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FIFTH EDITION, THOROUGHLY REVISED AND ENLARGED.

• •> MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE-CO.OFNEW-:YORK ■- : •»■;. NEW ENGLAND "M UTUAL LIFE INSURANCE/CO.

CHtQBiyBCE-- gQ^S5.

MOSES KING

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EUBldiSHERi

[harvard • college]

Copyright 1S7S, 1S79, 1881, and 1883, by Moses King.

KING'S DICTIONARY OF BOSTON. By Edwin M. Bacon. An elaborate history and descrip- don of the city. Arranged alphabetically. It has 1,500 interesting paragraphs, in 530 solidly paclc'ed pages. It is the most useful local book ever published. Cloth, with gilt top, $1.00; flexible cloth, 75 cents; paper, 50 cents.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. A comprehensive detailed description of Boston, classified by subjects. Handsomely printed and profusely illustrated. 350 pp. 200 illustrations. Cloth, $1.00.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON HARBOR. By M. F Sweetser. 300 handsome pages. 200 original illustrations. The most entertaining handbook ever published in America. Cloth, uniform with " King's Handbook of Boston," $1.00.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF CAMBRIDGE, MASS. A popular history of this old city, famous for its university, its history, its beauty, and its industries. 400 pp. 150 illustrations, including many portraits. Cloth, $2.50.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS. Similar in size, style, and scope, with King's Handbook of Boston. 200 pp. 75 illustrations. Cloth, $1.50.

KING'S POCKETBOOK OF PROVIDENCE, R.I. An alphabetical guide. 400 paragraphs 128 pp. Subscription edition, large paper, fine printing, and exquisite binding, $1.00.

THE BACK-BAY DISTRICT AND THE VENDOME. A profusely illustrated pamphlet, 32 pp , describing Boston's " Back-Bay District" and the Hotel Vendome. 25 cents.

VEST-POCKET MAP OF BOSTON. A neat map of Boston proper, bound in red leather, small enough to put into a lady's pocketbook. 15 cents.

WALTHAM, PAST AND PRESENT. By Charles A. Nelson, A.M. An historical and a de- scriptive sketch from the earliest times. 55 clear photographic illustrations. 152 pp. Cloth, $2.50.

MOUNT-AUBURN CEMETERY. 100 pp. 30 illustrations. Paper, 30 cents.

THE CAMBRIDGE HIGH SCHOOL. By Elbridge Smith, former head master, and William F. Bradbury, present head master. This is a comprehensive history and description of the school from its beginning. It is supplemented by an exhaustive catalogue of graduates and teachers. Illustrated. Cloth, $1.00.

THE BOSTON PUBLIC LATIN SCHOOL. By Rev. Henry F. Jenks. An illustrated historical sketch. 32 pp. Pamphlet. 25 cents.

HARVARD AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. By Moses King. An historical and descriptive guide to all departments of Harvard University and Cambridge. 70 illustrations. 120 pp. Cloth, $1.50; paper, $1.00.

WORCESTER VEST-POCKET GUIDE. A miniature guide-book to Worcester, Mass. Text alphabetically arranged. 96 small pp. Paper, 15 cents.

CAMBRIDGE VEST-POCKET GUIDE. This book is so small and so thin that it can be easily carried in a small pocketbook, although it gives a pretty full description of the city. 128 pp. Paper, 10 cents.

BOSTON: WHAT TO SEE, AND HOW TO SEE IT. A route-guide to Boston. Starting always from one point, the stranger is here guided to every thing worthy of seeing on a short and rapid visit. 128 pp. Paper, 10 cents.

CHURCHES OF BOSTON AND VICINITY. By 20 pastors. This is a collection of twenty historical sketches of the famous churches in and around Boston. There are 20 superb photo- graphic views. The book is a massive volume, and is a beautiful specimen of typography. Sold only by subscription. Cloth, $10.00.

The aboi'e hooks can be bought of any American or foreign bookseller, or they will be sent to any address, postpaid, on receipt of price.

MOSES KING PUBLISHER,

CAMBRIDGE, MASS. £)\<t

PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION.

It was the intention of the publisher of " King's Handbook of Boston" to bring out a new edition of it every year, on the first day of June ; but the pressure of other duties made this impossible in 1882, and almost caused it to be neglected in 1883. It is now hoped to bring out the new editions, thoroughly revised and considerably improved, according to former intentions.

The present edition has undergone a thorough revision, first by Edwin M. Bacon, the author of "King's Dictionary of Boston," and afterwards by M. F. Sweetser, the author of " King's Handbook of Boston Harbor." Many of the good qualities of the book are due to their prolific knowl- edge and their peculiar versatility. It must also be remembered, that, in preparing previous editions, the publisher was indebted to many per- sons, too numerous to mention here. Of these, however, special thanks must be expressed to Mr. Bacon, mentioned above ; Dr. Samuel A. Green, the recent mayor of Boston ; John Ward Dean, the librarian of the New-England Historic-Genealogical Society; William Howe Downes, a well-known Boston journalist ; and to the hundreds of persons who kindly furnished the sketches of the institutions and associations in which they were officially interested. Numerous books, too, were referred to ; some of which have been duly credited, and others have been used where credit seemed impossible.

The publisher is exerting every reasonable effort to keep up the reputation of " King's Handbook of Boston " as the standard popular history, guide, and reference-book to the New-England metropolis, by

3

4 PREFA CE.

constantly adding to and carefully revising its contents, both in illustra- tions and text. To encourage him in this work, he trusts the residents of Boston will be generous in their patronage, first, by buying copies of the various editions for themselves as necessary reference-books, and, secondly, by sending away one or more copies to friends who are inter- ested in the city.

It is due to Macullar, Parker, & Company, to say that they have already bought fully twenty-five hundred copies of this work, and have distrib- uted them in all quarters of the globe.

The present edition has been enlarged upwards of fifty pages, numer- ous new paragraphs have been added, and many new illustrations have been inserted. The text is much improved, the printing and paper are finer, and the binding is better, than heretofore. All of the editions, now amounting to sixteen thousand (16,000) copies, have been printed by Rand, Avery, & Co., of the Franklin Press, whose immense estab- lishment has long since become famous throughout the country for its exquisite printing and perfect proof-reading.

If this book were going to be dedicated to anybody, it would be

Hetifcatetj

TO THE THOUSANDS WHO HAVE BOUGHT IT ALREADY,

AND ALSO

TO THE THOUSANDS WHO ARE GOING TO BUY IT HEREAFTER.

All suggestions for improving, and all notes for correcting the book,

should be addressed to

MOSES KING,

Editor and Publisher King^s Handbook of Boston,

Sept. i, 1883. Cambridge, Mass.

lauwomuk Dy tne In- dians, which is said by some historians to have signified ''living fountains," and by others '"free land," or "land unclaimed;" and this afterward became abbreviated to " Shawmut." Winthrop and his associates, who settled it from Charlestown, called it Trimountaine, probably from its three hills afterwards known as Beacon, Copp's, and Fort Hills, though possibly from the three peaks of Beacon Hill, described in 1633 by Wood the voyager as '-three little hills on top of a high mountain." The first settler here was the Rev. William Blaxton, who lived between the present Louisburg Square and the Charles River. He held an unquestioned proprietorship to the whole peninsula of Boston ; and when his ownership was recognized by the court, each householder agreed to pay no less than

Copyrighted in 1878 by Mosf.s King. Ru-cntcrcd

and again in 1881 and t88j

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

First House in Boston.

six shillings to make up the required sum of ,£30 to buy of him all but six

acres where his house stood. This was accomplished : and with the pur- chase-money he bought some cows, and •• moved on," establishing himself

in a new home at a point then far away from Boston, on the banks of a picturesque river, which is now known as the Blackstone, named alter him. Ann Pollard, who lived to the ripe old age of 105. is said to have been the first white woman that landed in Boston. According to her story, she came over in one of the first ships that reached Charlestown ; and a few days afterwards a party of young people rowed to Boston to get some good water. As the boat neared the shore, she, being a romping girl, declared that she would land first, and immediately jumped from the bow to the beach.

In 1630 the first general court of the colony was held in Boston. John Winthrop was the first ijov- ernor elected by the colonists, and Thomas Dudley the deputy-governor. Had these two carried out their plan of fortifying " New-towne," the present Cam- bridge, the result would possibly have been, that either the latter. Oi some other town, would have become the New-England metropolis, instead of Boston. Win- throp, however, after he and others had built houses at New-towne, saw that Boston was the most prom- ising site, ami consequently abandoned the project, causing thereby the enmity of Dudley. This circum- stance, possibly combined with jealousy, led to un- friendly disputes between those two magnates, which had to be settled by arbitrators. The old beacon. shown in all the early plans of the town, and which gave the name to beacon Hill, was erected in 1^34-5 to alarm the country in case of invasion. It stood near the present State House, the exact spot being the south-east corner of the reservoir on Temple Street. It was a tall mast, standing on cross timbers placed upon a stone foundation, supported by braces, and was ascended by treenails driven into it : and. sixty-live1 feet from the base, projected a crane of iron from which an iron

Beacon, Beacon Hill.

From " Pioncen in the Settlement >*f America.** testes A: Launat, Uoston.

QUARREL BETWEEN WINTHROP AND DUDLEY.

8 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

skeleton frame was suspended, to receive a barrel of tar or other combust- ibles. When fired this could be seen for a great distance inland. It was newly erected in 1768, having- fallen from some cause unknown : and in 1789 it was blown down. The next year a monument of brick, sixty feet high and four in diameter, was erected on its site to the memory of those who fell at Bunker Hill: and in 1S1 1 this was taken down, the mound being levelled.

The happiest people are those who have no history: and there is not much of moment to record concerning this thriving town during the first century of its existence. A few interesting facts from the quaint records of the early day will show the state of society and public opinion. From 1637 up to 1676, in the pages of local history can be found cases where persons were either banished from Boston, or murdered on account of heresy, hung on charges of witchcraft, punished for petty misdemeanors by im- prisonment in the stocks, whipped or lined for being Baptists, persecuted in various ways for being Quakers, or placed in cages for violating the sab- bath. Up to the last century, too, slavery existed in Boston. In 1655 times were very hard; and many inhabitants paid their taxes with produce, grain, and other articles. The town also suffered from extensive fires in 1676, 1679, l7ll> and 1760: over 350 buildings being destroyed in the latter conflagration. In 1686 there was trouble between the colony and the home government: and Andros, an unpopular governor, was imprisoned by the people in 1689, and finally forced to leave the country. The colonial char- ter was withdrawn; but in 1692 came a new governor, with an olive-branch in the shape of a new charter, and the troubles temporarily ceased. Edward Ward, a cockney traveller, thus described the young town in 1699: '; On the south-west side of Massachusetts Bay, is Boston, whose name is taken from a town in Lincolnshire, and is the Metropolis of all New England. The houses in some parts joyn as in London. The buildings, like their women, being neat and handsome. And their streets, like the hearts of the male inhabitants, arc paved with pebble/'

The first attempt to establish a paper was made in 1690, and the first number is held by the Colonial State Paper Office at London. A copy of this, by Dr. Samuel A. Green, was published in vol. i. (1857) of "The His- torical Magazine."' The first newspaper in America was issued in Boston, its publication beginning on April 24. 1704. It was called "The Boston News-Letter.'' Its founder was John Campbell, then the town postmaster: and the first number may yet be seen in the library of the Massachusetts Historical Society. In 1706 Benjamin Franklin was, it is very generally believed, born in the humble little house which stood on Milk Street, on the site ot the present " Boston Post" building. The old house stood a hunched and twenty years, respected as one of the most notable landmarks; and its destruction by fire, in 181 1, was keenly regretted, especially by the

From " Pioneers in the Settlement of America." Eitci i Liurl&t, Boiun.

ANUROS A PRISONER IN BOSTON.

TO

AVAC'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

Franklin's Birthplace, Milk Street

older citizens. A few persons say that Franklin was born in Hanover Street. In 172S two young men fought a duel on the Common, one of them being killed. This caused the passage of a stringent law against duelling. The

same year the general court was removed to Salem. boston was now divided into twelve wards, it having been previously, in 1715. divided into eight wards : and in 1740 it had live public schools and fifteen churches.

Not long alter began the exciting displays of opposition to the oppres- sions of the home government, and the petty tyrannies of some of its representatives in the colony. The citizens were jealous of their rights, and ever ready to strike for them. In 1747 Commodore Knowles of the British navy, being short of men, openly impressed sailors in the streets of the town : and thereupon there was a lively riot. The excitement ran high. Some British officers were seized, and were held as hostages by the irate townspeople until the release of their fellow-townsmen : and the commodore was obliged to submit, and to return the impressed men when the officers were in turn released. In 1750 an indignation meeting of citizens was held to protest against the heavy duty levied on tea and other articles of import. In 1765 the '• Sons of Liberty "were organized under the " Liberty Tree," a wide-spreading, beautiful elm. which stood in front of a grocery, near what is now the coiner of Essex and Washington Streets, a tablet on the present building marking the spot : and here were exposed the effigies of those men who had favored the passage of the odious Stamp-Act. During the exciting period which followed, nearly all the great political meetings of the " Sons of Libertv." called together by the hoisting of a flag on the staff extending through the branches of the tree, were held under its waving boughs and in the square about it. During the siege of Boston, about the last of August. 1775. this tree was cut clown by a gang in the pay of the British soldiers and the Tories, after standing 119 years. In 1770 there was continued excitement about, and opposition to. the unjust revenues imposed by the home government : and we read of an anti-tea- drinking society that was formed by the ladies. On the 5th of March of this year the Boston Massacre occurred, in which five citizens were killed

ICING'S HANDBOOK- OF BOSTON.

f r

and several wounded by the Britisli soldiers. The affair grew nut of a trivial street-brawl between the parties in King, now State, Street. Such was the feeling caused by the massacre, that it was deemed expedient by the British authorities to withdraw the troops from the town. This massacre was, however, only the cloud before the storm: lor Boston was soon to be the centre of warlike operations on a large scale. Dec. i<>. 1773. the mem- orable " Boston tea-party " occurred ; in which a number of citizens disguised as Indians boarded several English ships lying at the wharf, and emptied 342 chests of the obnoxious tea into the harbor. The following year the harbor was entirely closed as a port of entry: and in [775 began the struggle

i-^lMfm-.*^

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Dorcnester Heights and the Harbor.

From •' Harper'* Wi-eklj. '

for independence, in which Boston and its vicinity took such a prominent and honorable share. In April the skirmishes at Lexington and Concord took place, rousing the entire country: and June 17 the battle of ICnker Hill was fought at Charlestown, resulting in a repulse of the little American army. That autumn the British soldiers occupied the Old South Church as a riding-school, and in many other ways made themselves particularly disa- greeable to the patriotic citizens of the town. The British occupied Boston all the following winter : the army under Washington prosecuting its siege with much perseverance and vigor, so that in March the Americans were victorious, forcing Gen. Howe to evacuate the town, and sail away, carrying with him a thousand Tories,

12

A'/NG'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

The evacuation of Boston was the result of a strategic movement of Washington, in taking possession of the bold, rugged hill known as Dor- chester Heights, now a part of South Boston, though still retaining its old name among the older residents of the city. Washington confidently ex- pected an attack from Howe, and had prepared a counter stroke. Two divisions under Putnam were to attack the town. Sullivan, with one, was to assault the works on Beacon Hill: Greene, with the other, was to carry the port at Barton's Point, and make a junction with Sullivan. But. as Drake says in his "Old Landmarks of Boston," " Providence arrested the purpose of Howe, and the town was entered without a shot being fired." The work of constructing the fortifications on Dorchester Heights was begun at about eight o'clock on the night of the 4th of .March, and when morning dawned the Heights were in condition to afford a good defence against small arms and grape-shot. The works commanded both the harbor and town, and compelled the British either to evacuate the town, or to drive the Americans from their fortifications. The latter course was determined upon : but a furious storm arose, and the design was aban- doned, and evacuation took place on March 17, 1776. On July 18 the Declaration of Independence was read from the balcony of the Town House, amid great rejoicings. With varying and oftentimes doubtful pros- pects of success, the war for independence drew gradually toward its close in 1781. John Hancock was presiding over the destinies of the Common- wealth when the desired consummation of the struggle was reached, and the historic town entered upon a new and brighter era of its existence.

The latter part of the eighteenth century was a period of rapid growth and marked improvement in Boston. The population in 1789 was 18,000. The Charles-river Bridge, the first of the numerous avenues connecting the town with its northern and western suburbs, was completed: and before the close of the century the new Stale House was finished, and the first two theatres — the Boston, and the Havmarket — opened their doors. During Washington's visit in [789 he lodged in a mansion-house on the corner of Court and Tremont Streets: which, although altered and one story higher, stood until 1883. On the Court-street front, between the second and third stories, was a stone tablet, bearing tin: inscription: —

Washington Street, during the same year, was named in honor of this visit. Among those who were occupants of the old building were Harrison Cray

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

T3

Washington's Lodgings, Court Street.

Otis, the eminent lawyer, and Daniel Webster, who had his law-office there during his residence in Boston. The upper stories for many years were almost exclusively occupied by lawyers ; and the lower story was for over fifty years occupied by the wholesale and retail grocery store of Samuel S. Pierce, later S. S. Pierce & Co., which will be re-opened here in 1884, when the vast new building now under construction on this site is finished and ready for occu- pation for offices.

From the beginning of the nineteenth century, the greater portion of the his- torical events can be recalled by many persons now living. Our aim shall be briefly to mention some of the most notable.

During the autumn of 1804 a terrific gale visited Boston, blowing down sev- eral church-steeples, and doing much damage. The news of the declara- tion of war against England in 1812 was received by Bostonians with indignation. Her influential men had opposed the em- bargo laid upon commerce with England, which was a heavy blow to the interests of Boston and Massachusetts, one-third of the shipping of the United States being at that time owned in the State; and they pro- nounced the war a serious mistake. Nev- ertheless, at the call for troops a regiment was raised here ; and in 1814, when a British fleet was reported to be off the coast, ex- tensive preparations were made to give it a warm reception, should it come this way. Peace was gladly welcomed the next year.

In 1816 Webster came to Boston. He lived first in Mount Vernon Street, on the summit of Beacon Hill, a few rods north- west of the State House ; later, in the house now standing at No. 37 Somerset Street; and afterwards at the corner of High and Summer Streets, where he enter- tained Lafayette in magnificent style during the visit of the latter in 1824.

Site of Webster's Home, Summer Street.

M

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

Webster's residence in Summer Street, now numbered 136 and 138, was long marked by a splendid block of stores, known as " The Webster Buildings." This went down in the great fire of 1872, but was soon re- placed by a substantial iron-front building erected as a warehouse for Wm. Claflin, Coburn, & Co., one of the oldest and most prominent boot-manufac- turing firms in the United States.

In 1821 the West-Point Cadets, under command of Major Worth, U.S.A., marched to Boston, and encamped on the Common. They were accompa- nied by the finest band in the country, the music of which was nightly lis- tened to by an admiring multitude; and Willis's strains from a Kent bugle, an instrument then first introduced, were long remembered.

On Feb. 22, 1822, after many years' agitation of the subject, the first peti- tion having been made as early as the year 1709, an act establishing the city of Boston was passed by the legislature, and accepted by the citizens ; and May 1, Boston became a city. John Phillips was the first mayor. He was succeeded by Josiah Ouincy, who was in office six successive years. The other mayors of Boston, in the order of their service, were : Harrison Gray Otis, three terms ; Charles Wells, two ; Theodore Lyman, jun., two ; Samuel T. Armstrong, one ; Samuel A. Eliot, three ; Jonathan Chapman, three ; Martin Brimmer, two ; Thomas A. Davis, one ; Josiah Quincy, jun., three ; John P. Bigelow, three; Benjamin Seaver, two; Jerome V. C. Smith, two; Alexander H. Rice, two ; Frederic W. Lincoln, jun., three ; Joseph M. Wight- man, two ; Frederic W. Lincoln, jun., again, four; Otis Norcross, one ; Na- thaniel B. Shurtleff, three ; William Gaston, two ; Hen- ry L. Pierce, one ; Samuel C. Cobb, three ; Frederick O. Prince, one; Henry L. Pierce, one; F. O. Prince, three ; Samuel A. Green, one ; and Albert Palmer, the present incumbent.

In 1824 Lafayette occu- pied part of the double house now standing at the corner of Park and Beacon Streets ; the other part afterwards becoming the residence of George Ticknor, the distin- guished historian of Spanish literature, and one of the great benefactors of the Boston Public Library. Among the early occupants of this mansion

Lafayette's Lodgings, Beacon Street.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

15

were Gov. Christopher Gore, in honor of whom the Harvard College Library has been named; Edward G. Malbone, the portrait-painter; Hon. Samuel Dexter, an eminent lawyer and statesman, who had been secretary of war, secretary of the treasury, acting secretary of state, and the first president of the earliest Massachusetts temperance society. Mr. Ticknor was an occupant of the house from 1830 until his death in 1S70. It is still occu- pied by his family.

In 1824 the population of the city was 58,000. During the next few years numerous public improvements were made: among them the opening of the East-Boston and Chelsea ferries ; the completion of the Warren Bridge, connecting Charlestown with Boston ; the laying of gas-pipes ; and the erec- tion of many notable public and private buildings, including a. new court- house, custom-house, and three theatres, the Tremont, Federal, and Warren.

In 1830 the population had grown to 61,000, and the city celebrated the second centenary of its settlement. In 1833 the old hero, Andrew Jackson, visited Boston, and was received with great popular enthusiasm. The Whig party was formed about this time. It was in 1834 that the Ursuline Convent in Charlestown was burned by a mob.

In 1837 a large delegation of the Sacs and Fox Indians arrived from the far West, and, in all the gorgeousness of paint and feathers, exhibited on the Common their war-dances and other feats before interested thousands. Boston suffered, in common with other parts of the country, in the panic of this year, and its banks suspended specie payments ; but in good time it re- covered, and entered upon another season of prosperity. In 1840 the first steamship-line between Boston and Liverpool was established. In 1843 President Tyler and Gen. Scott visited Boston.

In 1844, after a period of intense cold, the harbor was firmly frozen as far down as the lighthouse ; and its surface was enlivened with skating, coasting, sledding, and sleighing. Cargoes were discharged on to teams, and transported to the warehouses. Booths, as on high holidays, filled with eatables and drinkables, added to the gavety of the scene, in one of which was repeated the laughable ruse, which originated at Dedham, to avoid the then stringent liquor law, by placing thereon a placard of " The striped pig on exhibition," and exhibiting him in the form of drinks to suit; and for years "the striped pig" was a synonyme for a glass of liquor. It was during this ice-embargo that the enterprising Boston merchants, aided by the Fresh Pond ice-cutters, cut a channel seven miles long to enable the imprisoned Cunard steamship to prosecute her voyage to England.

In 1847 President Polk was the guest of the city. During this year there was a great fire at the North End, which consumed more than one hundred buildings, with their contents. In 1848 the Cochituate water was introduced, and the event celebrated with an imposing display. In 1849

t6

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

there was unexampled mortality from Asiatic cholera. In 1S50 Professor John W. Webster was hung for the murder of Dr. George Parkman, one of the most extraordinary cases in the history of American crime. The advent of Jenny Lind was a notable event of the same year ; the great Swedish vocalist singing to audiences of upwards of 4,000 people. At this period the anti-slavery agitation became intense; and in 1854 the Burns riot occurred, caused by efforts to liberate Anthony Burns, a fugitive slave, one man being killed and several seriously hurt. In i860 the Prince oi Wales with his suite visited Boston.

The opening of the civil war in 1861 found Boston in a state of patri- otic ferment. Great out-door war-meetings were held, and recruiting was early begun, and carried on vigorously. During the war the city responded promptly to every call for men or money, and sent into the army and navy 26,119 men, 685 of whom were commissioned officers. In the sanitary work the Boston people, prominently the women, were among the foremost. In 1863 a draft-riot occurred at the North End, but it was soon overcome by the authorities.

Hancock's House, Beacon Street.

In 1863 the old Hancock House, a stone building, one of the noblest private mansions of the colonial period, and one of the unique features of this part of the city, was removed. It stood just beyond the State House,

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 17

on Beacon Street, facing the Common. Here Hancock, who was famous as a generous host, entertained the great men of the day in almost princely style. A great effort was made to preserve this old landmark, but without avail, although the house was in excellent preservation. " The chamber of Lafayette remained as when he slept in it ; the apartment in which Hancock died was intact ; the audience-hall was the same in which Washington, D'Estaing, Brissot, the Percy, and many more had stood ; and finally the entrance-hall, in which for eight days the dead patriot lay in state, opened upon the broad staircase as in the time of old Thomas and Lydia Hancock." We quote from Drake. Private residences now occupy the site of the house. In 1865 the rejoicings over the emancipation proclamation and the end of the war were sharply turned to mourning by the news of the assassina- tion of the beloved President Lincoln. Boston, in common with the other large cities of the North, gave expression to the universal feeling of grief by a funeral procession of vast length. The history of Boston since the war has been crowded with noteworthy events, at which the limits of this sketch allow us the merest glance. In 1867 Gen. Sheridan paid a visit to the city. In the same year Gov. Andrew died suddenly at his city home. In 1868 Gen. Grant visited the city for the first time since the war, and was received with warm demonstrations of welcome. The ensuing year was marked by a grand event, which could only have been carried out by the enterprise of a city like Boston combined with the talent of a man like P. S. Gilmore, — the National Peace Jubilee. It took place from June 15 to 19 in the huge Coliseum, temporarily erected for the purpose between the Back Bay and the South End, and was a remarkable success, drawing thou- sands of visitors from all sections of the country, and exciting the most unrestrained enthusiasm, both on account of its musical features and of its patriotic tendency. In 1870 Prince Arthur visited Boston. The same year the city was called upon to mourn the death of George Peabody, the philan- thropist, and of the Hon. Anson Burlingame, whose remains lay in state in Faneuil Hall. In 1871 the old building standing in the middle of Court Street, near Tremont and Cornhill, known as Scollay's Building, was removed, leaving an open area, now called Scollay Square. This year the Grand Duke Alexis of Russia visited the city, and was treated to a round of brilliant gayeties. The year 1872 was eventful. .From June 17 to July 7 the second grand musical festival was held, and was attended by from 30,000 to 100,000 people daily. It also was held in a temporary Coliseum of vast size ; and special national musical features were introduced by bands from England, France, Germany, and other countries. Johann Strauss led the orchestra while it played his own waltzes. A grand ball was given, Gen. Grant being present. The enterprise was regarded as a grand success, although it was not remunerative to the shareholders. Dur-

1 8 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

#

ing the following autumn came the epizootic epidemic, rendering almost all the horses useless for the time being, and causing great inconvenience.

On Nov. 9, this year, at 7.15 o'clock in the evening, the Great Boston Fire broke out. The flames started at the corner of Summer and Kingston Streets, and spread with terrible speed. In spite of the efforts of the fire- men, the flames sped north-east and north into the very heart of the substan- tial business district of the city, where a great proportion of the buildings were of solid granite, and used for wholesale business. Aid was summoned from the suburban and even from distant cities ; and special trains bearing fire-engines came hastening into the panic-stricken city from all sides. Buildings were blown up in the hope that the gaps thus left would not be bridged by the furious on-sweeping flames, and the gas was cut off, leaving the city almost in darkness. The militia went on duty to aid the police in preventing the wholesale lawlessness that threatened to add to the terrors of the time. When the fire finally stopped, it had spread over 65 acres, and destroyed about $80,000,000 worth of property and many lives, leaving the entire district bounded by Summer, Washington, Milk, and Broad Streets a smoking chaos of ruins. Boston recovered with almost incredible elasticity and pluck from this terrible blow; and the "burnt district" is to-day a section of imposing and substantial business ware- houses, its appearance greatly improved, and the wealth and convenience of this part of the city thereby increased. In 1873 another serious fire destroyed several squares of buildings. Subsequent calamities have not been infrequent. Within a few years there have been numbers of those startling and often unaccountable accidents so common in American cities. Among these may be mentioned extensive fires in 1874, 1877, and 1878; the blowing up of a building on the corner of Washington and La Grange Streets ; the explosion under the sidewalk near the Federal-street Bridge in South Boston, by which several lives were lost; and the explosion of Jen- ney's oil establishment in South Boston. The burning of a tenement-house on Shawmut Avenue, in which several of the unfortunate occupants lost their lives or were terribly injured, will be remembered as a comparatively recent occurrence. So also has Boston of late years had an unpleasant notoriety from a peculiar class of criminals : notably the boy Jesse Pomeroy, confined for life in the State prison, who murdered a boy and a girl, and tortured several children, making himself the terror of the neighborhood in which he lived ; and Piper, who one Sunday afternoon murdered the little six-year-old girl, Mabel Young, in the belfry of the Warren-avenue Baptist Church, of which he was sexton. According to his confession just before his execution, May 26, 1876, he had also murdered one Bridget Landregan, whose death up to that time had been a mystery, and he had almost fatally assaulted one Mary Tyner on Oxford Street. The Rev. E. D. Winslow, among the foremost of

i. The Clallin Guards, W. B. Scars, Capt. -J. View from Washington Street, j. The Burnt District

THE BOSTON FIRE OF 187?.

20 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

the long line of prominent and trusted men of Massachusetts who have fallen from their high places to the level of the criminal, was a Boston business-man, managing two daily newspapers, "The Daily News," now out of existence, and "The Boston Post," purchased from its former proprietors a few months before his Might, which occurred on the 19th of January, 1876. He had committed forgeries for very large amounts, by which several of the most prominent banks and many individuals were heavy loseis. Winslow was captured in London on the 15th of February: but the British govern- ment refused to surrender him unless the United States should guarantee that he should not be tried for any other offence than that set forth in the extradition papers. After long and .labored discussion by representatives of both governments, Winslow was released, and soon left London. He was next heard of in South America; and has since flourished in Buenos Ayres, reports coming to his former friends in Boston of his successful speculations and new matrimonial venture. In July, 1S7S, the so-called " Tappan irregularities " were exposed, creating a great stir for a while in the business world. John G. Tappan, an old citizen, a leading merchant of long standing, was the treasurer of the Boston Belting Company, for many years a most successful and profitable concern, enjoying a large income, especially from the working of valuable patents in its possession. The failure of this company was suddenly announced, coupled with the statement that its treasurer had wrecked it by using its paper and credit to bolster up his own individual speculations, which had been steadily losing. Irregular paper to the extent of several hundred thousand dollars had been given out. Mr. Tappan made over to the company all the property he possessed, in real estate and in bonds and checks, and retired from his position disgraced and ruined. He was the largest of the stockholders, and, with members of his family, held a majority interest. Henry F. Durant, the founder of Wellesley College, was the president of the concern, and was a heavy loser. Upon the surrender of the stock by the original holders, the company was re-organized, and was soon again in successful operation.

In 1S74 Charles Sumner died. His early home was the old-fashioned painted brick house, of generous width, now standing at No. 20 Hancock Street. It was purchased by his father in 1S30, and was in the possession of the family from that time until 1S67. when it was sold to Judge Thomas Russell, collector of the port of Boston, afterward minister to Venezuela, and now a State railroad commissioner. Sumner's law-office was at No. 4 Court Street, at the corner of Washington. Here he was associated for twenty years, beginning in 1S34, with George S. Hillard. In the building, during the time of his occupancy, were the offices of a number of eminent members of the Suffolk bar; among them, Theophilus Parsons, Rufus Choate, Horace Mann, Edward G. Boring, Peleg W. Chandler, and, later, John A. Andrew.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

21

The Bunker-hill centennial celebration is something extremely agreeable in the recent history of Boston. Preceded as it was by the celebra- tion of the battles of Lexington and Concord on the 19th of April, 1875, popular enthusiasm had been grad- ually increasing for weeks before the memorable 17th of June, — the date of one of the grandest demonstra- tions ever seen in this or any other country. The city, the state, and the private citizens vied with each other in their efforts to make the event a glorious success. The cele- bration was begun by an official reception in the Music Hall on the evening of June 16, given by the city to its guests, many of whom were from the South. The affair was made memorable especially by the spontaneous expressions of good- will and of a desire for reconcilia- tion on the part of the late Confed- erates who participated ; and a tone of lofty and heart-felt patriotism

pervaded the meeting. The hall was brilliantly decorated, and hundreds of distinguished guests were present, besides military bodies from South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, New York, and many other States. The speaking was by Mayor Cobb, Gov. Gaston, Col. A. O. Andrews of South Carolina, Gen. Fitz-Hugh Lee of Virginia, Gen. Judson C. Kilpatrick, Gen. W. T. Sherman, Gen. A. E. Burnside, and Vice-President Wilson. The enthusiasm cannot be described, and was entirely unusual in its character. The next morning the city woke up to find its streets filled with vast crowds of visitors ; flags floated from almost every building, the streets were gay with banners, and the entire town was in gala array. After a military review in the morning, the great procession started on its long march at 1.15 p.m., under Chief-Marshal Gen. Francis A. Osborn. The pro- cession included the whole militia force of Massachusetts ; regiments from New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Providence ; companies from Pennsyl- vania, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Virginia, Washington, New York, South Carolina, and New Hampshire ; hundreds of governors, generals, and dis- tinguished guests from all parts of the country ; civic associations, secret societies, veteran bodies, benevolent and temperance societies, and a trades division in which were 421 vehicles drawn by 1,587 horses. The number of

Sumner's House, Hancock Street.

22 KING'S HANDBOOK- OP BOSTON.

men marching in the parade has never been approximately estimated, but may be inferred from the fact that the time occupied by the procession in passing a given point (all delays being deducted) was three hours and fifty minutes. The railroads alone brought 140,000 people into the city on that day. Exercises at the Bunker-hill Monument in the afternoon were pre- sided over by Judge G. W. Warren ; and the oration was delivered by Gen. Charles Devens, jun.

On March 17, following this memorable celebration, the one hundredth anniversary of the evacuation of Boston by the British was observed in a somewhat elaborate fashion. Historic points and buildings were noted and decorated, speeches were made in the Old South Church, and an oration was delivered in Music Hall.

Jan. 25, 1877, the Moody and Sankey Tabernacle, a large brick building, well constructed, though built for a temporary purpose, and capable of seat- ing 6,000 persons, situated at the junction of Tremont Street and Warren Avenue, was dedicated ; and on the 28th began the season of daily revival meetings that continued without interruption until May 27. Dwight L. Moody preached and held prayer-meetings daily, both afternoon and even- ing, with few exceptions ; and Ira D. Sankey sang, supported by a vast choir under the direction of Eben Tourjee. Great crowds were attracted, not only from the city, but from the surrounding country, excursion trains running on the railroads. The meetings created a profound sensation. On March 9 of this year there was one of the severest gales ever known in this vicinity. The velocity of the wind was seventy-two. miles an hour. The storm area was of great extent, striking the whole Atlantic seaboard, and extending west beyond the Mississippi. On the evening of April 9 the social event of the season occurred, — the Old South Ball, in aid of the pre- servation fund, which was given in Music Hall. June 26-27 President Hayes, with Evarts, Sherman, Key, and Devens, of his Cabinet, visited the city. There was a procession and review in their honor, and a civic banquet at the Hotel Brunswick. The President attended Commencement at Har- vard, and the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him. A few days previous to the visit of the President, a delegation of ladies of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, headed by Mrs. M. A. Livermore, presented a memorial to Mayor Prince praying for the banishment of liquor from the forthcoming city dinner to the Presidential party. There was a free interchange of views, Mayor Prince earnestly debating the question with Mrs. Livermore. Liquor, however, was not banished from the festive board. On Sept. 17, on the occasion of the dedication of the Army and Navy Monument, there was a great procession, the military feature being the most conspicuous. The entire militia of the State was in line, the principal posts of the Grand Army of the Republic, and many distinguished veterans of the war of the

KING 'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 2$

Rebellion. There was also a large representation of civic organizations, and children of the public schools. Gen. Devens was the orator of the day. On Sept. 19 Gen. McClellan was given a reception in Faneuil Hall.

The first place of business in this country to make use of the electric light was the Continental Clothing House, at the south-west corner of Wash- ington and Harvard Streets ; the proprietors, Freeland, Loomis, & Co., suc- cessfully making the experiment Nov. 14, 1878. In 1881 the light was introduced in illuminating Scollay Square and a section of Court Street at night; and it was also employed in a number of hotels, shops, and large establishments. Its general introduction in the street-lighting of the city has since been carried forward.

An impressive ceremony took place on the 28th of May, 1879, when the funeral rites of William Lloyd Garrison, one of Boston's most illustrious citizens, were performed. The services took place in the church in Eliot Square, Roxbury district, and comprised an eloquent oration by Wendell Phillips, and addresses by Lucy Stone, Theodore D. Weld, and the Revs. Samuel May and Samuel Johnson. A fitting poetical tribute was paid by John G. Whittier, and music was appropriately furnished by a quartet of colored people.

On the third day of December, 1S79, a notable gathering took place at the Hotel Brunswick. It was a "breakfast" given by the proprietors of "The Atlantic Monthly" in honor of Oliver Wendell Holmes, who a short time previous, Aug. 29, had attained his seventieth birthday. The gather- ing included many of the representative literary men and women of this country. The seventieth birthday of Whittier was celebrated in a similar way two years before.

Anniversary celebrations of important dates are numerous, and no peo- ple take greater pride in recalling noteworthy events and illustrious people than do the Bostonians. It was peculiarly fitting, therefore, that the citizens should enthusiastically celebrate the 250th anniversary of the settlement of their own famous city. Accordingly on Sept. 17, 1880, after several months' preparation, a celebration took place that will be vividly remembered for many years. The day was "one of the most favorable that Providence ever granted for an out-door display, — one of the pearls of our New- England climate." From early in the morning till past midnight the city was all aglow ; a new statue of Gov. John Winthrop, its founder, erected in Scollay Square, was unveiled; there were exercises in the Old South Church, including an historical oration by Mayor Prince; a civic, military, and trades procession ; and an evening procession with illuminated tableaux. Here as well as elsewhere, appropriate services took place on the one hun- dredth anniversary, June 27, 1880, of the establishment of Sunday schools, and the five hundredth of the translation of the Bible into the English lan- guage.

24 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

In October, 1882, President Arthur visited Boston, and was escorted through the streets by the splendidly disciplined brigades and batteries of the State militia, after which he held a great reception at the Hotel Bruns- wick, in the evening, and was introduced to thousands of citizens. Gov. Long, Mayor Green, and several cabinet officers, were present.

Of old Boston, a hundred years ago, the following pleasing sketch -is condensed from the address of the Rev. Dr. George E. Ellis, on the occasion of the celebration of the hundredth anniversary of the evacuation of Boston by the British : " ' Well-to-do,' 'fore-handed,' were the local phrases by which the general condition of the people would have been described. There was real wealth, too, in the hands of some, with complacency, luxury, and dis- play. There were stately and substantial dwellings, with rich and solid fur- nishings for parlor, dining-room, hall, and chamber, with plate and tapestry, brocades and laces. There were portraits, by foreign and resident artists, of those who were ancestors, and those who" meant to be ancestors. There were formal costumes and manners for the gentry, with parade and etiquette, a self-respecting decorum in intercourse with their own and other classes, warm hospitality, good appetites, and abundant viands, liquid and solid, for all. The buildings were detached, none of them in blocks. The homes of many of the merchant-princes and high magistrates were relatively more palatial than are any in the city to-day. They stood conspicuous and large, surrounded by generous spaces, with lawns and trees, with fruit and vege- table gardens, and fields for pasture, and coach and cattle barns. There were fine equipages, with black coachmen and footmen. There were still wide unfenced spaces, and declivities and thickets, where the barberry-bush, the flag, and the mullein-stalk grew undisturbed. There were many quaint old nooks and corners, taverns and inns, ' coffee-houses,' — the drinking- vessels in which were not especially adapted to that beverage, — shops designated by emblems and symbols, loiterihg-places for news and gossip, resorts of boys and negroes for play or roguery, and some dark holes on wharf or lane. . . . There were some two thousand buildings, four being of stone, of which King's Chapel alone remains. Between Beacon and the foot of Park Street stood the workhouse, the poorhouse, and the Bride- well,— all facing the Common. On the site of the Park-street Church stood the Granary; opposite, a large manufactory building, used by the British for a hospital. The jail occupied the site of the present Court- house. King and Queen, now State and Court Streets, were the most compactly covered, and lined with taverns, dwellings, marts, and offices of exchange. The house provided by the Province for the British governor was opposite the Old South, standing far back, stately, commodious, with trees and' lawn up to Washington Street. The Old State House, with a dignity which it has not now, held the halls of the council and the repre-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 25

sentatives, with royal portraits and adornings. How little is there here now which the patriots and citizens of the old days, if they came back, would recognize ! "

Such was Boston a hundred years ago. A great, far-reaching, imposing modern city has taken the place of the bustling, quaint, picturesque town of that day. Even during the past half-century Boston has changed marvel- lously in appearance, customs, and manners. Few of the historic old land- marks remain, and these few are evidently doomed soon to disappear before the onward march of the utilitarian. It has lost much of its homely quaint- ness ; but with this loss it has gained greatly in other directions. To the older citizen much of its charm has gone forever, and in many parts it has to him an unfamiliar look. Its odd old streets, so incomprehensible to'the stranger, have been untwisted and untangled, widened and straightened, and cut away, and their peculiar characteristics almost entirely effaced. A new and modern architecture in its buildings has largely superseded the old, and radical changes have been made in every direction. Picturesque and attractive in many ways as was old Boston, the new Boston, with its wealth of magnificent buildings in the busy, bustling "down-town" section, its rows of elegant and costly residences in the Back Bay and other dis- tricts, its countless refined homes, its artistic adornments, and its many stately structures, public and private, is a most attractive modern city, frankly accorded to be — even by those of other places proud of their own cities — the finest- in the country. The Boston of to-day is a city well fin- ished and well furnished, richly, and to a large degree tastefully, adorned ; but the work of improvement and change is perceptibly going on.

Up to the beginning of the last half-century the territorial area and aspect of the city had changed but little. It was then a pear-shaped peninsula, in its extreme length less than two miles, and its greatest breadth a little more than one. "It hung to the mainland at Roxbury," says one writer, "by a slender stem, or neck, of a mile in length, so low and narrow between tide- washed flats that it was often submerged." But now the original 783 acres of solid land have become 1,829. The broad, oozy salt-marshes, the estu- aries, coverts, and bays, once stretching wide on its northern and southern bounds, have been reclaimed ; and where then the area was the narrowest, it is now the widest. The hills have been cut down, — one, Fort Hill, entirely removed ; the whole surface of the original ground has been levelled and graded, and every square inch turned over and over ; new territory has been added by annexing adjoining suburban cities and towns, until now the area of the city, with all its districts, is 23,661 acres (36T7g square miles), more than thirty times as great as the original area. The area of the dis- tricts is as follows : South Boston, 1,002 acres; East Boston, 836; Roxbury, 2,700; Dorchester, 5,614; West Roxbury, 7,848; Brighton, 2,277; Charles- town, 586; Breed's Island, 785; Deer Island, 184.

26 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

From 1800 to 1880, when the last census was taken, the population increased from 25,000 to 362,839; the number of polls during the same period, from 4,543 to 93,820; the total valuation, from $15,095,700 to $639,- 462,495; the tax levy, of less than $80,000 to $9,913,951.13. The city debt is heavy, but with its present means and accumulations the city can pay at maturity all its indebtedness. The total debt of all descriptions Dec. 31, 1882, when the last statement was made, was $41,105,577.88, against $40,018,- 598.02 the year preceding. This debt is classified as follows : city debt proper, about $26,000,000; Cochituate-water loans, $11,955,273.98; war debt (loans outstanding), $1,600,000; Roxbury debt (loans outstanding), $120,000; Charlestown debt (loans outstanding), $1,000,000; Charlestown Mystic-water debt (loans outstanding), $1,027,000; West-Roxbury debt (loans outstand- ing), $250,000. The sinking-funds, etc., pledged to meet the debt amount to $16,724,552.86. The net increase to the debt in the year 1882 was $132,978.42; although loans to the amount of $3,300,000, which had been authorized, were not issued. The appropriation bill exceeds $10,000,000 yearly. In 1882 the valuation of the city was $672,490,100; and the valu- ation per capita, $1,853.41, with a debtor capita of $113.28. The debt has increased more than twice as fast as the taxable property. Roxbury's valu- ation when annexed to Boston, in 1867, was $26,551,700; Dorchester's when annexed, in 1869, was $20,315,700; Charlestown's when annexed, in 1873, $35,289,682; West Roxbury's, when annexed, same year, $22,148,600; and Brighton's when annexed,, same year, $14,548,531. Within twelve miles of the City Hall, there is a population of about 625,000. The com- parison of the population of Boston and its suburbs, five cities and fifteen towns, shows a population, in 1880, of 571,258, — a gain of 42,180 since the State census of 1875, and an increase of 126,203 as compared with the United-States census of 1870. More than one-half of the increase during the past ten years has been within the present limits of this city. The population of Boston at the present time is estimated to be above 400,000. Of Boston of the present day, beyond the brief glimpse given in this opening chapter, the following pages will be found to present, we trust, an interesting picture.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 27

E\)t Arteries of tjje Citjj.

THE STREETS, WAYS, DRIVES, BRIDGES, SEWERS, AND HORSE-RAILROADS.

MANY streets in old Boston had been named for London streets, and ways and places in other parts of old England ; but after the Revolu- tion the citizens made haste to change the most obnoxious of these names for others of a more republican flavor. Thus King Street was promptly- changed to State Street, and Queen to Court. Richmond Street before 1 708 was called Beer Lane, from Beer Lane in London; and Salem Street prior to the same date was called Back Street. The name of Hanover Street was not changed, though a "perpetual reminder of a detested house;" and until 1854 the tough old street now North was called Ann, in honor of Queen Anne. The portion of Congress Street south of Milk Street before 1855 was Atkin- son Street, named from the ancient Atkinson family, who came from Lan- cashire. Federal Street before 1788 was Long Lane. Dock Square was so named because it was " the place around the dock." Milk and Cornhill were named from streets of the same names in London ; and in both the old and the present Cornhill, for years was the headquarters of the book-trade. Franklin Avenue, the narrow way which now runs from Cornhill to Court, was so named for the reason that in a printing-office standing at' the Court- street corner Franklin served his apprenticeship. Hawley Street was for- merly Bishop's Alley, and afterwards, until 1792, Broad Alley. Boylston Street was anciently Frog Lane ; and Devonshire Street was, up to the close of the Revolution, Pudding Lane, from the street of the same name in Lon- don. Bowdoin Street and Square were named for the governor. Bowdoin Square was the seat of many elegant old-time estates, with broad acres, gardens, and noble trees. Chardon Street was named for Peter Chardon, an eminent merchant, one of the Huguenot descendants, who lived on the cor- ner where the Bowdoin-square Church now stands. Leverett Street is from the famous old Governor John. Causeway Street was named for the old causeway built on substantially its present line, and which made a pond of many acres between Prince and Pitts Streets. The first block of brick buildings erected in the town was built as late as 1793, in what is now Frank- lin Street. Broad Street was laid out in 1806, at the generous width of seventy feet; and India Street was opened the year following. Blackstone Street, named after the first settler of Boston, was opened about 1834, and

28 KING'S HAND BOOK OF BOSTON.

was built upon the bed of the old Middlesex Canal, by which boats came down from Chelmsford on the Merrimack to the wharves on the east side of Boston. Harrison Avenue was opened in 1841, and was named in honor of Gen. Harrison. Beacon Street was named, of course, for Beacon Hill ; and when the name was confirmed by the town, the street extended only to the present State-house grounds. The street, now one of the most " toney " in the city, was first called " the lane to the almshouse ! " Province Court and Street, from School to Bromfield, in the rear of Washington, were originally avenues to the stables and the rear grounds of the old Province House, the ancient abode of the royal governors, and one of the last relics of the colony to disappear. Hence their names. The stately building fronted on that part of Washington Street formerly known as Marlborough, nearly opposite the head of Milk Street, with a handsome lawn in front ornamented by two stately oaks. From the balcony over the generous entrance, the viceroys of the province were accustomed to harangue the people, or read proclamations. After the adoption of the State Constitution it became a government house, and was for a while the official residence of the governors. Later it was sold, converted to the uses of trade, and fell from its proud position in colonial times, dropping lower and lower in the social scale, becoming a tavern, and last a hall of negro minstrelsy. It was destroyed by fire in October, 1864. The Province House formed the theme of one of Haw- thorne's weird and fascinating fancies in his " Twice -Told Tales."

The streets of the business portion of Boston, which embraces almost all of old Boston, have long been pronounced a hopeless tangle by those un- familiar with- their tortuous courses, and their tendency to run into and across each other; but in consequence of much changing, widening, and straightening, at a heavy expense to the city, many of the crooked ways have been made comparatively straight, though it must be confessed that many yet remain greatly to perplex the stranger, and even the born Bostonian in his endeavor to direct a bewildered inquirer. But these very crooked and twist- ing streets are one of the peculiar charms of Boston, and add much to its picturesque appearance. The new streets are spacious, direct, and straightforward enough to suit even the square-cut Philadelphian. Wash- ington Street, first called Broadway, then Broad Street, and often simply the Way, has always been one of the main thoroughfares. At first it extended from near Dover Street to the Roxbury line; but in 1824 the names of the down-town twists of the present street, up to that time known as Cornhill, Marlborough,- Newbury, and Orange, were all changed to Washington. In 1873-4, at a cost of over $1,500,000, it was extended farther down to Haymarket Square, whence it now runs to the Highlands, as the former city of Roxbury, now a part of Boston, is popularly called. Tremont, one of the principal retail streets, is of course a contraction of Trimountaine.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 29

In 1805 there was but one brick house on this street. Winter Street, formerly Bolt's Lane, is familiarly called the " Ladies' Street," because the stores upon it are exclusively for ladies' trade, and crowds of ladies throng it pleasant clays. Other principal retail streets are Temple Place; West Street; Tremont Row, which forms one side of Court Street north of Pemberton Square ; and Hanover Street, which a quarter of a century ago was the leading retail street. State Street, flanked with granite build- ings, is the principal financial street. The leather trade is chiefly centred, as before the great fire of 1872, in Pearl, Congress, Summer, High, and neighboring streets; the cotton and wool houses are in the same section of the city; the wholesale dry -goods jobbing-houses are on Franklin, Sum- mer, Arch, and near-by streets; Broad and India are notable wholesale streets; and the shipping interests, with the corn and grain trade, are found largely represented on Commercial and the streets in its immediate vicinity, where are long blocks of massive granite warehouses. Running parallel with Washington Street, up town, are Harrison Avenue and Albany Street on the east; and Shawmut Avenue, Tremont Street, Columbus Av- enue, and Huntington Avenue, on the west. One of the most fashionable carriage-drives is through Beacon Street, over Beacon Hill, along by the Common, Public Garden, and a continuous line of elegant residences, and out through Commonwealth Avenue or Beacon Street, or the Mill Dam as the latter is more commonly called, to Longwood and Brooklinc, attractive suburbs; the former being not unlike a scene from old English country life. The Mill Dam, when established, was considered an enterprise of great magnitude. The dam extends across the western bay, about a mile and a half in length, and seventy feet in width. It originally enclosed about six hundred acres of flats, over which the tide flowed from seven to ten feet deep. A partition dam divided this enclosure, and formed, by the aid of flood and ebb gates, a fall and a receiving basin, thereby exerting a vast hydraulic power for the propulsion of machinery. This cross-dam also formed a fine avenue from the Mill Dam to Roxbury. The Mill Dam begun in 1S1S, completed in 1821, at a cost of $700,000, was until recently used as a popular mile-track for speeding horses, and in the sleighing- season the scenes presented were animating and enlivening in the extreme. The roadway continues into the famous Brighton Road, familiar to all "horsemen," to which locality the racing has been more recently transferred. Running from Arlington Street, the western border of the Public Garden, and parallel with Beacon Street, are Commonwealth Avenue, Newbury, Marlborough, and Boylston Streets. Parallel with Arlington Street are Berkeley, Clarendon, Dartmouth, Exeter, Fairfield, Gloucester, and Here- ford, ingeniously named, it will be observed, according to the letters of the alphabet, and a trisyllabic alternating with a dissyllabic word. This is the

3°

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

grand Back-bay section, the fashionable modern West End of Boston. These broad and handsome streets are lined with imposing and stately private and public edifices, the architectural designs of which, in many cases, are most ambitious and elaborate, rendering this part of the city justly famous. Indeed, its refined elegance is always remarked with genu- ine enthusiasm by visitors ; for no other city in this country, nor possiblv in any other, displays, in a like space of territory, so much solid wealth, and so many superb structures, public and private, as are here spread before the eye. The educated and thoroughly trained architect has here had full swin^, with money, and men of artistic sense, behind him. Bostonians are proud of this section of their city ; and their pride is surely pardonable. This

Arlington Street, opposite the Public Garden.

Back-bay territory is made-land, over flats which were originally the property of the Commonwealth, by whom the filling-in was largely done, at a cost of less than $1,750,000; and thus far the State treasury has received over $4,625,000 by the sale of these lands, and something more than 250.000 teet are yet unsold. The Boston Water-Power Company, a private corporation, also filled in man}- thousand feet in this section, realizing handsomely for it. The contractor for tilling in and making salable this whole section was Norman C. Munson, who began and carried on the work in spite of bitter opposition, and under very many discouraging circumstances. He de- rived as his payment for the first work on the Back Bay 260,000 square feet of the upwards oL a million square feet of the land he had

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

31

redeemed from unsightly flats, salt marshes, and dreary waste of water; and by continuous contracts extending over a period of twenty years he ultimately received about seven million dollars for his work on the Back- bay District. For forty years Mr. Munson has been a bold railroad con- tractor; his last task being the Massachusetts Central Railroad.

Commonwealth Avenue is destined to become one of the famous boule- vards of the world. It begins on the Arlington-street side of the Public Garden, and enters the new Back-bay Park. Its width is 250 feet from house to house, 175 feet from curb to curb; and throughout its length, of upwards of a mile and a half, there is in the centre a mall or park, along which are rows of ornamental trees, prettily-laid-out paths, benches, and several statues. The strip of park was first enclosed with an iron railing; but in 1880 and 1881 it was removed, and as a result the avenue is much more picturesque. On Commonwealth Avenue, at the corner of Dartmouth Street, was built in 1880 Col. Wolcott's palatial hotel, the Vendome. On the avenue are the statues of Alexander Hamilton and Gen. John Glover; and the First Baptist Church, with its finely sculptured tower. Both sides of the avenue are lined with costly and architecturally beautiful residences, so that looking up or down by day, when the stately lines of buildings and several rows of trees can be seen for a distance of a mile or more, or by night when the avenue is lighted by four continuous rows of gas-lamps, you will see one of the most attractive thoroughfares in this country or in Europe. Work on the extension of the avenue, through the growing Back-bay Park to Brookline Avenue, is now progressing. Work has been begun on the construction of a hand- some bridge on the extension over the park water-way. Huntington Ave- nue, too, in the newer portion of Back-bay District, is destined to be one of the principal ways, and is to be adorned according to generous and attractive plans. On this avenue were erected in 1881 the extensive per- manent exhibition buildings of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics' and the New-England Manufacturers' and Mechanics' Associations.

"West.Chester Park" is not a park, but a street, ninety feet wide, which crosses Commonwealth Avenue, five blocks west of the Hotel Vendome. It was laid out in 1873, and is a pleasant street, with as yet only a few houses on the part that runs through the new-made land of the Back Bay. It begins at Charles River, and, varying its direction at Falmouth Street, runs across the city. Between Tremont Street and Shawmut Avenue it broadens into Chester Square, a modest park of one and a third acres. East of Washington Street it is called Chester Park. From West Chester Park a bridge is to be built to Cambridge, in the vicinity of the old Fort Washington, on Putnam Avenue. This will afford a direct and very pleasant route between Harvard College and Boston. At the " South End," Chester

32

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 33

Park and Union Park are fine residence streets; and likewise, besides many others, are Newton, Rutland, Concord, and Worcester Streets, which open upon beautiful squares.

One of the most extensive and noteworthy street improvements was the laying out of Atlantic Avenue, at a cost of $2,404,078. This is a broad and spacious thoroughfare, one hundred feet wide, along the harbor line, at the head of the principal wharves, running from the junction of Commercial Street and Eastern Avenue to Federal Street. The total cost of the Fort- Hill improvement — the levelling of the hill and the laying-out of streets — was $1,575,000.

In South Boston the street-system is quite regular. Dorchester Avenue runs directly south from Federal Street in the city proper, through Dorches- ter, to Milton Lower Mills. -Broadway runs centrally through the territory to City Point, and is the principal thoroughfare ; the cross-streets are lettered, and many of the streets running parallel with Broadway are num- bered. Dorchester Street crosses Broadway at the centre ; and all streets west of it have the prefix West, and those east have the prefix East.

In East Boston the principal thoroughfares are Meridian Street, running north and south, and Chelsea Street. Both are intersected by many other streets, running for the most part in direct lines across the island. Webster Street commands a fine view of Boston Harbor and the city proper, and has the most noteworthy private residences of the Island ward. The streets are named chiefly for Revolutionary battles or noted poets and artists.

In the Charlestown district the principal avenues are Main Street, run- ning its entire length to "The Charlestown Neck;" Bunker-hill Street, running over Bunker Hill, parallel with Main Street; and Chelsea Street, extending from Warren to Chelsea Bridges. The best residences are on Monument Square, Breed's Hill, and the streets leading directly therefrom. City Square is in the southern section of the district.

The streets in the Highland district are broad and remarkably attractive, winding over the rocky and uneven surface, many of them adorned by luxuriant shade-trees, and lined with comfortable, well-built, and often elegant residences ; the Highlands being sought by those " well-to-do " citizens who desire to establish their homes not too far from "down-town," and where the advantages of both city and country can be agreeably com- bined. Warren Street, leading to Dorchester, and Walnut Avenue, are the principal driveways through the Highlands. A great deal of taste and skill are displayed by many residents along these streets, on Norfolk Hill, and other sections, in horticultural as well as architectural embellishments.

The Dorchester district presents many interesting features. It is quite rural; and some of its minor streets lead into most delightful lanes, which are much enjoyed by the pedestrian. Here also are fine country resi

34 ICING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

dences, with grounds made beautiful by the skill of the landscape-gardener; and pretty villas, — especially at Savin Hill, a picturesque eminence, with water on three sides, and commanding a superb view. Washington Street and Dorchester Avenue, Bowdoin, Hancock, and Boston Streets, are the principal thoroughfares through this district.

The streets of the West-Roxbury district are chiefly pleasant "country driveways, alongside beautiful gardens, ornamental trees, elegant estates, and delightful villas. It includes Jamaica Plain, noted for its handsome private estates and public buildings ; and Jamaica Pond, a most beautiful sheet of water, the ride around which is considered one of the most pleasant drives about Boston.

The Brighton district is reached by Beacon Street, over the Brighton Road. Its streets are pleasant and shady; those towards the south and west passing over beautiful hills commanding delightful views. The prin- cipal drives are to and about the Chestnut-hill Reservoir, a distance of 5j miles from the City Hall.

The total cost to the city of street widenings, improvements, and new streets, from the incorporation of the city in 1822, until April 30, 1882, was $33,404,145.88. The total length of the streets is more than 400 miles.

The Bridges in and around Boston are quite numerous. Connecting the original city with the Charlestown district, there are two bridges, — the Charles-river and Warren Bridges. The Charles-river Bridge was the first bridge in Boston, and was opened to the public June 17, 1786. It was considered at the time one of the greatest enterprises ever undertaken in America. It was 1,503 feet long, and cost $50,000. It has been rebuilt and considerably enlarged. The Warren Bridge, 1,390 feet long, was completed in '1828. West-Boston or Cambridge Bridge, connecting Cambridge with Boston, was opened Nov. 23, 1793. The first bridge was 2,758 feet long, with an abutment and causeway 3,432 feet long, making a total length of 6,190 feet ; and its cost was $76,667. This also has been rebuilt and enlarged. East Cambridge is connected by Cragie's Bridge, formerly called Canal Bridge, 2,796 feet in length, which was opened in 1809. A lateral bridge extends from this to Prison Point, Charlestown district, 1,820 feet in length. The first bridge to South Boston was from the "Neck" at Dover Street, 1,550 feet long. It cost $50,000, and was opened in 1805. A second bridge, at the foot of Federal Street, 500 feet long, was completed in 1828. The old Dover-street Bridge has been replaced by a spacious and substantial struc- ture ; and a magnificent iron structure, known as the Broadway Bridge, was completed in 1872. There are also the Mount Washington Avenue, and the Congress-street Bridges, over Fort-Point Channel. East Boston is con- nected with the city proper by three ferries. Two bridges connect East Bos- ton and Chelsea, — the Chelsea-street Bridge and the Meridian-street Bridge.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 35

In the Charlestown district is a long bridge to Chelsea, which has recently been rebuilt; and from near Charlestown Neck, a long bridge to Everett, formerly South Maiden. In the Back-bay district of the city proper, are several fine bridges over the railroads, built at much expense. Saratoga- street bridge extends to Breed's Island, a part of East Boston, in Ward I., and leads also to Winthrop. Six bridges connect the Brighton district with Watertown and Cambridge, and four bridges connect the Dorchester district with Milton and Quincy.

The Public Sewers in Boston are 197} miles in length. In 1881-82 the sewer department expended $189,634, and built six miles of sewers and 180 new catch-basins. In August, 1877, the city council authorized the construction of an improved system of sewerage, at a cost of $3,713,000; and additional appropriations of nearly $2,000,000 have since been made. Up to February, 1883, $3,388,046 had been expended. It will probably be finished in 1884, with 13 miles of intercepting sewers, a pumping-station and pumps, a reservoir, and a tunnel under Dorchester Bay. The pumping- station is at Old Harbor Point; and the outlet is at Moon Head, in Boston Harbor, whence it is expected the sewage will be swept far out to sea.

The Street-Railway System in Boston, although controlled by a few com- panies, is nevertheless quite extensive and admirably conducted. The lively competition of the various companies causes each one to put forward the best accommodations that can be given. The cars are generally first-class, and many may justly be called palace-cars. Almost every part of the city and its vicinity can be reached by a ride in the street-cars. They are always to be found at every railroad depot and almost every steamboat wharf ; and the economical traveller can always be sure of transportation from his place of arrival to his place of destination, if not by one direct ride, at most by one transfer. More than 160 miles of track are operated by the various corporations mentioned below.

The Metropolitan Railroad Company is the oldest of the eight compa- nies that own the street-railways of Boston, and it operates the most exten- sive line. The wages alone amount to over $600,000 per annum. Its capital stock is $1,500,000. Although incorporated in 1853, the company run no cars over its tracks until 1856; and then the object was only to accommodate travel between the present Scollay Square and the South End and Roxbury. Lines of omnibuses, known as " King's " and " Hathorne's," were in exist- ence, and were purchased and run for a long time by this company. Its cars run to different sections of the city proper and East Boston, and by way of Washington and Tremont Streets to the Highlands, Dorchester, Milton Lower Mills, Forest Hills, Jamaica Plain, and Brookline.

The Highland Street-Railway Company, organized in 1872, is a com- petitor with the Metropolitan road. Its paid-up. capital stock is $600,000.

36

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

Its routes extend to the Highlands vid Shawmut and Columbus Avenues, and Hampden Street, to Mount Pleasant, Grove Hall, and Oakland Garden.

The Union Railway Company operates lines running to Harvard Col- lege, Mount- Auburn Cemetery, and other parts of Old Cambridge, East Cambridge, the Brighton district, Allston, Arlington, Watertown, and Som- erville.. Its Boston termini are Bowdoin, Park, and Scollay Squares.

The Charles-river Railroad runs in Cambridge, Somerville, and Boston, having recently received authority to enter the city, where its termini are at Park and Bowdoin Squares.

The Middlesex Railroad Company operates lines running through the streets of Boston, from the Old Colony and Boston and Albany Railroad Depots to the Charlestown district; to Union Square, and to Winter Hill, Somerville; to Everett, and to Maiden. Its capital stock is $550,000.

The South-Boston Railroad has a capital stock of $750,000, and its cars run chiefly to South Boston and City Point.

The Lynn and Boston Railroad runs to Chelsea, Revere (Revere Beach in summer), Saugus, Lynn, and Swampscott. Capital, $294,400.

The Railroad Commissioners of Massachusetts are Thomas Russell, Edward W. Kinsley, and Clemens Herschel. From their report, dated January, 1882, are compiled the following statistics : —

Name of Company.	Miles of Track.1	No. of Pas- sengers car- ried in 1881.	No. of Horses.	No. of Cars.	No. of Men em- ployed.	Divi- dends, 1881.	Total Property.
Metropolitan ....	71	28,701,227	2>774	553	J.311	8$	$3,533,05405
	15	8,627,811	748	141	320	m	1,041,524.20
	-	11,968,250	1,361	189	47°	9#	943,55I-25
	16	5.789>456	545	118	220	7#	1,205,713.74
South Boston ....	12	8,387,780	695	160	35°	W	890,720.84
Lynn and Boston . .	21	3,8i7.405	384	85	163	4*	435,749-i6
Cambridge2 ....	38		-	-	-	9*	987,900.00
	2	-	-	-	-	695	13,600.00
1 Total length in even miles 2 The Cambridge and Ailing	;ton roads are	operated	by the U	nion Rai	way Company.

The Elevated Railroad System will doubtless gain a foothold in Boston. In the autumn of 1878 the first petitions for charters were filed for the Legislature by two different associations, the Boston Elevated Railroad Company and the Metropolitan Elevated Railroad Company. Since then several more unavailing petitions have been filed and heard.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 37

E\)t &rms of tfje City.,

THE RAILROADS, STEAMSHIPS, SHIPPING, AND WHARVES

OF BOSTON.

THE steam-railroad was introduced in Massachusetts at a time when the commercial interests of Boston were suffering from the results of im- provements and enterprises directly in the interest of New- York City, and when the far-sighted citizens of Boston were greatly concerned, if not alarmed, for her future as a commercial centre. While Boston had poor and slow facilities for reaching distant points except by sea, New York, by her steamers making daily voyages to Providence, to the Connecticut River, to New Haven, and to ports on the Hudson lying near the western border of Massachusetts, had direct and regular intercourse with about half the State of Massachusetts. By way of the Blackstone Canal from Providence to Worcester she reached the heart of the Commonwealth, while Boston had no such communication with Worcester ; and by way of a canal from North- ampton to New Haven she had largely drawn to herself the trade of the Connecticut Valley. The costly Middlesex Canal, leading from Boston north almost to the New-Hampshire line, and modest improvements in the con- struction of locks for fostering a very limited traffic by flat-boats on the Mer- rimack and the Connecticut Rivers, had disappointed public expectation; and Boston's chief system of internal communication consisted of numerous lines of stage-coaches and baggage-wagons ; the former capable of making a journey of 100 miles in a day of eighteen hours, and the latter making the round trip of ioo miles and back, once a fortnight, with a carrying capacity of only four or five tons. Such were the rapid modes of travel and transportation out from Boston, when the practicability of the railroad was discovered and demonstrated in England ; and, as soon as learned of and fully comprehended here, its introduction into Massachusetts was promptly urged and pressed by the most energetic and public-spirited men of Boston, as the solution of the problem of internal improvement by which successful competition with New York, and the enlargement of the business and trade of the city, could best be secured. A scheme which had long been agitated for the establishment of a canal from Boston to Worcester, for the purpose of counteracting the Blackstone, and. another for opening a line of navigation by way of Miller's River to the Connecti- cut, and thence by tunnelling the Hoosac Mountain to the Hudson, were

38 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

abandoned, by some who had been among their most ardent advocates, and their energies directed towards securing the railroad. It must be confessed, however, that men of capital sufficient to test the experiment on a broad and generous scale were slow to recognize its advantages ; and the public received the announcement of this improvement as adapted to meet its wants with what, at this day, appears as surprising incredulity.

At length, after much discussion in the newspapers, pamphlets, and public meetings, the legislature in 1827 was influenced to authorize a com- mission to cause surveys to be made of the most practicable routes for a railroad from Boston to the Hudson River at or near Albany. The next legislature, upon the report of these commissioners, established a board of directors of internal improvement, consisting of twelve members, and appro- priated a fund to pay the expenses of surveys and plans ; and under their direction surveys were made for a railroad from Boston to the Hudson River, and for three entire routes from Boston to Providence. The board reported in the winter of 1829, recommending that a commencement of railroads be made in both directions, — to the Hudson River and to Providence, — at the expense of the State. But the legislature declined to make any appropria- tion. In succeeding sessions several private charters were granted; but nothing was accomplished by these at once, the subscriptions to stock com- ing forward slowly. In 1831 the Boston and Providence, the Boston and Worcester, and the Boston and Lowell corporations were organized, the charter of the latter having been granted the year before; and the construc- tion of all three roads was begun the following year. The subscriptions to the stock of the Boston and Worcester road were made conditionally, with the reservation of the right of the subscribers to withdraw on receiving the report of definite surveys and estimates; and were mostly by business men desirous of establishing, ultimately, a western railroad which should extend to the Hudson River. A great part of the stock of the Boston and Provi- dence was taken by New-York capitalists, and much of that of the Boston and Lowell by stockholders in the mills of Lowell. The Boston and Worcester was partially opened for public travel in April, 1834, and opened throughout on July 4, the following year; the Boston and Providence in part in June, 1834, and throughout in June, 1835; and the Boston and Lowell in June, 1835. These roads were built by engineers who had never seen the English works ; and, though they adopted the general principles on which those were built, they by no means directly copied them, making in some particulars radical changes, as, for instance, adopting cross-ties of wood in lieu of stone blocks, as " sleepers," and admitting higher grades. The Boston and Lowell, however, did lay their track in part on granite sleepers. At first the locomotives were imported from England; but very soon works for their manufacture were established here, a locomotive of

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 39

American make being placed on the Worcester road within its first year, proving a valuable and altogether serviceable engine.

Once firmly established, the great advantage of the railroad over the canal and other modes of transportation and travel of that day was recog- nized by all ; and the system was rapidly enlarged and extended, through the indomitable enterprise of citizens of Boston, until in 1851 seven trunk- lines, extending to the limits of the State, had been completed, with numer- ous branches, connecting with main lines in and passing through' other States, opening channels of easy intercourse with distant parts of the coun- try in all directions; the last trunk-line finished connecting the St. Lawrence at its two most important points, Ogdensburg in New York, and Montreal in Canada, directly with the port of Boston. At that time a great railroad jubilee was held, lasting three days, at which the president of the United States, Millard Fillmore, and the governor-general of Canada, Lord Elgin, were present, with the members of their cabinets, and other distinguished men. By the Grand Junction Railroad, — the completion of which was a mat- ter for special congratulation at the jubilee, much being expected from it, — the Eastern, Maine, Fitchburg, and Lowell roads were connected for freight, and brought to tide-water at East Boston : here ample wharf and storage room was provided, built in the most convenient and substantial manner, so that cars from the interior could be brought into immediate connection with vessels from every port, and the freight of the ship directly exchanged for that of the cars. The seven trunk-lines — the Worcester, Providence, Lowell, Eastern, Maine, Fitchburg, and Old Colony — had cost, when the great jubilee was held, nearly $53,000,000, yielded an income of over $6,500,000, and covered nearly 1,100 miles. The entire length of railroad situated, in whole or in part, in Massachusetts, at that time, was 1,41 \\ miles, at an aggregate cost of $60,992,183, affording a gross income of $7,445,961 ; and the entire cost of the railroads in the New-England States then operated exceeded $100,000,000. Bostonians, besides their interest in their home roads, had large investments in railroads in the West; and it was estimated, at the time of the jubilee, that $50,000,000 of railroad invest- ments were held in Boston.

Such had been the growth of the railroad-system at the time of the great jubilee. But from that time to the present its further development has been quite as remarkable. It has been the means of building up many suburban cities and towns, by affording quick and frequent transit ; and, for distant communication, it has been so extended and broadened that, now the city is one of the great leading depots of commerce, in sharp competition with the other large cities ; its railway lines reaching out in every direction, connecting with the magnificent systems of railways that unite the East and the Great West.

4o

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

The Boston and Providence, the second railroad opened from Boston, enjoys the distinction of being one of the most completely appointed rail- roads in the United States. The road proper, from Boston to Providence, is 44 miles, and the branches and leased lines are 23^ miles in length. The road runs the fastest train, as by regular schedule, between terminal points, of any road in the United States. This, the Shore-line express-train to New York, which leaves Boston at 1 p.m., arrives at Providence at 2 p.m. The 6.30 p.m. express-train carries large numbers of passengers to Stoning- ton, who there take the famous Stonington-line steamers for New York.

Boston and Providence Railroad Depot, Columbus Avenue.

These steamers are some of the finest ever built. The Boston and Provi- dence Railroad constitutes an important part of the all-rail "Shore-line route" between Boston and New York, via Providence, New London, and New Haven, the terminal stations being the two finest in this country. The New- York station is the Grand Central. The Boston station, situated on Columbus Avenue, is the most convenient and comfortable, as well as most beautiful, architecturally speaking, in the United States ; and it is the long- est in the world, being 850 feet from end to end. The portion assigned

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 41

to the accommodation of passengers contains large and pleasant waiting- rooms, dining, reading, billiard, and smoking rooms, a barber-shop, and wash-rooms, all finished and equipped in a style equalled only by our best hotels. Upon the walls of the passenger-rooms are painted an index of stations and distances, and maps of the country passed through by this road and its connections. On the second floor are the offices of the company, which are approached from a gallery running around the grand central hall, one of the finest and most effective features of the building. Out of this hall open the waiting-rooms and other apartments described above. The train-house is 600 feet long and 130 feet wide ; and its great iron trusses cover five tracks and three platforms. The entrance forms a fine feature of the facade ; and at the Columbus-avenue corner is a lofty tower, with a large illuminated clock. The cost of this station was $800,000. The president is Henry A. Whitney ; and the superintendent, Albert A. Folsom.

The Boston and Albany Railroad succeeded the Boston and Worcester road, and forms one continuous line to the Hudson River, so long desired and contemplated, at the very beginning, in the railroad enterprises conceived by Boston men. The Boston and Albany Railroad Company was formed in 1869 by the consolidation of the Worcester and Western Railroads with all their branches and leased lines; the Western road having been opened from Worcester to the Connecticut River eight years after the opening of the Worcester road, and to the State line two years later. The length of the main line, with double track, is 201.65 miles; and the total length of line owned, leased, and operated is 323.66. It now owns and operates the Grand Junction Railroad and its extensive and finely-equipped wharves at East Boston, the completion of which did not at the time realize the expectations of its projectors; and for 14 years immediately preceding its purchase it was practically abandoned. This has been connected with its main line, and has thus secured a deep-water connection. It affords ample facilities for unload- ing the foreign steamers ; moves large numbers of immigrants, in a prompt and comfortable manner, saving them from the danger and confusion of a passage through the city, and protecting them from sharpers; and altogether does an immense business through this enterprise. It also owns and oper- ates a substantial grain-elevator here, with a capacity of 1,000,000 bushels ; and another on the corner of Chandler and Berkeley Streets, with a capacity of about 500,000 bushels, its object being the supply of the city trade. The average annual dividends of the Boston and Albany have been 10 per cent until within a few years, when the general depression of business through- out the country has reduced them to 8 per cent.

In regard to length, equipment, and amount of passenger and freight traffic, this has been for many years far in advance of the other railroads entering Boston ; but until recently its station in this city was not in keep-

42

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

ing with the importance of the road. Sept. i, 1881, however, a new and elegant depot was completed, which takes its place among the best in this country. It occupies the block bounded by Kneeland, Lincoln, and Utica Streets ; the entrance being through two large porticos on Kneeland Street. The front is chiefly of pressed brick, with heavy granite trimmings. The main structure — Ii8£ by 140 feet — contains a vestibule, 42 by 120 feet, and 42 feet high, which is amply lighted in the daytime by a skylight cover- ing the whole inner court. On one side is the ladies' waiting-room, 35 by 75

\- **5-v-V5£

Boston and Albany Depot, Kneeland Street.

feet, handsomely and comfortably furnished, and provided with three large fireplaces fifteen feet in height, built of McGregor freestone ; toilet-rooms and ticket-office. On the other side is the gentlemen's room, 35 by 38 feet; it, too, being handsomely fitted up. By its side is the news-stand and Arm- strong's dining-rooms, — a model of convenience and elegance. The second story is used for the company's offices. A mezzanine story contains the treasurer's vault, rooms for depot-master and porters, and a laundry and culi- nary department. The third story is used by numerous clerks of the com-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 43

pany. The train-house is 444 feet long and 1 i8£ feet wide. It opens directly into the vestibule ; and its tracks are numbered from 1 to 6 inclusive, with capacity of from four to seven cars. On the sides of the tracks are inward and outward baggage-rooms, and accommodations for persons coming and going in hacks and other vehicles. The train and passenger rooms are lighted by electricity. The architect was Alexander R. Esty. The presi- dent of the road is William Bliss ; the superintendent, W. H. Barnes ; the general passenger-agent, Edward Gallup.

The Boston and Lowell Railroad is now part of a system connecting with the leading railroads of New Hampshire, the Central Vermont, and the Grand Trunk, and especially forming a continuous line to Montreal and other parts of Canada and the West. The Boston and Lowell formed a combination with the Nashua and Lowell Railroad in January, 1857, for the joint operation of the main roads and branches. On this basis the length of line directly operated by this company was 133 miles. This combination came to an end in December, 1878; but in October, 1880, the Nashua road was leased by the Lowell for 99 years. From its opening to the year 1875, the company's yearly dividends have varied from 2 to 8 per cent. The largest dividend was paid in 1873. None were paid between 1875 and 1877, but payment was resumed in 1878. In 1880 a regular dividend of 4 per cent was declared. The present passenger-station in this city was built in 1871, and on a large scale, in anticipation of the extension of the Western business of the line, and also of the construction of the Massachusetts Central Railroad from Boston to Northampton and to the Hoosac Tunnel, which was suspended at the time of the financial crisis. The passenger- station is 700 feet long, and has a front of 205 feet on Causeway Street. In the centre of the head-house is a magnificent and lofty marble-paved hall, finished in hard wood. Out of this open large and well-appointed waiting-rooms, a restaurant, bundle-rooms, baggage-rooms, a barber's shop, etc. The train-house is broad, spacious, and long; and its great arch has a clear span of 120 feet. The building material of the station is face brick, with trimmings of Nova-Scotia freestone. Its appearance and convenience were greatly improved in 1878 by the addition of two broad entrances in the front. The building is flanked by two massive towers, the westerly one being much taller than the other. The president of the Boston and Lowell is the Hon. Josiah G. Abbott; the general manager, Henry C. Sherburne; and the general ticket-agent, B. F. Kendrick.

The Boston, Concord, and Montreal Railroad is connected directly with the Boston, Lowell, and Concord combination, entering Boston over its tracks, and enjoying its terminal facilities. By its connections in the White- Mountain region it brings that section into direct communication with the great trunk-lines, and making it accessible from all directions. Much of its

44 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

stock is owned in Boston. The fiscal agency and transfer office is at 31 Milk Street.

The Massachusetts Central Railroad Company was organized in 1869, under a special charter to build a line from the town of Williamsburg to a point at or near Stony-Brook Station on the Fitchburg Railroad (12 miles from Boston), a distance of about 100 miles. The purpose of the projectors was to construct a railroad through the central portion of the State, about midway between the Boston and Albany and Fitchburg roads, and to con- nect with the latter at Stony Brook. The idea of building from Williams- burg was abandoned at an early period; and in 1871-72 the line was finally located between Northampton and Stony Brook, following closely the sur- vey made many years before for the proposed extension of the Erie Canal from Albany to Boston. The capital stock was fixed at $3,000,000, of which $812,000 was subscribed by the towns along the line ; and in 1872 a contract was made with Norman C. Munson of Shirley for its construction and equip- ment. Mr. Munson began work at once, and pushed it so rapidly that by the autumn of 1873 about one-half of the line was completed, at a cost of about $2,600,000. In March, 1873, the railroad property and franchise were mortgaged to Jacob H. Loud, Franklin Haven, and Thomas Talbot, trustees, as security for $2,700,000 of 7 per cent currency bonds which it was pro- posed to issue. Negotiations for the sale of these bonds were nearly concluded when the financial panic of September, 1873, came. These nego- tiations being thus broken off, and it being found impossible to prosecute the work on the road, further operations were suspended. -In 1875, w'tn tne completion of the Hoosac Tunnel, came the idea of extending the Massa- chusetts Central to form a part of a through line from Boston to the West. In 1879 an act was obtained from the Legislature authorizing the extension of the road from Amherst — 7 miles east of Northampton — to a junction with the Troy and Greenfield Railroad of the Hoosac-Tunnel line ; and also providing for the extension easterly from Stony Brook to an intersection with the Boston and Lowell Railroad at North Cambridge, about 4| miles from Boston. After the passage of this act, all the bonds issued under the mortgage of 1873, amounting to $1,494,000, were retired, and the mortgage was cancelled. A new mortgage was executed in January, 1880, to George R. Chapman, Franklin Haven, and Thomas Talbot, trustees, to secure the payment of $3,500,000, 6 per cent gold bonds, dated Jan. 1, 1880, and due in 20 years thereafter; and a new contract for the completion of the road was made with Mr. Munson. The capital stock of the company was also increased to $3,500,000. Of the new bonds, $1,500,000 were purchased by a syndicate composed of some of the strongest parties in Boston ; and in Feb- ruary, 1881, $1,000,000 more were sold in the market at nearly par. The company re-located a portion of its road, abandoning a large amount of work

THE BOSTON AND LOWELL RAILROAD DEPOT, Causeway Street, Corner of Nashua.

Terminal Station of the MASSACHUSETTS CENTRAL RAILROAD.

46 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

between Barre and Belchertown, and taking a new line running through the towns of Hardwick, Ware, and Palmer. This change shortens the distance and reduces the grades, and also brings the railroad into several large manufacturing villages, which will add considerably to its earnings. The contractor, Mr. Munson, resumed work in the winter of 1878-79, and in May, 1882, had the rails laid from the junction with the Boston and Lowell to Jefferson's (48 miles from Boston) ; from Jefferson's to Ware, 26^ miles, the grading and masonry are nearly completed; and from Bondville to Northampton, 2i£ miles, a large percentage -of the grading and masonry are also completed, though from Ware to Bondville, 7^ miles, little work has been done.

Aside from the through business via the Hoosac Tunnel, the road trav- erses a section of the State, the population and valuation of which are nearly double that along the line of the Fitchburg Railroad; and it -will give a direct communication east and west to a large manufacturing interest located upon the various streams between Hudson and Amherst. There will also be a large business from the dairies at and near Barre, and points east of that town. The line crosses and connects with the following roads : the Fitchburg; Framingham and Lowell; Boston, Clinton, and Fitchburg; Worcester and Nashua; Boston, Barre, and Gardner; Ware-river; Spring- field and North-eastern; New- London Northern; Connecticut-river; New Haven and Northampton ; and Troy and Greenfield. It will bring a large population into direct communication with points east and west heretofore to be reached only by the lateral roads which connect with the Fitchburg on the north, and the Boston and Albany on the south. From Boston to Hud- son on the new line is 28 miles, via the Fitchburg 34; to Barre, 63, against 107 by the old route; to Ware, 75, instead of 95 ; to Amherst, 97, instead of 103; and to Northampton, 103, instead of 115. The president of the road is Hon. Samuel N. Aldrich ; and the treasurer and clerk, George F. Seymour. In the spring of 1883 the running of trains on the Massachusetts Central Railroad was stopped, and the property was abandoned and left in disuse.

The Old-Colony Railroad Company was chartered March 16, 1844, to build and operate a railroad from Boston to Plymouth ; and the road was opened for travel at the close of the following year. The present Old- Colony Railroad Company has absorbed the Old-Colony and Fall-River railroad companies, the Fall-River and Newport, the Cape-Cod, the Vine- yard-Sound, the South-shore, the Duxbury and Cohasset, trie Middle- borough and Taunton, the Dorchester and Milton, the Boston, Clinton, Fitchburg, and New-Bedford, and Framingham and Lowell Railroads. The main line, from Boston to Plymouth, Provincetown, and Newport, is 249.89 miles in length ; and with its various branches it controls and operates in all

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

47

475 miles of rail-lines, together with 225 miles of steamship routes; making a total of 700 miles of land and water routes. The main line runs through some of the largest manufacturing towns of Eastern Massachusetts, — Brockton, the Bridgewaters, Easton, Taunton, New Bedford, and Fall River. Provincetown, one terminus of its main line, is the farthest seaward point of Cape Cod. The northern division extends from Taunton to Attle- borough, Mansfield, Framingham, Clinton, Fitchburg, and Lowell. A branch also reaches to Wood's Holl, whence steamer connection is made to Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket. Other branches extend to Nantasket, Hingham, and Cohasset, famous summer resorts on the South Shore; to M a r s h fi e 1 d, the old home of Daniel Webster; to D u x b u r v, where t li e American end of one of the Atlantic ca- bles is held ; and to other places of in- terest and im- portance. As the "land end " of the renown e d F a 1 1 - R i v e r line to New York, with its mag n i fi c e n t steamers the

Old-Colony Railroad Depot, Kneeland Street.

" Bristol '' and "Providence," as yet unapproached in size or grandeur by any in the world, the Old-Colony road is widely and favorably known. These boats cost $1,250,000 each, and have carried more than 2,000,000 passengers. They are being constantly improved, and to-day are as attractive and in- viting as when first launched. The " Pilgrim." a marvellous iron steam- boat, with every comfort and luxury, was recently built at a cost of over $r,ooo,ooo. She is larger than the "Bristol," being 390 feet long; and has a double hull of iron, with over 100 water-tight compartments. Her normal rate of speed is 20 miles an hour. The Old-Colony has for many years paid a regular 6 per cent dividend. In the years 1873-75 it declared 7 per cent,

48 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

and now pays 7 per cent. The passenger-station in this city is on Kneeland and South Streets.

In 1S76 the Old-Colony acquired control of the Union Freight Railway in this city, which is practically the distributer of freight from the railways to the wharves of the city, for lading steamships and other vessels. By the aid of this railway, an elevator, and dummy engines, a European steamship can be loaded in 24 hours. The Union Freight was first operated in 1872, and during the year conveys between 150,000 and 200,000 tons. The charge per car is $4. Its tracks run to Constitution, T, Lewis's, Eastern-avenue, Commercial, Union, and Central Wharves. The line is 2.45 miles long, and extends from the Boston and Lowell to the Old-Colony tracks. The president of the Old-Colony road is Charles F. Choate ; and the general superintendent, J. R. Kendrick.

The Fitchburg Railroad Company was chartered March 3, 1842, and was opened for travel to Waltham, Dec. 20, 1S43; t0 Concord Junction, June 17, 1844; and to Fitchburg, March 5, 1845. It now operates the Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad, extending from Fitchburg to Greenfield, under a lease of 999 years. Under a seven-years' agreement, dated Aug. 14, 1SS0, it operates, for the actual cost of operation, the 37 miles of the Troy and Greenfield Railroad and Hoosac Tunnel between Greenfield and North Adams, at which point it connects with the Troy and Boston Railroad, and the New-York Central Railroad system, and the Boston, Hoosac Tunnel, and Western Railway and Erie system. The Hoosac Tunnel Dock and Elevator Company, whose property is located in Charlestown, and in which the Fitchburg Railroad is the largest stockholder, will have, when com- pleted, four docks, each 500 feet long, and of width from 100 to 149 feet, besides a shorter clock ; also four piers of different width, on which three extensive two-story warehouses will be built ; also room in the main docks for four large ocean-steamers ; also room for small steamers and sailing-vessels in the shorter dock and end berths. The line of the main road to Fitchburg is 49.6 miles, and from Fitchburg to Greenfield 56 miles ; and length of road owned, leased, and operated, 189 miles. For 20 years it paid a regular 8 per cent dividend. In 1S77, however, owing to the depressed times, the dividend dropped to 6 per cent, but has since advanced to 7 per cent, and has again dropped to 6 per cent. The passenger-station in the city, on Causeway Street, is a massive structure of undressed granite, looking in front more like a grim old castle than a railway-station, and was built in 1847. In it was once a large hall where the famous Jenny Lind concerts were given in 1S50 under the management of P. T. Barnum. The interior of the station has been several times re-arranged and remodelled, and it is now quite con- venient. Trains enter on one side, and depart on the other. The president of the company is William B. Stearns : the traffic manager, John Whitmore ;

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

49

the general superintendent of the road, John Adams; and the assistant superintendent. E. K. Turner.

The Eastern Railroad Company was chartered April 14, 1S36, to build a road from East Boston to the New-Hampshire line; and this was completed Nov. 9, 1S40. The main line now runs, through consolidation with other roads, from Boston to Portland, and from Conway Junction to North Con- way, N.H., 1S0 miles in all, with branches of 102 miles in length; the total length of lines owned, leased, and operated, being 2S1.69 miles. The length of road in Massachusetts is 120.79 miles; New Hampshire, 107.63; and Maine, 53.55 miles. For many years the company enjoyed great prosperity; but since 1873 it nas not Pa'd a dividend, and has passed through a most trying ordeal. Since 1876 the company has been steadily getting itself into a more satisfactory condition ; and the indications at this time are, that it will soon be able to recover itself. The reports of 1SS1 were the most satis- factory since the beginning of its difficulties. Thorough repairs have been made in almost all portions of the road; and the rolling-stock has been in- creased, being paid for from the earnings. In 1881 there was a decided in- crease in the earnings for transportation of freight, and in the number of passengers carried. Geographically the location of the road is all that can be desired. The branch to North Conway is one of the favorite modes of reaching the White Mountains; and it there connects with the Portland and Ogdensburg, running through the midst of the mountains. The Gloucester branch, from Beverly, through Beverly Farms, Manchester-by-the-Sea, Mag- nolia, and Gloucester, to Rockport, is one of the best branches controlled by this company; the summer travel along it being very heavy. The pas- senger-station in this city is on Causeway Street, between the stations of the Lowell and Fitchbir.g roads. It was built in 1863, after the destruction by fire of the former station, and is small and crowded. What space it affords is, however, well utilized ; and the waiting-rooms are convenient and well arranged. It is of brick, with a central tower, upon which is a clock. The present president is George E. B. Jackson ; Lucius Tuttle is general passenger-agent ; and Payson Tucker is general manager.

The Boston and Maine Railroad, as now constituted, was formed by the consolidation, Jan. 1, rS42, of the Boston and Portland Railroad, chartered in Massachusetts in 1S33; the Boston and Maine, chartered in New Hamp- shire in 1835; and the Maine, Xew-Hampshire, and Massachusetts, char- tered in Maine in 1836. The consolidated road was opened to the junction with the Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth, at South Berwick, Me., in 1843. The latter road up to July, 1871, was leased to and operated by the Boston and Maine and the Eastern roads jointlv. In 1873 the Boston and Maine was opened to Portland. The main line, from Boston to Portland, is 115 miles long; and, in addition, the company operates S3 miles of branches and

5o

ICING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

leased lines. The main line passes through one of the most thickly settled portions of New England. There are 42 cities, towns, and villages between Boston and Portland, man) of them being devoted to manufacturing inter- ests. The dividend paid in i<SSo was 6.5 percent; for several years pre- vious to 1S77, when it was 5 per cent, it was 6, 8, and 10 per cent. The passenger-station in this city is on Haymarket Square, at the foot of Wash- ington Street, occupying a most prominent position. It was built long ago; but it has been extended, re-arranged, and improved internally, so that it is

!

=5= -■«»*■„ . .-a,- ;yjjjj*&

Boston and Maine Railroad Depot, Haymarket Square.

now convenient, light, and cheerful. The president of the Boston and Maine is George C. Lord; and the superintendent, James T. Furber.

The New- York and New-England Railroad Company succeeded, in 1S73, to a" die property and rights of the Boston, Hartford, and Erie Rail- road Company, which had itself absorbed the Norfolk-county Railroad, the Southbridgc and Blackstone, the Midland, the Hartford, Providence, and Fishkill, and the road from Brooklinc to Woonsocket. It now owns and operates a railroad from Boston and Providence, through Willimantic and Hartford, to Fishkill-on -the-I ludson, connecting there with the Erie Railway ; from Brooklinc, Mass., to Woonsocket, R.I.; and branches to Southbridge, Dedliam, Springfield, Mass., and Rockville, Conn. It also operates under leases the Norwich and Worcester Railroad from Worcester to Norwich and Allvn's Point, and thereby controls an independent Sound line of steamers to New York; the Rhode-Island and Massachusetts Railroad, from Frank- lin to Valley Palls, making a direct line from Boston .to Providence without change of cars. The railroad and steamboat lines under its control aggre- gate 579 miles. By means of the transfer steamer " Maryland, " running between Harlem River and Jersey City, trains with Pullman sleeping-cars are run through to Philadelphia and Washington every day, starting from

JClNG^S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 51

the depot on Atlantic Avenue at the foot of Summer Street every evening. Freight is transported by the " Maryland " without breaking bulk ; and, by connection with the Pennsylvania Railroad at Jersey City, a large amount of through Western business is done over the New-York and New-England road. This road, starting as it does from three of the largest New-England cities, — Boston, Providence, and Worcester, — with good connections for the West, its all-rail and Sound lines for passengers and freight to New York, and its superior terminal facilities at tide-water here, has certainly a bright future. The president is Gen. James H. Wilson, and the general manager is S. M. Felton, jun.

The Boston, Revere-Beach, and Lynn Railroad is a narrow-gauge road, running from East Boston (connected with the city proper by ferries that start from Atlantic Avenue at the foot of High Street) to Lynn along the crest of Revere Beach, and by the great summer-resort at the Point of Pines. This magnificent beach, almost five miles long, is dotted at short intervals with hotels, many of which have gained such reputations that thousands of people are attracted to them daily in the summer season. Trains run hourly during the day and evening, and carry a large number of passengers travelling for pleasure. The three-feet gauge is admirably adapted to the purposes of the road. The Boston, Winthrop, and Point- Shirley road connects with this road at Winthrop Junction, and runs thence to the watering-place of Ocean Spray in the town of Winthrop. Edwin Walden is president; John A. Fenno, general ticket-agent; and C. A. Ham- mond, superintendent.

The Railway Clearing-House Association was organized in May, 1878, for the purpose of keeping a complete record of the movements of all cars on the New-England railroads, and to provide for the settlement of bal- ances for car-service between the different railroad companies. Its affairs are administered by an executive committee elected by the railroad compa- nies of New England; the operating expenses being shared by the com- panies in the association, on the basis of the total mileage of cars on each road. The movements of foreign cars coming into New England, as well as those of the New-England roads, are recorded daily ; and at the close of the month the mileage is computed. This mileage now aggregates about 25,000,000 miles each month. This work, of course, involves an immense amount of detail, and requires the services of over sixty clerks. The offices are in the passenger-depot of the Boston and Lowell Railroad. The present manager. E. B. Hill, was the originator of this enterprise.

The Railroad Business of Boston is shown in the following table, com- piled from the Massachusetts State Commissioners' reports for the year ending Sept. 30, 1881 : —

52

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

Railroads.

Loco- motives.

Passenger- Cars.

Express, and Mail Cars.

Freight and other Cars.

Passengers carried.

Tons

of Freight

carried.

Boston and Albany- Boston and Providence, Boston and Lowell . Old-Colony . . „ Fitchburg .... Eastern .... Boston and Maine .

New- York and New England . . .

Boston, Revere-Beach and Lynn . . .

245 St 73

"5 98

102 86

117 7

206 in

88 225

93 *73 150

136

28

47 18

39 43 29

44

32

39

5.858

802

1,258

2.159 3.209

1.954 1.565

3.3i8

18

7,524.138 4,128,299 2,789,785 6,593.47* 2,959,423 6,604,087 5,984,000

4,536,082

1,294,169

3,415,329 718,500 1,162,854 1,552,616 1,822,262

1,257,699 904,966

1.522,374

Boston has been, from the start, a commercial city ; and its commerce has been most extensive. The first ship was built as early as 1631 ; the quaint records of the early day stating, under the date of July 4 of that year, " The Governour built a bark at Mystick which was launched this day and called the Blessing of the Bay." The first regular steamship that ar- rived in Boston from across the Atlantic was the " Acadia," of the Cunard Line, in 1840. The advantages of the situation of the city, set upon a har- bor deep, capacious, secure, and unobstructed at all seasons of the year, were early comprehended by the people ; and the shipping-interests were fostered and extended with wise judgment and great rapidity. Even before the close of the seventeenth century, the product of the land was shipped to Virginia, the West Indies, Great Britain, Portugal, Spain, and Madeira, in exchange for the fruits, wines, and manufactures of those countries ; and the construction of wharves on a systematic scale was begun. In the early part of the nineteenth century, great improvements were made in the wharves, and the streets leading thereto. Long Wharf had been built since 1710, and was then much longer than it now is, owing to the filling-in and extension of the water-front. The building of Central Wharf, with a line of 54 stores four stories high, was one of the early improvements of the nineteenth century; and before 1850 the whole margin of the city on the east and north was lined with about 200 docks and wharves, affording an extent of wharfage of over five miles, with fine warehouses, many of granite, presenting a solid and substantial appearance. Of the magnitude of some of these wharves, a few figures will give an idea. Before the building of Atlantic Avenue,

ICING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 53

which has been built by the making of new land across the head of the wharves, thus shortening their length, Long Wharf extended 1,800 feet into the harbor, with a line of 76 warehouses ; Central Wharf, 1,379 feet; and India Wharf, 980 feet. Among other extensive wharves are T, Commer- cial, Lewis's, Russia (formerly Griffin's Wharf, which was the scene of the famous " tea-party " in the early days of resistance to British oppres- sion), Battery, and Constitution Wharves. The fine deep-water front across the harbor on the East-Boston side, and Constitution Wharf in the city proper, accommodate the European steamships. In East Boston, besides the extensive Grand-Junction wharves of the Boston and Albany Rail- road, are the Cunard Wharf, and the wharves of the National Dock and Warehouse Company, where the bulk of the East-India trade is done. In the Charlestown district the water-front is taken up by the Navy Yard, wharves belonging to the Fitchburg Railroad Company, the large Mystic- river Wharf of the Boston and Lowell Railroad Company, with its grain and coal elevators, and the wharf of the Mystic-river Corporation. On the south side of the harbor the filling-in of the South-Boston flats is rapidly advancing; and large deep-water docks and wharves, with railroad freight- yards, are now ready to accommodate ocean steamships at available points along the entire water-front.

The Shipping-interests of Boston suffered a temporary check during the war of the Rebellion, but they are now steadily and rapidly improving; and the city maintains its position as the second commercial port in the Union. There are now ten or more different steamship-lines to Liverpool, Glasgow, London, Hull, and the Continent ; the addition of the Allan Line having added important Grand Trunk Railway connections. Ten years ago the Cunard steamships were the only transatlantic ones running to Boston, and they ran but once a fortnight. There are also regular weekly lines to the provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island; a regular line to the Western Islands; and'coastwise steamers to Philadel- phia, Savannah, Baltimore, Norfolk, New York, and Portland. Among new lines projected is one to the West Indies. The export trade of the city is steadily progressing. The total exports for 1880 were'valued at $69,178,764, the largest on record, and an increase over the previous year of $14,051,144. The total imports were valued at $68,649,664, an increase over those of 1879 of $20,097,355, the largest except in 1872.

The Cunard Line of Atlantic steamships employs six vessels in its Boston service, — the Batavia, Pavonia, Parthia, Catalonia, Samaria, and Cephalonia. Sailing days from this port are Saturdays. The steamships are stanch and capacious, and have long been popular with the travelling public. The company has adopted a " lane route " for all seasons, with the

54 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

view of diminishing the chances of collision. The Cunard docks are at the foot of Clyde Street, East Boston. They are extensive and spacious, well lighted, and thoroughly equipped. They are so arranged that the com- pany can load and discharge three of its vessels at a time. They are cov- ered docks with railroad-tracks running into them along three sides, and freight is received from the cars on to platforms. The arrangements for the transfer of emigrants directly from the incoming steamers to west-bound cars are very complete. Their transfer through the city, and their detention at the port, are thus entirely avoided. The business-offices of the Cunard Company are at No. 99 State Street. P. H. DuVernet is the general manager.

Peabody's Australia, New-Zealand, and South-Africa Line of packets connects this port with all ports in Australia and the Cape. It is under the management of Henry W. Peabody & Co., the only Boston house in the Australian trade, and a leading one of those in the Cape trade. Strictly A 1 vessels are despatched monthly to Melbourne and Sydney, and some- what less frequently to all other Australian ports and the Cape. Freight is received from all offering, in the same manner as is done by other transpor tation lines ; but the larger portion is made up of purchases by the house on account of merchants and traders in the colonies. This is a prominent feature of the business of Peabody & Co., and an important one as bearing on the export-trade of Boston. The house comes into direct contact with its customers in the colonies through its correspondents there, and its repre- sentatives who make periodical trips from the home office. Its purchases for export are extensive, largely of the products of New-England manufac- tories ; and it has aided in building up between the ports a trade already large and important, and steadily increasing. Forty vessels are despatched yearly to the several Australasian ports, and about ten to the Cape. While the Australian trade is an important interest, largely connected directly with Boston, that of the Cape is particularly a Boston trade ; and goods are delivered there from this port cheaper than from any other. Goods are frequently shipped directly from the manufactories in the cars, and to the vessels from the cars which run on to the wharf. The vessels of the line load by the side of covered sheds ; so that the cargo is not exposed to the weather, an advantage of no little importance. This firm was established in 1859. ^ >s composed of Henry W. Peabody, who has long been in the Australian trade, Edward P. Sargent, and Charles D. Barry. Their office is at 114 State Street, and their packets generally sail from Lewis Wharf.

The Anchor Line of trans-Atlantic, Peninsular, Mediterranean, and Oriental steamers consists of a fleet of 42 full-powered iron steamers of the highest class, all Clyde-built, commanded by men of large experience trained in the service. Founded in 1852 by the present managing owner, Thomas

ICING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 55

Henderson, the line has grown from insignificance to its present gigantic proportions. Beside the steamship business, the Messrs. Henderson own the Meadowside ship-building yard and graving-dock on the Clyde, and one of the largest engineering works in Glasgow, where they now build and equip steamers for their various trades. The Boston steamers are de- spatched from Commonwealth Dock, South Boston, for London every fort- night, and for Glasgow every fortnight. The agents are Henderson Brothers, 7 and 9 State Street.

The Allan Line of Atlantic steamships, sailing between this and Cana- dian ports and Londonderry and Liverpool, employs a large fleet of double- engine, Clyde-built, iron vessels, constructed in water-tight compartments, and noted for their strength, speed, and comfort. Under an arrangement made in the winter of 1880-81, its entire fleet of large steamers, including the new " Parisian," one of the finest steamships in the Atlantic service, sail, from this port between the months of December and May ; and during the summer months six sail from Boston, — all passenger and freight steamers, — the others from Quebec. The pier of the Allan Line is at No. 1 Grand Junction Wharves, East Boston, and is large and commodious, with ample and improved facilities for loading and discharging cargoes rapidly. The line also employs a fleet of fourteen stanch Clyde-built iron clipper ships. The business offices of the company are at No. 80 State Street. The resi- dent managers are John S. Allan and Hugh A. Allan.

Besides the lines mentioned above, all of which reach Boston, there is a vast business done through lines having their terminal stations in New York and elsewhere. For instance, C. L. Bartlett & Co., 115 State Street, repre- sent the White Star Line to Liverpool, famous for its immense and com- fortable steamships ; the Atlas Mail Line to Jamaica, Hayti, Porto Rico, and ports of the Spanish Main and South Pacific; the Red Star Line to Ant- werp; the Florio Line to the Italian ports; the Pacific Mail Line to Cali- fornia, Japan, China, Australia, etc. ; and packets to the Azores, Madeira, and other foreign ports. Their freight and passengers are booked in Bos- ton, and may therefore be included in the commerce of this city. The firm of C. L. Bartlett & Co., now composed of Edward A. Adams solely, is one of the oldest of steamship-agents, ship-brokers, and commission-merchants, in the city, having been established in 1849. They also handle and disburse sailing vessels or steamers consigned to them in Boston.

The Leyland Line has a fleet of ten large steamships, plying between Boston and Liverpool, and carrying vast quantities of freight. They dis- charge at the Hoosac-Tunnel docks.

The North-American Line has four steamships, of medium size, and carries heavy cargoes of freight between Boston (New-York and New- England Docks, South Boston) and West Hartlepool, which is an important

56 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

port on the east of England, near York and Leeds. Their vessels sail every ten days.

The Metropolitan Line has four steamships, of over 1,800 tons each, which ply tri-weekly between Boston and New York, by the outside route. This company also has fire-proof buildings for general storage, covering about 100,000 square feet, between Central Wharf and India Wharf.

The Warren Line has six new steamships of large size, specially con- structed for this trade, and plying between the Grand Junction Wharves and Liverpool. There are also thirteen steamships in the Wilson Line, between Boston and Hull, with a fortnightly service. The White-Cross Line, from Boston (New- York and New-England Docks) to Antwerp, has a fleet of six steamships. There are also six steamships plying between Boston and London; and twenty British, German, French, and Danish steamers running irregularly from this port to Cuba and the Mediterranean.

In 1880, 330 steamships sailed from Boston for European ports ; in 1881, 325; and in 1882 but 208. Freighting was very dull during the summer of 1882, and several of the ships were used to transport British troops to Egypt. In 1882, 2,676 vessels cleared hence for foreign ports, and 2,745 vessels arrived. One-fifth of these were American. The exports for the year exceeded $71,000,000; the imports, $56,000,000.

There are nearly thirty steam-tugs in Boston Harbor, besides four pow- erful ocean wrecking-tugs, five steam lighters, three floating elevators, and three large grain-barges. The pilot service includes nine boats and thirty- one pilots, and is said to be one of the best in the world. It is governed by very stringent laws; and inbound vessels must be brought up into the stream, or to the wharves, while those outward bound must be taken be- yond Fort Warren.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 57

hotels anti Ecstattrants.

THE PRINCIPAL TRANSIENT AND FAMILY HOTELS, THE RESTAURANTS AND CAFES.

THE first tavern in Boston is said to have been opened in 1634, by^Sam- uel Cole, on Merchants' Row. During the seventeenth century the leading taverns were the State Arms, the Ship, the King's Arms, the Castle, the Red Lion, the King's Head, and the Green Dragon ; most of which were at the North End. Histories tell some droll stories of these old tav- erns. In the last century the most celebrated houses were the British Coffee House, the Royal Exchange, the Roebuck Coffee House, and the Green Dragon Tavern; the latter being the headquarters of the Liberty Boys. When coaches came into vogue, such houses as Earl's, the Elm- street, the Eastern Stage, and the City Tavern were opened: the latter, situated on Brattle Street, was owned by Simeon Boyden, who has been called the "father of the hotel system of the United States." The Boston Exchange was built on Devonshire Street in ]So4, and burned in 1S1S, when the conflagration is said to have interrupted a game of cards in which Henry Clay held three aces. The Lion, the Lamb, the Pearl-street House, Hatch's, the Commercial Coffee House, and the Sun Tavern became famous hostelries and places of resort. Succeeding these came the Marl- borough, the Albion, the Bromfield, and others ; some of which, although still standing, have outlived their pre-eminence. But it is regarding the hotels of the present time that the reader is to be informed. Until within a few years visitors sought hotel accommodations almost wholly in what is now the heart of the business district ; but since the completion of Boston's two most famous hotels, — the grand Hotel Brunswick, erected in 1874, and the palatial Hotel Vendome, erected in 1880, — the wealthier class of visitors seek the magnificent accommodations offered by those hotels, situated in one of the finest residence districts in the city,' and surrounded by note- worthy public buildings, broad thoroughfares, and attractive parks.

The Vendome is the newest hotel in Boston, and one of the most pala- tial and most elaborately furnished hotels in the world. Its main front is on the most beautiful American thoroughfare, — Commonwealth Avenue, — which bisects the Back-bay district, one of the finest architectural sections to be found in any country. This avenue is 240 feet wide ; through its centre is a strip of park-land 100 feet wide, lined with trees and shrubs, and

58 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

containing the Hamilton and Glover statues. It is to be constantly im- proved. The Vendome front on Commonwealth Avenue extends 240 feet, and the front on Dartmouth Street 125 feet. Including the mansard roof and the basement, it is eight stories in height. The fronts are of white Tucka- hoe and Italian marble, the windows and doors having elaborate carvings. The roof and towers are of wrought iron covered with slate. The floors are laid upon iron beams and brick arches ; and all interior partitions are of strictly incombustible material. On the first floor are the various public rooms, five dining-rooms, an elegant banquet-hall 30 by 110 feet, and the grand parlors ; all reached by the main entrance and by a private entrance on Commonwealth Avenue, so that clubs and parties can be served without interference with the ordinary business of the hotel. There is also an entrance for ladies on Dartmouth Street. The rotunda is paved with En- glish encaustic tiles, in colors and patterns harmonizing with the furnish- ings, and is most exquisitely finished in hard woods, cathedral glass, and fresco-work. The great dining-hall, with seats for 320 persons, is richly adorned with mirrors, carved mahogany and cherry wood, frescos, and a handsome frieze. Each of the six upper stories contains seventy rooms, grouped so as to be used singly or in suites. Two celebrated Whittier passenger, one baggage, and several small elevators for special purposes, provide ample facilities for transit up and down. The plumbing-work is almost marvellous ; for every improvement to secure health and comfort has been introduced. Every apartment has access to a spacious bath-room, which, as well as every gas-fixture, has its independent ventilating-tubes. No open basins are placed in chambers, all being shut off in the closets adjoining. Every room is provided with open fire-places, although the whole building is heated by steam. The registers serve a double purpose, — supplying either ventilation or warmth, the change being made by simply turning the knob to the right or to the left. In short, there is hardly an improvement of modern times that has not been introduced into this noble edifice. The furniture, too, in every room, on all floors, is luxurious ; the parlors being as beautifully furnished and as handsomely decorated as those of any American hotel. The Vendome is conducted on the American plan, the charges being $5 per day. It was built by Charles Whitney, a wealthy citizen of Boston, at a cost of a million dollars, expressly for Col. J. W. Wolcott, who is to-day recognized as the peer of any hotel landlord, and who has in his several hotels entertained a host of eminent personages.

The Hotel Brunswick, situated on Boylston Street, corner of Clarendon, is one of the grandest, pleasantest, and most handsomely furnished hotels in the world. Its site is very delightful and easily accessible. It is just across the street from Trinity Church, the Institute of Technology, and the Society of Natural History, and is within a few minutes' walk of the Mu-

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m z o O

59 ICING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

seum of Fine Arts, Public Garden, Boston Common, Boston Art Club, Mechanics' Association building, and several of the new church edifices, among which are the New '-Old South," Arlington-street. First Church, Central, and Emmanuel. It is as convenient to depots and all parts of the city as are any of the old hotels. Boylston Street, on which the Brunswick fronts, is a tine thoroughfare yo feet wide. The " Beacon-street."' the " Huntington-avenue," the ;i Belt Line," the " Dartmouth-street," and all Back-bay cars pass directly in front of the hotel; and other lines of cars run close by. The hotel is conducted on the American plan, the terms being S5.00 per day. The Brunswick building, designed by Peabody & Stearns, the Boston architects, is essentially fireproof. It covers more than half an acre of ground, is 224 by 125 feet, six stories high, with basement, and contains 350 rooms. The chambers are supplied with all modern conveniences : every apartment has hot and cold water, and every suite a bath-room. The Whittier passenger-elevator is one of the most luxurious in Boston. The structure is of brick, with heavy sandstone trimmings. The principal finish of the first two stories is of black walnut. On the right of the prin- cipal entrance are two parlors for the use of ladies, and on the left of the main entrance is the gentlemen's parlor. The ladies' parlors were wholly refurnished in 1SS1, and are now probably the handsomest hotel parlors in this country. On the easterly side of the house is the new dining-hall, dedicated upon Whittier's seventieth birthday, when the proprietors of "The Atlantic Monthly" gave the dinner at which so many noied American writers were present. On the right of the ladies' entrance is the large dining-hall, 80 feet long by 48 feet wide. Both dining- halls have marble-tile floors, the walls being Pompeiian red, and the ceiling frescoed to correspond. The five stories above are divided into suites and single rooms, all conveniently arranged, and provided with every modern improvement, including open fire-places, besides steam-heating apparatus. Every thing seems to have been done to make the house homelike, com- fortable, and attractive, and free from the usual cheerless appearance of hotels. The cost of the building was nearly a million dollars. It was built in 1874, an(l enlarged in 1S76. President Hayes, when attending the Har- vard Commencement in 1S77, with his family and suite, occupied rooms at the Brunswick. The rooms were entirely refurnished, and the hotel elabo- rately decorated, for the occasion. At this hotel Gen. Grant was given a complimentary banquet on the return from his trip around the world. Ex- Govs. Rice and Talbot reside at this hotel. Many of the Harvard classes, the alumni of Bowdoin College and of Williams College, the Bar Associa- tion of Boston, and several literary and social organizations, have selected this as the place for their annual dinners.

Ever since the Brunswick has been open it has been filled with the

60 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

wealthiest class of transient and permanent guests; the former including a good part of the distinguished people who have been in Boston during the past seven years, — the Dukes of Argyll and Sutherland, President Arthur, and others, — and the latter including many of the best-known citizens. The proprietors are Amos Barnes and John W. Dunklee, under whose management the Brunswick has become one of the most famous hotels of modern times.

The Parker House fronts on School and Tremont Streets. It was founded in 1854 by Harvey D. Parker, and is a large six-story marble-front edifice, containing 260 rooms, including many large drawing-rooms and suites. The price of rooms ranges from $1 to $5, and of suites from $8 to .St 2 per day. The house is on the European plan, and the restaurant is one of the finest in the country. The cafe is the rendezvous and exchange for politicians and business-men on all occasions; while at times, such as election night, the lobby becomes the resort of crowds, and presents an animated scene. The Parker House has been one of the most successful of American hotels; and in November, 1882, a great banquet was given here to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of Mr. Parker's embarkation in business, which occurred in a restaurant under Tudor's Building in Court Square. John F. Mills was Mr. Parker's partner from 1S48 until nearly 1880: and his present associates are Messrs. Joseph H. Beckman and Edward O. Punchard, both of whom are experienced hotel-men. Many very eminent guests have availed themselves of the hospitalities of this house, whose central location, sumptuous equipment, and ancient prestige sifive it a strong claim on popular favor. In 1882 the Parker House was refurnished and redecorated, and made ready for another long period of usefulness. Conspicuous among the snug dinner-parties which are given in the private dining-rooms up-stairs, are those of the Agricultural. Literary, Bird, Boston, and other organizations, which devote a part of each Saturday to good living and fine rhetoric, and free exchange of views on political, com- mercial, and other events. Contiguous to the main entrance and office are the telegraph and telephone offices, news-stand, and theatre-ticket office; and beyond is the great dining-room for gentlemen, which affords a busy scene about noonday, when hundreds of merchants and business-men are dining here. The cafe for ladies is on the School-street side; the lunch-room and the famous billiard-room are in the basement. Parker's is one of the great institutions of Boston: and at times of popular excitement the focus of interest is here, where the telegrams come in rapidly, and the political leaders of the people congregate to exchange views. Starting from modest beginnings, this hotel has grown to imposing proportions, keeping pace with the improvements of the times, and gaining wider and wider fame throughout the world. While several great hotels of the first rank have

THE PARKER HOUSE. School Street.

Harvey D Parker.

Joseph H. Beckman.

Edward O. Punchard

6 1 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

risen in other parts of the town, Parker's has continued to hold and increase its old patronage, — the taste for hotel-life in Boston seeming to increase more rapidly than the accommodations.

Young's Hotel is another of the favorite houses for business-men, situated in the business section of the city, and famed for its cuisine and the excellence of its appointments. It stands near the head of State Street, directly in the rear of the new Rogers Building on Washington Street. It is approached from Washington Street by avenues on either side of the Rogers Building; and it also has an entrance on Court Square, opposite the County Court House ; and a new and ornamental one, known as the ladies' entrance, on Court Street, in a new wing of the house, built on during the winter and spring of 1882. The house is very large; the new and lofty wing just added more than doubling its capacity, and furnishing a handsome front, architecturally fine, and imposing in general appearance. The old portion is of brick, with stone trimmings ; and the new portion on Court Square and Court Street is of stone, with highly ornamented front, and towering two stories above the lofty Sears Building adjoining. The house now contains over 300 rooms, with a large number of sumptuously furnished suites. The prices range from $1 to $3 for single rooms, according to location, and from $8 to $ 12 for suites. A large amount of the first-floor space is utilized for dining-rooms and cafe. The large dining-room in the old part of the house is elaborately decorated, and the ladies' dining-room in the new part is one of the most elaborately finished and furnished in the city. Young's is also a famous dining-place. It has many private dining- rooms, and several of the dining-clubs have their headquarters here. ' Of these the Massachusetts, Middlesex, and Essex clubs have rooms of their own, meeting regularly on Saturday afternoons at dinner, during the winter, spring, and autumn seasons. The house was founded by George Young, whose name it bears. Mr. Young retired from business several years ago, having earned a competence here; and he was succeeded by the present proprietors, George G. Hall and Joseph R. Whipple, under the firm-name of Hall & Whipple. The great changes and enlargement of the house have been made during the proprietorship of the latter firm. Messrs. Hall & Whipple are increasing their hotel interests in the city by establishing a second hotel on Washington Street, No. 555, marble front, seven stories high, just beyond the Boston Theatre, on the site of the old Adams House, which itself long stood on the site of the Lamb Tavern, from which the first stage to Providence started in the early days when railroads were unknown. This is to be one of the finest and best-equipped hotels in the city, of which its dining-rooms and cafe will be, as in the present Young's Hotel, con- spicuous features. The new house will be opened during the fall of 1883, and, like Young's, will be on the European plan, with every modern im- provement.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

6lA

The United-States is one of the oldest and best of the well-established hotels of the city. Its fame is wide-spread. Its seal dates back to 1826; and from that early date to the present it has been maintained up to the best standard, but never better than now. It is situated directly opposite the station of the old Boston and Albany Railroad, -within two blocks of the Old-Colony Railroad, only a short distance from the New-York and New- England Railroad station, and not far from the retail portions of the city and the great commercial centres, The street-car service of the city sur- rounds it with its network of lines radiating to all parts of the city and suburbs ; it is near the seashore lines of steamboats, and its location is in other respects unusually convenient for the travelling public. It was built before the establishment of the great railroad system which gave such an impetus to the business interests of Boston ; but, anticipating the changes to be wrought in the immedi- ate future, its projectors se- lected its site wth rare fore- sight. When it was built, it was the largest hotel in the city, and was regarded as a noteworthy ac- cession to the public build- ings of the

place. It has since been twice enlarged by the addition of an entire block on Lincoln Street and another on Kingston Street, named respectively "Oregon" and "Texas," as they were built at the time these States were admitted into the Union. The property now covers the entire square, nearly two acres of ground, enclosing generous areas for light and air half an acre in extent. The house is built of brick, with broad and inviting entrances ; is but three stories high ; its five hundred rooms are exceptionally large and comfortable, well ventilated, and all open to the sunlight; its public rooms, spacious and high studded ; and its broad halls, extending through the entire front and wings, giving plenty of light and air throughout the building. For many years it was the favorite stopping-place of the distinguished men of the country coming from time to time to Boston. Daniel Webster for a while lived here. Here Charles Sumner entertained Dickens ; and many

United-States Hotel, Beach and Lincoln Streets.

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KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

noteworthy and elegant banquets have been given in its spacious dining- hall. Of late years families owning country places, and others, have made it their city winter residence, while it has continued to be steadily popular with transient guests. A few years ago the house passed into the hands of the Hon. Tilly Haynes, a well-known gentleman, formerly of Spring- field, who has served as a State senator and in the executive council ; and he has so completely restored, rebuilt, and refurnished it that it has again taken a front rank among the notable public houses of the city.

The Tremont House, on the corner of Tremont and Beacon Streets, was the pioneer first-class hotel in America. It was built in 1830, by a company of Boston capitalists, and in 1859 was purchased for the Sears estate. It is a solid granite structure on the front, with an imposing porch at the main entrance on Tremont Street with five granite pillars. It has been from time to time enlarged, until now it occupies the entire block bounded by Tremont and Beacon Streets, Tremont Place, and the Granary Burying- Ground, between which and the hotel there is a narrow passage-way from Tremont Place to Tremont Street for foot-passengers. The interior of the house is plain, and it has an air of quiet comfort which is very refreshing to the entering guest. The large parlors on the main floor have a pleasant look-out into the busy thoroughfare. The dining-rooms and halls are lighted by the electric light. The proprietors are Silas Gurney & Co. The house is conducted on the American plan. The prices are from $3.50 to $4.50 per day. It is patronized largely by, families, and its many family suites are pleasantly situated and arranged.

The American House, No. 56 Hanover Street, Lewis Rice & Son, pro- prietors, is the leading business - house of the city kept on the Ameri- can plan. It was first opened in 1835, and was entirely rebuilt in 1851, covering the sites of the old American House, Hanover House, Earl's, and Merchants' Hotels. On part of this ground stood the home of Gen. Warren. Additions and improvements have often been made ; and it is now one of the largest, as it is reputed to be one of the best-managed, hotels in New England. It is finely furnished, has wide corridors, spacious public drawing-rooms, and all modern improvements for

American House, Hanover Street.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

63

the comfort and convenience of its guests. The first passenger-elevator in Boston was constructed for this house. It has always borne an excellent reputation, and has long been the headquarters of the shoe-and-leather trade, and a popular resort for Western and Southern merchants. It has fine family suites, and is conveniently situated for business or pleasure. The prices are from $3.00 to $4.00 per day. The original American House and the present one have been, during forty consecutive years, under the man- agement of the late Lewis Rice and his son Henry B. Rice. Under their management the hotel has always proven to be satisfactory to the thousands of guests whom they have provided for.

The Revere House, on Bowdoin Square, is a large and well-appointed hotel on the American plan, having accommodations for 250 guests, and charging $3.00 to $4.00 a day, according to the location of rooms. It was built in 1847 by a company of prominent gentlemen, and was named after the Revolution- ary hero Paul Revere. For many years it was under the management of Paran Ste- vens, who was also lessee of the Fifth - avenue Hotel in New York, and the Conti- nental Hotel in Philadelphia. The Revere House is one of the most comfortable and homelike hotels in the coun- try, and the cuisine is equal to that of any hotel in New England. Many public banquets are given at this house. Club and class dinners are made a specialty, and the house has the reputation of serving them in the most elegant manner. There are large reception-rooms, private parlors, and all other public apartments usually found in first-class hotels. Precautions have been taken to guard against fire; and elevators, corridors, and stair- cases extending through the house, render it easy of exit. Bowdoin Square, on which the house fronts, is a street-car centre. Among the distinguished people who have stopped here are President Grant, the Prince of Wales, King Kalakaua, the Emperor Dom Pedro, the Grand Duke Alexis, Jenny Lind, Christine Nilsson, Adelma Patti, Parepa Rosa, and Theresa Titiens. The proprietor is C. B. Ferrin, who for many years was connected with the Parker House of Boston, and for ten years previous to his return to Boston, and establishment at the Revere, was proprietor of the Westminster Hotel of New York, on Sixteenth Street and Irving Place Revere is the home of many families.

Revere House, Bowdoin Square.

During the winter the

64 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

Other Hotels, about 150 in number, of various grades, are in almost every part of the city. Among the better class in the city proper are the Commonwealth Hotel, 1697 Washington Street, kept by Carter & Brugh ; the Crawford House, corner of Brattle and Court Streets, by Stumcke & Goodwin ; the Quiney House, corner of Brattle Street and Brattle Square, by James W. Johnson & Co.; the Creighton House, 245 Tremont Street, by William Hill ; the International Hotel, 625 Washington Street, by G. R. Reichardt ; the New Marlborough Hotel, 736 Washington Street, by J. Robertson; the Metropolitan Hotel, 1166 Washington Street, by F. S. Brockway; the Sherman House, Court Square, by Thomas L. Smith; and the New-England House, corner Clinton and Blackstone Streets, by Josiah T. Wilson. In East Boston is the Maverick House, Maverick Square; in the Roxbury District, the Norfolk House, Eliot Square, by Charles A. Jones; and in the Brighton District, the Cattle-Fair Hotel, Washington Street, by James I. Nesmith.

The " French flat," or Continental system of dwellings, sometimes called "family hotels," — a single tenement occupying the whole or part of a floor, instead of several floors in a house, — gained its foothold in America by its introduction in Boston. Before the annexation of the surrounding districts, Boston is said to have been the most densely populated city in America; and there was a natural demand for economy in space. The first building of the " French flats," or " family hotel," class was the Hotel Pelham, at the corner of Tremont and Boylston Streets, built by Dr. John H. Dix about twenty years ago. At the widening of Tremont Street, this building was raised up bodily, and moved about twenty feet down Boylston Street, without disturbing the occupants, or in the least disarranging the interior, — a feat of engineering regarded at the time as most remarkable, being the first instance of the moving of such a large mass of masonry. This style of dwelling rapidly increased in popularity, and now their number is so great that is hardly practicable to mention them here. They range from the most palatial and elegant structures, equally beautiful in exterior and interior decorations, to plain and comfortable houses adapted for people of moderate means. The greater portion of the costly class have passenger- elevators. The price paid for the rent of a dwelling generally includes the steam-heat and the service of the janitor, who performs the heaviest drudgery. Among the most prominent of these houses are the Hotel Pelham, before mentioned ; the Hotel Boylston, on the opposite corner, owned by Charles Francis Adams ; the Berkeley, Bristol, and Cluny, on Boylston Street; the Vendome, Hamilton, and Agassiz, on Commonwealth Avenue; the Huntington and Oxford, on Huntington Avenue; the Hoff- man, Edinburgh, Albemarle, Howland, Berwick, Angelo, and Aldine, on

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 65

Columbus Avenue ; the Blackstone, fronting on Blackstone Square ; in the Roxbury district, the Dartmouth, Eliot, and Comfort; and in the Charles- town district, the Waverley.

The Restaurants and Cafe's of Boston number nearly 500. Excepting those connected with hotels, there are not many worthy of particular men- tion. As a rule, they furnish good food at reasonable prices, and are well kept, and situated in all parts of the city. The cafes of the Parker House, Young's Hotel, the Revere House, and the Tremont House, are frequented by persons desiring a hasty first-class meal. Of some of the noteworthy restaurants, brief sketches are given.

Frost and Dearborn's Restaurant is one of the largest, finest, and most popular dining-saloons in the wholesale district. It is situated at 8 and 10 Pearl Street, a short distance from Milk Street, and directly opposite the Pearl-street entrance to the building of the Mutual Life Insurance Company. It was opened in 1873 by Samuel E. Kendall and John N. Dearborn, and was then known as Kendall's Restaurant. Mr. Kendall will be remembered as having kept for a series of years some of the best restaurants that Bos- ton has ever had. One of these was under the Old State House, and in its day was a rival of Parker's. Another was at 8 Congress Square, where he continued for 17 years. This was always patronized by the most prominent business-men; and, until destroyed by the Great Fire of 1872, it was con- sidered one of the most successful restaurants in Boston. The present establishment has, from the time when it was opened, met with that success which Mr. Kendall's reputation and experience guaranteed it. In his efforts to conduct first-class restaurants, Mr. Kendall was always greatly aided by John N. Dearborn and Morrill Frost. Mr. Dearborn, for instance, was connected with him for 25 years ; and Mr. Frost was in his employ for many years, beginning in 1845 under the Old State House. In 1875 Mr. Kendall died; and Mr. Frost, after being for 21 years the proprietor of the restaurant and news-stand in the Boston and Albany Railroad Depot, became associated with Mr. Dearborn. From the above it is seen that Messrs. Frost & Dear- born have long experience, a good prestige, an admirably furnished and conveniently situated restaurant ; and it only needs to be added that their cuisine is unexcelled in Boston.

The Coolidge Cafe" is a new and interesting establishment on the north side of Bowdoin Square, near the Cambridge horse-car station, and opposite the Revere House. It was founded in the summer of 1883, with the design of providing a place where some of the best features of the famous London chop-houses are reproduced, and their unrivalled methods of preparing meats are followed. Although there are other items on the bill of fare, such as soups and fish, vegetables and desserts, the main strength and skill

66 king's handbook op boston.

of the establishment are concentrated on the two specialties of steaks and chops, and their selection, preparation, and serving; and it is not too much to say, that nowhere else in New England can there be found better meats, or more delicious cooking. These rare viands are carefully cooked over hot coke fires, on the famous "silver grills," which are ingeniously grooved in so that the fat dripping from the meats is conducted away into a pan, and does not fall into the fire, to blaze up and smoke the steak. The cafe is conducted by I. N. Andrews & Co., who also manage the Coolidge House, occupying the building above, and composed of forty furnished suites, in each of which there is a parlor, chamber, and bath-room. This is a family hotel, and affording very good accommodations for permanent or transient boarders in large and airy rooms, close to the centre of the city. One of the features of the cafe is the fact that the " silver grills " are so placed that the processes of broiling can be observed and directed by patrons, while a great hood above carries off all the smoke and odor.

Other Restaurants worthy of mention are those of Louis P. Ober, No. 4 Winter Place, a French restaurant, popular with men of means and lovers of superior viands. It has a large and well-apportioned general dining-hall, and several smaller dining and supper rooms for private parties. There are two or three less imposing French restaurants (and Arrouet Mieusset Freres) on Van Rensselaer Place, much patronized by artists, brokers, and down-town business-men who are fond of French cooking and French ways. Other notable French restaurants are those of George Fera, 162 Tremont Street; Fred. E. Weber, 25 and 27 Temple Place; D. T. Copeland, 128 Tremont Street; and A. F. Copeland, 467 Washington Street (much favored by ladies, and in the evenings by seekers for light refreshment in which ice- cream predominates). "Down-town," those of Mrs. Harrington and Marston & Cunio, on School Street; Stumcke & Goodwin, 9 to 13 Brattle Street; R. Marston & Co., 23 Brattle Street; Thomas H. Smith, 9 Exchange Place; Campbell & Coverly, 233 Washington Street; Isaac M." Learned & Co., 413 Washington Street; and John D. Gilman, 50 Summer Street. Besides these there are many small and quiet places, famous for oneor two special features ; and the restaurants about' the markets, patronized by the market- men and others, renowned for the lusciousness of their steaks and other meats, and the general excellence of the substantial food they set before their hardy and hearty patrons. There are also large coffee-houses, mag- nificently furnished, and intended as adjuncts to the temperance cause, giving harmless drinks and light lunches, and facilities for various forms of amusements and games. These are under the patronage of the best people in Boston, and were started primarily with philanthropic views, but have gratified their projectors with notable financial success also. The chief of these are the Oriental, on Washington Street (South End); and the Alhambra, 11 to 15 Green Street, near Bowdoin Square.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 67

ftfje public Butltimgs,

CITY, COUNTY, STATE, AND UNITED STATES BUILDINGS; AND CITY GOVERNMENT.

THE pride with which the Bostonian shows the public buildings, and those devoted to art, literature, and education, is not unreasonable. Without exaggeration, it can be said, that no city in the country presents a finer or more substantial class of buildings. They are not all imposing, and few are "showy;" they are not all of modern style, after one pattern; but they are, as a rule, thoroughly and honestly built; and generally attrac- tive and satisfactory, so far as architectural design is concerned, even to the educated critic. Some are stately and impressive ; others have an every-day business look about them ; and all are a credit to the city, and to those who planned and built them.

Boston, as a city, owns upwards of 300 public buildings, covering per- haps 120 acres of land. Its county buildings are valued at about $3,000,- 000; its public buildings, specifically classified as such, $7,700,000; and its school-buildings, $8,500,000. Several of these return good incomes, such as the Quincy-Market building, $70,000 a year; Faneuil-Hall Market, $20,000; and the Old State House, $10,350. The State and National build- ings, some of which are costly, are not included in the above valuations.

In this chapter we shall give some practical information, concisely put, of some of these buildings, and, to a limited extent, of their character, uses, and occupants.

The City Hall, fronting on School Street, is the most elaborate munici- pal structure in Boston. It is a very handsome and imposing building, and is well adapted to the uses for which it was built. The style of architec- ture is the Italian Renaissance, modified and elaborated by the taste of the French architects of the last thirty years. The building cost over $500,- 000, including the furniture and plans for same. The faces of the front and west sides are of white Concord granite ; those of the Court-square and City-Hall Avenue facades are of stone from the old City Hall, which stood on the same spot. There is a large turfed yard in front, in which stands, on one side, the bronze statue of Franklin by Richard S. Greenough, erected in 1856; and, on the other, Thomas Ball's bronze statue of Josiah Ouincy, one of the earliest and most energetic mayors of Boston, which was placed in its position Sept. 17, 1879.

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KING'S HANDBOOK' OF BOSTON.

The first, second, and third stories and the basement of the City Hall are fireproof. The floors of the fourth, fifth, and attic stories are of bur- netized timber. The roof is of wood, covered with copper and slate. The interior finish is principally of butternut and pine. The main entrance communicates with the first-story hall, which is paved with squares of black and white marble. Thence the fine, broad staircases or the elevator con- duct the visitor to the upper stories. The staircases are of iron, with face stringers, newels, rails, and balusters of oak. In the wall of the first landing is a tablet of Sienna and white marble bearing this inscription : —

CORNER b *W 1862,

J. M. WlGHTMAN,

Mayor.

Dt^ ^</865,

F. W. Lincoln, Jr.

Mayor.

G. J. F. Bryant and A. Oilman, Architects.

In the basement are the offices of the lamp department, the inspectors of buildings, of police, of hacks and trucks, of pawnbrokers and intelli- gence-offices, the probation-office, etc. On the first story are the offices of the city treasurer, city collector, auditor of accounts, water-registrar, super- intendent of police, and the assessors. On the second story is the room of the board of aldermen. It is 44 feet square, 26 feet high, well lighted and tastefully ornamented. Near by is a lobby with cloak-rooms. On the same floor are the offices of the mayor, the city clerk,1 the city messenger, the clerk of committees, the superintendent of public buildings, superintendent of public lands, the city registrar, and a large committee-room. On the third story are the offices of the superintendent of streets, the superintend- ents of sewers, of Common and squares, the board of fire-commissioners, the chief engineer of the fire-department, the superintendent of printing, the board of street-commissioners, and the city surveyor. On the fourth story is the common-council chamber, 44 by 44 feet, 27 feet high, with galleries on three sides, and seats for 250 persons. Adjacent are dressing and committee rooms; and on the same floor are the offices of the clerk of the council, the

1 It is certainly an interesting fact, that from the year Boston became a city until 1883 there were only two city clerks, — the first, S. F. McCleary, sen., serving for 30 consecutive years; and the second, his son, S. F. McCleary, jun., serving for the past 30 years. The clerk of the common council, Washington P. Gregg, has also served a long term. He was first elected to the position in 1842.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

69

BOSTON CITY HALL, SCHOOL STREET.

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K/iYG'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

city engineer, and the water-board. On the fifth story is the city architect's department, and several store-rooms and watchmen's rooms. The attic, under the dome, contains the operating-room of the magnetic fire-alarm telegraph, whence alarms arc sent out over the wires communicating with all the public bells and engine-houses. Near by are sleeping-rooms and a library for the operators. Above, in the dome itself, is the battery-room, 13 by 41 feet in dimensions. Tiie dome is surmounted by a balcony, from which rises a flag-staff 200 feet from the ground. Four lions' heads look out from the corners of the balcony, and a gilded eagle surmounts the centre of its front.

The legislative power is vested in the mayor, 12 aldermen chosen from the city at large, and 72 common councilmen chosen by the 25 wards. The executive power is vested in the mayor and aldermen. The term of office of the mayor, aldermen, and councilmen is one year; and the election occurs annually on the Tuesday after the second Monday of December. The departments are severally designated, the assessors', financial, health, regis- trar's, water, fire, and police departments. The mayor receives a salary of $5,000 a year ; the city and county treasurer, $5,000 ; the collector, $5,000 ; the auditor, $5,000; the three members of the board of health, $3,000 each; the city physician, $2,700, with $uoo for his assistant, $900 for the port phy- sician, and $850 for his assistant; the superintendent of health, $3,000 and horse and carriage; the city registrar, whose main duty is to keep the record of births, marriages, and deaths, and grant certificates of intention of mar- riage, $2,500; the three water-commissioners, $3,000 each : the city engineer, $4,500; the resident engineer of the Sudbury-river water-works, $5,000. with $3,000 for the water-registrar, $3,000 for the superintendent of the eastern division, and $3,000 for the superintendent of the western : water-registrar Mystic water-works, $2,500, superintendent, $1,700, and engineer, $1,200; the three fire-commissioners, $3,000 each : chief engineer of the fire-department, $3,000; the three police-commissioners, $3,000 each ; the city solicitor, $4,500; and the three registrars of voters, $2,500 each. There are many minor offi- cials having positions in and about the City Mall, in the various city institu- tions, and in care of city property. The city clerk receives $4,000 a year, and has $10,250 a year for assistant clerks. The cost of administering the affairs of the city has grown rapidly within the past quarter of a century; and during the seven years preceding 1SS1 earnest efforts have been made to reduce it. The total actual expenses of the city and county in 1SS1-S2, for the year ending April 30, were $13,568,412.28 against $[ 3,39s, 120.50 the jM'evious year,

The Directors for Public Institutions have charge of the House of Indus- try, the House of Reformation, the alms-houses situated on islands in the harbor, the House of Correction and the Lunatic Hospital at South Boston,

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 71

the Home for the Poor on Austin Farm, West-Roxbury district, alms- house in the Charlestown district, and Marcella-street (Highlands) Home for pauper and neglected boys. The superintendent of health has charge of the city stables, horses, carts, wagons, etc., necessary for the business of keeping the city streets and ways clean, collecting house-offal, etc. The Central Charity Bureau building on Chardon and Hawkins Streets, where the principal charitable societies have headquarters, and the Temporary Home at the corner of Chardon and Bowker Streets, are in charge of the Board of Overseers of the Poor. There are twenty public bath-houses, all well equipped and supplied.

The Boston fire-department is one of the most efficient in the country; and the system of its management is regarded by those well qualified to judge as admirable in every particular. The department is under the direct control of the fire-commission, consisting of three members, who are ap- pointed by the mayor and confirmed by the city council. There is a chief engineer, ten assistant-engineers, two call-engineers, and 663 men employed in various capacities. The apparatus consists of 29 steam fire-engines, and for each a hose-carriage; 12 independent hose-carriages and companies; 7 chemical engines; 12 hook-and-ladder carriages, all of which carry portable extinguishers ; 1 aerial ladder, 1 fire-boat, and 1 water-tower (height 50 feet). The water-front is protected by a steam fire-boat, constructed of iron, sup- plied with four steam-pumps, high-pressure boiler, and an 80 horse-power engine, capable of playing eight streams of water at one time. A self-sus- taining aerial ladder, consisting of 8 sections, each 12 feet long, was pur- chased in 1876. These sections can be joined and the ladder raised in 6 minutes. Belonging to the department are 150 horses, about 70,000 feet of hose, and 1,000 feet of suction-hose. The yearly salaries of the fire-depart- ment are about $1,000 per day. There was paid out in 1881-82, on account of the whole department, $457,217.21, besides $87,420 paid the water- department for water and maintenance of the hydrants. The sliding-pole has been introduced into the houses of the department, and saves much time, as by it the men can drop from their sleeping or recreation rooms in front of the apparatus. With the changing of the stalls, the introduction of the swinging harness, the sliding-pole, and the new quick-ringing electric gongs, the time taken to hitch and get ready to leave quarters is as quick now as is consistent with safety. It is a rule, that, when any signal for a fire is received at the quarters of any company, every member will immediately report for duty on the floor. The horses will be hitched up, and the com- pany prepared to leave quarters upon the word " Go," to be given by the officer in command. During the past year the board tested the length of time which it took to comply with the foregoing order while all the men, except the house-patrol, were in bed; and the result showed an average

72 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

time of n£ seconds. The magnetic fire-alarm apparatus cost over $100,000. Boston was the first city to adopt the system. Indeed, it originated here with Dr. William F. Channing of this city, and Moses G. Farmer of Salem. In 1845 Dr. Channing, in a lecture before the Smithsonian Institute, Wash- ington, suggested the employment of the telegraph as a means of giving alarms of fire. In 1848 the subject was brought before the Boston city government by the mayor, and some experiments tried; in 1851, $10,000 was appropriated to test the system, and during the next year it was brought into successful operation. It has now in working order about 260 miles of wire, 266 signal-boxes in use, 53 striking-machines, 60 large gongs, 42 small gongs, 60 tappers, 15 vibrators, and other material. At various places in the city the hour of noon is struck by the fire-alarm telegraph, correct time being furnished by telegraph from the observatory at Harvard University. The superintendent of fire-alarms receives $2,300 a year, with use of horse and carriage : there are also employed 4 operators and 3 repairers, at $3.75 a day. A constant watch night and day is kept by the operators at the chief office, in the dome of the City Hall. The Boston Protective Depart- ment, incorporated in 1874, is under the management of the fire-under- writers. It had previously existed as an organization supported by volun- • tary contributions : now, however, the money voted for its support can be collected through any of the State courts. Two wagons and five permanent men are in service at all times ; and call-men, attached to each of the hook- and-ladder carriages in the suburbs, are under pay of the department. The right of way, and authority to enter houses endangered by fire, are given by law. The prime object of the department is to save property, but it also performs meritorious work in saving life. The office of the department is at 35 Congress Street. James* Swords is the president, and the treasurer is Charles E. Guild. Connected with this department there is a superin- tendent; and a fire-marshal, also empowered to make investigations into causes of fires under certain conditions.

The police-department, since 1878, is under the control of three commis- sioners, each appointed for three years by the mayor, with the approval of the city council. The police-force, and the salaries paid, are as follows: Superintendent of police, $3,000 a year; deputy-superintendent, $2,300 a year; chief inspector, $4 a day; 15 captains, $4 a day each; 10 inspectors, $3.50 a day each ; 34 lieutenants, $3.50 a day each ; 53 sergeants, $3.25 a day each ; and 635 patrolmen, $3 a day each. These, and the officers connected with the local houses of detention and the public buildings, make the whole police-force comprise yy6 men. There are 15 divisions in the city, each having its own station-house. The 8th division includes the harbor and wharves, and has charge of the steamboat " Protector," with its men and rowboats. The cost of the police-department, and the charges made

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON

74 KING'S HAXDPOOK OF BOSTON.

against it, amounted in the year 1S81-82 to $899,974. The police-commis- sioners arc Thomas L. Jenks, Nathaniel Wales, and Benjamin D. Burley; and the superintendent of police is Samuel G. Adams.

The system for supplying the city with water is elaborate, and the water- works form one of the most interesting features. One of the advantages of the peninsula which attracted the early settlers was its abundance of pure water: the Indian name. Shawmut, it is said signifies '"Living Fountains.-' But early in its history the wants of the town had increased beyond its internal resources. As early as 1795 a company was incorporated to intro- duce water from Jamaica Pond. In 1845 this company had laid about 15 miles of pipe, conveying water to nearly 3,000 of the 10.370 houses the citv then contained. Pipes were at first of pine logs. The elevation of this pond, however, was too low to bring the water into the higher portions of the city; and its capacity was not sufficient for the portions it did reach. For many years the subject of a better supply had been agitated ; and at length, in the year 1845, Long Pond, or Lake Cochituate as it was afterwards called, situated in the towns of Framingiiam, Natick, and Wayland, about twenty miles west from the city proper, was selected. In August of the next year, ground was formally broken for the new works by John Ouincy Adams and Josiah Ouincy, jun. ; and in 1S4S the work was completed. But the growth of the city was so great, that in less than twenty years the source was insufficient: and the waters of Sudbury River have been made tributary, the citv having been given the necessary authority in 1872. The extreme length of Lake Cochituate, in a direct line, is three anil a half miles; and the breadth of the widest part is about i,Soo feet, with a water- surface of 800 acres at high-water mark. In addition to the supply in the lake. "Dug Pond"' containing 44^ acres, and "Dudley Pond " containing Si acres, are connected with and form important tributaries to it. The whole circuit of the lake, measuring at its verge when within two feet of high-water mark, is about 16 miles : and the city owns an average width of five rods around it which is held free from taxation, also one and a quarter acres at the outlet of Dudley Pond; the whole line of the water-works extending from Lake Cochituate, and continuing through a brick aqueduct, iron pipes, and stone tunnel, 14^ miles, to a reservoir in Brookline of about 23 acres f water-surface, and 119.583,960 gallons capacity. The Brookline reser- voir is a beautiful structure of irregular elliptical shape. Another receiv- ing reservoir — Chestnut Hill — is situated in the Brighton district, a very extensive and attractive work. Its construction was begun in 1865; and the city became possessed of 212'] acres of land, costing about 5120.000, before it was finished. It is 5 ', miles from the City Mall, and one mile from the Brookline reservoir. It is. in fact, a double reservoir, divided by a water-tight dam into two basins of irregular shape. Their capacity is

o

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 75

730,000,000 gallons, and their water-surface 123^ acres. A magnificent driveway, varying from 60 to 80 feet in width, surrounds the entire work: in some parts the road runs quite close to the embankment, separated from it by only a smooth gravelled walk, with green turf on either side.

The high-service pumping-works are situated in the Roxbury district. The Parker-hill reservoir, on Parker Hill, built especially for the high-service supply, will hold 7,200,000 gallons above a plane z\ feet above the bottom of the outflow-pipe. The area of the water-surface when at high-water mark is 64,033 square feet, and its elevation 219 feet above tide-marsh level. The Beacon-hill reservoir, originally built as a distributing reservoir, was aban- doned, owing to the connection of the Beacon-hill district with the high- service works on Parker Hill; and in 1882-83 its magnificent masonry was torn down, to give a place for new public buildings. The South-Boston reservoir, on the east side of Telegraph Hill, South Boston, covers, with its embankments, an area of about 126,000 square feet. It resembles in shape the segment of an ellipse, and has a water-area, when at high-water mark, of 70,041 square feet, and a capacity of 7,508,246 gallons. This reservoir is not now used. The East-Boston reservoir, on Eagle Hill, East Boston, has a water-area, when at high-water mark, of 44,100 square feet, and a capacity of 5,591,816 gallons. It is used in connection with high- service works, which supply the higher portions of the district.

The supply from Lake Cochituate having become inadequate to the wants of the city, an act was passed by the legislature, approved April 8, 1872, authorizing the taking of the water of Sudbury River, and the construc- tion of suitable reservoirs and aqueducts. The river above where the water is taken has a water-shed of about 7s miles. Three dams on the river form storage basins, having a capacity of 1,877,000,000 gallons; and a fourth basin is now being constructed which will have a capacity of 1,100,000,000 gallons. From the lower basin a brick conduit, 4,170 feet long, conveys the water to Farm Pond in Framingham, whence another brick conduit, 7 feet 8 inches by 9 feet, having a capacity of 80,000,000 gallons per day, conveys the water to Chestnut-hill reservoir, — a distance of about 16 miles. The main pipes leading from the several receiving-reservoirs to the city, and the distributing-pipes laid in the city proper, East and South Boston, the High- lands, Dorchester, West Roxbury, and Brighton districts, aggregate in length 368 miles, varying in size from three inches to forty-eight inches in diameter. The gross expenditure on account of the Cochituate and Sud- bury-river water-works to the city, up to the 1st of May, 1882, was $33,180,- 771 ; and the net cost, less the revenue, is nearly $16,000,000. The cost of construction alone was about $17,000,000.

Through annexation with Charlestown, the city became possessed of the " Mystic Water-works." Mystic Lake, which is the source of supply,

76 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

is situated in the towns of Medford, Arlington, and Winchester, 6£ miles from Charlestown Square. It has an area of about 200 acres, when flowed to the level authorized by the Act to take water, and a storage capacity, at that level, of 380,000,000 gallons of water. The area of country forming the drainage-basin is 27.75 square miles. The conduit is 7,453. feet long. The reservoir is on Walnut Hill in Medford, near Tufts College. Its water-surface covers an area of 4J acres ; being nearly a parallelogram in shape, with a length of 560 feet and a width of 350 feet. It is 25 feet in depth, the top line of bank being three feet above high-water mark. At this level its capacity is 26,244,415 gallons. The top water-line is 147 feet above high-water level of the harbor. The embankments are laid out with a concrete walk. A roadway passes around three sides of the reservoir, at the foot of the embankment; and the grounds about it are handsomely laid out. Besides supplying the Charlestown district, the cities of Somer- ville and Chelsea, East Boston, and the town of Everett, are also supplied from the Mystic works. The cost of construction of these works, up to May 1, 1882, was $1,634,108.82. The daily consumption of water is 32,000,- 000 gallons from the Cochituate works, and 7,000,000 gallons from the Mystic works.

The United States Post-office and Sub-treasury building, when com- pleted, will be by far the most imposing public edifice in New England. It will occupy the square bounded by Water, Devonshire, and Milk Streets, and Post-office Square, fronting on the latter. Our frontispiece shows the Post-office-square front as it will appear when completed. The portion now finished, and which has been occupied since the early part of 1875, is less than half the entire structure.

Efforts to secure a proper post-office building for Boston were begun as long ago as President Fillmore's administration; but they were not success- ful until 1867, when a joint resolution of Congress, appointing a commission to select a site for a post-office building in Boston, was approved by the Pres- ident. A year later a site was accepted, and an appropriation made for the purchase of the land ; and another year later ground was broken, and the work begun. The celebration of the laying of the corner-stone was not until the first part of the building had been nearly finished to the top of the street- story. This was on the 16th of October, 1871. A distinguished company was present, including President Grant and his cabinet; and the occasion was observed as a general holiday. There was a great military and Masonic procession. The ceremony of laying the stone was performed by William Sewall Gardner, grand master of the grand lodge of Massachusetts ; an ora- tion was delivered by Postmaster-General Creswell, and an historical address was made by Nathaniel B. Shurtleff. On the 9th of November, 1872, the building was ready for the roof, when the Great Fire came. By this it was

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 77

damaged to the extent of $175,000, the loss on granite alone being $98,000. Two of the pavilions on the Water and Milk Street sides were so defaced and chipped by the intense heat that it was necessary to replace them; and the marks of the fire are yet visible on plinths on both these sides.

The building is in the Renaissance style of architecture, and of Cape- Ann o-ranite. The Devonshire-street front is 200 feet long. The exterior facades on the three streets reach an average height above the sidewalks of 100 feet, the central portion of each reaching a height of 126 feet. The street-story of 28 feet, formed by a composition of pilasters and columns resting on heayy plinths at the sidewalk level, and crowned with an entabla- ture, carries two stories above it, adorned by ornate windows. The roof is a solid and ambitious affair of iron, slated, upon iron girders, and presents circular dormer windows, in iron frames. The Devonshire fagade is sub- divided into five compartments by a central projection, flanked by two cur- tains finishing at the corners of Water and Milk Streets ; and the central portion is ornamented with an heraldic figure, an eagle with outspread wings, grasping in its talons a shield.

The post-office occupies the entire ground-floor and the basement. There is a continuous passage-way across the rear, or east side, from Milk to Water Street, with a court-yard for the convenient delivery and receipt of mails from the postal wagons. The basement-story has a clear height of 14 feet, and is extended beneath the sidewalk of all three of the thorough- fares surrounding the present edifice. The central portion of the first story, 81 by 43 feet, is for the post-office proper, and is connected with the rear court-yard, and lighted from it. All the work is transacted in one grand spacious apartment, directly under the eye of the various superintendents. This work-hall is 30 feet in height, and 216 by 82 feet in floor area, and is sur- rounded on three of its sides by a public corridor, from which it is separated by the post-office screen, which contains the box and other deliveries, and registry. Surmounting the screen, and covering the corridor, is a mezzanine flooring, or gallery, 12 feet wide, opening into the grand work-hall. This is enclosed by a metal balcony-railing, and is reached from the floor of the hall by two flights of stairs. In this gallery are the offices of the superintendents of general delivery and of second-class mail-matter (on the Water-street side); and the inquiry-office (on the Milk-street side). The postmaster's and cashier's rooms are in the second story. The apartments of the sub- treasury occupy the larger portion of the second story. " The Marble Cash-room," in the centre, is a showy hall, forming a parallelogram : its decoration is in the Grecian style which characterizes the building. The tall pilasters are mounted on solid bases, and topped with elaborate worked capitals, all of Sicilian marble ; while the wall-slabbing above and below is of the dark and light shades of Sienna. The cornices resting on these capitals

78 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

are of highly enriched frieze, with a double row of brackets, and richly ornamented. A gallery, or balcony, surrounds the four sides of the room, accessible from the staircase, hall, and corridor of the third story. The doors and window-sashes are of solid mahogany. Connected with the cash- room are the four fire and burglar proof safes. There are also-on this floor eight apartments for the sole use of the sub-treasury. In other portions of the upper stories are the pension and internal-revenue offices. In the basement is the money-order department. The tiled halls and corridors on these floors are broad and lofty, and the stairways are spacious and easy.

The completion of the building by the erection of the second section was long delayed by the difficulties encountered in gaining possession of the land. Congress agreed to make an additional appropriation of $750,000, on condition that the streets surrounding the building should be widened, — for which the fire had somewhat paved the way, — both to improve the appearance of the building, and to give additional protection against fire. This widening was strenuously opposed by certain property-owners. The necessary legislation, however, was secured, and the appropriation made. Then another serious obstacle appeared. The owners of the land set such a high price upon it that it could not be considered. At length the courts were appealed to ; and the price awarded, though considered high, was accepted, and the work of building the second portion was begun. When completed (probably in 1884), the post-office work-room will be extended, covering the basement and street-floor of the entire building, the court-yard being covered and separating the two wings ; the postmaster's room will be removed to the street-floor on the Post-office Square front; and the money- order department, now crowded into a rather dark corner on the Milk-street side, will have well-lighted and spacious quarters on the corner of Post-office Square and Milk Street. The United States court-rooms and offices will be on the second floor of the new wing; and the internal-revenue department will be moved from the present wing into the new.

The cost of the entire work when the extension is completed, it is esti- mated, will be between five and six millions. Up to July 1, 1882, about $5,250,000 had been expended. The sum included the cost of the land, which was $865,000: the portion for the extension over which there was so much controversy, settled finally by the Supreme Court, cost about $411,000.

The present is the first post-office building in the city owned by the government. For most of the time previous to the Revolution, the office was in that part of Washington Street formerly known as Cornhill, between Water Street and the present Cornhill. During the siege of Boston the post-office was removed to Cambridge. After the evacuation by the British, the office was returned to the east side of Washington Street, near State. Later it was removed to State Street, in a building originally the site of the

ICING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

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first meeting-house erected in Boston. It was moved several times during the next thirty years, tarrying for a while in the Old State House, and bringing up finally in the Merchants' Exchange building on State Street, where it was burnt out in the Great Fire, though all the valuable matter was safely removed. A resting-place was found in Faneuil Hall ; and a few weeks afterwards the Old-South Church was re-arranged, and here the post- office remained until the completion of the present building.

During the Revolution, Tuthill Hubbard was postmaster of Boston, under Benjamin Franklin and John Foxcroft, who were the last deputy-postmasters for North America under foreign appointment. Hubbard was succeeded by Jonathan Hastings, who remained in office until 1809. Other postmasters were: Aaron Hill, appointed in 1809; Nathaniel Greene, 1829; William Hayden, 1849; George W. Gordon, 1852; Edwin C. Bailey, 1854; Nahum Capen, 1858; John G. Palfrey, 1861 ; William L. Burt, 1867; and Edward S. Tobey, 1876, who is the present incumbent. The following statistics for the year 1881 show the business conducted at the post-office: Letters de- livered by carriers, 21,998,122; postal-cards, 7,830,050; newspapers, etc., 9,496,787: total, 39,324,959. Letters collected, 23,850,449; postal-cards, 7*763,760; newspapers, etc., 5,398,369: total, 37,017,578. During 1881 the volume of mail-matter handled was about 25 per cent in excess of any previ- ous year. It has been increasing steadily of late years.

The United States Court House, corner of Tremont Street and Temple Place, looks more like a church than a court-house. It was, in fact, built for a Masonic Temple in 1832. The walls are of Quincy granite ; and there are two towers 16 feet square and 95 feet high, surmounted by battlements and pinnacles. There are five stories, and the rooms are lighted by long arched windows. A view of this building is shown in connection with St. Paul's Church, in the chapter on " The Soul of the City."

The United States Navy Yard, in the Bunker-hill district, is on the point of land formerly known as Morton's Point, at the junction of the Charles and Mystic Rivers. It comprises over eighty acres of land, and is enclosed on the land side by a high stone wall. On the water-front are several wharves and a substantial sea-wall. The granite dry-dock, 341 feet long, 80 feet wide, and 30 feet deep, which was opened in 1833, and cost over $677,000, is worthy of notice. The first vessel docked here was the old frigate " Constitution." There is a quaint museum called the " Naval Li- brary and Institute," a granite rope-walk 1,361 feet long, machine-shops capable of giving employment to about 2,000 men, buildings for the storage of timber and naval stores, ship-houses, marine barracks, a -magazine and arsenal, a parade-ground, parks for cannon and shot, and dwelling-houses for the commandant and various officers of the yard. Passes are issued to visitors on application at the gate. The yard was established in 1800, when

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

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the land cost only $40,000. Several large vessels of the old navy were built here, including- the "Vermont," "Virginia," "Independence," and " Cumberland."

The Boston State House, -'the hub of the solar system" according to Dr. Holmes, stands on the summit of Beacon Hill, the most commanding situation in the city, on a lot which was formerly Gov. Hancock's cow-pas-

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The State House, Beacon Street.

ture, bounded now by Beacon Street on the south, Mount-Vernon Street on the east and north, and Hancock Avenue on the west. The corner-stone was laid in 1795, and the oration was delivered by Gov. Samuel Adams. The customary Masonic ceremonies were conducted by Paul Revere, grand mas- ter. The original cost of the building was over $133,000, but several expen- sive additions and improvements have since been made. The south side

82 KING'S HANDBOOK' OF BOSTON.

was added in 1S52; and the dome was gilded in 1 S74, producing a fine effect. The building was first occupied by the "Great and General Court"' in 1 79S, when the Old State House was abandoned. The building is oblong, meas- uring 173 by 61 feet. Its height, including the dome, is 1 10 feet, and the lan- tern is about 220 feet above the sea-level. Bronze statues of Horace Mann by Emma Stebbins, and of Daniel Webster by Hiram Powers, and two fountains, ornament the turfed terrace in front of the buildinsj. The main entrance is reached by a succession of stone terraces from Beacon Street, and leads into the Doric Hall. This hall contains the remnants of the flasrs carried by Massachusetts soldiers in the civil war. Here also are exhibited copies of the memorial tablets of the Washington family in England, given to the State by Charles Sumner; tablets taken from the old Revolutionary monument that stood on Beacon Hill before the State House was built; and guns that formerly belonged to the Concord minute-men, recalling the days of 1775. Thomas Ball's marble statue of Gov. John A.Andrew is considered a work of great artistic merit; and Chantrey's statue of Wash- ington, wrapped in a military cloak, should be noticed. In Doric Hall are also busts of Samuel Adams, Abraham Lincoln, Charles Sumner, and Henry Wilson. The Hall of Representatives, in the centre of the building, is the largest room in the State House, and accommodates 500 members. Visitors are admitted to the gallery during the sessions. The ancient codfish still hangs from one side of the ceiling, an emblem of the bygone importance of the cod to the State, "which has been," says Drake, "a greater source of wealth than the mines of California.'1 The same fish hung in the old hall in State Street, but was taken down, and not restored till after the peace, when it was again and has ever since been displayed before the assembled wisdom of the Commonwealth. The Senate Chamber is at the east end of the building, and is 60 by 50 feet. It contains some portraits of dignitaries and a few relics. At the west end of the building is a large room for the meetings of the governor and council, and the offices of the governor and other State officers. On the north side, in the fireproof addition, is the State library, 88 by 37 feet in dimensions, 36^ feet high, with galleries and alcoves, and containing over 40,000 volumes. This portion of the Capitol also contains various committee rooms; and the fireproof rooms in the basement are devoted to the preservation of State archives. There is a very complete agricultural library; and the State cabinet contains some valuable specimens of rocks, minerals and fossils, birds, animals, insects, and shells. For the sake of the view, which is very extensive, and gives a good general idea of the topography of the city, visitors to the number of about 50,000 per annum climb the 170 steps leading to the cupola that surmounts the gild.'d dome, which rises 30 feet from its pediment, and is 50 feet in diameter. The cupola is free to visitors when the legislature

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84 KING'S HANDBOOK' OF BOSTON.

is not in session ; and below there is a register wherein strangers should enter their names.

The Old State House, after many years of occupation by business offices, was rehabilitated in 1SS2, and skilfully restored to its ancient colonial form ; the main halls being leased until 1892, at a nominal rent, to the Bostonian Society as a museum of local antiquities, open to the public, free of charge, from 9.30 to 5 daily. In the halls are ancient portraits of Washington, Webster, Sewall, Addington, Ouincy, and other old-time wor- thies, and scores of paintings, engravings, and relics illustrative of Boston's early history. The record of the building is thus set forth : —

"On this spot stood, until its burning, Oct. 3, 171 1, the first town-house of Boston, founded in 1657, by the liberality of Capt. Robert Keayne. Here, in 1713, was erected the second town-house, whose walls endure to this day, as do the floors and roof, constructed in 1747, after a second fire had devastated its chambers. Here the loyal assemblies obeyed the Crown. Here the spirit of Liberty was aroused and guided by the eloquent appeals and sagacious counsels of Otis, Adams, Ouincy, Warren, dishing, and Hancock. Here the child Independence was born. Here Washington received the tribute of an enfranchised people; here was installed the government of a new State; here for ten years our civic rulers assembled; and here, by the vote of the city council of 1SS1, have been reconstructed, in their original form, the Council Chamber and Representatives' Hall — hallowed by the memories of the Revolution. May our children preserve the sacred trust."

The quaint old council-chamber is on the east front of the building, and its history is summed up in the inscription: "The seat of the Vice-Regal state of the Governors under the Crown, during the Provincial period. Here, in the early time, assembled the Honorable Council, composed of 2S citizens, chosen from the most prominent and loyal friends of the King. In this room were formulated the various acts of Royal authority prior to the evacuation of Boston by the British, March 17, 1776, and were enregistered the decrees of the Home Government relative to the conduct of colonial affairs. From the balcony under the large East window it was the custom to announce to the People the commissions and titles of the Governors upon assuming office, and proclaim with beat of drum and blast of trumpet the Royal Succession, whenever a new Sovereign ascended the English throne. Here presided in turn Joseph Dudley, Samuel Shute, and Jonathan Belcher, bearing the King's commission as Governors of the Province, and here, in the brilliant and successful administration of William Shirley, next ensuing, were matured the plans for the renowned military expedition, which in joint command of General William Pepperrell and Commodore Warren achieved in 1745 the conquest of Louisbourg, upon the island of Cape Breton, then

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 85

the chief fortress of the French in North America. Here next held Guber- natorial sway Thomas Povvnall and Francis Bernard, which brings us down to 1760, when the accession of King George the Third was proclaimed. In the administration of Thomas Hutchinson, next in order, came the events culminating in the Boston Massacre, March 5, 1770, and it was from the large East window that the Governor addressed the populace upon that occasion, and ordered them to disperse. To this room came, upon the following day, the Committee of Fifteen, with Samuel Adams at its head, which had been appointed by the citizens of Boston, then convened in town meeting at Faneuil Hall, to wait upon Governor Hutchinson, and demand the removal of the British troops to Castle William (then occupying the site of the present Fort Independence), which was effected March 10-11, 1770, and renders this chamber historic as the scene of the first concession obtained by the colonists from the Crown upon the eve of the illustrious struggle for independence. Succeeding Hutchinson in 1774 came Thomas Gage, last of the Royal Governors, and upon his recall the appointment of Sir William Howe to the command of the military force encamped in Boston, who held control until the evacuation of the town. From the East window, upon July 18, 1776, was first made public, with great exultation, the Declaration of Independence. Here, in 1780, upon the adoption of the State Constitution, was formally inaugurated John Hancock, the first Governor chosen by the people, and here subsequently presided his successors, James Bowdoin, Samuel Adams, and Increase Sumner. Here, in 1830, when the building was taken as a City Hall, in the administration of Harrison Gray Otis, were held the sessions of the Board of Aldermen."

The old Representatives' Hall is at the west end of the building, and its annals are thus recorded : " The Forum of popular action, where, in the Provincial day, was convened the Great and General Court, which, in the name of the People, gave official utterance to the voice of the Province. Here, in 1761, was delivered the memorable plea of James Otis, Jr., against the Writs of Assistance, and was registered the protest, later, against the imposition of the tax on tea. Here, in April, 1765, was received the notice of the passage by Parliament of the Stamp Act; and here, upon Oct. 24 of the -same year, first appeared in public life, as Representative of the Town of Boston, Samuel Adams, that fearless leader of the people, who subse- quently bore so renowned a part in organizing the Revolution. In this room, in Feb., 1768, was passed by the General Court of the Province the significant Resolution indicative of the growing spirit of resistance, which ordered letters written to the other Colonies, ' with respect to the importance of joining with them in petitioning His Majesty at this time.' The passage of this order incensed the British Government, which demanded the re- scinding of the vote, with which the Legislature refused compliance by a

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vote of 92 to 17. This was followed by the action of the Ministry in deciding to quarter a division of the Royal soldiery in Boston; the first detachment arriving from Halifax, Sept. 29, 176S. Some of the troops were quartered upon the Common, while the remainder were placed by Governor Bernard in Faneuil Hall and in this building, an arbitrary act, viewed with indignation by the citizens of Boston. When the General Court, at its next session, convened in this room, in May, 1769, its first work after organization was to resolve that 'an armament by sea and land, investing the Metropolis, and a military guard, with cannon pointed at the very door of the State House, where this assembly is held, is inconsistent with that dignity, as well as that freedom, with which we have a right to deliberate, consult, and determine.' Events rapidly followed which intensified the popular opposi- tion, at length culminating in the Boston Massacre, which occurred in front of this building, upon King (present State) Street, on the evening of March 5, 1770. The trial of Captain Preston and the soldiers, before the Court of the Province, took place in this room, in the month of October following, John Adams and Josiah Quincy, Jr., appearing in defence of the prisoners. From a temporary balcony erected in front of the centre window, at the end of this room, General Washington, in 1789, reviewed the pro- cession which welcomed him upon the occasion of his last visit to Boston. This room was last occupied by the House of Representatives on Jan. 11, 1798, when the Legislature marched in procession from the Old State House to the new structure upon Beacon Hill, then completed. Here, when the building was occupied by this Municipality as a City Hall, in 1830, were held the sessions of the Common Council."

The symbolic lion and unicorn of the British arms have been replaced on the eastern gable, greatly to the annoyance of the Irish- American citizens of Bos- ton, who continually peti- tion for their removal. The lower floors of the building are occupied as offices of transportation - companies, etc.

The Custom House, at the corner of State and India Streets, is a huge granite building in the form of a Greek cross, in the Doric style of archi- tecture, which was begun in 1837, and finished in 1847. It is 140 feet long,

The Custom House, State Street.

ICING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 87

yS feet wide at the ends, and 95 feet through the centre, and rests upon 3,000 piles, over which a platform of granite 18 inches thick is laid in hydraulic cement. The structure cost the United States government over $1, 000,000. A flat dome, with a skylight 25 feet in diameter, surmounts the building, and is 95 feet from the floor. 32 fluted granite columns, weighing 42 tons each, surround the edifice. The roof and dome are covered with wrought granite tiles. The main floor is occupied by the offices of the collector, deputy-collectors, and various clerks employed in the customs service. There is a large rotunda, 63 by 59 feet in dimensions, and 62 feet high, in the Grecian Corinthian style. The ceiling is supported by 12 marble columns, 3 feet in diameter and 29 feet high. On the entrance- floor' are the offices of the naval officer, surveyor, cashier, and a deputy- collector having in charge the entrance, clearance, and register of vessels, etc. There is also a large hall in the centre of this floor. The building is fireproof throughout. Roland Worthington, proprietor of the "Boston Traveller," was appointed collector in 18S2.

The County Court House, fronting on Court Street, stands by itself; the avenues along its sides, and in the rear, being known as Court Square. It is a solid, gloomy-looking, granite building. It was completed in 1836, and cost about $180,000. It is 176 by 54 feet, and has three stories and a basement. The Court-street front has a Doric portico, supported by four columns of fluted granite weighing 25 tons each. Many of the county and city courts are held here, such as the supreme judicial court, the superior court, the court for juvenile offenders, and the municipal court. On the second floor is the Social Law Library, referred to in the chapter on libra- ries. In the basement is the city "lock-up," for temporary accommodation.

The Jail for the County of Suffolk, on Charles Street, near the foot of Cambridge Street, presents an imposing appearance, especially to one approaching the city by the Cambridge, or West-Boston Bridge. It was completed in 1851, and cost more than $500,000. It consists of a centre octagonal building, with four wings radiating from the centre. Three of these wings enclose the cells of the prison, and the other is occupied as the sheriff's residence and offices. The exterior is of Quincy granite. The jail is in charge of Sheriff John M. Clark.

The Probate Office was in a plain brick building, now occupied by the probate court, on the west side of Court Square, close to the City Hall. In 1872 the quarters were removed to the lower floor of the new fireproof building of the Massachusetts Historical Society, thus giving them an en- trance at 32 Tremont Street. The probate office was established in 1636. The first year there were 2 cases, and the second year 5. There were 69 in the year 1700, and 166 in the year 1S00. There are now about 2,000 new probate cases a year ; and since the establishment of the office there have

88 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

been 69,000 probate cases. It is estimated that the entire wealth of Boston passes through the office about once in thirty years. The judge of probate and insolvency is John W. McKim, who was appointed in March, 1877. The register of probate and insolvency is Elijah George, who has held the office since April 3, 1877. The assistant register is John H. Paine ; and the clerks James L. Crombie and Ebenezer Gay.

The Registry of Deeds for Suffolk County is on the floor above the probate court and probate office. The whole number of instruments re- corded in the year ending Oct. 1, 1882, was 15,621. Of these, 12,119 were deeds, and 3,502 related to various other matters connected with real estate. The total number of pages occupied by these documents was 45,444. The volumes of records now number 1,585, containing about 400 instruments in each. The register of deeds is Thomas F. Temple, who has been in office since January, 1871. The assistant register is Charles W. Kimball. The register of deeds is elected by the people for a term of three years.

The Correctional Institutions are conspicuous objects on Deer and Rainsford Islands, in the harbor. The House of Industry is a large brick building, well arranged for the purpose for which it was built. The House of Reformation for Girls, near by, is of wood ; and there is also, in the group, a brick schoolhouse for truant" boys, a brick workshop and receiving- house, and other buildings. Several of the pauper institutions are also on these islands. The House of Correction at South Boston is an elaborate building, thoroughly equipped, and has a steam-engine of twenty-horse power in its workshop; and adjoining the House of Correction is a Lunatic Hospital. For the year ending April 30, 1882, the cost of the House of Industry was $153,248, and its income $23,013; cost of the House of Cor- rection, $85,112, and income $52,891; and cost of the Lunatic Hospital, $44,999, and income $4,347-

Fort Warren is the lowest fort in the harbor, situated at its entrance, on George's Island. It has been built since 1850. Its stone-work is of granite, and it has a comely and substantial appearance. During the war of the Rebellion it was especially used for the confinement of Confederate prisoners. Among the most distinguished of the latter were Mason and Slidell, the Confederate commissioners to England, captured on board "The Trent."

Fort Independence is on Castle Island, nearer the city, almost opposite South-Boston Point. This island has been fortified since 1634. Castle William, which stood here when the Revolution broke out, was fired by the retiring British, on the evacuation of Boston, and entirely destroyed.

Fort Winthrop is on Governor's Island, opposite Fort Independence. It is but partly built, work having been suspended while Jefferson Davis was secretary of war, before the breaking-out of the Rebellion. It was intended to be the strongest fortification in the harbor.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 89

Ktyt SLungs of tfje Citg.

BOSTON COMMON, PUBLIC GARDEN, PARKS, SQUARES, MONU- MENTS, STATUES, AND FOUNTAINS.

THE need of a grand public park, or series of parks, of generous propor- tions and on an elaborate scale, has long been felt; and the question of establishing such parks has been agitated for several years. In 1869 the subject was brought formally before the city government, but no action reached. Feb. 17, 1874, a commission, consisting of the mayor, two alder- men, three councilmen, and three citizens at large, was appointed to con- sider the question ; and on the 25th of November they reported in favor of laying out a park in some part of the territory between Arlington Street and Parker's Hill, in the Roxbury district, and also of a series of parks of moderate size between the third and fourth mile circles of the city. On this report no action was taken by the city council, owing to the lateness of the season. The next year an act was obtained from the Legislature, granting the city leave to purchase land for a park or parks. This act was accepted by the people ; and three commissioners were appointed to locate, under certain conditions, one or more parks. This commission simply recommended a series of parks in different sections of the city, to be con- nected by a park road. Owing to the depression in business, nothing further was done in the matter until 1877, when the city council authorized the Park Commissioners, under whose charge all the city parks and public grounds will probably be placed, to purchase not less than one hundred acres of land or flats in the Back-bay district, at a cost of not over ten cents a foot, for the establishment of a public park. At the same time a loan of $450,000 was authorized to meet the purchases. In February, 1878, the commissioners were authorized to make further expenditures for the same park; $16,000 more being appropriated for land, and $25,000 for filling, grading, surveying, and laying out. The park will be bounded on all sides by public avenues, and will occupy a portion of the area between Beacon Street, Brookline Avenue, Longwood Avenue, and Parker Street, with entrances from each. The beginning of this park is regarded as a long stride towards the much-desired series of magnificent parks, which will add greatly to the beauty, health, and enjoyment of an already beautiful and healthful metropolis. The next move, it is expected, will be the improve- ment of the strip oi flats known as the Charles-river embankment, begin-

90 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

ning from Leverett Street, and extending along the border of Charles River to Cottage-Farm Station, a distance of nearly 2| miles, with an average width of 200 feet. An act was passed by the Legislature of 1881 enabling the city to begin this notable improvement. It is proposed to utilize the stone in the abandoned Beacon-hill reservoir in building a large portion of the sea-wall of the embankment. The plans contemplate a beautiful river- side resort, which will add much toward making Boston what it is fast coming to be, the most attractive city on this continent. In the summer of 18S1 the city council appropriated various sums, amounting to $1,500,000, the proceeds to be devoted to the carrying-out of the several park schemes, exclusive of the Back-bay park, under consideration since the establishment of the Park Commission in 1875. These are the West-Roxbury, City-Point, Brighton, and East-Boston parks, the Muddy-river improvement, the Charles- river Embankment, and the Arnold Arboretum. Of the several schemes, the West-Roxbury Park is the most extensive. The chosen site for this park is one of the most picturesque within the city limits. Its features are a gentle valley, nearly a mile in length, and of an average breadth, between the steeper slopes of the bordering hills, of less than a quarter of a mile. It is in many respects a remarkable expanse of tranquil, park-like, natural scenery. Of the proceeds from the loan of $1,500,000, it is proposed to set aside $600,000 for the purchase and development of this tract. The next in importance is the proposed marine park at City Point, South Boston, which is regarded as the most eligible position in the harbor for a water-front esplanade. For the Brighton Park it is proposed to take a tract of 180 acres, to be connected with the driveway about the Chestnut-hill Reservoir and' the general park- system ; and for East Boston a tract of 50 acres has been bought by the Park Commissioners. The proposed Muddy-river improvement is along the line of that river, partly within the limits of the city and the town of Brook- line. It is proposed to take about 100 acres of land here, and, in improving them substantially and attractively for park purposes, abate a nuisance, and at the same time connect the Back-bay improvement appropriately with land already owned by the city on Jamaica Pond. The Arnold Arboretum scheme resulted in the acquisition by the city without cost of about 120 acres of diversified land which belonged to Harvard University; the condition being, that about 44 acres of additional land be purchased at a cost of about $50,- 000. The city of Boston is to build the roads within this area, and police the grounds. Harvard University is to maintain there a collection cf all the trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants which will thrive in the open air in this latitude ; and the public is to be admitted to the grounds with as much free- dom as is consistent with the safety of the collections. It is a very beautiful supplement to the park-system. The delightful West-Roxbury Park was opened in May, 18S3, and is reached by the Oakland-garden Highland horse-cars, or the Forest-hills line.

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The Park Commissioners are chiefly well-to-do citizens : this year they include Charles H. Dalton (chairman), William Gray, jun., and Henry Lee. Their secretary and clerk is George F. Clarke, and their office is room 38, New-England Life- Insurance building.

The Boston Common, of which the people of Boston are justly proud, is a natural park, whose undulating surface, covered with green grass and shaded by over 1,000 fine old elm-trees, forms a scene of rare rural beauty in the very centre of the busy city. There is scarcely a foot of the forty- eight acres in its area that is not endeared to the Bostonian by some per- sonal or historic association. There are five malls, or broad walks, bordered with noble trees; and these are known as the Tremont-street, Park-street, Beacon-street, Charles-street, and Boylston-street malls. The Beacon-street mall is the most beautiful. The entire Common is surrounded by an iron fence, 5,932 feet in length. On the Tremont-street side there is a low iron fence, with numerous entrances. The objects of special interest in the Common are nu- On Flag-

merous. staff Hill is the great Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, described in this chapter. Near the Park-street mall is the Brewer Foun- tain, which was pre- sented to the city by the late Gardner Brewer. It was cast in Paris, and is a bronze copy of a fountain de- signed by Lienard of that city. At the base there are figures represent- ing Neptune and Amphitrite, Acis and Galatea. The

The Frog Pond, Boston Common.

Frog Pond, a picturesque sheet of water near Flag-staff Hill, adds much to the beauty of the Common. On special occasions a fine jet of water is made to play near the east end of the pond. Near the Boylston- street mall is a deer-park, enclosed by a high wire grating, where a con-

92 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

tented family of deer can be seen grazing. The Central burying-ground, referred to in the chapter on cemeteries, adjoins the deer-park. The portion of the Common between Flag-staff Hill and the Charles-street mall is used as a parade-ground by the State militia. It was formerly used as a play-ground for the boys. Near the "long walk" from Joy Street to Boylston Street there is a band-stand, where on summer evenings free open-air concerts are given at the city's expense. There are over 200 benches and several drinking-fountains in various parts of the grounds. During1 the warm weather the children find much delight in the Punch-and- Judy show, the camera obscura, etc., on the Tremont-street mall, near the West-street gate. The Old Elm which stood near the "long walk," at the foot of Flag-staff Hill, was in its day considered the " oldest inhabitant " of Boston. It was a tree of unknown age, and was believed to have stood there before the settlement of the town in 1630. It was already decrepit as long ago as 1755. It was over 72 feet high, and measured 22^ feet in circumference one foot above the ground. After resisting many a storm, it was blown down in the winter of 1876. An iron fence surrounds the spot where it stood, and where now a shoot bids fair to flourish in its place, and thus perpetuate the line of family descent. The history of Boston Common is full of interest. When the city charter was drawn up, a clause was inserted making the Common public property forever, and placing it beyond the power of the city either to sell or give away. The original use to which the land was put was for a pasture of cattle, and for -a parade-ground of the military. It was called Centry Field, and in 164c embraced the land east of Park Street as far as the Tremont House, and was bounded by the water of the Charles River, where Charles Street now is, on the west. On the Tremont-street side it extended to where Mason Street now is. Before the Revolution it was enclosed by a wooden fence. Drake, in his entertaining " Landmarks of Boston," recalls the fact that a part of the forces that captured Louisburg assembled on the Common ; the troops that conquered Quebec were recruited here by Am- herst; it was the mustering-place for the conflicts which ushered in the American Revolution, and the fortified camp which held the beleaguered town in subjection. It is associated with the deep horrors of the witch- craft executions, and with the eloquence of Whitefield. From the foot of the Common the British troops embarked for Lexington the night before April 19, 1775. On the Common were arrayed the British forces engaged at Bunker Hill before they crossed the river. In the dreary winter of 1775~'76 there were over 1,700 red-coats behind their earthworks on the Common, waiting for Washington to attack the town. On Flag-staff Hill was a square redoubt ; near the Frog-pond was a powder-house. Trenches were made all along the water-front, where on sunny afternoons the pensive

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tramp now slumbers on the benches of the Charles-street mall. Other reminiscences of past events with which the Common is associated will readily occur to the reader. During the British occupation. Gen. Gage was successfully appealed to by the Boston boys in behalf of their right of coasting on the Common, — a right which is still enjoyed. In 1728 Henry Phillips, a nephew of Peter Faneuil, killed Benjamin Woodbridge in a duel with rapiers, near the Old Elm; the quarrel arising from a love-affair. In 1766 the repeal of the Stamp Act was brilliantly celebrated on the Common, which was also the scene of a great celebration in 184S, when the Cochituate water was first introduced into the city.

The Public Garden is an improvement of comparatively recent date, though long ago contemplated. Nearly all the work of beautifying it has been clone within the past fifteen years. It was marsh-lands and flats a hundred years ago. For twenty years, from 1795 or thereabouts, the terri- tory was occupied by five long rope-walks. The town granted the lands, rent free, to the rope-makers, after the destruction of their buildings in Pearl and Atkinson (now Congress) Streets by fire, in 1794, for two reasons, — to prevent the erection of buildings in a district they endangered, and to help the crippled proprietors. When, in 18 19, these rope-walks, in turn, were burned, the holders decided not to rebuild, but to cut up the territory into building-lots, and sell it for business and dwelling purposes ; its value having been greatly enhanced by the opening of Charles Street in 1804, and the Mill-dam project then under way, which, when completed, would convert the marshes and flats into dry lands. The territory then commanded a beautiful view of the Charles and its shores beyond; and the idea of transforming it into a public garden was conceived. The people strongly objected to the rope-makers' scheme, and in 1S24 decided, by a popular vote, that the lands should not be sold for building purposes; and the city, by paying $50,000, the sum awarded by referees, to whom the rope-makers' claim was referred, regained possession of the territory which the town had given away. The agitation for buildings and residences on this territory still continued, how- ever; and it was not until 1859 that the question was settled finally, by act of the Legislature and vote of the city. The Public Garden now is one of the most attractive spots in the city. While the Common is a park of stately trees and broad walks, this is, precisely as its name indicates, a public gar- den, with dainty flower-beds, plants, shrubbery, grass-plats, stretches of closely-clipped lawns, and narrow winding gravel paths. In its midst is a pretty pond, irregularly laid out; and in the summer-time this is bright with gayly-canopied pleasure-boats. An iron bridge, with granite piers and imposing design, spans it: and the winding walks along its margin, and the seats under the few lar^e trees near its brink, are much sought on pleasant afternoons. Near the central path, from the Arlington-street entrance

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across the bridge to Charles Street, is the most interesting fountain in the garden. It is so arranged that it throws a tine spray over and about a small and graceful statue of Venus rising from the Sea, producing a very pleasing effect. There are also several other statues, which will be described farther on in this chapter. The area of the Public Garden is about 24^ acres : and it is bounded by Charles. Boylston, Arlington, and beacon Streets.

£> M

The Public Garden. View from Boylston Street.

Other Parks in the city proper are small, and are frequented chiefly by residents in their immediate neighborhood. At the South End are Franklin Square, on the east side of Washington Street, bounded by Washington, James, East lirookline, and East Newton Streets; and Blackstone Square,

on the west side of Washington Street, bounded by Washington, West lirookline, West Newton Streets, and Shawmut Avenue. There was a hot skirmish here in 1775 between the American and British troops. Each has a fountain, and contains about 2= acres. Worcester Square, between Wash- ington Street and Harrison Avenue, and Union Park, between 'Fremont Street and Shawmut Avenue, each containing over ;.'f of an acre: and Ches- ter Square, between Tremont Street and Shawmut Avenue, containing" about [^ acres — are modest parks, the last the most extensive and ambitious in its adornments, with roadway on each side lined with tine residences, some of them quite elegant in appearance, and costly. In the centre of

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Chester Park are a beautiful fountain and a fish-pond ; and the place is much frequented by the pretty children and trim nursery-maids of the neighbor- hood. At the West End, on Cambridge, corner of Lynde Street, in front of the West Church, is a bit of a park, old-fashioned, with trees and shrubbery well-grown, known as Lowell Square. At the junction of Tremont, Clarendon, and Montgom- ery Streets, is an open space called Montgomery Square. Throughout the length of Commonwealth Avenue ex- tends a strip of park land, beautifully adorned with trees and shrubbery, and ornamented with statues and fountains.

In South Boston are two attractive parks, especially noteworthy for the superb views they command of the city and the harbor. One, on Telegraph Hill, is known as Thomas Park ; and the other, on Broadway, Second,

M, and N Streets, is called Fountain, Blackstone Square.

Independence Square. The first contains about 4^ acres, and the second 6£ acres. There is also, bounded by Emerson, Fourth, and M Streets, a small park called Lincoln Square. The largest squares in East Boston are Central Square, at Meridian and„Border Streets, containing \ of an acre; and Belmont Square, bounded b)r Webster, Sumner, Lamson, and Seaver Streets, of almost the same area. These are enclosed by iron fences, and their paths are well shaded. Other squares in East Boston are Putnam Square, located at Putnam, White, and Trenton Streets ; Prescott Square, at Trenton, Eagle, and Prescott Streets ; and Maverick Square, at Sumner and Maverick Streets.

Through annexation Boston became possessed of several local parks and squares, which had received much attention from the old municipali- ties. Some of these have been further improved since annexation, and all have received the same care bestowed upon the parks and squares of the city proper. In the Roxbury district, the largest is Washington Park, at Dale and Bainbridge Streets, containing more than 9 acres. Other parks in this district are Orchard Park, at Chadwick, Orchard-park, and Yeoman Streets, containing over 2 acres ; Longwood Park, at Park

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and Austin Streets, about h an acre ; Walnut Park, between Washington Street and Walnut Avenue; Bromley Park, from Albert to Bickford Streets ; Lewis Park, Highland and New Streets ; and Linwood Park, Centre and Linwood Streets. Madison Square, situated at Sterling, Marble, Warwick, and Westminster Streets, includes nearly 3 acres ; and Fountain Square, Walnut Avenue, from Monroe to Townsend Streets, embraces about 2^ acres. Around the stand-pipe of the Cochituate Water-works, on the " Old Fort " lot, between Beech-glen and Fort Avenues, is a little park tastefully laid out.

In the Dorchester district the principal park, or square as it is called, is on Meeting-house Hill, one of the landmarks in this historic section of the present city. Here stands the soldiers' monument. On the top of the hill known as Mount Bowdoin is a square, pleasantly laid out; and at Church and Bowdoin Streets is Eaton Square.

In the Charlestown district the largest park, or square, is near " The Neck." It is bounded by Main, Cambridge, Sever, and Gardner Streets ; contains about 1^ acres enclosed by an iron fence, and is known as Sulli- van Square. In Winthrop Square, containing about 4 of an acre, bounded by Winthrop, Common, and Adams Streets, is situated the soldiers' and sailors' monument. One of the oldest squares, at the head of Bow, Main, and Chelsea Streets, is City Square, which, like the others, is enclosed by an iron fence, and is trim and inviting in appearance.

The only park in the Brighton district is called Jackson Square. It is pleasantly situated on Chestnut-hill Avenue, Union, and Winship Streets, and is enclosed by a stone curb. The walks and drives about the Chestnut- hill Reservoir, elsewhere described, are also much enjoyed by the residents of this district.

Boston is richer than most American cities in works of art exposed in her public ways and parks, though not so rich as she ought to be, and will probably be in the course of a few years. The finest piece of statuary in the city, displayed out of doors, is

The Equestrian Statue of Washington, by Thomas Ball, which is placed in the Public Garden, at the Arlington-street entrance, opposite Common- wealth Avenue. It is said to be the largest piece of its kind in America. The movement for its erection began in the spring of 1859. The first sub- stantial contribution to the fund was from the receipts of an oration by Robert C. Winthrop in the Music Hall that year; and, in November follow- ing, a great fair for its benefit was held with gratifying success. The city appropriated $10,000; and $5,000 of the surplus money of the Everett statue fund, given after the completion of that work, brought the fund up to the required amount. The contract with Ball was made in 1859, and four years

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after he had completed the model : but, owing to the war, the casting was delayed ; and it was not until 1869, on the 3d of July, that the statue was in place and unveiled. It was regarded as a matter for special congratulation, and not a little boasting, that all the work upon it was done by Massachu- setts artists and artisans. The height of the statue is 22 feet, and with the pedestal reaches 38 feet. The foundation is of solid masonry, resting on piles eleven feet deep ; and the pedestal itself is a fine piece of work.

The Daniel Webster Statue, in the State-House grounds, facing Beacon Street, is of bronze, by Hiram Powers. It was the second of Webster executed by the sculptor, the first having been lost at sea while being brought from Leghorn. It was placed in position in 1859, a"d cost $IO>00°-

The Horace Mann Statue, ere'cted in 1865, also in front of the State House, was the work of Emma Stebbins ; and the fund for its execution was raised by contributions from school-teachers and children throughout the State. The State paid for the pedestal. The statues within the State House are mentioned in the sketch of the State House, in another chapter.

The Alexander Hamilton Statue was the first placed in Commonwealth Avenue. It is of granite, by Dr. Rimmer, and is said to have been the first in the country cut from that material. It was presented to the city by Thomas Lee, in 1865, and was put in place at his expense. On the sides of the substantial granite pedestal are the following inscriptions : —

ALEXANDER HAMILTON,

BORN IN THE ISLAND OF

NEVIS, WEST INDIES

11 JANUARY 1757,

DIED IN NEW YORK 12 JULY 1804.

ORATOR, WRITER, SOLDIER, JURIST,

FINANCIER. ALTHOUGH HIS PARTICULAR PROVINCE WAS THE TREASURY, HIS GENIUS PERVADED THE WHOLE ADMINISTRATION OF WASHINGTON.

The Edward Everett Statue, in the Public Garden, on the Beacon-street side, is by W. W. Story, modelled in Rome in 1866, cast in Munich, and form- ally presented to the city, and put in place in November, 1867. The statue fund was raised by popular subscription in 1865, with remarkable success, and grew so large that there was a surplus after the completion of the work, out of which a portrait of Everett for Faneuil Hall was paid for, $5,000, as elsewhere stated, given to the Washington equestrian statue fund, and $10,000 given to the Governor Andrew statue fund. The Everett statue has been sharply criticised, though it has many admirers. It represents the orator as standing with his head thrown back, and his right arm extended and raised, in the act of making a favorite gesture.

loo KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

The John Glover Statue, on Commonwealth Avenue, is by Martin Mil- more, and was given to the city by Benjamin Tyler Reed in 1875. It is of bronze, of heroic size, and represents the sturdy old soldier in Continental uniform, with the heavy military overcoat hanging in graceful folds from his shoulders. His left leg is advanced, with the foot resting on a cannon; and in his right hand he holds his sword, the point resting on the ground, while the empty scabbard is grasped in his left. The inscription is as follows: —

JOHN G LOVER,

OF MARBLEHEAD, A SOLDIER OF THE REVOLUTION.

HE COMMANDED A' REGIMENT OF ONE THOUSAND MEN RAISED IN THAT TOWN,,

KNOWN AS THE MARINE REGIMENT,

AND ENLISTED TO SERVE THROUGH THE WAR;

HE JOINED THE CAMP AT CAMBRIDGE, JUNE 22, 1775,

AND RENDERED DISTINGUISHED SERVICE IN TRANSPORTING

THE ARMY FROM BROOKLYN TO NEW YORK, AUG. 28, 1776,

AND ACROSS THE DELAWARE, DEC. 25, 1776.

HE WAS APPOINTED BY

THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, A BRIGADIER GENERAL,

FEBRUARY 21, 1777.

BY HIS COURAGE, ENERGY, MILITARY TALENTS

AND PATRIOTISM, HE SECURED THE CONFIDENCE OF

WASHINGTON,

AND THE GRATITUDE OF HIS COUNTRY.

BORN NOVEMBER 5, 1732, DIED AT MARBLEHEAD, JANUARY 30, 1797.

The statue stands on a substantial granite pedestal.

The Aristides and Columbus Statues in Louisburg Square, which ex- tends from Mount Vernon to Pinckney Street, are specimens of Italian art, which were imported by the late Joseph Iasigi, long a prominent Boston merchant, and given to the city.

The Benjamin Franklin Statue, to the left of the path leading to the main entrance of the City Hall, is by Richard S. Greenough, and was cast by the Ames Manufacturing Company of Chicopee, Mass. It is a large statue, eight feet high, standing on a granite pedestal, capped with a block of verd-antique marble. The four bas-reliefs represent as many periods of

KING'S HANDBOOK' OF BOSTON.

IOI

i. Bunker Hill, Charlestown. 2. Alex. Hamilton, 3. Gen. Glover, Commonwealth Ave. 4. Army ind Navy, Charlestown. 5. Gov. Andrew, State House. 6. Benj. Franklin, front of City Hall.

MONUMENTS AND STATUES IN BOSTON.

102

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

Franklin's career. This statue was publicly inaugurated in 1856. A simi- lar statue of Josiah Quincy has been placed on the right of the path.

Of private work publicly displayed, the most noteworthy are the three typical figures in granite on the front and top of Horticultural Hall, corner of Tremont and Bromfield Streets, representing Flora, Ceres, and Pomona, cut by Martin Milmore; and the figure of the Saviour, copied from Thor- waldsen, on the apex of the pediment of the Church of the Immaculate Conception on Harrison Avenue.

The Ether Monument was presented by Thomas Lee to the city, in 1868. It is a fine piece of work, and well placed on the Public Garden, on the Arlington-street side, towards Beacon Street. On one side is this inscription : —

TO COMMEMORATE

THE DISCOVERY

THAT THE INHALING OF ETHER

CAUSES INSENSIBILITY TO PAIN.

FIRST PROVED TO THE WORLD

AT THE

MASS. GENERAL HOSPITAL

IN BOSTON, OCTOBER A.D. MDCCCXLVI.

On each of the sides are medallions, well executed in marble, representing the physician and the surgeon operating upon the sick and injured, under the influence of ether ; and the shaft is surmounted by two admirably modelled figures. The monument is of granite and red marble.

The Army and Navy Monument, erected by the City of Boston in mem- ory of her sons who fell in the civil war, stands on Flag-staff Hill in the Common. Martin Milmore of Boston was the sculptor. The shaft is of white Maine granite, and reaches a height of over 70 feet. The foundation is of solid masonry, cruciform in shape, built up from a depth of 16 feet to the ground level. On this is a platform of stone, covering an area 38 feet square, and reached by three steps. From this platform rises a plinth, nine feet high, with projecting pedestals at each of the four corners. These pedestals are ornamented upon the sides and front with carved wreaths of laurel. Upon them stand four bronze figures, each eight feet high, repre- senting Peace, History, the Army, and the Navy. The statue of Peace represents a female figure, robed in classic drapery, seated on a stone. Her

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

103

right arm is raised and extended, and in her hand she holds an olive-branch toward the south. The figure representing the Muse of History also occu- pies a sitting position, and is clad in simple Greek costume. The left hand holds a tablet which rests upon the knee ; in the right is a stylus. A wreath of laurel encircles the head. The face is turned slightly away and upward, as if in meditation. The statue of the Sailor faces the sea. It is in an easy attitude, the right hand resting upon a drawn cutlass, whose point touches the ground, the left hand supported by the hip. The naval costume is well executed. The army is represented by the figure of a Soldier, standing at ease, with overcoat, belt, and accoutrements. His musket rests upon the ground. One hand clasps its barrel ; the other rests upon the muzzle. On the four sides of the plinth, between the pedestals, are bronze mezzo-relievos, 5 feet 6 inches in length by 2 feet 6 inches in width, symbolical of incidents of the war. That on the front of the monument represents the departure of troops for the war, and introduces the portraits of Gov. Andrew, Archbishop Williams, A. H. Vinton, D.D., Phillips Brooks, D.D., Wendell Phillips, Henry W. Longfellow, and others, standing on the State House steps, while with the troops march- ing by are Gen. Butler, Gen. Reed, Col. Cass, Col. Shaw, and Gen. Chas. Russell Lowell. The relief symbolizing the works of the Sanitary Commission has two parts ; one showing the prominent members of the commission from Boston in consultation, the other repre- senting the work in the field. Portraits are given of Gov. Rice, James Russell Lowell, Ezra H. Gannett, D.D., E. R. Mudge, George Ticknor, Mar- shall P. Wilder, Col. W. W. Clapp, the Rev. E. E. Hale, and several ladies. The " Return from the War " is the most elaborate relief. It represents

Army and Navy Monument, Boston Common.

a regiment drawn up in front of the State House. On the steps are Gov. Andrew, Dr. Edward Reynolds, Henry Wilson, Gov. Claflin, Mayor Shurt-

ic>4

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

leff, Judge Putnam, Charles Sumner, and others. Gens. Banks, Devens, Bartlett, and Underwood are on horseback. The fourth relief commemo- rates the achievements of the navy, and has two parts. The left-hand por- tion shows a group of 1 1 figures, and represents the departure of sailors from home ; while on the right is a view of a naval engagement.

On the plinth rests the pedestal proper, 14 feet 3 inches high, terminating in a surbase. The sides of the die are panelled. In that facing the south is cut the following inscription, written by Charles W. Eliot, president of Harvard University : —

TO THE MEN OF BOSTON

WHO DIED FOR THEIR COUNTRY

ON LAND AND SEA IN THE WAR

WHICH KEPT THE UNION WHOLE

DESTROYED SLAVERY

AND MAINTAINED THE CONSTITUTION

THE GRATEFUL CITY

HAS BUILT THIS MONUMENT

THAT THEIR EXAMPLE MAY SPEAK

TO COMING GENERATIONS

From the surbase of the pedestal rises the granite shaft, which is of the Roman-Doric order. About its base are grouped figures in alto-relievo, representing the four sections of the Union, — North, South, East, and West. Sculptured wreaths surround the shaft at irregular intervals. The capstone is a circular block of granite, 2 feet 1 1 inches high and 5 feet in diameter. On this stands the bronze ideal statue of the Genius of America, which was cast in Philadelphia, and is 1 1 feet high, representing a female dressed in a flowing robe. Over the robe is a loose tunic bound with a gir- dle at the waist. A heavy mantle, clasped at the throat, is thrown back over the shoulder, and falls the full length of the figure behind. On the head is a crown with 13 stars. In the right hand, which rests upon the hilt of an unsheathed sword, are two laurel wreaths. The left hand holds a banner draped about a staff', which reaches to a height of 6 feet above the head. The face fronts towards the south, and the head is slightly bowed. The cost of the entire monument was $75,000. The corner-stone was laid Sept. 18, 1871, on which occasion there was a great parade. The dedication took place Sept. 17, 1877, when over 25,000 men marched in the procession, in-

i. Fountain, Union Square. 4- Fountain, Chester Square.

2. Dorchester Soldiers' Monument. 3- Harvard Monument

MONUMENTS AND FOUNTAINS IN BOSTON.

Fountain, Sullivan Square

io6 ICING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

eluding the militia of the State, the veterans of the Grand Army, the lead- ing generals of the civil war. the State and city officials, civic societies, the school children, etc. The procession marched over a route more than six miles long, and was four hours in passing a given point, all delays excluded. The principal feature of the dedication ceremonies was an oration bv Tien. Charles Devens.

The Bunker-Hill Monument stands in the centre of Monument Square, on Breed's Hill, where the redoubt was thrown up by the Americans on the night before the battle. It is c 2 1 ,\ feet high, and 6.700 tons of Ouincv granite were used in its construction. The base is 30 feet square, and the column tapers gradually to 15? feet at the apex. Inside the shaft is a hollow cone, surrounding which is a spiral flight of 295 stone steps ascending to a chamber 11 feet square and 17 feet high, whence a beautiful view is obtained on a clear day from the four windows. The capstone of the apex, above this observatory, is in one piece, and weighs 2-.V tons. The room contains two small cannon, the inscriptions on which tell their story. The corner-stone of the monument was laid June 17. 1S25, by Gen. Lafayette: and the oration was by Daniel Webster. The work was under the direction of Solomon Willard. The monument cost over $150,000. 1 1 was dedicated June 17, 1843. on which occasion Daniel Webster was again the orator, President Tyler and his cabinet being present. The centennial anniversary of the battle, on June 17. 1875, has been referred to. The monument is under the charge of the Bunker-hill Monument Association. At its foot a modest slab marks the spot where Gen. Warren was killed.

The Harvard Monument, to the memory of John Harvard, erected from subscriptions of graduates of Harvard College, is situated on the top of the hill in the old graveyard near the State prison, in the Charlestown district. It is a solid granite shaft. On the eastern face is inscribed the name John Harvard, and on a marble tablet the following words : —

ON THE TWENTY-SIXTH DAY SE1TEMBER A.D. 1828

THIS STONE WAS ERECTED BY THE

GRADUATES OF THE UNIVERSITY AT CAMBRIDGE

IN HONOR OF ITS FOUNDER

WHO DIED AT CHARLESTOWN

ON THE TWENTY-SIXTH DAY OE SEPTEMBER A.D. 1638

On the western side is an inscription in Latin, of which the following is a free translation : " That one who merits so much from our literary men should no longer be without a monument, however humble, the graduates of the University of Cambridge, New England, have erected this stone, nearly two hundred years after his death, in pious and perpetual remembrance of John Harvard." At the dedication of this monument, Edward Everett delivered the oration.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 107

The Charlestown Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument stands in Winthrop Square, once the old militia training-ground, set apart in colonial days. On a high pedestal stands a group of three figures, the "Genius of America" holding out laurel wreaths above the soldier and sailor standing on each side. The sculptor was Martin Milmore. The monument is of Hallowell granite, and cost $20,000. The dedication took place on the ninety-seventh anniversary of the battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1872; and the address was by Richard Frothingham. On the occasion of the memorable centennial celebration of the battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1875, the Fifth Maryland Regiment, of the visiting military organizations from the South, placed upon this monument a beautiful floral shield, as a token of their good-will towards their Northern guests, and as a tribute to the Northern heroes who had fallen in the unhappy civil conflict. The act was gracefully performed, with- out ostentation. " The Marylanders," the local press of the day reported, " visited Charlestown very quietly, notifying nobody beforehand, and going entirely without escort. They carried with them a magnificent floral shield, composed of white and carnation pinks, inscribed ' Maryland's tribute to Massachusetts,' and marched to Winthrop Square, in which stands the beautiful monument erected by Charlestown to the memory of her sons who fell in the military and naval service during the war. Here the regiment halted, forming three sides of a square around the monument; the band played a dirge, and the regiment stood at parade rest, while the shield was reverently laid on the monument. Then the orders were given, 'Atten- tion ! ' ' Carry arms ! ' ' Present arms ! ' After this simple, beautiful cere- mony, the regiment departed."

The Dorchester Soldiers' Monument stands in the large open space in front of the church on Meeting-house Hill. Its foundation, 5 feet deep, is laid upon a ledge of rock. It is of red Gloucester granite, is 31 feet high, and 8 feet square at the base. The form is that of an obelisk. Its heavy base has square projections at the angles supporting four buttresses, each with an upright cannon in half relief. Between these are raised polished tablets with the names of Dorchester's fallen soldiers. Above the tablets are garlands of laurel in relief. A heavy cornice caps the die containing the tablets, and above is a second die with ornamental scrolls at the cor- ners. On the four faces of the die are round panels with sunken marble tablets having appropriate inscriptions and symbols. The shaft, an obelisk, which rises from the second die, is 4 feet square at the base, and has two projecting belts, the lower one with a large star in relief on each face, and the upper the shield of the United States. The style of the monument is a dignified Renaissance, and the architect was B. F. Dwight. The dedication took place on Sept. 17, 1867; the oration being delivered by the Rev. Charles A. Humphreys of Springfield.

ro8

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

The Roxbury Soldiers' Monument is on Sycamore and Poplar Avenues, Forest-hills Cemetery. In the centre of a lot containing over 2,000 square feet, on a granite pedestal about six feet high, stands a bronze infantry sol- dier of heroic size. The statue was designed by Martin Milmore, cast at Chicopee, Mass., and erected in 1867, after the old city of Roxbury had become incorporated with the municipality of Boston. On the front and the reverse of the pedestal are the following inscriptions: —

1 ERECTED BY	• " FROM THE HONORED DEAD
THE CITY OF ROXBURY	WE TAKE INCREASED DEVOTION
IN HONOR OF	TO THAT CAUSE FOR WHICH
HER SOLDIERS,	THEY GAVE THE LAST FULL
WHO DIED FOR THEIR COUNTRY IN THE REBELLION OF	MEASURE OF DEVOTION."
1861-1865	Abraham Lincoln, at Gettysburg, Nov. 1863.
1867

The lot is enclosed by an emblematic granite railing, and contains the bodies of a score of Roxbury soldiers. On the base of the railing the name of each person buried, with his regiment, and date of death, is chiselled and gilded. Nearly half of those lying here (members of the Thirty-fifth Regi- ment Mass. Vols.) fell at Antietam in less than a month after their departure from the State. This monument is elaborately decorated on Memorial Day by Thomas G. Stevenson Post 26 of the G. A. R., when a miniature flag is placed on each grave.

The West-Roxbury Soldiers' Monument is at the corner of Centre and South Streets, near Curtis Hall, formerly the town hall, Jamaica Plain. The monument, in Gothic style, is 34 feet high, of light gray granite, except the base, which is of the dark Ouincy stone. The ground plan is square, and the chief feature is a massive structure supporting a sort of pyramidal pedestal on which stands the statue of a soldier leaning on his gun, in pen-- sive contemplation of the loss of his comrades. On each of the four sides of the monument is a pointed archway opening into a vaulted chamber. In the gables above the arches are the names of Lincoln, Andrew, Thomas, and Farragut. At the corners are four pinnacles ornamented with military tro- phies in relief. In the vaulted chamber stands a stone of Italian marble inscribed with the names of the West-Roxbury men who fell during the war. The monument is 34 feet high. The architect was W. W. Lummis. The dedication took place on Sept. 14, 1 871, the principal feature being an address by James Freeman Clarke.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 109

The Brighton Soldiers' Monument was erected in Evergreen Cemetery the year after the close of the war, and was dedicated on July 26, 1S66, when the oration was delivered by the Rev. Frederick Augustus Whitney. The monument has a square base, two courses high, with projections at each corner supporting cannon-balls. Upon this base is a pyramidal plinth with its four sides covered with inscriptions, and names of the Brighton soldiers who died in the war. This supports a square shaft, on the die of which are national trophies in relief : and on a ball, at the top of the shaft, rests an eagle. The monument is 30 feet high, and cost <j.ooo.

The Charles Sumner Statue stands in the Public Garden, near Boylston Street, and faces Beacon Street. It is of bronze, y} feet high, representing Sumner in a firm, graceful attitude, with his left hand in front clasping a roll of manuscript. The pedestal is of Ouincy granite. The cost was $15,000, raised by contributions of the people. Three prizes of $500 each were offered for the three most approved designs; and they were awarded to Miss Anne Whitney, Martin Milmore, and Thomas Ball, the last named being selected as the sculptor. At the unveiling of the statue, Dec. 23, 1S78, there were no formal ceremonies, but an historical sketch of the statue was read by Gov. A. H. Rice.

The Josiah Quincy Statue was erected in front of the City Hall, Sept. 17. 1871). Its cost of $18,000 was defrayed by the income of a fund of $20,000 left in [860 by Jonathan Phillips to adorn and embellish streets and public places. This fund now amounts to nearly $50,000. The statue is of bronze, and the pedestal of Italian marble, both designed by Thomas Ball.

The Norsemen Statue and Fountain was to have been erected in Post- office Square, to commemorate the supposed visit of the Norsemen to New England, about the year 1000. The enterprise contemplated a statue, of bronze, representing Leif. son of Eric, who fust colonized Greenland, wearing the ancient armor of the Norsemen, — a shirt of mail, a two-edged sword, and the pointed helmet of that people. The pedestal was to have been of rough granite, richly incrusted in bronze, with grape vines, leaves, and clusters; and water was to fall from twisted vine-stems.

The Statue of Col. Robert G. Shaw, by Auguste St. Gaudens, is soon to be erected upon the State-house grounds, facing the area immediately in front of the main gate. It is to be an alto relief "in bronze, representing Col. Shaw mounted, with accessory panels representing the presentation of the colors of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment, of which Col. Shaw was colonel, by Gov. Andrew, and the assault upon Fort Wagner. Committees of citizens are also at work to secure the erection of an equestrian statue ol Paul Revere ; and a statue of Theodore Parker, on one of the South-End squares. A statue of William Lloyd Garrison has been modelled, and will soon be placed in position.

i ro

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

The Emancipation Group, erected in Park Square in front of the Provi- dence Railroad passenger-station, is by Thomas Ball, and was a gift to the city by Moses Kimball. Its cost, exclusive of the curbing, which was furnished by the city, was < 17.000. It is of bronze, on a granite pedestal, and is a duplicate of the >; Freedman's Memorial " statue in Lincoln Square, in Washington. D.C. It represents the erect form of Abraham Lincoln spreading out his right hand over the head ol a kneeling freedman with his shackles broken. On the pedestal is the word "Emancipation." On the base are these words : " A race set free ■ and the country at peace • Lin- coln • rests from his labors." It was unveiled Dec. 6, 1879; Mayor F. O. Prince delivering the oration.

The Samuel Adams Statue, by Miss Anne Whitney, stands in Adams

Square in New Wash- ington Street. The Rev- olutionary patriot is presented as clothed in the citizen's dress of his period, and standing erect with folded arms. He is portrayed just after he has demanded of Gov. Hutchinson the removal of British troops from Boston, and is awaiting the English- man's answer. The sta- tue is of bronze, and is a counterpart of that by the same artist at Wash- ington. Inscriptions are placed on each of the four panels of the pedestal as folio w s : " Samuel Adams ■ 1722- 1803 • A patriot • He organized the Revolu- tion and signed ■ the Declaration of Inde- pendence • Governor • A true leader of the people Erected A.D. 1S80 ■ From a fund be- queathed to the city of Boston ■ by Jonathan Phillips ■ A statesman incorruptible and fearless." This statue was unveiled on July 5, 1SS0. Its cost was $6,856.

Samuel Adams Statue, Washington Street.

I. Emancipation Statue, Park Square. 2. Col. Win. Prescolt, I''oot of Bunker-hill Monument. 3. Josiali Quincy, front of City Hall. 4. Gov. John Winthrop, Scollay Square.

STATUES IN BOSTON.

112

AV/VG'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

The Gov. Winthrop Statue, by Richard S. Greenough, in Scollay Square, is of light bronze, on a pedestal of polished red granite, and a base of Ouincy granite. It represents the first governor landing from the ship on the soil of the New World. The figure is clad in the picturesque garb of

that period; the right hand holding the roll of the colony charter, and the left bearing the volume of the Scriptures. Behind the figure is shown the base of a newly- cut forest-tree, with a rope attached, significant of the fastening of the boat in which he was supposed to have just reached the shore. The sta- tue is a duplicate of that placed by the State in the Capitol at Washington. It was put in place on Sept. 17, 1SS0. Its cost was ^7.391.

The Col. William Pres- cott Statue, by W. W. Story, stands in the main path of the grounds in front of Bunker-hill Monument, and

^-■■K-Wsfr/ii;^. v^^^^^af^iS^t^^SS^a^ ,' ■• i-miiKcr-mii .Monument, and ■.•.;--.':■:•< ''M#->-/::, ■.„:., /.-.... . .'. ,s supposed to have stood

Charles Sumner statue. while encouraging his men at

the opening of the battle of bunker Hill. It is intended to represent him at the moment he uttered the memorable words, "Don't fire till 1 tell j don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes!" The statue is o' nine feet in height, and stands on a high granite pedestal. It was unveiled with appropriate ceremonies on the 17th of June, 18S1 ; Robert C. Winthrop delivering the oration.

ou : Honze.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 113

&i)t Hurt of tlje Cits-

THE LIBRARIES, ART AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS, AND

MUSICAL SOCIETIES.

IN the number and extent of its libraries, Boston stands at the head of American cities, and will even bear comparison with European capitals. In none of the latter are the libraries so accessible to all, and few are so well arranged, as those of Boston. This fact makes the New-England metropolis the most desirable centre on the American continent for the scholar and student'; and the possession of these great institutions has done much to give Boston its position as a seat of literature and science, — a position it promises to maintain. In the city and in Cambridge, which is so near that its libraries are almost as accessible as those of the city, there are three large libraries containing about three-quarters of a million books, besides several hundred thousand pamphlets. Then there are many large special libraries, all of which are easily available for any one having occasion to use them.

The Boston Public Library, on Boylston Street, opposite the Common, is, if its branches be included, the largest library in America, and an institu- tion much appreciated by the reading public, for its advantages are free to all. Its establishment was authorized in 1848, and it was opened in 1852 on Mason Street. Edward Everett was the first president of the board of trustees. The present building was completed in 1858, at a cost of $365,000. In 1852 Joshua Bates of London gave the library $50,000, and subsequently $50,000 worth of books. Mr. Everett gave 1,000 books at the outset. Theodore Parker willed over 12,000 volumes to the library. George Ticknor gave nearly 7,500 books, including his valuable Spanish collection. The sons of Dr. Nathaniel Bowditch gave their father's library of over 2,500 books and manuscripts. Abbott Lawrence bequeathed $10,000 to the institution. Mary P. Townsend gave $4,000, and Jonathan Phillips $30,000. The library has had deposited with it the Prince collection, willed in 1758 by the Rev. Thomas Prince to the Old South Church ; and has purchased the Thomis P. Barton library of 12,000 volumes, including the best Shake- sperian collection in this country, and much early French literature. The library building, of brick with sandstone trimmings, has two lofty stories and basement, and measures in the main building 82 by 128 feet. On the first floor are an entrance-hall, distribution-room, lower library-room, and

ll4 KING'S HANDBOOK- OF BOSTON.

two large reading-rooms. On the second floor is Bates Hall, where most of the books are stored in 60 alcoves arid 6 galleries. The library," with its eight branches, containing more than 425,000 volumes, is supported by the city's annual appropriation of $120,000 or more. In 1873 an appropriation was made of $30,000 for an addition to the building. Two members of the city council are always on the board of trustees, which comprises seven members, who oversee and control the library business, subject to city ordinances. The Board of Trustees of the Boston Public Library was in- corporated in 1878; thus making the institution partly independent, and making it more difficult for the city council to interfere with the administra- tion of the institution. The executive force of the library consists of about 150 persons, organized as a central staff under the chief librarian, and (also subordinate to him) eight branch staffs with their librarians. In the eight branch libraries, at East Boston, South Boston, Roxbury (to which the Fel- lowes Athenaeum has been added), Charlestown district, Brighton district, South End, Jamaica-Plain district, and the Dorchester district, besides the eight librarians there are about 50 assistants. More than two-thirds of the persons employed are women. Quarterly bulletins showing the most im- portant accessions, and other partial catalogues or " class-lists," are issued, such as History and Biography, Fiction, Prince Library, etc. ; also branch catalogues ; but no complete single catalogue in book-form is issued or intended. Instead, there is a card-catalogue, with subjects and authors alphabetically arranged, in drawers, which are open to the public. There is, besides, an official card-catalogue. About 1,300,000 issues a year are now recorded, and an average of only one book is lost out of every 16,000 de- livered. The central reading-room, supplied with all the principal American and foreign periodicals, is open every day in the week. C. C. Jewett was the first superintendent; and at his death, in 1868, he was succeeded by Justin Winsor, the present librarian of Harvard University. In 1877 Mr. Winsor resigned, and Dr. Samuel A. Green temporarily acted as superin- tendent. In August, 1878, Mellen Chamberlain was elected librarian, — the term "superintendent" being dropped in the act of incorporation. The State has given the city a lot of land on Dartmouth and Boylston Streets for the erection of a new Public Library building of sufficient capacity to accom- modate the accumulations of the immediate future. The Boston library is by far the largest in the world for free circulation. Edward Capen was libra- rian for the first six years, and remained in the institution until 1874.

The Boston Athenaeum, which grew out of a reading-room established by the Anthology Club, was incorporated in 1807. For some years it in- cluded a library, a museum of natural history and of curiosities, philosophi- cal apparatus, and models of machines, and also an art-gallery ; but as other societies, specially devoted to these different objects, were founded, the

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i 1 6

KfNCS HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

Athenaeum transferred to them its various collections. The building now contains only the library of 135.000 volumes, and a few pictures, busts, and statues, serving for decoration. Although the right to use this library is confined to the [,049 shareholders and their families, — about 800 of whom pay the annual assessment that entitles them to take books from the build- ing. — nevertheless stran- gers, especially students and authors, are always welcome, and given access to the read- ing-rooms and collections. The income-producing funds of the Athenaeum are nearly 5500,000; and the value of the real estate, books, paint- ings, and statuary is $521,- 354. The library, each year, adds about 6,000 volumes, and circulates about 40,000 volumes. The library-room was first in Congress Street; afterwards, in [S21, on Pearl Street, in a house given by James Perkins, where the society remained until the completion, in 1849, of the present handsome building on the south side of Beacon Street, between Bowdoin and Somer- set Streets. The library of George Washington, purchased by the corpora- tion in [848 at a cost of $4,000. is one of the many interesting collections that have come into the possession of the Athenaeum. The present libra- rian is Charles A. Cutter, who has filled the position for the past 14 years. Samuel Eliot is the president, and Charles Deane vice-president.

The Massachusetts Historical Society, the oldest historical society in America, was founded in 1791, by a few scholarly gentlemen, with the object of preserving for reference all books, pamphlets, manuscripts, and other materials containing historical facts. The library now contains over 28,000 books and 60,000 pamphlets. The Dowse collection, given by the late Thomas Dowse, in 1856, comprises nearly 5.000 finely bound volumes, and many choice works. Most of the books arc of an historical character, a specialty being made of local histories, and histories of the civil war. The membership is limited to 100, but the library may be used for reference by any one. It is managed by a council of the officers and an executive com- mittee of five. A librarian, two assistants, and a janitor are employed. The society for several years met in the attic of Faneuil Hall; afterwards in

The Boston Athenaeum, Beacon Street.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

II

The Speaker's Desk.

Hamilton Place, and then in Franklin Street. In 1833 the present quarters

on Tremont Street were occupied. The society has many relics of historic

interest, such as King Philip's samp-bowl, a gun used at the capture of Gov.

Andros by the Bostonians in 1689, a silk flag presented by Gov. Hancock

to a colored company called the " Bucks of

America;" the swords of Miles Standish,

Gov. Carver, Gov. Brooks, Col. Church, and

Sir William Pepperrell ; the desk used by the

successive speakers of the Representatives

in the Old State House ; and portraits of

Govs. Endicott, Winslow, Pownall, Dummer,

Belcher, Winthrop, Hutchinson, Strong,

Gore, etc. Here also are the crossed swords

(celebrated by Thackeray, " The Virginians,"

chap, i.) of the American Col. Prescott and

the British naval captain Linzee, ancestors of

Prescott the historian. Very interesting are

the original marble busts of Sir Walter Scott, by Chantrey, and George

Peabody, by Powers. The society possesses the diary of Judge Sewall,

who presided at the witchcraft trials in 1792, and the earliest issues of the

first American newspaper. The building has been entirely rebuilt in a most

substantial manner within a few years, and is thoroughly fireproof. The

president is Robert C. Winthrop, who has held that office for more than 28

consecutive years. The librarian is Dr. Samuel A. Green.

The State Library of Massachusetts is in the State House, and contains 50,000 volumes. It was established in 1826. The class of books is solid and useful; for example, United States, State, and Territorial statute-books, legal documents, law-reports, works on political economy, education, social science, the acts of the British Parliament, and the French Archives Parle- mentaires. J. W. Dickinson is librarian, C. B. Tillinghast assistant librarian.

The Social Law Library is in the Court House on Court Square, and consists of about 16,000 law-books for professional use. It was incorporated in 1814, and contains many rare and valuable books. Its collections are open to members, and to many officials, judges, and others, granted the privilege by the by-laws. The librarian is F. W. Vaughan.

The Boston Medical Library Association, founded in 1875, was a* 5 Hamilton Place until 1S78. It then purchased the house at No. 19 Boyl- ston Place, and fitted up reading-rooms and a hall for the meetings of the chief medical'societies of the city. The library contains 12,000 volumes and 6,000 pamphlets, being the sixth medical library in the United States, and receives regularly 286 periodicals. It is intended to be the headquarters of the medical profession of the State. Dr. James R. Chadwick is the librarian. The directory for nurses here has 420 nurses registered.

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KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

The New-England Historic-Genealogical Society, incorporated in 1845, is at No. 18 Somerset Street. Its specialty is genealogy, including her- aldry, and New-England local history. The house, built in 1805 for a dwelling, was purchased by the Society in 1870, and was remodelled and dedicated the following year. It is of brick, three stories high, 29 by 42 feet in dimensions, with an L in the rear. The front is faced with an arti- ficial stone resembling grayish sandstone, and has Nova Scotia sandstone

trimmings. On the first floor is a fire- proof room for the storage of rare books and manuscripts ; on the second, the library proper ; and on the third, a hall for the meetings of the Society. The cost of the building and furniture was $43,000. The library contains over 18,000 volumes and 57,000 pamphlets, relating chiefly to the history and the influence of New-England character and life, and includes many very rare works. The Society publish annually the New-Eng- land Historical and Genealogical Regis- ter. Its Towne Memorial Fund is used in printing memorials of its deceased members. For fifteen years past, Mar- shall P. Wilder, Ph.D., has been the president ; and to him the Society is in- debted for its good financial condition, and especially for his services in raising the sum of $55,000 for the building and

N.E. Historic-Genealogical Society, Somerset St. i-v • r i n • < -r» m

librarian funds. Benjamin B. Torrey is the treasurer, and John Ward Dean the librarian. The library and archives are open freely to the public.

The Congregational Library was organized in 1853, and is the property of the American Congregational Association. It was intended to gather and preserve the writings and mementos, — indeed, every thing available, — that would state and illustrate the principles and work of the Pilgrims and Puri- tans in laying the foundations of our free institutions. It has never had any funds with which to purchase books. Every dollar has been used to meet necessary running expenses, and pay for the Congregational House ; the library waiting for an income from rents when the building is paid for. Its books and pamphlets are largely ecclesiastical, historical, expository, doc- trinal, and biographical, — a library of reference rather than popular reading. For consultation it is free to all. The payment of one dollar secures its

* fl«MU»nar sc

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. ll9

general privileges. Its building is fireproof, and has a collection of over 30,000 books and more than 130,000 pamphlets, besides the unique and valuable missionary library, of 7,000 volumes, belonging to the American Board. The librarian is the Rev. I. P. Langworthy.

The General Theological Library, No. 12 West Street, contains over 13,000 volumes, mostly of a theological, religious, or moral character. It is used by members and annual subscribers. There is also a reading-room with about 75 periodicals. The library was instituted in i860. The Rev. Luther Farnham has been the librarian from the beginning. Many rural churches of New England are connected with this library.

The Boston Library Society was founded in 1794, and for a longtime occupied rooms over the Arch, in old Franklin Street. It is now located at No. 18 Boylston Place, close to the Public Library, and has about 25,000 volumes. Shares in this library cost $25, and are liable to a small annual assessment.

The Boston Society of Natural History has a library in its building on Berkeley Street, containing 20,000 books and 6,000 pamphlets on natural history. The use of the library, which was established in 1831, is confined to members of the society.

Other Libraries. — There are a large number of other libraries of both general and special character. The Boston Museum of Fine Arts has recently begun the collection of works on art ; and the Boston Art Club has a valuable library of the same class. Several of the musical societies have good collections of works on music. All the public schools — notably the Boston Latin, and Girls' High and Normal, and nearly all of the Sunday schools, charitable and municipal institutions, as well as the various scien- tific, social, and religious societies — have their own libraries. Some of these, owing to their special character, are quite valuable.

Art and Science have gained a strong foothold in Boston ; and in fact, as a centre of science, she ranks the first city in America, and of art second to none, not excepting even New York. Besides Harvard University in Cambridge, there is in Boston a long list of art and scientific institutions, and clubs and societies devoted to the special sciences and fine arts. The city, as a corporation, maintains various schools of industrial and mechanical drawing; and the study of drawing is thoroughly pursued in all the public schools. There is also a school of wood-carving for boys, maintained by private beneficence. Several fine picture-galleries are con- nected with the establishments of fine-art dealers, and the city is the home of a large number of artists, many of whom have national reputations.

Of the leading art and scientific institutions, excepting the Institute of Technology, which is referred to in the chapter on educational institutions, comprehensive sketches are given below.

120 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

The Boston Museum of Fine Arts, corner of Dartmouth Street and St. James Avenue, is one of the most admirable institutions of modern Boston, though it is as yet but the beginning of what is to become the chief pride and delight of New England. The accompanying illustration shows the building as it will appear when completed. At present only one- fourth of it is finished, namely, the section fronting on St. James Avenue. It is one of the finest structures in the city. The principal material is red brick ; and the mouldings, copings, and all the ornamental work, are of red and buff terra-cotta, imported from England. The two large and artistically executed reliefs on the facade represent various figures appropriate to such a building. One shows the "Genius of Art," with illustrations of the art and architecture of all nations, from antiquity to the present day. Among the figures representing the nations, America is the only female ; and she holds in her hand Powers's " Greek slave." The other bas-relief represents "Art and Industry " joined. In the roundels are the heads of the most distinguished artists and patrons of art ; the Americans being Copley, Craw- ford, and Allston. This terra-cotta work was the first used on a large scale in America, and is said to be very durable and not costly. It is certainly effective, and gives to the exterior a rich and unique appearance.

The main entrance is given a rich and handsome appearance by white marble steps, and polished granite columns, with terra-cotta capitals. Auto- matic recording turnstiles admit the visitor to the central hall, whence broad iron staircases ascend to the upper floor. The rooms on the first floor are devoted to casts, statuary, and antiquities ; those on the second floor to paintings, engravings, productions of industrial art, and bric-a-brac. In the central hall are Thomas G. Crawford's statue of Orpheus, Miss Harriet Hosmer's "Will-o'-the-Wisp," the "Young Columbus" of Giulio Monte- verde, and various other interesting objects. In the Egyptian Room is a valuable and interesting collection of Egyptian antiquities acquired by the late Robert Hay of Scotland, purchased after his death, and presented to the Museum by Charles Granville Way. This collection is supplemented by numerous fragments of sculpture collected in Egypt by the late John Lowell, the founder of the Lowell Institute, and presented to the Museum by his family. The mummies and mummy-cases, with their hieroglyphics, the scarabaei, amulets, sepulchral figures, canopic vases, stamped cones, and the granite sculptures, especially that of the lion-headed goddess Pasht, form a remarkably instructive collection.

In the First Greek Room are casts from the oldest Greek sculptures, including the famous lions of Mycenas and two temple-fronts from ^Egina; also several Assyrian reliefs of great antiquity. In the Second Greek Room are the famous Olympian casts, and the Faun of Praxiteles (Hawthorne's " Marble Faun " ). In the Third Greek Room are casts of the bas-reliefs

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122 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

from the frieze of the Parthenon; the grand Theseus, the river-srod Ilissus, the torso of Victory, and two of the three Fates, from the pediments of the Parthenon: the colossal bust of Jupiter, from the Vatican; and the Venus of Milo. The Fourth Greek Room contains two great friezes, the Ron- danini Medusa, the Discobolus, the Barberini Faun, etc. The Fifth Greek Room contains casts of the Apollo Belvedere, the Mattel Amazon, Menan- der, the Crouching Venus, the Laocoon, Diana, the Dying Gladiator, and other subjects. In the Roman Room are reproductions of works of the ancient Roman sculptors, the busts of the Emperors, the Capitoline Venus, Antinoiis, the Pudicitia, etc. At the east end of the main floor is the great Architectural Room, with exquisite details from classic, Renaissance, Gothic, and Saracenic architecture, forming one of the finest collections in America, hi the Renaissance Room arc Michael Angelo's " Day " and '•Night," and " II Pcnseroso." and Ids head of David; and many works of Donatello and others. In the Greek Vase Room is a collection of antiqui- ties from the island of Cyprus, excavated by Gen. di Cesnola ; a lot of vases and other objects of Etruscan art, presented by J. J. Dixwell; and a collection of Grrcco-Italian fictile painted vases, found by Alessandro Cas- tellani in the tombs of Etruria and Campania, presented by T. G. Appleton and Edward Austin ; also, a case of exquisite Tanagra figurines ; and several thousand rare coins of Greece, Egypt, Italy, and Asia, electrotyped from the originals in the British Museum.

In the upper hall are many interesting objects, among which are a cast of the second bronze gate at the Baptistery at Florence; bronze half-figures of Virgil and Dante: marble busts of Raphael and Rubens; the famous painting " Belshazzar's Feast" by Allston; Benjamin West's "King Lear;" the Dowse collection of English water-color drawings, chiefly copies of the old masters, bequeathed to the Athenaeum by the late Thomas Dowse; Millet's pastels and water-colors ; and many drawings by Rimmer and Hunt.

The large collection of paintings on the second floor, many of them the property of the Museum and others loaned to it by individuals, occupies several rooms. In the larger room, to the right of the upper hall, arc repre- sentatives of Corot, Couture, Francais, Millet, Diaz, Dore, Daubigny, Cour- bet, Dupre, Pils, Boughton, Hunt, Kensctt, Veddcr, Bridgman, Brown, Cole, Staigg. and others. Chief among these arc Corot's " Dante and Virgil," and Courbet's " Lc Curee." The adjoining room is called the Allston Room, and contains Gilbert Stuart's famous and magnificent portrait of Washington, and other Stuart portraits; portraits by Allston, Copley, G. Stuart Newton, John Smibcrt, Trumbull; and several paintings by illus- trious Venetian artists, Veronese and others. The Water-Color Room contains, also, the loaned collection of the Dutch oil-paintings from San Donato. The contiguous Print Rooms contain the Gray collection of

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 123

engravings, bequeathed to Harvard University, with some engravings and etchings by American artists ; the Sumner prints, and many unfinished works of Allston. In the main hall to the left of the upper hall, is a mag- nificent collection of Japanese embroideries ; a fine display of tapestry, once the property of Louis Philippe, loaned by the late George O. Hovey ; Per- sian fabrics, and small arras tapestry ; a very complete display of pottery and porcelain, including majolica and Robbia ware ; and a rich collection of Chinese, Japanese, celadon, Dresden, Copenhagen, Berlin, Vienna, Rouen, Sevres, Delft, Wedgwood, Chelsea, Worcestershire, Derby, and other wares, with an equally full collection of pottery. Other cases contain Chinese and Japanese articles, metal-work, cloissonne enamel, electrotype reproductions from objects in the South-Kensington Museum, Limoges enamels, medals, and bronzes, German and Venetian glass, embroideries, silk textiles, and laces. The Lawrence Room is fitted with ancient oak panelling of the time of Henry VIII., presented by Mrs. Lawrence. In this and an adjoin- ing room are some fine old pieces of sculptured wood furniture, Italian bronzes of the Renaissance period, arms and armor, a pulpit-door, inlaid with ivory and ebony, from a mosque at Cairo, and other objects.

The land on which the Museum stands was given to the city by the Boston Water-Power Company, to be used either as a public square or as the site df a museum of fine arts. The lot, containing 91,000 square feet and surrounded by streets on every side, was granted by the city to the trustees in 1870, the year in which the corporation was formed. About $250,000 was raised by a public subscription ; and the first section of the building, the architects of which are Sturgis & Prigham, was begun in 1S71, and completed and opened in 1S76.

In 1S7S the institution asked the public for only an additional subscrip- tion of $100,000, but $125,000 was subscribed; whereupon work was at once begun, and by Oct. 1, 1S7S, the St. James Avenue front was all roofed in. The new sectioncwas opened in the spring of 1 S79. The corporation is administered by a board of trustees, to which are added persons annually chosen to represent Harvard University, the Institute of Technology, and the Athenaeum, also ex officio the mayor, the superintendent of public schools, the secretary of the State board of education, the trustee of the Lowell Institute, and the president of the board of trustees of the Public Library. The officers are a president, treasurer, honorary director, curator, and secretary. There are executive, finance, museum, and library commit- tees. The Museum is open daily, on Mondays at noon, and other days from 9 a.m. until sunset. On Saturdays, from 9 a.m. to 5 P.M., and Sundays from 1 to 5 p.m., the admission is free; at other times twenty-five cents is charged. In the Museum building a School of Drawing and Painting has been established, under the instruction of Otto Grundmann and F. Crown-

124

AVA'G'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

inshield, and has proved very prosperous. Martin Brimmer is president of the board ot" trustees ; Henry P. Kidder, treasurer; Charles C. Perkins, hon- orary director ; Charles G. Loring, curator; and K. H. Greenleaf, secretary. The Representative Art Clubs arc the Boston Art Club, whose new and elegant club-house, on the corner ot Dartmouth and Newbury Streets, is

Boston Art Club, Newbury Street.

one of the recently added features of the elegant Pack-bay district: and the Paint and Clay Club, whose rooms are at the top of the building No. 419 Washington Street. The Art Club was organized in 1S55, and its quarters were long at No. 64 Boylston Street, the present club-house of the Central Club. The new house is of a Romanesque style of architecture, of brown stone and dark bricks; and a striking feature of its exterior is an hexagonal

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 125

tower, starting from the second story, and rising to a height of seventy feet. The interior of the house is finely arranged, elaborately decorated, and sumptuously furnished. Its picture-gallery is one of the finest private galleries in the city. The club has now 800 members. The initiation-fee is $20; annual dues, $15. George P. Denny is the president. The Paint and Clay Club was organized in the spring of 1880, largely by artists; but it was not until 1882 that a constitution was adopted. The membership is limited to 30; and it is a condition that members shall be connected with art, literature, or music. The club-room is artistically arranged, and fine exhibitions are given here. The initiation-fee and the annual dues are each $10. William F. Halsall, the marine-painter, is the chairman. The Sketch Club, organized in 1881, is a club of younger architects. Its rooms are also at No. 419 Washington Street, directly under the rooms of the Paint and Clay. William Martin Aiken is president.

The Boston Society of Decorative Art, organized in 1 878, occupies rooms at No. 8 Park Square. The objects form an interesting exhibition of needle-work and decorated porcelain and pottery. The society sells these articles ; and a committee provides instruction in wood-carving, etc. It is in correspondence and has intimate relations with the New-York Society, but is an independent organization. Roland C. Lincoln is president, and Georgina L. Putnam secretary.

The American Academy of Arts and Sciences has its rooms in the Athe- naeum Building. It is, with one exception, the oldest scientific society in America, and stands to the United States in a relation similar to that held by the famous academies of France, England, Germany, and other European nations, to their respective countries. It was founded in 1780; and among its principal early members were Benjamin Franklin, James Bowdoin, John Adams, John Hancock, John Quincy Adams, Josiah Quincy, Nathaniel Bow- ditch, John T. Kirkland, Samuel Dexter, and others eminent in science and literature. It has members in all sections of the Union, including the leading scholars and scientists of the country, and also a large number of honorary members in Europe. The society has charge of the awarding of the Rum- ford medals, which are paid for from a fund given to it in 1796 by Count Rumford, to be devoted to the proper recognition of important discoveries in heat and light made on the American continent or the adjacent islands. The medals have been awarded but eight times. The president of the society is Prof. Joseph Lovering.

The Boston Society of Natural History occupies a large brick building, with freestone trimmings, on Berkeley Street, between Boylston and New- bury Streets. The structure, which is 80 feet high and has alront of 105 feet, is adorned by Corinthian columns and capitals. Over the entrance is carved the society's seal, which bears the head of Cuvier ; heads of animals

126

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

are carved on the keystones of all the windows. A sculptured eagle sur- mounts the pediment. The land on which the building stands was granted by the State. On the first floor are a lecture-room, library, secretary's office, and rooms devoted to geological and mineralogical specimens. On the second floor is a large hall, 60 feet high, with balconies, and several other rooms, in which a grand and valuable collection of birds, shells, insects, plants, skeletons, and other objects of interest are on view. The museum is open to the public Wednesdays and Saturdays. The society holds fre- quent meet- ings, publish- es books on natural his- tory, and pro- vides lecture- courses in the season. It was incorpo- rated in 1831, and formerly occupied a building on Mason Street. The late Dr. W. J. Walker was its chief be nefactor, giving to the

The Boston Society of Natural History, Berkeley Street.

association at various times a sum aggregating nearly $200,000. The pres- ent building, erected in 1864, cost about $100,000. The president is Samuel H. Scudder ; curator, Alpheus Hyatt ; secretary, Edward Burgess ; treas- urer, Charles W. Scudder; and librarian, Edward Burgess.

The Warren Museum of Natural History is at 92 Chestnut Street. It was founded by Dr. John C. Warren in 1846. The present fireproof build- ing was erected in 1849, and the institution was incorporated in 1858. The skeleton of the great mastodon, — the most perfect specimen known, — discovered in 1846 near the Hudson River, at Newburgh, gives peculiar in- terest to the collection. The skeleton was bought by Dr. Warren, shortly after its discovery, and now stands in the lower hall. Close by are a skeleton elephant, and a skeleton horse, for the purpose of comparison. The col- lections are otherwise exceedingly valuable. Persons wishing to visit the Museum should apply to Dr. J. Collins Warren, 58 Beacon Street, or Dr. Thomas D wight, 70 Beacon Street.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 127

The Musical Societies of Boston, notably the Handel and Haydn So- ciety, and the Harvard Musical Association, enjoy a wide reputation, and have contributed much towards the cultivation of the musical taste of the public, which has the name of being intelligently critical and of a high order.

The Handel and Haydn Society is the oldest musical organization in the United States, and is the leading choral society in this country, if not in the world. It was founded in 1815, and consists of a large mixed chorus numbering now about 600 voices. It is devoted to the performance of ora- torio and other choral music of an earnest character. During the 68 sea- sons since its organization it has given nearly 650 concerts, the programmes of which have included works by nearly all the most eminent composers. Since the opening of the Music Hall, in 1852, it has given its concerts in that place. The society took part in the opening ceremonies at the New- York Crystal Palace in 1854, and also in series of concerts in conjunction with the Thomas Orchestra given in Steinway Hall in 1873 and 1882. In 1868 it gave its first great triennial festival, which lasted a whole week, per- formances being given afternoons and evenings. These festivals have been regularly kept up. Carl Zerrahn has been conductor of the society since 1854, and B. J. Lang has been organist since i860. The headquarters are in the Music-Hail building, and the rehearsals are held in Bumstead Hall.

The Harvard Musical Association, a society whose work in advancing the cause of good music in Boston can hardly be over-estimated, was organ- ized in 1837. Its beginning was very unpretentious. A few graduates of Harvard, who in their college days had been members of the little music- club called the " Pierian Sodality," chanced to meet, on Exhibition Day in July, 1837, with several of their undergraduate successors in the institution; and, in the course of a pleasant conversation on music topics, the idea was broached of forming a union between past and present members. The proposition met with favor; and on the following Commencement Day, Aug. 30, 1837, the association was formed. After a while the sphere of the or- ganization was enlarged, and the headquarters were removed to Boston. The annual dinners of the association have been important features ; and to these occasions some of the foremost music enterprises of Boston owe their birth. Among these were the building of the Music Hall, the estab- lishment of " Dwight's Journal of Music," and the giving of classical con- certs in regular series. Under the auspices of the association was given the first regular course of chamber-concerts in Boston ; and these were sue- ceeded by the famous Symphony Concerts, which were continued through seventeen seasons, to March, 1882, and added considerably to the associa- tion's funds, for concerts and for the enlargement of its fine library of music. John S. Dwight has been president of the association for several years, and Charles C. Perkins vice-president.

128 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

The Apollo Club was formed in 1871, and incorporated in 1873, for the performance of part-songs and choruses for male voices. It was started by a few leading singers in church-choirs in this city, and during its first year was composed of 52 active (singing) members, and 500 associate (or subscrib- ing) members, who, for an annual assessment, receive tickets to all the con- certs given by the club. The number of active members has varied from 60 to 70 ; and the number of associate members has always remained 500, that limit having been set at the formation of the club. No public concerts are given, and no tickets to its performances are sold. It has, on a few occa- sions, sung in a semi-public manner, by request of the authorities of the State or the City — as at the funeral of Charles Sumner, the centennial cele- bration of Bunker Hill, and the State reception to President Hayes in 1877. B. J. Lang has been its music-director since its formation. Its member- ship has included some of the finest vocalists of this neighborhood among its active members, and many of the best citizens among its associates. Its success has been such that similar clubs have been formed all over the country, several taking the same name. It has convenient club-rooms, and a small hall for its private weekly rehearsals, at 151 Tremont Street. Its concerts are generally given in Music Hall.

The Boylston Club, a private musical society, was organized in 1872 for the study of music for the male voices alone. Its first public appearance was in 1873. In 1876 the purpose and resources of the club were enlarged by the addition of an auxiliary chorus of ladies. The club contains three distinct bodies, —a complete and carefully trained male chorus, a four-part female chorus, and a mixed chorus, so formed that it is in fact a combina- tion of two complete choruses, — a first arid a second. In its public per- formances, each of these three bodies is fully represented. None but competent singers are admitted to active membership, and under stringent regulations as to attendance at rehearsals. The active membership now numbers 90 ladies and 90 gentlemen. In 1878 the club gave a complete mass by Palestrina, and the famous B-flat motet of Bach, both of which were heard for the first time in this country at the concerts of this club. Its purpose is to produce at its performances only such works as stand highest in the literature of music. J. B. Sharland was the first, and George L. Osgood is the present director.

The Cecilia Society was organized in 1874 as an auxiliary of the Har vard Musical Association. It consists of a mixed chorus of about 130 voices, picked from the best solo-singers in Boston. Through its first two seasons the society took part in seven of the Harvard Symphony Concerts ; but in 1876 the connection with the Harvard Association was dissolved, and the society re-organized on a basis similar to that of the Apollo and Boylston Clubs. About 250 members were received ; and these, in consid-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 1 29

eration of tickets to the concerts of the society, bear its expenses. Several concerts are given in the course of each season; and entrance to them is secured only by membership, or by invitation of members. Since its organi- zation the society has given compositions of Mendelssohn, Schumann, Du- rante, Weber, Gade, Schubert, Bach, Max Bruch, Hoffmann, Liszt, Handel, Berlioz, and others. B. J. Lang has been its only musical director.

The Orpheus Musical Society is the leading musical association among the Germans of Boston. It was organized in 1848, and at the start con- sisted exclusively of Germans ; but as their number in those days in Boston was small, its beginning was rather humble, and in marked contrast with its present prosperous circumstances. The excellence of the German music, and the delightful sociability that characterized the institution, made it remarkably attractive to the American friends of the members ; and they were finally admitted to associate membership, and even to full membership when their mastery of German proved such as to enable them to join in the- singing. The society is composed almost half of Americans. While the tone of the institution is still thoroughly German, the singing being kept exclusively in that language, out of courtesy to the American members the official proceedings are now conducted and the records kept in English.

The Philharmonic Society is an organization for the presentation of orchestral music. It is organized like the other musical clubs of the city, composed of professional and associate members ; the latter bearing the expenses by subscribing each a fixed sum per annum, and receiving in re- turn tickets for the season's concerts. It grew out of the Philharmonic Orchestra organized in 1879 by Bernard Listemann, and which still exists. The society was organized in 1880. It has a large membership. Carl Zer- rahn is the present director. Listemann's Philharmonic Orchestra still maintains its organization, also, and has a large and devoted membership; Mr. Listemann being its conductor.

The Boston Symphony Orchestra is a permanent orchestra, established through the liberality of a single citizen, Mr. Henry Lee Higginson. The first season was an experimental one ; and a series of twenty concerts of the highest order was given by an orchestra of sixty musicians, under the direction of Georg Henschel. This was in 1881. The result was so sat- isfactory that it was determined to make the orchestra a permanent feature. The following season the orchestra was strengthened, and a larger number of concerts was given. For the season of 1883-4, a chorus of mixed voices is to be added to the organization. The concerts are given weekly in Music Hall, of which Mr. Higginson is the controlling owner. As a means of educating the people of New England into the love of and appreciation for classical music, this is one of the most valuable and important agencies; and it would be difficult to imagine a more direct and practical method for educating the aesthetic tastes of lovers of music.

130 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

It has been a long step from the ancient Philo-harmonic Society, founded away back in 1810, to the broad musical culture of the present day, with its score of well-drilled choral societies, skilful orchestras, and sensitive Yankee-born cognoscenti. "This progress in musical culture has been for- warded by a number of very able and devoted teachers, laboring in widely different spheres, but each advancing successfully toward the common end. Among these leaders were, and are, men as different in aim and character as Lowell Mason and Patrick S. Gilmore, Carl Zerrahn and Bernard Liste- mann, Georg Henschel and Eben Tourjee, John S. Dwight and Louis Maas. The great conservatories of music, and scores of private teachers, have given technical education to many thousands of young persons ; and the lonely little harpsichord that was imported to Noddle's Island a hundred years ago is succeeded'by such myriads of pianos that some of the richest companies and greatest buildings in Boston are taxed to their utmost to keep up the supply.

Other Musical Societies are the Arlington Club, on the plan of the Apollo; the Lotus Glee Club, a quartet of male voices, formed in 1881 ; and the German organizations, — the Singing Section of the Boston Turnve- rein, the Harugari Liederkranz, the St. Michel's, the Roxbury Mannerchor, the Liederkranz, and the South Boston Liedertafel.

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E\)t Brain of tijc Cttg*

THE UNIVERSITIES, COLLEGES, PUBLIC SCHOOLS, AND OTHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS.

THE educational institutions of Boston and its vicinity have, from the earliest days, maintained a most prominent and enviable position. After them have been patterned many of the educational institutions of other cities of this country, and to them it has long been the custom of the patriotic Bostonian to " point with pride." This position has been won by constant care and attention, a wise and liberal management, and a generous and intelligent expenditure of money. Boston was the first to establish, nearly 250 years ago, free schools, open alike to all, since which time her schools have been most jealously fostered and cherished; and now there exist within her limits public schools giving instruction to about 52,000 pupils, at a cost for salaries alone of $1,250,000, and an annual expenditure of over $1,500,000, one university (the Boston University), one college (the Boston College), one polytechnic school (the Institute of Technology), and one normal art school, besides nearly 100 private schools, and several free denominational schools. There are also a number of special schools, some of which have particularly interesting features. In her immediate neighbor- hood are the great University at Cambridge, — the first university in the new country, which stands to-day the best-endowed and the most extensive insti- tution of the kind in America; Wellesley College, at Wellesley; and Tufts College, on College Hill, on the line dividing Somerville from Medford. This chapter will contain sketches of some of the many prominent and char- acteristic educational institutions of Boston and its vicinity.

Harvard University was founded in 1638, and is still administered under the charter granted in 1650. The principal seat of the university is at Cambridge ; but three departments, the Medical School, Dental School, and Bussey Institution (a school of agriculture and horticulture), are situated in Boston. Through the men who have been trained wkhin its walls, the insti- tution has had an important part in forming the character and establishing the fame of Boston ; and it has itself been deeply influenced in turn by the strong public spirit of Boston, and has been built up and directed largely by Boston men. For two generations after the settlement of the country, Harvard was the only college in New England ; and almost all the native- born clergy were educated there, the clergy being the ruling class. A large

132 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

proportion of the families which have been eminent in Boston and Massa- chusetts are families whose sons, in several generations, have been trained at Harvard. Among the scores of such family-names, those of Adams, Lowell, Mather, Otis, Prescott, Saltonstall, Warren, and Winthrop may be mentioned as having not only a local, but a national, reputation. Among individuals who were conspicuous in Boston in their day, and earned a fame which outlasts their generation, such men as Increase Mather, James Bow- doin, John Hancock, John Quincy Adams, William Ellery Channing, and Charles Sumner come at once to mind, all of whom are identified with the history of Harvard by the love they bore her and the services they rendered her.

The prevailing intellectual tone or temper of the university, like that of the town of Boston, has always been free. The university is hospitable to all religious and political opinions; but its inclination, and that of a majority of its graduates, from the earliest times, has uniformly been towards the side of liberty in Church and State. The particular manifestation of this inclina- tion has changed from generation to generation, but the tendency has been constant and plain to be seen.

While cherished and honored by the State, Harvard University has been, from the first, a private, incorporated institution, supported, in the main, first by the fees paid by its students, and secondly by the income of permanent funds given by benevolent individuals. At the present time the value of its lands, buildings, collections, and invested funds is roughly estimated at $7,000,000. Its annual receipts from students for instruction are almost $250,000, and its total income is upwards of $600,000. It has 160 teachers (of whom 55 are professors), besides 26 librarians, proctors, and other officers. It counts, in round numbers, 1,400 students, of whom about 900 are pursuing liberal studies, and 500 professional.

The government of Harvard University may be briefly described as follows : The legal title of the corporation is the " President and Fellows of Harvard College." The corporation, — consisting of the president, fel- lows (five in number), and treasurer, — and the board of overseers (thirty- two in number), are the governing powers of the whole university, which comprehends the following departments : Harvard College, the Divinity School, the Law School, the Medical School, the Dental School, the Law- rence Scientific School, the Museum of Comparative Zoology, the Bussey Institution, the college library, and the astronomical observatory. The Pea- body Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology is a constituent part of the university, but its relations to it are affected by peculiar provisions. The twenty-second president of Harvard is Charles W. Eliot, who has filled the executive chair for the past 13 years. It is within the scope of this work to mention only those Harvard buildings that are inside the limits of

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Boston ; but all of the numerous buildings used by the university are briefly described and fully illustrated in a neat hand-book, entitled " Harvard and its Surroundings." No catalogue is issued by the university, but an official catalogue, containing information regarding all departments of Harvard Uni- versity, and complete lists of the officers, faculty, and students, is published by Charles W. Sever, proprietor of the University Bookstore, Cambridge.

The Bussey Institution is at Jamaica Plain, near Forest-hills Station, on the Boston and Providence Railroad. It is a school of agriculture and horticulture, and was established as a department of Harvard University, under trusts created by the will of Benjamin Bussey of Roxbury. In 1870 the school was organized; and during the same year a commodious building of Roxbury pudding-stone, 112 by 73 feet, in the Victoria Gothic architec- ture, was erected. By the end of the next year greenhouses and sheds were built, the grounds and avenues laid out, and a water-supply provided.

fc'j^- 35rl3Z«Sm Iff -=r—~^.

The Bussey Institution, Jamaica Plain.

The main building contains an office, a library of 2,000 special books, recita- tion and collection rooms, and a laboratory, with storerooms and a glass- house attached. The cost of putting up and furnishing these buildings was $62,000. In 1872 the University received $100,000 from James Arnold of New Bedford, who left that sum to establish in the Bussey Institution a professorship of tree-culture, and to create an arboretum which will ulti- mately contain all trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants that can grow there in the open air. The whole of the Bussey estate recently passed into the hands of the University. It comprises 360 acres, of which 137 acres have

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been assigned for the arboretum, and are now being laid out with walks and roadways. With the natural beauties of the estate it will, as an open park, make a delightful resort. The dean of the Bussey Institution is Professor Francis H. Storer.

The Harvard Dental School is at 50 Allen Street, a short distance from the Harvard Medical School. Its basis of instruction is greatly different from that of other dental schools. Here the terms of the Dental School coincide with those of the other departments of the university, and last for nine, instead of the usual four months ; and the course is a progressive one of two years, no part of the instruction of the first year being repeated in the second. Before the student can enter upon his second year he must pass a satisfactory examination in the studies of the first year, which are identical with those of the first year in the .Medical School, and under the same professors. Three years of study are necessary for admission to examination for a degree, but one year can be passed under a private instructor. The faculty includes sixteen instructors, of whom six are pro- fessors. The dean of the Dental School is Dr. T. H. Chandler, whose office is at 74 Commonwealth Avenue.

The Harvard Medical School, North Grove Street.

The Harvard Medical School was founded in 1782, as the result of a very successful course of lectures delivered in Boston before the Boston Medical Society by Dr. John Warren, a brother of Gen. Joseph Warren. The school was carried on in Cambridge until 1810, when it was removed to Boston, " to secure those advantages for clinical instruction and for the study of practical anatomy which are found only in large cities." In 181 6 it took possession of a building erected on Mason Street, by means of a

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 135

grant obtained from the State, expressly for medical instruction. There it remained until 1S46, when a three-story building was built on North Grove Street, upon land given by Dr. George Parkman. This building, which ad- joins the Massachusetts General Hospital, contains chemical laboratories, lecture-rooms, and apparatus; laboratories; a library of 2,500 medical works; an anatomical theatre ; and a museum hall. In the museum hall is kept the Warren Anatomical Museum, of which the original collection, accom- panied by $6,000 for its care and increase, was given by Dr. John Collins Warren. In 1SS3 the school occupies its new, spacious, and magnificent building at the corner of Boylston and Exeter Streets, on the Back Bay. This is a four-story Renaissance edifice, of brick and red-sandstone, with picturesque pavilions, the most efficient means of heating and ventilating, and a practically fireproof construction. Van Brunt & Howe were the architects; and the amount raised for the work was $250,000. On the first floor are coat-rooms, reading-rooms, library, faculty-room, etc.; and on the second story are the great laboratories. The third floor has the famous museum of comparative anatomy (the best in America), the anatomical theatre, and several lecture-rooms. The fourth floor contains the labora- tory for anatomical study, and other rooms. The school has 241 students and 43 instructors, including 12 professors. The dean of the Medical School is Dr. Calvin Ellis.

Wellesley College has unquestionably the largest and handsomest build ing in the world devoted exclusively to the higher education of women. It is situated in the beautiful village of Wellesley, about 15 miles from the Boston City Hall, on Lake Waban. The grounds, comprising over 300 acres, had for many years been cultivated as a gentleman's countrv-seat, and remind one of an English park. The largest building, with its wings, is 475 feet long, four and five stories high. It is of brick, trimmed with freestone. This building, designed by Hammatt Billings, the "artist architect," and considered by him his masterpiece, is celebrated for its superb architecture and thorough construction. The college has been successful ever since it was opened in 1S75. Since 18S0 the College of Music, Stone Hall, and Simpson and Waban Cottages have been erected. The number of students is 4S2, — the largest number at any woman's college in the world. The standard of study is similar to that of the foremost colleges for young men. The library contains 25,000 volumes. The apparatus, cabinets, and labora- tories are extensive, and fully up to the requirements of modern science. The college is chartered by the State, and is empowered to confer all the collegiate and honorary degrees that are conferred by any Massachusetts college or university. The College-Aid Society spends from $6,000 to $7,000 a year to assist poor girls to secure an education. The college is already a national institution, drawing its students from nearly every State in the

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Union. The average age of the students is about 20 years. The number of teachers and officers is 60. The president is Alice E. Freeman, Ph.D.

Wellesley College, Wellesley.

Boston University was founded by Isaac Rich, Lee Claflin, and Jacob Sleeper, in 1X69, and includes at present three colleges, four professional schools, and a post-graduate department of universal science. The College of Liberal Arts is distinguished for its high requirements for admission, and for the strictness with which it limits itself to purely collegiate instruction. The College of Music, established in 1872, is located in the .Music-Hail building. This is the only institution of its kind in America, being intended

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 137

for the graduates of the ordinary musical colleges and conservatories. The College of Agriculture was established in 1875 by an agreement with the Massachusetts Agricultural College at Amherst. The School of Theology, formerly the Boston Theological Seminary, 36 Bromfield Street, was adopted by the university corporation in 1871. It is the oldest theological school of the Methodist-Episcopal Church, but has long employed lecturers and instructors of other ecclesiastical affiliations also. The School of Law was the first in this country to present a three-years' course of stud)', and limits the degree of bachelor of laws to those candidates who had already taken the first degree in arts (A. B.). The school is at 36 Bromfield Street. The School of Medicine was the first one in the country to present courses of instruction four years in duration, and which (at the end of three-years' courses) confers the degree of bachelor of medicine or bachelor of surgery. Most of its Faculty are homoeopathic in theory, but its statutes provide for the co-operation of any incorporated State medical society in the United States in the testing and graduation of students. For several years past the whole number of students attending the Schools of Theology, Law, and Medicine has exceeded the aggregate of the same classes of students in any other American university. The crowning department of the university is the School of All Sciences, organized exclusively for post-graduate instruc- tion in liberal studies. With it are associated the faculties of the National University at Athens and the Royal University at Rome. It is claimed that Boston University was the first in the world to organize from the start and throughout without respect to sex. Ex-Gov. William Claflin, LL.D., is president of the board of trustees;- and the Rev. William F. Warren, S.T.D., LL.D., is president of the university. Jacob Sleeper Hall was erected in 1882, at a cost of $80,000, on Somerset Street, and is a nearly fireproof brick building, commemorating in its name one of the founders of the University. It occupies the site of the First Baptist Church, whose lofty spire, higher than the State-House dome, was, until a year or two ago, a conspicuous feature in all views of the city. At the dedication, in 1882, Gov. Long, Presidents Eliot and Walker, Joseph Cook, and other distin- guished men made addresses. It is occupied by the College of Liberal Arts, for its studies, class-rooms, collections, chapel, gymnasium, halls, and offices ; and is fitted up with the utmost commodiousness and much of deco- rative beauty.

The Boston University School of Medicine is, like all other departments of the Boston University, open alike to both sexes. It was organized in 1873 i a°d in the following year, by legislative act, the New-England Female Medical College, the first school to instruct women in medicine, was united with it. For this purpose an optional year has been added, making the full course four years, with the privilege of gaining the baccalaureate degree at

138 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

the end of the third year. The school is situated on East-Concord Street, opposite the City Hospital, and close by the Massachusetts Homoeopathic Hospital. It has spacious grounds, with large' and convenient buildings, a library of 2,000 volumes, museum, chemical and microscopical laborato- ries, and extensive apparatus foi teaching and illustration. From its prox- imity to hospitals and dispensaries, it gives its students excellent facilities for practical observation and instruction. The faculty includes 28 profess- ors, lecturers, and instructors ; and although many of these are prominent homoeopathic physicians, yet every department of medicine, surgery, and the collateral sciences receives proper attention. The success of this school has been quite remarkable : upwards of 800 students have been in attend- ance ; and in the past ten years it has graduated 330 physicians, — one-third being women, — nearly all of whom are now engaged in successful practice. The dean of the school, and professor of surgery, is I. T. Talbot, M.D., 66 Marlborough Street.

Boston College was founded in 1863 by the Fathers of the Society of Jesus, and it is conducted by them. It is located on Harrison Avenue, next adjoining the Church of the Immaculate Conception; and the value of its building and grounds is estimated at about $200,000. The course is long and thorough, and classical studies occupy a prominent place in it. It has a corps of 16 professors and other instructors. The number of students is 200, and increases from year to year. Rev. J. O'Connor, S. J., is the president.

Tufts College, on College Hill, Medford, is under control of the Univer- salist denomination. It is well endowed, enjoying the revenue of nearly $1,000,000, and has several scholarships. It has a classical course of four years, a four-years' course for the degree of bachelor of philosophy, a three- years' engineering course, and a divinity school. The collegiate department has 12 professors and instructors, and the divinity school 4 professors, 1 in- structor, and 1 lecturer. The president is Elmer H. Capen, D.D., who has held that office since 1875. The college was chartered in 1852, and opened in 1854. It has several commodious buildings, and occupies one of the most sightly spots about Boston. There are nearly 100 students.

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology was incorporated in 1861, for the purpose of instituting and maintaining a Society of Arts, a Museum of Arts, and a School of Industrial Science. The Society of Arts now numbers between 200 and 300 members, and meets at its rooms in the Institute building fortnightly. The Museum has been well started, and includes models of machinery, casts, prints, drawings, architectural plans, etc. The building is of pressed brick, with freestone trimmings, and stands on a lot of land granted by the State, bounded by Boylston, Clarendon, New- bury, and Berkeley Streets. The Institute receives government aid under

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KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

the act of Congress designed to promote instruction in agriculture, the mechanic arts, and military science and tactics ; is authorized to confer degrees, and is obliged to provide for military instruction. The school has more than 40 instructors, and 516 students. There are ten courses, — those of civil and topographical engineering, mechanical engineering, geology and mining engineering, building and architecture, chemistry, metallurgy, natural history, science and literature, physics, and an elective, — each covering

Th° Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boylston Street.

four years. A School of Mechanic Arts, in which special prominence is given to manual instruction, has also been established. In the Institute building proper, there are over 50 rooms, most of them being laboratories or lecture-rooms in the various departments. There is also a large and elegant audience-room, called Huntington Hall, with a seating capacity of 900. A restaurant is kept in the gymnasium. The president of the Insti- tute is Gen. Francis A. Walker. Professor William B. Rogers, the founder of the Institute, died suddenly at the annual exhibition in June, 1SS2, while addressing the sraduatinir class.

A school of industrial design is maintained, in connection with the Insti- tute of Technology, by the Lowell-Institute fund. In 1S83, buildings are under construction farther out on the Back-bay lands, one for a gymnasium

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. r4l

and "drill-shed, the other for the shops and schools of mechanic arts, etc. A large new building is being erected near the Institute, for laboratory and other purposes.

The Boston Public Schools, according to the recent report, comprise 504 general and 21 special schools in the city; of the former, 442 are primary, 51 grammar, 8 high, 2 Latin, and 1 normal. Of the special schools, the two for licensed minors are on North Margin Street and East Street: and the Horace Mann School for the Deaf is on Warrenton Street. The others are evening-schools, some for teaching the elementary branches, and others for the classical branches and drawing ; and their annual winter ses- sions are held in school-buildings in various parts of the city. In the general schools, during the school-year 1882-S3, there were about 57,000 pupils, taught by 1,129 teachers. There were also a number of licensed minors and deaf- mutes under instruction ; and a large number in the evening schools. Special teachers for these schools, and other temporary teachers and special assist- ants, increase the number of teachers on the pay-roll to about 1,300. The salaries of the teachers and officers for the year amounted to $1,180,193.73. The system is under the control of the mayor, and board of school-committee, a body of 24 persons, 8 of whom are chosen annually for a term of three years. The authority of the board is almost absolute, even in making appropriations from the city treasury ; but the real work of managing the schools is dele- gated to the superintendent, Edwin P. Seaver, and the supervisors, Samjiel W. Mason, Ellis Peterson, Robert C. Metcalf, John Kneeland, Lymati R. Williston, and Lucretia Crocker, — a former member of the school-com- mittee, to which women have been eligible since 1874. This board of su- pervisors costs the city $22,680 annually. All the general schools are strictly graded ; and promotions take place twice a year, by a system of uniform examinations. The course of the primary-school is three years ; of the grammar-school, six years ; and of the high-school, three years, with advanced instruction in the two central high-schools. When preparing for college, boys and girls are admitted to their respective Latin-schools, at an early age, after passing an examination equivalent to that required for admis- sion to the third class in the grammar-schools, where the course for the former is six years, and for the latter six years. The majority of the primary-schools throughout the city, and nearly all suburban schools, are mixed. A new programme of studies has been introduced in the past few years, in which a great amount of oral teaching is prescribed, especially in the primary-schools. Grammar is superseded by what are called language- lessons. The metric system is to be taught, and natural philosophy and physiology are to be taken up in the higher grammar-classes. Drawing and music have long been taught as regular studies in all the schools, and sew- ing is taught in the lower half of the girls' grammar-schools.

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The Boston Latin-School is more interesting than any of the other schools, partly from its character as a preparatory school for college, and partly from its many traditions. It was founded in the year 1635, a long time before any other city school now existing, and ten years before any other school of its class in Massachusetts. Among its masters were Ezekiel Cheever, for 40 years ; John Lovell, for 40 years ; Benjamin Apthorp Gould ; Epes S. Dixwell; and Francis Gardner, who for 44 years was usher, sub-

m _ master, m as-

...,, ter, and head w> master. The ;_- present head master is Moses Merrill. The graduates have formed an association, and own a fine library of 3,- 000 volumes, which are kept in the school- building. The school itself owns a very good collec- tion of objects illustrating the

history and topography of Greece and Rome. In the school-building stands a marble monument to the memory of graduates who fell in the civil war. The design is by Richard Greenough, and represents the Ahna Mater of the school resting on a shield which bears the names of the dead heroes, and extending a laurel crown to those who returned from the war. On marble tablets on either side of the vestibule are engraved the names of all the scholars who served with the national forces without losing their lives. The first Latin-school stood on the site of the present City Hall, from which School Street derived its name. Afterwards it was removed to the site of the Parker House, thence to Bedford Street, and in 1881 to the new building described below.

The New English-High and Latin School building, which the city of Boston has just erected on the lot fronting on Warren Avenue, Montgomery and Dartmouth Streets, is the largest structure in America devoted to edu- cational purposes, and the largest in the world used as a free public school.

The Old Boston Latin-School, Bedford Street.

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The building was begun in 1877; and that portion to be used by the schools was completed in the year [S80, at a total cost of about 5750,000. The Dartmouth-street front, which is to be occupied by the school-board and its officers, will be added hereafter. The structure is designed after the Ger- man plan, the principle of which is the hollow square with corridors follow- in^ its outlines. 36 schoolrooms occupy the street-fronts ; 12 receive their light from the courts. All the schoolrooms front on the open air; and the width of the whole building is simply the width of a room and its corridor, thus insuring the best light and ventilation. There are 4S schoolrooms, each accommodating 35 pupils. The great court-yard is divided in the centre by corridors connecting with a " theatre " building, that contains two lecture- halls, with a seating-capacity of 150 each; with cabinet-rooms, and two library-rooms for both schools, — the Latin-school, with its front on Warren Avenue, and the English high-school, on Montgomery Street. The two schools are connected in the rear by a drill-hall and gymnasium, for the use of both schools in common, occupying the east side of the quadrangle. The chemical laboratory and a lecture-room are in a detached building. The entire building will be, when completed, 423 feet long, and 220 feet wide. At present, without the administration-building (as the part reserved for the school-board will be called), it is 339 feet long. It has three stories and a basement, the latter being a clere-story facing the courts. The style is a modern Renaissance; having all the lines of strength treated architec- turally in stone, the frieze-courses inlaid with terra-cotta, while the back- ground is of Philadelphia brick. Practically the building is fireproof throughout. Each of the schoolrooms is surrounded by brick walls, form- ing fireproof sections. The staircases are of iron, and the four that are in each building are in width proportioned to the number to be accommodated. Great care has been given to the sanitary regulations. The interior finish is of Michigan oak. The exhibition-halls are arranged in amphitheatre form, 62 by 82 feet, and 25 feet high. The drill-hall is a grand feature. It is on the street-level, 130 feet long by 62 feet wide, and 30 feet high, with entrances from Warren Avenue, Montgomery and Clarendon Streets, and the court-yard. The floor is of thick plank, calked like a ship's deck, and is laid upon solid concrete. The hall can accommodate the whole school- battalion, and can also be used for mounted drill. The drill-hall, with its galleries, could seat 3,000 persons. It, and also the gymnasium above, of the same size, are both finished in natural materials, and treated so as to get a constructional effect of open timber-work, the wood being of hard pine, shellacked and varnished; the walls of Philadelphia brick, laid in bright red mortar, and trimmed with sandstone. The basement-story and the court-yards are to be specially fitted up for play-room. The entire building, which makes an excellent model of good workmanship, and is a

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credit to the city, and to the artisans engaged in its construction, was de- signed by the city architect, George A. Clough. During the winter season the free evening high-school is held here.

The Boston Normal School is in the third story of the Rice-school building, on Dartmouth Street ; and the Rice school (including the Rice primary-school, Appleton Street) is now the Rice Training-school; which gives an opportunity to the Normal-school pupils to obtain some practical knowledge of the methods of teaching. The school was established in 1854, and is expressly for girls. Larkin Dunton, LL. D., has been head master since its separation from the Girls' High-School, in 1872.

The Girls' High- School, on Newton Street, occupies a large building, originally designed for the high and normal schools. It was completed in 1870, and at that time was be- lieved to be the largest, most substantial, and cost- ly school-edifice in the United States. The large hall in the upper story con- tains various casts from antique sculpture and statuary, the contributions of several members of the Social Science Association.

The Public Latin-School for Girls was established in 1878. The course of study here is the same as that of the Public Latin-school for boys. It embraces also oral instruction in physiology and zoology, and a more de- tailed study of botany. Two hours a week are devoted to physical and vocal training. The pupils have three prepared lessons each day, and one unprepared. At the unprepared lesson, among other exercises, are transla- tion at sight, oral reading and study of passages in literature not previously examined, working of problems, and examination of natural objects under the departments of physiology. It is the statement of those acquainted with the management of the school, that so judiciously is it conducted, that the course of study is for girls of fair ability who begin in good health, even though they may be delicately constituted, not a severe or unsafe task af- fecting injuriously their physical condition. Pupils who pass successfully through the fourth class of the grammar-schools are considered to be amply

The Girls' High-School, West Newton Street

146 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

qualified for the lowest class of this school. The school is succeeding satis- factorily in every respect, and is regarded as past the experimental stage. Girls pass from it to the colleges for women and those admitting both sexes. The movement for the establishment of this school was begun by the so- ciety for the encouragement of the University Education of Women, and petition was first made for the admission of girls into the Boston Latin School. This failing, the establishment of the separate Latin School for girls was next successfully urged. The school is situated on West-Newton Street, in the same building with the Girls' High School. John Tetlow is the master. The entrance examinations occur on the first Saturday in June and the first Monday in September. The pupils increase in numbers yearly.

Of the many schools having interesting features we may mention the English high-school in the new Latin-school building, differing from the sub- urban high-schools only in being exclusively for boys, and in having male teachers, and a greater variety of educational apparatus. Among the gram- mar-schools at which one finds the best class of scholars are the Dwight, the Everett, and the Exeter-street : the last-named has the finest school-build- ing in the city. This building is notable as the first example in New England of the plan so universally adopted in Germany and Austria; the essential difference being in the grouping of the rooms, and so arranging them that no part of the building shall exceed the width of a room and corridor, or confining the rooms mainly on one side of the corridor, instead of grouping them around a common hall in the centre, which has been the general prac- tice in this country. The advantage gained in the foreign plan is securing a freer and more certain circulation of air, and avoiding a reservoir, such as a central hall is likely to be, for foul air, communicating with the other rooms ; it also secures better light, and a more direct connection between staircases, corridors, and entrances. The Exeter-street school is known as the Prince school, named for ex-Mayor Prince. In the Eliot, at the North End, one may find whole classes in which every member partly maintains himself, and in which every one is very poor. Only good dis- ciplinarians can govern these children, and the traditions of the school are exceedingly amusing. A thorough system of gymnastics in use here was invented by Mr. Mason, one of the present supervisors, while he was master of this school. The Emerson school, in East Boston, is among those famous for the penmanship of its scholars. The Rice primary-school occupies a position similar to that held by the Dwight and Everett among grammar- schools ; and the Genesee-street primary is noted for the absolute poverty of its scholars. It is worth visiting, because the results of the primary- school system are more plainly evident than in schools attended by a better class of children. The difference between the slovenly little creatures who have been in the school a few weeks, and the neat, alert boys and girls of

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

H7

the upper classes, justify the Bostonian in assuming an air of pride as he asks, " What do you think of our public schools ? "

The Private Schools of the city number about 100; and about 5,000 pupils find instruction in free denominational schools, so called, which are chiefly Catholic institutions.

The Chauncy-Hall School, Nos. 259 to 265 Boylston Street, near Qart- mouth Street, is a private school of high reputation, that was established in 1828 by the late G. F. Thayer. The present schoolhouse is the property of a corporation, composed chiefly of former pupils and patrons, of which George B. Chase is president, and Benjamin W. Gilbert is treas- urer. The Chaun- cy-Hall School is now conduct- ed by William H. Ladd, late of Cushing& Ladd, as principal. The schoolhouse was originally in Chauncy Place, subsequently in Essex Street; and in 1873, trie building having been burned, the present site was occupied. The building is excel- lently adapted to its purposes ; and unusual care has been devoted to

The Chauncy-Hall School, Boylston Street.

proper ventilation, heating, etc.; while the furniture is on a new pattern, and is free from any tendency to cause injuries to health, the foundation of which is so often laid in' school. The advantages of the division of labor in in- struction and of the departmental system are thoroughly established by the experience of the managers. The school is designed to furnish a complete course of school-education, beginning with the kindergarten and the primary school, and continuing through the upper departments in preparation for the

I4g KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

university, the Institute of Technology, or for business. Military drill is practised four times a week, and there is an excellent gymnasium. There is also a laboratory in the school-building. Special students are admitted to participate in the lessons of such classes as they choose and are fit for. Girls are admitted to the classes of the primary and upper departments and as special students.

The Massachusetts Normal Art-School was established by the State in 1873, as a training-school, for the purpose of qualifying teachers and masters of industrial drawing. Its chief aim at present is to prepare teachers for the industrial drawing-schools of the State, who can also direct and superin- tend the instruction in this branch in the public schools. The demand for these teachers is the result of an act passed by the legislature in 1870, making instruction in this branch obligatory in the public day-schools, and requiring cities and towns containing more than 10,000 inhabitants to pro- vide free instruction in industrial drawing to persons over fifteen years of age. This school occupies the building formerly known as the " Deacon House," at the South End, on Washington Street. All students are charged as follows : residents of the State, no tuition, but f 20 a year for expenses ; non-residents, a tuition of $100 a year. There are 170 students, 100 of whom are from Boston.

The New-England Conservatory of Music at Boston, under the direc- tion of Dr. Eben Tourjee, is the largest and best-appointed musical institute in the world. Of this worthy institution and its already celebrated founder, " Harper's New Monthly Magazine" said : —

"Twenty-five years ago there was nothing in this country deserving the name, if it aped the title, of a music-school. Eben Tourjee, then scarcely more than a lad, seeking vainly for instruction and advantages that to-day are within reach of the humblest, resolved, with that one idea, persistency, which from time immemorial characterizes great reformers, that one day there should exist in this land a school of music, where art should be placed on the same footing as other studies in our higher institutions of learning ; where it should not be viewed merely as an accomplishment, but rather as an integral part of a well-rounded, complete education, to be pursued, not spasmodically, but with systematic thoroughness. In 1851 young Tourjee unfolded his plans for a music-school to one whose specialty lay in the direction of commercial training. This gentleman proposed a joint com- mercial and musical college, — a union which strikes one like the propo- sition of a would-be Yankee Meyerbeer to set the Constitution to a sym- phony. Fortunately for the true progress of music, this idea was [never entertained by Tourjee, and] never developed. But in 1853 we find Mr. Tourje'e endeavoring to interest prominent musical and educational profess- ors in Boston in his project for a musical conservatory, to embrace the best

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elements of the foreign schools. All professed interest, but condemned the scheme as visionary. The capital could never be raised ; there would not be pupils enough to form classes, or warrant the employment of suitable teachers ; in short, if it ever was to be done, Mr. Tourjee must do it himself, raise a fund, start a college, and get himself elected president, — a mocking prophecy, which ere long brought its own fulfilment. Nothing daunted, through 1853-54 Mr. Tourjee continued his classes in piano, organ, voice; and, never losing sight of his central thought, he found time to issue and conduct an able little paper, called 'The Key-Note,' in which he endeavored to encourage the study of music on a higher basis than that usually pursued, indicating with prophetic utterance the future of music in this country."

The New-England Conservatory ot Music, Franklin Square.

The grand result of his labors and successes is shown in the New-England Conservatory, which he established in 1867. In it he has been favored with the patronage of more than 30,000 persons, and through it he gives instruc- tion to more than 2,000 persons annually. To him are the people all over the country indebted for the conservatories patterned after the grand insti- tution for which he laid the foundation. In 1882 Mr. Tourjee bought the immense St. James Hotel, at the South End, on Newton Street, and front- ing on the pretty Franklin Square; and here he has established a magnifi- cent college of music, with nearly 100 teachers, such as Zerrahn, Whitney, Maas, Walter Smith, Whiting, Dunham, Wheeler, Orth, De Seve, Bendix, and others, and courses of study in all departments of music, art, and the languages, and other subjects. There are rooms for more than 500 women

I5o KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

students in the building, where persons from other cities can live comforta- bly, under the best religious influences, and in the harmonious development of their best faculties. This grand establishment is the musical Harvard of America.

The Lowell Institute, one of the most unique of the educational institu- tions of Boston, was established in 1S39, by the munificence of John Lowell, "to provide for regular courses of free public lectures upon the most impor- tant branches of natural and moral science, to be annually delivered in the city of Boston." Besides the School of Industrial Design connected with the Institute of Technology, two drawing-schools were until 1878 maintained by this fund. The Lowell-Institute lectures are now given in the hall of the Institute of Technology.

The Simmons Female College, for the purpose of teaching "medicine, music, drawing, designing, telegraphy, and other branches of art, science, and industry best calculated to enable the scholars to acquire an independent livelihood," was provided for by the will of John Simmons in 1870. He left store and dwelling property in the city, valued at the time at about $1,400,000, the income from which, under certain conditions and after certain payments, was to be applied to the establishment of the college. But a portion of the property having been destroyed in the Great Fire, and the income being impaired, nothing has been done by the trustees to carry out the project.

The American College and Education Society, with its office at No. IO Congregational House, has for its objects the promotion of Protestant theo- logical education ; and with this purpose it aids Western colleges, and many young men, candidates for the ministry. Charles Benedict of Waterbury, Conn., is president ; and Increase N. Tarbox, D.D., secretary. Tt is unsec- tarian, though its funds and students are drawn chiefly from Congregational sources.

The American Metric Bureau occupies a part of the second story of 32 Hawley Street, in the " book-district " of Boston. It is an important educa- tional society, and is composed of professors in colleges, teachers in high schools, superintendents of education, and many persons from all profes- sions, and from every line of business. It is introducing the International Decimal System of Weights and Measures. It has the largest collection extant of charts, books, apparatus, weights, and measures, illustrating the metric system, and forming a Metric Museum of more than 1,000 different articles, that are freely exhibited and explained to all interested. The secre- tary and three assistants have charge of the office, and give copies of explan- atory pamphlets to all applicants, or mail them without charge. The Bureau is incorporated, the same as the Bible Society, as^a missionary society for educational purposes. It sent out the first year over a half-million pages, illustrating the system, and explaining its advantages. Visitors to Boston

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 151

are often taken to the Bureau as one of the curiosities of the " City of Notions," as nothing of the kind can be seen elsewhere.

The American Library Association is in the same office with the Ameri- can Metric Bureau, and is composed of the leading librarians of the country, and aims to increase the number of readers, improve their methods, raise the standard of reading, and reduce its cost. The work is done through the free public libraries. The visitor's interest in the office lies in the Bibli- othecal Museum, comprising a collection of catalogues, reports, and other library publications, and thousands of blanks, devices, and appliances of every sort, used in libraries at home or abroad. These are arranged both by libraries and by subjects. Of still greater interest to public or private librarians are the working models recommended by the Association. These include nearly every thing tangible that pertains to the successful manage- ment of a library. The whole collection is fully and freely explained to visitors. The Secretary of the Library Association is Melvil Dui ; and the editor of "The Library Journal," the official publication of the libraries both of this country and of Great Britain, is Charles A. Cutter.

The Spelling Reform Association ia this thurd socjeti having hedkwer- tera lifer. This ia veri lik thfe Metric Biiro in its membership and methoda. Its ebject and meto ia ' rhfe Simplificejun ev Iyjglish ©rthegrafi.' It cezez matur tu bfe printed and ritn in thfe nii speling, distribiits pamflets, explena thfe nil method, and the vital impertans ev thfe reform tu eni pregres in popu- lar ediicejun. Its eficera incliid et er ten ev thfe most eminent filelocjists, six ev them bfeiug ex-preaidents ev thfe Filolecjical Asojiajuna ev America and Irjg- land. This general enc ev thfe najunal er iuternajunal asojiajun ia ev interest in bfeing thfe hedkwertera fer speling referm publicajuna, tipa, stajuneri, and infermajun. Aa this and thfe Metric Societi em tu remuv thfe gratest obstacle tu thfe spred ev popular ediicejun, aud thfe Ljbreri Asojiejun tu cari forward that ediicejun bj furnijmg thfe best rfeding frfeli tu thoa hum thfe skula hav tot tu rfed, thfe couibjud ofices ov thfe thrfe societia ar much viaited bj thoa interested in ediicajunal matura. The ar tugethur becez so closli alid in ther objects; becez, whjl having no conecjun whetever, so meni membera ev wun ar mem- bera ev thfe uthera; and bfecez thfe editor ev thfe Ljbreri Jurnal, Melvil Diii, ia at thfe sem. tjm secretari ev fech ov thfe Asojiejuua. Hie eficea ar open from 8. A. M. tu 6 P. M., exept Sundaa aud lfegal helidea, thrueut thfe yfer.

The Society to Encourage Studies at Home, organized in 1873, has met with remarkable success, which it seems to fully merit. Its purpose is to induce young ladies to devote some part of every day to thorough and sys- tematic study. To carry out this purpose, courses of reading and plans of work are arranged, and thorough directions and advice are given ; and finally an annual meeting is held, where the students can meet the instructors. The instruction is given by about 180 correspondents. During the past year there were 988 students, of whom 381 selected history; 367 English

JC2 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

literature ; 114 science ; 107 art; 35 German; and 34 French. The society . also owns a library, from which books are sent everywhere to its members. The cost of membership is $2.00 a year, merely to cover the incidental expenses. The secretary is Miss Anna E. Ticknor, daughter of the late George Ticknor ; and communications are to be sent to her by mail, ad- dressed to No. 9 Park Street.

The Roxbury Latin School is the popular name of " The Grammar School in the easterly part of the Town of Roxbury." It was founded in 1645, and among its founders were the Apostle John Eliot, Gov. Thomas Dudley, and many others whose names are well known to the people of New England. Although the school is free to residents of Boston, it is controlled by a board of trustees, and is not a part of the public-school system. Its sup- port is chiefly from the income of a tax voluntarily imposed upon certain citizens of Roxbury. It has also received several bequests from individuals, and some aid from the city of Roxbury. It was incorporated in 1789; and since then it has been a close corporation, in which the trustees fill any vacancies that occur in their board. Among the teachers at this school before the Revolution, were Judge William Cushing, Gen. Joseph Warren, the Rev. Bishop Samuel Parker, and Gov. Increase Sumner; and since then the lists of both teachers and pupils have had the names of scores of men whom the whole country has honored. The school has now two six- years' courses ; one of which is an English course, and the other a course preparatory for college, and especially for Harvard, where the examinations are the most comprehensive of any American college. The Roxbury Latin School stands equal in rank, and second in age, to any school of its class in this country. Its building is a large, plain wooden structure on Kear- sarge Avenue, and comfortably accommodates its present number of pupils, about 130. The head master, William C. Collar, is highly esteemed as one of the ablest teachers the school has ever had.

The Perkins Institution and Massachusetts School for the Blind is situ- ated on Broadway, Mount Washington, South Boston, in a large building formerly a hotel, which, as the ground is quite high, is a prominent object from the harbor and from the country for miles around. The institution was iounded.in 1829, and was organized in 1832 by Dr. Samuel G. Howe, beginning with six blind children in his father's house. It is named in honor of Col. Thomas H. Perkins, one of its most generous friends, who gave his mansion-house on Pearl Street for its use. It is notable as being the first institution in the world where a systematic education of the blind was at- tempted ; and its success was so great that it has been a model for other in- stitutions of the kind, both in America and Europe. The family system is followed ; and the women and girls occupy dwelling-houses by themselves, the sexes being separated. The average number of inmates is about 160.

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Music has been taught here with such success that the tuning, and keeping in repair, of all the pianos in the public schools of Boston are now intrusted to the pupils of the Institution, to the satisfaction of the school-committee, the music-teachers, and the public. The first books for the blind produced in this country were printed at the Perkins Institution, and during the past few years several standard works have been electrotyped. This department is carried on with much vigor. The institution is partly self-supporting from the income of invested funds. It receives compensation from several States for the education and training of beneficiaries, and from Massachusetts a

The Perkins Institution and Massachusetts School for the Blind, Broadway, South Boston.

grant of $30,000 annually. Dr. Howe continued in charge until his death in 1876. Samuel Eliot is president, and M. Anagnos secretary and director. Visitors are admitted on Thursdays at 11 a.m.

The Episcopal Theological School, on Brattle Street, Cambridge, was incorporated in 1867, for the preparation of young men for the ministry. Its founder, Benjamin T. Reed of Boston, desired that the advantages of Cambridge be available for those seeking that sacred calling in the Episco- pal Church ; and it has been the aim of the authorities of this seminary to maintain the standard of scholarship at the highest point. For admission, it is required that the applicant be a Bachelor of Arts, or submit to an ex- amination implying equal proficiency. Its group of buildings is of singu- lar beauty and uniformity, and is most pleasingly situated. It comprises St. John's Memorial Chapel, erected by the late R. M. Mason; Lawrence Hall, the dormitory, erected by Amos A. Lawrence ; Reed Hall, the library, erected by the founder; Burnham Hall, the refectory, erected by John A. Burnham;

154 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON

and the Deanery. The dean of the institution is the Rev. George Zabriskie Gray, D.D.

Private Classical Schools for preparing boys for colleges, especially for Harvard College, include the schools of George W. C. Noble, 40 Winter Street; John P. Hopkinson, 20 Boylston Place; E. R. Humphreys, 129 West-Chester Park; Henry Dame, 18 Boylston Street; Charles W. Stone, 36 Temple Place: and Herbert B. Cushing, 170 Newbury Street.

Commercial Colleges for fitting young men and women for business- life include Bryant & Stratton's, 608 Washington Street; Burdett's, 167 Tremont Street; Comer's, 666 Washington Street; French's, 459 Wash- ington Street; Reckers & Bradford's, 18 Boylston Street; George A. Sawyer's, 161 Tre-mont Street; and the Boston Commercial College of Wil- liam H. Moriarty, 442 Washington Street.

The Sisters of Notre Dame have a novitiate boarding and day school on Washington Street, Boston Highlands. The school was established in 1854, under the auspices of the Right Rev. Bishop Fitzpatrick. The grounds include six acres, and afford delightful facilities for healthful exercise. The building is a large four-story structure, of brick with granite trimmings. Since the establishment of the novitiate, a part of the building has been reserved for its needs, and the number of pupils has been limited to 100. The school is self-supporting ; the tuition, including board, is $200 a year.

Other Catholic Schools and Convents include the Notre Dame Academy and Convent, Berkeley Street, near Boylston Street; St. Joseph's Convent, Broadway, between Dorchester and A Streets, South Boston ; St. Aloysius Convent at East Boston ; St. Joseph's Convent at Jamaica Plain; Academy conducted by Ladies of the Sacred Heart, on Chester Park; and nine paro- chial and free schools scattered throughout the districts of Boston. Some of these schools are very large, such as St. Mary's on Cooper Street, at which there are 700 boys ; St. Mary's on Lancaster Street, 625 girls ; SS. Peter and Paul on Broadway, between Dorchester and A Streets, South Boston, 900 girls; and the Most Holy Redeemer, East Boston, 1,165 girls.

The Roman-Catholic Church is erecting a very large and handsome building in the Brighton district, for the education of candidates for the priesthood. This seminary is for the supply of clergy for the province, and will be conducted by Sulpicians.

The Evening High-School, on Montgomery Street, is a comparatively recent foundation, and affords instruction to many persons whose duties prevent their studying in the daytime. It has courses in all the English branches, and also in French and German ; and its achievements are limited only by the capacity of its quarters.

The Massachusetts College of Pharmacy, instituted in. 1823 and incor- porated in 1852, began its classes in 1867, and since 1877 has occupied the old Franklin-school building, on Washington Street, near Dover Street

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The Horace Mann School for the Deaf, formerly on Pemberton Square, is now on Warrenton Street. It was founded in 1869, and was, until 1877, called the "Boston Day-School for Deaf-Mutes." There are about 70 pupils, boys and girls. The plan of separating the pupils who were born deaf, and those made deaf by disease, is carried out as far as practicable. Professor A. Melville Bell's system of visible speech is employed through- out the school as an a:d in teaching articulation. The school is free for both sexes, residents of the city, and a moderate fee for others ; and it is supported mainly by taxation.

The Boston Asylum and Farm-School for Indigent Boys was formed by the union of the Boston Asylum for Indigent Boys, which originated in 1813, and the Proprietors of the Boston Farm-School, established in 1832. It was incorporated in 1835. Its object is to provide a home and training for homeless boys, and those who have lost one or both parents. Boys received into the institution as boarders can be taken away at any time, but others are held until the directors apprentice them. The average number in the school is 100. It is pleasantly situated on Thompson's Island.

The Massachusetts School for Idiotic and Feeble-Minded Youth, the oldest establishment of its kind in America, was opened in 1848 with three private pupils and ten State charges ; and it now cares for about 128 a year, 75 of whom are beneficiaries of the State. The average number of inmates is about 120. The late Dr. Samuel G. Howe was its founder and organizer, and remained at its head as superintendent until his death in January, 1876. The pupils are instructed by teachers possessing special qualifications; and a workshop is provided, in which those who can learn are taught trades. The schoolhouse is in South Boston.

The Boston City Hospital Training-School for Nurses was established in 1878 to give a two-years' course of training to women desirous of becom- ing professional nurses. The superintendent of nurses at the City Hospital, Miss Almira C. Davis, has charge of the Training-School, under authority of the superintendent of the hospital, Dr. George H. M. Rowe.

The Educational Periodicals of Boston are " Education," a bi-monthly- magazine, 112 pp.; "The Journal of Education,'' New England and Na- tional, weekly; "The Primary Teacher," monthly; and "The Public School," monthly. These periodicals were established by Thomas W. Bicknell, LL.D., formerly commissioner of public schools in Rhode Island; and he continues to edit " The Journal of Education," " Education," and "The Public School," and is the publisher of all. W. E. Sheldon edits "The Primary Teacher." These publications received the first premiums at Paris as the leading educational journals of the world, and have a very powerful influence in the cause of good schools and wise teaching.

156 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

For many years Boston has stood at the head of American cities as a centre of educational energies, and the typical seat of the New- World ideas on public culture. The innumerable facilities offered by the vast public and semi-public libraries and collections are freely open to students prop- erly accredited, who thus gain access to copious sources of original infor- mation. The free lectures provided by the Lowell Institute, and delivered in successive courses throughout the year, by the most eminent scholars of Europe and America, give the advantages and opportunities of a university course. Several of the chief scientific societies have their headquarters here, and the fruits of their researches are set forth at frequent meetings. There are also a great number of special institutions of high repute in and about the city ; several medical schools, two or three law schools, theologi- cal seminaries of half a dozen denominations, Dr. Tourje'e's musical uni- versity, and other well-known schools of music, and many other educational corporations.

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Ejje Soul of tfje (Eitg,

THE RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS, — THEIR PLACES OF WORSHIP,

AND THEIR PASTORS.

HHHE first meeting-house in Boston was a small, homely building, with

■*- mud walls and thatched roof

First Meeting-house in Boston.

rebuilt in 1 713, and in 1S08 torn down.

The " First Church in Bos- ton" (Congregational Unitarian), of which Rufus Ellis, D.D., is pastor, built another meeting- house in Chauncy Place in 1808, which in 186S gave place to the present fine church building at the corner of Berkeley and Marl- borough Streets. This church cost about $325,000, and is a beautiful structure. It accom- modates about 1,000 persons, has a very fine organ, windows of stained glass, an exterior carriage-porch of unique design, and is elegantly finished. The music is equal to that of any other church in Boston

The accompanying illustration from " Harper's Weekly " is said to give a fair idea of its outward appearance. It stood near the head of State Street. It was erected in 1632: John Wilson and John Cotton were its pastors. In 1640 this house of worship was sue- by a more pre ten - structure on Wash- Street, where Rogers ing now stands. This was burned in

The " First Church in Boston," Berkeley Street.

The architects were Ware & Van Brunt of Boston.

i58

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The second church in the city was built in 1649, in North Square. The first Roman Catholic in 1789; the first Methodist (church on Hanover Ave- nue) in 1796; the first Universalist (church corner of Hanover and Bennett Streets) in 1785.

The early church history of Boston is full of interest, but the details are too voluminous to be given here.

The Old South, corner of Washington and Milk Streets, is the most famous meeting-house in Boston, by reason of its historical associations. The Old South Society was organized in 1669; and the meeting-house was built soon afterwards on a piece of land given by Mrs. Norton, widow of the Rev. John Norton. In 1729 the original meeting-house, which was of wood, was taken down, and the present brick structure was built on the same spot.

It is one of the most famous " landmarks " of old Boston, and one of the few historic buildings that have been allowed to remain standing in this iconoclastic age and country. The associations that cluster around the Old South are certainly of a nature that should make the building precious in the eyes of patriotic citizens. Benjamin Franklin was baptized and attended worship here ; Whitefield preached here ; the revolutionary agitators made use of the edifice to stir up the citizens against the tyranny of their king; Warren here delivered his famous speech on the anni- versary of the Boston Massacre; the "tea-party" organized within these walls ; and here the annual election sermons were for many years delivered. In 1775 the church was used as a riding- school by the British troops. The great fire of 1872 stopped just before reaching the Old South, burning all around it on two sides. The society abandoned this place of worship (which was used as the post-office for a while after the fire), and erected a new building on the Back Bay. Since then its preservation has been vigorously striven for by a small part of the community, but its fate seems

The Old South, Washington Street.

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THE OLD SOUTH CHURCH, BOYLSTON STREET.

t6o KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

yet problematical. The land on which the church stands is valuable for business purposes, owing to its central location. The Old South Preserva- tion Committee has done its best towards saving the building, and various entertainments, fairs, lectures, and grand balls have been given to this end; but the sum ($400,000) required to purchase the church has not at this writing been raised. The ministers of this society from its formation are : Thomas Thatcher, Samuel Willard, Ebenezer Pemberton, Joseph Sewall, D.D., Thomas Prince, Alexander Cumming, Samuel Blair, John Bacon, John Hunt, Joseph Eckley, Joshua Huntington, Benjamin B. Wisner, D.D., Samuel H. Stearns, G. W. Blagden, D.D., and J. M. Manning, D.D., who died in 1882. The Old South is a plain brick building, painted light, with a tall spire. The belfry is surrounded by an exterior gallery. The house is 88 by 61 feet in dimensions, and has a sounding-board and two tiers of galleries. A tablet above the Washington-street entrance gives the dates of the formation of the society and the building of the two church edi- fices. - The building is now an historical museum, made interesting to the masses of the people by the exhibition of new inventions and rare old colonial antiquities. The entrance-fees go towards raising the preservation fund.

The Old South Church, successor to the historic " Old South " (on the corner of Washington and Milk Streets), is at the corner of Dartmouth and Boylston Streets. It is a large and costly structure, including, besides the church, a chapel and parsonage. The seating capacity is between 800 and 900, and the building covers an area of 200 by 90 feet. It is of Roxbury stone, with freestone trimmings ; and the interior finish is of cherry. The massive tower, which forms the most noticeable feature of the structure, is 235 feet high. Over the centre of the main church edifice rises a large lantern of copper, with 12 windows. An arched screen of Caen stone, with shafts of Lisbon marble, separates the church from the main vestibule. A carved screen of wood encloses the pulpit, and three panels of Venetian mosaic fill the heads of the arches leading from the doorways. The stained-glass windows were brought from England, and are decorated with biblical scenes. This edifice, erected at a cost of about $500,000, is gener- ally considered one of the finest specimens of church architecture on the continent. The interior decorations are elaborate; the pronounced tints of the walls, the large chandeliers, and the rich carvings producing a striking and beautiful effect.

King's Chapel, corner of Tremont and School Streets, was the first Episcopal church in New England, and is now a Unitarian church. The society was organized in 1686, and a little wooden church was erected in 1689. Robert Ratcliffe was the first rector. The church was enlarged in 1710; but in 1754 it was taken down, and replaced by the present substan-

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tial stone building. The liturgy was altered in 1785, and has been used as amended ever since. In 1787 James Freeman became the pastor ; and the connection of the society with the Episcopal church ceasing, it became a Unitarian church. The present pastor is Henry W. Foote. King's Chapel is a very quaint and interesting place. The in- terior, with its high, old-fash- ioned pews, its tall pulpit and sounding-board, its massive pil- lars,and stained- glass window, is remarkably attractive. In 1878 the city discussed the plan of remov- ing King's Chapel with its adjoining buri- al ground, and erecting a court- house in their place.

Christ Church, Salem Street, which was built by the Episcopalians h 1723, is the oldest church edifice now standing in Boston. The building which is of brick, is 70 by 50 feet in dimensions, and the steeple is 175 feet high. It is the most prominent landmark of the North End, and was formerly known as the " North Church." The steeple accurately repre- sents one that was blown down in 1804. The tower contains a fine chime of eight bells, which bear the following inscriptions : —

First bell : " This peal of 8 Bells is the gift of a number of generous persons to Christ Church, in Boston, N.E., anno 1744, A.R." Second: "This church was founded in the year 1723; Timothy Cutler, D.D., the first rector, A.R., 1744." Third: "We are the first ring of Bells cast for the British Empire in North America, A.R., 1744." Fourth: "God pre- serve the Church of England, 1744." Fifth: "William Shirley, Esq., Gov- ernor of the Massachusetts Bay in New England, anno 1744." Sixth: " The subscription for these Bells was begun by John Hammock and

King's Chapel, Tremont Street.

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KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

Robert Temple, church wardens, anno 1743; completed by Robert Jen- kins and John Gould, church wardens, anno 1744-" Seventh : " Since Gen-

erosity has opened our mouths, our tongues shall ring aloud its

Eighth :

praise. "Abel

Christ Church, Salem Street.

1744.

Rudhall, of Gloucester, cast us all, anno 1744." This chime, brought from England, is the oldest in America. The Bible, prayer-books, and silver now in use, were given, in 1733, by King George II. The figures of cherubim in front of the organ, and the chandeliers, were taken from a French vessel by the privateer " Queen of Hungary," and presented to this church in 1746. The Sunday school was established in 1815, when no other was known to exist in Ameri- ca. Christ Church has at the present time about 175 communicants.

The interior of the The present rector is William

church still retains an antique appearance H. Munroe.

A tablet was placed on the front of Christ Church in 1878, bearing the following inscription : —

THE SIGNAL LANTERNS OF

PAUL REVERE

DISPLAYED IN THE STEEPLE OF THIS CHURCH

APRIL 18 1775

WARNED THE COUNTRY OF THE MARCH

OF THE BRITISH TROOPS TO

LEXINGTON AND CONCORD.

Trinity Church, at the intersection of Huntington Avenue, Boylston and Clarendon Streets, is the finest church edifice in New England, if not in the

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163

164 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

United States. The history of Trinity parish dates as far back as 1728. Its first church, built in 1735, was a plain wooden building with gambrel roof, at the corner of Summer and tLawley Streets ; and its first rector was Addington Davenport. In this wooden building the parish worshipped until 1828, when the corner-stone of a new house was laid in the same loca- tion ; and the solid Gothic structure thefherected was used by the parish till it was burned in the great fire of 1872^ In the winter before this disaster, the subject of a new church edifice had been left to the direction of a build- ing committee ; and eventually the designs of Gambrill and Richardson, architects, of New York, wer^accepted. The new church was completed early in 1877. In sinking thV foundations an immense amount of labor was performed ; and, on account of the" nature of the Back-bay land, it was found necessary to somewhat moCify*the original design. The church was conse- crated on Feb. 9, 1877; the bishop of the diocese conducting the services. Four prelates of the church, many clergymen, the governor, the mayor, and a large number of notables, were present. Trinity Church is in the pure French Romanesque style, in the shape of a Latin cross, with a semi-circu- lar apse added to the eastern arm. The clerestory is carried by an arcade of two arches only. Above the aisles a gallery is carried across the arches, which is called the "triforium" gallery, and serves to connect the three main galleries, one across either transept and one across the west end of the nave. The whole interior of the church and chapel is finished in black walnut, and the vestibules in ash and oak. A great central tower, 211 feet high, surmounts the building, rising from four piers at the crossing of the nave and transept. The tower is very conspicuous, owing to its massive form, and is the main feature of the edifice ; the nave, transepts, and apse being subordinate to it. A handsome and unique chapel is connected with the main structure by an open cloister, the effect of which is exceedingly pleasing. The extreme width of the church across the transepts is 121 feet, and the extreme length is 160 feet. The chancel is 57 feet deep by 52 feet wide. The tower is 46 feet square inside. The material employed in the body of the church is Dedham granite, ornamented with brown freestone trimmings. The exterior of the apse is decorated with mosaic work of pol- ished granite. In the interior work special attention has been paid to the decorations, which form an enduring monument to the artistic taste of John La Farge of New York. No such decorations can be found in any other church in this country. The stained-glass memorial windows were, made in Europe. The church resembles many of those cathedrals in the south of France, which all the world has recognized as models in a noble school of ecclesiastical art. The cost of the building was $750,000. The parish has no debt, and is exceedingly wealthy. Some of the greatest preachers in the Episcopal denomination have graced the pulpits of the old Trinity churches.

ICING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

165

Among these have been George Washington Doane, afterwards bishop of New Jersey; John Henry Hopkins, once bishop of Vermont; Thomas March Clark, afterwards bishop of Rhode Island; Manton Eastburn, the last bishop of this diocese ; and Jonathan M. Wainwright, once bishop of New York. The rector of the present church is the most famous preacher in the denomination, Phillips Brooks, D.D., a graduate of Harvard Col- lege. He is much beloved by his parishioners, and esteemed and admired by every one for his elo-

k

quence and earnestness. Fred. Baylies Allen is as- sistant rector.

The Arlington-street Church (Unitarian), corner of Arlington and Boylston Streets, has an eventful history. The society was formed in 1727 as a Pres- byterian church. A barn on Long Lane (now Federal Street) was the first place of worship. In 1744 a church building replaced the barn on the same spot. In this building the United States Constitution was adopted in 1788 by the State convention : hence the' name of Federal Street. A new brick church was built in 1809, on the same site; but in 1859 this was taken down, and the present handsome building on Ar- lington Street was subse- quently erected. In 1786 the Presbyterian had been exchanged for the Congre- gational form of govern- ment. W. E. Channing, D.D., was pastor of this church from 1803 till 1842, and here made his reputation as an accomplished scholar, writer, and preacher, during this period. His successor was Ezra

The Arlington-street Church, corner of Boylston Street.

i66

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

S. Gannett, D.D., who was killed in the terrible railroad accident at Revere in 1871. Dr. Gannett was succeeded by the late J. F. W. Ware. The church is of freestone, and is very handsome, with a shapely spire and a chime of bells. On the Boylston-street side, the building is almost entirely covered with vines. Brooke Herford of Chicago was elected pastor in 1882.

St. Paul's Church was built in 1820, and consecrated by the Episcopal

bishops of Massa- chusetts and Con- necticut. It stands on Tremont Street, between Winter Street and Temple Place, facing the Common. It is in the Grecian style of architecture, of the Ionic order. The walls are of gray granite, and the portico and col- umns are of Poto- mac sandstone. The interior is handsome. The ceiling is a cylin- drical vault, with panels which span the whole width of

St. Paul's Church, Tremont Street.

the church. Its rectors have been Samuel F. Jarvis, D.D., Alonzo Potter, LL.D., afterwards bishop of Pennsylvania, John S. Stone, D.D., Alexander H. Vinton, D.D., William R. Nicholson, D.D., Treadwell Walden, and W. W. Newton. Frederick Courtney, D.D., is the present rector.

The Hollis-street Church was originally built in 1732. It was a little wooden building ; and the first minister was Mather Byles, a Tory, a wit, and a scholar. The church and the street were named after Thomas Hollis of London, one of the greatest benefactors of Harvard University. The meeting-house was burned in 1787, and another built. In 1810 the latter was removed to give place to the present structure. The steeple is nearly 200 feet high. Dr. Samuel West, John Pierpont, and Thomas Starr King were pastors of this church. The tablets in the church bearing the Ten Commandments were the gift of Benjamin Bussey, another of Har- vard's greatest benefactors. The old church was used as a barrack 'by the

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

167

British soldiers during the siege of Boston. The present pastor is Henry Bernard Carpenter.

The Central Church (Congregational Trinitarian), corner of Berkeley and Newbury Streets, is a handsome building of Roxbury stone with sand- stone trimmings. It cost over $325,000, and was dedicated in 1867. It is free of debt. The spire, 236 feet high, is the tallest in the city ; and the interior of the church is exceedingly handsome. The society first wor- shipped in the old Federal-street Theatre, and later in a plain church-building on Winter Street. W. M. Rogers was the first pastor. The present pastor is Joseph T. Duryea, D.D., a leading clergyman of the denomination.

The Park-street Church, corner of Park and Tremont Streets, was

It is of brick, with a fine spire;

erected in 1810, and cost about $50,000. and the interior is commodious though plain. The society was organ- ized in 1809. Nine of the members of the Old South, which was then the only evangelical Congregational church in Boston, came out from the parent church un- der the promptings of a revival move- ment. Park-street Church was begot- ten in a revival, and has enjoyed many in her his- tory. E. D. Griffin, S. E. Dwight, Ed- ward Beecher, J. H. Linsley, Silas Aiken, A. L. Stone, and W. H. H. Murray were pastors of this church. The present pastor is J. L. Withrow, D.D. Several churches have grown out of the Park-street Church. Many of the missionary societies of the Orthodox denomination have been started within its walls. The church has always been deeply enlisted in the work of foreign missions, giving $4,000 and upwards each year to that cause. Until July, 1878, the church had always been in debt; but all incumbrances were then removed, and the church repaired and painted.

Park-street Church, Tremont Street.

^8 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

The First Parish Church (Unitarian), Meeting-House Hill, Dorchester district, is the oldest religious society in Boston. It was organized in Plymouth, England, March 20, 1630, the eve before the embarkation of the first settlers of Dorchester in the " Mary and John." John Maverick and John Warham were the first ministers. The first religious service held was in the open air in Dorchester, the Sunday after their settlement, in June, 1630. The first meeting-house was built in 1631, at the corner of Pleas- ant and Cottage Streets. It was a log house, protected with palisades against the Indians. In 1645 a more expensive structure was erected on the same spot. In 1670 it was moved to Meeting-House Hill, which derived its name from the church which for over 200 years has remained on this site. In 1677 it was succeeded by another which cost ,£200. In 1743 a new house was built, which stood until the erection, in 1 816, of the present structure. This church has had, including Maverick and Warham, who were associated together, and excluding two coadjutors who for a short time assisted Richard Mather, only eight successive ministers in a period of nearly 250 years. The list is as follows : Richard Mather, 33 years, with Jonathan Burr and John Wilson, jun., associates, both of whom he survived as pastor ; Josiah Flint, 9 years ; John Danforth, 48 years ; Jonathan Bow- man, 44 years; Moses Everett, 19 years; Thaddeus Mason Harris, 43 years ; and Nathaniel Hall, 40 years. Samuel J. Barrows was ordained in 1876, and in 1880 retired to become editor of " The Christian Register," the organ of the Unitarian denomination. C. R. Eliot is the present pastor.

The Union Temple Church, worshipping in Tremont Temple, is one of the largest Baptist societies in America. This society was organized in 1863 by the consolidation of the Tremont-street Church with the Union Church, to carry forward the work begun in 1839, to establish a free church in Boston, where all persons, "whether rich or poor, without distinction of color or condition, might worship." The movement was successful from the beginning. The first pastor of the consolidated church was Justin D. Fulton, D.D. George C. Lorimer, D.D., now of Chicago, succeeded Dr. Fulton. The present pastor is F. M. Ellis, D.D. The Union Temple Church is a free church, and discards the pew system, depending largely for its pecuniary resources on the voluntary subscriptions and contributions of the congregation. There is a large Sunday school connected with the church, and also a young men's organization called the Temple Union. The congregations at the Temple are very large. The church is also called the " Stranger's Sabbath Home."

The Central Congregational Church of Jamaica Plain (West-Roxbury district, Boston) was organized in 1853 under the name of the Mather Church. Services were held in the Village Hall until 1856, when a newly- built church edifice on Centre Street was dedicated. In 1866 the name of

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169

the society was changed from the Mather Church to the Central Congrega- tional Church. In 1871 the' society sold its house of worship on Centre Street, purchased a lot of land on the corner of Elm Street and Seav- erns Avenue, and began the erection of a new house, which was completed and dedicated in 1872. George M. Boynton is the pastor.

St. John's Church, Tre- mont Street, between Ver- non and Clay Streets, Bos- ton Highlands, was built as a chapel of St. James Church, and was opened in 1867. In 1871 it became an independent parish, and the following year the build- ing was enlarged. George S. Converse, formerly rector of St. James Church, is the rector. The church is free, and will seat about 500. The society is Episcopalian.

The German Lutheran Trinity Church, of the un- altered Augsburg Confes- sion, is an unpretending little building on Parker Street, Boston Highlands,

which has been occupied by the German Evangelical Lutheran Trini- ty Society since 1871. The building was formerly known as Day's Chapel. Adolf Biewend is the pastor. A pa- rochial school is conducted in the basement. The services are in the German language.

The Cathedral of the Holy Cross on Washington Street, at the corner of Maiden Street, is the largest and finest Catholic church in the city. It was dedicated in 1875. The building measures over 46,000 square feet, and covers more than an acre of ground. In this respect it takes precedence of the Cathedrals of Strasbourg, Pisa, Vienna, Venice, Salisbury, and Dublin.

Central Congregational Church, Jamaica Plain.

German Lutheran Trinity Church, Parker Street.

170 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

The style is the early English Gothic, cruciform, with nave, transept, aisle, and clerestory, the latter being supported by two rows of clustered metal pillars. The total length of the building is 364 feet ; width at the transept, 170 feet; width of nave and aisles, 90 feet; height to the ridge-pole, 120 feet. There are two main towers in front and a turret, all of unequal height, and all eventually to be surmounted by spires. The great tower on the south-west corner with its spire will be 300 feet high, and the small tower on the north-west corner will be 200 feet high. The gallery contains a Hook & Hastings organ of unsurpassed purity of tone and remarkable power. It has more than 5,000 pipes. It has 78 stops, besides 5 pneumatic knobs and 12 combination pedals. The entire interior of the cathedral is clear space, broken only by two rows of columns extending along the nave and supporting the central roof. The pews accommodate nearly 3,500 per- sons. The arch which separates the spacious front vestibule from the church is of bricks taken from the ruins of the Ursuline convent of Mount Benedict. The ceiling abounds in carved wood and tracery. The panels and spandrils show three shades of oak, with an outer line of African wood. Every alternate panel is ornamented with emblematic devices. The roof in the transept displays an immense cross of inlaid wood. On the ceiling of the chancel are painted angels representing Faith, Hope, Charity, and other virtues, on a background of gold. The frescoing on the walls is very handsome. The rose window over the principal entrance is in design a fine specimen of art. The stained transept windows, each 40 by 20 feet in size, have designs representing the exaltation of the cross by the Em- peror Heraclius, and the miracle by which the true cross was verified. The stained windows in the chancel represent the Crucifixion, the Ascen- sion, and the Nativity. These are memorial windows, and were gifts to the church. There are 24 smaller windows of stained glass, representing biblical subjects, in the clerestory of the transept and of the chancel. The sanctuary terminates in an octagonal apse. The high altar is formed of rich variegated marbles, and is to be surmounted by a fine canopy. On the Gospel side stands the Episcopal throne, the cathedra of the Bishop. On the right of the sanctuary is the chapel of the Blessed Virgin, containing a marble statue of the Virgin. There are three other chapels, — the chapel of St. Joseph, the chapel of St. Patrick, and the chapel of the Blessed Sacrament. The large vestry is between the chapel of the Blessed Sacra- ment and the sanctuary. The chantry, with a small organ, is over the vestry. Bernard O'Reagan is rector of the parish. The archbishop is the Most Rev. J. J. Williams.

The mansion of the archbishop, in the rear of the cathedral, is quite stately and very convenient, and contains some of the chief offices of the archdiocese of Boston.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

*7l

THE CATHEDRAL OF THE HOLY CROSS, WASHINGTON STREET.

172 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

The Church of the Immaculate Conception, corner of Harrison Avenue and Concord Street, is a handsome granite edifice, 208 feet long by 88 feet wide, built in 1861 under the auspices of the Jesuit Fathers, at a cost of over $100,000. The lot of about 90.000 feet of land on which it stands was bought for $45,000. From the floor to the ceiling, the height is 70 feet. The main divisions of the interior are effected by two rows of Ionic columns, with richly ornamented capitals, which mark the line of the side aisles with graceful and light shades. On the keystone of the chancel arch, there is a bust of Christ; and on the opposite arch, over the choir gallery, a bust of the Virgin. On the other circles there are busts of the saints of the Society of Jesus. Over each column there is an angel sup- porting the entablature. The altar is a fine piece of workmanship in mar- ble. On the panels is sculptured an abridgment of the life of the Virgin, — the Annunciation, the visitation to St. Elisabeth, the Nativity, the Adora- tion of the Magi, the Mater Dolorosa, and the Assumption. On either side of the altar are three Corinthian columns, with appropriate entablatures and broken arches, surmounted by statues of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin, the whole terminated by a silver cross, with an adoring angel on each side. On the right side of the broken arch is a figure of St. Ignatius, with chasuble, stole, etc., and on the opposite side is that of St. Francis Xavier. Over the chancel is an elliptic dome, lighted by colored glass, with a dove in the centre with spread wings. Within the chancel rails are two side chapels, the one on the Gospel side dedicated to St. Joseph; that on the Epistle, to St. Aloysius. The ceiling over the chancel is elliptic, and laid off in bands ornamented with mouldings. The painting behind the hisrh altar is the Crucifixion, bv Garialdi of Rome. The organ is one of the best in America, and was built by Hook & Hastings in 1863. Adjoin- ing the church grounds is the Boston College, a Catholic institution, of which Jeremiah O'Connor is president.

The Mission Church of Our Lady of Perpetual Help, Tremont Street, Boston Highlands, which was completed and dedicated in 1S7S, is one of the largest churches in Boston. It is under the charge of the Redemptorist Fathers; Rev. Joseph Henning being the rector. The church is a basilica, with transepts in the Romanesque style. The church has seats for 2,000 people, and affords standing-room for an equal number. It cost over $200,000. The building is of Roxbury stone. Its length is 215 feet; width across the transepts 115 feet: width of nave and aisles 78 feet. The nave is 70 feet high in the clear, and the aisles are 34 feet high. Over the intersection of the nave and transepts rises an octagonal dome of 40 feet inner diameter, to a height of 1 10 feet. This dome is supported by four clusters of four columns each, all of polished granite, with finely- carved capitals. The sanctuary, which is very large, closes with a semi-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

73

circular apse, in which is the high altar. Six side altars find room in the chapels at the ends of the aisles and transepts. The chapel of Our Lady is built out from the west transept. Over the vestibule is the organ gallery, which, like the triforium galleries, is not open to the public. The basement accommodates about 1,600 people. The sacristy is in a special building west of the sanctuary.

The Dudley-street Baptist Church, Boston Highlands, between Warren and Washington Streets, is a brick building in the Gothic style, covered by mastic. The church is 117 by 75 feet in dimensions, with a tower and steeple 200 feet high. The interi- or is divided into nave and side aisles by clustered col- umns, the auditorium and galleries containing about 200 pews, which seat 1,100 people. Albert K. Potter, D.D., is the pastor. There are over 600 members, and the society carries on many active charities. The first house of worship was of wood, and was dedicated in 1820. The present edifice was opened in 1853. Joseph Elliot was the first pastor. His successors in the pasto- ral office were William Lev- erett, Thomas F. Caldicott, D.D., Thomas D. Anderson, D.D.,andH. M.King, D.D.

The Catholic Apostolic Church is a small congregation worshipping in a hall at No. 227 Tremont Street. It represents a movement of which the distinctive feature is "the preparation of the church as a body for the coming and kingdom of the Lord." Its worship is celebrated Monday, Wednesday, and Saturday, at 6 A.M., Tuesday and Thursday at 5 p.m., and Friday at 10 a.m. On Sunday the celebration of the Holy Eucharist takes place at 10 a.m., and vespers at 5 p.m. The minister in charge is J. F. Wightman.

■J.-.-...,. LI.

Dudley-street Baptist Church, Highlands.

174

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

The West Church, Congregational, on Cambridge, corner of Lynde Street, is one of the old churches. It was built in 1806, taking the place of a wooden meeting-house built in 1736-37. This first building had a handsome steeple; and it was situated advantageously to give signals during the early days of the revolutionary struggle to the Continental troops at Cambridge, on the opposite shore. The British officers, suspecting it had been used for this purpose, ordered the steeple taken down in 1775. The first pastor was William Hooper, from Scotland, whose pastorate lasted ten years. The other pastors were Jonathan Mayhew, D.D., Simeon Howard, D.D., and Charles Lowell. C. A. Bartol, D.D., the present pastor, was ordained in 1837, and has occupied the pulpit ever since.

The Tremont-street Methodist-Episcopal Church, Tremont and Con- cord Streets, is a large, Gothic, nat- ural-quarry stone building, with two spires, respectively 150 feet and 100 feet high. It is the finest Methodist church in the city. Hammatt Billings was the architect. The society was or- ganized in 1848, un- der the name of the Hedding Church, and formerly occu- pied a brick edifice on South Williams (now P e 1 h a m) Street. The pres- ent building, com- pleted in 1862, has a seating capacity of 800 ; and the

T .mont-street Methodist-Episcopal Church, corner of Concord Street.

pastor is S. F. Jones. The illustration of the church is from " Harper's Weekly."

- The Boston Evangelical Advent Church holds its services in the chapel, corner of Hudson and Kneeland Streets, which was built in 1854. The Adventists watch for Christ's return to the world, which they believe is near at hand, and will be the beginning of the Millennium. L. W. Smith is the pastor. A new church is being built, on Shawmut Avenue,

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 175

The People's Church, on the corner of Columbus Avenue and Berkeley Street, now partly built, is largely the conception of the Rev. J. W. Hamilton, a Methodist clergyman, and was the outgrowth of a society founded in the old Church-street Church. It is a free church, and the aim of its founders is to make it an attractive place to the people. It has been slowly built; as it was determined at the start to build only as fast as the funds would allow, that the society should not suffer under a burden of debt. Sufficient funds having been raised through subscription and otherwise to complete the struc- ture, it will be finished the present year. The interior, in its arrangement of seats, will resemble a theatre, and there will be sittings for from 3,000 to 4,000 people. The building was begun in 1879; and services have been held regularly in the chapel, which was first built, since the close of that year.

The Church of the Advent (Episcopal) was founded in 1844. Services were held first in a room at 13 Merrimac Street ; later in a hall at the corner of Lowell and Causeway Streets ; and afterwards in a building bought by the parish on Green Street, near Bowdoin Square. Next the Bowdoin-street Congregational Church, popularly known as Lyman Beecher's, was pur- chased, and long occupied. The rectors, in chronological order, have been: William Croswell, D.D., who died in church while concluding the services ; the Right Rev. Horatio Southgate, D.D. ; and James A. Bolles, D.D. The present rector, C. C. Grafton, appointed in 1872, was one of a society of mission priests of St. John Evangelist that ministered to the parish from 1870 to 1883. In some of its features the parish is peculiar in its organization and administration. The corporation consists of the rector and some twenty laymen, who fill their own vacancies. No sale or rental of pews is allowed, all sittings being free. The expenses are defrayed by the Sunday offertory. The mission priests are a body of men consecrated to a life-service, who have no stipulated salaries, and who live in community. There are daily services in the church as follows : Holy communion every morning at 7 o'clock, and on Thursdays also at 9.30 ; morning prayers said at 9, and even- song sung at 5. The Sunday services comprise : Holy communion at 7.30 and 11.45 a.m.; matins, 10.30; children's choral service, 3.30 p.m.; and even-song, 7.30 p.m. There are numerous special services in Lent. Con- nected with the church are several parochial and charitable works, including a boys'-choir school in Pinckney Street ; the Sisterhood of St. Margaret in Bowdoin Street; which has an orphanage in Lowell; a young-ladies' school in Chestnut Street, and a convalescent-home in Wellesley.

The New Church of the Advent building is at the corner of Mount- Vernon and Brimmer Streets. It is constructed of brick and stone, with an interior finish entirely of brick and freestone. The main body, 72 by 73 feet, consists of nave, 76 feet high, two aisles and transepts. The chancel, with polygonal end, is 30 by 48 feet. There is a chapel, on the south side

176 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

of th3 chancel, 18 by 33 feet; a crypt with groined ceiling, beneath the chancel, 24 by 30 feet; schoolrooms, hexagonal in shape, 43 feet in diam- eter; and various other rooms. The tower will be 22 feet square, and 190 feet high. The baptistery will be in the church, under the tower. Attached to the church on the north side will be the clergy-house, four stories high,

The New Church of the Advent, Mount Vernon and Brimmer Streets.

containing vestry, clergy and choir rooms, refectory, and dormitories. When completed, the exterior will present a picturesque appearance. The architects are John H. Sturgis and Charles Brigham. The church is now nearly completed, and is occupied by the society.

The old church on Bowdoin Street is occupied by Fathers Hall and Osborn, of the English celibate society of Cowley Fathers, and is known

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n7

FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, COMMONWEALTH AVENUE.

17S A'ING'S HANDBOOK' OF BOSTON.

as the Mission Church of St. John the Evangelist. Both this and the Ad- vent are widely famous for their imposing ritual and high Anglo-Catholic observances, processionals, banners, candles, confession, large surpliced choirs, intonations, rich robes, and other oddities of mediaeval origin, — and also for their very close and intimate union with the worthy poor, and their wide practical charities.

The First Baptist Church, on the corner of Commonwealth Avenue and Clarendon Street, is a massive edifice of Roxbury stone, in the form of a Greek cross. The church was dedicated in 1S73, by a Unitarian society, of which S. K. Lothrop. D.D., was the pastor. The tall square tower, with carved figures near the top, among which are four statues of angels blow- ing gilded trumpets, is noticeable. The acoustic properties proved tobe bad ; and, shortly after the opening, services were suspended. Later the society was dissolved. It dated back to 1699, when the first house was built in Brattle Square, to be replaced in [773 by a larger edifice on the same ground. It was lornr known as the Manifesto Church, the original mem- bers having issued a document declaring their aims. The British soldiers used the church as a barrack during the war. A cannon-ball from a battery in Cambridge, which struck the building, was subsequently built into the wall. Edward Everett was one of the pastors of this church. In 18S1 the church edifice was sold by auction, Montgomery Sears being the purchaser. The property was in the market for some time, and was finally bought by the First Baptist Church. By the terms of the sale, the tower, and the land upon which it stands, with a plat of a prescribed number of feet around it, is to be held in perpetual trust by the Boston Memorial Society, so that in the event of a second sale of the church-property the tower is to be pre- served. The new owners took possession of the property in the spring of 1882, and the first services were held in May. The First Baptist Church was formed in Charlestown in 1665 ; and after much persecution it built a meeting-house in the city proper, in Salem Street. This was in 1678. In 1 771 a new church was erected on the same spot; and in 1S28 a brick house of worship, costing $44,000, was built on the corner of Hanover and Union Streets. In 185S a fourth church building was erected, this time on Somer- set Street on a conspicuous site. The church here was long known as the Somerset-street church. It was built of brick, with a stucco front. The spire was 200 feet high, and was the most prominent of the church-spires of the city on account of the elevated position of the building. In 1S77 the church united with the Shawmut-avenue Church, and through this union the latter became the First Baptist Church of Boston. The last pastor of the old church, which so long maintained its separate existence, was Rollin H. Neale, D.D. For a while after the union of the two churches, and the removal of the old society from the Somerset-street Church, it was occu-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 179

pied by the First Free-will Baptist Church (Charles S. Perkins, pastor), which had before worshipped in the Freeman-place Chapel, and now occu- pies the old First-Baptist-church building, at the corner of West Rutland Street and Shawmut Avenue. During the spring of 1882, the Somerset- street Church was purchased by the Boston University ; and Jacob Sleeper Hall has been reared on its site. Cephas B. Crane, D.D., is 'pastor of the First Baptist Church. A very handsome and convenient chapel has been built adjacent to the church.

The Church of the Disciples was organized Feb. 28, 1841, to "embody the three principles ; of a free church, a social church, and a church in which the members, as well as the pastor, should take part." It was called "The Church of the Disciples," because its members came together "as learners in the school of Jesus Christ, with Christ for their teacher." Its creed has been "faith in Jesus, as the Christ, the Son of God, and the pur- pose of co-operating together as his disciples in the study and practice of Christianity." The society was organized by 43 men and women ; and it was determined at the outset that the seats in the place of worship should always be free, — none sold or rented, — and that the entire expenses should be met by voluntary subscriptions. Among the first names signed on the church-books were those of Nathaniel Peabody and his three daughters, — one of whom afterwards became Mrs. Horace Mann ; another, Mrs. Nathaniel Hawthorne ; and the third, Miss Elizabeth Peabody, is well known in Boston as foremost in good works and also in many educational movements. Gov. Andrew was also a member of the society. The number of names now on the church-book is about 726. The present house of worship is on War- ren Avenue, an unpretentious, roomy edifice, erected in 1869 by voluntary subscriptions. It was free from debt when finished. The whole cost was less than the original estimate. The pastor is James Freeman Clarke, who has been pastor from the beginning. It is classed as Unitarian.

The Second Church, Boylston Street, near Dartmouth, was the second church established in Boston. Its first meeting-house was built in 1649 in Nortli Square, and its first minister was John Mayo. In 1676 this first house was burned down, but the next year it was rebuilt on a larger scale. This stood until the early days of the Revolution, and was, known as the Old North Church. In 1775 it was destroyed for fuel by the British troops. From that year until 1879 the society was without a meeting-house ; but its members clung together, and at length came into possession of the " New Brick Church " in Hanover Street, which had been erected by seceders from the " New North." The Second Church occupied this meeting-house until 1844. A new church on the same spot was then built, and dedicated the following year; but in 1849 this was sold> and a year after tlie society purchased the Freeman-place Chapel. Four years after, a meeting-house

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on Bedford Street was purchased by the society, which thereupon sold the Freeman-place Chapel, and moved farther south. Business in time encroaching upon this situation, another change was necessitated ; and in 1872 the Bedford-street Church was taken down, and the present building in the Back-bay district was erected. This was dedicated in 1874. It is a freestone structure, with a very attractive interior. A commodious chapel adjoins it. Among the pastors of this church have been Increase, Cotton, and Samuel Mather, John Lathrop, Henry Ware, jun., Ralph Waldo Emerson, Chandler Robbins, and Robert Laird Collier. The present pastor is Edward A. Horton. The faith of the church is Congregational Unitarian.

It is at present a large and growing parish. Among its regular attendants are ex- Gov. Talbot, ex-Gov. Long, and ex-Mayor Lincoln.

The Bowdoin - square Baptist Church was built in 1840, and is a solid- looking building with a front of unhammered gran- ite. The tower is 28 feet square and no feet high, with four battlements. The structure, which cost $70,- 000, measures 98 by 73^ feet. The church had at the outset 137 members, and the first pastor was R. W- Cushman, D.D. The sittings in this house are free, and the expenses are met by voluntary weekly offerings. The present pas- tor is W. W. Downs.

The Berkeley - street Church is at the junction of Warren Avenue with Tremont, Dover, and Berkeley Streets. It was organized September, 1827, and was originally located at the corner of Washington and Pine Streets, taking the name of the Pine-street Church. It belongs to the Trinitarian Congregational de- nomination. In April, 1862, it removed to the present site, and assumed

Bowdoin-square Baptist Church, Bowdoin Square.

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181

the present name. In the list of its pastors are some of the most illustrious names in the Boston ministry ; among them Thomas Skinner, D.D., Austin Phelps, D.D., and H. M. Dexter, D.D., editor of "The Congregationalism" On Sept. 30, 1877, the semi-centennial anniversary of the church was cele- brated. In the summer of 1878 a debt which had oppressed the church from its origin was cancelled. The building is believed to be the largest Protestant house of worship in New England. William Burnet Wright has been the pastor for sixteen years.

The Second Church, Dorchester district, was organized Jan. 1, 1808, by 64 members who had been connected with the First Church in the same place, and was formed sole- ly in consequence of an in- creasing population, its mem- bers separating from the old church with earnest mutual

expressions of good-will. It Ibsw^ ^HJjfjJBB

has had but three pastors, — John Codman, D.D., James H. Means, D.D., and E. N. Packard, D.D. Dr. Codman was a native of Boston, and a graduate of Harvard. He remained the pastor of the church until his death, Dec. 23, 1847, at the age of 66, in the fortieth year of his pas- torate. He was devoted to his work, and, possessed of wealth, was widely known for his benevolence. In the early part of his ministry there were serious difficulties, owing to a difference of doctrinal belief between him and some of his people ; but, after these were adjusted, there followed many years of a peaceful and prospered service. Dr. Means was ordained July 13, 1848. During the 30 years of his ministry, the church was united, and grew in size and in activity: as the population is filling in around it, it has the prospect of a more enlarged field of usefulness. Dr. Means re- signed in October, 1878, on account of impaired health. Mr. Packard was installed in April, 1879. The church still occupies the edifice first built, — a plain but spacious and tasteful building of wood, which was dedicated Oct. 30, 1806. It has never been burdened by a mortgage, and there is no wish to exchange it for a costlier structure. The whole number of members

Second Church, Washington Street, corner Centre.

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from the beginning has been more than 1,200, nearly 800 of whom were re- ceived upon profession of faith.

The Church of the Unity grew out of the increasing needs of the people of the South End in the rapid growth of that part of the city. It was or- ganized June 27, 1857, by an association of men well known, with a broad

basis of religious doctrine, and a declared purpose of " promot- ing good morals, and the cause of Liberal Christianity." Its first pastor was George H. Hepworth, now of New York, who remained about 11 years. He was suc- ceeded by M. K. Schermerhorn, who resigned after about 3 years' service. He, in turn, was suc- ceeded by M. J. Savage, the pres- ent pastor, who was installed September, 1874. The society first worshipped in a hall on the corner of Shawmut Avenue and

Church of the Unity, West Newton Street.

Canton Street, but soon built the present church edifice, simple and tasteful in its architecture, well located on West Newton Street, and paid for. It has a seating capacity of over 1,000. The society has always been pros- perous, independent, and progressive in its spirit ; and it reports itself now as in a state of prosperity, financially and religiously, never before surpassed. Mr. Savage, the present pastor, is a man of large culture and liberality, in- dependent and outspoken in his views, of wide influence and popularity as a preacher. He has also become widely known as the author of several excel- lent books entitled "Christianity the Science of Manhood," " Light on the Cloud," "The Religion of Evolution," and " Bluffton," a novel of the re- ligious type. The church is classed as Unitarian.

The Harvard-street Baptist Church, on Harrison Avenue, corner of Harvard Street, was organized in 1839. ^ was formed in Boylston Hall, and was for some time called the Boylston-street Church ; later it wor- shipped in the Melodeon Hall, now the Bijou Theatre; and finally, in 1842, the present edifice was erected. The successive pastors have been Robert Turnbull, D.D.; Joseph Banvard, D.D.; A. H. Burlingham, D.D.; D. C. Eddy, D.D.; Warren Randolph, D.D.; L. L. Wood, and T. J. B. House. The present pastor is O. T. Walker. Although having suffered by remov- als, between 1,700 and 1,800 persons have united with this church. The membership is nearly 300; the society is in a prosperous condition, and promises to continue in carrying on a good work in its vicinity. The build-

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183

ing has a stone " swell " front, — almost alone in its style of architecture, — and contains seats for about 1,000 persons.

The Columbus-avenue Universalist Church was organized in 1817. Its first church was on School Street, on the site of the present School-street Block. Its present church edifice, erected in 1872, is of Roxbury stone, and is admirably adapt- ed to its uses, being exceedingly cheer- ful and pleasant, with painted win- dows, including the " Man of Sorrows," the " Risen Lord," and the twelve apostles ; symbols of Faith, Hope, Charity, and Puri- ty; and memorials of the first pastor, Hosea Ballou, its Sunday-school su- perintendent for thirty years, Thom- as A. Goddard, and eight deacons de- ceased before 1872. Its cost was $160,- 000. The parish, whose legal title is " The Second So- ciety of Universal- ists in the Town of Boston," enjoyed the labors of its first pastor from 181 7 to the time of his death, in 1852, at the age of 82

years. He was a Second Universalist Church, Columbus Avenue.

man of great in- sight, marked originality, and singular simplicity and clearness in all his reasonings and teachings. E. H. Chapin, D. D., was his colleague from

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May i, 1846, to May r, 1848, when he removed to the city of New York. The present pastor, A. A. Miner, D.D., LL.D., became colleague May 1, 1848, and sole pastor in 1852. He was president of Tufts College from 1862 to 1875, preaching regularly during that period to his parish each morning service, and to the college audience in the afternoon. Dr. Miner is now one of the senior pastors of the city. He has been fifteen years a member of the State Board of Education, and throughout the 40 years of his minis- try an earnest pleader for the cause of liberty and prohibition. His parish, sharing thus largely in educational and reform work, has enjoyed great pros- perity, and held throughout its history a conspicuous place in the body of Universalist churches.

The Mount-Vernon Church, on Ashburton Place, formerly Somerset Court, was completed and dedicated in 1844, six months after the corner- stone was laid. The society was organized in 1842, chiefly to secure the services of Edward N. Kirk, D.D., as pastor, whose death, in 1874, closed a life-long service of 32 years, during which time he gathered about him a large and devoted con- gregation. Samuel E. Herrick, D.D., was installed in 1871 as pastor. At the organization of the church it had 47 members. Since that time 1,596 have been added. The present membership is 542. Dwight L. Moody, the evangelist, first pro- fessed religion in this church.

The First Congregational Soci- ety of Jamaica Plain (Unitarian), previous to 1770, constituted a part of the Second or Upper Parish of Roxbury. Mrs. Susanna Pember- ton, daughter of Peter Faneuil, with many other members, desired to have a church nearer their homes. Through her influence, and the liberality of her husband (Benjamin Pemberton), a new society was formed, and a church built at Jamaica Plain. It was called the Third Parish in Roxbury, and was incorporated under that name. The house was completed in 1770; and in 1783 Gov. John Hancock gave the society a church-bell that had been removed from the "New Brick" Church in Boston. In 1854 a beautiful stone edifice was erected on the site of the wooden building, and in 1871 it

iMMM&*gggm

Mount-Vernon Church Ashburton Place.

ICING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 185

was remodelled. In 1863 the corporate name was changed to "The First Congregational Society of Jamaica Plain." The pastors have been : in 1772, William Gordon, an Englishman, and author of the " History of the American Revolution; " in 1793, Thomas Gray; in 1836, George Whitney, as associate ; in 1843, Joseph H. Allen, now of Cambridge ; in 1845, Grindall Reynolds (now secretary of the A. U. A.); in 1859, James W. Thompson (died in 1881); and Charles F. Dole, now in charge.

The South Congregational Church, on Union-park Street, was first pro- posed in 1825, to accommodate Congregationalists who resided in the vicinity of Boylston Market. The chairman of the first meeting was Alden Bradford, ex-secretary of the Commonwealth. In 1828 was laid the corner-stone of a church, which was finished in the following January. The first minister was Mellish Irving Motte, who had previously been an Episcopal clergyman in Charleston, S.C. His ministry lasted for 15 years. His successor was Frederic Dan Huntington, who, after 13 years' successful service, left the society to become the Plummer Professor at Harvard College. He was succeeded by the present minister, Edward Everett Hale, a graduate of Harvard College, who is one of the most untiring workers among the clergymen of Boston, and whose literary work has made his name familiar all over the country. In 1860 a larger church proved necessary; and on the 8th of June, in the midst of war and rumors of war, the corner-stone was laid. With remarkable promptness this beautiful church was finished in seven months, and dedicated Jan. 8, 1862. For the first time a responsive service was used in the church ; and, after reading selections from the Bible, the congregation, who had built the church, with united voices dedicated it

" To the glory of God our Father, To the gospel and memory of His Son, and To the communion and fellowship of His Spirit."

The Walnut-avenue Congregational Church, Roxbury district, was pri- marily an offshoot from the Eliot Congregational Church. Public services were first held Oct. 2, 1870, and a Sunday school of 17 classes was formed. Dec. 19, following, the church was duly recognized by a council of churches in the vicinity, under its present name, and with a membership of 84, which had since increased to 266. Albert H. Plumb, D.D., was installed pastor, Jan. 4, 1872. The present edifice, called a chapel, though it is large, and has a seating capacity for about 600, is situated on the corner of Walnut Avenue and Dale Street. It is built of Roxbury stone, with Nova Scotia stone trimmings, and is of the Gothic style of architecture. Farewell ser- vices were held in Highland Hall, where the society first worshipped, May 25, 1873 ; and the new chapel was dedicated the following day.

The Winthrop Congregational Church is on Green Street, Charlestown district. It was incorporated March 1, 1833, and called the "Winthrop

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KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

Church" in remembrance of the pious Gov. John Winthrop, who founded a church in Charlestown in 1630. The first house of worship was on Union Street. The corner-stone of the present edifice was laid May 31, 1848. The building is Gothic, of brown-colored brick ; and the spacious audito- rium is old style with modern pulpit. The pastors have been Daniel Crosby, 1833-1842; John Humphrey, 1842-1847; Benjamin Tappan, jun., 1848-1857; Abbott E. Kittredge (now of Chicago), 1859-1863; and J. E. Rankin (now of . Washington, D.C.), 1864-1870. The present pastor is

A. S. Twombly, 1872. The church has 500 members, and a large Sun- day school. It has always been distinguished as a conservative, generous society, maintaining the dignity of the Congregational pol- ity. It has been a "mother of churches," sending its members to nearly all the churches of its de- nomination in Boston and vicinity from time to time. Carlton College, Minnesota, and Doane College, Nebraska, were endowed largely iHI by two of its members, and named from them.

The Shawmut Congregational Church, organized in 1849, grew from the " Suffolk -street Union Church," a modest organization of 50 members, formed on Nov. 20, 1845. It worshipped in a little chapel on Shawmut Avenue, built by the City Missionary Society, with George A. Oviatt, the latter society's general agent, as pastor. The first pastor of the organized Shawmut Congregational Church was William Cowper Foster, who was installed Oct. 24, 1849. He was suc- ceeded by Charles Smith, then of .Andover, who was installed Dec. 8, 1853, and occupied the position until the autumn of 1858. The church was then without a pastor until June 14, i860, when Edwin B. Webb, D.D., the present pastor, was called. He was installed Oct. 5, that year. The chapel of the Missionary Society was used by the church until 1852, when a new meeting-house was built. Soon after Dr. Webb's settlement, this house was found to be inadequate; and in January, 1863, it was voted to erect a new

: liawmut Congregational Church, Tremont Street.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 187

one. Accordingly land was purchased on the corner of Tremont and Brook- line Streets ; and the present building was erected, with a very beautiful interior, and was dedicated on Feb. II, 1864. The society maintains a mission-chapel, which was dedicated Nov. 1, 1865. The twenty-fifth anni- versary of the church, placing the date of its organization at the time of the establishment of the " Suffolk-street Union Church," was celebrated on the 20th of November, 1870; and George A. Oviatt, the first pastor, preached the historical sermon.

The Union Church was organized on June 10, 1822, with twelve mem- bers; on the 1 8th another member was admitted; and in August following twelve more, they having been dismissed from their respective churches to strengthen this young organization, — eight from the Park-street Church, three from the Old South, and one from the church in Braintree ; and in commemoration of this event the organization took its name. The first pas- tor of the church was Samuel Green, who was installed March 26, 1823. He resigned in 1833 on account of failing health; and his pastorate ceased on the 26th of March, 1834, the eleventh anniversary of his installation. A few months later he died. During his ministry 600 members were added to the church. Nehemiah Adams of Cambridge succeeded Mr. Green, and continued as senior pastor until his death, Oct. 6, 1878. He was installed March 26, 1834; and-in 1859 the twenty-fifth anniversary of his installation was duly celebrated. On Sunday, Feb. 14, 1869, Dr. Adams was taken dan- gerously ill in his pulpit, and from that time till May, 1871, was unable to preach; Henry M. Parsons in the mean while, Dec. 1, 1870, having been installed as his associate. During Mr. Adams's active ministry, 993 per- sons were admitted to the church. Mr. Parsons, as associate pastor, was dismissed Dec. 30, 1874; and on the 1st of February, 1876, Frank A. Warfield, then of Greenfield, succeeded him, and held the pastorate for several years. The church from which the Union Church was formed first gathered in Boylston Hall. Soon after, several individuals erected a meeting-house in Essex Street; but, after the church had occupied it about two years, difficulties arose between the pastor and some of his church, and the pastor and the church as a body removed to Boylston Hall again. Subsequently a minority, who declined to follow the pastor, were organized into a separate church, June 10, 1822; and Aug. 26 they took the name of Union Church, and obtained formal title to the Essex- street meeting-house the same day. In 1840 this was remodelled, at an expense of 520,000; and on May 22, 1869, after being occupied as a place of worship for almost half a century, the last public services were held within its walls, and it was soon after occupied for purposes of trade. The present beautiful and costly edifice, on Columbus Avenue, corner of Newton Street, to which the church removed, was dedicated Nov. 17, 1870. The

188 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

building of this church embarrassed the society by a heavy debt; but this was wholly removed a few years later.

The Church of the Messiah (Episcopal), on Florence Street, was organ- ized in 1843. ^s first rector was George M. Randall, D.D., afterwards Bishop of Colorado, who continued as rector until his elevation to the episcopate in 1866. Pelham Williams, D.D., was his successor, and served until 1876, when he resigned, and Henry Freeman Allen (the present rector) succeeded him. Mr. Allen is of a Boston family, and was graduated at Har- vard in i860. In 1869 the seats in the church were made free to all, and have so remained ever since. At the same time there were introduced in the parish various important changes in its practice, including the use of daily morning and evening prayer throughout the year, the celebration of the holy communion on all Sundays and festival-days, and the rendering of the musical part of the service by a surpliced male choir. The order and character of the services are still the same.

The Twenty-eighth Congregational Society was founded by Theodore Parker. It was organized in November, 1845, by "friends of free thought," after Mr. Parker had been preaching for some months in Boston. Services were held in the Melodeon until the autumn of 1852, and afterwards in the Music Hall. Mr. Parker preached regularly until his illness in 1859, and continued as minister until his death, May 10, i860. For a while after this, Samuel R. Calthrop, now of Syracuse, N.Y., occupied the pulpit; from May, 1865, to July, 1866, David A. Wasson was the minister; during 1867 and 1868, Rev. Samuel Longfellow; from December, 1868, to November, 1871, James Vila Blake ; and for several years after, J. L. Dudley. The society has also had occasional pulpit services of such men as Ralph Waldo Emer- son, William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, John Weiss, Moncure D. Conway, Francis E. Abbot, O. B. Frothingham ; and such women as Ednah D. Cheney and Celia Burleigh. In 1866 the society removed to the Parker Fraternity Rooms, then at No. 554 Washington Street; and in 1873 to the building on Berkeley, corner of Appleton Street, then newly erected by the fraternity as a memorial to Theodore Parker, and known as the Parker Memorial Hall.

The New Jerusalem Church Society (Swedenborgian) was formed in 1818, of twelve members; and at the present date the total membership is not far from 600. The late Thomas Worcester, D.D., the first pastor, was one of its original founders. During his collegiate course at Harvard he became deeply interested in the writings of Swedenborg, and entered the service of the newly formed society immediately after he was graduated. He continued as leader and pastor for forty-nine years. James Reed, the present pastor, was ordained as Dr. Worcester's assistant in i860, and suc- ceeded him in 1867. The house of worship on Bowdoin Street was built

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189

and dedicated in 1845, and has been occupied ever since. Its seating capacity is about 800. For a long time there was no other society of the New Jerusalem or Swedenborgian Church in Boston or vicinity. Within a few years, however, churches have been established in the Roxbury district, Brookline, Newton, and Waltham, largely composed of members of the original society. In consequence of the small number of neighboring societies, nearly every district and suburb of Boston is represented in the congregations of the Bowdoin-street church. There is probably no other church in the city whose regular attendants come, on the average, from so great a distance.

The Congregational House is on the corner of Beacon and Somerset Streets. It was put into its present form, and consecrated to its present use, in 1873. I* has a frontage on Beacon Street of 103 feet, and on Somerset Street of 93 feet. It is built of faced granite, front and rear, and is owned and con-

trolled by the American Con- gregational As- sociation, which was incorporated in 1854. It was intended to ac-

commodate, first

Congregational House, Beacon Street.

and chiefly, all the benevolent societies having offices in Boston to which the Congregational churches make their regular contributions. It has, there- fore, the executive officers and workers of the American Board of Commis- sioners for Foreign Missions, the Woman's Board, the Congregational Publishing Society, the Massachusetts Home Missionary Society, the American Missionary Association, the American College and Education Society, the American Peace Society, the Congregational Library, and the Boston City Missionary Society. The editorial and business rooms of " The Congregationalism" and of " The Literary World," Professor Robert R. Raymond's School of Oratory and Elocution, and Thomas Todd's printing- rooms, are in this building ; and three of its stores are occupied by the Rox- bury Carpet Company. It has a large hall on the third floor, in which the

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ICING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

Congregational ministers of Boston and vicinity hold weekly and occasional meetings, and the Congregational Club has its monthly social gatherings. The religious issues of these various organizations, in the form of weekly, monthly, quarterly, and annual publications, are numbered by millions, and sent to every part of the English-reading world.

The Wesleyan Association building, 34 to 38 Bromfield Street, east of the Methodist church, was erected in 1870 by the Wesleyan Association, a

corporation organized for the purpose of publishing a Meth- odist family paper. In the rear wing of the second story there is a fine hall, with seats for 300 persons, that is used chiefly for meetings, lectures, and con- certs. Among the occupants of the building, are the Method- ist Theological Seminary; the Law School of the Boston Uni- versity ; Hall & Whiting, pub- lishers and booksellers ; James P. Magee, agent Methodist Book Concern ; " Zion's Her- ald ; " the Caligraph Writing Machine* and Copying office; and M. C. Beale, manager, and

Wesleyan Association Building, Bromfield Street. j^ j-j_ Parker treasurer of the

New-England branch of the American Writing Machine Co.

The Boston Young Men's Christian Union was organized in 1851, and incorporated in 1852. Its new and beautiful building, 18 Boylston Street, was dedicated in 1876. The aim of the Union is to provide for young men a homelike resort, with opportunities for good reading, pleasant social in- tercourse, entertainment, and healthful exercise. The Union is aided by many practical philanthropists. The Christmas and New-Year's Festival for needy children, the work of the Ladies' Aid Committee, rides for in- valids, and the " Country Week " (a vacation for needy and worthy chil- dren), are some of its special charities. Religious services are held Sunday evenings, in the Union Hall ; classes are formed for the study of lan- guages, vocal music, elocution, sketching, phonography, book-keeping, penmanship, and the English branches; lectures, readings, and "practical talks " in banking, history, science, industry, etc., are given ; dramatic and musical entertainments are offered; members' socials and out-door excursions are provided. There is an Employment Bureau for young

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

191

men, Bureau of Reference for ladies, Boarding-house Committee, Church Committee, Reception Committee, and a Visiting Committee to care for the sick. The Union is non-sectarian, and the membership fee is one dollar a year. William H. Baldwin is the president of the Union, Henry P. Kidder chairman of the board of trustees, and William Endicott, jun., treasurer. In 1882, on account of the constantly increasing membership of the Union, and the growing and pressing need of still larger accommodations, the Society found that the building was still not spacious enough, and an enlargement was deemed necessary. An appeal was made to its many friends, who promptly and generously responded ; and the extension is now completed. This extension adds largely to the facilities of the Union, so that now all the various branches of its work can be done without being crowded as has frequently been the case during the last few years. Notably among

the improvements which have been ac- complished by the extension, are those in the library and gymnasium. The library has been enlarged, so that now it has a capacity for from 40,000 to 50,000 vol umes, and is the largest reading-room in Boston, being 112 feet long and having 5,000 feet of floor space. The gymnasium has been much improved, and nearly 3,000 feet of floor space has been added, so that it has become the largest and most com- plete in the country. It is 136 feet in length, and covering 6,200 superficial feet, exclusive of dressing-rooms. Additional room has been provided for classes ; four large and three smaller class-rooms having been gained for this very popular and im- portant work of the Union. A hall with a seating capacity of 300 is also one of the fruits of this extension. The stage has also been much enlarged and im- proved. It is 36 feet wide and 34 feet deep, with a proscenium 21 feet, and is the largest private stage in the city. It is admirably adapted for concerts, lectures, and dramatic performances. The extension has a frontage of 72 feet on Boylston Square, so that now the Union building has light from all four sides, and covers an area of over 11,000 feet.

The Boston Young Men's Christian Association was organized Dec. 22, 1851, and is the oldest "Y. M. C. A." in the United States. With the

Young Men's Christian Union, Boylston St.

192 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.'

exception of the Montreal association, which was formed only one week earlier, it is the oldest in North America. The first rooms occupied by the Boston association were at the corner of Washington and Summer Streets. Its first president was Francis O. Watts. From 1853 to 1872 the Associa- tion occupied rooms in Tremont Temple. The present building, which is owned by the Association, is at the corner of Tremont and Eliot Streets. During the war 500 ®f its members enlisted in the Union armies, and went into the field ; and the Army Relief Committee raised $333,237.49, which, was expended by the Christian Commission. The Association also ren- dered efficient service in sending aid to Chicago after its great fire ; over $34,000 in cash being raised, besides goods to the value of $219,000. In 1878 the Association attained its highest record in money raised for current expenses. Its present membership is 3,300. Its library has 5,000 volumes, and its reading-room is well supplied with papers and magazines. The par- lor is large and handsomely furnished. The gymnasium is spacious and well patronized. The sociables, receptions, lectures, and classes are very popu- lar among the young men of the city. The Association has erected on the corner of Boylston and Berkeley Streets, in the Back-bay district, a large and ornamental building in the Scotch baronial style of architecture, with the main entrance on Boylston Street, up a fine flight of stone steps, 22 feet wide, and through broad doors. Upon the left of the landing will be a large reception-room, and opening from it on the north are two spacious parlors, connected by wide folding-doors. In this great building will be large reading-rooms, and recreation-rooms devoted to chess, checkers, and parlor-games ; the hall used as a chapel ; lecture-rooms ; the large associa- tion hall, extending upward three stories, richly fitted and ending in an open timbered roof. It will be provided with an organ, and sittings will be fur- nished for 1,000 people. Elsewhere are the rooms of the board of man- agers; the kitchens and toilet-rooms; several commodious class-rooms; and a lyceum-room with amphitheatre seats for drawing-classes. In the rear of the main building will be the gymnasium, occupying half the first floor and nearly all the basement. It will be one of the finest in the country. There will be 20 bath-rooms, and dressing-cases for 800 to 1,000 persons. A gallery around the gymnasium will be used for a running-track. All of the first story of the building will be built of brown stone, and the remainder with pressed brick and brown-stone trimmings. The corner-stone was laid in June, 1882, and the building will be completed in 1883. A. S. Woodworth is president of the Association, and M. R. Deming general secretary.

The Young Women's Christian Association, 68 Warrenton Street, has raised a large amount of money, and needs much more, in order to erect on its land, at the corner of Berkeley and Appleton Streets, a

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

193

spacious building to serve as a home for young women who are supporting themselves at work. The present building on Warrenton Street, spacious it is, is quite too small to meet the demand made upon it. The plan of the new structure includes lecture-halls, reading-rooms, class-rooms, cafe", etc., and rooms for several hundred young women.

The Churches in Boston are numerous and varied, representing most of the denominations to be found in this country. The total number of duly organized congregations is 223. The number in each denomination is shown in the following table : —

DENOMINATION.

Baptist .......

Catholic Apostolic . . . Christian . . . . ._ .

Congregational Trinitarian Congregational Unitarian . Deaf Mute Society . . .

Episcopal

Freewill Baptist . . . . French Society ....

Friends

Jewish

Lutheran

w a S a z

FIRST CON- GREGATION ORGANIZED.

27	1743
I	1804
I	1804
29	1632
3°	1630
1
23	1723
2	1835
1
1
8	1843
5	1834

DENOMINATION.

Methodist . . . Methodist Episcopal New Jerusalem Presbyterian . Reformed . . Roman Catholic Second Advent Union . . . Universalist

Total

K

w a

5

a

4

28.

2

7

1

30 3 9

FIRST CON- GREGATION ORGANIZED.

1839 1771 1818 1846 1833 1803 1840

I78S

The general movement of the churches has for many years led from the old cradle of Boston, the North End, into the new wards on the south and west ; and one by one the ancient Puritan fanes have been deserted, and given up to the uses of trade. The places made vacant by the descendants of the first colonists have been filled by immigrants from Europe, mainly Irish people, Italians, and Portuguese from the Azores, who have raised for themselves spacious Roman-Catholic churches on the old Puritan hills, and have replaced the vanished deacons with pale nuns. The Azores men have gone even farther, and under their dingy little church (just off Hanover Street) have discovered a miraculous spring, whose waters are efficient for the healing of the faithful. These churches, at least the shrines under the control of the Roman hierarchy, are crowded with worshippers, and have very frequent services ; while those that they have driven away, the Prot- estant churches whose early corporate lives were passed here, though now rising in the patrician wards with great splendor of architecture, are com- paratively slender as regards their congregations. One by one the venera- ble religious societies of the colonial and provincial eras have moved away, until only Christ Church (and even that a prelatical institution) remains to look down the harbor from the slope of Copp's Hill. The latest of these ecclesiastical veterans to retire from its ancient standpoint is the Hollis-

194 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

street Unitarian society, whose antique and picturesque building was sold at auction in the late spring of 1883. The locality of Hollis Street, once surrounded by aristocratic residences, is being more and more encroached upon by trade ; and the society at last has recognized the need of a new meetinghouse on the Back Bay. At first it was planned to take down the old church, and re-erect it in the Boston Belgravia, where its quaint archi- tecture and time-darkened materials would have made a very interesting contrast with the spick-and span new houses of the residence-quarter. But other counsels prevailed ; and another Gothic building, of Roxbury stone, will be added to the Back-bay region.

The old State Church, the Congregationalist, which for so many years held a monopoly of the religious ministrations of Massachusetts, has been pressed into the background by the rising tide of other sects, and by the advance of secularism. More than six-sevenths of the local churches are outside the Puritan faith, and more than seven-eighths of the church-goers. Nearly one half of the attendants on religious services are Roman Catholics. But, great as these changes are, the city founded by Winthrop still preserves a high and noble spirit of devotion, and is famous far and wide for its prac- tical charities and wise philanthropies, and its eminent efforts in the direc- tion of the elevation and improvement of the distressed and unfortunate. The first day of the week is still observed here with great decorum, widely different from the Sunday life of certain other American cities ; and the business-district, on that sacred day, is as silent and deserted as a section of Pompeii.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

195

Eijc fifeart of tfje Cttg,

BENEVOLENT AND CHARITABLE ORGANIZATIONS, HOMES,

AND ASYLUMS.

THE many public and private organized charities of Boston are quite bewildering in their variety ; and their work is done, as a rule, system- atically and well. Many thousand dollars are expended annually; and every class of the poor and unfortunate is in one way or another reached, more or less satisfactorily, by the several organizations ; and it would seem that, in a city so well supplied with such institutions, and with such a noble band of professional and volunteer workers, there should be little suffering and want within its limits. But, alas, and alas ! "The poor ye have always with you." And Boston, in spite of the organized efforts of thoughtful and good people, and the annual expenditure of large sums of money, has its full share of unrelieved suffering and want.

The Central Charity Bureau and Temporary Home, established by the city, aided by $20,000 sub- scribed by citi- zens, occupies three substan- tial buildings of brick with granite trim- mings, on C h a r d o n Street; and here are ad- ministered its official out- door charities. The Charity

Building is oc- cupied by the overseers of

Charity Building and Temporary Home, Chardon Street.

the poor, the city physician, and the paymaster of the soldiers' relief; and by the following private charitable societies : the Boston Provident Asso

ig6 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

ciation, the Industrial Aid Society, the Boston Sewing Circle, the Ladies' Relief Agency, the Young Men's Benevolent Society, the German Emi- grant Aid Society, the Boston Police Relief Association, the Ladies' Co- operative Visiting Society, the Associated Charities, the Homoeopathic Dispensary, and other organizations. Since the establishment of this bureau, the charities of the city have been dispensed more systematically than ever before, and imposture in their bestowal has been to a large extent prevented. The Temporary Home is designed to provide for foundlings, and persons in a destitute condition. Only women and children are allowed there. The architects of the buildings were Sturgis & Brigham. The Hawkins-street Lodge for Wayfarers, opened January, 1879, 'n tne old Mayhew Schoolhouse, provides food and lodging for homeless males, for a limited time ; those able being required to work in the wood-yard connected with the lodge.

The Directors for Public Institutions, whose office is at 30 Pemberton Square, have charge of the city poor and reformatory institutions, a list of which is given in the chapter on " The Public Buildings." The places under their charge where the official indoor charities are administered include, —

The Almshouse for Girls, situated on Deer Island, where in 1880 there was an average of 70 inmates, besides an average of 65 inmates in the nursery connected with the house ; the almshouse for male paupers, on Rainsford Island, where 245 persons were kept in 1880, — a larger number than in any previous year ; the almshouse situated in the Charlestown dis- trict, on the north side of the Mystic River, near Maiden Bridge, where in 1880 an average of 40 inmates was accommodated, 39 persons provided with lodgings, and 475 furnished with meals, — the whole cost of the meals being $50; the Home for the Poor, on the Austin farm in the West-Roxbury dis- trict, which in 1880 had an average of 159 inmates ; and the Marcella-street Home for pauper and neglected boys, with an average of 218 inmates.

Of the character and extent of the private charities and benevolent work of the city, the following concise sketches of a few of the prominent organi- zations will give a fair idea; and they contain much interesting information.

The Associated Charities was organized, in 1879, to secure the concur- rent and harmonious action of the different charities of the city for these purposes : " to raise the needy above the need of relief, prevent begging and imposition, and diminish pauperism; to encourage thrift, self-depend- ence, and industry through friendly intercourse, advice, and sympathy; and to aid the poor to help themselves, rather than to help them by alms." At the central office, located in the Charity Building on Chardon Street, a registry of applicants for charitable aid is kept, with a record of what is given to, and what is known of, them. This information is disclosed only

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 197

for the benefit of the persons registered, or to detect imposition. Individu- als or societies, stating that they have been applied to for relief by any person, receive prompt reports, from the central office, of aid given to the same person, with other information, so that they can wisely decide what relief, if any, to continue. The city is divided into districts; and confer- ences are established in each district, composed of representatives and visitors of all charitable organizations and churches working in the district, and a few other persons, who are elected. Each conference sees that every application for aid in its district is thoroughly investigated; studies how applicants for relief can be made self-supporting, and helps them in that direction ; obtains aid from the appropriate sources for those unable to earn support; organizes for these purposes a corps of volunteer visitors; and holds weekly meetings for the discussion and disposition of cases. A board of directors has general supervision of the registration, of the district con- ferences, of the funds, and of measures for the attainment of the objects of the society. The president is Robert Treat Paine, jun. ; secretary, G. A. Goddard.

The Boston Provident Association was organized in 1851, and incor- porated three years" later, to aid in suppressing street-beggary, and in "elevating and improving the condition of the poor." Relief is distributed systematically in all sections of the city, through special officers serving gratuitously; and to many employment is furnished. About. 2,500 families are relieved by this society yearly. The expenses of the society average $15,000 a year. It is supported by yearly subscriptions, donations, and in- come from legacies. The head office is in the Charity Building, Chardon Street.

The Roxbury Charitable Society was formed as long ago as 1794, for " the relief of the poor and the prevention of pauperism." Clothing, fuel, provisions, and money to a limited extent, are distributed, through an agent, exclusively to citizens of the Roxbury district. The society has a large fund, from legacies, donations, and subscriptions ; and its disbursements are generous and extensive. The agent has headquarters at 118 Roxbury St.

The Home for Aged Poor, Roxbury district, was established in 1870, and incorporated two years later, by the " Little Sisters of the Poor," a Catholic sisterhood instituted some years ago in France by a poor priest and two working-girls of St. Servan. Their special purpose is to support old people in various countries. The sisterhood now includes 2,000 sisters, and supports 20,000 old people. Applicants are received without regard to their religious professions or nationality: they must simply be of good moral character, destitute, and 60 years old. The charity is maintained by daily collections of the sisters, and by donations. Among those who have aided it by gifts is Mrs. Andrew Carney, the widow of the founder of the

198

KING'S HANDBOOK OS BOSTON.

Carney Hospital. The Home is pleasantly situated on Dudley Street," cor- ner of Woodward Avenue. One building accommodates 41 aged women, and another 40 aged men. Eleven sisters manage the institution, and the sisters do the domestic work. None receive salaries or wages. When the new building was completed in 1880, there were accommodations for 200 old people.

The Winchester Home for Aged Women, in the Charlestown district, was founded from a bequest, valued at $10,000, left by Mrs. Nancy Win- chester of that district for this purpose, and was opened in 1866 with six

Winchester Home for Aged Women, Eden Street, Charlestown District.

inmates: the present number is 36. The building now occupied, No. 10 Eden Street, was erected in 1872-3. The beneficiaries must be of American birth, 60 years of age, and must have been residents of the Charlestown district for ten years preceding application. They are charged $100 for admission fee, and about $50 for furniture. The expenses are met by the income of the Winchester property, entertainments, donations, and sub- scriptions. Liverus Hull is president, Abram E. Cutter secretary, and Mrs. Louisa A. Ramsey matron.

The Home for Aged Colored Women, situated at 27 Myrtle Street, was founded in i860, and incorporated four years later. Among those interested in its establishment were the late Gov. John A. Andrew and James Free- man Clarke. It cares for from 18 to 20 inmates, and renders outside assist

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

199

Home for Aged Women, Revere Street.

ance to others. It is supported by subscriptions and donations, its ex- penses being from ^3.000 to £4,000 a year. Its general work is carried on by the directors, most of whom are ladies.

The Home for Aged Women, at 108 Revere Street, was organized in 1849, ar>d nas furnished a home to over 330 aged persons, of whom over 200 have died __

while in its care. The present num- ber of inmates is about So. In ad- dition, about 40 persons who have served in Boston for ten years as nurses to the sick receive aid at their own homes in quar- terly instalments, from the Doane F u n d. specially

bequeathed for this purpose. Henry 15. Rogers is president, Henry Emmons secretary, and Miss L. D Paddock matron.

Disabled Soldiers and Sailors and their families, and the families of those who lost their lives in the late war, and who have died since the war of injuries received or disease contracted during service, receive aid from the city at the Central Charity Bureau on Chardon Street. During the year 18S2 the amount paid was $96,000. At the beginning of 1SS3 there were about 1,400 beneficiaries. The State repays the city for amounts paid out in this aid.

The Industrial Temporary Home, No. 17 Davis Street, was chartered in 1S77, to furnish temporary lodging and food for destitute persons of both sexes, who are willing to work. In 1882, 30.761 meals and 17.853 beds were provided, and good reformatorv work was done. Help for laundry- work, sewing, wood-sawing, and manual labor of all kinds, is furnished by the institution, which is supported by the income derived in that way, and by contributions. Rev. A. J. Gordon is president, Mrs. G. W. Hawkins matron, and George W. Hawkins superintendent. Contributions of cast-off clothing are solicited.

The Home for Aged Men, on Springfield Street, which was organized in 1861, is an institution the purpose of which is to provide a home for. and otherwise assist, respectable aged and indigent men. Since its establish-

200

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

meat, there have been 120 inmates, and 100 old men have received aid at their own homes. The home was first opened in 1861, at No. 17 South Street, and was removed in 1S60 to the present building, which was pur- chased of the city. The building was erected in 1S55 for a lying-in hospital,

2j^ and was occupied

s-_ for that purpose

almost two years. -*?s It was subse- !§&= quently bought by the Female sE>; ; Medical College, but soon reverted to the city, and during the war, and for several years after, was used as a home for discharged soldiers. Only natives of the United States are admitted as bene- ficiaries. The Home is sup- ported by volun-

Home for Aged Men, Springfield Street.

tary contributions. R. C. Grcenleaf is president, David H. Coolidge clerk, and Sarah W. Lincoln superintendent.

The Children's Home, and Home for Aged Females, originated in 1S56, and opened in 1.S59. is designed to provide for orphan or half-orphan children, and old women of small means having no near kindred. It charges a low rate of board, — for children >2.oo, and women $4.00 per week. It is pleasantly situated on Copeland Street, in the Roxbury district; and the number of inmates averages 20. The yearly expenses are $4,500, and it is supported by subscriptions and generous donations. The management is not sectarian.

The Temporary Home for the Destitute cares for young children, and finds homes for them where they will be well treated, and brought up in a manner that will make them useful members of society. It also relieves destitute children, infants, and women out of employment. The work began 32 years ago, through the efforts of John Augustus and Eliza Garnaut, the former a poor shoemaker, and the latter an estimable widow. It was incorporated in 1S52. During the year 1877 the Home received 268

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

201

children, including 34 infants, returned 140 of them to their parents, placed 79 for adoption, and provided homes for 60 in families. The president is John Ayres, and the matron Mrs. A. L. Gwynne, who has served since 1848. The Home is at No. 1 Pine Place.

The Children's Mission to the Children of the Destitute occupies a brick building at No. 277 Tremont Street, near Hollis Street. It was instituted in 1849, incorporated in 1864, and is fostered by the Unitarians, though it is not sec- tarian in its functions or purposes. Its ob- jects are thus stated : " First, A mission to the poor, ignorant, neglected, orphan, and destitute chil- dren of this city; to gather them into day and Sunday schools, to provide homes and employment for them, and to adopt and pursue such measures as will be most likely to save or rescue them from vice, ignorance, and degradation ; and to place them where they will receive such an education and be taught such occupations as will best fit them to support themselves, and enable them to become good and useful members of society. Second, To excite in the minds of the children of the more favored portion of our community a spirit of Christian sympathy and active benevolence, and, by interesting them in a work which appeals so strongly to their hearts, to stimulate them to acts of self-denial and earnest helpfulness, and thus prevent the growth of those seeds of selfishness which are so often early planted in the young mind." The Mission has found homes in New England and the West for over 7,000 children, and has afforded temporary aid to many more. Henry P. Kidder is president, and William Crosby superintendent.

The Massachusetts Infant Asylum was incorporated in 1867, to assist and provide for deserted and destitute infants. Babes of nine months and under are received, and when reaching the age of two years are discharged, excepting in cases of delicate health when discharge might endanger their lives. The State pays the Asylum for the board of State pauper infants. It occupies a building of its own in the Jamaica-Plain district, near the Boyl-

Children's Mission, Tremont Street.

202

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

ston station of the Providence Railroad. The average number of infants provided for annually is about 225. Usually about 25 children are cared for in the asylum, and between 50 and 60 are boarded out, according to a plan adopted three years ago to relieve the house from the pressure of increas- ing admissions. The yearly expenses are between $13,000 and $14,000.

The Infant School and Children's Home, incorporated in -1869, to take and care for children until their parents could provide for them, and to find permanent homes for children without friends or worthy parents, is an out- growth from an institution started in 1833 to care for poor children during the absence of their parents at daily work. The present Home is at No. 36 Austin Street, Charlestown district. About 30 children are cared for each year; and the annual expense of the Home is about $1,500, met by private subscriptions and donations.

The Church Home for Orphans and Destitute Children has grown, from an organization in 1854 to systematically provide clothing for poor children to enable them to attend Sunday school, to a thoroughly equipped home that is now providing for 100 children. The Home is situated at the cor- ner of Broadway, N, and Fourth Streets, and is supported and controlled by the Protestant Episcopal churches of the diocese of Massachusetts, though children of all denominations are received. The expenses aver- age $10,000 a year, and are met by subscriptions and donations.

St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum, for destitute girls, was established in 1 83 1, and incorporated in 1845. It is located on Shawmut Avenue, corner of Camden Street. Children are admitted without regard to creed or color, and from time to time are given for adoption or placed out at service. Thir- teen Catholic sisters have charge of the institution, and serve without pay; doing too, with the children, the domestic work. The yearly expense, about $12,000, is met by annual collections taken in all the Catholic churches in

the city and vicinity, donations, and fairs ; and each church supports a certain number of children. The expenses of some children are paid by relatives or friends. The Asy- lum cares for 225 children annually. The Association for the Protec- tion of Destitute Roman Catholic Children was organized and incor- porated in 1864, and a home es- tablished for destitute orphan or neglected children. The present building, which cost with the land nearly $150,000, is situated on Harrison Avenue, opposite the Church of the Immaculate Conception. Between 300 and 400 children are annually re-

Roman-Catholic Home for Orphans.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

203

ceived into the institution, and are cared for and instructed by the Sisters of Charity. On leaving, the children are returned to their friends, places are found for them, or they are provided with homes elsewhere. The corpo- ration is wholly Catholic, though destitute children of all denominations are received. The yearly expenses, between $12,000 and $14,000, are met by income from fairs, donations, collections in churches, etc. No payment for children is received.

St. Joseph's Home for Females is a home for domestics sick and out of work, and is managed by the sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis. It is a Catholic institution, at Nos. 41, 43, and 45 Brook- line Street. It is wholly a charitable institution, and with few exceptions no charges are made to the in- mates. Mother Mary Cor- bett is the superior.

The Bal dwin - place Home for Little Wander- ers is a worthy charitable institution at the North End. Its object is to res- cue children from want and shame, acting as an unsec- tarian New England home for orphan and destitute children, who can be given up legally to be prepared for and placed in Christian homes. It was incorporated and dedicated in 1865. The number of chil- dren received in 18 years has been 5,300. J. Warren Merrill is president; John O. Bishop secretary ; William G. Brooks, jun., treasurer ; and R. G. Toles superintendent.

The Society of St. Vincent de Paul, organized in 1 861, was incorporated in 1869, for the purpose of "training its members to a life of Christian charity." The poor are visited at their homes, and relieved ; a number of young children are supported by the society at the St. Ann's Infant Asylum. Under its supervision are 14 subordinate organizations, or conferences, one of which is in Chelsea, and one in Cambridgeport. The members must be Catholics; and the funds are derived from their voluntary subscriptions, donations, lectures, collections in churches, etc. Its income is large, and its expenditures generous. It aids yearly over 3,000 families, and its agents

Home for Little Wanderers, Baldwin Place.

204

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

average 20,000 visits. The society is a branch of the society of the same name in Paris, which originated in 1833.

'The House of the Angel Guardian, a Catholic institution, was established in 1851, and incorporated in 1853. Its chief object is to care for orphan boys, and others in need of salutary discipline. Its graded school system is very efficient, and draws many boarders who materially aid in its support, and avail themselves of the instruction given in the English, commercial, and mathematical departments. Its property is valued at more than $87,000. Its support is derived partly from boarders' fees, and partly from private

House of the Angel Guardian, Vernon Street.

contributions. Its annual expenses are about $20,000, and the number of inmates average about 200. The house was established and planned by the Rev. George F. Haskins, a graduate of Harvard College, who devoted to it his services as rector and treasurer till his death, in 1872. He con- tributed over $25,000. It is now conducted by the Brothers of Charity, of which Brother Eusebius is superior; and for order, neatness, and comfort is not excelled by any institution in the State. It is beautifully situated at 85 Vernon Street, Roxbury district.

The Penitent Females' Refuge and Bethesda Society is formed by the practical union of two organizations, — the "Associated Brethren," an or- ganization of twelve gentlemen who established the Females' Refuge in.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 205

1818; and the Bethesda Society, an organization of ladies, incorporated in 1854. The society maintains a home for the reformation of abandoned women. It accommodates 23 inmates, of ages ranging from 14 to 31 ; and admission is conditional upon an expression of a sincere desire to reform, and promise of submission to the regulations. The home is at No. 32 Rut land Street, in a building that cost $12,000, the gift of benevolent citizens, on land given by the city. The institution is supported by income from a permanent fund of $10,000, and generous gifts and subscriptions.

The New-England Moral Reform Society is an organization designed to shelter unfortunate young girls, who have been deceived and abandoned by those who should have befriended them. Efforts are made to reform and restore such to society and their friends, and aid them to suitable em- ployment if necessary. The society cares for 30 or 40 women yearly, and its annual expenses average $4,000. It is located at No. 6 Oak Place. One of its founders, Catherine S. Kilton, was for 30 years its president. The society publishes a monthly magazine, " The Home Guardian," from which it receives some income. It is further supported by subscriptions, the pro- ceeds of certain investments, and gifts and legacies. The society was or- ganized in 1836, and incorporated in 1846.

The Industrial School for Girls was incorporated in 1855, "for the pur- pose of training to good conduct, and instructing in household labor, desti- tute or neglected girls." It is located on Centre Street, Dorchester district, and has accommodations for about 30 girls. The age of admission is from 6 to 10, and places are found for the girls when they leave the school, gener- elly at 18 years of age. Such girls as have relatives or friends able to do so, pay a moderate sum for board, but the most of them are cared for gratui- tously. The annual cost of the school is about $5,000. It is sustained by yearly subscriptions, and income from investments.

The Scots' Charitable Society was incorporated in 1786; but it was in existence long before that time, having been founded in 1657. It is believed to be the oldest private charitable society in the city. Its object is to fur- nish relief to, and aid in various ways, unfortunate Scottish immigrants, their families and descendants. In 1869 St. Andrew's Home was tempo- rarily established by the society at 73 West Concord Street, where unfortu- nate Scots were received and cared for until employment was found; but in 1872 the Scots' Temporary Home was permanently established at No. 77 Camden Street. The society also owns a lot at Mount Auburn, where friendless Scots receive burial. The income of the society is derived from a permanent fund, initiation-fees, yearly assessments of members, and dona- tions. The membership is now 265. Active members must be natives of Scotland, or immediate descendants ; but honorary members may be of different nationalities. From 200 to 300 annually receive the benefits of the society. Among the working officers is a committee of charity.

206 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

The Charitable Irish Society is another organization of long standing. It was organized in 1737, and incorporated in 1809; and for nearly a cen- tury it was the only Irish charitable society in New England. Its original purpose was to furnish temporary loans to needy members, and to relieve friendless Irish immigrants ; but of later years it has made annual donations of from $300 to $500 to some deserving charity, few members calling for aid. The years immediately following the Revolutionary War, it extended timely relief to those of its members who were disabled, in one way and another, by the war. Its meetings are held at the Parker House, but it has no established headquarters.

The German Emigrant Aid Society extends a helping hand to German immigrants, principally in aiding them to employment, and providing tempo- rary support ; it also aids poor German residents, particularly widows and orphans, or the sick. The society employs an agent to look after immi- grants arriving at the port of Boston. It aids about 800 persons yearly. Its income is derived from the invested funds, dues from members (who number 220), and from donations. The society has an office in the Charity Building, Chardon Street.

The New-England Scandinavian Benevolent Society was organized in 1853, and incorporated two years later, its main object being mutual relief : of late years its aid has been given, to a considerable extent, to persons not members. It distributes about $1,000 a year to the poor. The member- ship is 180. The office of the society is at No. 3 Tremont Row.

The Massachusetts Society for Aiding Discharged Convicts is a prac- tical organization which offers a helping hand, when it is most needed, to those who face the world again after a term in prison. It aids the convict just after his discharge, with temporary board, clothing, conveyance to friends, tools to work with, and helps him to find employment. The society was organized in 1846, and was incorporated under its present name in 1867. Among its founders were Charles Sumner, S. G. Howe, Walter Channing, and Edward E. Hale. The average number of convicts helped each year is 350. The funds are provided by yearly subscriptions, gifts, and legacies. It expends from $2,000 to $5,000 yearly.

The Young Men's Benevolent Society, organized in 1827, but not in- corporated until 1852, is "to assist those who have seen better days," espe- cially respectable persons who are unwilling to make their needs publicly known. It has a standing committee resident in different sections of the city, and applications are received by them. Its expenditures are mostly in supplies and the payment of rents. It obtains funds partly from annual assessments on its members, but chiefly from donations. An average of 1,000 cases of destitution are relieved yearly. The president is Thomas Gaffield, and the secretary J. Russell Reed. Its meetings are held in the Charity Building.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

207

The Needlewoman's Friend Society was organized in 1847, and incor- porated in 1 85 1, for the purpose of providing employment for indigent females. Materials for garments are supplied by the funds of the society, the cutting is done by the managers, the sewing is given out to poor women at remunerative prices, and the garments thus made are offered for sale at low prices, at the rooms of the society, 149 A Tremont Street. The society also finds permanent employment for poor seamstresses in the finer sort of needlework. Its funds are raised by subscriptions and donations, and it has received several legacies.

The Boston Sewing Circle does a work similar to that of the Needle- woman's Friend Society. Money for materials, about $2,400 a year, is raised by annual subscription. Garments are cut by the ladies of different churches each week through the winter ; and the work is done by the poor under charge of the several ladies who pay for it, and distribute the gar- ments, when done, to charitable

societies. Each winter it benefits (k

3,000 or more poor women. The society was formed in 1S62, to work for the soldiers ; and for a while after the war the garments made "for it were distributed to the white school children of the South. Its headquarters are in the Charity Building. The whole board of managers, of which Miss I. E. Loring is president, is composed of ladies.

The Boston Port and Sea- men's Aid Society was incorpo- rated in 1867 by the union of the Port Society and the Seamen's Aid Society. Its aim is to "im- prove the moral, religious, and general condition of seamen and their families in Boston and its vicinity; to relieve sick and dis- abled seamen and their families ; to afford aid and encouragement to poor and industrious seamen ;

r Seamen s Bethel, North Square.

and to promote the education of

seamen's children." The Mariners' House, built by the Port Society in

1847, is a brick building, four stories high, No. 11 North Square, arid is

208 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

under charge of an experienced mariner. It accommodates from 80 to 100 persons, and has a chapel, reading-room, and library. S. E. Breen is the pastor, and Capt. J. P. Hatch the superintendent. Rev. S. K. Lothrop, D.D., is president of the society. There were 3,300 boarders in 1881. The Sea- men's Bethel, a modest structure opposite, seats 1,100, and has vestries seating 125 and 300 persons respectively. It was here that the famous ex- mariner, Edward T. Taylor, better known as " Father Taylor," preached.

The Boston Seaman's Friend Society is a branch of the American Sea- man's Friend Society, and has for its object the furnishing of regular evan- gelical ministrations for seamen, and the employment of other means for their spiritual and temporal welfare. It supports the Salem and Mariners' Church, and Sailors' Home, corner of Salem and North Bennet Streets. Joseph C. Tyler is president, and Capt. Andrew Bartlett is the missionary. This work is principally supported by contributions from the Orthodox Congregational churches of Boston and its vicinity.

The House of the Good Shepherd is a branch of the New-York society of the same name. It was established in 1867, and owes its foundation largely to Bishop Williams of Boston, who provided its first site, a dwelling- house on Allen Street, and supplied its early needs. Its object is " to pro- vide a refuge for the reformation of fallen women and girls ; " and it also maintains a " Class of Preservation," made up of wayward and insub- ordinate girls, whose habits endanger their virtue. The present house is located on Tremont Street, Roxbury district, in a building erected for it. It has provision for 150 inmates, and is crowded. It is managed by the Sisters of the Good Shepherd, a Catholic society originating in France in 1646; but girls and women of all denominations are admitted. A grant of $10,000 was made by the State in 1870, to aid in building the present edifice.

Boffin's Bower is one of the most original and useful charities in the city. Jennie Collins is the presiding genius of this excellent establishment at No. 1 03 1 Washington Street, where, since 1874, many poor working women have been fed, clothed, and sheltered until they were able to obtain an honest livelihood. From May 30, 1881, to May 30, 1882, 1,545 women and girls applied for employment; and in the same period of time 1,154 applicants for the services of women made known their wants. The charity is supported by voluntary contributions, and has done good practical work, providing temporarily for unemployed workwomen who would, without aid, frequently suffer from hunger or illness ; and there is no doubt that many poor girls- have been saved from a life of shame by its ministrations.

The Children's Friend Society provides for the support of indigent children, who are either fully surrendered to it, or received as boarders. Those surrendered are indentured at 12 years of age, and remain under

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 209

guardianship until 18. The society's home, at No. 48 Rutland Street, pro- vides for 70 children. The society has been in operation since 1833, and

originated in the personal labors of a Mrs. Burns, a lady of moderate

means, resident at the North End, who received into her own house a num- ber of poor children, and cared for them.

The Boston Female Asylum, at 1008 Washington Street, was founded in 1800. Its name is somewhat misleading, for it is simply a home for female orphans and half-orphans. Full surrender of the children is re- quired on their admission, and they remain until 18 years of age. Between 70 and 80 children are provided for in the asylum.

The Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, with office at 96 Tremont Street, was organized in 1868, and has investigated over 33,000 cases, and convicted more than 3,000 persons. It has issued more than 1,500,000 copies of its monthly paper, "Our Dumb Animals," and over 500,000 of its other publications. It has also offered prizes to Massachusetts school-children for the best compositions on " Kindness to Animals," and has given rewards for essays, inventions, and improvements for the benefit of dumb creatures. It has at present four prosecuting offi- cers in Boston, constantly employed, and about 500 prosecuting agents in the other cities and towns of the State. The amount paid into this society since its organization is about $250,000. The president is George T. Angell, and the secretary is Joseph L. Stevens. It has a large and dis- tinguished list of honorary members.

The Co-operative Society of Visitors among the Poor, organized in 1874, and incorporated in 1877, consists of a body of visitors who make weekly personal visits among the poor. No visitor takes more than four cases, in hope of finding work, or what may be called legitimate relief, for that number of persons. The society has also established work-rooms in the Charity Building, where poor women who really want work can get it. The president is Mrs. James Lodge, and the secretary is Mrs. B. S. Calef.

The Industrial Aid Society was incorporated in the year 1835, under the name of the Boston Society for the Prevention of Pauperism, to which, in 1866, was prefixed " The Industrial Aid Society." This society was founded upon the idea that employment was the best form of charity, and that there was but little opportunity for deception under this rule. Its principles of action have been adopted by other organizations, and by the city in some measure. It finds employment for people, transfers laborers to other places, and returns many to their homes. Its office is in the Charity Building, Chardon Street.

The Ladies' Relief Agency is another of the organizations in the Charity Building, and distributes money and clothing to persons found, by

210 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

personal investigation, to be worthy of support. The president is Mrs. H. G. Shaw, and the secretary Miss C. Harmon.

The Boston Police Relief Association, organized in 1871, and incor- porated in 1876, has its office in the Charity Building. Jan. 1, 1881, it had 447 members. In 1880 it paid $3,092 to members for " sick-benefits," $2,000 to families on the death of four members, and $600 to six members on the death of their wives. The president is George F. Goold.

The Boston North-End Mission, at No. 201 North Street, was organized in 1865. Its work is among the poor, holding religious meetings in the chapel, and providing a home for 40 poor children in the nursery depart- ment. It extends a helping hand to penitent women seeking a better life, and gives them shelter in the home department. It also provides for men without a home, by furnishing a good lunch or a comfortable lodging for five or ten cents. The industrial schools for women and girls help the poor to learn how to care for themselves. The reading-room, open from 8 a.m. to 9 p.m., makes an attractive resort for the many seamen and landsmen who throng North Street. The Mission also maintains a summer-home at Mount Hope, near Forest Hills, where during the warm season the children breathe the pure air of heaven. The stranger in Boston should not neglect to visit the Mission, and see an institution that appeals to every heart. The cur- rent expenses of the work are $10,000 a year, derived chiefly from small contributions of a generous public. Rev. S. T. Frost, 201 North Street, is financial agent; and Rev. S. B. Andrews is missionary.

The City Missionary Society is the oldest institution of its kind in the country, having been organized in 1816, and incorporated in 1820. It works not only to bring the non-church-going classes under the influence of re- ligion by personal visits of its missionaries, gathering children and others into sabbath schools, neighborhood and chapel meetings, and the distribu- tion of religious reading, but seeks the physical welfare of the poor by pro- curing employment for them, providing homes for orphan and destitute children, and extending pecuniary aid. It now employs 25 male and female missionaries, who visit 15,000 families a year. The annual expenditures of the society amount to $30,000. It is supported by Congregationalists, but is unsectarian in its operations. The headquarters of the society are in the Congregational House, corner of Beacon and Somerset Streets.

The Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children was incorporated in 1878. Its headquarters are at No. 1 Pemberton Square. It investigates cases of abuse against any person under 21 years of age, brings the perpetrators before the magistrates when necessary, and cares for neglected and deserted children. It maintains a temporary home at No. 94 Chestnut Street. The president is Charles D. Head, and the general agent Frank B. Fay.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON 211

Stye $uise of tfje Cits*

THE SANITARY CONDITION OF BOSTON, —HOSPITALS, DIS- PENSARIES, AND ASYLUMS.

THE sanitary condition of Boston will bear favorable comparison with that of other cities. The annual death-rate, 21.91 in 1,000 in 1882, is slightly larger than that of London, but considerably smaller than the average in the other European cities. It also compares favorably with American cities, although those of St. Louis and some other Western cities show a lower rate. The statistics of Western cities are, however, more likely to err in accuracy; and, besides, the mortality is always less in young and vigorous communities, though their sanitary conditions may be far more unfavorable. The sanitary affairs of Boston are under the control of its Board of Health established in 1873, under the pressure of a peremptory popular demand caused by the presence of a terrible small-pox scourge in the city. The Board has, in many respects, arbitrary powers in regard to the public health, and can take almost any measure that may be deemed expedient, in a case of emergency. The principal drawback to a satisfactory sanitary condition is the defective drainage; but this will be partially over- come by the great system of sewers now constructing, and referred to in the chapter on "The Arteries of the City." The streets are kept remarkably clean, being regularly swept nine months of the year. The principal streets, about 185 miles, are swept daily, and others twice a week.

The hospitals and dispensaries of Boston are many; but their work is done so quietly and so unostentatiously that few, even of those long resident in the city, are aware of their magnitude, or comprehend the extent, variety, and thoroughness of their operations. At their head stands —

The Massachusetts General Hospital, a noble institution, one of the most complete and perfectly organized of its kind in the country. It is also the oldest, save one, — the Pennsylvania Hospital. It was incorporated in 181 1, and opened for the reception of patients in 182 1. It was conceived by a number of the public-spirited and generous citizens of that day ; and its plan was drawn on a most liberal and extensive scale, showing them to be broad-minded and far-sighted men. A bequest of $5,000 at the close of the last century, in 1799, was the practical beginning of the enterprise; but it was not until 181 1 that the work was undertaken systematically and vigor- ously. In that year 56 gentlemen were incorporated under the name of The

212

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

Massachusetts General Hospital ; and the charter granted a fee-simple in the estate of the old Province House, on condition that $100,000 be raised by subscription within ten years, which was promptly met. The Massachusetts Hospital Life-insurance Company was required by its charter, in 181 8, to pay one-third of its net profits to the hospital. So also were the New- England Mutual Life-insurance Company, incorporated in 1835; and the State Mutual Life-Assurance Company at Worcester, in 1844. Several other gifts were made it by private citizens, and the funds accumulated with grati- fying rapidity. Among the most generous bequests were those of John McLean, — one of $100,000, and another of $50,000 ; this latter to be divided between the hospital and Harvard University. For him is named the

The Massachusetts General Hospital, Blossom Street.

McLean Asylum for the Insane, in Somerville, which is a branch of the Massachusetts General Hospital, established by its trustees in 1816. His name was also given to the street at the foot of which the hospital stands. Prominent among the founders of the hospital was John Lowell, one of the esteemed Lowell family, several of whose members have done so much for Boston, and have been so prominent among its citizens. His father was Judge Lowell, a member of the convention which framed -the State Consti- tution, and who caused to be inserted in the " Bill of Rights " the clause declaring that "all men are born free and equal." For one of his brothers the city of Lowell was named ; and another was the Rev. Charles Lowell of the West Church, father of James Russell Lowell, the poet of to-day, now minister to England. John Lowell acquired fame in his day as a political

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 213

writer, and during the war of 1812 wrote trenchant articles under the nom de plume of " The Boston Rebel," which were especially notable for the vigorous and bold fashion in which they attacked the national administra- tion. Besides being active in the movement to establish the Massachusetts General Hospital, John Lowell was also a founder of the Athenaeum, and the Hospital Life-Insurance Company.

The hospital stands at the west end of McLean Street, on what was formerly Prince's pasture. The main building, first built, is of Chelmsford granite, hammered out and fitted for use by the convicts of the State Prison. When completed, it was pronounced the finest building in New England. Charles Bulfinch was the architect. In 1846 it was enlarged by the addition of two extensive wings. Other additions and improvements have from time to time been made; the most recent in 1873-75, when four new pavilion wards were constructed, called respectively the Jackson, War- ren, Bigelow, and Townsend wards, in recognition of the valuable services of Drs. James Jackson, J. C. Warren, Jacob Bigelow, and S. D. Townsend. The hospital admits, under light conditions, patients suffering from disease or injuries, from any part of the United States or British Provinces; and provision is made for free treatment, or treatment at the cost to the patient of the expense involved. No infectious diseases are admitted, and chronic or incurable cases are generally refused. On proper call the hospital ambu- lance, with medical officer, is despatched at any hour to points within the city proper, north of Dover and Berkeley Streets ; and the hospital is always ready for any emergency, however sudden or extensive the demand on its resources may be. The hospital, ever since its establishment, has been steadily and greatly aided by gifts and bequests. The donations and lega- cies of the year 1881 alone amounted to $113,906.80. The whole number of patients treated in the hospital in 1880 was 2,270, of whom 2,099 were adults, and 171 children. The whole number of out-patients applying for treatment during the same period was 18,443. From 1821 to the close of 1880 the number of patients in the hospital has been 66,526; of these, 20,126 were discharged well, 14,407 much relieved, or relieved in part, and 4,928 died. The whole number of out-patients treated during the same period was 254,261. About 81 per cent of the number treated in the hospi- tal during 1881 were occupants of free beds. The total free-bed subscrip- tions for the year were $10,950; and the free-bed fund, the income of which must be devoted to free beds, amounted to $462,260.95. Of the free patients during the year, 16 per cent were female domestics, 33 per cent laborers, 5 per cent mechanics, and 9 per cent minors. The expense of the hospital department in 1881 was $102,153.80. A training-school for nurses is also attached to this hospital. A convalescent-cottage at Belmont, begun in 1880, was opened for patients in April, 1881. James H. Whittemore is the resident physician

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KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

The Boston City Hospital was established in 1864, after many years of agitation, which began in 1849, before the cholera, then epidemic in Boston, had disappeared. The necessary authority was given the city by the Legis- lature in 1858; two years later the land was appropriated; in 1861 the work of building was begun; and May 24, 1864, the buildings were dedicated, and a month later were formally opened for patients. The buildings front on Harrison Avenue, and occupy the square, containing nearly seven acres, bounded by Harrison Avenue and Concord, Albany, and Springfield Streets. The hospital buildings present a beautiful and unique appearance. When substantially completed and occupied in 1864, the hospital consisted of a central or administration building, two three-story medical and surgical pavilions, and the necessary auxiliary buildings, including boiler-house and laundry. To these were added, in 1865, a two-story building for isolating wards ; a small building, at the main entrance to the grounds, containing rooms for out-patients ; and an addition for dead-house, morgue, and autopsy- room. In 1874 a medical building, a surgical building, each three stories high with basements, two one-story surgical and medical pavilions, and a low building for kitchen, bakery, and other purposes, were erected. The total cost of the buildings alone was $610,000. The hospital has at present 385 beds ; and, when the plan is fully carried out, it will have 525 beds.

Residents of the city suffering from sickness, unable to pay for treat- ment, are treated gratuitously. Persons accidentally injured are received at all hours, and the ambulances are ready for service on call. Out-patients are also treated. Once a week operations are performed in the amphi- theatre before physicians and surgeons. A training-school for nurses is also connected with the hospital, which affords unsurpassed opportunities for the education of trained nurses. There are 62 pupils, and Miss Linda Richards is superintendent of nurses. Since the opening of the City Hospital, 71,336 persons have been examined for admission, and 52,474 of them were admitted ; 9,568 persons accidentally injured, and 146,779 out- patients, have been treated. During the past year, there were treated 4,382 persons in the hospital, and 16,397 out-patients; visits to the hospital, 38,676. The chief individual benefactor of the hospital was Elisha Good- now, who gave property valued at $21,000. The superintendent and resi- dent physician is Dr. George H. M. Rowe.

The Massachusetts Homoeopathic Hospital was incorporated in 1855, but was not established and opened for patients till 1871. The first five years it occupied a house in Burroughs Place. Its friends having raised, by means of a grand fair, the sum of $76,000, land was purchased of the city, and the present beautiful structure was erected on East Concord Street. This building was opened to patients in May, 1876; and in thorough ventila- tion, delightful temperature summer and winter, bright and sunny wards and private rooms, together with all necessary conveniences and comforts, it has proved one of the most satisfactory hospitals ever built. It has received

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216 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

and provided (or upwards of 1.122 patients, with a mortality of about five per cent. The patients are provided with the best food and care; and vet its affairs have been managed with such economv that the cost has been much less than in similar hospitals. Severe and often hopeless cases have resorted here for treatment with great benefit. President, Charles R. Codman.

The Carney Hospital, founded by the gift of £13,500 from Andrew Car- nev, was incorporated in 1865, and occupies a sightly position on Old Har- bor Street, South Boston. Its situation, in the judgment of experienced physicians, is the very best in New England. Standing on Dorchester Heights, near the intrenchment erected by Washington, it commands an extensive view over the city on one side, and Massachusetts Bay on the other. In summer the hospital is cooled by the sea-breezes ; and the con- valescents enjoy a beautiful prospect from their beds, watching meanwhile the vessels passing in and out of the harbor. The hospital was established to afford relief to the sick poor; and, though it is in charge of the Sisters of Charity, it receives patients of all religious denominations. Chronic, acute, and other cases are received, contagious diseases alone excepted. Pay-patients are also treated. The present brick building, erected in 1S68, forms but a single wing of the projected structure; the central building and other wing being essential, and now greatly needed. Contributions are now being earnestly solicited. The yearly expenditure amounts to $30,000, and the income from paying patients about $13,000. In one of the wings there are very spacious accommodations for the treatment of out- patients suffering from general diseases, affections peculiar to women, and diseases of the eye. Over 1,000 out-patients are treated yearly, in all cases gratuitously. It is thought that in course of time the out-patient depart- ment will become one of the great centres of medical charity. The phy- sicians and surgeons in attendance at the hospital give their services gratuitously; anil the Sisters of Charity connected with it are religiously devoted to the work, not onlv nursing the sick and performing domestic work, but in seeking out cases of distress and misfortune, and striving to relieve them.

The New-England Hospital for Women and Children, incorporated in 1863, is situated on Codman Avenue, Roxbury district. Its land and build- ings cost $100,000. It is an incorporated institution, of which Dr. Marie E. Zakrzcwska may be considered the founder. More than 300 patients are treated at the hospital during the vear; about half the number being ad- mitted on free beds, of which there are fourteen. It has medical, surgical, and maternity wards; and a dispensary at 19 Fayette Street in the city proper, where nearly 5,000 receive treatment annually. The training-school for nurses, in connection with this hospital, was the first in the city, founded

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

217

in 1863. Applicants for admission must be between the ages of 21 and 40, and of sound health. Those admitted are supported by the hospital during the term of sixteen months, when diplomas of competency are bestowed upon those who successfully pass through it. The success of the school has been most satisfactory.

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Children's Hospital, Huntington Avenue.

The Children's Hospital was incorporated in 1869, and first located at 1583 Washington Street. Children between two and twelve, suffering from acute diseases, are received and treated, if poor, gratuitously ; but, if their parents or guardians are able to pay, a moderate charge is made. The hospital has 60 beds. The nursing is under the direction of ladies con- nected with the Protestant-Episcopal Sisterhood of St. Margaret. A con- valescent Home was established at WelleSley, 14 miles from the city, in 1875. Among the founders of the hospital were Chandler Robbins, George H. Kuhn, N. H. Emmons, Dr. Francis H. Brown, and Albert Fearing. Late in 1882 the new and beautiful building on Huntington Avenue was occupied.

The House of the Good Samaritan, at 6 McLean Street, incorporated in i860, is for the free treatment of sick women and girls, and of boys under six, especially those suffering from diseases of long duration. It is sup- ported by voluntary contributions and the income from its funds. The

2l8

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

annual expenses range from $10,000 to $12,000. It is unsectarian, but Epis- copal services are regularly held. The largest bequest it has received was from the late James H. Foster, who left by will $47,500. Among the corpo- rators was Miss Anne S. Robbins, who has given, from the start, her whole time to the hospital, residing in it, and superintending its details with the aid of a matron. The other corporators were Mrs. George C. Shattuck, Mrs. G. Howland Shaw, Mrs. Charles H. Appleton, Mrs. N. Thayer, Horace Gray, and Henry P. Sturgis.

The Children's Sea-Shore Home, at Winthrop, is one of the most practical of works; and, since its establishment in 1875, ft nas accom- plished an unexpected and most gratifying amount of good. Its object is to give to poor children suffering from disease, and those recovering, the great advantage of the sea-breezes. A competent physician resides at the house ; and the nurses are most attentive, having a special interest in their work, most of them volunteering their services.

The Consumptives' Home, a hospital for incurables, is at Grove Hall,

Roxbury district, and was incorpo- rated in 1870, six years after it was founded by Dr. Charles Cullis, who is still the manager. It relies wholly on voluntary contribu- tions. From this source nearly $500,- 000 have been re- ceived since its establishment, and over 2,500 pa- tients cared for. The Home will ac- commodate 80 pa- tients. The prem-

Consumptives' Home, Grove Hall. jses contajnj be-

sides the Home proper, two children's homes, a free chapel, and a home for those afflicted with spinal complaints. .

St. Mary's Infant Asylum, and Lying-in Hospital, in Dorchester, is managed by the Sisters of Charity, by whom the, institution was founded, in 1870, for "the maintenance and support of foundlings, and orphan and half-orphan children." It also accommodates indigent deserving women

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 219

during confinement. As in the Carney Hospital, no distinction is made on account of religion ; and no patient is refused on account of her inability to pay the moderate rate asked.

The Channing Home, at 30 McLean Street, is a most worthy institution, a home for incurables, established in May, 1857, by Miss Harriet Ryan, who afterwards became Mrs. Albee. It was incorporated in 1861. The class of patients generally admitted are those who need constant medical assistance and tender care ; and no pay is taken from any. Since it was established, 26 years ago, the Home has received over 600 patients. It has now 14 inmates. The president is Dr. Samuel A. Green ; the treasurer, Theo. Metcalf.

The Boston Lying-in Hospital was organized in 1832, for the relief of poor and deserving women during confinement. In its present quarters, at Nos. 24 and 26 McLean Street, it has accommodations for 36 patients. Free cases are taken. Patients taken in prior to confinement are charged $3.50 a week for board, and are expected to perform any light duty required of them. The lowest price for confinement is $20, which also pays for two weeks next succeeding confinement ; and, as a rule, no case is kept longer than two weeks after confinement.

The Hospital of the Public Institutions is located on Deer Island, and has a branch at Rainsford Island. Patients are received from the city almshouse, the House of Industry, and the House of Reformation for Juvenile Offenders.

The Boston Lunatic Hospital, on First Street, South Boston, is a city institution, under the management of the Board of Directors for Public Institutions. The main building was built in 1839; and the two wings were added in 1846. New wings and other improvements have recently been added, including steam-heat and good ventilating apparatus. With the yards and gardens, the buildings occupy five acres. The hospital has a capacity for 200 patients. Its use is now restricted to those who have a settlement, so termed, in the city. The poor are admitted without charge. Patients are committed to the hospital by the judge of probate for Suffolk County, on application at the office of the Board of Directors, at 30 Pember- ton Square. Not one-fourth of the Boston insane people can be accommo- dated here. Dr. Theodore W. Fisher is superintendent.

Diet Kitchens, established in different parts of the city, furnish prompt and temporary relief for the sick poor. Plain, nourishing food is here pre- pared, and given out daily, at all hours, on the orders of the dispensary and other physicians.

The Boston Dispensary, founded in 1796 and incorporated in 1801, is the oldest institution of the kind in the city, and the third in the country. The central office is situated at Bennet and Ash Streets, near the centre of pop- ulation of the city proper, over which its operations are extended. Physi-

220

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

cians are in attendance daily, at stated hours, who treat men, women, and children, perform surgical operations, and dispense medicines. Much practical work is also done outside the central office. The city proper is divided into nine districts, and to each is assigned a physician, whose duty it is to care for those unable to leave their homes. The dispensary is sup- ported by funds heretofore contributed, and by private charity. An idea of the ex- _^

tent of its work can be formed, when it is stated that since July, 1856, over 600,000 pa- tients have been treat- ed at the central oi- fice and in the d i s- tricts. A- beut 35,000 patients

are treated yearly. The staff of physicians and surgeons at the central office give their services gratuitously^ and those serving in the districts at a very small compensation. In the Charlestown and Roxbury districts, there are also free dispensaries. That in the Charlestown district was or- ganized in 1872, and incorporated the next year. It is located at No. 27 Harvard Square. Its founders were Richard Frothingham, Edward Law- rence, T. R. Lambert, John T. Whiting, and Charles E. Grinnell. The Roxbury dispensary was founded in 1841, but has since been merged in the Roxbury Charitable Society, founded in 1794, and its duties discharged by the latter society, whose office is at No. 118 Roxbury Street, Roxbury district.

The Homoeopathic Medical Dispensary in 1856, its first year of incor- poration, treated 195 patients. Its work has steadily augmented year by year, and in 1882 it furnished upwards of 30,545 prescriptions to 11,382 patients. The central office, at 14 Burroughs Place, is open daily from 10 to 12. The college branch occupies the basement of the building of the Boston University. School of Medicine in East Concord Street, and is divided into the following departments : medical, surgical, dental, eye and ear, women's.

Boston Dispensary, Bennet and Ash Streets.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

221

children's, chest, throat, and skin. There are connected with this branch 24 physicians. With the aid of the college faculty, clinical instruction in the various departments is furnished to the medical students. The West-End branch, in the Charity Building, Chardon Street, is open daily from 10 to 12, and, in addition to the general department, has also one under the care of women physicians, for the diseases of their sex. The whole dispensary is supported mainly by a fund raised by a fair held in 1859 in the Music Hall, which netted $13,000, the income of which has provided treatment for 80,000 sick persons. The large number who now flock to it will render additional funds necessary.

The Dispensary for Diseases of Women, at 18 Staniford Street, was organized in 1873, and is made available for the purposes of clinical instruc- tion. It is in charge of Dr. James R. Chadwick and Dr. John C. Fallow.

The Dispensary for Diseases of Children, at the same place and for the same purposes, is in charge of Dr. Charles P. Putnam.

The Massachusetts Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary was originated in 1824 by Drs. Edward Reynolds and John Jeffries, and was incorporated in

Massachusetts Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary.

1826. During the first year, there were treated at the Infirmary 698 pa- tients ; and the number has steadily increased, compelling the institution to

222 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

be removed from place to place, until 1850, when the present building, on Charles near Cambridge Street, was erected. The building is of brick, and has two wings. The main building measures 67 by 44 feet. In the base- ment are kitchens, wash-rooms, laundry, etc. ; in the first story are receiv- ing and reading rooms ; in the wings are the male wards, with operating, apothecary, and bath rooms ; in the second story are accommodations for the matron and the female wards. The building is surrounded by a yard, and is shut out from the street by a high wall. The work is rapidly out- growing the accommodations. In 1880 no less than 10,000 patients were treated. The annual increase for the past few years has been about 800. The name of the institution has been a hinderance to its growth, leading the community to believe it to be a State charity, and thereby averting dona- tions that would probably come to it, and which are really needed to carry on its great work. Patients from all parts of this continent are treated at this Infirmary, which is one of the most important, but at the same time one of the most poorly-supported, charities in the State. Dr. George Sted- man is the superintendent.

The Free Hospital for Women, at 60 East Springfield Street, estab- lished in 1875, for poor and worthy women who suffer from diseases peculiar to their sex, is supported by contributions from individuals and religious societies. Any individual or society supporting a bed has the right to fill it with any suffering and needy woman, provided the medical staff pronounce her case a proper one for treatment here. The hospital contains 20 beds.

St. Luke's Home, established in October, 1870, and incorporated Janu- ary, 1872, provides gratuitous medical treatment to women who are con- valescent from disease. The Home, which is situated on Roxbury Street, Highland district, can accommodate 40 patients.

St. Joseph's Home, Nos. 41, 43, and 45, East Brookline Street, is in charge of the Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis. It was established in 1862, and incorporated in 1867. In one building, 32 orphans are sup- ported and educated ; and in the other two are homes for destitute people, who cannot labor, of whom from 80 to 100 are kept here, free of charge. Food is also supplied here to sixty indigent families.

St. Elizabeth's Hospital, 78 Waltham Street, is in charge of the Sisters of St. Francis. It was established in 1867, and incorporated in 1872, for medical and surgical treatment of diseases peculiar to women. Most of the patients are free, and the sick poor of any denomination are admitted.

The Massachusetts Medical Society was formed in 1 781. It includes 17 distinct societies, which together have a membership of over 1,400 physi- cians practising in Massachusetts. The by-laws provide that a member must possess the following among other qualifications : —

- KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 223

" That he is not less than twenty-one years of age ; that he is of sound mind and good moral character; that he has a good general English educa- tion ; that he has a knowledge of the principles of experimental philosophy, that he has such an acquaintance with the Latin language as is necessary for a good medical and surgical education ; that he has studied medicine and surgery three full years under the direction, and attended the practice, of some reputable, regularly educated physician or physicians ; that he has attended two terms of study, or two full courses of lectures in separate years, at an authorized medical school, recognized by the councillors of said society, and possesses a diploma or its equivalent from such school that he does not profess to cure diseases by, nor intend to practise, spiritualism, homoeopathy, allopathy, Thomsonianism, eclecticism, or any other irregu- lar or exclusive system, generally recognized as such by the profession or declared so by the councillors of said society ; and by a further examina- tion, a part of which shall be in writing, that he has an adequate knowledge of anatomy, pathological anatomy, physiology, general and medical chemis- try, materia medica, therapeutics, midwifery, the theory and practice of medicine, clinical medicine, surgery, clinical surgery, hygiene, and public hygiene."

The Old Morgue was placed in charge of the board of health in 1873, and in 1879 was thoroughly remodelled. The superintendent is present in the afternoon, when bodies are there for identification. The morgue proper is a small room, with a single stone in its centre for the exhibition of bodies for recognition. Adjoining it is an autopsy-room. Keys are placed at the engine-house adjoining, and at the city undertaker's, where they can be sought in case of emergency.

The New Morgue is connected with the City Hospital, and is of a modern style, and fitted-up somewhat like the Paris morgue. Four bodies cau be exposed for recognition at a time.

The Medical Examiner is an office that was substituted for that of coroner, which was abolished in 1877 by act of the legislature. In the place of forty or fifty commissioned officers, some of whom were of ques- tionable integrity, and not properly qualified, the work of making special investigations of the causes of sudden or mysterious deaths, when such are deemed necessary, is performed by two men, physicians in good standing, called medical examiners. These are commissioned by the governor, serve for seven years, and receive $3,000 a year as salary. The present medical examiners for Suffolk County are Francis A. Harris and Frank W. Draper. Whenever they deem a formal inquest necessary in any case, it is brought before the local courts. By this change a large saving is made to the county treasuries, there is less liability of abuse, and a more satisfactory result is obtained.

224 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

The Boston Medical Association, organized in 1 806, holds its meetings annually, on the first Monday in May. Its objects are to regulate the charges of physicians, and to aid in promoting the interests of the medical profession. Its secretary is Dr. E. H. Brigham.

The Boylston Medical Society of Harvard University was founded in 181 r, and incorporated in 1823, for the purpose of promoting emulation and inquiry among the students at the Medical School. The president is always a member of the Massachusetts Medical Society. Ward Nicholas Boylston, the founder of this society, left it a fund from which prizes are given to those members of the society whose medical dissertations are most ap- proved. The president is Dr. M. H. Richardson, and the secretary is C. S. Holden.

The Boston Society for Medical Improvement was organized in 1828, and incorporated in 1839, for the cultivation of confidence and good feeling between members of the profession, the eliciting and imparting of informa- tion upon the different branches of medical science, and the establishment of a museum and library of pathological anatomy. The secretary is Dr. T. M. Rotch.

The Boston Society for Medical Observation was organized in 1846, to make its members good observers of disease, to collect and arrange accu- rately recorded facts in furtherance of the cause of medical science, and to publish from time to time the results of the examination of such facts. The original society in 1835 was composed chiefly of students, and was founded on the plan of a Paris association. Dr. A. M. Sumner is the secre- tary.

The Massachusetts Homoeopathic Medical Society was organized in 1840, and incorporated in 1856, and is the oldest society of this school in the country. It has 200 active members ; holds its annual meeting on the second Wednesday of April, and its semi-annual meeting in October. Its meetings are earnest and interesting, and are attended by many physicians who are not of the homoeopathic faith. It publishes each year a volume. of transactions. Its officers are : A. M. Cushing, M.D., of Boston, president; Herbert A. Chase, M.D., of Cambridge, secretary; H. C. Clapp, M.D., of Boston, treasurer.

The Boston Homoeopathic Medical Society holds its meetings in the Medical College, East Concord Street, on the second Thursday of each month. It has 100 members. Horace Packard, M.D., is secretary.

The Massachusetts College of Pharmacy was incorporated in 1852. Its main objects are to regulate the instruction of apprentices, to diffuse infor- mation among the members of the profession, and to discountenance the sale of spurious, adulterated, and inferior articles. Applicants for admission to its membership must have been actively engaged in the wholesale or retail

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 225

drug business. There is a School of Pharmacy, under the control of the college, before which lectures are delivered during the winter season ; and the degree of graduates in pharmacy is conferred upon students who go through the whole course, and satisfactorily pass the examination. The college, for its lecture-room and laboratory, occupies the third story of the Old Franklin Schoolhouse, 11 51 Washington Street; the rooms being granted free of rent by the city of Boston. There are about 200 members of the college, and 100 students attending the school. The laboratory is one of the largest and most thoroughly equipped in the city. There is also a complete collection of crude and rare drugs and of the finest specimens of chemicals. The library contains about 2,500 bound volumes and 1,500 pam- phlets of works on pharmacy, and comprises a very valuable collection of its kind. It forms the second largest pharmaceutical library in the United States. The president is Henry Canning, and the corresponding secretary is Charles C. Williams, Ph.D.

The Boston Druggists' Association has a membership of about 75, in- cluding persons engaged in the wholesale or retail drug-trade, paint and oil firms, medicine houses, and co-ordinate branches of the trade, in Boston and vicinity. Its object is the furtherance of the interests of those lines of business, and to afford the men engaged in them an opportunity of meeting with one another on social terms "around the festive mahogany." The monthly dinners are held at the Parker House. The society was organized in 1875; and its officers are: president, Thomas Doliber; secretary, Henry Canning.

Our limited space forbids the further sketching of the several medical societies of Boston. Among those not heretofore mentioned are the Ob- stetrical Society, organized in i860; Boston Society of Medical Sciences, 1869; South-Boston Medical Club, 1873; Association of Life-Insurance Examiners, 1873; Boston Microscopical Society, 1874; Roxbury Society for Medical Improvement, 1867; Dorchester Medical Club, 1866; Walker Society for Medical Improvement, 1872.

The Washingtonian Home was organized in 1857, and incorporated in March, 1S59, for the cure of men addicted to intemperance. Its present location is in building No. 41 Waltham Street; and its income is entirely derived from board and treatment of the inmates. Since the beginning: it has received about 7,000 inmates, .many of whom have been free patients. For a time the State aided it. Dr. Albert Day is the superintendent.

The Adams Nervine Asylum was incorporated in 1877, and opened in 1880. Its projector was the late Seth Adams, a wealthy Boston sugar-refiner, resident in Newton, who bequeathed for its establishment property valued at the magnificent sum of $600,000. It is a curative institution, for the benefit of indigent, debilitated, nervous people, inhabitants of the State,

226

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

who are not insane. Its beautiful site is in the Jamaica-Plain district, and comprises 24 acres (the estate of the late J. Gardner Weld), on Centre Street, adjoining the property of the Bussey Institution. The building accommodates 30 patients. The incorporators were John N. Barbour,

The Adams Nervine Asylum.

James C. Davis, Aquila Adams, Emory Washburn, Alpheus Hardy, Samuel Eliot, Charles H. Dalton, James B. Thayer, William Clafiin, John E. Tyler, Amor L. Hollingsworth, James Longley, Samuel A. Green, Robert Willard, Caleb W. Loring, Samuel D. Warren, Rufus Ellis, Joseph Burnett, S. B. Stebbins, Charles F. Choate. The superintendent is Dr. Frank W. Page.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTOA. 227

Eije Bones of tije Cttg.

THE OLD BURIAL PLACES AND TOMBS, AND THE NEW

CEMETERIES.

THE cemeteries in the city proper are ancient burial-places, which are not used nowadays, the city having forbidden by ordinance all burials in graves in the city proper, interment in tombs only being allowed ; but they are maintained and respected for the hallowed dust they contain, and for their historic associations. Now and then utilitarians agitate their removal for some public " improvement ; " but the influence of the conserva- tive Bostonian, jealous of his city's good name and reputation, is promptly brought to bear, and thus the dead are respected, and the ancient grave- yards, the most interesting of the old landmarks, are saved from the hand of desecration.

The King's Chapel Burying-Ground is believed to be the oldest in the city, though the exact date of its establishment is not known. Situated in a busy part of the town, and crowded into narrow compass, under the shadow of the quaint old church, it is a most interesting spot, as it contains the remains of Gov. John Winthrop, his son and grandson who were governors of Connecticut ; Gov. Shirley ; Lady Andros, the wife of Gov. Andros ; John Cotton ; John Davenport, the founder of New Haven, Conn. ; John Oxen- bridge ; Thomas Bridge ; and other well-known personages of the olden time. Burials ceased here, as a rule, in 1796. Unfortunately the grave- stones were moved from their original places some years ago by a city offi- cer possessed of the mania for " improvement," and placed in rows, so that it is now impossible to tell the location of any given grave. At one time during the last century a great deal of excitement was occasioned by a rumor that some one had been buried alive in this burial-ground; but the affair terminated peacefully when the doctors who had attended the deceased testified in the matter.

The Old Granary Burying-Ground, between the Park-street Church and the Tremont House, dates from 1660, and contains the graves of many famous men, including eight governors of the early day, — Bellingham, Dummer, Hancock, Adams, Bowdoin, Sullivan, Eustis, and Sumner ; the Wendells, Lydes, Checkleys, and Byfields ; Peter Faneuil, Dr. John Jeffries, Uriah Cotting, Judge Samuel Sewall, John Hull, Paul Revere ; Thomas Cushing, at one time a member of the council which was the executive of

228

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

Massachusetts, and at another lieutenant-governor; the Rev. Drs. Eckley, Belknap, Stillman, Lathrop, and Baldwin ; the parents of Benjamin Frank- lin ; and the victims of the Boston Massacre. The territory was once a part of the Common ; and the old town granary, which formerly stood where the Park-street Church now stands, gave to the cemetery its name.

It is protected by a substantial iron fence, with an im- posing gateway in its centre ; and on the sidewalk in front of it stood, until a few years ago, a row of no-

ble trees, known as the Paddock elms, which were imported from England, and set out in 1762 by Capt. Adino Pad- dock, a wealthy carriage - builder, and a leading loy- alist during the revolutionary struggle, who left These trees were

Gateway to the Granary Burying-Ground, Tremont Street.

the city with the British when it was evacuated in 1776. removed, to the great grief and indignation of many old citizens, to meet a demand of the street-railways. Inside the enclosure, however, are many fine trees ; and, though they do not shade the busy throngs which hurry by, they contribute much to the picturesque appearance of the old burying- ground with its winding narrow paths, and its old graves and sombre tombs.

The Central Burying-Ground, originally called the South Burying- Ground, is the only other cemetery in this section of the city. It is a small one on the Common, near Boylston Street. It was established in 1756. The British soldiers who died of disease during the occupation of the city, and those who died of wounds received at Bunker Hill, were buried here. The grave of M. Julien the restaurateur, whose name has been given to a kind of soup which he made, is also here.

The Copp's-Hill Burying-Ground, three acres in dimensions, at the North End, near the old Christ Church, was the second burial-place estab-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

229

The Mather Tomb, Copp's Hill.

lished in Boston, and was first used for interments in 1660. It was originally

called the North Burying-Place. The oldest gravestone bears the date of

1625. There are many quaint epitaphs, some of which are illegible from

age. Among the illustrious dead who were

buried in this ground are Edmund Hartt,

builder of the frigate " Constitution," the

Rev. Drs. Increase, Cotton, and Samuel

Mather, Andrew and John Eliot. A willow

standing in the north-east corner of the

grounds was brought from Napoleon's grave

at St. Helena. In the Revolutionary times

the British soldiers occupied Copp's Hill as

a military station : it is told that they found

sport in firing bullets at the gravestones, the marks of which can still be

seen on some of them. When the hill was cut down, the burying-ground

was left untouched, and its embankment is now protected by a high stone

wall. It is an attractive spot, in a part of the city, which, once quite

aristocratic, now possesses little attraction. From its high grounds a fine

and extensive view can be had.

The Old Charlestown Burial-Ground, on Phipps Street, Charlestown, is spoken of in the records for the first time in 1648. The earliest grave- stone is that of Maud, the wife of William Russell, bearing the date of 1642. The tombstones in this graveyard are about the only antiquities in Charlestown, almost every building in the place having been" burned by the British at the battle of Bunker Hill. Thomas Beecher, one of the original settlers, ancestor of the famous Beecher family, and John Harvard, the founder of Harvard College, are buried here.

Forest-Hills Cemetery is a beautiful burial-ground in the West-Roxbury district, about 5 miles from the centre of the city. It includes about 225 acres, and is finely laid out, on high ground. Miles of winding avenues'and foot-paths lead over hills and through little valleys and glades. To the excep- tional natural beauties of the place are added the artistic effects produced by landscape-gardening. In the summer a profusion of flowers and shrubs is seen on every hand. There are pretty little lakes, handsome rural groves, and on the heights one catches glimpses of beautiful distant scenery. The main entrance is from Morton Street, through an ornamental stone gate- way, on the outer face of which is the inscription, " I am the Resurrection and the Life." On the inner face are the words, "He that keepeth thee will not slumber." There are other entrances on the south and east, from Canterbury and Walk-Hill Streets. From the main entrance, three carriage- drives diverge towards different parts, of the grounds. The old wooden observatory has been replaced by a stone observatory and bell-tower, on

230 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

Snowflake Cliff, overlooking a very charming suburban prospect. Four eminences farther south are named Eliot Hills, after the Indian apostle John Eliot, to whom a monument will be erected here. On Warren Hill is the tomb of Gen. Joseph Warren, the lamented hero of Bunker Hill. On Dearborn Hill is a monument to Gen. H. A. S. Dearborn, who originally laid out the grounds. Near Lake Hibiscus and at the foot of Dearborn Hill is the Grotto, or Rockery, with natural springs, fountains, and rare tropical plants. In Lake Dell is a picturesque sheet of water, overshadowed by Snow-flake Cliff, named after the flowers that grow at its foot. " Lake Hibiscus " is the largest pond. Near Lake Dell is a fine receiving-tomb of granite. Among the most interesting monuments is a block of rough granite from the Kearsarge Mountain, which marks the resting-place of Admiral Winslow. There is also a fine bronze statue in the soldiers' lot, erected by the city of Roxbury, in memory of her citizen soldiers who fell in the war, and which is noticed in another place. This cemetery was established by the city of Roxbury before its annexation, and was consecrated in 1848.

Mount-Hope Cemetery is near Forest Hills, in the West-Roxbury dis- trict, and now belongs to the city. It is managed by a board of commis- sioners. The grounds include io6£ acres picturesquely laid out, with several ponds and many fine trees and shrubs. The main entrance is through a massive gateway of granite and iron. The city of Boston has erected a soldiers' monument here ; and Charles Russell Lowell Post 7 of the Grand Army of the Republic has a military memorial composed of heavy cannon given by the National Government. It is a simple but taste- ful monument. On a triangular stone base stand three cannon, forming the outline of a pyramid, their mouths meeting at a common point, and sup- porting a fourth ; and beneath is a pyramid of cannon-balls.

St. Augustine Cemetery situated in South Boston, and established in 18 1 8, is the oldest Catholic burying-ground in Boston. It has a small chapel, which is now little used. Here is buried the Rev. Francis Antony Matignon, a French priest, one of the earliest Catholic clergymen in Bos- ton. His funeral, on the 21st of September, 181 8, was a notable event. The body was escorted through the streets by a number of acolytes, bearing lighted candles, and was temporarily placed in the Granary Burying-Ground : it was removed to South Boston in the following spring. Here is also buried Dr. Thomas J. O' Flaherty, who died in 1839, an^ was somewhat famous for a great theological controversy with Dr. Lyman Beecher. There is also a Catholic burying-ground in Charlestown, close to the Church of St. Francis de Sales, on the summit of Bunker Hill ; and another in the Roxbury district, adjoining St. Joseph's Church, on Circuit Street, near For- est Hills. There are also two large cemeteries, — one in Dorchester, and the other, Calvary, adjoining Mount-Hope Cemetery, — belonging to the

&

232 KING'S HANDBOOK' OF BOSTON.

Boston Catholic Cemetery Association, which was first incorporated in 1S57 as the Catholic Cemetery Association in Dorchester, its name having been changed to the present in 1S77. The Dorchester Cemetery is now full, containing 25,000 persons buried within its limits. In Calvary, 18,000 persons are buried. The association subsequently bought the Home Farm in the West-Roxbury district, close to the Brookline and Newton lines: this was laid out in an artistic style by a professional landscape-gardener. and dedicated in the spring of 1S70, as the .Mount-Benedict Cemetery. The office of the association is at No. 23S2 Washington Street. Roxbury district.

There is a small Israelitish cemetery in East Boston, at the corner of Byron and Homer Streets. It was established by the society of Ohabei Shalom, and is hut 100 feet square. A peculiar appearance is given to the place by all the tombstones bearing Hebrew inscriptions, though some of them are also partly in English.

Among other cemeteries is the ancient, almost forgotten, and quite neg- lected, Roxbury burying-ground, at the corner of Washington and Eustis Streets, nearly opposite the Hotel Comfort. The famous Indian apostle, John Eliot, is buried here, as well as many other men prominent in the by- gone days of Roxbury. There was formerly a Friends' burying-ground on Congress Street; but it was discontinued in the early part of this century, and the bodies removed to Lynn. It is not generally known that under King's Chapel, Christ Church, and St. Paul's Church, there are yet tombs. Those which had long been under Park-street Church were discontinued, and the bodies removed to Mount Auburn, in 1862; and the society of St. Paul's Church petitioned in the fall of 1878 for leave to discontinue further interment in its tombs. In South Boston there were tombs under St. Matthew's Church, which were discontinued in 1S67. The principal place of burial for the northerly sections of the city, including East Boston and Charlestown, is Woodlawn Cemetery in Everett.

Mount Auburn, the famous cemetery in Cambridge and YVatertown, is outside of the city limits, but directly associated with Boston. This is the oldest garden cemetery in the United States, and was established in 1831, by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, in connection with an experi- mental garden. The idea of the cemetery originated with Dr. Jacob Bige- low. who was corresponding secretary of the Horticultural Society, and who had for many years realized the evils arising from burials under churches, or within crowded cities or towns. In 1S35 when a charter was granted to "The Proprietors of the Cemetery of Mount Auburn," the Horticultural So- ciety, upon condition of receiving one-fourth of all sales, transferred the title to that corporation. The cemetery comprises about 135 acres. Its principal elevation, surmounted by a tower, is 125 feet above the level of the Charles River, which winds at its foot. Many of the most eminent dead of New England are buried here.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON 233

Eije Social SiUc of tje (Citg.

THE PLAYHOUSES, PUBLIC HALLS, CLUBS, SECRET AND

OTHER SOCIETIES.

THERE was a time when Boston, in respect to the drama, was the first city in America. Although that distinction cannot be claimed now, there is still ground for pride in the high position occupied by the playhouses of the city ; and it is safe to say that in no other city in the United States do real merit and worth in stage-matters meet with more generous approbation or reward. Of the drama in its infancy here, Shaw's " Description of Bos- ton " (1817) gives the following interesting sketch: "1794, — the first regu- lar theatre was established in Federal Street, under the management of Charles Stuart Powell. In consequence of a misunderstanding between him and the proprietor, Col. Tyler was appointed to the management ; but, not succeeding, he relinquished, and was succeeded by John Brown Wil- liamson. In the mean time the friends of Mr. C. S. Powell raised a sum sufficient to build of wood the Haymarket Theatre, one of the most spacious and convenient theatres ever erected in America." This house was opened in 1796. Mr. Williamson having failed, in 1797, as manager of the Federal- street Theatre, it was taken by Barrett & Harper. During the season this theatre was burned. It was rebuilt, and opened in 1798 under the manage- ment of Mr. Hodgkin, who in 1 799 failed, and removed his company to the Haymarket. G. L. Barrett then succeeded him, and failed before the year was out. In 1800 Mr. Whitlock sunk $4,000 there. In 1801 Powell & Harper took the theatre. The latter retired the next year ; and -Mr. Powell ran the concern till 1806, when he took in some partners. Powell & Duff were joint managers in 1817. "The first building erected purposely for theatrical entertainments in Boston was opened the 3d of February, 1 794, with the tragedy of ' Gustavus Vasa Erickson, the Deliverer of Sweden.' The selection of the play was judicious, as it suited the temper of the times." Of the present theatres, and most conspicuous public halls, brief sketches will be given.

The Boston Theatre was built by a corporation, and was first opened to the public Sept. 11, 1854, under the management of Thomas Barry. It is the largest theatre in New England, and there are but few edifices in the world devoted to the drama that can be compared with it. Under control of a corporation it did not achieve financial success. In 1863 Orlando

234 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

Tompkins, a stockholder and director, secured a controlling interest in its destinies ; and its history since then is a record of triumphs. All the emi- nent artists known to the dramatic and lyric world have added to their honors by their efforts on its stage. Tompkins & Hill are proprietors, and Eugene Tompkins is manager. The front exterior of the building is not imposing, but the interior is palatial. The lobbies, grand stairway, salons, and retir- ing rooms are immense and elegant. The auditorium, which seats 3,000 people, is not surpassed in the world; at least, such is the assurance of those who have had opportunities for comparing it with the famous opera- houses of Europe, and whose estimates are worthy of acceptance. The stage is supplied with every appliance which can aid to give beauty, effect, and realism to scenes. An excellent stock-company is employed. There is a wide front entrance on Washington Street, and a rear one on Mason Street: the means of egress are so ample and perfect that 1,000 people can be dismissed in a minute. The prices of tickets range from $1.50 to 25 cents. General admission is 50 cents. The treasurer is John M. Ward, the musi- cal director N. Lothian, and the business agent H. A. M'Glenen.

The Globe Theatre is a short distance above the Boston Theatre, on the opposite side of Washington Street, and has entrances on that thorough- fare, Essex Street, and Hayward Place. It is the second " Globe Theatre" on this site. The first, originally named Selwyn's Theatre, was built in 1867, and in 1873 was destroyed by fire. The present building was erected in 1874. John H. Selwyn, Charles Fechter, and W. R. Floyd were successively its managers. The theatre was the enterprise of Dexter H. Follett and Arthur Cheney. After the retirement of Mr. Follett, Mr. Cheney continued as sole proprietor. In the rebuilt theatre 150 seats were held by gentlemen, each one having paid $1,000 for his seat; and to this extent they were stock- holders. Mr. Cheney died in November, 1878. He was succeeded in the management by John Stetson, once a proprietor and manager of the Howard Athenaeum. For a brief season Mr. Stetson conducted the theatre in con- junction with Mr. Cheney, and thereafter, for another season, alone. Then the theatre was closed until the autumn of 1879, when the lessees of the estate took possession of the property. On the 1st of January following, Mr. Stetson obtained from all the lessees, with the exception of Asa P. Morse, leases of the theatre for six months ; and in October, 1880, he suc- ceeded in obtaining a satisfactory lease for ten years. He greatly altered and improved the theatre, adding to its attractiveness, and so adorned and beautified it as to make it one of the most inviting, convenient, and com- fortable theatres. Its interior is rich and brilliant, and thoroughly stocked with theatrical paraphernalia. Its stage is one of the best in the country. The auditorium is 6o feet in height. There are two large balconies, a row of mezzanine boxes, and elegant proscenium boxes. A handsome curtain

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 235

is used; and the scenery is fine and abundant, no theatre being better equipped. The season of 1875-76 is remembered with pleasure by those who were fortunate enough to witness the admirable little stock-company then playing here. The seasons of 1879-82 were distinguished for the bril- liant engagements of the late Adelaide Neilson, Mile. Bernhardt, Signor Salvini, Mrs. Langtry, and other eminent foreign artists. The Globe has seats for about 2,200.

The Boston Museum is the oldest existing theatre in Boston, and has long been an established favorite with play-goers. Its history dates back to 1841. In June of that year it was first opened to the public in a building on the site of Horticultural Hall on Tremont Street; and in 1846 the pres- ent substantial and attractive structure on Tremont near Court Street was erected. It was first called "The Boston Museum and Gallery of Fine Arts ; " and the performances, which were subordinate to the exhibition of curiosities and paintings, consisted of light musical entertainments. In 1843 the first regular dramatic company was established. The opening performance in the new building was on Nov. 2, 1846. William Warren, the famous veteran comedian, first became connected with the Museum in 1847; and his first appearance was on the 23d of August that year, as Billy Lackaday in " Sweethearts and Wives." Miss Annie Clarke, who is now the leading lady, began her career on the Museum stage in 1861 ; and Charles Barron, the present leading man, first became a member of the company in 1868. The first stage-manager was W. H. Smith.. After six- teen years' service he was succeeded by E. F. Keach, who had for nine years been the leading man in the company. Mr. Keach managed from 1859 until his death, Jan. 31, 1864, when the sole management was assumed by R. M. Field, who has since conducted the theatre with signal success and recognized ability. The Museum is owned by Moses Kimball. It is a four-story stone building; the front ornamented with three rows of large gas-jets with heavy globes, which, when lighted at night, well advertise the playhouse. It covers 20,000 square feet of land, extending from Tremont Street through to Court Square, upon which there is an exit. The audito- rium has been reconstructed four times, — in 1868, 1872, 1876, and 1880. The last was the most extensive and radical reconstruction, the interior having been practically rebuilt. It is now one of the most elegant theatres in appearance, decoration, and furnishings, in the city. An improved sys- tem of ventilation has been introduced, as well as every modern improve- ment to be found in the best-equipped theatres of the day. It has a seat- ing capacity of 1,500. It has a double balcony, parquet-circle, orchestra and proscenium chairs, and six private boxes. Prices range from $1 to 35 cents.

The Park Theatre is located at 617 and 619 Washington Street, near

236 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

Boylston, with rear exits and stage-entrance on Bumstead Court. It is on the site of the old Beethoven Hall, was erected in the spring of 1879, and opened to the public on April 14 of that year. Its proprietors and man- agers are Henry E. Abbey and John B. Schoeffel, who own the Inter- national Hotel adjoining. These gentlemen also manage the Grand Opera House and the new National Opera House, New York. The Park Theatre is one of the cosiest and most convenient theatres in the country. It has two circles above the lower floor. The latter, as well as the two front rows of the first circle, are furnished with elegant wide upholstered chairs, with seats for over 600 people. The first balcony will accommodate about 250; and the second, or "family circle," has about 250 reserved seats, with a gallery behind it which will accommodate some 300 more. The lobbies at the rear of the seats on the lower and first floor give good standing-room for a large number; over 500 having frequently witnessed performances from these positions. There are four proscenium or stage boxes, each of which will accommodate six people. The stage is 38 feet deep, with a width of 62 feet, and a height of 62 feet. The stage opening is 30 feet. The dome is 30 feet above the lower floor, 65 feet deep, and 60 wide. An immense ventilating shaft is placed in the centre of the dome, which has several " arms," by which the foul and heated air is conveyed from the building. The stage is what is known as the French pattern ; and the scenes are all "box sets," an arrangement for the construction, support, and work- ing of the same being original with and peculiar to this house. The exits are numerous and easy, and the appliances for guarding against fire are more complete than in any theatre in the country. An automatic sprinkling- apparatus is so arranged, that, should a fire accidentally occur, that portion of the house, whether front or back, would be deluged by a fine shower. Only first-class attractions are engaged at the Park, many of the stars and combinations being engaged from year to year. Mr. Abbey makes frequent trips to Europe, and is in constant correspondence with the principal Euro- pean managers and agents, by which means the most important novelties can always be secured.

The Bijou Theatre occupies the site of the old Melodeon Hall and Gaiety Theatre, in still earlier times occupied by the ancient Lion Theatre. It was opened in December, 1882, and has won a high degree of popular favor, under the skilful management of Mr. E. H. Hastings. There are seats for 1,000 auditors, on the orchestra-floor and the broad horse-shoe balcony. The architecture and decoration are Moorish in style, with ara- besque carvings, a Moorish proscenium-arch, ormolu chandeliers, and a rich Moorish dome over the auditorium. The grand frieze of " A Mid- summer Night's Dream " was painted by Francis Lathrop, and there are many very artistic frescos. The drop-curtain is of peacock-blue plush,

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 237

arabesqued; and the scenery is quickly handled, by most ingenious devices. The house is heated by steam, and lighted by the Edison system. It is an exquisite theatre, the dainty parlor of the Boston places of amusement.

The Howard Athenaeum, on Howard near Court Street, was built and opened in 1846, on the site of the old Miller Tabernacle. The management first presented the legitimate drama, and some famous performances have been given within its walls. It is now the leading novelty or variety theatre, and in that field has been very successful. In 18S0-S1 the theatre was leased to William Harris, who is still the general manager. The Howard seats 1,500 people, and the prices range from $1 to 35 cents.

The Windsor is an " up-town " theatre, on the corner of Washington and Dover Streets. The hall was altered into a theatre in 1878. Its name was changed to "The Windsor" in 188 1. G. E. Lothrop is the proprietor. It is an attractive little theatre.

Halleck's Alhambra at South-Boston Point, on East 6th Street, near P, was built by Thomas E. Halleck in the spring of 18S0. It is a wooden structure, originally used as a skating-rink ; in altering it for employment as a theatre, an inclining floor was adopted. It has been chiefly a summer theatre, but is now used as a summer roller-skating rink.

The Dudley-street Opera House, formerly Institute Hall, in the Rox- bury district, on the corner of Washington and Dudley Streets, was opened as a theatre in 1879; tne interior of the hall having been altered to conform to the requirements of a theatre. It has an inclined floor, with opera- chairs to seat 700 persons. The stage is small but convenient, and the house has an inviting appearance. Nathaniel J. Bradlee is the proprietor.

The Boylston Museum is a small variety-theatre on Washington Street, near Boylston. It is managed by G. E. Lothrop, and seats 930 people.

Summer-Garden Theatres were established in 1879 and 1880. The principal one is Oakland Garden, on the line of the Highland Street Rail- way, in the Roxbury district. It is lightly built, for summer use only. The performances are of the variety order or light English opera.

The Boston Roller-Skating Rink is a new building at the corner of St. James Avenue and Clarendon Street, where the favorite modern pastime of roller-skating is practised by thousands. The Rink is 225 feet long and 100 feet wide, and cost $30,000. The floor includes nearly 13,000 square feet, and is laid with two-inch yellow-birch boards, and bordered by galleries and promenades. The interior is prettily decorated with flags, warmed by steam, and lighted by gas and electricity.

The Olympian Club has utilized the large hall of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics' Association, on Huntington Avenue, for roller-skat- ing; and during the winter of 1882-83 the vast building was lighted bril- liantly, and visited by crowds of people every evening.

23§

A'ING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

The Boston Music Hall ranks among the finest and largest public halls in the world. It was built in 1S52 by an association of friends of music, the impulse having been given at one of the annual dinners of the Harvard Musical Association. The hall has no external architectural features wor- thy of mention, it being almost entirely surrounded by other buildings. Glimpses of its plain brick walls are caught through Hamilton Place, from Tremont Street, and through Central Court from Winter Street. There are two entrances, — one on Central Court, and the other on Hamilton Place, opposite the Park-street Church. The effect of the interior is grand and imposing, and the acoustic properties are remarkably fine. The hall is 130

feet long, 78 feet wide, and 65 feet high. Two balconies run around three sides of the hall, the total seating capacity of which is 2.585. The hall is lighted by a line of hundreds of gas-jets along the cornice. The great organ is one of the largest and finest in exist- ence. It was built by Walcker, in Ludwigsburg, near Stuttgart, Ger- many. It contains 5.474 pipes, 690 of which are in the pedal organ ; and it also has 84 complete regis- ters. Its case, designed by Ham- matt Billings, is a fine example of artistic wood-carving. The organ was contracted for in 1856, and was first heard by the public in a grand concert given Nov. 2, 1S63. Its cost was £60,000. It is one of the many attractions to strangers visiting the city ; and during a large portion of the year weekly concerts are given, beginning at noon, to display its capacity and power, and the purity of its tone. In front of the organ stands a bronze statue of Beethoven, said to be the finest portrait-statue in America. In a niche in the opposite wall is a copy of the Belvedere Apollo: and on the same wall are three fine busts of composers, which with their beautiful brackets were the gift of Charlotte Cushman. Hundreds of the most distinguished musicians and orators have appeared in Music Hall. Beneath the large hall is a smaller one, called Bumstead Hall. It is arranged like an amphitheatre, and is principally used for the rehearsals of the Handel and Haydn Society. From time to time the removal of the

The Great Organ, Music Hal

KING'S If AND BOO A' OF BOSTON.

239

^^WWWftMHMWIIiaiBf"

Music Hall, to make way for business improvements, has been threatened. It has more than once been seriously proposed to extend Hamilton Place to Washington Street, thus cutting through the territory on which it stands; and the musical community has been considerably disturbed by the agitation of these propositions. In the summer of iSSi a controlling share in the ownership was purchased in the interest of its retention, and its interior was considerably freshened and improved. It is in this hall that the great majority of the most noteworthy concerts of the musical season are given from year to year.

Tremont Temple was rebuilt in October, 1SS0, to replace the Tremont Temple destroyed by hie on Aug. 14, 1879, anc^ now contains one of the best halls in this country. It occupies the site of the old Tremont Theatre on Tremont Street, between School Street and Montgomery Place. It had its origin in the desire to provide a place of worship where the seats should be free to all ; and as a result a build- ing was erected at a cost of over $230,000. An associa- tion called the Evangelical Baptist Benevolent and Mis- sionary Society was formed to promote the ends for which the enterprise was undertaken, and also to engage in a gen- eral work of charity and be- nevolence. The greater por- tion of the building is still used for these purposes, the large hall being occupied for Sunday services by the Union Temple Church. Here are the headquarters of the New-England Baptists, together with the offices of the Baptist Missionary Union and the New-England department of the Home Mission Society. The Baptist Social Union, composed of representatives from all Baptist churches in the city and vicinity, holds its monthly meetings in the building. The Temple facade is shown in the accompanying illustration. The main hall is 122 feet long, 72 feet wide, and 66 feet hieh. It has, beside the main floor, a first and a second gallery, with a total seating capacity of 2,600. In it is a grand Hook & Hastings organ, one of the largest and finest in America. It is the fourth organ this firm has built for the Tremont Temple. It is of great power and of singular

Tremont Temple, Tremont Street

240

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

beauty, and is a favorite instrument with musicians. It has four manuals, sixty-six registers, and 3,442 pipes, and unusual mechanical resources. Beneath the main hall is the Meionaon, a smaller hall, but cosey, conven- ient, and attractive, with a seating capacity of nearly 1,000, and used for religious, temperance, and other meetings. The several entrances are com- modious, and afford an almost instantaneous exit from the halls. On the same floor as the main hall is the office of Thomas C. Evans, an adver- tising agent of national reputation.

The New Mechanics' Hall, in the building of the Massachusetts Chari- table Mechanics' Association on Huntington Avenue, corner of West Newton Street, is one of the largest halls in the world. It has a seating capacity of 8,000, and the famous Roosevelt organ and Whittier passenger- elevators. During the triennial exhibitions it is used in connection with the rest of the building for exhibition purposes. Several remarkable con- certs have been given here, and other entertainments, attended by vast numbers of people.

Horticultural Hall, the home of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, is a handsome structure of white granite, on Tremont Street, between Brom- field Street and Montgomery Place. The society, incorporated in 1829, is

the oldest horticultural society in the country, excepting that of Penn- sylvania. Since its foundation it has held horticultural exhi- bitions every Saturday through the growing season, besides an an- nual exhibition in Sep- tember, and special shows of roses, straw- berries, etc., in their seasons. On these oc- casions the choicest fruits, flowers, plants, and vegetables, of the newest and finest va- rieties, are shown, and have done much toward cultivating a knowledge of and taste for horticulture and the best means of improving its productions. Liberal premiums have been offered, and the society may fairly claim to have done more for the advancement of horticul-

Horticultural Hall, Tremont Street.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 241

ture than any other in the country. To this society also the community is indebted for the establishment of Mount-Auburn Cemetery. In 1844 the society built a hall on School Street, believed to be the first permanent building ever erected by any horticultural society. This was removed in i860, and the present building was dedicated in 1865. The front is of a dignified and monumental character, and is embellished with elegant works of art, comprising costly statues of Ceres, Flora, and Pomona. The ground- floor is occupied by stores ; the second story by the Library Room of the society and a hall for the weekly exhibitions ; and the upper story by a large and elegant hall used in addition to the lower hall at the annual and other important exhibitions. Both of these halls are often used for con- certs and the better class of entertainments. The society's library, com- prising over 4,000 volumes, is the most valuable collection of horticultural works in the United States. The halls are adorned with portraits and busts of the presidents, founders, and benefactors of the society.

Union Hall, in the building of the Young Men's Christian Union on Boylston Street, is a favorite hall for concerts and private theatricals, its stage being fitted up for the special accommodation of the latter. It has a seating capacity of 522, is beautifully decorated, and comfortably furnished.

The Association Hall is on the third floor of the Young Men's Christian Association building, on the corner of Tremont and Eliot Streets. It is provided with piano and organ, and is used for concerts, lectures, and other entertainments. Its seating capacity is about 700.

The Parker Memorial Hall, at the corner of Berkeley and Appleton Streets, is the place of worship of the Twenty-Eighth Congregational Society, and was built to commemorate the renowned preacher, Theodore Parker. It has a seating capacity of 850. The first floor is devoted to the rooms of the Parker Fraternity, the well-known social organization con- nected with the society.

The Paine Memorial Building is on Appleton Street, between Tremont and Berkeley Streets. It was built in commemoration of Thomas Paine. The famous San Francisco millionnaire, James Lick, gave $18,000 towards the building-fund. The hall has seats for 800 persons.

Investigator Hall, in the Paine Memorial Building, has seating capacity of about 600.

Wesleyan Hall, in the Methodist building on Bromfield Street, is much used for lectures and other occasions where the audiences are not large. It is now used for the rehearsals of the Boylston Club. Its seating capacity is about 300.

The Hawthorne Rooms, named in honor of Nathaniel Hawthorne, in the handsome Warren Building on Park Street, are elegant and tasteful. They are specially devoted to morning lectures, given between 12 and 1, after a style which has for some time prevailed in London, and which has

242 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

•

lately become quite popular in Boston. They are also used for evening entertainments of a high character; are reached by an elevator, as well as by a broad staircase, and have a seating capacity of about 250. Near this site, on Park Street, stood the ancient Bridewell and Almshouse, and Town Pound. The two first-named were built in 171 2 and 1838, and after the battle of Bunker Hill were crowded with wounded British soldiers. The street was called Centry Street, as it led up to Centry Hill. Near by, on Hamilton Place, was the Manufactory House, founded about 1718, where all Boston, young and old, rich and poor, came to learn the art of spinning from certain North-of-Ireland colonists, who also introduced the potato here. The Turnhalle, in the building of the Turnverein, on Middlesex Street, is the central gathering-point of the German population. A description of it will be found in another part of this chapter.

Faneuil Hall, on Faneuil-Hall Square and Merchants' Row, is illustrated and described in the chapter on " Markets and Exchanges."

Other Halls Other well-known halls in the city are Papanti's, 23 Tre-

mont Street, where many famous dinners in the past have taken place, and which is now mostly used for dancing ; Nassau Hall, corner Washington and Nassau Streets, much used by believers in "isms;" Hospitaller Hall, 712 Washington Street, which, with Codman Hall, 176 Tremont Street, is frequented largely by labor-reformers and secret organizations ; John A. Andrew Hall, in what was formerly the Essex-street Church, at the corner of Chauncy and Essex Streets, used mostly for political and trades meetings ; Concord Hall, on Concord Street, at the South End, used mostly for dan- cing ; and Pilgrim Hall, in the Congregational Building, corner of Beacon and Somerset Streets, used for religious and social gatherings by the Con- gregationalists and others. In the outlying districts, the Roxbury district has Bacon's Hall, 2185 Washington Street; Highland Hall, 191 Warren Street, and several others. In the Dorchester district is the old Town Hall. In Jamaica Plain, West-Roxbury district, is Curtis Hall, a beautiful building, formerly the Town Hall. On annexation the Boston city council gave it its present name in honor of one of the most public-spirited citizens of the dis- trict. It is used for public gatherings and social festivities. In the Charles- town district the principal hall is Monument Hall, on Main Street, near the Neck. There are also the City Hall, City Square; Congress Hall, Main Street; Evening Star Hall, Main Street; Freemason's Hall, Thompson Square; Harvard Hall, Bow Street; Ivanhoe Hall, Main Street; Odd Fellows' Hall, Main Street; Waverley Hall, Waverley Block; Winthrop Hall, Main Street. East Boston has Lyceum Hall, on Maverick Square ; Webster Hall, Webster Street ; and Maverick Hall, near Maverick Square. South Boston has Wait's Hall.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

243

The Clubs, and there are many of them, constitute one of the most characteristic features of Boston. Some are unique and peculiar in their management and purposes. In these clubs are drawn together the various little groups of people who in a great city are congenial to one another, either from holding relative positions in wealth and station, or from having similar desires in mental, social, and physical culture.

The Temple Club, established in 1829, is the oldest. Its building, at No. 35 West Street, is the only one designed expressly for club uses, and presents a modest front, while the interior is admirably arranged for the special purpose for which it was designed. The club is a small one ; and its reputation for good-fellowship is of long standing. The admission-fee is $100, and the annual assessments are not allowed to exceed that amount.

The Somerset Club is the most fashionable and exclusive. It was or- ganized in 1852, and was an outgrowth of the Tremont Club. It first occu- pied the substantial granite mansion-house on the corner of Bea- con and Somerset Streets, now known as " The Congregational House ; " and in 1872 it moved to the mag- nificent granite-front residence on Beacon Street, opposite the Common, built by the late David Sears, from whom it was bought. The interior of the house is elegant, and at the same time has an exceedingly com- fortable look. A nota- ble feature is a ladies' restaurant, for guests of the members, which is also open to non- members accompany-

... , , Somerset Club House, Beacon Street.

ing ladies on club- order. There is also a charming ladies' supper-room, overlooking the Common. The membership was originally limited to 250 ; but it is now fixed at 600. Applications for membership are determined wholly by a

244 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON

committee on elections. The admission-fee and annual assessment-fee are $100 each. On the site of the present Somerset Club house was the home of Copley, the famous painter.

The Union Club was established near the close of -the Rebellion, as a semi-political club, in support of the Union cause ; but it has since lost its political character, and has become a social club of the highest respectabili- ty. The bench and bar are well represented in it. Its first president was Edward Everett; and among his successors have been such men as Charles G. Loring, Richard H. Dana, jun., Henry Lee, and Lemuel Shaw, son of the great chief justice. Its membership is limited to 600. Applicants for ad- mission must first be reported on favorably by the committee, and then voted on by the club ; one black ball in five is sufficient to exclude. The entrance-fee is $100, and the annual assessment $50. A feature of the club is its excellent table-cThote dinners. The club-house is conveniently and pleasantly situated on Park Street, opposite the Common, and was for- merly the residence of Abbott Lawrence.

The St. Botolph Club is one of the newest club-organizations. It was organized in 1880, and grew out of a desire to establish in the city a club fashioned after the Century Club in New York, its membership composed of representative professional men. It has a large membership, including many prominent literary men, artists, and lawyers, and several of the best- known clergymen of the city. The club-house, at No. 85 Boylston Street, opposite the Public Garden, is handsomely decorated and comfortably fur- nished ; and its art-gallery, in which there are annual and other exhibitions of a high order of merit, is one of its chief features. Names of candidates for admission must be presented by two members, and posted, and then passed upon by a special committee, who alone elect. The entrance-fee is $50, and the annual assessment $30. Francis Parkman is president.

The Central Club is of recent origin, established in 1869 by prominent South-End residents. Its first meetings were in the St. James Hotel, and its "first club-house was on Concord Street. Its second club-house, first occupied in 1872, was a conspicuous brown-stone building on Washington Street, at the corner of Worcester Square. In May, 1882, the club moved into the house of the Art-Club, No. 64 Boylston Street, which was thor- oughly renovated, and re-arranged for the convenience and comfort of its new occupants. The club has a large membership. It is a social organization of the most inviting sort.

The Suffolk Club has rooms in a brick building at No. 4^ Beacon Street. One writer describes this as " an association for the development of the pleasurable social affinities of seemingly incongruous kinds of character." To this club belong a number of prominent Democratic politicians. Leo- pold Morse is the president.

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2+6 KING'S HANDBOOK' OF BOSTON.

The Athenian Club was an outgrowth of the Boston Press Club. It was designed to be a purely professional club: but in the course of time a large number of non-professionals were admitted. The journalistic, dramatic, and musical elements, however, continued prominent in the direction of the club affairs. In 1SS1 the Athenian disbanded.

The Boston Press Club is a prosperous organization of upwards of 80 members. It is now 26 years old. James W. Clarke is president, and J. E. Griffiths secretary.

The New-England Woman's Club is one of the institutions of Boston. It was organized ten years ago by prominent ladies, and had its home at first in Tremont Place. It afterwards removed to more spacious quarters on Park Street, opposite the Common, a few doors from the Union Club. It is very select, and gives receptions, breakfasts, and " teas " to distin- guished guests: and it has regular weekly meetings, at which essays are read and discussions indulged in.

The University Club was organized Feb. 16, 1SS1, to afford the officers of all departments of Harvard University an opportunity of becoming ac- quainted with one another, and of acting somewhat concertedly to advance the interests of the institution. Its membership includes only the Corpora- tion, the Board of Overseers, the Academic Council, and the leading repre- sentatives of the Library and of the Peabodv Museum.

The Boston Tennis Club, organized in 1879, occupies for exercise in the game a brick building on Buckingham Street near Dartmouth Street.

The Appalachian Mountain Club was organized in 1876. and in 1878 re-organized and chartered. Its object is to bring together for co-operation all those interested in the mountains of New England and adjacent regions, in rendering the mountain resorts more attractive by building paths, camps, and other conveniences, constructing and publishing accurate maps, and collecting all available information concerning the mountain regions. It also aims to collect and make available the results of scattered scientific observations of all kinds. The club holds monthly meetings during the winter seasons, and field-meetings during the summer, incidentally organiz- ing expeditions to accessible points of interest. It also publishes papers read at its meetings, in the form of an occasional magazine entitled "Ap- palachian and is accumulating a library. Rev. John Worcester of Newton is president, Roswell B. Lawrence secretary, and Charles W. Kennard treas- urer. It has about 450 active members, and a number of honorary and cor- responding members. Its headquarters are at the Institute of Technology.

The Civil Service Reform Association was organized in 1880 to agitate reform in the system 01 appointments to office in the civil service, and to publish literature in behalf of such reform. Its membership is large, and very active in disseminating wholesome political doctrines.

JCIVG'S HANDBOOK- OF BOSTON. 247

The Antiquarian Club was organized in 1879 for the purpose of collect- ing and preserving historical records; and in 1882 was united with the Bostonian Society, whose object and characteristics are defined in the paragraph on the Old State House.

The Saturday-Morning Club is of comparatively recent organization, and consists of about sixty young ladies, who listen to lectures from literary and scientific celebrities, and meet for " mutual improvement," and perhaps "mutual admiration " as well.

The Literary Clubs of Boston have no club houses, but meet generally at some leading hotel around the festive mahogany. The Saturday Club, also known as the Literary Club, dines once a month at Parker's, and always on the last day of the week. It is famous for the literary and scientific celebrities who have from time to time belonged to it. The Papyrus Club meets monthly at dinner, at the Revere House. Its membership is two- thirds literary, and one third miscellaneous. One black ball in five ex eludes a candidate for admittance. It frequently entertains distinguished literary or other guests, and occasionally celebrates "ladies' night," on which occasion ladies prominent in literature are entertained as its guests. The Wednesday-evening Century Club, and the Thursday Club, are asso ciations of gentlemen representing, for the most part, professional life, who meet at the houses of one another.

The leading clubs of actors are the Macaroni, the Ace of Clubs, and the Americus. The latter has rooms on Tremont Street, opposite the Museum. The two former meet once a month at the Parker House. The Society of Elks is also largely composed of members of the dramatic profession.

The Union Boat-Club, organized in 1 85 1, is one of the oldest boating- organizations in the country. Its clubhouse is at the foot of. Chestnut Street, on the Charles River, at the head of the famous boat racing course. It is an attractive building, in the Swiss style, with gymnasium and rooms for the convenience of the members, who number 130. The club rowed in a race at Hull, in 1853, in which its boat was steered by the bow oar, instead of by a coxswain, the first time that it was done in this country. It introduced the first wherry race on the Charles in 1854; and in 1857 its crew won the Beacon cup from the Harvards. The club, as an organization, has not been represented on the Charles of late years.

The Boston Yacht-Club was organized in 1866, and chartered in 1868. It was the first club formed in Boston for yachting purposes, except a small club that began in 1834 and ended in 1837. It was also the first yacht club chartered by the State. At present it comprises 250 members and 80 yachts, and ow"- considerable property at City Point, South Boston. The club- house, finely situated on the shore, is open to the winds, easterly and south- erly, that sweep over Boston Harbor and Dorchester Bay, and commands a

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KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

pleasing view in all directions. The conveniences for boating purposes, and the charms as a place of resort for its members in summer months, give it exceptional attractions. The officers of the club are : commodore, Jacob Pfaff; vice-commodore, Clarence W. Jones; rear-commodore, Charles A.

Boston Yacht-Club House, City Point.

Welch, jun. ; secretary, Thomas Dean ; treasurer, Augustus Russ. The last two named have filled the same offices since the organization of the club.

The South-Boston Yacht-Club was organized in 1868, and incorporated in 1877. It has 152 members, and the yachts enrolled number 44. Its house, 30 by 45 feet, has a good wharf, is conveniently arranged, and admirably situated on the extreme point of South Boston. It was the first house erected in Massachusetts by a yacht-club. The officers are : com- modore, Otis A. Ruggles ; vice-commodore, Henry Hussey ; fleet-captain, James Donnovan ; secretary, John Winniatt ; treasurer, Thomas Christian.

Other Yacht Clubs include the Washington Village Club, James W. Mansfield, commodore ; Bunker Hill Club, H. L. Johnson, commodore ; Dorchester Club, William Gray, jun., commodore ; Jeffries Club, George A. Palmer, commodore ; as well as a few composed of Boston men which have their houses outside the city limits.

The Boston Chess Club has rooms at 161 Tremont Street. The secre- tary is John B. Rhodes.

The Boston Natatorium, which was started in 1880, was abandoned before any thing definite was accomplished.

The Boston Base-Ball Association was incorporated in 1871, and sup- ports the " Boston Nine," or " The Red-Stockings " as it is often called.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

249

Most of the stockholders are business-men who do not expect any returns from their investments, which were made merely to encouiage the game. The Association has had large and comfortable club-rooms at 765 Washing- ton Street, near Hollis Street. During the winter the members of the Nine exercise themselves at the gymnasium of the Young Men's Christian Union. Harry Wright was for a long time the captain, secretary, and man ager ; but John Morrill is now manager.

The Union Athletic Club was organized in 1875 by a few members of the old Union Gymnasium on Washington Street. It has fall and winter meetings, open to all amateurs. The liberal prizes offered by the club have at times brought to Boston some of the best amateur athletes. The club has the use of the Boston Base-Ball Club grounds. Its headquarters are in the Young Men's Christian Union building ; and its officers are W. C. Loring, president ; P. F. Ferris, secretary and treasurer.

The Lacrosse Club is a part of the Union Athletic Club, and was formed in 1878. It won the cup offered by the city of Boston, to be com

peted for by the Raven woods of Brooklyn and this club. At the expense of this club, the Indian Team of Montreal and other visiting clubs played in Boston, and showed to great advantage the Lacrosse game, which is destined to become quite popular.

The Boston Turnverein was organized in 1849, and incorporated in 1871. The so- ciety, comprising about 375 members, almost all Germans, owns the Turnhalle on Middle- sex Street. The building, which was erected in 1876, cost, with the land, $65,000. It contains a thoroughly equipped gymnasium ; billiard rooms ; bowling alleys ; a hall having a seating capacity of 500, and a stage for private theatricals, concerts, and other en- tertainments ; a reading-room, with library of 1,000 volumes; and restaurant, parlors, and reception rooms. The Turnverein is partly a benevolent organization. Its dues are : for active members $9.00 a year, which entitles the member to a weekly payment of $5.00 in case of sickness ; and for passive members $6.00 a year. The society also issues a small weekly periodical, called the " Turner-Zeitung." The president is A. J. Gutermuth ; the treasurer, Julius Meyer ; the secretary, William Kammler.

Turnhalle, Middlesex Street.

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KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

Secret Societies are also numerous and strong in Boston. There are Masonic societies, the Knights Templars, the Odd Fellows, the Knights of Pythias, the Improved Order of Red Men, the Knights of Honor, the Inde- pendent Order of Good Templars, the Templars of Honor, the German Order of Harugari, the Sovereigns of Industry, the United American Me- chanics, the Independent Order of Foresters, the Order of Alfredians, and the Grand Army of*the Republic.

The Masonic Temple, in which are gathered the majority of the several Masonic organizations in the city, and which is the headquarters of the grand lodge, is an elegant and imposing granite building, on the corner of Tremont and Boylston Streets, with octagonal towers rising to the height of 120 feet, while the height of the building proper is 90 feet. The Tre- mont-street front is 85 feet wide. The entire building, with the exception of the street and basement floors, is occupied by the Masonic or- ganizations. It is seven sto

ries high.

It has three large

halls for meetings, furnished one in the Corinthian, one in the Egyptian, and the third in the Gothic styles. The corner stone was laid Oct. 14, 1864; and the building was dedicated on St. John's Day, June 22, 1867, with imposing ceremonies, and one of the largest of Masonic street processions. President John son was present on the occa- sion. The Masons, before the building of the present Temple, occupied as head- quarters a building on the site" of the present building,

, . , ., ... ,, •,■„,•. Masonic Temple, Tremont Street.

which, together with the Win

throp House adjoining it, was destrojed by fire in 1864. At an earlier period the building now used as the United States Court House, on Tre- mont Street, corner of Temple Place, was the Masonic headquarters.

The Odd Fellows' Hall is an elegant and imposing building completed in 1872. Its situation is an admirable one, to show its architectural design to the best advantage, on the corner of Tremont and Berkeley Streets, both of which are wide streets. It covers 12,000 square feet of land, and is con'

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

25i

structed of Concord and Hallo well white granite. It is four stories high. The street floor and basement are occupied by stores. The largest halls are in the fourth story, one 54 by 94 feet, and 25 feet high in the clear ; and the other a banquet-hall, 26 by no feet; both these halls are provided with ample ante rooms. Other halls in the spacious building are the encamp- ment hall in the roof ; the lodge halls, with ante rooms and side rooms, and the grand lodge office and grand master's private room, all in the third story. The grand entrance is from Tremont Street. In the second story is the large hall, and also numerous offices from which rent is received ; so that, with what is received from renting the stores, offices, and hall, the

Odd Fellows' Hall, Tremont Street.

revenue from the building is good. This building was built by the Odd Fellows' Hall Association, which was incorporated in 1870. The money was raised at once, the site purchased, and in the summer of 1871 the cornerstone was laid, with the customary ceremony, and the event was duly celebrated. In the Charlestown district there is a commodious Odd Fellows1 Hall at No. 25 Main Street; in the Highland district, at No. 2298 Washing- ton Street; and in the West Roxbury district, on Green, corner of Boylston Street, Jamaica Plain.

The Grand Army of the Republic is a secret semi military organization, composed exclusively of honorably discharged soldiers and sailors who served in the army and navy during the civil war. It is organized into posts, State departments, and a national encampment; and its objects are to perpetuate the fraternity and comradeship formed in the camp and on the battle-field, to care for the needy and destitute and the widows and orphans

252 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

of those who fell, and to cultivate a spirit of unswerving loyalty to tht national government. In the State there are 152 posts, which annually dis- burse over $34,000 in relief, the greater part to persons not belonging to the order. The headquarters of the Massachusetts department is at 12 Pemberton Square. George S. Evans is the department commander, A. C. Monroe assistant adjutant-general, and Charles O. Fellows assistant quartermaster general. Thirteen posts are chartered in Boston, which beat the names of distinguished soldiers and patriots, and are styled, in Grand Army circles, Charles Russell Lowell Post 7, John A. Andrew Post 15 etc.

The Militia of Massachusetts was wholly re-organized under the law of 1878. Exclusive of the corps of cadets, which are unattached, it is divided into two brigades, both of which have their headquarters in Boston, — the first brigade, Brig.-Gen. Nat Wales, at No. 608 Washington Street; and the second brigade, Brig.-Gen. Benjamin F. Peach, jun., at 5^ Beacon Street. The Boston organizations belonging to the first brigade are : Cos. A, C, D, K, and L of the First Regiment of Infantry, Col. A. C. Wellington, head- quarters Globe Theatre ; Co. L, Sixth Regiment, armory 3 North Russell Street. The Boston organizations belonging to the second brigade are : Battery A, First Battalion Light Artillery, Capt. J. W. Smith, headquarters Harrison Avenue near Essex Street; the First Battalion of Cavalry, Major Charles A. Young, headquarters 37 Tremont Street ; Cos. A, D, and H, of the Fifth Regiment of Infantry, Col. W. A. Bancroft, headquarters Pember- ton Square; Cos. A, B, C, D, E, G, and H of the Ninth Regiment of In- fantry, Col. Wm. M. Strachan, headquarters 61 Court Street. The whole militia of Massachusetts, under the new law, is limited to sixty companies of infantry, three of cavalry, three of light artillery, and two corps of cadets. The First Corps of Cadets, formerly called the Independent Corps of Cadets, Lieut.-Col. Thomas F. Edmands, with a handsome new armory at 130 Colum- bus Avenue, was organized in 1741, and has always been the body-guard of his Excellency the Governor. The National Lancers (Co. A), a famous cavalry organization, now belongs to the First Battalion of Cavalry, which also includes the Roxbury Horse Guards (Co. D). The whole militia is kept in a state of high discipline, and has often demonstrated its efficiencj in active service.

The Boston School Regiment comprises the boys of the public Latin an(' high schools. A corps of cadets is connected with the Massachusetts In- stitute of Technology, military drill being obligatory upon the lowest class. The boys of the Chauncy-Hall School have an efficient military organization. The Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company is the oldest military organization in the United States. It was formed in 1638 as " The Military Company of Boston." In 1657 it was recognized as an artillery company. The title "Ancient and.- Honorable" first occurs in the records, September,

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 253

1700. The " Honorable" was assumed from the circumstance that its cap- tains had belonged to the Honorable Artillery Company of London. The company dispersed during the Revolution, but was revived in 1789. The " election sermon " has annually been preached before the company, since 1639, with the exception of five years during Andros's government. For many years it has been the annual custom of the governor to personally commission the officers on the Common. The company no longer belongs to the militia, and is now more of a social than a military organization. The members still retain their ancient privilege of exemption from jury duty, — a feature which induces many business men to become members of this com- pany. The headquarters of the company are in Faneuil Hall.

The Mercantile Library Association, for more than fifty years a leading literary institution in Boston, has recently been re organized on a new basis, and now offers many of the advantages of club-life, while retaining its liter- ary features. Its building, is on the corner of Tremont and West Newton Streets. The library of 18,000 volumes was transferred to the Boston Public Library in 1877. The parlors are ornamented with portraits and statuary, and supplied with the most desired newspapers and magazines. In the second story are rooms for conversation and social games, in which smoking is allowed. Literary and musical entertainments are given during the winter months. The terms of membership are $10 a year. The presi- dent is J. Q. A. Brackett, the treasurer William S. Stevens.

The Central Lunch Club is a modest association of about 125 gentlemen engaged in various pursuits, whose places of business are in the vicinity of State and Congress Streets. Here, in a quiet place called Post-office Ave- nue, leading from Congress Street to the Merchants' Exchange, are the cosey and neat club rooms where the members get their noonday meal. Non-members are admitted on invitation of members. The entrance-fee is $15, and the assessments never exceed $15 a month. The members com- prise an aristocratic party of leading professional and business men, many of whom are graduates from Harvard College.

The Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks is a secret benevolent organization. At first its membership was confined chiefly to actors, but it is now composed of persons from all professions. As the theatrical element is predominant, the lodges located in cities throughout the country secure an annual "benefit" at some local theatre. The Boston Lodge, No. 10, received about $3,100 from its benefit at the Boston Theatre in 1879. The lodge was organized May 23, 1878, and its rooms are at No. 176 Tremont Street. A co-operative plan of life insurance is conducted by the order.

There are other clubs and many societies for social, religious, educational, and divers purposes, some of which will be noticed in ether chapters.

254 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

The Boston Society of Architects was organized May 22, 1867; the object of organization being to promote the interests of architects and their art. The society has had no stated headquarters for several years, but meets monthly at some hotel. The officers are : President, Edward C. Cabot; vice president, John H. Sturgis; secretary, T. M. Clark; treasurer,

William G. Preston.

Boston Latin School Association. — This society of teachers and scholars of the Boston Latin School was organized in 1844, and incor- porated in 1845. Its purpose has been to provide libraries and cabinets for ■ the school, and to promote its general welfare. The number of living mem bers is about 500, and the list includes many noted names. The association has in the school building a library of 3,000 volumes, and a large number of busts, portraits, and other property. It also owns Greenough's marble statue representing the Alma Mater of the school. A dinner is given annually by the Assoc' \tion at the Parker House, — the site of the old school. The president 1 ■ Charles K. Dillaway ; vice president, Rev. Edward Everett Hale ; librarian, Moses Merrill ; secretary and treasurer, Grenville H. Nor- cross, 35 Congress Street. The standing committee is composed of Rev. Henry F. Jenks, Stephen G. Deblois, Horace E. Scudder, William Gal

lagher, jun., and Henry W. Haynes.

The Boston Memorial Association is a body of prominent citizens

whose aim it is to see that the future monumental decoration of the city is

well and wisely done, and that suitable memorials of the past citizens and

events shall in due time be erected. The president is M. P. Kennard;

vice presidents, James L. Little, Francis Jaques, C. U. Cotting, and Charles

G. Wood ; secretary, E. D. Barbour.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON

255

Etc Insurance ©trices*

LIFE, FIRE, MARINE, ACCIDENT, AND OTHER INSURANCE

COMPANIES.

TO the insurance companies Boston is greatly indebted, not only for the protection afforded her commercial interests and the aid rendered widows and orphans, but also for several of the finest edifices in this country. And probably no class of edifices attract more attention, or cause deeper interest to the thoughtful mind, than the various insurance offices, the archi- tectural beauty of which is simply the outward show of the grand success that has attended the institutions in carrying on their humane work on sound and healthy principles of insurance. The close margins on which business in general is now conducted do not allow the individual to hazard his person or his property to any possible loss without taking some additional protec- tion. And therefore we have insurance providing for loss caused not only by death, by fire, and by the perils of navigation, but also by sickness, by bodily injuries, by explosion of steam boilers, by the breakage of plate-glass windows, by lightning, and by burglary. The various insurance companies having become quite numerous, the Commonwealth in 1855 assumed critical supervision over them, and created the insurance department, from whose 26th annual report (for 1880) we find that 214 insurance companies were au- thorized to do business in Massachusetts, nearly all of them represented in Boston. The following interesting table is compiled from the reports of Julius L. Clarke, insurance commissioner from 1879 to 1883.

No.

Classification.

Gross Assets Jan. 1, 1881.

Income 1880.

Risks written 1880.

Losses paid 1880.

4 52

22

25 2 2

1 1

237

Massachusetts Companies, — Mutual marine and fire marine, Mutual fire (2 having guaran

tee capital)

Mutual boiler

Joint stock fire and marine . . Life

Nou Massachusetts Co.'s, — File and marine, other Slates,

Life, other States

U.S. branches of foreign Co.'s

Plate glass

Accident '

Steam boiler

Casualty

Fidelity 2

$2,590,488

6,104,823

3,880

13,009,661

32.939.5°5

118,511,302

369,996,657

22,562,740

265,224

1,466,410

336,169

172,932

$828,726

2,278,950

7,076

5,112,201

5,317,322

50,151,664

67,934,738

17,093,010

86,212

!, 349,°39 217,362 117,512

$5°7,959,79I $150,492,812

$52,796,449

190,642,359 890,340

504,457,325 14,641,498

5.679.833.664

167,928,429

2,277,088,510

271,532

12,739,978

18,009,281

18,457,195

3,937,746,5oo

$497,267

586,180 None.

2,833.994 1,500,174

25,902,568

18,482,628

9>I4i,340

2,950

73,270 21,222

31,624

$59,o73,2i7

1 Only one reporting. 2 No report.

256 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

These figures will probably show, even to the casual observer, the formidable insurance interest represented in Boston.

Life-Insurance in America virtually gained its foothold in Boston ; for the first statistics gathered that were ultimately used as its basis was a com- plete table of American life, framed in 1789 by Prof. Edward Wiggleswortb of Harvard College. This table was subsequently adopted by the Supreme Court of Massachusetts as a rule in estimating the value of life-estates. In 181 1 the Massachusetts General Hospital was established; and the mana- gers were authorized to grant annuities ; which was done until an arrange- ment was made in 1823 with the Massachusetts Hospital Life-Insurance Company, chartered in 1818, to which the business of granting annuities was transferred on a royalty for the hospital of one-third the net profits of the new company. In 1823 Phillips's " Law of Life Insurance," the first American work of its kind, was published in Boston. The New-England Mutual Life-Insurance Company was the second company to obtain a charter from the Commonwealth; and, although chartered in 1835, it did not begin business for several years afterwards, as it was hindered by the hard times, and encumbered with the royalty which was required of all life-insurance companies, of one-third the profits to the hospital. In 1844 the State Mutual Life-Insurance Company of Worcester was incorporated. In 1846 the law regarding payment to the hospital was construed to require only one-third of the net profits after the payment of a six-per-cent dividend to the stockholders ; and since that time four life-insurance companies have been chartered by the State. To the credit of the Commonwealth it can be said, that none of the life-insurance companies chartered by it have ever failed or discontinued. Although it is not within the scope of this work to consider the many laws that have been enacted relative to insurance, it cer- tainly is pardonable to mention the " non-forfeiture law," which, enacted in 1861, provides that life-insurance companies shall continue their policies in force until all premiums that have been paid are wholly exhausted, whether the assured pays his annual premium or not. The still stronger and better non-forfeiture law of 1880 takes effect on all future policies to protect the interests of the assured.

The Massachusetts Hospital Life-insurance Company, referred to above, is still in successful operation ; but its business is chiefly confined to trusts and annuities, and, in fact, it transacts no life-insurance business in its modern forms. The office of the company is at No. 50 State Street ; and its officers are John L. Gardner president, Samuel C. Cobb actuary, J. C. Braman secretary. Its paid-up capital is $500,000; and its gross assets, including its trust-funds, are nearly $17,000,000. The company during the past half-century has paid the hospital a large amount of money. Nathaniel Bowditch, the first actuary, and in fact the originator of the company, re- mained in its service for many years,

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 257

The New-England Mutual Life of Boston was the first company char- tered in America, to do a life insurance business in its modern forms; and its career from the beginning has been one of continued prosperity. The company began with a cash capital of $50,000, being 50 per cent of a guaranty capital that was withdrawn in 1853; and Jan. 1, 1883, its assets amounted to $16,432,181.85. In 1882 its income was $2,629,754.16; and its disbursements were $2,325,838.25, of which $1,990,187.66 was paid to policy holders for losses, distributions of surplus, and cancelled policies. From these figures it is seen that the New-England Mutual Life-Insurance Com- pany, both by virtue of its assets and the extent of its operations, is one of the largest corporations of New England. Its remarkable success is due to several causes, but especially to its policy of management. Competent men are carefully chosen for officers and employe's, and then they are con stantly retained by the company. The first president, Willard Phillips, — an author of several standard insurance works, — served for 23 years. His successor is Benjamin F. Stevens, who has been president for the past 17 years, and had previously been secretary for 17 years, and vice-president for 2 years. Mr. Stevens has therefore been connected with this company for 36 consecutive years, and his term of service for one insurance company is longer than that of any other life-insurance officer in America. The first secretary held the office for 4 years ; the second, Mr. Stevens, for 17 years; and the present secretary, Joseph M. Gibbens, was elected 18 years ago, after a previous connection with this company of 15 years. The other offi- cers include S. F. Trull, assistant secretary; Dwight Foster, counsel; Wal- ter C. Wright, actuary ; John Homans, medical examiner ; and George W. Thompson, superintendent of agencies. The liberal and equitable non- forfeiture law of Massachusetts is printed in every policy ; and a table of the paid-up insurance and cash surrender value enjoined by it is written in any policy on application. No insurance company in the world has a better record for able management, and equitable settlement of claims.

In 1874 the company erected, on Post-office Square, its present building, which, together with the adjoining building, forms the handsomest block in New England. The facades, in the Renaissance style, are of granite, five stories high, and are surmounted with an iron roof containing two stories. The frontage is 50 feet on Post office Square, 1S1 on Congress Street, 69 feet in the rear, and 68 feet in an area. The floor surface is 10,257 square feet. All floors and the roof are constructed of iron beams and brick arches, and there are 22 large burglar and fire proof safes in the building. The first floor has three wide entrances, — one on Post office Square, and two on Congress Street, — with spacious halls leading to a wide and easy stairway. On this floor are five large banking-rooms. On the second floor are the company's offices, amply provided with all the conveniences neces-

258 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

sary to conduct its extensive and increasing business. The other stories are divided into offices, some of the choicest in the city. The rooms and floors are provided with electric bells and speaking-tubes for communica- tion to and from all parts of the building. The Whither elevator is run, and the heating apparatus supplied, with steam from bc'lers placed, for addi- tional security, under an area away from the building. The architect was Nathaniel J. Bradlee.

Among the many occupants of the New England Life building, are the Everett National Bank, of which Warren Sawyer is president and George E. Carr cashier; the National Webster Bank, Francis Jaques president, and Charles L. Riddle cashier; the Park Commissioners of the city of Boston; and the Boston Water Power Company, Jarvis D. Braman president. The American Bank Note Company have their office, designing, engraving, and printing rooms in this building. The company have been tenants of the New England Life-insurance Company for nearly 30 years. The manager of the business is Benjamin C. Leonard. Elsewhere in this huge building are to be found the offices of many leading lawyers, archi- tects, and mills. Among the latter are the Merrimack Manufacturing Company, Charles H. Dalton treasurer; the Atlantic Cotton Mills, Wil- liam Gray, jun., treasurer ; the Great Falls Manufacturing Company , the Everett Mills ; the Manchester Mills ; the Fiskdale Mills ; and the Pacific Mills, Henry Saltonstall treasurer. The basement was construct ed expressly for, and is now occupied by, the Boston Safe Deposit and Trust Company, and is amply fortified and defended by all the apph ances of modern ingenuity, to baffle the skill of burglars. Vast amounts of treasure, in various forms, are kept in these strong and secure fastnesses.

The John Hancock Mutual Life-insurance Company of Boston was chartered in 1861, as the exponent of the Massachusetts non-forfeiture law, and was the first company to pay a loss under that law, which compels the continuance of a policy in force until the policyholder has received the full benefits of the premiums paid by him. The assets of the company approach $3,000,000, and the gross payments to policy holders amount to more than $4,000,000. Notwithstanding the general depression, a larger business was done in 1877 than in any year preceding since 1872; the actual increase in amount at risk being $383,100. During the year 1877 the company intro- duced the " Industrial Plan," the object of which is to present to the labor- ing and industrial classes a form of insurance within their reach, that they may be benefited to an extent within their ability to pay. The plan has received the indorsement of insurance experts and the press. This com- pany, through its by laws, requires the policy-holders, with the aid of experts, to examine its condition at least once each year. During the past

JUbertypc. — Forbes Co., Bostun Suilding of tho NEW-ENGLAND MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO., Post-Office Square, Boston.

Benj, F. Stevens. President.

Joseph M. Gibbens, Secretary.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 259

four years twenty different persons not connected with the management of the company have made such examinations. The president, Hon. Stephen H. Rhodes, was for six years connected with the insurance department of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts ; and the secretary, George B. Wood ward, was for six years connected with the New-England Mutual Life- insurance Company of Boston. The insurance department says that there- is no American life insurance company making more rapid progress to day than the John Hancock Life-Insurance Company. The office is in Sears Building, corner Court and Washington Streets.

The Mutual Life of New York (Frederick S. Winston president), which was the first life insurance company to begin operations in the United States, is to day the largest moneyed institution in America, and the largest corpo- ration in the world. The company's assets are $20,000,006 larger than those of the Bank of England. Its gross assets are nearly $100,000,000, and it has paid to policy-holders the enormous sum of $185,000,000. As it was organized in 1843, these payments are at the rate of over $4,000,000 per year, and $13,000 per day, holidays and Sundays included. The number of policies in force, Dec. 31, 1882, was 106,214; and the amount of insurance covered by them was $329,000,000. The income for 1882 was $17,924,359. These figures barely convey an idea of the magnitude of the Mutual Life Company or its operations ; but they do show that the company is justly entitled to own the most elegant structures in which to transact its busi- ness. Buildings had been erected in New York and Philadelphia; and it was thought advisable to erect one in Boston that would not only suitably accom- modate its extensive New-England business, but also prove a profitable investment. Accordingly, one of the most eligible sites was selected; and now the building stands on Milk Street, majestically fronting Post office Square. From almost every part of the city and harbor, its marble tower, with gilded balcony, can be seen as an architectural monument of the com- pany's success, that was achieved by honesty, industry, economy, and ability. This superb white marble edifice is said to be the finest and most complete building of its kind on this continent, and, together with the adjoining build- ing, makes unquestionably the handsomest and most imposing block in New England. To enter into the details of its construction would require more space than can be allotted here. The total height of the tower, the gilded crests, and the iron flagstaff, is 234 feet. From the balcony, 198 ft. 6 in. above the sidewalk, can be obtained the best possible view of Boston and its surroundings. The clock is an interesting feature. It has four dials, each 10 ft. 6 in. in diameter; and the hands are 5 ft. 3 in. long. The striking-hammer weighs 150 lbs., and the bell 3,700 lbs. The clock pendulum is 15 feet long; and the three immense weights, of 2,500 lbs., together with their chains, extend 45 feet below the dials. The winding up

»6o

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

of the clock, every eighth day, requires two stout men, who laboriously turn a crank 241 times for each weight. The building is strictly fireproof, and contains seven floors, including the basement. Among the occupants of the

first floor is the Bos- ton National Bank, of which Charles B. Hall is president. This bank has a cash capital of $1,000,000, and is the United States Depository. The Eagle Bank, the Bank of the Repub- lic,., and the Eliot Bank, are also dom- iciled in this vast palace of finance. On the second floor is the elegant office of Cornelius G. Att- wood, the general agent for Massachu- setts of the Mutual Life.

The American Bell Telephone Company and the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa F6 Railroad, occupy the chambers above. The Mutual Life is purely mutual. Ex- Gov. A. H. Rice and George C. Richard- son are the Boston trustees ; and to them H the Boston people

Mutual Life Insurance Cols. building, Post-office Square.

are greatly indebted for this building.

The Mutual Benefit Life-Insurance Co., of Newark, N.J., was organized in May, 1845, and is one of the oldest, largest, and best companies in the -country. It is now in the thirty fourth year of a uniformly successful busi-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

261

ness. It is purely mutual, having no guaranty capital or stock. Its gross assets are about $36,000,000. This company has more than $12,000,000 at risk in Massachusetts, the greater portion being on lives of citizens of Boston. It has been represented in this city for more than thirty years, and has paid losses here amounting to more than $3,000,000. Its total receipts have exceeded $100,000,000. The president is Amzi Dodd ; and the Bos- ton agents are Hedges & Hodges, whose office is at 178 Devonshire Street. The Equitable Life-Assurance Society of New York has erected, on

the corner of Milk and Devonshire Streets, one of the grandest and most substantial busi- ness edifices in this country. It is one of the most fre- quented places in the city. The three" comfortable eleva- tors, incased in brick walls, carry up and down about 3,000 persons every day, while the Se- curity Safe Depos- it Vaults in the basement, and the several leading banks on the first floor, cause thou- sands of persons to enter the building daily. On the up- per floors are the offices of several great railroad com- panies, the Equita- ble Life Assurance Society, and the U.S. signal service. From the roof, acces- sible to all, can be obtained one of the most picturesque views of Boston and its surroundings. On the roof is the time ball that is dropped by telegraph from the Harvard Observatory every day at 12 o'clock, and serves as regulator for the timepieces of the people in the same manner as

Equitable Life Assurance Society's Building, Milk Street.

262 XING'1 S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

the Old South clock did in times past. On the whole, this building, its interior and exterior, is one of the sights of Boston.

There are also many agencies for life insurance companies organized in other States, and 3 agencies for companies chartered by this State.

Fire and Marine Insurance was effected in Boston as far back certainly as 1724, but the business for many years was done only by individuals. The first company chartered by the Commonwealth was the Massachusetts Fire and Marine Insurance Company, in 1795; which continued until 1848, when its charter was revoked. In 1798 the Massachusetts Mutual Fire-insurance Company, and in 1799 the Boston Insurance Company, were chartered. During the present century the formation of companies has been constant. From many causes, and especially the Great Fire of 1872, a large number of the fire and marine companies have disappeared from the surface. For losses in that fire, $60,000,000 were paid by the insurance companies doing business in Boston. Without this money to aid in the .rebuilding of the city it is difficult to see what would have become of Boston. To the fire- underwriters also is due the formation and support of the Boston Protective Department mentioned in another chapter.

Before 1872 most of the fire-insurance of Boston was carried by the local companies; but the disastrous results of "carrying too many eggs in one basket " showed the necessity of looking, not only to Boston, but to the world, for capital to meet the calamities that can befall the city through extensive conflagrations. A large part of the losses by the Great Fire were paid by the companies of other States and countries then doing business here ; and for that reason the preference over local companies was given them by insurers. Since then a large number of companies, some from various parts of Europe and North America, with great capitals, have established agencies in Massachusetts. The Great Fire made another notable change, by making this city the headquarters for New England of many of the largest foreign and American companies ; and their trusted and experienced general agents and adjusters settled here, and became active citizens, interested equally with the officers of the local companies in every thing that is advantageous to Boston. Many of these men have joined the ranks of the local agents. The insurance agents generally are men of standing, energy, and intelligence, whose persistency in conducting their business has become proverbial. There are now so many companies and agencies with whom parties seeking large lines of insurance would have to deal, if they tried to effect their own insurance, that the necessity of having some person transact the business of the assured with the companies has brought forward a class of men called " brokers." These seek to control the insurance of firms, and to divide it among the various offices, the latter

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 263

paying them commissions. Their duty to the assured is to see that the policies intended to cover the same property. are concurrent and correctly worded, and that the insurance is effected in reliable companies at proper rates. Many agents also act as brokers, and take care of the full line of insurance carried by their patrons, placing in other agencies whatever they cannot place in their own. In the "Boston Directory" there is a list of nearly 250 "insurance agents," many of whom do partly or exclusively a brokerage business.

The Boston companies, whose policies are now sought for all over the country, have scattered their business ; and what they lose in amount by, the competition on local business they more than regain by their own com- petition elsewhere. The wisdom of this policy must be plain ; for now, in case of large fires, with agencies scattered over the country, the companies, although they should lose their whole assets, could, possibly, pay their losses as fast as adjusted, by means of the premiums coming in from other parts.

The Boston Fire -Underwriters' Union was formed as the result of a combination of the Board of Fire-Insurance Companies and the Board of Insurance Agents that had previously existed. Its original purpose was to establish and enforce uniform rates of premium ; but after the Great Fire of 1872 it influenced the introduction of many fire-defences, by means of which both the old and the new sections of the city are made more secure against fire. At present its chief work is to gather and circulate facts of all kinds interesting to fire underwriters. Its membership includes almost all agents and local companies. The president is George F. Osborne, and the secre- tary Osborne Howes, jun. The office is at 35 Congress Street.

The American Insurance Company and the Mercantile Marine Insurance Company were the only two Boston joint-stock fire-and marine companies that at the time of the Great Fire, in 1872, not only paid their losses in full, but also kept their capital intact and held a surplus besides. The American was incorporated in 181 8. The main causes of escaping the general calam- ity were its careful selection of risks, and its large reserve funds, which, with its capital, amounted in 1872 to over $900,000. Notwithstanding the ac- cumulation of a reserve, the American never failed, up to that time, to pay its semi-annual dividends, which have reached 30% a year. Since the Great Fire, which cost the American nearly $500,000, the company, in pursuance of its admirable policy of accumulating a large reserve fund for the protec- tion of the policy-holders, passed its dividends for a few years ; but they have since been resumed, and now always reach 10% a year, — the largest percentage allowed by law. The assets of the company, June 30, 1883, were $587,680; the capital, $300,000; the surplus, $130,468; and the liabilities, $157,211. The par value of the stock is $100; and the market value, based on the last sales, is $132. The American is the only Boston fire insurance

264 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

company owning, exclusively, its own office building. Its first president was Francis J. Oliver, who held the office 18 years. His successor for 28 years was J. Ingersoll Bowditch, the son of Nathaniel Bowditch, whom he aided in making the calculations of the famous Navigator's Tables. The third president, Charles Eliot Guild, was in office 9 years. He is the brother in law of President Eliot of Harvard University, and is to day the general agent of the Liverpool and London and Globe Insurance Company of England. The fourth and present president is Francis Peabody, who has held the office since 1873. The directors are: Francis Peabody, J. I. Bowditch, William Perkins, James S. Amory, William B. Bacon, George B. Chase, Charles J. Morrill, John F. Anderson, J. Murray Forbes, R. D. Rogers, George A. Gardner, W. M. Whitney, Jacob C. Rogers. The secre- tary, elected in 1872, is Joseph W. Field. The office of the American In- surance Company is at No. 54 State Street.

The Mercantile Fire and Marine Insurance Company was mentioned in the sketch of the American Insurance Company as one of the only two Boston joint stock fire and-marine companies, that, after paying in full their losses by the Great Fire of 1872, were left with a surplus over their cash capi- tals. The Mercantile Marine for over half a century has ranked among the foremost marine insurance companies, of New England. It confined its business to marine risks until 1871, when it began to take fire risks. The company was chartered in 1823, and has always been successful. Its cash dividends have averaged over 10% a year. Moreover, in 1876, out of its large surplus it made a stock dividend of $100,000 by which its capital stock was increased to $400,000. Its assets are over $700,000, its suiplus over $180,- 000, and its liabilities about $100,000. The Mercantile Marine is known as one of the most conservative companies. Its fire insurance is confined chiefly to the best class of risks, and is scattered throughout the United States by means of agents in the principal cities. Since 1824 there have been only four presidents: Joseph Baker, 12 years, 1824-36; Nathaniel Meriam, 27 years, 1836-63; Stephen H. Bullard, 10 years, 1863-73; and George R. Rogers, the present incumbent. Mr. Rogers has been connected with the company 25 years, — 7 years as secretary, — prior to his election as president July, 1873. B. F. Field, jun., has been secretary since 1873. Ed- ward Wigglesworth, a descendant of the famous person of that name, was a director for 40 years. George R. Minot, of Minor, Hooper, & Co., has been a director for1 the past 40 years. The company's office is at 58 State Street, the same place where it has been for 60 years. The old Custom House stood on this site ; and when it was torn down, the Mercantile Marine In- surance Company became possessors of the two carved statues of " Hope " and "Justice " which stand in the office. In February, 1882, the name was changed to Mercantile Fire and Marine Insurance Company.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

265

John C. Paige is the leading fire-insurance agent in Boston, — doing the largest business, and representing the greatest amount of capital. Moreover, his offices, which were wholly remodelled and newly furnished in October, 1880, at 20 Kilby Street, are unsurpassed for their elegance, convenience, and arrangement. Twelve years ago Mr. Paige was recognized by the profession throughout this country as a skilful adjuster of fire losses, and as an experienced general agent. Duties incident to the Great Fire of 1872 brought him to this city, where he subsequently decided to establish a local insurance- agency in connec- tion with his gen- eral agency busi- ness ; and to-day by reason of his great ability, varied experi- ence, extreme popularity, and in- domitable energy, he has placed himself in the foremost rank of the underwriters in the United States. The com- panies he repre sents are the " Imperial Fire of London,' Eng.," "Orient of Hart- ford, Conn.," "Re'- J<>hn & Paige, 20 Kilby Street.

assurances Generales of Paris, France," " The City of London Fire Insur- ance Company of England," "Fire Association of Philadelphia," and " Niagara Fire of New York." The gross assets of these companies exceed fifty million dollars. This agency's business extends throughout the United States, for Mr. Paige is the American general agent for the Reassurances Generales and City of London companies. In the Boston office are up- wards of fifty male and female employes, all arranged and equipped so as to do the greatest amount of work in the shortest time and with the least con- fusion. John C. Paige personally is one of those genial, whole-souled men, with whom it is always a pleasure to do business. " Nothing mean about him," never was more fitly applied to any man ; and this characteristic is

266 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

evidenced by his every action in public and private life. His name is already more favorably and widely known to the Boston people than is that of any other insurance agent.

The Boston Marine Insurance Company, incorporated in 1873, 's the largest marine insurance company of any kind in New England, and the largest purely marine insurance company on the stock plan in the United States. It has a greater surplus over all liabilities than has any fire or marine insurance company in Massachusetts. Its assets exceed $2,000,000; while its liabilities are only about $600,000, of which about $500,000 are for pre- miums (at 100 per cent) on risks not yet terminated. Its capital is $1,000,000, full paid. Its usual dividends are ten per cent a year, and the market-value of its stock is fifty per cent above its par value. The net earnings of the company have averaged, since the commencement of its business, $100,000 a year, less than one half of which has been divided among its stockholders, the balance being placed to surplus account. The business of the company is exclusively marine and inland insurance on hulls and cargoes. The offices in Boston are on the first floor of the First National Bank Building, No. 17 State Street, corner of Devonshire ; and the offices in New York are at No. 43 Wall Street. The president of the company is. Ransom B. Fuller, who was its chief organizer, and who has been its only president. The secre- tary is Thomas H. Lord, who has held the same position since 1876.

The Shoe and Leather Insurance Company, by increasing its cash capital in 1881 to $600,000, became the largest joint-stock fire and marine insurance company of Boston. The present organization dates to 1872; the former Shoe and Leather Insurance Company having, like almost every simi- lar local corporation, succumbed in the Great Fire of 1872. Since its re or- ganization it has had a progressively successful career. It has extended its field of operations, enlarged its business, and increased its assets. The capi- tal stock is $600,000, and the assets about $1,000,000. From 1872 to 1879 the office was at 52 Devonshire Stieet; then it was removed to a hand- somely fitted up office in the Tremont Bank Building, No. 16 Congress Street. The president, John C. Abbott, is one of the oldest persons now an officer of any insurance company in the city. He was born in Concord, N.H., Feb. 19, 1810. Up to the year 1829 he was learning the shoe business in Lynn; then he went to St. Louis, and was engaged in the shoe business until 1848, when he returned to Boston, and, in 1857, was elected to his pres- ent position of president of this company, to succeed George Hood. The directors are men of wealth and reputation in the business community : they include L. B. Harrington, William H. Hill, Silas Potter, James C. Bay- ley, James Tucker, John Cummings, R. Stuart Chase, John C. Abbott, Charles O. Foster, George C. Barrett, N. W. Rice, Joseph H. Gray, D. W. Salisbury, and A. H. Alden.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

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KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 269

Cjje JTtnanctal Institutions,

NATIONAL AND SAVINGS BANKS, BANKERS, SAFE-DEPOSIT AND

TRUST COMPANIES.

THE first bank in America was established in Boston. It began a three-years' course in 1686, and loaned money on real and per- sonal estate and imperishable merchandise. The second American bank was opened in this city in 1714. It issued $400,000 of scrip, called "mer- chants' notes," which sustained a good credit while the bank passed through its short career. In 1740 "The Land Bank" was organized by 700 or 800 persons, to afford relief at a time of scarcity of specie. The "Specie Bank " was in operation at the same time. They were only the stepping- stones to the solid banks that were founded later.

In 1782 a branch of the Bank of North America, a Philadelphian insti- tution, was incorporated by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. This institution was a signal success, and after it were modelled many banks organized in the commercial cities of the United States- The first bank firmly established in Boston, and the second in America, was the Massa- chusetts Bank, chartered in 1784. From that time the history of the finan- cial institutions is somewhat voluminous, and we shall have to pass on to a cursory glance at those of to day. Boston has 59 national banks, a larger number than any other city in the United States. They have a cash capital of $52,000,000, about the same amount as the total capital of the New York City national banks. Their surplus, Dec- 30, 1882, amounted to $12,235,463. Thirty banks of the city of Boston have cash capitals of $1,000,000, or more, each ; and the banks of no other city in the world can make a similar show- ing:. The banks of Boston are noted for their conservatism, and also for their laige proportion of capital to deposits.

To give a mere outline of the history of these banks, would require too much space for a work of this kind. A complete list of them and their officers will be found on the following pages. Prominent among the great number of banks in Boston noted for their sound financial basis, ranks —

The Merchants National Bank, chartered in 1 83 1 as the Merchants Bank. In July of the same year it went into operation with a capital of $500,000. In 1833 the Secretary of the United States Treasury selected it as a depository of the public moneys ; and in 1841, when the United States Sub-treasury was abolished, this bank was again chosen as depository, and

270 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

was at that time the only Boston bank to receive government deposits. In 1835 the bank purchased from the United States Bank the site of its present building on State Street. The ground covers an area of 8,000 square feet, and the property is assessed on $600,000. The bank has increased its capi- tal successively to $750,000, $1,500,000, $2,000,000, $2,500,000, $3,000,000, and $4,000,000. In 1864 it began business as a national bank with a capital of $3,000,000, and authority to increase it to $6,000,000. It has paid regu- larly semi annual dividends since it commenced business. It has issued since 1835 no bill of a lower denomination than $5.00. Its capital of $3,000,- 000 is the largest in New England, and is $1,000,000 larger than that of any other bank in Boston. Its circulation is $2,000,000, and its surplus upwards of $1,000,000. Franklin Haven has been president since 1837; a longer term of service than any bank president in the city. The cashier is George R. Chapman; and the directors are Franklin Haven, Benjamin F. Burgess, F. Haven, jun., J. Huntington Wolcott, T. Jefferson Coolidge, J. F. Ander son, and George A. Gardner.

The National Revere Bank of Boston was organized May 3, 1859, under the general banking law, as the Revere Bank. July 1, 1865, it re organized under the national banking law, and assumed its present title. At first it occupied a part of the second floor in the granite building owned by the Sears Estate, and situated on the corner of Franklin and Devonshire Streets. The Great Fire of. 1872 destroyed the building; but all the bank's books and papers were saved. Temporary quarters were then secured in the Sears Building on Washington Street, corner of Court Street. There the bank continued business until the completion (July 1, 1874). of the beau- tiful marble building on the site of the bank's former rooms. In this new building — corner of Devonshire and Franklin Streets — the first floor was specially finished for the National Revere Bank, and provided with the most approved fire and burglar proof safes, as well as all conveniences for bank business. The capital originally was $600,000 ; but a few months after the bank began business it was increased to $1,000,000, and subsequently it was fixed at its present amount, $1,500,000. Samuel H. Walley, the first presi- dent, continued in office until his death, Aug. 27, 1877. His successor was Samuel C. Cobb, who held the position until March 30, 1878, when he was succeeded by George S. Bullens. The first cashier, John W. Lefavour, resigned June 6, 1869, by reason of ill-health; and H. Blasdale, who has been connected with the bank from the time of its organization, was elected. The list of directors has always included the names of Boston's most active and most successful business men, and at present the list is as follows : Osmyn Brewster, John Cowdin, George P. Denny, Samuel Park- man Dexter, Joseph Sawyer, James A. Woolson, John C. Potter, Franklin E. Gregory, Gorham Rogers, George S. Bullens, Charles E. Raymond, and George A. Alden.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

271

Richardson, Hill, & Co., one of the leading banking-houses of Boston, occupy spacious and handsomely furnished rooms in the Simmons Building, at the corner of Devonshire and Water Streets, and opposite the Post Office. This firm was organized Oct. 1, 1869, by Messrs. Spencer W. Richardson, William H. Hill, jun., and Edward D. Adams, and opened its office in the Sears Building, at the head of State Street. Mr. Richardson had advanced from a clerkship in the Boston and Maine Railioad office to a position in the Laconia and Peppeiell companies, and the treasurership of the Saco

Union Building, State Street.

Water power Machine-shop Company. Mr. Hill had made a comfortable little fortune in a few years from the book and stationery business, which he carried on in a store on the historic old Cornhill. The third partner in the original firm of Richardson, Hill, & Co. was Edward D. Adams, who went out in 1878, to enter the firm of Winslow, Lanier, & Co. of New York. In the same year Messrs. Richardson, Hill, & Co. admitted to partnership Mr. Henry W. Dodd, formerly connected with one of the banks at Bangor, and afterwards cashier in this house. Two years later (Oct. 1, 1880) the firm took into partnership Messrs. Frank E. James and George A. Farlow, who

272 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

had been connected with the establishment, in clerical capacities, respec- tively from 1 87 1 and 1873.

The firm of Richardson, Hill, & Co., founded with a small capital, and on the edge of a national financial panic, has gone steadily forward, winning a high reputation for good management and fair dealing, and expanding its volume of business to vast dimensions. The long period of stagnation in trade which followed the panic of 1873 was successfully encountered by the young house; and, in the subsequent eager and intense competition, they occupied and maintained a very favorable position, continually augmenting their resources and enlarging their field of operations. In addition to the banking and brokerage business carried on here, the office of Richardson, Hill, & Co. has an interest to the general public from the fact that here are the headquarters of several important enterprises, in which the members of the firm have official positions.

The firm has also been largely engaged in the matter of government credits, holding important positions in the syndicates formed. They are, moreover, agencies for the placing of city, county, and state bonds, and corporate and other loans ; and deal in the best investment securities rated on the stock exchange, buying and selling on orders in the different stock exchanges of the country, being connected with New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore by private telegraph wire. They also buy and sell first-class commercial paper, the volume of their transactions in this line running up to millions annually. They have an extensive list of correspondents and agents, and all other requisites for the transaction of a prosperous business.

The chief banks and banking houses are in the vicinity of State Street, and around the Post Office, and in the wholesale business district ; and several of them have very handsome and stately buildings, sumptuously furnished, and abounding in offices.. There was but one failure among the Boston banks in the great financial panic of 1857 ; and the subsequent periods of commercial depression have been safely passed through by these strong and conservative institutions, whose destinies have been watched over by sagacious directors and well tried officials. Even when the banks of the other great citieshave been in a shaking condition, thes^ have stood fast, sustaining the credit of the merchants of Boston, and averting financial disaster until the latest moment. They have always been among the last to suspend specie payments, and the first to resume ; and the ability and judgment shown in their management have won the popular support and, approval. The vast wealth concentrated in these corporations has been generally regarded as one of the prides of Boston, and as yet has never aroused invidious feelings among the great mass of the people, whose wel- fare, indeed, is closely connected with that of the great treasuries of New England.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

2 73

The following is a complete list of the national banks of Boston

NAME.

Atlantic

Atlas

Blackstone

Blue Hill

Boston

Boylston

Broadway

Bunker Hill ....

Central

Columbian

Continental ....

Eliot

Everett

Faneuil Hall ....

First

First Ward

Fourth

Freeman's

Globe

Hamilton

Howard

Lincoln

Manufacturers' . . .

Market

Massachusetts . . .

Maverick

Mechanics'

Merchandise ....

Merchants'

Metropolitan ....

Monument

Mount Vernon . . . Nat'l Bank of Commerce Nat'l Bank Commonw'th Nat'l Bank N. America, Nat'l Bank Redemption, Nat'l Bank of Republic . National City .... National Eagle . . . National Exchange . . Nat'l Hide and Leather, Nat'l Market of Brighton, National Revere . . National Rockland . National Security National Union . . National Webster New England . . .

North

Old Boston ....

People's

Second

Shawmut .... Shoe and Leather

State

Suffolk

Third

Traders'

Tremont .... Washington . . .

OFFICE.

Kilby and Doane Sts.

8 Sears Building . 132 Hanover Street Washington St.,Doich Mutual Life Building, 616 Washington St. 43 Milk Street . .

21 City Sq., Ch'stown 121 Devonshire Street 65 Slate Street . . 51 Summer Street . Mutual Life Building N. E. Life Building

3 South Market St. 17 State Street . .

1 Winthrop Bl'k, E.B 34 Blackstone Street in Summer Street 40 State Street . . 60 Devonshire Street 19 Congress Street 150 Devonshire Street 88 Summer Street . 86 State Street . .

60 Congress Street 50 Water Street 115 Dorchester Ave. Mason Building

28 State Street . .

4 Post Office Square Thompson Sq.,Ch'st'n 13 Franklin Street.

9 Sears Building . Devonshire Street . 106 Franklin Street 85 Devonshire Street Mutual Life Building

61 State Street . . Mutual Life Building 28 State Street . . 70 Federal Street . Market St., Brighton 100 Franklin Street 2343 Washington St. 79 Court Street . . 40 State Street . . N. E. Life Building 67 State Street . . 109 Franklin Street 48 State Street . . 114 Dudley Street . 199 Washington Street 60 Congress Street 150 Devonshire Street 40 State Street . . 60 State Street . .

8 Congress Street . 91 State Street . . State cor. Congress St 47 State Street . . .

CAPITAL.

$750,000

1,500,000

1,500,000

200,000

1,000,000

700,000

200,000

500,000

500,000

1 ,000,000

1,000,000

1,000,000

400,000

1 ,000,000

1,000,000

200,000

200,000

800,000

1 ,000,000

750,000

1 ,000,000

300,000

500,000

800,000

800,000

400,000

250,000

500,000

3,000,000

200,000

150,000

200,000

1,500,000

500,000

1 ,000,000

1 ,000,000

1 ,500,000

1 ,000,000

1 ,000,000

1 ,000,000

1,500,000

250,000

1,500,000

300,000

250,000

1 ,000,000

1,500,000

1,000,000

1,000,000

900,000

300,000

1,600,000

1,000,000

1,000,000

2,000,000

1,500,000

600,000

600,000

2,000,000

750,000

PRESIDENT.

Isaac Pratt, jun. J. G. Wetherell. Joshua Loring. E. T. Bispham. Charles B. Hall. Joseph T. Bailey. Axel Dearborn. Edward Lawrence. Samuel Carr, jun. John T. Coohdge. Oliver Ditson. Wm. H. Goodwin. Warren Sawyer. Nathan Robbins. John Carr. Chas. R. McLean. W. W. Kimball. John H. Rogers. C. O. Billings. A. H. Bean. Reub.E.Demmon. Joseph Davis. Chester Guild. Chas.O.Whitmore. H. A. Rice. Asa P. Potter. Jas. W. Converse. Israel G.Whitney. Franklin Haven. Walt.S.Blanchard. James O. Curtis. Thomas N. Hart. Caleb H. Warner. A. L. Newman. Isaac T. Burr. Wm. D. Forbes. Chas. A. Vialle. Chas. L. Thayer. R. S. Covell. Ed. L. Tead. George Ripley. Granville Fuller. Geo. S. Bullens. Samuel Little. Sam'l A. Carlton. G. Whitney. Francis Jaques. Thomas Lamb. J. B. Witherbee. H. W. Pickering. Henry Guild. James H. Beal. John Cummings. Benjamin E. Cole. A. W. Stetson. A. L. Edmands. P. L. Everett. Edward Sands. William Perkins. Eben Bacon.

CASHIER.

James T. Drown. Charles L. Lane. James Adams. S. J. Willis. D. B. Hallett.

D. S. Waterman. A. Adams. Chas. R.Lawrence. J. W. Derby.

J. M. Gordon. Charles F. Smith.

F. Harrington. J. E. Reynolds. T. G. Hiler. Chas. H. Draper.

G. W. Morse. A. W. Newell.

E. S. Haywaid. C. H. Cole

Geo. W. Newhall. S. F. Wilkms. E. C. Whitney. Francis E. Seaver. Josiah Q. Bennett. H.K.Frolhingham John J. Eddy. Alvan Simonds. J. F. R. Foss. Geo. R. Chapman George H Davis. Warren Sanger. Henry W. Perkins George W. Hairis. A?T. Collier. A. F Luke. Ed. A. Presbrey. Henry D. Forbes. Chas. C. Bany W. G. Biooks. J. S. Learoyd. A. P. Weeks. Frank G. Newhall H. Blasdale. R. B. Fairbairn. Charles R. Batt. A. Trowbndge. Chailes L. Riddle. Charles F. Swan.

E. A. Burbank. Fred. L. Church. George C. Leach. Ed. C. Brooks. James P. Stearns. Samuel Carr.

C. B. Patten. Edward Tyler. Francis B. Sears.

F. S. Davis. A.T.Frothingham W. H. Brackett.

Fifty-nine National Banks, total capital $51,950.00°

274 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

The following is a complete list of the savings banks of Boston : —

NAME.

Boston Five Cents . . Boston Penny . . .

Brighton Five Cents .

Charlestown Five Cen.ts East Boston .... Eliot Five Cents . .

Emigrant

Franklin

Home . . . . . .

Institution for Sayings in

Roxbury and vicinity North End ....

Provident

South Boston . . . Suffolk ......

Union Inst, for Savings Warren Inst, for Savings

OFFICE.

38 School Street . . . 1 37 1 Washington Street J Wash'ton St., c. Chest ( nut Hillave., Brighton, Thompson Sq., Cha'stown 16 Maverick Squaie . 114 Dudley Street . . 590 Washington Street 20 Boylston Stieet . . Tremont, cor. Boylston

2343 Washington Street

57 Court Street* . . .

36 Temple Place . . 368 Broadway . . . 47 and 49 Tremont Street

37 Bedford Street . . 25 Main St., Charlestown

PRESIDENT.

Alonzo H. Evans. G. W. Pope.

N. W. Sanborn.

Phineas J. Stone. George T. Sampson. Wm. C. Appleton. Thomas Russell. Osmyn Brewster. Charles H. Allen.

Aithur W. Tufts.

N. J. Rust. William Perkins. Geoige E. Alden. Thomas Lamb Hugh O'Brien. Timothy T. Sawyer,

TREASURER.

Curtis C. Nichols. Henry R. Reynolds.

William A. Fiske.

Amos Stone. William B. Pigeon. George C. Leach. John W McDonald. Henry Whittemore. W. E. Hooper.

Edward Richards.

Geo C. Trumbull. Charles J. Morrill. George W. Ellis. Chailes H. Parker. George F. Emery. George F. Tufts.

The following is a complete list of the trust companies of Boston • —

NAME.	OFFICE.	PRESIDENT.	SECRETARY.
American Loan and Trust Co. . . Boston Safe Deposit and Trust Co. . Massachusetts Hospital Life Ins. Co. Massachusetts Loan and Trust Co. .	55 Congress St. 87 Milk Street. 45 Milk Street. 50 State Stieet. 18 Post Office Sq. 85 Devonshire St.	Ezra H. Baker. Frederick M. Stone. John M. Giaham. John L. Gardner. George W Rice. William Endicott, jun.	N. W. Jordan. Edward P. Bond. Henry L. Jewett. J. C. Braman. Stephen M. Crosby. N. H. Henchman.

The following is a complete list of the safe-deposit vaults of Boston

NAME.	OFFICE.	PRESIDENT.	MANAGER.
Boston Safe Deposit and Trust Co.. Security Safe Deposit Co Union Safe Deposit Vaults . . .	87 Milk Street . 67 Milk Street 40 State Street .	Frederick M. Stone. J. Augustus Felt. Henry Lee, Manager,	Edward P. Bond. F. G. Storey. 1 George C. Lee, | Sub Manager.

The following is a partial list of leading bankers and brokers of Boston : —

Ballou & Co., George Wm., 72 Devonshire St. Ballou, M. R., 51 State Street. Bangs & Co., Elisha D., 88 State Street. Blake Brothers & Co., 28 State Street. Bolles & Co., Matthew, 70 State Street. Brewster, Basset, & Co., 35 Congress Street. Brown Brothers & Co., 66 State Street. Brown, Riley, & Co., 9 Congress Street. Chase & Barstow, 62 State Street. Chase & Co., R. Gardner, 146 Devonshire St. Corbin Banking Co., 43 Milk Street. Day & Co., R. L., 14 Exchange Place. Downer & Co., 28 State (basement). Fogg Brothers & Co., 96 Summer St. Foote & French, 7 Congress Street. Hawley & Co., F. A., 20 Water Street.

Head, C. D., and T. H. Perkins, 68 Devonshire St. Higbee & Co., 156 Devonshire Street. Kidder, Peabody, & Co., 113 Devonshire Street. Lawrence, Potter, & Co., 63 Federal Street. Lee, Higginson, & Co., 40 to 44 State Street. Loud & Brother, T. J., 28 State Street, corner of

Devonshire (basement) . Mixter, George, 28 State Street. Moors & Co., J. B., 35 Congress Street. Munroe & Co., John, 4 Post Office Square. Parker & Stackpole, 60 Devonshire Street. Richardson, Hill, & Co., Simmons Building, 40

Water Street, Room 1 (first floor). Rogers, Wood, Loring, & Co., 34 High Street. Tower, Giddings, & Co., 85 Devonshire Street.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 275

The Savings Banks of America had their origin in this city. The first was The Provident Institution for Savings in the Town of Boston, chartered in 1816. To day it has a larger amount of deposits than any similar insti- tution in this country, except one or two Savings Banks in New York. There are in Boston 16 savings banks, and a list of them is given on the preceding page. They are under the supervision of the commissioners of savings banks, an office created in 1866. Their investments and loans are restricted by law, and all their officers are sworn to the faithful perform- ance of their duties. The commissioners are empowered to examine the banks at any time, arid are obliged to do so at least once a year. The "stay law," passed in 1878, limits and restricts the payment of money to depositors, and was framed to provide against a " run " on the savings banks. Under this law the commissioners, whenever they deem it expedient, can grant the bank authority to pay its depositors only such proportion of their deposits, and at such times, as the bank can pay without affecting its solvency or subjecting it to great loss.

Safe-Deposit Vaults. — Boston is now amply provided with safe-deposit vaults; but there was nothing of the kind in the city in 1868, when the at- tention of the public was first called to

The Union Safe-Deposit Vaults, which had been constructed by Henry Lee, to afford absolute protection for all kinds of valuables against loss by fire or burglary. The vaults were built in the basement of the Union Build- ing, 40 State Street, and were of such a character, and had around them so many conveniences, that they excited the admiration and approval of the most competent judges. Henry Lee, of the banking-firm of Lee, Higgin- son, & Co., assumed the management, and George C. Lee was appointed sub- manager, positions that both have held ever since. The enterprise succeeded so well that other safe deposit vaults have since been started.

The Massachusetts Loan and Trust Company of Boston was granted in 1870 a special charter authorizing the company to make advances on staple merchandise, and to receive, hold, collect, and disburse money, securities, or property in trust or otherwise, from individuals, executors, administrators, guardians, trustees, or by order of court. It is also authorized to act as trustee or agent for any person, firm, corporation, state, or government ; and in their behalf to sell or negotiate property of any kind, or to receive or invest money. The company has unsurpassed facilities for furnishing money at low rates of interest to merchants and manufacturers. Loans are made on staple merchandise, secured by bills of lading or by warehouse receipts, upon terms so accommodating, that the owner has the opportunity of disposing of the merchandise as readily as though it were under his own direct control. This company also undertakes to close out the affairs of

276 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

estates, or business houses in bankruptcy or liquidation, in the most expe- ditious manner, and on very favorable terms. Interest is allowed on all money deposited with the company. During the twelve years since the organization of the Massachusetts Loan and Trust Company, it has not only afforded great aid to business-men by lending them money on favor- able terms, but it has also provided a profitable and safe means of invest- ment to individuals, corporations, executors, guardians, trustees, or assignees of bankrupt estates, by paying interest on deposits made either on fixed time or on demand. The corporation has a paid up cash capital of $500,000, with liberty of increasing to $ 1 ,000,000. The president is George Woods Rice, and the treasurer is Stephen M. Crosby. The office occupies the first floor of the stone building No. 18 Post office Square.

The Boston Clearing-House Association, organized in 1856, is the sec- ond oldest organization of its kind in this countiy. The banks in former times were compelled to send messengers from one bank to another to collect and pay drafts and checks; and in so doing they were liable to incur great losses by the waylaying of messengers, and were put to con- siderable needless expense and trouble. Nowadays 51 banks send their "messengers" and "settling clerks " at ten o'clock every morning to the third floor of the New England National Bank building, 65 State Street, and there in a few minutes, without danger of loss, transact the whole business that would otherwise require several hours' time and considerable risk. The "losing banks," as those are called which bring in a smaller amount of checks on other banks than other banks bring in on them, are required to. pay before 12.15 o'clock the balances due by them ; and the "gaining banks " come in after that time for the balances due them. There are also 23 banks located in the vicinity of Boston that make their clear- ances through members of the association. The great work that is accom- plished in a short time can be imagined when it is understood that about $12,000,000 change hands every day. The president is James H. Beal, and the manager is N. G. Snelling.

The Boston Stock Exchange is situated on Exchange Street, just off from State Street. It is a hall, with regular rows of desks from the presi- dent's platform and table. It is connected by telephone with the offices of members ; and in the ante-room is a branch office of the Western Union Telegraph Company. The rooms have recently been enlarged. There are about 150 members. The membership-fee was formerly $2,000, but it is now $5,000. The transactions, which are those usual to stock boards, have within the past 18 months considerably increased in volume. The Board meets daily at 10.30 a.m. and at 2 P.M. Visitors can gain admission by application to the president M. R. Ballou, to the secretary W. C. Fisk, or to any member. The membership is full, and seats are in demand.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 277

&\)t Eongtte of tjje (£ttg*

BOOK AND PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS J NEWSPAPERS OF THE

PAST AND PRESENT.

BOSTON'S literary prominence has long been recognized; and its pub- lications, book and periodical, have been from the earliest, and still continue to be, among the foremost in the country. The history of its book trade, from the time of Thomas Fleet, the earliest of its printers and publishers, — first of "Pudding Lane," now Devonshire Street, and long of Cornhill under the imposing sign of the "Heart and Crown," — to the present day, would fill a volume, and would be almost as interesting to the bibliophile and antiquary as the history of the book-trade of London or Paris. The pre-eminence that Boston has attained in the publishing and book-selling business is but the natural result of having within and around her boundaries the men whose names stand foremost among the literati of the New World, as well as having some of the largest libraries and greatest educational institutions. The success of the trade is maintained by the great inducements offered buyers of books ; for it is undoubtedly a fact that the dealers in Boston do sell books from 10 to 20 per cent lower than the same books can be' bought elsewhere. Moreover, while the stores are not, as a rule, costly in their furnishings, possibly owing to the close mar- gins on which the business is conducted, they are capacious, and contain myriads of books. Probably nowhere in this country can like numbers and rarities be found. Those engaged in the business are generally men whose lives have been given to the study of the trade, and of the tastes of the most cultured people. Almost all of them are thoroughly trustworthy and ex- tremely courteous in their dealings. In publishing and book selling, several million dollars have been invested, and a large number of persons em- ployed. For years the book trade centred in Cornhill ; but it is now scat- tered, the leading houses being on Washington, Park, Tremont, Bromfield, and Franklin Streets. The oldest existing book-house is that of Little, Brown, & Co., the lineal successors of a book shop kept in 1784 by E. Bat- telle in the Marlborough Street of that time ; and the oldest book store is in the quaint building erected in 1712 on the corner of Washington and School Streets, an ancient landmark, long known as " the Old Corner Book- Store," as it has been a bookstand since 1828, before which time it was used as an apothecary-shop, and before that as a dwelling house, for which it was originally, erected by Thomas Crease.

278 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

Quite as interesting as the history and growth of the book-trade of the city is that of its periodical literature, and particularly its newspapers. It was in Boston that the. first newspapers in the New World were published. The first venture, " Publick Occurrences, Both Forreign and Domestick," dated Sept. 25, 1690, came to a sudden end after a single issue; the au- thorities having promptly suppressed it, the General Court denouncing it as "containing reflections of a very high nature." The next attempt, "The Boston News Letter," fortunately "published by authority," succeeded bet- ter, and was the first newspaper actually established. Its first issue was April 24, 1704. It was founded by John Campbell, postmaster, and printed by Bartholomew Green, whose name, says Delano A. Goddard in his inter- esting chapter on " The Press of the Provincial Period," in the Memorial History of Boston, "is associated with many of the best books printed in America for more than a third of a century." The printing office was in Newbury (now Washington) Street, near the corner of Avon Street; and the paper was sold "by Nicholas Boone at his shop near the old Meeting- house." It was a small folio sheet, issued weekly. Fifteen years after, a second newspaper was established, called " The Boston Gazette," the first number bearing date Dec. 14-21, 1 719 ; and the following day, Dec. 22, the first American newspaper established outside of Boston, "The American Weekly Mercury," appeared in Philadelphia. " The Boston Gazette " was published by William Brooker, who succeeded Campbell as postmaster, and printed by James Franklin, Benjamin Franklin's elder brother. Brooker and Franklin continued publisher and printer of the paper only a few weeks; and in 1721 Franklin issued the third paper, " The New-England Courant," from his printing-office in Queen (now Court) Street. The first number of this paper was issued on Aug. 17, 1721. It led a short and stormy life. Increase Mather denounced it as " a cursed libel." Franklin was twice arraigned for contempt, and o'nce imprisoned four weeks in jail ; ' and for a while his name was withdrawn, and the paper appeared with the imprint of Benjamin Franklin, then an apprentice with his brother, and not more than sixteen years of age. The paper ceased to exist in 1727. The use of the younger brother's name was not to his advantage ; and, soon after the change was made, he left Boston for Philadelphia. Mr. Goddard says of " The Courant," that " it was not wanting in ability ; and, as a protest against prevailing narrowness and bigotry, it might have been of some ser- vice. But it was aggravating in temper, unjust to the authorities, misrepre- sented the clergy, and was on the wrong side of many public questions." The paper is remembered as that in which Benjamin Franklin's first contri- butions appeared. The fourth newspaper was " The New England Weekly Journal, containing the most remarkable occurrences, foreign and domes- tick," begun March 20, 1727; the fifth was "The Weekly Rehersal," begun

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 279

in 1 731 ; "The Boston Weekly Post Boy" followed in 1734, succeeding " The Rehersal," printed once a week in the evening, however, instead of morning; then came "The Independent Advertiser," begun in the winter of 1748, to which Samuel Adams was one of the regular contributors ; next was started, in 1753, "The Boston Gazette and Weekly Adveitiser," on the foundation of " The Boston Gazette and Weekly Journal ; " and this was in turn succeeded, a little more than two years after, by " The Boston Gazette and Country Journal," which was the organ of the Revolution; while " The Boston Weekly Advertiser," begun in 1757, loyally sustained the British Government during that struggle, and closed its career with the war. In 1767 "The Boston Chronicle " was started, and that was the fust paper to publish oftener than once a week: in its second year it began publishing on Mondays and Thurs- days. In 1770 the publication of "The Massachusetts Spy" was begun. It advocated the cause of the patriots with great vigor and boldness, and its office was styled by the royalists " the sedition foundry." The last number printed ■ in Boston was on the 6th of April, 1775. It was then removed to Worcester. "The News-Letter," the first established paper in Boston, lived 72 years, and was the only paper published in the city during the siege by Washing- ton. Other papers of the early days were "The Independent Ledger and American Advertiser," revolutionary in sentiment, and displaying the motto, "All hands with one. inflamed and enlightened heart;" "The American Herald," started in 1781 ; and "The Massachusetts Centinel and the Re- publican Journal," afterwards changed to "The Columbian," the publication of which was begun in 1790. Of the 49 newspapers published in the colo- nies from 1748 to 1783, all were weekly or semi weekly journals. The first daily paper in the country was " The American Daily Advertiser," pub- lished in Philadelphia, beginning in 1784; and the first attempt at daily- newspaper publication in Boston was, in 1796, by John O'Ley Burk, one of the "United Irishmen," with a venture called "The Polar Stai and Boston Daily Advertiser." This lived six months, and was followed by " The Fed- eral Gazette and Daily Advertiser," which lived but three months. Then the third and successful effort was made in the publication of " The Boston Daily Advertiser and Repertory," begun on the 3d of March, 1813. To trace the growth of the press of Boston from that time to the present in detail would occupy more space than is available. It is sufficient to say that its development has been rapid and abreast of the times. It has been able, diligent, and enterprising; has employed some of the best pens and brightest intellects; and has exerted a wide influence. In the pages fol- lowing, some of the extant representative Boston newspapers and periodi- cals are concisely sketched.

There are in' Boston at the present day 9 daily papers, 4 semi weekly, 63 weekly, 5 Sunday papers, 4 fortnightly publications, 93 monthly periodi- cals, 10 quarterlies, and many annuals.

280

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

"The Daily Advertiser" is published from the new "Advertiser Build- ino-," Nos. 246 and 248 Washington Street, and No. 69 Devonshire Street. This is a tall marble-front structure, towering above its neighbors ; and occupying such a position in the bend of the street, that its architectural effects are displayed to the best advantage. Extending through to Devon- shire Street, it is well adapted for the special requirements of the daily- newspaper business. The main entrance is under a broad arch, and through a finely ornamented vestibule, to the counting-room at the front; and to the

other portions of the building, from a passage- way at the side. The "Advertiser" occupies for its own uses the street floor, and the exten- sive basement, with the two upper floors, and a portion of the fourth. In the basement are the press, stereotype, mailing, and delivery rooms ; on the street floor, the counting room; and on the floors above, the editorial and composi- tion rooms. The establishment is thoroughly equipped with all the modern machinery and appliances; is lighted throughout by the Edison electric light, and is complete in all its appoint- ments. The counting room, the publisher's private office, and the rooms of the principal editors, are handsomely finished and decorated. The "Advertiser" moved into its new quarters in February, 1883, publishing a 20 page number on the first morning after its removal, — Mon- day, Feb. 19. This was an historical number, with the news of the day and all the regular departments of the paper as full and complete as usual. Previous to its occupancy of its pres- ent quarters, " The Advertiser " was published many years from the " Advertiser Building," Nos. 27 and 29 Court Street, occupying the site of the printing office in which Franklin learned his trade. " The Advertiser," in its earlier years, acquired the good will of several journals, among them " The Independent Chronicle," " The Boston Patriot "(established in 1809), "The Columbian Centinel,'-' "The New England Palladium," "The Boston Gazette " (the fourth newspaper in Boston bearing that name), "The Reper tory " (first published in 1803 by W. W. Clapp, and united with " The Daily Advertiser " at the outset, its name for a while being part of the title), and •' The Boston Weekly Messenger." The first publisher of " The Adver- tiser " was W. W. Clapp ; and the first editor, Horatio Bigelow. In April,

'The Boston Advertiser'' Building, Washington Street

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 281

1814, Nathan Hale, then the editor and proprietor of "The Messenger," purchased " The Advertiser " property from Messrs. Clapp and Bigelow ; Mr. Clapp continuing for a while the publisher. For more than thirty years Mr. Hale conducted the paper with credit to himself and the community. It was under his administration that it attained the local title of "the re spectable daily." Mr. Hale was the first to introduce steam power-presses in New England ; and it is claimed that his was the first journal which sys tematically introduced the editorial discussion of political topics. He died in 1863; and one of his sons, Charles Hale, succeeded him as editor, having for some years previous ably assisted his father in the conduct of the jour- nal, as had also his brothers, Edward Everett Hale, the well known clergy- man and writer of the present day, and Nathan Hale, jun. Upon his appointment as consul general to Alexandria, in 1864, Charles Hale dis- posed of the property to Dunbar, Waters, & Co. ; and Charles F. Dunbar of the firm, who had for some time been the assistant editor of the paper, succeeded Mr. Hale in its "editorial conduct. Mr. Dunbar continued in charge until 1869, when he was appointed professor of political economy in Harvard College. In that y,ear, also, the property was sold to a new company. Delano A. Goddard, an accomplished journalist and writer, then became the editor; and Edwin F. Waters, one of the original pur chasers of the property from Charles Hale, continued as publisher. Until the summer of 1881, the paper was a large folio ; but on the 4th of July it appeared in the quarto form, printed on an improved Bullock press with a patent cutter and folder attachment. Early in January, 1882, Mr. Goddard died very suddenly • and he was succeeded as editor-in-chief by Edward Stanwood, long a leading editorial writer on the staff. A few months after Mr. Goddard's death, the ownership of the paper largely changed ; and in November following Mr. Waters disposed of his interest, and retired from the position of publisher. He was succeeded by Edward P. Call, formerly connected with " The Herald." " The Advertiser'* enjoys a substantial cir- culation among the best classes of readers, and a valuable advertising- patronage. It has long been recognized as a leading commercial and busi ness journal, and it now has the reputation of being a thorough and prompt newspaper in every department. It employs a large editorial force, and is conducted with skill and painstaking. In politics it is Republican.

" The Boston Evening Transcript " is a favorite afternoon paper, par- ticularly in refined Boston and suburban homes. It is a literary paper, and noteworthy for its good variety of interesting miscellaneous reading-matter published along with the current news. Founded in 1830, it is the oldest evening paper in New England. It has been a substantial success from the start. It was established by Dutton & Wentworth, the State Printers at the time. The next proprietors were Henry W. Dutton & Son ; and on the

282

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

death of both the senior and junior Dutton its publication was assumed by trustees in the interest of their heirs. In 1879 the Boston Transcript Com- pany was incorporated, the stock being held wholly by the Dutton heirs. The first editor was Lynde M. Walter. On his death, in 1842, he was suc- ceeded by his sister, Miss Cornelia M. Walter. Subsequently Epes Sar- gent was editor of the paper for a number of years; and after him Daniel M. Has- kell, whose gen- ial and skilful conduct of the paper continued Until his death in 1874. He was succeeded by William A. Hov- ey, and he in 1 88 1 by Edward H.# Clement, the present editor. The quarters of "The Tran- script" are in its own large and handsome build- ing, on the cor- ner of Washing- ton and Milk Streets, erected to replace the office burned in the Great Fire of 1872. It is one of the most com-

The Boston Transcript," Washington Street.

modious and elegant in the city. " The Transcript " is a quarto of the average size, handsomely printed from fast presses ; and it occupies a field practically without a rival. It has a well-equipped force, and is enterprising in gathering the best of the local and general news. The quiet and digni- fied tone of the editorial page, and the absence in the paper of any thing which appeals to the popular craving for sensationalism, go far toward

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

283

winning for " The Transcript " the esteem of its readers, and the success it enjoys. In politics "The Transcript" is Independent Republican. Be- sides the daily edition, an attractive and readable Weekly edition — its con- tents selected with care and good judgment from the daily editions — is published. S. P. Mandell is president of the Transcript Company; and William Durant, who has been the business manager since the death of Mr. Dutton, is treasurer.

"The Boston Post" is the leading Democratic commercial morning newspaper of Boston, and has a large circulation among business-men and Democratic families. It is published by the Post Publishing Company at No. 17 Milk Street, and sells for 3 cents a copy. Its new iron build- ing stands on the spot where Benjamin Franklin was born ; and a bust of the famous printer ornaments the front. The business-office is on the ground-floor. The editorial rooms, which are reached after a breathless climb of an iron staircase, consist of private rooms for the editor and his assistants, and neat rooms for the night- editor, city-editor, and the reporters. "The Post's " history dates back to 1831. It was at first a small sheet of 16 columns, from which it has been enlarged at various times until it now contains 36 long columns. Col. Charles G. Greene was the founder and first editor. He did much to make a reputation for the paper by his straightforward, vigorous, yet courteous style of treating public questions. It is not too much to say, that, under his editorship, it be- came the leading Democratic daily in the coun try, as well as a leading representative com- "The Boston Post-" Mi,k street mercial paper of Boston. He gave it, also, a reputation for exceedingly Sfood humor and brightness, which it has never lost. Nathaniel G. Greene aided his father as editor, and practically conducted the paper for several years. In the winter of 1875 the property was sold to Rev. E. D. Winslow, who in January following proved to be a forger, and whose exposure after his flight was a great local sensation (see first chapter). He had so manip- ulated the certificates of the company's stock that it was difficult to decide who were the rightful owners. The matter was finally settled by the Supreme Court, and the property was disposed of to a new corporation. For a while F. E. Goodrich, a leading editor, conducted the paper as editor-in-chief. He was succeeded by George F. Emery, the principal proprietor. During the

284 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

year 1 SSi the corporation was re-organized through sales" of stock; Alonzo P. Moore, a prominent Boston business-man, becoming the largest stockholder, as well as treasurer and business-manager ; Mr. Emery retiring, and Robert G. Fitch succeeding him as the editor-in-chief. The paper has always shown evidence of wise and careful management. The "All Sorts" column of fresh and sprightly paragraphs, an original and famous feature of " The Post," continues to be well sustained ; and its various departments are care- fully edited by a corps of well-trained and able journalists. " Mrs. Parting- ton " (B. P. Shillaber) made her reputation for genial humor in the columns of "The Post." Improvements are often made. In 1 881, for instance, the "make-up" was materially improved, and many new features were intro- duced ; the financial-news department was strengthened, including telegraphic Monday reports from the clearing-houses throughout this country; and the hotel-arrivals became a feature. In the spring of 1882 its price was reduced to 3 cents a copy, and the subscription price to $9.00 a year.

"The Boston Journal," established in 1833, has held for fifty years a leading position in New-England journalism ; increasing with the growth of the city, and enjoying great confidence and liberal support. It is at once both a business-man's and family newspaper. Originally a Whig news- paper, it affiliated with the Republican party in the earliest days of its existence. Few newspapers have been more loyal to the principles of the party, though its aim has been to make its discussion of men and measures independent and fair. It publishes morning and evening editions, and also semi-weekly and weekly editions. It gives in these several publications a vast amount of news, collected by its Washington, New-York, London, and Paris correspondents. It makes a specialty of New-England news; and its representatives in all the news-centres of New England are daily pouring into its columns the earliest information. Its comments upon passing events are timely. The news is carefully prepared, great care being taken to avoid prolixity. " Facts, not words," is the aim of-the paper in all its news departments. The " News of the Morning " and " Table of Contents " enable the hurried man of business to ascertain quickly all the important news of the day. The " City Article " contains a full sketch of the condi- tion of the markets, printed in a form which is attractive and instructive. Its special literary features are well known, and it constantly adds new ones. No labor seems to be spared to make it interesting, newsy, and profitable to all classes of readers. Its varied circulation is peculiar, and almost excep- tional, tending to give it that popularity as an advertising medium which it has so long enjoyed among shrewd business-men of the country. Its scale of prices, circulation considered (enjoying as it does the largest circulation in New England of any Republican newspaper), is low; and the fact that it rigorously maintains one price without discount gives to all patrons a knowl-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 285

edge that there is no favoritism in its business management. In its me- chanical appointments " The Journal " is not surpassed by any newspaper in the country, ft has recently introduced two Hoe perfecting presses, capable of printing 60,000 papers per hour, and now stereotypes its forms. On the 18th of December, 1882, the price of "The Journal" was reduced from $9.00 to $6.00 per annum, postage included, and from three to two cents per copy. The rapid increase of its circulation was unprecedented in the history of any New-England newspaper. • At present writing it is steadily advancing, having reached more than 42,000, with a promise of 50,000 before fall. A distinguished New-England statesman once said, " The ' Boston Journal ' contains more reading that I am interested in, and less that I care nothing about, than any paper published." The original publishers of "The Journal " were Ford & Damrell. In 1841 it passed into the hands of Sleeper, Dix, & Rogers. John "S. Sleeper was the first editor. He was succeeded by James A. Dix. • For years the late Stephen N. Stock- well was connected with its editorial management. The late Col. Charles O. Rogers, of Sleeper, Dix, & Rogers, the early proprietors, and later its chief owner, gave a start to the paper on its career of prosperity, and made a for- tune in its conduct. It is now in charge of Col. William W. Clapp, who for seventeen years was editor of " The Saturday Evening Gazette." He has had forty years' experience in Boston journalism, most of which has been passed in the "Journal " office ; and he has done much in the way of im- proving and strengthening it. His corps of assistants in each department are men of ability and experience. The office is efficiently organized, and a vast amount of labor is performed with very little friction. The business and editorial quarters are modern in their appointments, and well arranged for the convenient transaction of business. "The Journal" has occupied its present building, No. 264 Washington Street, since September, i860.

"The Boston Evening Traveller," now published at No. 31 State Street by Roland Worthington & Co., was the first two-cent evening paper estab- lished in Boston. It was founded in 1845, succeeding " The American Trav- eller " (weekly) and "The Boston Traveller" (semi-weekly); the former's headline exhibiting a cut of the four-in-hand stage, dashing along the dusty road. Its present chief proprietor, Roland Worthington, associated himself with its originators about two months after its first issue appeared, and has been its directing mind from that time to the present. Under his manage- ment it early achieved, and has steadily maintained, a high reputation as a prompt and enterprising collector of news. To it belongs the credit of being among the leaders in the movement to sell papers on the streets by newsboys, and also of having introduced the news-bulletin in Boston, which is now an essential feature of every newspaper-office. It was first published from the Old State House Building, and moved to its present

286 ICING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

headquarters about thirty years since. In the same office Benjamin Russell, one of the most aggressive of Boston editors, began, about ioo years ago, the publication of " The Columbian Centinel," afterwards merged into "The Daily Advertiser." In 1857 the "Atlas," "Chronicle," and "Even- ing Telegraph" were merged into "The Traveller." It is now a large folio with 36 long columns, and is issued at 3 cents. " The Boston Traveller" is the semi-weekly edition ; and "The American Traveller" is the weekly edition ; both having a large family circulation. In politics it is aggressively Republican, and sustains its opinions with great vigor. It has a large and talented corps of editorial writers, and its articles are quoted throughout the country. It pays especial attention to literary, educational, and social topics, and hence obtains admission to the best family circles of New England. Its " Review of the Week," published every Saturday, has been a favorite feature for two decades, and still retains its popularity. It is written by the veteran historian and litterateur, Charles C. Hazewell, who was one of the earliest and strongest contributors to " The Atlantic," and whose accuracy on historical matters makes this Review a standard authority. In the matter of telegraphic news, its Associated Press de- spatches are liberally supplemented by special despatches from Washington and all the chief centres of intelligence. It makes full reports of religious, scientific, and philosophical gatherings, and notable lectures find space in its columns. Henry Ward Beecher's sermons have for many years regularly appeared in " The Traveller " of Saturday, with which a large supplement, filled with short stories, good poetry, and miscellaneous reading, for the fire- side, is regularly sent out. An exposition of the International Sunday-school Lesson for the following day is also a standing feature of the Saturday num- ber. Its reviews of new books, and its dramatic, musical, and art criticisms, have long enjoyed a high reputation. The managers of '• The Traveller " have always made it their boast, that nothing of an indelicate or even doubt- ful character could find its way into the columns of their paper. In the chapter on " The Public Buildings," is a good illustration of the " Traveller Building" and its interesting locality, including the Brazier Building, the First National Bank Building, the Old State House, and the Sears Building. It was almost in front of the " Traveller Building " that the Boston Massa- cre took place ; and not far from it stood the old town-pump. " The Trav- eller " is now the only paper published on State Street, — the " Wall Street " of Boston, — although not many years ago several of the leading local papers at the time were published there. In keeping with its location in the heart of commercial Boston, are its full and well-edited columns of commercial news, mining, railroad, and market reports, latest stock quotations, and daily financiahreview. On Tuesdays and Fridays " The Traveller " publishes, by contract with the City of Boston, the official verbatim report of the proceed-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 287

ings of the two branches of the City Council, which makes it the newspaper authority on municipal affairs. Within the past few years its circulation has been steadily increasing, and it has manifestly opened a new and pros- perous chapter in its very creditable history.

" The Boston Herald " is the great popular newspaper of the city. Its circulation is far in advance of any of its contemporaries, and its business patronage is extensive and profitable. It has for many years enjoyed a large circulation ; but its greatest growth in every direction has been under its present management. It is essentially a w^wjpaper, and its enterprise has long been recognized as a conspicuous feature of its conduct. The first number of "The Herald" was issued in 1846 as an evening publication only, " neutral in politics." It was a small sheet, four pages of five columns each, and was sold for a penny. In 1847 it acquired "The American Eagle," and in 1857 " The Daily Times," both of which were merged into it, and their names dropped out. The success of the venture was assured from the start. With the second year the form of the paper was enlarged, and it appeared with morning, evening, and weekly editions. The weekly edition was discontinued in 1851, and a Sunday-morning edition was started a few years after. In 1854 the columns were again enlarged; and, fifteen years after that, the paper was changed to its present size of eight columns to a page, and four pages to the sheet. Of late years it frequently brings out double sheets ; and the Sunday issue, a large quarto, is generally a " triple sheet." The first editor was William O. Eaton, a young man of twenty-two when he first took charge. Edwin C. Bailey, once postmaster of Boston, owned and managed the paper for several years ; and he was succeeded by the present managers, R. M. Pulsifer & Co., who bought the establishment in 1869. Since then there have been two withdrawals from the firm, but the principals remained. All three of the present owners " grew up " on " The Herald," — Mr. Pulsifer, the publisher, from a modest clerk- ship in the business department; E. B. Haskell, the editor-in-chief, and C. H. Andrews, the news-manager, from the positions of general reporters in the editorial department. As long ago as 1854 " The Herald " was recog- nized as having the largest circulation of the daily papers of the city, by receiving the award of the Post-office letter-list advertising. For seven con- secutive years " The Herald " had claimed this as a right by virtue of the largest circulation. Its average daily circulation in July, 1881, was 133,000, and that of the Sunday edition 117,310. A good idea of the kind of news demanded by the people can be gleaned from the following memoranda of the number of copies sold when "The Herald " contained the news of the events cited : —

288

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

no. or

YEAR. EVENTS. COPIES.

1863. The draft riots and Lee's march

into Pennsylvania 74>otX)

1865. The evacuation of Richmond . . 60,000

1865. Lee's surrender 60,000

1865. The assassination of President

Lincoln 83,520

j866. The Fenian raids 70,000

1867. The election returns 72»72°

1868. The returns of presidential elec-

tion 78,000

1869. The great storm 75,844

1870. The Fenian raids 95.000

1870. The Franco-Prussian war . . . go,ooo

1870. The battle of Sedan 100,000

1 871. The Eastern Railroad accident at

Revere 111,840

1871. The Chicago conflagration . . . 113,280

1871. The election returns 100,320

1871. The Orange riot in New York . 96,240

1872. The assassination of James Fisk,

jun "3,760

1872. The destruction of the incomplete

jubilee Coliseum by a gale . . 108,240

1872. A murder at the North End . . 119,280

1872. The October election returns . . 100,748

1872. The November election returns . 119,076

1872. The Boston conflagration . . . 220,000

1873. The Credit-Mobilier scandal . . 137,000 1874 The November elections .... 139,212

1874. The Beecher-Tilton case . . . 137,000

1874. The second Chicago conflagration, 130,086

1875. The Beecher trial 158,698

1875. The battle of Bunker Hill centen- nial 157,169

NO. OF

YEAR. EVENTS. COPIES.

1875. The execution of Wagner, Gor- don, and Costley 134,952

J875. The November election returns . 134,430

1875, The Concord-fight celebration . . 132,577

1876. Piper's first confession .... 134,710 1876. Piper's second confession . . . 158,492

1876. Piper's execution 174,318

1876. The October elections .... 139,480

1876. The presidential elections . . . 147,216 1876. The day after the election returns

(said to be the largest edition ever printed by an American

daily newspaper) 223,256

1876. The November elections .... 190,384

1877. The railroad strike in Western

Pennsylvania, and riot at Pitts- burg 145,575

1878. Railroad disaster at Wollaston,

Oct. 8 145,600

1878. State election returns in Novem-

ber 154,373

1879. The Lynn trunk mystery, July 17, - 141,268

1879. November election returns . . . 149,757

1880. Sinking of the steamer " Narra-

gansett " in Long-Island Sound, 137,643 1880. Celebration of the 250th anniver- sary of settlement of Boston . . 145,919 1880. Indiana election returns .... 145,268 1880. Presidential election returns . . 159,104

1880. Presidential election returns . . 213,403

1881. Attempted assassination of Presi-

dent Garfield, July 2 . . . . 215,910

1881. The President's condition, July 4, 174,996

1881. The President's condition, July 5, 207,388

"The Herald" was long established at No. 103 (now numbered 241) Wash- ington Street; the editorial, press, and mailing rooms being in the rear on Williams Court. In February, 1878, it removed to its present building, espe- cially erected for it at No. 255 Washington Street. This building is one of the finest newspaper-offices in the world. Its outward appearance is most attractive, and its internal arrangements are most complete. It is furnished with all the modern conveniences, and was built from the most carefully prepared plans, after the examination of other modern newspaper-offices. It is practically two buildings. The main building on Washington Street has a frontage of 31 feet 9 inches, and a length of 179 feet. The L leading into Williams Court has a frontage of 24^ feet, and a length of 40 feet. The total ground-surface is about 6,200 square feet. The Washington-street front, in the French Renaissance style, makes a striking contrast with its

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 289

dingy surroundings. The building has six stories and a high basement. The entire finish and furnishing of the building are elaborate, and in excel- lent taste. There are four Bullock presses in the basement, capable of printing 86,000 papers an hour. In politics " The Herald " is independent. "The Boston Globe" is a Democratic morning and evening newspaper, issuing from six to eight editions daily. It was started in March, 1872, as an eight-page paper, independent in politics, by Maturin M. Ballou. Mr. Ballou retired from ownership and its editorial charge the following year, and was succeeded by a new organization which endeavored to make it a complete newspaper up to the metropolitan standard, and also independent in politics. It was so continued, with varying success, until the spring of 1878, when the radical change to the present politics, shape, and price was made. Its morning and evening editions are now sold at 2 cents a copy ; and it has a Sunday edition, a large quarto, selling at 5 cents a copy. It also publishes a weekly edition. The several editions enjoy a large circu- lation. Like the other leading newspapers of the country, it has had a very large circulation on days when great events have excited the public mind. On the day following the election in November, 1878, 82,400 " Daily Globes " were sold ; in November, 1879, 66,070 ; in March, 1880, on the last day of the first New- York walking-match, 56,700; Sept. 18, 1880 (250th anniversary of Boston), 54,880; and on Nov. 3, 1880 (day after Presidential election) 73,330. On Jan. 1, 1881 (when the " 1981 Globe " was issued), 80,260 copies were sold on that day. Subsequently the demand increased all over the country, and several hundred thousand more copies were printed. During the summer of 1881 a Baltimore firm, who bought the copyright of this edition, printed the " 1981 Globe " in several languages, and began the distribution of millions of copies all over the civilized world. During the sickness of President Gar- field, "The Globe " greatly added to its reputation by its patriotic course. During the campaign of 1880 it supported Gen. Hancock, and severely criti- cised Gen. Garfield. After the election it recognized him as the President of the whole people; and when he was struck down by the bullet of the assassin as the head of the nation, " The Globe " denounced the act in vigor- ous terms, and stood on high patriotic ground, where every man and news- paper in the country, with hardly an exception, were firmly united, and prepared for any emergency, or any crisis, which might affect the life of the Republic. On the night of the President's death, " The Globe " was one of the few newspapers which issued a midnight extra giving the news. From one to three o'clock a.m., probably for the first time in their history, the people of Boston were awakened by newsboys to get out of their beds to buy a newspaper. The sales on that day ran up to 117,800 copies. On the day following the funeral of President Garfield, " The Globe " for the first time in the history of journalism, utilized the poets on a broad scale, devot-

290 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

ing the whole first page to tributes to the President from Oliver Wendell Holmes, Joaquin Miller, John Boyle O'Reilly, and other well-known poets. It was a decided hit; 104,890 copies being sold on the day of publication, and many thousands were sold daily for several days afterward. The " Globe " Building, Nos. 236 and 238 Washington Street, is large and un- pretentious, extending through to Devonshire Street. It was formerly occu- pied by " The Boston Transcript." " The Globe " is well fitted out in each department, stereotypes its forms, and with its new press has facilities for turning out 50,000 papers per hour. It is especially enterprising in its efforts to obtain the latest news, — the National Associated Press furnish- ing the groundwork of its despatches; and it has special correspondents throughout New England, and at leading centres in the whole country. In Jiwie, 1873, when Mr. Ballou sold out his interest and retired, the stock- holders unanimously placed the establishment in charge of Col. Charles H. Taylor, who has been the manager since that time. The managing editor is Benjamin P. Palmer.

"The Daily Evening Star" is a one-cent newspaper, started Oct. 18, 1880, by Robert C. McCartney. The first office was a poorly furnished room at 7 Williams Court, where it remained until August, 1881. At that time a radical change was made. New and well-furnished offices were taken at No. 332 Washington Street, by the side of the "Transcript" Building; and, although the original press-room was retained, it was quite differently equipped from what it was at the beginning, when an ordinary press having a capacity of 1,000 papers an hour was the sole equipment. To-day two Bullock presses are used, the forms are stereotyped, and the capacity is 30,000 papers an hour. The circulation, which in June, 1881, was about 6,000 copies, has increased to over 25,000 daily. The " Star " is a live independ- ent paper, and seems to be on a progressive foundation.

" The Sunday Papers " — besides the immense Sunday editions of "The Boston Herald" and "Boston Globe" — are "The Saturday Evening Gazette," " The Boston Courier," and " The Sunday Budget." " The Ga- zette " was established in 1813 by William W. Clapp, the first "publisher of " The Daily Advertiser; " and he was succeeded by his son W. W. Clapp, now of " The Boston Journal." The present editor and proprietor is Col. Henry G. Parker. The paper is a large folio. It discusses from an inde- pendent standpoint literature, politics, and the general events of the day, and pays especial attention to music, the drama, and art topics, in all their features. It was the original society paper of Boston ; and its " Out and About " columns have long furnished a favorite medium for fashion, news, and gossip. " The Gazette " has the position of the oldest of Boston news- papers, and is also recognized as a thoroughly representative paper of that which is distinctive in Boston ideas and tastes. "The Courier " was for-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.' 291

merly " The Daily Courier," and as such had a conspicuous career as one of the chief Whig papers of Boston. It was established in March, 1824, and was edited until 1848 by Joseph T. Buckingham, in his day one of the lead- ing editors of New England, and who wrote, among other things, his " Remi- niscences," which is a valuable contribution to the history cf journalism. He was succeeded as editor by Samuel Kettell (1848-55), Isaac W. Frye (1855— 60), and George Lunt. Its publication as a daily ceased Dec. 31, 1866. It is now a literary paper, conservative in politics, and of excellent tone. Its publisher is Joseph F. Travers, and its editor Arlo Bates. Among its distinguished contributors have been Webster, Choate, Everett, Winthrop, Cushing, Felton, Lanman, Congdon, Parsons, Prescott, Ticknor, Curtis, Ellis, Sprague, Story, Hillard, and many others. James Russell Lowell wrote the Biglow Papers for u The Courier." " The Budget " was started in 1878 by George B. James, who established " The Daily Globe." In June, 1881, it was purchased by William A. Hovey, the former editor of " The Transcript," and associates ; and in April, 1883, John W. Dvvyer bought out Mr. Hovey's interest, and John W. Ryan became editor, and George B. James treasurer of the Budget Publishing Company.

Bicknell's Educational Publications comprise several periodicals pub- lished by the New-England Publishing Company, of which Thomas W. Bicknell is president. Mr. Bicknell is the active business manager of all the interests of the company, and editor of its leading journals : viz., " Edu- cation," established in 1880, a bi-monthly magazine of 112 pages, containing contributions from eminent authorities ; and " The Journal of Education, — New-England and National." " The American Teacher " was founded in September, 1883, by a combination of several other school papers, and stands among the foremost of educational journals. The editorial and counting rooms are at No. 16 Hawley Street.

Juvenile Magazines published in Boston enjoy great popularity, and have a wide circulation. The oldest of this class, of publications is " The Youth's Companion." This was established in 1828, and was the first of its kind in the country. It is published by Perry Mason & Co., at 41 Temple Place. Its circulation is very large, exceeding 300,000; and it has long enjoyed a substantial prosperity. It employs some of the ablest pens, and its aim is to elevate the taste of the thousands of the young people who read and enjoy it. It is liberally illustrated, and published weekly. "Wide Awake," the young folks' monthly of art and literature, edited by Ella Far- man, is published by D. Lothrop & Co., 32 Franklin Street; who also publish " Babyland " and the " Little Folks' Reader," monthlies, and " The Pansy," weekly. "Wide Awake " is breezy, original, and notably healthful in tone. Its authors are the foremost of America and England, as are its artists and engravers. Its happy union of the entertaining and practical ranks it, per-

292 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

haps, first of the young folks' monthlies. Some of its illustrations are of a superior order, and its youthful patrons are very fond of it. The other pub- lications are for younger children. " Our Little Ones " is a new young folks' magazine, edited by William T. Adams, so widely known as " Oliver Optic." It is published by the Russell Publishing Company, at No. 149A Tremont Street. It is one of the finest of all American publications. There are other juveniles of denominational and other characters, published by the various houses, prominent among which is " Good Times," whose circulation is not far from 20,000.

" The Boston Commercial Bulletin," the office of which is on Washing- ton Street opposite the head of Water Street, may be considered the pioneer, as well as the most successful, of a class of business papers devoted to trade, commerce, and manufactures, or, in many cases, to a single branch of trade. It was founded Jan. 1, 1859, by Curtis Guild; and is now published by Curtis, B. F., and Curtis Guild, jun., under the style of Curtis Guild & Co. The two brothers, Curtis and B. F. Guild, are both natives of Boston, and well known as thoroughly experienced newspaper-men. Mr. Curtis Guild, jun., graduated at Harvard with high honors in 1881. The influential jour- nal which they publish is a model in its important way. It is a large, forty- column folio sheet, devoted to the financial, business, and manufacturing interests of the country ; and its departments of market reviews, manufac- turing news, stock-operations, insurance, mining, business changes, failures in business, gossip of trade, are original features of the paper, which are presented in a singularly attractive and systematic manner. Beside its very full amount of commercial information, which is of value to every buyer or seller, " The Boston Commercial Bulletin " occupies a high position as a literary journal. A portion of the first page of each issue is devoted to original sketches or contributions from writers of recognized reputation. Authors whose names are familiar in the leading serials of the country are engaged in this department; and its column of original pungent paragraphs known as the " Spice of Life " is a recognized celebrity. The " Bulletin " is noted for accuracy and fulness in its different departments : it is a model in make-up, typography, and paper. Its circulation is quite large, penetrat- ing every part of New England, and also extending all over the United States. It rs issued weekly at $4 a year.

"The Boston Commonwealth" was established Sept. 1, 1862, by James M. Stone and Moncure D. Conway, as a weekly advocate of the emancipa- tion of the slaves, as a measure of war, during the pending of the great civil contest in the United States, and of their subsequent arming as soldiers for the national cause, and final recognition as citizens. This purpose was long in advance of public sentiment on the subject, but it was persistently and vigorously followed. Mr. Conway -gathered about him many able writers

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

293

and thoughtful business men of anti-slavery proclivities, who cordially sus- tained his views. For a year or more the appeals to President Lincoln and his Cabinet to favor emancipation were incessant and determined, and were not without influence upon the advanced statesmen of the times. During its second year — Mr. Conway taking up his residence in England, and Mr. Stone engaging in other business — Messrs. Francis W. Bird and Frank B. Sanborn guided the interests of the paper, with the same devotion to the main purpose of its establishment. Mr. Sanborn did much to give a high literary tone to the paper in connection with its politics ; and this brought to its lists a large number of eminent subscribers, including nearly all the fa- vorite New-England authors, who have been retained throughout its career. The gentlemen interested in the paper had the peculiar satisfaction, before the war ended, of seeing their leading ideas accepted as public policy. In October, 1864, Mr. Charles W. Slack, a practical journalist, who had been connected with the " Boston Journal," " Daily Commonwealth," and " Even- ing Telegraph," was asked to take the business and editorial direction by Messrs. George L. Stearns, Francis W. Bird, Henry L. Pierce, and William Claflin, who had in turn become the owners, but who were actively engaged in private business ; and on assuming the position Mr. Slack proceeded to make the paper a representative New-England journal, devoted to politics, literature, art, current comment, and news. As such it gave an earnest sup- port to Senators Sumner and Wilson, and the Massachusetts delegation gen- erally in Congress, in all the varied measures of " reconstruction " after the war, the adoption of the constitutional amendments, etc. In this work it was first among the foremost, and had a fixed and firm policy that was of great service to the Republican leaders in Congress, and, indeed, all over the country. With the gradual settling-down of the country by acceptance of the statesmanship of the dominant party, more opportunity was given the paper to cultivate the arts and graces of peace ; and since that date it has been the aim of its conductor to minister to all that adds sweetness and dignity to life, the elevation of humanity, and the well-being of its immediate constituency. This it has done by encouraging all rational reform move- ments, by giving the best thoughts of lecturers, preachers, and other leaders of public sentiment, and by preserving the absolute purity of its columns. As a result the patronage of the journal is almost exclusively family, and the circulation among refined, progressive, and helpful people. It is still (in its twenty-first volume) published weekly, on Saturdays, at No. 25 Bromfield Street, Boston, at $2.50 per annum, or five cents'per single copy.

."The ABC Pathfinder Railway Guide," issued on the 1st of every month by the New-England Railway Publishing Company, is a useful and indispensable publication, containing official time-tables of all New-England and Provincial railroad and steamboat companies, with complete maps of

294 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

New England, and numerous sectional maps. The same company publish "The ABC Pathfinder Once a Week," containing corrected running time of every railroad centring in Boston, and correct sailing time of every harbor and coastwise steamer : " The ABC Painfinder Express List," quarterly, giving a list of expresses in New. England, revised by authority of the express-companies ; and " The ABC Pathfinder Shippers' Guide," yearly, giving a list of all the railroad, freight, and transportation companies carry- ing freight out of Boston. The president of the company is R. S. Gardiner, and the manager and treasurer is N. E. Weeks. The office is at No. 117 Franklin Street. Rand, Avery, & Co. are the printers.

Agricultural Papers. — The old " Massachusetts Ploughman " may fairly be called the leading agricultural paper of New England. It was established 43 years ago, by the well-known William Buckminster of Framingham, Mass., and was carried on by him up to the time of his decease, about 20 years since, when it came into the possession of George Noyes, of Boston, by whom it has since been successfully conducted. The new proprietor immediately initiated a series of improvements, among which was a very considerable enlargement, and the additional title " New-England Journal of Agriculture," emblematic of its enlarged mission as the representative agri- cultural newspaper of New England. About that time the New-England Agricultural Society was organized by Dr. Loring (now United-States Com- missioner of Agriculture), who became its first president, and who immedi- ately designated " The Ploughman " to be the " official organ " of the Society, " through which the leading minds of the Association could communicate with the public j " which relation continues to the present day. Such men as Marshall P. Wilder, George B. Loring, Charles L. Flint, Daniel Needham, Judge French, Paul A. Chadbourne, Alexander Hyde, Levi Stockbridge, Pro- fessor C. A. Goessman, and other leading minds rallied to its support, and gave to its columns at once a high character, which it holds to the present day. "The Ploughman" gives its best energies to the leading institutions for the progress of agricultural science, such as the order of " Patrons of Husbandry," the " Agricultural Colleges," the " Experiment Stations," and the furtherance of the work of the American Pomological Society, of which the Hon. Marshall P. Wilder is the venerated president, and of the New-England Agricultural Society, of which the United-States Commissioner of Agriculture is the hon- ored head. " The Ploughman " is published at 45 Milk St.

" The American Cultivator," published by George B. James, at 259 Washington Street, has a circulation of above 30,000. " The New-England Farmer," published by Darling & Keith, No. 34 Merchants' Row, is a vigorous and able farmers' paper.

Other Publications, including weekly, monthly, and literary, art, religious, and miscellaneous publications, are numerous, and they address all classes.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 295

JJHarftetg atttr lExrijattgesL

THE MARKETS, TRADE EXCHANGES AND ASSOCIATIONS, AND

STOCK-BOARD.

THE first market in Boston, it is believed, stood on the site of the Old State House. It is mentioned in Winthrop's Journal as having been "set up by order of the court" in March, 1634. A hundred years later three markets were located by the town, — one in North Square, one in Dock Square, and the third on the site of the present Boylston Market. Three hundred pounds were appropriated for their erection. They were opened on the 4th of June, 1734 ; and the townspeople were greatly pleased with them. It was long the custom to ring a bell daily at sunrise to give notice of the opening of the markets for the day, and at one o'clock p.m., the hour of closing. The market in Dock Square was the most frequented. In 1736-7 the old market-house here was demolished by a mob, "disguised as clergymen ; " a contention having arisen among the people as to whether they would be served at their houses in the old way, or resort to fixed local- ities. By this summary method the question was for the time being settled. In 1740 Peter Faneuil proposed to build a market-house at his own expense on the town's land here in Dock Square ; his only condition being that the town should legally authorize it, enact proper regulations, and maintain it for the purposes named. Though this offer was courteously received, such was the division of opinion, that it was accepted by a majority of only seven votes out of the number voting. The building was completed in 1742, and destroyed by fire in 1761. In 1819 a number of citizens erected what was known as the City Market, at the foot of Brattle Street, on the edge of Dock Square ; but the General Court refused to incorporate the proprietors, and the city subsequently rejected the offer of the market as a gift.

The New Faneuil-Hall Market is the name given to the floor under Faneuil Hall, universally known as the " Cradle of Liberty." The building was erected by the city in 1762, to replace the market-house on the same site destroyed by fire the year previous. It was in 1805 enlarged to its present size, 100 by 80 feet. Faneuil Hall is 74 ft. 3 in. long by 75 ft. 3 in. wide, and has no seats on the main floor and only a few in the gallery. It is used chiefly for political meetings or great public gatherings. " Webster replying to Hayne in the United States Senate, Jan. 26 and 27, 1830," a painting 16 by 30 feet, by Healy, and numerous portraits by various

>o6

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

artists, adorn the walls of the hall. The hall is granted for such meetings as the city approves ; and, although no rent is charged, the expense's, amount ing to $20 a day and $25 a night, are paid by those using the hall.

Faneuil Hall and Quincy Market, Merchants' Row. ,

The Quincy Market. — The erection of Quincy Market, — first called the Faneuil-Hall Market, and still officially known by that name though popu- larly called Quincy, — and the extensive improvements about it, constituted the greatest enterprise of the kind that had ever been undertaken in Bos- ton. It was one of the many great improvements in the city due to the remarkable energy and enterprise of Josiah Quincy, who, according to Drake, "invested the sluggish town with new life, and brought into practi- cal use a new watchword, Progress." At this time there was a row of vege- table sale-sheds on the north side of Faneuil Hall ; and the neighboring streets were obstructed with market-wagons, while farmers were compelled to occupy with their stands Union Street nearly to Hanover, and Washing- ton almost to Court. Work on Mr. Quincy's project began in 1824, the corner-stone of the new market laid in 1825, and the work finished in 1826. The market-house is of Quincy granite, two stories high, 535 feet long, and covering 27,000 feet of land. The centre part, 74 by 55 feet on the ground, rises to the height of "jy feet, and is surmounted by a fine dome. The wings in their entire extent are 30 feet high. Upon each end of the building is a

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portico with four columns, of the Grecian Doric style, each being one solid shaft of Quincy granite. The first story is occupied by the market, having its stalls on each side of a grand corridor, through the entire length of the building. Above was once a vast hall, called Quincy Hall ; and here with Faneuil Hall, a bridge being thrown across the square, connecting the two, were long held the fairs of the Massachusetts Mechanics' Association. This hall is now divided into apartments, and occupied as warerooms. The market is certainly one of the most richly and extensively furnished mar- kets in the country. It cost, exclusive of the land, $150,000. In connec- tion with the work of building this market, six new streets were opened, and a seventh greatly enlarged, including 167,000 feet of land, and flats, dock, and wharf rights obtained to the extent of 142,000 square feet. "All this," we quote from Quincy's History, " was accomplished in the centre of a pop- ulous city, not only without any tax, debt, or burden upon its pecuniary resources, but with large permanent additions to its real and productive property." The cost of the market, land, and street and other improve- ments, was $1,141,272.

The Boylston Market, at the corner of Boylston and Washington Streets, when opened in 1810 was considered far out of town. It was named for Ward Nicholas Boylston, a great benefactor of Harvard Col- lege, which has named its chemical laboratory in his honor, and a descendant of Dr. -Zabdiel Boylston, famous in the history of inoculation. Mr. Boylston presented the clock that now tells the time to pass- ers-by. Over the market is Boylston Hall, in which the organization of several churches has taken place, and a variety of musical, theatrical, and miscellane- ous entertainments have been held. It was leased for several years to the Handel and Haydn Society, and for many years it has been used by the pub- lic schools for drill purposes. The building is owned by the Boylston Market

Boylston Market, Washington Street.

298 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

Association, of which John Quincy Adams was the first president. The land was bought at 75 cents a foot, and the building cost $20,000. In 1859 an extension of 40 feet was made; and in 1870 the building was moved back from the street 1 1 feet, without the slightest disturbance to the occupants. The second story now contains the headquarters and the armories of several of the well-disciplined companies of the city militia. Jonathan French is the president of the Boylston Market Association, and Hobart Moore the clerk.

In 1852 the Blackstone Market, on Blackstone Street, and the Williams Market, on the corner of Washington and Dover Streets, were opened ; and a few years before, the Beach-street Market, in the building where the Dramatic Museum had a short career in 1848. The Williams and Beach- street Markets are discontinued. At the present time, besides those already mentioned, there are the Washington Market, the farthest up-town market, established in 1870, in a spacious and attractive building 250 feet long, situ- ated No. 1883 Washington Street; the Suffolk, corner of Portland and Sud- bury; the Central, No. 50 North; the Clinton, No. 106 South Market; the Lakeman, Blackstone, corner of North ; the St. Charles, Beach, corner of Lincoln; and the Union, Nos. 15 and 17 Washington Street. There is also, on Atlantic Avenue, between Clinton and Richmond Streets, the Mercantile- wharf Market, popularly called the farmers' market, supplied by the vegetable- farmers of the near-by towns. There are small market-houses also in East Boston and South Boston. Of the market-houses, the city owns only Faneuil Hall and Quincy ; or, as the two are designated in the official records, "Fan- euil Hall and market under the same ; Faneuil Hall Market-house and Quincy Hall over the same."

The business exchanges of Boston are quite numerous, and are for the most part conducted on a broad and generous scale. The chief one is the

Merchants' Exchange and Reading-Room, on State Street, conducted by the Boston Board of Trade, in the old Merchants' Exchange Building, where the last great conflict with the flames of the Great Fire of 1872 took place. The first Merchants' Exchange was established in 1842, when the present building was built. It occupied a fine hall, its ceiling supported by imita- tion Sienna marble columns, with Corinthian capitals, and a grand dome overhead filled with stained glass. Notwithstanding that this was well equipped and well managed, it met with indifferent success ; and some time before the Great Fire it gave way for the sub-treasury, which occupied the place until removed to its present quarters. When the Board of Trade took the matter in hand, its object was to establish an Exchange after the most approved plan, and on a par with the best and most complete in the country; and its ambition was to group all the business exchanges of the city under

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299

one roof, with the Merchants' Exchange as the main gathering-place. The old building was extensively remodelled, and to some extent rebuilt, in- side ; and the new Merchants' Exchange and Reading-Room, as thoroughly equipped and as admirably arranged as any in the country, was opened to subscribers on Oct. 1, 1S73. The main hall is 60 by 80 feet, and is well lighted by spacious windows and a monitor skylight. The floor is of dia- mond-shaped blocks of black and white marble alternately; a white mar- ble dado, four feet high, with black border, encircles the room ; and the ceiling is tastefully frescoed. Newspaper-racks are arranged along the hall's sides, one close to each of the fourteen pilasters ; and the room is pro- vided with every possible convenience. The bulletin-boards record market quotations, promptly received, from all parts of the world; the shipping- news is bulletined as received by telegraph ; vessels arriving are immediately registered ; sales of stocks and other securities are chronicled ; every change of wind is noted on a dial marked with points of the compass and connected with a large weather-vane on the roof of the building; and a variety of other in- formation of moment and value to merchants is here given. In the rear of the main hall is a large retiring- room, richly and comforta- bly furnished, with sump- tuous-looking heavy ma- hogany morocco-covered chairs and lounges. Here are held the meetings of the Board of Trade. Admittance to the Merchants' Exchange and its privileges is given only to subscribers. These number in the vicinity of 1,000, a falling-off of nearly 500 since the establishment of the rooms. This is accounted for by changes and death ; but more particularly by the establishment of so many independent trade associations, the hope of gathering all organizations in one place not being realized. The cost of maintaining the establishment is about $35,000 each year. The president is Eustace C. Fitz, and the secretary and superintendent is Edward J. Howard. The Merchants' Exchange Building was built and is owned by a stock corporation, under the name of the Merchants' Exchange Building Company. It cost, without the land, $175,000. Its front is of Ouincy granite. In 1880 many changes were made in the interior, including the introduc-

The Merchants' Exchange, State Street.

3oo ICING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

tion of a Whittier elevator. On the same floor as the main hall of the Exchange is the insurance agency of Franklin S. Phelps & Co. Mr. Phelps has been in the agency and brokerage business on State Street for the past twenty-six years, and enjoys the patronage, confidence, and esteem of many Boston business men. The adjusting of marine losses is also a specialty of this firm ; E. A. Kellogg, the junior partner, devoting his whole attention to this department.

The Boston Commercial Exchange occupies a spacious hall in the Board of Trade building, which is reached through the Merchants' Exchange, and by short flights of marble steps at the rear. It is provided with sample- tables, large blackboards for quotations, a case of " standards " for the different grades of flour and grain, — which standards are established with great care, and approved by a majority of the members of the Exchange, — books for the record of daily receipts of flour and grain, etc. The " change " hour is from 12 m. to i£ P.M. every business day; and business is limited to the sale or purchase of flour or grain and other produce, at wholesale, for cash unless otherwise provided for. Important committees are those on inspection, one on flour, and one on grain. They act as umpires to settle all cases of dispute as to the grade, soundness, etc., of the articles under their supervision. The Commercial Exchange was formerly the Corn Exchange, which was established in 1855, but not incorporated until 1868. In 1871 the present name was adopted, that the title might be broad enough to include other interests. At about this time leading provision, fish, and salt dealers joined the organization. Subsequently, however, the latter gradually withdrew; and now no interests other than flour, hay, and grain are represented in the Exchange. The membership is about 250. William O. Blaney is president, and Herman L. Buss is secretary.

The Boston Produce Exchange is on the floor over the Ouincy Market, in a spacious and lofty hall, directly under the dome of the building. This is an organization of recent date. It was organized in January, 1877. It includes the leading firms in the wholesale fruit, produce, and provision business; and a fair representation of other interests, such as the butter and cheese, fresh fish, etc. A " call " for the sale of produce is held daily at 11 a.m. The "change" hour is from 1 to 2 p.m. The membership is about 500.

The Boston Fish Bureau is the name of the fish-dealers' exchange, at No. 176 Atlantic Avenue, at the head of T Wharf. This is open daily, and is frequented by the most active men in the business. The fish- market of Boston continues to hold the leading position as the largest fish-market in the country; and it is one of the most important interests of Eastern New England. The president is Barna S. Snow, the secretary is William A. Wilcox, and the treasurer H. Staples Potter.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 301

The Shoe-and-Leather Exchange is in the lower story of the building on the site of " Church Green," at the junction of Summer and Bedford Streets, convenient to all parts of the leather-district. It was established by the New-England Shoe-and-Leather Manufacturers' and Dealers' Asso- ciation, incorporated in 1871 "for the purpose of promoting the general wel- fare of the hide-and-leather and boot-and-shoe interests of New England." The present quarters were occupied in March, 1877. Before that time, and since the Great Fire in 1872, the Exchange has occupied several places, none of which was altogether satisfactory; and the manufacturers and dealers were divided into two parties, — one desiring the general exchange located on Hanover Street, near the American House, which had long been the headquarters of the shoe-and-leather men ; and the other advocating its establishment nearer the recognized leather-district of the business portion of the city. When at length the present rooms were opened, the advantages presented by them were so great that they were soon accepted as the princi- pal headquarters of the trade. The main room is large, well lighted, and well equipped. It has ample side and retiring rooms, private and public offices, and a telegraph-office. A daily register is kept of the arrival of out-of-town dealers, and trade-reports are conspicuously bulletined. A great advantage to the members of the trade, who enjoy the privileges of the Exchange, is the information furnished by the Bureau of Credits, and the Bureau of Debts and Debtors, two important departments of the Shoe-and- Leather Association. The Bureau of Credits keeps books of ratings of the commercial standing of persons and firms dealing in hides, leather, boots and shoes, and findings, not only in New England, but in all parts of the country ; and these lists are constantly revised. The Bureau of Debts and Debtors investigates any case of mercantile failure in the trade reported to it by a creditor, recommends, and, in an emergency, takes, such action as in its judgment will promote the interests of the creditor. The Exchange is open daily during business-hours for the convenience and profit of the subscribers ; and on market-days, Wednesdays and Saturdays of each week, from 12 m. to 2| p.m., the " change " hour, the place is crowded with men of the trade. The officers of the Shoe-and-Leather Association manage the Exchange ; Augustus P. Martin is the president, and Charles S. Ingalls the secretary and general superintendent. Originally the trade had its headquarters at Wilde's Hotel on Elm Street, and subsequently at the American House on Hanover Street. Before the Great Fire, there was a much-frequented Shoe-and-Leather Exchange on Pearl Street.

The New-England Furniture Exchange is situated at No. 182 Hanover Street, not far from Haymarket Square. Its membership includes the prin- cipal manufacturers and dealers in furniture and kindred articles in New England ; and its object is mutual protection and assistance in business.

302 KING'S HANDBOOK OF- BOSTON.

It does not attempt to control prices ; but it exerts an influence in the mat- ter of the length and condition of credits, and the rate of cash discounts. Like the Shoe-and-Leather Exchange, it has a record of credits ; and being in direct communication with the furniture exchanges in other cities, and working in harmony with them, under a plan adopted by the national con- vention of furniture-men held in New York in February, 1878, it obtains prompt information regarding the financial standing of firms and traders in all parts of the country, while it aids materially in protecting creditors and debtors from disastrous consequences of failures of incompetent and dis- honest dealers. This exchange manages, in the combination of the furniture exchanges of the country, what is known as "The Boston Section," which embraces the trade in Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, that part of Connecticut east of the Connecticut River, and the Provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Quebec. The admis- sion-fee of members is $25, and the quarterly assessment $6.

The Lumber-Dealers' Association was formed in 1869, to bring about " united action, perfect harmony, and mutual understanding among lumber- dealers." It numbers about 50 active members, resident in Boston and vicinity, and meets monthly during the winter. Its president is Nathaniel M. Jewett, and its secretary Waldo H. Stearns.

The Mechanics' Exchange, which now occupies large and finely fitted up rooms at 33 and 35 Hawley Street, was started as a private enterprise in 1857, and was conducted for some time by Smith Nichols. It first occupied rooms at the corner of State and Devonshire Streets, and at various peri- ods has since been located on the opposite side of State Street and at 17 Court Street. It removed to its present quarters in 1877. About ten years ago the Exchange was re-organized, and its management was placed in the hands of a board of officers chosen by the members. A yearly assess- ment of $20 is paid by each firm belonging to the institution ; the members chiefly are master-mechanics connected with the various building-trades. The membership is now about 300, and is constantly increasing. The Ex- change is open in summer from 7 a.m. to 6 p.m., and in winter from 8 to 5. The busiest hour is between 12 M. and 1 p.m. Then the rooms are crowded by the members, who meet to form plans, compare views, make contracts and bargains, pay bills, and transact other business. Many members have no other headquarters than the Exchange, and have special boxes here for their papers and correspondence. The operations of the members are not confined to the city ; and large contracts are taken for all parts of the coun- try, including New England, New York, and the West. The building oper- ations of Boston in some single years amount to $8,000,000, and the greater amount of these are carried on by members of the Exchange. The president of the Exchange is B. D, Whitcomb, and the superintendent George B, Chadbourne,

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3°3

The Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association was founded in 1795, and incorporated in 1806. Its annual income is employed to relieve the distresses of unfortunate mechanics and their families, to promote inventions and improvements in the mechanic arts by granting premiums for inventions and improvements, to assist young mechanics with loans of money, and to establish schools and libraries for the use of apprentices and the improvement of the arts. The association awards certificates to appren- tices, who, on arriving at 21 years of age, bring testimonials from the per- sons with whom they served, showing that they have behaved with fidelity and attention, and have not violated any agreement made by them. Every

The old Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association building, Chauncy Street (now Merchants'

Building),

third year the association holds a special meeting called the " Triennial Festival." At irregular intervals, averaging every three years, it holds a public exhibition, popularly called the " Mechanics1 Fair." For many years these fairs were held in Faneuil and Ouincy Halls, the two being connected by a bridge extending over the street. In 1878 a temporary building for its fair was erected on Park Square, Columbus Avenue, and Pleasant Street. In i860 the association erected the fine dark freestone building, in the Italian Renaissance style, on the north-west corner of Chauncy and Bedford Streets, at a cost, including the land, of $320,000. It was sold in 1SS1 . The same year the association erected, at a cost of $500,000, a permanent building, suit- able for exhibitions and all the purposes needed, at the corner of Huntington

3o4 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

Avenue and West Newton Street. It covers an area of more than 110,000 square feet. Its front on the avenue is 600 feet, and on West Newton Street 300 feet ; and at its widest part it is 345 feet. Its avenue front is Renaissance, with free treatment in style. Arches of graceful curves rise nearly to the coping. These and the adjacent walls are massively laid in red brick, with sills and caps of freestone, and terra-cotta ornaments. On one side of the main arch of the central exhibition-hall is a head of Franklin representing electricity ; and on the other, one of Oakes Ames representing steam as shown in railroading. Surrounding these are spandrels of palm, oak, and olive branches, in which appear the arm and hammer of the asso- ciation's seal, typical of the mechanical craft. An octagonal tower, 90 feet high and 40 feet in diameter, forms the easterly termination of the building. Here are two wide entrances, one from Huntington-avenue sidewalk, the other from the carriage-porch, itself an attractive piece of ornamentation, built of brick and stone with open-timbered and tiled roof. The building is admirably arranged for the purposes for which it was designed. At the easterly end, adjoining the tower, is the "administration building;" beyond this westerly is the great " exhibition-hall," with spacious galleries and an ample basement ; beyond that, the "grand hall," extending across the west end; and, between the balconies of these two halls, the art galleries and studios. The grand hall will seat 8,000 people, and is fitted with an elegant organ, one of the finest in the country, and all conveniences for large gather- ings. The " administration building " contains on the first story the various offices; on the second floor, large and small dining-rooms; and on the third, a large and attractively finished hall. The first exhibition of industry, skill, and art in this building (the fourteenth of the Association's series) was held in "September and October, 1881, when fully 375,000 persons visited it;- and the proceeds were upwards of $112,000, with expenses of about $80,000. In contributions, conveniences, elegance, and results, it transcended all pre- vious exhibitions. Some of the most remarkable developments of the later years in science and mechanics — like the strength-testing machine, the railway electric safety-signals, the electric-lights, the postal-stamp cancel- ling-machine, etc. — were presented at this exhibition ; and 54 gold medals, 253 silver medals, 355 bronze medals, and 337 diplomas awarded, besides, for the first time, a "grand medal of honor," of gold, exquisitely wrought, for the single exhibit "most conducive to human welfare." This last was taken by Mr. Albert H. Emery, civil engineer, of New York, for the strength-testing machine. Among the early presidents were Paul Revere, who served 4 years ; Jonathan Hunnewell, 9 years ; and Benjamin Russell, 14 years. The officers for 1S83 are Nathaniel J. Bradlee, president; Charles R. McLean, vice-president; Frederic W. Lincoln, treasurer; and Joseph L. Bates, secretary.

306 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

The Boston Merchants' Association is an organization established in 1S76. and incorporated in December, 1SS0, ''for the purpose of promoting the interests of Boston by maintaining places for social and business meetings and intercourse, and diffusing useful knowledge."' It has standing commit- tees, on arbitration, which are to decide questions of dispute and difference between members; on transportation ; and on debts and debtors, to investi- gate failures in trade. It has a membership of 320 firms and individuals, representing the different business interests of the city, the wholesale dry- goods predominating. It is established in attractive rooms in the old build- ing of the Charitable Mechanics' Association, on the corner of Bedford and Chauncy Streets, which were first occupied in the summer of rS8o. They comprise a main dining-hall fitted in ash tables and chairs of Eastlake pattern, and two parlors connected, for business or social purposes. The rooms are finelv finished, and the walls are hunsr with an attractive collection of paintings. The annual and occasional dinners of the association are in- teresting local features, and it frequently leads in the entertainment of dis- tinguished guests in the city. The president is Augustus Whittemore; treasurer, Joseph \V. Woods; clerk, Edwin R. Walker.

The Boston Mining-Stock Exchange, at No. 66 State Street, was estab- lished in 1S79. It was originally organized as a corporation under the State laws: but in the spring of the present year the members voted to abandon the corporation and re-orsranize as an association, for convenience in manaire- ment. Consequently the supreme court legally dissolved the old corpora- tion, at its own request: and re-organization was effected during the summer. The "Exchange" room is well arranged for the convenient and prompt transaction of business. The membership is not large. About a hundred mining-companies have offices in Boston.

The Boston Marine Society is one of the oldest organizations in Boston. It was instituted in 1742, under the name of the Fellowship Club, and was incorporated in 1754. Its active members are masters of vessels ; and its honorary members arc owners of vessels, merchants, and others. It aims to improve the knowledge of this coast by having its various members com- municate in writing their observations on their inward and outward trips, of the variation of the needle, the soundings, courses, and distances, and all remarkable things about the coast : also to relieve one another and their families in poverty or other adverse accidents in life. The society has a fund of about $125,000. Its grants to indigent members and their families in the past So years amount to $300,000, of which $120,000 was granted during the past 20 years. The president is Octavius Howe, and the secre- tary Henry Howard. The society occupies Room 13 in the Merchants" Exchange building.

The Boston Board of Marine Underwriters was organized in 1S50. Its

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON

307

object is to obtain such benefit as may be derived from consultations on measures of general interest, and from concerted action where such action is likely to promote the interests of its members, who comprise almost exclusively the Boston insurance-companies doing marine business. It has agents in all parts of the world, from whom is constantly received informa- tion regarding vessels in trouble. The inspectors of the board inspect and rate all vessels that arrive at this port. This board also makes the tariff of charges for marine insurance. The board has its office in the Merchants' Exchange building. Isaac Sweetser is president, and George H. Folger secretary.

The New-England Manufacturers' and Mechanics' Institute is a joint- stock corporation organized under the laws of the State ; its fundamental object being to establish an organization of the manufacturers and mechanics

New-England Manufacturers' and Mechanics' Institute.

of New England, for the purpose of securing the general improvement of its manufacturing and mechanical interests. It was organized in Septem- ber, 1878, and incorporated in April the following year. Its capital stock was fixed at $200,000, divided into shares of $25 each. The first work of the new organization was the erection of a substantial, permanent, fire-proof exhibition-building. This was begun in the spring of 1881, and completed in the autumn. It is situated on Huntington Avenue, and covers an area of nearly five acres of land. Its available floor space for exhibition pur- poses exceeds eight acres. The main entrance opens into an ample vesti- bule, which has a depth of 134 feet, and a lateral extent about 250 feet. Across the width of the vestibule three broad avenues extend, one leading directly to the central avenue or aisle of the main building, the others lead- ing diagonally towards the two other aisles extending the full length of the main floor parallel to the main or central aisle. The interior construction

3o8 ICING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

of the main building is without partitions, so that the view of the vast in- terior is not obstructed. Two galleries, each 63 feet wide, extend lengthwise of the building. These are not built against the side walls, but parallel to them, and at a distance from them of 63 feet. There are galleries also at the front and rear of the building, constructed in the usual way. The front gallery is spacious, and corresponds to the dimensions of the vestibule below it. The space bounded by the gallery fronts is 400 feet long, 126 wide, clear of columns, and open to the roof, a height of 80 feet. The first fair of the Institute was opened on Aug. 18, .1881. It is proposed to have industrial exhibitions annually. The second exhibition opened on the 6th of Septem- ber, 1882, and remained opened until the 12th of November, achieving a great success. The president of the organization is James L. Little ; John F. Wood is treasurer, and F. W. Griffin secretary. The fair is under the immediate direction of an executive committee, which includes the officers of the institute and representatives of different mercantile interests. Dur- ing the summer the exhibition building of the institute is utilized as a great popular summer-amusement establishment, in which there is provided a large theatre, an extensive billiard-room, a roller-skating hall, a bicycle and trotting-track, a shooting-gallery, spacious bowling-alley, large restaurant, and various other novel and familiar attractions, all under one roof. It is called "The Casino." It is open daily and evenings, except on Sundays, and is largely patronized. At night it is brilliantly lighted by the electric light.

KING'S HANDBOOK' OF BOSTON.

>°9

E\)c Backbone of tijc Citg.

PROMINENT AND INTERESTING MERCANTILE AND MANU- FACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS.

THE interesting features of Boston shown in the previous chapters, and many that were necessarily left unmentioned, are due chiefly to the liberality and culture of the business-men from whom is obtained the money required to carry to completion all material improvements. It is true that many professional men give money to aid great works: but it will be found, if traced back sufficiently, that this money was earned by them, directly or indirectly, from the business-men. This fact alone would justify sketches of corporations and individuals who have acquired success in the honorable management of their various pursuits: but to this can be added the state- ment that many of the most interesting features of the city are in the factories and warehouses where the necessities and luxuries of life are made and sold.

If we think of the wares of the merchants, and also of the productive and commercial agencies employed to place them at the disposal of the people, we certainly will grant that the shops of a great citv are among the most suggestive subjects for reflection. In a book of this class, making no claims to be a " city directory,"' there is but little space in which to notice the thousands of mercantile and manufacturing firms : and this space must be given to only a few of those owning establishments of a prominent char- acter or of great public interest. The business-structures include many of the finest specimens of architecture in the citv. The stores contain displays of goods, that, placed in museums or exhibition-rooms, would make attractive and exceedingly valuable collections as works of art. In the manufactories, so often overlooked and so seldom looked over by resident or visitor, are to be seen some of the greatest exhibitions of skill and ingenuity, as well as some of the most interesting subjects. It is particularly appropriate to begin our sketches with that of a house uniting specially noteworthy architec- tural, commercial, and manufacturing features. This establishment and the others described afterward are open to visitors. We refer to

Macullar, Parker, & Company, the famous clothiers and tailors, who have established their great manufactory and warehouse at No. 400 Washington Street, in a very commodious and stately marble building From a business point of view, and with more particular reference to the retail trade, it may be

3io

A'/NG'S HANDBOOA' OF BOSTON.

said that this location is very near the heart of the city. Summer, Frank- lin, and Milk Streets from the south-east, and Temple Place and Winter and Bromfield Streets from a north-westerly direction, converge here toward

a common cen- tre, swelling the ceaseless tide of travel through Washington Street to pro- portions that were little dreamed of thir- ty years ago. The fire of 1S72 came up to the head of Frank- lin Street from the water- side, but did not cross Washington Street. T h e building- then occupied by Macullar, Par- ker, & Compa- ny was one of the last to suc- cumb to the progress of the flames in that direction ; and its ruins very nearly marked the north-west- erly limit of the great disaster. The present building stands on precisely the

same site, and, as being the place of an exceptional combination in trade and manufacture, forms mainly the subject of this writing.

It may lend some interest to what we have to say, if we begin with the

"FSSSRBi

Macullar, Parker, & Company, Washington Street

AT/JVC S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON 3"

statement, that for the year ending May 31, 1880, according to the United- States census report, 10,354 employe's were engaged in making men's cloth- ing in the city of Boston. It is understood that special efforts were made to secure accuracy in the returns, and that experts only were employed to conduct the canvass, and arrange the results for publication. The value of production in this line for that year was $16,157,892. From any and all points of view, it appears that this industry leads all others in Boston. While the business has been pursued in general with an energy that is inseparable from the methods of a great distributing centre-, we are still to remember that in this as in all other pursuits there is the inevitable differ- ence that springs from intelligent and honorable effort on the one hand, and that other element which is content to remain passively in a second or third rate position. It is the difference, simply, that exists between the best and that which is commonplace and inferior.

It is now thirty years and more since three young men mapped out an enterprise that to their minds seemed feasible. It may be that they " builded better than they knew ; " but be that as it may, certain it is that their plans — developed from year to year as occasion required, and never deviated from through all vicissitudes of hard times, dull seasons, and serious loss by fire — have culminated in a business and a reputation that have never been exceeded by other parties in the same sphere of action. Referring to the trade in ready-made clothing at the time when these part- ners began for themselves, we may say, without assuming an undue cen- sorial tone, that there was room for improvement in business methods. Transactions in some quarters were not characterized by any very fine sense of right, and inexperienced buyers could not always depend upon the quality of their purchases. It required- some courage on the part of the new firm to lay down for their own guidance certain canons in business ethics that were to be as immutable as the laws of the Medes and Persians, and then trust to a future, more or less remote, for vindication and success. It goes without saying, that such men might be depended upon for truthful state- ments and fair dealing ; but that was not all. It was determined that every article sent out from their shops should be perfect in every detail. There were to be no goods liable to fade, no fancy colors that would not stand a long exposure to the sun or rain, no mixture of cotton in warp or woof, and no half-way workmanship in making and trimming garments. A certain standard was set up ; and so far as chemical science could point out frauds in textures, and rigid inspection by experts could detect flaws in workman- ship, that standard from that day to this has never been compromised. This is a matter that admits of exact statement, and the asseveration has never been disputed. Of the gradual expansion of such a business from small beginnings to its present scope and continental fame, we are not now

312

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

to speak. The remainder of our space can only be given to a brief summary of results as seen to-day.

The great building, that to the public eye represents the outcome of these thirty-one years of progress on such reputable lines, fronts on two streets, — Washing- ton and Hawley. No adequate idea of its size can be had from a street view. It is only by pass- ing through from one end to the other, that the vis- itor realizes its pos- sibilities in dimen- sions and equip- ment. The floor space amounts to an area of 60,000 feet. Counting the basement — where the engine, boilers, steam-pumps, ven- tilating apparatus, shafting, and car- penter's and ma- chinist's shops are located — it is al- most 70,000. The building was de- signed expressly for the business, and in points of safety, comfort, and ventilation, is equal to any public structures on a similar scale of magnitude. Within two years, more floor space for work and store rooms was called for. This demand was promptly met by annexing rooms in adjacent buildings ; and now four very large apartments, fronting respectively on Washington and Hawley

Hawley-street Front of Macullar, Parker, & Company's Building.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 3*3

Streets, supplement the accommodations of the original building, adding an area of at least half an acre. These outside rooms are in each case con- nected with the central workrooms by covered iron bridges. There is now ample space (but none to spare) for the movements of more than six hundred operatives and clerks ; and work drives from one year's end to the other, barring vacation time and the holidays, for no employe is asked to work when all considerations of propriety say that he or she ought to rest. Their time is freely and cheerfully given them for the observance of all the legal holidays, and in many other instances they receive favors entirely out of the usual course. Thus the building encloses a little commonwealth of cheerful, contented, and well-paid workers, who take an interest in the house, and a pride in its productions.

No work is sent out ; the idea being, that by passing a garment along in the shops from hand to hand through the different stages of completion, until some fourteen specialists have each assisted in the line to which he or she was trained, an absolute perfection is attained, which can be arrived at in no other way where goods are made in such large quantities for stock purposes. This seems to be correct in theory; and, indeed, we have been told by competent authority that Macullar, Parker, & Company's ready-made clothing is, and from the nature of things must be, superior to the general run of custom-made articles. For instance, button-holes are better formed and stitched by a person who does nothing else, than when they have to take their chances in the ordinary way ; and so it is with making seams, shaping up collars, and all the other minutice of the business.

The firm import their own foreign piece goods, and have a direct interest in the manufacture of home fabrics that take second place only after the best in Scotland and England. Of these piece goods they are jobbers, selling any number of yards that may be wanted by merchant-tailors from Maine to Utah. They have agencies in Chicago, New York, and Phila- delphia; and in this way they become the distributers annually of an im- mense amount of first-class woollens. Among other European mills with which they have a direct correspondence, we may mention the representative concerns in Scotland that are located at Aberdeen, Selkirk, Hawick, and Dumfries, and those in England at Huddersfield, Bath, Stroud, and Trow- bridge.

In 1876 a branch house was established in Providence for the sale of ready-made clothing. Since then a department has been added for the pro- duction of custom-made articles. The Providence building was designed and built for this firm's exclusive occupancy.

Of course such a house with such a record must lead rather than follow in all improvements. Many of their methods are peculiar to themselves ; and one of the greatest inconveniences of the Great Fire was caused by the

314 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

destruction of special patterns and models that no money could duplicate from other sources.

The accompanying views of Macullar, Parker, & Company's building, will recall It to the minds of many people who are .not residents of Boston. The handsome fagade of white marble is a familiar feature of the archi- tecture of Washington Street, while the sectional presentation is a piece of realistic work that has attracted much attention from its effectiveness and novelty of design. From roof to sub-cellar, the interior of the structure appears in this illustration as it would if one of the outer walls were entirely removed.

Of the original firm, Messrs. Addison Macullar and Charles W. Parker still retain their membership. The senior partner resides in Worcester, and is not now an active manager. Mr. George B. Williams withdrew in 1879. Mr. Parker is the general manager in all departments, and has given successful direction to affairs for many years. He is ably seconded by the junior partners, — Messrs. Nathan D. Robinson, Ira B. Fenton, James L. Wesson, and Hatherly Foster.

Bradstreet's Mercantile Agency occupies for its Boston business the commodious, spacious, and elegant offices at 100 Franklin Street, corner of Devonshire. The name and purpose of this organization are familiar to mer- chants, manufacturers, and bankers throughout the civilized world. It was established in 1849 by J. M. Bradstreet, who soon after admitted his .son under the firm-style of J. M. Bradstreet & Son. In 1863 the senior died; but, by special act of the Legislature of the State of New York, the style remained the same until April, 1876, when it was incorporated. In August of the same year the business was purchased by the present stockholders, and has since that time been conducted by The Bradstreet Company. It has been from its inception noted for enterprise and progressiveness, and, under the present management especially, has made rapid strides toward perfection by the adoption of a system and discipline excelled by no cor- poration extant, and being equivalent to that of the strictest military organ- ization. Having no entangling alliances, owning and controlling its vast business in America, Europe, Australasia, and the Hawaiian Islands, it stands before the commercial world to-day as the best exponent of a system which the wonderful development of intercommunication and the changed relation of business interests have made a necessity. This company also publish the well-known journal, " Bradstreet's," which has become an ac- knowledged authority on all subjects connected with trade, finance, and public economy. The information and statistics presented in this paper, and particularly the reports of the condition of business, the growth, maturity, and volume of the leading cereals, are distinctively its own, and are eagerly sought for and copied by the better class of journals.

KING 'S HANDBOOK OF BOS TON. 3 1 5

The Boston Gaslight Company is one of the oldest business associa- tions in Boston, and was incorporated in 1822. Previously to that time, experiments in the manufacture of illuminating-gas had been carried on in a building in Avery Street, near Mason Street, which was at one time used as a circus and riding-school. Dr. John W. Webster, by whom these ex- periments had been initiated, was appointed treasurer and clerk of the new company, and became its principal manager. The first president was Bry- ant P. Tilden; and among the stockholders were Charles P. Curtis, John C. Gray, Francis C. Gray, Horace Gray, Patrick T. Jackson, William Pres- cott, Franklin Dexter, and Nathan Hale. In spite of the forethought and energy which these gentlemen carried into all their undertakings, and which at a later period contributed largely to the growth and prosperity of Bos- ton, the new enterprise proved very unsuccessful ; and, before the end of two years, some of the stockholders gave away their shares, rather than become liable for further assessments.

Shortly afterward the manufacture was discontinued ; but it was soon resumed under the direction of Mr. Henry Robinson, an Englishman by birth, who had already established gas-works in Baltimore, and had pro- posed to introduce the manufacture into Philadelphia. On the rejection of his proposals by the city government of Philadelphia, he came to Boston, in 1827; and in the following year a small lot of land, on what is now known as Hull Street, was bought for the erection of new works. This purchase forms the nucleus of the large estate at the North End gradually acquired by the Gas Company during fifty years. Mr. Robinson's experience and business capacity produced their natural results : he was chosen president of the company, and the enterprise began to prosper. Since that time the company -has quietly pursued its own way, enlarging its works and extend- ing its pipes as the use of gas has increased, and improving the processes of manufacture while reducing the price of the commodity. From the first a uniform policy has been pursued ; and whenever it has become reasonably certain that the regular dividends could be maintained, the price of gas has been voluntarily reduced. In no other Atlantic city has gas been sold lower than it has been in Boston, and in very few has it been sold so low. In 1828, when the affairs of the company were first put on a commercial basis, the price of gas was fixed at $5.00 per thousand feet, with an annual meter- rent, which was charged in many places down to a very recent date. Soon the meter-rent was abolished, and by successive steps the price of gas has been reduced to $1.80. Only once during the half-century has the steady process of reducing the price of gas been interrupted. Under the greatly increased cost of labor and materials of all kinds during and immediately after the Rebellion, with the heavy tax on the manufacture, the price rose by successive stages, from $2.25 in January, 1864, to $3.25 in January, 1865.

316 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

Through its whole history, the managers of the Gas Company have been men who felt, that, while they furnished one of the prime necessaries of life, they were responsible to the community for the proper use of the rights granted them by their charter ; and this fact has been recognized by suc- cessive city governments, and by the great body of gas-consumers. Boston is the only large American city where there has never been a competing gas- company. Repeated attempts have been made to organize competing com- panies, for the most part by speculators from other cities. But so satisfac- tory have been the quality and price of the gas furnished by the existing company, that these adventurers have been unable to gain a footing. After looking over the field, and finding that they would not be bought off, they have abandoned the attempt. Gas-consumers have reaped the benefit in the lower price at which gas has been sold ; for the Gas Company has not been obliged to pay dividends on watered stock, or on the consolidated capi- tals of companies once in sharp competition but afterward united.

In 1872 a considerable tract of land was purchased at Commercial Point, with the view of constructing a new station, — the demand for gas having reached a point which taxed to the utmost the capacity of the North End works. But in November of that year occurred the Great Fire, and shortly afterward came the financial crisis which inflicted so heavy a blow on the prosperity of Boston. The Gas Company suffered in common with the rest of the community, and the sales of gas fell off very largely. With the revival of business the Gas Company shared also with the rest of the com- munity. The operations at Commercial Point were resumed; and in 1882 a large gas-holder was constructed, and connected with the works and dis- tributing-pipes of the company. In the early part of 1883 ground was broken there for the erection of works for the manufacture of gas, in addi- tion to the supply from the North End. The new works have been planned on a large scale, with a view to a symmetrical enlargement from time to time.

Mr. Robinson's successors as president were the late Samuel Atkins Eliot and the late John Amory Lowell, names never to be mentioned in Boston without respect and honor. As mayor of the city, Mr. Eliot left a reputation surpassed by none and equalled by few of his successors in that office. As sole trustee of the Lowell Lecture Fund, and father of the "Suf- folk-bank system," Mr. Lowell impressed himself on the community to an extent which few other men have done. The present president is Mr. James L. Little. The treasurer is Mr. William W. Greenough, and the secretary is Mr. Charles C. Smith. Both Mr. Greenough and Mr. Smith have been officers of the corporation for upward of thirty years. Mr. Charles D. Lamson is superintendent at the works, and Mr. M. S. Green- ough general assistant. The capital of the company is $2,500,000, divided into shares of a par value of $500 each.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

3*7

Little, Brown, & Co., 254 Washington Street, are the lineal successors of a book-shop kept in 1784 by E. Battelle, in the Marlborough Street of that time. In 1787 this business went into the hands of Benjamin Guild, who called it the Boston Bookstore, and kept it for a while at 59 Cornhill (now Washington Street), and afterwards at 1 Cornhill, on the south corner of Spring Lane. In 1792 Samuel Cabot became the proprietor, and con- tinued as such until 1797, when he was succeeded by William P. and Lem- uel Blake, who, besides keeping a good stock of books and stationery, pub- lished a few works, and kept a circulating library. They sold out in 1806 to William Andrews, who carried on the business until his death in 181 3. Then Jacob A. Cummings, a schoolmaster, and William Hilliard, a printer, and proprietor of the Harvard University bookstore, became the purchasers. In 1821 Timothy H. Carter was admitted as partner; and, after Cum- mings's decease, several persons, among them Harrison Gray, Charles C. Little, John H. Wilkins, Charles Brown, and James Brown, were at various times members of the firm, the style of which was consequently changed. It was in 1825 Cummings, Hil- liard, & Co., and in 1827 Hilliard, Gray, & Co. In 1830 the firm sold their stand and a part of their stock to William Hyde, and they themselves removed to Washington Street. Here they greatly increased their transactions in the publication and sale of law-books and the importation of foreign works. In 1837 Charles C. Little and James Brown became the sole proprietors ; and in 1846 Augustus Flagg was admitted as partner, and the present firm name was adopted. This, therefore, is the oldest house in its line in Boston. For many years the firm have been the leading American publishers of law- books; and through their publication of the laws of the United States, and of the works of Kent, Greenleaf, Story, Parsons, Washburn, Wheaton, and other eminent legal authors, they are well known to lawyers everywhere. They publish monthly " The American Law Review ; " and a considerable portion of their shelves is devoted to standard and rare works in American and English law. In general literature their "publications are mainly of the solid kind, such as the histories of Bancroft, Palfrey, Parkman, and Sparks; the speeches of Adams, Everett, Quincy, Webster, and Winthrop, and

Little, Brown, 8c Co., Washington St.

3i8 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

make a specialty of the importation of English books, and of expensive works in art and science, and keep a remarkably large and attractive collec- tion of books in elegant bindings. The firm now consists of John Bartlett, Thomas W. Deland, John Murray Brown, and George Flagg. The build- ing occupied by Little, Brown, & Co. is the property of Harvard University, the coat-of-arms of which appears on the stone front.

The Whittier Machine Company was incorporated in 1874, and suc- ceeded to the business of Campbell, Whittier, & Co., which began 37 years ao-o. The works cover more than an acre of ground, fronting on Tremont Street, and extending on Culvert Street to Hampshire Street. The main, building is of brick, 216 by 37 feet, and two stories high, with L 28 by 60. Off from the main building is the blacksmith-shop, 55 by 33 feet; and in an adjoining room is a 25-horse-povver engine, with a 50-horse-power boiler, that operates the machinery. On the south side of the main building is the boiler-shop, 100 by 67 feet, containing a powerful steam-riveter and other heavy machinery. At the easterly end of the yard is a two-story warehouse- building, used partly for stables., This company employs 250 or more per- sons, and strives to secure competent and trustworthy mechanics, to train them to its style of work, and then to give them constant employment. It is a principle of the management, to discover the merit of each workman, and advance him to the position which his merits have won. Some of their employes have been in the establishment over thirty years. The company is composed of six persons, each owning a certain portion of stock. The great specialties of the Whittier Machine Company are steam-boilers and steam and hydraulic elevators. The whole work in wood, iron, or other materials, necessary to build and put up elevators, steam-engines, and boilers, is car- ried on under one roof. In connection with their specialties they own many patents covering recent and valuable improvements, one of which allows the combination of a double screw with a single winding-drum, with- out the loss of any of the safeguards usual to similar machinery. Another improvement is the lever arrangement, by which the slackening of the hoisting-rope from any cause checks the motion of the winding-drum, and locks the elevator-car until the rope is properly adjusted. Their elevator- cars are used by thousands of people every day in all parts of the country; and the name of the Whittier Machine Company is well known in Boston, New York, and other large cities. Many buildings, noticed in this book, have the Whittier elevators. Among the buildings in Boston are those of the United-States Post-Office, the Mutual Life-Insurance Company, the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association, the Hotel Vendome, the _ Hotel Brunswick, the Parker House, the Hotel Boylston, Adams House and Revere House, the Hemenway Building, Young's Hotel, the First National Bank, the Merchants' National Bank, and the Merchants' Exchange. In New

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 3*9

York, Brown Brothers & Co., bankers, the Orient Insurance Company, and the Stevens Building, all on Wall Street, use the Whittier elevators; and, they are found in the '-Tribune" and the Welles, Duncan, and Bryant Buildings, and the Metropolitan Hotel. They are also used in the Arlington, the Riggs House, and the Portland, Washington. This com- pany was awarded two gold medals for hydraulic elevators, a gold medal for steam elevators, and a silver medal for steam boilers, at the Mechanics' Fair in 1S7S: and also received the highest award at the Sydney International Exhibition at New South Wales in 1879. The works are numbered 1 1 76 Tremont Street. The president is Charles Whittier, who, 37 years ago, became connected with the firm of Campbell, Whittier, & Co., mentioned above: and the treasurer is A. C. Whittier. This flourishing business attains greater dimensions every year.

Williams and Everett's Fine-Art Galleries. — This firm have been so long engaged in business, that their store is famous; and no one can say that he has seen Boston till he has been in iheir print-shop and picture- gallery. The business was established in 1S10, when John Doggett and S. S. Williams opened a store in Cornhill. Since that time there have been only four changes in location, and but four changes in organization. The present style of the firm was adopted in 1853, and the store now occupied built in 1873. Long known as the pioneer art-store of Boston, their rooms have introduced to the public the works of William M. Hunt. Dr. William Rimmer, R. H. Fuller, G. S. Healy, Thomas Hinckley, Mrs. Darrah, and other well-known artists. Here, too, French pictures were first offered to Boston buyers. As interest in art has increased, the firm have extended their facilities, and have now direct relations with many prominent European artists, and with leading European dealers and experts. Their stock is the largest in New England, and one of the largest in the country. In the gallery, regarded as the best in Boston, reached by a grand staircase at the rear of the store, and open freely to visitors, are to be seen some of the finest pictures of our time, both American and foreign: and in the ante-rooms, connected with the gallery, may always be found choice and desirable works. In the store are departments for engravings, water-colors, and photographs. If you want a fine engraving, a rare proof, a unique etching, a carbon reproduction of a favorite picture by one of the old masters, or a representative work of the modern schools, if you desire instructive photographs of ancient sculpture or classic ruin, you are sure to find them in the ample folios of this establishment. Frames and pictures are so closely connected, that the firm have always made a specialty of picture, portrait, and mirror frames. For this work they occupy the entire upper floors of their building, and employ from thirty to fifty skilful workmen. Artistic styles and thorough workmanship have given them pre- eminence, and secured them customers all over the country. Artists realize

;20

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

the importance of appropriate frames for pictures; and many prominent

painters, from Gilbert Stuart and Washington Allston of early days to William M.Hunt,George Fuller, and others of later date, have been quite content to trust this matter to the taste and judgment of this house. The buildings of VV i 1 1 i a m s 8: Everett have their main front on Washington Street, No. 508, while the L-front is at 5 Bedford Street. The il- lustration gives a view of the lower store with the staircase leading to the

Williams & Everett, 508 Washington Street. galler)"' which is

continually visit ed by the best people of Boston.

Fairbanks, Brown, & Co. represent E. & T. Fairbanks & Company of St. Johnsbury, Vt . the world-famous scale-makers. The business of the Fairbanks began in 1S25. and now gives employment to about 1,000 men. The workshops at St. Johnsbury are solidly built of brick, and have a floor- area of Si acres. The corporation owns 93 tenement-houses, a saw-mill. and 6.000 acres of timber-land, all connected with the works; 4,000 tons of coal, 8,000 tons of iron, and 2.000.000 feet of lumber are yearly consumed. The annual product of this factory, last year, was 83,000 scales of even- style, size, and value. The quality of these scales is unequalled by those of any other maker in the world. The corporation has twenty-eight busi- ness depots in this country, a lan*e establishment in London, and branches

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

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FAIRBANKS, BROWN, & CO. MILK AND CONGRESS STREETS

32 2 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

all over the world. In 1S77 a large five-story warehouse was erected for the Boston branch at S3 .Milk Street, fronting Post-Office Square. The fronts, 27 feet on Milk Street and 95 feet on Congress Street, are of light Ohio sandstone. The building in appearance is characteristic of the solid concern that occupies it: and the architect, Nathaniel J. Bradlee, fully con- siderin"- the needs of the business, adapted the building to them. It is in one of the very best locations, and is surrounded by the new Post-Office and the buildings of the New-England Life, the .Mutual Life, and the Equitable Life Insurance Companies described heretofore. The lower floors contain a beautiful display of Fairbanks scales, and also type-writers, money-drawers, coffee-mills, store-trucks, and other articles of useful store equipments.

Hook & Hastings' large church-organ establishment, on Tremont Street, is especially worthy of mention. Established in 1S27 by Elias and George G. Hook, who began in a small shop on Friend Street, afterward moving to one on Leverett Street, their business has since increased until the capacity and production of their present factory are greater than that of any other in the world. Both of its founders being dead, the principal of the house is now F. H. Hastings, who for nearly thirty years has been engaged in the business with them, and for fifteen years or more has been the active part- ner. Messrs. Hook & Hastings have furnished ninety-seven church-organs in the city of Boston alone : and their instruments are found in every part of the country, and have a world-wide reputation. The largest and smallest organs, for cathedrals, churches, halls, or parlors, are built by them ; alike in mechanical excellence and in that purity and richness of tone which charac- terize all their instruments. During the fifty-six years in which they have been engaged in business, they have completed nearly twelve hundred in- struments, among which are the most noted and the largest organs on this continent. The magnificent organ in the Music Hall at Cincinnati, O., built in 1S78, is the largest in America. It stands unrivalled in purity and power, perfection of mechanism, and general excellence. This instrument has four manuals, ninety-six stops, twelve pedal movements, — including a grand crescendo pedal which controls every stop in the organ, — and 6.237 pipes. The large four-manual organ in the Church of St. Francis Xavier, New-York City, built by them in 1881, is unequalled by any church-organ in the country. The factory, at 1131 Tremont Street, is two hundred feet long, and contains two finishing-halls, beside many large work rooms, fitted with all available machinerv, and every convenience for manufacturing and test- ing instruments of the largest size: as well as large storehouses in which lumber, obtained from all parts of the continent, is dried and stored. Their large business enables them to systematize their work under the direction of various experts, each proficient in his own department; thus securing the most perfect result and the greatest economy. Possessing and applying all

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

323

important improvements, their relations with eminent European builders, the employment of experts trained in their factories, the ingenuity and skill of our American workmen, combined with their constant endeavor to ad- vance the standard of their work, have enabled these builders to attain the highest position in their art. Their factory is a constant source of pleasure and instruction to musical strangers visiting our city, who are at all times cordially welcomed : and to see the work in its various stages toward the completion of either a small organ for some gentleman's parlor, or a large one for some church, many of which are always to be seen, well repays a visit to this old establishment.

Henry H. Tuttle & Co., at the corner of Washington and Winter Streets, have the handsomest and best-stocked shoe-store in America, with a very

Henry H, Tuttle & Co.'s Shoe-store.

extensive patronage, and a reputation which extends far beyond the narrow bounds of New England. The basement is used as a wareroom ; and the main floor, L-shaped, is divided into two parts, one of which is for ladies, misses, and children, and the other for men and boys.

The stock kept in this spacious store is remarkable for its size and

324

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

variety, and includes boots and shoes from the leading American and Euro- pean makers, ranging from the finest imported French-calf boot to the plainest domestic overshoe, and from the heavy cavalry boot to the tiny ball- room slipper. Here are the best and most durable products of the New- England manufactories, the famous London shoes of Waukenphast & Co., the fine products of Henry Herth, 3 Rue Halevy, Paris, and the celebrated lawn-tennis and boating shoes of William Hickson & Son. The prices of these goods are as low as are at all consistent with durable materials and honest workmanship ; and the varieties of shoes range through all grades, and include all the new styles of each season. Every article sold is guar- anteed, and great care is taken to secure satisfactory fits. The patience and courtesy of the salesmen are very noteworthy, and help to keep up the ex- tensive patronage of the famous old " family shoe-store " of Boston, where for many years the best people of the Puritan city have come to get fitted to comfortable and handsome boots. This firm was founded in the year 1861, by Messrs. Henry H. Tuttle and Benjamin F. Redfern, who still control the business.

The Nonotuck Silk Company of Florence, Mass., although its works are about 100 miles away, can be classed among the Boston firms. The products of .the company, consisting of black and colored machine-twist, button-hole twist, and embroidery and sewing silk, are kept and handled in very large quantities in Boston. The warerooms at No. 18 Summer Street, in the four-story sandstone-front building, are extensively and admirably fitted up. The business of the Nonotuck Company, established forty-five years ago, has a remarkable history. It was the first company in the world to manufacture machine-twist. Its works at Florence and Leeds have a floor surface of 100,000 square feet, give employment to about 800 opera- tives, and consume more than 200,000 pounds of raw silk each year. The aggregate length of finished silk from their works exceeds 3,000 miles adav, or enough to encircle the globe once a week. The Nonotuck silk and twist are sold under the trade-mark names of " Nonotuck" (the early Indian word for Northampton) and " Corticelli." A great specialty is made of knitting- silk, and silk underwear, hosiery, and mittens, etc. ; and the company's brand of " Florence Knitting Silk " has already become famous. The various manufactures of this company received medals at Philadelphia in 1876, and at Paris in 1878, besides many first premiums at state and county fairs and industrial exhibitions. The agency for the New-England States is under the charge of George D. Atkins, who has been connected with the Nonotuck Company for nearly a quarter of a century, while the business has grown from small beginnings to vast dimensions and a well-deserved fame, all over the Republic.

AVA'G'S HAXnfiOOK OF BOSTOA'.

325

The Boston Rubber Shoe Company was incorporated in 1S53, and in- cluded many of the pioneers in the rubber-manufacturing industry, and sev- eral large and influential capitalists. It now has a capital of > i.000,000, and ranks among the most powerful of the great New-England corporations, with bright prospects and large resources. The president of the company is J. W. Converse of Boston ; the treasurer and general agent, E. S. Con- verse of .Maiden; and the superintendent of factories, E. F. Bickford. The Boston office is at Nos. 193 and 195 Congress Street.

The main factory, at Maiden, is a great group of brick structures, three and four stories high, built around a quadrangle, with over seven acres of

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flooring, and ample accommodations for the 1,500 operatives. On the first floor is the grinding, cracking, and calendering machinery ; on the sec- ond floor are the vulcanizing and packing departments; the third floor is used for making shoes and arctics; and the fourth floor is for making boots. The building contains 21 boilers, and three large engines of 1,400 horse- power, and has a capacity for turning out more than 20.000 pairs of boots and shoes daily.

The factory at Melrose is about one and one-halt miles from the one in Maiden, and is considered the finest factory of the kind in the world. It contains about rive acres of flooring. The workroom for the female opera- tives is 263 feet long and ioo feet wide, and is lighted on the sides, also on top, by monitor windows. This factors employs about 1,000 operatives, and

326

AVNG'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON,

has facilities for making 12,000 pairs of boots and shoes daily. There are 1 1 large boilers and two engines, with an aggregate of over one thousand horse-power.

The cut on this page shows that the new building at Melrose is artistic in design, well lighted and ventilated; and, by all who have seen it, it is con- sidered a model factory. Both factories have spur-tracks running from the Boston and iMaine Railroad into their yards.

The Boston Rubber-Shoe Company have great advantages in possessing two such large factories; as, in case of fire or accident to one, they can rely upon the other for filling their orders, without suffering any delay or incom moding their patrons.

This vast manufacturing establishment is fitted up with all manner of

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ingenious, powerful, and complicated machinery, to carry on the great in- dustry for which it has been raised. It confines itself exclusively to rubber boots and shoes ; the total daily capacity of the Maiden and Melrose mills being over 30,000 pairs, consisting of several hundred varieties, styles, and widths, and has facilities for producing a greater quantity of goods than any other company in the world. It may be interesting to our readers to know that the first rubber shoes in Boston were brought from Para, Brazil, in 1825, by a sailor, as a curiosity. He sold them to Thomas C. Wales, who was at that time in the retail shoe business; and they were regarded with great in- terest by hundreds of visitors. The first rubber-boots made in Boston were of a very primitive character, and wholly different from the present products.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

326"

The Revere Rubber Company, of Boston, whose works are situated at Chelsea, is one of the leading rubber-companies in New England; having a few years ago succeeded to the long-established business of the Boston Elastic Fabric Company. Its officers and directors are men well identified with the rubber industry, and include E. S. Converse, of Boston Rubber Shoe Company ; H. L. Hotchkiss, of the L. Candee Company, New Haven ; Joseph Banigan, of Woonsocket Rubber Company ; George A. Alden, H. M. Rogers, H. C. Morse, and F. W. Pitcher, of Boston.

The President is Joseph Banigan, and the Treasurer is F. W. Pitcher. The Superintendent is James Leigh, whose experience began with the be-

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ginning of the rubber trade; his. name standing with the first among the most progressive workers in this material as a maker of first-class goods. The factory comprises a group of twenty-five buildings, well equipped with the most approved machinery. The grounds include 16 acres, on the line of the Eastern Railroad. Employment is given to 600 persons ; and some idea of the capacity of the establishment may be inferred from the fact that it contains over 600 horse-power. The manufactures consist of every variety of rubber goods used for mechanical purposes; the company's specialties being giant belting, rubber-covered iron rods, rubber blankets, steam hose, steam packing, railway belts, Eden garden-hose, rubber thread, elastic webs and suspenders, and- a vast number of other rubber goods.

The main salesrooms are at No. 173 Devonshire Street, Boston. Branch salesrooms in New York, No. 57 Reade Street and No. 112 Duane Street and in Philadelphia, No. 226 Market Street.

326 h KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

The Forbes Lithograph Manufacturing Company is the most complete and extensive establishment of its kind in this country. It was started many years ago by the present treasurer, and active head of the entire establishment, William H. Forbes; and in 1875 'twas incorporated under its present name. The main department occupies the large and beautiful marble buildings fronting on Devonshire, Franklin, and. Arch Streets, with the entrance to the offices and specimen-rooms at 181 Devonshire Street. The other departments are carried on in a large four-story stone building in the Roxbury district. The various departments embrace printing by all known methods, including lithography in all its branches, from the ordinary label to fine chromo work, in one or many colors ; embossing ; type and block printing of every class ; plate-printing ; photography ; photo-lith- ographs ; and the Albertype process, by which engravings, photographs, drawings, etc., are reproduced, in facsimile, with great delicacy and finish. The company give steady work to upwards of 600 hands; employ a corps of 60 designers, engravers, and lithograph artists, — a number far in excess of that of any other concern in the business ; run 70 presses, and print on at least five tons of paper daily. The services of eight stone-grinders, using improved machinery, are required to grind and polish the lithograph-stones used, of which the company have nearly 200 tons. They manufacture largely, for the English and German trade, in addition to their domestic orders, which are more uniformly from large corporations than those of any house in the printing line. This company does a large share of the theatrical printing of all grades ; and in making labels, few houses rival this one in the extent, variety, and beauty of its work. With branch-houses in New York and Chicago, and an agent in London, this company have a large field to supply. The accompanying illustration of the Forbes Lithographing Establishment, and also that of the New-England Mutual Life-insurance Company Build- ing, are specimens of one class of work done by the Albertype process mentioned above. They are photographs made with printers' ink, and are therefore as imperishable as ordinary prints. One invaluable result accom- plished by the Albertype process is the perfect reproduction of the chief line-engravings of all famous artists ; the reproductions, practically equal to the originals, being sold at only a dollar each. The company also, by its own processes, makes photo-engravings, — a substitute for wood-engraving, at half its cost, — for illustrating books, pamphlets, catalogues, etc. It has also the American agency for several great foreign houses, such as Raphael Tuck & Sons of London, whose holiday and birthday cards and art-special- ties stand second to none of their class ; and Max Cremnitz of Paris, whose highly finished and elaborately executed glazed tin signs, for business advertising, are the choicest of the kind. The company's officers are William P. Hunt, president, and William H. Forbes, treasurer.

Albertype— Forbes Co., Boston

FORBES LITHOGRAPH MANUFACTURING CO., Franklin and Devonshire Streets, Boston.

KING 'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

327

Hogg, Brown, & Taylor occupy the large granite building on the north- west corner of Washington Street and Temple Place, including Nos. 477 to 481 Washington Street, and Nos. 60 to 70 Temple Place. The building is 100 by 84 feet. It has on its four floors and basement a floor surface of about an acre. It was built in 1863-64, expressly for this firm. Its plain and substantial-looking exterior is an indication of the reliable and stanch firm that own and occupy the whole building. In 1857 John Hogg, George B. Brown, and John Taylor, under the firm name of Hogg, Brown, & Taylor, which has ever since remained unchanged, succeeded to the business of Kinmonth & Co., who at that time were everywhere known as one of the foremost dry-goods houses in New England. The present firm have not only maintained the reputation of their predecessors, but have constantly

Hogg, Brown, & Taylor, Corner of Washington Street and Temple Place.

advanced ; and to-day they are known as one of the largest and best houses in the dry-goods trade in this country. They are wholesale and retail dealers, as well as extensive importers, of dry goods and all articles usually found in the largest dry-goods establishments. A characteristic feature of this firm is its quiet way of transacting its business. Hardly ever is its adver- tisement seen; and yet the spacious quarters are crowded at all hours of the day, for the ladies of Boston and its vicinity know that they can always rely on Hogg, Brown, & Taylor for the best and most fashionable goods at equitable prices. In the building there are about 200 employes; and, be- sides these, many persons are employed elsewhere for making ladies' wear. The death of Mr. Taylor in April, 1875, and the retirement of Mr. Brown in the following July, leaves the present firm consisting of John Hogg, Henry R. Beal, Albert H. Higgins, and Alexander Henderson.

328 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

L. Prang & Co., Chromo-Lithographers and Educational Publishers. —

The development of the art of chromo-lithography in America is chiefly due to Louis Prang, who was born in Breslau, Prussia, March 12, 1824, and, after receiving a thorough art education at the hands of his father and others, came to this country as a penniless German political refugee, in April, 1850. His fortunes in the United States were more varied than suc- cessful until, in 1856, he formed a partnership with a lithographic printer,and opened an office at 17 Doane Street, in this city. Mr. Prang by dint of hard work had survived all his vicissitudes, and brought to the new firm two or three hundred dollars, which was all the capital they had to start with. Their specialty was color-work, Mr. Prang polishing the stones, and mak- ing the drawing, while his partner did the printing; and with one press and a few stones by way of " plant," they executed their first order, a bouquet of roses in four colors for a ladies' magazine, now of interest to lithographers as one of the first crayon-transfers ever made. During the first years of his business, Mr. Prang had a hard struggle, and was compelled to try his hand at every detail of the work. He learned each branch gradually, and became more and more the master of the situation. In i860 he bought out his partner, and adopted the now famous title of L. Prang & Co. ; but the out- break of the civil war almost ruined the business he had laboriously built up. He tided over this period by publishing war-maps, portraits of generals, and numerous pictures which the times demanded. All this while he had but one end in view, — the production of chromo-lithographs which conveyed to the eye the beauty and character of the original painting. He returned to Europe in 1864, and looked over the whole lithographic field. The next year the Bricher landscapes were issued, soon to be followed by Eastman Johnson's "Barefoot Boy," and the fame of Louis Prang as the leader in popular art education was assured. The business had grown to such di- mensions by 1867, that a manufactory was erected in the Roxbury district at .286 Roxbury Street, 134 feet by 34, and four stories high, capable of employing one hundred and fifty persons, which in 1881 was enlarged to twice its original size, and now furnishes room for three hundred and fifty employes. The business has grown beyond precedent, especially in Christ- mas, Easter, and anniversary cards, and has extended to all parts of the world. Branch houses are now established in New York, Philadelphia. Chicago, and San Francisco; and agents are located in London. Berlin, and Melbourne, while travelling agents are employed on the east and west coasts of South America. Americans have frequently sent abroad for "the finest specimens of lithography in Europe," only to receive in return pictures which they could have bought for less money of the original manufacturers in Boston. L. Prang & Co. rank at this time second to none in the develop- ment of popular art in America.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOS J ON.

329

330

AYJVG'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

James R. Osgood & Co. — On Tremont Street, one square south of the Common, adjoining the Hotel Pelham, and running back to the grounds of the Public Library, is the handsome white granite building which is wholly occupied by James R. Osgood & Co., publishers, and by the Heliotype Printing Company. The best traditions of the book-trade of Boston centre about this firm of publishers, whose senior member was a partner in the illustrious houses of Ticknor & Fields and P'ields, Osgood, & Co. In 1S71 he founded the house of James R. Osgood & Co. Two of the members of the present copartnership are sons of William U. Ticknor, who in 1832 founded the house of Ticknor & Fields, famous as the publishers of the works of Longfellow, Whittier, Lowell, Holmes, Hawthorne, Emerson, Thoreau, Mrs. Stowe. and of other leaders in American literature, and also of many editions of Dickens, Thackeray, Scott, Tennyson, George Eliot, and other noted British authors.

A part of the ground-floor of Osgood & Co.'s building is used for pack- ing and shipping the hundreds of cases and bundles of books that are daily sent to all parts of America. Another part is devoted to the Heliotype Art Gallery, the walls of which are covered with exquisite reproductions of costly engravings and paintings, representing the masters of ancient and modern art. These heliotype reproductions comprise upwards of 300 sub- jects : they are not only exquisite, but they are sold at a price which places them within the reach of every one. Many visitors pass profitable hours in examining these pictures in great portfolios and in neat frames.

The first floor above the street is occupied partly by the main offices and authors' room of Osgood & Co., and partly by the offices of " The American Architect," an illustrated weekly paper, and of the Heliotype Printing Com- pany; the latter also occupying the upper floors of the building.

The authors' room is a comfortably furnished reading-room. It is equipped with racks and cabinets wherein the chief newspapers and maga- zines of New York and New England, and the great London reviews and quarterlies, are kept on file. Its walls arc adorned with portraits of many famous American and British authors, framed in connection with autograph letters and poems of great value. There arc tables for writing, and other conveniences; and here may be seen, at times, some of the best-known authors of to-day.

The great "Memorial History of Boston." combining the work of seventy distinguished specialists in four beautiful octavo volumes, with many hun- dred illustrations, is one of Osgood & Co.'s publications. Its success has so clearly demonstrated the wisdom of the co-operative plan of writing history, that the firm have begun a larger work of similar character, entitled "A Narrative and Critical History of America." The Osgood series of Amer- ican guide-books were lately characterized by " The New-York Tribune " as

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 331

>». " much the best we have ever had in this country." The illustrated gift- books of this firm include many handsome art-works, embellished with heliotypes, and also holiday editions of famous poems, with numerous wood-cuts from drawings by celebrated artists. William D. Howells is so connected with this house that it has the benefit of his taste, judgment, and experience, and also publishes his latest and choicest works. "The Round- Robin Series " of anonymous novels is a successful venture ; and its suc- cessive issues gain increasing approbation.

D. Lothrop & Co., one of the foremost publishing houses of America, occupy the spacious and commodious building on the corner of Franklin and Hawley Streets, in the centre of the great book-quarter of Boston, and in close proximity to Washington Street and the great movement of daily life along the main artery of the city. The founder of this famous house is Daniel Lothrop, who was born at Rochester, N.H., in 1831, of the best Puri- tan lineage, being a descendant of John Alden and his wife Priscilla.

After receiving a good academy education in his native State, and estab- lishing several successful business enterprises there, still caring for these Eastern interests, including his celebrated book-store at Dover, N.H., long considered one of the finest in New England, he went out into the Minne- sota Valley, where he took a prominent part. in the upbuilding of the infant town of St. Peter; establishing a permanent business there, which he left in the hands of a faithful clerk to whom he gave an interest in his Western business. In 1868 he leased the stores 38 and 40 Cornhill, Boston, where he founded his publishing business, for which he had been many years pre- paring; and this enterprise met with such notable success that eight years later he was obliged to seek more spacious quarters in the building owned by Harvard College, on Franklin Street, and which he still continues to occupy. The first floor, 120 by 40 feet in area, is one of the finest book- salesrooms in the country.

On the second floor are the private offices of Mr. Lothrop, with, the edi- torial office of " Wide Awake," etc. The third floor is occupied by the com- posing-rooms and the mailing-rooms of the various periodicals, and the fourth floor contains the bindery. The building can accommodate only one- fourth of the immense work done by the house, which has to be provided for elsewhere. The entire business is in the most flourishing condition, and yearly assumes greater proportions. In 1879 Mr. Lothrop gave to M. Henry Lothrop, a younger brother, an interest in the business.

The chief corner-stone on which all this great establishment became securely founded was Mr. Lothrop's faith in the value and necessity of good and pure literature, especially for the young, and the great desirability of placing it in the hands of the people all over the country. His two cardinal principles have been: " Never to publish a work purely sensational, no mat-

332 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

ter what chance of money it lias in it;" and, "To publish books that will make true and steadfast growth in right living." In pursuance of this plan, at the very beginning of his publishing business, he formed a triumvirate of critics and salaried readers of manuscripts, composed of the Rev. Dr. George T. Day of Dover, N.H.; the Rev. Dr. J. E. Rankin of Washington, D.C. ; and Professor Heman Lincoln, D.D., of Newton Seminary. Every manuscript published by D. Lothrop & Co. must have had the approval of one or more of these eminent Christian scholars; and the result has been the publication of great libraries of the best of books for the Sunday school, the town, and the family.

Mr. Lothrop is steadily widening his field of publication. His later issues include some of the choicest translations of the classics, and repre- sent the most noted authors of this and other countries.

Another prominent feature of this house is its serial publications, at the head of which is " Wide Awake," a magazine for the family and the young folks, edited with remarkable ability, contributed to by the best American and foreign writers, and very richly illustrated. The same editors who have made this a success also conduct " Babyland," a bright and winsome magazine for mothers to show to and read to their infants. The ages be- tween these two publications are served by " Our Little Men and Women," a magazine for children just learning how to read and spell; and "The Pansy," a handsome little weekly pictorial paper. Older readers find their attraction in the handsome literary quarterly entitled " The Boston Book Bulletin," in which new books are reviewed and discussed, and general news of the book-world is given.

Macdonald & Sons, whose bindery occupies the upper floors of the build- ing on the north-east corner of Bowker and Chardon Streets, are among the most famous binders of books in this century, their work not being excelled in quality by any firm in this country. The business was established in 1856 by Donald Macdonald, who began in a small way in Harvard Square, Cam- bridge, taking his two sons into partnership with him from the beginning. His bindings were soon found to be of a superior quality ; and the business so increased that in 1874 the firm was obliged to remove the bindery to Boston, and, nearly three years ago, to their present quarters. They em- ploy regularly about 75 persons, including men and women ; but at times the number of employes exceeds 100. While their specialty is fine bind- ings,— such as full morocco, Russia, tree-calf, and other rich varieties, — they are largely engaged in doing for leading Boston, New- York, and Phila- delphia publishers, all kinds of binding, from the costliest to the cheapest. They also do an extensive business for public and private libraries. Edi tion after edition of books which have proved to be popular favorites have been bound by this house. A characteristic feature of the Macdonalds is

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ROCKWELL & CHURCHILL

ROCKWELL & CHURCHILL'S PRINTING-HOUSE, Arch Street, Boston.

334 ICING'S HANDBOOK' OF BOSTON.

their originality and progress. They are never satisfied with present achievements, and are always experimenting with noted success. For ex- ample,in 1S81, they successfully used veneers for the sides of books. They were the first to introduce tree-calf binding into this country, and many popular designs for book-covers are due to them. The business is carried on by Donald Macdonald's three sons, who still retain the old firm name.

Rand, Avery, & Co.'s Printing Establishment. — Could "Poor Richard" revisit the scenes of his earlv labors in Boston, he would sraze with mingled feelings of astonishment and delight at the immense printing establishment of Rand, Avery, & Co., situated in the street so appropriately named alter their great predecessor, — Franklin. No better illustration could be given of the wisdom manifest in Benjamin Franklin's pungent sayings than where he prophetically anticipates the career of this enterprising firm. Poor Richard observes, " He that hath a trade hath an estate, and he that hath a calling hath an office of profit and honor; but then the trade must be worked at, and the calling well followed, or neither the estate nor the office will enable us to pay our taxes." For nearly half a century the different members of this family have been connected and honorably identified with the "art preservative of all arts." From the small beginnings of a single job-press, the trade has been well worked at, and the calling diligently fol- lowed, until, by a faithful devotion to the wants and whims of customers, by a conscientious adhesion to the honesty as well as the policy of commercial integrity through panic and prosperity, this business has grown to be the largest of its kind in the United States. The equipment is of the most elaborate and varied character. New founts of type are continually being purchased, and the latest devices for the perfection of press-work are all incorporated. The firm have a larger number than any other establishment of costly and intricate machines for the production of artistic work ; and few firms have become more widely known throughout the country.

The " Franklin Buildings," which they occupy, are among the most con- spicuous of the prominent buildings in the rebuilt " burnt district." They are built in a superior manner, of Xova-Scotia stone, have a frontage of 100 feet upon each street, and a floor-surface of half an acre on each of the six stories and basement. Under the sidewalks are large fire-proof vaults, heated by steam and lighted by gas, for the storage of electrotype and stereotype plates, engravings, cuts, and dies. In these buddings is per- formed every part of the art of bookmaking, — composition, electrotyping, press-work, ruling, paging, folding, stitching, and every kind of binding. That very important factor in a perfect book — proof-reading — receives especial attention at the hands of this firm. In fact, so favorably known is this department for accuracy, erudition, and fidelity to the genius of the author,* that publishers who have their printing done elsewhere call upon

336 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

Rand, Avery, & Co., for the skilled and faithful work of their proof-readers. Another very important feature of this establishment has been the railroad department. This grew so rapidly, and demanded such an increase of facilities, that the firm on the ist of January, 1883, set apart a certain por- tion of their machinery especially adapted for this work, and incorporated the same under the title of the Rand Avery Supply Co. This simplifies the somewhat complicated previous union of the book, job, and railroad business, allowing the railroad department, under proper management, still to furnish the vast amount of tickets and advertising matter called for by all the New-England and many of the foreign railroads of the country, and permitting the old business of its founders to run in its original channel.

There is not a department of bank, insurance, commercial, or corporation business, that has not received from this firm evidences of their skill and artistic taste. Nor is their work confined to Boston alone, or even to New England. They do a very extensive book-work for the leading New-York publishers ; and their perfected swift-revolving presses have rolled off many a noted work bearing the imprint of leading American publishers.

In fact, glanced at from any quarter, the noble work of Rand, Avery, & Co. impresses one with the fact that they have taken diligent heed to that most practical advice of their predecessor Franklin : " Drive thy business ; let not that drive thee."

Rockwell & Churchill have won a leading position in the printing-trade. Originally established at the corner of Washington and Water Streets, their increasing business soon demanded more room ; and in 1875 the building on Arch Street, which they now occupy, was erected from plans prepared by them. It is admirably adapted to the wants of the modern printing-office ; In the basement are the fire-proof safes for the storage of plates; in the second story, the counting-room and the job-composition room; in the third story are the job-presses, dry-pressing room, and stationary-stockroom; in the fourth and fifth stories, the presses for book, pamphlet, and cut work, and the annex of two stories of an adjoining building, added in 1882, is occupied by the department of composition of books and pamphlets. The character of the business transacted by this firm covers a wide range, — from the smallest job required by the trader to the largest and most difficult classes of book-work. They have lately given particular attention to the production of illustrated magazines, library-catalogues, and other fine work, — which demand special accuracy of typographical preparation and perfection of press-work, — and in. this line have achieved a marked success. In the line of job-printing their productions are conspicuous for novelty and attractiveness. The house has an established reputation for enterprise, progress, and good taste, which it appears well able to sustain, and to in- crease from year to year.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 337

The Pope Manufacturing Company has become, within a very short space of time, one of the most important and best-known of Boston insti- tutions, whose works and products are popular all over the country.

Go forth upon your wheeled horse, and list

To Nature's teachings.

The bicycle, that graceful, noiseless " steed," the wheeled brother of Pegasus, although hardly out of its infancy, has so wheeled itself under the hearts of our people, as to seem an old acquaintance; and in realizing its permanency and necessity we have forgotten its short pedigree. It is now but five years since the Pope Manufacturing Company turned out the first American-made machine, yet these few years have given the Columbia bicycle a name almost as familiar to city people or country folks as Shake- speare or Robinson Crusoe ; and it is quite probable that there are people who have read of the Columbia bicycle who have never even glanced through the pages of De Foe's masterpiece. From ocean to ocean, and over the ocean, the finished results of skill, unusual enterprise, and keen fore- sight, have raised another monument which again casts a shadow over the fair fame of England's boasted handiwork. From a beginning of prospective success, the energy and push of this company have placed an entirely new industry upon a basis, — firm and permanent, — and have given to "The Hub" the largest bicycle-house in the world. To Col. Albert A. Pope, the president of the company, is due the remarkable success of an enterprise which started out upon an unknown sea of American manufacture. He has held the business tiller with firmest grasp, until he not only steered the young company into still waters, but has covered it with the iron-plates of certainty. The riding of bicycles is growing still more popular among our business-men ; for it furnishes a rapid means of conveyance, and gives a pleasure and exhilaration which only the wheelman can realize, and no words can describe. The weary brain of the professional man finds in the " wheel " a rest for mind, and strength for bod}'. The new Columbia tricy- cle, a "steed" adapted to general use by gentlemen or ladies, gives the "missing link" which has separated the wife from her husband. As have done and are doing the ladies of England, so will do the ladies of our coun- try,— ride over our beautiful roads abreast the husbands and fathers; a whole family on wheels! The new Columbia tricycle is a beautiful machine, in the construction of which have been placed all the skill and experience attainable. It is light, easy-running, stanch, and durable. The fine work- manship and material have made the expert Columbia bicycle the finest " wheel " in the world, and the name of the " Old Reliable Standard Colum- bia" a household word. A visit to the warerooms of the company at 597 Washington Street, Boston, or to the factory at Hartford, Conn., will sur- prise any one. From floor to ceiling, like a huge organ, hang the bur-

338 KING'S HANDBOOK' OF BOSTON.

nished wheels, marking not only a great and growing industry, but the good common-sense of the people in the adoption of a contrivance which gives its rider rapid transit, pleasure, exercise, and health.

Palmer, Bachelder, & Co., the famous Boston jewellers, and dealers in diamonds, watches, and silverware, are established in a handsome and com- modious building at 394 Washington Street, in the centre of the retail- business district. This well-known firm was founded in the year 1817, under the style of Davis, Palmer, & Co.; the partners being the Hon. Thomas A. Davis (afterwards mayor of Boston), Julius A. Palmer, and Josiah G. Bach- elder. Subsequently the firm-name became Palmers & Bachelders ; the members being Julius A. Palmer and his son Jacob P. Palmer,.and Josiah G. Bachelder and his brother Augustus E. Bachelder. The copartnership is now composed of Jacob P. Palmer and James A. Laighton.

Their establishment was burned in the Great Fire of 1872; but a tempo- rary store was at once opened at 31 Temple Place, where they remained until their present domicile was constructed for them by the Sargent estate. Here they occupy the first floor and basement of the great building extend- ing from Washington Street to Hawley Street, a length of 220 feet.

This firm has been for more than twenty-five years the Boston agents for the celebrated Geneva watches of Patek, Philippe, & Co., besides which they sell the best products of the Waltham, Elgin, and other American factories. They always exhibit a great variety of diamonds and other gems. In their silverware department are fancy presentation pieces of sterling silverware in quaint old Marie-Antoinette and other patterns, classic in design, with grotesque figures, — triumphs of silver-working worthy of Benvenuto Cellini himself, and daintily shown in satin-lined cases.

Many very valuable works of art may be seen in this establishment, vary- ing from time to time, but always full of merit and interest. This is the only place to see the rich paintings of W. H. Hilliard, who won such glory with his pictures in the Royal Academy of 1880, and the Paris Salon of 1880, 1 88 1, and 1882. For several years the choicest works of this artist have been exhibited and sold by Palmer, Bachelder, & Co., who keep his landscapes in a dainty little gallery near their counting-room. Here, also, are some of Henry Bacon's famous pictures, including " The Luck of Roar- ing Camp," and " Le Recit d'un Marin," his Salon picture of 1882. In another part of the store is Thomas Ball's -bronze statuette of Daniel Webster. Among the other art treasures are several of the marbles of Margaret Foley, that wonderful New-England sculptor, who died not long ago after sixteen years o,f life in Rome with Harriet Hosmer, the Howitts, Charlotte Cushman, and other eminent persons. Here is her famous group of the Boy and Kid, and also her medallions of Longfellow, Sumner, Un- dine, Joshua, Jeremiah, Iona, Excelsior, Trasteverina, and Pasquccia. The

A'/A'G-S HANDBOOK' OF BOSTON. 339

beautiful bust of Cleopatra was recently sold to a gentleman of Boston. Some very interesting marbles by Mrs. Freeman of Rome may also be seen here. Elsewhere in this museum of vertii may be seen very dainty bisque figures, artistic pottery, and fine French bronzes.

The New- York and Boston Despatch Express Company was incor- porated June 16, 1873. ^ 's an independent opposition express company, and has brought about such a reduction in rates, and has transacted its business so satisfactorily, that it has secured the good-will and patronage of many of the heaviest shippers, thereby placing itself among the foremost of the great express companies. It carries goods directly to and from New York, Boston, and places on the line of the Delaware and Lackawanna, and the Philadelphia and Reading Railroads. Its own messengers go to all points on the line between New York and Boston, including Middleborough. Fall River, New Bedford, Taunton, and Newport, and to all places on Cape Cod. Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, Fitchburg, Clinton, Leominster, and all points on the Northern Division of the Old-Colony Railroad. The com- pany is constantly striving to promote the interests of its patrons. In its settlements for losses, no company can show a clearer and more creditable record. In its offices it has drawn together other express companies, mak- ing as a result Union Express Offices. For example, it has in its Boston office, besides Earle & Frew's well-known Boston & Providence Express, upwards of one hundred express companies, reaching almost every point in New England. Thus it is that 2:oods cominsr to this office from New York and elsewhere, for any point in Northern and Eastern New England, have the advantage of immediate and convenient transfer to the local expresses leaving by next trains after arrival of such goods. The Boston offices have been removed several times ; and, although very small quarters at first, they now comprise the basement, first and second floors, of the large and sub- stantial four-story brick building, Nos. 105 and 107 Arch Street, where may be seen one of the most commodious and liveliest express offices in this country; every thing being new, and so arranged as to afford the best facilities for a great amount of work with very little confusion. The hand- some rooms of the company present at all hours of the day evidence of the celerity and regularity with which express matter can be handled under a system that admits of small opportunity for detention or error. The main New-York offices are at 304 and 306 Canal Street, and 57 and 59 Lispenard Street; and branch offices, 63 Broadway and 940 Broadway. The president is Henry C. Sherburne, who is also president of the Northern Railroad of New Hampshire. The general manager is Edward A. Taft, who has de- voted almost a lifetime to the practical study of the express business. In the vast volume of traffic between the metropolis of America and the me- tropolis of New England, this company is one of the most efficient agents.

340

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

The Geldowsky Furniture Co.'s Establishment, on Otis Street, East Cambridge, is the outgrowth of a small factory started in Boston many years ago. The factory-buildings are so well shown in the illustration on this page, that a description of them is unnecessary. They are all of brick, and contain all kinds of machinery, and every facility requisite for manufacturing the finest furniture. Employment is given to 350 men. In manufacturing furni- ture no soft woods are used. This firm is now doing probably the most extensive wholesale and retail furniture business in this country. The goods are sold, not only throughout the United States, but are also shipped to Great

Geldowsky's Furniture Establishment. Otis Street, East Cambridge.

Britain, South America, and Australia. An agency has been established in London, Eng., and at Sydney. New South Wales. Moreover, besides doing a business as extensive as any of its competitors in this country, this firm has also the reputation of manufacturing furniture equal to that of the best manu- facturers in the world. Although the business of the Geldowsky Furniture Company is principally wholesale, the retail business is quite an important branch.. In the retail department one entire floor 300 by 50 feet is used ex- clusively for the display of goods. The factory, as already stated, is on Otis Street, East Cambridge : and the retail department, office, and warerooms are alongside the factory. All can be reached by a ten-minutes' ride in the ho'-se-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

341

cars that start from Scollay Square, Boston. The Geldowsky Company now consists of F. Geldowsky, C. P. Keeler, and George A. Keeler.

Joseph T. Brown & Co., 504 Washington Street, celebrated in the spring of 1 88 1 the fiftieth anniversary of their existence as a firm, and as the con- stant occupants of the same site. This firm represents a family of druggists. The present head of the house is one of four brothers, all of whom have been separately engaged in the same business. Joseph T. Brown, in his sixteenth year, came to Boston as an apprentice to his oldest brother, and began as an independent druggist in 1831 at the corner where the firm is still located. In due time his son, Joseph T. Brown, jun., became a partner with his father ; and in 1872 Charles H. Bassett, who began as a clerk in the house, and now has charge of the wholesale department, was admitted as the third partner. All of the firm are members of the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy ; and the clerks in their employ are obliged to at- tend the instructions of the col- lege, and obtain its diploma, as a condition of service. A spe- cial feature of the business of the house is the manufacture of their own pharmaceutical prepa- rations and druggists' special- ties. They long ago established a high reputation in this branch of pharmacy; and physicians make a point of coming or send- ing- to them for rare articles Joseph T. Brown & Co , 504 Washington Street.

and new preparations which cannot be found elsewhere. Aside from this general manufacturing, which is partly for the wholesale trade, they do a large prescription business, and are among the best-known chemists in the city. One can always rely upon their preparations. This fact, joined with their •long-established reputation, has given the house peculiar, if not exceptional, opportunities to fill special orders from all parts of New England. The store is notable for its remarkably fine wood-carvings, which arch the way from the shelves to the ceiling; and the building is made conspicuous by the large pestle and mortar which stand at the corner of the roof, marking the locality with the ancient and time-honored emblems of the science of pharmacy, now so important a factor in civilization.

342

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

Noyes Brothers, composed of Charles C. and David W. Noyes, is a firm that well illustrates what energy, ability, and pluck can accomplish. The two young men who compose this firm were born in Norway, Me., and at the age of fifteen were successfully carrying on the largest farm in their native town. But three years later higher aspirations brought them to Boston, where they entered the establishment of Jordan, Marsh, & Co., and energetic- ally made a study of business in general and of gentlemen's wear in particular.

Noyes Brothers, No. 4 Summer Street.

After seven years faithful work for their employers, they determined to start for themselves. Their capital was small, and their first store on West Street was also small. But their knowledge of the business and their industry were great; and as a result in a short time they became leaders in their line. Three years after they began, they moved into their present store at the corner of Summer and Washington Streets ; and for a time carried on three stores, — two in Boston and one in Harvard Square, Cambridge. Their Summer-street business, however, grew so rapidly as to require their whole attention. They enlarged their quarters from time to time, and have kept

KING 'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 343

them so well fitted up, and so amply supplied with every thing that any man needs in the way of furnishing-goods for use or adornment, that it has become one of the places worth seeing in Boston: it is, in fact, a genuine London shop. They make shirts of all grades for business or society wear; flannel shirts for hunting, fishing, and for wear "on board ship;" and one of their specialties is wedding outfits of the finest order. They import all the latest London and Paris novelties, and the finest grades of English underwear and hosiery. Their laundry business, too, is one of the largest and best in this country. This unique place is at No. 4 Summer Street.

D. P. Ilsley & Co., 381 Washington Street, is one of those firms that are indispensable in every large city. People desire changes, every now and then, in what they wear; and, consequently, there must be experts who understand what will satisfy the public taste at each new turn. Necessarily some firms cater exclusively to the buyers of cheap goods ; and there are others who.se patrons demand the best quality, the most exquisite taste, or both combined. Among the latter class of firms can justly be ranked D. P. Ilsley & Co., who for nearly 20 years have done a great work in bringing before the people of Boston all that the most cultured taste or most com- petent judges could wish for, in hats, furs, umbrellas, canes, and articles belonging to a stock of this kind. The senior member has had a constant experience of over 30 years in this trade, and the fully deserved success bears witness that this experience has been put to good use. The stock comprises not only the best wares manufactured in this country, but also those of foreign countries, the selections being made by personal visits of Mr. Ilsley. A specialty is made of gratifying the desires of every one ; and all styles, shapes, or qualities of hats and furs are made to order if not on hand. Messrs. Ilsley & Co. have occupied the same store, which is a model of neatness, since they began business ; and their customers include many of the wealthiest and most fashionable families of Boston and vicinity, and also the students of Harvard and Boston Universities, and other well-known institutions of learning. The stock of furs kept here includes every variety in use in New England, from the popular fur-lined cloaks so extensively worn of late years, and fur coats and caps for gentlemen, to rich seal-skin garments in great variety, and other articles made from materials even more precious. A specialty is also made of livery furs, all grades of which can be supplied here. A large room is also devoted to the ladies' hat trade, a department of Messrs. Ilsley & Co.'s business which has been very successful, and has won a fame which extends all over the country. By frequent visits to Paris, and an extensive connection with the best French artists in millinery, the managers of this department are kept en rapport with the latest ideas in their line, and are enabled to introduce many attractive novelties to their patrons. The back part of the establishment is divided into two spacious apartments,

344 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

one of which is for the ladies' hat trade, and the other for all manner of ladies' furs. The firm greatly augmented their accommodations in 1883, by occupying the adjacent extensive store at 381 Washington Street, fitting it up handsomely, and meeting the continual enlargement of their business with more roomy and ample accommodations. Here may be found every variety of ladies' and gentlemen's hats, furs, and umbrellas, English, French, or Ameri- can, the best of goods, set forth in the most attractive and convenient man- ner, and in a large, light, and cheery store, so that an inspection of the stock will well repay even a purposeless and casual visit. Much of the best trade of the city centres here, and always meets with a satisfactory reception and sufficient variety.

William S. Butler & Co.'s furnishing store for ladies is one of the repre- sentative houses of Boston, and enjoys a very large and increasing patronage, from customers who are in search of fresh, fashionable, and desirable goods, for use or adornment. This interesting establishment occupies an immense store at from 90 to 98 Tremont Street, opposite the Tremont House and alongside Tremont Temple, with adjacent buildings on Montgomery Place (Bosworth Street); and every year it is obliged to extend its domains, so great is the pressure of business. It is admirably arranged, well-lighted, and ele- gantly appointed in every way ; and the eligibility of its location, at the centre of the city, gives it still further advantages as an emporium of trade. Mr. Butler has been connected with this department of business for many years, and has brought to bear upon this store all the thorough and practical training derived from this experience, and gives his personal attention to every detail of the extensive transactions involved. He has also a select staff of assist- ants and heads of departments, well-tried men, marked alike for courtesy and for executive ability.

The stock-in-trade consists of " every thing but dry-goods ; " that is to say, of all that vast aggregate of articles, garments, decorations, etc., that go to make up the external and artificial covering of lovely woman — excepting piece goods, or cloths of all kinds, from which to make dresses. The im- mense number and variety of goods and articles, not essential to covering, which are thus used, can hardly be realized without a visit to such a store as Butler's, where floor after floor is devoted to the display and sale of an almost infinite multitude of them, the flowers, feathers, bijouterie, perfumes, linens, ribbons, and other things essential to the comfort and adornment of a modern American lady. Amid this bewildering maze of pretty details, throngs of urban and suburban purchasers move back and forth all day long, availing themselves of the great variety and moderate prices for which this store is widely celebrated, and accumulating piece after piece of dainty apparel, wherewith to enrich their grand toilets.

There is a large stock of goods on the upper floors, which is entirely

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

345

devoted to the wholesale trade, a department of the store which is continually growing in importance and magnitude. Large quantities of goods are dis- tributed thence throughout all New England, to make glad the hearts of rural maids and village matrons. The top floor of the main building was used for many years (until 1883) as the armory and hall of the First Corps of Cadets, the elite battalion of the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia. Admirably situated on the main horse-car routes, and very accessible from all the railway stations, the store of William S. Butler & Co. enjoys advantages that are accorded to but few, and is always sure of a large, lucrative, and increasing trade.

Lewando's French Dye-house is rapidly becoming one of the best-known and most useful establishments in Boston. The extensive works are at VVatertown, Mass., on the banks of the Charles River, and constantly employ up- wards of one hundred per- sons. The apparatus in- cludes many odd pieces of machinery for operating the valuable processes, pe- culiar alone to this estab- lishment. The chief work is the dyeing and cleans- ing of every kind of textile fabric. The dyeing is in all colors produced at any dye-house in this country, and is done on piece-goods and garments of every size, shape, or quality. The cleansing is by an exclusive French process known as "dry cleansing," enabling this firm to cleanse all fab- rics, dresses, gentlemen's clothes, silks, gloves, laces, ribbons, curtains, feathers, shawls, and all similar goods, without injuring or even taking to pieces the garments. By the pro- cesses in use at Lewando's dye-house, the most perfect dyeing and cleansing can be obtained. The managers, too, are most enterprising people, and con- tinually put forth every effort to satisfy their many customers. They make it easy for people to patronize them by having offices not only at Watertown, and at the main office, 17 Temple Place, Boston, but also at 270 Westminster Street, Providence.; 2 Park Square, Lynn, Mass.; and 2206 Washington

Lewando's Dye-House, 17 Temple Place.

346 KING 'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

Street, Highlands; and 331 A Broadway, South Boston. Besides having these several offices, they send their wagons to any address to get and return large or small bundles of goods to be cleansed or dyed. A specialty is made of delivering goods exactly at the time promised, and of charging in all cases only the lowest equitable price. The greatest care is taken to avoid the wrong delivery of goods, or the slightest damage to any work. When there is the slightest doubt of obtaining desired results, the patron is plainly told so in advance. Goods are cleansed and dyed for people in every State in the Union; and pamphlets telling how to send goods can be had free by address- ing Lewando's French Dye-house, 1 7 Temple Place, Boston.

Otis Clapp & Son, the well-known homoeopathic pharmacists, and manu- facturers and importers of homoeopathic goods, are located at No. 3 Beacon Street, opposite the Tremont House. This firm is, with one exception, the oldest-established homoeopathic pharmacy in this country. Its growth has been co-extensive with the growth of homoeopathy in New England. Otis Clapp, its founder and present senior partner, commenced business, with a very limited stock of goods, in 1840, at No. 121 Washington Street, when there were but three or four physicians of this school in Boston, and but few in its vicinity. In 1841 the pharmacy was removed to School Street, and in 1855 to its present location on Beacon Street. In the summer of 1880, ex- tensive additions and improvements were made to their premises, so as to make it one of the largest and most complete pharmacies of this class in the ing world.

The Messrs. Clapp manufacture in their laboratory such medical prep- arations as are made from plants indigenous to this country, and import extensively from Germany and England such as are native to Europe. They also are large importers of sugar-of-milk and other products used in then- special branch of trade.

The preparation of "triturations" — drugs pulverized with sugar-of-milk, a form of attenuating and dispensing remedies peculiar to homoeopaths — forms one important branch of their manufactures, and is carried on in mills by the aid of water as a motive power.

Connected with their establishment is a "case-department," where is manufactured the finest of morocco-wprk, in the form of medicine and surgical cases for pocket and carriage use ; also mahogany chests, and other cases, for domestic practice. Their patrons to this department are not limited to simply homoeopathic practitioners, and others who adopt this method of, practice, but include many others desirous of obtaining the best quality of goods of this class.

The firm are also publishers of, and dealers in, medical works, including "The New-England Medical Gazette," a monthly journal edited by an asso- ciation of Boston physicians, which, in its list of subscribers, includes

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

347

physicians in almost every State in the Union. This concern is also the Boston depot through which the trade is supplied with that justly celebrated beverage, " Epps' Cocoa," which is now sold by every first-class grocer.

A visit to this establishment affords many themes of interest, in the various preparations and specifics in use by the homoeopathic school of physicians. The stock is arranged and displayed with great skill and perfect system ; and every variety of medicine used by the adherents of this science may be found here, in the best preparations, and always ready for delivery. The very best and choicest drugs and simples are used, and their preparation is watched over with the most scrupulous care.

The E. Howard Watch and Clock Company is a re-organization and con- solidation of the former Howard Watch and Clock Company, and of the firm of E. Howard & j~j . ...... ____ ._

Co. In 1842 Ed- ward Howard was the senior mem- ber of the old firm of Howard & Da- vis. In ,1850 he, in connection with A. S. Dennison, became one of the chief organizers of the Boston Watch Company, whose manufac- tory, on the site of the present How- ard buildings, was

the pioneer establishment for making watches in America 5,000 square feet of floor surface, the works have increased so that they now contain more than 100,000 square feet. The original factory building is illus- trated on this page. It is only one of the group that now constitutes the manu- factory wherein are made the high grade of watches and clocks for which this company are so widely celebrated. It is the company's constant aim to im- prove the quality of their work, and adopt such improvements as experience and thought clearly show to be the best ; and, as a result, their watches and clocks are well known and extensively used throughout the United States and the Canadas, especially their clocks for church and town-hall towers, railroad- depots, public buildings, manufactories, and pavements. Their electric watch clock, for the detection of delinquent watchmen, is considered by experts the most perfect clock yet constructed for this purpose. Their astronomical

The E. Howard Watch and Clock Company, 163 Hampden Street.

Beginning with

348 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

clocks are in use in most of the leading observatories in the country. The salesrooms of the company are at 1 14 Tremont Street, Boston, and 29 Maiden Lane in New York; but their clocks and watches are to be obtained of the leading jewellers everywhere. The New- York salesrooms are practically a metropolitan exchange for correct time, sojourners from all parts of the world resorting there to adjust their watches to standard American time.

John A. Lowell & Co. are the leading fine-art engravers in this country, and to no other firm is due so much for the progress made in fine-art engrav- ing on steel. For twenty-five years Mr. Lowell, with his corps of assistants, has been constantly producing novel and ingenious and yet artistic designs, which he has had engraved in the finest possible manner on steel. Not only do these engravings include commercial stationery, bonds, bills of exchange, cards, letter-headings, diplomas, etc., but they consist at present to a great extent of purely fine-art work. Hunt's famous " Bathers," for instance, has been published, and the list of subscribers includes many of America's art connoisseurs. This firm has also created a new industry, — the production of steel-engraved cards or folders adapted to business purposes. Steel- engraved pictures of any grade of excellence were regarded as too expensive for use in this way, and their introduction was attended with considerable risk. They became immediately popular, however; and the demand for them was so regular that new varieties were issued before the first were hardly dry from the press. This is true in the experience only of the house of John A. Lowell & Co., who were the first to introduce the cards, and whose successful efforts have created a livelihood for many imitators. This firm have easily kept the lead by employing the best engravers, and securing the services .of most prominent artists in Boston and New York. It is impossible to describe the thousand different designs of the various productions of this firm ; but any one can readily see them by asking for them at any leading stationery- store.

Of late years John A. Lowell & Co. have given close attention and intelli- gent study to the capabilities of the younger American artists, selecting from time to time young men of marked originality and ability, and becoming the exclusive purchasers of their works. In the development of American art,, such a policy will have an enormous influence; since the well-known discrimi- nation and judgment of this firm will guarantee the excellence of paintings in which they seek interest, and thus highly favor both the artist and his patron.

Among the artists whose best works are exhibited at Lowell's gallery are Mr. I. M. Gaugengigl, whose exquisitely finished figure-pieces have won him the title of " The Meissonier of America ; " Charles Sprague Pearce. whose pictures have earned a medal at the Paris Salon; George W. Edwards, a very successful young painter in water-colors ; William E. Norton, the fore- most marine-painter of America (now settled in England); Marcus Water-

ICING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 349

man, whose Oriental scenes are rich in light and color ; A. H. Bicknell, the master of choice art-work in black-and-white ; W. F. Halsall, the unrivalled New-England marine-painter (now in Paris); George H. Boughton, Todd, Frank T. Boggs, and others. Mr. Lowell has been called "The Agnew of America; " and his gallery is one of the show-places of Boston. He spends part of each year in Europe, making a study of the works of the younger American painters.

The headquarters and offices of John A. Lowell & Co. are in the Mason Building, 70 Kilby Street, where large lines of steel-engraved work are on exhibition. Adjacent is a dainty little picture-gallery, aesthetically decorated, and containing rare treasures of art in the way of exquisite paintings.

Dame, Stoddard, & Kendall are the successors of Bradford & Anthony, whose business was originally established in 1800 by Samuel Bradlee. He was succeeded in 1848 by Martin L. Bradford. In 1856 Nathan Anthony was admitted as partner, and the firm of Bradford & Anthony was formed. The new firm followed the successful career of Mr. Bradlee ; and its business constantly increased, both in scope and amount. A temporary interruption was occasioned by the Great Fire of 1872, which destroyed their wholesale and retail stores, containing large and valuable stocks of goods. After that fire, with unshaken credit, undiminished energy, and guided by a ripe experi- ence, their business was re-organized on a more extended basis than before. The building No. 374 Washington Street was designed by the well-known Boston architect, Nathaniel J. Bradlee, whose father established the business. It was erected expressly for this firm, and furnished throughout with every device to facilitate their extensive business. The wholesale and retail depart- ments are now under the same roof, and occupy all the floors and basement of the building. The firm are large dealers in cutlery and fancy hardware, and have connection with the best houses in Europe. They are among the heaviest American importers of goods in their line from England, France, Germany, and Sweden, and are also the sole agents for the United States of several foreign firms as well as of various manufacturers in this country. At the International Exhibition at Philadelphia, in 1876, they received a medal and the " cordial thanks " of the U. S. Fish-Commission for " the col- lective exhibit in exhaustive variety of anglers' apparatus and fishing-tackle," all of which was contributed from their stock. This collection was bought entire by the Smithsonian Institution, and deposited in the National Museum at Washington, to illustrate all existing methods of catching fish. Dame, Stoddard, and Kendall's business, probably the oldest of its kind in this country, stands unquestionably first in rank. Its customers are found in every State and Territory of the Union. The firm name was changed to its present style in 1882, upon the retirement of Mr. Bradford, not long after the death of Mr. Anthony, 'which occurred in 1881. The partners now are

35°

KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON.

Warren S. Dame, O. H. P. Stoddard, and Ralph M. Kendall, all of whom have been connected with the business for a long series of years.

John & James Dobson, whose carpet-warehouse occupies the whole of the five-story stone-front building, Nos. 525 and 527 Washington Street, are the largest carpet-manufacturers in the world. Their immense manufactory at the Falls of Schuylkill, Penn., gives employment to 2,500 persons, man- ufacturing daily, on an average, about 25,000 pounds of wool into carpets of every grade, from the finest Moquets and Wiltons down to the commonest ingrains. They keep a large corps of designers constantly at work producing new patterns and designs ; and thus with every season they are able to fur- nish rich and handsome carpets, always in the newest styles. They are the only manufacturers in the world who can fur- nish a retail carpet-establishment com- plete with the productions of their own looms. At the World's Exposition at Philadelphia in 1876, and at many fairs and exhibitions, they have been awarded the premiums. Their manufactures, amounting to several million dollars yearly, are sold throughout this country. Their business has grown to such an extent that they have opened large wholesale and retail houses in New York, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, and Bos- ton. The house in this city is one of the largest, neatest, and best-equipped in the carpet trade in Boston; and the stock it contains is as choice and com- plete as that of any house in this line John & James Dobson, Washington St. jn the United States. It was opened by, and is still under the management of, Herman S. Judkins, who has had many years' experience, and who is well known to the carpet-trade and to individual buyers of good carpets. It is his invariable rule to gratify all his customers, and so to treat them that they will be his constant patrons; always being satisfied that so far as quality, prices, terms, and accommoda- tions are concerned, they cannot do better than they can through him as the representative of the great manufactory of John & James Dobson.

INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.

FULL-PAGES.

PAGE

Andros a Prisoner in Boston . ... 9

Baptist Church, First . 177

Boston City Hospital .... 215

Boston and Lowell Railroad Station 45

Boston Common 93

Boston English-High and Latin School 143

Boston Fire of 1872 19

Boston University School of Medicine 139

Boston Water- Works . 73

Cathedral of the Holy Cross 171

City Hall .• 69

Club-Houses . . • 245

Commonwealth Avenue . . • 32

Fairbanks, Brown, & Co 3zl

Forest-Hills Cemetery 231

Hotel Brunswick. 59A

Hotel Vendome 58A

Lothrop & Co.'s (D ) Building ... . . 333

Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association Building 3°5

Massachusetts Homceopathic Hospital 139

Monuments and Fountains .105

Monuments and Statues 101

Museum of Fine Arts .121

Mutual Life-Insurance Co.'s Building Titlepage

New-England Mutual Life-Insurance Co.'s Building Tulepage

Old South Church, The New 159

Old State House 83

Parker House 6oa

Post-Office and Sub-Treasury Building .... .... Frontispiece

Prang's Publishing House 329

Public Garden 95

Public Library 115

Quarrel between Winthrop and Dudley 7

Rand, Avery, & Co.'s Building 335

Statues in Boston .... m

Suffolk-County Buildings 79

"Traveller" Building 83

Trinity Church 163

Boston and Lowell Railroad Depot 45

Macullar, Parker, & Company's Clothing Establishment 310

Map of Boston ....

SMALLER ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

Adams Nervine Asylum 226

AdamSj Samuel, statue of no

Advertiser, the Boston 280

American House 62

Andrew, Gov., statue of 101

Arlington-street Church ....... 165

Arlington Street, opposite the Public Garden . 30

Army and Navy Monument 103

Army and Navy Monument, Charlestown Baldwin-place Home for Little Wanderers Beacon, Beacon Hill ... ...

Boston and Albany Railroad Depot Boston and Lowell Railroad Depot . Boston and Maine Railroad Depot Boston and Providence Railroad Depot Boston Art-club

PAGE

101

203

6

42

45

5°

40

124

33"

352

INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

Boston Athenaeum 116

Boston Dispensary 220

Boston English-High and Latin School . . 143

Boston Latin-School, the old 142

Boston Post Building 283

Boston Rubber Shoe Co., Maiden .... 325 Boston Rubber Shoe Co., Melrose .... 326 Boston Society of Natural History .... 126

Boston Transcript building '. 282

Boston Yacht-Club House, City Point . . . 248

Bowdoin-square Baptist Church 180

Boylston Market 297

Brewer Fountain 93

Brown, Joseph T. & Co 341

Bunker-hill Monument 101

Burn> District 20

Bussey Institution, Jamaica Plain .... 133

Central Burying-ground 93

Central Cong. Church, Jamaica Plain . . . 169 Charity Building and Temporary Home . . 195

Charles-river Bridge, Newton 73

Chauncy-hall School 147

Chestnut-hill Reservoir 73

Children's Hospital 217

Children's Mission 201

Christ Church 162

Church of the Advent, new 176

Church of the Unity . . 182

Claflin Guards ... . . . . 20

Coasting on Boston Common 93

Congregational House . . 189

Consumptives' Home, Grove Hall .... 218

Court House 79

Custom House 86

Deer Park 93

Dobson, John & James 349

Dorchester Heights and the harbor ... 11

Dorchester soldiers' monument 105

Dudley-street Baptist Church, Highlands . 173

Emancipation statue m

Equitable Life-Assurance Society's building . 261

Ether Monument 95

Everett statue .... 95

Fanueil Hall and Quincy Market .... 296

First Church 157

First house in Boston 6

First meeting-house in Boston 157

Forest-Hills Cemetery 231

Fountain, Blackstone Square 97

Fountain, Union Square, 105; Chester Square,

105; Sullivan Square 105

Franklin's birthplace 10

Franklin, statue of 101

Frog Pond, Boston Common 91

Gate-house, Chestnut Hill 73

Gate-house, Parker Hill 73

Gateway to Granary Burying-ground . . . 228 Geldowsky's Furniture Establishment . . 340 German Lutheran Trinity Church .... 169

Girls' High School . ... . . 14s

Glover, Gen. John, statue of . . . . . 101

Hamilton, Alexander, statue of iot

Hancock House 16

Harvard Medical School 134

Harvard Monument 105

Hogg, Brown, & Taylor 327

Home for Aged Men 200

Home for Aged Women 199

Horticultural Hall 240

House of the Angel Guardian 204

Howard Watch and Clock Co 347

King's Chapel 161

PAGE

Lafayette's lodgings 14

Lake Hibiscus, Forest-Hills Cemetery . . 231

Lewando's Dye-House 345

Little, Brown, & Co 317

Macullar, Parker, & Company ... . 310

Macullar, Parker, & Co.'s, Hawley-St. Front, 312 Main Entrance, Forest-Hills Cemetery . . 231 Masonic Temple ... . .... 250

Mass. Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary . . 221 Mass. Charitable Mechanic Association . . 305

Massachusetts General Hospital 212

Massachusetts Institute of Technology . . 140 Mather Tomb, Copp's Hill . ... . . 229

Merchants' Building 303

Merchants' Exchange 299

Mount-Vernon Church . . ... . . 184

Mutual Life-Insurance Co 260

New-England Conservatory of Music . . . 149 New-England Historic-Genealogical Society. 118 N.E. Manufacturers' and Mechanics' Inst. . 307

Noyes Brothers' Building 342

Odd Fellows' Hall 251

Old Colony Railroad Depot 47

Old Elm enclosure, Boston Common ... 93

Old South Church 158

Organ, Music Hall 238

Orphans, Roman-Catholic Home for . . . 202

Paige's, John C, Agency 265

Park-street Church 167

Park-street gate, Boston Common .... 93

Perkins Institution 153

Post-Office and Sub-Treas. building, Frontispiece

Prescott, Col. William, statue of 111

Probate Office . . 79

Public Garden, from Arlington Street ... 95 Public Garden, from Boylston Street ... 96

Quincy, Josiah, statue of in

Revere House 63

Seamen's Bethel 207

Second Church, Dorchester 181

Second Universalist Church 183

Shawmut Congregational Church .... 186 Soldiers' monument, Forest-Hills Cemetery . 231

Somerset Club House 243

Speakers' desk 117

State House 81

St. Paul's Church 166

Suffolk Club 245

Suffolk Jail 79

Sumner, Charles, statue of 112

Sumner's House 21

Temple Club . 245

Tremont-street mall, Boston Common ... 93 Tremont-street Methodist Church .... 174

Tremont Temple 239

Tuttle's (H. H. & CoJ shoe-store .... 3^3

Turnhalle 249

Union Building 271

Union Boat Club 245

Union Club *45

United States Hotel 61 A

Venus statue, Public Garden 95

Waban Bridge, Needham 73

Washington's lodgings '3

Washington's statue 95

Webster's home, site of '3

Wellesley College, Wellesley 136

Wesleyan Association building 19°

Williams & Everett, art-gallery 320

Winchester Home for Aged Women . . .198 Winthrop, Gov. John, statue of • .... in Young Men's Christian Union 191

INDEX TO TEXT.

Abbott, John C, 266.

ABC Pathfinder, 293.

Accidents, Notable, 18.

Ace of Clubs, 247.

Actors' Clubs, 247.

Adams House, 61.

Adams, Edward A., 55.

Adams, Nehemiah, 187.

Adams Nervine Asylum, 225.

Advent, Church of the, 175.

Advertiser, the Daily, 280, 281.

Agricultural papers, 294.

Alexander Hamilton statue, 99.

Alexis, Grand Duke, 17.

Allan Line of steamships, 55.

Almshouse for girls, Deer Island, 196.

Almshouse for male paupers, 196.

Almshouses, 196.

American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 125.

American Architect, 330.

American Bank-note Co., 258.

" American Board," the, 189.

American College and Education Society, 150, 189.

American Cultivator, 294.

American Guide-Books, 330.

American House, 62, 301.

American Insurance Co., 263, 264.

American Library Association, 151.

American Metric Bureau, 150.

American Missionary Association, 189.

American Peace Society, 189.

American Teacher, 291.

American Writing Machine Co., 190.

Amencus Club, 247.

Ames Manufacturing Co., 100.

Anchor Line of steamships, 54.

Ancient and Honorable Artillery Co., 252.

Andrew, Gov. John A., 17, 20, 99, 179; statue,

82, 101. Andrews, C. H., 287. Antiquarian Club, 247. Apartment-hotels, list of prominent, 64. Apollo Club, 128. Appalachian Mountain Club, 246. Archbishop's Mansion, 170. Architect, the American, 330. Architects, Boston Society of, 254. Area of Boston, 25. Aristides statue, 100. Arlington Club, 130. Arlington-street Church, 165, 166. Arms of the City, 37-56. Army and Navy Monument, 22, 91, 102. Arnold Arboretum, 90, 133. Art and Science, 119. Art Club, Boston, 124; library of, 119.

Arteries of the City, 27-36.

Arthur, President, 24.

Art School, 148.

Associated Charities, Charity Building, 196.

Association for Destitute Catholic Children, 202.

Association Hall, 241.

Athenaeum, Boston, 114-116, 125.

Athenian Club, 246.

Atkins, George D., 324.

Atlantic Avenue, 33.

Atlantic Monthly, 23, 59.

Austin Farm, West Roxbury, 196.

Australian packets, 54.

Babyland, 332.

Back-bay District, 25, 29-31.

Bailey, E. C, 287.

Baldwin-place Home for Little Wanderers, 203.

Ball, Thomas, 67, 82, 109.

Ballou, Hosea, 183.

Ballon, Maturin M., 289.

Bankers and brokers, list of, 274.

Banks, 269, 275.

Baptist Church, First, 178T

Baptist societies, offices of, 239.

Barnes & Dunklee, 60.

Barrows, Samuel J., 168.

Bartlett, C. L. & Co., 55.

Bates, Arlo, 291.

Bath-houses, public, 71.

Beacon-hill reservoir, 6, 75.

Beacon, the, 6, 8.

Beethoven statue, 238.

Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, 253.

Benjamin Franklin statue, 67, 100.

Berkeley-street Church, 180.

Bicknell's educational journals, 155, 291.

Bijou Theatre, 236.

Bird, Francis W., 293.

Blackstone Square, 96.

Blaxton, Rev. William, 5.

Blind, School for the, 152.

Board of Health, 211.

Board of Trade, the Boston, 298, 299.

Boffin's Bower, 208.

Bones of the City, 227-233.

Book-trade, 277.

Boston and Albany Railroad, 41-44.

Boston and Lowell Railroad, 43, 53.

Boston and Maine Railroad, 49, 50.

Boston and Providence Railroad, 40, 42, 43, 226.

Boston Asylum and Farm-school for Indigent

Boys, 155. Boston Athenaeum, 1 14-1 16, 125. Boston Base-ball Association, 248. Boston Belting Company, 20.

353

354

INDEX TO TEXT.

Boston Book Bulletin, 332.

Boston Chess Club, 248.

Boston City Hospital, 214.

Boston Clearing-house Association, 276.

Boston College, 138.

Boston Common, 91.

Boston, Concord, and Montreal Railroad, 43.

Boston Female Asylum, 209.

Boston Fire-Underwriters' Union, 263.

Boston Gas- Light Company, 315.

" Boston Journal," 284.

Boston Latin-School Association, 254.

Boston Library Society, 119.

Boston Marine Insurance Company, 266.

Boston Massacre, to, 86, 158, 286.

Boston Memorial Association, 254.

Boston Microscopical Society, 225.

Boston mutual fire and marine ins. co.'s, 268.

Boston News-Letter, 278.

Boston Port and Seamen's-Aid Society, 207.

Boston Post, 283.

Boston Press Club, 246.

Boston Protective Department, 72.

Boston Provident Asso., Charity B'ld'g, 197.

Boston Public Schools, 141-145.

Boston, Revere Beach, and Lynn Railroad, 51.

Boston Rubber Shoe Company, 325.

Boston Seaman's Friend Society, 208.

Boston Sewing Circle, Charity B'ld'g, 196, 207.

Boston, Sketch of the Historv of, 5-27.

Boston Society for Medical Improvement, 224.

Boston Society of Decorative Art, 125.

Boston Society of Natural History, 125.

Boston Society of Architects, 254.

Boston Stock Exchange, 276.

" Boston tea-party," n, 53, 158.

Boston Tennis-Club, 246.

Boston Theatre, 233, 234.

Boston University, 136-138.

Boston University Law School, 137.

Boston University School of Medicine, 137, 220.

Boston Water- Power Co., 30, 123. '

Boston Yacht Club, 247.

Bowditch, Nathaniel, 256.

Bowdoin Square, 27.

Bowdoin-square Baptist Church, 180.

Boylston Club, 128.

Boylston Market, 297, 208.

Boylston Medical Society of Harvard Univ., 224.

Boylston Museum, 237.

Boylston, Ward N., 297.

Bradstreet's Improved Mercantile Agency, 314.

" Bradstreet's" journal, 314.

Brain of the City, 131-157.

Branch libraries, public, 114.

Brewer Fountain, 91.

Bridge from West Chester Park to Cambridge,

proposed, 31. Bridges in and around Boston, 12, 13, 34. Brighton district, principal drives, 34. " Brighton road," 29. Brighton soldiers' monument, 109. Brooks, Phillips, 165. Brown, Joseph T. & Co., 341. Brunswick, Hotel, 58-60. Buckingham, Joseph T., 291. Budget, Sunday, 291. Bumstead Hall, 238. Bunker-hill centennial celebration, 21. Bnnker-hill Monument, 22, 106, 112. Bureau of Credits, 281. Bureau of Debts and Debtors, 281. Burns Riot, 16.

Bussey Institution, 133. Bussey, Benjamin, 133, 166. Butler, William S., & Co., 344.

Cadets, 252.

Cafes, 65.

Call, Edward P., 281.

Calvary Cemetery, 230, 232.

Carney Hospital, 216.

Carpets, 349.

Casino, 308.

Cathedral cf the Holy Cross, 169-171.

Catholic Apostolic Church, 173.

Catholic cemeteries, 230, 232.

Catholic schools and convents, 154.

Cattle-Fair Hotel, Brighton, 64.

Cecilia Society, 128.

Cemeteries in the city proper, 227.

Central Burying-ground, 228.

Central Charity Bureau and Temporary Home,

„ V-i J95-

Central Church, 167.

Central Club, 244.

Central Cong. Church, Jamaica Plain, 168.

Central Lunch Club, 253. «

Central Wharf, 52.

Channing Home, 219.

Channing, W. E., 165.

Charitable Irish Society, 206.

Charity, Sisters of, 203, 216, 217.

Charles-river Embankment, 89.

Charles-street Jail, 87.

Charles Sumner statue, 109.

Charlestown, 5.

Charlestown Almshouse, 196.

Charlestown Burial-ground, 229.

Charlestown district, parks in, 98.

Charlestown, principal avenues in, 33.

Charlestown soldiers' and sailors' monument, 107.

Chauncy-hall School, 147.

Chester Square, 96.

Chestnut-hill reservoir, 74, 90, 98.

Children's Friend Society, 208.

Children's Home, Home for Aged Females, 200.

Children's Hospital, 217.

Children's Miss, to Children of the Destitute, 201.

Children's Sea-shore Home, 218.

Christ Church, Salem Street, 161, 228.

Christian Register, the, 168.

Churches in Boston, denominational list of, 193.

Church Green, 301.

Church Home for Orphans and Destitute, 202.

Church of the Advent, 175.

Church of the Advent, the new, 175, 176.

Church of the Disciples, 179.

Church of the Immaculate Conception, 172.

Church of the Messiah, 188.

Church of the Unity, 182.

City government of Boston, 14, 70.

City Hall, 67-71, 100, 109, 142.

City Missionary Society, 189, 210.

City officials, 70.

City-Point Park, 90.

Civil Service Reform Club, 246.

Civil War, 16.

Clapp, Otis, & Son, 346.

Clapp, W. W., 280, 285, 290.

Clark, John S., 328.

Classical schools, Private, 154.

Clement, Edward H., 282.

Clubs in Boston, 243.

Cochituate water introduced, 15, 94; Lake, 74.

Codman, Dr. John, 181.

INDEX TO TEXT.

355

Coffee-houses, 66.

Coliseum, 17.

College of Agriculture, of Boston University, 137.

College of Music, of Boston University, 136.

Collins, Jennie, 208.

Columbus-avenue Universalist Church, 183, 184.

Columbus statue, 100.

Commerce of Boston, 52.

Commercial Bulletin, the Boston, 292.

Commercial Colleges, 154.

Commercial Exchange, the Boston, 300.

Commercial Point, 316.

Common, Boston, 10, 91-94.

Commonwealth Avenue, 29, 31, 57, 58, 97, 98,

100, 178. Commonwealth, Boston, 292. Congregational House, 189, 190. Congregationalism the, 189. Congregational Library, 118. Congregational Publishing Society, 189. Conservatory of Music, 148. Consumptives' Home, 218. Continental Clothing House, 23. Convents, 154. Converse, E. S., 325. Conway, M. D., 292.

Co-operative Society of Visitors among Poor, 209. Copp's-hill Burying-ground, 228. Correctional institutions, 88. County Court House, 87. Courant, 278. Courier, the Boston, 290. Courtney, F., 166. Cowley Fathers, 176. Crawford House, 64. Criminals, noteworthy, 16, 18. 19 Cunard Line of steamships, 15, 53, 54. Curtis Hall, Jamaica Plain, 108, 242. Custom House, 86.

Deaf, School for, 155.

Debt of Boston, 26.

Decorative Art, Boston Society of, 125.

Deeds, Registry of, 88.

Dental schools, 134.

Devens, Gen., 22, 23.

Dexter, Hon. Samuel, 15.

Diet-kitchens, 219.

Dining-clubs, 60, 61.

Directors for public institutions, 70, 196.

Disabled soldiers and sailors, aid to, 199.

Dispensaries, 220, 221.

Dispensary for Diseases of Children, 221.

Dispensary for Diseases of Women, 221.

Dispensary, the Boston, 219.

Dispensary, the Charlestown, 220.

Dispensary, the Roxbury, 220.

Dobson, John & James, 349.

Dorchester Cemetery, 232.

Dorchester district, interesting features of, 33, 34.

Dorchester Heights, 12.

Dorchester Medical Club, 225.

Dorchester, parks in, 98.

Dorchester soldiers' monument, 107.

Doric Hall, State House, 82.

Draft Riot, 16.

Drama in Boston, 233.

Druggists' Association, the Boston, 225.

Dudley-street Baptist Church, 173.

Dudley-street Opera-house, 237.

Dudley, Thomas, 6.

Duelling, 10.

Duryea, J. T., 167.

Dwight's Journalof Music, 127.

East Boston, principal thoroughfares in, 33, 53.

Easl-Boston reservoir, 75.

East Boston, squares in, 97.

Eastern Railroad Company, 49.

Educational institutions, 13'.

Educational periodicals, 291.

Education, bi-monthly magazine, 155.

Electric light introduced, 23.

Elevated-railroad system, 36.

Eliot School, 146.

Eliot's grave, 232.

Elks, 253.

Ellis, Dr. George E., 24.

Ellis, F. M., 168.

Emancipation Group, no.

Embargo, 13.

Emerson School, 146.

English-High and Latin School, 142.

Equitable Building, 261, 262.

Equitable Life-Ass 11 ranee Soc. of N. Y., 261.

Ether monument, 102.

Evangelical Advent Church, 174.

Evans, Thomas C-., 240.

Evening High School, 154.

Everett, Edward, 178; statue, 99.

Everett National Bank, 258.

Exports, 53.

Fairbanks, Brown, & Co., 320.

Fall-River Line steamers, 47.

Faneuil Hall, 80, 295

Faneuil-hall Market, the new, 67, 295.

" Father Taylor's " chapel, 206.

Fellowes Athenaeum, 114.

Ferries, 15.

Ferrm, Charles B., 63.

Financial Institutions, The, 269-276.

Fire-alarm telegraph, 72.

Fire and marine insurance, 262.

Fire department, 71.

Fires, 8, 15, 18, 24.

First bank in America, 269.

First church, 157.

First Cong. Society of Jamaica Plain, 184.

First meeting-house in Boston, 157.

First newspaper, 8, 277.

First settler in Boston, 5, 27.

First tavern in Boston, 57.

First theatre in Botson, 12.

Fish Bureau, the Boston, 300.

Fitchburg Railroad, 48, 49, 51, 53.

Fitz, Eustace C , 299

Flagstaff Hill, Boston Common, 91.

Florence silk, 324.

Foley, Margaret, 337.

Forest-hills Cemetery, 229.

Fort Independence, 88.

Fort WarrenJ 88

Fort Winthrop, 88.

Franklin, Benjamin, 278.

Franklin's birthplace, 8; statue, 100.

Franklin Buildings, 334.

Franklin Square, 96.

Free Hospital for Women, 222.

French-flat system of dwellings, 64.

French restaurants, 66,

Frog Pond, 91.

Frost & Dearborn's restaurant, 65.

Garrison's Funeral, 23. Gaugengigl, I. M., 348.

356

INDEX TO TEXT.

Geldowsky Furniture Co., 340.

General Theological Library, 119.

Genesee-street School, 146.

German Lutheran Trinity Church, 169.

German musical societies, 129.

Gilmore, P. S., 17.

Girls' High School, 145.

Globe Theatre, the, 234, 235.

Globe, the Boston, 289, 290.

Glover statue, 100.

Goddard, Delano S., 278, 281.

Good Times, 292.

Gore, Gov. Christopher, 15.

Grand Army of the Republic, the, 22, 251.

Grand Junction Railroad, 39, 41, 53.

Grant, Gen. U. S., 17, 59.

Great Fire, 18, 76, 158.

Great Organ, 238.

Green, Dr. Samuel A., 8, 14.

Greene, Col. Charles G., 283.

Hale, Edward Everett, 185.

Hale, Nathan, 281.

Halleck's Alhambra, 237.

Halls in Charlestown; 242.

Halls in East Boston, 242.

Halls, public, in and near Boston, 242.

Hamilton statue, 99.

Hancock House, the old, 16.

Hancock, John, 12, 17. _

Handel and Haydn Society, 127.

Harvard Dental School, 134.

Harvard Medical School, 134.

Harvard Monument, 106.

Harvard Musical Association, 127, 238.

Harvard-street Baptist Church, 182.

Harvard University, 15, 22, 90, 104, 131-135.

Haskell, Daniel M., 282.

Haskell, E. B., 287.

Haven, Franklin, 270.

Hawthorne Rooms, 241.

Hayes, President, 22, 59.

Haynes, Tilly, 62.

Hazewell, C. C, 286.

Heart of the City, the, 195-211.

Heliotype Printing Co., 330.

Herald, the Boston, 287-289.

Herford, Brooke, 166.

Highland district, streets in, 33.

Highland Street-railway Co., 35.

Hilliard, W. H., 337.

Historical Sketch, 5.

Hogg, Brown, & Taylor, 327.

Hollis-street Church, 166.

Hollis, Thomas, 166.

Holmes's (O. W.) Birthday, 23.

Home for Aged Colored Women, 198.

Home for Aged Men, 199.'

Home for Aged Poor, 197.

Home for Aged Women, 199.

Home Guardian, the, monthly, 205.

Homoeopathic Hospital, 138.

Homoeopathic Medical Dispensary, 220.

Homoeopathic Medical Society, Boston, 224.

Homoeopathic Medical Society, Mass., 224.

Homoeopathic Pharmacy, 346.

Hook & Hastings, 170, 172, 239, 322.

Hoosac Tunnel Dock and Elevator Company,

Horace Mann School for the Deaf, 155.

Horace Mann statue, 82, 99.

Horticultural Hall, 240.

Hospitaller Hall, 242.

Hospitals and dispensaries, 211.

209.

Hospital of the Public Institutions, 219.

Hotel Boylston, 64.

Hotel Brunswick, 22, 23, 24, 58-60.

Hotel Pelham, 64.

Hotels and Restaurants, 57-66.

House of Correction, 70, 88.

House of Industry, 70, 88.

House of Reformation for Girls, 70, 88.

House of the Angel Guardian, 204.

House of the Good Samaritan, 217.

House of the Good Shepherd, 208.

Hovey, William A., 282, 291.

Howard Athenaeum, 237.

Howard, E. J., 299.

Howard Watch and Clock Co., 347.

Howells, William D., 331.

Huntington Hall, 140.

Ilsley, D. P. & Co., 343. Immaculate Conception Church, 172. Imports, 53.

Independence Square, 97. Industrial Aid Society, Charity Building, Industrial Design School, 140, 150. Industrial School for Girls, 205. Industrial Temporary Home, 199. Infant School and Children's Home, 202. Insurance companies, statistics of, 267, 268 Insurance Offices, 254-268. Investigator Hall, 241. Israelitish cemetery, 232.

Jackson, Andrew, 15.

Jacob Sleeper Hall, 137.

Jail, county, 87.

Jamaica Plain, 133, 168, 184, 201.

Jamaica Pond, 74.

James, G. B., 291.

Jenny Lind in Boston, 16, 48.

Jesuits, 138.

John A. Andrew Hall, 242.

John Glover statue, 31, 100.

John Hancock Mutual Life-Insurance Company,

258, John Winthrop statue, 112.

Journal of Education, N.E. and National, 155, 201. Journal, the Boston, 284. Judkins, Herman S., 350. Juvenile magazines, 291.

Kendall, Samuel E., 65. Kimball, Moses, no. King's Chapel, 24, 160, 161, 227. King's Chapel Burying-ground, 227. Kirk, Edward N., 184. Knights of Honor, 250. Knights of Pythias, 250. Knights Templars, 250.

Lacrosse Club, the, 249.

Ladies' Co-operative Visiting Society, Charity

Building, 209. Ladies' Relief Agency, Charity Building, 209. Lafayette, 13, 14. Lamb Inn, 61.

Latin-School, the Boston, 142. Latin-School Association, the Boston, 254. Latin-School for Girls, 145. Lewando's Dye-house, 345. Leyland Line, 55. " Liberty Tree," 10. Library Association, 151. Library Journal, the, 151.

INDEX TO TEXT.

357

Life-insurance in America, 256.

Lincoln Square, 97.

Lmd, Jenny, 16, 48.

Literary clubs, 247.

Literary World, the, 189.

Little, Brown, & Co., 277.

" Little Sisters of the Poor," 197.

Livermore, Mrs. M. A., 22.

" Long walk," the, 92.

Long Wharf, 52.

Lothrop, D., & Co., 291, 331.

Lotus Glee Club, 130.

Lowell family, 212.

Lowell Institute, 140, 150.

Lowell, John A., & Co., 348.

Lowell Square, 97.

Lumber-Dealers' Association, 302.

Lunatic Hospital, Boston, 219.

Lungs of the City, 89-112.

Lutheran Church, 169.

Lying-in Hospital', Boston, 219.

Lynn and Boston Railroad, 36.

Macaroni Club, 247.

Macdonald & Sons, 332, 334.

Macullar, Parker, & Co., 309-3T4.

Magee, James P., 190. »

Malbone, E. G., 15.

" Manifesto Church," 178.

Mann, Horace, statue, 82, 99.

Manufactory House, 242

Marcella-street Home for boys, 196.

Marine Park at City Point, proposed, 90.

Marine Society, the Boston, 306.

Marine Underwriters, the Boston Board of, 306.

Mariners' House, 207.

Markets, 298.

Markets and Exchanges, 295-308.

Mason Building, 349.

Masonic Temple, 80, 250.

Massachusetts Central Railroad, 31, 44, 45.

Mass. Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary, 221.

Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association, 237, 240, 297, 303.

Massachusetts College of Pharmacy, 154, 224.

Massachusetts General Hospital, 211.

Massachusetts Historical Society, 8, 116.

Massachusetts Home Missionary Society, 189.

Massachusetts Homoeopathic Hospital, 138, 214.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society, 232, 240.

Mass. Hospital Life-Insurance Company, 23, 256.

Massachusetts Infant Asylum, 201.

Mass. Institute of lechnology, 58, 138, 232.

Mass. joint-stock fire and marine ins. co.'s, 267.

Mass. Loan and Trust Co., of Boston, 275, 276.

Massachusetts Medical Society, 222, 223.

Massachusetts mutual fire and marine insurance companies, Boston, 268.

Massachusetts Normal Art School, 148.

Massachusetts Ploughman, 294.

Massachusetts School for Idiotic and Feeble- minded Youth, 155.

Mass. Soc. for Aiding Discharged Convicts, 206.

Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 209.

Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, 210.

Mather Tomb, 229.

Matignon, Father, 230.

Maverick House, 64.

Mayors of Boston, list of, 14.

McLean Asylum for the Insane, Somerville, 212.

Mechanics' Exchange, 302.

" Mechanics' Fair," 303.

Mechanics' Hall, the new, 240.

Medical Association, Boston, 224.

Medical Examiner, 223.

Medical Library Association, Boston, 117.

Medical Schools, 134, 137.

Meeting-house Hill, 98, 168.

Memorial History of Boston, 278, 330.

Mercantile Library Association, 253.

Mercantile Fire and Marine Insurance Co., 264.

Merchants' Association, the Boston, 306.

Merchants' Exchange and Reading-room, 298, 299.

Merchants' National Bank, 269.

Merrill, Moses, 142.

Methodist Theological Seminary, 137.

Metric Bureau, 150.

Metropolitan Railroad Company, 35.

Metropolitan Steamship Line, 56.

Middlesex Railroad Company, 36.

Militia of Massachusetts, the, 252.

Mill-dam, the, 29.

Mind of the City, 113-131.

Miner, A. A., 184.

Mining-stock Exchange, 306.

Mission Church of Our Lady of Perpetual Help,

172. Montgomery Square, 97. Moody and Sankey, 22. Morgues, the Old and the New, 223. Mount-Auburn Cemetery, 232. Mount-Benedict Cemetery, 232. Mount-Hope Cemetery, 230. Mount- Vernon Church, 184. Munson, Norman C, 30, 44. Museum of Arts, Institute of Technology, 138. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 120-124. Museum, the Boston, 235. Musical societies of Boston, 127-130. Music Hall, the Boston, 21, 127, 238. Mutual Benefit Life-Ins. Co., N.J., 260, 261. Mutual Life-Insurance Company of N.Y., 259. Mystic water-works, 73, 76.

Nassau Hall, 242.

National banks, complete list of, 273.

National Peace Jubilees, the two, 17.

National Revere Bank of Boston, 270.

National Webster Bank, 258.

Natural History, Society of, 125.

Natural History, Warren Museum of, 126.

Needlewoman's Friend Society, 207.

New-England Conservatory of Music, 148, 149.

New-England Farmer, 294.

New-England Female Medical College, r37.

New-England Furniture Exchange, 301, 302.

New-England Hist, and Gen. Register, 118.

New- England Historic-Genealogical Soc, 118.

New-Eng. Hospital for Women and Children, 216.

New-England House, 64.

New-England Manufacturers and Mechanics' In- stitute, 3t, 307, 308.

New-England Moral Reform Society, 205.

New-England Mutual Life-Ins. Co., 91, 257.

New-England Scandinavian Benevolent Soc, 206.

New-England Woman's Club, 246

New-Jerusalem Church Society, 188.

Newspapers, 8, 278.

New- York and Boston Despatch Express Co., 338.

New- York and New-England Railroad, 50.

Nonotuck Silk Company, 324.

Norfolk House, 64.

North-End Mission, Boston, 210.

358

INDEX TO TEXT.

Normal Art School, 148.

Normal School, Boston, 143.

Norsemen statue and fountain, proposed, 109.

North-American Steamship Line, 55.

Notre Dame Academy, 154.

Noyes Brothers, 342.

Oakland Garden, 237.

Ober's restaurant, 66.

Obstetrical Society, 225.

Odd Fellows' Hall, 250.

Old Boston, sketch of, 24.

Old Charlestown Burial-ground, 229.

Old Colony Railroad, 46-48, 6ia.

Old Corner Bookstore, 277.

Old Elm, 92.

Old Granary Burying-ground, 227, 228.

Old South Church, n, 89, 158-160.

Old South Church, the new, 160.

Old State House, 24, 67, 82/84-86.

Olympian Club, 237.

Organized charities, 195.

Organs, 322.

Orpheus Musical Society, 129.

Osborn, Gen. F. A., 21.

Osgood, James R., & Co., 330, 331.

Otis, Harrison Gray, 12.

Our Lady of Perpetilal Help, 172.

Our Little Men and Women, 332.

Our Little Ones, 292.

Overseers of the Poor, 71.

Paddock elms, the, 228. Paige, John C, 265. Paine Memorial Hall, 241. Paint and Clay Club, 125. Paintings, 320, 337, 349. Palmer, Bachelder, & Co., 337. Palmer, B. P., 290. Pansy, 332. Papanti s Hall, 242. Papyrus Club, 247. Park Commissioners, 91. Parker, Col. Henry G., 290. Parker Fraternity, 188. Parker, Harvey D., 60. Parker-hill Reservoir, 75. Parker House, 60, 247. Parker Memorial Hall, 188, 241. Park-street church, 24, 167, 232. Park Theatre, 235. Parks and squares, public, 89-98. Parks, proposed series of, 89, 90. Parochial schools, 154. Patriotism of Boston in the Rebellion, 16. Peabody's Australia, New-Zealand, and South- Africa packets, 54. Penitent Females' Refuge and Bethesda Soc, 204. People's Church, 175.

Perkins Inst, and Mass. School for Blind, 152. Pharmacy, College of, 154. Phelps, Franklin S., & Co., 300. Philharmonic Society, 129. Pierce, S. S., & Co., 13. Pierian Sodality, 127. Pilgrim Hall, 242. Pilots, 56.

Police-department, 72.

Police Relief Association, Charity Building, 210. Pollard, Ann, 6. Polk, President, 15. Pope Manufacturing Co., 339. Population of Boston, 12, 20, 26.

Post, the Boston Daily, 8, 283, 284.

Postal statistics, 80.

Postmasters, list of, 80.

Post Office, 76-79.

Prang, L., & Co., 328, 329.

Prescott statue, 112.

Prince, Mayor, 22, 23.

Prince of Wales, 16.

Prince School, 146.

Private charities, 195.

Private schools, 147, 154.

Probate Office, 87.

Produce Exchange, the Boston, 300.

Provident Institution for Savings, 275.

Province House, 24, 28.

Public Buildings, 67-88.

Public Garden, 94.

Public Library, 113, 253.

Public Schools, the Boston, 141-145.

Pulse of the City, 211-226.

Pulsifer, R. M., 287.

Quincy House, 64.

Quincy, Josiah, statue, 67, 102, 109.

Quincy Market, 67, 296, 297.

Railroad Business of Boston, 37, 51, 52.

Railway Clearing-house Association, 51.

Rand, Avery, & Co., 294, 334, 335.

Raymond's School of Oratory and Elocution, iS

Redfern, B. F., 324.

Registry of Deeds for Suffolk County, 88.

Restaurants and cafes, 65.

Revere House, 63, 247.

Rice, Alexander H., 14, 103,109.

Richardson, Hill, & Co., 271, 272.

Rinks, 237.

Ritualistic churches, 178.

Rockwell & Churchill, 336.

Rogers, Prof. W B., 140.

Roman-Catholic Seminary, 154.

Roxbury Burying-ground, 232.

Roxbury Carpet Company, 189.

Roxbury Charitable Society, 197, 220.

Roxbury district) parks and squares in, 97, 98.

Roxbury Latin School, 152.

Roxbury soldiers' monument, 108, 230.

Rubber-shoe Company, the Boston, 325.

Rumford medals, 125.

Russell, P.., 286.

Russia Wharf, 53.

Ryan, J. W., 291.

Safe-deposit vaults, 258, 261, 274, 275.

St. Augustine Cemetery, 230.

St. Botolph Club, 244.

St. Elizabeth's Hospital, 222.

St. James Hotel, 149.

St. John's Church, 169.

St. Joseph's Home, 203, 222.

St. Luke's Home, 222.

St. Mary's Infant Asylum, 218.

St. Paul's Church, 80, 166. 232.

St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum, 202.

Salaries of city officers, 70.

Samuel Adams statue, no.

Sanborn, Frank B., 293.

Sanitary condition of Boston, 211.

Saturday Club, 247.

Saturday Evening Gazette, the, 285, 290.

Saturday-morning Club, 247.

Savings banks, 274.

School, New High, 142.

INDEX TO TEXT.

359

School of All Sciences of Boston University, 137.

School of Industrial Design, 140.

School of Industrial Science, Inst. Technology, 140.

School of Mechanic Arts, Inst. Technology, 140.

School regiment, the Boston, 252.

Schools, 131.

Scollay's Building, 17.

Scollay Square, 17, 23, 35.

Scots' Charitable Society, 205.

Scott, Gen. W., 15.

Seaman's Friend Society, Boston, 208.

Second Church, 179.

Second Church, Dorchester district, 181.

Secret societies, 250.

Sewers, public, in Boston, 211.

Sewing Circle, the Boston, 207.

Shawmut, 5.

Shawmut Congregational Church, 186.

Shaw statue, 109.

Shipping interests of Boston, 52.

Shoe and Leather Exchange, 301.

Shoe and Leather Insurance Company, 266.

Simmons Female College, 150.

Sisters of Notre Dame, 154.

Skating-rinks, 237.

Slack, Charles W., 293.

Social Law Library, 87.

Social Side of the City, 233-250.

Society for Medical Improvement, Boston, 224.

Society for Medical Improvement, Roxbury, 225.

Society for Medical Observation, Boston, 224.

Society of Arts, Inst, of Technology, 138.

Society of Medical Sciences, Boston, 225.

Society of Natural History, Boston, 58, 119, 125.

Society of St. Vincent de Paul, 203.

Society to Encourage Studies at Home, 151.

Somerset Club, 243.

Somerset-street Baptist Church, 178.

" Sons of Liberty," 10.

Soul of the City, 157-194.

South Boston, 12.

South-Boston Medical Club, 225.

South-Boston Railroad, 36.

South- Boston reservoir, 75.

South Boston, street-system of, 33.

South- Boston Yacht-Club, 248.

South Congregational Church, 185.

Spelling Reform Association, 151.

Stanwood, Edward, 281.

Star, the Daily Evening, 290.

State House, 6, 12, 16, 81-84, 99.

State Library of Massachusetts, 82, 117.

State Mutual Life-Assurance Company, 212.

State Street, 286.

Statues, 98-1 r2.

Steam-railroads, introduction of, 37.

Steam-tugs, 56.

Stevens, B. F., 257.

Stevens, Paran, 63.

Street-railroads, statistics of, 36.

Street-railway system, 35.

Streets in modern Boston, 28-34.

Streets in old Boston, 27, 28.

Streets, length and cost of, 34.

Studies at Home, 151.

Sudbury-nver water, 75.

Suffolk Club, 244.

Suffolk-county Jail, 87.

Summer-garden theatres, 237.

Sumner, Charles, 20, 82, 103, 109.

Sumner statue, 109.

Sunday Budget, the, 291.

Sunday newspapers, 290, 291.

Superintendent of schools, 141. Supervisors of schools, 141. Swedenborgian Church, 188. Symphony concerts, 127.

Tabernacle, the, 22.

Taft, E. A., 338.

Tappan, John G., 20.

Taverns, 57.

Taylor, Col. Charles H., 290.

Technology, Institute of, 138.

Temple Club, 243.

Temple, Union, 168.

Temporary Home for the Destitute, 200.

Tennis Club, 246.

Theatres, 12, 15, 234-237.

Thomas Park, 97.

Thursday Club, 247.

Ticknor, George, 14.

Ticknor, William D., 330.

Time-ball, the, 261.

Tompkins, Orlando, 233, 234.

Tongue of the City, the, 277-292.

Tourje'e, Dr. Eben, 22, 148.

Training-school for Nurses, City Hospital, 155.

Transcript, the Boston Evening, 281, 282.

Traveller, the Boston Evening, 285.

Tremont House, 62.

Tremont-street Methodist-Episcopal Church, 174.

Tremont Temple, 168, 239.

Trimountain, 5.

Trinity Church, 162-165.

Trust companies, complete list of, 274.

Tufts College, 76, 138.

Turner-Zeitung, the, 249.

Turnhalle, the, 249.

Turnverein, the Boston, 130, 249.

Tuttle, Henry H. & Co., 323.

Twenty-eighth Congregational Society, 188.

Tyler, President, 15.

Union Athletic Club, 249.

Union Boat-Club, 247.

Union Church, 187.

Union Club, 244.

Union Freight Railway, 48.

Union Hall, 241.

Union Park, 96.

Union Railway Company, 36.

Union Safe-deposit Vaults, 275.

Union Temple Church, 168.

United-States Court House, 80, 250.

United-States Custom House, 86.

United-States Hotel, 6ia, 62.

United-States Navy Yard, 80.

United-States Postroffice and Sub-treasury, 76-79.

United-States signal-service station, 2ji.

Universalist Church, Second, 183.

Universalists, 138.

University Club, 246.

Ursuline Convent, burning of, 15.

Valuation of Boston, 26. Vendome, the, Hotel, 31, 32, 57-59.

Wait's Hall, South Boston, 242.

Wales, Thomas C, 326.

Walker Society for Medical Improvement, 225.

Walnut-avenue Congregational Church, 185.

Ward's description (in 1699), 8.

Warren Anatomical Museum, 135.

Warren, Judge G. W., 22.

Warren Museum of Natural History, 126.

360

INDEX TO TEXT.

Warren Line, 56.

Warren, William, 235.

Washington, George, 12, 17.

Washingtonian Home, 225.

Washington Market, 298.

Washington statue, 82; equestrian statue, 98.

Washington-Village Yacht-Club, 248.

Water, 75, 76.

Webster, Daniel, 13, 6ia; statue, 99.

Webster, Prof. John W. 16.

Wednesday-evening Club, 247.

Wellesley College, 135.

Wesleyan Association building, 190.

Wesleyan Hall, 241.

West-Chester Park, 31.

West Church, 174.

West-Roxbury district, streets of, 34.

West-Roxbury Park, 90.

West-Roxbury soldiers' monument, 108.

Wharves, 52, 53.

White-star Line, 55.

Whittier, John G., 23.

Whittier Machine Company, 58, 59, 240, 318.

Wide-awake, 291, 331, 332.

Wilder, Marshall P., 103, 118.

William Prescott statue, 112.

Williams & Everett, 319, 320.

Winchester Home for Aged Women, "198.

Windsor Theatre, 237.

Winslow's grave, Admiral, 230.

Winslow, Ezra D., 18, 20, 283.

Winthrop Congregational Church, 185.

Winthrop, John, 6.

Winthrop, Robert C, 112, 117.

Winthrop statue, 23, 112.

Withrow, J. L., 167.

Wolcott, Col. J. W., 31, S8.

"Woman's Board," the, 189.

Woman's Christian Temperance Union, 22.

Woodlawn cemetery in Everett, 232.

Worcester Square, 96.

Worcester, Thomas, 188.

Worthington, Roland, 285.

Vacht-CIubs, 247.

Young Men's Benevolent Society, 206.

Young Men's Christian Association, Boston, 191.

Young Men's Christian Union, Boston, 190, 241,

249- Young Women's Christian Association, 192. Young's Hotel, 61. Youth's Companion, the, 291.

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