Land

Forest

Vol. 6, No. 1

Wildlife

April - May, 1963

Published bi-monthly by the Department of Lands and Forests,
Natural Resources Building, Edmonton, Alberta.

DEDICATED TO THE WISE USE AND MANAGEMENT OF
THE PROVINCE’S RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES;
ITS LAND, ITS FOREST AND ITS WILDLIFE.

HON. NORMAN WILLMORE, H. G. JENSEN,

Minister. Deputy Minister.

EDITOR— W. H. MACDONALD

Contents Page

Editor’s Notes 3

Not a Drop to Drink 5

In Public Service 14

Wildlife Management 16

In The Mail 20

National Committee Aids Forests 25

Fire Fighting Volunteers 27

Photo Credits:

Alberta Gov’t Photo Service — pages 8, 10 (upper), 13 and 25.
R. J. Paterson — pages 10 (lower), 11 and 12.

H. Sivyers — pages 22 and 23.

Permission to reprint material from this publication is hereby granted. A credit
line would be appreciated.

All correspondence should be addressed to the Publicity Officer, Department of
Lands and Forests, Natural Resources Building, Edmonton, Alberta.

2

SMELLS!

What a cheerless world this would
be, should man suddenly be deprived of
the sense of smell. Odor is practically
inescapable; sight, sound and tactile im-
pressions may be thwarted by a variety
of means but the purest atmosphere has
a message for the nose and breathing
is required for life.

Smells are all round us, good, bad
and indifferent. Some startle, others
soothe; what is pleasing to one may
repel another. The universally repug-
nant odors are, fortunately, a minority;
a large proportion of the truly unlimited
scale of scents is savoured by many,
cherished by some and rejected by few.

Who does not breathe more deeply
on an April morning after the first
spring rain? What memories are as-
sociated with a sniff of vagrant wood-
smoke, gently savoured? Does not saliva
rise to the odor of freshly baked bread?
The pungence of spices is heady wine
to the cook; cosmetic perfumes turn
male heads, young and old. Babies must
indeed relish the vapour of warm milk
and many a lusty tippler glows at the
molasses flavour of hot rum.

The carpenter’s saw cuts through
wood and the smell of heated resin fills
the air. The mechanic feels at home in
the fragrance of petroleum, iron and

burnt welding flux. The doctor’s pulse
must quicken when he enters the
ethereal atmosphere of his hospital.
The fisherman envisions an empty purse
without the smell of cod.

Newly printed pages carry the tart
scent of ink. New automobiles bear
their classified smell insignia; indeed
the odor has been synthesized and
sprayed within older models to impart
a false sense of newness. Tweed cloth
retains its earthy reminder of the sheep
that bore it. The redolence of cedar is
invigorating though it discourages the
moth and other woods, less arresting
to the nose, have each an identifying
odor. New leather claims its devotees
and fresh cut hay lures cows into barns
and small “fry” into lofts.

A host of plants cast forth their
scented lures; most are beloved by man.
Sweet clover on a hot prairie day, wolf
willow on an evening breeze and cran-
berry shrubs in autumn woodlands in-
vade the senses ringingly. Tradition
favors the bride with orange blossoms
and the invalid’s table with bouquets.

As laundering hints of cleanliness, a
good cigar shouts opulence. Motor ex-
haust fumes murmur about industry; so
do coal smoke, and heated electrodes.
A small boy’s breath imparts innocence

3

on its bread and milk current and the
alcoholic’s thirst is broadcast to his
company.

There are some barely perceptible
scents, so vague they might just possibly
be imagined. The salt “chuck” of the
ocean may be discovered on the prairie
by inquisitive “blue” noses. Lightning
often leaves an odor described as “burnt
atmosphere”, intangible as this may
seem. Men “smell” danger and, among
their enemies, aggression or fear. Dust
has an ugly odor, at least to the neat
housewife and fog implies mistrust to
both eye and nose.

No glossary can neglect the more
repelling effluvia; they command atten-
tion. A wet dog is ejected from the
family car and the garbage burning

neighbor ostracized. Decaying vegetation
is avoided by all but the most avid
gardener. The human body under duress
emits repugnance with its perspiration.
Burning rubber and glue wrinkle many
noses. The sour odor of fermented grain
is likely only enjoyed by the brewer.
Fear of immobility is transmitted to all
but a few by anaethetic evaporation.
Manure in all its forms warns of bac-
teriae and disease.

Among all the odors, however, there
is one, unclassified and essentially dif-
ferent to each person. What man does
not recognize that indefinable mixture
of vapors that greets him each evening
at the open door of his dwelling? His
long association with all the belongings
contained therein interprets readily that
“this is truly home”.

4

SUPPLY DEMAND AND THE WATER
PROBLEM

Reprinted by permission from THINK Magazine, published by International Business
Machines Corporation, Copyright 1962 by Homer Page.

Twenty years ago, at its Sparrows
Point plant about twelve miles from
Baltimore, Maryland, the Bethlehem
Steel Company had a problem. The
plant had only one source of fresh
water — artesian wells which tapped the
same underground strata as did the
rest of Baltimore’s expanding industrial
area. When usage in the area rose, the
water level dropped and brackish water
infiltrated the wells. More fresh water
was needed to continue plant operations,
but no nearby rivers were suitable, and
a growing Baltimore could not supply
any substantial amounts from existing
supplies.

The city did have, however, one of
the most efficient sewage treatment
plants in the country, and plans were
made to use the effluent from the sew-
age treatment plant at Sparrows Point.
In cooperation with the city’s engineers
and the Maryland Department of
Health, a pipeline was laid from the
city’s plant to a new 41-acre, 85 million-
gallon reservoir at the steel plant. The
water required only minor treatment

with chlorine and alum before being
released to the pipeline, and the prob-
lem was solved at a very economical
costs of about two cents per 1,000 gal-
lons. In time, as both the city’s treat-
ment plant was expanded and improved
and the needs for fresh industrial water
grew at Sparrows Point, a new 96-inch
pipeline was added, assuring a daily
flow of at least 150 million gallons per
day. With such cooperation the city of
Baltimore and Bethlehem Steel’s plant
were able to expand together without
competing for limited water supplies.

This is one kind of action that has
been taken to ease the nation’s growing
water problems. But there are many
similar problems still unsolved. The fact
is: We have been so busy harnessing
and developing our water resources that
we have paid little attention to the
problems this very activity creates. For
our increasing difficulties are due to the
mismanagement of the resources we
have been developing.

While we have set the highest stand-
ard for our domestic water, some of us

5

are now beginning to find suds coming
from the taps in our homes.

While we are building plants to take
salt out of sea water, we are also busy
over-pumping ground water in coastal
areas and inviting saline invasion of our
fresh water supply.

While we, as a nation, are endowed
with a generous supply of water, every
year brings more news of droughts, of
communities and individuals in serious
trouble with their supply. Why is this
so, and what can be done about it?

Let’s look first at the broad picture.

An average of 30 inches of water
from rain and snow falls every year on
this country. About three-fourths of it,
21 inches, returns to the air by the dual
process of evapotranspiration, that is,
evaporation from our streams, lakes and
reservoirs and transpiration through the
leaves of plants and trees. The other
9 inches eventually run - off to the
sea after passing over or through the
ground. This last amount constitutes
our available water supply. It comes to
a total of about 1.3 trillion gallons a

day, or about 7,500 gallons a day for
each person in the country — enough,
for example, to fill a medium-sized bed-
room. The quantity of runoff varies
from place to place. For example, the
average runoff in New England is 24
inches, whereas that of the Colorado
river is 1.1 inches.

Just how is this available water
used? Most of it, four-fifths, still fulfills
its historical function of transporting
our industrial agricultural and personal
wastes to the sea. We use only one-fifth
of the total available supply. If you ex-
clude use by hydroelectric plants (where
water passes through unchanged) public
and municipal use amounts to only 8
per cent and the remaining 92 per cent
is divided about evenly between agri-
culture and industry. That is to say,
were we all to turn off our household
taps permanently, we would conserve
only about one per cent of the total
available supply.

It was not until the end of the 17th
century that the British astronomer
Edmund Halley measured the amount
of water flowing into the Mediterranean
and found it about equal to the pre-
cipitation in the areas that fed the
rivers that fed the sea, less that amount
of water returned to the atmosphere by
evapotranspiration. Today, we recognize
the hydrologic cycle (see page 9), as a
mechanism of grand design, powered
by heat from the sun and the pull of
gravity to create an endless exchange
of water between earth and atmosphere.
Rain falls upon the land, forming lakes
and rivers that seek to flow to the sea
or seep into the earth. The sun vapor-
izes the water, carrying it aloft, where
it condenses to form clouds that eventu-
ally return to the earth again as rain
and snow.

Of particular importance to water
scientists is the unseen part of this pro-
cess, the rainfall that percolates deep
into the ground. This downward move-
ment of water accumulates in aquifers,
porous rock materials that lie above
impervious rock formations, and forms
our ground-water supply. The top of
this saturated deposit, the water table.

6

AVERAGE AMOUNT

ANNUAL PRECIPITATION
30 INCHES

will rise and fall according to demands
made upon it by man and nature. These
aquifers provide water that is stable
in composition and temperature, create
springs, and supply streams by moving
laterally to where the surface of the
ground dips below the water table.

It is in the study and effective man-
agement of these great underground
reserves, as well as by more effective
control of our surface waters, that our
water scientists hope to solve many of
our water problems.

Our problems, generally speaking,
differ in the east and west. Ray
Richardson of the Water Resources

Division of the U.S. Interior Depart-
ment’s Geological Survey, and an old
hand in the water business, summed up
his thoughts on the subject for me. We
were drifting in a small boat down a
stream near the atomic energy plants
at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where he was
keeping tabs on the radioactive wastes
being fed into the stream.

“If you divide the U.S. down the
middle at about the 100th meridian,”
Richardson said, “that is, out around
Nebraska, Kansas and the Oklahoma
Panhandle, you can get a fair idea of
the differing water propositions between
the east and the west. In the eastern

7

half of the country, nature has been
good to us. Rainfall exceeds evapo-
transpiration and a lot of water soaks
into the ground. Since this keeps the
water table close to the surface and
above the level of the valleys, most
of the surface streams flow all year
around. In the west, the opposite is
generally true except in the mountain
regions where rainfall is high. Water is
scarce and, generally, the streams are
feeding the ground-water supply. In
broad terms, the east is saturated with
more water than it needs while the
west is arid. You have problems man-
aging the water in either case. I guess
water is something like money, it
doesn’t matter how much you have, you
still have trouble managing it.”

The hot, flat High Plains of Texas
are a clear example of the pressure of
a growing farm community on a limited
water supply in the arid west. There,
they point to the dry bed of the Brazos
river and say, ‘‘It’s about 800 miles
long, one mile wide and no deep.” This
could also describe what High Plains
farmers will soon face with their under-
ground water as well. Ground water,
stored during the Ice Age, is being
mined at an enormous rate by farmers
who have caught onto the marvels of
irrigation. Although there is scarcely
any replenishment of the ground water
from rainfall, intensive farming and
well-drilling have expanded (296 wells
in 1936, 10,500 in 1948, and 40,000 in
1958). As the water table drops at the
rate of about one foot per year, more
and more farmers will find the cost of
pumping closing in on the price of their
crops and will be forced to return to
dry farming or get out.

The problem on the High Plains is,
admittedly, an extreme example of
water use pressing on supply. Yet it
serves to point up the problem facing
many farming communities in the west
whose growth is based on increasing
consumption of limited water supplies.

The water needs for modern farming
are enormous, drawing off 46 per cent
of the water used in the country, and
this is concentrated mostly in the 17

GRAIN FIELD IRRIGATION

western states where 36 of the 39
million acres of irrigated land are lo-
cated. Additionally, agriculture actually
consumes 60 per cent of the water it
draws off (compared to 2 per cent for
industry), and another 23,000 million
gallons per day, about half the total
irrigation consumption, is lost through
evaporation and seepage of water
through the beds of canals on the way
from reservoirs to farms.

The west faces other problems. With
the best water already being used,
water of poorer quality is pressed into
service, often leaving alkali deposits in
the soil that limit its productivity. In
some sections, the legality of water
rights has become so complex as to
prevent communities from obtaining
finances for further development even
where that is justified. Such problems
as these are causing increased concern
about the management of water in the
west and have already provoked better

8

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

methods. For instance, in an attempt
to reduce transmission losses in open
ditches, in some areas water is piped
into fields for spray irrigation.

Because of a new series of experi-
mental desalinization plants which are
being built by the Interior Department’s
Office of Saline Water to compare vari-
ous ways of taking salt out of sea
water, it is now possible to consider
this method an answer to some of our
problems of aridity in the west. While
these plants and others in operation
around the world promise limited solu-
tions in arid coastal areas or inland
centers underlaid by saline ground
water, their present costs of production
still prohibit widespread use.

Coalinga, a small inland town in
California and the first in the U.S. to
take its entire supply from a modern
desalting plant, pays $1.45 per 1,000
gallons of water. While this is a grati-
fying fraction of the exorbitant $7.05
per $1,000 gallons previously paid for
shipment in by rail, it is much higher
than the cost of 10 to 30 cents per 1,000
gallons of most municipal systems.

The first OSW plant in operation is
producing 1,000,000 gallons of potable
water per day at Freeport, Texas, at a
cost of about $1.00 per 1,000 gallons.
But this is too expensive for agricul-
tural use where huge quantities of
cheap water are needed. Some experts
have said that if all the sea were fresh
water it would not solve our problems
there.

Pollution of both ground and surface
water is a major problem rising to
plague the east. There are now 30,000
sewage and industrial outlets dumping
wastes of various kinds into our
streams; most of them lie east of the
Rockies.

In the case of detergent wastes, for
example. Dr. Cooper H. Wayman of the
Interior Department’s Geological Survey
is hard at work as a chemist-detective
in his laboratory in the Denver Federal
Center.

“Perhaps the main thing about our
present water pollution,’’ Wayman told
me, “is that we know essentially
nothing about it. When our pollution

(Continued on page 11)

9

IRRIGATION CANAL SPILLWAY

INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT SPILLWAY

Wood baffle (in stream at left of centre) is designed to trap foam created by
waste chemicals. It is not completely successful.

10

Toxicity of water containing industrial waste may be partially reduced by inter-
rupted flow, using settling and evaporation ponds as illustrated above.

(Continued from page 9)

was composed only of natural wastes,
we could rely on ordinary purification
methods or sufficient dilution in our
streams to decompose them, returning
them to their component pcirts. I guess
most people would say that using
enough water would ‘purify’ them. But
since the war, new man-made chemicals
have come to the market that defy
nature’s usual means of chemically dis-
mantling them ....

“With detergents, Alkylbenzenesul-
fonate is the culprit. ABS is an organic
branched chain about as long as its
name implies, whose ion resists chemical
oxidation or biological degradation, the
usual dismantling process. Since it
makes foam with only two parts to the
million, water with suds in it is now
starting to come out of some household
taps in this country. One recent pol-

lution report lists 29 parts of ABS per
million in some of the household well
water on Long Island.

“Here in the lab, we’re using packed
soil columns, generally filled with sand
or soil to simulate ground conditions,
to see how soil can filter out wastes.
So far, we can filter out most of the
bacterial wastes, but we cannot remove
all of the detergents. At least part of
them pass right on through, as they
are now passing through the earth to
our ground-water supply.’’

We don’t know yet whether con-
suming detergents have any effects,
harmful or otherwise, on people. But
it’s safe to say that people don’t like
detergents in their drinking water.

The report on possible pollution from
radioactive wastes at the Oak Ridge
National Laboratories is hardly more
cheerful. Though only a small percent-

11

age of presently produced waste is put
into streams, it is still true that all the
waters of the world could not dilute the
annual production of radioactive wastes
from atomic plants planned by 1980 in
this country alone. The cautious Atomic
Energy Commission has considered
water dilution of most radioactive
wastes impractical from the start. The
fission products in the high level wastes
most injurious to man have been locked
up in the ground, by ion exchange and
other processes, where the activity will
dissipate in time. Some low-level wastes,
released into the stream Ray Richard-
son and his men are watching, have not
so far produced any bad effects.

There have been excellent solutions
to the problems of water management
on the part of major industries. There
was the Bethlehem Steel solution, men-
tioned earlier, at its Sparrow Point
plant. And for an excellent example of

foresight in planning, take Texaco’s new
refinery on Puget Sound. A specially
designed plant for the treatment of re-
finery effluent has been built that
handles enough water to supply a city
of 80,000 people. As water comes from
the refinery, giant blades skim the oil
from it. The water is then treated
chemically to dissolve the remaining oil
and sprayed over a large rock filter
where bacteria consume other impur-
ities. The remaining matter is settled
out in clarifying ponds before the water
is pumped into the Sound on outgoing
tides. The sludge is filtered, dried and
burned. Texaco, recognizing its com-
munity responsibility, thus takes every
precaution to protect the Sound’s oyster
beds and salmon.

Such forthright water management
will be increasingly necessary as our
expanding population and enterprise
continue to divide the available water

Evidence of stream pollution is disclosed by frozen foam tussocks at lower right.

12

IRRIGATION BY SPRINKLER

resources. Dr. Luna Leopold, Chief Hy-
draulic Engineer for Interior’s Geologi-
cal Survey, points out three things that
need to be done before over-all wise
management of our water is really
possible.

“Basic research is number one,’’ he
says. “Our detailed knowledge of hydro-
logic principles is woefully short,
especially when it comes to our vast
underground reservoirs . . .

“Second, there’s a question of our
water budget, making a real appraisal
of our total water resource. How can
we expect to manage wisely without
knowing how much water is going
through various parts of the nation’s
plumbing systems? We ought to know

whether our withdrawals are exceeding
our deposits . . .

“And the final ingredient we lack
for intelligent water management is
some broad decision about what we
want to be and what we want to have
as a people. What do we want in the
way of clean streams, natural scenery
and wilderness? What about the values
of recreation and beauty when they
compete with the economic possibilities
of developing our water? This is up to
our citizens and legislators to answer.
But it’s also up to hydro engineers,
geologists and chemists to get this
information to the public so that a
philosophy about management and use
can gradually develop.’’

13

S4>p^^n-t^^ve^ct^ LiiuviTts (\v^d TV’i£^'t^

RONALD C. THOMAS

The study of water,
its qualities, use and
misuse, has been a
major role of Al-
berta government
fishery biologist
Ronald C. Thomas. A student of the
late Richard B. Miller, Ron graduated
with his masters degree from the Uni-
versity of Alberta in 1954.

Mr. Thomas was born in Calgary
and attended public and high school
there. During undergraduate years he
worked with the forestry branch of the
federal department of agriculture, the
Eastern Rockies Forest Conservation

Board, at Lake O’Hara in Banff National
Park and at the Provincial biological
research s+ation at Gorge Creek. He
carried out a special assignment in

1953, investigating farm crop damage
by ducks in southern Alberta. He joined
the Alberta department of lands and
forests as a full time biologist in May

1954.

His civil service career to date has
been a full one. Working under former
Alberta fisheries chief, H. B. Watkins,
Ron has become intimately associated
with water use problems, pollution and
sanitation in many parts of the prov-
ince. He became Mr. Watkins’ chief
assistant in the administration of com-
mercial fisheries research and even
though well occupied with these duties,
he found time to conduct sport fishing
research projects in the “pot - hole’’
stocking and other programs. As a re-
sult of this variety of endeavour, Mr.
Thomas has obtained a wide and valued
range of knowledge in fishery manage-
ment in Alberta and elsewhere.

Ron Thomas is a frank and out-
spoken advocate of principled attitudes
in fish and wildlife management. Like
many true scientists he dislikes the
methods of expediency which sometimes
are allowed to subvert truly scientific
objectives. For this reason, and because
he is a refreshingly honest person, Ron
can be relied upon to provide research
information which is at least momen-
tarily exact. In his field of endeavour,
where scientific discoveries are rapidly
creating new concepts, the best scien-
tists can provide little more. Out of a
“labor of love’’ his contributions will
always be among the most worthy.

(Continued on following page)

14

THE WATER FAMINE

Advanced civilization dating back to
Babylon and before died in the dust
because they failed to manage their
water resources.

Today, some 40 million citizens of
the United States, the most advanced
nation on earth, face a serious water
shortage.

Two-thirds of the world’s population
goes to bed hungry each night, and
much of this problem traces directly to
the fact that these peoples are either
wasting their precious water or have
not learned to manage and control it.

The contrast is sharp. In India,
where thirst kills more people each year
than cancer and tuberculosis combined,
the per capita consumption of water for
all purposes is five gallons per day. In
the United States, we use 1,500 gallons
of water per person per day for all
purposes.

With such abundance, what is the
problem?

Simply this. Americans use 300
billion gallons of water a day. By 1980,
this demand will double, and the result-
ing total is more water than is even
now available in our nation.

Man is slowly learning some costly
lessons in utilizing and conserving our

RONALD C. THOMAS

(Continued from preceding page)

Ron and wife Mary Ann live in west
Edmonton with two daughters, Barbara,
aged three, and one-year-old Susan. The
Thomas household is the “open door’’
variety where friends and associates
come freely and informally at all times.
Ron likes nothing better than to enter-
tain his many friends and associates at
home where countless discussions in the
fields of wildlife and fishery manage-
ment have often terminated only at
dawn. Mary Ann, with charming gen-
erosity of spirit toward these occasions,
is readily conceded to be among the
most hospitable women in the world.

vital water resources. But man still
has not learned to fully control his
wastefulness.

In South Dakota, man has harnessed
the mighty Missouri and reduced dis-
astrous flood damages, but man con-
tinues to recklessly drain wetlands,
destroying nature’s own catch basins,
and adding to the flood crests every
wet spring.

Man plans vast water conservancy
projects in the state but has ignored
the problem of salination which may,
in a century, render our huge water
storage reserves useless for human con-
sumption or irrigation.

Man is becoming aware of the tre-
mendous importance of clean water to
recreation, but continues to allow de-
struction of our lakes and streams by
a wide assortment of pollutants.

Man, in semi-arid South Dakota,
knows the value of clean water for
human consumption. Yet communities
continue to vote against proper treat-
ment of sewage, thus jeopardizing the
welfare of their downstream neighbors
and mortgaging the future of their
children.

We cannot continue to squander or
poison our waters if we are to survive.

What will it profit humanity to put
intricate machinery into orbit, only to
circle a dead earth which has died of
thirst?

Reprinted from;

SOUTH DAKOTA
CONSERVATION HIGHLIGHTS.

WELL, SOMETHING LIKE THAT

A report from Schulter, Oklahoma,
reflects the growing significance of
sport fishing in the Amercan way of
life. Asked in Bible School to give a
line from the 23rd Psalm, a seven-year-
old youngster stood and said: “Thy rod
and thy reel doth comfort me.’’

15

The following explanation of wildlife management and its major principles is incorporated in a
manuscript being prepared for Alberta Junior Forest V/ardens. This well documented discussion was
originally provided by Alberta government wildlife biologist John Stelfox (see Land-Forest-Wildlife,
Vol. 5, No. 4). It seemed reasonable to assume that L-F-W readers would be equally as interested
in these comments as would novice outdoor enthusiasts.

Fundamentally,
the objective of
wildlife manage -
ment is the contin-
uous production of
crops of wild ani-
mals and birds.

Many classes of
animals are in-
volved; migratory
species, fur bearers,
herbivores and car-
nivores. Manage-
ment includes the skillful handling of
widely varying environments. It is in-
volved with many occupations: among
them, agriculture, forestry and range
management, and may invoke encour-
agement or restraint of both animal
populations and human activities.

Because wildlife management aims
at providing a continuous harvest, it
resembles agriculture and forestry. It
differs from forestry in that wildlife
crops are taken annually. These annual
crops have two main values to man,
economic and recreational. Economics

include an annual expenditure of roughly
20 to 30 million dollars by Alberta
sportsmen in the pursuit of hunting and
fishing. Recreationally they provide
many happy and restful hours to per-
sons engaged in a healthful form of
recreation.

Wildlife management has a sound
economic basis. Crops of wildlife can
be grown on land not suited to other
uses. There are millions of acres of
land in North America that fall into
this class. However, wildlife can also be
produced on land used for agricultural
crops.

The growth of interest in hunting is
expressed in the marked rise in big-
game and bird-game licence sales in
Alberta during the past ten-year period:
from 51,129 sold in 1950, to 168,057 in
1961.

Increases in human recreation, im-
proved woodlands access, invention and
ingenuity, are making greater demands
on the available supply of game. To

John Stelfox

16

meet these demands sound management
practices are more than ever required.

Wildlife management attempts,
through the modification of one or more
limiting factors, to increase the yield of
wildlife species over and above that
produced by natural circumstances.

Sound management procedure in-
cludes four preliminary steps:

1. A census of game species.

2. A measurement of the productivity
of the spiecies, i.e. the rate at which
the game species reproduces itself.
(The rate at which a game popu-
lation reproduces is dependent on
many environmental factors, and
these are taken into account in steps
3 and 4.)

3. An assessment of those factors which
inhibit the rate of increase by di-
rectly killing animals — e.g. hunting,
predation, starvation, diseases and
parasites, accidents and weather.

4. An assessment of those factors which
impede production by restricting
breeding or by weakening the ani-
mals’ defense against the factors
mentioned in (3). These include:
weather, environmental deficiencies,
intolerance within a species and in-
tolerance with competitive species.

diseases and parasites.

Like the science of agriculture, game
management produces a crop by con-
trolling those limiting factors which
effect the natural increase, or produc-
tivity of the basic herd.

Four important wildlife management
principles are employed to provide maxi-
mum game quantity for hunting and
recreational use:

1. Limiting Factor

For each game species there is a
limit to the amount of space, food
and cover the environment can pro-
vide. Because of this “limiting
factor’’, each environment or range
has a measurable carrying capacity.

2. Carrying Capacity

This refers to the number of
specified animals that a certain en-
vironment can maintain over a long
period. Capacity fluctuates with
seansons, weather, population, food
supply and disturbances.

In northern climates the winter
season exerts a powerful influence
on the carrying capacity of the range
of game species. Food, cover and
shelter are often ample during sum-
mer, but are greatly restricted dur-
ing winter, when travel is hampered
by deep snow, food production is
arrested, and waters are icebound.

17

3. Population Turnover

Although harsh winter conditions
greatly reduce the animal numbers,
rates of reproduction during the
spring and summer normally result
in a rapid population recruitment.
Natural mortality can be equally
effective. Sixty to eighty per cent
of most game birds in Alberta die
naturally each year, even when no
hunting is allowed.

4. Harvestable Surplus

A good proportion of the annual
turnover of game species can become
a harvestable surplus, available to
the hunter each fall. By improving

the supply of winter food, cover and
shelter, and by controlling limiting
factors such as predation, disease
and parasites, game productivity is
encouraged to rise and thus increase
the harvestable surplus.

Adequate autumn harvest of surplus
animals alleviates overcrowding and
consequent winter mortality. Available
food supplies and shelter are used by
fewer animals and therefore sustain
them more effectively.

These balanced conditions promote a
properly nourished, vigorous population
of game animals, capable of higher
rates of reproduction, and consequently
better succeeding harvests for the
hunter.

18

APRICOT GROWER
WANTED

Some years ago the Brooks Ex-
perimental Station of the Alberta de-
partment of agriculture acquired an
experimental planting of apricots from
Manchuria as that country closely re-
sembles Alberta’s dryland area. Now if
you are one of those misguided people
who think apricots will grow only in
the Okanagan Valley, you have some-
thing to learn because certain varieties
thrive best on light sandy soil in dry
land.

Since the start of the experimental
planting, the Brooks station has saved
the best seedlings and now has 7,000
available this spring. It hasn’t room to
plant this number and they will be
burned unless somebody comes to the
rescue.

Superintendent Duncan Hargrave
would like somebody who will take care
of them to set out an acre and grow
the trees to maturity. They cannot be
grown in the Chinook belt.

JOHN SCHMIDT, in
“AGRICULTURAL ALBERTA”,
CALGARY HERALD.

“NEITHER SNOW
NOR RAIN . . . ETC.”

Who would have thought that the
Royal Mail would accept the parcel
shown in the photo at left . . . not the
attractive young lady but the 4-foot
chunk of wood that she supports.

In answer to a request from eastern
Canada for a piece of native wood, 4
inches by 4 inches by 4 feet, the Alberta
forest service supplied the fence post
illustrated, thanks to the generosity of
Edwards Lumber Company at Rocky
Mountain House who planed it to exact
dimensions.

When inquiries revealed that Can-
ada’s Post Office regulations permitted
handling an object of this size and ma-
terial, mail consignment was decreed.
Wrapping seemed to be a superfluous
gesture, therefore the name of the ad-
dressee was printed right on the wood.
Within a few days of mailing, a letter
from the receiver, Mr. Smith, happily
acknowledged its arrival at London,
Ontario, in unblemished condition.

Note- — For the benefit of readers roho remain
unmoved postal efficiency, the undoubtedly
photogenic young lady in the picture is Miss
Rita Slupelf, a Lands and Forests postal clerl^.

SAGACITY

“It has always been my private
conviction that any man who pits his
intelligence against a fish and loses
has it coming.”

— John Steinbeck.

* * *

“There are two reasons for the pro-
verbial persistence of anglers. The first
is that the fish are biting; the second
is that they are not. Either is a suf-
ficient justification for fishing a little
longer.”

— Fred Streever.

4= *

“All men are equal before fish.”

— Herbert Hoover.

19

Letters to the editor will be published under a pseudonym if requested but they must
be accompanied by the writer’s proper signature and address. Letters are welcome and particularly
so if they are brief and deal with a topic currently being treated in Land-Forest-Wildlife or with
one of general interest in the field of renewable natural resources. Land-Forest- Wildlife reserves
the right to decide whether any letter shall be published in its columns and to condense any letter.

ERROR CORRECTED

Editor:

On page 21 of “Land-Forest-Wild-
life” ( February-March issue) you have
stated that the Raymond Fish and
Game Ass’n is handling the Ross Lake
project. This statement should read
that the Ross Lake project is a joint
undertaking of the Magrath Rod & Gun
Club and the Del Bonita Fish & Game
Association.

There has been little or no improve-
ment done yet as we are waiting to see
how successful this stocking will be. If
the fishing proves to be good we have
slated the improvement of fishing and
parking areas as a future project. Until
then not too much can be done.

I hope this letter will clear up the
error and place the credit where it is
due. We certainly enjoy your magazine
and look forward to each and every
copy. Keep up the good work!

Magrath Rod & Gun Club.

Alan MacKay, President,

Thanks, Mr. MacKay, for the very proper
correction. Our apologies to Club and Associ-
ation members at Magrath and Del Bonita and
sincerest rvishes for project success.

INSECT SPEEDS

I read, with interest, my first issue
of Land-Forest-Wildlife, Vol. 5, No. 4,
Nov.-Dee., 1962.

In the article. What’s Your Hurry,
the dragon fly is credited with the high-
est instrumentally measured ground
speed. Its speed was 50-60 miles per
hour.

I have read accounts of the botfly
being capable of speeds exceeding sev-
eral hundred miles an hour. Is this
truth or fiction?

William Thomsen,
Markerville, Alberta.

The botfly, rvhose larvae are parasitic to
domestic livestocl^, is not adapted for speeds as
great as that of the dragonfly. IV Idle rve could
not find anyone who actually calculated botfly
rates of flight. University of Alberta entomolo-
gists estimate top speeds would be considerably
less than 50 miles per hour.

★

COME AND GET IT !

In mid winter of 1961, during a
period of warm weather with no snow
on the ground, I saw a golden eagle
make a power dive at something on the

20

ground. On closer inspection it turned
out to be a Jack rabbit standing in the
open with no cover.

The eagle flew up and circled until
the rabbit recovered from its first at-
tack and started to move. Then the
eagle dived again, from about 400 feet,
knocking “mister rabbit” for a loop
again. It took about ten minutes for
the rabbit to regain its feet and stagger
a few yards and then the eagle struck
a third time, same type dive, same
height and force. This time it killed the
rabbit, but made no attempt to eat it,
instead went right back to soaring and
hunting.

These dives were all made with tre-
mendous froce, the eagle could have
carried the rabbit off at any time. Was
it killing just for joy, or was it practice?

Wilf C. Taylor,
Claresholm, Alberta.

IV e picture the eagle
As being most regal.

Disdainful of anger and greed.

But maybe the habit
Of stril^ing a rabbit
Is instinct it simply must heed.

★

Editor:

I am a wildlife man and really like
outdoor life, I was up around Great
Slave Lake for 30 years; that’s in the
Northwest Territories. I have been in
the Whooping Cranes’ nesting grounds
and let me tell you that they have a
wonderful place for nesting, out of
reach of all, men and animals. If some
are missing when they arrive back in
Aransas, Texas, it’s not because some-
one has shot them in their nesting
grounds because no one goes there —
maybe one in a hundred will find their
nesting grounds.

The Whooping Crane song was sure
good in your last issue.

I have found lots of cysts in lungs of
moose and buffalo, also deer. Some
years the muskrat livers are just full
of cysts, also rabbits. As soon as the

rats or rabbits are affected with the
cysts on their liver they die within two
months.

The barren land caribou sure has
lots of white spots with water around
them, all over in the meat. I believe it’s
a kind of a cyst and I think that it
kills them in time.

Leo Leander Lirette,
Bonnyville, Alberta.

IV e feel certain that wildlife biologist John
Stelfox Tpill find much to interest him in Mr.
Lirette’s letter. However, if we I^eep on with
this discussion about cysts, our appetite for roast
venison and other game delicacies is almost sure
to diminish.

★

Editor:

When I was a young boy, my proud-
est possession was a .22 single shot rifle.
On one or two occasions it was taken
away from me for short periods because
of improper handling. This punishment
dealt to me by my father accomplished
two things. It taught me to respect the
rights and property of others as well as
the respect of firearms and what they
can do.

It pains me to hear of gun laws
being tightened. Such as the proposed
law making it illegal to carry a rifle in
a forest reserve without a valid hunting
permit. I realize this law would be in-
tended to stop the illegal taking of
game by game hog party hunters. I am
all for punishing these types but I do
not think this law would solve the prob-
lem. When a party of two or more
hunters (all licensed) goes afield there
is a chance that someone is going to
take game for a member of his party.
This law would be an injustice to the
law abiding sportsman who takes to the
forest reserves with a rifle only for
target shooting and hunting predators.
There are few places now except for
Crown lands where one can enjoy these
morale building pursuits.

I think what we need are a few
clear cut game laws designed to ac-
complish the purpose for which they

21

are intended. In no way should they
hurt the honest sportsman.

These laws should be rigidly en-
forced with stiff penalties for offenders.
The right to hunt or to bear arms
should be taken forever from the more
flagrant offenders.

Thanking you for your attention.

E. F. Crotteau,
Calgary, Alberta.

IV e checJ^ed Tvith the Director of Forestry
on Mr. Crotteaus assumption about rifles in the
forest reserve. The director advises that there is
no law in force, or anticipated, requiring the
forest reserve visitor to have a hunting permit if
he carries a rifle. However, he must “register"
his rifle (ma\e, calibre and serial number) on
the prescribed registration form, available at each
entrance gate or from the nearest district forest
ranger.

Speal^ing of laws and their imposition upon
the people at large, we should bear in mind that
“every time a law is made, someone is going to
reap an injustice". Laws cannot possibly be
shaped to suit individual principles and therefore
are usually designed to fit somewhere between
the “sinners and saints". To use Mr. Crotteaus
own words in another way; every “law abiding
sportsman" feels the sting of “injustice" because
a few of his associates exhibit less acceptable
hunting attitudes. We doubt that these examples
will ever disappear from society just as we doubt
that laws will ever diminish in number and
scope.

At the same time it is our duty to assure
ourselves that laws are imposed for really ob-
jective reasons only and that whim and fancy
within a government body does not strip all
rights and privileges from the governed.

★

Editor:

Tliree pairs of geese nest along the
banks of the Oldman river, just eight
miles west and north of Lethbridge, and
they are back again this year. I have
made observations on these for three
years; I am a poultryman at the
Animals Diseases Research Station at
Lethbridge.

In 1960 I photographed the eggs in
the nest pictured at right. Later, when
hatching was completed, I revisited the

site and found the parent geese there,
but no goslings. The geese seemed to be
“mourning” the loss of their young. I
had no idea what had happened to them
at the time.

Next year (1961) I was fortunate
enough to be on hand at the same site
with binoculars. As I watched, four
golden balls of fluff crawled out from
under the parent goose. A few hours
later I returned to observe this pair and
could find no goslings. Where had they
gone; what had happened to them?
Again the adult geese appeared to be
mourning.

Perhaps the solution to the mystery
of the lost goslings was disclosed to me
in a later observation. I watched a
female goose try to usurp the nest of
another female while the latter’s mate
defended their nest and clutch of eggs.
The gander, in this instance, drove off
the female intruder during the period
of my watch.

These incidents pose several ques-
tions to me. Do unmated female geese
seek the nests of others? It seems un-
likely that they would be successful
against a mated pair. Does this in-

22

trusion interfere with the rearing of
young goslings? What happened to the
eggs of 1960 and the goslings I saw in
1961? The pair of geese which I ob-
served raised nothing that I could see
in both years. If any of your readers
have seen similar incidents or have
some of the answers I would certainly
be pleased to hear from them.

Herb Sivyers,

Box 640,

Lethbridge, Alberta.

Can avian enihusiasis or naiuralisls among
our readers suppl]) Mr. Sivper with some
answers?

★

Editor:

It is encouraging to see that some
of your readers are becoming alarmed
about the ever-increasing use of chemi-
cal poisons in insect control and for
other agricultural purposes.

Without doubt, the greatest single
threat to the wildlife populations of this

This photo by Mr. Sivyers shows the
goose on the nest (centre).

Goose nesting site along the banks
of the South Saskatchewan river is
within the white circle.

continent, and possibly to the human
population as well, is the mass use of
deadly chemical poisons. Already,
robins, bald eagles and many other
forms of life have been made sterile
by these chemicals. The losses of wild-
life in some of the heavily sprayed areas
of the United States are staggering
and without parallel in the history of
this continent. No one, including the
best scientists in the world, knows what
the long term effect of these deadly
poisons is on humanity. In spite of the
frightening discoveries made recently
by scientists and biologists, there are
still intelligent, thinking men, in re-
sponsible positions, “playing down” the
side effects of these chemicals, saying
they are of no consequence! All of their
statements completely avoid the men-
tion of “sterility” and the effects on
human health.

Since the publishing of the very
timely book “Silent Spring” dealing
with this subject, there have been a

23

number of reports published verifying
the fears expressed by the author.

Disaster which follows the use of
these poisons, as demonstrated in the
United States and some parts of Can-
ada, can occur in Alberta, unless action
is taken now to prevent it!

Edgar T. Jones,
Edmonton, Alberta.

Mr. Jones' long association iviih wildlife in
Alberta and the Northwest Territories lends
authority^ to his comments. One of this prov-
ince’s most dedicated naturalists, he is co-founder
and executive member of the Alberta Wildlife
Foundation. His nature photography is acclaimed
throughout Canada and the United States.

We agree that caution in the use of chemical
compounds for agricultural pest and disease con-
trol is indeed advisable. There is a serious threat
to both natural life balances and human health
implied in the chemical stability of these com-
modities. They resist digestion to an alarming
degree in many instances ; their lethal effect may
he readily transmitted from insect carcass to
bird, to mammal, and from fruit and vegetable
fields to the l^itchen table.

The element of danger that attends human
ingenuity in this realm is perhaps somewhat com-
parable to that which followed the development
of nuclear fission. Man would appear to be
eminently capable of destroying himself and his
fellow creatures by more means than one. We
therefore need to ta\e a long, hard loo\ at
universally acceptable objectives before we pro-
mote the use of organic control items that may
profit few and endanger many.

TIGHT BUDGETS

Some Alberta fish and game enthusi-
asts resent the Provincial government’s
policy of budgeting for annual expendi-
tures on fish and wildlife administration
out of the government’s general revenue
account. They insist that all revenue
received from the sale of hunting and
fishing licences should be assigned ex-
clusively for this purpose. Indeed in the
fiscal year 1961-62 these expenditures
amounted to over 95 per cent of the
revenue.

Of interest in the light of some
sportsmen’s insistence that the cost of
fish and wildlife administration be borne
by licence revenue, is a statement from
Pennsylvania. Mr. Russell Orr, Con-
servation Education Chief of the State
Fish Commission, writes in an editorial
in the April issue of the Pennsylvania
Angler, “. . . . at the present time the
failure of the income from licence sales
to keep pace with steadily increasing
operational costs is making the task . . .
(to provide good fishing) . . . impossible.
The present rate of stocking, the acqui-
sition of lands and the development of
fishing waters for the public cannot be
continued . . . .”.

In view of Pennsylvania’s experience
it would seem that the policy of “pay
for play’’ in fish and wildlife budgeting
is an exceedingly “dead horse’’ and not
worth “whipping”.

WE LEARN SLOWLY

Recently authorities in China were shocked to discover that, on average, wild
birds were each reputedly consuming 4 catties of food per annum (a catty is an
Asiatic measurement of weight, approximately equal to 600-615 grams). Two years
ago, instructions were therefore given for the destruction of all birds with the object
of conserving the nation’s food supplies. The result has been a spectacular increase
of rodents, insects and other pests, with disastrous consequences to standing crops
and food reserves. China has been compelled to import grain from overseas and the
slaughter of birds is now a punishable offence.

REPRINTED FROM: lUCN BULLETIN
April/June, 1962

24

A NATIONAL COMMITTEE
AIDS CANADIAN FORESTS

An associate committee of the
National Research Council, the Commit-
tee on Forest Fire Protection convened
in Ottawa last January for its eleventh
annual meeting. The chief purposes of
these meetings are to further research
in Canadian forest fire prevention and
suppression, to act in liaison capacity
between governments and other agencies
committed to this field, to review and
test existing facilities for research and
to assess need for specific research pro-
jects. Funds are allotted each year to
the committee by the National Research
Council. The committee reports to the
council and to its member agencies.
All provincial governments, the federal
government, Canadian forestry associ-
ations and many forest industries are

represented. Meetings accommodate
about 25 delegates; guests are invited
to the number of around 20.

A principle objective of recent meet-
ings is the standardization of certain
fire fighting tools and techniques, and
coordination in the use of terms for
reporting activities on a Canada-wide
basis. Broad standards in the manufac-
ture of important, accepted suppression
tools can provide economy to field oper-
ations. Furthermore, a joint guarantee
of acceptance of specific items by all
agencies encourages industry to manu-
facture in desirable quantity and pro-
vide replacement services. An acceptable
glossary of terms is indeed required by
all members so that each may under-

stand reports of the other and jointly
become well informed.

An example of profitable interchange
of advice my be illustrated by compar-
ing fire suppression activities of the
provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan.
Alberta forest protection services rely
heavily on the use of helicopters to land
fire fighters near the site of fires in
remote places. Saskatchewan, on the
other hand, has developed a parachute
corps to accomplish the same purpose.
Future modification and development of
both provincial services is appreciably
enhanced by mutual interchange of
information. Each technique has ad-
vantages and problems of its own; a
complete understanding of these factors
by all concerned agencies can avert the
need for research and limit costly errors
in long range planning.

Publicity is not neglected by the
committee. Fire prevention techniques
based on public information programs
are compared and evaluated. Motion
pictures are reviewed by the assembly

and judged for regional impact by
members from diverse parts of Canada.
Copies of posters are supplied and dis-
tributed with freedom of copyright
among member agencies implied.

Facilities of the National Research
Council are invoked for specific research
and test projects.

Sub-committees are formed to gather
data and present reports on programs
or subjects of acknowledged interest.

As with many other inter-provincial
fact-finding missions, much information
is gained by individual members through
the informal contact with fellow associ-
ates provided by annual meetings. A
profitable degree of correspondence be-
tween forestry administrators is en-
couraged through social contact and
mutual intent. A final objective might
well be a flexible, well informed, mutu-
ally supported coalition of forest fire
fighting agencies, working “hand in
hand’’ with unified purpose from New-
foundland to British Columbia. Canadian
forest resources need this kind of pro-
tective cooperation.

“TIMBER OF CANADA” — COMMENTS

Sometimes certain things go un-
noticed which should be shouted from
the roof tops. One such instance has to
do with the January meeting of the
Associate Committee on Forest Fire
Protection (see above). At this meeting
it was announced that the Department
of National Defence is being asked to
set up and maintain a fully-trained and
fully-equipped national forest fire task
force to work with the provinces in
forest fire suppression before fires reach
disastrous proportions. The Military
would be called upon to provide the men
and aircraft. Some of the planes would
be used for transportation and others
for fire bombing. The committee mem-
bers will provide technical advice, assist
in training the force, and take steps to
develop aircraft especially designed for
forest fire control.

This is wonderful news. Readers
may recall an article which appeared in
the October, 1961, issue of “Timber of
Canada” entitled “Can’t We Really Do

Something About this Fire Problem?”.
In this article just such a recom-
mendation as has been proposed by the
Associate Committee was suggested. In
addition, the Canadian Lumbermen’s
Association has for years advocated the
setting up and training of such an aerial
task force by the Military. It is encour-
aging to note the progress made after
so many years of “do-nothing”.

The writer has always felt that the
organization of such a nation-wide sys-
tem was not a difficult task. Unfortu-
nately a lot of foresters and forest fire
protection people have gone to great
lengths to dredge up picayune excuses
as to why such a system can’t or won’t
succeed. We need the Military, and with
their cooperation we can, undoubtedly,
greatly reduce the annual destruction
by fire of so much of our forest wealth.

D. D. Lockart,

Secretary-Manager,

Canadian Lumbermen’s Association.

26

ALBERTA TRAINS VOLUNTEERS
IN FOREST FIRE FIGHTING

In emergencies, all too common
when forests are ablaze, a trained man
beats an untrained man every time.
Recognizing this, the Alberta Forest
Service, with hearty support and ap-
proval of provincial timber operators,
has embarked on a forest protection
and fire fighting training program for
key industrial personnel other than for-
estry staff. Trainees are selected from
timber and associated industries staff on
the basis of observed talent and trust-
worthiness and transferred with the
approval of their employers to the Gov-
ernment’s Forestry Training School at
Hinton in March or April. Here they
participate in a two-week course of in-
tensive fire control training. During the
school term they are paid at a rate of
ten dollars per day; transportation is
also provided.

Two annual courses have been con-
ducted, one in 1962 and again this
spring. The best among applicants are
selected from seven northern forest di-
vision areas. An enrollment of about
30 men per semester is limited by the
capacity of the school.

The chief objective of the training
program is to provide a district ranger
with trained key men within the com-
merce of his area that he may call
upon for assistance when severe fire
emergencies strike his region. There are
times when a ranger and his regular
assistant may be confronted with a rash
of fires in one district. Each fire fight-
ing unit requires trained supervision
and, since the ranger cannot be every-
where at once, the services of a re-
sponsible “fire boss’’ from industrial
ranks are truly welcome. In time every
forest district will contain industrial
employees who have graduated from the
training school course with sufficient
qualifications to meet these responsi-
bilities. Graduates who may be hired
for this work will receive somewhat
greater remuneration than the govern-

ment is permitted to pay volunteer fire
fighters. It is evident that their services
will be well worth the extra pay.

Training school authorities note that
one of the most remarkable features of
the school sessions held to date is the
enthusiasm of the trainees for their new
knowledge. Applications for training,
tendered on a volunteer basis, always
exceed capacity and the fortunate candi-
dates who are chosen to attend courses
are avid students with, for the most
part, questioning minds and truly splen-
did classroom attitudes. They come to
be taught and, despite the wide dispar-
ity in formal qualifications, they work
hard to attain a high degree of compe-
tency. Alberta forest protection officials
regard with glee the obvious acceptance
and success of their training venture.

Upon graduation each successful
trainee is provided with an official
identification card (illustrated on the
back of this issue). The card may be
revoked for gross negligence or irre-
sponsibility on the part of its holder,
but is otherwise valid for five years at
any part of Alberta where forest fire
suppression needs public assistance.

NO LADDER

The beaver is apparently capable of
solving problems other than those con-
nected with dam building. An Iowa
lady reports that beaver on her prop-
erty exhibited a taste for pears and
often ate those that fell from a tree in
her yard. One evening a big beaver
arrived but failed to find any pears
on the ground. He solved the problem
in typical beaver fashion by gnawing
around the trunk until the pear-laden
tree crashed to the ground. Ten bushels
of pears were strewn across the lawn
and in little time the yard was “alive’’
with other beaver; friends, no doubt.

Reprinted from:
Wyoming Wildlife.

27

SEE PAGE 27

ALBERTA FOREST SERVICE

DEPARTMENT OF LANDS AND FORESTS

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