. 9. Sources of MarTeErIAL: (a) Climatological Data of the United States. (b) Fundamental Data of Siberian Climate. Title and name of author in Russian. (c) ae _The Rainfall of India, 1901. India Monthly Weather eview. (d) British Rainfall, 1919. Observations Meteorologiques Suedoises, published by L’Academie Royale des Sciences de Suede, 1910. Hartman: Het klimaat van Nederland, 1913. Rainfall tables of Denmark, sent by Professor Carl Ryder in manu- script form. {e) Recopilacion de sumas de aqua caida en Chile, 1849-1915, and an- nual volumes following. (f) Meteorological Observations of the Adelaide Observatory, 1907. (g) Pickering: The Relation of Prolonged Tropical Droughts to Sun Spots. Monthly Weather Review, Oct., 1920. (h) Manuscripts sent by the Governor General of Madagascar. ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. Year. TABLE 1.—Wolf’s & Wolfer’s table of sunspot maxima and minima. (Copied from Monthly Weather Review, August, 1920.) Minima. Maxima. Epochs. | Weights. | Periods. | Epochs. | Weights. | Periods. 1610.8 LAY ge) RE arnagen 1615.5 Dh Re? cee 93 1619.0 1 8.2 1626.0 5 10.5 1634.0 2 15.0 1639.5 2 13.5 1645.0 5 11.0 1649.0 1 9.5 1655.0 i 10.0 1660.0 SL 11.0 1666.0 2 11.0 1675.0 2 15.0 1679.5 2 13.5 1685.0 2 10.0 1689.5 2 10.0 1693.0 1 8.0 1698.0 1 8.5 1705.5 4 12.5 1712.0 3 14.0 1718.2 6 12.7 1723.5 2 11.5 1727.5 4 9.3 1734.0 2 10.5 1738.7 2 AT 2 1745.0 2 11.0 1750.3 7 11.6 1755.2 9 10.2 1761.5 7 11.2 1766.5 5 11.3 1769.7 8 8.2 1775.5 7 9.0 1778 .4 5 8.7 1784.7 o 9.2 1788.1 4 9.7 1798.3 9 13.6 1805.2 5 171 1810.6 8 12.3 1816.4 8 11.2 1823.3 10 12.7 1829.9 10 13.5 1833.9 10 10.6 1837.2 10 7.3 1843.5 10 9.6 1848.1 10 10.9 1856.0 10 12.5 1860.1 10 12.0 1867 .2 10 it 1870.6 10 10.5 1878.9 10 ul Ur 1883 .9 10 13.3 1889.6 10 10.7 1894.1 10 10.2 1901.7 10 12.1 1906.4 10 12.3 1913 .4* 10 ibe Ug 1917.6 10 11.2 * See text. TABLE 2. Period. oe Year. | Period. Detar Year. | Period. Dar Months. Months. Menths. 180 +45 1871 106 —29 1892 144 +9 176 +41 72 135 0 93 145 +10 165 +30 73 156 +21 94 146 +11 146 +11 74 170 +35 95 147 +12 125 —10 75 180 +45 96 148 +13 100 —35 76 184 +49 97 149 +14 90 —45 77 184 +49 98 149 +14 93 —42 78 184 +49 99 149 +14 125 —10 79 181 +46 1900 149 +14 174 +39 1880 173 +38 01 149 +14 196 +61 81 161 +26 02 148 +13 196 +61 82 144 +9 03 147 +12 173 +38 83 113 —22 04 146 +11 143 + 8 84 102 —33 05 144 + 9 104 —31 85 100 —35 06 142 +7 97 —38 86 100 —35 07 140 +5 94 —41 87 101 —34 08 138 + 3 93 —42 88 108 —27 09 137 + 2 93 —42 89 128 —7 1910 136 + 1 94 —41 1890 138 +3 11 136 sp 96 —39 91 142 +7 12 135 0 35 36 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. TABLE 3.—Data repeated or averaged in keeping rainfall periodicity in step with sun spots. Skipped or averaged. —— = EBGP aero Mar., Sept. ih eis Be June. 18632... June. Repeated. ISB4e ord Jan., Sept. 1885...... April, Oct. AS8hreye ss Jan., May, Sept. 18378) Jan., May, Sept. 1888845, 5:2 Jan., May, Sept. 1889...... Feb. Repeated. Skipped or averaged. 1865 a2: 32; July 1872), ds April. 1865 July. ARV Biscrs tae Sept. L860. oes Mar., June, Sept., Dec. 1874: Sry April, Sept. 1868...... Jan., Apr., Jun.,Aug.,Nov.! 1875...... Mar., June, Nov. 1869; 22.3: Feb.. June, Oct. A876: sc. ects Feb., May, Aug., Nov. 187024. < 6. April, Oct. 187% Jan., Nov 1902......5. June 1905= ese Sept. 190975 2 = 2). July LORS Secae Jan. TABLE 4.—Fastern United States. Table of observed per cent of normal of 26 states, comprising 20 meteorological districts. YEARS Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dee. ISVS: — Ts i bo oo oCcooOoMmMWwROCOCrROCOOCONHOFKSO — ivy) [os] = w a for) a = for] a > © = for} bo oO o r= (J) S i] ow I Ts — to Oo is 56 22 24 57 | 156] 601] 743} 207 89 6 ped |) ak XG) 125 | 237 | 476] 9388 | 934) 202 6 | 201 142 3 79 139 | 302 66 6 0.91 | 1.07 | 0.65 | 0.49 | 1.36 | 4.46 | 4.66 | 2.46 | 0.31 | 0.13 | 0.28 * 1917 not included in these means because received after manuscript was sent to printer. Cpe Tae) Pl * a ry, ‘ we ees Fe passe ’ Pa « MEE mas an #4 a - ee ee ee ee noe ae ore oma Ta a baw Le a, us ath : byt ne 4 i ' _ . ‘ = wi a THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. 42 81z Ler II I¥T 6 oF 8I Z8E Ost #8 LZ I chal G82 T ¥ ST ial 8h Or (Oks #8 g eLe lgeg ce 61 1Z 822 9 €IT 8I 66 a2 #0 8ST I z 66 P 898 901 $02 26 OTT §o9 CLZ IT oF OF 9% 08 9¢ 0 802 StS GZE £08 CET cgI 20S 641 ray F&8 669 COL PPE PL GLI 8h (GT) ($1) C81 O&T ST 09 a! 961 8@ 89 ii! 0 vee Gel GIG “oI UldIg VC LT6I-LO6T OWL, 8& LE 0 12é 861 9€ bP 9 PLg 982 GL GL 6F 0 89 LLL rag £8 &P eh G (4 68 68 892 801 ¥ 16 9&3 (4 6 €L (69 ¥ aa | 818 106 COL £ 0 62 PLT OL OFT 8& 0 0 9¢ 0 0 68 og ing bE £02 L j 061 e1hl 066 9FL 062 92g 9¢ 19 SII eg 6G GI 19 I tPF It 0 9 911 119 90¢ t6P PLE 161 Tg &F CII £6 68 01Z $¢ 0 Ie z 82 BGG 616 188 £02 GLL 201 IL z Or FP If 9F1 86 ian &F 0g 0 0 0 6 ($69) 619 1g 092 09 OIL 029 66 cI PLZ $12 2901 89g eI G01 LL LL P68 #26 aaa z z 6 102 #68 GIZ eL¢ 19 L0¢ ee9 962 1a 291 LbF 611 801 8I (47 99 8 LOI 061 g 0 GL ia! 88 eS 828 ogg 69 g 82 P (¥3) 9 $02 rag! 971 acs sl 18 $F6 929 PL I 08 9 a1 9 z i146 8hS 68 962 119 £68 922 £6 98 18 91 91 ¢ 902 0Z 68 68 PST 8I 9 8 &I LEP 1g 1g 681 08 8h raat SFI Ost 8sI 68 62 62 OLT rea (18) 18 $8 9% ra Ee €8 SLT €8 £9 das 821 1g 0 9 6S SI 621 OL 8g9 (ZT) (IT) (01) (6) (8) (2) (9) (g) T&T 896 9L (4 909 19Z i $06 9€ 1Z L FI 80I 89 0 OL9 es etl “suaquinu aseyg *SUTOAD) “SHHONT “LIGI ©} TOGT ‘S}O1sGSIp [BorsofosOsjou quluNg jo UIT “OOGT OF 9ST ‘SUMO, aAY-AYUOMY JO SUBAW, “eIpUT ‘qufung NI SHATVA ATAYASHQ TVALOY yYL—6 ATAVL RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 43 ALTER 16 16 1é 9 ObP 9g oo 201 16 8% 1é 9g¢ 26 co Lg ial £99 099 8¢ 66 nue Ge Pee €L 021 Lg oe 09% 099 vee 66 £01 O@1 Lg at Lg 081 Lg a Lg zg ‘al I Ge 099 Vee 66 £01 09% £99 9¢ oe Lg ve el GL Lg I £9¢ 099 099 $26 iG POG 099 Kaa 09% £9¢ £99 099 POG PEG 8g 66 Lg 6 GPT 0g OF 8 6LP 8hh Or 9% 81 88 6 BEE £1 OPP 99 16 1€ 9¢ 16 09% € 88 £9¢ 66 Ta 099 8g Lg Ge Ge oe Ge 09% £99 8¢ Lg eZ ohh £99 a 09% € 8¢ 8¢ & PeG iKa6 8g at OFZ 99h 162 6h G9 LOT 16 6F G9 201 16 16 8 £1 16 16 8 1 1 OF 99F $I 1 OFZ 99 OPP 981 6P 99 OPP 98 6F G9 LOL 16 G9 LOT 16 16 82 eI 18 82 (a4 (9$2) 99F OPP 981 6F 099 $22 &L 8¢ 66 £01 al 26 £01 yal 98 Ge 092 £9¢ Ge 092 £9 099 $2 $2 8g #22 2 GL £01 al 1g tI 88 ial Ge 092 £9¢ 099 cial £9¢ 099 £2 el 8¢ 26 £01 2 8g 26 £01 OZI 1g tI £01 88 ra Ge 09% £9¢ 099 Ge 092 (@9¢) 099 £22 el 8¢ 09% £99 099 £22 el BL 89 092 £9¢ 099 #2 GL Ll 8¢ 09% £9 099 #20 $l &L 8¢ 09% 9G 099 #26 Ll 8¢ 89 £99 099 $22 el 8¢ 26 GOT £2 tL 8¢ 86 ial 1g tI £01 (ial 1g P Gg 092 £99 bial £9¢ 099 £22 el QL £01 86 ial (19) #2 09% Z19 8hI GL £01 88 #2 09% 219 $22 iva 8¢ 86 at Lg % 092 174 092 £9 099 #22 el 8¢ 099 £00 $2 GL 801 O21 1g 8g 6 G01 ial 1g PI Ge a6 £01 yal Lg PI Ge Ge £01 £01 0@1 1g tI +1 Ge 8g 26 £01 ira yal Lg Lg € 8¢ (26) 6 £01 ial 1g 8¢ 26 £01 Oat Lg bI Ge £01 Oar 1g tT Ge 09% £99 tI Ge 09% £9¢ 099 bial 8¢ ‘SUHONT NI SHNTVA TVANON ee ee se ae I 0 68 102 OT 0 bP 261 02% 8ST 86 ial ple 608 $66 9 69 99T 90F 992 (PEL) Or POL 891 9 0g 02 881 z 8 8F (4a al 0 96 PLT 999 G8E P92 60P 298 69P 9 G8 at 28 8h LEl g 8¢ 921 0 0 8% rae 4 99F 981 (6) LOL 16 8% €I 99P OFF LOT 16 Ge 092 02 €L ZI Lg GIP 099 26 (g01) 1g ial 092 £99 el 8g £01 £01 £01 OZT £01 021 £01 OZT £01 021 yal (19) 092 £9¢ &L 9g Lg ZG 86 0ZT 26 aa! 099 #2 £01 yar Ge 092 092 (¢99¢) £99 099 £99 £99 Ge 092 Ge 092 £99 099 #2 el £01 yal 109 9ST 99 OLT 9g 29 4 091 08 £61 Gg Or ral P rat Og THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. 44 —— 06 SOT LOT a 101 G01 66 16 96 86 201 801 00r 16 lg lige ds ete rs cert poyjooug ¥6 88 eel 66 801 96 00r 101 06 86 901 gTT £01 28 lees ite edi quarjong Tee8 | SThL =| 800L | 8899 | 9962 | 6802 | ST98 | 8F06 | 6092 | 9499 | SOKO | T6FG | zoco | HBL | 0906 J [Horo [B40], es. | e999 =| GEG | Bz99 =| BebL =| S699 =| 84GB | SHIG | OSSD =| «DEF «| 6829 | SED «| FLD «| GORD. | UL J Tengor [e}O], 96 6IT LIT sit 16 101 101 G6 86 86 e0r 16 18 98 1) ag | Me eS Re ese poyjooug 88 00T OLT 08 FOI 201 £6 £01 68 601 £01 Gor #8 el Lage ME a aa ce eared quarong OgsT GOAT | GL9T | SLET | IPT | BOGT | LZLT | STS | F82e | ELS | LO8T | BLOT | SBTc | zozs | cbBE | 8F-Té ‘[euL0U uMg 1¥61 GILT | P882 =| BOTT =| L2FT =| GOAT =| TOOT | GO8T | GE0% | SFG | OTET | OfZT | O8BT | OGOT | PGT fT SP-TE ‘Tenqow uINg 18 00T £01 6IT 96 96 ¥6 e0r #6 ¥6 101 801 LOT 96 MBG ECE ee so ieee eee poyzooug 66 9g PPL 601 Sor tL On TOL 66 18 a ra 101 00T Bs Soc see ree ee a quorjone) PLES G6LT | TORT | 682 | E2Le | OOLE | GhLF | 189F | Gcoe | 9OIZ | H9Ec | 280% | BGBT | BITS | 166Z J 08-9T ‘[eurou wing gee | 900T =| 009s §=| B60E =| Té8e =| 4492 | secs =| SeLb «=| SEOs =| SPAT =| GOK «=| 96 «=| ISBT «| GLI «| OOS J O&- OT ‘yenjow uIng 06 001 cor 801 PIT 601 FOI 68 66 €01 OT Oar 801 £6 2 Ra Pie ca he eit Lat lek, Ee payjoourg 06 86 Mt 86 STI ia 78 001 98 On eit ira Gal LL TBs [EES Pe rar ee quayyong) Lory =| BOGE «| SESE «=| TOK «| GUGZ | LGAT «| EFIZ «| EGS | «OL | Le0G «| BLIG «| GLE «| BOSS | IPE | LOW SI-I_ “[eur10u ving Tety | pee =| BOGE =| BFS | «OLE =| GOES «=| GGLT =| HGS | GALT =| SHES | LEG «S| LeTG «=| Geos =| OFIT «| GORE fe GI-1 “yenjoe ung Seatests emer rs eet cal oer aa eqursaleate: << -|-apaeaa+-|yaues ea “s er ie == bop Rn Ie eee ec 6F 99 LOT 16 16 8% el 1g OF oor =| OFF =| (OT 6h G9 BOD Sse FS Eee Meena caer NY oF 16 16 16 8% ra 18 9FG 996 | OFF | 98T 6F c9 L01 16 DGB eeecya cas fos tghy tation seach me IF 8% &1 1g 9G 99h | OF | 98T | (6F) 39 201 16 09 rat 18 Sean Meteor nae Chee PU eure eee OF 99% 9M = | ET 6F $9 LOT 16 16 8% at 1g 9FG BUA NDE. GORD i ec ace ag evi ra ska et be ee ae 6F 99 201 16 16 8% el 18 9¥2 90% | OFF | O8T 6F 99 BO a Shs eons Bp 88 OS eG | en) | Sten)> | Gr) | con) (6) (8) (4) | (9) (¢) (F) (€) @) (T) ‘sraquinu osey gq *SUTOAD “popn[ouog—SaHON]T NI SHATVA TVNYON ‘daa NTONOD—6 ‘ON WIAVL ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. ‘45 TABLE 10.—Mean rainfall in inches of Ashland, aa Cascade Locks, Portland, Roseburg and The Dalles, in Oregon. May. | June. | July. | Aug. Sent. | Oct. | Nov. i) i~z) o _ or o ~ _ or z 83 | 236] 128 7{| 17] 201| 408| 256] 619 160 | 279 | 238 0 8| 198| 262| 777] 607 371 | 135 | 130| 53] 141] 148| 100| 569 | 1064 192 | .276| 97| 14] 80] 32] 451| 295) 378 g2| 184] 44] 106] 18] 112] 289 | 1185| 376 m5 (016 | 116) .1 4] 79| 322] 961] 401 206 | 300} 71} 16| 10] 378| 98| 406| 457 272 | 243] 254] 44| 2311 172] 302| 550| 629 2501 199] 321| 86| 40] 204] 319 | 541| 287 305 | 143 | 172 6} 0} 296| 414] 370] 217 186 | 326) 72| 103 6| 50| 198| 981 | 728 77| 254] 135] 239| 38] 70} 98| 558| 432 904} 200| 70| 10 6] 114 6 | 506 | 1123 116} 164| 17| 74] Go| 134 379 | 440 | 354 334] 164] 71| 14 4| 256| 217] 656] 514 358 | 90] 166| 62) 106| 409| 344 | 592) 810 262] 149] 115] 3] 22) 223] 279 | 1011| 296 ; : ; : ; ; 2.87 | 2.09 | 1.36 | 0.50 | 0.46 | 1.72 | 2.94 | 5.84 | 6.37 46 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. TABLE 11.—Mean rainfall in inches of Folsom, Hollister, Los Angeles, Marysville, Merced, Sacramento, San Francisco, San Jose, San Luis Obispo, Reais panes San Bernardino, San Diego and Stockton, in California. o o bo YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. |} Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dee. ) CEES Santini se aed 635 769 272 174 30 3 1 0 16 47 44 | (174) Bei ways tieoavaw aud 289 246 278 184 86 7 1 1 0 79 233 3 TSO tise we seul ds 139 271 138 668 64 0 1 2 0 9 37 832 etait cieieleletesersaee 370 239 122 107 4 20 0 0 22 80 79 175 PAC A eae ES ae 166 229 354 161 20 14 0 0 31 132 184 5 eee AS ae 165 123 306 90 169 4 1 0 42 104 42 | (148) Ba ae ec cibisee oe 343 697 778 194 74 154 0 1 15 131 20 572 (eo) et ae 154 17 45 174 20 9 3 1 3 17 774 168 Bb mse eek cere oti tere 573 82 227 370 ll 2 4 2 0 19 63 118 1S Sec Poe eee 68 664 91 191 15 6 2 0 39 14 97 272 Oars Nene Ae rs ae 484 109 300 21 39 11 1 1 33 365 405 BO se fee ction: de 59 95 559 64 136 10 1 7 3 512 260 970 DSO0 Bor Tite Wat. cic nema 574 318 247 76 86 2 1 17 74 24 306 OU eRe tere Meee ne 59 594 157 160 58 10 2 7 23 5 30 363 eee tara aitoniee ae 147 251 309 87 209 6 0 0 6 69 375 434 Sah WRN. ara econ 314 287 560 86 33 0 7 0 10 34 152 208 DE May cole om ei ie Se 284 | (256) 69 35 131 35 1 2 88 113 39 672 ODE ae tea, atlas 681 160 208 93 61 0 1 0 49 44 | 118 101 DG RS ae eascrliaetlaene 619 12 250 280 58 0 5 31 18 117 280 210 CF tied Se eae eee 304 435 187 41 19 4 0 1 7 149 40 97 QRNREE ahr: Aon setts: a 113 60 189 25 116 6 1 0 60 43 44 109 OI Oita nko canst hors 333 16 421 51 38 53 0 5 0 294 269 222 2 A LAT a 2 ee 271 28 143 156 146 2 33 0 10 108 479 81 Oe ee sects 407 485 59 178 72 1 0 6 46 140 177 60 OZ Shwe L aedabie cits 120 506 275 121 48 2 7 0 0 100 226 209 Ose Rie eee otnsas 290 164 570 134 6 0 0 1 8 197 68 Garr re con Rickey, dee 68 416 468 145 17 0 0 li 252 160 97 173 One ee oS PR 308 422 404 87 184 4 3 1 7 5 181 76 OB en atone 457 341 729 128 205 38 1 2 18 1 107 691 (WAG Stee esriean Seep 579 264 648 40 10 48 0 0 2 180 5 296 Uae hr en ae 398 312 77 28 67 1 1 6 43 47 117 164 UD Rs te saa 957 510 274 2 0 5 0 10 23 72 186 578 TE Oe Sears ee 280 99 274 26 2 0 il 1 41 65 39 98 UUs Se aA eee one 1109 298 530 76 15 3 t 0 27 27 28 176 Ae a ae AR 189 17 415 211 98 24 1 2 49 56 88 38 eae Nt an 263 220 115 54 56 20 15 10 3 4 382 357 Tae ene Per mists 884 395 73 110 24 31 1 0 4 75 46 413 Lye ete de dele teat 514 623 131 115 225 0 0 4 1 0 67 414 MG Cape a Rete Kha 1173 253 159 18 12 0 3 8 72 135 69 410 iM dis Beet Se AR 217 431 82 66 26 0 2 1 14 2 46 32 IBA tc aca oe 75 482 531 51 6 9 3 6 230 34 265 182 Apes treats sas | 136 470 230 27 20 0 0 2 74 31 32 226 LEP) 1 oe ee ce ei 44 213 420 115 12 8 0 1 4 139 218 353 2 eS a ie 2 et aie 447 113 209 39 171 1 0 0 36 44 92 654 Mean........... 3.65! 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TABLE 13.—Per cent of normal rainfall at Chilgrove, West Sussex, England. Compiled from table of actual rainfall in ‘‘ British Rainfall, 1919.” YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. le) P= = bo oS i) Ww o => oa = oO = _ So or _ ow o w oo rss — ow w a a = ao ow wo co ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 51 TABLE 13—Continuzp. Yuars. | Jan. | Feb. | Mar Apr. | May. a fat te hc kad _ eee 153 | 302] 44] 97] 55] 165 16} 44 | 66 | 128 | 144 eee ee 44| 76| 121| 158] GO| 157 62] 82] 73| 17| 165 as eee 4 | 11| io1| s7| 112| 165| ‘s1| 233) 38 | 3) a7) 2 ee 108 | 81 | 183 | 141) 174| 119] 134| 197| 154] 250| 75 | 96 oe 213 | 199] | 108| 218] 55| 59] 85| 99] G7| 41] 135 eer Ss .. 45) 34) 254/ 100) 2% | 190) 13| 1m] 79) 58) 157| 40 | 305} 185| 65| 51] 17%5| 57| 17| 37] 54] 137] 183| 7 eS. cae 45| 78| 51| 267| 143] 140| 68 | 7 | 21| 174] 97 | 134 _ = aes 51| 77| 150| 123| 123| 32| 140] 148] 64 | 7 | 42] 128 ite ws. 35| 19| 222| 80] 86| 145| 131] 77| 130] 21| 21] 158 eee 107 | 187| 71| 136| 56| 84| 8] 117| 4] 193| 126| 147 “SS eae 50} 96] 93| 80| 143| 103| 30| 18} 42/ 147| 159 | 256 Te ee Sao 126 | 130| 213 O} 57) 161) 80 | 266 | 108| 84] 58 | 136 ve ae 185 | Gt] 150] 183] 158] 23] 75] 66] 56| 140| 102 | 55 | eS 31] 203) 222| 91) 73) 60| 126| 61) 58) 75} 108| 275 Doe aon ae oe 138 | 222) 40) 75| 186) 8£| 166] 52) 83 | 96] 105 | 297 ig eS 50| 155| 148| .60| 93| 100| 39) 123/ 89| 136) 140] 113 ey 53| 53| 100| 107| 10¢| 170| 98| 200| 59| 108| 51| 52 ene ss. a: 138| 74] 69| 108) 85 | 41| 168| 67| 228] 34] 98] 99 MS ee 237| 133] 286| 129; 11| 25| 72) 133| 50] 8| 198| 199 Normal in inches, | 3.20 | 2.45 | 2.32 | 1.95 | 2.07 | 2.31 | 2.65 | 3.02 | 3.081 422| 353 3.51 52 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. TABLE 14.—Per cent of normal rainfall at Utrecht, Holland. YrEaR. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Annual. 164 64 153 91 60 136 56 47 157 85 145 103 230 84 228 117 39 64 149 43 108 118 124 118 73 138 141 102 40 146 82 42 45 187 27 90 187 94 22 160 155 45 178 135 296 147 110 141 103 52 239 80 149 105 87 132 120 7 36 105 164 26 54 132 120 63 81 87 160 123 221 113 51 64 50 76 90 182 68 34 165 44 84 82 143 33 155 218 110 66 105 112 20 192 77 112 14 77 125 13 35 96 48 104 46 51 20 62 40 41 48 71 109 142 177 39 85 32 105 144 75 | 209 | 160 34 64 79 84} 130 93 88 68 94 93 167 103 143 82 73 88 113 71 93 42 100 48 127 98 114 183 121 84 152 4 126 34 92 44 43 63 60 102 125 75 61 128 42 85 78 72 63 50 61 97 36 79 128 40 65 99 72 65 93 23 62 107 26 101 123 43 59 14 63 117 93 19 86 18 256 218 14 105 39 13 90 129 111 87 73 70 141 102 190 14 194 122 113 104 58 119 53 112 142 41 120 90 57 108 95 87 133 94 61 26 25 116 34 83 47 138 78 157 79 50 267 79 53 102 118 133 142 96 112 20 110 39 57 40 82 210 71 149 84 164 92 50 34 161 33 133 172 28 135 101 64 75 87 92 81 65 101 90 117 86 172 176 159 158 118 72 42 89 141 95 52 84 162 95 41 22 80 55 133 39 163 71 53 61 181 76 156 83 97 77 68 37 71 85 182 185 121 56 182 42 101 156 172 109 108 79 42 66 213 61 95 85 102 208 136 68 87 43 108 152 59 92 142 92 114 54 177 80 196 49 38 120 93 91 163 72 104 120 27 194 63 118 162 118 66 83 68 28 95 80 75 67 24 178 94 62 137 172 141 173 105 182 147 53 175 124 48 155 103 66 48 150 109 74 163 121 106 248 129 130 131 104 155 127 130 67 84 7 75 52 140 65 93 104 142 83 82 63 59 43 70 28 138 64 88 94 79 141 85 127 57 45 151 56 9 55 124 212 83 54 89 64 103 43 158 130 106 54 29 82 79 139 98 20 59 96 109 18 22 39 74 133 83 101 66 64 179 81 51 170 168 75 46 99 66 53 92 138 103 89 152 130 167 160 163 87 82 115 118 9 100 157 68 69 172 120 41 163 200 if 106 21 113 68 154 207 120 81 67 57 WEE 176 107 77 64 38 47 142 51 66 187 202 87 108 101 285 51 1 42 24 122 75 147 113 131 110 98 249 106 132 67 122 188 153 112 95 115 131 131 35 162 96 72 92 104 103 34 110 138 155 101 13 116 74 14 61 75 99 219 123 96 97 90 90 144 174 86 119 42 129 144 70 68 132 103 212 97 109 162 128 109 62 174 70 118 104 119 102 49 201 174 ll 73 182 207 94 55 83 115 127 46 101 100 140 78 150 23 134 48 117 99 64 141 197 66 81 117 83 169 108 102 145 113 79 93 84 154 40 105 132 66 59 54 92 86 79 135 292 115 152 105 112 161 165 143 40 131 136 74 48 135 120 31 74 63 59 100 79 86 87 155 120 73 110 102 140 75 200 99 42 105 118 105 62 185 81 79 73 52 77 101 105 104 111 107 93 132 162 43 60 56 101 71 124 94 129 83 75 118 113 97 126 56 36 98 54 90 85 126 215 77 66 116 163 93 136 70 166 113 173 67 162 91 132 133 82 107 27 187 126 115 101 108 67 49 183 28 196 52 157 156 110 105 126 162 90 125 208 56 265 152 89 140 140 136 (63 132 45 176 189 129 21 28 65 117 115 102 72 278 93 88 90 113 45 124 52 100 166 111 201 116 99 158 91 126 115 70 28 163 160 127 182 170 186 135 190 42 119 59 129 86 119 130 15 54 120 36 161 84 230 57 215 83 54 100 111 51 74 37 87 178 62 291 103 79 154 118 92 132 150 44 77 170 58 62 87 97 167 102 92 38 203 124 45 130 137 39 14 24 88 91 25 62 67 41 75 150 35 32 34 56 1) eee eee 4.30 | 4.98 | 4.33 / 4.93 ' 5.89 ' 7.58 ' 8.36! 6.51 | 7.27 | 5.96. | 6.89 leo eee ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 53 TABLE 15.—Number of rainfall stations in the different counties in Denmark. Year. CounNTIES. 1865. | 1870. | 1875. | 1880. | 1885. | 1890. | 1895. | 1900. | 1905. | 1910. | 1915. | 1920. Hjorring............. 1 1 4 5 7 8 9 9 9 11 7 8 Miltebed sco eke. 0 0 6 6 7 7 6 6 7 A 7 6 Ringkjobing......... 2 2 7 9 9 9 | 33 | 30 29 28 25 26 ieee Lo Tel |. 0 1 4 5 8 10 18 18 18 17 15 12 viii eo oe 3 3 6 5 5 9 11 10 10 8 7 8 Mathores). ssc 0 1 5 5 6 7 8 7 8 9 10 13 7 ie 1 1 9 7 8 9 9 7 7 8 9 11 Warhnis:t23=:>.2:2... 4 3 7 7 8 15 17 17 20 22 21 20 TE a ae 0 1 7 7 8 9 11 10 11 9 9 10 SCRE Re ae ae le Soe (NL ee) ee bo eed a ee ee ee ees, ea 2 25 Oiense 22.220... 1 1 11 12 12 17 17 18 | 20 20 20 | 20 Svendborg........... 1 1 9 11 10 17 16 17 17 18 16 16 Holbek............. 0 0 7 10 11 11 12 10 10 11 11 11 ie eee 1 2 4 5 6 9 8 11 10 9 13 14 Frederiksborg........ 0 1 5 8 5 5 4 5 8 6 10 11 Kjobenhavns........ 4 4 12 12 14 14 15 13 13 13 15 14 Presta. 2... 2.56 0 0 13 14 14 17 14 14 13 17 22 21 Maries ees. <. 1 2 9 15 18 14 14 14 14 15 16 16 Total number....! 19 24 | 125 | 144 | 156 | 187 | 222 | 216 | 224 | 297 | 233 | 262 54 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. TABLE 15a.—Denmark. Observed per cent of normal rainfall of stations shown above made from manuscript copy of actual rainfall sent by Prof. Carl Ryder. YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. Merealsancnt se 33.7 | 38.0 ' 35.2 | 39.1 | 48.4 | 63.4 | 74.7 | 61.2 | 66.2 | 58.6! 51.7 ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 55 TABLE 16.—Sweden. Observed per cent of normal. Prepared from material from ‘‘Observations Meteorologiques Suedoises L’Academie Royale des Sciences de Suede,”’ for 1910. YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dee. Normals......... 3.54 | 3.03 | 3.12 | 2.74 | 3.92 | 4.58 | 6.12 | 6.91 5.43 | 5.13 4.06 ' 3.71 bo 56 | THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. TABLE 17.—Per cent of normal rainfall of Chilgrove, England; Denmark; Sweden, and Utrecht, Holland— weighted equally because of geographical distribution. The record of Sweden is not included after December, 1910. YEARS. 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TABLE 22.—Jamaica. Observed per cent of normal rainfall. Prepared from table given by W. in ‘The Relation of Prolonged Tropical Droughts to Sun Spots,” in the Monthly Weather Review for YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. 84 | 109 | 165 51 77 88 77 62 60 111 145 85 141 93 115 75 103 55 74 70 112 26 68 44 79 | 106 80 74 84 94 91 84 63 109 86 | 152 112 | 121) 120 99 | 108 | 102 61 95 | 128 119 93 | 118 69 |} 112 75 96 | 137} 190 101 96 | 102 62 | 101 | 235 79 | 110 64 95 | 144 96 79 80 71 186 73 72 80 88 | 163 119 | 216] 117 110 | 118} 145 64 78 82 93 85 81 Normals in inches,| 3.92 | 2.75 | 3.21 | 4.56 | 9.13 | 6.53) 4.75 | 6.82 | 7.38 |10.16 H. Pickering October, 1920. Nov. | Dee. 163 136 77 83 41 93 46 115 136 49 30 133 117 113 100 155 96 190 69 35 29 157 99 66 70 78 67 58 65 48 62 307 48 111 106 15 60 203 57 59 85 106 100 101 130 71 132 212 66 129 101 75 60 111 75 72 62 54 196 145 68 116 131 106 73 163 75 95 102 78 88 141 99 41 56 90 86 138 276 34 100 238 64 167 350 69 113 68 127 98 144 119 233 32 123 97 66 91 67 127 7.64 5.07 INFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. RA ALTER £01 01 POL P01 O01 101 86 101 86 16 26 96 16 66 901 901 Ol 96 901 86 001 16 901 26 26 16 gor 96 901 901 POI £01 £01 01 R6 16 96 96 16 001 001 101 01 P01 TI 6 801 On 26 86 LOT 88 26 6 vit 16 201 801 901 VOL 16 66 86 P01 101 16 26 6 ¥6 96 801 601 801 101 01 18 LOI 101 POr 16 16 88 06 66 8 £82 O9r vor 0 691 16 OLT 8LI £8 161 16 611 iaal 90% 902 dal Z81 OL 261 001 Or ra 291 86 Let £9 1g ra) 08 el 01 Lat GL 89 89 LI 69 06 08 v0 89 PLT sit 19 69 098 18 G8 £6 06 18 09 8P 291 48 LOI 9 28 8 v9 89 19 aa 88 89 9 1 882 O01 8IT OIL Aa 88 19 8 881 08 Get v8 912 hi IZ 811 QL 08 68 69 11 REI 98 601 28 201 88 8L1 9 9L PRT ina! 06 99 Or a) 89 06 16 99 1X4 Or O8t 99 66 £8 OPT 201 88 QL (Gp) OLT ZLI 181 98 11 88 aa 06 89 Pat 06 SIT (4d 801 00% 8L 201 e91 88 08 06 £8 gt £12 691 18 G6 GL ra) 981 16 16 OI LOI 66 6p £91 GL 10) 08 6L Vit 86 8IT ZET gal al 811 96 96 691 VIZ 19 99 £01 tL Ol 89 V9 Ol 6L 191 #6 zal OL 191 ORT 961 98% 101 29 28 10) oP GOI LI 801 29 201 96 TOL + | 281 Ol £81 68 68 16 CL GL O61 461 ger GL 611 901 82 4 ion 09 gL raat 69 901 pL 7 LN Pel GL 101 901 IT GOT 99 801 vel 89 801 621 99 G6 19 ral 121 821 801 (26) 29 IZ a 201 801 66 261 611 611 09 Il 88 iv) gl zt 4 raat £6 rae 16 29 09 201 101 001 291 98 601 111 191 Get 981 0% G8 901 02 68 101 GOI £9 19 bl Z8I 901 Sel 69 19 P01 ina! 821 161 98 L¥I Ost £8 £8 dal £02 09 ep Ou oll 08 £01 aad rad 6L £9 69 Ge gg GI 901 #8 82 8L 101 621 201 201 86 bl #8 91 P91 eal 8P 6L 08 08 861 998 89 89 681 £8 991 981 iat LOe 29 £9 £9 18 16 19 "9 S01 801 oF #9 aa 8h 69 #6 #8 v8 PL £9 tL OF 08 Gal iva ital (gg) 19 08 901 6L 99 9L 89 121 OFT 8L OL 68 611 OL 6L 98 06 el Onl OL tL 66 val POT 96 98 ZIT 101 OF OPI 1g LST ina "9 OPI L¥ ¥6 8 62 001 29 891 00r L&I 291 oor O8T 61 tL ut gt aa eg 1g 201 891 001 9g 29 66 ¥I1 LOT 86 aa CL 9LI 98 201 OF £91 8 gg £01 GL OL 06 ¥L 99 6P eI 01 Tel. | #9 19 901 61 08 88 ia 9F GIT #9 OF 99 9% OLT I 102 86 Ip 09 29 LL 19 18 96 £01 LL £8 LL 88 LL Ig 08 08 IL 92 92 TL 69 gel £91 Gor GOL 601 (8) 26 9g 061 19 19 96 891 (1) (9) (g) (¥) (g) (3) (6 0a (1 0) (PI) (1) (21) (11) (01) (6) —_—— “s1OqUINU ostt ao (88) aa SPI = Hayjooulg 987 MIMO RAL SOOT yo) ‘Uno W “© poyjoomg pias F ICEL LY ‘Und THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. TABLE 24.—Tananarive, Madagascar. Rainfall in mm. | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | 18880} 15270} 12380) 13100 0} 1302 240 58 58} 15403] 23901 11700} 23843) 35133) 4528 469 224 557 534| 1982) 28173) 3635 36374) 33996) 3007) 5064 574 665 442) 1175 424) 5611) 7517 25853) 24182) 18607; 10001) 4131) 1412) 1460 887 237} 8219} 1616 47306| 21811] 22957} 1844] 3496 597 849) 3307) 6244) 1902) 10327 16820) 41155} 6490} 12505 630) 1040 100 933 393) 7320) 15605 46065} 15095) 27500) 4480) 1108 100 170 55 690) 7770) 7960 41699} 11800) 13820) 2785 472| 1009 535| 1650 380} 32638) 7385 23470| 30281| 37733] 12616] 2783 232 802} 1056 91} 14746] 14009 41449) 33277| 14280) 2060 310 82 439| 1112) 4128) 2709) 3249 41200} 23627] 22918 894 294} 1213 162 799 386 991} 4068 12200} 30358) 21516} 9423] 1431 420 364 113} 2096} 5506) 11549 44565| 23840} 25840) 1852 700 631 756 836] 1190} 7226} 19729 31777| 24842! 17356 697 905| 2548 943} 1717) 1271) 2680) 3262 40502) 53237) 11665) 8039} 1140 215 756} 1901) 2381} 6829) 31347 4945| 66995} 24004) 13270 320 225 670 70} 3220} 18825} 10090 19105) 16710) 34655) 3765 0} 1685) 1790 105} 5155} 7055) 16425 20940) 47040! 18115} 3740) 3245 114 859 0 720} 5310} 8172 13099! 20183) 1675) 6120 600 480 25) 3135) 4565) 4663) 6102 21162] 22798] 26092) 180 11 23) 57 70 2\| 1950) 14984 32681] 27787) 25301) 3828) 1322) 1426 703 667 481} 1617) 16374 23301) 15071) 12141) 7299 189 485 934 110} 2325) 2443 943 49075] 44162) 6064} 1928) 3770 273 463 419} 4953) 5238) 16571 61814) 46426] 7412) 5354 833 130| 1579 328 80) 5648] 11917 27781| 27075| 22142} 8352] 3200 309 113 212 214} 2464] 15922 29355] 24652) 21576| 5774) 3132 593 613 571 661) 5185) 39063 20533} 23850} 8596| 6541 263 154} 1077} 2391 864| 1662) 17139 19572] 15787| 11486, 2159} 2007 928 600 315 359} 1963} 13011 27480} 28110} 24442) 1018} 1261} 2057 402 313} 2538) 3590) 11537 38211) 51067) 8087) 4344 692 720| 1069 312 247 605} 14821 58273] 24303] 11229 513} 4077 179 462 508 104} 2624] 20389 305. 28/293. 10/178.80! 53.45] 14.02} 6.99] 6.45] 8.27] 15.34] 61.03]128.58 Dec. 289.40 Total. 129747 129167 122962 146948 160772 118446 155640 121614 147936 118199 133769 113415 151383 124545 193553 166494 161220 153492 69212 120576 125474 90700 157202 . 149070 122882 176077 135351 94792 136530 130810 160323 1360.74 Lor = on 7 . ee ee = é + Na vy - U 4 .: - . ifs 7 _ ; oy ru Pehle = 6 : y aM Monte gacroeget Qa My] deve . -. ) : oY a ne Ohare, eT lige ie AS —— . OS =e tee ee eee « = f = » 7 4 - ae a a o - - e 4 v ¥ hs | * . " ~~ i = — x ~ . a. - ~ - a =? ci " = t -“ . oe ‘ prt: J = i we { ‘ * . =m p 19) ‘ r ® , my le al my ' ene i i _ 1s : faa eG P a ah) a4 - re is ' ie ‘ was » 7. wai ge of ai Sere?) hy fe abi P~ =F , a “al a, ‘ ., s ey aoa! {" ff < A ‘ 5 Cae oe +ive'. ela | ete: g THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. 72 0162 8290€ | OF68Z | 8S8ZI | S019 PEST 168 St9 669 GOFT GPhES O882T | OT862 | 8cg0E 89821 £019 POST 208 GL9 COFT SHES O88ZT | OTE6G | 82908 | OF68Z | BS8ZT | OT9 PEST GPO 669 COFT GPE O88ZT | OT86Z | 82S0E | OF68Z | 8S8zT | 0T9 PEST 128 Sb9 669 GES O88ZT | O186Z | 86908 | OF68Z | 8S8ZI | SOT9 PEST L608 GPO 669 (ZOFT) SPEes O88ZT 86908 OF68G | 8982T | S019 PEST 108 SH9 669 ania GPEs O88ZI | OTE6Z | 82908 | 0F68z £019 PEST 128 SPO 669 COFT Shes O88ZT | OTE6Z | 8290 | OF68% | 8S8ZT | 0T9 O8IT 669 GOFT SVes O88ZT | O186Z | 82908 | OF68Z | BS8cr | LOT PEST 168 Sb9 OSOT Shes OTE66 82908 | OF68Z | #269 (FEST) 168 Gt9 669 GOFT GPES O88ZT | OT86Z | PELEG | 8S8ZT 6 PEST 208 SHO 669 COFT GES O88ZT | O186Z | 8cS0E | 66802 | S0T9 PEST Le8 SP9 a} COFT GPeEs O882T | OLS6Z | 8zg0E | 66802 | S0T9 Pest 128 GF9 669 GOFT GPes O88ZT L PELOZ 8S8cI | S019 PEST 18 St9 669 COFT Shes Gh9ES | 82SOE | OF68Z | 8S8cr | SOI9 “9 18 GH9 669 cOPT COL ROUCOGHEIES CaO Gen lteeen Seto cece iiwhrce we (eer waa oS Whe iene pel) wr ts g cat ae | pane eae OF68Z | 8S8cI | e019 PEST 228 Gt9 #69 PLES O88ZT | (OTE6Z) | 8ZG0E | OF68Z ae 2 £019 PEST 228 Gro 669 COI GPes O88ZT | O1€6Z | 8ZS0E | OF68Z | 8S8zr | SOI9 vest =e Gh9 669 GOFT GPES O88ZI | O1S6Z | 8290 | OF68Z | 8S8ZT | FOI9 PEST 128 Gb9 669 "2 GPES O88LT | O186G | FELEG | 8S8ZI | 0T9 PEST 128 9 669 ZOFT Gres O88ZT | O186z eat I ‘WJ JO SHLGAUGNOY NI SANTVA TYNUON £93 1#S8 9668 ossee | s890c | c06FP | E906E | S8I¢ 199 IZ4g¢ £19 £69 GElé PLL DUD GAs eft tts sia ings os ew SNORE a4 ZSOFG Gce6e | 860ST | co6ST | POTS | FIZ GIZ sil 608 00ZE GSE8 GFIZZ =| GLOLZ | I8LLe | T8LLz 6PS2 LIGIT | 89S 08 828 6LST 0gT £&8 psE¢ GPL QCF9F | FIBTO | 98GbG | ILG9T | 8&z¢ €964 61P £9P £16 (0228) 8261 $909 COLPh | LOELE | &h6 Ehbs GCES OT FE6 G8h 681 6662 TFIZI | TZ0ST | LOges | Lezet | FLE9T | ATOT 18F 299 £02 92F1 GCE 828E T9ESC L8LLE 189ZE | P8CIE | P8GFT | OST GG OL Lg PE SII SO8T G609% | 86426 | C9ITG | S9g8 cO19 £99P GOSP Gels GGG 009 0319 GLOT €810Z | 6608T | LEsSh | GLI8 OLE 062 0 668 iagt SPE OPLE GIIST | OFOLF | OF60Z | OLLFS | SZPOT | SSOL gcT¢ SOT O6LT G89T 0 GOLE coors | OLL9T | GOT6T | O9LFZ | OGOOT | SZ88T | OZcE OL 019 GGG (028) OLZET | FOOFZ | S6699 GP6P Teocg | LPSTe | 6289 18&Z 1061 9GZ SIZ OFIT 6£€08 GOOTT | LEzES | cOSOF | LPG9E | Z9GE 0896 TLé1 LILT £F6 8hSz G06 269 QGELT | Zh8FZ | LLLTIE | BIZ | B2L6I | 9ZZL €101 9S 189 002 6981 OF8SZ | OF8EZ | GOSH | SEFST | GFSTT | 90G¢ 9602 ell F9E 926 836 OTST? 89808 OOZZT | LIGLE | 089% (988) 662 at SIZI PO ¥68 81626 | La9EZ | IST8c | 6FZE 6022 81h aaa 6&P 68 OLg 0902 OSZFI | LAE | 6FPIF | G9OZE | OFLFI | 16 9¢c0l 608 £&6 £822 OI9ZT | SELLE | T80E | OLFEZ | OOTGS | £9ZE O8& OsoT ces 600T CLP G8LZ OZ8ET | OO8TT ELIEP 0962 OLLL 069 gg OLT 00T sort OSPF 8621G | S909F | GSPST | GO9ST | 0ZEL £68 €86 001 OFOT 089 86r6 GORGE TORRUD I ee Tce sles eee ee lene loners eal ieoee ries Sedat ie GElO | Le80I | ZO6T PPO LOE 648 L6¢ 0L9Z 1962 |(TT8IZ) | 9OSLb | SFEOS | 9T9T 6128 LE 288 O9FT acal T&tF FOOOT | LO98T | GBIF | E989 | SIT8s | LISL T19¢ POP SLIT CPP G99 bLg #90¢ 2008 9668 | FLE9 68E8I | SE9E E4182 | Z861 res Log $26 69F 80h e8Ice | €h8Es | 8c80c | 1068S | EOFST | 8E 8S OFS GOET 0 OOTEL | O8EZt | OLZST | O808T (21) (IT) (01) (6) (8) (2) (9) () (F) (8) (2) (1) (ST) (#1) (81) “szaquinu asey *SHIOAQ) ‘Q68T ‘Arenuve duLuUIseq ‘eoSsedEpRy ‘OAlIvUBURT— Ce FTAVL 73 RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. ALTER £6 08 916662 686821 PLZIPL PEROT 88 ¥6 86 601 | 66 76 OOr | 801 | 9IT | 601 | 66 (ie wep en ee “pay jooulg 68 ow] et |. 86 cor | #6 #8 eel =| SIT | 20T 101 | 88 ety wee ages aad Ne BEES | GELLGZ | OFORES | FFOITZ | EzG0z | 69600z | ZITTOZ | BzTTE | LI99e~ | ELEPHs | OL8Ez | ETTBPG | T T8171. 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SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES. Data collected during the investigation, but not used, published to make available for other problems. All this information was obtained in manuscript form with the exception of that from India, which was collected from the large annual volumes of “India Rainfall,” 1901-1918. SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE No. 1.—Showing total monthly and annual rainfall recorded at Alexandria and the normal for 1891-1920 in mm. . YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Year. SON. eis’ wes 9 9 i 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 2 76 113 Qo aerctaneqess 51 11 13 2 ) 0 0 0 0 11 85 23 198 Oo a ae ates 89 27 53 2 3 | drops 0 0 | drops 6 11 107 298 CY a 52 17 40 | drops 6 0 0 0 0 0 102 30 247 Baas create 1 0 4 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 100 167 DG acre atte oats 69 45 19 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 41 27 205 Oise ok ic oe 126 12 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 1 107 274 OSRRe eee. 57 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 144 266 Ce Be oone 73 23 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 58 25 64 245 ICLUUE Secures 14 33 16 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 10 125 200 OMe Rivera 83 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 30 57 188 QZ ae at 104 8 4 6 1 0 0 0 | drops 5 36 92 256 O35. ae 90 34 14 1 | drops | drops 0 | drops 0 | drops 10 24 173 (1 Gee a ape 63 12 | drops 2 | drops 0 1 | drops 65 50 196 Obs ie eee 46 16 14 | drops 0 0 0 28 7 {| 159 270 (Uh eS ae 32 43 6 3 9 | drops 0 | drops 0 19 64 31 207 PA covers eis 25 13 38 7 0 0 0 2 | drops 0 50 25 160 OSarres cee 80 47 14 3 0 1 0 0 | drops 0 39 76 260 See rie 43 41 0 51 | drops 0 0 0 21 22 31 209 1 Res Sena 86 8 19 2 3 0 0 | drops 4 0 30 28 180 ih eet seectie 28 42 12 2 | drops 0 0 0 | drops 8 17 79 188 DO ees cre 21 24 9 0 2 0 0 0 drops 10 27 93 16}3 oor aes ae 12 36 21 | drops | drops 0 | drops 0 | drops 14 79 98 260 Lae Pe 2 28 31 7 8 0 | drops 0 | drops | drops | drops 29 103 206 iS aera bee 19 19 19 1 | drops 0 0 0 | drops 14 10 82 Sa nie 109 14 8 2 | drops 0 0 | drops | drops 0 21 45 199 fe, Speer 66 39 13 1 | drops 0 0 0 | drops 8 8 65 200 1s eee 39 31 6 | drops 0 0 0 0 drops 53 50 179 LOW ices sera cieve 36 4 1 | drops | drops 0 0 0 0 54 126 224 1920 Pee seat 35 42 11 | drops | drops | drops | drops 0 0 0 6 39 133 Normal....... 53 24 13 4 1 0 0 0 1 7 34 67 204 Nortr.—‘ Drops” indicate that rain was too small to measure. } ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 75 SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE No. 2.—Showing total monthly and annual rainfall recorded at Khartoum (Gordon College) and the normal for 1899-1920 in mm. YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. May. June. July. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | drops | dro 0 0 dro 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a Sn NORM SCSCORDG RODSCSO 8 | 40 56 | bose hoe On bo OO bo coocoococococeoecoocn“se“eooo ocoocoooooooooooooooeocjc“eclc | ol bo 0 130 Nore.—‘‘Drops’’ indicate that rain was too small to measure. Brackets [ ] are used to denote that the observations are incomplete. SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE No. 3.—Showing total monthly and annual rainfall recorded at Adis Ababa and the normal for 1898-1920 in mm. ” Years. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. May. Aug. | sept. Oct. | Nov. 146 Dec. | Year 0} 1184 5 | [931] 13 1241 1 1152 8 1472 0 1170 0; 1000 0} 1550 drops 933 0 1126 drops| 1295 14 1149 0} 1088 0 1204 0 1082 32 | 1443 ll 1900 7 | 1727 34 | 1590 0 961 0 991 0| 1077 6 | 1259 Nore.—‘‘Drops"’ indicate that rain was too small to measure. Brackets [ ] are used to denote that the observations are incomplete. 76 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE No. 4.—Copenhagen. Rainfall in mm. From Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen. Sent by Prof. Carl Ryder. YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dee. | Year. LES CRAs PES RS bees | [ae Re am ee eR A AY (ng 2 a til oo Ate |e 2 aah 55 50 60 28.) ee Oe ee oss 64 5 22 25 74 4 21 31 63 42 81 67 499 Diath cabo: stata tes 44 17 63 15 3 2 138 116 41 28 33 12 512 7 ea ae 39 85 33 44 36 76 66 45 50 32 45 69 620 DAE a ttay acs 26 26 43 27 40 38 34 76 53 56 150 119 688 Bors tare elev oce 40 45 23 100 41 70 27 99 83 51 131 40 750 PA ns os ea 10 71 41 44 7 22 41 PAs 34 87 54 51 487 24 (OE AA 97 5 93 45 55 39 56 48 40 53 40 70 641 Oe as See 28 32 64 54 24 54 145 88 70 38 38 58 693 DA ae cee ead 22 90 21 27 34 43 126 81 61 107 83 7 702 S30 cate 35 70 38 103 60 107 56 100 72 28 9 27 705 Bere tot evtxos 45 61 49 19 40 130 18 52 27 34 61 21 557 Oho teak 18 1 36 2 40 47 71 73 50 28 35 34 435 aese cites is 19 58 67 29 19 61 30 87 43 73 50 204 740 Oe Lae AES eres 79 29 40 14 39 29 3 43 68 49 78 32 503 BO cachet sett 23 56 24 55 82 15 2 40 56 45 43 29 470 Eee Howtos 103 53 67 31 15 27 91 30 70 32 62 70 651 CI aa Oa 15 50 33 36 38. 28 20 bys 54 38 51 31 451 6} eae | Saas 38 12 59 93 20 30 44 133 33 53 25 16 533 OOM cea he ses 48 22 13 43 43 56 55 36 73 10 43 27 469 IBIO Chat he.. 74 29 5 5 60 31 63 66 59 58 54 13 517 AY ses Pes 71 ll 25 29 30 99 96 48 76 171 62 51 769 As ars 17 0 66 0 24 94 36 3 58 26 48 27 399 BS even nets 125 61 18 50 14 104 69 47 26 100 54 17 685 CL Oe eee 121 61 44 15 21 34 54 123 27 90 57 17 664 Cp eae 35 21 34 17 122 16 75 105 63 104 49 83 724 BGR ae ae 58 55 83 37 22 28 74 22 12 34 26 36 487 BTA eosin 32 37 39 43 62 51 39 26 66 34 24 16 469 Ct aaah, see 9 55 38 63 10 97 38 110 36 104 56 19 635 AQu ee ic: Sie 50 44 34 19 9 104 121 45 48 95 27 35 631 ASH re pseeioe 17 53 12 54 38 37 117 61 57 54 79 21 600 Lea ieee tees 32 30 63 86 48 68 46 28 27 45 85 14 572 52h 5 a eas 55 62 1l 22 52 80 5 68 69 74 101 81 680 ie eRe ae ae 56 42 22 51 36 37 75 64 46 34 17 7 487 A 45 30 20 21 47 46 27 134 67 39 36 70 582 DOE cco cc 30 8 35 41 60 55 74 76 30 80 6 35 530 Glimige renee 44 41 3 66 49 57 63 40 57 23 67 64 574 Dns tet 40 18 32 57 10 15 32 43 28 38 27 19 359 Sls, Tees, cs 29 9 19 17 93 27 51 55 14 31 23 35 403 OQ cries are 29 57 38 52 13 51 34 52 107 45 61 65 604 LS GO peti Ac 34 36 33 51 40 93 23 132 51 55 24 25 597 es eee 20 48 62 13 28 76 106 51 73 6 84 29 596 iy Aegean Ae 34 24 24 20 28 86 80 34 89 79 31 68 597 OSrn cath ot. 42 35 49 47 25 60 65 64 75 27 23 78 590 Gh eee 23 23 47 15 28 119 43 152 86 41 61 6 644 Garett cae 28 12 13 7 16 29 55 57 31 56 48 4 356 66ers: 44 93 32 72 91 44 53 77 65 26 77 55. 729 OLE ALES. oz 68 68 16 74 48 55 125 18 76 65 54 34 701 Gi Sst 27 53 58 52 7 3 8 60 64 61 25 100 518 69 25 30 14 10 74 32 23 63 42 59 37 32 441 32 6 9 16 19 33 12 60 65 99 47 33 431 84 21 19 21 16 75 80 26 84 16 25 20 487 35 18 57 45 86 51 61 30 89 90 56 64 682 36 il 9 28 73 56 114 84 69 99 55 33 667 40 7 45 31 15 25 87 68 67 33 60 43 521 66 2 31 10 24 68 50 46 38 62 72 18 482 12 51 69 29 40 54 45 34 76 34 21 50 515 79 54 24 19 44 39 100 123 43 70 40 38 673 48 15 36 21 57 58 35 46 49 41 93 29 528 17 42 8 49 39 57 108 111 29 40 17 5 522 8 41 14 31 13 41 92 8 59 123 105 53 588 6 20 26 3 47 20 93 66 72 61 52 35 501 24 16 45 40 18 81 46 88 46 53 67 29 553 22 10 5 17 22 37 87 55 54 67 84 46 506 78 49 49 19 30 27 75 44 35 102 36 55 599 3 36 22 17 49 78 15 83 92 99 18 20 552 40 7 16 28 37 42 50 29 46 73 24 59 451 5 10 23 41 69 24 44 43 52 49 45 54 459 29 26 71 19 44 54 96 48 22 43 45 56 553 15 31 26 34 43 25 60 107 88 72 15 14 530 ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 77 TABLE 4—Conciupep. 58.4 | 51.1 | 46.2 | 576.5 SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE No. 5.—Rainfall of agricultural districts of the state of South Australia. All stations used. Al] .741 .901 .74 | 1.83 | 2.25 | 1.98 | 2.09 | 1.88 | 1.371 .97 | .82 78. THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. CORRELATION OF OLD AND NEW METEOROLOGICAL DISTRICTS OF INDIA. oe Otp Name. pis He Otp Name. . ad 1 EEN ASSEN. she a Ah cue Aa traetsie bees 2 31 | N.W Frontier Province............. 14 2 | Lower Burma, Deltaic............... 2 32) 9|) West, Punjab. 7. c/n eee 12 3 | Central Burma, Deltaic. ..:.......... 2 33 Malabar}. 2.5.5. <4: ace aor eetn eee 30 4.) Upper’ Burma, Deltaic.:. <.cece. ¢-en- 3 goa. | “Travancore. ....2 ee ————s 0| 196 2400 | 3951 | 1438 | 1240 7 2 eR OR 29 2938 | 2130 | 1925 | 419 67 Fo: 2691 | 2408 | 1884 | 998 28 0| 16 3244 | 2612 | 3039 | 396 21 2) 15 3148 | 2134 | 2049 | 710 66 22 0 2571 | 1494 | 2047 | 667 3 35 3 2541 | 3600 | 1677 | 1017 151 3 2 2795 | 3113 | 1399 1 4} 42 3452 | 2364 | 1960 | 926 16 12} 35 1830 | 2701 | 2215 | 697 9 5 6 2950 | 3258 | 1561 | 908 3 122 6 2866 | 2656 | 1437 | 749 5 8] 14 3271 | 2817 | 1657 | 654 6 2 9 4027 | 3186 | 127 | 724 187 (hn Sie 21 8 3066 | 2687 | 1400 | 1201 319 hee 0 3 1768 | 2435 | 2135 | 795 47 een ees. 10} wu 3110 | 2462 | 1953 | 1223 66 °<, ORR See 12 0 2766 | 3343 | 9349 | 620|......1...... No. 3.—Uprer Burma. Stabe ieee ae 6] 80 4| 50| 718 | 2316 | 2504 | 2610 | 1724 | 978) 248 20 "Tis a es ee 4 4| 170| 685 | 2178 | 3750 | 1615 | 1606 | 434| 20| 8 “2 ee re nA 36| 16 | 608 | 2116 | 1850 | 2815 | 1594 | 933 | 334 2 ES eat 0} 10} 9) 358| 706 | 3056 | 3358 | 2211 | 1392 | 338 | 514 | 26 re 9] 30) 256| 76 | 100% | 2267 | 3352 | 2656 | 1760) 658| 34| 146 77 ae 6 | 54 8| 32] 852 | 2674 | 2802 | 1524/1713 | 568) 102| 4 Wee, 38 4] s3| 64| 498| 558] 434] 534] 581 | 460 9} 126 “gL 17 3 6| 88; 467| 644| 5299] 857| 635| 328] s34| 0 "Se aaaie 5 3 1| 167 | 763; 653| 697] 888| 592| 601} 284| 67 oT a ee Sa 6] 15| 114| 290) 718] 682 ) 624 | 659] 857| 710] 176| 0 oe 14 3.) aa |" 327 | 579 | 877| 555 | 646| 680| 564 | 23 i "SE Seon RN am 12 9] 19] 74| 553| 751] 648| 914| 598| 652] 197 10 mee st .. 9] 19] 39| 31| 413] 770| 722| 813| 619 | 655 206 | 2 Te A Oe 1} 15| 17/| 92| 656 | 1200] 691| 698| 656| 593| 135] 200 meee. st. 1| 11] 63] 139 | 1037] 890] 661| 661| 641| 533] 125] 100 “8G © cdl eo 5 8 4] 126| 442} 811] 719| 926] 963| 624] 307| 43 “Vos See 2] 57 8| 126] 399] 787| 450 | 1023/1008) 723| 29] 4 asec ee. 31 2] 351 1101! 1033 | 624 | 583| 827] 680! 528|...... Reeae No. 4.—Assam | egies, Sie es | 52] 15 | 1039 | 726 | 2125 | 1779 | 2005 | 1335 | si9| 413 3 20 ae Pad 32.| 36| 377 | 1475 | 149 | 2397 | 2184 | 2130 | 1652 | 363] 35| 8 meee 47| 100] 426] 574 | 847 | 2564 | 1855 | 2525 | 1308 | 683| 204| 3 eee oo a 41 | 251 | 235 | 2020 | 1467 | 1785 | 9992 | 1916 | 1138 | 475 | 268] 17 | PRES es 51| 82| 760 | 842 | 1070 | 3308 | 2090 | 2839 | 1279 11951} 95 100 ae 36 | 254 | 339 | 1235 | 1304 | 1743 | 2416 | 2710 | 1295 | 643 | 185| 4 “of ee 236 | 128 | 364 | 1028 | 799 | 1928 | 2155 | 1291 | 1585 | 170| 17 50 Se. ee 70| 144| 106 | 776 | 1217 | 1472 | 1880 | 1396 | 1459} 401 | 30 0 1 Se aes eS 87| 33| 16| 803/ 1196 | 2154 | 1331 | 1742 | 915 | 499] 111 39 To Reaaeen 47| 110| 541 | 789 | 985 | 2147 | 2374 | 1530 | 993 | 933 | 49 22 i he OE gal 304 | 81| 358] 917 | 1714 | 1858 | 2293 | 1600 | 1530 | 943 103 13 Fe ee eS 40 | 241| 481 | 1194 | 943 | 1685 | 2065 | 1664 | 952 | 643 | 188 32 “See edi ee 53 | 338 | 476 | 1321 | 1443 | 1724 | 1767 | 1403 | 1019 | 822] 48| 175 The aN dba § 26 | 322] 309| 854 | 1087 | 1175 | 1520 | 1826 | 1215 | 279| 39 51 “Et ey Cae 34 | 204 | 293 | 792 | 2309 | 1852 | 2468 | 1815 | 997 | 411| 40 16 73 ye = See 7 | 118| 437 | 921 | 1117 | 1337 | 1816 | 1614 | 1197 | 899 | 120 23 Bike Poh eS. 47| 381| 128 | 723] 715 | 2109 | 1838 | 1383 | 1313 | 715 | 138 6 Ty oats SO 16! 65! 563 622 | 1109 | 2200! 2649 | 2108 | 1386 | 283|......|...... 80 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. TABLE 6—ContTINUED. No. 5.—BENGAL. YEARS Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept AQOU Ae oeestetias ae 91 94 48 | 260} 646 | 1547 | 1646 | 1392 | 1169 Oo eRe coteytsm eae 4 4 242 642 913 | 1442 | 2060 | 1524 | 1914 OSE Rat nae ae 44 82 | 162 97 | 512 | 1667 | 1076 | 1836 | 1226 QE ete Asem eae 18 97 76 | 433 | 1154 | 781 | 1882 | 1346 | 820 OD koecre eraser atte 78.| 140 | 380] 422] 938 | 967 | 2137 | 2186 | 1540 PG et eet hire sears ord 88 | 320] 180 68 | 657 | 1190 | 1866 | 2149 | 1000 OF ete Se sete os 6 83 | 322 | 348] 612 | 1858 | 1549 | 927] 979 (IRA eee Sree eet as 80 58 32 | 160} 662 | 1408 | 1546 | 882] 938 (EAS Sen tarne 22 21 3 | 558 | 596 | 1904 | 1052 | 2380} 972 NOLO ESB es i Hecemy fd 60 44 | 112 | 241 | 687 | 1544 | 1908 | 1388 | 961 1 Se Sn te en P 37 10 | 186 | 338 | 1052 | 1686 | 1410 | 1286 | 1138 1 eG aA ee 6 64 | 306 | 624 | 784 | 1384 | 1688 | 1365 | 771 ib Serre seceob moor 4 283 113 160 | 1017 | 2477 | 1473 | 1451 | 1147 1} 212] 101 | 534 | 1031 | 885 | 1655 | 12888 | 885 17 81 325 247 | 1115 | 1607 | 1427 | 1537 | 1023 5 44 18 | 587 | 388 | 1798 | 1478 | 1708 | 1441 2 122 71 312 701 | 1572 | 1651 | 1192 | 1020 3 1 160 411 | 1062 | 2045 | 1475 | 1970 963 No. 6.—Orissa. NOOU ree sa heres ps 180 | 254 44 | 173 | 298] 309 | 1258 | 1002 | 837 Ut RRS ee ae SR Atay 23 1 92 313 322 515 | 1952 | 1264 679 ee toss, cici acres: 34 106 69 83 254 641 | 1410 | 1116 | 1124 Fe Sa eae 1 49 86 19 361 | 1192 | 1010 | 1216 917 TSVEss Sar ese 123 61 300 195 429 375 | 1057 787 | 1087 eae Gaon: See 113 389 132 12 241 804 | 1152 825 | 1041 Ie ct tear a age 1 95 | 224 | 456] 208 | 941] 689 | 2354 | 648 144 4 63 23 193 | 1139 | 1212 | 1974 799 24 64 16 520 247 | 1184 | 1570 962 980 67 4 9 | 148 | 257 | 932 | 1818 | 1211 | 1042 0 38 135 128 234 | 1350 621 | 1110 988 4|] 229; 109| 198 | 150] 480 | 1368 |} 1384 | 812 7 249 65 28 427 | 1056 | 2010 | 1126 581 0 134 49 213 772 850 | 1569 | 1072 | 1418 54 95 | 173 98 | 289 | 624 | 934 | 1060 | 1066 0 19 2 77 | 180 | 1458 | 883 | 1193 | 718 i BEES ly BS) 83 | 457 | 1292 | 1226 | 1263 | 958 19 1 85 126 514 | 1336 694 | 1102 722 No. 7.—Cuota Naervr. 359 | 282 45 62 | 145 | 293 | 1018 | 1623 | 1050 19 40 51 95 231 308 | 1721 833 | 1185 87 66 38 | 129 | 229] 533 | 874 | 1112] 831 5 71 168 37 454 | 1263 | 1963 | 1502 405 171 217 200 147 230 158 | 178t 962 | 1360 188 533 141 5 107 644 | 1461 937 749 9 | 227] 313 95 74 | 1289 | 742 | 1917 | 875 65 160 17 1 186 813 | 1316 | 1451 610 114 47 5 | 332] 109 | 1067 | 1055 | 1415 | 1218 85 29 15 | 136 | 177 | 954] 977] 1101 | 969 a 0| 123 29 | 141 | 1482 | 602 | 1544 | 1028 11 97 82 95 | 135 | 466 | 1430 | 1396} 450 11 | 527 | 187 4 | 286 | 1425 | 1289 | 1498 | 650 0 85 97 80 | 514 | 408 | 1129 | 1258 | 631 39 | 155 | 106 35 | 184 | 433 | 973 | 820] 800 0 64 1 67 86 | 1006 | 841 | 1173 | 785 iV frate Ae a aOr ees Aa 6 | 170 64 28 | 375 | 1155 | 1272 | 1645 | 900 ASS ook selena 16 4 16 47 | 2511 1253 | 500! 15261 680 ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 81 TABLE 6—ContTINUED. No. 8.—Brnar. YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. 220 79 46 5 | 243 | 264 | 864 | 1230 | 562 32 28 0 12 2 96 64 224 433 | 1375 842 | 1331 106 ~ 9 18 21 8 15 78 | 678 | 364] 1240| 664 | 567 0 0 34 8 12 14 446 697 | 1599 | 1416 | 313 394 37 10 58 | 112] 132 88 | 303 | 178 | 1566 | 1928 | 1398 42 0 2 59 224 34 - 165 730 | 1388 | 1602 462 132 1 0 5 236 152 83 134 894 966 929 871 12 0 7 60 161 23 7 133 337 737 644 591 85 0 1 24 26 0 270 91 | 1666 | 1049 | 1361 699 132 0 19 10 18 21 41 190 971 | 1273 | 1368 982 317 100 0 31 0 86 52 167 | 1313 719 | 1683 | 1240 532 71 0 19 19 98 101 250 559 | 1382 | 1203 379 42 289 | 0 0 148 78 5 407 | 1542 992 | 1414 | 1028 274 15 140 0 84 33 127 396 375 | 1163 | 1812 398 38 0 4 31 195 106 23 378 575 | 1194 | 1492 737 276 154 3 1 63 0 90 71 | 1112 | 1554 | 1284 | 1088 602 10 0 11 75 37 27 432 928 | 1338 878 | 1078 561 0 1 25 0 8 106 356 957 885 | 1990 937 > Ue Bee ese No. 9.—Unitep Provinces, East. UL a 245 125 36 os 61 186 862 | 1064 | 2434 19 0 6 MR a sea naw 16 6 10 10 O4 133 | 1676 626 | 1011 3 0 I es eee 30 1 2 55 202 628 | 1690 | 1065 | 1323 0 10 Ute eee 32 6 24 1 104 587 | 1350 | 1236 343 248 67 101 Sea Se es oe 57 90 82 19 70 63 | 1294 | 1342 687 18 0 6 Lob a ae 22 226 23 0 58 534 | 1366 | 1171 437 23 0 0 aes Be ere rf 292 60 72 35 162 707 | 1164 73 0 0 0 Lee OR eee 75 1 22 6 18 206 | 1022 | 1254 295 38 0 2 il aa ae 33 23 0 259 20 930 | 1488 719 524 23 0 85 _ ULES ee ee 16 1 1 5 92 605 774 1295 860 377 123 0 LN ae Ee 168 0 117 8 12 380 321 | 1149 | 1555 334 148 1 Dh eee 57 20 17 57 188 | 1279 | 1046 540 - 110 3 6 Os Fee eee 1 138 122 2 242 627 783 703 328 47 0 46 Ss BE 5 54 76 38 179 140 | 1642 | 1262 389 13 3 1 hee eee 46 167 90 23 56 418 | 1091 | 1628 | 1439 383 4 7 BG ert. scales 5. 0 72 0 24 26 | 1043 | 1129 | 1467 711 216 29 6 MMO oe oa he es 28 105 26 13 163 628 | 1324 918 | 1190 221 0 19 ieee Sree. ees fe 1 1 19 13 60 493 380 | 1006 355 Gila 2 eee No. 10.—Unirep Provinces, West. 278 162 67 7 81 102 783 | 1800 | 414 42 0 49 ll 24 31 64 105 254 | 1473 917 | 1364 56 3 0 104 8 63 10 62 194 658 | 1349 740 594 0 17 63 6 160 12 144 410 | 1515 | 1439 501 18 87 70 206 168 125 30 85 178 778 703 414 1 2 28 37 367 92 8 55 794 | 1130 | 1020 732 14 0 31 83 287 103 114 56 68 774 | 1083 9 0 0 0 102 87 5 11 60 223 | 1414 | 1685 138 1 ~ 8 80 35 0 275 14 702 | 1534 957 452 5 0 148 62 18 0 8 58 379 755 | 1379 893 690 16 1 329 6 182 7 3 315 263 643 | 1306 62 193 2 144 35 48 21 28 132 991 | 1067 981 0 31 7 2 188 124 7 229 572 611 457 84 li 6 39 0 63 101 88 135 241 | 1369 860 | 1051 56 25 0 103 274 222 33 58 239 954 | 1184 589 49 0 ll 2 77 0 13 49 621 | 1362 | 1414 981 240 14 0 6—Science Bul.—3728 82 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. TABLE 6—ContINUED. No. 11.—Punsas, East anp Nortu. YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dee. 194 142 76 2 66 52 628 612 77 10 0 15 0 3 37 39 91 | 245] 593] 415] 254 34 9 0 91 3 120 6 52 29 744 | 548 426 27 0 29 92 6 296 6 93 94 395 624 | 351 21 47 53 205 99 97 8 29 81] 443 163 | 429 3 0 38 25 | 320 170 9 12 | 207 | 478 607 | 755 2 0 27 109 | 330 191 200 27 120 | 319} 819 21 2 0 0 162 54 2 130 52 60 | 869 | 1622 257 5 a 21 84 98 9 232 11 359 902 | 658 638 12 0 176 125 32 9 28 12 | 363] 567] 944} 346] 189 0 16 396 29 | 425 19 af 237 124 |} 351 403 44 127 2 209 35 43 80 30 61 671 790 250 1 46 9 8} 213 142 7 | 226) 386) 511 624 80 7 8 59 57 140 65 179 95 205 | 1240 | 368] 608 146 36 50 93 238 228 62 24 116 | 260 | 373 369 72 0 12 7 86 21 20 54 219 914 907 | 332 127 0 2 31 13 40 | 213 134 345 714 992 | 1259 | 402 0 44 26 4 224 157 5 131 151 518 55 8 shasta s arall te No. 12.—Punsas, SOUTHWEST. 108 58 68 36 | 200 59 | 372 184 72 2 0 0 0 4 39 30 63 202 | 268 | 262 171 27 0 0 36 2 135 26 85 27 | 509 354 202 10 1 18 188 2| 366 2 26 49 108 234 42 6 40 38 182 98 82 14 16 48 338 37 | 471 8 3 82 5 | 360 112 13 10 98 190 | 404 | 309 1 0 52 17 108 69 163 32 134 117 | 320 2 0 0 0 90 21 2 144 45 35 | 421 609 | 418 0 0 3 9 66 14 138 1 126 449 67 180 1 0 100 70 5 10 82 9 144 203 389 2 4 0 8 131 23 324 34 14 149 37 79 40 53 42 2 168 6 16 122 26 38 226 168 69 4 0 8 0 124 66 13 43 125 300 493 57 6 8 24 66 133 57 154 43 118 | 748 236 141 93 45 33 8 45 112 71 15 79 57 68 16 17 0 7 6 27 22 28 60 92 288 | 579 82 51 0 0 13 0 44 96 116 12 237 883 609 1 0 16 4 8 178 126 1 27 127 97 77 10_)' eee No. 13.—Kasumir. 589 725 | 315 61 335 152 | 1335 | 2363 277 19 0 65 23 72 382 291 232 354 | 1138 917 563 92 AltA 0 344 85 656 73 227 171 959 | 1851 694 34 0 263 333 97 557 111 250 191 | 1712.| 1297 302 142 79 171 438 448 607 95 208 206 | 1308 | 1034 229 2 2 139 209 747 468 31 67 778 | 1261 | 3172 | 1069 6 0 103 294 44] 339 372 213 308 213 435 54 52 8 2 236 156 61 617 167 56 328 652 255 58 a 291 -274 407 155 102 100 127 543 441 481 105 5 225 348 272 200 309 113 257 366 528 68 2 0 173 839 172 702 174 59 124 190 252 148 39 168 76 413 127 272 244 230 47 343 302 12 14 40 119 210 342 223 340 145 251 291 445 65 29 82 138 139 654 393 487 262.) 327 | 1474 615 347 512 165 287 151 592 | 371 546 54 185 | 365 718 253 67 1 45 145 402 200 148 169 349 | 1043 | 1030 214 109 13 24 171 72 256 | 391 204 632 768 | 1086 | 906 | 417 1 257 81 89 | 854 661 16 244 370 | 517 75 53° |\..c Se eee ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 83 TABLE 6—ContinuzEp. No. 14.—Nortawest Frontier Province. May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dee. 633} 92) 209| 356 0 112| 230] 411| 383 2 186| 32/| 215| 338 74 48| 18] 290| 437 46 88 | 20| 246| 194 250 57 | 113| 286 | 459 172 49| 1233] 159| 358 0 2%] 32| 434| 638 o4 23] 99| 541} 493 186 50 | 207| 584| 644 39 2%] 114] 47| 237 50 44| 38] 418| 381 9 56 | 164 | 205) 392 60 139 | 204 | 675| 358 153 39| 88] 122] 196 8 160| 66} 301| 794 9 102 | 152 | 2:2] 714 131 Si 17 | mel et. 2) TL ee No. 15.—BAaLucHISTAN. . ; ae m4| 15] 89} 16| 162] 0| 106| 2] 6| of of o ees eS a 2} 26] 20] 10| 47} 2] 63] Go| 17] 22] 2 “Te ee 70| 72] 282| 160} 73] 11] 81] 36] 11] O| HH} B = ae 269| 49] 335 7 0 2 5 9 9} oO} 2% 7 Rc ee 388 | 191} 172] 20 10 4) 43 0 ts os Pee 263 “ota 39 | 391| 294} 16 3} 2%| 30/ 99f 30]; 0} 10 12 De aa 1} 330| 108| 113 2} 118] 42| 191 0}; oO} oO} 6 > ae 123| 11] 108} 9 a2 8) tra we). at Ce o| 67 Lp ee 71 | 172 83 72 4 21 9} 12 41/ oOo} oO 142 i. LA ae 191} 2] 62} 48 9}/ 42] 20] 78} oO} oO} oO} 109 ih at ee a 385 | 56| 381| 62 a} 32 7) 42) of 47| 99] 26 eae 30} 19] 15] 90] 13] 17| 166} 52] 15 o| 2] 100 Ce ee 46 | 234] 178 8 2} 7i| 80| 145 4| 36) 61) 106 See eae 14] 47| 78] 71| 4] 85] 281| 299| 50| 153| 189| 60 “=k ieee 42} 18] 131] 257| 1 5| 31] 19] 10] 2 0 1 “poe Pe ae 168| 91; 29] 91] 2%| 22] 48] 391 1 ol el 6 Ae eR eae 118 5| 161} 15| 47/ 1| 35] 341) 41] O| 2 33 ener re . 12| 107| 380| 71 Ses eed. Me eI Cab te No. 16.—Smp. o; 11 12. R35 0} Ath. a1) 0 0 0 4 0 Oo; 1) 1] 98} 21] 28] 244] 319 0 0 0 11 DS Oe pred Deeg Ses ee Oe a o| o| 0 47| 29] 112] 0 REY eS ae Oe 0 4 10 7} m1) 3] 15) Of; O| 138] 0; 10 0}; o| 9 6| 201; 51 0} Of; 9] 48] 170} 6] 4] OF 0 1 | 131 21| 16] 1] 298] 16] 374 2 ot” O12 6 77 at ah sp 1} 7} 834| 278 OO eo 0 8) 7) O} 15) OO] 9) 441) GS] 53} 0] of 20 47 0 0 9 3| 118] 566] 156 1 o}; 0 0 6 0} 59 0 0; 10 0} 15 1. £1.65 ee 35 0 0 6 5| 27| 238] 189] 12 oi a 0 Oo} 6] 17 0 0} 36] 939| 517} 228/ 3] 1] @B 0| 80 3 4} 23 | 154| 274 2P 6) |) Sinea ofa et a ole ot at {| }42| 391 “eles 8 0 0 0 9} 49] 191) 698) 139 5! o| 0 3 20 “a7 * 12 |. ret 31)” ee aes] Paes.) im] 8 | 0 0 0} 3 5 o| o o| 92 7 @ hve 84 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. TABLE 6—ConrtTINUvED. No. 17.—RaspuTana, WEST. YEARS. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dee. 34 0 3 0 15 12 | 333 | 237 6 14 0 0 0 0 3 16 | 177 | 152) 312} 196 6 0 0 5 7 29 0 20 4] 689 | 379} 205 0 0 0 9 12 50 3 61 58 | 200} 215 60 6 11 24 12 20 4 6 1 19 | 145 Sil e273 0 0 2 0! 128 27 0 1 67 | 253 | 280] 351 3 0 7 OURe oe acceeee 4} 130 26 12 26 34 | 212 | 1089 1 0 0 0 Sper Bee cc ccnen oe 38 1 0 6 22 | 124} 940] 1190 | 306 1 4 0 (ee Sete coe 13 8 0} 104 11 | 106} 727 | 344] 449 2 0 65 NOVO ot ys ec meees 8 0 0 17 1 || 302 | 231 | 632 41 3 0 0 Meateicie ss stearate 5 0 119 1 0 113 ll 62 240 25 8 0 1 Dd eee eee 35 0 0 7 21} 102] 519 | 457 73 27 12 0 ES BASU eaeisee 0 24 8 0 60! |) 2074) - 2324) 309)\) 126 1 0 33 10 eA Bee See 8 8 0 29 16} 204] 503 | 238] 210 24 14 0 ACSA CR eae 30 91 64 1 2 71 95 93 51 | 122 0 0 APS a ee tke 5 1 1 7 65 86 | 271 | 808 | 403 76 0 0 TY GS Baca Sam te 6 5 7 51 229 305 441 971 860 308 0 3 1S eS Sea se 2 0 14 3 4 25 23 | 189 22 1 eee No. 18.—Rasputana, East. AOO TES oe oleae sas 103 51 11 2 16 65 | 693 | 755 30 34 0 3 ON eey cm vantaicure 16 3 0 5 27 | 154 | 1102} 428] 496 46 0 if UB aeee a henhe eee 11 2 6 0 45 82.) 7388} 917 |; 5387 | 114 0 0 Se ae eee oe 14 18 92 1| 104] 168 |) 1167 | 1079 | 228 3 30 76 ODS CE vic) te ae 27 45 14 7 6 53 | 398 | 114] 300 0 0 4 OGtmr acne 5s 1 98 40 0 9 | 259} 853 | 291] 763 5 0 13 OTee Sees ee oe 37 | 176 42 61 45 68 | 451 | 1252 11 0 0 0 See ce mace 69 4 6 2 31 | 174 | 1679 | 1485 | 269 1 5 0 Se a6 aed eet lee 29 6 0| 203 24. | 424 | 1183 | 665 | 319 4 0 105 DOT OE ete cre seocsie Os 42 11 0 7 9] 384] 412] 908} 754: 341 4 0 TNE S55 2 area aoe 74 3 69 3 1} 273) 168 | 337 | 781 23 96 1 Oe oan oe 45 17 11 14 13 98 | 1202 | 996 | 317 5 14 7 NSE esa acyoseme oes 0 62 7 2 195 347 465 307 97 6 2 75 Pee yatta ers esse ie 0 3 4 15 39 334 | 1247 478 454 59 i 0 1G dee ae Baers oe 68 | 123) 190 14 16] 129} 312] 498 | 181! 156 0! 4 NGS woe 1 28 0 2 37 | 311]. 669 | 1701 | 497 99 11 0 1 ft PE ee ee 16 37 21 46 | 290 | 461 | 1218 | 1556 | 1206 | 354 | 0 1 LI Ro ee aa AS 25 0 14 5 5! 103 | 189! 623 97 0. esa No. 19.—GusarRAt. LOO Vee terme cain er 0 0 2 6 21 | 214/] 886] 652 76 48 0 0 Oe oe Cela ree 10 0 0 2 4 | 106} 830 | 1130 | 1048 12 4 42 (TRE Cee racer 0 0 1 0 34 94 | 1740 692 605 20 0 0 Ofte ee 2 48 78 0 10 | 157] 685 | 194] 382 16 1 3 i ae eee aera 2 3 2 2 0 70 | 2100 116 257 6 0 0 (iis $8 Seo Mee 0 46 0 0 0 | 688 | 1200 | 874 | 400 40 0 1 OU eee cters setareeceas 1 38 1 8 3 284 | 1276 | 1721 43 0 0 0 OS Fy chee 17 0 0 0|, O|} 246 | 1880 | 1268 85 4 0 0 (1S Ba nee eRe oiete 0 6 0 26 9 | 638 | 1473 | 712 | 588 8 0 26 AOA Meter ones: 3 0 0 1 1 | 1041 | 1088 | 1177 | 170 78 23 0 11) (Serta Stee Bo eee 10 0 84 0 3 554 223 297 193 1 7 1 1 Da eee Re cee 0 0 0 2 3 | 406 | 2401 | 1067 | 150 33 | 127 0 TOR nore. ee 0 0 0 0 32 | 1493 | 1463 | 632 | 505 4 0 1 NA eae Sotraraes 0 15 0 1 27 | 927 | 1493 | 414 | 1035 38 23 0 WB eye eieiecriacin sc 21 6 52 7 6 445 476 306 184 380 2 0 AO oye eee 0 Or 0 0 30 | 400 | 687 | 1318 | 617 | 146 6 0 LRA C EE ce oa Race we 3 20 0 20 | 387} 526 | 1129 | 1207 | 1158 | 954 0 0 Ce ahae She eS 2 0 1 0 43 | 13891 393 | 561 50 2: lhecerdlineeees % ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. 85 TABLE 6—ConTINUED. No. 20.—Centrat Typ, West. YEARs. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dee. MIR ees oes tae ose 112 62 19 10 10 102 965 | 1724 349 17 0 9 Thome tiie ees SSE 80 37 1 6 19 109 | 1659 685 792 79 25 22 eo eee. ee 15 1 1 0 43 174 947 | 1178 | 1008 | 458 0 0 Tt Re ee 13 48 99 0 49 | 348 | 1573 | 1041 | 449 55 14 53 Bis aes nes Sees oo 48 15 34 12 13 97 | 1081 594 574 0 0 . Se eee eres 1 67 31 0 5 592 | 1494 672 | 1525 14 0 0 Le SAR eee 15 67 - 33 8 164 836 | 1343 122 0 26 0 “Ne aie ees 57 2 28 ~ . 343 | 1485 | 1159 178 0 3 1 Se ee ee 12 5 0} 106 29 | 599 | 1109 | 1083 | 388 8 0 69 “LLL ie Pie ee ees ear 8 0 0 2 2 763 735 980 | 1019 173 103 0 Ji foe AS ae 7 5 12 0 2 487 475 569 798 46 118 0 Ve oe ee ee oe 16 22 2 1 10 199 | 1376 | 1064 | 329 11 234 7 LES eee een 0 35 5 0 124 665 | 1127 | 779 237 0 2 48 Be tes Sts airs oe 0 5 17 7 62 514-1483 / 557 | 57 26 45 0 USA ae ee 47 106 106 23 22 359 595 850 288 273 12 16 ca Ob ee 0 28 0 1 68 742 911 | 2177 | 482 204 78 0 tie ee Se 51 84 5 9] 27! 690 | 1192 | 1319 | 1063 | 345 0 0 ae ee tet 3 3 10 0 34 354 461 876 | 261 | Users oe aes No. 21.—Centrat Inpia, East. Lf TSS Gi ae ape 19 | 469 20 79 23 158 763 | 1875 27 0 i4 0 Ree ees ee oe 78 58 15 1 28 141 | 2068 | 2328 314 55 1 21 TD bes Seen ard KG of Mate. Ne) bo FIGURE 3. THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. i 7 {°° GS) AO - WSF aa puntial Pita /693-7909 ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. } insmore Alter. A ah aA 90 Le Ta OS SoG IO) ff Te FB AY FIGURE 4. 9 gpicond Kira rf ate. . burwe fiom abl of owe Raed hind of ade. y Raret third of cate. THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. 94 ¢ GHYHNdIA “1o}[Y o1oursulcy “doluag VIVANIVYT 95 ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIODS. RAINFALL Parton. FIGURE 6. Dinsmore Alter. /20 (/0 and K2GL of date. finite, ipgat. 50 fata fom O rgland, Voters, fQemmark and ween /86/ —/9/7. THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. vo) weedle Ay pore woe pe jg ue emg LZ dedonol 4IES |-\POR7 DY Q- e ss O mat YY tad 08 Cy a eee li NES TSCA GI Dank gO em SS GF 97 S. ALTER: RAINFALL AND SUN-SPOT PERIOD: Rarnratt Parton. Dinsmore Alter. /A0 | Jeth , eee oe OF! Foo le hh fe SS, 80 as o Eroded interval 12ft. MARTIN: A GIGANTIC AMPHIBIAN. 111 EXPLANATION OF PLATE LI. The small figures on the left, from 1 to 9, indicate the series of amphibian footprints in the sandstone ledge of the Upper Coal Measures. After making the sixth impression the animal turned sharply to the left, so that the drawing does not represent exactly the manner of occurrence. It shows, however, the distance between impressions. No. 1 is possibly a fore-foot impression, with portions of another; No. 2, the left pes; No. 3, the left manus; No. 4, indefi- nite; No. 5, left pes; No. 6, left pes, part manus; No. 7, left pes, part left manus; No. 8, left pes, part manus; No. 9, undecided. The figures 2 to 10 on the right of the plate are detailed studies of the best-preserved tracks. No. 2, left pes with a distance of 130 mm. across the heel impressions at the level of digit I. The distance between the tips of digits I and II, II and III, II and IV is in each case 40 mm.; between IV and V is 80 mm. Small pits in the heel impression indicate hae pads. No. 3, left manus. The small pits to the left indicate toe marks = another foot. The greatest width of this foot is 105 mm. The distance between the tips of digits I and IJ, II and III is in each case 50 mm.; between III and IV is 40 mm. No. 4, right manus. The distance from the tip of digit III to the posterior edge of the heel pad is 95 mm.; between II and III, 45 mm.; between I and II, 48 mm. No. 5, right pes. The greatest length is 110 mm.; the greatest width 120 mm. ; No. 6, undoubtedly a pes, with well-marked heel pads. The greatest length is 140 mm., the greatest width 144 mm. No. 7, a pes. The impressions below the pes represent a second impression, which was probably obliterated by the hind foot. The circle surrounding the footprints represents the edge of a three-inch depression in which the foot- prints occurred. This indicates both the great weight of the animal and the softness of the ground. No. 8, a part of pes and manus, also occur in a depression three inches deep. No. 9 shows two superimposed impressions of a fore and a hind foot. The greatest width of the hind foot is 135 mm. No. 10 is a sketch of the appearance of the depression, showing the shape of the depression and the long furrows made by dragging blunt claws along a moist surface. Claws have been previously indicated in the remains of the larger Permian and Triassic amphibians, in the presence of blunt terminal rugose phalanges, but so far as I am aware no impressions of them have been so clearly recorded in the rocks of the Coal Measures. ERSITY SU ENCE BULLETIN. NIV ij ) THE U 112 Tl ALVWId “UNV LH “NVISIHd Wy OILNVOIY) V ao SLININALOO MARTIN: A GIGfNTIC AMPHIBIAN. 113 EXPLANATION OF: PLATE II. Photograph of the east bank of the Wkirusa creek at Dightman’s crossing, five miles southeast of Lawrence, Kan. howing the relation of the heavily bedded sandstone, in which the ampl jian footprints were found, to the Weston shales which outcrep immediately at the edge of the water. The ravine in the center of the picture “has-a depth from the surface of twenty feet, and in this depression, on the ledge ‘indicated at the point of the arrow, was found the series of footprints shown in the plate. This ledge at the - position of the first track lies fourteen feet above the creek, but the stratum rises three feet between the first and the second impressions, between which there is an eroded interval of twelve feet. A further inclination of the stratum is indicated in the fact that Zhere is a rise of four feet between the second and the last impressions, ap“istance of twenty-seven feet. The ledge on which the impressions were fowefd is continued into the sandstone cliff immediately above the star (*). pe 8—Science Bul.—3728 114 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Foorrerints oF A GIGANTIC AMPHIBIAN. H. T. Martin. PLATE. IW, Photographs of tracks Nos. 8 and 9, showing the imprint of both the front and the supraimposed hind foot on each impression. jal KANSAS UNIVERSITY pereiNCE, BULLETIN Vou. XIII, No. 13—Juty, 1922. CONTENTS: On Some IsorHiournA Eruers, F. B, Dains and W. C. Thompson. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY, LAWRENCE, KAN. Entered at the post office in Lawrence as second-class matter. 9-3728 THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN Vou. XIIL.] JULY, 1922. [No. 13. On Some Isothiourea Ethers.! (Contribution from the Chemical Laboratory, University of Kansas.) BY F. B. DAINS AND W. C. THOMPSON. NE of the characteristic reactions of the substituted thioureas is their ability to add directly alkyl halides, with the formation of halogen halide salts of bases, in which the alkyl group is joined to sulfur.” RNHCSNHR + R’X = RNHC(SR’) NR,HX. From these salts, the free thiourea ethers can be obtained by the action of alkalies. As part of an investigation now in progress, it was deemed advisable to synthesize the n-propyl and n-butyl] ethers of certain thioureas and, owing to the departure of one of the authors from this laboratory, to record these preliminary results at this time. ; EXPERIMENTAL. y-Propy.-4, B-DIPHENYL THIOUREA. CsH;NHC(SC3H7) NCeHs. (n-Propyl ester of phenylimino-pheny] thiocarbamic acid.) A mixture of thiocarbanilide (15 gms.) and normal propyl! iodide (10 gms.) was heated on the water bath for an hour. The lght- brown viscous liquid solidified on cooling. After crystallization from alcohol the hydrogen iodide salt was obtained in the form of colorless rhombic crystals, which melted at 103°. The salt was . slightly soluble in ether, cold water and cold alcohol, but readily soluble in hot water, hot aleohol and acetone. The yield was 80 per cent. Calc. for C,,H,,N,S,HI: N, 6.93. Found: 7.09, 6.79. The free base, which was insoluble in water, was obtained by 1. The authors wish to express their thanks to the research committee of the University for a grant which was of assistance in the prosecution of this work. 2. Ber. 14, 1490 (1881); 15, 1314 (1882); 21, 962, 1857 (1888). (117) 118 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. neutralizing an aqueous solution of the salt with sodium hydroxide. The white needles, which separated from alcohol, melted at 61.5°. Cale. for C,,H,,N.S: N, 10.39. Found: 10.10, 10.16. y-n-BuTy.-4, B-DIPHENYL THIOUREA. CsHsNHC(SCsH»9) NCoHs. The mixture of normal butyl iodide and diphenyl thiourea was heated on the steam bath for an hour. The salt, which solidified on cooling, could not be purified by crystallization. It was therefore ground up and thoroughly washed with ether, in which it was in- soluble. The yield of the hydroiodide, which melted at 122°, was 83 per cent. Calc. for C,,H,,.N.S,HI: N, 6.78. Found: 6.66, 6.68. An aqueous solution of the salt was treated with sodium carbon- ate. The free base was obtained a heavy, colorless, noncrystalliz- able oil, which was readily soluble in the ordinary organic solvents. Cale. for C,,H,,N.S: N, 9.85. Found: 9.92, 9.95. y-n-Propy.-«, 8-D1-p-TotyL TH1ourBA. C;H;NHC(SC:H7) NC;H;. Di-p-tolyl thiourea and normal propyl iodide reacted readily on warming and the resulting hydrogen iodide salt was purified by washing with cold alcohol. It then melted at 165°. The yield was 88 per cent. Cale. for C,,H,.N.8,HI: N, 6.57. Found: 6.29; 6.51. The salt was freely soluble in water and the thio ether, precipi- tated by the addition of alkali, crystallized from alcohol in fine, white needles which had a melting point of 99°. Cale. for C,,H,.N,S:-N, 9.36. Found: 9.18, 9.35. y-n-Buty.-«, B-Di-p-ToLtyL TH1iouREA. C;H;NHC(SC:Hs9) NC7Hz. The hydrogen iodide salt, which was obtained in a 95 per cent yield from the normal butyl iodide and the thiourea, melted at 145°. Calc. for C,,H,,N.S,HI: N, 6.36. Found: 6.35, 6.35. The free base formed by neutralizing an alcoholic solution of the salt was a thick, colorless liquid, insoluble in water but soluble in ' organic solvents. Cale. for C,,H,,N,S: N, 8.97. Found: 9.12, 9.33. y-n-Propy.-<¢, B-D1-2, 4-DIMETHYL-PHENYL THIOUREA. (CHs)2Ce6eHsNHC(SCsH7) NCeHsa(CHs)2. Di-m-xylyl thiourea and normal propyl iodide reacted easily on warming, but the product, which was obtained in 87 per cent yield, proved to be the free base and not its salt. This when purified from alcohol melted at 113.5°. Cale. for C,,H,,N.S: N, 8.58. Found: 8.46, 8.46. DAINS AND THOMPSON: ISOTHIOUREA ETHERS. 119 THIOETHERS FROM UREAS CONTAINING TWO DIFFERENT GROUPS. 7-METHYL-4-p-BROMOPHENYL-8-PHENYL THIOUREA. CsHsNHC(SCHs) NCseH:Br or CsHs NC(SCHs) NHCeH:Br. The unsymmetrical nature of the mol did not prevent the addi- tion of the alkyl iodide, since when methyl] iodide and phenyl-p-bro- mopheny! thiourea were heated under the usual conditions a yield of 69 per cent of the hydrogen iodide salt was obtained. It melted at 152°. Cale. for C,,H,,N.SBr,HI: N, 6.24. Found: 6.04, 6.27. The thioether was preciptated when an alcoholic solution of the salt was made alkaline with sodium carbonate and then diluted with water. When purified, the white needles melted at 79°. Calc. for C,,H,,N.SBr; N, 8.72. Found: 8.54, 8.77. y-n-PROPYL-4-p-BROMOPHENYL-$-PHENYL THIOUREA. CsHsNHC(SCsH7z) NCeHsBr. Normal propyl! iodide and the thiourea united to form a salt, which, however, failed to crystallize, but remained as a heavy, red oil. Cale. for C,,H,,N.SBr,HI: N, 5.88. Found: 5.46. The thioether, which was isolated in a 70 per cent yield, melted at 84°, after purification from alcohol. Cale. for C,,H,,N.SBr; N, 8.02. Found: 8.09, 8.07. y-n-BuTYL-4-p-BROMOPHENYL-$8-PHENYL THIOUREA. CsH;sNHC (SCsHs) NCceHgBr. The hydrogen iodide salt from the thiourea and the normal butyl iodide separated in this case also as a thick noncrystallizable oil. Calc. for C,,H,,N.SBr,HI; N, 5.70. Found: 5.387, 5.62. The free base obtained in the usual manner was a viscid oil, sol- uble in alcohol and ether. Cale. for C,,H,,N,SBr; N, 7.71. Found: 7.72, 7.52. y-n-BuTYL-MONOPHENYL THIOUREA. CsHsNHC(SC:Hos) NH. When monopheny! thiourea and normal butyl] iodide were warmed on the water bath, a gummy mass was obtained. This was dissolved in hot alcohol and neutralized with sodium carbonate. On dilution with water the thiourea was precipitated as a heavy oil, which failed to crystallize. Cale. for C,,H,,.N.S; N, 12.72. Found: 13.03, 13.05. 120 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. SUMMARY. A number of new alkyl ethers of substituted thioureas have been prepared. While usually these ethers are solid crystalline com- pounds, the normal butyl] derivatives thus far isolated are basic oils. The di-m-xylyl thiourea gave the free base and not the hydrogen iodide salt with normal propyl iodide. Lawrence, Kan., July, 1922. THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN Vou. XIII, No. 14—Jury, 1922. CONTENTS: Tue Size oF THE THyMus GLAND IN RELATION TO THE SIZE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE Fatat Pic as Stupiep IN A VARIED RANGE OF STAGES, Donald N. Medearis and Alexander Marbie. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY, LAWRENCE, KAN. Entered at the post office in Lawrence as second-class matter. 9-3728 a Li ‘; Ty 4 i THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN Vou. XIII. ] JULY, 1922. - [ No. 14. The Size of the Thymus Gland in Relation to the Size and Development of the Foetal Pig as Studied in a Varied Range of Stages. BY DONALD N. MEDEARIS AND ALEXANDER MARBLE. From the Laboratory of Comparative Anatomy, University of Kansas. INTRODUCTION. HE thymus gland has long been a favorite subject for study and for speculation as to its function and possible effect upon growth. Much work has been done in extirpation of the gland in postnatal animals in order to note the effect upon metabolism. Dif- ferent results have been obtained as different species of animals were examined, depending largely upon the time of involution of the gland in that particular animal. H. Matti (1) found that ex- tirpation of the thymus in pups (eighteen days to eight weeks in age) caused slowness of movement, muscular weakness, softness of bones, bone changes resembling those in rickets, and subsequent death. Almost similar results were reported by Basch (2). Such findings would seem to indicate a direct effect upon bone formation, and accordingly upon the size of the animal. That the size of thymus is correlated with size of animal (7. e., in individuals be- low age of involution stage) is evidently accepted as probable by Badertscher (3), who states in a description of a sketch that “Tabove is an] outline drawing of the exposed left thymus of a ‘runty’ pig, one day old and only 240 mm. in length; the thymus in this specimen was a few millimeters shorter-than that in the full- term embryo; this is perhaps due to the fact that the specimen was a ‘runt.’”’ On the contrary, Hatai (4), in a study of postnatal rat thymi, states that “the weight of the thymus is correlated with the age of the rat rather than the body weight,” thus showing a counter finding. . (123) 124 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. This problem, then, was deemed worthy of investigation, and for study the foetal pig was chosen, largely because it shows the typical mammalian. characteristics and because little work of any sort has been attempted with the feetal pig; then, too, the material was fairly easily obtained and was found to be highly satisfactory. Since the pig had been selected, a further phase of the subject arose, and its ‘importance became evident: as yet (as we believed after a search through literature) no one had studied the thymus in any great number of fcetal pigs and had tabulated measurements and thus secured normal averages and percentages. Such tables of averages, etc., we recognized to be of great value as a basis for further work in this direction or in any phase of thymus work in pigs. Ex- tensive work of this sort has been done by Hatai (5) and by Jackson (6) in albino rats, and by others. Therefore, it is with this twofold purpose that this paper is pre- sented: (1) to give our findings as to the relation of the size of the thymus gland to the size of the foetal pig, and (2) to furnish, as a possible basis for further research, tables of measurements and weights of many individual pig foeti of various sizes, with the meas- urements and weights of their thymi and individual and group aver- ages. We hope to further continue the study to include postnatal pigs; in this study a further object of interest will be the determi- ~ nation of the time of the involution stage, since such time would be expected to lie in the postnatal périod. METHODS OF OBTAINING SPECIMENS AND LABORATORY TECHNIQUE USED. Specimens were obtained from the plant of the Armour Packing Company in Kansas City, Kan. The collectors went on the killing floor of the plant, secured suitable uteri, removed the fceti, tied the umbilical cords, and put the pigs into a preservative solution (for- maldehyde) ready for shipping. Litters were kept separate by means of cheesecloth bags for individual litters. Care was taken to get foeti of as wide a range of lengths as possible, varying from 9.5 to 28.5 centimeters. In the laboratory each pig was weighed, its length recorded (head to rump measurement taken), and its sex determined; then each pig was given a litter letter and a serial number, and tagged so that future identification was possible. The remaining procedure in the actual bulk of the work was simple, and the dissection progressed rather rapidly once the technique was mastered, and an exact idea of the extent of the thymus was secured. The neck and upper e MEDEARIS AND MARBLE: THYMUS GLAND. 125 thoracic region of the body were stripped of skin, and the thymus beneath (easily seen) dissected away from the surrounding tissue. The gland was then washed, dried superficially on filter paper, and weighed. This process was carried out on almost 150 pigs, and tables and curves were made and studied ta determine tendencies. RELIABILITY OF RESULTS. Before going into the body of the report it may be well to con- sider just how reliable were the results obtained, and wherein lay sources of error. (1) In the weighing of the pigs, some of them may have absorbed more of the formaldehyde preservative than others; some may have lost more of their body fluids than others. This error seems to us, however, as negligible. (2) The chemical bal- ances used were not of the best, and, too, the thymi may not have received exactly the same treatment after removal from the pig, although every effort was put forth to secure uniformity. To this end, all weighings (practically) were made by one operator. (3) Lengths of the pigs may not be entirely accurate, although here, too, the greatest care possible was taken to secure exactness. (4) Lastly, incomplete removal of the thymus, or removal of other tissue as thymus, may have occurred in some cases. The greatness of this error depends, of course, upon the skill of the workers, and it is their hope that this has been a negligible factor of error. Taking all in all, then, it is extremely probable that the material and data to be set forth are accurate to this degree, that they may be taken as the basis for conclusions. of a definite nature. Such conclusions are, in our minds, accurate and reliable enough to merit considera- tion. THE THYMUS: ITS GENERAL SHAPE AND EXTENT. It was not our purpose to study the structure of the thymus in any detail, and this part of the report is merely made in passing, without any attempt at thoroughness. Our findings seem to be similar in many respects to those of Badertscher (3) as to the anatomy of the gland.’ In’the foetal pig it is comparatively very long, extending usually from a point over the upper half or third of the heart, underneath the sternum (as viewed from the ventral side), and up to the base of the mandible. The portion covering the heart is strongly attached to the pericardium; it is roughly tri- angular in shape, with the apex pointing posteriorly, and lies mainly to the left of the median line. The anterior end of this, the thoracic 1. In a further paper (7) Badertscher discusses the development of the thymus in the pig from the standpoint of histogenesis. 126 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. portion of the gland, narrows down, and the thymus appears be- neath the sternum as two slender, parallel ribbons of glandular tissue. Once into the neck region, however, these two ribbons be- come very much larger and diverge, passing anteriorly to the base of the mandible, one on each side. In the thyroid region they parallel each other closely, lying on opposite sides of the thyroid, and thus fairly close to the median line. Then each passes from here into deeper tissue and obliquely away from the median line, ending behind the mandible. The thymus seems to be made up of many small lobules, combined into larger lobes. The accompany- ing sketch will give, perhaps, a clearer idea of the form of the gland. ins Lobe — Left -Lobe of Thymus — of Thymus. Ce % a — Trachea XIX / ja Thyroid a Lung | wAll — — ~Thoracice Portion of Thymus SKETCH of the THYMUS m SITU MEDEARIS AND MARBLE: THYMUS GLAND. Peary TABLE NO. 1. Table No. 1 shows the original data as taken in the laboratory concerning each pig, together with individual ‘averages, sex aver- ages, and litter averages. From the table all the derivations and calculations of the report will be taken. Its value hes largely in reference, and will not be uséd much to point out conclusions. How- ever, it is well to note from it the number of pigs dissected, namely, 147 from 18 different litters. RELATION OF SEX TO THYMUS. An examination of the averages listed beneath each litter in table No. 1 will readily show, in regard to sex, that males and females have practically the same percentage of thymus in the same stage of development. Consider particularly the percentage thymus by weight as balanced against the length of the pig, and this state- ment becomes evident. It is true that in several of the litters the females have the greater percentage of gland, but this tendency is practically balanced by the fact that many of the litters show ap- proximately equal averages for males and females, and others show the balance in favor of the males. If our results be taken to show any positive tendency at all, it is that the females have the larger thymi (proportionally), but the writers believe that this is due to the small number of pigs dissected, and that such a positive tendency is too weak to merit much consideration. As such, special curves and tables have not been made for this part of the report. Not- withstanding, Hatai (4) in relevant material states that “so far as our present data are concerned, the thymus gland of the female of the albino rat appears to be slightly heavier than that of the male; nevertheless, the difference found is too slight to justify treating the sexes separately.” 128 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. TABLE No. 1. ————————————————————————— eS a pe mana na An Pig Thymus Pi Thymus Pig. Sex. length length ee ry Height weoht #Per cent incms. | inems, .| PY length.) 5. prams, | in grammes] oo eee 1 Al Male ase ered on ad ntee 1525 4.0 25.8 235 .310 132 Soa te | Ee ea ae 15.0 3.75 25.0 192 454 236 3 A3 Malet? scars cttee = certo 15.5 3.8 24.5 233 255 109 4 A4 i Ee eaeenaeene tote 15.5 3.8 24.5 202 .260 129 Bs Woe {Melons os.ce cr cerds 16.0 4.0 25.0 212 "295 134 6 A6 Bemales sects oes oe 17.5 4.5 25.7 265 503 189 7 Ae 5 | Metitaley so 386 SL ete 16.0 3.5 21.9 237 636 268 8 A8 Valea sesyecente trerctat raion 16.0 3.7 23.1 228 325 143 BS. AD -\cRislo cee he 16.5 a7 22.4 243 "402 165 10) AO) tip Male econo oe 15.5 3.8 24.5 228 295 129 11 Ail Male: sect css sae ae 14.0 3.5 25.0 174 205 118 49° AGD 9 Mabe sea soc eee 16.0 3.8 23.8 234 350 150 1s AIX: wicMiate osc tae 11.5 2.3 20.0 102 140 137 1A Nida NEM ee es 17.0 4:5 26.5 265 "661 287 (| Male, 86 per cent...... 15.3 3.72 24.2 212 329 156 Averages....4| Female, 14 per cent... . 16.8 4.0 23.8 251 569 229 | Litter 15.5 3.8 24.1 218 364 166 To ea eee 11.0 2.5 22.7 100 ‘070 070 16 B2 | Female 11.0 2.75 25.0 102 095 093 17 bs Female 10.0 2.5 25.0 76 031 041 Ae BAA Malo nhs incase Tp ed Reta 2 Wa Wt Ti 89. |... coco ee 19 Bd Memtales 6. meric 11.0 2.75 25.0 90 .070 078 Male, 40 per cent.....- 11.0 2.5 22.7 100 .070 .070 Averages. . Female, 60 per cent.... 10.7 2.7 25.0 89 065 071 LT deh carmcecinseaace 10.9 2.6 24.4 92 067 071 20 C1 Remale. coho. odes 11.5 2.5 21.7 107 “120 112 21 C2 Males 2iecante.cettoaes 13.0 2.5 19.2 145 121 083 Bde (| emails. roo) aad 13.5 27 20.0 136 :130°| 1096 23 C4 Wemisles.*. ss tas ote seuss 13.0 2.5 19.2 123 .150 122 24 C5 Male seen ee eae 13.0 2.5 19.2 122 .130 107 25 C6 Males... oeciasebatborr 14.0 3.5 25.0 164 .150 091 26 C7 Memalel creer eres scene 11.0 4.0 28.6 143 .134 094 27 C8 Male Sete So iyaett assy 11.5 2.5 21.7 102 .110 108 28 C9 Malesia aa semicnce 135 3.25 24.1 164 158 096 (| Male, 56 per cent...... 13.0 2.85 21.8 139 .134 097 Averages... 4 Female, 44 per cent.... 13.0 2.9 2273 127 .134 106 Aa RS cobeetenemoo lt 13.0 2:9 22.1 134 134 101 29 Di Males. hoot ee nte oer. 25.0 6.5 26.0 752 2.986 397 30 D2 IMaleb vaste cnet Be 25.0 7.0 28.0 771 2.580 334 31 D3 Malev ce seneeee ssa 25.0 7.5 30.0 815 2.860 851 32 D4 Memsale ey oe cetat ote cic 25.0 7.0 28.0 843 3.550 .421 33 D5 Maletich tee sce 23.5 ‘7.0 29.8 669 2.788 417 (| Male, 80 per cent...... 24.6 7.0 28.5 752 2.804 375 Averages... .{| Female, 20 per cent... . 25.0 7.0 28.0 843 3.550 421 {| Litter. ......---.2+--- 24.7 7.0 28.4 770 2.953 .384 34 El Wemslesdce ce nce 14.5 3.4 23.5 184 .276 .150 35 E2 Remslessnes eee 15.0 3.5 23.3 196 .268 137 36 E38 Males 22 oe). asters 15.0 3.5 23.3 211 . 238 113 37 E4 Male tee seen ster 15.0 3.5 23.3 208 -410 197 38 E5 Males easceerser oe 16.0 3.5 21.9 195 250 128 39 E6 Malor. saeco etic ae 12.5 3.0 24.0 126 _180 143 Male, 67 per cent...... 14.6 3.4 23.1 185 269 145 Averages... ./| Female, 33 per cent.... 14.8 3.4 23.4 190 272 144 Tiaithons cence ec ec iate 14.7 3.4 23 .2 187 270 145 40 Fl Remales. .caeecne cee 13.5 3.0 22.2 122 125 102 41 F2 Reniale:2 4.0m cee seer 13.5 3.0 22.2 130 214 165 42 F3 Males co tedeenryelaiets 13.0 3.0 23.1 115 . 184 160 43 F4 Male ee aeeenscer 13.0 3.2 24.6 115 085 074 44 F5 Wemlale ss gst. erejetncets ee 13.0 3.2 24.6 “. 120 115 096 45 F6 Malet aicre eer oe 13.0 2.5 19.2 102 .080 078 46 F7 in EUS re en Seca 12.0 2.75 22.9 95 .068 072 7 (hs 3S oleae omeicnun teeta cate 13.8) \ewesecdcvalloceen comes||s «cere tvciv o's | eels eee een 48 F9 Malea.cg oeenceete 13.5 3.0 22.2 140 .082 059 49 F10 Hemale, cer aia seetaaiet 12.5 3.2 25.6 120 .108 090 50 Fil Wemalecetinn essence 11.0 2.5 22.7 83 .072 087 51 F12 Males). sane cic nes 13.0 3.3 25.4 126 Bp li ey 093 52 F13 Wemaletr. cr. depen 12.0 2.6 21.7 96 .085 089 (| Male, 50 per cent.....- es sa ae 1 oe et Ay s....4| Females, 50 per cent... : 2. : : 0. ee calleaee ee perce 12'8 S00) 14" 2800 114 | | sat 097 MEDEARIS AND MARBLE: THYMUS GLAND. 129 TABLE No. 1—Continuep. Pig Thymus Pig Thymus Pig. Sex. Jength length ao weight weight a or see ° in cms. in ems. | °Y “PE | in grams. | in grams. | DY Welent. BARNS ee eo, hele toe capreee 22.0 6.0 27.3 635 3.241 -510 ee ACIS De a eee eee 22.0 5.5 25.0 549 1.280 .233 BUGS) Wahr Sant ate de case mae 22.0 6.2 28.2 665 1.900 .286 56 G4 Males (sane atncesse ek 22.0 6.0 27.3 658 2.914 443 57 G5 EM BLes a Hee ee Noe 21.5 5.8 27.0 640 1.999 .312 BRR) s © Mise i oe Re ae: Seka 21.5 5.5 25.6 581 2.379 -409 BOER GUT Nese Ar eet a cigs Mie oi 22.0 6.0 27.3 635 2.205 3847 60 G8 ; Pon Seta elo sea 1 19.0 5.2 27.4 346 755 .218 Male, 63 per cent...... Averages. . {| Female, 37 per cent....|j 21.5 5.8 26.9 589 2.084 345 61 Hi Malet: cmos pce 17.0 4.5 26.5 251 3805 122 62 H2 Malet attr se ecben 16.0 4.3 26.9 257 -420 163 63 H8 Remale ton ads .oe.0 <2 16.5 4.0 24.2 271 .751 277 64 H4 Malet Atk senc cos 12.5 3.3 26.4 118 .133 112 65 H5 Malet erereenosca- 13.5 4.0 29.6 154 .323 209 66 H6 Remalle ee nede as ce 16.0 4.0 25.0 235 .519 221 67 H7 Male! As553:s/s. 3s 22 17.5 , 4.5 20.00 318 .705 222 68 H8 Male eas cacmctie 14.0 3.2 22.9 159 . 205 129 69 H9 UC Uae See ere: 18.0 4.5 25.0 316 .847 268 70 H10 Male ee ons oh ers 16.5 3.8 23.0 245 .410 168 Male, 80 per cent...... 15.6 4.0 25.8 227 419 174 Averages. ...;| Female, 20 per cent.... 16.25 4.0 24.6 253 .635 249 LS ee ere ee 15.8 4.0 25.5 232 .462 189 qi) Ol Males neers oc ale tomer 14.0 3.7 26.4 137 .137 100 d2 12 Remale red. 5- occ 13.5 2.9 21.5 135 .170 126 73 «13 Wemale ces ccict ecm o's 14.0 3.5 25.0 125 .114 091 74 14 LN" EU aero 14.0 3.5 25.0 150 . 160 107 75 I5 Male ony tiles acct cee 13.5 3.2 23.7 145 .120 083 76 16 Memnleceece3aai saaatseuas 130 > S Sasaeseessses 5 ees asessaenarsas = a's 133 134 : THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. RELATION BETWEEN THE WEIGHT OF PIGS AND THE PERCENTAGE TuHymus BY WeicHT, Usine Lirrer AVERAGES THROUGHOUT. Table No. 3 and curve No. 2 show practically the same tendency _ as to table No. 2 and curve No. 1, 7. e., as heavier and heavier pigs are examined, the percentage of thymus by weight increases steadily. There is practically the same inexplicable deviation or drop near the center of the curve, and the possible maximum point centering about pigs of a weight of 770 grams. TABLE No. 3. test west | meant’ | Peraent | ength | length. | erent ip gms. in gms. in ems. In cms. ae on, water thn rat > ay Wet 63 029 047 10.1 2.4 23.5 Bis he AB ee ae ee eee 92 067 071 10.9 2.6 24.4 1 ee pee eh Oe etre ae MP AO Saat 097 12.8 3.0 23.0 eee eae ede emmy 9 Li tt Ire 134 134 101 13.0 2.9 22.1 Tits eee ie saa ge eka 140 145 104 13.7 3.3 24.1 1 py Sea et SAR ae ae NAN A 187 .270 145 14.7 314) eager A ERY, ME RAE Nets ean 218 364 166 15.5 3.8 24.1 1 Rp oF ke etn Sete Af CP SS 232 462 189 15.8 4.0 25.5 RICE. Fey NEN ol bee DA 8 238 358 152 16.4 4.1 25.1 Thy. Renae tae ian 254 297 15 17.2 4.1 24.1 OPE Ae etn ae 260 377 143 16.4 4.2 25.9 cae tent rie ts oe ae eee 419 617 157 19.1 4.7 24.4 CONTA MI Vi Be Rin SN Ek 431 - 911 212 19.8 4 g:4) Seat SMI. 9 ela MCRD Neel 467 1.030 219 21.2 5.5 26.0 Ce OG ce een noe 589 2.084 345 21.5 5.8 26.9 Bot te peas As. Sees eee 628 1.930 811 22.0 6.1 27.7 De ec 33s 770 2.953 384 24.7 7.0 28.4 [PRU Ag | OR, Rei reey ne 947 | 2.646 278 27.1 8.2 30.2 RELATION BETWEEN THE LENGTH OF PIGS AND THE PERCENTAGE BY WEIGHT OF THE THyMmus, Ustnc LenetH Group AVERAGES THROUGHOUT, DISREGARDING LITTERS. Table No. 4 and curve No. 3 show that as larger and larger fceti (as regards length) are examined and classified regardless of litter, there is a steady increase in the percentage thymus by weight. The increase is not as uniform, however, as when the pigs are classified according to litter, as will be shown by a comparison of curve No. 1 with curve No. 3. The former is the smoother. Hence from these calculations on lengths, we may conclude that pigs tend to have the same size thymus, relatively, as that of other pigs of the same litter, regardless of individual pig lengths. 135 THYMUS GLAND. MEDEARIS AND MARBLE al o j : oe i: : \ on | } : i oe a : | i cf ae : i : ee Hh | ees ) ut if sass = . SESSSEE beef —Seeecat reese Shen censes seers Crssesesrs tlt lcneet: C2terelees stseseaess vireeeseet fies. ——7St E57 Sees sterssetersrtTssesrsererssestet ae : f a . a ue | Hl cai il Ha 4 . | : ae | i ) | a as i MH ae cl rieeecel anaibd|() enol "| ee i Hi i a d i i i : i 7 : ; 7 | a | l l SSEEESSECs SI5T3ESEE0 VSEEeSSrr eteesesere seeessEe32 2sseEiesieseeresiss A | i H : ia i a i HHH i HH oe HH | i 7 itt H H SEESETEET > i 136 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. TABLE No. 4. f Per cent Pig Per cent . Per cent Pig Per cent Cass. Pig. | thymus weight thymus Cuass. Pig. | thymus weight thymus by weight.| in gms. | by length. by weight. | in gms. | by length. 9.5em....| QI 035 55 24.2 15.0cm....| A2 . 236 192 25.0 Avg. 035 55 24.2 El 137 196 23.3 H4 197 208 23.3 10.0 cm....| Q7 .057 61 25.0 E3 113 211 23.3 Q6 040 63 24.0 Avg. pur ak 202 23.7 Q4 046 63 22.0 Q3 048 66 23.0 ||15.5 em....| L8 160 175 23.2 B3 041 76 25.0 A4 .129 202 24.5 Avg. .046 66 24.0 A10 .129 228 24.5 A3 .109 233 24.5 10.5 cm... .| Q8 052 61 33.8 Al .132 235 25.8 Q5 035 63 21.9 Avg. BP 215 24.5 Q2 “059 68 23.8 Avg. 049 64 26.5 16.0 cem....| E5 128 195 21.9 J8 .137 205 25.0 11.0 em....| Fil .087 83 22.7 A5 .134 212 25.0 B5 .078 90 25.0 A8 143 228 23.1 Bl .070 100 22.1 04 sft 230 28.7 B2 093 102 25.0 Al2 .150 234 23.8 Avg. 082 94 23.9 H6 221 235 25.4 A7 .268 237 21.9 11.5 cm....| C8 .108 102 21:7 H2 .163 257 26.9 Al3 137 102 20.0 05 .162 263 26.3 Cl 112 107 21.7 Avg. . 162 230 24.8 Avg. .119 104 PA lea | 16.5 cm....| L6 .152 240 25.5 12.0 cm....| F7 .072 95 22.9 AQ .165 243 22.4 F13 .089 96 rar L2 . 160 245 26.7 Avg. .081 95.5 22.3 H10 .168 245 23.0 L7 146 250 2733 12.5 cm....| H4 .112 118 26.4 L5 .148 250 26.0 F10 .090 120 25.6 L4 .163 250 21.2 E6 143 126 24.0 Ll .160 270 26.7 Avg .115 121 25.3 H3 AE 271 24.2 03 145 280 25.5 13.0 cm....| F6 .078 102 19.2 O08 121 290 24.8 F4 074 115 24.6 Avg. .164 258 24.8 F3 .160 115 23.1 F5 .096 120 24.6 ||17.0 cm.,..| J7 .114 228 23.9 C5 .107 122 19.2 J6 .093 250 23.5 C4 .122 123 19.2 H1 .123 251 26.5 F12 093 126 25.4 06 .162 262 PPA Wi C2. .083 145 19.2 Al4 287 265 26.5 Avg. .102 121 21.8 J1 .124 267 25.3 L3 .124 270 24.7 13.5 cm....| Fl .102 122 22.2 02 .219 275 27.6 F2 165 130 PPI) J3 .112 285 26.5 12 .126 135 215, Avg. .151 261 25.4 C3 096 136 20.0 16 113 137 23.0 P20 CM... do 094 245 22.9 E9 059 140 22.2 J4 113 255 22.9 18 .099 143 24.4 A6 .189 265 2060 15 .083 145 23.7 H7 ~2an 318 25.0 17 .110 145 23.0 Avg. =155: 271 24.1 H5 .209 159 29.6 C9 .096 164 24.1 18.0 cm....| O7 118 313 25.0 Avg. .114 141 23.3 H9 . 269 316 25.0 Avg. 194 314.5 25.0 14.0 cm....| 18 .091 125 25.0 Il .100 137 26.4 18.5 cm....| J2 at 295 23.2 C7 .094 143 28.6 N5 .130 360 24.3 J4 .107 150 25.0 N6 .167 380 25.4 H8 .129 159 22.9 Avg. .143 345 24.3 C6 .091 164 25.0 Ol .106 170 25.0 19.0 cm....| M6 .200 342 27.9 All .118 174 25.0 G8 218 346 27.4 Avg. .105 153 25.4 N7 204 395 22.6 N1 .178 400 23.7 14.5 cm....| El .150 184 Pha) N3 .138 420 25.3 Avg. .150 184 23.5 Avg. .188 381 25.4 MEDEARIS AND MARBLE: THYMUS GLAND. 137 * TABLE No. 4—Conc.iupep. Per cent Pig Per cent Per cent Pig Per cent Cass. Pig. thymus weight thymus Cass. Pig. | thymus weight thymus by weight.| in gms. | by length. by weight.| in gms. | by length. 19.5 cm....}| N2 .144 360 523-6 ||22. 5)em.ean| Mig .239 550 24.9 K5 s2ip 405 PPIs Avg. 239 550 24.9 N8 165 407 25.6 N4 .128 430 25.6 |/23.5cm....| P3 28 590 25.5 Kl .170 440 28.2 P4 292 665 25.5 Avg., 176 408 Pani D5 AIT 669 29.8 P8 271 740 26.8 20.0 cm....| K4 195 420 Wha Avg. 313 666 26.9 K3 245 430 25.0 K2 lH E 460 22.5 |/24.0cm....| P2 3805 700 25.0 Avg. 206 437 23.3 Avg. 305 700 25.0 20.5 cm....} P7 316 435 26.8 |/24.5cm....| Pl 311 735 26.1 M3 232 445 26.3 PS .293 675 24.5 Avg. .274 440 26.6 Avg. 302 705 25.8 21.0 cm....| M5 200 445 26.2 |/25.0em....} D1 397 752 26.0 M4 250 475 wii D2 834 4 771 28.0 M2 179 515 PAP) D3 351 815 30.0 Avg. .210 478 25.5 D4 421 843 28.0 é Avg. 376 795 28.0 21.5 cm....| P6 311 495 23.3 M1 vooL 515 2729) 1/25. 5:em:...1) P2 224 693 27.5 G6 409 581 25.6 Avg. 224 693 27.5 G5 312 640 27.0 Avg. 317 558 26.0 ||26.5 cm....} R5 .270 925 32.5 Avg. .270 925 32.5 22.0 em....| M9 184 420 25.0 M8 251 500 25.0 ||27.0cm....] Rl 226 1,098 33.3 G2 . 233 549 25.0 Avg. 226 1,098 33.3 P9 soLL 620 27 G7 847 635 21.8) |\2t ems. elon 361 932 29.1 Gl 510 635 273 R4 301 999 27.3 G4 443 658 Bhiso Avg. 331 965.5 28.7 G3 . 286 665 28.2 Ave. 321 585 2§.6 ||28.5em....) R6 .287 1,035 31.6 Avg. . 287 1,035 31.6 RELATION BETWEEN THE WEIGHT OF PIGS AND THE PERCENTAGE BY WEIGHT OF THE THyMus, Ustnc WEIGHT Group AVERAGES THROUGHOUT, DISREGARDING LITTERS. Table No. 5 and curve No. 4 show that as larger and larger fceti (as regards weight) are examined and classified regardless of litter, there is a steady increase in the percentage of thymus by weight. As has already been noted in curve No. 3, the increase is not uni- form. When we compare this curve No. 4 with curve No. 2 (where the pigs are classified according to litters), it is evident that the latter is smoother by far. Hence from these calculations on weights in addition to the calculations already noted on lengths, we may conclude that pigs tend to have the same size thymus as that of other pigs in the same litter, regardless of individual sizes. 138 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. a ROWLANDS UNIVERSITY Su. MEDEARIS AND MARBLE: THYMUS GLAND. 139 TABLE No. 5. E Pig! | Percent| , PS | Per cent : Pig | Pereent| ,/% | Percent Cuass. | Pig. — weight. | length | tength. || Cuass. | Piz. _— weight. | length | ‘ength. 50-74 Qi 55 .035 9.5 24.2 ||225-249 | J7 228 .114 17.0 23.5 Q8 61 .052 10.5 23.8 Al0 228 .129 15.5 24.5 Q7 61 .057 10.0 25.0 A8 228 .143 16.0 23.1 Q5 63 .035 10.5 21.9 04 230 shit 16.0 28.7 Q6 63 .040 10.0 24.0 A3 233 .109 15.5 24.5 Q4 63 .046 10.0 24-0 Al2 “234 .150 16.0 23.8 Q3 66 .048 10.0 23.0 Al 235 .132 15.5 25.8 68 .059 10.5 23.8 H6 235 .221 16.0 25.4 Ave. ec. - oo VOAGS eee to 23.47 AZT 237 . 268 16.0 21.9 : L6 240 .152 16.5 25.5 75-99 B3 76 .041 10.0 25.0 AQ 243 . 243 16.5 22.4 Fil 83 087 11.0 22.7 J5 245 .094 1735 22.9 B5 90 078 11.0 25.0 L2 245 .160 16.5 26.7 F7 95 072 12.0 23.9 H10 245 .168 16.5 23.0 F13 96 089 12.0 21.7 fi ene Boe entry iy eee ere 24.41 PA WPee. rere seian's W826) eB Ae ep 23.66 || 250-274 | J6 250 .093 17.0 23.5 100-124 | Bl 100 .070 11.0 22.7 Bo 250 146 16.5 27.3 F6 102 .078 13.0 19.2 Lb 250 148 16.5 26.0 B2 102 .093 11.0 25.0 14 250 163 16.5 21.2 C8 102 .108 11.5 vA Lay | Hil 251 122 17.0 26.5 Al3 102 S137 11.5 20.0 | J4 255 113 17-8 22.9 Cl 107 .112 11.5 aleg | H2 257 163 16.0 26.9 F4 115 .074 13.0 24.6 06 262 162 17.0 24.1 F3 115 .160 13.0 p 3 Ds | 05 263 162 16.0 26.3 H4 118 112 | 12.5 | 26.4 A6 265 189° | 17.5 | 25.7 F10 120 .090 PS 25.6 Al4 265 287 17.0 26.5 F5 120 .096 13.0 24.6 Jl 267 124 17.0 20.3 Fil 122 .102 13.0 22.2 L3 270 124 17.0 24.7 G5 122 .107 13.0 19.2 Ll 270 .160 16.5 26.7 C4 123 .122 13.0 19.2 | H3 271 277 16.5 | 24.2 AVE Peo? 22a i al RS Ss 22.51 } Yl bees 4 ABC Lal ee ee 25.5 125-149 | I3 125 .091 14.0 25.0 |!275-299 02 275 .219 17.0 27.6 L8 125 .160 15.5 | 23.2 | 03 280 .145 16.5 255 F12 126 .093 13.0 25.4 | J3 285 .112 17.0 26.5 E6 126 .143 12.5 24.0 | 08 290 .121 16.5 24.8 F2 130 .165 13.0 22.2 J2 295 oi31 18.5 23.2 12 135 196 | 1395 21.5 Aye ae ce ee RIAG a [eaters 25.5 C3 136 .096 13.0 20.0 Il 137 .100 14.0 26.4 | 300-324 | O07 313 .118 18.0 25.0 16 137 .113 13.5 23.0 H9 316 .268 18.0 25.0 F9 140 .059 13.5 22.2 H7 318 By?) 17.5 25.0 C7 143 .094 14.0 28.6 Aye see 22 BUS Ve was kae 25.0 18 143 .099 13.5 24.4 C2 145 .085 13.0 19.0 ||325-349 | M6 342 . 200 19.0 27.9 15 145 .083 13.5 23.7 G8 346 218 19.0 27.4 17 145 .110 13.5 23.7 1 ee eee Ae ae 1) ew een PAS PAVE oeoe es. - SIOTE adc 23.49 350-374 | N5 360 .130 18.5 24.3 150-174 | I4 150 .107 14.0 25.0 N2 360 .144 19.5 23.6 _H5 154 .209 13.5 29.6 YA cea te Aap ee B: + em Res 24.0 H8 159 .129 14.0 22.9 C6 164 .091 14.0 25.0 ||375-399 | N6 380 .167 18.5 24.3 C9 164 .096 13.5 24.1 N7 395 . 204 19.0 22.6 O1 170 .106 14.0 25.0 AVE ee cra te SISG ese ceiees 23.5 All 174 .118 14.0 25.0 al |S ae Bh 5 el | ee 25.23 |/400-424 | H1 400 .178 19.0 23.7 K5 405 .275 19.5 24.5 175-199 | El 184 .150 14.5 23.5 N8 407 .165 19.5 25.6 A2 192 . 236 15.0 25.0 N3 420 .138 19.0 25.3 E5 195 .128 16,0 21.9 M9 420 .184 22.0 25.0 E2 196 .137 15.7 23.3 K4 420 .195 20.0 22.5 YS ae | ee eae (0 eee 23 43 Moye. beac ce eae 18900] teen 24.1 200-224 | A4 202 .129 15.5 24.5 |/425-449 | N4 430 .128 19.5 25.6 J8 205 .137 16.0 25.0 K3 430 .245 20.0 25.0 E4 208 .197 15.0 23.5 P7 435 316 20.5 26.8 E3 211 eB: 15.0 23.3 Kl 440 170 19.5 28.2 Ab 212 .134 16.0 25.0 M5 445 200 21.0 26.2 Arwen iss cas fe an 24.26 M3 445 232 20.5 26.3 AWE ale= ctu e. AO) [emacs 26.4 140: THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. TABLE No. 5—Conciupep. Pig | Pig Pig Pig . . Per cent 5 Per cent 5 . 7 Per cent Per cent Crass. | Pig. | weight : length. Cuass. | Pig. | weight . length ae weight. Ae pte Jength. sat weight. ‘a enn length 450-474 | K2 460 ATE 20.0 225 ||675-699 | P5 675 293 24.5" 24.5 Avra es cs tes RWG Neaomars 22.5 R2 693 224 25.5 27.5 ASE a cs oe a 259) Ol. eee 26.0 475-499 | M4 475 . 250 21.0 25.2 P6 495 Solel 2105 23.3 ||700-724 | P2 700 805 24.0 25.0 AVES eas Wo lean sere 24.3 2 DN PN | aa eR ae 300) | |Sacoeeee 25.0 500-524 | M8 500 251 22.0 25.0 ||725-749 | Pl 735 311 24.5 26.1 M2 515 .179 21.0 25.2 P8 740 271 23.5 26.8 M1 515 237 21.5 27.9 DWE Sallasaeoeee 29. cra ene 26.5 AV Rill, trots erste BOBS |e ate 26.0 750-774 | D1 752 397 25.0 26.0 525-544 | G2 549 233 22.0 25.0 D2 771 334 25.0 28.0 Avg. lat seeses AVR EM | eee. 25.0 AVES | eee nate SOG) errre 27.0 550-574 | M7 550 . 239 2220 24.9 ||800-824 | D3 815 851 25.0 30.0 AVP ailne rs wteteto rs By BAY) eh ee ae 24.9 Ay oe | ee cere So! ||P caea ee 30.0 575-599 | G6 581 409 21.5 25.6 ||825-849 | D4 843 421 25.0 28.0 P3 590 273 23.5 2558 Ayr alle oer 7 BP es 28.0 Ayer al Sree BE ID |S eas 25.6 925-949 | R5 925 .270 26.5 32.5 600-624 | P9 620 ll 22.0 PETE R3 932 361 27.5 29.1 AVE Eels che wes OL al anaes 27.7 AVE Meo ara 13169) |eoseoeee 31.3 625-649 | G7 635 347 22.0 27.3 ||974-999 | R4 999 801 27.5 27.3 G1 635 510 22.0 27.3 AVE Naat fae 301. || aoeere 27.3 G5 640 312 21.5 27.0 vs feaeal Fae Beene BOI | eteowe 27.3 |/1025-1049} R6 1,035 .287 28.5 31.6 Aryl) aseeaie (287 jl... 31.6 650-674 | G4 658 443 22.0 27.3 G3 665 286 22.0 28.2 ||1075-1099} R1 1,098 226 27.0 33.3 P4 665 292 23.5 25.5 Ayes We Wea Soe 226); heen 33.3 D5 669 417 23.5 29.8 AVES Montes ence 360) cilene ce ee Plath CoMPARISONS MabE TO CoRRELATE THE SIZE OF UNDERDEVELOPED AND OVERDEVELOPED PIGS WITH THE SIZE oF THE THYMwUs, TAkK- ING PERCENTAGE THYMUS BY WEIGHT AS A STANDARD, AND GRAD- ING Pics IN THE LirTERS BY LENGTH. As the title above indicates, table No. 6 is the result of an at- tempt made to correlate the size of underdeveloped and overde- veloped pigs with the size of the thymus, taking percentage thymus by weight as a standard, and grading pigs in the litters by length. In each litter the two smallest foeti (by length) and the two largest were studied as to percentage thymus by weight as seen in column F in the table. The percentages of the two smallest and the two largest were individually averaged (column G), and the two aver- ages compared; the correlation noted was recorded in column H. Positive or + correlation is taken to mean that the overdeveloped pigs in the litter had a greater percentage of thymus than the under- developed pigs. As seen from the table, there were nine positives and nine negatives, hence we must conclude, from the data at hand now,.that no parallelism exists between the large and small size, re- spectively, of underdeveloped and overdeveloped fceti, and the per- centage of thymus by weight. MEDEARIS AND MARBLE: THYMUS GLAND. 141 TABLE No. 6. Column C. | Column D. | Column E. | Column F. | Column G. Column A. | Column B. Pig. Per cent Pig | Per cent Averages | Column H. Serial No. | Litter No. length in thymus weight in thymus of Correlation. centimeters. | by length. grams. by weight. | column F. 13 ING. omen 11.5 20.0 102 ERO) ‘us Z 11 ites es 14.0 25.0 174 MLS wel) oe — 6 (Vio es eee 17.5 25.7 265 .189 |\ 938 14 CG ene 17.0 26.5 265 287 If : 17 Bat eee 10.0 25.0 76 041 085 19 Bae oe 11.0 25.0 90 078 : + 16 Hplleleryss 11.0 25.0 102 .093 082 15 Th ap Rema 11.0 Bey 100 070 : 27 CSeL 11.5 21.7 102 108 110 20 Ci ios ae 11.5 21.7 107 112 : —— —— 26 Chae 14.0 28.6 143 094 093 25 Che ere 14.0 25.0 164 091 : 33 Dat. eo. 23.5 29.8 669 417 407 29 Diegee.. 25.0 26.0 752 .397 : 32 1 ee 25.0 28.0 843 421 ae aa 31 Ds epee 25.0 30.0 815 351 : 39 Han). 12.5 24.0 126 143 147 34 AS oe = 14.5 23.5 184 150 sent “So Ct ee 16.0 21.9 195 128 oy a 36 Rea ens 15.0 23.3 211 113 : 50 Ril<.2356 11.0 22.7 83 087 079 46 ‘Wiens oe 12.0 22.9 95 072 ° 48 Lat eee ee 13.5 22.2 140 .059 12 5 41 ip ae ee 13.5 ERE 130 “165 ; 60 Gene 19.0 27.4 346 218 314 58 Gr ae ee 21.5 25.6 581 -409 : + 53 Gite 2: 22.0 27.3 635 510 429 59 iscsi es 22.0 27.3 635 347 | I : 64 aoe a 12.5 26.4 118 112 162 65 Hore. 13.5 29.6 154 209 : + 69 Hse ck 18.0 25.0 316 268 945 67 Hyeaceee 17.5 95.7 318 pe : 72 iP ae 13.5 + 21.5 135 126 120 76 Geo ow. 13.5 23.0 137 113 : a BT AB ee 14.0 25.0 150 107 |) 1s a: 71 Tie 14.0 26.4 137 -100 ; 86 18 8 ee 16.0 25.0 205 .137 126 85 im 17.0 23.5 228 “114 es i> | deco. ates 18.5 23.2 295 131 = a 82 yas seis seen 17.5 22.9 255 113 ; 91 K5 see 19.5 22.5 405 275 |) 993 87 Kile 19.5 28.2 440 170 |f a 88 LG ee Ass 20.0 22.5 460 AZT \ 911 rt 89 KS) eee 20.0 25.0 430 245 |f 99 TS. eee 15.5 23.2 125 160 |) 156 97 Lome 2 16.5 25.5 240 152 |f 94 if eee 17.0 24.7 270 124 io y 92 Tite oe 16.5 26.7 270 -160 : 142 TABLE No. 6—Conctupep. THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. Column C, | Column D. | Column E. | Column F. | Column G. Column A. | Column B. Pig . Per cent Pig | Per cent Averages | Column H. Serial No. | Litter No. | length in thymus weight in thymus of Correlation. centimeters. | by length. grams. by weight. | column F. : x ee SS SS 105 IMGE trees 19.0 27.9 342 .200 216 102 WB} tio bereo 20.5 26.3 445 232 ; EE ee aL 106 WS SBA ve 8 22.5 24.9 550 239 245 107 Whee apanne 22.0 25.0 500 251 ; 113 IN(D eatercticls 18.5 24.3 360 . 130 149 114 IN(Gierehenern tial 18.5 24.3 380 .167 ; 112 IN Aerials 19.5 25.6 430 128 147 116 IN Sisco 19.5 25.6 407 165 : 117 (OU: pease 14.0 25.0 170 . 106 109 120 Ca Se 16.0 28.7 230 ‘111 : = “1 123 Ol(eeoy pcos 18.0 25.0 313 118 169 118 OZ ean 17.0 27.6 275 219 ; 131 Tes Woks (ot 20.5 26.8 435 316 314 2 130 BG aeestg seen 21.5 23.3 495 3ll ; 125 LOLS ae 24.5 26.1 735 all 302 129 PD seyeis Neer 24.5 24.5 675 293 : 134 QU or ct cate 9.5 24.2 55 035 046 140 QGa eran 4: 10.0 25.0 61 057 ; + 135 Q2.. 10.5 23.8 68 059 047 138 Q5.. | 10.5 21.9 63 035 ; 143 Rove ce 25.5 27.5 693 224 247 146 ROetycee. = 26.5 32.5 925 .270 : up 147 IG tacit « 28.5 31.6 1,035 . 287 294 145 Rae aoa 27.5 27.3 999 301 : Total result, 9+,9—. “* ee MEDEARIS AND MARBLE: THYMUS GLAND. 143 CompaRIsONS Mabe TO CoRRELATE THE SIZE OF UNDERDEVELOPED AND OVERDEVELOPED PIGS WITH THE SIZE OF THE THYMUS, TAK- ING PERCENTAGE OF THYMUS BY WEIGHT AS A STANDARD, AND GRADING Pics IN THE LITTERS BY WEIGHT. As the title above indicates, table No. 7 is the result of an attempt made to correlate the size of underdeveloped and overdeveloped feeti with the size of the thymus, taking percentage thymus by weight as a standard, and grading pigs in the litters by weight. In each litter the two smallest feeti (by weight) and the two largest were studied as to percentage thymus by weight as seen in column F in the table. The percentages of the two smallest and the two largest were individually averaged (column G),’and the two aver- ages compared; the correlation noted was recorded in column H. Positive or + correlation is taken to mean that the overdeveloped pigs in the litter had a greater percentage of thymus than the under- developed pigs. As seen from the table, there were ten positives and eight negatives. This is indeed a very weak positive correlation; so slight, in fact, that we feel that it must be disregarded until more positive data can be secured. Hence, once more we must decide, on the basis of the data at hand now, that no parallelism exists between the large and small size, respectively, of underdeveloped and over- developed foeti and the percentage of thymus by weight. 144. THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. TABLE No. 7, Column C. | Column D. | Column FE. | Column F. | Column G. Column A, | Column B. Pig | Pig Per cent Per cent Averages | Column H. Serial No. | Litter No. weight in length in thymus thymus of Correlation. grams. centimeters. | by length. | by weight. | column F. 13 BIS soe ae 102 11.5 20.0 .137 9 rT Bettie: 174 14.0 25.0 “118 128 14 1 eae 265 17.0 26.5 287 oe A 6 AGB cth oN 265 17.5 Ori .189 : 17 Bas fotos 76 10.0 25.0 .041 060 19 Boy masts 90 11.0 25.0 .078 . 4 rh eeeee 100 11.0 22.7 070 deo ae ik 16 1 BY fe ree 102 11.0 25.0 .073 woes yaa Ls: eee 102 11.5 21.7 108 a 24 Comte kee 122 13.0 19.2 .107 3 Ta he eee 164 14.0 25.0 091 a | re 28 COS coe 164 13.5 24.1 096 : 33 Dai, ci. toeee 669 23.5 29.8 417 407 | 29 10 ee ero 752 25.0 26.0 3897 ; 32 | D4. 843 25.0 28.0 421 ae Aa 31 D3. 815 25.0 30.0 351 : 39 HGS enee nts 126 12.5 24.0 148 147 34 Bile ckies, 184 14.5 23.5 .150 == = aia ae 37 FAS eye 208 15.0 23.3 .197 155 36 Op aR eae 211 15.0 23.3 wulils; ; 50 1 ub a es 83 11.0 22.7 .087 080 46 1p Geen 95 12.0 22.9 .072 : = == + 41 LOR de ea cl eae 130 13.5 22.2 165 112 48 F9. 140 13.5 22.2 059 ; 60 GBs eee 346 19.0 27.4 .218 296 54 Gn spe 549 22.0 25.0 233 ot + 55 Gane eee: 665 22.0 28.2 286 365 56 Ga re. 658 22.0 27.3 443 N ‘ 64 HA eae ane 118 12.5 26.4 .112 162 65 I Saree os sats 154 13.5 29.6 209 Berita if 67 H7. 318 17.5 Zone 222 245 69 H9. 316 18.0 25.0 268 3 73 TSO eros et 125 14.0 25.0 .091 109 72 1 Dee an 135 13.5 21.5 .126 ; 67 ASS eae ass 150 14.0 25.0 .107 095 69 106 Aer ate 145 13.5 23.7 .083 ; 86 Of eerie: 205 16.0 25.0 .137 126 85 ier to 228 17.0 23.5 .114 ; 80 AP Le aah tert 295 18.5 23.2 lol 122 81 Vamate oe se 285 17.0 26.5 .112 ; 91 ) Le Rae heen 405 19.5 22.5 2D 235 90 Ae Soon 420 20.0 22.5 .195 : 88 Keds tees 460 20.0 22.5 plied 174 87 Kl. 440 19.5 28.2 .170 z 99 LS 125 15.5 23.2 .160 156 97 1 Wi Ree aealorepe 240 16.5 25.9. .152 : 94 10S eet 270 17.0 24.7 .124 142 92 10) irae eter 270 16.5 26.7 .160 ; MEDEARIS AND MARBLE: THYMUS GLAND. 145 TABLE No. 7—Conciupep. Column C. | Column D. | Column E. | Column F. | Column G. Column A. | Column B. Pig | Pig. Per cent Per cent Averages | Column H. Serial No. | Litter No. weight in length in thymus thymus of Correlation. grams. centimeters. | by length. | by weight. | column F. 105 Mees: 342 19:0 27.9 200 | oe 108 Mo... ... 420 22.0 25.0 “184 | 192 oe eed Ee 9 ni-eaeest eae) lear 106 7 eee 550 22.5 24.9 239 |) _ Oy eee 515 21.5 27.9 37 | -238 | : t 110 Gites 360 19.5 23.6 144 |) i 113 Woae ot: 360 18.5 24 3 130 |} ae eee 420 19.0 25.3 138 |) i id 112 = eee 430 19.5 25.6 "198 |/ 117 gig: 170 14.0 25.0 106 |) wi 120 Geer ls 230 16.0 | 28.7 “aaa thi ——— + 124 ate 290 16.5 24.8 121 |} a 123 1 aS 313 18.0 25.0 118 | 2 Bip Pi rses..:. 435 | 20.5 gb.) wehiaia PN, oa |e... 495 215 23.3 ‘31 | 132 7 eee 740 23.5 26.8 2m |) = 125 a 735 24.5 26.1 311 | 134 O16 e233: 55 95 | 24.2 035 |\ . ogg 140 ae 61 | 10.0 25.0 "057 | — - a See 68 10.5 23.8 | ch | eee 136 ak / 66 10.0 3.0 48 | 143 i ee ) 693 25.5 27.5 | 24 |) 951 ag eee 925 26.5 | 32.5 "270 | ——— | ' + Beara... 1,098 27.0 i eo ee a ee 1/035 | 28.5 a6. | 287 | Total result, 10 +, 8 —. Nore No. 1.—It will have been noticed that in the foregoing report nothing has been said concerning the percentage of thymi by length. An examination of the tables will show that there is indeed an increase in this percentage as larger and larger pigs are examined, but that this increase is neither marked nor uniform, and we must consider that part of the increase in weight must come by this increase in length. We feel that the method by which we secured. the thymus lengths was not accurate and uniform enough to allow much value to be attached to the figures recorded. They may be taken as rather approxi- mate. In general, the length of the thymus will average about 25 per cent of the total length of the pig. Suffice it to say, however, that we believe that as the foeti grow older and older there is an increase in the percentage of thymus. by length; just how regular and consistent this increase is, we cannot say. Nore No. 2—It is interesting to note that the pigs used for dissection showed a preponderance of males. This was probably purely accidental, how- ever, and if larger numbers of animals had been used a more balanced ratio would have been secured. 10—Science Bul.—3728 146 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. CONCLUSIONS. 1. The thymus gland in the feetal pig is comparatively very large, extending from a point above the upper half or third of the heart to the base of the mandible. In the thorax it consists of a single triangular body, but in the neck region is made up of paired branches which approximately parallel each other. 2. Sex appears to have no connection with the percentage of thymus found, except that possibly the values for the females may average a trifle higher than those for the males. 3. As larger and larger foeti, as regards both weight and length, are examined, the percentage of thymus by weight increases fairly steadily and rather uniformly. 4. Fceti tend to have the same size thymus as the average of pigs in their litter, regardless of individual size. No parallelism appar- ently exists between the small and large size, respectively, of under- developed and overdeveloped pigs, and the percentage of thymus by weight. Perhaps further work on this one question might bring a reversal of opinion, but the data obtained so far point to the state- ment made above. 5. Figures of percentage of thymus by length, while not very reliable, show that this percentage increases as larger and larger foeti are examined. Such increase, however, does not seem to be as uniform as that of the percentage by weight. It is a pleasure to express here our appreciation of the help kindly given by Prof. W. J. Baumgartner in the preparation of this bit of work. It was at his suggestion that it was undertaken and by his guidance that it was carried out. Whatever of merit it has is due in large measure to him. LITERATURE CITED. 1. Marri, H. 1913. Ergebnisse der Innere Med. u. Kinderheil., Bd. 10. (Quoted by Paton, D. Noel, in “The Nervous and Chemical Regulators of Meta- bolism”: Me acmillan & Co., Ltd., London: 1913; pp. 116-117.) 2. Bascu, K. 1906-1908. Jahrbuch f. Kinderheil. (Quoted by Paton, D. Noel, in “The Nervous and ‘Chemical Regulators of Metabolism”: Mac- millan & Co., Ltd.; London: 1913; p. 114. Also by Biedl, Dr. Artur, in “The Internal Secretary Organs: Their Physiology and Pathology”: Trans. by Linda Forster; London: John Bale Sons & Danielsson, Ltd., 1913; pp. 117-120.) 3. Bavertscuer, J. A. 1915. Development of the Thymus in the Pig. I: Mor- phogenesis. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 317-339. 4, Harar, S. 1914. On the Weight of the Thymus Gland of the Albino Rat (Mus norvegicus albinus) According to Age. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 251-257. MEDEARIS AND MARBLE: THYMUS GLAND. 147 5. Harar, 8. 1913. On the Weights of the Abdominal and Thoracic Viscera, the Sex Glands, Ductless Glands and the Eyeballs of the Albino Rat (Mus norvegicus albinus) According to Body Weight. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 69-87. ‘ 6. Jackson, C. M. 1913. Postnatal Growth and Variability of the Body and of the Various Organs in the Albino Rat. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 1-69. 7. BapertscHer, J. A. 1915. Development of the Thymus in the Pig. II: , Histogenesis. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 487-495. in eae Lee a | * | ne er ce aa d ababeegi { vr a Me r ie ri A, tpt “ SM git init ch i 72 ' S ‘ me Uh ie! a as x fol iE ’ ’ ‘ “* . pe iy zi Lh Pi Dok? a ei ie oe (onl: 7m ae Barth ’ ' ao ind fet ee AA ihe ¢ oh Ge ci, | r, THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN Vou. XIII, No. 15—Juny, 1920. CONTENTS: A ComParISON OF THE ANTIGENIC AND CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A NUMBER OF STRAINS OF BacitLtus TyPHosus. Cora M. Downs. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY, LAWRENCE, KAN. Entered at the post-office in Lawrence as second-class matter. 9-3728 THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN Vou. XIII. ] JULY, 1920. [No. 15. A Comparison of the Antigenic and Cultural Character- istics of a Number of Strains of Bacillus Typhosus.* BY CORA M. DOWNS. Department of Bacteriology. LTHOUGH it has seemed to be the general concensus of opinion that Bacillus typhosus is a very homogeneous organism, yet in view of the fact that some observers have reported cultural and serological variations, it was thought advisable to investigate the cultural and serological reactions of the strains of typhosus used in this laboratory. The work done may be divided into three phases, namely: cul- tural reactions, agglutination and absorption tests, and the Widal reaction. The source, place of isolation, name and date of the or- ganisms used are tabulated in table I. CULTURAL REACTIONS. TECHNIQUE: The carbohydrate medium used was semisolid, to which was added 1 per cent of the carbohydrate desired, and Andrade indicator to make a pale, flesh color when cold. As a check a second set of determinations was run, using meat infusion broth adjusted to Ph, 7.0, to which 1 per cent of the carbohydrate was added, litmus being used as an indicator. For the lead acetate agar 1 per cent lead acetate solution was added to semisolid medium. Two per cent peptone gelatine, made according to a formula devised by Treece (1), was used for liquefaction and to test for gas produc- tion in noncarbohydrate media. * Received for publication October 18, 1921. Abstract published in Abstracts of Bac- teriology, Feb. 1920, vol. IV, No. 1, p. 19. (151) 152 THE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. TABLE I.—Organisms used for cultural and antigenic reactions. No. Source. Name. Date. 1 |‘ Blood ‘culture—lawrence; Kan: <. 5. c5...06 jcc cero tye sicts oler ee = 21 | Blood culture—Kansas City, Mo............--22-.eeeeeeeeeeee 223 | Blood culture—University of California 25 | Blood culture—Johns Hopkins Hospital 33 | Blood culture—Youngstown Hospital................2.0.+eeeee eee 4 | Feces—Lawrence, Kan 6 | Feces—Lawrence, Kan §) i] Beces—lawrence: Wan’ oi \ae-d ccesiecye eres oa ome Bem omic lain rretolas ca 16 | Feces—Carrier, Beau Desert, France 20) a] deces— Lopekas IAM 2 ote nls catamarans elt sic clasierticteis w aictenee’ sie 24 | Feces—Fatal case. John Hopkins 27 | Feces—Kansas City, Mo 28 | Feces—Carrier 29 | Feces—Carrier 30 | Feces—Carrier 31 Feces—Carrier 32 | Feces—Carrier 34 | Feces—Carrier 35 OCER = COASEY os cis ciara dinars csigreie ae. Sjaic Seat winter als, sete sders sie ates A|| JUV Sse. bo see 1920 7, o\espinalfinid—Halstead,) Kant. 25. ace cetee oe w aieieec el-tocie’s ace ate oie nictatel| a) te ote ee oer] GED 12 | Spleen—Autopsy................ SER E stare abe pee obec Rawlings ..:.24:5.65| Gee Spleen——Antopsy.s:siec x s:s shee ei wie OMe = ajc times cl canine «lols qierretete avis Rawlings... 0. 50ce aero 15 +) Gall bladder—Autopsy, France.: 5 :......05 65658 nc secateeceserees ces Wable. oc .acceeen 1918 2 | No history—New York board of health. ...2... 0.02.02 scenes dened) ous cs menn ects ovr aeel ene eie 3 No history—New York city board of health............-.-0-0-0+005 Bender. 2; ..--csae ae ieee 7 Uy ene ene Bee CC ar eerie ee Ae Aa Sec ree epee ere ieee Mt. Sinai...) f2.ccolee ene 11 | No history—New York city board of health....................++-- Pfeiffer... 523.0: e5|eeeereee 13 | No history—American Museum.............. 200s eecesereceeeeeee Hopkins... . -)ihsealeeeeees 14 | No history—American Museu.n.........:...-.02-.seceeeseeeceeees Miller: }\,...;.c0+o —}/+)y+)+;)+i};+ DI ae is «5 Keak ae oh ae eae +i t+ti= —/}/+ify+ift+i})+i + eT ~~ Dg os ee + ig ba ee -_ a . _ = = —- ns - - - 7 ve -- — ~ : _ te ~~ _ = ~< Sgn ampeiet = t = oN eee = <9 . FE rgcpesea ree EPEAT PRE REPS nw ee ids oat ~y “ a ; ~ a te Se ee em