Weapeurn of Comperative Zoology Sey yh iat Harvard Universy Vaeee ee rea FOSSILS. AND ROCK SPECIMENS, a We ti ue what 1s Sd ob tedly the largest stock ‘of REPS itary aud rocks for’ sale in America.’ “These embrace both foreign 79m and American specimens, the latter representing all parts of our icy & country. New York State is well represented. We will be pidabed to quote prices either on individual spec. 2 mens, singly or.in lots » or:on Systematic collections from S é the Upper Devonian or other horizons, Write for circular of models, by. Prof. C. Be néckley: showing the. Enibryonic Stages, and: Dorsal Valves with hinge structure, septa, arm supports etc. of ten typical genera of Brach- iopods; and model of a complete Trilobite ( 77 riarthrus eee: showing all the appendages. We Jalso manufacture casts of rare or exceptionally oa NS 2 fect. fossils, | Catalogue discriptive of our smaller Rene ee ee. ton ‘ions in all branches of natural history, ‘save entomology and — botany, will be mailed gratis to teachers on request. WARD’S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, A 30 - 40 College Ave., Rochester, Ne ae: Tit dyin ‘ + ri . 4, - A 18 ii af fo en es mfr > >) ) (a) ¢ = i . femnrirmn? m/rmtyryany on) (C2 Vekel & nN ee a ae . bho [3 ; ) o7\ _ ELEMENTARY NATURAL HISTORY SERIES _ No. 2 KEY UPPER DEVONIAN OF SOUTHERN MP W YORK Be cae ae Designed for Teachers and Students In Secondary Schools BY GILBERT DENNISON HARRIS Assistant Professor, Paleontology and Stratigraphic Geology, Cornell University, Geologist to the State of Louisiana, Member of the Geological Society of France ITHACA: Harris Go. Hl HOF There is but one natural, practical and interesting way of learning the science of the earth—Geology—and that is by studying the earthitself. Experience has shown again and again that students who have gone through the ordinary text-book training in geology retain for a time some generalized ideas re- lating to the science, but of real geology they know little. Nor is it in any way a fault of theirs. This pamphlet is intended to encourage students to teach themselves from rocks and fossils obtained near their respective homes. It will not take the place of the text-book, but will serve to introduce or supplement the same, and give its teachings more interest, more meaning. Noteworthy localities in the vicin- ity of each of the larger high schools and other institutions of learning are often referred to, thus intensifying the interest the learner may have in the science, by the thought always pleasant, of knowing about things near at home. A work of this kind can, however, be of but local applica- tion; for were references made to the geology about every insti- tution of learning in every state of the Union the size of the work and its consequent cost would defeat the very purpose for which it was written. As stated on the title page, this is applic- able to the Upper Devonian (Portage and Chemung) rocks of southern New York. Certain it is that much that is given on the following pages —and a great deal more—has already been published in the vol- uminous state reports on the geology and paleontology of New York, as well as in the Journals and Proceedings of scientific so- cieties. But the average teacher and pupil have neither time nor inclination to use these learned tomes, even though the school library may possess them; they need something more convenient and better adapted to their use. iv The preliminary statements in the first half of the work, when it is used as an introduction toa course in geology, are necessary to give full meaning to the latter half. When used as a supplement, it is believed they will still bear reviewing. As soon as the student has outgrown this work he is in a posi- tion to make use of larger and more technical works. Those most important are: Natural History of New York; Division 6, Paleontology; Vol. 4, Brachiopoda, price $2.50. Vol. 5, Pt. I, Lamellibranchiata (1) Monomyaria, $2.50. See Rin ema 4 os (2) Dimyaria, $2.50. ve Pt Th “Gastronoda 1ete. apa at: Send orders to the Secretary of the University of the State of New York, Albany, N. Y. The following very important and inexpensive works can be ordered ee the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey, Wash- ington, D. C., for prices which follow: Bulletin 3, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1884, 36 pp., $0.05. ro hr Vege OM gal oe Rie a 1885, 86 pp., 3 pl., $0.05. ¢6¢ 41, 66 66 ¢¢ «6 1887, I21 ia 3 4 ce $0.15. 66 76, 66 €6 Ge €¢ 18QI, 393 c¢ $0.25. 120, 1894,.. 81 “ieee Topographic maps about Olean, Elmira and Ithaca at 5 cents each. The 13th, 15th and 16th annual reports of the State Geolo- gist contain a vast amount of information on the geology of southern and central New York. For conditions of distribution apply to the State Geologist, or the State Paleontologist, Al- pany. NY: Two very important volumes now out of print, but to be had occasionally from second-hand dealers, are the large quarto vol- umes by Hall and Vanuxem, known as the Final Report of the State Geological Survey, volumes 3 and 4. They contain a great amount of local geological information. They are usually sold at $3.00 or $4.00 per volume. Cornell University: G. D. Harris. Sept. 30, 1899. | Doe ewe TIN ART £S Frontispiece, Plate I, Chemung Narrows ; type section of the Chemung group. Preface. Contents. Collector’s Outfit, Plate IT. Explanation of Plate II. PART I. peeeerevCl/ON FO THE STUDY OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN OF NEW YORK STATE. OCCURRENCE OF ROCKS. Where rocks are seen. Rocks everywhere; a hard lesson. KINDS OF ROCKS IN SOUTHERN NEW YORK: Shale. Sandstone. Calcareous layers, or limestone, Conglomerate. Explanation of compound terms, like arenaceous shale, etc. DEFINITION AND EXPLANATION OF A FEW IMPORTANT GEO- LOGICAL TERMS. (Illustrated by Pl. III and Fig’s. 1 and 2. FOSSILS. What they are. Flow they came to be in the Devonian rocks of Southern New York. (Illustrated by Fig’s. 3 and 4.) vi PART II. THE UPPER DEVONIAN OF SOUTHERN NEW YORK. SUBDIVISIONS: Portage. (IMlustrated by Plate IV-VIII.) Chemung. (Illustrated by Plate IX-XIII.) KINDS OF LIFE REPRESENTED BY THE FOSSILS OF SOUTHERN NEw YORK. List OF A FEW IMPORTANT LOCALITIES, WITH KINDS OF Rock, LOCATION OF OUTCROPS, AND SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT FOSSILS AT EACH. EXPLANATION OF PLATES VXI EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. Collecting Outpt. 1. A hammer ; preferably a bricklayer’s hammer, like the ‘one figured: cost, abont......2-.1....-- an $ 0.75 2.’ HA cold-chisel ;/ cost, about. .c.c52:c2sses 5.2 225. 0.25, A basket to carry specimens in; a basket rather than a bag because specimens from different localities can be kept separately more easily by a layer of paper and are not so apt to ruband grind against each other and spoil as when put in a bag. Plenty of old newspaper for wrapping, and A large, substantial lunch. OT BES NovTE.—It is of course understood that this is a beginner’s outfit. Need will soon be felt for a compass, note-book, clinometer, tape measure, Locke _ level, topographic maps, etc., etc. PART I. meee OTION TO THE STUDY OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN OF NEW YORK STATE. | OCCURRENCE OF ROCKS. Where rocks are seen.—The casual observer notices clays, sand and gravel along roads and in fields as he passes through the country; he notes here and there a boulder, or a stream-bed replete with flat stones, sees occasionally a quarry, a railroad cut, or a precipitous river bank where large masses of rock are exposed to view. Rarely does he stop to consider what these objects really are or how they came to be where they are. The story in each case is a long one, and this brief work will be limited chiefly to the last-mentioned class, namely those seen in quarries or other excavations, natural or artificial. Rocks everywhere; a hard lesson.—At the outset the learner must grapple with and master one fundamental and all-important fact, for unless his mind is perfectly clear on the subject he can form no correct conception of what follows. The fact is this: Though large masses of hard rock are usually observed only where some natural or artificial digging has recently been going on, they do exist everywhere though hidden from view by a blanket of soft or loose earthy matter, like sands, soils and gravel, In mountainous regions where there is no soil the rocks are everywhere apparent, but in southern New York they are so generally covered over and hidden that their presence is often and even. generally unsuspected. That they do underlie the whole region can easily be proven by digging wells or sinking shafts anywhere to a moderate depth through the soil and loose material, when solid rocks are sure to be encountered. Plate III shows one of a vast number of instances where this universal state of affairs can be seen, viz., soft, loose earth or soil above, in which trees and vegetation in general thrive; firm rocks ar- ranged in layers below. KINDS OF DEVONIAN ROCKS IN SOUTHERN NEW YORK. Shale.—While examining the rocks in any quarry or natural exposure in southern New York the student will observe that certain layers are quite thin, soft, and contain but little grit and are so fine in texture that the ordinary hand glass fails to reveal their component particles, save perhaps a bit of mica here and there. They can often be whittled with a knife and used as slate pencils without scratching the slate. These are termed shaly layers, or shale. Sandstone.—Thicker, harder layers, usually very ‘‘gritty’’ and polishing or scratching a knife-blade when rubbed upon it, and containing grains of sand often large enough to be seen with a hand glass, or even the naked eye, are called sandstone layers or sandstone. Calcareous layers, or limestone.—Hard layers, often thick and containing fragments of shell-fish and effervescing or bubbling when touched by a drop of strong acid are termed calcareous layers. In southern New York they are generally too impure to be properly termed limestone. They are sometimes called “‘fire stone.’’ By long exposure to the atmosphere the lime (calcium carbonate) leaches out and the rock is left a soft dark brown or black crumbling mass, often retaining the casts or impressions of fossil shells. Conglomerate. —A layer or bed composed of large pebbles (generally large white quartz pebbles) cemented together by other material is called a pudding stone or conglomerate. Explanation of compound terms, like arenaceous shale, etc.— A layer or bed may show characters in common with several of the above-named kinds of rock. For example a shaly layer may contain some grit (sand, avena); it would then be termed arena- ceous shale. It may be also more or less calcareous or limy and would then be spoken of as an arenaceous, calcareous shale. A sandstone may not be very gritty, and it may have considerable shaly matter in its composition and would then~ be styled an argillaceous or shaly sandstone. A sandstone or shale may be more or less calcareous; a sandstone may become a conglomerate if its pebbles are large. A conglomerate may be sandy or cal- careous, and so on. The noun in each case indicates the most important or essen- tial characters of the rock, while the adjectives refer to the less important or casual features. DEFINITION AND EXPLANATION OF A FEW IMPORTANT GEO- LOGICAL TERMS. Joints.—As well shown in Plate III, there are often more or less vertical crevices or cracks traversing the rock layers in one or more directions. These are technically termed jozuzts, and rocks possessing them are said to show a jointed structure. Two sets of joints are shown on Plate III, one nearly parallel to the lake shore, the other roughly at right angles to the first. Dip.—That rocks when undisturbed lie in layers of various thickness one above the other, like boards in a pile, has already been mentioned. These various layers are, however, almost never perfectly horizontal, they incline or slope more or less in one direction or another. This inclination or slope is called the dip of the rocks and its amount and direction are determined as follows (see Fig. 1): The angle made by any of these layers and surface of the water, or any horizontal surface, is the amount of dip. The direction of any plane that cuts vertically any hori- zontal line drawn on the surface of any layer is the direction of the dip. ‘The direction of the horizontal line drawn on the sur- face of any layer is termed the strvzke of the layer. To determine the direction of dip a pocket compass is very useful. It is, according to the above definition, at right angles-to the water line, as shown in Fig. 1. There are various ways of determin- ing the amount of dip. Hold a level (see Fig. 1) over the arrow. Measure with a protractor or grad- uated limb of any kind Tog 2, the angle made between the level and the arrow, this is the amount of dip expressed in degrees. Again (see Fig. 1) measure up from water line any convenient number of feet or metres, say 15. There drop a per- pendicular to the surface of the water, say 634 feet or metres.” Then 6%—15 expresses the rate or amount of dip of these rocks. In the ordinary rock exposures one rarely finds the surface of layers or beds laid bare to any considerable extent; it is much more common to see them side-view, as in Plates I, III and IV. Plate III shows how the different layers if traced from ‘'a’’ to ‘‘c’’ descend toward the right. This descent may or may not be the whole amount of dip of these layers. So far as the ob- server is concerned there may be a sloping or dipping cliff-wards or lake-wards as well as towards the right. Observations in gorges or cuts in other directions will enable the observer to de- termine the true dip of these rocks. Dip being a matter of the inclination of a plane, it is obvious that at least three points not in a straight line must be determined in order to fix the position of the plane. (See observation on opposite page. ) Considerable stress is here laid on the subject of dip, for as will be apparent upon due consideration of the subject, it fur- nishes the means of estimating the thickness of groups or forma- tions where they have never been drilled through and measured vertically. In southern New York west of about the meridian of Binghamton the rocks dip to the southward at the rate of from 25 to 50 feet per mile, averaging perhaps 4o feet. If then one starts at Cortland and walks due south 50 miles and is at the same level above sea as when he started he knows he is on rocks strati- graphically about 4oxs50 ft. higher than those at Cortland. FOSSILS. What they ave.—Very frequently we notice in fragments of rocks certain marks or imprints that seem to have been made by some organic being. They sometimes recall the shape and markings of certain sea-shells of today. As we break open more rocks and study more carefully all the markings, moulds and im- pressions we find the conclusion is irresistible that they were made by some kind of by-gone sea-shells, often quite different from those we see on the beaches to-day. How they came to be in the Devonian rocks of Southern New York.—Sea-shells in solid rock? How came they there? These are the queries that perplexed even the wisest minds up to within a comparatively recent date; queries, too, that the collector must be ready to explain to every man who espies him and comes to see what he is collecting. Observation.—Outcrops of one and the same layer may often be identi- fied at considerable distances from each other. ‘To determine the direction and amount of dip when three eae so such outcrops are known, see f the solution (graphic) of the following problem: A _ rock Nerss layer is found on one side of a valley at B, 200 mietres higher than it is at A, 2 kilo- metres distant. At C, on the opposite side of the valley, its altitude above A, 2.1 kilo- metres distant, is 100 metres. ae ae ie % The distance between C and eee ler Gime Bis 1.65 kilometre. The di- ; rection of the line C—B is north 20° west. Required the direction and amount of dip of this layer. Fig. 2, Find by proportion the point on A—B at an equal altitude with C. It is at U in this instance, half way from Ato B. Draw C—Uand continue it a short distance. Drop A—V perpendicular to C—U extended, and continue it to W. Measure angle A W B (here about 74°); this is the direction of dip, i. e., north about 74° west. Vis by construction on C—V the /zve of strike 100 metres above A. Then if the distance A—V is found by measurement to be about .96 kil.=g60 metres then 100960 is the amount of dip sought. wee, Sau, . wen “< Look at the rocks themselves. What are they? Some are soft and decompose rapidly; others are harder and withstand the elenients for a longer period. But all in course of time will dis- integrate and form clay or sand, accordingly as they were shaly or sandy rocks. Such rocks are in fact nothing but hardened clayey or sandy mud. The shells in them prove that the sands and mud before hardening formed a part of an old sea-bottom where sea-shells lived, died, and were buried beneath more sand and mud washed over: them by inflowing rivers. If the water is deep, or the bottom of the sea is gradually sinking, the thickness of such deposits may become very great—several thousands of feet. The lower beds become intensely compressed and hardened after the lapse of long ages, especially if they are subjected to volcanic heat and activity. If then a movement of the earth’s crust takes place and these low-lying beds are raised above sea level they are visible to man in quarries and other places as here- tofore stated, and he terms them ‘‘hard rocks’’; the shells and other traces of life they contain are called fossils. : That the conditions under which the rocks in southern New York were deposited or formed may be clear to the mind of the reader the following two outline maps have been inserted (Fig’s. 3and4). They both show the same area (see degrees of Lat. Note. ~ The minor geographical fcat- uyts of this land area during Upper m Devonian times are unknown. The. > Adirondacks and other mountains to ~ the north and the Taconic range to the cast were doublless then move prominent = than they arc today. , . of the Sea Wherein were deposited the 74 ' Devonian rocks of New York state Iga 3 and Long.), the one approximately as the area appeared in De- vonian times, the other as it appears to-day—showing especially the distribution of the Portage and Chemung groups of southern New York. Into the Embayment of the sea flowed large rivers, and brought the sand, mud and slime among which lived the shells hereinafter figured. It is this vast accumulation of sedi- mentation that has subsequently been raised above sea-level and still later carved by flowing waters that makes the beautifully di- versified region of southern New York. The Portage material was deposited first, hence underlies, passes under, the Chemung. Beneath the Portage in turn are Middle Devonian, Hamilton beds, cropping out across the state north of the Portage. They passed through similar stages of formation to those of the Upper Devonian beds, though in a somewhat more remote period of time. ul i oh vi ie Arca where Portage rocks are near the surface, Just bencath soit, Arca where Chemung rocks are near the surface, Just beneath sot, fig. 4. PART II. THE UPPER DEVONIAN OF SOUTHERN NEW YORK. SUBDIVISIONS. The Portage Group.—Many local names have been applied to the rocks of this group on account of their varied appearance at different localities. At base, from Chenango river westward to Lake Erie, is the Genesee shale, a thin-bedded, fragile. shaly mass, varying in thickness from a few feet only in the east to 125 feet in central New York. Its fossils are few and generally small, and mainly confined to the basal and upper layers. (See Fig’s. 1-9, Pl. V.) Fish remains are reported from these shales on the shore of Lake Erie and at a few other localities. Above, are the Sherburne shales and sandstones in the east, the Lower Portage shaly sandstones of Cayuga lake section, the lower Cashaqua and Gardeau shales (Naples beds) and sandstones of the Genesee section and west to Lake Erie. Thickness, 150- 250 feet. Fossils, rare: Chonetes,Cardiola, Lunulicardium, Clad- ochonus, etc. See Pl.V and VIII. Still higher up in the Portage are the /thaca beds of the Cayuga section and to the east, 300-500 feet thick, represented farther west by the upper /Vaples beds. Very fossilferous from Ithaca eastward. See Plates V-VIII. Somewhat fossilifercus westward, though bearing a very different fauna, especially char- acterized by coiled Cephalopods and fish remains. QUE pur gunuiof Suimoyr? ‘eyom vénhne uo speyy egnzi0y? 1emor t, $4? Highest of all the Portage rocks are the Oneonta shales and sandstones in the east, the Upper Portage sandstones of Cayuga section and to the west; 500 feet thick; fossils scarce. The Chemung Group.—The rocks of this group are so named from Chemung Narrows, Chemung county. (See Frontis- piece, Pl. I). They are at least 1,200 feet thick and consist of gray shales and shaly sandstones often replete with large, well- preserved fossils, especially brachiopods. (See Pl. IX—XIII). In the western part of the state there are several ‘‘Rock cities’’ or outcrops of coarse conglomerates belonging to this group: the Salamanca, the Pope Hollow, the Panama and Charlotte con- glomerates. These coarser layers when struck in oil wells in northwestern Pennsylvania are termed oil sands, since they are loose and porous and are veritable reservoirs of oil. In the Catskills the Chemung rocks consist of red and green shales, sandstones and conglomerates, and form a part of what was once known as the Caéskil/ group. Fossils rare, mostly land and fresh water species. See Fig. 124. The above statements may be expressed briefly as follows: Western NN. Y. Central N. Y. Eastern N. Y. Chemung Shales, sand- Typical Che- Catskill shales, group < stones and mung shales sandstones and - (conglomerates. andsandstones. conglomerates. ( Upper Portage Upper Portage Oneonta shales | sandstones _ sandstones and sandstones Portage Naples beds Ithaca beds Ithaca beds group { Cashaqua and Sherburneor Sherburne Gardeau shales Lower Portage shales and | and sandstones. shales and sandstones. | sandstones. KInps oF LIFE REPRESENTED BY THE FOSSILS OF SOUTHERN NEw YORK. Though the Devonian may be called the Age of Fishes on account of the considerable development of that class of animals in certain localities at that time, it does not necessarily follow that the young collector in this part of New York is going to fill at IO once his basket with fish remains. On the contrary, he will search long and well before finding a trace of these animals. On the other hand, he will usually have no difficulty in obtaining all the fossils he cares to take home, but they will be shells, not fishes. In the Chemung rocks from Binghamton westward there are certain layers of rock almost made up of the remains of one little animal, Spzrifer disjunctus (see Pl. XI, fig’s 87, 88), a brachiopod that flourished during the Chemung period and then became extinct. Other brachiopods represented by Pl’s. XI and XII are in places very common. The true mollusks were well represented in the Chemung, as Pl’s. IX, X and XI testify. Of these the lamellibranchs (PI’s. IX and X) were by far the most numerous. Cephalopods and gastropods were comparatively scarce. Echinoderms were represented by a few crinoids and other rarer forms. Bryozoans and corals are locally abundant, but gen- erally scarce. The same remark applies to the sponges. ‘Trilo- bites, and other crustaceans generally, are very scarce. Fragments of plants are of quite common occurrence, though identifyable specimens are rare. They belong to tree-ferns and tree-lycopods. Of the Portage group, the Ithaca beds are characterized by a brachiopod fauna, whereas the Naples beds to the west are characterized by cephalopods, fishes, lamellibranchs and gas- tropods. | II LIST OF A FEW IMPORTANT LOCALITIES, WITH KINDS OF ROCK, LOCATION OF OUTCROPS, AND SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT FOossILs AT EacH.* Addison.—Aocks: Wight grayish-green sandstone and shale. Exposure: Bear’s Falls. Best fossils found below falls, about 60 ft. above creek bed in a layer 1% ft. thick; Spirifer and Atrypa especially abundant. Fossils: Spirifer disjunctus (87)+, Athyris angelica (97), Stropheodonta cayuta (115), Grammysia, somewhat like (22), Or- thotheles chemungensis (117), Pterinea chemungensts (67), Schtzo- dus sp., see fig. 77, Atrypa aspera? (101), Strophonella celata (118), Stropheodonta perplana var. nervosa (114), Productella lachrymosa (102), Atrypa reticularis (54). | Alfred.— Rocks: Coarse, light brownish, greenish and grayish sandstone, and light-grayish shale. Exposure: ‘Terra-Cotta quarry. Bank too ft. high; 1 ft. layer at top, very fossiliferous. Fossils also found in creek bed below in the so-called blue stone. Fossils, Spirifer disjunctus (87), Sp. mesacostalis (40), My- tilarca chemungensis (73), Schizophoria impressa (52-53), Schizo- phoria tioga (111), Camarotechia contracta (go-91), C. orbicularis (92-93), Productella hirsuta (105-106), P. lachrymosa var. (103), ELuomphalus hecale (86), Dictiophyton tuberosum (119), Sangutno- *The number of good collecting localities can be multiplied almost in- definitely. Specimens from localities not mentioned in this list are usually similar if not identical with those from the nearest given locality. Only a small part of the fossil fauna at each locality can be given here. {These figures refer to the number placed by the side of each illustration on Plates V—XIII. NoTE.—The writer is under obligation to Mr. T. A. Caine, C. U., Igor, for information and collections from Binghamton, Owego, Elmira, Corning, Addison, Hornellsville, Alfred, Olean, Salamanca, Randolph, Ellicottville, Mt. Morris and Bath. Otherwise when no credit is given, the writer is per- sonally responsible for the localities and fossils mentioned. 12 lites truncata (75), Leptodesma lichas (72), a Cystidian (120), L:dmondia, Schizodus, Sphenotus clavulus (79), Leptodesma potens (70), Grammysia sp. Bath.—focks: Light greenish gray, irregularly bedded sandy shales. Fossils: Atrypa reticularis (54), Cyrtina hamiltonensts (45), Productella truncata (47-48), crinoid stems, Bryozoa (123), Stropheodonta sp., Manticoceras (see Fig. 35 a—a). Belmont.—Rocks: Sandstone and olive shale. Exposures: Quarries near-by. fossils: Spirifer mesacostalis (40), Schizophoria impressa (52-53), Orthothetes chemungensis (116-117), Camarotechia con- tracta (90-91), Productella hirsuta (105-106).—H. S. Williams. Binghamton.—Aocks: Grayish arenaceous shales and shaly sandstone. Fossils: Sptrifer disjunctus (87), Gontophora chemungensis (81), Schtzophoria impressa (52-53), Ambocelia umbonata (108— 109), Microdon bellistriatus (20), Pterinea chem niea tas (67), Rhipidomella vanuxemi (110). Chautauqua.—Rocks: Light grayish or greenish shales and sandstone. Exposures: Near-by quarries and stream beds. See also loose flat stones in fields and at roadside. Fossils: Spirifer disjunctus (87), Camarotechia contracta (90 —91), Productella lachrymosa (102-104), Ambocelia umbonata (108 108), Mytilarca chemungensis (73), Sphenotus contractus (78), crinoid stems (122). The Panama conglomerate can be seen by driving to Panama or visiting the ‘‘Rock quarry’’ near the ‘‘Checkered schoolhouse’”’ N. W. of Ashville on the summit of the high hill. At latter place see Euomphalus (Fig. 86). . Corning.—Aocks: Gray sandstone, sometimes very calcareous, and. shale. Exposure: Kelley’s quarry, just back of convent. 13 Fossils: Schizophoria tmpressa (52-53), Spivifer disjunctus (87), Sp. mesacostalis (40), Mytilarca chemungensts (73), Ambo- celia umbonata (108-109), Orthothetes chemungensis (117). Cortland.—Lithological and faunal characters very similar to those of Ithaca, which see. | Cuba.—Aocks: Gray sandstone, often calcareous, and olive shale. Exposures: Guilford quarry; Smith quarry; ravine in South Cuba. fossils: Spirifer disjunctus (87), Orthothetes chemungensts (117), Chonetes scitula (50), Camarotechia contracta (90-91), Athyris angelica (97, 99), Productelle, etc.—H. S. Williams. Delhi.—Rocks: Red, gray and green sandstone and shale. Exposures: Silver lake, or Robinson’s pond, 5 miles west of Delhi; roadside above lake. This is practically the east- ern termination of the Chemung fauna. Fossils: Spirifer mesacostalis (40), Ptychopteria, Leptodesma and a few others.—C. S. Prosser. Ellicottville.—Rocks: Greenish gray sandstone and shale. Exposures: Numerous ravines on hillsides, especially those on the hill west of town. Fossils: Spirifer disjunctus (87), Athyris angelica (97), Dat- manella leoninsts (113), Orthothetes chemungensis (117), and many others. Visit the Salamanca conglomerate, a typical ‘‘Rock city,” 5 or 6 miles southwest of town. Ellington.— Rocks: Gray, reddish and bluish shales; mica- ceous brown shale; gray sandstone. Exposures: South of creamery; Clear creek, west branch in particular. fossils: Spirifer disjunctus (87), Ambocelia umbonata (108- 109), Athyris angelica (97), Camarotechia duplicata (94), Pro- ductella, Leptodesma, Edmondia, Sphenotus, etc. 14 Go from Cherry creck to Charlotte Center and see huge boulders of Charlotte conglomerate. Its fauna is practically the saine.as that of the brownish sandstone at Alfred. Visit Portage rocks in Canadaway creek gorge. Elmira.— Rocks: Grayish and greenish gray sandstone and shale, often calcareous. Exposures: Quarries on East hill, especially H. G. Platt’s. Fossils: Spirifer disjunctus, (87), Sp. mesacostalis (40), Schiz- ophoria tmpressa (52-53), Ambocelia umbonata (108-109), Pro- ductella speciosa (46), Schizophoria tioga (111), Stropheodonta cay- uta (115), Orthothetes chemungensts (116), Plerinea chemungensis (67), Atrypa reticularis (54), Atrypa aspera (101), Spathella typ- 7ca (25), Leptodesma, fossil wood.. Visit cliffs up Chemung river west from the city. Forestville.—Aocks: Black and iron-stained shale, with cal- careous concretions. Exposures: Walnut creek, 30 ft. below R. R. and about 10 rods down the creek. A typical western New York Portage fauna: Platyceras, Paleoneilo constricta (13), Precardium venustum, Leptodesma, Loxonema, Bellero- phon, Orthoceras, Goniatites, 2 species, Chonetes scitula (50), crinoid stems, and sea-weed (Fucoides velum). See fold in rocks 6 rods north of R. R. culvert. About 20 rods above culvert, fissile blue-green shale with concretions (sep- taria). Fossils as above. Little ravine % mile south of tannery contains in layers Pro- ductellé in abundance. Visit lake shore and break up all calcareous concretions for fossils. Fredonia.— Rocks: Light and dark gray shale; sandstone to the south of Laona at water-works. Exposures: ake shore, Portage shale. Portage sandstone to the south of Laona. Chemung arenaceous shales on the hillside at Alden’s quarry, % mile west of Cassadaga lake." Visit cuts on DA. V. & PR Re 15 Fossils in Alden’s quarry: Camarotechia duplicata (94), Amebocelia umbonats (108-109), Productelle, etc. Visit the ravines of Canadaway creek. Friendship.—Prof. H. S. Williams records similar fossils and rocks here at Miller’s quarry and ravine south of town as are to be found at South Cuba, which see. | Hornellisville.—Rocks: Black and olive shales below (Port- age in affinities); gray sandstone and shales upon the hills (see Sherwood’s quarry). Exposures: Railroad cut west of the station with Cardzola retrostriata (11), Bactrites acicula (36), Productella spe- ciosa (46), Cladochonus (61), Schizophoria impressa (52- 53).-—H. S. Williams. In quarries 3 miles southwest of town: Sprrifer disjunctus (87), Spirtfer mesacostalis (40), Mytilarca chemungensis (73), Schizophoria impressa (52-53), Schtz. tioga (111), Athyris angel- wca (97), Orthothetes chemungensis (116-117), Auomphalus hecale (86), Rhipidomella vanuxem? (110). Ithaca.—Rocks: Bluish gray sandstone and shale, and nearly black shale. Genesee beds with fossils (Fig’s. 1-7 andg, Pl. V) at Esty’s glen, lower portion of glen, 4 ft. below hard sandstone ledge. Also % mile south of Glenwood. Lower too ft. in Taughannock gorge. Lower Portage sandstone with true Portage or western fauna: McKinney’s station; at foot of Ithaca falls. Ithaca shale: Williams brook, southwest corner of lake, just above R. R. Ithaca sandstone with Cvypifonella eudora: University quar- ries; quarries at base of South hill. Typical Ithaca brachiopod fauna: ‘Triphammer falls; Eddy’s dam; quarries on South hill, including the old Inclined plane. Fossils: See Pl’s. V—VIII. 16 Excursions: 'Taughannock glen; Tully or upper Hamilton limestone at entrance; farther in, lower 100 ft., Genesee shale; upper 100 ft., lower Portage. Obtain Spzrifer levis at base of Ithaca falls, south side, ledge 2 ft. above water level. Obtain Fig. 62 from shale back of the old Esty barn. Jamestown.—Aocks: Grayish or greenish-gray sandstone and shale; often calcareous. Exposures: ast Jamestown quarries, with Ambocelia um- bonata (108-109), Productella hystricula (107), Camaro- techia contracta (90-91), Cam. duplicata (94), Dalman- ella leonensis (113), Athyris angelica (97), Athyris polita (98), Spirifer disjunctus (small) (87), Mytilarca che- mungensts (73), Sphenotus contractus (78), crinoid stems, Bryozoa. . Visit quarries on eastern flank of hill north of Falconer, the quarries and little ravines on Swede and English hills, and obtain Leptodesma potens (70-71) and other fine Chemung species. _ Excursions: Panama conglomerate at Panama, 14 miles west of town. Fossils: Ptychopteria (74), Leptodesma, etc. Return by Checkered schoolhouse above Ashville and see same conglomerate with Zumphalus (86). Visit Pope Hollow 10 miles east of town, just in Cattaraugus county. Observe Pope Hollow conglomerate high up on north flank of the Hollow. It is strati- graphically about 180 ft. above the Panama conglomerate. Climb up north declivity. Fossils numerous. . Observe Chautauqua lake from crest of hill. Mt. Morris.—Rocks: Dark gray, and nearly black shale. Also thick beds of argillaceous sandstone. Exposure: Genesee river banks, just above old wooden bridge. Fossils: Lunulicardium fragile (17), Lingula, Orthoceras, scarce. Naples.—Aocks, Black shale, gray sandy shale, thick, heavy- bedded sandstone. 7 L:xposures: Genesee shale, near Woodville hotel at head of Canandaigua lake, with Lunulicardium fragile (17) and others. Grimes gully, near knife factory; Portage shale with many plant remains. At 3d falls a bed with Cardzola retrostriata (11), Pleurotomaria capillaria (31), Manticoceras patersoni (35 a—a), Bactrites. A 2d bed with Letorhynchus, Atrypa reticularis (54), Ambocelia umbonata var. gregaria (108). Chemung rocks exposed two miles south of Naples; a ‘“‘little south of the schoolhouse on the road from Naples to Ingleside. This layer is exposed by the roadside near the foot of the hill, five or six rods from the Ingleside road’’; the fossils are: Dvcty- ophyton tuberosum (119), Spirifer mesacostalis (40), Atrypa hys- trix (100), Productella speciosa (46), Ambocelia, etc.—Luther. Norwich.—2Rocks: Gray shaly sandstone aud shales. Exposures: %% miles south of Norwich, valley road, on Win. Breed’s land; 1 mile west of Norwich. quarry on ‘John Brookin’s Fossils: Tropidoleptus carinatus (96), Actinopteria boydi (18), Cyrtina hamiltonensts (45), Chonetes scttula (50), Letorhynchus mesacostalis (44), Spirifer mesastrialis (39), Schizodus, Phacops rana (63), and others. —Clarke. Another outcrop with similar fossils is reported by Prof. Prosser from railroad cut 4% mile north of D. L. & W. station. It contains also Atvypa reticularis (54). Olean.— Rocks (lower): Gray shaly sandstone and shales. Rocks (upper): Red shales and conglomerate (Carbon- iferous) at Rock city. Fossils (below, around the town): Camarotechia contracta (g0-91), Athyris angelica (99), Spirifer disjunctus (87), Produc- tella hystricula (107), Sphenotus clavulus (79), Leptodesma potens (70-71), AWytilarca chemungensis (73), fish bones and plant frag- ments. —H. S. Williams. Ferruginous sandstone below the Olean conglomerate con- tains Spzrifer disjunctus (87) and Rhynchonella allegania (95). 18 Owego.—Aocks: Grayish sandstone and shale. Exposure: Allen ravine (Stearn’s quarry) 1% miles north- west of town. Observe large, beautiful casts of Loxo- nema. Fossils: Sptrifer disjunctus (87), Sp. mesacostalis (40), Schiz- ophoria impressa (52-53), Ambocelia umbonata (108-109), Ortho- thetes chemungensis (116-117), Atrypa reticularis ‘f 54), Loxonema terebra (85), Bryozoa, crinoid stems, etc. Randolph.—ocks: Grayish micaceous sandstone and shale. Exposures: Geo. Hubbard’s quarry, 2% miles south of ' depot. Also along Battle creek from creamery to reser- voir. Fossils: Spirifer disjunctus (87), Schizophoria impressa (52- : 53), Athyris angelica (97), Dalmanella leonensis (113), Camaro- techia duplicata (94), Mytilarca chemungensts (73), Sphenotus con- tractus (78), and many others. Salamanca.—ARocks: Light gray or greenish-gray sandstone and shale. Conglomerates, 1 to 3 miles north. Exposure: Whalen hill, northwest of town, 100 ft. above creek, ledges along roadside. Fossils: Spirifer disjunctus (87), Athyris angelica (97) ,Cam- arotechia duplicata (94), Mytilarca chemungensis (73). Excursion: Visit conglomerate ledge 1 mile north of town east of the water reservoir. Two miles farther north 1s a cele- brated ‘‘Rock city.’’ It is a flat pebble Chemung conglomierate. Wellsville.—Aocks: Grayish sandstone and olive shale. Exposure: Quarry about too ft. above R. R. station. fossils: Sptrifer disjunctus (87), Productella hirsuta (105), Ambocelia umbonata (108-109), Goniophora chemungensts (81), Macrodon chemungensts (76), Orthoceras, A ULB Crentpec- ten, fish scales, etc.—H. S. Williams. Waverly.-—Aocks: Wight and dark grayish shaly sandstone and grayish shale. 19: Exposures: Side of Erie railway, (see Frontispiece, Pl. I,) especially in a little ravine leading up to the quarries. Cayuta creek valley, quarries 2 miles north of East Waverly. Quarries on hillside east of Sayre. Fossils: Sptrifer disjunctus (87), Pterinea chemungensts (67), Pt. reversa (68), Schizodus chemungensts (77), Gontophora che- mungensts (81), Paleonetlo bisulcata (82), Microdon bellistriatus (20), Mytilarca chemungensts (73), Stropheodonta cayuta (115), Orthothetes chemungensts (116-117), Schizophoria tioga (111-112), Sc. impressa (52-53), Atrypa aspera (101), A. reticularis (54), Spirifer mesacostalis (40), Tropidoleptus carinatus (96), Produc- tella lachrymosa (102-104), Ambocelia umbonata (108-109), Cane- arotechia contracta (90-91), Pleurotomaria, Loxonema, corals, crinoid stems, and many others. O EXPLANATION OF PLATE V. (Portage Fossils. ) Fig’s. I-9 especialby characteristic of the Genesee beds. Fig. 1. Orbiculoidea lodensis. Brachial valve. Common in upper- most beds of the Genesee shale. A Brachiopod. 2. Lingula spatulata. Genesee and Ithaca Portage beds, east- ward.* Mec = Skiers = 4 i$ eat Lacan eG aah TS hte ic a ae ia ait Pr bea ‘ . : : Fer peas rs eS CA SR AR Cae aia wees NOR rw aie re SACO ey EP GR ao a ae) be " pT akg ckiaaeaes: NA ra tae MN see SF et acer KS a mene 2 a aeinl Bi * as Pe 2 &S Din ign a nih Lr =e &; Sk a, te tal tht) oR sai ke GL “ Po ye F .* >i > at fS FAA Me ore aay 2 Z e iN a i ‘ A ~ i * ie - ind, age Rams Te apes . : * ; 7 a “ a 4 ~ N : a : . 4 on i i aksest ’ b ti id * - * s 4 7 r > ys eres é ‘ , ’ ; ‘3 7 , * a = . 4 ait . | ’ yd " ; 2 , = Bas ead Oye nes _ : its ; IS ni te : ‘fain x - $ i ‘ my - : , at 534 7 = bans we Fi a ’ | J * . > wh 4 Br ai 7 nn 2 3 . t i . 4 . os o Teihsg v4 Bete Se cit ihe et ; i ~"* - j oa) , nn pes Ped “ee vty oe * rey ee : oe : bs is ¥ > r | : | a eae | i> ~o9 * oh 4 * ; - . , . : } “a . * st BS in % Y £ , Late re ‘ s eR is \ 4 ; . : “A, ? « a) Pe ey Oe