SPECIAL STATEMENT BY THE PRESIDENT ON THE
DECLARATION OF A STATE OF NATIONAL
EMERGENCY
— The Background of the Declaration of a State of National Emergency —
fV)
National Security Council Decision No. I Cabinet Council Decision No. 1125
PRESIDENTIAL DECLARATION OF A STATE OF NATIONAL EMERGENCY
A close watch and careful review by the govern- ment of the Republic of Korea on the rapid changes in the international situation, includ- ing the recent admission of Communist China into the United Nations, its effect upon the Korean peninsula, and the various fanatic moves by north Korean Communists for inva- sion preparations have prompted a conclusion that the Republic of Korea is now faced with a crucial time for reshaping its national se- curity posture.
The government, therefore, declares herewith a state of national emergency with a view to informing the people of this stark reality, keenly realizing the urgent necessity of jointly renew- ing the firm determination of the government and people to overcome the current difficult situation.
7. The government will henceforth place top priority on national security matters and promptly establish a stronger security posture at the earliest possible date,
2. Any social unrest that represents a risk to national security will not he tolerated, and all elements of such unrest will he removed,
3. Irresponsible arguments on national se- curity matters must he avoided,
4. Every citizen must willingly shoulder his share and faithfully fulfill his duty in safeguarding national security,
5. Every citizen must establish in himself a new sense of values consistent with natio- nal security requirements,
6. Every citizen must be prepared with determination, should the worst contin- gency arrive, to concede some of the freedom that he enjoys for the sake of protecting national security.
1971. 12. 6 PARK CHUNG HEE PRESIDENT
SPECIAL STATEMENT BY THE PRESIDENT ON THE
DECLARATION OF A STATE OF NATIONAL
EMERGENCY
Dear citizens !
Today, I have declared a state of national emergency to inform the people that our country, the Republic of Korea, is at present confronted with a grave situation. I have, in my duty as president to safeguard the nation and preserve the freedom of the people, derived this estimate from a thorough analysis, review and evaluation of the recent international situation and the north Korean moves.
North Korea (doubled its pre-Korean War military potential during the 1953-1960 period. It carried out with success its so-called four milit- ary policies from 1961 to 1968, completing pre- parations to fight out a war against the Republic of Korea without foreign assistance. Continuing to strengthen its all-out war capability, Kim II- sung of north Korea boasted during the north Korean Labour (Communist) Party meeting in November, 1970, that north Korea had com- pleted war preparations.
North Korea re-organized its military set-up, expanding commando-type units since 1969. It has brought in a great quantity of surprise attack arms and equipment since 1968, increasing its fire power twofold. North Korea now can make surprise attacks on the capital area of Korea and its industrial rear areas.
North Korea emphasizes training in surprise attacks by large units, guerilla warfare, and fast- victory tactics. Military position and fortifica- tions have been built in the more forward areas. In addition, the Red militia of 1,400,000 citizens and farmers and the youth guard of 700,000 students of secondary school and up are equal to the regular forces in equipment and training.
Centering on heavy and military industry, eco- nomies have been geared to a war time system in north Korea. With a build-up of arms into sufficient quantity, Kim says when a decisive moment arrives he can strike successfully. The decisive moment as seen by Kim is when Com- munist China checks the U.S. and Japan diplo- matically and the Republic of Korea proves incapable of handling its internal confusion and disorder.
The Rodong (Labour) Shinmoon, north Korea’s official organ, and all other party-manipulated propa- ganda machineries, shout out “one for a hundred”, demanding inhuman mili- tary training for the popu- lace. “One for a hundred” means that one should defeat a hundred enemies.
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It is well to say that the general trend of international society tends towards peace, and is moving from confrontation to negotiation. This trend, how- ever, is only an aspect of efforts of the big powers to maintain status quo in a stalemate of the nuclear arms race. The situation on our Korean peninsula, however, is not at all running parallel to such a trend. On the contrary, we must be fully aware of the fact that the local tension on the Korean peninsula is constantly mounting. This is because north Korea is dead set upon its Red scheme to unify the country by communization only, and does not cease aggressive provocations, taking advantage of the general trend when the manoeuverability of the major powers is limited by a stalemate in the nuclear arms race.
Recent international trends, such as the SALT talks, Sino-American rapprochement, the seating of Red China in the UN, appear to indicate a thaw. These trends, however, are products and developments of the process of reorganization of international power distribution based on the theory of power and self-interest under a nuclear stalemate.
The Korean peninsula is surrounded militarily by the three powers of the U.S., Communist China, and the U.S.S.R, while politically by the four powers of these three plus Japan. The con- flicts of diplomatic and military interest and checks-and-balances among these world powers help create various problems and tension inside Korea.
Problems and tension in Korea are being fur-
ther aggravated by Kim Il-sung who schemes constantly to communize the whole Korean peninsula by means of force.
Kim Il-sung’s north Korea decided that the opportune time presents itself now to push ahead its own communization program of the whole of Korea, taking into favourable consideration a series of international moves involving Korean such as the partial withdrawal of the UN Forces from Korea and the corresponding decrease of the UN role on the Korean question, the em- ergence of Communist China as an international force speaking on behalf of north Korea, and competition between Communist China and the USSR to win the support of north Korea in their ideological feud.
It is to be seen whether the handshakes between the leaders of divided Germany could really thaw their icy past relations.
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The seating of Communist China in the ON drew the concern of the Republic of Korea.
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World powers are intent on detente as exempli- fied by the US-USSR nuclear ban talks. These efforts sometimes give the impression that nuclear powers try to monopolize nuclear bombs, thus solidifying their international position as well. The thawing mood among these powers, therefore, has little to do with the harsh Korean realities.
Nuclear Capability
|
U.S |
USSR |
Britain |
France |
|
|
ICBM |
1,054 |
1,510 |
— |
|
|
IRBM |
— |
100 |
— |
9 |
|
MRBM |
— |
600 |
— |
— |
|
SLBM |
656 |
350 |
64 |
16 |
|
Medium Range Bombers |
430 |
640 |
— |
— |
Communist China conducts nuclear tests.
Nuclear ban conferences, US-Communist China rapprochement, etc, are but the means of world powers to secure their own national interest. They are not to protect and guarantee
the interest of weaker nations. Aren’t those Southeast Asian countries not directly exposed to the Communist threat trying hard to secure the right to survive?
, 000 miles
<3
2, 500 miles
1. Communist China's nuclear tests: 12 times
2. Communist China’s nuclear bases
a) Missile Testing Grounds: 12
b) Missile Plants: 7
O MissUe Sites: Over 50
d) Nuclear Test Grounds: Nopunol
Sinkiang Province
3. Nuclear Missile Development
a) ICBM (2. 500-7. 000 miles) to be completed in 1972
b) IRBM (1.000-2.500 miles) 80- 100 are esiimatesd to be in Com- munist China
c) MRBM (les than I.OIO) capable of actual deployment in war-
7.000 miles
Following ,he US. USSR. Red China no. places .he Far East .i.hin its nuclear missile ranpe.
North Korea’s War Capability
Regular Forces 500,000 Red Youth Guard 700,000 Red Militia 1,420,000
|
Total: 2,620,000 |
|
|
Major Armament |
|
|
Artillery Pieces |
11,000 |
|
Tanks |
1,300 |
|
Naval Ships |
300 |
|
Airplanes |
790 |
North Korean troops reading ‘*Kim ll-sung*s Works
Helicopter-borne north Korean troops during an exercise.
The local tension on the Korean peninsula, which occupies only a comer of the globe, may not seem significant in the major powers world per- spective, which is mainly directed to maintaining status quo. Nevertheless, we must unmistakably realize that those very people who live in this tense corner of the world are none other than ourselves, and that the tension here is a matter of our very own life or death.
Despite the general international trends to- wards thawing, local wars are in progress. Israel and Arabic countries, after two wars, are still the powder-kegs of the Middle East which may explode any moment. There seems no guarantee or clue to peace there. Then, there is, of course, Vietnam. India and Pakistan plunged into an all-out war, and the United States, Russia and Communist China acted as their interest dictated.
The United Nations proved helpless as an inter- mediator. The two opponents fought it out.
The Republic of Korea, which had already experienced the Korean War and is now con- fronted with the ever growing north Korean military threat and provocation to renew the Korean war, can hardly overlook these facts as irrelevant.
North Korea spends 33% of its annual budget on heavy industry, 7% on light industry, and 30% for military purpose. Heavy industry stressed by north Korea is linked to strengthening military potentiality.
Workers forced to work overtime to fulfill absurdly excessive production quotas at the Nakwon Machinery Plant
Overworked workers at the fVhanghae Iron Refinery. "Let’s us arm ourselves with the absolute thought of the party" is seen hung over the
workers.
Women are forced to work as hard as men.
Technical School Students are forced to work in plants under the pretext of on~thefob training
Communist Ch.na, which aided and joined with north K„r '
invasion of the south in the tramr .nH r / ^ """
been admitted to the United Lf ™ "f ^as now
Security Counci,. ^
no!*rotf° r demand of
rth Korea calling for tmmediate dissolution of the United Nations Forces
an t e United Nattons Commission for Unification and Rehabilitation of
orea, we must foresee thorny obstacles that might appear in the path of our national security.
In his maiden speech in the UN General As- sembly on November 15, 1971, Communist Chinese chief delegate Chiao Hwan-hua said that Peking supports the eight-point unification plan proposed by north Korea and the north Korean demand to abolish the UNCURK (United Nations Commission for Unification and Rehabi- litation of Korea) and abrogate all UN resolu- tions concerning the Korean question.
Communist China, in other words, wants to have null and void the express and majority will of the world body on an important and crucial matter including such Security Council resolu- tions as the resolution on the independence and lawfulness of the Republic of Korea and the withdrawal of foreign troops (Dec. 12, 1948), the resolution for military assistance to Korea by which 16 UN member states contributed to the UN Forces (June 27, 1950), the resolution to establish a unified command for the UN Forces (July 7, 1950), the resolution for relief and aid to south Korean civilians (July 31, 1950), and such General Assembly resolutions as the re- solution for the creation of UNCURK (Oct. 7, 1950), the resolution branding Communist China as an aggressor (Feb. 1, 1951), and the resolution proclaiming an embargo on strategic goods to Communist China (May 8, 1951). All UNCURK reports, insisted the Communist Chinese delegate, should be made void.
The Communist Chinese delegate, in fact, demanded abrogation of the recognition by the UN of the lawfulness of the Republic of Korea government as the sole government on the Korean peninsula, the withdrawal of the accusation by the UN Security Council of north Korean aggression (June 25, 1950), the disavowment of the branding of Red China as an aggressor, the withdrawal of the UN Forces from Korea, and the abolishment of UNCURK. In short, Red China wants to force a divorce between the United Nations and the Korean question. Should the UN abrogate or retract any of its own de- cisions, what future would there be left for the UN?
Communist China ought to have apologized for its aggressive acts before the assembled nations of the world. Instead, from the very out- set, Communist China was imprudent and brazen- faced enough to make such preposterous de- mands to the UN, assigning itself the role of the mouthpiece of north Korea.
It posed a grave threat to the security diplo- macy of the Republic of Korea. Over-shadowed by Communist China, Kim ll-sung and his followers are casting sidewise glances at the movement of the United Nations. Perhaps they are dreaming of the day when their crimes will be “cleansed”. They are, at the same time, scheming for the renewal of the Korean War.
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W«<ln*Klay, Od. 27, r*.
Peking
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0?mmw/iwr CAwa, >vA/cA fought against the United Nations Forces during the Korean fVar, became a member of the UN, taking advantage of the thawing mood of the world powers.
A wolf showed up wearing the mask of a sheep.
Human wave tactics. Communist China threw into the Korean theatre its seemingly unlimited manpower under the slogan of '‘Resist U.S., and assist north Korea”.
E. p0ki
ySb Gan llution i
Communist Chinese delegation arrives at the UN.
The Communist Chinese demand that UN- CURK be dissolved and the UN Forces be with- drawn dumfounded the UN delegates.
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LATE art EDITION SEOUL. WEDNESDAY. NWKMBER 17. U»7l
T. P«ld»tan Prehitm
ys* Gandhi Foresees lution in 2 Months
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Red China Warns Pakistan Against Outbreak of War
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Peking Asks U.N. to Annul All Resolutions on Korea
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Chiao Delirers Hard-Hitting Debat Address
UNITED NATIONS (UPJ) — CMBiBumit Chioi, ia (u lirti tpccdi in the Cra- enl A»c»olr. aaajled VX polkY MwUr o»dh« awl do- mamied American widi- drairal Irani Indoclun*. Tai- van and Korea.
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Chiao. the Communist Chinese delegate, delivers maiden speech at the UN, disorting the facts and making preposterous demands.
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And, examining the situation of the United States, we feel that the United States is running into too difficult a position to allow us to depend on or ask for the same level of support for our national security as before. The heated debate in the United States Senate on the foreign aid bill is a warning to the aid-recipient countries to hasten to assume the burden of their own national security requirements. We have also learned that the question of an additional reduction of the United States troop strength in Korea has already been raised in the United States.
Japan, our neighboring country, has embarked on more frequent contacts with both Communist China and north Korea. Only we, the Koreans who
have had personal experience, can tell how terrible the Asian communist menace is.
The dollar crisis, racial disputes, and anti-war demonstrations were major domestic problems the United States had to cope with, while engaged in Vietnam war. The United States gradually drifted into the Nixon doctrine.
The official American policy that the United States expects that the local Asian disputes will be settled by those directly involved and that it will not intervene unless nuclear arms are em- ployed in such disputes is widely interpreted as the re-adjustment of its Asian policies and strategy influenced by the emergence of Com- munist China.
This new U.S. policy makes us acutely aware of the importance and urgent necessity of a self- reliant defense.
Japan, already an economic power, is about to emerge as a political power. as well. Stimulated by the new American approach to Communist China, it is re-examining its relation with the
United States. It already has begun to grope for its own approach to Communist China and north Korea.
The statements of the Japanese government on various occasions that it intends to improve its relations with Communist China, the Japanese public opinion to renounce the Sino-Japanese treaty involving Nationalist China, the increasing number of Japanese companies accepting the terms of the so-called Chou’s four principles, the moves on the part of Japanese firms to boost trade with north Korea, and the organization of the north Korean-Japanese parlimentary union are but some of the concrete examples of the recent Japanese approaches.
There is bound to be a certain difference in attitude toward north Korea between the Korean people who are faced directly with tangible armed threat of north Korea and those who regard north Korea from across the Pacific.
American troops, part of the UN Forces, pull out of Korea as part of de-Americanization program.
ROK Required to Pay $20 1 In Won for Military, Assistai
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lately began to widen the scope of its contacts not only with Communist China but also with north Korea. This does disservice to the Korean security. However, we must re-examine and stren- gthen our security posture to meet difficulties with our own preparedness.
Japan sent many missions to Com- munist China and many Japanese firms accepted Chou’s four principles.
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Japan’s policy to separate politics from economics led to the visit by Governor Minobe of Tokyo to Com- munist China and north Korea.
mat is supposed to be Kim Il-sung’s birthplace near Pyongyang is made a sanctuary, and north Koreans are forced to visit the place to pay their respect.
Close watch and analysis of these rapid changes in the international situation and of the north Korean moves show us that our national security matters have entered a momentous phase calling for reshaping of our defense posture.
North Korea has built up a fanatic dictatorial state through totally brain- washing the whole populace via the so-called “Kim Il-sung You 111 Cult”.
The north Korean communists have already turned their entire land into a huge garrison with formidable fortifications.
North Korea’s Four Military Policies
North Korea adopted its so-called four military policies during the party congress in December, 1962, spurring up frantic war preparations. The four military policies were; (I) to arm the whole populace; @) to fortify the whole country; to tram all regular force personnel to undertake higher command and functions; @ and to moder- nize armament.
The party representatives’ meeting in October 1966, disclosed that “north Korea will extend the current seven year economic development plan by three years to run into 1970, in order to accelerate war preparations. The result was that in 1971 north Korea’s military spendings stood at IJS$846.2 million eating up 30% of its annual budget, or 300 million dollars more than the defense budget of the Republic of Korea which included US military assistance.
Since 1970 males under 32 and females under 27 have been forbidden to marry in north Korea.
This measure aims at the maximum military mobilization. North Korea has also stored 1,000, 000 tons of rice for emergency. The steps leading to a war have been taken.
The “Absolute Thought’’ of Kim Il-sung; This thought was “adopted” by the party represent- atives’ meeting in October, 1966. North Koreans have ever since been subjected to an Orwellian nightmare in which they are forced to think, act, and breathe as Kim Il-sung. “Revolution History Study Rooms” have been made part of all factor- ies, schools, offices, and collective farms. Factory workers, students, farmers, and office clerks are forced to study” fabricated anti-Japanese strug- gle records of Kim Il-sung. North Korean leaders are trying fanatically to consolidate a dictator- ship.
Mass Production of Arms; Some 20 factories across north Korea are turning out various fire arms including 120m/m mortars. Produced arms are stored.
In addition, 500,000 regular forces, 1 ,400,000 Red militia and 700,000 Red Youth Guards can be instantly committed to armed conflict, equipped with weapons and training comparable to those of regular forces. Furthermore, north Korea is busily occupied in mass production of war weapons, and thus has nearly completed preparations for invasion.
It should also be noted that the north Korean militia units are obligated to undergo five hundred hours of military training a year.
The parade of Red militia in Kim Il-sung Square in Pyongyang in November. 1970.
‘Sung's made ns are y their
V'-
s
Under teacher’s surveillance school children study the ab~ solute thought of Kim li-song.
Red Militia
Date of
Organizatioo: The dual organizational principle is adopted. Regiments, battalions, companies and platoons are organized both as administrative area units and working place units. Membership: Males between 18 and 50. Unmarried females between 18 and 35.
Aimament: All units are issued AK infantry rifles. 76.2m/m field, guns, 37m/m anti-aircraft artillery pieces, and T-34 tanks are issued to non-administrative area units with more than 1,000 militia members.
Training: One to two hours daily (500 hours per year). Field exercises on weekends and end of months. Joint exercise with the regular forces at the end of the year.
Military Training of Students in north Korea
From the activation of north Korea’s regular force in February, 1948, and up to 1958, senior high school and college students under- went military training.
From 1959 to 1970, senior high school and college students were trained as the student Red militia. College students were trained to use crew-served weapons.
Since April 1970, the Red Youth Guard was organized with students of middle school (junior high school) and up. This 700,000- strong youth guard receives the same training as the regular forces.
The women red guard are manning an anti-aircraft artillery.
Red militia field exercise includes crossing a river.
Junior high school students of the kyungdae Rovolutionary School j baste drill as Red youth Guard me
Shooting and marksmanship training of women and elder people.
Following Kim ll-sung's instruction during the party representatives' meeting in October, 1966, that efforts should be directed to the final stage of the armament of the whole populace, women and elder people receive shooting training.
Rim ll-sung said during the fifth term party congress in blovember, 1970; "The people in general, men and women, young and old, know how to shoot and carry rifles >vith them".
From the Nove^ mber 18. 1971 edition of the Mainichi Shim bun of Japan.
Military Training of Children
All children became members of “the Defense Gymnastic Clubs” and began to learn how to shoot in July, 1969.
The “Children’s Military Game” was adopted as a formal course in school curriculum. An organized military training including dis- sembling and assembling of mock rifles and light machine guns began.
In addition to the playing Soldiers at school, school children in Pyongyang, the north Korean capital, must train in shooting technique twice a week in ‘*the children's palace”.
School children receive training for handling rifles in “the children's palace".
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f^TsfnVW lo overt ffljjy that north Korei rS right before the
|cial system gndi ^er recall cl^arlj
Shooting and marksmanship training of Primary School students
While north Korea is letting its representatives meet ours in the Red Cross talks for the uniting of separated families, as proposed by our Korean National Red Cross, it is, on the other hand, stepping up infiltration of armed espionage agents into the south, and their methods of penetration are becoming ever more vicious in nature.
talked vai
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mt^h
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North Korean violation of armistice
|
Year |
1970 |
1971 |
|
DJegal |
||
|
Bringing in of Heavy Annament |
168 |
196 |
|
Provocative Acts |
862 |
1.634 |
|
Fortification |
28 |
28 |
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iORTH Korean provocation —
lorth Korean "reportert" who come to
•*nmunjom for the Uth eouth neHh led Cress meeting yesterday turned ut to be rowdy, assaulting R<JK report M and smashing the camera of a U.S. wdier. Here, a north Korean reporter second from right with g aigeratte In
hU mouth) stares abet eurlty guard (left> take Sftion and a Seoul re the ne^ Korean) trie dignant north Korean tur hats and the indlei •f the Seoul reporter or, (Reiatod Story and Ph.
An arucle entitled: ‘ north Korean reporters attack o«r rqwr/e„ ’ which was carried in the December 18 1971 edition of the Korea Herald Daily. The report i^as about an incident of scuffle at PammunJom Red Cross talks site.
-r-7
Some of the equipment carried by north Korean
agents.
.i-'A
VcT > .
WJIH IfJVj
a Saoul Caraan) rth I tha ra^rfar »ry a»4
Some of the equipment carried by north Korean agents.
North Korea pays lip-service to peaceful unifica- tion only to earn time and catch an opportunity for military aggression against the Republic of Korea.
Fountain-pen shaped poison needle used by north Korean agents. O.ll cc of solution in the barrel containing 0.9 cc of Alkaloid equivalent to toxicity 100 times stronger than the same amount of cyanide will paralyze the human body in 15 seconds and kill within 60 seconds.
Some evidence of north Korean provocation on August 27 and 28, 1971, near the western sector of the Demilitarized Zone.
Poison-ejecting silent pistol of north Korean agents assigned to the task of assassination and kidnapping.
NORTH KOREAN PROVOKED INCIDENT CN THE BANKS (W THE IMJIN RIVER. 27-28 AUGUST
%
Two of north Korean officer guerillas who sneaked into the Republic of Korea on the East Coast in Nov., 1968. The two captured guerillas (the rest were all killed) brought to light north Korean atrocities.
Dear citizens!
Let us now take a close look at our own internal situation- when the external threat is so imminent. First of all, I must point out that there is even dissension over such vital matters as the continuation of the Homeland Reserve Force and college military training. There has been hardly any sincere discussion for the good of the country’s security. Instead, the free- wheeling arguments on national security matters are frequently used as tools for partisan politics and election tactics, and are only driving the whole populace into bewilderment.
Even when north Korea’s aggressive intent is expressive and armed guerillas and espionage agents from north Korea are resorting to more atrocious means in their destructive works, certain politicians in the Republic of Korea, unaware of north Korea’s dark designs, tend to make use of matters concerning national security to attain their factional and political gains.
Their favorite security issues are the dissolve- ment of the Homeland Reserve Force, the ending of military training of students, and the shorten- ing of military service terms. College students take to the street leaving the campus behind and
demand an end to military training, creating social unrest and disorder.
Students in the Republic of Korea receive a total of 180 hours of military training throughout four years of college life, while their north Korean counterparts are subjected to 400 hours of hard training in a single year.
When north Korea forces children and elder citizens to participate in shooting and training, how could our college students dare refuse 180 hours of training in four years to train themselves to defend their own freedom?
Seoul students demonstrate against the military training. Should we sit idly while north Korean communists are bent on communization of the whole Korea?
m f
5,000 Students Battle Riot Police
— At loMt %.m ctu- dooti froB ilirw a«}or ouver- <tttee her* dwhid with not ^ Be* TiMmdajr m the thtfd
mM -* ^itmi I
rtot troo|w. roBce io civiliu dothes irrohM several of the demonsiralon end whisked (heoi off to aeartijr vatu om* iht neleiM* betu. At least M stu-
'*»»»* emOMt awl ftv* la.
2 Days of Clashes
At about 1 pm. another. I.OOt students huned u> a second mass Mi-in and waited for the police rhanse win. Tear eas cants- Im and pavina stones w*r*
Ikanas kw>S mwJ ■ — .— -
Across the ciljr a veruty. 2^ stud with police at a r pass m a pitched t most IS mimries.
Korea U. Students Riot
4 Spies Arrested
S£Om.» Violent rUsliee Betwwaa etudenta and polkw n***d at Korea Univwmty to the eecond day m a tow
R«dMwlai was I* a CBS ca«- waoMB who ww aiabbod b) atw
1.000 atudnta took to the •ttwto (wotoatiiu the i*. «aad ^itary training Uwe to college atu^u.
Csa
The cameraaian iMd at- tempted to eater the campus to ^**ede«u He «m laotaiad
hv about M , ho diiW h^ m (he frowod and betan bckbif
Cycled dMathancM at otfe- •r Seoul campaoM talM to
todmi lo«ton al Taaa« Cwrerslt, a maaatvw damenetrattoa at l T?* f wdhd hatwme af **■* of pabee fwialuitBa.
■ |toaa Uatveeaay. oohee JUJ,***' »• eoaarol Uw
~ Henna ucKinf
him. fcrewmini that the ptws* h^ 1^ our to lha taveew
Mn and that u wes • torn of
«he Itowao Central iMetlieowcw
The tOideau Ml (Iw tiaiirm to Brat Use at u U a.a M
• mao* meeUM at a
^ hawra MBMVft chi ft» by •««< tear
fas A ettciM M ^
* - *0 COM,
toted and ao sludaaia wen ai^ maiad. accee^ac to the pnitce •ho said tajudee la Uwsr wwii ranks were tnlwor OmanatraiMM aeataai the to- croaaad auUUry tnaaine at Mb varsiiy campuaai wars eipwetad *• contlBue this week, anordlaa to siadM tea dart wte said tbav •er* -ntrad" af hw»e •‘ti. yto" ^ .ytool aad eoearw- BMi autboritiaa
stpw earned by stu- de^ Wedaea^ arfMd f to naw mliliary'trnialaf laws and maiteiaaad wbat they fwtwinmeai lotarteiemo aa Uw
In Seoul
SEOUL (StM> - rnr Na^ ^oraaa yas. aaai Iwcw te dte mt to wprwBlM Mdawl ^ Ueaa aad capttSm aa pahMi tears eaeitaaiJ by tea raeaal UJ. iroap wttedraw^ vara m reaMd bee* Marcb «. tee Gate* n Intetttswea Cneamaad eete itemdaj.
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to stfas earned by an;; af tee ftadeots, alibaucb the Mitory iralniBi raamraspiou Mve baaa
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•aka caataai |dte tea atew two. wba «*rc Mtefted as i d wda tmm bp te
CIC
JiViJ
I Pi^ential Nominees Clash On National Security Issues
*«|M SDP
4$ 'FamUttir ttUdim'
m 0m tib » ^ hmm ^
^ Park _s_aid Sunday that
South Kari^ dpfe p^s-
idenr"said North Korea has a 500,000 man army and a better air force than South Korea. Charging that the Korean Com- munists had 30,000 guerrilla troops poised for infiltration of the south, Park said South Korea’s 600,000 man army alone is not suffirwni tn with all
these thn £)e$pife Talks
‘•So l(j
premier)! the amy Republid arms, ai elusive & his aggrj ing Non
t-viiviiio IL I
He said 1 ments to gt Park’s hom to win son where Pari majority in
Vice Prei of the rulin promise th; fourth term the nation s face value.
deouiites I Speak
that the government is trying to turn campuses into barracks through the program. OlLnational security, a major
campaign issue, Kinu-repealed his previous, Dledgg woulji^ek a joint guaran^P Korean security from the Unit
i^nist China and Japap.
T^ark has said that it is too dangerous to entrust the fate of
-w- essive powers
a and Russia.
Park: Reds Still Threat
SEOUL (UPI) — President P»rk Chunc He« mH Wednes- day ^ current Red Crass Uiks b*t«««n South and North Korea OR eeparatad (amlbcs must suc- ceed. but North Korea U acting dangerdu^.
IR a nassaie markinK the tM anniversary oi ihe South Korean Red Crass, Park ae» cased the North Korean Conma- Bists of eadmfertiic ttui talks by coattnuad provocattons agalmt
landa at the meeting table In PanmunJom-
“The aspirations of the Sg mil- lion people of the nation for peaceful unification of tha fa- tNerland grow day after day and the ardent nadonal desire tor re- unloo of families seperatad la the south and the north grow all tho more,*' Park said.
"My eanmst expecUOm Is that the (Sooth) Korean Nation- al Rad erase wiU achieve re- markaMe resnlts in nttainlng ■> .^.1.... f win
an possible lupeoTt lo make Ihe talks successful "
Park said North Korea, while responding to tha Rad CroM talks. Is laAltraUng Its amod ngeoU acraas tha troca bordar on miaaloos of otplonaps tad murder.
"This, It may be said, brought to uii^ North Korea's arU poltU- ^ schemas under vhkh It pul on n mask of paeceful propa- gtnda to accept our bamanlta- rtan call for tha falka,” Park •aid.
lUon in which s, a major ally is now moving rove relations
j*v iiionpwd l«
r*MUnl. eauMI mi mrnmm ta ’MMaM % (MS taw. le
r ' ITS VSeSa
Newspaper articles reporting 1971 general and presidential election platforms of some irresponsible politicians including the abolishment of the Homeland Reserve Forces and military training on campus.
Even as north Korea is training children and elder people in military art, we can hardly afford the luxury of opposing military training and burning in public military uniforms.
( University student demonstration in Seoul )
papers carried in north
5^4■t^^ ^9\-6r in-q
^4*«■t■ -^^iq-eM>. <<d
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■fl »•! ’0*lil*U-t-*f51 5}A^ 4a*1
4^ «V4 44. -fr* aV4 4-fr, 4444*
1^4-pi 4o|st4
^1444.
n4*I*4*I 444 44, 4'd
"The decisive moment" as seen by ^4>* 4**imi4 4^.^ 4 north Korea is when political, social, ^-44 4444* 44st4. and economic disorder takes place ►•>• <li4* ^4 4*44 within the Republic of Korea, To help bring about such a moment as soon as possible, north Korea is carrying out various "struggles", such as creating distrust between the govern- ment and people and spreading rumours.
Mass media in north Korea is entirely devoted to the role of the mouthpiece of the party. Managed under double , ^ v\V * *i
and triple censorship, all newspapers ^*>944 4414.
in north Korea print the same articles 4 44 :«4>|
supplied by a single state-run news agency. iwuti nmtMsi
44444* »J444* 4
^ 44^^ 4T^ 4
1*4444*
44 *44 4
t*4 4'd*4*^^ 444 V 44 *4j^ai4.
4 ^114*4 445t4 4«.
44f> 44 fl«4«4’d
MfiTiaioiM mascot etejsisiiisiif oisr» B»ii&i«ereF89 i^eos tcbsi
499 01901 e.»9»0(8S9 SA1@8503 S4Ai7(ne2i!!
jaa482i Bsqqsoi ©Tiwof ]iie9 mtiiL Tiaol a«U8 m9ai ui «^si«04a98 99oi fi)«n ®ma5e»fife^9f*s o??
G!Baa>« Fiasi aawfll 7f?4S9 aaiflElD
lOi nSte aMVa «B7i aotvn na sei moiasrtestt eiam/.
Some self-styled intellectuals in the name of freedom of expression irres- ponsibly enjoy taking up indiscreetly the matters of national security, adding more confusion in the mind of the general populace. Such widespread and imprudent arguments on national security result not only in lowering public morale, but also impede the formation of a united opinion of the people of the country, and are consequently very harmful to the nation’s security.
North Korean people are subjected to excessively hard work, mass meetincs where they are forced to shout for military invasion of the Republir of Korra, anff milkati training even for women. They are allowed no mdinent of rest aniTprl^acy. T .
Mass meeting after mass meeting. North Koreans are driven to preparations for armed invasion of the south.
Red militia's women AAA unit called the "airplane hunters".
When I see certain aspects of our society deteriorating in an easy-going mood that seems to have forgotten the very fact of the presence of the com- munists tn the north at our doorstep, I cannot help being reminded of the eve of the outbreak of the Korean war in 1950.
Ti
t
.
Women in the Republic of Korea are awakening to the security necessities, giving up past indulgence in the easy life.
It seems to me that there are many people who have already forgotten the bitter experiences of the Korean war.
I am deeply concerned lest our people again fall victim to popular catch words such as “the thaw” “the peace mood” and “detente” which weaken the people’s thinking to the extent that they tend to resort to such wishful terms as “not so likely to happen”, which was characteristic of the mood prevalent in the pre-war period of early 1950.
Kim Il-sung on the one hand paid lip service to the south-north negotiations, the exchange of politicians, and peaceful unification ever since the division of Korea in 1945, while, on the other hand, plotted and schemed for the Korean War of 1950. The United States declared Korea out of its Far East defense perimeter in January, 1950.
Before the Korean War, leaders of the Republic of Korea made vain claims that the Korean forces
would defeat the north Korean army speedily so
fast, in fact, that the luncheon would be had in Pyongyang and the supper in Sinwiju, the north- ern city bordering China.
This was the fatal and unforgivable mistake committed by a leadership absorbed in idle life and vague expectation that things will work out by themselves. Korea paid rather dearly. Korea cannot afford to repeat its pre-Korean War folly. It must prepare itself for any eventuality.
Pre-War Military Strength South and North
Republic of Korea North Korea
|
Total troops |
102,800 (Eight Divisions) |
198,300 |
|
Airplanes |
22(12 liaison planes 10 trainers) |
211 |
|
Tanks |
— |
242 plus 54 armored cars |
|
Naval ships |
26 |
30 |
|
Artillery |
— |
2,393 |
^ 5IUC
Troops: 270,000 killed, 700,000 wounded Civilians: 550,000 dead or missing,
230.000 wounded,
130.000 slaughtered,
90.000 taken to north forcibly
1,970,000 persons
600.000 houses destroyed
Total:
r>r
blic of ng to sities, Igence
Russian-made tanks driven by north Korean Forces roll down a Seoul street in the initial stage of the Korean War.
North Korean moto- rized columns invading the Republic of Korea during the Korean War.
The Korean people do not forget the bitter experience of the Korean iVar. They crossed rivers whose bridges were blown up, trudged down the sub-jero country road escaping Communist Forces.
The Korean fVar came unpredictably to a people unprepared~~it reduced villages to ashes, took away lives of families and friends.
Seoul, A Ruined City, and War Orphans.
Farmers mobilized to work on state collective farms are given little time for recreation: they are constantly worked or made to learn by heart a fabricated biography of Kim Il-sung. Given free time, argue north Korean Communists, workers would seek happiness and family life and become “reactionary revi- sionists”.
Dear citizens!
I have faith in the superiority and efficiency of a free democratic system over the Communist totalitarian system. I am also firm in my belief that the best defense against communism is the democratic system.
However, for the present emergency, I am afraid that our current peace- time system has numerous vulnerabilities.
Contrary to Kim Il-sung’s plan, north Korea was the loser in the Korean War. Acute labour shortage drove Kim to turn north Korea into one vast forced labour camp, preparing for another fratricidal war.
The tightly controlled north Korean society rations out the most basic foods. In order to get food rations, one must obtain food ration tickets. Fathers must have food ration tickets even while visiting their sons.
Supposedly classless, north Korea has special department stores where only high party officials can buy while ordinary citizens suffer from an extreme insufficiency of basic daily goods in north Korea.
A department store exclusively for ranking party officials .
Students digging air raid shelters in ryongyang.
North Korean people can obtain foods with food ra- tion tickets.
North Korean armed personnel attacked UN Forces patrol to the south of the De~
I now pose the question that, if we value our democratic system as the most precious thing, then how should we react when someone tries to seize or destroy such a precious thing?
It is self-evident that the aggressor’s sword and gun cannot be warded off by only calling out “peace” and “freedom.”
North Korean armed guerrillas killed in- nocent women and children in Samchok and Ulchin areas in late 1968.
Mi
‘ >■-
uurin Ikorea is working
OTo organize ami-governmenlal force by planting agems ,n schools, labour unions, and armed forces
ZlZ: ^
OTo help promote elements of social unrest hamp- enng economic growth, and
OTo turn Korea into a hotbed for violent revolution and military aggression.
The sole survivor of the 31-man north Korean commando team which attempted to raid the Presidential Residence in Seoul.
Young students volunteer for military service during the Korean
War.
To defend freedom and peace from communist aggressors, we must pay the price. We have to face up to it with firm determination to forsake, if necessary, even some of the freedoms we now enjoy.
AflU
une must not forget
the security of his country.
During the first nationwide civil defense exercise government employees run to the shelter carrying important documents with them.
Dear citizens!
As a result of assiduous observation and deep thinking on the changing external as well as internal situation, I have declared today a state of national emergency for the sake of the security of the nation and the permanent preservation of our precious democracy, with a view to informing the people o the emergency. I now determinedly resolve to tide over this national emergency with the concerted efforts of the Government and the people.
The north Korean Labour (Communist) Party constitution states that the ultimate objective of the Communist group is to communize the whole Korean peninsula. North Korea started the Korean War to fulfill this objective and is frantic at the moment preparing for the renewal of the war. In the Labour (Communist) Party general meeting in October, 1970, Kim Il-sung made no secret of the fact that north Korean armed forces have equipped themselves with functioning offensive and defensive means, that all north Korean citizens know how to shoot rifles, and
that all production facilities have been fortifiec by going underground.
Backed up by its closer alliance with Com- munist China forming a joint front against the U-S. and Japan, north Korea is posing a grave threat to the security of the Republic of Korea. The Korean people are fully aware that they will not sit Idly before this threat and that there would be few who would come to their aid. They know they must overcome this crisis with their own Strength and determination.
91
The Homeland Reserve Forces were activat- ed to safeguard freedom.
The Republic of Korea people demanded an immediate return of the passengers ere w members, and the plane of a Korean Air Line hijacked by north Korean agents
The primary responsibility entrusted to rh security of the "ation, and ferrpolMf 'h'
therefore, have the duty to determine tl! ^ unavoidable. I.
threatening the national security and to de
in good time to protect the securitv f th appropriate measures
ability of our people to surmol™; f-' ize the urgency of the situation.
ration.' '' ^is inaugu-
sh2 oh ‘he nation that I
all observe the Constitution, defend the State promote the freedom and welfare of the people’ offi ®hall faithfully execute the duties of the office of the President”. The President shoulders the duty and the lesponsibility to ensure the national security and democracy.
Since the most important and decisive reason for the recent Declaration of National Emergency in Korea was this military threat posed by north
Korea against the Republic of Korea and the
that the basic national policy should now be national security-oriented.
This self-reliant and independent view on the national security is urgently required and rneasures should be taken immediately to further strengthen the national security.
fr.,I^ determined to crush and
ano thS^ T attempt at provoking
another Korean War by achieving national
solidarity through frugal living, perseverance, and an invincible will for victory.
One. ■
:> Dec,
c *
50 easy.
“Wise and intelligent people have demonstrated spiritually
sniind at.tif.nrip AnH hfijirA
A.. Qa. /.. ^
^ is
. Tik A r-G'i A
New Values through National Solidarity.
I solicit herewitl^ therefoif , the understanding and the coope^tion of the people in this national emergency, and wish to ask every citizenfo contribute to the furtherance and attainment of an adequate national s^ity^^up.
Let us now resolve together that we will never again rjga|B|ksame mistake and be so shortsighted as those ancestors of ours heed
to the repeated wam4s of Lee Yul Gok and ignored his foresight. a . .. ... „n tnJhe camoaign to remedy wisely the present stjTof
Park Chung Hee President
■*’«wi;,s5v.
S. Korea, educator urges
The Rev. Dr. Samuel H. Moffett, an Amer- ican educator in South Korea, strongly be- lieves that for "psychological reasons’* American troops should remain in that coun- try.
Dr. Moffett, dean of the Graduate School of the Presbyterian Seminary, Seoul, spoke in the morning service yesterday at Pine Street Presbyterian Church.
He told The Evening News in an inter- view, "There is a psychological need for American troops in South Korea. The psy- chological reasons are much more important than the military reasons. Security is the most im^portant concern of the South Koreans today and the presence of even a token force of American troops would help insure this feeling of security."
Contending that the American military presence is still popular in that area of Asia, Dr. Moffett declared that Westerners came to Korea with "built-in measures of goodwill. The only anti-imperialistic feelings have been against the Japanese."
★ ★ ★
Asked about another North Korean in- vasion of the south, the veteran missionary- educator said that this was always a possi- bility. “South Korea is outstripping North Korea economically," he said, "which is dis- turbing to the latter. One of these days the
Communists may want to get the initiative. At any rate they are likely to keep up their threats."
He said there is a good deal of manufac- turing taking place. "The major exports are plywood and textiles," he said. “They get the raw wood from the Philippines and reprocess it. They are now making good radios and television sets."
★ ★ ★
Strange as it may seem, the dean added, false eyelashes are another big product in the region around Seoul. They have exported nine million of them. He classified the Ko- rean workers as fast and well trained for their jobs.
Queried as to whether South Korea might be a major center for Christianity in the fu- ture, he declared that the Christian faith was growing faster there than in any other region of the world.
"The population growth is 2.3 per cent per year," said the educator. "But the Christian growth is 10 per cent per year. This is quite a statistic.”
However, he doesn’t feel there will be any one center of Christianity in the future. “The faith can be revived anywhere," he said. "The growth of the Christian church in In- donesia is also phenomenal and this is the only country in the world where Mohamme-
dans are being converted to Christianity in droves. And in Africa there are several coun- tries which are likely to become Christian centers."
The Presbyterians are now the largest Christian denomination in South Korea, he said. The Roman Catholics are second, the United Methodists, third, and the Holiness groups, fourth.
Dr. Moffett belongs in Seoul to the Church of the Everlasting Joy Presbyterian Church. Every Sunday morning, he told the Pine Street congregation, there are between 9,000 and 10,000 worshippers. The church can’t hold them so they gather around the outside and the minister preaches over a closed TV circuit.
The Everlasting Joy church has 40 evan- gelists covering all the small villages around Seoul. But the remarkable thing, Dr. Moffett said, is that the church supports two mission- aries to Thailand and two missionaries to Ethiopia where they work among the Bud- dhists and the Moslems respectively.
Dr. Moffett is on a year’s furlough and for the last six months he has been doing research work at the University of Cam- bridge, England, and for the next six months he will be working at Princeton University gathering material to write a history of Chris- tian missions in the Orient.
June 1971
KOREA end CHRISTIANITY
by
Stanton Rodger Wilson Team Teachers i Min Byung Gil, I&/ak Jae Ki I, KOREA and CHRISTIANITY - COMMENTS
A, CULTURAL COMMENT - HISTORY
B, CREATURE C(MIENT - PEOPLE
C, CRUCIAL COMMENT - RELIGICW n, KOREA and CHRISTIANITY - BOOKS
A, A STUDY WORKBOOK ON KOREA & KOREAN CHURCH
B. REPORT FROM THE R.O.K, (196^1-1969)
C. Additional paper, "ON THE RUN" (1970)
D, Clinebell, T® BASIC TYPES PASTORAL COUNSELING
(Translated by Min B3ning Gil)
III. KOREA and CHRISTIANITY - FILMSTRIP
"PEOPLE BECOME CHRISTIAN IN KOREA"
IV. KOREA and CHRISTIANITY - DISCUSSICN
KCREA 4nd CHRISTIANITY
.1
Introduction - Mt, 24»14 and Acts l6:6-10
A, Mt« 24il4 - "This Gospel of the Kingdom shall be proclaimed throughout the whole world as a testimony to all nations and then the end will come*
In this versei the word "ecumenical", has its basic meaning.
It refer# to a house, oikos. It refers to all the inhabited houses of the whole world, Jes\is here relates the Gospel message with proclamation to all natipns (including Korea ) . It is our "thing to do",
B, Acts l6» 6-10
In these verses, Dr, Luke and Preacher Paul are .just below the 38th Parallel in *Vest"- Ai^ift. ’ If yot L\se a transp-xrent template and move to Bast Asia, this is the geographic reality, 1971*
6i And they went through the region of Phyrgia (JAPAN) and Galatia (R.O.K.), having been forbidden by the Holy Spirit to speak the word in Asia (MAINLAND ASIA).
7« And when they had come opposite Mjrsia (PYENGYANG), they attempted to go into Bithynia (NORTH KOREA), but the Spirit of Jesus did not allow themj 8* so, passing by Ifysia (PYENGYANG), they went down to Troas (SEOUL), 9* And a vision appeared to Paul in the night j a man of
Kore* and Christianity
Macedonia (RRD CHINA) concltiding God has called us to preach the Gospel to them,"
In verse 10, 1 man, Paul, has a vision. Note how "he" changes to "we" (PARTNERSHIP) in proclaiming the Gospel,
C, The words of Jesus (the ecumenical idea) and the words of the Early Church (the partnership idea) are introductory words, God has spoken His Gospel in Korea, within this cultiure. There is a Korean Gospel which is Christ's Gospel, There is a Global Gospel which is Christ’s Gospel, and Koreans are involved in this total Gospel for the whole world.
I, KOREA and CHRISTIANITY - COMMENTS
1945
Like many of you, I’ve been a soldier
1953
Like many of you, I've been a refugee
1954-1963 Like many of you, I’ve lived in rural Korea
1964-1971 Like many of you, I now live in a big city
A, Cultiural Conmnat - History
1, Long history I 1971 is 4304, Korea pro-dates Abraham,
Buddha’s 2593d birthday this year takes us back to 622 B,C,
(Reformation by Josiaht Israel must woi*ship only Yahweh),
Korea and. Christianity
-3-
Half is pre-history. Many Koreans have not seriously studied their great history. Too few Koreans really know such famous people ast Lee Soon Shin, Chung Ta San, Lee Tai-Gay, Lee Yul-Gok, There is now a renaissance of historical study with interdisciplinary objectivity. Historians, anthropologists, archaeologoists must study together,
2, Independence » A national longing of the nation. The longest truce in world history (1953 - present) to preserve ROK Independence,
Your March 1 Independence Day is part of your inner heart and feeling of pride in your nation,
3t Asian Imperialism! Cortristed to many Asian lands, the basic imperialism has not been Western, but Asian, At various times, Russia, China, and Japan (Your neighbors) have either ruled here or fought battles for control of Korea,
VJhat does this "Asian Imperialism" concept say to the Christian injunctions t "Love your neighbor"? "Love your enemy"?
4, American and Korean Relationships have developed for almost a century because yoiur neighbors weren't very fri jndly. The basic deep tie between om* two nations is one of "blood", sacrifice in the Korean
Conflict (U,S, dead 34,600} U,S, wounded 140,000),
Kore* and Christianity
-4-
B, Greattge Corim^^nt - People
Several concepts hi-light the Korean people and their amazing ability to be able to change from a "sleeping" nation to a "progressive" nation, A small nation (a peninsula and 3 ,^>'00 islands) geographically, but a large nation in niomber of people (31,000,000 R,0,K. , - 12,000,000 N,K, ) and excellently trained,
1, Education - more xiniversities than VJest Germany, Willingness of parents to spend much money on education may be a new type of family planning, a "social security for the parents in later years,"
2, Description
a« Irish ^ the Orient ” proud, touchy, tough, tenacious.
Just what is needed for breakthrough to an industrialized
society,
b, Welsh of the Orient - Song in the heart; everyone sings; sense of humor especially on the pun (play on words),
c. Scotch of t^ .Orient - Clannish. But large family concept
is underfire and apartment-living e’^Th’sizes nuclear family.
Kore* and Christianity
d, Americans of the Orient - try anything. This o dare is a creatuire concept in both our cultures. And from a pla; concept, it goes like this (with Christian implications),
D - discover real needs A - ask for resoiirces R - respond in action E - ^ndure the diffictilties
Eare to be objective I Dare to do the Gospel!
e, K~0-R-»E“A-N first and always! And because this is true,
these “creature concepts" should be mentioned,
(1) Loyalty or allegiance ia to a person who gets things don
(2) Pre-Planned thinkers - often do a "dry run" or “walk through" on what you will do or say before conferences,
(3) Psychologists of people - very perceptive of personality traits. Ability to size up a person with uncanny accuracy. Stronger emphasis on how a person "feels" than on logic , Very capable
of using flattery.
Korea and Christianity
-6-
(^) Organization Man - You are a most highly organized society, so much so that in Korea one does not speak with an individual person, but a group personality. This is a concept of tremendous strength (group action) and of tremendous weakness (nothing confidential).
(5) Localism or historical dis-harmony (Yungnam, Chullas, Seoul, etc.) is very real. Group action always requires harmonizing these geographical areas,
(6) Authoritarian. Korean society, on the outer surface, appeern "male dominated", I think this is a camouflage for the real area of strength in Korea, namely the women and the students. Who handles most of the money in Korea? ’iVho represents more than half the voters? Who took to the streets in I960?
(7) Democracy is developing with several emphases: taking the
vote seriously? having a posture of anti-commonisraj selecting leadership from somewhat younger generation,
C, Crucial Comment - Religion
Korea has no national religion. Its religious posture has a psychedelic, panorama like the Korean traditionally many-colored choguri (blouse). We call this religious concept synchrotism, like a good Korean soup
of turnip, beef, onions, etc.
Korea and Christianity
-7-
(1) ^ddhism stresses several things. Let me mention two only here — desire and equality,
a. Desire states "anything you desire too much, you corrupt it and you," So Korean Buddhism tends to retreat from problems, "Free yourself from worldly ties , "
b. Equality for both sexes makes a real appeal to the female,
(2) Confucianism stresses behaviour and a moral way of life.
a. Behaviour - You BECOME a person if you are educated, join some elite group, can run things, can get things done, You BECOME a non-person if you don't live according to rules, don't do the gracious things.
OK for h. non-changing stable society but no answers for revolutionary, rapid- changing times as in the Korea of the 1970’sl
b. Moral Way of Life - is provided based on several ways of doing things within a loyaJ.ty (not love) pattern. Basically a good scheme, but not based on responsible, individual freedom,
(3) Shamanism or animism is a way of life based on concepts of fear and superstition. It represents a seelcing after something spiritual
through "localized control places".
Korea and Christianity
-8-
?1y. joint is this - These three religious concepts are found in all Koreans. They provide a modus. operand i for living. They are partially reconcilable. They are more likely impossibly irreconcilable J Therefore Koreans have a
ISE: « t»eal religion which can ^ theirs for real living in
Korea?
The Judeo-Christian Tradition deals with a Pilgrim God (who travels with you) and his dealings with a Pilgrim People (and Koreans are moving from farm to city, from terraced rice fields to terraced cement, from walking to jetting, from intra-national to transnational).
a. Moorod in Korean history - The Roman Catholics and Protestants (like Thomas) have been mar’-yrs for the faith. The word for God,
Hananim", is an old, old word of this aiicient land, Christianity as it expresses itself in Korea is not foreign; it is Korean with a flavor both very indigenous and somewhat ecumenical,
b. Proclamation methods must follow the "Oriental" technique Jesus used on the edge of Asia, He is Lord and Saviour, These are his
1st Names » Lord of life. Saviour from sin. But Jesus never pushed these first Names, He always dialogued aroLuid his second names i "teacher", "physician", "carpenter", "social worker", messenger,"
KoreA and Christianity
-9-
These second names make Christianity what it ought to be> concerned with society, its needs, its renewal, its change, its reconciliation. They also
lead to questions, real questions as to xorho this Jesus is,
1. Teacher - watchword* "Teacher, what shall I do,.,?" (Luke 10i25) The Church must teach, teach perceptively and redemptively or it dies.
The Church must teach theology and techniques for life! How to worship and how to work! How to live and how to lovei
2, R^sician ■ watchword (Went to him and bound up his wounds,,," (Lul<e 10*33)
3* Carpenter “ watchword* "Is not this the carpenter,,,?" (Mark 6*3) The Korean Church needs to stress *Tlteu" (Carpenter) as well as "Moksa" (clergyman). With Korea and world’s "Greatest need being housing", shouldn’t the Seminaries include a practical course on carpentry and a sociology course on the Church in apartment life?
Social Worker - watchword* "...and took care of him" (Lul^e 10*3^)
5i Messenger - watchword* "I am the light of the world,,.
It
(John 8j12)
Korea and Christianity
-10-
Ct Theological implications -
1. Message of forgiveness "Your sins are forgiven" (Present Perfect tense meaning your sins are and remain forgiven) Lulte 7*^-8
2. Message of faith John 3*16
3. Message of hope "Now faith is the substance of things
hoped for ..." (Heb, 11 :l)
4. Message of reconciliation "God was in Christ reconciling the world to Himself.,,, and entrusting to us the message of reconciliation," (2 Cor, 5*19)
5. Message of renewal "If anyone bo in Christ he is a new
crej?>ture, . .all things are new" (2 Cor, 5*17)
tnl
PKSSBYTCRL^N MISSION CON.?eiC5>[OE
3o«wl Unio-i Clubi , .Octo’oor, 1971
Irt Scroic'’.
Pri0.r,y, Octo'bor, 7 p_,in,
'•‘■”12 .'^.2X22 A2'l2^222».
L, O"»onia': Worp'iip, conducted by Rov, Barry Rov;e
2. Paoars on the Future of trie Australian Presbyterian Mission in Korea
2nd „S_e s s i^on
3 at u :i^ay , l6_t h October, 9 _2’V‘V
1. ITew A.P.B.II. Structure (Miss Gath Ritchie)
2. II Sin Hospital Juridical Person
3. Use of Tongnae Property
4* Use of Keum Sung land, sale proceeds 5. Future of overseas mission work in Pusan City 12.30 Lunch A222^°ii». JLt.3J5. JliJIi*
5. Prooosed visit of G.A. Moderator to Australia 7. Special Projects G. J.O.L. nroblom
. Schooling for mi. sionarj” chilii'en (as part of G.O.L.j
I . Furlough deputation 5.3 •• e.u. Dinner
i)
ii)
iii)
iv) „ , . - .
v) Dr. S.R. Wilson (U.P. Mission)
vi) Dr, G.T. Brovm (S.P. Mission)
vii) Rev, F.M, Bayliss (U.G.G, Mission)
3. General Discussion
Y lLJ,l
i
oa-:'o _2
4'f) 7
Ji*Ie to oonvoMo
1, I,c«tin/; orocodvrc for nia’J-tov
2, Ilo'-govt fron P’loanjin Clurrcb
3, Urgent buoinco?
4, Other bu.?ineeio
5, Glooing
>Tv\ W A /» »» *v «»
CiHC£/\
»f Australian PrasbytTian Mission Work
Center*
Promotion ef Cooperation in Mission for the Korean Residents in Japan.
Study of a Plan for Mutual Exchange between the Korean and Australian Cliurrhe
the -Australion Government to accept Korean migrants©
(o) Study of plans ibr the 4istrar.ian church to invite Christians from among Korean fishing end farm mg experts for observation in Australia#
A strong provision against possible denominational divitions in the future#
(a) Diagnosis of the effect on tlve Azorean Chucch of posoible denerainational division resulting from the projected union of the U.p, and S#P# churches in the USA*
Need to discover a plan for ihe elimination of strain resulting from differences of personal and theologioal idear> botw'een sending bearda and missionary ooworkers#
(c) Study of plan for unifioatlcn of administra‘»:ion and common understanding of a theology of mission of the mission Boards, •working within the Korean General Assembly#
(a) Study of plans for iiie Au3-tj»alian Church to invite Korean short term
students and observer teams#
(b) Plan fer the Australian Chur^-h uo study and make suggestions concerning the widening of Australians ixu'd tgration doors for the purpose of getting
Drr. Kim Hyung Tae
THE FUTURE OF THE A,P.M. IN KOREA ^
■SM ' '
The opening paragraph of the findings f the 3nd East Asia Christian Medical Workers* Conference held in Japan in 1S67 retds "Christendom was once easily- defined as the West, There is no lenger euc> a Christendom. A geographical entity has beenraplaeed by a Christian Corm-Ju ity spread throughout almost all lands as the result of God*s blessing upon the earlier rork of mission boards and missionaries. This does not mean the end of -che ”nirsion* It signifies, rather, the advent of one world mission of the wh'l'e Church directed to the whold world ef men. God has put the Church into the *-erld to proclaim that He has in Shrist reconciled that world unto Himself."
To date, out part in this ministry in Korea hac b een through the A.PaM. Organi«ationally, it has been changing and will have to change further until the AwP.M* as represented byihe K.F.C. will disappear' altogether* I will leave it to others more competent that I to work cut hew this shoxildto dona. I believe, howeve that the Australian Church through sending missionaries, - mlntsters and/or layman, should be represented in Korea ^nd I hope the Korean Churoh will be repreo«ntc»d \xx < Australia to carry cut this ministry of reconciliation and our world miflaion*
The findings go on to say, ”This message of reconciliation ia proclaimed in the minsitry of reconciliation through three forms cf the preaching of God* These
are the verbal word in speech and print} the dramatic word sf servioe, i^rtiioh valic . .
the spoken word} and the visible unity ef love in the ohuroh, vrtiioh gives authenti to the other two^ ministry of health and healing is an essential element in a',
three forms of the preached word, but is most evidently a fundamental part of the word through service# It is an essential mode of operation of the Holy Spirit# Therefore, jxist as the *^uroh must live for mission unto the end of history, there must always be a ministry of health and healing within that witness*” It is on this part #f our mission that I particularly want to concentrate in this paper*
I hope that what I have to say doesn^t just sound like a paper on the II Shin
Hospital* It is not meant to be just that,, but our present medioal work is that and I believe that we must start by looking at what we are doing now if we are to evaluate it in relation to our tetal mission, and especially ovir mission of health and healing* As we know only too well, the need will always exceed our resources*
We need te see whether our resources in manpower and money a re being used to the best advantage and decide what adjustments should be made*
II Shin was eoramenoed in Sept* 1952 by the A.P.M* and, after various attempts to place its administration under a local Board, the present self-perpetuating Board of Cireotors was established with membership representing the General Assembly,
Kyung Nam Presbytery, *the K.F*C* and members of the Pusan Community* This Board
is taking more and more responsibility f or the hospital o The internal administra- tion, however, is still not provided for satisfactorily and it would be unfair to expect a Korean to take over the medioal administration before the busir^s administration is in oompetent hands« A solution to this problem is therefore urgent in our planning for the future*
The objeotiTOS of the hospital as out in Ihe constitution o an be sumraarlz. as follows X - that, following 0hrist*s c:.miafnd and example and in His spirit (l) it treat* obstetric, gynaeoologioal and infant patients, (2) it train doctors in these departments and nurses in midwifery, (3) it do matoruaj. « child health and other w''srk. related to the above* The question is., •• aie these sti, ' the right objectives., sen- if so, should the Australian Churoh siiii be involved in it^ sending missionaries ahA financial suppol*t? Let us look at them*
(1) The twtmaot ef patiante; A siBgla apeoialty hospital was started,
rather than the usual general hospital, in order te place some kind of limit on the work. This is still valid but even within this limit there are more patients than oan be managed easily. It is essential that doctors and midwives working out in the oommUnity have a hospital to rhiohthey oan send patients they oannot handle. Government hospitals are, at present, imable to provide this service especially for the poorer patients, II shin is providing it, not only for Pusan city, but for country areas as well. The big questions isi - hew is this service to be financed? Only if some outside provision oanbe made oan it be adequately staffed and poor patients given treatment. The Government is not likely Jw give finanoial support which it oan*t give its own hospitals. We must, however. Use all ohannels available to persuade the government exemption frem duty
and taxes as leng as free work is being done, Costs must be kept as lew as is pos- sible oonsistant with providing reliable treatment and conforming with Government requirements. In addition, the enly praotioal way in which we as a mission oan ensure the carrying cn of the treatment of patients regardless of their ability to pay is that envisaged viien it was decided to set aside certain funds from the sale of property tobe invested for this purpese. If this hospital were te become just another private hospital, even if a good one, fbr those who oan pay enough, we will have failed in ovr mission.
(2) Trainingt To quote the 'findings’ again* "Training is a major responsi bility ef Christian medical work, and from the largest medical college to the small est teaching hospital the aim is to produce quality joined with dedication in service,"
n Shin Hospital has two training pregrams s
(a) Training doctors in obstetrics and gynaecology is important in that we have enoughoases to provide a good praotieal training and olinioal experience i^ioh is sadly lacking in so many training programs. The training being a long one, however, the number of doctors we oan train is minimal in terms of supplying Korea -s ever all need.
(b) The training of m5.dwives on the other hand is of major importanoa to the overall need of the oommun'.ly f*»d it is this program in particular wdiioh will help fulfill the hospital. ’s third objective of maternal and child health. While it was common knowj.edge that the big percentage of Korean
mothers would have their babies at home for many dooades to come no ene weis being trained to leek after them and it was the complete lack, of provision for midwifery training in the Korean iawwhiohwas the chief reason for commencing this kind ef hospital. Under the Japanes system midwives had b een brained but even the youngest of these must be nearing 50 so that tl'.e v/orking days of most must be over. On switching over te a U.S. oriented ’midw Ifoless ’ traiji ',Oi^ ooheme for nurses in 1945 the need for midwivos seemed to be onbi.x oly forgotterv Between 1946 and 1962 hu/i • dreds of nurses were given midwives licences on gradual. ion from nursing school and often they had never seen a boby bern. The youngeut of these, unfortiinately, must be less than 30 years old and our experienoe shoivs that it is often safer for mothers to have their babies alone.-, as most still do in the country, than to call a 'midwife. ' It was into this ti aining vacuum that we Australians seemed especially trained to fit. Until 1962 we ooulJ offer only an unrecognized, inform training but, largely through the persuasion o.” jur graduates, the Government revised its laws in 1962 to require 12 T.c’^Ihr graduate training before issuing
licenses to practice as a midwife^ Evo*. oev/, b'-'.-fyvor, there are few hospitals w5.th chough maternity patients to pro’ll de e\ ‘..dei^uc.bo tral’.ri.n.go
I^ugh not. of course, one of the reasons for having training nr.erams we should be aw^e of the fact ihat in terms of hospital eooLmy the servioirof^h.,« in training help to keep the sgaary bill lower and running tlsts down.
. Materna^ and Child Health; Effect:’ ve ir.idi’riferv ■nran+'.in* j.u_
^st ^por^^aspects of public healoh. Hot oply does U midwife LSribJt^ t if! she has an unprecendented opportunity for teaching
pubUo health, channelling babies for iimurization- ann mothers for family plLning to the places they can get these things, m she can do some ef this work Lrself!
Prom ^e beginning we have t aken our trainess largely from the country training schools, many of them Provincial Government Schools, believing that these girls are much mo ^likely to return to the country than the nurses trained in the oity hoepltals. While for some Pusan’ is, no dcubt, a step toward Seoul and over- se as, very many go back to their homes to marry and settle down and practice where they live. I oannot produce any statisti<-s but am sure there are a large number of our 649 gradu&'tea praoi/ioing in ■fchair local coin':''i'Mi*ties^
4. evaluate this in relation tc Korea’s total need, Onoe more to
quote the findings’ - There is a growing recognition of the need of, and oppor- tunity for, public health and preventive services, i^ithin the framework of medical missions. This ©alls f or a comprehensive approach which inoorpohated the curative and preventive in an interaotirig relationship between % base and peripheral units with a two-way flow of personnel, patients and educational effort. Preventive activities can be developed cnly through a program of health education and the building upon a successful curative program."
I think that n Shin Hospital is providing a comparatively l»w cost beae to which those working on the periphery can send their ’high risk- materni-te patients and those meeding curative measures. With: i it such a ba,3 any outreach too easily
X ft •
This base is also providing traii.’.ng for ni'lmvcn to practice in private and in public health services. Our graduates are working m-) almoot all of the mission run public health program. A few are in Government Ijaar-jh cenures although the Oovermnent will have to appreciate a midwife's worth and value what she can do more than at present if they expect girls to work there. Midwives provide low cost care for patients# not only in the country, but in the cities too, for tticse who oannot afford a doctor even when he is available.
We need to demonstrate how government health centres could use midwiveo for their maternal and child welfare work and toward this end we have started negotia- tions with the Pusanchin Health Center with the idea of a midwife from II Shin Hospital, taking trainees with her, hol.d.lng an ante-natal clinic at the center wnoe a week. Health visitors from the center vjou] d e’tic'/Ui’agu patients who plan on having the baby at home, and are not attei. ding a doctor, to com© for preventive care. The director says that nothing in this line is being attempted and has invitr us to begin as soon as ks can release a room for i.r; t^o use. If this works out the same thing could be done in other oity health centers.
The next step in the plan xz to g:: 'v coxntry a3't'>as accessible to us but t#o far for patients to come to the hos[ * ' al» Choositi*^ an area where there is no doctor or resident midwife, the idea a.j for our mi drives to go for weekly antenatal and infant welfare olinici and bo do family plannings teaching, a doctor going once a month to supervise.
The hop® 'i« that this should demonstrate to t he community hovr much a midwife can do to ensure- safe delivery and health &r raother and baby* and at the same time inspire in our trainees an interost in village Work. If the government would-, employ midwives to live’ in- a Oentrai olace and provide her with means to travel out and hold clinics on market days in -vari-juv’ areas of the district their maternal and child health programs could be much more effective.
In conclusion, and to. cone baok te the A»P.M. and the hospital, I believe that even after ihere. is no A.P.M. as suoh in Korea, and even after the management of the hospital has b ©en completely handed over to the Hospital Board and a Korean Superintendent, there still will be a place for Australian missionaries to share in the work and outreach of the hospital. I don't mean by this that it is the only place in which Australian medical workers can carry out a 'ministry of health and healing' in Korea. Varied talents and training will, I hope, be offered and can be used in many different programs. I pray that the Australian Church will continue to have its representatives sharing with Korean Christies in a healing ministry so that those who are sick may become vdiole again irt Christ.
4 -
Where ehouli Mission Co From Here?
'. ■ . -W./v
You are not long in Korea, hef ore you learn that you must fee very careful how you werd a question - the i. vevy polite and ' he can daSot ^y Sy '
means what _ answer -you are expecting or hop.: , f., . thav p.ill be’the answer yoU
excused spent the greater part of :;he -enyear-i in Korea l' could be
excused for approaching this question, from a somer.-h^t Korean perrpective wha h are you expecting to hear? There are many answer:- being g-.ven these days for thx. and similar questions and I'm sure there r .wld be an answer to make each .f you ' happyl However, my problem is. that. I don icnow you well enough to know what would make you happy - ner am I enough of the circumspect politician to weave the necessary answers into one talk with out re-ealing the inherent contradiof o'ns ' ^at would be ^^Ived. I^m afraid I have only experienced skin-deep KoreaSzabion. '• Ity intention i^ to be very unKoreau^.to, ignore your expectations - to he straightf orward and blunt - as the time all.o-bed requires: ■ .
sure'I need not prdface these remarks with any disclaimer of divine ■
J only;*ut of my own understanding and experience. I do not
clam to say it as it is - only to say it as I see it. I have not walked in your mocassins for the required ’moon’ - I oannot see it as you do - I oannot expect each of you to s.8e it as I fo. The best we can hope for is that our indi- Tidual fears, prejudices and feelings of TOlnerability will not prevent us hearing what we are trying to say to eaoh ether - and I do anticipate that you will have opportunity for your say too - else I shall be the poorer.
But briefly, as I see it, missions are at this point: missionaries came -Hn a land unf^i liar with the G^apeij ib ^as proclaimed: converts were realized and then organized into a churoh. Through ^be years, with ;.i.:'.s,g ionary help the ohur-u wap nurtured to. a fairly highly deveiopedi slate of ma-.u.;,.-,:.ty insofar as orgavdzaf I- • and institution are oonoerneT .. and he.r , we stand: Cl...L.-ohas are organized, san;..
tuaries dot the countryside manned by iorefc... cl.orgy •hva...,;ed by Korean in Scininari- administered by Kordans with the san,. tiou of the va-icjs denominations. These national churches are structured aftec the good patterns of the west (south), complete with boards and oommitteos unlimited. They are Sailing a bit behind in restructuring’ but I’m sure when the word is heard that to-day the Kingdom comes
not through committees but through ’restruoturrlng » they will reorganize with the test#
With this as pur starting point where do missr’.ons g-? Certainly we oannot simply l«ok with^ pride on our aocomplisljinbr.v- o.r^. leaving behind a job
well and completely donej It least I tru...t the:-. are none satisfied with the results t© date:: Of course if a-Maving the high standards wa have known in our home churches wa§ o«r goal then p3.rh.aps we do have cause for pride - it has nearly all been duplicated here. In fait there sre ways in which the Korean churches excel #ur western churches - some co'rmei.5.ahle - soma not so oojnmendable.’
purpose of m.ic-sion not to duplio.ate vj-estern manifestations of onrlstianlty in Korea - Pa'Xl givs.; a bolter .reason in Ephesians o;17-19 or we . night take John’s purpose in wn-ioing his gc«^pa.1 at 20<2;!. or again Jesus ’words’
I have come that they might have l;l.?o a-od ’ a-.e L'.t mo.re abundantly’. Whatever cur interpretation of these or simi.lar p.ao =-n. , ni sure we would all agree that th--
rean churoh has no more then any otic; come yet to experience all thaL
d has in store for her. The fu.iness ol new life’ Is n*»t everywhere evident in the Korean church nor have the fvu:I+-3 df trat liy, .-liltered through its members into the society around the ohuroh in any dramatic w,-y. Tne job is net yet don'. '
I think that the beginnings cf an ans-.-er to our questien of where we re emerges from the realization and accepta\oe of the fact that 4. 4.4 in
instltutio„,ny « „ „an
have to the^ Korean ohuroh. Organlza-cx-.-nal .iv +r° s tructures all exist f.rr+ •/ function as a responsible, indepen^ient i.ixu. o*j. inuring for its fleok and >.
r
to me that *>>ere is no l.nger a place fii- laaslons'' as organisations ilannlng. ' initiating and admlnis^ring work that is p.nperly the work .f the ChuJohr Ih;re now emlsts in Korea a auroh -the miss:.. hare helped ereate it, we must now aooept it, recognize its integrity and r.^rereignty over wrrk here in step baokand out as mission, organ! zatio..:Vi • • ® here in, Kerea and
Ihis does not mean the end of mi.^u :.ouaries - Vt does mean the end ef missionaries, mis A ions and Mission Boa--'.: deciding wnut wfJ'k needs te be done in Kerea and idiat work missionaries sbouxo -to, i am not the oooperative
•rgahizations whereby the Korean ohiu-onr- ostensibly oall, plan «or assi-n and super Vi se_ the work of missionaries. I luiow, this goes on in your oi/v-^ „q it 4#es in ours but I haTO been part of the^^e oo-operative otmmittaes too to fool myself about the cooper ativeness of i^hat goes on in them, MissicnariW ^ where they want to go - #r where their fellew missionaries want themt • g« ding on who is the stronger) - they do what they want to do- #r what their' fellew missionaries want them to de - or so I see it, I am n#t suggesting that this situation has^resulted in' any damaging effects for the Korean ohuroh « se far as I know most missionaries have don© their Job as well as they could and probably most have done the work that allowed them to make their maximum ©ontribution,
^ saying that this has come about because the *mission^ has so directed
(overtly or covertly) and net beouase of decision by the Korean ohuroh,. In most oases the Korean ohuroh has been content to stand by, and mak© whatever approving signs were needed to allow the mission oon- c;-nul to maintain its. image of being abreast of the latest ^ in mission thinkint^o
The reasons why. the Korean ohuroh has do.; j i;h:ls are very simple. They are dealing with persona they hardly know Tf.'hat to do with, personnel recommended by* foreign Boards who in turn have recommended persons who have volunteered to fill 'mission opportunities' described in personnel requii'ement lists drawn up with considerable missionary influence# How can, in fact why should the Kerean church accept responsibility f or placing these people<i Besides) through long years of experience the ohuroh has learned that missioneiries by and large do more geod than harm and therefore it takes little risk in accepting them and letting '-Hhem do what they want whether it sees the value in what they plan #r not, Seocndly the Korean ohuroh does get something from Mission Boards which it can see the value of -money- opportunities for overseas study and travel - and money.
Please do not understand me to be critical of the Korean church at this point*
contrary I have the highest regard for the patience with which it pu'is up with CO much for the meagre returns it often receives a This is especially true vdien one remembers the high proportion of money too t-l'at is channeled down avenues ef service recommended by missioneiries, or reco-^;nized by the naticna-1 leaders as projects that will gain the support and approval of ©verseas boardso All of this they suffer so that they may receive son. a ney to do things they really want to dbJ
Here again for clarity let me say that I do not wish tt' go on record as sup^ortir all the things the Kor^^n ohuroh wants to do, in fact most times
there are other programs I %vould prefer, and I L-xe rej.jaed with others when our Board has supported 1 fiioughV'Aiorti'y over some that the Church waritv.
beog^a© I knew those I supported were more impojiantJ
■“ 2 —
f
cv<.\ W# -t I^VvVp-
I am not suggesting tJiat we should support all the thino-., -v, u ^
what they wish to do fbr ^at ihey see is the eocd !r v w ® ^ ^ *
thereby deprieved of the right to express alteLtlre cSnlen^rT J.
programs -but our influence should be re-’uood io renr«e,«L suggest other
ralue .f the idea we express and not oL'^with H hh
eurewewebXd ell etrobgly re.et to ore of IS gi^eSelf P»fsuad,re 1%
Blent unduly influenoing the decleicnB of the KoLan goTerMn«t“”^wr belief a,,t Korea le a eoirereign nation and deearvee III
house. We eught to support ns 1,03 a right for the Korean otairoh This I M, ,
missions and missionaries must reilr-i viaU the yav-por they exerol<,«’
pewer the Korean ohuroh believes they exercise Yri’ietiBr this is L T the
j i«r TOxs is real »r magin#d.
To be practical about this let u.-*. begin by 4-v 4. ^
Karean church accepts finsccial support :.;Vum overseas ihe
- but it can be impreved. We may be slicvcer'^- in our ’/roCessicn thav, ^ purified a two-way street and-ftiat our home churehe , n^ed the go d influences o> "
Church but the still talks louder^t# It is ntill i.rao that he who pays ^-^per
calls the tune# Even when the payor is benevolent and calls tunes we like « are still subject t# his whims and wo murt be always alert net te offend. Over^^^as Mission Boards are s till paying the piper sofaras the central budgets of most korean denominations are ooncernedn In the case of the PROK I understand the U.C. of C. grant only represents 6% of the total church budget - but it comes to over 70^ of the budget administered by the General Assembly office# For those who exercise administrative power and who control the major policy decisions of the ohuroh this represents a very large proportion of their ^bread and butter’# It is impossible to estimate and probably imp:)ssil '’ e to over-estimate the influence the source of these funds has in determii^ing policies anh planning programs# This remains true in our situation ■vdiere cooperative ocmrditces have been abolished’ r:nd all planning is done by the respective comriLMots oi ihe General Assembly on wiiicH sometimes one, sometimes no missionary sits. Floating in the background is alway:^ the knowledge yhat whatever decisions are t akenihey m-ist at some point pass over the desk and under the scrutiny (jf che Mission Board and sometimes even a missionariy on-^e field# In such a situation the qaest.lon inevitably arises - •vdiat will they support most" happily Ihis year?
This being the case I believe that Misslcn Boards miist, with all possible haste extricate themselves from the support of reguj.a;.’ on-going church programming# They must do this quickly but they must do it responsibly# Let us be honest, we are not the victim of either circumstances or a greedy Korean ohuroh, in our present situation# We are at least as responsible if not more responsible than the Korean churches for the present situation. True they have always been happy to receive money - ^d we have been happy to be in the position of giving itJ We have not been insensitive to or unmoved by the power that acoruse to thtse who can hand out money.. We have enjoyed it« some have coveted it and rare indeo^'. Is the person who has tried to do anything to alter the situation# Too many have sensed that their worth in the eyes of the Korean ohuroh is intimately related lo their connection with „the so^oe of the funds that passes through their hands - and noone wants to be judged worthlessj What I am trying to emphasize is not that we have lusted after power - but that we are not the victims of K«'ieaa chixrches who have wheedled more and more out of us until they have become utterl;j' oependent upon us against our will# So we are not justified in simply cutting them off and makt.ng them stand up on their own feet# We are as much the cause bf their dependency as they are and we have probably enjoyed it more than they have# The situation must be changed but it must be changed responsibly - we must pay our share of the cost of change#
- 3 -
I see this cost in terms ef establishing the support fer the en-going work ef the churohes on a purely natienal basis, I think I am not betraying any state secrets when I say that the PROK has asked our Board for a ene-time-gr?^t equivalent te five years' budget to oreate,.an encovanent. fund. With the interest from this fund the PROK would then \indertake respons'ibility for all work now supported by our . Board," Because' ef* fallj.pg revenue at- hor.’e the Board htas not been able, .to respond favourably ,to this request - I doubt if they have yet :aocepted the principle (l say' yet because I still hope to' odnvinoe them tku+i the principle is valid) Ip any event, accepting the, validity of eur Board’s! negative reac-oion an alternative proposal has gained consi-clorable support arriong many of our churoh people. They are asking that mi.s.sion property no longer needed by the mission be turned 'byer to them to establish the endowment fund. Needless say there has been some reaction from 'missionaries who feel threatened by such a proposal and some from those who disagree
with ■the principle, J1 am not partioulary concerned with method at this point except to illustrate posaiblities# I ^ oonoerned to emphasize my conviction th^t missions must ''get b^t of the bus^poess of supporting on-gning work in national oh urohs. The one exception would be an unconditional block gran c. requiring no report-baolf beyond the asBUrsinoe that it hadheen received and incorp ;i,'ibed into the regular accounts of the church subject to the same internal control procedures as all other revenues of the ‘church. Any Cbher kind of support no matter how innocently given is almost bound to be interpreted as imperialistic er paternalistic ^by a church becoming ever more sensitive to outside interference, ' “
' X * •
* • • ^ I * '
I am suggesting that present- forms of support must be disoontinued -and.furl;hr::»r that the present structures within -vdiich our relatiorlships operate must be radically changed. I am not suggesting severing railationships# Rather I look towardr-to the formation of a new kind of relationship in which, in fact as well as word, we-act * toward each other as responsible and equal partners* Specifically that overseas missions recognize that the Korean chur'^n* ov-ber Christian organizations cr even in some oases secular KoreEin organizations i:^ve prime responsibility f or determining the needs ef the Koreein people and deoioir-g L.i.pon the kind of action appropriate to those needs* I would see the overseas chu:rches throu^'x their international or inter-ohuroh oo-operatlon boards informing the churches and ether agencies in. Ko^^ea of their willingness to enter into joint ventures with them to meet the needs .of thel' people* Then in response to proposed programs the ohu.:*ohes would offer support including both personnel and resources to be integrated .i.xito the national program a-d administered by the national agency* Churohes would rta!:uj*ally set their own critevja as to the type ef venture in which they would join, cj-iterria related to the urgency of the program, the level of national support, the loag-* be^'^l benefits, the likellhooc of continuance und®r national support following the perL^d of the joint partieij ai.ior etc* etc* But once having assured itself of’ the validity of the program it would turn over its resources and personnel to the national agency for administration. ■Whenever personnel were involved the national agency would platt fer the complete logistical support within its budget and this would be part of the total support figure and again'would be controlled by the national agency or church.
This entire .approach is based or. rhe belief that while the work of serving God^s people anyvrtiere is the responsibility of God’s people everywhere, the people of God in any ^one place have a partlcuior oh? > gatlon to assume resp*msibility f v serving the needs of God’s people in Korea^ the puop.’t.e of God here in Korea, ic •'bg churches, have the prime responsibility **<bis wor’w-? Wo must trust them with Jo
We can encourage, suggest, constructively r.titioizo our conscience directs bvic we can no longer use any form of ooerc^.i-n *! ■. exoioise (^ntrol over aotivites that are properly theirs to decide* If wo wishoa to call a Ko.aan nasuor to serve a Korean congregation in our home church and the Korean ohuroh trica to exercise the kind of control over everything he touched that we attempt here we would be extremely resent- ful* We ought to expect the same from the Korean church and respect the rightfulnesr of their resentment when we arouse it*
- 4
9
f
I must quickly bring this to a close but I know there are At least two glaring omissions in this presentation (in additi:;n to what some will consider glaring errors in judgment and oversimplification)* I have said nothing about leng term missionaries and nothing about insituutions* Although I have intimated that future relations should be on a contractual basis '‘*ith a jefinite time period included I do not wish to suggest the elimination vf lonj term missionaries* I see no reason wky they should not evolve from the same pattern. If a project requires a person with language and therefore includes this in the plan end the budget and if the person having learned the language and fulfilled the contract seems tc» the national ohiiroh to be the kind of persen i :ey would like te continue with them in some other capacity there is no reason why this oould not happeno The national ohurcl will recognize that the overseas church &nly has the ability to respond to a limited number #f joint projects at any one time* If the Churoh feels that the individual oonoerned has the potential and the adaptabll ity to make further oonstruotive con- tributions to its life and wishes to have bs expected allotment #f support used in that way - there should b e n# reason why b'' r cannot be done and redone and continued on an indefinite basis* I would hope the national churoh vrauld see the advantage of a certain member of overseas personnel continuing on a leng term basis - but I als» -think that until they make the decirilons involved and know that they have the unconditional right to make them -bliey will never takeimny of us very seriously and certainly never use us to their best advantage*
A final word about institutions and this will be have to be brief* I believe they should be given over to K'^rean administration a s soon as it is practically p.s sible. VJhen this has been done then j iui-nk the same rules apply as outlined above for relationships with churches* They should be informed that the •verseas churoh is happy to consider certain joint-ventures to include financial and personnel supp'' and when entered into they should be administered by the institution. One further word on institutions such as school! s.- h''sp:Hals^ social centers, agricultural projects etc. I happen to believe bhat rhou'V'i not be placed under the adminis-
trational jurisdiction of churches I e they should h^e independent boards ^ In creating such boards reasonable . ecUi"' . ■ ons shoiilJ be made to ensure as far as
possible the Christian oharaotor of the Inr . " butlijii lat they should be independent of the churches* The exception would come lx ibie inrti'bution had keen founded by the churoh,, as opposed to a miss ion^. and substantially supported by the church from its inception - and even here an independent board would be preferable* Apart from political and economic factors vihioh I are great in Korea at the present time
1 personally subscribe to the theological principle bhat the Churoh is better repre- sented in the institutions 'sf man's sooi&l lni*e through ihe participation cf indivi- dual members of the 'people of God' raiher 1-han by institutional participationo I believe it confuses the cultivation and nuri;uring of the spirit with the production and manifestation of the fruits of the spiril^j This oould lead into a long discuss:' which would not be helpful at this point - I merely state my conviction about the principle involved. Apart from that pri-ncipT e a book could be written abcut the praotioal problems in present day Korea related to the Gnucoh exercising control •ver institutions she might inherit fr^m Mission Boards*
This has been a big question - a ques*l:ion with '.Tide ranging implioationsr I have barely outlined the bare bones of an answer., I sure I have not pleased all of you - I may not have pleased any of you but I am not enough of a Korean to have tried nor to worry about whei-ne'' . nob I have succeded* If you i*nve
heard anything that gives you cause to !1-. m’>re abo : ; i-e problems involved and if you have not become angry with me in tlie process I am nolj. satisfied*
Thank you*
- 5 -
A Ilgcugalon on ^ 9j Auetrallan Prosbvterian Jiissl.n in K.rea
Hvy j^rwvj ('fVP IWutv) i«CwP . £>it. /r /^7/ ‘ “
Far some time there has been much thought given ta the gaals, methods and structure relating ta mlssianary involvement in Ko^ea. In spite of the fact that frem time to time nearly all af us have felt a lac-k -f satisfying sub-goals and a question- ing af the real value of it all/noone denfeo the validity of the missionary task af the Churoh in Karea nor the validity cf the Austrel-.p,:i Prestyterian Church's ' participating in it. There is always the bi .'ad gral oi' .bristian missions - to preach the Gospel to every creature and fssooiated with Christ's command, the
respansibility ta teach and heal and engage in the manifold other’ works to improve human life and welfare*
The "Regulatiena fer Missionaries" published by hhe Australian Prenbjrtorian Board Missitns states one of the froals of JT'^.s.-slon work a little more speoifioally: "Sinoe the B«ard attaches the highest imnovtance to te.e formation and derelopmont in every area cf self-propogating and soji-support^'^g congregations and the upbuild of a strong, independent, indigenous churoh, missionaries shall consistently work toward that end*"
COEMAR has proposed that the future use of the TTPCUSA resources and participating action by missionary personnel should be governed by the following four goals (1) the establishment of Christian Oomaiunit-ies won to f aith in Christ as Saviour and Lord through the effective nonimunioat5-on of tho Gospel (i.e* the task of evangelism aimed at initial commitment to Jesus Christ) (2) the establishment of Christian coirmunities fully equipped for life and service (i*e* the task cf Chris’^ian education and leadership development) (3) the establishment of Chrlstia communities engaging in social action (i.e, the t ask of relief, healing, social justice and community development) and (4) the establishment of Chris^an communities seeking unity and mutual anoeptanoe in Christ (i.e. the task cf ecumenical mission, encounter withihe non-Christian religions and alienated groups
These goals> based on what is believed to be God^s will for man, along with the open invitation of the Korean Churoh and the freedom with which foreigners can livf and work in Korea are all aspects of the call to missionary involvment in Korea today. The case for continuing and expanding missionary work in Korea has often been made in terms of the above goals but what demands more attention is the future pattern (methods and structures) of our missionary involvemen;^.
There are several factors that make a radical rethinking of our present pattern cf missionary work necessaryj
(1) Financial - One thing that As abvious to even the most casual observer of the Korean scene is the rapid economic development which is taking place* 1972 begins a third 6-year economic development plan d»iring which an annual average eoonomio growth of 8.6^ is envisaged© The per capita income is expected to rise from $20»^ to $400 per irg!b^. Exports will increase 5*3 times the volumne in 1969, The pepu? tion increase will be kept at lo5G ctempared with \c9% in 1969 and the unemploymen*^ rate reduced to less than 4^0* Most major goals of the second 5-ydar plan were successfully attained by 1970, the fourth year of the plan so that the third 6-yeai plan will be off to a good start.
This growing prosperity means ihat is becoming more and more costly to ceirry on a missionary programme based on the pattern wu have follrwed up till now, where the total cost of a missionary's logistics is borne by the sending church.
(2) Development of the Korean Church. Follewing the nation's economic pregress the Church's eoenomy is revealing a change for the better. Presbytery and Congrega* : tional'centributions to General Assembly programmes is rising,- (1970-$12®00)
2^ million wen ($70C®) was contributed to the Presbyterian Seminary rn~Sefml last year and $32,000 for overseas Korean missionaries this year. The Assemblv nnw supports 10 missionaries in Taiwan, ThailandTMeH^.^ Briiil, Ethiopa, South Viet- nam aad Indonesia, The General Assembly is developing and carrying through its own programmes in evangelism, Christian education etc. There is gi-owing social concern e.g. the free blood bank established by the Yong Nak Church, the prjgrammet conducted by the Institute of Urban Studies at Yonsei University, Academy House and the church in the Kwangju Estate. There is a gnowing number of capable scholars and leaders. It is estimated that over 10^ of Korea's 31 million people are now Christian and the growth percentage wise is ahead of population growth.
In the light of these facts the need for missionary finance and personnel should be declining,
(3) A need for realising the changed concept of the missionary enterprise. For a number of years the concepts of partnership and co-operation have been applied to our missionary endeavour in Korea but in Mission related projects these concepts have rarely been put into practice. There has generally been too great, if not total, reliance on foreign resources of finance and personnel. As costs rise 5.n Korea, this state of affdars oonnct continue and it becomes more and more unrealis- tic for overseag churches to carry the burden of supporting institutions and other- programmes in this way,
(4) Problems in the Home Church, These appear tobe, briefly, dwindling financial resources, theological uncertainty and the need for revising priorities in over- seas missibnary endeavour e^g^ Are there valid reasons w^hy the Australian Presby- terian Churcii should continue to put such a large part of its resources available for overseas missionary work into Korea ra-'-her than, say, Japan or Vietnam or Indonesia? (The budget for the Korea Missioii ree^'lies approximately $80000 annuallj'-) What effect will the proposed Churoh union have cn overseas mission priorities and policies?
(5) Rapid change. Changes ooour so rapidly now that we must always be on the alert in changing situations, A missionary strategy basically developed several decades ago oannot be expected to remain relevant in a day when eoonomio, social and political conditions change so rapidly and ■ ’ '■.expextedly. We must develop a strategy of missionary involvement which Is adaptable to present realities.!
For these reasons it -will not be pcss-lble to continue very much longer working under the present pattern and ray suggestion would be that the APBM be urged to give prompt and serious oonsidoraticn to phasing cut the present organization, the Australian Presbyterian Missicn in K-^-'ea ani the present pattern of missionary engagement in Korea over the next five years i.e, by 1976,
This would involve personnel and property matters and a suggested approach might be
(a) With regard to personnel, to end tbs present terms cf appointment of Korea •nc'. sionaries as periods of service on the ] are oonoluded in or before lD/6 and
in terms extending beyond 1976 making IG.o -'I.e cut cff year e.g.
Present terms of Appointment to end
Rev. J*hn BroTwn (General Assembly Se..,inui/)
Miss lorothy kifatson "
Rev. Barry Rowe (Crippled People's Soho'.i)
Rev. Desmond Neil (I.P.M.O.)
Mr. Cam Lamb (Sheep Project)
Dr. Helen Mackenzie (ll Shin Hespital)
Miss Cath Madcenzie ”
Dr. Barbara Martin '*
Miss Joyce Anderson "
Miss Derethy Knight ”
(b) With regard to property -
1. Set up a separate JP for the II Shi
2. Sispose of the Seoul houses, the Tongnae house and the proceeds fr'h the sale of the Chinju property (presently committed t* paying part of the interest te Chinju Presbytery fcrfeur years to 1974 for evangelistic out- reach)
3* Dissolve the Australian Presbyterian Mission JP
I am not suggesting that the ending of tPei present pattern of missionary involvement in Korea necessarily means the end of vhs missionary relationship between the Korea- and Australian Presbyterian Churches. This ooxfLd sii.'i be maintained but in dif‘- ferent ways. Some possibilities might be the sending 'f
(a) financial assistance for specific projects
(b) Personnel (i) those who wou].d work directly under the General Assembly > f: the
Pres byte riaj'i Church vf Korea (or some other church body, in v ov. of the imminent Gh'uooh xinion in Australia) e.g. in Christ.'. au education, or the Seminary or an institution related to the General Assembly. The terms of their appointment and legistioa; support to be decided by the APBM or its successor and its counterpart in the Korean church or the Board of the institutions.
(ii) those who are seconded, tj other missions
(lii) those who are lay people in secular employment While not denying that there may be occasion.t; i‘,‘aen the Australian Chxirch mj.ght feel that it should initiate and carry through a programme or project, its missionary assistance will primarily be a response to programmes and projects Initiated by the church in Korea.)
A note on the Mutual Agreement and the Committee on Cc-operation: Under the presen
mutual agreement the APBM is committed to a form of partior.pation in missionary
activity in Kbrea through the 0rTiFii.'.b1;ee >n Co-operation till the next revision o the agreement in 1974. It cann,'-; therefcre; unilaterally decide on major policy changes before the present agreement expires. It must, however, make plans for new structures and new relations to meet '.he ohang:.rg realities.
On past performance it seems a vain hop- /■' look to .he C.O.C. for the kind of
planning that needs to be done for the iuture of mi'..-<ion work. If it becomes
pobsible to implement the kind of pattexn outlined i.l ux'e for future missionary participation in the Korean church, then the importuuoe ^f the C.#.C. will grea diminish until such on org.anization is no longer necessary.
Desmond J. Nell
1974 1976
1975
1976
1975
1976 1S76 1976
1975
1976
(Furlough due) (furlough due 197G7) (furlough due)
It
II
(retirement 973)
( " n75)
(furlough .’ue 107.’) (furlough aue)
( " )
Ln Hospital
Seoul, October, 1971
A liscussion Paper on the Future ef the Australlsoi Presbyterian Mlasien in Kerea
Per some time there has been much thought given te the geals, methods and struotxarc relating te missienary involvement in Kr^-ea. In spite of the fact that frem time to time nearly all ef us have felt a lack rf satisfying sub-goals and a question- ing ef the real value of it all, noone J.enies the validity cf the missionary task ef the Church in Kerea nor the validity of the Australia! Presbyterian Churoh^s participating in it. There is always the bi rad goal of vhiistian missions - to preach the Gospel to every creature and fssjoiatod with Christas command, the
respensibility te teach and heal and engage in the manifold other works to improT© human life and welfare.
The ^Regulations for Missionaries” publi.shed by the Australian Presbyterian Board Missions states one of the goals of ti - .^r.lon work a little more specif ioallyj ”Sinoe the Beard attaches the hj.ghest i-jiDortance to the formation eind development in every area cf self-propo gating and sojl- -support congregations and ths upbuU ' of a strong, independent, indigenous church, mist -ouaries shall consistently work toward that end.”
COEMAR has proposed that the future use of the TJPCUSA resources and participating action by missionary personnel should be governed by the following four goals'
(l) the establishment ef Christian Gommunities won to f aith in Christ as Saviour and Lord throtsgh the effective communication of the Gospel (i.e. the task ef evangelism aimed at initial commitmerfb to Jesus Christ) (s) the establishment of Christian oonmunities fully equipped for life and service (i.e. the task ef Chris’^ian education and leadership development) (3) the establishment of Christiein communities engaging in sooial action (i.e» the t ask of relief, healing, social justice and community development) and (4) the establishment ef Chrislgian ’ communities seeking unity and mutual acceptance in Christ (i.e. the task of ecumenical mission, encounter withihe non-Cnris I'ian religions and alienated groups
Thee© goals, based on what is believed to be Ged^s will for man, along with the ' open invitation ef the Korean Church and the freedom with which foreigners can livf and work in Korea are all aspects of the call to missionary involvment in Korea today. The case for continuing and expending missionary work in Korea has often been made in terms ef the above goals but what demands more attention is the future pattern (methods and structures) of our missionary involvement*
•f
There are several factors that make a radical rethinking ef exir present pattern ef missionary work nocessaryi
(1) Financial - One thing that is abvious to even the most casual observer of the Korean scene is the rapid economic deve.lopment which is taking place. 1972 begins a third 5-year economic development plan during which an annual average economic growth of 8.6^ is envisaged. The per capita income is expected to rise from te ^40# per month. Exports will increase 5.3 times the volumne in 1969. The pcj.u tion increase will be kept at l;i55 compared with in 1969 and the unemployme: i
rate reduced to less than Most major goals of the second 5-ydar plan were
successfully attained by 1970, the f curth year of the plan so that the third 5-yeai plan will be off to a good start.
This growing prosperity means that i^ is beocming more and more costly to carry on a missionary programme based on the pattern we have followed up till now, where the total cost of a missionary’s logistics is borne by the sending church*
1
- 2 -
(2) 0,y,l,p„,nt .f th. K,r.a. Chur=h. Followins th, ,oon,mlo pr.gress the
auroh'8 1» revealins a chahE« for the better. Preebytery. and tongrega- -
General Assembly programme&- is ri sing. (1970-112000)
2i million w#n($700«) was contributed td-the Presbyter.ian Seminary in Seoul last year and $ZZjtOO for overseas Korean missionaries this year. The' Assembly now supports 10 missionaries in Taiwan, Thailande Mexico, Brn.^il, Ethiona South Viet nama:d Indonesia. ITxe General Assembly is developing ant oa^ryS^th^^ougf its om^ programmes in evangelism, Christian eduoabion etc. There is g-owinp; social
TafT TP bank aatabliahed by the Yong Bak Ohurehf t^ pLgranmee
.. oondueted by the Institute ,f Urban Studies at Yonsei University, Academy HoSr^ and the church in the Kwangju Estate, There is a gnowing number of capable scholars and leaders. It is estimated that over 10^ of Kerea’s 31 million people 1 the growth percentage wise is ahead of population gro'^h,
^ these facts the need for missionary finance and personnel should
be deolining.
(3) A need fer realising the changed concept *f the missionary enterprise. For a number *f years the concepts ef partnership and co-operation have been applied t* our missionary endeavour in Korea but in Mission related projects these oono'epts have rarely been put into practice . There has generally been too great, if not total, reliance on foreign resources of finance and personnel. As costs rise in Korea, this state of affiars connct continue and it becomes more and more unrealis- tic for overseag churches to carry the burden of supporting institutions and other- programmes in this way,
(4) Problems in the Home Churoh, These appear tobe, briefly, dwindling financial ■ resources, theological uncertainty and the need for revi.sing priorities in oveh-. seas missionary endeavour e.g. Are there valid reason, -i v^hy the Australian Presby-;-,!: terian Churoh should continue to put such a large part of its resources. availali'Le' --'C for overseas missionary work into Korea ra'rher than, say, Japan or Vietnam rr todonesia? (The budget for the Korea Mission reaches approximately $80000 annu'aily).
What effect will the proposed Churoh union have rn OTerseas mission priorities and ■ policies? ,•
(6) Rapid change. Changes occur so rapidly nsw that we must always be on the . .-v
alert in changing situations. Amissionary st.ra-i agy basically developed several ' decades ap oannot be expected to remain rel.ovanl in a day when eoonemio, social and poiltioal oonditions change so rapidly and unexpextedly. We must develop a strategy of missionary involvement which is adaptable to present realities.
For these reasons it will not be pcssible to crrib-'nue very much longer working under the pre,sent pattern and my s’-ggestlon would be that the APBM be urged to give ppmpt and serious consideration to phasing cut the present organization, the Australian Presbyterian Mission in Korea and the present pattern of missionary engagement in Korea over the text fi.v-e years i.e. by 1976, ■ ’
This would involve personnel and pr^pei^.-’ty matters and a suggested approaoh might be
(a) With regard to personnel, to end the- p-e, sent terms of appointment of Korea mi^. sionaries as periods of service on the -.'* i-r.' I are concluded in or before 1076 and in terms extending beyond 1976 making 19, o o.-.e out off year e.g.)
Rev. Jeha Brown (General Assembly Sej. inary) Miss loro thy Watson "
Rev, Barry Rowe (Crippled People’s School) Rev, Desmond Neil (I.P.M.O.)
Mr, Cam Lamb (Sheep Project)
Dr, Helen Mackenzie (ll Shin Hespital)
Miss Cath Maekeneie Dr, Barbara Martin Miss Joyce Anderson Miss Derethy Khight
n
It
It
Present terms of Appointment to end
1974 1976
1975
1976
1975
1976 1976 1976
1975
1976
(Furlough due) (furlough due 1978?) (furleugh due)
II
(retirement
(
.1973) 1975)
(furlough '’u3 1977) (furleugh due)
( " )
(b) With regard to property -
1.
2,
3.
Set up a separate JP for the H ahin Hospital
lispose of the Seoul houses, the Tongnae house and the proceeds frem the sale of the Chinju property (presently committed to paying part of the interest te Chinju Presbytery for four years to 1974 for evangelistio out- reach)
Dissolve the Australian Presbyterian Mission JP
I am not suggesting that the ending of the present pattern of missionary involvement in Korea neeessarily means the end of the missionary relationship between the Korear and Australian Presbyterian Churches, This could still be mainJSained but in dif- ferent ways. Some possibilities might be the sending of
(a) financial assistance for specific projects
(b) Personnel (i) those who would work directly under M:e General Assembly ef l;ho
Presbyterian Church cf Korea (or some other church body, in rhov, of the imminent church union in Australia) e.g, in Christ, tan education, or the Seminary or an institution related to the General Assembly# The terms of their appointment and logistical support to be decided by the APBM or its successor and its counterpart in the Korean church or the Board of the institutions^
(ii) those who are seconded to other missions
(lii) those who are lay people in secular employment While not denying that there may be occasions when the Australian Church might feel that it should initiate and carry through a prcgi'amme or project, .its missionary assistance will primarily be a resp.’Use to programmes and projects initiated by the ohuroh in Korea.)
A note on the Mutual Agreement and the Committee on Co-operation; Under the presen mutual agreement the APBM is comm it bed to a form of partiolpatian in missionary aetlvity in K*rea through the Cr.irrmlttee >n Co-operation till the next revision of the agreement in 1974, It oann'^ bhe.re.fore.. unilaterally decide on major polloy changes before the present agreement expijes. It must, however, make plans for new structures and new relations to meet the changing realities.
On past performance it seems a va.in hop=- b'- look tu .ha C.O.C. for the kind of pla&uing that needs to be done for the fiiture of mission wark. If it becomes pobsible to Implement the kind of pattern outlined above for future raissioneury participation in the Korean ohuroh, then the importance of the C,f,C. will groalTy diminish until such an organization is no longer necessary.
Seoul, Ootober, 1971
Desmond J, Neil
■ ff\
(1) . Criteria for sendia^ mi a a ion peraonael and fu*<
Bej^ a ;2™£2!1-®!5S4 ^£.0^ U .111, s Ion. ^ ^ lU, , 0 .1
tip & partioular land*
(a). THSOLOGICiL, States very simply 1his refers to the need for salvation, y salvation we mean the total welfare of man (spiitually, mentilK.^dThysioally) in his sooie^, Hov/ever you define the Gospel (both in terms of personal salvation and S' oial action) what ar e the obligations it demands of us in terms of human needs here now in th^ oountry? In terms of ohuroh membership the question might be what percentage of the, people are as yet unrelated to t he organised visible ohuroh?
In tenns of social concern the question would be to what extent the influence of
the Gosppl is applied to society (health, employment, justice, exploitation of labor, ; etc,; j?
Now, it would seam that if we are totake -the theologioal implications of our message seriously, the answer to the question "Are missionary personnel and funds needed in Korea?** would be a categorical "YES". Here in Korea, still
over 9(i% Of the people are as yet unrelated to the Church of Jesus Christ* Social concern measured in almost eva^y category 1* defective in terms of what our under- stating-cf the Gospel has oome ta be. (See 0. Breidenstein’s Christians and
documentatiom.) However we understand the Gospel it iT^iffioult to say that the missionary task is completed.
(b), CULTURAL. Yiihat is the' degree of response on the part of oeoDle to the message and tte messenger? Docs the f act"lh'^'e is & white, Anglo-Saxon westerner him oiat a« an effective ins truoont of- the Gospel? In spl^of his foreignness is he accepted and v/eloomed?
In aome countries and cirouiMtanoei the foreigner might be more of a liability than yi .asset* But it has ^een my experianoe that this is not true here in Korea, rhe situation may change* but at least for the present there seems to be a reservoir 'cf good vdll for the astern representative of Christianity. This does not mean bhat all are equally aoeepted or that at 111000 pur foreigness does not cause offetiBe^ jut it does mean that just the fa<st that we are white Anglo-Saxons does not dis- qualify us* J»st yesterday sne of the elder statesmen of our denomination^ Rev. jce Ki Hyuk* presented a petition to our three mission board representatives ppealing for q dramatis increase in the missionary presence as a part of a national
vangeliatic crusade leading up to tha IJOth anniversary sf Christianity in Korea*.
♦
(o). ECONOMY OF TOTAL RBS0I3RCES* How do the needs in our particular land other priorities around the* world? We xuust recognize the principal ^hat the total reso'ii'ces of the church universal should be distributed evenly and "airly where they will do the roost good. The priorities of the Kingdom of God ^ight change from decade to decade and from oountry to oountry end it is possible vhat the program here might have to be put on a “back burner” in order to exploit a break-through” somewhore else#
Now this is really not otur problem but that of some board executive at his mahogany desk b.ok homei But looking at facts and figures it is difficult to conclude that over-seas missions (including is getting more than its
fair shore”. For example, my denomination (Presbjrt^^.c;^3hiiroh, U*S.) last year ^ave for all causes something ower 133 million dollarj o* ‘ . h. 3. ’ wen***
jverseas. 97*2^ of the churches finnn oial r^aouroes was spent ihc ^ ^
of cur sQuthezTi states while wag used for the rest of the worldj
nagaill'of !f. S^ (official
some disturbing statistics for s^LaJtfns ? ?” and it had
are more young preachers lookin^for churohes
During the last decade there ^fs al ilZTasl aTallab.e,
with a corresponding decrease qf 44 denomination
jf doctors per every 10,000 peeple in Korea *r^^ tt *4.^ comparison of the number
Seoul the figure tol Ko^ea dootSrforlTv ll c^ ""“r-
or. ext.) or pick Just about any other oomparison you’w^Sirwanrto
of resources available to meet human need ami T h«lL,r ^ ^
about the same place. Granted the wealth of o^r^hom!
personnel, skills and technology, wa can hardly say thf Mssl^n^is'rC.-.^"
here ifthf rib/' ““ »« *o b e faoed. And
STRUCTURAL. TSIhat about the ability (willinffne<5<, V r,a *.v, u U accept and ^ilize effectively fore J i atructuT-e
are frontiers? Here we~gat Vm»»Ad down — rr,.”TT —p —t— ^ significant mission'
5uta’rTEnj„^l,: ”%f
aries not beinec offeotivelv u^iH desoriptions, capable mlBsion-
ste>™rdship ts'ro12lii::!r *”
lays upii'us'! Z Jw **“ ”»‘lSutlons which the Gospel
tion 0? prioLtles oA*i?al
soreazn even louder f'or m4 ..4 .1 ano neec} I believe we should
But from the standpoint of the\ind*«f*Jtr^f£^rrSatl** everything;
sently involved there miiyht ho . * o. •> »•, relation in which we are now pre-
would be a "YES" but it ^ i v bilenee. Even here, I think my answer
«uuia oe a XJiS but it Would have to be a oualified »'vi?q'* <4- t/
4«ite as enthusiastio as before. ” YES and it would not be
struot5arAi«iir“?i; / It tis.0 to begin a orltioal re-eraalnation of our of M. tho bottleneck to the full utilisation
I or the kingdom of God, then struoture can and must be changed J
(2). Reappraisal of the "Church Based"^ Struoture.
based"^^ distinguish from what was formerly "mission
rp.,fbn * probably over-simpUfy-we mean to refer to that plan by which overseas struoWe and^flnenoes) are "integrated" into the natiLal church
responsibiliWor^J^°*^ organization of foreign missionaries charged with
esponsibility for the program passes out of existence and its place is t Ln bv
denomination or a joint consnittee. In KorL^^foTus Sou^^ern"^
ami of a "mutual agreement"
«ie establishment of the "Department sf Oooperative Work".
?or onf ^d the change did accomplish a great many things^
Ssions JntoTS^ United Presbyterian and sLthern Irasbyterian
oontributions. ^ of work and witness. And there ^are many other positive
that detecting more and more "straws in the w^*
just about evervbodv^*T^^*^*^® dissatisfaction with our present structure from staff 5 ^ of the Board of World Missions and
quite f^a^kl^ai influential people were speaking quite
perpetuation of the Churoh
^ .r:“’ • -
.- ;.S S^Hs.HSSS's^i.uKr’S; •“’ ‘“«“”
.. "advlsdry" or a 4up.I=ng" ^otMoe ^ **“ ««» «
: from churoh. related hiiiieteriee to inetituti^'^* a? a **odue of mieeionarlea ohurdh hlereroy. m « oM^i rcS'l ? »»•
defined. Today, with all onf ialk about tn^!r}a,°i*“'r‘r? '■*“P''”«lbllitleB are ha re fewer hia.tonarie. willing or eble to u4k wituf "*
Ing.iut'ar^n^^S^^SsffllrMfl^ S?r!!°'‘“”?a*’“*'‘
the prerogatives f oraierly helfl hv the •»m4ee4 » ' tj expectation t hat all
al churoh. But thi^ is Kar* J transfered to the nation-
01 Sion making reverted baok to the hciie authority and de- in inoreaeing number of oas»t that heme boarS^S ^ leadws found
fioult to deal vrith that miggionaf lea naor eway were even more ilif- .
tration (orientation, furlough*, iot desorioti^J^^ arf adminis-
required by the bureaucraoybSok hone) ere hJedi eJ ** reports
institutions which they thLght wer* goiat “?** Some
laetieal foodbaaket, have ooS under into the eooles-
less responsive to the will of Se are even
to the mission. Ihe relpoLlbirnyY ^ JtW ^ were directly related
headache than am hs.,^/ S duri^rt^U tecom^more of a
nurrvbe.v' of missionaries had dwindldd and Wnawe* i ©huroh based approach"., the
For u»any of the national ohurch leader# th^S^h^ been out repeatedly,
vK.t it oo.uid not deliwer. It il a mi^Jg^^ ^®d approach® has promified
a’l exeoutl^ StiSal
prcgressiv$. as eoumeniMAi ,1 churphes have not been as
urportant to the h^e boards hev^*Tf+^ thought. Priorities
aanmitteas expending the fu^d^ Thf^®" priorities of the churoh
at home to undS s W, ^ ^
emphasis on the worlt t£^neee«Uv f^rwoXff Theology and its
on the field is more and mo»a hi? / through an eoolesiastioal st,uotura
tendency S the T^l being called into question. There is a growing
is realty 8ignif?^t^and'^SDdrt![n+* that n^en they want to do something they feel ^truow^ ^ghMTrSl exiating^^ohur^h
"ohuioh\SS 'rlprffS^k^n too often rigid adherence to the
that is antaLnisSfto ® particular denomination
obtect to inoludirp broad^based ecumenical program, Eenominational leaders
tlons , GrantX L^^nir? other denominations on boards of institu-
heme, are out before denominat4°^r*** hoard members back
leak tte local inriliF-ln programs# Yet ©oumenioal agencies themselves
lb to .ffuotiyely roprooont KoroL. Ohriu-ttunlty
tl* Joyolw., »* „.4ui4j„ or?hoif4\“J5?;?4f°'’‘'*
- 3 • ■
f
« • *v
(e ) , From the Eerepeotive of the man ^ hack home. Ultimately, any
program which must depend on voluntary iTFte will t ail if it^ee not challenge the local' giver on -vdxose eupport the ;*ole enterpriee reeta* And the man in the oGw is finding it much more difficult to have "a piece of the action" in a "church b-3aGd aporoach". There is growing dieeatisfaotion with the inititutional church « and this includes boards at home and church structure abroad# The whole systan of budgets# priorities# equalization and the general mission fund tm*ns him off*
More and more he is giving his money direst to individual missiccaries (if this is permitted, and somatin,e8 when it is not i) ^or to independent organizations not enc\]fflbered with any churoh . etruotures* . '
(3)* Sooner or Later a Crisis*
The alarming thing to me, about our present approach to the problem with a traumatlo mission relationg consultation every four or five years is that sooner or later it is bound to lead to a oriaSt*, For the "ohuroh based approach" as understood by national church leaden is a pne way road# With epoh new mutual agreement, some. new. oonoeas ions are expeote^T” How is the ultimafe goal to T^ioh this one way road if leadingt Ultimately it would b# the total integration (absorption) of missionary personnel and rmdi into the ecclesiastical structure* j.iiis would mean block grants# with nO restriotions whatsoever from abroad with which the national church would hire miss! >nari«s and support whioliever their orogrom they wanted# All prop.erty (the onrrent point of dispute within our denomination) would revert to the highest! pourt of the-ohuroh. Not that all of these demands are to bo made this yea^ or the next, or even on the horizon<,
But logically this is tdien the "ohUrch based approach* will lead*
Not' that tois is what our board secretaries at home mean* Quite the contrary But the point is that this is what many of ou** national churoh leaders think it means* And if there is misunderstanding here,; we have given considerable reason for them to think this#
Actually# to my knowledge, no overseas board is willing to go any-
where near this far# And# in my opl&loo# they are not willing to go as far today as they were o decade ago* *’or' this Mind of interpretation of the "ohuroh-based approf oh" would be '^at the board a^ home would simply beooioe a reoruiting and a fund rdbing agency for the national ohwoh abroad#
Now the dangerous thing about all ef this is that sooner or later at one of our formal consultations the limit will be reached# Both "sides" will be backed into corners. Demands will b e made •vdilch are unaooeptable* then the sending board vdll have only two options ^ to give in completely or break the relationship*
In either case it would be a. tragedy for missions and national churoh*
This is precisely^ in jay opinion# vdifcit reoently took plaoe in Mexioo»
American mission hoards (UP & SP) same ts an impasse with the national Presbyterian Churoh of Mexico over the matter »f eopmenical relations with the Roman Catholics of that country# The national church refuaed to sanction €uiy degree of fraternisu-* tion with catholics on the part of their clergy# including missionaries* COEMAR (New York) and BW. (Nashville) came to the point of oohsoienoe where they simply could not go along* Result? A break in the relationship# At the most recent consultation COEMAR and BlfBf and the National Churoh in Mexico have agreed to separate# the Committee on Cooperation has been disolved and Nashville has announced that beginning next year they vd 11 be continuing in missionary activity m Mexico# but not in collaboraticri with the national <^uroh of Mexico#
4
understood ty (^ ) • Sew Patterns.
It is always more fun to find fault with tltt nrfl«A«4- +•>,-* direction for the future! But here are soae .catwtrtLulS ^d^’td^L! "
neoe.iJurS'"!^“eiotiM'‘orXlwy^pOT.omerM^^ *
approach”. But „e haro got to h!l™ a ?iSS” p1tS™°“ThT‘<“°°
some rather delieate negotiaticns to say the least! ^A«d
the next formal Consultation on dhuroh aisslon tetter feegln before
it wlU be too late for both ^0^^111 he oo^e lllil begin .or. informal talks ^tt^
throuS^Hgiout ^^S^o Wt^®
r:SEr“”"=^ ^^~x\ssx s.=i,rc..
Si. MaS 'J t^sethar Uhdar ona aU-poaerful OoMittea on CooparatlonT
raatS-S- SSn-laaJ^TS^nttSnr
irSaiLffSi^^^
own directlv undar^the ^ ++^ ®®Q8e» The project would then be on its
vtMnh under the national ohurph afenoy or a hew project might be negotiate ■'
TrtoZ"l\lT Tt reduced solle. MissLnarierS^t ' ■
The tamna^A,. ^ ministry withm a projeet^ith other missionaries and natiomfls. Empire”! ?ro^0ot would keep it fr on, becoming a private mission uy
Assembly' Asse^ly Staff. At the request of the General
werkar nC J^®®Aonafy mignn oe assigned to the, agency staff. Possibly as a field clTl li 7/^ representative but direptly responsible to, , say, the Board of Council^ uoation, (g©e John Brpwn»s paper presented atthe last Presbyterian
Send^g Societies. By voluntary is meant a tlonal mission h A X antagonistic to) the denominc .
boabd might find°it diffioult^t^ specialised emphases, viiloh the denominational and th7£of w w7 4. !: support, could be undertaken. (Note The Wa^
^sTr-arrLe llngt^)° Institute of Church Growth whioh developes thiT^
I N^5 - i~Ct;ii.5
G# Thompson Brown Seotbl*
October 16, ,1971
October 15 i 1971
FRC^^ ALL TIT] ^^ORLD
• “ • TO ALL THI,^ ''ORID^
(Some Ideas on the Future of i-asoion)
By Stanton R, ‘-/ilson
Let me stress at the beginnlnfr that I'n tryin^r to suggest ''ideas" on the future of mission, I will, only say enough to whet your appetite and then hope we wj_ll chew on these ideas together. We might call this "A Bevel opiig Vision of an Open Ecumenical Exchange,"
It The ajjn, both of polio 3^ and work, is to deliver the saving Imowledge of the Sospel of our Lord and Savious Jesus Christ, My own home Board expresses this aim as follows i
"The supreme and controlliner aim of the Christian mission to the world is to make the Lord Jesus Christ Imown to all men as their divine and onl3^ Savior, and to persuade them to become His dis- ciples and responsible members of His Church, in which Christians of all lands share in evangelizing the world and in permeating; all of life with the spirit and truth of Christ,"
2, The framework, both of polic3/' ^-nd work, embodies two conceptsi
a, "From all the world, • t world," To use Korea as
an illustration, the best thing that can happen is for missionaries coming to Korea to come from all areas of the world (bringing the warmth of how the Gospel permeates their culture), and then continue to expect ^^orea to be sending out its best missionaries all over the world. This
movement, Ti'7o areas should be stressed on the in-coming groupi first, the^r como on Korea’s invitation? second, their constituencj^ should stress "'Vsian-ness" and "Black-ness ^ ■ikfiT ^ ^
b, Trans na t i ona 1 , This concept stresses the ability to bridge two or more nations in 3''our understandin g of life. It also means the word "international" and even "national" are dead words for the sps-ce age when 179 see this earth as one planet. This enlarged understandjjig of
a P^roirro.^- world culture Is as old as John 3il6 — "God so loved the
world. . To ovorstress 22L nation -ther as a missionarv or as a
national, is to invert the Christian rotif, "life for others. " Trans-
national is a secular word for an oc • " esiastical term, Tcuraenical Mission, which is the "Mission of the whole Church to all men in the entire xrorD.d."
3* ^droain” be3?'ond today, I am convincGd that ei;ood planninp; for tho
next phase of ]oartnership demands not only an appraisal of the present C.O.C.
and this day in mission, but also a preview of what may bo in store for tho mid-70's and early 80 *s.
Although I basically foel there are strong merits in tho present partner- ship plan of tho Committoo on Cooperation in tho Presbyterian Church of Koroa,
I am becoming awaro that perhaps in a fow years wo need to be more broadly related, to the wholn church hore, th(( idea of what might bo called "the fifth ora'* in Korea, Tho four ooumonj C'’-J. eras to date have boon called^
Tho Mission Cra
Tho Church-'Mission Cooperation iJra Tho Intonation "^ra Tho Partnership Era,
Tho caption I wovild give to a future ora for the mid-70 *s is "Ecumonical Mission and Rolations I^oroa Toam, "
I visualize this as a much smf'.ller number of miooionarios consisting first of a group starring at least ten years, who \<nm tho lt.=''c^in,gG and would probably work quite similarly to tho present CnO.C. setup x*rithin the mainstream of Presbyt-orianism, Those people would bo - to use baseball language - tho manager and the coaches.
Then tho rest of t.ho team would specialises on shorter contracts asked hy educational institutions , tho Koroou gov''Uvr^x-.ont , ecumenical agoncios, other denominations , and perhaps partialis or totally paid hy Korea,
4
-3-
It mirtt Include swoialists bv thon on Romn C=>tholi„ Md h-dtodtant
i-oUtlons. I thtnb- thd posturd of oip- Co«.4-oio„ is such thftt ,m must not ullo» oursolvos to ,ot into «ny stnnlt . 3„c-t in any „ntiu„,
wo aro roAdy to vontm-o in somo brand now pionooring vonturos on this ponin- sula.
I would also hopo that Porsonnol who 'cnot. both Korea and Japan might pla
a role on this team to develop between these two nations and churches bettor
understandings. By then dialogue with R,ed China and North Korea must also be considered.
The "dream" can become reality if Church is sensitive to total non- self ish mission opportunities and challenges, and makes sure each expatris.te has a Job description accurate and meaningful for his gifts. I-kny of the new breed of missionaries m9.y well bo part of a team ministry including specialists
from mny disciplines, thus permitting a deeper swoop of the Spirit in this pluralistic dair.
The focus of Scriptural motivation. AH policy and all work of the Church focuses on txjo Scriptures s
Church and gave Himself for her" (Ephesians 5i25b), and tne Groat Commission of Jesus, Matthew 28slS-20. "And Jesus came and saxd to them, »AH authority in heaven and on earth has been <iivcn to me. Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, bantizinv" hem the name of the Father and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, oacning them to observe all that I have commanded you; and lo, I am
XTith yon alvjays, to tho close of th':
t n
n obod.ionco to Christ we labor together to brin<^ l.ost^world. And -wo -prAy "even so oo*ao Lord Josus."
His Gospel to a
Stant on P • ^i].s on
NARRATIVE REPORT ON KOREA (Covering .October 1970 - October 1971)
So much has happened in the year-October 1970 - October. 1971 in this land and in this Church, that the only title suitable is
The report is in two parts: ^Happenings'* and "Observations." The first
part , ' "Happenings" , provides a -sequential picture, ,6f the year here. The second part , . "Observations" deals with an attempt to appraise, the politi- cal climate and trends, the economic and social , situation, , religion in general, Christian community, and Self-Development., of . People . Of neces- sity Part P is the longer because it demanded extensive research and many conversations.
I . HAPPENINGS ,
-* ■
A; Autumn 1970
'••777 couples- married in mass wedding! October 21,,. 1970 at Changchung Gymnasium, Seoul. The Reverend Sun Myung kOCN, founder of the Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of^ World Christianity, tied more "knots" than any Boy Scout 777 wedding knots! ICnown for liking, mass weddings, Reverend l^bojn,,. outdid any of his earlier endeavors in this respect^. ..The press^. referred to it as "the largest mass wedding in South Korean History."
Among, the couples w/erc 5.30 Korean, 231 Japanese, -six American, and ^ ten from West Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands,, and Nation- alist China. ■ . *;
Rev. Moon "claims to be a Korean Jesus (*the Jewish one failed,' he says!)"
. 2. "Like C.O.C. ! " The Commission on Ecumenical Mission and *
• ^ . 'Pelaiions ' new General Secretary,. Dr.' Donald . Black , visited, J^orea in November. In extended conversations, with Church pleaders of the ..-Presbyterian Church of Korea, Korean leaders . stressed , "We like the Committee ■ on Cooperation." .,Dr« Black responded by indicating this concept of "Partnership in Mission" has now spread from Korea to many parts of the vjorld.
'I ' I •
3. Evangelism! For three weeks in 'late autumn Drs. St. Paul Epps, Rodney Sundberg, and Newton Thurber studied evangelism in Korea. During 1970 the Korean Church continued a strong program to wxn ■people' to Christ,. In one well planned campaign 20,000 hew belxevers
responded. .
4. Methodist boy burns to dearh! In, early December Tae ,11 CHUN, a 17-year old -worker in a swe^l; shop, covered himselLf with gaso-
. .line .and lit it.- In his doath, Vcv.a.a vja's shocked again at the unsafe, primitive working conditions in many factories. His
2-
mother held up the funeral for ore hour until the owner promised four, things safe working condi'tions, shorter hours, no child labor, and better pay. She won, but at such a cost;
5. Korean-American- Consultation’ Vor the fxrst time in the long hxstory -of .these two nations at vjork in Mission together, their two. National Councils of Churches sponsored a consultation in Seoul , ■ December. 2-5 , 1970* -The topic: "Kppean-American Relations: ' . Dilemmas an^ Opportunities ^ in the Future of Northeast Asia," Some 35 distinguished .Church leaders from the two nations ■ participated, but only two American missiorarips in Korea were- invited,. Before and during most of 'the -‘Consultation, -Korean delegatos were uneasy--.-- about the presence of Professor Frank Baldwin, Assistant Professor, ’- of Korean Studies, East Asia Institute, Columbia University. He ’ knows Korea very well and was believed to be a North Korean sympa-.,, ' thizer. The American delegation was made very impressive with the ■ presence of Mr. Emerson Chapin, Foreign News Desk, New York Times,"
The Consultation worked diligently and produced a 174-page report.
The. American delegates have met- often on follow-up. The Korean delegates, due to political uneasiness in the nation, have done practically nothing^ with the report;-. The first real working' ses- sion in Korea came in September 1971 (nine months after the Con- sultation) when the Steering Committee met and made plans for a more active follow-up.
At this stage the importance of the Consultation lies in two areas only the fact that we met, .and the cl '-ious truth that our meet- ing^served only as a prolegomenon for a lo-t of subsequent consul- tation. needed, I might add that future consultations should be more multi-national, as befits this ecumenical day!
B, Winter 1970-71
■\r 'i* Korean Treasurer! .With the dawn of the "Year of the Pig" rsymbolizing prosperity) .The Reverend Chong Dae KIM became the fu&l trc?asurer of the Committee on 'Cooperation , ,,and all its trea- surer books were turned over to the Genora'l Assembly of f ice , Presbyterian Church of Korea. This v;as a good and correct move.
The day-by-day v/ork is done by the staff treasurer, Elder Am KIM, who is a very honest individual.
I
4
At the same time in C.O.C. four concerns seem to be receiving major emphasis :
a. A team ministry for Pusan probably related to East Asia Christian Conference to develop and execute more penetrating programs in this port city of 2,000,000 people,
b, A. .team program of evangelism called "Operation Lighthouse"
'With plans to probe new church development in Chinju and
Chungmu area.s (where the. Christian presence is very dmb.ll).
-3-
c. ''Op^.U£nJ?everse_^?^^^^^^^ a concreto pl-n for helping exght Korean Ph.D's and t.oir families to re-ontcr Korea at the college, university, and cemin— y levels, has already seen two .scholars return '-nd more to fclloxv. This is a re-l breakthrough in reversing the "brain drain." The ConraissiL xn New York has worked out this financial plan in li.^Sorx'th tne Commxtteo on Cooporatxon, Presbyterian Church of Kcre-^.
missionary co-workers are being much more carefully worked out by the Sub-Committee on Per- sonnel of the Committee on Cooperation. For the first time Korean members on this conamittee are realizing missionaries want real work and are not here just to bide time.
2. Women »s Libi^ When the United Presbyterian missionary co- workers had a brief annual meeting in January, the Mission for the first time opened up its chairmanship to women! Although not proceeding at once to a woman chairman for 1971, the dav is not far off.
missionaries . The table below shows the trend in United Presbyterian missionaries:
|
Year |
U.P, Missionaries in Korea |
Furlough |
Leave of Absence |
Total |
|
1955 |
55 |
6 |
5 |
66 |
|
1965 |
^3 |
17 |
6 |
66 |
|
1970 |
47 |
10 |
8 |
65 |
|
1971 |
34 |
5 |
8 |
47 |
Several factors should be noted:
a. Vfhile the Korean Church continues to increcose its numbers of missionaries sent abroad, the number of missionaries to Korea is on the decrease in most missions.
b. *'Reasons’': The missionary's growing conviction that the
Korean Church is strong in its own leadership; that God's call, is to needier areas.
c. The table shows that we held our own until the Seventies! The shrinkage is due to retirements, ending of term assign- ments, resignations, and pi'actically nc new appointments. .
dm Volunteers (now numbering sov^n), affiliates (noiv number- ing eight), and one conscientious objector all add up to l6 people. These folks are •'.t crucial tasks and boost our United Presbyterian fellowship by almost 30%.
4. A new universit;^ ia born! .Jlistoric Soongsil College (formerly of Pyungyang and now of Seoul: ar.d College (a post-Korean
War development by the Presbyterian G..arcl .3.) have combined to become Soong Jun University. For several v Frank Wilson
distinguished bls^ck U.S« educirtor, came to help in the develcorrent of the new university. With cinpuses in reo’l'and Taejon, this new university hopes to serve Korea and the Church with strong Christian technical leadership for t^'.is new industrial day in Korea.
Spring 1971
1* Biggest Easteri The Pan-Protestant Easter sunrise service sponsored by the Korea National Council of Churches drew 40,000 people. This great service also was used by the government * s television station to inaugurate its nev; nation-wide television coverage. Thus the message of the Resurrection, so clearly ex- pounded by Dr. Kyung Chik HAN, went out over a complete TV cover- age of South Korea, in addition to complete radio coverage on at least two stations including the Christian Radio Network. (Dr.
Han is Senior Pastor of Young Nak Presbyterian Church, Seoul).
"Birth of Democr^acyi" It is now clear that democracy has taken a major step forward with the 89 seats \ion by the opposition party in the National Assembly election in May. The ruling party, with 113 seats, now has a strong opposition party to contend v/ith.
Koreans refer to this strong two-party Assembly as the "birth of democracy."
Just a few notes on the elections. In late April President Park began his third four-year term v/hen he defeated his opponent, Mr.
Tae Joong KIM, by almost 1,000, OOC votes. 79% of the eligible voters went to the polls. Yet with all the money spent by both parties in the campaign, President Park won on the basis of localism. His area of Southeast Korea is more heavily populated than Mr. Kim^s area in Southwest Korea. It*s as simple as that!
But the National Assembly saw the ruling party, the Democratic Republican Party, lose every seat (except one) in the major cities. This also has been characteristic of National Assemblies, but never was a ruling party so unanimously defeo.ted by the urbanites.
Voting vjas one of the lowest in Korean history, only 72.8^ of eligible voteris.
3* Seminary 70th Anniversary. The Presbyterian Theological Semi- nary celebrated its 70th anniversary with one unexpected event (a student strike) a.nd two long expected events ( the . inauguration of The Reverend Jong Supg RHEE, Th.D., as President, and Dr.
Edward A. Dowey, Jr.’s lec tur., ship on Calvin). The strike pre- ceded the celebration, and because of its persistence made for deep concern if the celebration would take place. Real recon- ciliation ensued — v\rith much more student participation in decision-making. Dr. Dowey *s lectures v/ere exceedingly well re- ceived. And the inauguration of Dr- Rhee was a "love feast."
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Through Fifto Hillion Fund osaistunuo, major buildings oontrnuo to bo complo* ' li;,o tho F ^
at Soong Jun Hnivoreity and tho start of a vicmen's dorm at Teasel University. ^ The latter marks the first attenyt by our g^l-t jSer national university to provide ..using for its 150O „onfn students
5. Aib.Cargo. With May I971, Korean /.irlines inaugurated its
Trans-Pacific Freight Service. The large advertisLents ar^ really Korean. In the small background is a B-707. In the 1-re-e foreground is a Korean laborer nearing the familiar Korean luggfL carrier, the A-frame, on his back. Says the ad: ^Sg-ge
"A-FRAME?
Yes, it’s a carrying device used in Korea for 5,000 years, A-Frame service has never received complaints for 5,000 years. Why? Because of its reliable personal touch and care. Now, you have the same quality of service on our B-707"
6. driver . Seoul's traffic snarls are legion, eoul's driving patterns are frightening. But nov; some 80 of
Seoul s taxx drivers have formed a Christian Tr.xi Drivers Group. They use "tracts", practice evangelism, and try to give very courteous service. Headed by The Reverend Chang-shik KIM, they meet twice monthly for worship and planning at ".'est Gate Presby- terian Church. They have distributed more than a quarter million leaflets v/hich on one side says: **Thanks for your patronage."
The reverse side carries & pertinent Biblical quotation.
The organization pl.ans to spread to Pusan. In n.n occupation that can ^ get mighty lonely and very mechanical, another purpose of the Christian drivers is "to protect and help one another in case of accidents."
D. Summer 1971
1. !!P_^.sbyterian_|Pigs * all av;ay"l In early summer, the Commission Representative discovered a strange situation. The Stated Clerk and General Secretary of the Presbyterian Church of Korea, Dr.
Hyung lae KIM, v/as in the U.S.A, at Assemblies; the Secretary for Evangelism, The Rev. Kivcn Chan LEE, v/as in Taiv/an; The Rev. Gap Shik SUNG, Secretary for Christian Education, was in Lima, Peru, for ^ the -World Council of Churches-World Council of Christian Edu- cation meeting. I was "alone", and all the key admip.istrative leaders of the Presbyterian Church were far away. They were liv-
ing it up in the Year of the "Pig" —
really getting around 2
2. Riots were the order of tne summer: -at Kwangju Estates (a. satel lite city of 200,000), and at Han jin Company's headquarters (whoso boss is the wealthiest man in Korea).
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Let me tell a bit about :.'Jctates, a new "unplanned city."
And something of its church and the riot there.
A little more than a year ago, ail u ■ t v'as there v;ere rice fields and a few farmers’ homes. Now P-E-C-P-L-E living in all sorts of conditions — tents, shacks, houses,' But to give y*ou a "feel" of v/hat’s going on — come to First Presbyterian Church, Kwangju Estates.
An Adventure of the "Peal Thijig" — Faith. The Pev, Dr, Sung C. CHUN, his wife Kay, and children sold their city home and moved to this pioneer open-country ciby 20 miles from Seoul. In faith, they and some Christians built a two-story church, the Chuns liv- ing on the first floor, the sanctuary upstairs. This v/as late last fall-^-less than a year ago.
Things started happening ^ With his deep love of our Lord Jesus Christ and the "little guys". Dr. Chun and his associates began.
The "secret" is prayer! Every morning they meet at 3*30 for prayer and planning. We’ve gone through two double membership campaigns and nov/ have 500 believers, more than 150 on their first confession of faith. People are responding because this church is alive to God and people in their needs!
Unexpected riot. In early August this "unplanned" city had one of Korea’s v^orst riots. Probably 80,000 people (boys and girls in- cluded) rose up with fists, stones, clubs, a.nd the pmver of noise and suffering to demand justice and a chance to live as people.
They had been moved out to this "pla.ee of hope" by the government because they lived in sha.cks here in garguantuan Seoul. But noth- ing was happening — things v;ere just getting v/orse. Although not advocating the riot, as church leaders in this situation, Dr. Chun and his associates had already orgo.nized the whole city for getting improvements. Quite natura.lly he became the reconciler in the tough negotiations. And God used him magnificently! Imagine the joy of these people with the government’s decision for city water, sewers, electricity, paved reads, reduced taxes, and 70 nev; fac- tories! I
A Contemporary Church . This church emphasizes NOW and plans for the future. For eXvample, in wrpship \7e heave two Sunday morning services, and Sunday and Wednesday evening g'et-t ogethers . And the new believers are the honored ones up frent so they can feel and hear the response to Gla.d Tidings in Christ.
In community service. We have the v/hole city of 200,000 organized for study and action to make this a GOOD place to live. The sanc- tuary during the week is a comm'-nity bivouac. Many groups meet there in the daytime and stud.nts the I zens come there to study in the evening. We run preventive medicine clinics, rnr^lk feeding station for babies, family planning projects, a real estate office, job training programs^
-7-
In teaching techniques v:e have ioneered in giving children many experiences of learning the :'oy of the Christian faith. Church School meets three times a week -- Sunday morning, early evening, and Wednesday. About 400 are attar di .g each time. ; ,
■ f-
D. 3. City-wide Evangelistic Meetings^ The Presbyterian Church of Korea conducted city-wide evangelistic meetings in most major cities with good responses,- In addition a number of international evangelists v/ere here for meetings. The churches of Korea are building up evangelistic knov;-how .for next year’s nation-wide emphasis v;hen it is hoped Dr. Billy Graham will be here in Sep- tember,
4, Special Meetings in Korean Churches in U.S^A^ A former Moderator and distinguished pastor of Tongsin Presbyterian Church, The Rev. Say-Jin KIM, left in late summer for the U.S.A. tq con- duct two months of specia:! evangelistic emphasis in several Korean congregations,
At the same time observant Korean Christians believe that Korea should give, concrete a^ttention to future work with the American Indians. Part of this emphasis comes from recognizing the common ethnic heritage of the Korean and American Indian (from Mongolia).
Phase-out of Church ,Forld Service. On July 1 the Commission Representative in Korea added to his portfolio the title of CVS Correspondent. Korea Church ■■^orld Service will be 'completely phased out by the end of October, and moat of its continuing work taken up by Korea National Council of Churches.' The more than 20 years of effective service will always be remembered. But Korea has now progressed economically, and the Church here^is ready to assum.e its fuller role in, Christian service.
6. Korea Red Cross’s Startling Announcement! In August the Korean Red Cross startled Koreans North and South with its overture to North Korean Red- Cross to begin bringing the 10,000,000 separated families together again. Nopth Korea ,, accepted the challenge. ; Several meetings have been hel.d at Panmuhjom, and all Korea is on tiptoes as to what this all can mean..,
United Seoul' Station Meetings. As summer drew to\a close the Seoul Station's ' of -the United Presbyterian, Southern Presbyterian, and AustrCvlian Presbyterian Missions planned to meet monthly for dinner and' programs-il This- is a new and reassuring emphasis- of-; the solid working together of these three groups" v;ho already have their business offices together, and are v/orking together, with the Presbyterian Church of Korea in its Committee on Cooperation.
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II, OBSERVATIONS
My New York her.dquarters , COEM/.E, has suggested that- the 1971 Narrative
Survey include observations in six areas. I now deal v;ith these.
A. Political Climate and Trends
The ^Democratic Republicr.n^ Party, the ruling party since the I96I military coup, continues in pov^er. President Chung Hee PjiRK v/as re-elected in April to a third four-year term as President. The National Assembly elections ir May saw the opposition party, the New Democratic Party, take h0% of the seats. As I've indicated earlier in this survey, many astute observers call this the "Birth of Democracy" because Korea now has the possibility of two strong parties.
In long-range planning the ruling party intends to stay "in" and already has President Park’s likely successor, Mr. Jong Pil KIM, as Premier. ’
^ r t i e s are not being seriously curbed. Conversations with many Koreans indicate basic freedoms, except for the politi- cal area, are being honored* Because of continuing tensions with North Korea, Koreans in public are careful what they say about reunification. Tax evasion is a serious, offense, and responsible citizenship is developing.
Students are watched very carefully by the government since one government (Dr. Syngman PHEE’s) in I960 was overthrown by stu- dents, and strong student riots preceded elections last spring.
On most campuses, since about one-fourth of the students are re- turned veterans, study is serious and in preparation for a life job. i.s I I'^nrite in early October the larger universities are having demonstrations against R.O.T.C. training on the campuses. There is probably a lot more student unrest than appears on the surface since the government has somewhat strong control on news releases, and has "contacts" on every campus.
This report was written before the military takeover on several university campuses in mid-October. Seme have reopened.
Yet the framework of the ."student climate" as indicated in the above paragraph is basic. Also President Chung Hee PARK’S in- voking of the "garrison decree" on the campuses — a step just short of martial law — is related to many other political over- tones, and further comment here cannot be pr.rt of an "open letter" type of report.)
I
political climate right noxj is in tremendous flux awaiting developments of the Nixon-Chou conV',;rsabions. Not only that but the Red Crosses of North and South Ko.rea are meeting frequently at Panmunjora talking about the reunion of 10,000,000 Koreans.
What I^mean by this i^'th'at Kcrer»s political scene is being ex- ternalxzed as spGcuii_.tion naxse^ izppos b' t.i noference North Korea and this area of Ea$t is at a very crucial location
when Amerlcan-China trad'e opens again*
Korea continues t.o be one \cf. tA^e* few Asian nations thcat has a basic real desire, for close re^latiors Mth .IJ,S.A, This is so eo^y to mis- understand*. Koreea has ’ through, .tile ' years had serious problems with her . neighbors' wanting to take ever here.". Her tie with the U.S.A, is 'onfe' of sacrifice togetho.r War. But one item really has Korean businessmen’ 'h;.i!p- tigh't-” and that is the textile quota on exports' to U, S, A. Korean businessmen have over-extended themselves in: this area '-of business,, and just when they need markets,' U*S*/*. 'is saying "no.” Nixon's economics should differ- entiate ■'between a "big guy" named Japan and a "little fellow" named KoreaV' ‘ ■- ^
' A.S Korea ho.s become an international exporting na.ticn facing the v/hole world, her relations are now Vifith.many nations on all conti- nents--including nations of Eastern Europe. This has broken the polarity of so much Kored-^U.S^*A> only relationship.
• -I ' ' " •••! J A
Korea feels deeply anyf\ joy 'or -^ain-'tfie_U/S. Ah '’experiences. The lunar successes are ,fpllov>ed niore. avidly 't|ian .in U.S.A. The
"Ame,rican economic crisis^ disturbs 'iKore'ans, 'i'h^' U.S .A. racial ‘-crisis is .hardly 'uhdorstood her;© .because Koreans t"^'^ *3 identify
with the white man. Yet at bhe same there is an ambivalence
‘because' books by Martin Lutheir King hre crrc,r.*gst best sellers in ‘"the Korean language..,.,,
Ec onomic.^ --S ituat ion
y >n .1 ———MM ■
1971 saw the- ec-pn6mi‘c growth pattern take a significant dip dovm-
ward duevtb world edonomde Conditions . , The economic growth rate
in" the -riast .dcco.de ho^s' been:
. - ; r. 5/
|
,1961:" ■ ; |
„ 4.2 |
|
:i96e |
3c5 |
|
1963 |
9.1 |
|
1964 |
|
|
1965 -' '■ |
7,^:- |
|
:,l966' ■ |
. 13.4 |
|
1967 |
8.9 |
|
1968 ^ '■ |
.13.3 |
|
•1969 • |
15.9 |
|
1970 |
, 8,9 |
V!hilc the government is tryirlg to control ,iiLf Tat ion, the upward spiral on mcony items is unbelievable. Some oil products have gone up k0% ±n a fev; months.. Farmers, v^hose real income has gone up 9%^ are paying an average of 259^ more for the items they must purchase.
10-
With, no expertise in-this »area, but trying to be sensitive to what is happening, these, facts seem av':iarent •
!• Per capita income is rot keeping pace with "'inf i'at ion . ’ In 1970 per capita income was S225. .. .
f or . 1969- v/,as 8,2. .tj.iTies that of 196^0, using current ^ market prices, but Gi-IP for ,I9\-i9 at 19^5 constant prices was just .2,2 times that of I96O.. The reason is 139^ yearly price
(increase during the decade.
6/
3* _^^Q^'^-th_in GNP is retlect.ed in tetter living conditions
. fop many..^ But the ordinary citizen in Korea, at least- in num- b.ers, is in the poor class, and he is not . getting ahead,' par- ticularly in the last two years. As an illustration, our Christian Day Schools (Bible Clubs) which minister to the very poor, have ascended in numbers. .again from about 40,000 students to 60,000, I»m sure that poverty tells something here when v many parents can't afford^ ,send their children to regular 1 schools. . ■ ■ ■ ^
One of the worst riots in Korea's history .(.see part one of this report) at Kwangju. Estates, a, neiv satellite city, in .ixugust was^ an uprising of. the little guy against- impossible . living conditions. Or, for .another example, in the district . .. where we live 'in western . Seoul with. 30,000 people — one-
^^0 still living, in shacks, ..One. of the. most pressing needs is decent housing, ' . , . ■ ' '
25*5% of Korea's families are without housing.. Rere's the
situation, - ..
"In Seoul', there were only 562,000 dwelling units in 1970, although the number of families living • \ .
in the capital city was 1,091,000. This meant ■ that 508,000 Seoul families were living with other families in houses intended for single families, or were living in make-shift shacks, backrooms of stores, or even caves. The picture is only slightly better in Pusan,
V
r
MThe number of housing units needed to reach the goal of 'one house for each family* was 1,491,000 for the country as a wholek (This figure does not take into consideration obsolete residential build- ings that should be replcced;>;
"In Seoul ^ the number '^1 housing units should be ' •
almost doubled* Pusan nteds :..bout 80 percent more ’
dv/elling units. -In' the provinces, the situation is less severe, but still 30 to 4o percent more housing ■ ’
.. :.unit^. shoulcJ b-Q bjiilt • . ^v^uslng is perhaps the most ■- difficult socio-ec ■ nruic -r blem for Korea to solve*
- One. reason for ' the difficulty is' sca.rcity of land,
^ which cau^ses soaring land prices in and around major
■ cities, v/here the population is increasing rapidly.
Rents alsovgo up sharply year. after year in large cities* , . - ;
”To combat, problems arising .out 6f population expan- sion coupled with rapid urbanization, the Government is taking, various measures, including encouragement of decentrali^iatipn of industry, development of *satellit(^ tovms,. * and improvement of public transit systems* , But it appears, certain that the urban ills will get worse before they can take .a . turn for the better**’
Food production, while expanding slowly, is not keeping up with population growth\ahd industrial advances* Korea contin- ues to impoi^t grain In large quantities from U.'S.A. and Japan*
However, radical shifts are, goihg on in food products as the Koreans are noiu becoming a milk drinking nation, at least in the cities. Also many improved food production schemes are underway, and it appears that Korea can anticipate meeting
■ most of its food needs over the long haul because the nation has taken such a serious step forward in family planning.
Population grov/th stands at 1*9?^ in 1971 1 ^ new record low.
^*Experts note that the decline in the population ' * ihcrease rate cannot be attributed solely to con-
'"traceptive practices. Other important factors are '■ late marriages and artificial .abortion* It is an operi secret that abortion 'is increasingly widely ^practiced in. Korea. . .
• I . j ^ ^ ■ I '''
f- ,/,^”The population p:rcblem-iis formidable - for the
Republic of Korea, which is already one of the world's most densely populated . areas , '
e **According ■ to the most recent census, 31i^6l,000
Koreans are crowded into a land, area of only 98,477 square kilometers. This means a jpopulation density of 519*1 persons per square kilometer. When con- sideration is given the fact that', the country is mountainous, population density: per square kilometer of arable land exceeds 1,200', perhaps the world's highest for a nation cf substantial size.
-12.
’Between I960 nnd 1970, Sc/uth Xc-reu’s pcpulr.tion wept^ up about 26 peroeiit « But'- per capita national ^in'cope almost doubled dura:i|^ th'q 1960s^, becausQ^^ the. .economy grew much fa^ater- than the -r^pulat ion.:" i^voh sq,*^Kcrea has been facing' an ino-reasiiig shoi^t- age of domestic f^ocd suasply in :-re-eent years because of lagging agricultural development. '
"In other v/ords,, Korer. '3 ■ occncmlc growth in .the past decade '-was due,- to vePy sharp expansion of the. urban- industrial sector,. J?.; such a pattern -of economic , development, rural areas served as;-the major source of. low-cosf labor 'to fi’.an , fa.ct cries, .stores and ser- vice establishments mushrooming in and around cities. » 'i
"Owing to its 'pathological growth,' Seoul in I970 accounted for a staggering 17.5 percent of the total Ko.^'ean. population. The comparable ratio was 9.9 percent in I969 and 15 percent in I966. Thus Seoul has become an even more concentrated popula- tion center than Tokyo and London, where around 12 percent, of the respective. na.ticnal populations r ' reside." „ , -
9/
76^ of the national wealth is in the capital city. ;
The urban-rural problems are many. To mention just a.'few
a. A growing economic gap is obvious,
b, |T Migration, according, to the' latest census, is to the cities. Last year Korea's real population increased by 600,000- of which 500,000 were' in Seoul , and the 100,000 in other cities. The rural' population is nc't growing.
Let me give you an ”in-lcok" On* facts behin'd' Seoul ' s explod- ing population which h-s now hit 6.000,000 and made Seoul the seventh largest' city on the planet- cal, led Eari^^ .
’’IndustriaLi'zaticn has' brought urbanization io' .
Korea at_ a frightening pace. Seoulites, the , prime victims of - urban- g.vcv;th, cai^e surrounded by a v/onld in constant flux wiiere buildings, streets, -bus stops, cross-avalks , ^and taxi stands appear and disappear v;ith bewildering suddenness.
Every few months, f-:r instance, the city’s massive bus system is thr^'vrx int.O:chn.os as route rand route- numbers 'care radlonl.iy ch'^'ugGd overnight by mini- sterial fiat. Al chough the authorities always claim to have given whining, there are periodic outcries from shanty-dwellers v/hen the bulldozers and trucks descend on them. And, in the fall of
1570, when Serulites were paying traditionnl visits to their ancestral gr:-v...3, many were horrified to ' - discover the graves missing; the government i had the month before moved 7^?000 tombs to -an area 15 miles further to' the north.
”»We live from headline to headline. The only thing that's sure is change itself,' one journalist com- plains,”
c. The city's opposition to the ruling party's authoritar- ianism, and the rural a^-'ea's simplistic support to the rul- ing party because of its "promises” for them,
d. With the development of turnpikes, truck farming is a naticn-vjide enterprise which brings the v/hole nation to- gether in a new way.
The nation is putting tremendous emphasis on helping the farmers in new methods, good roads, fertilizers, and is trying^ to spread the industrial developments throughout Korea, Thus the future should see a stronger inter-ming- ling of farmer and factory worker* at the local level. In fact, for some ^people there is the possibility ' to live on their litt3:e farm and. still be factory~\vorkers.
The Ghurch*s main'' help is at two institutions —
For the farmers, at Union Christi-r n Service Center which has now expanded, into forage and sheep, raising', the latter intrbduced by Australian missionaries, ■
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For. the urb^ites, the Urban’ Institute at Yonsei University is pioneering in many studies, such as apartment house living, in- expensive housing, etc. Both of these institutions are get- ting: good backing by the Church,
7, In literacy the Church and nation have 'worked 'together for some years, A recent study says:
"Education is an essential ingredient to social and personal improvement in Korea, Because of the empha- sis on the importance- vf education, ■ illiteracy is a ’-' Very small problem. According to, the 1966 census, the literacy rate was 83 per cent for the whole coun- ■ try; 93 per cent for males and ?S per cent for females, Elemento.ry education is required' f or every child in the S-11 group. Literacy otatistics that this , policy
has' practically eliminated illit'erady from the younger age gr9ups. The largest group of ^ illiterate persons is among those aged 50 and. above.'*
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The Church for yer.rs h-d^i separate Literacy office. It has now been combined with the ’ Ghrieti- r Literature Society, feeling that its pioneer job is -basic’ ?-j.y, -accomplT-Shed 'except atncrg the older folk. The government uses many university students during the winter vacations to do literacy work. On literacy it looks
8. And there are active programs in the nation and Church on hunger and nutrition. In fact, f- , Church-related colleges .have many of the -leaders in the field of nutritional studies.
In the fight against poverxy five church-related hospitals are doing an exceptionally fine piece of work among the poor in family planning, thus reducing the unfortunate tensions due to large families, and- no food and net enough room. These five hospitals are at Wonju, Kwangju, Inchon, Severance in Seoul, and Ilshin in Pusan, ■
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9. The "brain drain", is very serious, particularly in the field
of medicine where there is a mass exodus of doctors annually to the U.S.A., and nurses to West Germany, I'm not sure of the overall "brain drain' s" ' effects on the economy, but Korea is doing everything P9ssible to' get* "brains" back and has several Korean scientists back here from abroad at its Korea Institute of Science and; Tephnolcgy. (KIST) by providing large salaries and politically free, good working' and living conditions . The Chui^ch through- "Operatic n .Reverse Flow" is assisting eight schola.rs and their families to- reroute into -the Korean academic scene',, ^
10. Foreign capital, m'ostly in loans'or joint ventures, is very large in Korea, The huge amount- from Japan makes many a Korean talk about Japanese economic imperialism. Korea wants money for investment , and' bas itself- quite -Extended now , in repaying loans. The biggest; pressure- for the next-'-three yehrs^ is right here in repaying loans. At the^^same time-' Korea, screens foreign invest*** raents with tremendous care'/"'' One of the :peculiar areas of for- eign investment is in factories for export consumption only.
This means Korea's role, is pr'dvl'ding 'labor, usually at a very cheap v/age, ^ - ■
il# Geheral Description Ton family 'income and expenditure, 1970.
The Economic. Planning. Board , Bureau of Statistics, H.O.K. Gov- ernment , in it.s Annual Report on- -the- Family Income and Expendi- ture Survey 197Q7 p. 3*d, says: -j .
j . , ** ' , .
•* '. . . I
'"(a)' The average .monthly consumption-expenditure per h'ou'sehold of .all citieo In 1970 aracunte-d _^to W29»950 registering an increase of - 1^/99^ over the previous year. This ..rate .of increo.se for 1970 was^ slightly lower than 15.99^ for I969;
"On the ether hand, consumer prices continued to advance, recording a 12^7% rise over the previous
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year j with the result that the ihcore per capita in real terms, when the price was ta en into account, registered an increase of 2.8%. Accordingly, this was also lower than that for the prevccus year, 1969.
"(B) Among the five major items of per-household ' '' ■
consumption expenditure, the expenditure on food amounted to W12,120 and the ratio of food and con- , sumption expenditure, v/h:ch is called Engel’s Co- efficient, recorded This Engel's Coefficient
for 1970 was slightly lov-er than 4o.9% for I969 but remarkably lov/er than 56.7% for I965.
"On the other hand, the ratios of the other major items; Housing, Fuel and Light, Clothing and Mis- cellaneous are l8.4%, 5*5%j 10.0% and 25.6% respec- tively."
Note exchange rate in 1970 was approximately $1:270 won.
C. .Social Situation ,
^^oquired education is through sixth grade. The number of elementary school children has stabilized and v/ill start to decrease in the next decade* . Seoul City has eliminated triple sessions, but many elementary,, schools in the capital city still run two sessions daily. More than- half ox , the-, junior high, senior high, and colleges/universities are privately run. With- out th.em the Korean government would be in a bad \vay in .fulfil- ling educational needs.
Increasingly technical schools are developing to provide .skilled workers for the growing industrial complex. By government pol- icy nev/ colleges must be in the technical field. World Bank loans go only to higher education needs in the technical speci- alties. But some • technical fields are getting too many trained personnel for the job market. This has now hit engineering in almost every specialty.
IVhat makes it really tough in the dynamics of needed social .changes is th^at ’*there is no, standard .value system" in Korean society. "Christianity is a fundamental ethical principle in the European and American societies. A new value system should be found by which to combine foreign influence and our tradi- tional culture and set more rational and liberal cultural patterns of our own." '■
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Dr. Charles Chakarian calls this need for a new value system "a coordinated massive , continuing campaign towards the crea- tion of a new morality to fit the emerging hew Korean social order. Nothing less v/ill dp.. . • Without the creation of such a hew morality suitable to tir.:es like the present, Korea’s economic and military progress may prbve- to be of secondary worth in the long run."
2. -'The -generation gap is a real life issue in society because of^ the radical shift in thrs past decade -from the large family concept'* to the nuclear faiiii.ly concept. This means a tremendous tension has developed in many ‘ families.
In a number of churches, youth are demanding real changes in the program provided for them, and they are also demanding that their local church show more .social concern for the disadvantaged.
The dress code is a good example to illustrate the.'Generation Gap. The contrast between the long, loose-fitting Korean skirt worn by»-most older women, and mini-skirts and hot-pants worn by college coeds is more than just "size." It is a whole differ- ence of attitude toward life.
Someone has put it ^that in. what took three centuries in the West has been compressed into an 80-year period here. Korean grand- mothers are still in the. l8th century, mothers in the-19'th, and daughters in the late 20th S
Academy House recently sponsored a "Dialogue between Generations.^ Fifty-five people participated from' three groups: the estab-
lished generation (over 45 years), the revolutionary generation (30-35 years, the group involved 'in student revolution of i960), and the college generation (20-25 yes.rs). Out of this two-day meeting came three conclusions: ■
a. ■ "The differences of thinking, attitude, senses, and way of life -arO a reflection , of the changes that Korea has under- gone,..'
b, "They discovered the utility and need for dialogue to re- solve differences between generations without extreme con- flict .
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' c. "More conflict results from difference's in economic and political pov/er, i.e., between haves and . have-nots , than .differences between generations. M
3* Ethnic tensions are at a minimum because of the homogeneity of the Korean people. One area, however, provides huge tension, the Eurasian child, who is neither accepted by his peer's nor by society. Leading social workers still believe the best thing for the Eurasian child is to take him out of Korea.
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Koreans are much .mar^ a^elaxed -about the Japanese visiting Korea. Even Japanese language - institntr s re seen. For the first time hlso a- Russian has visited as coach of the Iranian soccer team.
a ^serious problem except as Koreans living near U.S. Array installations serve as "feeders" of drugs. Marijuana
gro\/S wild in Korea, but dojs not seem to be a serious problem v;ith K'oreans,
5* mo V ement n l.r! change can be mentioned hern , aI 1
having an avid »»push” fro>7 -'ThurcF ^
Austerity - headed by Catholic laywomen, and with many other church and non-church participants, v;omen are organ- izing to get other women not to waste their money on unneeded luxuries, especially expensive imported items. In a sense it is a teaching process to introduce people to the best and wholesome areas of food, clothing, housing, so that a minimum is spent on yourself and a maximum can go into savings, group action, and the good of others*
■ In a sense this goes hand-in-hand with a government policy to revive Korea's culture. Really be Korean in all yoA do, in your dress, in your manners, in your ways of life.
I^g^bo^r-rylanagement- -working together is in its fifth year of development at Jesuit lugang University, headed by Father Price. Labor and management study together, work together, eat together, and discover*^ how they creatively make a team and need each other.
c. Credit Unions, In a land where private loans bring interest /month , the credit union has brought a ^'social cons- ciousness'* to rural communities and some urban areas. The Church has been at the very forefront in this. . In addition, the group responsibility has brought a new sense of integrity to the social scene.
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A new book in Korean and English by Dr. Gerhard Breidenstein of Germany, a specialist in Social Ethics and teacher for three years at Yonsei University, is entitled, Christians and Social Justice. Its sub-title clearly tells its impor- tance for Korea, Study Handbook on Modern Theology, Socio-Political Problems in Korea, and Community Organiza- tion.” It is a handbook for Korean students' study and .j. action.
Religion in General
Largely through the Academy House, today there is frequent dia- logue among the major religicns of Korea, namely Ghrisbianity , Buddhism, Confucianism'', and Shamanism. Both Buddhism and'iChun- dokyoism (a syncretistic religion)’'- have been attempting revivals, but I do not observe an authentic revival, only some flourishes.
• -l8-
However, religious leaders are prominent in all walks of life, and as individuals — not ss groups-«are havin'^ real influences in all areas of life here*. I'm not sure how one would measure this, but no Korean fears sharing his religious faith at his place of work as well as at his place of worship.
At an Academy House sponsored conference, 47 representatives from seven religions, and social scientists struggled for two days with the topic, "'The A'jle of Religions in Korean Social Development.” Seeking to cn.derstand how religions could coop- erate for national develor they observed "that most reli-
gions, in some respects, bt:cause of their passive or negative social participation, ivere considered a hindrance to develop- ment.” The passiveness depends on the degree to which
Shamanistic elements are contained in the religion.
^ • Christian Community
Lii^itations are basically " non-existent for the Christian in this land of openness for the Gospel. Christians participate openly in the life of the nation, often making it quite clear that their attitudes on issues are based upon their Christian convictions.
2* Commitment to social -economic -political development of the nation probably is not a paramount part of the average Korean Christian's 'discipleship. But this does not mean that it is non-existent. The action programs tend to be limited to the local church's outreach -- or to action by Councils or youth groups. Action programs per se seem to be few. The best ones are in the new apartment buildings and in the satellite city of Kvjangju Estates. Also Hankuk Seminary of the Presbyterian Church. ROK, running an open lecture series each month on "Liberation Theology." Professor Stephen Moon's lecture on "Black Theology" got a warm response with many questions.
3. Discussions of faith and action with non-Christians is mini- mal, but is coming. The Academy House has enabled many to have this experience. Often Korean Christians have been tremendously influenced through participation in East Asia Christian Confer- ence and other ecumenical gatherings^ srd are really trying to get involved with non-Chrdstians in faith and action.
4. U.S. influence in the churches here is minimal but signifi- cant. For the ecumenical agencies of Korea, U.S. and World Council of Churches support has been too much compared to Korean Church supports As a consequence a great injustice has been done to the integrity of ecumenical agencies here. This must
, .be* corrected speedily.
s. ' ” - S •
'Most U.S. personnel are working very well alongside Korean counterparts, the latter usually in' the key position. i-
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Church viewed from outside. A new short story, Dawn, by Ki-won SUH, has appeared." ^y'Aeople with problems r^^’exas-
peratingly to the ringing'of t’.e c- -rch boll at dawn prayer meetings. One perceives also tneir understanding of the uncon- cerned . Christian theology that has come their way via singing. From many points of view this story should be' studied to get a more objective understanding as to how the average Korean sees the "club” called the Church. .■ ^
The whole nation is observing new churches (some of very expres- sive design) going up everywhere. One city district has at least four new churches. On the show-place island, Yoido, here in Seoul, the Assemblies of God are building a million dollar, multi-thousand seating sanctuary. Even our new Christian Center of 10 stories is an impressive edifice for all to behold in the heart of Seoul.
Hardly a city home this summer has not been aware of the evan- ^e^istic thrust of the Church, with meetings for several days in all major cities.
But the area where the Christian impact is most dramatic is in the area of healing. Medicines in Korea are terribly expensive, and Korea: has more than its share of quack medicine men. Here let me. mention a Christian healer having a dramatic ministry.
Mrs* Seen He HYUN, the healer, is a very attractive Korean lady in her 50* s, an active leader in the Presbyterian Church. She was first moved, in this area of ministry some years ago when s someone asked her to pray for a" child who was ill. She asked the Holy Spirit to heal the child and to her utter amazement healing came. She fought off the idea,, of ever wanting to be involved 'in a healing ministry, but again and again God seemed "touse her -in this ministry.'
In recent days perhaps the most colorful thing that has happened was to a 31-year old man named Hwang Jung KANG, who went' state- side- several months ago to set up one of the Korean judo gymna- siums,' He is- an attractive,, able, husky fellow who was discov- ered to have a very bad liver cancer situation, and in despondence because American doctors gave him no hope except perhaps ’ three to six months, more of life, he returned to' Korea. He came' back on June 4 of this year, and someone ehco-uraged him to go and meet Mrs, Hyun, She holds meetings in Seoul from the l6th of each month to the end, and then goes on .'at the -beginning of the month to have meetings in Taegu. This young- man had returned with this terrible 'medical situation, and he just seemed to be getting worse. At the first meeting' Mrs. 'Hyun prayed over him; she got the whole group of people there (which was hundreds of people) to pray over him also* and he felt a real healing and seems to be much better. There has been one return of the problem but that too seems to have been alleviated. ■- He has become a Christian^ He feels a strong call to the ministry.
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Now what all this means I don't know, but in Mrs. Hyun's exper- ience, she says, that the. power of: flife ’’oly Spirit -seems to have
, a ;.vyay of bringing restored heclth where frith says a full ”Yes" to God I
^elf-Development of People ■ - ,
Governlri'ent and Church, and all community agencies give lip ser- vice and some action in this most vital area of life. " Let me cite a few specific examples .
1. "The Role of the Churrh in Community Development"' was the title of a conference for two days at Academy House. Thirty-five pastors and laymen met. Three things were observed:
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a. Over the years the churches here have contributed to the development of Korean society in many, ways. But now churches seem to concentrate their energies on their own inner activi- ties and neglect the community^
b. Therefore, what are some of the new modes of - pr-oclamation
and new ways to restructure church activities in a fast chang- ing society? , .
c. Results followed: several . church buildings have been
opened for- Ghlldren’ s use , during week day,s. A few churches
■i opened their education halls for **special education of news- paper boys, shoeshine boys, and other helpless children ■immediately*" -,„/ ' ■
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g.9.MP_g_ ^ity will soon be.-., the location of-'Asia’s largest steel complex* In helping this small port city to grapple .with the great ^changes coming, our Keimyuhg Christian ■ College headed up a sociological, educational ,- and religious study of the whole area# Its findings are nov; being implemented--relocation of one satellite town to evade smog problems, development of a voca- tional school -to prepare '-youth for factory jobs, ecological studies on pollution to save Pohang's lovely bjeach^ and shrrelinec
Rosources f op,, development are being given gittention by Chyrch and government . At a’*conferehce' dealing with this sub- ject, 57 women met representing church' women ' s"^orgahizations, female officials of the government , profe;Ssors, girl student leaders, and women journalists. These robserVations .
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a# Neither cultivation nor mobilization o^ women's power resource for. .‘development has begun.
^be process* of indu-str ialization, Kbrea-will suffer from a shortage of semi-skilled and skilled labor , and the hidden resources of women should be mobilized to aid national development#" _ o y '■"
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C-. Men'musrbe awakened' to the fact th^t they have been hin- drances in improving vjo-l.er ' s place in Society and in utiliz- ^ ing them as resources-.
3* ^he Government ' is really bending every
effort to develop ^independence of defense^* by developing its own small arras arsenals, etc. . Although an unfortunate illustration because of its militaristic overtones^ it nevertheless portrays the "vifill" for self-doing- which is a very-'clbse brother of self- development. Korea is gettyng tired of dependence on another, even on its friend, the U-'io.A,
* f » f
The government is working hard to reduce the ^Mistance" between the rural and urban' way of life.
In public health through preventive medicine techniques, TB con- trois, family planning* clinics and equipment, and innoculations, the government is showing concrete involvement in the self- development of people.
j
4. Problems in development are many! Here are a few. One of the most persistent traditional habits which resists change is t'he idea* that a Korean couple must have two sons. This can add up' 'to a' lot of kids if the sons don't arrive first. Corruption is rampant now, and was "part and parcel" of the old past ^^the” idea being what you can get out of a job, not what you can put into it. Eat, drink and be merry — the "non-economic trio" — still continue to waste much money. The tendency to say the initiative is with some other person makes bureaucratic de- cisions very burdensome. • ' ■
5* In education and teaching materials the Educational Research Institute at Yonsei University, headed by Professor' Ki' Young OH, is making a revolution in education, and many of has new ideas for real teaching and real learning are now being incorporated by the Ministry of Education into its educational materials for use in public schools.
6, On population growth the government has given* strong impetus to a vigorous, well-run family planning pl-ogramf. And the Church (through KNCCy is now officiai]-ly at- work in this same area* This is bound to have a strong effect ' for good. ' '
?• Self-Development demands savings as well as spendings. In March 1971 bank savings hit 1,000 billion woh ($2.8 billion dol- lars), two months ahead of schedule^ Savings have multiplied"^50 times in the last decade although the GNP of goods and services only rose ten time's.
And the largest number of savings account users are small deposi- tors* These people save for development purposes: to improve their livelihood, to finance the schooling of their children and their business operation, and to secure money to buy or construct residences*
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8* In evaluating some of the development programs , let me mention three I and, speak in more detail on two of them.
Educational — see above ny paragraph on Education Insti- tution at Yonsei University. . ■
b* Kojedo Project of Pph? c Health Education. This project headed up by Dr. John Sib.' one of our United Presbyterian medical missionaries, has r*’ssed its first tests and trials, and now shows how commuun i,/ medicine combined with other dis- ciplines of social work a-.J agriculture can team together to bring real health care to a remote island. It is having its effects on the island, and rt is also helping to show the medical profession a great and needed area of service.
Severance Hospital Clinics at Satellite City, pr. Lim, Superintendent of Severance Hospital, a strong convert to community medicine (partially sparked by our own Dr. Kit Johnson), is helping his staff and medical students to dis- cover the fun and involvement through free clinics for the desperately poor in Kwangju Estates (a satellite city) where nearly 200,000 live. Other medical groups have sporadically trie'd the same, but Severance has succeeded beyond expecta- tions because they know and use effective community medicine techniques, and they care!
9* Kelationship with COEMAR. In a sense the Korean Church thinks that C0EMAR*s present priorities are zeroed in most crisply on Self-Development of People. After all, when one takes C0EMAR»s current four Priority Ob jectives--of communicating Jesus Christ as Lord and Saviour, of equipping for fulfillment of life and .ser- vice, of participating in God’s redemptive action in the world, and of contributing toward "a world community - — this development
in its fullest dimensions! — ^
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COEMAR must now lay -those priorities alongside the Korean Church's priorities (now being formulated) and discover what this means for Partnership in Mission Korea-style. Certainly one of the changes needed to enhance and encourage self-development is to stress rural development because this is where the "smallest fellow" is on the economic ladder in Korea. COEMAR must stress an ‘ "Asian-ness" in its ■ selection of personnel and "black-ness" because these are lack- ing now*
At the same time, COEMAR must never assume it has a BIG role in Korea. COEMAR is just one of three overseas Boards related to ‘ ■ the- Presby1:erian Church of Korea. Sydney’s and- Nashville ’ s rela- tionships are also very import^rt. So are those of the Methodists, Baptists, TEAM, and others.
A CLOSING REFLECTION
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One day we came wheeling around a busy corner and zingo, right in our pathway, a man with a large cat-t.. Brakes screeched, our ’^wheeled vehicles"’ (ours with a motor, his pushed by the one arm he has) just missed touching by a hair. And he gave us a full smile we’ll never forget* Ih living out his life wJ^h a severe handicap, he has taught us a bold truth - live it winsomclv' He, too, is the type that should be "helped to help himself" into a lob not as taxing on his limitations (imagine being one armed and pushing a cart with up 'to I50 pounds of vegetables) *
Yes, we’re in such situations in Korea to live out our lives for others* And as Thanksgiving and Christmas 1971 breathe across the mountains, valleys and islands of Korea, at least 30,000 new believers in 1971 will worship our Lord Jesus Christ because things are happening, men and women, boys and girls are discovering Christ. A "tithe of Korea" (10?^ or 3,100,000) is God’s leaven here as we venture forth into 1972.
My colleague, Dr. Samuel H. Moffett, has made a graph which portrays the upward March of Christ. In a sense it forms an "3" 2q/
(see attached) —
Stanton Rodger Wilson Commission Representative to Korea United Presbytex'ian Church in the U.S«A, I.P.O. Box 1125 Seoul, Korea Zip 100
24-
r
2^000,000
,1,400,000 ‘ 1,200,000 - 1,000,000 800,000 60pj000
400.000
200.000
/ *
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Pacific St^r^^d Cotcl.r 1970, P. 7
Samuel H. Moffett in a letter dated July 10. 1970
The Korea Tijnes, May 5, 1971, P* ^
The Kor^a__Tyne£ , June 15, 197
• Qf^tistics, The Bank of Korea, 9.1971, P. 9 Monthly Economic Statistic ,
.rnpaet of Population Oro.tU on Korean Koonomy. Ite National aamaly
Planning Center, 1971, P*
T TTph 1 1971, Vol. II, Mo. 2, pp. 6-7
Korea Journal, Feb. i, f
T 1 Ppb 1. 1971, Vol* ^
Korea Journal, Feb, 1, ^y f
1 iTpb 1 1971, Vol. II, Mo. 2, p. 5, 6
Knrea Journal, Feb. i, ^y (
i\ T 1 Q71 Vol. II, Mo. S, p. S Ko^ouraal, Aug. 1.9, p„p„intion
Country_P«mea, "The Eepubla^ - Human C^^ilSf the If April 1970, p. 1
Beproduction, Columbia hnivereity, P
„ e.nlv Spring-Summer 1970, Vol. XII, Ho. 1-2. P- . Korean Quarter]^, spring
. The Korea _^ra^, ^^S* ^5, 1970, P » ^ ao
T^erlv spring-summer 1970, Vol. XII, No. 1-2, P* 99 . Korean^iHilSii’ ^ t l 2 op. 101-102
4- iv Spring-Summer 1970, Vol. XII, No. 1- , P . Korean Qy^£i££ii» ^ i 1Q71.
^ ^ r. T TH The Korea Trmes , Aug* i
.. English translation by Jeong-due LIH,
o terlv Spring-Summer 1970, Vol. XII, Ho. 1-2, P- 97 7, Korean Quarterly, P a, t ? o 102
^ Tv Spring-Summer 1970, Vol. XII, No, - , P* im Korean ^
9. TheJCorea^Her^J. April 30; 1971.
T*nl letter dated July 10, 197 0. Samuel H- Moffett general letter
CHURCH SCHOOL (CHRISTIAN EDUCATION DEPT.)
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STAFF
The Rev. Kyun^ Chik Han, D.D. Pastor
Assistant Pastors:
Rev. K. C. He
Cho Choon Park Jong Sup Kim Kee Won Han Yoon Goon Kim Kwan Soon Chee Sae Hee Kim
Visitors:
Mr. Suck Yoon Jo Mrs. Shin Un Choi Mrs. Sung Won Lee Mrs. Woo Jung Park
BRIEF HISTORY
1945— First service attended by Christ- ian refugees from North Korea (27 members) .
1947 — Two morning services held on Sunday.
1949— The cornerstone of the New Sanctuary laid.
1954 — The New Sanctuarv dedicated.
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1956— First missionary sent to Thailand. |
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1957— The New Education Building |
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dedicated.
Three morning services held on Sunday.
The New Memorial Chapel dedi- cated.
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OFFICERS SUNDAY ATTENDANCE
Ruling Elders 57 Parish Visitors 139 Adults 6,800
Former Elders 56 Deacons 260 Students 1,331
Ordained Deacons 42 Deaconesses 302 Children 1,005
Every Sunday by Open- Air Evangelistic Society.
Since 1947 to today ninety-two new churches have been established are now self- supporting.
Thirty-one other new churches have been supported.
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i
JUST A FEELING
. , . . cuiu uiiau itifiepican iriissionapiGS concGniipa
on assisting in programs where nationals are not yet ready to handle.
3. We feel that American missionaries should acculturate themselves with the culture of the community, and live within the standards of the
community. (Keep your extra dollar in the Bank of America for vour retirement.)
li. We feel that American missionaries also concentrate their effort in the "American Ghetto" in Asian country.
?. We feel that we owe it to our American brothers to tell them the cold facts that the giving of aid, particularly scholarships, is castrating on the part of the recipient •
3. We feel that attempts at establishing ideals, goals and theology of th national church is based upon Riverside^ s category#
\ We feel that the present stance of American missionary to some extent perpetuates our colonial mentality.
The United Front for Asian Christians
POLITICS OF GOD AND DEVELQP^flSNT OF PEOPLE
a tihaological irsfXectlon on devolopinent Yong Bok Kim
Introduction
The United Presbyterian Claurch in the U.S.A. in its 182nd General Assembly authorized a "Fund for the Self-Development of People". The mission program of 'Self-Development of People" is a very significant nex^ point of departure in Christian people’s movement to shape human history in this century. Although its implications are not yet clear and its developments are yet to unfold the program is based upon a far-reaching vision of the human future, upon profound analysis of human historical reality today, and upon courage and determination.
We are happy to note that the W.C.C. and the Roman Catholic Church are struggling in search of clearer vision on development, through various conferences and studies. A review of all the literature put out by churches will show that there is much work, struggle, and experience required in discerning a clear direction for our Involvement in development.
It is common thinking that governments of nations are judged according to their policies and their execution of those policies on development, regardless of their ideological and political differences. Scientists and social scientists are hard at work to enhance the development of the world as well as that of their own countries.
Many enlightened Intellectuals have begun to recognize development as a global question. International organizations such as the U.N. have done considerable work to quicken development for the world, although the evaluation of their over-all work has not been promising.
What are these efforts for? Development. What is the development for? What are the ends of the development? How should we understand development as Christians?
Development as a "political" question
For Christians, development is the problem of suffering in history; development Is a part of the historical struggle to overcome human suffering* Suffering is a part the most comprehensive category under which the misery of poverty and disease, social ills, and even political oppression can be subsumed.
Various definitions of development can be measured against this understanding of suffering as the basic historical problem today. Economic growth, realization of a set of social goals such as improvement of health and cultural development, even development of political Institutions as integral dimensions of development should be seen in the light of man’s struggle to overcome Suffering in history. For this reason Christian Involvement In development requires the most comprehensive vision and the most profound understanding of the problem of history today — that is, the problem of suffering.
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xui aetvejLopm^in;;.
our
The foremost character of suffering of flie people in the Bible Is "
cotnnr^hprifi'f \T«» ooinota. Uov*a «>-Via ^ tt ^ . « .
aspects of human suffering, but they are only partial. T HISTORICAL UNDERSTANDING can be no other than a politics 1b the primary focus of history and the stuff of history, biblical understanding of history.
Tills Is the proper
The political character of suffering in the Bible can be seen clearly in the fact that suffering is not merely by virtue of the limitations of man's ability to deal vrf-th his historical destiny, but above all by virtue of the existence of the oower of evil ~ demonic power in history. Suffering is understood in terms of £Ow^. ^e primary focus of the biblical understanding of suffering is the suffer- Ing of r.he people of Israel imder the political power, the Pharaoh of the Egyptian Empire. Tlie suffering Messlali In the vision of Isaiah is an expression of people's political, experience of suffering under the power of the Babylonian Empire. Jesus* cross expresses his affinity with suffering people under the Roman Empire. The vision of the New Jerusalem - new POLIS Is an authentic vision out of the suffer- ing and persecution of Christldn people under the "demonic** pof^^er of the Roman Emperors. The problem of suffering in the Bible is a question of power - political
Sufjgripg as a radical contradiction to God's justice
There is a radical contradiction in history between the suffering of people and the Justice of God the Almighty. TI\is contradiction is the fundamental structure of human Mstory which Is overcome by the "political activities'* of the Just God. Tlie profundity of the biblical tinderstanding of people's suffering is not revealed until it is jtuctaposed to God's Justice; the dynamic character of history is not intelli- gible until God is involved in the contradictory structure of human history. Tliat is , the^d qf the suffering of people. The movement of . .
history Is the movement of God and his people to overcome the pruUej of suffnri.ne - the fundamental contradiction of human history. There is no better witness and tegtlinony to this view of history than the Bible itself and St. Augustine In hla book. The City of God.
Biblical history Is God's involvement vrt.th suffering people to overcome the power of evil - the demonic power. The just vindication, the promise of the vindication of suffering people is done and is to be done by the power of God’s Justice through his suffering Itesslah and the messianic people. This is the content of the political activities of God and his people.
This contradiction is not between man and nature; therefore it cannot be re- solved by the mere technological ability of man, man's ability to control nature.
The resolution of this fundamental contradiction of history is not to over-come through personal and contemplative conquering of suffering (a snrt of religious eaivation in the Buddhist sense), nor will it come through ritual or mystical union with metaphysical reality (as it was viewed in gnostic tradition), nor will It coma
through man's moral growth or evolutionary process.
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Augustine, in his book The City of God, although writing for his own time, ex- presses most vividly and persuaaively~Elie vision of the struggle between the politics of God and the politics of the earthly, a struggle between the city (POLIS) of God and earthly political power. In his vision there was no question that the oppressive and corrupt, demonic and rebellious power of the Roman Empire was going down, not because it lacked an enlightened law, or technology, or men of good ability, or strong soldiers; but because the justice of God was in struggle against the Empire.
To Augustine there was no doubt that the process of history v;as the marching of the City of God toward his POLIS, God’s politics. History was properly understood in terms of God's politics of justice to overcome the demonic power which causes the suffering of Innocent people.
Politics of God and Development
Development cannot be understood without understanding the politics of God, when we accept a view of history as the process of God’s vindication of suffering people and of his overcoming the fundamental contradiction of the existence of suffering and evil.
VJhat Is the "politics" of God?
God's politics refers to God's activities for human political community - "New Polls", new city. New Jerusalem. The main dynamic of His political activities is Che realization of His justice in human history, overcoming Che suffering of people and the underlying force of evil. Suffering and e.vll in history are contradictory Co God's politics of Justice.
Unlike the theologies of our protastant tradition, the political question in this essay is treated as the primary focus in understanding the gospel; therefore, the primary task of theological thinking is the theory and practice of the politics of God and ills people. In traditional doctrine Che political question was outside of the proper activities of God. It was a "strange" work of God, to use Luther's phrase. The net result of this doctrine and similar doctrines of the past and present was that God was depolitlcized in his struggle against the power of evil; and Che categories. The Justice of God, People, and political imderstandlng of suffering, were spiritualized, mystified, and metaphysicallzed , and therefore became ahlsCorlcal and even antl-historlcal. To a certain extent this is the way Christians become anti-Christians in the struggle for Justice In modem world history.
The politics of God is the most central and fundamental category of the gospel, not the marginal one. The vision of development can be understood In this concept of God's politics.
Those who dichotomize evangelism and social witness and see development as a question external to the gospel are committing the sin of reactionary politics against the politics of God, for they depoliticlze God in His struggle against the suffering of people. These apolitical "heretics" debilitate the people's move- ment for justice.
Tlie politics of dichotomy between evangelism and social Involvement Is in con- tradiction to the politics of God's justice.
Let the minds of social scientists and social philosophers be exposed to the dynamic of God's justice. The question of tinders tending human POLIS (political
4
<
conaaunlty) Is not merely phenomenological. Phenomenological (both scientific and phlloaophlcal) analysis of the world, and calculative plana for the future are not aufflclent. This may be called the politics of technocracy. This politics of technocracy must be exposed and challenged by the politics of God's Justice, for politics is not the mere question of technical analysis and calculative plan, but the question of overcoming the suffering of people — the transformation of the world into a New Polls in which the justice of God flows like a stream, the suffering of the people is overcome, and the power of evil is conquered by the victory of His jusl^ice and His people.
Let those who have control over the politics of the "earth" also get exposed to the politics of God's justice. "Prlnclpaities" and "powers" are ordained to the service of the ongoing struggle for justice for people and liberation of people from suffering. No Christian can come to an adequate understanding of the role of secular power in human history and therefore In the developmental process, unless he understands the politics of God.
Two Axial Events
Let me turn again to the politics of God in the Bible. We can easily come to the conclusion that two axdal events in the Bible, Exodus and the Jesus Christ event, are the political actions of God in human history.
Exodus was an event in which the power of God's justice confronted the Imperial poser and the Hebrew people were liberated. The Hebrew people suffered under the Imperial power of the Egyptian Pharaoh; Hebrews were the aliens or an alienated people, deprived of the right and power of self-determination. "Political" oppression made them into Instruments of economy and constiructlon of the empire with no sufficient economic means to enjoy life. The oppression deprived th^ of the opportunity for spiritual growth.
The justice of God could not allow the Hebrew people to continue to suffer.
The politics of God's justice was in contradiction to the politics of imperial oppression in Egypt at that time.
The Hebrew people were transformed into the Exodiia people, an exodus community, a messianic people. They marched into a new community, with a new law, new authority, and new political structure. This was the integral part of the dynamic politics of God's justice. Here the politics of God Is characterized by the liberation dynamic and the formation or the "transformation" of the Hebrew people into the messianic people. There is no question that the history of the people of God, the people of Israel, was determined by this axial event.
Then the Messiah event, or the Messianic event. Is the primary axial event for Christian people. This event is usually named the Christ event after the Greek expression. The term "Christ" really hellenlzes "Jesus the Messiah," the original title, and to a certain degree eliminates the political content from the gospel and transforms the language of Messianic people into metaphysical-philosophical language. Therefore, we prefer to iise the term Jesus the Messiali.
The classical discussion of Christology was put totally in the Greek metaphysical context (Chalcedon) in terms of the two natures of Jesus Christ. V7e must recover the messianic and therefore political-historical character of Chris tological thinking by putting the focus on Jesus the Messiah.
5
llie Biblical historians firmly documented the messianic expectations among the oppressed Jews under the imperial rule of the Soman Empire. This political suffering was no temporary or marginal reality for the people of Israel throughout their history. It was the axial and the central experience of the people of Israel,
They suffered under the Babylonian* Assyrian, Egyptian, and Roman Empires.
The event of Jesus the Messiah was a histoi^'-shaklng, revolutionary event which created a messianic moment among the people. The crucifixion of the Messiah is the supreme expression of the contradiction between Ctod’s jiistlce and the suffering of people. This event can never be evaporated into the apolitical, ahistorical sphere of Greek etemlcity and into a myth of Christ-event, The crucifixion of Jesus the Messiah was cruelly historical and political. Pontius Pilate, the representative of the Roman Empire, executed him, the innocent Messiah whom the Law of the Jews condemned.
Even the depolltlcizing of the gospel in early Christianity was out of political expediency, considering the historical and political circumstances of the Fall of Jerusalem in the year 70 A.D. No amount of effort to spiritualize the gospel can eradicate or diminish the deeply political character of the Measlazilc event.
The God of Justice was acting in radical contraditlon to earthly power.
The result was an emergence of the dynamic of Resurrection — a just vindication of the Messiah \idio was crucified. Kow else can the Messiah be vindicated except by God's raising the Messiah from death — the supreme symbol of historical contra- dlceJ.on to God's justice?
The event of Resurrection is a messianic event in which the suffering Messiah was vindicated, and a concrete unfolding of messianic movement of the people of God. The anergenc* of the new people. New Israel — catholic, universal people — the Skklesla — is an integral part of the messianic dynamic in history* This dynamic is the process of God's vindication of justice for suffering people.
The Impact of the Resurrection faith must be understood in terms of the politics of God, otherwise its historical reality is ephemeral. The eschatological things such as the doctrine of the resurrection of the dead at the Second Coming of the Messiah for the establishment of a new polls, lose their historical impact and power when they are seen in Greek mythological terms. These categories must be politicized in a proper way, not merely demythologlzed or depoliticized.
Such a crucial traditional doctrine as the doctrine of the Holy Spirit has been so mystified and so splrittaallsed that its historical character has been lost except as a mysterious ghostly reality, or rather unreality.
The Holy Spirit was the Spirit of God in the historical experience of the people of Israel; and in the New Testament period the Holy Spirit was above all the Spirit of Ch^st — the Spirit of Messiah — as well as the Spirit of God. One distinctive characteristic of the experience of the Holy Spirit was the fact that it was the experience of the people or the community. It was the Spirit for the community of people. It may be contra-distinguished from the collective consciousness such as Volk-geist. In other words, the Holy Spirit is the Messianic spirit which evoked a messianic consciousness among the people. Thus the people participated in the messianic dynamic in the historical process. This is the messianic people.
The concept "The Body of Christ," or the Body of the Messiah, refers to the
6
1
Uvu enat as, cne reaolucloa of the ultimate contradiction.
f ‘
Thus Christianity is the people’s messianic movement which is the ongoing Pfocees ot the vindication '»f the suffering Messiah *ad his people.
Politics as Central
I riM ■■■Ml fi»ai«ji MiiM fi^nw
Prom the fotegolng ne can easily see that development is a ’'political'’ question In a compreherjeive sense, not merely the question of GNP growth, economic growth, improvement i'n >x set of social goals, or spiritual or moral growth. All of these atw subsamed under the "political" In the sense that; development li» a part of the histor^.cal process in which suffering is overcome.
Christian circles and some secular intellectuals have argued that technical definition le arxatheira for humane development. At least It is very limiting. Theolcgicelly ’ye cannot define the problem of poverty and suffering as the coniva- dictiot. hetwoan man and nature; hut it must be defined as a fundamental contraoictio; hufwe/jo. the justice of God and the suffering of the people,
lar.lo Americans and some of the development e:xpert8 in the liberal tradition have alfi'.c argued that the simple technical definition of development and its con- C'.’miitanir solution — more aid end ecomomlc buildup — is the disguised Ideological itout for international domination of the Imperialist kind, justification of domestl.-. dictarorshlp under the notion that political stability is a must for etonomlc d,eve.'. opment. They call for u radical transfomatlon on interneitlonal and domestic f>omfc relations. Ihus the political has priority over the economical or technical.
We do not have to argue minor points to establish firmly the "politics" of Gc'd as sotmd theological thinking. But one must not forget that modem Ctirlst.lanlty la tlie major religious force which has almost diabolically eacapud Its political struggle against political evil and the suffering of people. It has long been aseoclatcd with the politics of. capitaliasm and bourgeoisie, and thus is the crown of ImperlaliRm and colonialism. I am afraid that wa have not come to terms with t!ic! political sin of our past, portly due to oir unwillingness to see the political Impact of the gospel, end partly due to our historical, even polltleal, interest.
Our assumption here is that Christian people cannot make a profound Impact upon Che derfeiopmental process unless they go clearly beyond reactionay and liberal politics. So far Christian critlcismE of capitalism and political liberalism ate spltitually based; their political implication is not clearly visible as to discern the "messiaol.c dynamic" in the world,
Thle is not to Identify the politics of God with any politics of revolution.
Ihls Is cnother subject. But we must see clearly the contradictions hetvreen the poltlics of God and politics of Imperlalisra and colonialism in the past and the prsBcnt.
» Revolution or Refotm (Evolution)?
-So revolution Is more revolutionary than the politics of God. All .levolutlons are under the judgment of the politics of God, not because it is revolutionary, but because they are not revolutionary enough. No revolution made by man can re8ol^^e
7
*
the ultimate contradiction of the suffering of people,
Christians have a better causa in revolutionary toovements in the vorld than Jo reactionary or imperialistic or colonial politics, as long as the revolution ta the people’s movement. ’'Reform" — as basically amending the structures — is not enough for Christiana, particularly when It is conceived in an evolutionary line. Reforms too are seen In the perspective of the revolutionary politics of God, pot from the liberal or recatlonaty political perspective.
Thus the question of revolution or refom as a choice for ceanmitment la a false question. By deflnltltm Christians are messianic people, therefore, revolutionary people.
Development aa People’s Movement
Revolution can be either empty rhetoric or a violent and oppressive phenomenon. This becomes particularly true when revolution is not people's movement. People are deeply acquainted with the reality of suffering. By virtue of their suffering they have yeatninge and groanlngs for justice and a messianic age — the state of affairs which resolved the problem of sufferingo Even without Christian faith and without understandlstg of the politics of God's justice, one can discern a certain propensity ten/ard universal laesslanism. This Is an inherent dynamic of suffering people. This is the dynamic of justice and liberation from suffering.
Revolution, Development, and Christian Mission cannot be authentic without proper relation to the central people’s moveaento The people’s movement can be a final criterion for hiatorlcal-polltical movements, including Cliristlan movementa.
Tlie characi eristics of the people’s movement are l)eschatologlcal; that is, the people’s movement is measianlc toward the age of the Second-Coming Messiah and his politics of justice which will vindicate the justice of God and account for the suffering of his people. 2) The messlsmic people are universal in that no particular center of power can be the source of messianic claim except the Messiah who is coming. This is the "xmlversal people," They know no absolute national, ideological, or cultural boundaries. 3) And yet universal people are emerging and reanerging In the ongoing process of struggle between divine justice and the power of evil. Ttiey are found in the midst of the contradictions of history, struggling for a creative resolution — liberation of the people.
An object lesson from East Asia; people's movement sad Christian mission
In China Christian missionaries and their sponsors expairlenced a radical repudiation of Christian mission despite a long and expensive enterprise and Inveacment.
The why of this repudiation of Christian mission in China is a complex question to answer, but one thing is clear in the minds of people of East Asia. Christifj.i mission, though it tried to be a people's movement, failed to be a genuine people's movement in Chinese terms, whereas the other communist Ideology, the negative outcome of the Cliristisn bourgeois ideology, has succeeded In answering basic messianic aspirations of the Chinese petople. Of course the final outcome la yet to be seun-
In China Christian mission was identified and associated with the politics of Imperialistic colonialism of the west; the politics of Ghinsae nationalism was In profound contradiction to the politiCB of Chriiian mission, which Insensitively
8
insisted that Christian faith is above politics. But political neutrality was only debilitating for the Christian mission; Chinese Christians themselves had a funda- mental crisis in their national consciousness « To many Chinese nationalists. Including Mao Tse Tung. Christian mission was a disguised or not-so-dlsgulsed agent of Western imperialism.
In Japan. Christian mission made a significant Impact upon the samurai- intellectual class of Japanese society. By and large, however. Christian mission failed to generate a people's movement in Japan. Even Christian socialists suffered the lack of people's response to their call of social justice and social revolution.
The future of the Japanese society lies largely in political development.
In the past she has experienced a politically suicidal and tragic history. The past is a lesson for the future; yet many, Incltsdlng more conscious Japanese Intsllectuals . have grave doubts about the outcome of Japanese political development In the near future.
Many Asian countries, including the People's Republic of (^ina. are fearful of Japan's economic, military, and political thrust into Asia. The Christian mission and Japanese airlstlanlty are facing a historlnl Judgment as to their vitality la the process of the politics of God.
In Korea, due to curious combinations of several historical factors, Clirlstian mission was a people's movement. Some call the Korean Christian movement a mass- movement. By no means was the Korean Christian movement purely religious. Korean Christians were revolutionaries of national liberation against Japanese colonial power. In Korea Christian mission, despite its neutral political position, was unambiguously on the side of Che people. For Korean Christians there was no prayer which was not a plea for national liberation.
The missionary heritage of apolitical gospel has not had the same meaning during the period of American domination since liberation. The Korean Christian popular movement, since 1945, has lost Its dynamic political character; and is ilargely apolitical or politically reactionary. Korean Christianity has lost its struggle for the liberation of the suffering people despite its past heritage and despite Korean people's high expectations. In this context one is painfully forced ) to recognize the fact that after all Christian mission in Korea too has been a colonial heritage. The remaining colonial establishment must disengage before i it destroys the feeble seeds of political dynamism in the Korean Christian people's movement r
For Christians. "Development" is to overcome the innocent suffering of people, calls for the people's messianic movement. U.P.U.S.A. 's Program.x>f Self- Development of People must be viewed as a part of the movement of the people geneiratlng other people's movements in struggle against the contradiction of suffering.
Christian people's movement is based on the politics of God's justice In world history. It is in concrete and yet radical conflict with powers of oppression and suffering. It is Indeed a new people's movement for a new POLIS. This new movement is ijnpelled by the messianic vision of the future of the world-people (all people).
Conclusion
T. B o K.
f
i
CONSCIOUSNESS
I am Youth.
I may be Greek or Freak,
Atheist or one of the Jesus People; i//hatever j’cm I may find myself in I have one common characteristic - I am a Searcher -
For what, and why, and how I am not yet sure.
The torch is still raised at the gate of the land 3at instead of life, liberty and freedom It illuminates
Disorder, corruption, hypocrisy, war Poverty, distorted priorities,
Law-making by private power,
Uncontrolled technology Mutilation of the environment,
Decline of democracy, pcwerlessness,
Artificiality of work and culture.
Absence of community,
And loss of Self,
I think of what to do on Saturday night Or Henry Aaron's batting average, but Walter Cronkite brings my thoughts Oscillating back like a fan To the turmoil before me.
I am concerned.
I cannot help but be.
I have more responsibility, sooner.
I can cringe from the heat of the flaming ghetto Or search doggedly with Charlie Company in Nam As both stare at me in vivid color in my room.
Pollution, the population explosion And the giant foot of nuclear annihilation Brings the realization that today' s Problems are no less than immediate.
1 am impatient.
My dreams are advocated in faith
And I shun the baffles of time and machinery
Which society projects to snag my dreams like driftwood.
I am an idealistic.
Yet I am pot^erless.
My leaders are killed;
Turned backs loom larger than listening ears;
My dreams seem shelved like a thrice-read paperback; Marches evolve into riots;
Violence breeds violence
But which violence is breeding which violence?
I am frustrated and alienated.
Consciousness
page - 2
Kent State, Jackson State immobilze And instill rae -vjith helplessness.
I am now afraid,
The sweet dreams of ray youth
Have apparently, like the flower, withered.
I lapse into an eerie tranquility Of enlightened apathy.
I have not lost my ideals But my methods have mired So I must regroup and adjust to reality.
But most of all. I still feel a loss of Self.
Perhaps it is because of the
Discrepancy between the realities
Of our society and our beliefs espoused about them.
The contrast between parents’ ideals,
Which Youth accepts
And the parents' failure to live these same ideals Has cataclysmic consequences.
Or to some
The freedom from work, from restraint, from accountability, Wonderous in its conception.
Has become banal or counterfiet.
Without rules, there was no way to say no,
And worse, no way to say yes.
So in the search for a new "yes"
Or the path through the haze of hypocrisy I search for a new consciousness - A total re-orienting of understanding,
Of values, insights, emotions, politics, philosophies,
A total configuration to make up A whole new perception of reality.
The guide lines in my search are varied,
Yet it is still founded on liberation -
A freedom from automatic acceptance of social imperatives.
I must be true to myself
- Not selfish, yet not subservient.
I must uphold the worth of every individual
- My neighbor is ray brother not my competitor.
I must find honesty in my personal relationships
- Not hypocrisy.
I am searching for authority, love, and understanding.
Some have turned to the mystics,
Thousands have joined the marriage of the rebelious counter-culture And conservative religion.
As Jesus provides a father figure Encompassing the ingredients of their search.
Consciousness
page - 3
But many are not yet ready
To deny themselves the experiences of life
For any cause
For to them being the object to serve the cause Would subvert the cause itself.
And some won’t even admit they're searching.
Corvettes and split-level homes bring a claustrophia of the soul Which only time can pervade.
But as I peep through the keyhole of knoxjledge Understanding lays spread out before me,
Yet now only dimly,
I have hope that one day the clouds will clear To reveal what - I am not yet sure.
But my hope, like the flame of a burnt match,
Is lost to the wind
Unless I keep searching for
A new perspective - a new position
To look through the keyhole - a new consciousness.
My plea is that we will all keep searching
And accept nothing without a conscientious challenge.
If grace and hope and >jill
and determination
One day culminate in a new consciousness
And I find what I'm looking for
That will be the start of a new world I
Brent Burkholder Seoul Union Church September 5i 1971
THEOLOGICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME
TAP - ASIA
REPORT
and
MINUTES
The Second Asia Evangelical Consultation on Theological cinnnnnre June 8-12, 1971
The Second Asia Evangelical Consultation on Theological Education,
Singapore. June 8-12, 1971.
REPORT AND MINUTES General Introduction
The second Asia Evangelical Consultation on Theological Education sponsored by the Theological Assistance Program of the World Evangelical Fellowship was held at Dunearn Road University Hostel Singapore 8-12 June 1971 under the general chairmanship of Dr. Saphir Athyal, Vice Principal, Union Biblical Seminary, Yeotmal, India. 23 delegates and 12 observers attended from 12 Asian nations, plus USA (2), United Kingdom (1), Australia (1), Latin America (2). At the first Asia Evangelical Theological Consultation, Singapore 5-7 July 1970, 2 commissions were named, one to survey the needs of Theolo- gical Education in Asia and the other to investigate the possibility of establishing a Center for advanced Theological studies. Resolutions were also passed on the need to coordinate the several ministries of Theological Education by Extension in Asia, and on the coordination of Bible teaching ministries between Asian nations. Further, the con- sultation called for a survey and critical evaluation of attempts towards the indigenization of the gospel in the Asian context. During the ensuing year, 3 questionnaires were sent out to evangelical schools in Asia, one a 91 point questionnaire evaluating present needs and trends. A 20 page report based on an analysis of 51 Theological Schools was prepared, and is available from Dr. Bong Rin Ro. A second questionnaire on the proposed Center for Advanced Theo- logical Studies and a third on Theological Education by Extension were well received. During the year, the Singapore based sub-committee of the commission for the Center on Advanced Theological Studies met three times. They presented their report to the consultation on the feasibility of Singapore as a suitable location for the center. Thus the primary purpose of the second consultation was to fulfil the mandate given to it by the earlier consultation and to outline plans for the implementation of these recommendations. Two of the 15 original members of the two commissions were unable to attend.
The second consultation was made up of 5 separate consultations namely:
1. Commission on Assistance for Theological Education in Asia
2. Commission on the Center for Advanced Theological Studies
3. Consultation on Theological Education by Extension
4. Consultation on Evangelical Theological Societies
5. Consultation on Bible Teaching Ministries.
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All the delegates and observers participated in the first consultation but divided into 2 groups for the second and third and again for the fourth and fifth. The resolutions of each consultation were finally approved at plenary sessions.
Goals of the Consultations:
To strengthen national initiative and safeguard national autononny in the diverse areas of theological education.
To draw together in fellowship evangelical theological educators in Asia irrespective of their denominational or world affiliations, for the co-ordinating of functional projects of common concern.
To develop within Asia adequate functional structures in order to fulfil these goals with an emphasis on honorary part-time co- ordinators rather than on conciliary structured committees. These functional structures were designed to maintain the autonomy and control by Asians of theological education within Asia. To this end TAP-ASIA was launched as an autonomous Asian body but in fellowship with TAP-International. At the same time the consultation was anxious to enter into fellowship with evangelical theological educators in Africa and Latin America.
The Spiritual Emphasis of the Consultation
Dr. Bong Rin Ro, the TAP co-ordinator for South East Asia and local administrator for the Consultation, set the theme and spiritual goals for the consultation with the verse "Unless the Lord build the house, those who build it labour in vain. Unless the Lord watches over the city, the watchman stays awake in vain." (Ps 127:1)
In the opening worship service. Dr. Chandu Ray, commenting on Eph. 3, stressed our resources: the Word of God to which we must con- tinually return for transforming our lives and culture, our door of access to God through prayer, the love of God which we can only know through Christian fellowship, and the Holy Spirit to whose leadings we must be continually open. Dr. Eui Whan Kim, the TAP co- ordinator for North East Asia, spoke on "For it seemed good to the Holy Spirit and to us to lay upon you no greater burden than these necessary things" (Acts 15:28) in the closing worship service. He called the delegates to dedicate themselves to the gospel, even being ready to sacrifice their lives, and also to the conscious control of the Holy Spirit in all their decisions and actions. Other devotional leaders included Dr. John Chongnahm Cho (Korea), the Rev. Gadiel T. Isidro (Philippines), Rev. Peter Savage (Bolivia), Dr. Susuma Uda (Japan), Rev. Pham Xuan Tin (Vietnam).
2
Vote of Thanks, "that we express our heartfelt thanks and gratitude to Dr. Lawrence Chia of Singapore University and the authorities of Dunearn Road Hostel for their hospitality and gracious accommodation; to Dr. Bong Rin Ro for his efficient efforts in administration and travel arrangements; and to those who helped finance the travel expenses of the delegates to the consultation." ^
I
COMMISSION ON ASSISTANCE FOR THEOLOGICAL
EDUCATION IN ASIA
Introduction
The expanded commission worked in three sub-committees. Their
reports and recommendations after modification were approved in
plenary session.
I. Patterns and Standards of Training
Critical observations on Existing patterns in Theological Education in
Asia
1. Evangelical Theological institutions are marked by denominational fragmentation and duplication. This has weakened our united evangelical effectiveness considerably.
2. Most seminaries and Bible colleges are patterned after Western models. This has retarded and prevented the emergence of in- digenous patterns.
3. The existing pattern is basically curriculum examination oriented rather than man-training oriented. This has often contributed to the over-emphasis of the academic aspect to the frequent neglect of the other aspects.
4. Curriculum-oriented pattern based on Western models has failed to pay due attention to the implementation of the Christian faith to the historico-cultural contexts of Asia.
5. There is a serious lack of unified objective standards in ministerial training in Asia.
Resolutions
71/1 To reduce fragmentation and duplication
a. We endorse the cluster concept by which theological schools exchange teachers, students, and credits at the Th.B. and B.D. levels.
3
b. We encourage cluster-schools on the same campus where- by the faculty, curriculum, and library are shared and co-ordinated.
c. We urge evangelical mission and church organizations to form united evangelical seminaries or colleges either around one institution or by creating new ones at undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate levels.
71/2 "We encourage all evangelical schools to indigenize their
theological education programme, especially in administration, personnel and finance as rapidly as is consonant with the growth of the national church.
71/3 "that TAP-Asia be requested to study the conditions of
membership and accreditation with the S.E. Asia and N.E. Asia associations of theological schools with particular reference to maintaining our evangelical freedom.
71/4 "that TAP-Asia be requested to study the possibility of forming an association of evangelical Bible Schools and Th.B. colleges with special reference to establishing evangelical accreditation at these levels.
II. Curricula and Textbooks
Observations and Recommendations
1. We are concerned about fragmentation of curricula and the com- partmentalization of teaching which has hindered students in having an integrated total view of their ministry.
We recommend that TAP Research Centers investigate a much greater interdisciplinary integration of the various courses in the curriculum. Rather than merely memorizing material we recom- mend the mastery of Biblical models of exegesis by application of skills.
2. We recommend that in ministerial training the study of theology should not be purely academic but stress alike scholarship and devotion. Group testimony meetings give opportunities for students to share their understanding of the relevance of their theological study to the practical problems of ministry.
3. We recommend that seminaries should experiment in developing comprehensive Bible courses which will involve a devotional and analytical approach in which the teaching will be related to the historical and cultural background of the books and also of the student himself. At the same time the student must be taught how to communicate the teaching of the books and relate its principles to church planting and strategy.
4
4. In methodology we should avoid a system of teaching which merely requires the student to listen to his lecturers and then reproduce that which he has heard. The student must learn to discover the truth for himself and be trained in methods of re- search. At the same time he must be taught to teach others. This can be best accomplished by the use of seminars, tutorials and discussions. Classes should be small enough to allow free interaction between students and lecturer. There should be a measure of flexibility which will enable students with varying gifts and personalities to develop under the guidance of the Holy Spirit. In certain courses students should be encouraged after consultation with the staff to choose particular topics and prepare a study in depth on them. There needs to be considerable study as to how academic work can be related to practical experience and expression.
5. We recommend that courses dealing with contemporary local cultures and ideologies be introduced into our seminary curricula and teachers make their courses relevant to the existing cultures and ideologies as each course may demand.
6. Recognising that true learning can only take place as the students relate their studies to real live situations we recommend that theological seminaries investigate the possibility of regular periods of practical work in evangelism and Church life, we recommend that this be done through student teams in order to gain a wider objective view by mutual interaction.
7. Recognizing the fact that few theological teachers have had formal teacher-training we recommend that TAP investigate the possibility of providing for the 'teacher-training' of theological teachers either through the setting up of a centre for short or long term courses or through the appointment of regional specialist as advisors who through visitation could give on the spot guidance and hold seminars.
8. We recommend that a comprehensive survey of evangelical text books be made by TAP in co-operation with other organizations, where these exist, such as Evangelical Theological Societies and a concrete proposal be presented at the earliest possible time. We also felt strongly that good evangelical libraries should be established in the major Asian theological institutions, with an efficient system of loaning books.
Resolutions
71/5
"that TAP investigate the possibility of sponsoring teacher training institutes and courses for theological teachers con- ducted by educational specialists.
5
b. We encourage cluster-schools on the same campus where- by the faculty, curriculum, and library are shared and co-ordinated.
c. We urge evangelical mission and church organizations to form united evangelical seminaries or colleges either around one institution or by creating new ones at undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate levels.
71/2 "We encourage all evangelical schools to indigenize their
theological education programme, especially in administration, personnel and finance as rapidly as is consonant with the growth of the national church.
71/3 "that TAP-Asia be requested to study the conditions of
membership and accreditation with the S.E. Asia and N.E. Asia associations of theological schools with particular reference to maintaining our evangelical freedom.
71/4 "that TAP-Asia be requested to study the possibility of forming an association of evangelical Bible Schools and Th.B. colleges with special reference to establishing evangelical accreditation at these levels.
II. Curricula and Textbooks
Observations and Recommendations
1. We are concerned about fragmentation of curricula and the com- partmentalization of teaching which has hindered students in having an integrated total view of their ministry.
We recommend that TAP Research Centers investigate a much greater interdisciplinary integration of the various courses in the curriculum. Rather than merely memorizing material we recom- mend the mastery of Biblical models of exegesis by application of skills.
2. We recommend that in ministerial training the study of theology should not be purely academic but stress alike scholarship and devotion. Group testimony meetings give opportunities for students to share their understanding of the relevance of their theological study to the practical problems of ministry.
3. We recommend that seminaries should experiment in developing comprehensive Bible courses which will involve a devotional and analytical approach in which the teaching will be related to the historical and cultural background of the books and also of the student himself. At the same time the student must be taught how to communicate the teaching of the books and relate its principles to church planting and strategy.
4
4. In methodology we should avoid a system of teaching which merely requires the student to listen to his lecturers and then reproduce that which he has heard. The student must learn to discover the truth for himself and be trained in methods of re- search. At the same time he must be taught to teach others. This can be best accomplished by the use of seminars, tutorials and discussions. Classes should be small enough to allow free interaction between students and lecturer. There should be a measure of flexibility which will enable students with varying gifts and personalities to develop under the guidance of the Holy Spirit. In certain courses students should be encouraged after consultation with the staff to choose particular topics and prepare a study in depth on them. There needs to be considerable study as to how academic work can be related to practical experience and expression.
5. We recommend that courses dealing with contemporary local cultures and ideologies be introduced into our seminary curricula and teachers make their courses relevant to the existing cultures and ideologies as each course may demand.
6. Recognising that true learning can only take place as the students relate their studies to real live situations we recommend that theological seminaries investigate the possibility of regular periods of practical work in evangelism and Church life, we recommend that this be done through student teams in order to gain a wider objective view by mutual interaction.
7. Recognizing the fact that few theological teachers have had formal teacher-training we recommend that TAP investigate the possibility of providing for the 'teacher-training' of theological teachers either through the setting up of a centre for short or long term courses or through the appointment of regional specialist as advisors who through visitation could give on the spot guidance and hold seminars.
8. We recommend that a comprehensive survey of evangelical text books be made by TAP in co-operation with other organizations, where these exist, such as Evangelical Theological Societies and a concrete proposal be presented at the earliest possible time. We also felt strongly that good evangelical libraries should be established in the major Asian theological institutions, with an efficient system of loaning books.
Resolutions
71/5
"that TAP investigate the possibility of sponsoring teacher training institutes and courses for theological teachers con- ducted by educational specialists.
5
71/6 "that a comprehensive survey of evangelical text books in each country be made by TAP in co-operation with other organizations, such as evangelical theological societies where these exist, and that concrete proposals be presented at the earliest possible time.
III. Property, Library, Staffing and Finance
Problem Areas:
After preliminary discussion of the scope of the agenda and the pro- blems to be dealt with, five problem areas concerning theological schools
were outlined for discussion.
1. Establishing guidelines for financial priorities in school planning which can be supported subsequently by the national church.
2. Compiling a list of basic theological books as a guide to Christian reading.
3. Exploring methods for recruiting, training and sharing of faculty.
4. Seeking ways to attain self-support for a theological institution.
5. Examining methods of obtaining outside financial support during the formative period of a theological institution.
Recommendations on School Planning
1. We recommend the selection of school property which has future income producing possibilities. There should be no slavish imitation of Western institutionalism.
2. Property selection and building planning should be consistent with the cultural context and the national church's ability to maintain such.
3. Attention should be paid to a strategic location, area for future growth, zoning laws, etc.
4. Maximum utilization of property should be envisaged from the beginning, e.g. multi-purpose building, evening schools, con- ferences, etc.
Recommendations on Theological Book List
1. In building a library of basic books for an evangelical theological institution, attention should be paid to the following factors:
a. Academic level of training envisaged
6
b. Realistic needs of students, e.g. language and academic ability
c. Research needs of faculty
d. Availability of other library facilities
e. Cultural relevance of the books
f. Wider use of library by alumni and the Christian community generally.
2. That a TAP committee be formed to compile such a supplementary list of evangelical books in English and appoint in each country a resource person to advise on indigenous literature.
Recommendations on Faculty
1. Recruitment: We recommend a long range programme for re-
cruiting candidates for Christian teaching including the following features:
a. Exposing selected secondary and tertiary student groups to the challenge of the Christian ministry.
b. Challenging local churches to set apart suitable men for the ministry.
c. Providing scholarships and a post-graduate training programme for promising seminary students.
d. Urging nationals abroad to return home for teaching.
e. Pooling and/or merging faculties of neighbouring institutions.
f. Loaning of short term teaching staff from missionary and church bodies.
2. Training faculties:
a. Faculty members may be released part-time to go to secular universities.
b. There should be developed an external training programme for faculty members, e.g. scholarships and transportation funds, sabbatical leaves etc.
c. Provision should be made for short term in-service courses on an accredited basis by TAP.
d. Staff should be encouraged to take higher external degrees,
e.g. by correspondence.
7
71/6 "that a comprehensive survey of evangelical text books in each country be made by TAP in co-operation with other organizations, such as evangelical theological societies where these exist, and that concrete proposals be presented at the earliest possible time.
III. Property, Library, Staffing and Finance
Problem Areas:
After preliminary discussion of the scope of the agenda and the pro- blems to be dealt with, five problem areas concerning theological schools
were outlined for discussion.
1. Establishing guidelines for financial priorities in school planning which can be supported subsequently by the national church.
2. Compiling a list of basic theological books as a guide to Christian reading.
3. Exploring methods for recruiting, training and sharing of faculty.
4. Seeking ways to attain self-support for a theological institution.
5. Examining methods of obtaining outside financial support during the formative period of a theological institution.
Recommendations on School Planning
1. We recommend the selection of school property which has future income producing possibilities. There should be no slavish imitation of Western institutionalism.
2. Property selection and building planning should be consistent with the cultural context and the national church's ability to maintain such.
3. Attention should be paid to a strategic location, area for future growth, zoning laws, etc.
4. Maximum utilization of property should be envisaged from the beginning, e.g. multi-purpose building, evening schools, con- ferences, etc.
Recommendations on Theological Book List
1. In building a library of basic books for an evangelical theological institution, attention should be paid to the following factors:
a. Academic level of training envisaged
6
b. Realistic needs of students, e.g. language and academic ability
c. Research needs of faculty
d. Availability of other library facilities
e. Cultural relevance of the books
f. Wider use of library by alumni and the Christian community generally.
2. That a TAP committee be formed to compile such a supplementary list of evangelical books in English and appoint in each country a resource person to advise on indigenous literature.
Recommendations on Faculty
1. Recruitment: We recommend a long range programme for re-
cruiting candidates for Christian teaching including the following features:
a. Exposing selected secondary and tertiary student groups to the challenge of the Christian ministry.
b. Challenging local churches to set apart suitable men for the ministry.
c. Providing scholarships and a post-graduate training programme for promising seminary students.
d. Urging nationals abroad to return home for teaching.
e. Pooling and/or merging faculties of neighbouring institutions.
f. Loaning of short term teaching staff from missionary and church bodies.
2. Training faculties:
a. Faculty members may be released part-time to go to secular universities.
b. There should be developed an external training programme for faculty members, e.g. scholarships and transportation funds, sabbatical leaves etc.
c. Provision should be made for short term in-service courses on an accredited basis by TAP .
d. Staff should be encouraged to take higher external degrees,
e.g. by correspondence.
7
3. Sharing faculties:
a. TAP should publicise a list of lecturers in specialised fields.
b. TAP should seek subsidies to make it possible for qualified personnel to travel in Asia.
c. TAP should recruit and circulate qualified foreign teachers for Asian school ministry.
Recommendations on Self Support
1. Seminaries should encourage the pooling or merger of institutional resources wherever possible.
2. They should explore all possible ways for increasing indigenous support including:
a. Organising a sponsoring society of laymen
b. Getting national churches to finance personalised scholarships
c. Promoting “seminary days" and offerings in national churches
d. Getting seminary grants into church budgets
e. Providing regular public relations material
f. Encouraging legacies and grants.
3. Seminaries should seek finance, nationally and internationally, for building up endowment funds for faculty chairs.
4. Seminaries should cultivate income producing projects, e.g. English schools, farms, service projects to the community, rental of pro- perty, etc.
5. Christian business men should be challenged to allocate investment funds for theological institutions.
6. TAP should be encouraged to form a foundation to give financial aid to approved theological institutions in Asia.
Recommendations on Outside Support
Methods used for obtaining outside financial support during the forma- tive period of a theological institution should include the following:
a. Seeking endowment fund for faculty chair, etc.
b. Encouraging foundation to be organised by TAP
8
c. Soliciting the help of businessmen in allocating funds for schools
d. Getting overseas churches to support faculty members
e. Encouraging overseas churches to adopt theological schools or faculty members for financial support for a specified period
f. Establishing fraternal relations with well-established theological institutions abroad.
Resolutions
71/7 that TAP make available to theological schools information regarding available lists of theological books in English.
71/8 “believing that the time is now opportune to seek substantial support for the work of Christ and His Church in Asia, especially in the light of urgent needs for centres for advanced theological studies, scholarships for theological educators and students, for theological education by extension, for the work of co-ordination of evangelical theological education, for evan- gelical theological libraries for existing and new institutions, etc., we, TAP-Asia appeal to Christians throughout Asia and other interested countries, for the establishment of a fund equivalent to US$1 million as a trust foundation to be known as PAN ASIAN FOUNDATION FOR EVANGELICAL THEO- LOGICAL EDUCATION.
71/9 “resolved that investigation be made into the legal aspects of the formation of such a foundation as a registered trust within a country where tax exemption can be secured and where expert knowledge can be had, where Christian men will be willing to accept the responsibility of the formation of such a society, including men in legal, educational, banking, and other professions, and to appoint an ad hoc committee of Dr. Chandu Ray (convenor). Dr. Lawrence Chia and Dr. Donald E. Hoke to investigate all the aspects by coopting such men as they need on this ad hoc committee, and report in detail to the Executive Committee of TAP-Asia and the board of the Centre for Advanced Theological Studies.
u
COMMISSION ON CENTRE FOR ADVANCED THEOLOGICAL STUDIES
Introduction: As the terms and autonomy of the Commission vyere
clearly defined at the Consultation July 1970, voting on the resolutions ,was restricted to the original members of the Commission.
9
3. Sharing faculties:
a. TAP should publicise a list of lecturers in specialised fields.
b. TAP should seek subsidies to make it possible for qualified personnel to travel in Asia.
c. TAP should recruit and circulate qualified foreign teachers for Asian school ministry.
Recommendations on Self Support
1. Seminaries should encourage the pooling or merger of institutional resources wherever possible.
2. They should explore all possible ways for increasing indigenous support including:
a. Organising a sponsoring society of laymen
b. Getting national churches to finance personalised scholarships
c. Promoting "seminary days" and offerings in national churches
d. Getting seminary grants into church budgets
e. Providing regular public relations material
f. Encouraging legacies and grants.
3. Seminaries should seek finance, nationally and internationally, for building up endowment funds for faculty chairs.
4. Seminaries should cultivate income producing projects, e.g. English schools, farms, service projects to the community, rental of pro- perty, etc.
5. Christian business men should be challenged to allocate investment funds for theological institutions.
6. TAP should be encouraged to form a foundation to give financial aid to approved theological institutions in Asia.
Recommendations on Outside Support
Methods used for obtaining outside financial support during the forma- tive period of a theological institution should include the following:
a. Seeking endowment fund for faculty chair, etc.
b. Encouraging foundation to be organised by TAP
8
c. Soliciting the help of businessmen in allocating funds for schools
d. Getting overseas churches to support faculty members
e. Encouraging overseas churches to adopt theological schools or faculty members for financial support for a specified period
f. Establishing fraternal relations with well-established theological institutions abroad.
Resolutions
71/7 that TAP make available to theological schools information regarding available lists of theological books in English.
71/8 "believing that the time is now opportune to seek substantial support for the work of Christ and His Church in Asia, especially in the light of urgent needs for centres for advanced theological studies, scholarships for theological educators and students, for theological education by extension, for the work of co-ordination of evangelical theological education, for evan- gelical theological libraries for existing and new institutions, etc., we, TAP-Asia appeal to Christians throughout Asia and other interested countries, for the establishment of a fund equivalent to US$1 million as a trust foundation to be known as PAN ASIAN FOUNDATION FOR EVANGELICAL THEO- LOGICAL EDUCATION.
71/9 "resolved that investigation be made into the legal aspects of the formation of such a foundation as a registered trust within a country where tax exemption can be secured and where expert knowledge can be had, where Christian men will be willing to accept the responsibility of the formation of such a society, including men in legal, educational, banking, and other professions, and to appoint an ad hoc committee of Dr. Chandu Ray (convenor). Dr. Lawrence Chia and Dr. Donald E. Hoke to investigate all the aspects by coopting such men as they need on this ad hoc committee, and report in detail to the Executive Committee of TAP-Asia and the board of the Centre for Advanced Theological Studies.
u
COMMISSION ON CENTRE FOR ADVANCED THEOLOGICAL STUDIES
Introduction: As the terms and autonomy of the Commission were
clearly defined at the Consultation July 1970, voting on the resolutions yvas restricted to the original members of the Commission.
9
Recommendations
1. That this consultation appoint an all-Asian board to develop Asian theological centers.
2. That the purpose of the board be to carry out through Asian centers:
programmes of research on the evangelical interpretation of
the Christian faith in the Asian context.
a graduation programme leading to degrees on the masters
and doctoral levels.
3. That the six TAP commission members serve as a nominating committee for members of the new board.
4. That this TAP consultation recommend to the new board that we anticipate establishing all-Asian centers in Seoul, Korea, India (Yeotmal or Bangalore), and Hong Kong and/or Singapore by 1975, each with its own governing board.
Resolutions
71/10 The following persons were elected to serve on the Board of the Asian Centre for Advanced Theological Studies:
Dr. Saphir P. Athyal (convenor) Dr. B. S. Oh Dr. Lawrence Chia Dr. John Pao
Dr. John Chongnahm Cho Dr. Chandu Ray
Rev. Gadiel T. Isidro Dr. Susuma Uda
That the TAP International Co-ordinator and the Asia regional co-ordinators be invited to serve as consultants to this board and that the board consider forming a council of reference.
71/11 That the statement of faith of the World Evangelical Fellowship be adopted as the minimal doctrinal standard of the board and faculty of the proposed centres.
71/12 That the new board consist of 7-12 members, and that it draft its own constitution and by-laws.
71/13 That the following suggestions be submitted to the board from this consultation:
A. That the board consider criteria for recognition and accre- ditation of a graduate degree programme.
B. That each center work in English and another language if desirable.
10
C.
D.
E.
F.
That the board normally meet once a year.
That each center be encouraged to develop according to its own local needs in its local situation under the guidance of its own board within the framework of principles laid down by the central board.
That the Korean school be developed in close co-operation with the Korean Evangelical Theological Commission.
That the major financial responsibility for the facilities of each center be the responsibility of the host center and its board.
Ill
CONSULTATION ON THEOLOGICAL EDUCATION BY EXTENSION Reports
India: The development of The ASSOCIATION FOR THEOLOGICAL
EXTENSION EDUCATION (TAFTEE) was reported. 25 member bodies representing evangelical schools, churches and mission bodies and evangelicals within the mainline churches, have joined together to provide nation-wide extension courses leading to degree, diploma and certificate levels in English and vernacular languages. Pilot centres begin in August 1971 in 4 cities. TAFTEE has a clearly defined evange- lical statement of Faith.
Indonesia: Considerable interest exists among many groups but so far
there has been little active co-operation. It is suggested that perhaps the most fruitful approach will be in the production of Programmed
Instruction Materials.
Vietnam: It is expected that 10 centres will be opened in the coming
year. Programmed Instruction Materials mostly at a low academic level are being translated into Vietnamese.
Taiwan: The China Evangelical Seminary is sponsoring the Extension
project at diploma level.
Malaysia: At least one Extension centre has been started but as yet
there is no Programmed Instruction Material.
Latin America: The Revs_ Savage an L extension structures
Latin America experiments. f ^®f®®.®°dents and the spiritual life
must be flexible and that f ° noted that
of the churches are the key factors connected with a seminary.
Theological Extension does not need to be connected wim
A thP work of CAMEO in initiating and Appreciation was expressed for the okons in Asia during 1970
sponsoring several national extensmn work shops in a
and the proposed 5 more during August-September
11
Recommendations
1. That this consultation appoint an all-Asian board to develop Asian theological centers.
2. That the purpose of the board be to carry out through Asian centers;
— programmes of research on the evangelical interpretation of the Christian faith in the Asian context.
a graduation programme leading to degrees on the master's
and doctoral levels.
3. That the six TAP commission members serve as a nominating committee for members of the new board.
4. That this TAP consultation recommend to the new board that we anticipate establishing all-Asian centers in Seoul, Korea, India (Yeotmal or Bangalore), and Hong Kong and/or Singapore by 1975, each with its own governing board.
Resolutions
71/10 The following persons were elected to serve on the Board of the Asian Centre for Advanced Theological Studies:
Dr. Saphir P. Athyal (convenor) Dr. B. S. Oh Dr. Lawrence Chia Dr. John Pao
Dr. John Chongnahm Cho Dr. Chandu Ray
Rev. Gadiel T. Isidro Dr. Susuma Uda
That the TAP International Co-ordinator and the Asia regional co-ordinators be invited to serve as consultants to this board and that the board consider forming a council of reference.
71/11 That the statement of faith of the World Evangelical Fellowship be adopted as the minimal doctrinal standard of the board and faculty of the proposed centres.
71/12 That the new board consist of 7-12 members, and that it draft its own constitution and by-laws.
71/13 That the following suggestions be submitted to the board from this consultation:
A. That the board consider criteria for recognition and accre- ditation of a graduate degree programme.
B. That each center work in English and another language if desirable.
10
C.
D.
E.
F.
That the board normally meet once a year
That each center be encouraged to develop according to its own local needs in its local situation under the guidance of its own board within the framework of principles laid down by the central board.
That the Korean school be developed in close co-operation with the Korean Evangelical Theological Commission.
That the major financial responsibility for the facilities of each center be the responsibility of the host center and its board.
Ill
CONSULTATION ON THEOLOGICAL EDUCATION BY EXTENSION Reports
India: The development of The ASSOCIATION FOR THEOLOGICAL
EXTENSION EDUCATION (TAFTEE) was reported. 25 member bodies representing evangelical schools, churches and mission bodies and evangelicals within the mainline churches, have joined together to provide nation-wide extension courses leading to degree, diploma and certificate levels in English and vernacular languages. Pilot centres begin in August 1971 in 4 cities. TAFTEE has a clearly defined evange- lical statement of Faith.
Indonesia: Considerable interest exists among many groups but so far there has been little active co-operation. It is suggested that perhaps the most fruitful approach will be in the production of Programmed
Instruction Materials.
Vietnam: It is expected that 10 centres will be opened in the coming
year. Programmed Instruction Materials mostly at a low academic level are being translated into Vietnamese.
Taiwan: The China Evangelical Seminary is sponsoring the Extension
project at diploma level.
Malaysia: At least one Extension centre has been started but as yet
there is no Programmed Instruction Material.
Latin America: The Revs_ Savage an L extension structures
Latin America experiments. They stresseo spiritual life
must be flexible and that motivation ofstude^^^^^^^
of the churches are the key factors connected with a seminary.
Theological Extension does not need to be connecteo wiin
Appreciation was expressed for the of EO ^ ^1970
sponsoring several national extens^n work shops m and the proposed 5 more during August-September
11
Resolutions
71/14 That TAP establish a co-ordinating agency for TEE in Asia.
Its terms of reference are:
1. To act as a clearing house for the collection and dissemination of all relevant TEE information
2. To co-ordinate and advise national TEE bodies on the pro- duction of Programmed Instruction Material (PIM)
3. To recommend curricula objectives to be reached at each level
4. To co-ordinate publishing matters
5. To co-ordinate translation arrangements
6. To co-ordinate academic standards
7. To organize training
8. To investigate accreditation for TEE
9. To liaise with other non-TAP Asian bodies interested in TEE.
71/15 THAT TAP appoint an Asia Co-ordinator for TEE as soon as possible, and that in the meantime one of the national TEE co-ordinators be appointed as acting TAP Co-ordinator for TEE, for a maximum period of two years.
71/16 THAT an Asia TEE Committee be formed, initially to include Messrs. McCleary, Dainton, Tin, Hoke, Janepiriyaprayoon, Hitchen, Meadowcroft, Liao, and either E. Banguelo or another Filipino representative. This committee shall have authority to to revise and increase its own membership. Mr. McCleary will convene the first meeting.
71/17 THAT these recommendations on finance, viz.:
a. That all regional and national TEE bodies be asked to make an annual contribution of at least US$25.00 for the travelling expenses of the Co-ordinator
b. That the operating expenses of the Co-ordinating Agency be borne by the TEE budget of TAP
c. That national churches and organizations and missionary bodies be asked to take into consideration the strategic needs of TEE when determining their annual budget al- location for overall TAP ministries be remitted to the TEE Committee established by Resolution 71/16 as the basis of its financial operation in consultation with TAP.
12
IV
CONSULTATION ON EVANGELICAL THEOLOGICAL COMMISSIONS AND SOCIETIES
Reports
Japan: The Japan Evangelical Theological Society was formed April
1970 for the purpose of establishing study groups, publishing a journal and sponsoring lectures throughout Japan. ETS has 200 members. Study commissions in the field of Biblical studies, historial, systematic and pastoral Theology, History and Philosophy, have been appointed. The first consultation was held in Tokyo April 1971. The first issue of the ETS journal. Evangelical Theology in Japanese has been published.
Korea: The Korea Evangelical Theological Commission was organized
a year ago. So far 5 consultations have been held. To the Con- sultation 4-5 June 1971 on the theme "Evangelism in Asian Crisis", delegates from Japan and Taiwan participated in the reading of papers and discussion.
Philippines: The Theological Association of the Philippines was or-
ganized in 1970, open to members holding a Th.B. degree. After 5 years, membership will be limited to those holding B.D.
India: The Evangelical Theological Commission was formed in 1963.
Several consultations have been held and papers published. The ETC is in the process of being reconstituted into an evangelical theological society open to theological teachers, pastors, and laymen.
Malaysia: There is interest in forming an evangelical theological society.
Latin America: A theological society known as FRATERNIDAD DE
TEOLOGOS LATIN AMERICANOS was formed in 1968 at Bogota. The first consultation in which 23 scholars participated, was held at Coc a- bamba, Bolivia in December 1970. The theme was The Word of God ^ Four regional fraternities have been formed and consultations planned on "The Doctrine of the Church". In Argentina, evangelicals plan to form^ a .heological society. ^ The_l;ate-nity_plm to sponsor
Resolutions.
71/18 That a TAP-Asia co-ordinator for evangelical theological com- missions/societies be appointed.
71/19 That TAP-Asia should seek to launch a journal of theology within the next 5 years.
critT^al ■ ev^ n'oTeJangeLT develop
an iSnors^'^ in their respective countries.
13
Resolutions
71/14 That TAP establish a co-ordinating agency for TEE in Asia.
Its terms of reference are:
1. To act as a clearing house for the collection and dissemination of all relevant TEE information
2. To co-ordinate and advise national TEE bodies on the pro- duction of Programmed Instruction Material (PIM)
3. To recommend curricula objectives to be reached at each level
4. To co-ordinate publishing matters
5. To co-ordinate translation arrangements
6. To co-ordinate academic standards
7. To organize training
8. To investigate accreditation for TEE
9. To liaise with other non-TAP Asian bodies interested in TEE.
71/15 THAT TAP appoint an Asia Co-ordinator for TEE as soon as possible, and that in the meantime one of the national TEE co-ordinators be appointed as acting TAP Co-ordinator for TEE, for a maximum period of two years.
71/16 THAT an Asia TEE Committee be formed, initially to include Messrs. McCleary, Dainton, Tin, Hoke, Janepiriyaprayoon, Hitchen, Meadowcroft, Liao, and either E. Banguelo or another Filipino representative. This committee shall have authority to to revise and increase its own membership. Mr. McCleary will convene the first meeting.
71/17 THAT these recommendations on finance, viz.:
a. That all regional and national TEE bodies be asked to make an annual contribution of at least US$25.00 for the travelling expenses of the Co-ordinator
b. That the operating expenses of the Co-ordinating Agency be borne by the TEE budget of TAP
c. That national churches and organizations and missionary bodies be asked to take into consideration the strategic needs of TEE when determining their annual budget al- location for overall TAP ministries be remitted to the TEE Committee established by Resolution 71/16 as the basis of its financial operation in consultation with TAP.
12
IV
CONSULTATION ON EVANGELICAL THEOLOGICAL COMMISSIONS AND SOCIETIES
Reports
Japan: The Japan Evangelical Theological Society was formed April
1970 for the purpose of establishing study groups, publishing a journal and sponsoring lectures throughout Japan. ETS has 200 members. Study commissions in the field of Biblical studies, historial, systematic and pastoral Theology, History and Philosophy, have been appointed. The first consultation was held in Tokyo April 1971. The first issue of the ETS journal. Evangelical Theology in Japanese has been published.
Korea: The Korea Evangelical Theological Commission was organized
a year ago. So far 5 consultations have been held. To the Con- sultation 4-5 June 1971 on the theme "Evangelism in Asian Crisis", delegates from Japan and Taiwan participated in the reading of papers and discussion.
Philippines: The Theological Association of the Philippines was or-
ganized in 1970, open to members holding a Th.B. degree. After 5 years, membership will be limited to those holding B.D.
India: The Evangelical Theological Commission was formed in 1963.
Several consultations have been held and papers published. The ETC is in the process of being reconstituted into an evangelical theological society open to theological teachers, pastors, and laymen.
Malaysia: There is interest in forming an evangelical theological society.
Latin America: A theological society known as FRATERNIDAD DE
TEOLOGOS LATIN AMERICANOS was formed in 1968 at Bogota. The first consultation in which 23 scholars participated, was at Cocha- bamba, Bolivia in December 1970. The theme was The Word of God _ Four regional fraternities have been formed and consultations planned on 'The Doctrine of the Church". In Argentina, form a theological society. The fraternity plans to sponsor sabbaticals for theological writers, pastors' conferences and to publish papers.
Resolutions. 71/18
That a TAP-Asia co-ordinator for evangelical theological com- missions/societies be appointed.
71/19 That TAP-Asia should seek to launch a journal of theology within the next 5 years.
an indigenous theology m their respective countries.
13
A Third World Theological Conference.
As well as encouraging the development of theological consultations and workshops on the national, regional and all Asian level, interest was expressed in joining with our evangelical brethren in Africa and Latin America to share our common problems and goals and to en- courage each other in the maintaining the historic evangelical Faith.
71 /21 ^ Believing that God will be glorified and His Church advanced
by a Third Theological Consultation within the next few years, we your brethren in Asia, invite the Christians of Latin America and Africa, to pray and plan with us for such a consultation. Therefore we in this consultation, request our TAP-Asia execu- tive committee, to investigate the feasibility of such a con- sultation by communicating our desire to responsible evangelical bodies in Africa and Latin America and by initiating such plans as their response may deem advisable and possible. A report should be brought back to the executive committee for decision and implementation.
V
CONSULTATION ON BIBLE TEACHING MINISTRIES Recommendations
Recognizing the great need for Bible Teaching ministries at the level of the local church; that courses taught in our seminaries often lack in relating expository preaching to the relevant cultural issues of the day; that the available source of professional and non-professional personnel who give evidence of prophetic and teaching gifts of the Holy Spirit, is largely untapped, we recommend that:
1. National evangelical theological societies and commissions give careful attention to the listing and developing from the total body of Christ, those men gifted in Bible teaching ministries and en- courage them to share in the holding of seminars and workshops for the purpose of training and commending others to the study, the communication and the teaching of the Bible as the Word of God.
2. That these national evangelical theological societies and commis- sions make available at the national level lists of persons available for these teaching ministries and give co-ordination and advice on the implementing of widespread expository teaching ministries.
3. That a TAP-Asia Bible Teaching Ministries Co-ordinator be ap- pointed for the purpose of:
a. Assisting and advising regional ETSs in the planning of lay preacher training programmes and deeper life conventions.
14
b. Compiling a list of interested and available Bible teachers of international acceptance who could be invited to share in Bible exposition training programmes and selected national conventions.
c. Inviting mission groups, churches and other organizations to share in the sponsoring and finance for travel for Asian Bible teachers.
Resolution
71/22 That TAP-Asia appoint a Co-ordinator for Bible Teaching Ministries within Asia.
TAP-ASIA
The consultation in its sub-committee and plenary sessions recognized the need to develop a loose and autonomous structure within Asia in order to co-ordinate the several programmes envisaged in the con- sultations. To this end, TAP-Asia was constituted as an autonomous fellowship. TAP-Asia will be a member body of TAP-International.
71/23 That TAP-Asia be formed with an executive committee com- posed of the following: The general co-ordinator for Asia,
the regional co-ordinators for N.E. Asia, S.E. Asia, S. Asia and the Pacific area, 2 representatives from the Center for Advanced Theological Studies, one from the Theologica Education by Extension, one from Evangelical Theological Societies and one from the Bible Teaching ministries. The Co-ordinator for TAP-International will be a member ex-officio.
71/24
71/25
71/26
That Dr. S. P. Athyal be reappointed as General Co-ordinator for TAP-Asia as well as Regional Co-ordinator for that Dr Eui Whan Kim for N.E. Asia, Dr^ Bong Rin Ro for S E Asia and Dr. G. J. McArthur for the Pacific area, be reappointed as Regional Co-ordinators. All these appointments will be for a 3-year term of office.
That Hr llHa be aoDointed as Asia Co-ordinator for Evan
Mr. McClear, be appointed Co^ordjnator
logical Education b, E^ns.on and
appomted Assoojate Cb^"'dm=tor for Tbeo^g ^
SsTd Me sr"“ , Mcctry, M. Dainton for 2 years.
. TAP-A.;ia Executive Committee draft a constitution “c" ro^n,"eac"b‘''''c*^.^' “o^e^n^TfoB. and' I.D.
15
A Third World Theological Conference.
As well as encouraging the development of theological consultations and workshops on the national, regional and all Asian level, interest was expressed in joining with our evangelical brethren in Africa and Latin America to share our common problems and goals and to en- courage each other in the maintaining the historic evangelical Faith.
71/21 "Believing that God will be glorified and His Church advanced by a Third Theological Consultation within the next few years, we your brethren in Asia, invite the Christians of Latin America and Africa, to pray and plan with us for such a consultation. Therefore we in this consultation, request our TAP-Asia execu- tive committee, to investigate the feasibility of such a con- sultation by communicating our desire to responsible evangelical bodies in Africa and Latin America and by initiating such plans as their response may deem advisable and possible. A report should be brought back to the executive committee for decision and implementation.
V
CONSULTATION ON BIBLE TEACHING MINISTRIES Recommendations
Recognizing the great need for Bible Teaching ministries at the level of the local church; that courses taught in our seminaries often lack in relating expository preaching to the relevant cultural issues of the day; that the available source of professional and non-professional personnel who give evidence of prophetic and teaching gifts of the Holy Spirit, is largely untapped, we recommend that:
1 . National evangelical theological societies and commissions give careful attention to the listing and developing from the total body of Christ, those men gifted in Bible teaching ministries and en- courage them to share in the holding of seminars and workshops for the purpose of training and commending others to the study, the communication and the teaching of the Bible as the Word of God.
2. That these national evangelical theological societies and commis- sions make available at the national level lists of persons available for these teaching ministries and give co-ordination and advice on the implementing of widespread expository teaching ministries.
3. That a TAP-Asia Bible Teaching Ministries Co-ordinator be ap- pointed for the purpose of:
a. Assisting and advising regional ETSs in the planning of lay preacher training programmes and deeper life conventions.
14
b.
Compiling a list of interested and available Bible teachers of international acceptance who could be invited to share in Bible exposition training programmes and selected national conventions.
c. Inviting mission groups, churches and other organizations to share in the sponsoring and finance for travel for Asian Bible teachers.
Resolution
71/22 That TAP-Asia appoint a Co-ordinator for Bible Teaching Ministries within Asia.
TAP-ASIA
The consultation in its sub-committee and plenary sessions recognized the need to develop a loose and autonomous structure within Asia in order to co-ordinate the several programmes envisaged in the con- sultations. To this end, TAP-Asia was constituted as an autonomous fellowship. TAP-Asia will be a member body of TAP-International.
71/23 That TAP-Asia be formed with an executive committee com- posed of the following: The general co-ordinator for Asia,
the regional co-ordinators for N.E. Asia, S.E. Asia, S. Asia and the Pacific area, 2 representatives from the Center for Advanced Theological Studies, one from the Theoogica Education by Extension, one from Evangelical Theological Societies and one from the Bible Teaching ministries. The Co-ordinator for TAP-International will be a member ex-officio.
71/24
71/25
71/26
That Dr. S. P. Athyal be reappointed as General Co-ordinator for TAP-Asia as well as Regional Co-ordinator for that Dr. Eui Whan Kim for N.E. Asia, Dr^ Bong Rin Ro fo S E Asia and Dr. G. J. McArthur for the Pacific area, be reappointed as Regional Co-ordinators. All these appointments will be for a 3-year term of office.
rh.t nr S IJda be appointed as Asia Co-ordinator for Evan- .elical Theologjcal mISS
ogical Education by bjt^Theological Education by
tppomted Assocmm Co^ord appointed for 3
;SsTd Mess"s‘'rM^Cteary, M. Dainton tor 2 years, rhat the TAP.Asia
E°TC™ro"n,"ea'o^'cS2.rrsS o.ering Th,B. and B.D,
15
degrees. Theological Education by Extension national organiza- tions, and any other evangelical organization working in the field of theological education.
71/27 That the Overseas Missionary Fellowship and the Discipleship Training Centre be requested to release Dr. Bong Rin Ro to serve part time as South East Asia co-ordinator and TAP- Asia administrator and that TAP-Asia provide Dr. Ro with an administrator and adequate secretarial help.
Appendix A
AN OPEN LETTER TO MISSION EXECUTIVES, MISSIONARY THEO- LOGICAL EDUCATORS, AND NATIONAL CHURCH LEADERS IN ASIA FROM PARTICIPANTS IN THE SECOND ASIA EVANGELICAL THEOLOGICAL CONSULTATION HELD IN SINGAPORE JUNE 8-12, 1971
A Plea for Indigenizing Theological Education and Ministerial Training.
Dear Brothers in Christ,
By the grace of God we gathered in Singapore this last week to examine our common problems in ministerial training and to find ways of making our theological teaching more relevant and effective.
First of all, we want to express our sincere gratitude to all who under difficult conditions have pioneered ministerial training in Asia. We rejoice that through our existing Bible schools and evangelical seminaries Asian churches in recent years have attained increasing maturity. With increasing visa restrictions upon foreign missionaries in several countries however, it is our conviction that we must accelerate the assumption of responsibility by gifted national theologians.
We see the danger of blanket resolutions, recognizing that the degree of penetration of non-Christian cultures, the growth of the churches and especially indigenous scholarship varies tremendously from country to country. The emerging national churches in a few countries, still have no qualified theological educators at all, many countries as yet have far too few, while a few countries have been increasingly blessed with well qualified nationals returning from post-graduate training overseas.
16
We emphatically repudiate all nationalistic prejudice against missionaries. The right kind of missionaries are still needed in our teaching staffs in many places, and because of the international nature of the Christian Church it is axiomatic with us that until Christ returns, we expect always to enjoy some international involvement in theological teaching.
We are concerned now, however, for a greatly accelerated development of our theological institutions, and believe that this will be forwarded by hastening wherever possible the indigenization of the administration, faculty and finance of our evangelical schools. We believe that the development of a truly evangelical theology, true to the Word of God and relevant to our various socio-cultural contexts will be speeded up by proper national initiative in leadership in mutual creative endeavour alongside missionary educators.
We think we can do a better job if we evangelicals pool our resources. Our survey of existing institutions showed an unfortunate multiplication of inadequate institutions owing to denominational duplication, short- sighted competition, and individualistic fragmentation. We want to urge missions and churches to find ways of co-operating together and wherever possible uniting schools of similar level and purpose, so that we may train men better for effective leadership and ministry.
Many of our seminaries and Bible Schools are stereotypes of Western models and are curriculum-examination orientated rather than training men practically for pastoral ministry in Asia. We have transplanted the Western content of theological education without sufficient atten- tion to our very different needs. We want missions and churches therefore to re-examine our existing patterns and curricula, and to re-structure both the content and methods of training in the light o contemporary Asian situations. We are eager to join with you in developing a more Biblical pattern of ministerial training along less monastic and institutional lines, seeking more flexibility and greater involvement with needy people. We believe we should both de
westernise and, where we have been guilty o , ujs.oricai
de-indigenize our theological teaching in the light
and cultural research. We have occasional^ nn ntw v^avs
clericalism of our own, which has hindered exploring new ways of
ministerial training.
we wish that more of you -Id have been with^us^
thrilled and encouraged as we have b . ctandards of conservative
united by a common /S ’'’'we ‘m
theological scholarship throughout thpnioaical training as credible
to prolide Centres lor P^^XeMrn sSari^^^^ contemporary alternatives to Wes , • . teachers for Asia,
produce inside Asia better Asian theological teacners
17
degrees. Theological Education by Extension national organiza- tions, and any other evangelical organization working in the field of theological education.
71/27 That the Overseas Missionary Fellowship and the Discipleship Training Centre be requested to release Dr. Bong Bin Ro to serve part time as South East Asia co-ordinator and TAP- Asia administrator and that TAP-Asia provide Dr. Ro with an administrator and adequate secretarial help.
Appendix A
AN OPEN LETTER TO MISSION EXECUTIVES, MISSIONARY THEO- LOGICAL EDUCATORS, AND NATIONAL CHURCH LEADERS IN ASIA FROM PARTICIPANTS IN THE SECOND ASIA EVANGELICAL THEOLOGICAL CONSULTATION HELD IN SINGAPORE JUNE 8-12, 1971
A Plea for Indigenizing Theological Education and Ministerial Training.
Dear Brothers in Christ,
By the grace of God we gathered in Singapore this last week to examine our common problems in ministerial training and to find ways of making our theological teaching more relevant and effective.
First of all, we want to express our sincere gratitude to all who under difficult conditions have pioneered ministerial training in Asia. We rejoice that through our existing Bible schools and evangelical seminaries Asian churches in recent years have attained increasing maturity. With increasing visa restrictions upon foreign missionaries in several countries however, it is our conviction that we must accelerate the assumption of responsibility by gifted national theologians.
We see the danger of blanket resolutions, recognizing that the degree of penetration of non-Christian cultures, the growth of the churches and especially indigenous scholarship varies tremendously from country to country. The emerging national churches in a few countries, still have no qualified theological educators at all, many countries as yet have far too few, while a few countries have been increasingly blessed with well qualified nationals returning from post-graduate training overseas.
16
We emphatically repudiate all nationalistic prejudice against missionaries. The right kind of missionaries are still needed in our teaching staffs in many places, and because of the international nature of the Christian Church it is axiomatic with us that until Christ returns, we expect always to enjoy some international involvement in theological teaching.
We are concerned now, however, for a greatly accelerated development of our theological institutions, and believe that this will be forwarded by hastening wherever possible the indigenization of the administration, faculty and finance of our evangelical schools. We believe that the development of a truly evangelical theology, true to the Word of God and relevant to our various socio-cultural contexts will be speeded up by proper national initiative in leadership in mutual creative endeavour alongside missionary educators.
We think we can do a better job if we evangelicals pool our resources. Our survey of existing institutions showed an unfortunate multiplication of inadequate institutions owing to denominational duplication, short- sighted competition, and individualistic fragmentation. We want to urge missions and churches to find ways of co-operating together and wherever possible uniting schools of similar level and purpose, so that we may train men better for effective leadership and ministry.
Many of our seminaries and Bible Schools are stereotypes of Western models and are curriculum-examination orientated rather than training men practically for pastoral ministry in Asia. We have transplanted the Western content of theological education without sufficient atten- tion to our very different needs. We want missions and churches therefore to re-examine our existing patterns and curricula, and to re-structure both the content and methods of training in the light o contemporary Asian situations. We are eager to join with you in developing a more Biblical pattern of ministerial training along less monastic and institutional lines, seeking more flexibility and greater involvement vvith needy people. We believe we westernise and, where we have been guilty o , ujstoricai
de-indigenize our theological teaching in the ig o reactionary
and cultural research. We have occasional^ n new wavs
clericalism of our own, which has hindered exploring new ways
ministerial training.
X ha\/p been with us this week and be
We wish that more of you ^®en
thrilled and encouraged as we have ' g^g^^grds of conservative
united by a common ^ , ^Ve are especially concerned
theological scholarship throughout .heoloqical training as credible to provide Centres for POSt-graduate t^heoio^ contemporary alternatives to Western sem na ies m om produce inside Asia better Asian theological teacne
17
We hope you will join with us in an enlarged and accelerated programnne for training national administrative and teaching staff and putting them in positions of leadership and responsibility. Most missions have long since transferred leadership to nationals at the church level and many are doing the same in theological education, but there are places where the transfer of responsibility to nationals seems overdue, and where mission boards seem reluctant to trust their national colleagues, pro- longing indirect control by attaching strings to financial support. "He that hath a cap that fits, let him wear it, and he that hath an itch, let him scratch it."
We believe that this consultation marks a substantial step forward in the development of a truly evangelical scholarship and training of men for the ministry who will be true to the Word of God, faithful pastors of the flock and effective heralds of the Gospel, able to com- municate with the non-Christian societies around us.
Your affectionate brothers in Christ's work in Asia.
18
Appendix B
List of Participants; Delegates
|
Dr. S. P. Athyal Rev. Jonathan Chao Dr. Lawrence Chia Dr. John Chongnahm Cho Mr. Martin B. Dainton Mr. Michael Griffiths Mr. Thomas Heng Dr. Donald E. Hoke Rev. Gadiel T. Isidro Rev. T. Janepiriyaprayoon Dr. Eui Whan Kim Mr. J. E. Langlois Dr. G. J. McArthur Mr. Ian McCleary Mr. Bruce J. Nicholls Dr. John Pao Rev. Nene Ramientos Dr. Chandu Ray Dr. Bong Rin Ro Rev. Jason Shen Rev. Pham Xuan Tin Dr. Susuma Uda Rev. James Wong |
Yeotmal, India Taipei, Taiwan Singapore Seoul, Korea Djakarta, Indonesia Singapore Selangor, Malaysia Tokyo, Japan Manila, Philippines Bangkok, Thailand Seoul, Korea Forest, Guernsey, C.l. Marsfield, Australia Bangalore, India Yeotmal, India Kowloon, Hong Kong Manila, Philippines Singapore Singapore Taipei, Taiwan Nhatrang, Vietnam Tokyo, Japan Singapore |
Observers;
|
Mr. David Adeney Mr. Chua Wee Hian Rev. Ong Van Huyen Dr. E. Kilbourne Mr. Stephen Knapp Rev. Ruben Lores Rev. Peter Savage Dr. Quek Swee Hwa Rev. Russell Self Mr. Michael Smith Rev. Hugh D. Sprunger Rev. S. T. Sutherland |
Singapore Singapore Nhatrang, Vietnam Seoul, Korea Valley Forge, U.S.A. San Jose, Costa Rica Cochabamba, Bolivia Singapore Singapore Valley Forge, U.S.A. Taichung, Taiwan Nhatrang, Vietnam |
We hope you will join with us in an enlarged and accelerated programme for training national administrative and teaching staff and putting them in positions of leadership and responsibility. Most missions have long since transferred leadership to nationals at the church level and many are doing the same in theological education, but there are places where the transfer of responsibility to nationals seems overdue, and where mission boards seem reluctant to trust their national colleagues, pro- longing indirect control by attaching strings to financial support. "He that hath a cap that fits, let him wear it, and he that hath an itch, let him scratch it."
We believe that this consultation marks a substantial step forward in the development of a truly evangelical scholarship and training of men for the ministry who will be true to the Word of God, faithful pastors of the flock and effective heralds of the Gospel, able to com- municate with the non-Christian societies around us.
Your affectionate brothers in Christ's work in Asia.
18
Appendix B
List of Participants: Delegates
Dr. S. P. Athyal
Rev. Jonathan Chao
Dr. Lawrence Chia
Dr. John Chongnahm Cho
Mr. Martin B. Dainton
Mr. Michael Griffiths
Mr. Thomas Heng
Dr, Donald E. Hoke
Rev. Gadiel T. Isidro
Rev. T. Janepiriyaprayoon
Dr. Eui Whan Kim
Mr. J. E. Langlois
Dr. G. J. McArthur
Mr. Ian McCleary
Mr. Bruce J. Nicholls
Dr. John Pao
Rev. Nene Ramientos
Dr. Chandu Ray
Dr. Bong Rin Ro
Rev. Jason Shen
Rev. Pham Xuan Tin
Dr. Susuma Uda
Rev. James Wong
Observers:
Mr. David Adeney Mr. Chua Wee Hian Rev. Ong Van Huyen Dr, E. Kilbourne Mr. Stephen Knapp Rev. Ruben Lores Rev. Peter Savage Dr. Quek Swee Hwa Rev. Russell Self Mr. Michael Smith Rev. Hugh D. Sprunger Rev. S. T. Sutherland
Yeotmal, India Taipei, Taiwan Singapore Seoul, Korea Djakarta, Indonesia Singapore Selangor, Malaysia Tokyo, Japan Manila, Philippines Bangkok, Thailand Seoul, Korea Forest, Guernsey, C.l. Marsfield, Australia Bangalore, India Yeotmal, India Kowloon, Hong Kong Manila, Philippines Singapore Singapore Taipei, Taiwan Nhatrang, Vietnam Tokyo, Japan Singapore
Singapore Singapore Nhatrang, Vietnam Seoul, Korea Valley Forge, U.S.A. San Jose, Costa Rica Cochabamba, Bolivia Singapore Singapore
Valley Forge, U.S.A. Taichung, Taiwan Nhatrang, Vietnam
You may write to our staff at the following addresses:
Dr. Saphir P. Athyal TAP-Asia Co-ordinator South Asia Co-ordinator Union Biblical Seminary Yeotmal, Maharashtra India.
Dr. Bong Bin Ro S.E. Asia Co-ordinator 33A Chancery Lane Singapore 11.
Dr. Eui Whan Kim N.E. Asia Co-ordinator 146-6 Shin Sul Dong, Dongdae Moon Ku, Seoul, Korea.
Dr. G. J. McArthur Pacific Area Co-ordinator 26, Wilding Street,
Eastwood 2122,
New South Wales, Australia.
Dr. Susuma Uda Asia Co-ordinator for Evangelical Theological Societies/Commissions 1 -8-1 5 Hikawabar, Kurume-Machi, Kitatama-Gun, Tokyo 118, Japan.
Rev. Nene Ramientos
Asia Co-ordinator for
Bible Teaching Ministries
210A, Martinez, Mandaluyong, Rizal,
P.O. Box 2557, Manila, Philippines.
Rev. Ian McCleary Asia Co-ordinator for Theological Education by Extension Glenwood, Coongor 1, Nilgiris,
S. India.
Rev. Bruce Nicholls General Co-ordinator TAP International Union Biblical Seminary, Yeotmal, Maharashtra, India.
Mr. John E. Langlois TAP International Administrator Merevale, Forest, Guernsey, Channel Islands United Kingdom.
20
You may write to our staff at the following addresses:
Dr. Saphir P. Athyal TAP-Asia Co-ordinator South Asia Co-ordinator Union Biblical Seminary Yeotmal, Maharashtra India.
Dr. Bong Rin Ro S.E. Asia Co-ordinator 33A Chancery Lane Singapore 11.
Dr. Eui Whan Kim N.E. Asia Co-ordinator 146-6 Shin Sul Dong, Dongdae Moon Ku, Seoul, Korea.
Dr. G. J. McArthur Pacific Area Co-ordinator 26, Wilding Street,
Eastwood 2122,
New South Wales, Australia.
Dr. Susuma Uda Asia Co-ordinator for Evangelical Theological Societies/Commissions 1 -8-1 5 Hikawabar, Kurume-Machi, Kitatama-Gun, Tokyo 118, Japan.
Rev. Nene Ramientos
Asia Co-ordinator for
Bible Teaching Ministries
210A, Martinez, Mandaluyong, Rizal,
P.O. Box 2557, Manila, Philippines.
Rev. Ian McCleary Asia Co-ordinator for Theological Education by Extension Glenwood, Coongor 1, Nilgiris,
S. India.
Rev. Bruce Nicholls General Co-ordinator TAP International Union Biblical Seminary, Yeotmal, Maharashtra, India.
Mr. John E. Langlois TAP International Administrator Merevale, Forest, Guernsey, Channel Islands United Kingdom.
20
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SEOUL ONION CHURCH
194 IN-SA DONG, CHONG RO KU
SEOUL, KOREA
BACKGROUND OF SEOUL UNION CHURCH. FOUNDED 1886
“Held our first stated Sunday service this eve after dinner •” wrote Dr. Horace Allen, M. D. in his diary, June 28, 1885 “Dr. and Mrs- He- ron the elder Mrs. Scranton, myself, and wife being present ” It was the beginning of Seoul Union Church, the oldest organized Protestant church in Korea. (July 25, 1886J Services were held in the American Legation upon invitation of the Minister, Captain William H. Parker.
Two missionary pioneers were the first pastors, Mr. H. G. Appen- zeller, a Methodist, and Mr. H. G. Underwood, a Presbyterian. Mem- bership was open to any person in good standing in an evangelical de- nomination. For a time the Episcopal order of service was used on al- ternate Sundays In 1892, under the pastorate of S A. Moffett, the hour of service was changed from morning to afternoon to avoid conflict
with Korean church services.
For years it was literally a pilgrim church. The pastor changed ev- ery year, the preacher every Sunday, and the church location almost as often In 1888 services moved to the Presbyterian guest house, in 1889 to Pai Chai High School, l905 to Chung Dong Methodist Church. 1907 to Ewha. 1919 to Pierson Memorial, 1924 to Morris Hall (Seoul Foreign School), and in 1956 to the present location at Tai Hwa Center, 194 In- sa Dong in downtown Seoul.
This church has survived the five wars in which Korea has been in- volved since 1886, and today effectively serves its congregation which averages about 300 per Sunday.
With the rapid growth of the Korean economy and the expanding diplomatic and economic relations of the ROK Government, increasing numbers of businessmen, diplomats, teachers, and tourists are coming to Korea. In order to provide these people of all nationalities with an English language Protestant worship service and Sunday School, the Seoul Union Church is holding services twice a day each Sunday. How- ever, during July and August only one service is held each Sunday.
In order to meet the new challenges and increased responsibilities con- fronting it, the Seoul Union Church now has a full time pastor and several associate ministers Rev, and Mrs Glenn S Fuller and family arrived in the summer of 1970 to lead the congregation.
PROGRAM
This church is a center of fellowship bringing together people from business, diplomatic, military, missionary and other groups in the community.
The youth fellowship group, the choir, and other interest groups meet regularly.
Sunday School Worship Services
July and August Worship Service Pastor: Rev. Glenn S. Fuller
9: 30 A. M. 10:45 A. M. 4: 30 P. M.
9: 30 A. M. Tel. 73-2011
THESE DIRECTIONS MAY BE SHOWN TO THE TAXI DRIVER