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Division of Mollusks
Sectional Library

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GS / LAND AND FRESHWATER

< MOLLUSCA OF INDIA,

Division of Mollusks

Sectional Lilbroxy
INCLUDING .

SOUTH ARABIA, BALUCHISTAN, AFGHANISTAN,
KASHMIR, NEPAL, BURMAH, PEGU, TENASSERIM,
MALAY PENINSULA, CEYLON, AND OTHER
ISLANDS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN.

SUPPLEMENTARY TO MESSRS. THEOBALD AND HANLEY’S

CONCHOL@GGIA INDICA.

BY.

Lizut.-CotoneL H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN,
FRS., F.G.S, F.Z8., &.,

LATE DEPUTY SUPERINTENDENT TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, IN CHARGE OF
THE KHASI, GARO, AND NAGA-HILLS SURVEY PARTY.

VOLUME I.

LONDON:
TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
1889.

PRINTFD BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,

RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

LN ERO DU; CTL ON,

In issuing the First Part of ‘Land and Freshwater Mollusca
of India,’ the undersigned is attempting to carry out what
the editors of the ‘ Conchologia Indica’ express a hope of at
the end of their Preface. They say that work was never in-
tended to be exhaustive, but to assemble in one book species
which were dispersed in scores of other volumes. I can
hope to do but little more.

But the ‘ Conchologia Indica’ was brought to an end
before the editors had exhausted all the known species from
India; and since then a very large number of new forms have
been discovered in that vast country, with its varied climate
and conditions, and where every year new areas are visited
by the naturalist and collector. Although I have published
many new species brought together by myself, there are still
many left in my collection; while H. F. and W. T. Blanford,
Col. Beddome, W. Theobald, Geoffrey Nevill, Col. Main-
waring, Dr. Hungerford, Dr. Townshend, Professor J. Bayley
Balfour in Socotra, Messrs. M. T. Ogle, A. Chenneil, W.
Robert, and H. Godwin-Austen have added many an addi-
tional species to the list, so that there is no lack of
material. With the aid of the above gentlemen and others
I hope to make this supplementary work as valuable as its
predecessor.

Mr. W. T. Blanford, in a late paper in the ‘Journal of
A2

iv INTRODUCTION.

the Asiatic Society of Bengal’ *, summing up what has been
done in Indian conchology, says :—‘ The same decade (1870
to 1880) has seen the completion of a series of illustrations,
many of them well executed, of Indian land and freshwater
shells, the ‘Conchologia India’ of Hanley and Theobald.
The work is mainly due to Mr. Hanley, upon whom the
whole of the editorial labour has falien, Mr. Theobald having
been absent in India during the publication. Whilst it is
impossible to avoid regretting that more complete illustrations
of most of the species have not been given, and that some
additional details have not been furnished in the accompany-
ing letterpress, it is unquestionable that the plates are a
valuable contribution to the knowledge of Indian Mollusca.
....+. ‘lwo other rather important works on Indian land
and freshwater shells have been issued since the completion
of the ‘Conchologia Indica.’ One of these is Mr. Theobald’s
‘Catalogue of the Land and Freshwater Shells of British
India,’ the other Mr. G. Nevill’s ‘ Hand-list of the Mollusca
in the Indian Museum, Calcutta,’ Part I. ..... This
work is especially important for the large number of exact
localities given; ..... and in many points the classification
adopted for the Helicidz of India is a considerable improve-
ment on any thing that had previously been published. At
the same time there is, I believe, very much more to be done
before these puzzling shells are properly arranged.”

Every illustrated work of this kind is a step in advance in
the study of Natural History; and I propose, besides the
figuring of new species, to take up those minute forms that
have not been sufficiently enlarged and well drawn in the
‘ Conchologia Indica,’ such as the small forms of Helices,
and those among the Cyclophoridz and Helicinide—A/lyceus,
Diplommatina, Acmella, Georissa, &c.

* “ Contributions to Indian Malacology.—No. XII.” (Dee. 1, 1880).

INTRODUCTION. v

Drawings of the animals will also be added, with the ana-
tomy whenever it can be obtained, showing the odontophore
&c., by the help of which I trust we shall be able to arrive at
some better-defined system of classification to what we have
now, based solely on shell-characters. We shall then be
better able to understand the relationship between our Indian
genera and those of the neighbouring regions which are
being worked out on one side by Professor von Martens and
O. Semper, and on the African &c. by Professor A. Morelet,
J. R. Bourguignat, aud many other foreign conchologists.

Not the least important part of the work will be attention
to the record of accurate distribution of species; and I shall
always give the exact locality and districts of India, with
elevation &c.

I shall not limit myself to political boundaries, or what is
termed British India; such boundaries are being constantly
altered or overstepped by the naturalist; the progress of a
friendly mission or the entry of a punitive force into some
adjacent independent country brings a fresh crop of objects
of natural history. I therefore take as a northern limit the
watershed of all the rivers that flow into the Indian Ocean
through the countries named on the titlepage ; thus the Indus
will include the whole of Afghanistan and Kafiristan, Swat,
Gilgit, Baltistan or Little Tibet, Ladak, Rudok up to the
Manasarowa Lake. The Brahmaputra will include that vast
unknown country northwards and eastwards of the junction of
the Dihong and Dibong rivers, any part of which we may see,
and I hope to see, explored within the next four or five years,
and the same of the Irrawaddy and Salween, while the southern
extension of the Mulé-it range, in Tenasserim, down to the
Malay Peninsula, gives a very well-defined boundary in that
direction. I have included South Arabia as far as the vicinity
of Aden, because on that side we have a mingling of East-

vi INTRODUCTION.

African and Indian forms. Unless we take the wide area
indicated above, we shall never be able thoroughly to eluci-
date the distribution of the different genera and species, and
how they overlap the confines of the Oriental, Palearctic,
African, and Malayan Regions.

A great want in India at present is that of good text-books
on the Natural History of the country for the use of Euro-
pean and native students. The Vertebrata have received
attention, and many able works have been written on some
classes: all these, however, are not brought up to our present
knowledge. But nothing has ever been attempted among
the vast array of the Invertebrata; and I only hope that the
small additional labour I bestow on one group, the Mollusca,
will hereafter lead up to such Handbooks being published ;
but I fear nothing can be expected without some Government
assistance, such as was once afforded to Dr. T. C. Jerdon to
bring out the ‘ Birds of India.’

H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN.

ERRATA IN PARTS I. & II.

Page 11, line 12-from top, for Lithocystis read Liocystis.
» 26, ,, 24 from top, for tubiniformis read turbiniformis.
» 984, ,, 5 from bottom, for Thamandaiva read Thamandava.
» 40, ,, 22 from top, for Nolamullies read Kolamullies.
» 59, ,, 20 from bottom, erase (Jarava).
» 99, ,, 17 from bottom for inerescens read virescens.

ERRATA.

Parr IlJ.—January 1883.

Page 80, line 17 from bottom, for plate xi. read plate ii.

94, Plate XIX. fig. 1, for Bhangulpur read Bhaugulpur.
94, ,, XIX. fig. 4, after perplana, Nevill, insert MS.
» 94, ,, XX. fig. 2, for Macrochlamys read Kaliella.

”

Part IV. (Plates).—September 1885.

Plate XLII., read ArricaRIon PALLENS?, Morelet (received as Vitrina riippel-
liana, Pfr., Abyssinia, from Mr. Damon).

LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA

OF

kN De bo AY

Family ZONITIDA*.
Subgenus Karrerya,

(Plates I. & IT.)

This genus was formed by Mr. W. T. Blanford in February 1863,
and published in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ +;
he included in it :—

1. fastigiata, Hutton. Western Himalayas, Nilgiri Hills.

2. barrakporensis, Pfr. Base of Sikkim Himalayas, and Kal-
ryenmullay Hills, near Salem, in 8. India (/ote).

3. aspirans, W. & H. Blanf. Nilgiri Hills,

Now the first type-shell, fastigiata from the Nilgiri Hills, as I
show further on, is not Hutton’s species from the N.W. Himalaya,
which Mr. Blanford I do not think then had had an opportunity of
comparing it with; so we must fall back on barrakporensis, and take

* The genera and subgenera will be treated of in no particular order at
present, but as data concerning them can be put together and the drawings
completed. The classification can hereafter be attempted ; we shall then be better
able to judge what weight, generic or subgeneric, to give to the many genera
now recorded from the Indian Region.

t “On Indian Species of Land-Shells belonging to the Genera Helix, Linn.,
and Nanina, Gray.”

2 LAND AND FRESHWATER

it as the typical form of the genus. Fortunately, it is immaterial in
this instance which species is taken, for it is quite clear what group
of shells Aalella is intended to include, and either three species
might be taken for the type. I wish one could say this of some
other genera—Nanina, Gray, for instance. The first two species of
Mr. Blanford’s genus were included by Albers (‘ Die Heliceen,’ 1860,
edit. Von Martens) in his genus Trochomorpha; but, as he has taken
trochiformis, Fér., from the Fiji Islands, as the type, it must be
exclusively used for species from that part of the world, which are
not at all likely to be related to these Indian forms; moreover, when
Trochomorpha was made to hold such very dissimilar shells as fas-
tigiata, anceps, and serrula, the sooner it was restricted the better ;
and attegia, infula, cacuminifera, and arv were soon removed from
it by Stoliczka, the first becoming the type of his genus Conulema
(J. A. S. B. 1871, p. 236), the second the type of Adams’s genus
Sitala, which has priority. Drawings of species of this genus I hope
to give at an early date.

KALreLLA BARRAKPORENSIS, Pfr. (Plate I. fig. 1.)

H. barrakporensis, Pfr. P. Z.S. Dec. 1852, p. 156; Chemn. ed. ii.
Helix, n. 969, t. 147. figs. 20, 22; Conch. Ind. pl. lxxxvii. f. 7;
Theob. Suppl. Cat. C. I. p. 20; Benson, Ann. & Mag. N. H. April
1859, p. 272; Nevill, Hand-l. 1878, p. 41. no. 191.

Original description :—‘ H. testa subperforata, elevato-trochiformi,
tenui, striatula, nitida, pellucida, fusco-cornea ; spira conica, acuti-
uscula ; sutura profunda; anfr. 6, convewis, lente accrescentibus,
ultimo carinato, non descendente, bast conveviusculo ; apertura vie
obliqua, depressa, subangulato-lunari ; perist. simplici, tenui, recto,
margine columellari brevi, ad perforationem punctiformem reflexi-
usculo.

“ Diam. 33, alt. 34 mill.

“ Hab, ad Barrakpore, Indise (Bacon),”

The animal is of a pale colour, with a distinct gland at the ex-
tremity of the foot, with a well-defined lobe above it. Stoliczka,
in his description attached to a drawing left to us by him, says—
‘“T have not seen any mantle-lobes; pinkish grey, tentacles and
head darker.” In J. A.S. B. 1871, p. 237, the same author writes—
“The anatomy of H. barrakporensis closely resembles that of
Conulema, but the dentition is different, that species haying fewer
teeth in a transverse row and a great number of the median ones
enlarged, all being squarish, not pectiniform.”

Locality ? Ex Museum Cuming, now in collection of W.
T. Blanford, marked an authentic specimen.

Shell pyramidal, subperforate ; sculpture very fine close-set rib-
bing, with fine spiral lines on base; colour umber-brown ; spire
high, conic, sides slightly convex; suture moderately deep; whorls
53, convex, keeled on last, convex below; aperture suboblique,
quadrately lunate ; peristome thin, columellar margin subvertical
and slightly reflected near the perforation.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 3

*Size: major diam. 0°12 inch, alt. axis 0°1 inch.
2 3:0 mm., a 2:6 mm.

KALIELLA BARRAKPORENSIS, Pfr. (Plate I. fig. 2.)

Locality. Barisal, forty miles above, near the river Megna, Lower
Bengal (G.-A.).

Shell pyramidal, somewhat depressed, base flat ; sculpture rather
close, fine costulation, each rib distinct, the spiral sculpture on the
base like that of Mussoorie specimens (Plate I. fig. 36); colour
horny brown; spire moderately high, broadly conic, sides very
slightly convex; suture shallow; whorls 5, sides flatly convex ;
aperture quadrate ; peristome thin, columellar margin subvertical.

Size: major diam. 0°13 inch, alt. axis 0-09 inch.

= 3°3 mm., Fe 2°3 mm.

In a paper entitled “‘ Notes on the Land and Freshwater Shells
of Kashmir &c.” (J. A. S. B. 1878, p. 142), Mr. W. Theobald remarks
that the specific name of this shell is badly chosen, this being a hill-
species (not found on the plains, unless transported on plants). I
found it very abundant in the above locality in the bamboo-clumps.

KALIELLA BARRAKPORENSIS, Pfr., = sivalensis, Hutton, var. (Plate I.
figs. 3, 3a, 36, and Plate II. fig. 1.)

Locality. Mussoorie, N.W. Himalaya, about 7000 feet (G‘-A.).

Shell scarcely perforate, conoid, base flat; sculpture distinct, fine
transverse ribbing, close set, touching, the spiral striation on the base
regular and wide apart, 4 to 5 lines =-005 inch (Plate I. fig. 3 6);
colour pale brown; spire high, pyramidal, sides convex: suture
shallow ; whorls 7, flat; aperture semilunar; peristome thin, re-
flected on columellar margin, which is perpendicular.

Size: major diam, 0-14 inch, alt. axis 0°10 inch.

38 *3°6 mm. “ 2:5 mm.

Benson, in ‘Descriptions of new Helicide contained in the Darji-
ling Collections of Messrs. W.T. and H. F. Blanford” (A. & M.N. H.,
Apr. 1859), writes :—“Two bleached and broken specimens of a
small shell allied to H. fastigiata, Hutton, from the Western Hima-
laya, were found by Mr. W. T. Blanford at Pankabari and in the
Rungun valley, at elevations of 1000 and 4000 feet. They cannot
be distinguished from Pfeiffer’s H. barrakporensis, of which speci-
mens were sent to me by the late Dr. J. F. Bacon from Titalya,
on the border of the Sikkim Terai, before the shell was seen by
Dr. Pfeiffer ; others were more recently taken by Capt. Hutton in
the Dhoon valley, below Landour, and were transmitted to me by
him under the MS. name of sivalensis, H. ..... The occurrence of

* In all descriptions the most reliable measurement is that of the major
diameter ; not so that of the height, for it is often doubtful Aow it has been taken.
Tn this and the following descriptions the height of the shell is taken from the
lowest portion of the body-whorl at the columnar margin to the apex; this I
have found much easier to take than the vertical distance from the lowest edge
of the aperture to the apex. It is simple enough with the ordinary measuring

instruments when dealing with solid strong shells, but very dangerous with
small fragile forms,

4 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Hl, barrakporensis near Calcutta is more than doubtful. There is a
country-house called ‘ Titalya,’ near Barrackpore, which may have
given rise to an error in the statement of the locality of the species.”

It will be seen, however, below that both Nevill and Stoliczka
have taken it in or near Calcutta.

Mr. Theobald (1. ¢. p. 142) records a single specimen of this species
from Kashmir, 6 mm. in height. This must be either an error in
measurement or it is another species, for I have never seen among
hundreds of specimens any approaching this size.

Nevill gives (/.c. p. 41) the following localities :—1. Parasnath
(Stol); 2. Pegu (Stol); 3. Prome (W. v. B.); 4. Thyat Myo (Dr.
Hunger, ford); 5. Teria Ghat (G.-A.); 6. Khandala (Stol); 7. Cal-
cutta (Nevill & Stol). It would be ee to see those from
No. 6; those from Burmeh are very possibly A. vulcani, described
further on.

KALIELLA CHERRAENSIS, n. sp. (Plate I. figs. 5, 5a.)

Locality. Cherra Poonjee, Khasi Hills (G.-A.).

Shell elongately pyramidal, scarcely perforate ; sculpture very fine,
regular transverse ribbing, with very fine, regular, close-set spiral
ribbing on the base, 12 lines =:005 inch (fig. 5a); colour dull
brown; spire high, sides convex; suture shallow; whorls 6, sides
flatly convex, a distinct sulcation on the keel of the last; aperture
semilunate ; peristome thin.

Size: major diam. 0:10 inch, alt. axis 0-09 inch.

.. 2°5 mm., . 2-3 mm.

Garo Hills, one specimen. Very smooth, but under lens has micro-
scopic transverse ribbing.

The largest are from Teria Ghat. Height of spire equal to diameter
of base; major diameter 3:0 mm.; colour ochraceous; whorls 7 ;
ribbing very distinct (Plate I. fig. 7 and Plate II. fig. 2).

I have three specimens, from the Dikrang valley, Dafla Hills,
from the North Cachar Hills, and Laisen in the Naga Hills.

KALIELLA CHERRAENSIS, n. var. (Plate I. fig. 6.)

Locality. Forty miles above Barisal, on the river Megna, Lower
Bengal (G.-A.).

Sculpture very fine, regular, rather distant costulation, with very
fine, close-set spiral striation on base, while in many specimens
quite smooth ; colour pale ochraceous brown; spire, vide description
of the Khasi shell.

Size: major diam. 0°15 inch, alt. axis 0-11 inch.

Be 2-7 mm, 7 2-8 mm.

This shell is almost identical with the Khasi- Hill species, being,
perhaps, rather more convex on the side of the spire, a character
which distinguishes all the forms of Kaliella from those hills from
the much more flatter-sided barrakporensis of the N.W. Himalaya
&e. The waters of the Barak in Sylhet drain into the Megna, and
this species must be constantly washed down by them.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 5

KALIELLA KHASIACA, n. sp. (Plate I. fig. 8.)

Locality. North Khasi, numerous (G.-A.).

Shell imperforate, elongately conical, rather tumid; sculpture
microscopic ribbing, quite smooth under ordinary lens; colour glassy
white; spire conic, sides convex ; suture impressed; whorls 8, sides
convex ; aperture almost semicircular; peristome thin, columellar
margin perpendicular, rounded below.

Size: major diam. 0°09 inch, alt. axis 0°15 inch.

- 2-3 1mmi,, - 2:7 mm.

KALIELLA MUNIPURENSIS, n. sp. (Plate I. fig. 9, and Plate IT.
fig. 3.)

Locality. Munipur Hills, N.E. frontier (G-A.).

Shell elongately conical, base flat ; sculpture fine transverse continu-
ous ribs, very fine and close, concentric on the basal side; colour dull
ochraceous; spire as high as breadth at base, conic, sides rounded,
apex blunt; suture impressed ; whorls 63, slightly convex; aperture
semicircular ; peristome thin, columellar margin slightly curved.

Size: major diam. 3:0 mm., alt. axis 3:0 mm.

This shell differs from the Cherra and Khasi species in the whorls
being more convex, more tumid below, and the columellar margin not
so oblique. It is nearest in shape to A. aspirans of Southern India.

KALIELLA MUNIPURENSIS, var. (Plate I. fig. 10.)

Locality. Phinggam, Lahipa Naga Hills, 5000 feet (G.-A.).

Shell elongately pyramidal, keeled, but not sharply; sculpture
fine transverse ribbing on whorls, fine radiating on base; colour
bleached ; spire high, sides convex ; suture shallow ; whorls 53, sides
flatly convex ; aperture semiovate ; peristome thin, columellar margin
strong, perpendicular.

Size: major diam. 0-09 inch, alt. axis 0:09 inch.

5 2°3 mm., ‘s 2°3 mm.

KALIELLA SIGURENSIS, n. sp. (Plate I. fig. 11.)

Locality. Nilgherri Hills, Seegoor Ghat and Neddiwuttom Passes
(W. T. Blanford).

Shell subperforate, conical, rather flat on base; sculpture rather
fine, irregular-sized, transverse ribbing, especially well developed on
base, with no spiral ribbing there; colour, umber-brown epidermis ;
spire conic, sides rounded ; whorls 7, sides rounded ; aperture lunate ;
peristome well rounded below, columellar margin oblique.

Size: major diam. 0-13 inch, alt. axis 0-12 inch.

" 3:25'mm., ~ ,; 30 mm.

Animal unknown.

This is the shell referred to by Messrs. W.'T. and H. F. Blanford,
after the description of H. aspirans, in J. A. 8. B. 1861, p. 356,
as closely resembling H. fustigiata, Hutton, from the above loca-
lities. In Mr. W. T. Blanford’s collection I find he must have

6 LAND AND FRESHWATER

afterwards altered his opinion regarding it, for the label ( fastigiata)
is covered with another (barrakporensis); but, although close, it is
certainly not that species; and in the same paper (Contributions to
Indian Malacology, No. I. p. 358) H. barrakporensis is referred to,
and a figure is given on plate ii. fig. 5 of a specimen received from
Mr. R. Bruce Foote, who found it on the Kalryenmullay group of
hills near Salem. I have given a copy of this figure (Plate I. fig. 4),
and which appears to be this species. But the shell is not in
Mr. Blanford’s collection, which he has, during his absence in India,
so kindly left with me to refer to and take care of. H. fastigiata,
Hutton, of the N.W. Himalaya, does not occur in South India; and
Mr. Foote’s specimen of barrakporensis may present, on a closer
examination, some slight difference from the type form. The drawing
shows it to have very flat sides to the spire, with a very acuminate
apex.

Kazretta asprrans, W. T. & H. F. BIf. (Plate I. fig. 12, from
specimen in coll. W. T. Blanford.)

Locality. Nilgherri Hills, Madras (W. 7. B.).

Described in the J. A. S. B. 1861, p. 355, pl. 1. fig. 12, very
roughly drawn.

Type from near Pykara, rare.

Conch. Indica, pl. xvi. fig. 4 is not in the least like; it gives the
idea of a thickened peristome.

Th. Cat. Conch. Ind. p. 20.

Ney. Hand-list (1878), p. 41. no. 197.

Original description :—“ Testa viv perforata, elevata, pyramidalis,
via striata, tenuis, cornea. Spira turrita, apice obtusa, sutura parum
profunda, Anfr. 7, convexiusculi, lente crescentes, ultimus non de-
scendens, basi convexus, carina obtusa, prope aperturam evanescente,
circumdatus. Apertura subverticalis, transverse lunata, semicireularis ;
peristoma tenue, rectum, marginibus distantibus, columellari breviter
reflewiusculo.

“Major diam. 2:0 mm., alt. axis 3-0 mm.

0-08 inch, ,, 0-12 inch.”

39

KALIELLA VULCANI, n. sp. (Plate I. fig. 13.)

Locality. Puppd-doung Hill, Burmah (W. 7’. Blanford).

Shell ovately conical, rather tumid ; sculpture transverse, mode-
rately close ribbing, on base radiating from umbilicus; colour
(bleached) apparently of usual horny colour; spire conic, moderately
high, sides convex, apex well rounded; suture shallow ; whorls 6,
sides convex ; aperture widely lunate, slight angulation below ;
peristome thin, slightly reflected; columellar margin straight,
subvertical.

Size: major diam, 0-12 inch, alt. axis 0-09 inch.

35 3°0 mm., i 2:3 mm.

Puppé-doung is an extinct volcano in Upper Burmah below

Mandalay, and some 25 miles from Pagan, on the left bank of the

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 7

Irrawaddy. The specimen described was given me by Mr. W. T.
Blanford, who collected so many fine shells in that country. It is
an interesting species, in its convex sides approaching the N.E.
frontier forms, but at same time not like any of them in the rounded
form of the apex and large aperture.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

(All figs. enlarged seven times.)

Fig. 1. Kaliella barrakporensis, Pfr., typical. Locality ?
2 Near Barisal, Lower Bengal.

3, 3a, , =sivalensis, Hutton. Mussoorie, N.W. Himalaya.
36. : sculpture on base, X 50. 4 to 5 lines=0-005 inch.
4. , close to barrakporensis; copy of figure in J.A.S.B. Salem,

Madras.

5. cherraensis, G.-A. Cherra Poonjee, Khasi Hills.
5a. : sculpture on base, X 50. 12 lines=0:005 inch.
6. —— , var. Near Barisal, Lower Bengal.

(.—

Fine specimen, Teria Ghat, Khasi Hills.
8. —— khasiaca, G.-A. Khasi Hills, northern slopes.
9. munipurensis, G.-A, Munipur Hills.
9a. : sculpture, x 50.
10. —— , var. Phinggam, Lahipa Naga Hills.
11. —— sigurensis, G.-A. Seegoor Ghat and Neddiwuttom Passes,
Nilgherri Hills.
12. aspirans, W.T.& H. F. Blf. Nilgherri Hills.
13. —— vuleani, G.-A. Puppa-doung Hill, Burmah,

KALrerta garnttaca, n. sp. (Plate II. fig. 4.)

Locality. Marangsip Peak, South Jaintia Hills, 5350 feet.

Shell subglobosely conoid, keeled, well rounded below ; sculpture
very close-set fine transverse costulation, concentric on base; colour
pale olivaceous umber-brown; spire conic, flatly convex; suture
impressed ; whorls 54, sides convex ; aperture ovately lunate, sub-
vertical; peristome thin, very slightly reflected, columellar margin
subvertical.

Size: major diam. 0°13 inch, alt. axis 0°09 inch.

e 373 mm., rs 2°3 mm.

Three specimens are from Marangsip Peak and two from Sher-
faisip Peak, 5600 feet.

This species is very near barrakporensis, but is more convex on
side of the spire and more tumid below, with much wider and more
open aperture.

KALIELLA CosTULATA, n. Sp. (Plate II. fig. 5.)

204 of Nevill’s Hand-list, p. 42 (not named).

Locality. Tanir Ridge, Dafla Hills, Assam, 4400 feet (Godwin-
Austen).

Shell pyramidal, sharply keeled, a single raised rib on the peri-
phery ; sculpture distant very distinct transverse costulation, irre-
gular longitudinal strie below ; colour very pale olivaceous brown ;

8 LAND AND FRESHWATER

spire high, sides flat; suture moderate ; whorls 6, sides flat (species
not quite fully grown); aperture semiovate ; peristome thin, slightly
reflected on columellar margin.

Size: major diam. 0°13 inch, alt. axis 0-11 inch.

m 33 mm., ss 2°8 mm.

Assimilates in its distinct costulation to the next species, but is
much larger, with ‘latter sides, and is more pyramidal.

One specimen, Hengdan Peak, North Cachar Hills, about 8000 feet.

KALIELLA sUBcostuLATA, n.sp. (Plate II. fig. 6.)

Locality. North Khasi Hills.

Shell pyramidal, umbilicus hidden; sculpture strong, well-defined
(often distant) ribbing, also fine radiate ribbing on the base ; colour
pale sienna-brown; spire conic, sides very slightly convex, apex
acuminate ; suture moderately impressed ; whorls 6, sides convex ;
aperture semilunate ; peristome thin, slightly oblique near axis.

Size: major diam. 0°11 inch, alt. axis 0-08 inch.

2°83 mm., 3 2:0 mm,

KALIELLA PERAKENSIS, n. sp. (Nevill, MS.). (Plate IT. fig. 7.)

Locality. Perak (Dr. H. Townshend).

Shell pyramidal, very narrowly umbilicated, keeled ; sculpture
fine, somewhat irregularly disposed, transverse costulation on the
basal side, fine, close, regular, spiral or longitudinal ribbing; colour
whitish grey ; spire conoid, sides moderately convex, apex subacute ;
suture impressed; whorls 6, sides moderately convex; aperture
semilunate ; peristome rather thickened, strong, perpendicular or
angulate below at the columellar margin.

Size: major diam. 0°15 inch, alt. axis 0-12 inch.

Me 3°8 mm. a 3'1 mm.

KALIELLA FASTIGIATA, Hutton. (Plate II. fig. 8.)

Paper on the Land and Freshwater Shells of the Western Hima-
laya, by Lieut. T. Hutton, 37th Regt. N.I., and W. H. Benson, Esq.,
G.8.,. J. AxS.B: wolovwi..pt. de peg tye

Type from Landour, N.W. Himalaya, Chemn. ed. Kuster, Helia,
p, 141, £. 15,26:

Benson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. April 1859, p. 272.

Nevill, Hand-list (1878), p. 40. no. 190.

Yonch. Ind. p. 8, pl. xvi. f. 5.

Th. Cat. Conch. Ind. p. 20.

Original description :—* Testa parvula, albido-cornea, minutissime
granulata, pyramidata, subtus plano-convexa ; anfractibus septem, con-
vewiusculis, ultimo acuto angulato, suturis leviter impressis ; umbilico
evanescente ; apertura latiore quam longa ; apice obtuso,

“ Axis 0°16 mm.

“« Animal heliciform, greyish, darker on the tentacula. Found on
dead leaves at Simla, in the Ahads (ravines), and when in motion

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 9

carries its shell upright. It is not uncommon, but its smallness
renders it difficult to collect (1.).

‘Tt is more lengthened proportionally than either H. turbiniformis
of Patargatha and Berhampore, alluded to in p. 357, vol. v. of this
Journal Gen. The animal does not appear to exhibit the beautiful
dark patches on a light ground which render that shell so conspi-
cuous, when the animal is alive, by the appearance of the tints
through the translucent shell (B.).”

Locality. Mussoorie, N.W. Himalaya (G-A.).

Shell elongately pyramidal ; sculpture, regular fine ribbing ; colour
pale brown; spire high, sides slightly convex; suture shallow;
whorls 8, sides flatly convex ; aperture semilunate ; peristome thin,
perpendicular on the columellar margin.

Size: major diam. 0:15 inch, alt. axis 0°14 inch.

z 3°7 mm., i 3°8 mm.

Benson (J. c.) says “at Mussoorie and Landour H. fastigiata is not
uncommon above 5000 and beyond 7000 feet elevation. I procured
it most frequently creeping on the large wet leaves of Sawifraga
ciliata, in damp and shady situations having a northern aspect.”

Nevill (/. ¢.) records it from :—1. Mussoorie, Simla (Stoliczka); 2.
Darjiling (Stoliczka and Mainwaring); 3. Arakan Hills (Stoliczka) ;
4. Naga Hills (A. W. Chennell); 5. Dafla Hills (Godwin-Austen).
I have not identified any in my own collection from these two last-
named localities, and I think no. 3 should be re-examined.

KALrIeLLA ELONGATA, n. sp. (Plate IT. fig. 9.)

Locality. Raliang, Jaintia Hills (G.-A.).

Shell very elongately pyramidal, not umbilicated; sculpture, rib-
bing transverse at irregular intervals, some longitudinal or con-
centric striation near the umbilical region; colour pale ochraceous
brown; spire very high, sides convex ; suture shallow; whorls 10,
sides rather convex ; aperture semilunar, suboblique ; peristome thin,
reflected, and somewhat strong.

Size: major diam. 0°15 inch, alt. axis 0°20 inch.

as 33 mm., . 00 mm:

KALIgLLA GRATIOSA, n. sp. (Plate II. fig. 10.)

Locality. Kopamedza Peak, Anghami Naga Hills, 8375 feet.
Shell globosely conoid, angulate on periphery and rounded below,
very closely umbilicate; sculpture very fine regular transyerse ribbing,
also on the basal side, with a well-marked carination on the keel ;
colour pale horny brown; spire moderately high, conoid, blunt ; suture
well impressed ; whorls 5, very convex ; aperture semilunate, rounded
below ; peristome thin, slightly reflected, suboblique from axis.
Size: major diam. 3°5 mm., alt. axis 2°5 mm.

KALIELLA NAGAENSIS, n. sp. (Plate II. fig. 11.)

Locality. Kopamedza Peak, Anghami Naga Hills, 8375 feet
(G.-A.).

10 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Shell pyramidal, of thin texture, subperforate ; sculpture, regular
distinct oblique costulation, radiating from umbilicus below ; colour
pale horny brown; spire high, conic, apex blunt, sides flat ; suture
shallow ; whorls 6, sides somewhat convex, the last whorl keeled
and with a distinct carination ; aperture semilunate ; peristome thin,
slightly reflected near axis, and suboblique.

Size: major diam. 0°14 inch, alt. axis 0-10 inch.

3°6 mm., a 2-6 mm.
Two specimens, Hengdan Peak, with sculpture finer.

KAtreLia ? TERIAENSIS, n, sp. (Plate II. fig. 12.)

Locality. Teria Ghat, southern base of Khasi Hills, about 300 feet.

Shell depressly pyramidal, rounded on base, narrowly umbilicated ;
sculpture, on the upper whorls oblique transverse fine ribbing visible ;
colour bleached ; spire conic, sides flat; suture shallow, a thin fine
raised beading following it; whorls 5, flattened, the last sharply
keeled; aperture oblate; peristome thin, the columella thickened
and perpendicular, slightly reflected.

Size: major diam. 0-14 inch, alt. axis 0-08 inch.

‘ 36 mm., sore mnene Oem

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.
(All figs. enlarged seven times. )

Fig. 1. Kaliella barrakporensis, Pfr.,=sivalensis, Hutton, var. Mussoorie,
N.W. Himalaya.

- cherraensis, G.-A. Teria Ghat, Khasi Hills.

munipurensis, G.-A. Munipur.

jaintiaca, G.-A. Marangsip Peak, Jaintia Hills.

costulata, G.-A. 'Tanir Ridge, Dafla Hills, north of Assam

valley.

ee hid G.-A. North Khasi Hills.

perakensis, G.-A. Perak, Malay Peninsula.

fastigiata, Hutton. Mussoorie, N.W. Himalaya.

elongata, G.-A. Raliang, Jaintia Hills.

gratiosa, G.-A. Kopamedza Peak, Anghami Naga Hills.

nagaensis, G.-A. Kopamedza Peak, Anghami Naga Hills.

12, -—— teriaensis, G.-A. Teria Ghat, base of Khasi Hills,

SO GOI Soe UE IRS)

10.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 11

On the Subgenus Microcystina, with Descriptions of the
Original and New Species.

(Plate III.)

This genus was first introduced, but without any description, by
Prof. A. O. L. Mérch in his paper on the Shells of the Nicobar
Islands, published in the ‘ Journal de Conchyliologie,’ October 1872,
p. 311; in the same Journal for October 1876, p. 356, its characters
are given—‘ a little notch, narrow and very deep at the columellar
margin ;” and he compares it with molecula, Bs., from Burmah ;
but I cannot detect in this last any resemblance save in form and
polished surface. The columella is not similar*. At the same time
(in 1872) we find Prof. Morch creating another subgenus, Litho-
cystis, on a species named brunii by him; but no description is
given, Helia gouldii, Pfr., miliwm, Martens, and cassidula, Bs.,
being quoted as similar in form. In 1876 (1. ¢. p. 357), Liocystis,
we are told, differs from Microcystina by the columella being twisted
in S-form and not notched, and by an unpolished surface f.

The shell of W. rinkii is a small one, and the animal was not in
a very perfect state, so that I am not able to give a very satisfactory
description of its outer form, but it is sufficient to place it in a
better position with regard to other genera.

Animal. The right shell-lobe was distinguished, and a long nar-
row left shell-lobe in two portions (fig. 3). The dorsal lobes were
not made out. The extremity of the foot has a long pointed process
above the mucous gland (fig. 4). The generative organs (fig. 5) were
not all got at in a perfect state. The penis is long, with a slight
short twist on the side next the vas deferens, and there is another
rather swollen portion with a convolution lower down. The amatory
organ, D, is also present.

The odontophore (figs. 7 & 7a) I am enabled to describe much
more minutely, as it was dissected out very perfectly, the dental
formula being—

Bh 4odOpDQvFor Lak 21385 to 40
= 44 to 50.1. 44 to 50.

The central tooth is very long and sharp-pointed, with two sharp
well-developed cusps on either side; the next seven medials are also
very clongate and sharp, with a single cusp on the outer lower
margin ; in the eighth this is absent, being a plain unicuspid tooth ;
the next, the ninth, is bicuspid, with the outer cusp slightly shorter,
these two being of transitional form; then follow the series of bi-

* Original description :--“ Les Microcystina sont caractérisés par une petite
échancrure, étroite et assez profonde, 4 la columelle, qui montre de faibles
traces d’une dent obtuse. La coquille est polie sur toute sa surface. L'Helix
molecula, Benson, de Birmanie, parait trés-analogue.”

+ Original description :—‘“ Les Liocystis different des Microeystina par leur
columelle tordue en § et non échancrée, et par leur surface non polie,”

B

12 LAND AND FRESHWATER

cuspid laterals, the points being blunt and rounded. The jaw (fig. 6)
is semicircular in form, particularly well rounded on the side of the
muscular attachment, while on the cutting-edge it is very convex,
and with a well rounded central prominent projection.

The odontophore of this subgenus is therefore in every respect
similar to that of Macrochlamys, Benson*; and the jaw, though more
bent, is also of the same type.

This subgenus, therefore, I consider ranks very close to Macro-
chlamys, and must be placed at present next it. Whether its cha-
racters are sufficient to retain it, is a question that must be settled
hereafter, when all these different genera are more closely examined.
The shell (fig. 1) is of a solid texture, and the solid or very sinuate
form of the columellar margin (fig. 2) is a distinct departure from the
oblique and feebly-reflected columellar margin of Macrochlamys.

I hope to be able to examine before long some more spirit-
specimens.

1. Microcysrina Rinku, Morch. (Plate III. fig. 1.)

Microcystina rinkii, Morch, Journ. Conch. Oct. 1872, p. 311; id.
Oct. 1876, p. 356; Nevill, Hand-list, p. 39. no. 171.

Locality. Island of Teressa, one of the Nicobars.

Shell closely umbilicate, subglobosely conoid, polished above ;
sculpture, very fine, regular disposed, and parallel longitudinal striz,
26=-01 inch (fig. 1a); colour rich sienna above, below covered
with a dull white deposit ; spire subconoid, sides flat, apex blunt ;
suture shallow; whorls 5, the last well rounded ; aperture oblique,
symmetrically lunate, the body-whorl covered with a distinct callus ;
peristome thin, columellar margin (fig. 2) oblique, much thickened,
reflected and very sinuate, the reflected portion ending abruptly at
right angles to the base of the last whorl.

Size: major diam. 0°21 inch., alt. axis 0°10 inch.

- 54 mm., 35 | 2G im.

For the animal of this species I am indebted to Mr. G. Nevill, to
whom I owe many thanks for this and other rarities.

Original description (J. c. p. 811) :—** 7. anguste umbilicata, con-
vevo-depressa, tenuis, polita, nitidissima, brunnea, umbilicum versus
pallidior ; strie incrementi obsoletissimee, remotissime ; spira parum
elevata, obtuse convexa ; sutura obsolete appresso-marginata ; anfr. 4,
vie convexi, angusti, ultimus subdepresso-rotundatus ; apertura obli-
qua, lunata, margine columellari (vel labro) dilatato, reflexo, profunde
sinuato, fere emarginato, umbilicum propendente.

“ Diam. maj. fere 5 mill., axis 23 mill.

‘‘ Hab. Sambelong, bords de la rivicre Galathea: trois exem-
plaires.

“ Obs. Nanina (Microcystis) mitiuscula, vy. Martens (Reise, p. 75,
t. xii. f. 10) quoad formam.”

L.c. p. 356: “ Habitat Sambelong (Reinhardt); Petite Nicobar
(Busch, 1845); Kamorta, Teressa, Katchal (Jtoepstorf).”

* This genus I hope to describe and figure in the next Part.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 13

MicrocysTINA MOERCHIANA, n. sp. (Nevill, MS.). (Plate III.
fig. 9, x 4.)

Locality. Kondul Island, Bay of Bengal.

Shell subdepressly conoid, very polished ; sculpture (fig. 9a, x 50),
very microscopic longitudinal fine striation, 832 =-01 inch; colour
reddish brown ; spire flatly conoid; suture shallow ; whorls 5, regu-
larly increasing ; aperture subovately lunate, subvertical ; peristome
thin, reflected at the umbilicus, solid and quite perpendicular at
junction with body-whorl.

Size: major diam. 0°32 inch, alt. axis 0°15 inch.

ra 8-2 mm., pe ders ele ica
Animal not known.

MicRocysTINA WARNEFORDI, n. sp. (Nevill, MS.). (Plate III.
fie S507.)

Microcystina warnefordi, Nevill’s Hand-list, Dec. 1878, no. 168, =
Nanina (Microcystis), n. sp., but not named.

Locality. Andamans.

Shell subdepressly conoid, narrowly umbilicate, glassy ; sculpture
(fig. 8a, x50), very fine regular microscopic longitudinal striz ;
colour umber-brown ; spire low; suture shallow, adpressed ; whorls
nearly 5, the last rounded on periphery ; aperture lunate; peristome
thin, columellar margin oblique, very slightly reflected, solid and
angulate.

Size: major diam. 0°28 inch, alt. axis 0-08 inch.

A 4-6 mm., 3 20) mim:

Animal not known.

MicrocystINA HARRIETENSIS, n. sp. (Nevill, MS.). (Plate III.
fics i, 3<s:)

Locality. Mount Harriet, Port Blair, Andaman Islands.

Shell globosely conoid, narrowly umbilicated, rounded below ;
sculpture (fig. lla, x50), fine regular longitudinal ribbing, crossed
by rather regular lines of growth, but not decussate, 12=-01 inch;
colour umber-brown; spire subconical, sides convex; suture im-
pressed ; whorls 4, last well rounded; aperture rather broadly
lunate ; peristome thin.

Size: major diam. 0-09 inch, alt. axis 0-045 inch,
2°3 mm., #2 2c mm:

”

Microcystrna cRYPTOMPHALUS, n. sp. (Nevill, MS.). (Plate ITI.
fis, LOS Shs)

Locality. Parisnath Hill, Hazaribagh, Lower Bengal, 4480 feet.

Shell narrowly umbilicate, depressly conoid, flat on base ; sculp-
ture, regular fine parallel spiral striation or grooving, 20=-01 inch ;
colour pale brown ; spire subconical ; whorls 5, regularly increasing ;
aperture lunate ; peristome thin, reflected and angulate at columellar
margin.

Size: major diam. 0-12 inch, alt. axis 0-06 inch.

:. 3°1 mm., 7 1-5 mm,

14 LAND AND FRESHWATER

EXPLANATION OF PLATH III.

Fig. i: Microcystina rinkti, Morch, X 8.
la. ; sculpture, x 50.

_— : columellar margin, X 20.
: partof mantle, x 8. aie right dorsal lobe ; /.d.Z., left
dorsal lobe.
: extremity of foot, x 8. From spirit-specimen.

: generative organs. P., male organ; Sp., spermatheca ;
vd., vas deferens ; D., dart-sace.
> jaw, x 50.
—— ——: teeth of the radula, central, median, and lateral, x 1210.
: ditto, ditto, X 360.
warnefordi, n. sp., X 7.
: sculpture, X 50.
moerchiana, n. sp., X 4.

a : sculpture, X x 50.
10. cryptomphalus, n. sp., X 7.
104. ——: sculpture, X 50.
106, —— : columellar margin, x 20.
ie harrietensis, n. sp., X 8.
lla. : sculpture, X 50.

oR ftom

ey —————

a.

DO DANSD

On the Land-Molluscan Genus Cryptosoma, and Description
of the Animal of Cryptosoma prestans, Gould.

(Plate IV.)

The genus Cryptosoma was created in 1857 by Mr. W. Theobald,
of the Indian Geological Survey, for a shell common at Moulmain,
named Vitrina prestans by Gould. Mr. Theobald’s original descrip-
tion in the J. A. S. Bengal, no. iv. p. 252, is very brief, and runs
thus :—‘ Testa vitrine simile, sed robustiore. Peristomate obtuso haud
tenui. Animale penitus intra testam retractile, et, in cestivationis tem-
pore, solido epiphragmate obtecto.

“C. prestans (Vitrina prestans), Gould. Maulmain, Martaban,
Tenasserim valley. 1 have separated this shell from Vitrina, as the
animal is perfectly retractile, and the peristome is thicker than in
Vitrina proper, and not membranous. It is common in holes in
laterite at Martaban, and not rare throughout the Tenasserim valley.
Its colour is a bay-olive Cajiput green.”

The genus was therefore founded partly on the characters of the
animal, and is therefore far better than the meagre shell-characters
on which so many genera have been created. It is curious the
truncate form of the foot with the mucous pore was not also men-
tioned, which is the principal outward character that distinguishes
it from Vitrina with its long pointed foot. I had long wished to
get a specimen of the animal of this species, its shell being peculiar,

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 15

so unlike the other species of Helicarion, with which it has been
classed by other conchologists since; even Mr. Theobald himself,
in his ‘Catalogue of the Land and Freshwater Shells of British
India,’ puts it in his section E of Helicarion. H. ovatus, H. Blanford,
and succineus, Reeve, are also included in this section, but on no
tangible grounds.

Geoffrey Nevill, in his “ List of the Mollusca brought back by
Dr. J. Anderson from Yunnan and Upper Burmah,” J. A. 8. Bengal,
part 2, 1877, p. 25, recognizes the genus Cryptosoma with these
remarks :—

‘The entire shell is covered with a thick and compact epidermis ;
the largest specimen in the Museum (Calcutta), from Tenasserim,
measures, axis 27}, diam. 313 mil. It is an extremely abundant
species in Tenasserim and also near Moulmein; Dr. Anderson found
it abundant at Sawady and on the banks of the Irrawady, Second
Defile.” The shell, with animal, was also figured in Dr. Anderson’s
work from a drawing made, under Dr. Ferd. Stoliczka’s superinten-
dence, by a native artist, and which I give a copy from the same
original excellent drawing (Plate IV. fig. 1).

Vitrina prestans, from Tavoy (Gould), P. Bost. Soc. N. H. vol. i.
p. 140, read Sept. 6 (1843).

Vitrina prestans, Gould, Boston J. Nat. Hist. vol. iv. p. 456,
plate 24. f. 2, read Sept. 6 (1843); Pfeif. Mon. Helic. vol. ii. p. 497
(1848); Reeve, Conch. Icon. Vitrina, f. 12 (May 1862); Theobald
and Hanley, Conchologia Indica, plate Ixv. figs. 5, 6 (1870), with re-
mark “our fig. 6 is scarcely round enough.”

Cryptosoma preestans, Maulmain, Martaban, and Tenasserim valley
(W. Theobald), J. A. 8. B. p. 252 (1857).

Helicarion (Section E) prestans, Theobald, Cat. Land and Fresh-
water Shells of British India (1876).

Helicarion (Cryptosoma) prestans, Nevill, J. A. 8. B. part ii. p. 25

USL).
Helicarion prestans, G. Nevill, Hand-list of Mollusca in Ind.
Mus., Calcutta (1878).

Original description :—“ Testa depressa, fragili, nitida, straminea ;
anfr. tribus, striis incremente, et volventibus retrculatis ; apertura sub-
coarctata.”

The colour is dark straw-colour or amber-colour, inclining to
green. A thin layer of enamel unites the two extremities of the
lip. The figure given is very good.

In response to a wish I expressed in a paper in the Linnean
Society last year, Mr. Theobald most kindly sent me quite lately a
couple of specimens, preserved in glycerine, of this species from
Maulmain. I am now able to give a somewhat more detailed account
of its forms and anatomy, which gives it a more substantial position
as a subgenus by itself, and which must, with our present know-
ledge, be recognized.

Animal (Plate IV. fig. 2). With tentacles rather short and blunt,
the extremity of foot truncate, the mucous pore large, but with no

16 LAND AND FRESHWATER

overhanging lobe, the pedal line very distinct and segmented, termi-
nating at the upper margin of the mucous gland, the foot with a
broad pedal margin, segmented (fig. 6). .Mantle—the right shell-lobe
is moderately large and extends over the region of the body-whorl
(Plate IV. fig. 2); it extends quite round to the posterior margin
(figs. 4, 5), and unites with the left shell-lobe, which is very long and
well developed (fig. 3), and spreads over the edge of the peristome
from near the respiratory orifice. The right dorsal lobe is triangular
in shape, and the left dorsal lobe is long and rather narrower than
the shell-lobe adjacent. The genital organs in one specimen were
very small and undeveloped, and were not very well developed in
the second specimen ; they show the presence of a thick bluntly
cylindrical amatory organ (dart-sac) (fig. 9, D). The penis is much
convoluted, and is closely folded together, having a cxecum-like pro-
cess (kalk-sac) (fig. 10, c.c.) midway between the vas deferens and
the retractor muscle, exactly as in H. bicarinatus, Semper, and H.
ceratodes, Pfr., from Luzon, but which have no amatory organ. The
ovo-testis, hermaphrodite duct, &c. were not made out. Helicarion
cuming? is also somewhat similar, and possesses this organ.

Odontophore (P1. LY. fig. 12). The buccal mass is large, the radula
is nearly as broad as long, with a very large number of teeth in each
row. The ribbon was delicate, and was broken in taking it out; but
88 rows were counted in one specimen and 97 in the second: we
may take 100 as the probable number. The dental formula is

120 (2+7) .1.(7+2) 120,
ye | Thel05 1h Aellsia).

The central tooth is broad, large, bluntly pointed, with two small
basal cusps on either side, on a broad oblong base. The next median
eight are large, broad, and sharp-pointed, but decreasing in breadth
outwards ; each has one short basal cusp on the outer margin. Each
median has a smali notch on the inner margin, its position halfway
between the apex and the outer cusp. In No. 8 it is still nearer
and is less developed. In No. 9 it is hardly to be seen; the tooth
is narrower, while the outer basal cusp has advanced its position
close up to the point, and No. 10 is changed completely into a long,
narrow, bicuspid lateral. More than one hundred such teeth suc-
ceed, all of the same size and shape; then the points become blunter
(fig. 12 a), with only an indication of the bicuspid form, and finally
the last have a single, blunt, rather square point (fig. 124), and the
outermost diminish much in size and are short and pointed. This
radula is therefore very peculiar, assimilating to that of Macrochlamys
on one side in the general character of the well-developed median
teeth, but differing widely in the very great number of the laterals,
the formula of Macrochlamys being

40 to 50.12.1.12.40 to 50,

Of Do els Do.
The jaw is strong, straight in front, and longitudinally striate,
thus differing again from Macrochlamys and its allies (Girasia,

Austenia,

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. W7/

&e.), Which have a central convex projection on the

frontal edge. In the great number of teeth it recalls the genus
Durgella, which also has a straight jaw.

The odontophore is very similar to Helicarion ceratodes, Pfr., from
Luzon, given by Dr. C. Semper in Reis. Archipel Philippinen, pl. vi.
fig. 24; and the animal on plate i. fig. 12 is also very like, but does
not show the form of the right shell-lobe.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

Animal of Cryptosoma prestans, from nature, nat. size. Copied
from an original drawing made by native artist, under the super-
intendence of the late Dr. F. Stoliczka.

. Animal (enlarged), from spirit-specimen, viewed from right side.

Shell removed, showing the mantle and its lobes.

. Ditto, left side.
. Ditto, posterior side, viewed from above, showing the junction of the

shell-lobes.

. Ditto, side view.
. Anterior portion, underside of foot, showing the segmented pallial

margin.

. Side view of extremity of foot.

. Generative organs.

. Ditto, second specimen.

. Male organ, showing the cxcum or kalk-sac,
. daw, X 20.

. Teeth of lingual ribbon, x 360.

12a. Laterals, about the 100th from central tooth.
126. Outermost laterals.

LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA

OF

P terk NA rk Erlich Ne

Part II._JULY 1882.

Family ZONITIDA.
Subgenus Kartenra (continued).

(Plate V.)

KALIELLA BARRAKPORENSIS, Pfr.

Additional synonymy :—Cat. Pulm. B.M. p. 80 (Wanina) ; Reeve,
Conch. Icon. n. 816, t. 132.

Since the publication of Part I. I am enabled to give a description
of the lingual ribbon of this species. The dried-up animal, a mere
speck, still remained in a specimen from Barisal (Part I. p. 3). By
soaking this in glycerine for some days, I was rewarded by finding
the lingual ribbon, and getting the greater part of it out (vide
Plate V. fig. 11). This confirms Stoiiczka’s remarks on the differ-
ence of its dentition as compared with Sitala, Adams, when
describing that genus under the title Conulema. ‘The dental
formula is

The central tooth is tricuspid on an oblong base; the central
cusp very long, narrow, and sharp-pointed, the lateral cusps about
half as long, also lengthened and sharp. ‘The next seven median
teeth are similar in form, with the basal cusps having a tendency to
turn outwards. The central point is rather shorter in 6 and 7, which
last is broader than any of the other median teeth. At the eighth
the form quite changes into a narrow, elongate, curved, still tricuspid

02

20 LAND AND FRESHWATER

tooth, the inner cusp being slightly longer than the median, and
that again than the outer. The laterals decrease rapidly in size to
the outermost, which are small, short, and tricuspid (fig. 11 a).

Benson was the first to discover this shell. He notes finding it
at Patharghata in September, and also at Berhampur (J. A. S. B.
1836, p. 357).

In continuation of what has been recorded of this species (pp. 2,
3, 4), I may mention that I have seen the two examples in the
British Museum, marked from India only, the types described by
Pfeiffer out of the Cuming collection. They have all the appear-
ance of specimens from Mussoorie. In the same collection are a
number sent from that part of India by Captain T. Hutton, who
distributed this shell to several collectors about the same time.
They are of the sienna-brown colour which is characteristic of the
N.W. Himalayan form (sivalensis).

Benson, in the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., May 1863, records that
this species was obtained by Mr. F. Layard at Kandookerre, in
Lower Ourah, Ceylon. I have not seen any myself from that part
of India.

The most interesting and remarkable fact in distribution is the
occurrence of the genus Aaliella in Madagascar. My attention has
been only lately drawn to this by Mr. Edgar Smith, of the British
Museum, who obtained the specimens from Mr. W. Johnson, who
collected them at a place ‘in the outskirts of the upper forest,
28 miles east of Antananarivo,” the capital of the island. Mr. Edgar
Smith has kindly sent me a specimen, and having compared it side
by side with species from different parts of India, I found it agreed
very closely with the Nilgiri variety in Mr. W. T. Blanford’s collection
which I named sigurensis. From the N.W. and East-Himalayan
forms it differs in the columellar margin being less oblique, and
the peristome more rounded below, giving a larger aperture. It
measures in major diam. 3:6, alt. axis 2°9 millim. The Madagascan
Kaliella can therefore stand as K. siqurensis, or as K, barrakporensis,
var, sigurensis, or simply var. No two naturalists are agreed as to
where a variety ends and a species begins ; in fact there is no defined
line; I prefer, however, when there is.a decided change of form in
some character or another, and constant over a separate area, to
distinguish such forms bya name. It is this gradual change which
is so interesting when studying and following out any group over a
wide extent of country.

Mr. Johnson says, ‘‘ It was not in or near any garden or human
habitation, nor could any introduced plants have got there.” He
found them “on the ground, among bracken fern, in a scrap of
forest. A fire had passed over the place a year(?) previously, and
these shells were hidden among the light black earth and leaves, on
high ground, above a cliff or brow of rock, below which was thick
forest.” The shells were very scarce, he ‘could only find a few
specimens, except blanched ones.” This account certainly supports
the view that the shell has not been introduced ; and we may con-
sider it one of the several forms that formerly had a far more ex-

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 21

tensive and similar range from this island towards India on the
north-east. The paucity of these genera and species, however, points
to a very distant and not a very close and continuous connexion.

KaLigtLa FASTIaIATA, Hutton. (Plate II. fig. 8.)

Additional synonymy :—Wiegm. Arch. (1839) ii. p. 222; Reeve,
n. 823, t. 133; Pfr. Mon. Hel. i. p. 37. no. 57, and iii. p. 41. no. 85;
Chem. ed. Kiister, Helix, n. 919, t. 141. figs. 15, 16; Mon. Suppl.
p- 40; Cat. Pulm. B. M. p. 75 (as Nanina).

T next figure, on Plate V., a group of minute shells, of which the
animal has never been examined, nor have I any notes of my own
regarding them. The sculpture is similar to species already figured,
viz. fine transverse ribbing ; they are conoid or globosely conoid in
form, and rounded or subangular on the periphery, instead of being
sharply keeled, and the whorls are more convex. Of this subgroup
Helix nana, Hutton, may be taken as the type. I hesitate, at pre-
sent, to give the group any distinctive title, and shall bring them in
under Kaliella, to which, I think, they will be found to be nearest
related ; and should this prove to be the case, it will be better to
slightly amend the characters of the above genus as originally de-
scribed by Mr. W. T. Blanford, than to create a new subgenus. I
hope to receive specimens in spirit from the N.W. Himalaya of
nana and bullula, which will clear up the question whether they
are or are not allied to K. barrakporensis.

KaLIeLia NANA, Hutton. (Plate V. figs. 6, 6a.)

Helix nana, J. A. 8. B. March 1888, vol. vii. p. 218; Conch. Indica,
Pals. plo ix. tes. 7, O, o-

Sitala nana, Theob. Cat. p. 20.

Nanina (Microcystis) nana, Nevill’s Hand-list, p. 38. no. 164;
Cat. Pulm. Brit. Mus. p. 74 (1855).

Orobia nana, Die Heliceen (ed. von Martens), p. 58 (1860).

Original description :— Testa parvula, convewo-conoidea, pallide
fucescente ; anfractibus sex wut septem arcte convolutis, ultimo rotun-
dato ; apertura latiore, labro simplict ; wmbilico evanido ; apice valde
obtuso.

“Diam. 0°1.

‘Animal Heliciform, colour dark grey. Accompanies the two
last species (fastigiata and bullula), and occurs in the greatest
abundance.” (B.)

Range. Simla, Mussoorie (Dr. 7. Oldham and Stoliczka). Dar-
jeeling (Stoliczka and Col. Mainwaring): I have never seen this
shell, which may not be the same'species. Moisraka, Midnapur
district (G. Nevill), and Botanical Gardens, Calcutta (Stoliczka); Port
Canning (Wood Mason): regarding these three Lower Bengal
localities, there is, I think, some doubt as to the correct identifica-
tion of the shells.

Locality. Mussoorie, N.W. Himalaya (@.-A.): figured.

Shell very globosely conoid, rounded on the base ; sculpture very

22 LAND AND FRESHWATER

fine, regular, sharply defined transverse ribbing, quite smooth to
the eye; colour pale ochraceous; spire conoid, sides convex ; apex
blunt; suture well impressed; whorls 6, sides convex ; aperture
lunate ; peristome thin, oblique on columellar margin.
Size: major diam. 0°12 inch, alt. axis 0-08 inch.
a 30 mm., as 2:0 mm.

KALiIkELLA RESINULA, n. sp. (Plate V. fig. 8.)

Locality. Khasi Hills (G.-A.).

Shell globosely conoid, very closely umbilicate, rounded below ;
sculpture beautifully fine close costulation ; colour pale ochraceous ;
spire high, sides much convex ; suture impressed ; whorls 6, convex,
regularly increasing ; aperture semilunate ; peristome thin.

Size: major diam. 0°09 inch, alt. axis 0-08 inch.

a3 2-4 mm., » 20-mm.

KALIELLA RESINULA, juv. (Plate V. fig. 7.)

Locality. Teria Ghat (G.-A.).

Shell globosely conoid, very closely umbilicate, rounded below ;
sculpture very fine transverse costulation ; colour pale horny ; spire
moderately high, sides convex; suture impressed ; whorls 5, convex,
regularly increasing; aperture semilunate, nearly vertical ; peri-
stome perpendicular near axis.

Size: major diam. 0°08 inch, alt. axis 0:06 inch.

a 2:0 mm., " 1-6 mm,

Katretia stxximensis, Nevill, MS. (Plate V. fig. 9.)

Locality. Sikkim, ex Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Shell ovately conoid, rounded below, closely umbilicated ; sculp-
ture extremely fine, close, regular costulation ; colour pale sienna-
brown ; spire blunt and rounded ; suture impressed ; whorls 6, sides
convex ; aperture semicircular; peristome sharply reflected near
the umbilicus.

Size: major diam. 0-095 inch, alt. axis 0-08 inch.

a 2:3 mm., | 2-0 arm.
This is very close to the Khasi shell resinula, but is not so tumid.

KALIELLA LHOTAENSIS, n. sp. (Plate V. figs. 2, 2a.)

Locality. Lhota Naga (A. Chennell).

Shell globosely conoid, not umbilicated, subangular on last whorl,
base rounded ; sculpture delicate, regular, fine transverse ribbing,
quite smooth below ; colour pale sienna-brown ; spire conoid, sides
convex ; suture shallow; whorls 5, regularly increasing ; aperture
oblique, ovately lunate, small; peristome moderately thickened ;
columellar strong, perpendicular.

Size: major diam. 0:09 inch, alt. axis 0-06 inch.

om 2°3 mm., as 1-6 mm.

This shell is at first sight very like animula from the Khasi
Hills, but its small semicircular aperture is very different from the
larger open one of that shell.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 93

KALrELLA FLATURA, n.sp. (Plate V. figs. 10, 10a.)

Locality. Munipur (G.-A.).

Shell globosely conoid ; sculpture regular, well-marked, transverse
ribbing, not apparent to the eye; colour horny brown; spire high-
conoid, sides slightly convex ; suture impressed ; whorls 5, sides
convex ; aperture ovate, vertical; peristome thin, a good deal re-
flected and perpendicular on columellar margin.

Size; major diam. 0-09 inch, alt. axis 0-06 inch.

By 2°3 mm., . 1:5 mm.

Near lhotaensis, but more globose, whorls more convex, blunter

apex and coarser ribbing.

KALierLa ANmmuLA, 0. sp. (Plate V. fig. 1.)

Locality. Khasi Hills (G.-A.).

Shell pyramidal, somewhat rounded below, angular on periphery ;
sculpture oblique, irregular ridges of growth, with very minute
transverse ribbing; colour pale horny; spire conoid, sides flat;
suture moderately impressed; whorls 5, sides convex; aperture
broadly ovate, subvertical ; peristome thin; columellar margin but
slightly reflected and very upright.

Size; major diam. 0-1 inch, alt. axis ‘075 inch.

3 2°6 mm., i 1:9 mm.

KatieqLxia BULLULA, Hutton. (Plate V. fig. 4.)

Helix bullula, J. A. 8. B. March 1838, p. 218; Reeve, n. 819,
t. 133; Conch. Ind. p. 28, pl. 1x1. figs. 2, 3.

Sitala bullula, Theob. Cat. p. 20.

Nanina (Microcystis) bullula, Nevill, Hand-list, p. 37. no. 155:
Naini Tal, Simla, Kulu, and Mussoorie (Stoliczka).

Nanina bullula, Cat. Pulm. Brit. Mus. p. 88 (1855).

Orobia bullula, Die Heliceen, ed. von Martens, p. 58.

Original description :—“ Testa parvula, glabra, translucente, sub-
trochiformi, conoidea; anfractibus quinque convexis, ultimo rotun-
dato ; suturis impressis ; wmbilico angustato ; apertura latiore ; labro
simplicr.

“ Diam. 0°15 inch (B.).

* Found with H. fastigiata among dead leaves at Simla. This
shell is much larger than nana, with which it has been mistaken.”

Locality. North side of the Nag-Tiba range, near Mussoorie,
N.W. Himalaya (specimen figured).

Shell bluntly conoid ; sculpture fine, regular, transverse ribbing,
with no longitudinal furrows, as in rimicola; colour pale whitish
horny ; whorls 5, sides convex, somewhat subangulate on the peri-
phery, the last somewhat descending; columellar margin sub-
oblique.

Size: major diam. 4:0 mm., alt. axis 3-0 mm.

‘, 0:16 inch, ,, 0-12 inch.
In Mr. W. T. Blanford’s collection there are three examples of

24 LAND AND FRESHWATER

this species from Kumaon, which only differ in being smaller than
those from Mussoorie (vide Plate V. fig. 5). Major diam. 3°5; alt.

axis 2:1 mm.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.
Fig. 1. Kaliella animula, n. sp., X 7. Khasi Hills.

2. lhotaensis, n. sp., X 7. Lhota-Naga Hills.

2a, —— : sculpture, x 50.

3. —— barrakporensis, Pfr., x 7. Madagascar.

4, —— bullula, Hutton, x 7. North side Nag-Tiba range.

5: , X 7, small var. Kumaon, N.W. Himalaya.

6, 6a. nana, Hutton, X 7. Mussoorie, N.W. Himalaya.
7. Kaliella resinula, juy.,u.sp., X 7. Teria Ghat, Khasi Hills.
8. resinula, n. sp., X 7. Khasi Hills.

9. sikkimensis, Nev. MS., * 7. Sikkim.

10, 10a. jlatura, nu. sp., X 7. Munipur.

11. Teeth of the radula of Kaliella barrakporensis, Pfr., from a speci-
men from Barisal, Lower Bengal: central and twelve laterals.
lla. Outermost laterals, x 1250.

The characters of the subgenus Kaliella have never been drawn
up. They are indicated below, with a synoptical list of the species

I would include in it.

Character. Name. Locality.

A. Shell trochiform or pyramidal,

with sides flat, well keeled on
periphery ; base flat, with trans-
verse or oblique very fine costu-
lation; subperforate. Animal
with a mucous pore. Anatomy
similar to the genus Sitala.
Odontophore, central teeth ob-
long, sharp-pointed, with tri-
ee [eratreensis | ing. Haare
, Var. siva- { Mussoorie and N.W.

a, Major diameter > than height

: LENSIS’ “s.0Su2ces Himalaya.
Dep) Gasdeonssack cocasdoou dened vaca & Windean!
perakensis ...... Malay Peninsula.
VULCAN seovevees Burmah.
{ ! SUGUTENSIS ve... Nilghiris.
a’, Spire = or > major diam.... Bh eae Madagascar.
Cherraensis ....0. Khasi Hills.
WEN aUemloecese Lower Bengal.
, A P costulata ......64. Dafla Hills, Assam.
a”. Strong distant costulation { subcostulata ...... N. Khasi Hills,
munipurensis ... Munipur.
6. Spire high, sides convex, sub- svar! DO: Naga Hills.
angulate on periphery ......... ASPUTANS ..s.0.00- Nilghiris.
Khasiaea 11.0106 Khasi Hills.
B'. Spire higher” 4.0.0.9)... { fastigiata......... N.W. Himalaya.
ae a elongata weve. Khasi Hills.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 25

Synoptical List (continued).

Character. Name. Locality.
JUINELACE ...0eee0ees 8. Jaintia Hills.
; NAGAENSIS . 02+ 0ee0000s Naga Hills.
c. Base tumid below.......-..++++++. grata ae Ditto.
LOTIGCNSUS. ..ceesenees Khasi Hills.
B. Shell globosely conoid ; sides
convex; aperture small, subper-
forate ; close fine transverse cos-
tulation. OMG maces seitaaieets N.W. Himalaya.
TESINUWID ..-.0--000e- Khasi Hills.
d. Rounded on last whorl ......... 4 sikkimensis........+. BK. Himalaya.
OTE sognoncaGoo8e0e N.W. Himalaya.
UOLCRUT, Cae aeteeeteeieateel= Munipur.
: Thotaensts ...000++- Lhota-Naga Hills.
e’, Subangulate on periphery «+ gnimuda ....ccsvere: Khasi Hills.

Genus SITALA.
Sitala, H. Adams, P. Z.S. April 1865, p. 408. .

In a paper entitled “ List of the Land Shells collected by Mr.
Wallace in the Malay Archipelago, with Descriptions of the new
Species by Mr. Henry Adams,” under Trochomorpha tropidophora,
Ad. & Reeve, from Borneo, is the following note :—

“From the observations of Mr. W. T. Blanford, the animal of
T. lychnia is without a mucous pore at the extremity of the foot ;
and Trochomorpha therefore must be removed from the family
Stenopide. The species infula, Bens., however, hitherto included
in Trochomorpha, is, according to Mr. Blanford, furnished with one,
and must remain in that family, where it may be considered the
type of a group, under the name of Sitala.”—/. Ad.

The genus was therefore, under this title, never thoroughly de-
scribed ; but it is sufficiently well indicated, and it was very neces-
sary to remove infula from the subgenus Trochomorpha, in which
Albers had originally placed it.

Ferd. Stoliczka, in ignorance of the very brief note by Adams*,
described this genus most thoroughly and accurately under the name
of Conulema, in that very elaborate and excellent paper on “ Terres-
trial Mollusca from the Neighbourhood of Moulmein,” in the Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871, p. 236, taking attegia, Bs., for his type,
and including culmen, Blf., infula, cacuminifera, are, and pal-
maria, Benson, H. gratulator and confinis, Blf., liricincta, Stol., pro-
pably WV. apicata and H. hyphasma, Pfr., from South India and
Ceylon, H. leucophlea, Martens, from Celebes, and a few others.
Stolicaka says also, “ The genus is, as regards form and structure of
the shell, closely allied to Semper’s Martensia (a name already em-
ployed in botany) (Reisen im Archipel der Phil. &c., Theil 2, Band iv.
p- 42); but in this the light shell-lobe of the mantle is said to be

* And he acknowledges this when describing St¢ala carinifera, in J. A. S. B.
1873, p. 16, saying Conulema must now be regarded as identical with Sitala.

26 LAND AND FRESHWATER

entirely absent, and the penis has two cxcal appendages, which
have not been observed in Conulema.” I give Stoliczka’s descrip-
tion in full :—

“Shell conoidal, thin, consisting of many, usually spirally ribbed
or striated whorls; base convex, narrowly or indistinctly umbili-
cated ; margin of the aperture thin, not expanded, outer simple.

“ Animal narrow, long, generally equal to twice the greater dia-
meter of the shell; pedicles long, tentacles much shorter, lateral
line distinct, the margin below it smooth; gland at the end of
foot large, superseded by a distinct horn; sole grooved ; two shell
and two dorsal lobes to the mantle, all of them small and with no
separately produced appendages, but slightly extended on either
end; genital organs with or without an amatorial gland; a single
appendage to the penis, produced into the penis retractor, recepta-
culum seminis terminating with a bulging end, attached to the
anterior portion of the prostata. Jaw thin, transparent, smooth,
indistinctly or finely concentrically striated in the middle. Radula
large, consisting of numerous (about 100) transverse rows, each
with very numerous (300 to above 400) teeth, a few median teeth
being conspicuously larger than the laterals, which are narrow,
pectiniform, and very gradually decreasing in width.”

Srrata InFuLA, Bs. (Plate VIII. fig. 1.)

Helix infula, Benson, Ann. & Mag. N. H. Sept. 1848, p. 160,
changed from H. tubiniformis, J. A. 8. B., type described from Mur-
shedabad and Patharghata, Behar; Reeve, Conch. Icon. Helix,
f. 783; Pfr. Mon. Hel. vol. iii. p. 58; Conch. Ind. pl. liv. fig. 9;
Chem. ed. ii., Helix, n. 804, t. 127. f. 24, 25; Mon. Suppl. p. 58.

Trochomorpha infula, Albers, Die Heliceen, 2nd edit. von Martens
(1860), p. 61; W. T. Blanford, Ann. & Mag. N. H., Feb. 1863.

Nanina infula, J. E. Gray, Cat. Pulm. B. M. p. 80 (1855).

Sitala infula, Theob. Suppl. Cat. p. 20.

Nanina (Sitala) infula, Nev. Hand-list, 1878, p. 83,=culmen, Ble.

Original description :—‘ Testa subperforata, globoso-conica, sub-
trochiformi, albido-cornea, pellucida, supra minime nitente, liners
distantibus parum elevatis cincta, subtus subnitente, radiato-striata,
striis remotiusculis concentricis ornata [ Pl. VIII. figs. 1a,16]; spira
subconica, apice obtuso ; anfractibus sex convexiusculis, ultimo angu-
lato, infra conveaxiusculo ; apertura subquadrato-lunata, peristomate
acuto, margine columellart verticali, prope perforationem subreflexo.

“ Diam. maj. 7 mill., axis 5 mill.

“« Hab. prope urbem Murshedabad Bengalis, necnon prope collem
Patharghata, provincize Behar.

‘Formerly indicated as H. turbiniformis, mihi, in the ‘ Journal
of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta.’ This name being used by Pfeiffer
for another species, I have altered it for one of nearly similar signi-
fication. H.infula occurred to me in 18385 on the leaves of trees
and shrubs at the two places above noted. The animal has a caudal
protuberance like Nanina, but no expansion of the mantle, and is

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. Bl

whitish, spotted with brown, which, appearing through the trans-
lucent shell, gives the species a beautiful appearance when newly
captured. At first sight it appeared as if the colours resided in the
shell.”

Specimen figured ex. coll. W. T. Blanford, from Calcutta.

Major diam. 8-0, alt. axis 5°5 mm.

The largest specimen I have seen in same collection, from Tal-
chir, measures—major diam. 8°5, alt. axis 7-0 mm., showing how
these local races or varieties differ. On a close examination of four
Calcutta specimens, seven distinct spiral ribs, crossed by fine
transverse oblique costulation, were counted, the ribs being less
distinct on the last whorl. In the two specimens from Talchir
this spiral sulcation is much wider apart, and only five could be
counted on each whorl.

Stoliczka (1. c. p. 239) thus describes S. infula in detail; and I
have copied the animal with its anatomy, and that of S. attegia
given on plate xviil., which illustrates his paper :—

“* The animal of this species [ Pl. VIII. fig. 1 ¢] is identical in form
and coloration with that of attegia, except that there is often a
little more leaden grey on the upper posterior part of the foot,
tinging the sole. The general organization is also the same in both,
with the only difference that in the genital organs the amatorial
sacis entirely absent. The end of the seminal receptacle is attached
by a fine thread to the anterior part of the prostata, and the albu-
minous gland of the uterus is comparatively larger than in attegia.
In specimens which I examined in winter, the oviduct was ante-
riorly only slightly enlarged ; but all the larger specimens examined
during the rainy season showed a very conspicuous orange-coloured
swelling in that place [ Pl. VIII. fig. 1g]. The ova composing it were
in an advanced state of development, and some of them showed
already a spiral arrangement of dark corpuscles.

“The jaw (fig. 1d] exhibits a rather distinct but very fine concen-
tric striation ; the median projection in the anterior concavity is very
slight, and the convex edge is partially soft, granular, not entirely
horny.

«The radula [fig. le] is large, composed of about 100 nearly
straight transverse rows, each generally consisting of from 307 to
321 teeth, the seven median teeth being conspicuously larger than
those following on either side, the formula being

150+3.1.3+4150
153.1. 153

and the total number of teeth is somewhat above 30,000.

‘«‘ The anatomy of the present species [ fig. 1f ], when compared with
that of the last (wttegia), agrees, as already stated, almost perfectly.
There is aslight difference in the terminal attachment of the
seminal receptacle and in the number of enlarged teeth, but the
only essential distinction lies in the absence of an amatorial sac in
infula. I was at first inclined to attribute the absence of that

28 LAND AND FRESHWATER

organ to immaturity ; but this view was not supported by the exa-
mination of specimens at all seasons of the year, and some which
had fully-developed ova. The only conclusion I ean arrive at is
that the presence or absence of an amatorial sac cannot be consi-
dered as a character of generic importance ; for it would be simply
dragging classification into absurdity if we would refer infula and
attegza to two genera, while almost every other point of organization,
the form and colour of the animals and of the shells are nearly
perfectly the same.’

I can bear out Stoliezka in these remarks ; for when examining

two species of the genus Durgella, which is closely allied to Sitala,

and which I deserted in the Linnean Society’s ‘Journal,’ vol. xv.
1881, p. 291, I pointed out that the Tenasserim form D. levicula
possesses an amatory organ, while in D. assamica it was absent, yet
in every other character there was similarity between them ; and I
subsequently found that a third species (D. christiane from the An-
damans) was also deficient of this organ, still preserving the main
characters of the genus Durgella.

“ C. infula is a common species in the neighbourhood of Calcutta;
it occurs sparingly in Western Bengal, and northwards up to the
foot of the hills, and is also found near Poona and Balarampir in
Southern India. In none of these localities do the specimens attain
the size of the Burmese attegia ; and when compared with ordinary
specimens of the latter, the spiral angle is generally found to be
smaller, the whorls slightly more convex, and the base of the last less
inflated. However, these characters are all somewhat variable ; and
I collected specimens of attegia at Moulmain which are almost un-
distinguishable from the Bengal infula, the only difference being
that the former are clearly immature, while the latter, of the same
size, have all the appearance of full-grown shells.” The above com-
parative description of the two forms (the italics are mine) is clearly
shown in the figures I give of them, and to this can be added the
difference in their sculpture. Nevill, in his ‘ Hand-list,’ records
twenty specimens of infula from Moulmain, ex coll. Stoliczka ;
these are probably the immature specimens of attegia referred to
above : he, at the same time, records S. culmen, Blf., as a synonymn
of infula, while, as I shall show further on, Stoliczka considered
culmen to be the young of attegia, which, if it is not distinct, is a
much more reasonable conclusion.

“The following measurements have been taken from specimens
of different localities :—

Calcutta. Ranigunj. Poona.
Number of whorls .... 63 7 53
Larger diameter...... 7°0 mm. 7-5 mm. 5°5 mm.
Snialler 6+ Pa eee CS 5; COre3 Oo re
Height of shell ...... POLS 3 US aha,
Spiral angle ........ (ex 74° 78°

“I have not seen, from any part of Bengal, specimens larger than

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 29

8 mm. in the greater diameter, and those from the Western Ghats
appear rarely to attain more than 6 mm. in the same diameter.
The spiral angle varies in the Bengal specimens from 65°-78°; on
the average it is decidedly smaller than in atlegia, and may be
taken at 74°.”

The great difference in the proportion of diameter to height
between the Western Ghats form and the two other localities, in
the first the two measurements being equal, denotes a very consi-
derable modification of form, which may constitute, if constant, a
very good variety.

In ‘Contributions to Indian Malacology,’? No. IL., by Messrs.
Blanford, they say “ This shell is tolerably abundant on Banyan
trees (Micus indica) in the Botanical Gardens, Calcutta. We have
also met with it in Orissa.”

Srrata atreera, Bs. (Plate VIII. fig. 2.)

Helix attegia, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1859, iii. p. 184; Pfr. Mon. Hel.
vol. v. p. 91; Novit. pl. 78. f. 17, 18, 19; Conch. Ind. pl. kxxxv.
f. 7, p. 36 (form of shell well given).

Sitala attegia, Th. Suppl. Cat. p. 20,=culinen, W. BIE.

Janina (Sitala) attegia, Nev. Hand-list, p. 33.

Conulema attegia, Stoliczka, J. A. 8. B. 1871, p. 237 (type of
genus), pl. xvili. f. 1—-4,=culmen, BIE.

Trochomorpha attegia, W. T. Blanford, Ann, & Mag. N. H., Feb.
1863.

Original description :—‘ Testa anguste perforata, conica, tenui,
striatula, liris tenuibus vie elevatis, remotiusculis, spiratibus, striisque
minutissimis interpositis decussata [ PL.VILII. fig. 2a], pellucida, cornea ;
spira subanguste conica, sutura leviter impressa, apice acuto, patlido ;
anfractibus 7 convexiusculis, ultimo filoso-carinato, subtus conveai-
usculo ; apertura vie obliqua, rhombeo-lunari, peristomate acuto,
recto, margine columellart verticali, superne valde dilatato-refleao,
perforationem subtegente.

“ Diam. major 8, minor 7, axis 8 mill.

“Habitat ad Phie Than, vallis Tenasserim, frequens.

“Distinguished from the Cingalese H. hyphasma, Pfr., by its
narrower conical form, sculpture, structure of columellar lip, &c.”

Locality of specimen figured. Moulmain (Stoliczka).

Sculpture. On the upper whorls there are six distinct spiral
ridges, the lowest being close to the suture; finer and intermediate
ridges come in below, until on the last whorl they are numerous
and rather close together, crossed by oblique regular striz.

Size: major diam. 10°2 mm., alt. axis 7°56 mm.

5 0-4 A 0-3 inch.

Specimen from Prome, Pegu, figured Plate VIII. fig. 3.

Size: major diam. 11:0 mm., alt. axis 0°3 mm.

This species ranges from Ava (Blanford’s coll.) through Pegu to
Moulmain in Tenasserim.

30 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Stoliczka (l. c. p. 237) thus describes the animal :—

“The animal is of a dull whitish colour ; the larger warts of the
body, often possessing a pink tinge, are arranged in oblique rows ;
the pedicles are grey, and this colour also extends over a part of
the back ; ridge of the posterior part of the foot ashy grey; mantle-
lobes light, or sometimes pinkish grey ; inner part of mantle, form-
ing the pulmonary sac, with spots and stripes of dark pigment,
giving the shell, when the animal is retracted, a spotted appearance.

“ The mantle-lobes [Pl. VIII. fig. 2 ¢] are very slightly extensible ;
those covering the shell are somewhat thickened near their margins,
the left shell-lobe being slightly reflected over the edge of the outer
lip, so as to just cover it. The right dorsal lobe is much larger than
the left, which is represented by a mere thickened rim.

“ The general anatomy of the digestive and nervous organs and
of the muscular system is exactly as in Rotula.

“ The generative organs [fig. 2 | have a large and long uterus ;
the terminal swollen end of the seminal receptacle is imbedded in a
soft tissue at the anterior end of the prostata; vas deferens short
and extremely thin, widened before it enters the penis, the ex-
panded portion being filled with a granular colouring pigment, in
which, however, no calcareous particles were discernible. The
penis is rather thick, posteriorly prolonged and attached by thin
muscles to near the end of the prostata. The amatorial gland [D]
is a very strong, tough, twisted tube, enclosing a pointed flagel-

“The jaw [fig. 2d] is semicircular, slightly projecting in the
centre of the concave edge, smooth, about the median part indis-
tinctly and very finely concentrically striated. .... The radula
[fig. 2¢] is very large, consisting of about 100, nearly straight or
slightly undulating transverse rows. In a full-grown specimen I
counted 405 teeth in a row, the formula being

2004+2.1.2+4+200=
202.1. 202

and the total number of teeth about 40,000.

‘‘The four median teeth are conspicuously larger than those fol-
lowing on either side; all have a sharp pointed cusp at the anterior
end. The centre tooth has besides two smaller cusps at each side
and is symmetrical; the following are gradually more and more
turned on either the right or left side, and the smaller cusps are
therefore developed only on one side; the last lateral tooth is
styliform.

“The shell of Conulema attegia is subject to a large amount of
variation. The original specimen described from Tenasserim was a
thin horny shell, and probably not quite mature. Young shells
have the periphery always very sharply carinated, and the spiral
ribs or striz on the whorls, as well as on the somewhat inflated
base, are distinct. Specimens which live on foliage or other kind
of vegetation on low land retain the thin horny structure of their
shells, even when fullgrown ; hut the spiral striation of the whorls

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA, 31

is often difficult to be traced. On drier places and on sandstone
hills the shells become more solid, and are covered with a thin
horny cuticle; the spiral striation becomes very distinctly dis-
cernible, and there often appear intermediate strie between the
four or five stronger spiral ribs. A young specimen of this type
has been described by Blanford as Nanina culmen. On limestone
ground the shells become again more solid, often attaining a con-
siderable thickness, and the specimens also grow to a larger size,
but the spiral striation occasionally disappears almost entirely on
the two last whorls.

«This species is common about Moulmain, though not so much on
the low land as on limestone hills.

‘The spiral angle of specimens collected in Burmah varies from
nearly 70° to 86°. The following table will indicate some of the
principal variations :—

Pegu. Moulmain,

I ON, ae eS
Number of whorls.. 6 8 4 6, 7
Larger diameter .. 538 13mm. 7 8 11:2 mm.
Height of shell.... 55 12 ,, 6:4 (irae 5 ae
Spiral angle ...... 12.4 280: WOsy pp Sar wear

Sa ~~ Sees

culmen. attegia. attegia.”

I have given this long extract from Stoliczka’s interesting remarks
on this shell because they show so well how the nature of soil, food,
and moisture affects within very small areas the form and sculpture
of the shells of these creatures ; it is these slight changes, gradually
becoming more permanent, to be extended over larger areas or re-
maining restricted, that are regarded as local races, or varieties,
or subspecies, whichever the naturalist likes to call them, and
which, after all, is quite immaterial to the general result of our ob-
servations. What we have to show is, how very unequal these
areas are in size, and how they are distributed; and from this we
shall find where the boundaries of these changes lie, and thence
perhaps be able to connect them with the past and present distri-
bution of land and sea,

Srrata cutmen, W. Blf. (Plate VIII. fig. 4.)

Nanina culmen, Contrib. Ind. Mal., J. A.S.B. 1865, p. 72 (section
Trochomorpha).

Conulema as =attegia, Bs., Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. 1871, p. 237.

Sitala as =attegia, Bs,, Theob. Suppl. Cat. p. 20.

Nanina (Sttala) as=infula, Bs., Nev. Hand-l. p. 33.

Original description :—*“ Shell very minutely perforated, trochi-
form, very thin, horny, translucent. Spire conical, apex obtuse,
suture impressed. Whorls 6, convex above, and ornamented with
fine raised spiral lines and oblique strive; the last whorl sharply
keeled at the periphery, not descending, swollen and minutely de-
cussately striated beneath. Aperture but little oblique, subquad-

32 LAND AND FRESHWATER

rately lunate; height less than the breadth ; peristome simple, thin;
margins distant, columellar vertical, slightly reflected above.”

* Major diam. 5°75, minor diam, 5°33, axis 5°5 mm.

RA 0°23, : 0-21, ,, 0°22 inch.

“ Aperture 3 millim. broad, 2 high.

“ Habitat. Akoutoung and banks of the Tsanda Khyoung, Hen-
zadah district, Pegu.

‘“‘ Kasily distinguished from N. confinis and NV. attegia by its
smaller size and higher spire, from JV. arwv by the sides of the spire
being straight and not concave, and from the Bengal JV. infula, Bens.,
by its sculptrue and its sharper keel.”

The shell figured is one of the two typical specimens (No. 65) in
Mr. W.T. Blanford’s collection. There are nine distinct spiral ribs,
the two lowest close together, and these are in far stronger relief
and more marked than in infula, and extend even to the base of
the shell.

Size: major diam. 4:8 mm., alt. axis 6-3 mm.

j Only ich,) ”.,5 0°25 inch.

For this form I retain the original specific name, as it seems to
be a good and distinct local race, as nearly related by shell-character
to attegia as it is to infula.

Srrata conrinis, W. BIf. (Plate X. fig. 2.)

Nanina confinis, J. A. 8. B. 1865, p. 71 (section T’rochomorpha) ;
Pfr. Mon. Hel. vol. v. p. 83.

Helix confinis, Conch. Ind. p. 64, pl. clix. fig. 8 (not good).

Sitala confinis, Theob. Suppl. Cat. p. 20; Nev. Hand-l. 1878, p. 33.

Original description :—“ Shell minutely perforated, trochiform,
very thin, whitish horny, smooth, shining. Spire conical, apex
slightly obtuse, suture scarcely impressed. Whorls 7, flatly convex,
marked above with 4 or 5 spiral ribs and fine oblique lines of
growth ; the last sharply keeled, flatly convex beneath, and very
finely radiately striated. Aperture oblique, subrhomboidal, twice as
broad as high; peristome thin, acute, straight, margins distant,
columellar subvertical, briefly and triangularly reflexed.

“ Major diam. 10°5, minor diam. 9°5, axis 7-0 mm.

Ms 0-42, 95 0°38, ,, 0°28 inch.

“ Aperture 5 mm. broad, 2°5 high.

“© Habitat. Near Thayet Myo, on the borders of British Burma ;
also near Ava.

«A near ally of NV. arw, Bens., from Tenasserim, which, however,
may easily be recognized by the concave sides of its spire. From
other related species (as JV. infula, Bs., N. cacuminifera, Bs., and
N. attegia, Bs.) N. confinis is distinguished by its sculpture.”

The figure now given is from a specimen in Mr. W. T. Blanford’s
collection.

SITALA GROMATICA, n. sp. (Plate X. figs. 5, 5 a.)

Locality. Munipur Hills (G.-A.).
Shell pyramidal, sharply keeled, flat on base, scarcely perforate ;

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 33

sculpture, 10 very fine spiral thread-like ribs far apart, with 4 close
together at basal side of whorl near suture; colour pale ochraceous
umber-brown ; spire conic, sides nearly flat ; suture shallow; whorls
7, sides slightly convex ; aperture semilunate, subyertical ; peristome
thin, oblique on columellar margin and searecly reflected.

Size: sd diam. 3°4mm., ate axis 2°7 mm.

O-l3inech, ..., . .0*klinch.

This species ‘is at first sight very like S. haroldi of the Nicobars,
but is distinguished by its more convex-sided whorls and higher
spire, while it is not 80 flat on the base as harold?, and has a much
larger deeper aperture.

SITALA GROMATICA, var. (Plate X. figs. 6, 6 a.)

Locality. Khasi Hills (G.-A.).

Shell pyramidal, keeled, flat on base; sculpture, 12 to 14 distinct
fine spiral ribs, crossed diagonally by irregular lines of growth, con-
centric ribbing on basal side; colour pale horny ; spire conic, sides
flat; suture shallow; whorls 6, slightly convex; aperture semi-
lunar, narrow, oblique; peristome thin, perpendicular near axis, but
becoming rapidly oblique.

Size: major diam. 0°12 inch, alt. axis 0-09 inch.

3°0 mm. eee lis sn cay en

This shell only differs from the typical form in the greater number
of the fine spiral ribs.

Plate X. fig. 8 is a young specimen from the Jatinga valley,
North Cachar Hills, which was the first specimen detected in my
collection when I began sorting some of the original boxes, and it
thus was figured before the others.

SrTaLA HAROLDI, n. sp. (Plate X. figs. 7, 7 a.)

Locality. Andamans (11 specimens).

Shell pyramidal, imperforate ; sculpture, on base distant con-
centric ribs in relief, above with 10 longitudinal or spiral white
thread-like ribs of equal size and distance apart on each whorl
(fig. 7 a); colour pale umber-brown; spire high, sides flat, apex
acuminate; suture moderately impressed; whorls 7, sides flatly
convex; aperture quadrate, slightly rounded below ; peristome thin,
columellar thickened above, straight oblique.

Size: major diam. 3°3 mm., alt. axis 2°7 mm.

4 O-LDineh,p/ gy) O71 Linch,

This pretty species, remarkable for its very pyramidal form and
flat base, was discovered by my brother Mr. Harold Godwin-Austen.
I at first thought it must be Heliw (Sagdinella) microtrochus of
Morch, described in Journ. Conchyl. Oct. 1876, p. 358, until I re-
ceived the type specimen of Sagdinella, which shows the sculpture
to be transverse and the shell in every way different from the group
Sitala (vide Pl. IX. figs. 1, 1 a)*.

* This and the last described are close allies, but the form at once distinguishes

the Andaman shell. The range of gromatica no doubt extends along the line
of the Arakan Hills, which, there is little doubt, were once continuous with the

Andaman Islands.
D

34 LAND AND FRESHWATER

SITALA PHULONGENSIS, n. sp. (Plate X. fig. 4.)

Locality. East of the Kopili river, North Cachar (one specimen)
(G.-A.).

Shell elongately pyramidal, scarcely perforate; sculpture, 6 to 7
well-raised longitudinal or spiral ribs on the whorls, fine close con-
centric ribbing on base ; colour pale sienna-brown; spire high, sides
slightly convex, apex blunt; suture well impressed; whorls 53,
sides convex; aperture semicircular, oblique; peristome thin, colu-
mellar margin vertical, slightly reflected.

Size: major diam. 0°10 inch, alt. axis 0-09 inch.

a 2:5 mm., i 2°3mm.

I have more than twenty of this species, which is distinguished
from its near allies by its more elongate form, rounder aperture, and
the fewer and stronger liration. J have named it after the trigono-
metrical station of Phulong, near which it was first found by me, but
it is very common at Cherra Poongee.

The shell figured is the single specimen from Phulong, and is not
quite mature.

SITALA LIRICINCTA, Stol.

Conulema liricineta, J. A. 8. B. 1871, p. 241, pl. xviii. f. 10.

Helia liricineta, Conch. Ind. p. 53, pl. exxxii. fig. 7 (too dark in
colour).

Sitala liricincta, Theob. Suppl. Cat. p. 20.

Nanina (Sitala) liricincta, Ney. Hand-list, p. 34 (type specimens).

Original description :—‘ Con. testa late conica, tenwi, castanea,
apice pallido, vel omnino pallide lutescente, anguste wmbilicato ; an-
fractibus 7, conveae gradatis, sutura impressa simplicr junctis, quatuor
lirts acutis spiralibus cinctis; liris duabus medianis crassissimis,
superna tenuissima basi laevigata, prope peripheriam liris 3-4 tenui-
bus, approximatis notata ; lineis increments subtilissimis et confer-
tissimis 5 apertura subsemilunart, labio columellari rectiusculo, brevi,
supra paulo reflewo ; labro tenui, simplict, arcuato,

‘Major diam. 6°4, minor diam. 6:0, alt. testa 5:8, alt. apert. 2°5,
lat. apert. 3-0 mm. ;’’ or major diam. 0°25, minor diam. 0:24, alt. teste
0°23, alt. apert. 0°10, lat. apert. 0°12 unc.

* Hab. prope Moulmain, ad flumen Ataran.

«The species has the general form of a rather large and elevated
Con. palmaria, Bs., but the spiral ribs are more distant and stronger,
except at the periphery, which is less sharply carinated. I have
not seen the animal; but, judging from the general resemblance of
the shell to that of infula, it is tolerably certain that both belong to
one and the same genus.”

SiTaLa LimaTa, n. sp. (Plate X. figs. 9, 9 a.)

Locality. Thamandaiva, Bassein, Pegu (W. Bif.).

Shell conoidal, scarcely perforate; sculpture, six thread-like longi-
tudinal ribs on each whorl, close and spiral on base ; colour horny
brown ; spire conic, apex blunt and rounded, sides slightly convex ;
suture impressed ; whorls 5, sides convex ; aperture broadly semi-

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 385

circular ; peristome thin, columellar margin upright, rather thickened,
a white callus on the body-whorl.
Size: major diam. 2°6 mm., alt. axis 1:6 mm.
a O-lO/inch?, «-,2°)/0:06aneh:

SITALA CARINIFERA, Stoliczka.

Sitala carinifera, J. A. 8. B. 1873, p. 16, pl. i. fig. 8.

Nanina (Sitala) carinifera, Nev. Hand-list, p. 33 (the type shell).

Original description :—‘‘ Testa globose conoidea, cornea, apice ob-
tusulo, angustissime perforato ; anfractibus quinque, gradatim aceres-
centibus, convexe angulatis, sutura simplici junctis, transversim minu-
tissime striolatis, superis infra medium carinis filiformibus duobus
ornatis, ultimo ad peripheriam tricarinato, basi planate convexiusculo,
levigato ; apertura semilunari, verticali, non descendente, labro extus
tenuissimo, in regione columellari paululum refleaiusculo.

“ Diam. maj. 2-2 mm., minor 2:0, alt. teste 2°0 mm.

5 @-O9 mek 55 0:08)" 4, 0-08 inch.

“ Hab, ‘ Penang Hill’ in foliis Coffee arabic, specimen unicum.

«The animal of this species is exactly like that of S. infula, figured
in plate xviii. in J. A. S. B. vol. xl. (1871); it has a generally pale
brownish-grey colour ; but having obtained a single specimen, I did
not like to sacrifice the shell, in order to notice the internal struc-
ture ; for when examining these little species, one is by no means
sure that he will obtain from a single specimen an insight into the
whole anatomy.

“The present species is closely allied to the Nilghiri 1, tricarinata,
BIf., which is also a Sitala, and differs by a more depressed and
broadly conical shape, and by having a much wider umbilicus.”

SrraLa PALMARIA, Benson. (Plate X. fig. 3.)

Heliv palmaria, Ann. & Mag. N. H., Feb. 1864, p. 137; Pir.
Mon. Hel. vol. v. p. 575; Conch. Ind. p. 15, pl. xxx. f. 5, 6.

Sitala palmaria, Th. Suppl. Cat. p. 20.

Original description :—* Testa perforata, subconica, spiraliter 7-
lirata, striis filosis obliquis confertissimis decussata, sub epidermide
cornea albida ; spira subconica, apice obtusiusculo levigato, sutura
impressa ; anfractibus 63, convexis, ultimo subtus convexiusculo, per-
tremate leviter carinato ; apertura obliqua, late angulato-lunata, sub-
securtformt ; peristomate tenu, recto, margine columellara superne
breviter expansiusculo.

“Diam. major 84, minor 8, axis 6 mill.

“© Hab. ad montem Nundydroog in regione Mysoriana.

‘Two imperfect specimens were found by my son, Captain C. A.
Benson, on the Fort Hill of Nundydroog, north of Bangalore, in
Mysore, and a single specimen (fully grown, but weathered) by my
daughter, Mrs. R. H. Sankey, at the same place, about 4000 feet
above the level of the sea. It is very distinct from the various
lirate species described by the Messrs. Blanford in the Journ. Asiat.
Soe. Beng. for 1861, from the hill-ranges of Southern India.”

36 LAND AND FRESHWATER

The specimen figured is No, 66 of Mr. Blanford’s collection and
MS. list, a typical specimen from Benson, from the original locality.
This measures—Major diam. 8:0, alt. axis 4°8 mm.

There are two other specimens in the same collection (No. 67)
marked palmaria, var., from the Wynaad, collected by Colonel
Beddome ; these are much smaller, but in other respects similar,
being only 5:0 mm. in major diameter.

Srrata arx, Benson. (Plate IX. fig. 8.)

Helix arx, Benson, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1859, iii. p. 184; Pfr.
Mon. Hel. v. p. 90; Conch, Ind. p. 25, pl. liv. fig. 8.

Sitala arx, Theob. Suppl. Cat. p. 20 (Therapon Hill, Tenasserim
valley).

Nanina (Sitala) arw, Nev. Hand-list, p. 34.

Original description :—‘ Testa anguste perforata, acute conica,
tenut, striis minutissinus confertissimis obliquis, lirisque 38-4 spirali-
bus, validis, superne sculpta, subtus leviori, translucente, olivaceo-
cornea; spira gracili, conca, lateribus concavis, sutura marginata,
apice acutiusculo, hyalino; anfractibus 73, superioribus conveaius-
culis, tum planiusculis, ultimo acute carinato, subtus convexiusculo ;
apertura obliqua, trapeziformi, peristomate recto, acuto, margine colu-
mellari breviter reflexo, superne perforationem subtegente.

“Diam, major 10, minor 9, axis 74 mill.

“¢ Hab. ad collem Therabuin, vallis Tenasserim, nec raro; detexit
W. Theobald,”

‘«‘ Distinguished by its sculpture and slender concave spire, which
recalls that of my Nilgherry species, H. cacuminifera.”

This last-named shell, however, is very distinct in its sculpture,
and, together with other similar species from peninsular India and
Ceylon, form a very distinct group by themselves, which I propose
to figure together later on.

Figured from specimen in the Benson collection at Cambridge, in
which there are five specimens labelled as from Tenasserim.

Major diam. 10-0, alt, axis 7-0 mm.

SrraLa Rimicota, Benson. (Plate IX. fig. 2.)

Helix rimicola, Benson, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1859, iii. p. 266;
Pfr. Mon. Hel. vol. v. p. 71; Conch. Ind. p. 28, pl. Ixi. f. 1,

Macrochlamys rimicola (sec. D), Theob. Suppl. Cat. p..19.

Original description :—‘‘ Testa viv perforata, orbiculato-pyrami-
data, tenui, fragili, oblique striatula, diaphana, pallide cornea ;
spira conica, apice obtuso, sutura leviter impressa ; anfractibus 53
convexiusculis, ultimo convexo, compresse rotundato ; apertura obliqua,
subquadrato-lunari, peristomate tenui, recto, margine columellari
verticaliter descendente, basali arcuato.

“Diam. major 44, minor 4, axis 4 mm.

“Var. peripheria primo subangulata, angulo versus aperturam
evanescente, in Juniori mags conspicuo,

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 37

‘‘ Habitat forma typica prope Landour Himalaye occidentalis,
varietas in valle Rungun prope Darjiling, rarissime.”

“T got a single fresh specimen of this fragile species in October
1842, in a precipitous rift at the back of the Seinty or Queinty
ridge, eastward of my grounds at Rockville, near Landour, and at
an elevation of nearly 7000 feet. The Messrs. Blanford have lately
procured the variety, but rarely, and in a dead state, in the Rungun
valley in Sikkim, at an elevation of 4000 feet. From the data
furnished by Mr. W. T. Blanford respecting the resort of species at
Darjiling, I observe that the same forms evince a disposition to
descend there to a lower altitude above the sea than in the western
portion of the range—a circumstance attributable probably to the
greater moisture of the climate,—whereas the drought and hot
winds, which prevail for so many months in the year at the base of
the western ranges, drive species to a greater height in order to
obtain the humidity necessary to their existence. At Landour this
form escaped the active researches of the late Dr. J. F. Bacon; and
I am not aware of its having yet occurred to Capt. T. Hutton.”

Locality of specimen figured. Nag-Tiba range, near Mussoorie,
N.W. Himalaya.

Shell globosely trochiform ; sculpture regular, distant longitudinal
striation (furrows), crossed diagonally by sharply-defined close-set
strie, below regular and concentric; spire conoid, sides flat ;
whorls 6, sides moderately convex; aperture ovately lunate; peri-
stome thin.

SiraLa Rmmrcoua, var. (Plate IX. figs. 4, 4a, 4b, 4c.)

Locality. North and west Khasi Hills (G.-<.).

Shell globosely conical ; umbilicus hidden ; sculpture, moderately
strong, regular longitudinal striation or furrowing, with diagonal
coarse ridges of growth; colour very pale horny brown; spire
conical, sides slightly convex; suture fine; whorls 6, convex, the
last tumid and rounded; aperture ovately lunate, oblique; peri-
stome thin, columellar margin strong, reflected, perpendicular.

Size: major diam. 0°21 inch, alt. axis 0°16 inch.

a 5:4 mm., ae 4:1 mm.

Is a very abundant species in the above hills; the apex of the
shell is much more acute than in examples from Mussoorie, and it
is also larger.

SrraLa RIMIcoLA, var., Benson. (Plate IX. figs. 3, 3a.)

Locality. Darjiling, 4000 feet (W. 7. B.).

Sculpture, very fine close longitudinal ribbing or furrowing,
crossed by extremely fine diagonal regular striz of growth, below
rather coarser concentric ribbing, near umbilicus.

Size: major diam. 4°5, alt. axis 3:0 mm.

4 OS yey, 050-12 imeh.

Has flatter sides to spire and whorls, and is more depressed, with

finer spire than typical rimicola,

38 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Srraza rngussa, W. T. & H. F. Bf. (Plate IX. figs. 5, 5a, 5b.)

Helix injussa, J. A.S.B.. 1861, p. 356, pl. i. f. 13; Pfr. Mon.
Hel. vol. v. p. 181.

Nanina (Microcystis) injussa, Ney. Hand-list, p. 38.

Original description :— Testa vie perforata, trochiformis, per-
tenuis, pallido-cornea, superne peroblique, infra radiatim striata ;
spira conica, apie acutiusculo ; anfr. 53, vie convexiusculi, ultimus
non descendens, subtus tumidus, ad peripheriam angulatus, angulo
antice evanescente ; apertura obliqua, transverse rotundato-lunaris ;
peristoma simplex, acutum, margine columellari subverticali, superne
brevissime reflexo.

“ Diam, maj. 3°25 mm., min. 3 mm., alt, 3°25 mm.

s O15 une..." L2une., ..° Ol oune,

‘* Hab, raro in Coonoor Ghat, montium Nilgiri.

“The Sikkim and Landour H. vimicola, Bens., is the nearest form
to H, injussa with which we are acquainted. The Nilgiri shell has
a higher spire, and is considerably smaller in size. From the com-
paratively large H. infula, Bens., H. injussa may be easily distin-
guished by the absence of the peculiar sculpture of that species, as
well as by its fewer whorls and smaller size.”

The specimen figured is in Mr. Blanford’s collection and from
original locality ; there are two other specimens also from the Nilgiri
Hills, No. 58 of his MS. list.

On the last whorl rather strong, spiral, parallel, somewhat wavy
ridges are crossed by irregular lines of growth; on the apical whorls
the transverse ridges are more regular and close together, giving an
almost decussate appearance. ‘The aperture is very oblique, and the
peristome on outer margin sinuate above, so that the columellar
margin is distinctly seen from the side. This specimen measures
in major diam. 4:2, alt, axis 3-2 mm.

Sivata FEBRILIS, W. T. & H. F. BIf.

Helix febrilis, J. A.S. B. 1861, p. 357, pl.ii.f.4; Pfr. Mon. Hel.
vol. v. p. 188; Conch. Ind. p. 52, pl. xxix. f. 4.
Macrochlamys febrilis (sec. EK), Th. Suppl. Cat. p. 20.

Original description :—‘ Testa angustissime perforata, globoso-tur-
binata, spiraliter lirata ; spira subelevata, conveaa, apice obtuso, sutu-
ris valde impressis ; anfr. 43, convert, ultimus non descendens, ad
perpheriam subdepressus infra planate rotundatus levis; apertura
obliqua, oblonga ; peristoma rectum, acutum, ad basin expansiusculum,
columellart breviter refleco, marginibus remotis.

“ Diam. maj. 1:5, diam. minor 1°3, alt. 1°25 mm.

‘Hab. apud montes Kalryenmullies, Ind. mer., teste R. Bruce
Foote.

«« This species bears a general resemblance to H. tricarinata above
described, but is readily distinguishable by its higher spire, the
absence of the characteristic triple carination, and the flatness of
its basal surface. The two specimens received from Mr. Foote are
both much weathered, and have lost their colour and much of the

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 39

sharpness of their ornament. This species I cannot find now in
Mr. Blanford’s collection. It was figured by Hanley, who only
gives a view from behind.”

Srrata TrIcaRmNaTa, W. T. & H.F. BIf. (Plate X. fig. 10, the
type specimen also figured in the Conch. Indica.)

Helix tricarinata, J. A. 8. B. 1861, p. 355, pl. i. f. 10; Pfr. Mon.
Hel. vol. v. p. 91; Conch. Ind. p. 52, pl. xxix. fa Asehas

Sitala tricarinata, Theob. Cat. Suppl. p. 20.

Nanina (Microcystis)? tricarinata, Nev. Hand-list, p. 42 (2 sp.
ex coll, Blf.).

Original description :—‘‘ Testa aperte perforata depresso-turbinata,
tenuis, pallide cornea, oblique striatula, subtus obsolete decussata ;
spira conoidea, apice planulato, perobtuso, sutura impressa ; anfr. 4,
convexi, superne carinis duobus filiformibus cincti ; ultimus tribus
medianis, non descendens, subtus rotundatus ; apertura subverticalis,
rotundato-lunaris ; peristoma rectum, acutun, marginibus distantibus,
sinistro non reflexo.

“Diam. 12, alt. 1 mm.

“ Hab. prope Pykara ad summos montes Nilgiris.”

Major diam. of specimen figured 1-4, alt, axis 1:0 mm.

Sirrata suBprnrraTa, G.-A. (Nev. MS.), n. sp. (Plate X.
figs. 11, 11 a.)

Locality. Little Brother Andaman.

Shell depressly conoid, rather openly perforate, covered with a
strong epidermis ; sculpture, very fine longitudinal ribbing, well seen
on base, crossed by irregular lines of growth; colour dull ochraceous
brown; spire flatly conoid, apex flat; whorls 5, with a fine rib on
the periphery of the last whorl, with a single intermediate one above
it, sides flat from the suture to this, slightly convex above ; aperture
ovate, subvertical ; peristome rather thickened ; columellar margin
slightly oblique, not reflected.

Size: major diam. 2°7 mm., alt. axis 13mm.

* 0:07inch, ,, 0-05 inch.

SITALA SUBBILIRATA, var. (Plate X. fig. 12.)

Locality. Batte Malve.

This shell was sent me by Mr. Geoffrey Nevill from the Indian
Museum, Calcutta, as No. 206. Sagdinella didrichseni, Morch, with a
note attached, “I doubt it being this species.” In this part, further
on, I treat of this genus, which will clear up this uncertainty that
surrounds Mérch’s genus; and I now find that this shell from Batte
Malve agrees well with Nevill’s MS. subdilirata from Little Brother
Andaman, only that the shell is not so well grown, and the apex
is flatter, and I have therefore figured both.

It measures: major diam. 2°3mm., alt. axis 13 mm.

3 0:09 inch, ,, 9:05 inch.

40 LAND AND FRESHWATER

No. 206 of Hand-list, p. 42, stands as ‘* Nanina (Microcystis) di-
drichsenti, Moérch.” ‘

“‘ Thirty specimens from Nicobar Islands, coll. Dr. F. Stoliczka,” so
that it is possible they may not be the same as the shell I figure from
Batte Malve.

Srrata Brurrata, W. T. Bif.

Helix bilirata, J. A.S. B. 1861, p. 352, pl. i. f. 7; Pfr. Mon. Hel.
vol. v. p. 85; Conch. Ind. p. vil, not figured.

Kaliella bilirata (sec. B), Theob. Suppl. Cat. p. 20.

Nanina (Sagdinella?) (Microcystis?) bilirata, Nev. Hand-list,
p. 41 (South India, ex coll. Dr. F. Stoliczka).

This species I have not found in Mr. W. T. Blanford’s collection,
so am unable to give a figure of it.

Original description :—‘ Testa perforata, globosa, turbinata, soli-
diuscula, cornea, transverse striata ; spira conoidea, apice obtusulo ;
anfr. 7, angusti, sensim acerescentes ; superiores carina una supra
mediana muniti, ultimus ad peripheriam acute brcarinatus, subtus
tumidus ; apertura subverticalis, angulato-lunaris, perist. rectum,
marginibus distantibus, columellari brevi, verticali, reflexo.

‘* Maj. diam. 6mm., axis 44 ~_

eS 0°24 une. ,, Orld uue.

“‘ Hab, in montibus Shevroys et Nolamullies, teste W. King.

“This species apparently approaches the Ceylonese H. mono-
nema, B., in character, but differs in its rounded base and less
elevated spire.”

Srrata ? verTiana, W. T. & H.F. Bif. (Plate IX. figs. 9, 9 a.)

Helix tertiana, J. A.S.B. 1861, p. 355, pl. i. fig. 11; Pfr. Mon.
Hel. vol. v. p. 71; Conch. Ind. p. 8, pl. xvi.

Maerochlamys tertiana (sec. D), Theob. Cat. Suppl. p. 19.

Original description :—“ Testa perforata, depresse turbinata, tenuis,
pallide cornea, striatula, spira conoidea, apice obtuso, sutura wm-
pressa; anfr. 6, angusti, convexi, ultimus haud descendens, subtus
rotundatus ; apertura subverticalis, rotundato-lunaris ; peristoma
simplex, marginibus distantibus, columellari reflexiusculo.

“ Diam. major 2°25 mm., alt. 1°75 mm.

53 O-Isanos, “,; 70°07 une:

“Hab. raro ad Pykara, necnon ad Neddiwuttom in montibus
Nilgiris.”

Specimen figured diam. major 2°5 mm., alt. 1:3 mm.

Messrs. Blanford add: “ H. bullula, Hutt., and H. humilis, Hutt.,
of the Western Himalaya, together with some small Cingalese Helices,
appear to belong to the same group.”

It occurred at the edges of sholas, in company with Jerdonia
trochlea, B., Diplommatina nilgirica, Blfi., and Cyathopoma mala-
baricum, Blf.

I do not think H. bullula is allied to this species, for there is no
sign of spiral striation on that shell ; and H. humilis is, I suspect, a
species of the subgenus Patula.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 41

SITaLA SRIMANI, n. sp. (Plate IX. fig. 7.)

Locality. Munipur (.-A.).

Shell subdepressly turbinate, closely umbilicated; sculpture, with
four or five indistinct longitudinal ribs, with rather coarse oblique
lines of growth; colour ochraceous brown; spire depressed, apex
blunt ; suture well impressed ; whorls 5, sides convex; aperture
widely lunate ; peristome rather thickened, columellar margin very
oblique and scarcely reflected.

Size: major diam. 3°9 mm., alt. axis 2:2 mm.

= O-16inch, ,, 0-09 inch.

This shell is at first sight very similar to S. tertiana, but its close
umbilication and different spire distinguish it.

I have named this species after and in remembrance of a Goorkha,
Duffadar Sriman, who was in the Khasi-Hills Survey Party, and a
most excellent trustworthy man, who, like so many others, fell a
victim at last to the climate of that part of India. He became a
most diligent collector ; and to him I owe the possession of a large
number of shells in my collection, which he even continued to collect
atter I had left the Survey Party. I have always noticed that the
Goorkha, Lepcha, and Khasia made much more intelligent collectors
than the people of the plains 9f India, that they took a far greater
interest in the work, and poss“ many of them a great amount
of knowledge of animals and plants and their specific differences,
while they recognize the numerous species, particularly the birds,
by name.

SrTaLaA MononEMA, Benson. (Plate IX. fig. 6.)

Helix mononema, A. M. N. H. 1853, xii. p. 92; Pfr. Mon. Hel.
vol. iv. p. 37: Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 1339; Conch. Ind. p. 37,
plolxxxyn. f72;,3:

Trochomorpha, Pfr, Malakoz. Bl. 1855, p.132; Albers, Die Heliceen,
1860, p. 61.

Kaliella, sec. B, Theob. Cat. Suppl. p. 20.

lanina (Microcystis) mononema, Ney. Hand-list, p. 41 (8 species,
Balapiti, Ceylon).

Original description :—“ Testa angustissime perforata, trochiformi,
racrato-striata, corneo-albida, glabra, non nitida, translucente, spira
conoidea, apice obtuso, sutura distincta ; anfractibus 63—7, superne
convexiusculis, filo unico, elevato, tenui, mediano cinctis, ultimo acute
Jiloso-carinato, subtus subplanulato ; apertura vertical, securiformi,
peristomate recto, acuto, margine columellari brevi, verticali, reflexo,
perforationem subtegente.

“Diam. major 5, minor 43, axis 4 mill.

‘« Hab, ad Heneratgodde, Ceylon.” Mr. Benson says :—* Allied to
the Himalayan H. fastigiata, Hutton, and to the Bengal H. barrack-
porensis, Pfr., but well distinguished by its more depressed form
and by the filiform line, which, in addition to the keel on the last
whorl, runs along the central part of each of the upper whorls. Mr.
Layard had not been able to procure a second specimen.” TI do not
agree with Mr. Benson as to the alliance or, I would rather say,

E

42 LAND AND FRESHWATER

similarity between this species and the two above-named shells, the
thread-like spiral midrib being so very distinctive of the subgenus
1 now place it in.

Srrata? cratuLator, W. BIf. (Plate X. figs. 1, 1 a, 15.)

Nanina gratulator, J. A.S. B. 1865, p. 72 (section Trochomorpha) ;
Pfr. Mon. Hel. vol. v. p. 94.

Helix gratulator, Conch. Ind. p. 8, pl. xvi. fig. 2.

Sitala gratulator, Theob. Suppl. Cat. p. 20 ; Nev. Hand-list, 1878,
p. 33.

Original description :—‘* Shell turbinate, perforated, thin, whitish
horny. Spire conical; apex obtuse ; suture impressed. Whorls 5,
slowly and regularly increasing, convex, spirally lirate and marked
with oblique striz of growth above; the last whorl keeled at the
periphery, convex and decussately marked with concentric and
radiating striz below, not excavated round the perforation. Aper-
ture diagonal, subtrapezoidal, breadth exceeding the height; peri-
stome thin; margins distant, united by a callus, basal deeply
sinuate; columellar vertical, forming a right angle with the basal,
and briefly triangularly reflexed above ; reflexed portion thickened
and passing half round the perforation.

‘“‘ Major diam. 5-0 mm., minor diam. 4°5 mm., axis 4-0 mm.

33 0-2 i 0-18 »5 0°16 inch.

“ Aperture 3mm. broad, 2 high.

“‘ Animal with a small mucous pore, and very small lobe above.

‘¢ Hab, Irawaddy valley, Pegu.

“This pretty little species abounds near Thayetmyo, and occurs
throughout the Irawaddy valley in british Burmah. I do not re-
member meeting with it in Arakan. It is easily distinguished from
all others of similar form among Indian shells by its oblique mouth,
by the peculiar columellar margin of the peristome, and by the
strong lirate sculpture. I have much doubt as to whether it should
be assigned to Trochomorpha, the species of which group are larger
and the animals somewhat different.”

This species does not occur, to my knowledge, anywhere on the
Indian side in Assam.

The subgenus Stfala can be divided into the following very di-
stinct groups :—
Character. Name. Locality.

A. Shell small, pyramidal, closely
umbilicated, keeled, more or less

fist; jbelow,. with foun jar mt finful® wlrcotiecs Lower Bengal.

spiral ribs on the whorls ; colu- RbLe Gta». eitisscn Tenasserim.

mellar margin simple, ROG OF | CULM! «idee Sdmven Pegu.

Jess oblique; spire with flat sides; confinns

: Ss Soils oseaptes +

apex acuminate ......66 sseceeeeeeee Rarclge eee Andamans.
GPOMATICA «6.62020 Munipur.
phulongensis ...... North Kachar Hills.

\ Genteincta 2.0000 Tenasserim.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 43

Character. Name. Locality.
a’. Shell conoid, apex blunt......... LUMO cacensccee= Pegu.
a". Shell conoid, depressed, sides { carinifera ......... Penang.
(HONE. Mo cdtindncgubaceneosecatee palmaria ......0+. Mysore.
a, Spire high, with concave are Tonaaearin
BIGGRIN orto. tn tranecieres ces ciee SRS das Sak tN Ga :
B. Shell globose ; whorls tumid, with { rimicola............ N.W. Himalaya.
many fine, close-set, longitudinal | 5 WARS ongoscions Darjiling.
WANTS = deo Baath scihatchina ot cio Seinan «rates : HvElEA casondone Khasi.
8’, Sides convex; spiral ribbing less]... soy eh Cages
THEVA EWG on sgabourcdondBAgoc® aoenee } aoa Pa es Tile
b". Globosely turbinate, verysmall febrilis ............ Kalryenmulli Hills.

The following species are very distinct forms, and one is tempted
to place the first two in a new subgenus :—

turreted, with one or two spiral

Hibs! rapex flab mee. sets t terete

C. Shell depressly conoid; whorls
tricarinata ...... Nilghiri Hills,

eee: { Little Brother An-
e’. Openly umbilicated............... LEU osarct 1 daman Island.
SVAD Sicha cect Batte Malve Island.
” arc Shevroy and Kola-
Claw AOXO DEUS yan -becehaeieae cance Gir OCG) hed nass { nully Hills,
c'", Longitudinal ribbing in- | (70% cos-ese-o-- Mturipat Pads
distinct, umbilicated . - MONONCMG . 20.1060 Ceylon.

The next is distinct from all the preceding species, and the
animal, no doubt, will be found presenting differences :—

D. Shell conoid, rounded below ; \
aperture very oblique; spiral
ribbing both above and below; +? gratulator ...... Pegu.
columellar margin thickened,
perpendicular, and twisted ...... )

These are quite distinct, in their sculpture particularly, and will be
figured together in a future Part :—

(PEDACOLG ae ease Nilghiri Hills.
E. Apex acuminate, spire more or BILE Ro iM
io a ER Ae CONCAVOSPITA «14... Ceylon.
less concave ; transverse ribbing 7
CONMUUS \sousescocene ¥
more regular and defined, a

sane
spiral sulcation breaking up the { ois By cise

former into minute raised dots é ”
or dashes, having a longitudinal ieeas Pap ePe Sank q
ALTANLOMEME coho. ecbensvesiesiena | phyllophila ...... M

( verrucula ...s.+0 _

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

LAND AND FRESHWATER

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

1. Sitala infula, Benson, X 4. Caleutta.

la. Ditto: sculpture of last whorl, x 180. 14. Sculpture of the
apical whorls, x 180.

le. Ditto: animal, x 2. From drawing by F. Stoliczka.

1d. Ditto: jaw, enlarged. From drawing by F. Stoliczka.

le. Ditto: teeth of radula. From drawing by F. Stoliczka.

1f, Ditto: generative organs, much magnified. 1g. Showing en-
largement of oviduct (a). From drawing by F. Stoliezka.

2. Sitala attegia, Bs., X 4. From Moulmain.

2a. Ditto: sculpture of apical whorls, X 180. 2. Sculpture of the
last whorl, x 180.

2e. Ditto: right and left shell and dorsal lobes of the mantle, en-
larged. From drawing by F. Stoliezka.

2d. Ditto: jaw. From drawing by F. Stoliczka.

2e. Ditto: teeth of radula,

2f. Ditto: generative organs, much enlarged.

3. Sitala attegia, Bs., x 4. Prome, Pegu.

4. culinen, W. BIf., X 4. Pegu.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

1, La. Sagdinella didrichsenii, Morch, X 7. Nicobar.

2. Sitala rimicola, Bs., x 7. Mussoorie, N.W. Himalaya.
2a. Ditto: sculpture of last whorl, x 50.

3. Sitala rimicola, var., Bs., X 7. Darjiling, H. Himalaya.
3a. Ditto: seulpture, xX 50.

4, 4a. Sitala rimicola, var., X 7. Khasi Hills.

4b. Ditto, x 4, viewed from below. 4c. Ditto, nat. size.
5, 5a. Sitala injussa, W. & H. BIf., x 7. Nilghiri Hills.
56, Ditto: sculpture, x 50.

6. Sitala mononema, Bs., X 4. Ceylon.

7. —— srimani (G.-A.), X 7. Munipur.

8. arx, Bs., x 4. Tenasserim.

9, 9a. ? tertiana, W. & H. Bif., x 12. Nilghiri Hills.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

1. Sitala gratulator, W. Blf., x 4. Thayetmyo, Pegu.
1a, 16. Ditto, showing form of the columnellar margin, X 7.
2. Sitala confinis, W. Bif., x 4. Thayetmyo, Pegu.

3. palmaria, Bs., * 4. Mysore.
4. —— phulongensis, G.-A., x 7. N.Cachar.
5. —— gromatica, G.-A., X 7. Munipur.

5a. Ditto: sculpture, x 50.

6. Sitala gromatica, var., X 7. 6a. Sculpture. Khasi.

7. —— haroldi, G.-A., x 7. Ta. Sculpture, x 50. Andamans.

8. gromatica, juy., X 7. North Cachar Hills.

9. —— limata, x 12. 9a, X 8. Pegu.

10. tricarinata, W. & H. Blf., x 20. Nilghiri Hills.

tS ila subbilirata, G.-A., Nev. MS., X 12. Little Brother An-

daman.
12. Ditto, var., Xx 12. Batte Malve Island, Nicobars.

Subgenus Sa@DINeELLa.

The genus Sagdinella of O, A. L. Mérch was introduced, but without

description, in Journ. de Conch. Oct. 1872, in his list of ‘ Mollus-
ques terrestres et fluviatiles des Iles Nicobar,” the type form being
didrichsenii from Sambelong in that island. He compares it with

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 45

simulans, Adams, a Jamaica form, which is not likely to be related,
and he would class with it orcula, Bs., barrakporensis, Pfr., and
infula, Bs., of the East-Indian region. The two last,could hardly be
classed together on shell-characters, and a genus has already been
formed for barrakporensis. In the Journ. de Conch. Oct. 1876,
p. 357, in a revision of the Land Shells of the Nicobars, another
species is added, viz. H. microtrochus, Moérch, found with the former.
He thinks Sagdinella may be allied to Streptaxis in its sculpture
(transverse) ; but this would hardly be a sufticient reason on which
to form such an alliance, unless combined with other characters.

Mr. G. Nevill, in his ‘ Hand-list of the Mollusca in the Indian
Museum, Calcutta,’ p. 35, includes both Sagdinella and Kaliella
under the subgenus Microcystis, Beck (type ornatella, Beck, from
Pitcairn Island, a South-Pacific shell) ; and in this he has placed
most of the minute Indian species, many with most varied cha-
racters. Knowing that I was engaged working upon these small
shells he was good enough to send me a specimen named didrichsenit,
from Batte Malve ; but as it did not agree with the original descrip-
tion, I applied to the Zoological Museum of the University of Copen-
hagen for specimens of the shell. Professor Japetus 8. Steenstrup
responded most cordially to my request and kindly sent me a
specimen in the Museum, the label in Mérch’s handwriting—
“ Sagdinella(Hapalus?) didrichsenii, Roepst. 1877, p. 370. Nicobar.”
The original specimen described in 1872 was collected during the voyage
of the ‘ Galathea’ by M. Reinhardt, and should be in the Museum
at Copenhagen, where most of his shells were placed. The Museum
of Kiel received those of M. Behn ; and Cuming obtained duplicates
of this last collection described by Pfeiffer, Frauenfeld, &c. I have
thus been able to figure a typical shell of this genus and clear up all
uncertainty about it, for which I and other conchologists owe our
thanks to Prof. Steenstrup. It certainly has no relationship to
either Sttala or Kaliella in any way; moreover I do not think it is
quite mature, and it possesses, as Mirch says, some similarity in its
transverse costulation to that of Streptaais. I here give the original
description of the shell; the animal is quite unknown ; but whatever
it may be, it undoubtedly belongs to a group quite distinct to those
with which Nevill associated it.

Herix ? (SaepINELLA) prpRicusENm. (Plate IX. figs. 1, 1a.)

Journ. Conch. Oct. 1872, p. 312.

Var. B. grandis, Journ. Conch. Oct. 1876, p. 358.

Nanina (Microcystis), Nev. Hand-list, p. 42. no. 206 (30 sp.
Nicobar, ex coll. Dr. F. Stoliczka).

- Original description :—* Testa turbinata, perforate umbilicata,
erystallina albida nitida, leviter iridescens ; anfr. 34 convexiuseuli,
costulato-striati, ultimus magnus, spiram fere duplo superans, medio
obsolete angulatus ; basi levissima ; apertura subrhombea.

« Diam. maj. 23 mill., axis 2 mill., aperture altit. 14 mill.
“* Hab. Sambelong, sur les bords de la riviére Galathea ; un seul
exemplaire.

46 LAND AND FRESHWATER

“ Obs. L’Heliv simulans, Adams (Reeve, Icon. f. 351), donne
une assez bonne idée de cette espéce.

“ 1’H. orcula, Benson (Reeve, f. 1176), en différe par sa spire
beaucoup plus élevée. L’H. barakporensis, Ptr. (Reeve, f. 816), et
VH, infula, Benson (Reeve, f. 783), de !Hindoustan, appartiennent
peut-étre 4 la méme section. La coloration et le genre de costulation
de la coquille rappellent les Streptawis. Peut-étre est-ce un
Agnathe ?”

H, orcula is the only shell above mentioned that approaches it in
its sculpture, but it has a strong epidermis. I am sorry that the
two specimens in Mr. W. T. Blanford’s collection are not quite
perfect, and not in a state to take off the glass slide on which they
are gummed, so that I cannot give an enlarged figure of it.

“ Var. 3. grandis, alt. 3:5 mill, diam. 3. 7’. tenuis, non iridescens
linea alba, pellucente, ad suturam.

‘* Hab. Les Nicobar, probablement Kamorta (Roepstorf).

Hewrx (SagprvetLa) microrrocuus, Morch, Journ. Conch. Oct.
1876, p. 358.

“ Differt a precedente testa obtuse angulata, obtecte perforata, nec
umbilicata, columella recta ; linea suturali, alba pellucente.

** Alt. 3°5 mill., diam. fere 3.

“* Hab, Avec Vespéce précédente: un exemplaire (Roepstorf). Les
Sagdinella doivent étre rangés, peut-étre, pres des Streptaais, d’aprés
leur sculpture: quant 4 la forme, elles ressemblent & de jeunes
Bulimus (Ena).”

Professor Steenstrup informs me this species is not in the museum
at Copenhagen, nor could he find it in the collection of « friend of
the late Dr. O. Morch ; being a single specimen, it may be in Mr.
Roepstorf’s collection.

Genus ANADENUS.
(Plates VI. & VII.)

The genus Anadenus was described by Von F. D. Heynemann in
the ‘ Malakozoologische Bliitter,’ 1863, p. 137, pl. i., giving figures
of the shell of two species with their lingual dentition. The speci-
mens were collected and brought home by the Schlagintweits from
India, and the original description is therefore from spirit-specimens
as follows :—

“ Anadenus (without a tail-gland),

‘*« Body extends the whole length of the sole. Mantle covering
the fore part of the body. Respiratory orifice behind the middle of
the right side of the mantle. Generative orifice behind the right
eye-tentacle. Two upper and two lower retractile tentacles. Back
flatly rounded, without a keel and without a tail-gland. Sole in
three parts. The jaw with close-set cross ribbing ; the curve of the
teeth of the radula almost in a plane. ‘Tooth-plates of rectangular
form, with the sides projecting. Middle tooth equilateral, with side
points or prickles. Side teeth hardly differing from the middle

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 47

tooth, with the small points on the exterior side. Internal shell
present, white, calcareous, with no epidermis; nucleus on the
side.
« Animal at first sight is ike our German Arion and Limav. It
is related to Arion, to Limax only similar.
« The relationship to Arion is in the form of the jaw, which has ribs
like that of A. empiricorum, but they differ in the following points :—

Arion. Anadenus.
Tail-gland present. absent.
Respiratory opening anterior close behind.
to middle of mantle.
Internal shell, absent. present.
The mantle contains only with distinct lines of
scattered calcareous par- growth.
ticles.

“The absence of the tail-gland is the principal difference between
Arion and Anadenus ; less importance must be placed on the posi-
tion of the lung-opening. In dead Anadenus it is in the middle ;
but the front part of the mantle always contracts more than the
hinder part. In Limav it lies behind the middle, but in a spirit-
specimen it is in the middle.

* The new species is nearest to Geomalacus of Great Britain, which
I have not had an opportunity of examining, and from which it
differs in the following points :—

Geomalacus. Anadenus.
End of the body rounded. pointed.
Respiratory orifice in the behind the middle.

middle of the side of the
mantle.
Tail-gland present. absent.

‘Tt must not be confounded with Lima, although it is similar in
general form, in the position of the respiratory and the genital aper-
tures, and in the presence of the inner shell; besides they differ in
the jaw and in the terminal end of the body, which in Limaa is
always keeled, whereas in Anadenus there is no sign of a keel.

«‘ Tf we could see the living animals or get an accurate description
of them, undoubtedly further diiferences between similar or related
forms would be shown, and in one respect from the formation of
the wrinkles of the mantle and the body. As I observed before, in
the dead animal the wavy circles on the mantle disappear. It
cannot be said whether the mantle of Anadenus is papillate, as in
Arion, Amalia, and Geomalacus, or whether it has the structure of
Limax. Similarly the wrinkles on the back flatten out, and no
accurate description can be made from a spirit-specimen.

‘«¢ From the illustration which I give [ reproduced, Pl. VII. fig. 4] of
the skin of the back it is clear that it differs considerably from all
known slugs. A furrow runs along the middle of the back, from
which side-furrows branch off at an acute angle the spaces en-

48 LAND AND FRESHWATER

closed by these furrows are covered with a double row of irregular
diverging wrinkles.”

ANADENUS GIGANTEUS (type species).

From original description, Length of spirit-specimen 80 to 100 mm.

bes the mantle 30 to 40. ,,

Colour isabelline, brownish.

Internal shell 20 mill. long, 12 broad; flat, very thick. Jaw
with fourteen ribs, distinct from each other; the last are grown
together.

Radula: 110 cross rows; the middle tooth slender, long-necked,
with long point and signs of side points ; the side teeth not differing
much, inclining inward, with still longer points, and likewise signs
of side points, and in the less developed teeth towards the edge the
points are still much longer with no side points. The upright position
of the points (vide orig. fig. 1d, e, f), and which is most prominent
in the side teeth, is also peculiar to Avion. From the size of the
contracted median and from the circumference of the inner shell
and the size of the teeth-plates we can conclude with some certainty
that this species is of extraordinary length. Limax dorie of Bour-
euignat, who says it is 360 to 450 mm. long (or 13 to 17 inches),
has hardly from the plate (in Revue et Mag. pl. viii. June 1861) so
large a shell. I do not maintain that this extraordinary length
could be reached in giganteus. Equally interesting may it be in a
living state from its bright colour, which certainly does not differ
much in the spirit-specimen.

Hab. Fundort Shimpti (Shipki?), Kumaon; Badrinath to Masuri,
Garhvyal.

ANADENUS ALTIVAGUS, Theobald. (Plate VI. fig. 1, spirit-specimen.)

Limax altivagus, J. A.8. B. 1862, p. 489.

Anadenus giganteuvs, Heynemann, Malakoz. Bl. 1863, p. 140,
t.i. f. 1; Theob. Suppl. Cat. C. i. p. 65; G. Nevill, Second Yarkand
Mission, Mollusca, p. 21.

Anadenus? giganteus, Nevill, Hand-list, p. 65 (Changligalli, near
Murree).

Original description :—*‘ Corpore limacifornu, pallio lente granu-
loso, dorso rugose reticulato, more frondis brassice, colore virescente
fusco sive lutescente fulvo, interdum nigrescente, et rarissime pallide
aurantiaco pallio, minus colorato corpore ; tentaculis quatuor nigris,
capite nigro, infra pallescente ; ano ad dextrum latus pallii, prope
marginem posito, ad mediam partem via attingente.

‘“* Longitudinis (corpore extenso) 9 une.

‘Habitat montibus Cissutlejensibus prope Fagu, Narkanda,
Saraon, &e., 6000 ad 9000.

“This Zimax is rather variable in colour, and large specimens,
when in motion and extended, exceed 9 inches in length, though
their ordinary dimensions is about 6. It feeds on fungi.”

This species is evidently the same as that described by F. D.
Heynemann in 1863 under the title giganteus and the type of his
genus Anadenus. The length of specimens contracted in spirit

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 49

being 80-100 millims., as given by Heynemann, would be quite
6 to 9 inches when living, and extended to their full length. The
description as regards texture of the epidermis of the mantle and
foot agrees well; and they are both from the same part of the
Western Himalayas—Heynemann’s specimens haying been col-
lected by one of the brothers Schlagintweit in Shimpti (Shipki?),
? Kumaon, Badrinath to Masuri, Garhval. There is a single un-
named specimen in the British Museum collected by the above
gentlemen, but it is labelled ‘ Sikkim Himalaya,” which I take to
be this species; and this is no doubt a duplicate specimen sent
originally to the Hon. EK. I. Co.’s Museum, whence it was lately
transferred, with the rest of the collection, to the British Museum:
75 mm. long, mantle 30. Six specimens were sent to me labelled
Simla, collected in the rainy season of 1880,” by some friend, who
LT have yet to discover, but to whom my best thanks are due, for it
is from these specimens the drawings on Plate VI. have been made.
They agree in every way with Theobald’s description of altivagus,
and with the British-Museum specimen above mentioned. Heyne-
mann does not give Sikkim as the habitat of giganteus, though he
makes schlagintweiti common to both that and the Western Hima-
laya. There may be some error here in the labelling of the speci-
mens.

ANADENUS ALTIVAGUs, Theob.

External description of animal ( from spirit-specimen) collected at
Simla (vide fig. 1, Piate VI.)—Slug-like, rounded above; foot
rather pointed behind; no gland, with a narrow segmented pedal
margin. Mantle closely fitted to the foot behind, only slightly over-
lapping on the sides; the neck-lobes only partially developed near
the respiratory orifice, with a fine papillate surface. The respiratory
and anal orifices (figs. 2 & 3) situated together just above the centre
of the mantle-margin. The generative orifice (fig. 4) at a moderate
distance (about 8 or 10 mm.) behind the right eye-tentacle.

Total length 70-0, mantle length 30-0, mantle breadth 20-0 mm.
ss eZ OF a 0-8 inch.

Largest spec.: Shell quadrate, flat, thin, horny, white, with con-
centric lines of growth, nucleus on right central margin.

Y 275

Major diam. 15:0 mm., minor 10:0 mm.
te 0-60 inch, ,, 0-4 inch.

Odontophore, Sc. The jaw is solid and composed of 13 ribs
(Pl. VI. fig. 5). In the radula (figs. 6, 6 a) the centre tooth is broad,
with two small pointed projections at the base ; the adjacent laterals
are also broad, with a single small blunt tooth on the exterior side;
about the 28th from the centre they become much more elongated,
and the outer basal tooth is rather sharper. The outermost laterals
are oblong at the base, with one long blunt tooth and one or two
small teeth disunited and separate from it, but rising from the same
base (figs. 6a, 65). These outer teeth are very characteristic of the

50 LAND AND FRESHWATER

genus, for nothing like them is to be found in either Arion or
Limax. The teeth of this species do not certainly agree with the
radula described and figured by Heynemann; there is a similarity only
so far as the straight form of the central teeth ; but he distinctly says
all the laterals are straight and with no basal cusp, and he thus
figures the 54th of giganteus (Taf. 1. fig. 1 f); and the 40th tooth of
A, schlagintweiti has this small basal tooth, but he adds that on the
extreme laterals it disappears. There were 106 rows in a very
complete radula I got out, arranged thus :—

05.1 . 55.

The jaw and radula are found to be like that of Geomalacus, to
which genus Anadenus has, in this respect, some affinity (vide
Plate XII. figs. 4, 4a, 46).

Generative organs (Plate VI. fig. 7). The ovotestis (0.t) is bilobed,
and situated quite within the folds of the liver-lobes, and is of a
pale green tint ; the hermaphrodite-duct is rather long, a good deal
convoluted near its lower end, but is straight for a short distance
before it joins the albumen-gland ; this organ is very large, and lies
on the left anterior side of the animal. The oviduct is of the usual
form. The vas deferens (v.d) is given off just above the duct of the
spermatheca; it is very long, and is coiled on itself at one point
about the middle of its length; this coil lies well forward on the left
anterior side behind the left tentacle, and doubles back on itself,
and passing up the side of the male organ enters it at the hard
rounded posterior end, close to where the retractor muscle is given
off. The attachment of this muscle is at the posterior margin of
the mantle-cavity ; it is so much contracted in the spirit-specimen as
to bring the posterior end of the penis close up to it and the attach-
ments of the eye-tentacles, &e. The spermatheca (Sp) is about the
same length as the penis, pear-shaped.

All the six specimens sent to me from Simla (where they were
collected during the rains in June and July, at the period when they
are in full activity and development) show the generative orifice
much expanded, with the male organ partly protruding (Plate VI.
figs. 1 & 4). This discloses the existence of several small, sharp,
curved spines fixed upon the surface of this reversed portion. On
further opening the generative orifice (Plate VII. fig. 6), these
curved spines were discovered to be only the most advanced of a
much greater number arranged in two parallel rows (d@) and ex-
tending upwards, gradually lengthening, and forming part of a very
complicated and beautiful arrangement of far longer and stronger
calcareous (c)spines. The frontal side of this curious apparatus was
found covered by a large and longitudinally perforated plate (a),
which had evidently been built up by the union together at their
upper and lower extremities of originally parallel spines. On the
posterior side of this basal portion of the male organ one very
large, long, spear-shaped spine (c) was situated; this measured 8 mm.
in length. The whole of this complicated structure must therefore
be regarded as representing the simple dart-sac with a single dart,

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 51

as seen in other genera of the Helicidee, for the fixed position of the
bases of these spines in the integument of the lower swollen portion
of the male organ precludes the idea of its being a spermatophore.
On following the large duct of the penis upwards towards the junc-
tion with it of the vas deferens (fig. 6 a), the end of the penis is seen,
occupying the upper swollen portion; so that here we have appa-
rently the penis and the dart-sac almost united together, instead of,
as is usual, the dart contained in a distinct and long sac of its own;
but this, after all, is only a question of degree, for the transition is
seen in such rudimentary pouches of the dart in Heliw pisana (vide
pl. xix. fig. 16, Moquin-'Tandon’s ‘ Mollusques de France,’ and Helix
bulimoides, pl. xx.).

Can it be that in this species the great development of spines and
this plate has converted this organ into one of a holding or clipping
nature on their interlocking or entanglement prior to or during
the act of copulation ? for after expansion or protrusion the muscular
contraction would draw these spines together very tightly.

One of the most interesting points in the anatomy of this species
is the relative position of the heart and renal organ (Plate VII.
fig. 5), in which respect it has a considerable similarity to what is
seen in Arion and Geomalacus, encircling the heart. The position
of the ventricle is, however, different, on the posterior edge of the
mantle-cavity and directed backwards; it is large and flatly pear-
shaped.

The renal organ is ovate and is divided into two portions by a
main secretory duct, the inner portion forming a nearly complete
narrow disk round the ventricle and commencing from near where
the aorta is given off. The renal organ is quite free for three
quarters of its anterior margin, the dorsal surface (which is under-
neath in fig. 5) being spread over with the network of the pul-
monary veins, the ventral surface of the pulmonary sac being shown
in the figure. The retractor muscles of the eye-tentacles, odonto-
phore, and penis (7.m. 7'., O., P.) are all situated in a line close
together at the posterior margin of the mantle; and in this they are
thus somewhat more like Arion, only that the muscle of the buccal
mass has a more posterior position for its attachment.

ANADENUS SCHLAGINTWEITI, Heynemann, Malakoz. Blit. 1863,
p. 41.

Anadenus schlagintweiti, Theob. Cat. C. i. p. 65.

This species would appear to be externally very similar to A,
altivagus, or the typical species of Heynemann, but smaller. There
are two specimens in the British Museum which may probably be
this species, and out of the Schlagintweit collection. They are both
of a dark grey colour and smaller than altivagus. One is marked
‘‘Bias at Bishisht, Kulu Himalaya ;” the second “On road from
Simla to Sultanpur, Himalaya.” Heynemann gives, besides these
two places, Bias Kund, Rotang Pass, and Sikkim ; but I doubt the
Sikkim locality.

52 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Original description :—“ Length of spirit-specimen 45 to 60 mm.

* Length of the mantle 25 mm.

“Colour ash-grey or blackish.

«Internal shell 11 mm. long, 74 broad, massive, thick, flat.

“Jaw with 16 ribs.

“ Radula 125 rows of 90 teeth.

935 AHO ye toy) BO ua55

‘Middle tooth broadly triangular, with moderately long points ;
the side points are somewhat broader at the base ; side teeth hardly
differ from the middle tooth, inclined inwards. The shape does not
perceivably change even towards the side, only at last the side point
disappears,

“The young animal. On the back part of the mantle is a black
spot, which runs in a point in front and encloses a small space,
which is brighter than the rest of the mantle. The sides of the
mantle are black-spotted, and down the sides of the body runs a
black stripe, which towards the back is sharply marked out, but
towards the sole is shaded off; the top of the back is again some-
what darker.

“Tt is very probable that, as in the case of many European slugs
which in their young state are similarly coloured, this coloration
disappears through the darkening of the whole skin.

“Habitat. Sikkim ; Simla to Sultanpur; Bias at Bishisht, Kulu ;
Bias Kund, Rotang Pass.

‘“* As these two forms were obtained from different localities, we
may consider the species to be generally distributed and common ;
according to Schlagintweit it exists at 13,420 feet. In all proba-
bility their food is fungi.”

ANADENUS JERDONI, nN. sp. (Plate VII. fig. 7, spirit-specimen.)

Kashmir (7’. C. Jerdon). In coll. Brit. Mus.

Description from spirit-specimen. Animal large. The mantle
apparently finely papillate in life. The foot above very coarsely
wrinkled, rounded at extremity. No gland. <A very narrow pedal
margin. ‘The respiratory orifice at the posterior right margin or
about one third the length of the mantle from the posterior side.
The eye-tentacles would appear to be very large at the base. The
mantle, viewed from above, is rather circular in form. The foot
has a wide central area.

Total length 101-6, mantle 38-0, breadth 31°83 mm.

= 4 4 , 1:5 2) od25 anch.

Jaw is well ribbed, and 0-2 inch or 5:1 mm. wide.

There is only one specimen at the British Museum, and therefore
Iam unable to give any details of the anatomy of this species, of
which no doubt some will be found in the Indian-Museum collec-
tion, Calcutta. The gigantic specimens alluded to by Mr. G. Nevill,
in the mollusean portion of the ‘ Scientific Results of the Second
Yarkand Mission,’ under Anad. altivagus, | well remember his showing
me in Calcutta. They are certainly very distinct from the Simla
specimens I have seen, and much nearer A. jerdoni in outward

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 3)

appearance. Heynemann’sname would have well suited these gigantic
Nepalese slugs; but his description certainly applies to a much
smoother animal, so well shown in his figure of a portion of the foot
viewed from above (plate i. fig. 1 2), and which I reproduce on
Plate VII. fig. 4. The Nepalese species I propose to distinguish by
the name insignis.

The shells described by Mr. Nevill in the above work were col-
lected by Dr. F. Stoliczka ; and from his notes it would appear that
he distinguished two other species as occurring at Changligalli, near
Murree, both of small size, like modestus. Nevill thus refers to
them :—

“Anadenus, sp.—I should not have ventured on separating this
single specimen, found with the two preceding, but for a note of
Dr. Stoliczka’s, which says, ‘I also found near here four specimens
of an Arion and specimens of two other Arion-like slugs.’ It is
slightly larger than the preceding, and of a black instead of a light
liver-colour ; otherwise I can see no difference.”

“« Anadenus, sp.—Described by Stoliczka in his notes as ‘a slug like
the one [ found at Changligalli, but with the foot sharply crested,’
Where this was found is not recorded, and it might possibly be
another genus, from the keeled foot.”

ANADENUS BLANFORDI, 0. sp.

From the single spirit-specimen it would appear to have been of
a dark ochraceous brown, with some dark grey mottlings on the
upper part of the foot. It may be distinguished by the very diffe-
rent arrangement of the warty protuberances on the epidermis,
these being well raised, isolated, and elongately diamond-shaped.

Total length 44, length of mantle 16, breadth 11 mm.

* Pa De oe ey 0:65 ,,. - 0:45 meh,

Hab, Darjiling, about 7000 feet (W. 7. Blanford).

There is no doubt of its distinctness from all other species I have
seen, but I defer figuring it until I receive a large collection in spirit
now on its way from Sikkim. The single specimen described was
given me by Mr. W. T. Blanford, together with several other inter-
esting shells which he had taken at Darjiling some years ago.

ANADENUS MoDESTUS, Theobald.

LTimax modestus, Theobald, J. A. 8. B. 1862, p. 489.
Anadenus modestus, Theob. Suppl. Cat. C. 1. p. 65.
Second Yarkand Mission, Mollusca (G. Nevill), p. 21.
Nevill, Hand-list, p. 65 (from Changligalli, near Murree).

Original description :—Corpore limaciformi, postea acuminato,
colore cinereo, fuscis punctis notato ; dorso duobus lineis maculosis
cateniformibus ornato, a sese et a margine equidistantibus et a pallio
usque ad extremitatem extensis, spatio his liners incluso paullo fus-
cente et elegante fuscis liners striato et marmorato. Tentaculis qua-
tuor rubro-fuscis.

Longitudinis 1} une.

54 LAND AND FRESHWATER

‘‘ Habitat cum preecedente,” ¢.¢. the Cissutle} Mountains, near
Fagu, Narkanda, Saraon, &e.

It is ‘‘much smaller and rather more elegantly shaped,” and is,
perhaps, rather more numerous than altivagus, though this is far
from uncommon.

There is a very small species in the British Museum in the same
bottle with 4. giganteus, mentioned above, which appears immature,
but is certainly another species. It measures—Total length 20 mm.,
mantle 9:0; breadth 5°5. It may be distinguished by its olive-
brown colour and having the mantle speckled with black, and two
well-marked lines of this colour on either side of the extremity of
the foot ; it agrees well with modestus of Theobald. I hope shortly
to receive a collection of slugs from Darjeeling which may contain
this species, for there is now some doubt whether giganteus of
Heynemann was ever obtained there. This may possibly be the
young of A. schlagintwziti, described by Heynemann on p. 141, l.¢.;
but he does not give any dimensions.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

Fig. 1. Anadenus altivagus, Theob.: animal, side view, nat. size. Spirit-

specimen. Simla.

. Ditto: respiratory orifice, x 4.

. Ditto: ditto, with the anal aperture (4.ap.) adjacent, x 4.

. Ditto: the generative aperture, x 4. Portion protruding showing

the spines (vide Plate VII.).

5. Ditto: the jaw, x 7.

6. Ditto: teeth of radula, x 360. 6a,66. The outermost laterals.

7. Ditto: the generative organs, X 1}. 0.¢., ovotestis; h.d., herma-
phrodite duct ; Al.Gld., albumen-gland; ov., oviduct; v.d., vas
deferens ; P., male organ, with (7.m.) retractor muscle ; Sp., sper-
matheca.

wm co bo

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.

Fig. 1. Anadenus altivagus, Theob.: shell, x 2. Simla.

2. Ditto, nat. size. =giganteus, Heynemann; from his drawing,
Taf. i. fig. 1g.

os schlagintweiti, Heynemann, nat. size ; from his drawing, Taf. i.

me.

4, Porte of back of A. gigantews, Heynemann; from his drawing,
Taf. i. fig. 1h, &e. ;

5. Anadenus altivagus, Theob. Simla. View of heart and renal organ,

seen from below, showing position of the different muscle-attach-
ments. MV/.f., Mantle, frontal edge; M.., mantle, left side; R.,
renal organ surrounding the ventricle; 7, intestine; 7m. T., P.,
& O., retractor muscle of eye-tentacles, penis, and odontophore
respectively ; /tes.Or., position of respiratory orifice.

6. The generative aperture cut open on the frontal side to expose the
dart-sac, with its numerous spines and (a) the perforated shield ;
b, spines attached to the shield at its upper margin; c, larger
and stronger spines attached to the posterior upper part of the
sac ; d, row of short spines extending to the generative aperture ;
e, outer integument of the animal; e¢, muscular sac; f, the
aperture into the vagina and spermatheca below this and in-
clining upwards to the left (ede fig. 7, Plate VI.) ; v.d., portion
of vas deferens.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 55

Fig. 6a. Upper portion of male organ (P), showing the termination of the
vas deferens within the swollen portion where the retractor
muscle is given off.

66. Diagrammatic vertical section of fig. 6, viewed from the side.
6c. Horizontal section of same.
7. Anadenus jerdoni, n. sp., nat. size: spirit-specimen. Kashmir.

Genus Hyarmax, H. & A. Adams.
(Plate XI.)

The genus is indicated with the following very short description
in ‘The Genera of Recent Mollusca,’ vol. i. p. 219 (1858), type
species perlucidus, Quoy & Gaimard:—‘* Orifice of respiratory
aperture in the middle of the left side of the mantle; animal pel-
lucid.” This very imperfect description of a new genus was no
doubt made upon Quoy and Gaimard’s drawings and description of
Limax perlucidus, Voyage lAstrolabe, pl. xiii. figs. 10-13 (1832):—
“Timax, corpore ovali, depresso, perlucido, albo, punctis nigris
notato ; tentaculs minimis, crassis, nigro striatis ; ossiculo corneo
ovato.” Shell ovate, horny, with an indication of a whorl at the
top. Male organ near the right tentacle; no caudal gland.
Habitat. Pouce Mountain, Isle of France. Gray placed this species
as the second in his genus Drusia (Cat. Pulm. Brit. Mus. 1855,
p- 59), of which the first species and type was Parmacella valen-
ciennii, Webb & Van Beneden, from the Hippurite Hills of Alcantara
(Webb), Portugal. Adams was quite right in separating it from
this Kuropean form. Even Gray, who gives a subcaudal gland as
a character of his genus, says, “ Intermediate between Limaw and
Parmacellus, Quoy. Though Quoy and Gaimard have not mentioned
the subcaudal gland, I have ventured to place it in this family with
doubt.” There is no indication of this gland in the figures given of
the animal.

Gray’s genus Drusia is made up of a number of very different and
distinct forms, and, as Fischer truly points out (Journ. de Conch.
1872, pp. 207, 208), has no value whatever and cannot stand.

In July 1867, Mr. P. Fischer, in the ‘Journal de Conchyliogie,’
p. 18, describes this genus most fully, and gives figures of it and its
anatomy. As this genus is now to be included among our Indian
Land Mollusca, I cannot do better than extract it in full, for the
benefit of those who may not have access to the above journal.

“ J’ai recu de M. Deshayes un Limacien recueilli 4 Vile de la
Réunion (Bourbon) par M. Maillard, le patient collecteur, dont nous
déplorons la perte récente. Un premier examen suffit pour recon-
naitre ses affinités avec le Limaa perlucidus de Quoy et Gaimard
(Astrolabe, pl. xiii. figs. 10-13), signalé 4 V’Isle-de-France sur la
montagne du Pouce. Le Limaa perlucidus de Quoy est devenu le
type du genre Hyalimax de MM. H. et A. Adams, c’est, par consé-
quent, sous ce nouveau nom générique qu’on devra désigner le
Limacien de Bourbon: Hyalimax maillardi.

“ T’animal est long d’environ 15 millimétres; le manteau est formé

56 LAND AND FRESHWATER

complétement sur le dos et ne laisse apercevoir aucun rudiment de
test; les bords forment cuirasse en avant et en arricre de la masse
viscérale. orifice pulmonaire est situé 4 la partie moyenne du
rebord du manteau (coté droit); le pied, assez large, se termine en
arriére par une pointe, sans pore muqueux. L orifice génital est
placé a droite, 4 égale distance du grand tentacule et du bord du
manteau; en dessous, la téte est séparée du reste du corps par un
sillon bien marqué.

«En enlevant les t¢guments du dos on découvre une limacelle 4
peu pres arrondie, trés-mince, un peu bombée a sa face supérieure,
et qui me parait manquer de rudiment spiral ; mais peut-étre le trou-
verait-on sur des individus frais.

‘“¢ La machoire est visible 4 l’extérieur par son bord inférieur; elle
est trés-remarquable et se compose d’un fer & cheval brun, épais,
largement ouvert, trés-finement strié vers les extrémités, 4 bord
tranchant simple, non festonné, muni d’une dent obtuse 4 sa partie
moyenne, Au-dessus du fer 4 cheval existe une lame ou support
subquadrangulaire, allongé, étroit, analogue a celui des Succinea et
des genres voisins.

“Ta plaque linguale est construite d’aprés le type ordinaire des
Pulmonés herbivores; la denticulation médiane est étroite et son
bord inférieur est tricuspide, mais les pointes descendent trés-peu ;
les denticulations latérales, plus larges, portent en dedans une pointe
assez longue et deux ou trois petites saillies externes; les dents
marginales ne consistent plus qu’en séries, presque linéaires, de den-
ticulations égales entre elles et extrémement petites. Les dents
linguales sont disposées sur des lignes plus obliques que dans le
genre Xanthonyw. Les organes génitaux offrent trés-peu de compli-
cation: la verge est longue, simple, enroulée sur elle-méme; vers
son extrémité, on trouve un muscle rétracteur. Le canal déférent
la suit dans toute sa longueur et s’accole 4 une matrice trés-con-
tournée et festonnée, sans renflement spécial prés de l’orifice com-
mun génital. La glande albuminipare est globuleuse, divisée en
lobes trés-nombreux: le canal excréteur de la glande en grappe est
trés-tortueux au point ot il s’accole a la glande albuminipare.

“Ta poche copulatrice, placée a Vextremité d’un col trés-long et
simple, est petite, arrondie ; un muscle rétracteur s’inscre sur ses
parois.

“Le mollusque de Bourbon est done un Limacien par sa coquille
complétement interne, mais sa machoire le rapproche des Succinea ;
le peu de complication des organes génitaux établit un rapport de
plus entre ceux-ci et le genre Hyalimax.

“ I] existe, par conséquent, parmi les mollusques du groupe des
Succinea une série trés-compléte analogue a celle des Arionide ou
des Limacide, et dont les principaux termes sont :

* 1°, Coquille contenant enticrement le mollusque: Succinea,
Simpulopsis ;

«2°. Coquille ne recouvrant qu’une portion de animale Oma-
lonya.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. Sy

‘3°, Coquille cachée complétement par le manteau: Hyalimae.
“64°, Coquille absente ou tout 4 fait rudimentaire: Janellia,
Aneitea, etc.

“ Ta forme de la machoire des Hyalimaa les distingue de ces divers
genres ; c’est une combinaison des caractéres de celle des Zonites (pour
le bord) et des Suceinea (pour le support); le genre Hyalimas est
done établi trés-légitimement; mais nous sommes certain que
MM. Adams ne pensaient pas, en le créant, qwil viendrait un jour
se ranger auprés des Succinea.”

In July 1872 the same author published another paper on the
species of this genus (Journ. de Conch. p. 202); and he describes in
detail Rang’s species Parmacella mauritius, which he places in
Hyalimax, after showing the points of similarity with HW. maillardi,
Fischer. The dentition is also of the same type; but I note that the
dental formula given on p. 205 is 120.1. 120, thus differing very con-
siderably from that of H. andamanica ; and he concludes by saying :—
“Le genre Hyalimaw, forme aberrante des Succineide, est le dernier
degré de l’aplatissement de la coquille des Succinea. Ainsi l’animal
des vrais Succinea est contenue dans sa coquille; chez les Homa-
lonyx, la coquille ne recouvre qu’une partie du corps; chez les
Hyalimax elle devient interne. Les Hyalimaw sont les équivalents,
dans les iles Africaines, des Homalonyw de Y Amérique.”

Hyatimax (Jarava) ANDAMANICA, n. sp. (Plate XI. figs. 1, 2, 3,
and 4.)

Hab. Near Port Blair, Andaman Islands.

The animal is thus described by my brother, Mr. Harold Godwin-
Austen, who sent me four specimens. ‘ Pale watery green, yellower
on the mantle, with alternate stripes of torquoise-blue and chocolate
on the upper part of the neck.” ‘These darker lines I suspect are the
retractor muscles of the eye-tentacles ; the animal when living would
appear to have a much flattened wide foot, thin, and spreading at
the margin, for in the spirit-specimen it is much wrinkled ; the extre-
mity of the foot is pointed, with no mucous gland. There is no defined
pallial margin to the foot; distinct grooves run at intervals from the
dorsal edge of the mantle to the side of the foot; and two of the
specimens show a few distinct dark spots on the upper surface of the
extremity of the foot. An indistinct median area on the sole of the
foot. Eye-tentacles apparently stout. I am in doubt regarding the
oral tentacles ; and if present, they are probably small. The mantle
is continuous over the shell, and covered with minute papill ; there
is no division into right and left shell-lobes; the dorsal lobes are
very much reduced in size, the right dorsal lobe particularly so, being
very narrow and only extending to the posterior margin; the left
dorsal lobe is also very narrow, and only just separated from the
mantle, terminating on the left anterior side. The respiratory
orifice (fig. 3) is just behind the centre of the right side of the
mantle, a short distance above its lower edge. The anal orifice,

F

58 LAND AND FRESHWATER

fig. 8(A), is some distance (3 mm.) behind it, and concealed by the
mantle, its position being quite on the right posterior margin.

Length of spirit-specimen 16-0, mantle 11-0, breadth 5°5 mm.

i i 0°65 _,, 0-45, ,, 0:23 inch.

The shell (fig. 4) is ovate, thin, flat, transparent, milky white,
with close concentric ridges of growth, very thin and delicate on the
margin; the apex rather more solid and quadrate at that end, the
nucleus being on the right margin.

Size: Major diam. 5:0 mm., minor diam. 3:3 mm.

: 0-20 inch, 4 0°13 inch.

Odontophore &c. The buccal mass (fig. 6) is large; the strong
retractor muscle has its attachment, together with that of the eye-
tentacles, in the usual position at the posterior side of the mantle-
margin; but the posterior portion of the buccal mass is very
different to what we find in other species: it is more truncate; and
that part where the lingual ribbon takes its origin, and which in
all species I have hitherto examined presents a shortish blunt knob-
like process, in this species is represented by two coils, which are
really the posterior edges of the lingual ribbon, turned up on each
side and coiled on itself inwards. The lingual ribbon is broader
than it is long; and 92 rows were counted, each containing at least
530 teeth.

265.1. 265.

The central tooth (fig. 8) is 4-cuspid and much hooked. The
laterals are all alike, very gradually becoming smaller on the outside ;
they bend over in a claw-like form, and are edged with four cusps,
of which the two outermost are slightly longer than the two inner ;
avery minute cusp can just be discerned in some of the largest
laterals near the centre, at the exterior base of, and next the first
long inner cusp.

The jaw (fig. 7) is very peculiar, Itis a very dark umber colour;
the cutting or frontal edge forms an oblique angle; and the muscular
attachment is very strong and extends back at right angles, equal
in length to the width of the jaw, which is T-shaped as in Suc-
cinea &e,

The heart (vide fig. 5, V) is situated on the left anterior margin of
the mantle. The position of the anus is very far back on the right
posterior side, quite removed from the neighbourhood of the respi-
ratory orifice, its usual position in most genera; and this is perhaps
the most interesting point in the anatomy of this species. The
intestine terminates in a large expanded sac just within the aperture.

Generative organs (fig. 9). The ovotestis, hermaphrodite duct, and
albumen-gland were not made out. The oviduct (ov.) is much conyo-
luted for a short distance, and then extends in a long straight duct
to the generative aperture; the prostate is of same length, the vas
deferens running parallel to the straight portion of the oviduct down
to a short bulbous expansion, to which it is probable the retractor
muscle is given off; but this was not found in either specimen
examined. The spermatheca (Sp) is of very great length; a long

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 59

and thin tube terminating in a round ball-like expansion, which is
like in this respect to H. maillardi. Hyalimax andamanica, how-
ever, differs from this Bourbon species (1) in the form of the jaw,
which has no indication of a central projection; (2) there 1s con-
siderable divergence in the shell, and I give a drawing of that of
H. perlucidus (fig. 10), from Mauritius, received by me from Mr. G.
Nevill, which shows the apex to be very attenuate and sharp, and
there is a distinct greenish epidermis; (3) the dental formula is
different ; (4) Fischer does not indicate the position of the anal
aperture, which, situated in H. andamanica so far back on the
posterior right margin, is of extreme importance, so that if other-
wise in Hyalimax of Bourbon, and in its usual position adjacent
to the respiratory orifice, it may render it necessary to place the
Indian form in another subgenus, which I would name Jarava, from
the name of the aboriginal tribe that inhabit the South Andaman
Islands. In this case a subfamily Hyatrmactna would include
1. Hyalimac (perlucidus, Isle of France; mauritianus, Isle of France ;
maillardi, Bourbon), and 2. Jarava (reinhardi, Nicobars; anda-
manica, Andamans; viridis, Arracan).

In the form of the buccal mass, the broad radula and its
numerous teeth, andamanica resembles in a remarkable manner the
curiously formed New-Zealand slug Janella antipodarum, Gray,
described and figured by Mr. C. Knight in the ‘ Transactions of the
Linnean Society,’ vol. xxii., read June 2, 1859; and they all must
be regarded, with Succinea and others, as one great group, indicated
so well and on such good grounds by Mr. P. Fischer.

From the islands of the Bay of Bengal we also have another
species

FyaLimax (JARAVA) REINHARDI, Morch.

Hyalimax (Jarava) reinhardi, Morch, Journ. de Conch. July 1872,
p. 314,

Original description :—“ C. lingueforme, postice acuminatum, pal-
lide inerescens. Ommatophoria cerulea. Tentacula brevissima. Pal-
lium ellipticum, prasinum, orificio respiratorio in medio marginis
dextri sito. Notewm pedis sulcis radiantibus distantibus et sulco obso-
leto peripherico circumdatum. Testa scapuleformis, latere dextro recto.
Mazille crista muscularis angusta, longitudinis fere dinudium maxille.

Long. 45 mill., long. pallii 22 mill., lat. 11 mill., long. notei
pedis 17 mill. (ex icone).

“Hab. Pulo Panjang et Sambelong. Cette espéce a été recueillie
sur le coté inférieur des feuilles de Calderon et d’autres végétaux a
feuillage épais. L’animal se tient habituellement immobile et con-
tracté, en effectant une forme ovale. L’attache musculaire de la
machoire est plus ¢troite et plus allongée que chez lH. maillardi,
Fischer (J. Conch. 1867, p. 218, t. x. f. 5, 9).”

This species would appear to be very similar to the Andaman
form, but larger; until, however, they are compared together in
greater detail, or we obtain drawings of the animals from life, I
think it best to keep them separate.

60 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Hyatimax (Jarava) virtpis, W. Theobald.
Hyalimax (Jarava) viridis, W. Theobald, J. A. 8. B. 1864, p. 244.

Original description :—‘Corpore eapanso, pone acuminato, flavo
cinereo. Pallio magno, lete colorato yiridi-flavo limonis. Tentaculis
superioribus longis, pallidis, oculos parvos nigros gerentibus ; et linea
pallide smaragdina ad basin notatis. Tentaculis inferioribus minu-
tissimis.

“ Habitat inter folia in dumetis marinis ‘mangrove’ dictis apud
littus Peguense, prope fines provincie Arracan.

“This elegant little Zimaw is very active, and creeps about briskly
on the green foliage of the salt swamps, which (7. ¢. the leaves) it
resembles in colour.”

There can be but little doubt, from the above description and
the habitat, that this species must find a place here; how far it

extends north, and whether Hyalimaa oceurs in the Sunderbunds it
would be interesting to learn; but it may certainly be looked for
there, especially on the eastern side, near Chittagong.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.

Fig. 1, Animal of Hyalimax (Jarava) andamanica, from spirit-specimen, right
side, X 4.

2. Ditto, viewed from the left side.

3. Ditto, right side, showing the position of the respiratory and anal
orifices.

4, 4a. Ditto: shell, x 8 and natural size.

5. Ditto: view from below, x 4. 4, anal aperture; V, heart; /es.or.,
respiratory aperture; 7.m.7., retractor-muscle tentacles; 7.7.B.,
ditto, buccal mass.

6. Ditto: much enlarged view of the buccal mass, showing the form of
its posterior end, _ s, salivary-gland duct.

7. Ditto: jaw, x 20.

8. Ditto: central teeth of the radula, x 1250.

9. Ditto: generative organs, x 8.

10. Shell of Hyalimax perlucidus, Quoy and Gaimard, from Mauritius.

Genus GEOMALACUS.

The genus Geomalacus was first discovered by William Andrews,
Esq., of Dublin, in 1842, and first described at a meeting of the
Dublin Natural-History Society, in January 1843, by Prof. G. J.
Allman, who afterwards gave a full account of it, with a drawing of
the amma, in the ‘ Annals and Magazine of N ataral History,’ for May
1846, vol. xvi. p. 297, the original description being as follows :—

“Gen. Char. Corpus productum, lanceolatum, carine expers ;
pallium scutiforme, ovatum ; spiraculum in margine anteriort pallit ;
foramen genitale pone radicem tentaculi minoris dextri; testa solida,
plana, subovata. Ab Arvione differt hoc genus situ foraminis geni-
talis, a Limace cauda glandulifera et situ anteriori spiraculi.

“G. maculosus, unica species quam in rupibus madidis comitatus
Kerriensis repentem invent Gulielmus Andrews.

“. .. . It is an exceedingly beautiful animal, measuring when

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 61

creeping about 2 inches in length; the colour of the shield and
upper part of the body is black, elegantly spotted with yellow ; the
under surface of the foot light yellow, and divided into three nearly
equal bands; the edge of the foot is brown with transverse sulci.
Besides the typical variety, which is that now described, a second
is occasionally met with; it is characterized by the spots being of a
pure white.”

Professor Allman then proceeds to show how this genus differs
from Arion and Lima, and considers that it approaches more nearly
to the former than to the latter. I am inclined to think it is
equally distant from both—the position of the generative aperture
in Arion just below that of the respiratory, which is an excellent
character, places it very wide of that genus, much more than the pre-
sence of the mucous gland at the extremity of the foot separates it
from Limaw; while the forward position of the respiratory aperture
is not a character of very much importance ; whereas the position of
the generative orifice in Arion, and adjacent to the respiratory, alters
altogether the arrangement and form of the other organs of the
body, the site of muscle-attachments, &c. The size of the rudi-
mentary shells in these genera of slugs does not very much affect
the question of their respective affinities.

I have lately, owing to the kindness and liberality of Dr. A.
Giinther, of the British Museum, been able to examine the animal
of this genns more closely, and look at other characters, which place
it altogether in a more remote and isolated position as regards both
Arion and Limax. At the same time the possession of species of
the genus Anadenus, Heynemann, from the Himalaya, which I have
already figured and described, shows that Geomalacus is more nearly
related to that genus than those above mentioned. It is for this
reason, and that we may compare the characters of both, that I
enter more fully into and figure some of the internal organs of this
very restricted European genus.

As the position and attachment of the large retractor muscles in
these creatures bear somewhat the same relation to its body, as
regards its outer form, when in motion or at rest, as the develop-
ment of the muscles in the Vertebrates effects and modifies the size
and form of their skeleton, importance should be paid to this part
of their anatomy ; and it is found that in many genera the position
of these muscles where given off changes from a posterior to a more
anterior one, showing in this respect a greater departure from some
original type.

Gromazacus macutosus, Allman. (Plate XII.)

Geomalacus maculosus, Allman, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvii.
p. 297, pl. ix. (May 1846); Forbes & Hanley, vol.iv. p. 12, pl. FF F*.
f. 5 (1853). |

G. maculatus, Adams, Genera, p. 228, pl. Ixxx. ff. 4, 4a (1858).

? Limax anguiformis, Morelet, Moli. Port. p. 36, pl. i. f. 1.

G. maculosus, Gwyn Jeffreys, Brit. Conch. 1. p.129, pl. v. £3 (1862);
Bourguignat, Class. Fam. Moll. vivants, p. 14 (1877) ; J. Mabille,

62 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Revue et Mag. Zoologie, January, p. 53 (1867); Lovell Reeve, Land
& Freshwater Moll, British Isles, p. 13 (1863); J. Mabille, Annales
de Malac. p. 120 (1870).

Loc. An island in Dingle Bay, west coast of Ireland. Coll. Brit.
Mus.

Shell (Pl. XII. fig. 2) covered on the outside with a very thin trans-
parent epidermis. The mucous gland is very small (figs. 1, 1a), the
pedal margin of the foot very distinct and similar to that of Arion.
The renal organ is triangular in form, its nearly equal sides completely
surrounding the heart (fig. 8), which is thus central as regards that
organ, as in Arion (fig. 9); but in that genus the form of the renal
organ is lunate. The ventricle is directed towards and very close to
the anal and respiratory orifices, while in Arion it is more remote
and in a more posterior position. These differences in position and
form of the renal organ in this genus, Arion, Anadenus, and Limax
are shown in fig. 10, where it lies alongside the heart and posterior
to it.

Retractor muscles. Those of the two eye-tentacles (7.m.7., fig. 8)
are attached at the right and left posterior margin of the mantle,
that of the odontophore or buccal mass (7.m.0.) just behind the
attachment of the right eye-tentacle; while that of the penis is
situated far back near the extremity of the foot on the left posterior
side. Nowin Arion the attachments of the eye-tentacles and odon-
tophore are closer together at the posterior margin of the mantle,
and that of the penis is here also occupying a middle position be-
tween the muscles of the eye-tentacles.

If we examine Limax again (fig. 10) we find a still greater
divergence. The retractor muscle of the penis (7.m.P.) is anterior,
on the mantle-margin, and that of the eye-tentacles and buccal
mass (rm. O., Ey, T.) are all close together on the posterior right
margin.

Odontophore. The jaw is distinctly ribbed, solid, dark brown in
colour; concave in front, with a sharp edge. The dental formula is

59 . 1.59.

The central tooth is unicuspid, rather short and broad; the median
teeth are long, sharply pointed, with a very small notch or cusp at
the outer basal margin. This becomes better developed in the lateral
teeth; up to the 14th or 15th median the teeth are uniform in
size, but they then become gradually smaller towards the sides, and
about the 46th are much broader at the base, with the outer tooth
well developed ; the last five or six are very minute, and the cusps
blunt and irregular. In the form of these laterals and the radula
generally it has a most interesting similarity to that of Anadenus, °
which also has a ribbed jaw. It is quite unlike Arion in this
character of the radula. In one specimen the teeth were quite
worn down in the centre, so that the points were reduced to a
blunt knob. The stomach of this individual contained a consider-
able quantity of coarse angular sand mixed with the food, which
appeared derived from granite rocks.

Generative organs. I have dissected two specimens, and both

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 63

were similar in every way. ‘There is nothing remarkable from the
ovotestis to the oviduct and vas deferens. The male organ and sper-
matheca, however, are peculiar. The retractor muscle is, of course,
very long, as it extends so far back in the body-cavity. The vas
deferens is very long, and very much twisted and convoluted on
itself, and in a portion of this twisted length the capreolus is no
doubt formed. The spermatheca is not attached to the generative
apparatus by a separate duct of its own, but rises close to and beside
the retractor-muscle attachment, its duct running with, as if forming
a part of, the penis. Now if we look at the generative organs of
Anadenus (Plate VI. fig. 7) there is a good deal of similarity in the
form of the long coiled vas deferens, and we have only to unite the
duct of the spermatheca to that of the penis to bring about what is
seen in Geomalacus. On opening out the vagina of Geomalacus,
there is found a curious arrangement of the flattened folds, of which
the central part with pointed end, situated close to the genital
aperture (Gen.Ap.), may be the homologue of the dart in other
genera.

Monsieur Jules Mabille has given (/.c.) a paper on the genus
Geomalacus, and enumerates some seven species, and he points out
the differences between it and more or less similar genera. He is,
however, over-critical, I think, on the English drawings that have
been given of G. maculosus; for that in the ‘Annals and Magazine
of Natural History’ is, I consider, a very good representation of the
animal, judging from spirit-specimens, and it shows clearly the very
distinctive mottled skin of the animal; it does not profess to give a
magnified portion of the skin drawn from life and the minute white
specks alluded to in the footnote, a character which is not an all-
important one. When we examine the descriptions of the new
species we find that they depend entirely on outward characters
alone, so that M. Mabille leaves much to be desired ; and it will be
an interesting and useful task if some French naturalist will take
up the examination of the internal characters of these slugs.

G. andrewsi, occurring in the same part of Ireland with macu-
losus, can only be considered a variety, with more white than black.

At the time when Forbes and Hanley, Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys, &c.
recorded this slug in their works as a Great-Britain form, it was
not known to occur in France. The last-named author pointed out
that anguiformis, Morelet, of Portugal probably belongs to the same
genus, and goes so far as to think it may be even the same species
as maculosus, so that it was not at all unexpected by English natu-
ralists that the genus should be found in France, a very natural
range for it; how far it may extend eastward is now the point
that interests us. From what is now known, its present range is
the west of Europe and the countries on the Atlantic sea-board.

64 LAND AND FRESHWATER

List of recorded Species of Geomalacus.

G. maculosus, Allman: type. Ireland.

G. andrewsi, var., Mabille. Ireland.

G. anguiformis, Morelet. La serra de Morichique, Algarve,
Portugal.

G. intermedius, Normand. Valenciennes, France.

G. bourguignati, Mabille. Forét de Meudon, Paris.

G. paladilhianus, Mabille. do. do.

G. moitessierianus, Mabille. do. do.

These three last, I should conclude, are the same species in dif-

ferent stages of growth.
In a paper entitled ‘ Des Limaciens Frangais,” 7. c. (1870), M.

Mabille records also

G. mabilli, Baudon, Journ. Conch. vill. p. 142 (April 1868),
Mouy-de-l’Oise.

G. vendeianus, Letourneux, Rev. et Mag. Zool. t. xxi. p. 7.
Bois-Plat, Fontenay-le-Comte (Vendée).

Key to Genera of Limacidee and Arionide.

External characters. Genus or Subgenus,

A, Animal with a complete oval mantle; gene-

rative aperture near the right tentacle.

a. With shell rudimentary, internal.
a’. Jaw smooth, simple, with central pro-
jection.
a". Anal aperture close to respiratory ori-
fice.

a'', Foot pointed; no mucous pore.

a‘. Respiratory orifice on the posterior
right margin of mantle.

a5, Extremity of foot keeled ......... LTimax. shoe
; Amalia), Moquin-Tandon;

aa. Mantle papillate ............... : (Mil Fey a,
bb. Do, with concentric ridges ... ie oien mY ea

65. Foot rounded above ............... Limacus.

b*. Respiratory orifice in middle of
mantle.
b. Shell with well-developed spire; foot keeled.. Parmacedla.
Oo aw TIDDEM 4... sacccs soe scusqpesespecacsesscccete Anadenus.

b'”. Extremity of foot with mucous gland.
c4, Respiratory aperture on anterior

might Mareip § caseaatece pera < seee Geomalacus.
B. Generative aperture below the respiratory...... Arion.
ce. Shell rudimentary (calcareous
particles not united) ......... (Lochea), Moquin-Tandon.

dd. Shell with slightly united gra-
NULAGIONS secwccaseenses¥s.cdcres (Prolepis), Moquin-Tandon.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 65

Key to Genera of Limacide and Arionide (continued).

External characters. Genus or Subgenus.

C. Anal aperture on the posterior right margin of the
mantle removed from the respiratory orifice.
c'’, No mucous gland.
d‘, Respiratory orifice in middle of
mibymtlley Gosasdonocedcosdoedascdeceunenceedac Hyalimax.

Internal characters.

A. Rectum close to respiratory orifice.
a. Muscle-attachment of penis anterior to edge of

mantle.
a', Renal organ lying alongside the heart ...... acess
b. Muscle-attachment of penis posterior to edge of
mantle.
b'. Renal organ partly surrounding the heart ... aie

c. Muscle-attachment of penis near extremity of foot Geomalacus.

B. Rectum behind the respiratory orifice, and radula
OE GbUEL HEATH 117) 1S occadacoangrsancaoatooougacbocsedecadad Hyalimax.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.

Fig. 1. Geomalacus maculosus, Allman: side view of extremity of foot, with
mucous gland, from spirit-specimen. @, view from behind of ditto.

. Ditto: shell, x 7.

. Ditto: jaw, x 20.

. Ditto: teeth of radula, x 360. 4a. 12th to 18th; 40. Outer-

most laterals.

. Ditto: generative organs, X 2.

. Ditto: ditto, portion of, from second specimen. Male organ.

Ditto: the basal portion of male organ, laid open. Gen.Ap., position

of generative aperture ; the external opening is on the other side.

. Ditto: position of renal organ, heart, and the retractor muscles,
viewed from below, X 3.

. Arion ater. Reigate. Position of above organs, similar view, X 2.

. Limax agrestis, Miller: ditto, ditto, X 3. Mf, mantle, frontal
edge; MJU., mantle, left margin; 7.m.0O., T., P., retractor-muscle
attachments of odontophore, eye-tentacle, and penis; s, position
of apex of shell.

SDN wor

—
oo oO

Genus Heticarion, Férussac.

I have been able lately to examine the animal of a species of this
genus from Australia, kindly sent me, together with other interesting
shells, by Dr. J. C. Cox, of Sydney, who has worked so long and
so well at the shells of that country. The specimen is close to
H. hyalina, Pfr., and is referred to in Dr, Cox’s ‘ Monograph of
Australian Land Shells’ (1868), p. 85. I have named it cowiana,
and shall refer to the anatomy when describing the Indian species
that have been hitherto placed in this genus. I may now state that
the Australian form differs in this respect very materially from the
Fast-Indian ; that from Sydney, I find, resembles exactly that of
Helicarion freycineti, Quoy and Gaimard, from New South Wales,
figured so well in Dr. C. Semper’s ‘ Reisen im Archipel der Philip-
pinen,’ pl. iii. fig. 6.

Girasia of Gray is a very distinct subgenus of the Helicarionide.

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LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA

OF

| si et 68 bial ar

Part ITI._ JANUARY 1883.

(Plates XIII.-XX1.)

Tue shells that are now figured on Plates XIII. to XVII. are all
of very small size, and many of them are described for the first
time. I had hoped in this Part to be able to figure some of the
small operculated shells which are included in Mr. Sylvanus
Hanley’s “ Systematic List of Species ” in the ‘Conchologia Indica,’
though not figured in that work, and the large number that have
been found since ; but Ihave thought it best to continue the minute
Zonitide, and record the little-known forms of this family before
entering on another.

It has become somewhat a difficult matter to know under what
genus to place most of these little shells. We know nothing of the
animals, still less of their anatomy: in the case of some species it is
doubtful even to what family they belong; for instance, the more
or less depressedly pyramidal shells on Plate XVI. are transversely
sculptured like Kalella, and I bring them into that subgenus.
In India the Zonitide altogether exceed the Helicide in number,
and those genera and subgenera which come into the latter family
are mostly of large and characteristic form.

I am therefore obliged to group them, to a certain extent, by
outward form of shell and the sculpture well magnified ; and as this
depends almost entirely on the form and action of the mantle, it is
of a certain value. Thus guided by sculpture, those shells figured on
Plate XIII. approach the subgenus Sitala, for longitudinal ribbing
is characteristic of all and is always well seen on the base and
apex, though somewhat obliterated on the face of the whorls by the
transverse lines of growth. In the strong epidermis of some, hirsute
in others, or very oblique undulate ribbing there is much divergence ;
and these again merge into forms like Mucrochlamys, as shown on
Plate XIV., to which I suspect several belong.

For some of these species we might establish subgeneric titles,
and they will perhaps be necessary to complete the chain of classifi-
cation ; it is better, however, to wait and learn more about them

PART III. H

68 LAND AND FRESHWATER

before doing so. Helix conulus, Blf., stands alone, a very peculiar
form, which cannot be put in any of the genera I am now figuring.
Blanford placed it in Kaliella with doubt, and I follow him.
The examination of the odontophore of a species on Plate XV.
shows close relationship with Aaliella; and the dissection of a species
(figs. 1 & 2 on Plate XVII.) from Cherra Poongee settles definitely the
position of most of the shells on that Plate in the genus Macrochlamys,
and thus leads up through these small forms to the illustration
of it in detail on Plates XVIII., XIX., and XX. On Plate XXI.
I give drawings of the sculpture of several species of Zonitide,
which I found useful when roughly grouping them together.

The description and synonymy of Macrochlamys indica will be given
in Part IV., together with tugurium, petrosa, resplendens, decussata,
and other large species of the genus, which perhaps contains more
species than any other in the Indian Region, and those species ex-
ceedingly variable in form.

With reference to the discovery of Kalella in Madagascar,
Mr. Edgar Smith writes as foliows, in the P. Z.S. for 1882, p. 375:
—* One minute species, H. barrakporensis, has not previously been
met with except in India, where it may have been introduced, as is
the case with the large Achatina fulica, a most abundant shell in
some parts of Madagascar and also at the Mauritius.” The intro-
duction of this last by Mr. Benson into Calcutta is well known; and
since then it has spread all over Calcutta and its suburbs up to
Barrakpur, where I have seen it, and across the Hooghly into the
Botanical Gardens, the eggs, no doubt, transported in the roots of
garden plants. It has thus become a perfect pest—a somewhat
similar and questionable benefit to the country as the introduction
of the rabbit and sparrow has been to Australia. Now Kaliella
barrakporensis is not a parallel case, but one that must remain an
example of great extension of a species. It is a most abundant shell
over a vast area of country from the Sundabunds to the Himalayas,
there being few small shells so abundant.

Family ZONITIDAE (continued).
Subgenus Karteria (continued from page 24).
KALIELLA LAILANGKOTENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XV. figs. 1, 1 a.)

Locality. Lailangkote, Khasi Hills (H, H. G-A.).

Shell depressedly conoid, subangular on periphery, closely umbi-
licated ; sculpture, covered with a strong epidermis, well ribbed
transversely, crossed by regular longitudinal fine ribs; colour pale
ochre; spire low, blunt; suture impressed; whorls 5, somewhat
flattened; aperture subvertical; peristome sinuate below, thin,
columellar margin oblique.

Size: major diam. 4-8 mm., alt. axis 2°3 mm.

3 0-19 inch, ,, 0:09 inch.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 69

This shell is very abundant at Lailangkote among the large
weathered masses of granite there ; but it was found also at Mairang,
Teria Ghat, Maotherichan Peak, and Mokarsa.

From one of these dried specimens I have been able to extract
the labial ribbon and jaw, which I figure on Plate XX. The
central tooth is tricuspid, the centre cusp long; the next five
median teeth are rather broad, pointed, long, with small denticles
on both the outer and inner basal sides; the sixth and seventh
are similarly tricuspid; from the eighth outwards all are bicuspid,
but the outer cusp never reaches to the same length as the inner.
In this respect this dentition differs from that of Macrochlamys.
The dental formula is

269 28 Toe 2*. 26

The jaw is simple, the cutting-edge concave, with a low convexity
in the median area.

The mantle-lobes could not be made out in this specimen.

The central and median teeth are thus as in Kaliella and the
formula is the same; the only difference lies in the laterals being
bicuspid in this species. This character of the odontophore, together
with the keeled form of the shell, shows that it should be placed in
that subgenus together with other species on Plate XV.

Two specimens of this shell have been sent me by Mr. G. Nevill
(collected by Mr. Robert in the Naga Hills) as no. 209 of his ‘ Hand-
list,’ Nanina (Microcystis), n. sp., p. 42, ‘14, Naga Hills, coll. M ajor
Godwin-Austen, W. Robert, and A. W. Chennell, Esqs.” I do
not possess a single specimen from that district ; there must have
been some mixing of shells here.

KALIELLA KEZAMAHENSIS, ND. sp. (Plate XV. figs. 3, 3a.)

Locality. Kezamah, Anghami Naga Hills; Gaziphima, Naga
Hills (C7, GEA"):

Shell subturbinate, well umbilicated, covered with strong epi-
dermis, base flat; sculpture rather coarse, decussate, like cloth, the
transverse ribbing the strongest; colour, specimen bleached; spire
conoid, sides convex, apex blunt; whorls 53, convex, keeled
sharply on last; aperture semilunar ; peristome rather thickened,
very oblique near axis.

Size: major diam. 4:1 mm., alt. axis 2°0 mm.

rs 0:16 inch, ,, 0-08 inch.

T have been successful in extracting the labial ribbon of this
species, which is the same as that of the preceding (lailangkotensis)
as regards the central or median teeth being tricuspid, only that
it does not possess the two transitional teeth between the median
and laterals; and these last are more distinctly unilateral, the outer
cusp being situated near the base and never rising so high towards
the point as in lailangkotensis. The formula is

Dorie 26. 20
Bil, dkg Bill
H 2

70 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Jaw not seen. With this specimen I was also fortunate to find
the spermatophore, which will be figured in the next Part with the
above odontophore.

KALieLLa ? BURRAILENSIS, n.sp. (Plate XV. figs. 5, 5a, 56.)

Locality. Burrail range, Naga Hills (G.-A.).

Shell closely umbilicated, depressedly conoid, keeled ; sculpture,
on base well-marked radiating ridges of growth, crossed by fine con-
centric ribbing; colour pale dull ochraceous; spire, sides flatly
convex, apex rounded ; suture very shallow ; whorls 5, flat ; aperture
narrow, semilunate ; columellar margin oblique.

Size: major diam. 5:7 mm., alt. axis 2-4 mm.

3 0:23 neh, se Oa Oanech:

This shell approaches A. ruga in its form, but has not got the
small indentation on the base of the last whorl; it may also at first
sight be mistaken for both lailangkotensis and kezamahensis ; but its
close umbilication and large size distinguish it. Only two specimens
were obtained.

Katietia? RuGA, n.sp. (Plate XV. figs. 4, 4 a.)

Locality. Phinggam, Lahipa Naga Hills, on the trap-boss near
the village ; Shiroifurar Peak, 9000 feet (H. 1H. G.-A.).

Shell depressedly turbinate, well rounded below, umbilicate, covered
with strong epidermis, with a single palatal plica or tooth within
the aperture * ; sculpture like cloth, irregular, coarse, the transverse
ribbing the strongest, below smoother, with a few transverse ribs ;
colour pale horny brown; spire low, sides convex, apex flat; suture
slightly impressed ; whorls 5, regularly increasing, the last angular
at periphery; aperture narrow, sublunate, vertical, the tooth-like
process just within on lower margin, this is oblong, blunt, but
slightly raised and directed obliquely backwards, and in some speci-
mens two are to be seen, one behind the other; this tooth appears to
be formed during periods of arrested growth, the old edge of the
aperture being apparent near it ; peristome thin, thickened towards
the columellar margin, which is much oblique to the axis.

Size: major diam. 3°6 mm., alt. axis 1:8 mm.

Aa 0-14 inch, ,, 0-07 inch.

KaLieLia? NEVILLI,n.sp. (Plate XIII. fig. 6.)

Locality. Darjiling.

Shell subpyramidal, openly umbilicated, thin, fragile, subangulate,
the periphery ornamented with a line of hairs, which are pointed ;
sculpture very oblique and distant, well-marked costulation ; colour
olive-brown ; spire conoid, sides flat ; suture well impressed ; whorls

* A similar palatal tooth to this is found in H. helicifera, BIf., from Arakan,

of which I shall hereafter give a drawing, as it is not shown in the figure in
the ‘Conch. Indica,’ nor is the peculiar columellar margin very well delineated.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 71

5, last well rounded below; aperture very ovate ; peristome thin
and scarcely reflected.

Size: major diam, 0-30, alt. axis 0-14 inch.

x Tei . 35 mm.

This species was sent me by Mr. Geoffrey Nevill, from the Indian
Museum collection, Calcutta, where the type figured will be sent.
It was, I believe, discovered by Colonel Mainwaring. Its generic
position is very doubtful.

Katierra ? conutus, W. T. Blanford. (Plate XV. figs. 6, 6 a.)

Sec. Kaliella? Nanina conula, W. Blf. J. A. 8. B. 1865, pt. 2,
vol. xxxiv. p. 73; Pfr. Mon. Hel. vol. v. p. 89 ; Conch. Ind. p. 52,
pl. cxxix. figs. 5, 6.

Kaliella, sec. A, Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 20.

Locality of figured specimen. Jatinga valley, North Cachar Hills,
and I have one other shell from Munipur.

Sculpture, longitudinal fine ribbing, most marked on the apical
whorls, crossed by fine, irregular, very oblique striz ; colour white.

There is one of the four original specimens in Mr. W.T. Blanford’s
collection, fixed upon a glass slide, with which I have compared
the above, but it was too thin and delicate a shell to remove for
figuring ; they agree perfectly.

Size: major diam. 3:1, alt. axis 2°90 mm.

Original description :—* Shell subperforate, turreted, white,
horny, thin, translucent, marked with oblique sinuous subfiliform
costulate striation, and below the centre of the whorl with very
fine spiral lines, only visible under a powerful lens; spire conical,
apex rather obtuse; suture deeply sunk. Whorls 6, very convex,
keeled in the centre, the keel very fine, raised, thread-like, opaque
and white; the last whorl bicarinate, the second raised spiral line
being below the periphery ; flatly convex beneath, and marked by
radiating striee and concentric impressed lines. Aperture oblique,
tumidly and subangularly lunate, about equally broad and high;
peristome thin; margins distinct ; columellar nearly vertical, very
briefly reflexed at the penultimate whorl.

“Diam. 13 mm. = 0-07 inch.

«Height 2 \),, == 07038" .,

“ Hab. Phoung-do, Arakan.

« A minute species, remarkable for its keeled and convex whorls.
Only four specimens were found.”

It would be interesting to know the anatomy of this species and
the relationship to its neighbours.

KALIeLiA? LEITHIANA, n. sp. (Plate XVI. figs. 6, 6a, 66.)

Locality. Ceylon (ea coll. Dr. Leith).

Shell narrowly umbilicated, discoid, keeled, base flat; sculpture
covered with an olivaceous epidermis, irregular transverse lines of
growth ; spire very depressedly conoid, sides flat, apex blunt ; whorls
64, all very equal in breadth, flat; aperture elongate, narrow, per-
pendicular ; peristome thin, columellar margin upright, short.

Te, LAND AND FRESHWATER

Size: major diam. 7:0 mm., alt. axis 2-4 mm.

This specimen was purchased from a dealer, having come from the
late Dr. Leith’s collection ; it was still on the original card he had
eummed it on, so that the habitat can be trusted. It is to be
regretted the exact locality is unknown, as I have only one specimen.
However, it may be well known to others who have collected in the
island of Ceylon.

KALIELLA ? DIKRANGENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XVI. fig. 3.)

Locality. Dikrang valley, Dafla Hills, Assam (H. H, G.-A.).

Shell globosely conoid, keeled, imperforate, much rounded below ;
sculpture, very microscopic, transverse regular costulation, the finest
T have seen; colour pale amber; spire pyramidal, sides nearly flat,
apex well rounded; suture moderately impressed ; whorls 6, closely
wound; aperture narrowly quadrate; columellar margin strong,
perpendicular, with a slight protuberance on the inner margin.

Size: major diam. 1°6 mm., alt. axis 1-1 mm.

0:065 inch, ,, 0:°045 inch.

This shell, of which I only possess one example, is similar in form
and comes nearest to A. nongstemmensis, but is very much smaller, the
spire less conoid, and much more rounded below. ‘The sculpture is
similar to that of Aaliella ; and I place it at the end of that subgenus
until something more is known of the anatomy of these very minute
species.

KALIELLA ? NONGSTEINENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XVI. fig. 2.)

Locality. Maotherichan Peak, 6297 ft., North Khasi (H.H. G.-A.).

Shell conical, well rounded below, keeled, subperforate ; sculpture
very minute, regular transverse ribbing; colour pale ochraceous;
spire high, sides convex, apex rounded; suture moderately im-
pressed; whorls 8, closely wound, sides flatly convex; aperture
quadrate, narrow, suboblique; peristome thin, columellar margin
straight, short, thickened.

Size: major diam. 20 mm., alt. axis 1-7 mm.

= 0-08 imch, , 0:07 inch.

I possess only one specimen of this very pretty shaped well-
marked shell.

IT have named it after that part of the Khasi Hills which is under
the “Seem,” or chief, of Nongstein.

KALiELLA ? TIRUTANA, n.sp. (Plate XVI. fig. 4.)

Locality. North Khasi Hills, three specimens obtained (1. H.
G.-A.).

Shell globosely conoid, base rounded, solid, keeled; sculpture
smooth, with a few indistinct lines of growth; colour bleached ;
spire conical, sides flat; suture moderately impressed ; whorls 6,
closely wound, narrow; aperture narrow, rectangular; peristome
rather thickened, columellar margin strong, vertical, and a distinct
thickening or callus on the lower margin.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 73

Size: major diam. 0:07, alt. axis 0°05 inch.
a 1:8 se ced ams
For want of a better, I have named this shell after the Demon
Tirut, to whom the Khasias so constantly sacrifice and propitiate
with offerings.

KatreELLA ? TIRUTANA, n. sp., Juv. (Plate XVI. fig. 5.)

Locality. Khasi Hills (H. H. G.-A.).

Spire moderately high, conic, sides flat, apex rounded; suture
impressed ; whorls 6, sides convex; aperture narrow, long, quad-
rate; peristome thin, but strong and thickened on the columellar
margin.

Size: major diam. 0-051, alt. axis 0:034 inch.

5 1:3 a .O°Smm:

Katieiia ? CHENNELLI, n.sp. (Plate XVI. fig. 1.)

Locality. Lhota Naga Hills.

Shell depressedly turbinate, much rounded below, sharply keeled,
not umbilicated ; sculpture very finely ribbed transversely, springing
from a well-defined sutural band, smooth below, and apparently
slightly and finely hairy when fresh; colour pale horny brown;
spire pyramidal, sides flat; suture shallow; whorls 64, closely
wound, regular, sides flat ; aperture narrow, elongate; peristome thin,
columellar margin perpendicular, rather thickened, sinuate below.

Size: major diam. 3°6 mm., alt. axis 2°0 mm.

Bs 0:14 inch, ms oumeh.

A single specimen only obtained by Mr. A. Chennell, of the Topo-
graphical Department, who brought in a number of shells when
surveying the above hills, for which I am deeply indebted to him
and other members of the Topographical Survey who assisted in
surveying the Assam hill-country.

Herrx ? (——?) etomerosa, n.sp. (Plate XIV. fig. 9.)

Locality. Dikrang valley, Dafla Hills (H. H. G.-A.).

Shell globular, subperforate ; sculpture indistinct, very close longi-
tudinal striz; colour dull olivaceous ; spire conoid, rounded above,
sides convex; suture shallow ; whorls 6, the last very tumid; aper-
ture narrowly lunate, contracted slightly on the outer margin, a
well-marked callus on the body-whorl; peristome strong for size
and somewhat thickened below into an indistinct tooth, columellar
margin oblique.

Size: major diam. 1:3 mm., alt. axis 0°-7 mm.

x 0-05 inch, ,, 0:03 inch.

This very minute pretty shaped shell is unlike any thing I have
found in India; and I place it in the Helicidie, for its true relation-
ship is very uncertain.

74. LAND AND FRESHWATER

Genus Srrata (continued from page 43).
Srrata? BALLIANA, n. sp. (Nev. MS.). (Plate XV. fig. 2.)

Loeality. Hills near Ganjam, Madras (V. Bail).

Shell umbilicate, carinate, conoid; sculpture, transverse rather
irregular fine ribbing or costulation, with four or five strongly marked
longitudinal ribs ; colour umber-brown, covered with a strong epider-
mis ; spire rather high, conic, sides slightly convex; suture im-
pressed; whorls 5, very conyex; aperture semilunate; peristome
moderately thickened and slightly reflected near umbilicus.

Size: major diam. 3°6 mm., alt. axis 2;0 mm.

O-14 inch », 0°08 inch.

This shell falls close to S. palmari ia (p. 35, Plate X. fig. 3) in its
keeled and conoid form; but it is very ae smaller, unbiased,
and the longitudinal ribbing i is not so high in relief, being finer and
closer.

SITALA UvIDA, n. sp. (Plate XIII. fig. 5.)

Locality. Teria Ghat, south base of Khasi Hills (7. H. G.-A.).

Shell narrowly umbilicate, globosely conoid; sculpture wavy,
transverse ribbing, crossed by fine indistinct longitudinal lines,
which are more distinct on apex, and distant well-marked concen-
tric ribbing on the base; colour pale sienna-brown ; spire conoid ;
suture well impressed ; whorls 5, closely wound, convex; aperture
ovate, oblique; peristome rather thickened, columellar margin
oblique.

Size: major diam. 0-11 inch, alt. axis 0°07 inch.

2°8 mm., e 1-7 mm.

Also one from the Jatinga valley, North Cachar Hills.

Somewhat like S. srimant (Plate IX. fig. 7); but the form and
sculpture distinguish them when the shells are placed side by side,
wvida being higher in the spire and with much rounder whorls. This
species, together with the next, should come in after tertcana and
srimant in the Table given in Part II. page 43.

I defer the continuation of this synopsis of the species until more
are figured and described.

SITALA PLACITA, n.sp. (Plate XIV. fig. 3.)

Locality. Khasi, one specimen (type); Munipur, one specimen
(H. H. G.-A.).

Shell, perforation concealed, globosely conoid ; sculpture, distant
longitudinal ribbing, on the base far apart and well raised; colour pale
horny; spire rather high, conic, apex blunt; suture impressed ;
whorls 43, convex, last well rounded on periphery ; aperture ovate
or nearly semicircular ; columellar margin suboblique.

Size : atin diam. 2°8 mm., alt. axis 2°0 mm.

O-11 Hehe bs 0-08 inch.

This shell in its form approaches S. srimani (Plate LX. fig. 7),

but is not so flat on the base.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. ie

SrTaLa suBNANA, n. sp. (Nevill, MS.). (Plate XIV. fig. 6.)

Locality. Jessore.

Shell conoid, angulate on the periphery, rather flat on the base,
perforation hidden ; sculpture, finely decussate, regular coarse trans-
verse ribbing, crossed by regular fine longitudinal lines; colour
pale sienna-brown; spire conic, sides slightly convex; suture
shallow; whorls 4, flatly convex; aperture semilunate ; peristome
oblique on columellar margin and slightly reflected.

Size: major diam, 0-11 inch, alt. axis 0-06 inch.

2-8 mm., < 15 mm.

This shell has no relationship with nana, Hutton, from the N.W.
Himalaya. That shell has the distinct transverse “fine costulation
of Kaliella (vide Plate VY. fig. 6).

SITALA ? CRENICINCTA, n.sp. (Plate XIII. fig. 2.

Locality. Lailangkote, Khasi Hills (7. H. G.-A.).

Shell perforate, depressedly conoid, covered with a_ thick
epidermis, with two parallel rows of fine hairs, pointed under high
power ; sculpture, transverse irregular ribbing, with regular rather
distant continuous longitudinal raised ridges, very distinct on apex,
fine concentric ribs on base; colour pale olive-brown ; spire low ;
suture impressed ; whorls 4, last rounded; aperture ovately lunate,
oblique ; peristome thin, columellar margin weak, not reflected.

Size: major diam. 0-09 inch, alt. axis 0-05 inch.

2°3 mm., “ 1:3 mm.

Other acalaees: Marangsip ‘Peak ; Jawai; Teria Ghat; Shillong ;
Kopamedza Peak, Naga Hills; Munkén valley, Jaintia.

A variety from the wood at Mairang, slightly larger and very
narrowly perforate.

Srrata? mntonsa,n. sp. (Plate XIII. figs. 1, 1a, 1.)

Locality. Marangsip Peak, Khasi Hills (H. H. G.-A.).

Shell umbilicate, globosely conical, slightly hirsute; sculpture,
irregular ridges of growth, crossed longitudinally with fine and
coarser ribbing, a few concentric fine distant ribs on base ; colour
olive-brown; spire moderately high, obtuse and rounded ; suture
impressed ; whorls 5, sides convex ; aperture ovately lunate ; peri-
stome thin, very slightly reflected.

Size: major diam. 0°15 inch, alt. axis 0-08 inch.

Pe 3°S mm., He 2:0 mm.

Sirata? RECONDITA, n.sp. (Plate XIII. figs. 4, 4a, 4 6, 4c.)

Locality. (Type) Raliang, North Jaintia Hills; Jawai near Mun-
tidoo river; Khasi Hills (#/. H. G.-A.).
Shell depressedly conoid, perforate ; sculpture, above regular,

76 LAND AND FRESHWATER

very oblique costulation, on base smooth, but under lens beauti-
fully concentrically and regularly striate, the oblique costulation
does not extend to the suture, and each long rib has, above, a
short parallel rib adjacent to it (vide fig. 4c); colour pale sienna-
brown; spire low, apex blunt; suture impressed: whorls 4, regu-
larly increasing ; aperture oblique, ovately lunate; peristome thin,
columellar margin oblique.
Size: major diam. 0°10—0°12 inch, alt. axis 0°05 inch.
3 2°5-3°0 mm., $6 1:3-1°6 mm.

Genus Macrocutamys, Benson.

This generic title first occurs, but without description, in the
J. A.S. B. vol. i. p. 13, January 1832, in a paper by Benson, who
writes :—‘‘ Those (Pterocyclus, sp.) which I found were, with several
specimens of a Cyclostoma, a reversed Carocolla and Macrochlamys ;”
and in a footnote, “anew genus of the Helicidie, separated by me
from Helix in consequence of the wide departure of the animal from
the type of that genus ;”’ and the species is indicated, but not then
described, from the Gangetic delta, on page 76 of the same volume,
for in February 1832 Mr. W. H. Benson presented to the Society a
series of the land and freshwater shells of the Doab and of the Gan-
getic provinces, with a list, in which occurs “Helia (Macrochlamys)
indicus, Benson, separated from Helix on account of the difference
of character in the animal.”

The genus is again referred to in vol. v. of same Journal, pp. 350, 351
(1836). After describing Nanina decussata, Benson says, ‘¢ On a cur-
sory inspection of this shell I erroneously considered it to be a variety
of the species vitrinoides, Deshayes, belonging to Mr. Gray’s genus
Nanina (Zool. Proc. July 8, 1834), which I indicated under the name
of Macrochlamys in the first number of the ‘ Journal of the Asiatic
Society ’ for January 1832, pp. 13 and 76, and which I altered to
that of Tanychlamys in a paper on the genus read before the Zoolo-
gical Society in August 1834. Mr. Gray’s characters, drawn up
from specimens preserved in spirits and from General Hardwicke’s
drawings, having the advantage of priority of publication, his name,
although inexpressive, will necessarily be adopted. Several inde-
pendent observers haye united in stating the necessity of separating
this genus from //elzwv on the characters of the animal ; witness the
observations of Lieut. Hutton (J. A. S. B. vol. iii. p. 83).”

Again, in 1834, Mr. Benson exhibited a collection of shells from
the Gangetic provinces of India, and gave a full description of this
genus under the title Zanychlamys (altered by the editor to Nanina),
at the August meeting of the Zoological Society, and recorded in
the ‘ Proceedings,’ p. 89, as follows :—

* A collection of Land and Freshwater Shells formed in the Gan-
getic Provinces of India by W. H. Benson, Esq., of the Bengal Civil
Service, and presented by that gentleman to the Society, was exhi-

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. TT

bited. It comprised forty species, and was accompanied by a de-
scriptive list prepared by the donor, and also by detailed notices of
some of the more interesting among them. These notices were
read; they are intended by Mr. Benson for publication in the forth-
coming number of the ‘ Zoological Journal.’ From the time that he
first became acquainted with the animal of a shell, resembling in all
respects, except in its superior size, the European Helix lucida, Drap.,
Mr. Benson regarded it as the type of a new genus of Helicide, in-
termediate between Stenopus, Guild., and Helicolimaw, Fér. He
had prepared a paper on this genus, for which he intended to pro-
pose the name of Zanychlamys ; he finds, however, that Mr. Gray
has recently described (p. 58) the same genus under the name of
Nanina.”

The generic characters observed by Mr. Benson are as follows :—-

Nanina, Gray.

First original detailed description of shell and animal of Macro-
chlamys :—“Testa heliciformis, umbilicata ; peritremate acuto, non
reflexo.

“Animal cito repens. Corpus reticulosum, elongatum. Palliwm
amplum, foramine communi magno perforatum, peritrema amplexans ;
processubus duobus transverse rugosis (quasi articulatis) omni latere
mobilibus instructum, unico prope teste aperture angulum swperio-
rem exoriente, altero apud peripheriam teste. Os anticwm inter ten-
tacula inferiora hians ; labia radiato-plicata. Tentacula superiora
elongata, punctum percipiens tumore oblongo situm gerentia. Penis
pregrandis ; antrum cervicis elongatum latere dextro et prope ten-
tacula situm. Solea complanata pedis latera equans. Cauda ten-
taculata ; tentaculum subretractile glandula ad basin posita humo-
rem viscidum (animale attrectato) ewsudante.”

Mr. Benson describes particularly the habits of the species ob-
served by him, which he first discovered living at Banda, in Bun-
delkund, on the prone surface of a rock. The animal carries the
shell horizontally or nearly so, is quick in its motions, and, like
Helicolimax, it crawls the faster when disturbed, instead of retract-
ing its tentacles like the Snails in general. In damp weather it is
rarely retracted within its shell, the foot being so much swollen by
the absorption of moisture that if it is suddenly thrown into boiling
water the attempt to withdraw into the shell invariably causes a
fracture of the aperture. In dry weather the foot is retracted, and
the aperture is then covered by a whitish false operculum similar to
that of the other Helicide. The two elongated processes of the
mantle are continually in motion, and exude a liquid which lubri-
cates the shell, supplying apparently that fine gloss which is obsery-
able in all recent specimens. The fluid poured out from the orifice
at the base of the caudal horn-hke appendage is of a greenish
colour; it exudes when the animal is irritated, and at such times
the caudal appendage is directed towards the exciting object in such
a manner as to give to the animal a threatening aspect.

-_
78 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Of several specimens brought to England by Mr. Benson in 1832
one survived from December 1831, when it was captured in India,
until the summer of 1833.

The above description we find published again in the Zool. Journal,
1834, vol. vy. p. 458, in a paper entitled “ Conchological Notices,
chiefly relating to the Land and Freshwater Shells of the Gangetic
Provinces of Hindoostan.”

Under genus Nanina, Gray, and in footnote, we find it stated, ‘The
peculiar form of the animal of this genus had long since induced me
to regard it as constituting a distinct group, to which I had in my
MSS. assigned the name of Tanychlamys; on submitting specimens,
however, to the Zoological Society at one of its late meetings I find
I have been anticipated by Mr. Gray, who had just previously
proposed for it the name which I have adopted above.”

He says that it is to be found in the Gangetic plain from Calcutta
to Cawnpur, that he found it at Banda, in Bundelkund, that he had
received it from the hill-fort of Callingar (Kalingar in north of same
district), and also from the old fort at Rigmahal (Rajmahal?); he
probably then had not noticed the slight differences in the local
forms of this shell.

In July 1834, one month previous to Benson’s exhibition of the
shells at the August meeting of the Zoological Society, Mr. J. E.
Gray had described the genus Nanrya, partly from the animals of
several species and partly from the animal of a species which had
been figured by General Hardwicke in 1797. This figure evidently
represents the species common in Calcutta, with the mantle much
paler than the rest of the body ; and this he erroneously identified as
NV. vitrinoides, Desh., which is a distinct species from the Malay
Archipelago, and is Macrochlamys indica, Bs.

In the J. A. 8. B. pl. ii. p. 83 (Feb. 1832), Hutton describes the
Mizapur shell, MW. petrosa, which he found at Tara, in the low hills
near that place, and he gives a good description of the animal of
Macrochlamys after the No. 3 Helix, which, in the list of shells at
the end, is recorded as “* H. petrosa mihi.”’ He says, ‘‘ dark brown
or blackish ; body elongate, with a hooked process on the extremity
of the tail pointing backwards.” He mentions the “two narrow,
flat, gradually pointed filaments or tentacula, which, when the ani-
mal is in motion, are kept constantly playing over the surface of the
shell ;” but there is a want of accuracy in the description, for he
says they both proceed “from the right side of the animal.” To
Hutton therefore, and not to Mr. Gray, belongs the credit, among
English naturalists, of having first described this genus and noted
the great difference between the European and Asiatic forms of
Heliv as then constituted.

But in 1829 Desmoulins had examined and described the animal
of an Indian species (1. levipes, Miller), to which he gave the sub-
generic title ArropHAnTA, from its similarity to Arion in possessing
a mucous pore at the extremity of the foot; and he laid great
stress on this anatomical point. Now had //. levipes been a dextral
shell, with less marked characters of its own, the title Ariophanta

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 79

would include all those Indian species with simple neck-lobes and
no tongue-like shell-lobes, which have been hitherto placed in
Nanina. H. levipes is, however, a sinistral form, and related to a
group all of this character. I do not myself set much value on it,
unless it be supported by others. It is certainly very constant in
some genera, but very inconstant in others, not affecting the anatomy
in one single point; and it would have made classification much
simpler had Ariophanta been adopted for all these species until placed
in their respective subgeneric positions, restricting it eventually for
levipes and its allies; and the subfamily ArropHantrin& would have
better distinguished these Asiatic land-shells from the very different
and distinct group Zonites of Montfort.

Stoliczka adopts the title Macrochlamys in the J. A. 8. B. 1871,
pp. 246, 247, and, after going through the record of it, says, “ It is,
I think, tolerably clear that under the above name (i. e. indica) the
Bengal species, usually recorded as vitrinoides, was meant. Conse-
quently this species must be taken as the type of Macrochlamys,
whether it be called vitrinoides or indica, for both, if different, are
no doubt very closely allied.”

In the Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. for 1881, p. 131, Mr. G. Nevill
enters on the question of the priority of Nanina, Gray, over that of
Macrochlamys, Benson, and rather favours the retention of the
former in a wide sense, which I think quite unnecessary.

The question of priority is not to be settled by Benson having
admitted the validity of Gray’s genus over one of his own creation.
This an author might do from a modest feeling not to put his own
work forward before that of another naturalist; and the editor of
the P. Z. 8. at the time appears to have substituted Gray’s title for
Benson’s on p. 89, 1834, without reference to previous papers of
the latter. This question is to be settled by the writings of the two
individuals, and how they can be best interpreted ; 7. e. which of the
generic titles is first found in print, and can be best and without any
doubt ascribed to a single species also strictly identifiable.

Although Benson in 1832 did not give a detailed description of
Macrochlamys, yet the species is clearly indicated, and that a genus
was necessary to receive it; and this can cause no confusion, for in
1834 he proceeded to publish the same most minutely. Norshould
Capt. T. Hutton’s writings be overlooked in the chain of evidence ;
that officer and Mr. Benson worked together, corresponded, and
exchanged specimens for years about this period *. We find Hutton
describing a closely allied species of this genus in February 1832.
It is evident throughout that Benson and Hutton had always the
same species in view for the type of the genus Macrochlamys, and
they knew its characters thoroughly. On the other hand, Gray’s
knowledge was superficial, he selected no particular type, and
his generic description of Nanina does not apply rigorously to

* T possess a large number of pamphlets from different journals, sent by
Benson to Hutton, with MS. notes and queries in some of them; these were
kindly presented to me by the latter when he gave up collecting. What became
of Benson’s own set and his valuable MS. notes I know not.

80 LAND AND FRESHWATER

the so-called vitrinotdes of India. Moreover, we find in P. Z. 8.
1847, p. 169, in “ A List of the Genera of Recent Mollusca, their
Synonyma, and Types,” Nanina and Macrochlamys are both sub-
genera of Stenopus, with citrina and vitrinoides as their respective
type shells. Manina should therefore only hold citrina and allied
forms, apparently a good subgeneric group; but it certainly should
not be used in the wide sense that has been given it by so many
authors. The family Zonitidee is sufficient for this ; and when all the
species of it are collected into well-characterized genera and subgenera
there will be no need for any generic term to include the doubtful
species of the group. It is even, I think, preferable to use Helix in its
widest sense than to use Vanina for these Asiatic forms. But E. von
Martens has condemned the title, and so has Mr. W.'T. Blanford; and
I cannot do better than quote what the latter writes (J. A. 8. B.
1880, p. 184) :—** The difficulty is to determine what generic name
or names should be adopted. Nanina is utterly bad ; it offends every
law; the name had been used previously by Risso *; the type is
the same as that of Benson’s genus Macrochlamys; the term is
objectionable on account of its signification. All this has been
pointed out by von Martens T, but still he and others employ the
name because it has crept into use. Now in such difficult matters
as these generic terms, unless rules are strictly attended to, utter
confusion must result, and undoubtedly it has resulted. When,
however, a search is made for a better founded term than Nanina,
endless difficulties are encountered.”

In December 1848 Mr. H. E. Strickland, F.G.S., described the
animal of another species of this genus, published in the P. Z. 8.
for that year, p. 142, with two figures (plate xi. figs. 1 and 2); this
was obtained in Ajmeer. I give his interesting account in full, for
the animal was kept some time alive in this country. He named it
vitrinoides, following Gray’s identification in P. Z. 8. 1834,

“On the Habits of a Living Specimen of Nanina vitrinoides (Desh.).
By H. E. Srricxzanp, F.G.S8.

“On the 2nd of December, 1847, Capt. W. J. E. Boys presented
the writer three specimens of a terrestrial mollusk, named Nanina
vitrinoides by Mr. Gray (P. Z. 8. pt. 2, p. 58, Helix vitrinoides,
Desh.). Capt. Boys had procured them a considerable time before,
certainly not less than a year, in the district of Ajmeer in Upper
India. The animals still remained within the shells; but from the
length of time during which they had been kept dry, they were
greatly reduced in bulk, and had almost wholly retired from the
outer volution, as was easily seen from the transparency of the
shell. Like many of the Helicide of hot climates, especially those
which are exposed to long intervals of drought, the Nanina vitri-

* «J. A.S. B. 1871, p. 47.
t ‘Albers, ‘Heliceen,’ 2. Ausgabe, p. 46, where the synonymy is fully dis-
cussed.”

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 81

noides secretes a calcareous poma or deciduous operculum every
time that it retires into a state of torpor. The specimens in question
had formed two or three successive pomata, one within the other,
during the process of their desiccation.

** In hopes of restoring their animation, I placed them upon some
wet moss in a warm room. ‘Two of them proved to be past re-
covery, but the animal of the third was seen through the trans-
parent shell to be gradually enlarging in bulk by the absorption of
moisture, and at the end of a week it finally reached the door of
its dwelling, threw off the poma, and began to crawl. A morsel
of boiled carrot was presented to it, which it greedily devoured,
and speedily increased in health and vigour. I have now kept
this interesting creature a twelvemonth, and have often been
tempted to exclaim with Oken, ‘ What majesty is in a creeping
snail; what reflection, what earnestness, what timidity, and yet at
the same time confidence! surely a snail is an exalted symbol of
mind slumbering deeply within itself.’ Since its revival my Na-
nina has greatly increased in size, and has added half a volution to
its shell, which now measures ;5, inch in diameter. Its favourite
food is boiled carrots and raw lettuce-leaves. It generally remains
quiet during the day, but crawls forth and shows considerable ac-
tivity in the evening, and has never shown any inclination to hyber-
nate or become torpid for a lengthened period. The shell of Nanina
vitrinoides is brown, glossy, and pellucid, and in shape and colour
closely resembles the shells of the European genus Zonites, from
which, without examination of the animal, it seems to be generically
undistinguishable. The animal, however, is very different, and is
more allied to, though quite distinct from, that of the genus Vitrina.
The foot when contracted is too large to be withdrawn into the
shell, except after a considerable period of desiccation. When ex-
panded, and at full stretch, the foot is remarkably long and narrow,
measuring about 2 inches in length and + inch in breadth. The
hinder extremity is abruptly truncate, surmounted by a short horn-
like appendage, similar to that in the larvee of certain Lepidopterous
genera.

“ But the most peculiar character in the animal of Nanina is that
of the two elongate pointed lobes or flaps which project from the
margin of the mantle, one on each side of the mouth of the shell.
These lobes possess a certain amount of lateral motion and a consi-
derable power of retraction and expansion, but are always kept in
close contact with the surface of the shell.

“The animal is in the frequent habit of performing the following
singular operation, which, as far as I am aware, has not before been
noticed in any terrestrial mollusk. Crawling to the top of its prison
(which consists of an inverted tumbler, with a small aperture for
air), it suspends itself to the glass by the hinder half of “the foot,
and twists the anterior part round so as to bring its lower surface
into contact with the shell. By the great length and flexibility of
the anterior half of the foot it is enabled to twist in a variety of
directions, and thus to crawl as it were over every part of its own

82 LAND AND FRESHWATER

shell in succession, the hind part of the animal remaining all the
while firmly attached to the surface of the glass.

*‘ During this operation the horns are partially contracted, and the
mouth of the animal is applied closely to the shell, and is seen to be
alternately expanded and contracted, as if in the act of suction. In
fact the whole process resembles the action of a cat when licking
its feet and body, and is performed with just the same appearance
of systematic determination. The object of this operation is no
doubt the same in both animals—that of clearing their person from
extraneous matter and producing that aspect of cleanliness and
beauty which is one of the laws of organic nature in its normal
state. Hence that brilliant gloss which distinguishes the shell of
the mollusk here referred to. It would be desirable to ascertain
whether any analogous habit is possessed by the allied genera Vi-
trina and Zonites. The shells of the British species of Zonites (Z.
nitens, alliacea, cellaria, &c.) closely resemble Nanina vitrinoides in
form, colour, and glossiness of surface, and their brilliancy must
apparently be due to some polishing action similar to that here de-
scribed. On the other hand it is difficult to understand how the
animals of Zonites and Vitrina, whose foot is much broader and
shorter than in Nanina, should be able to reach every part of their
shell and purify its surface.

“The animal of Nanna vitrinoides is of a deep cinereous, the mantle
yellowish, its lateral projecting lobes darker; the under surface of
the foot pale grey, with a yellowish stripe along each side.”

In November 1849 the above gentleman described the same species
in the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. The size (diameter ;4, inch) and the
description of the shell agree well with specimens I have in my col-
lection, collected by the late Capt. A. B. Melville at Jeypur, only 80
miles from Ajmeer, and which I shall describe in the next Part under
the title of Macrochlamys stricklandi, for it is certainly not the
Gangetic delta form.

No group of shells can be more difficult to identify than those
that have been classed under this genus. The shells of the larger
species are so similar in outward form and texture that they are
very liable to be mistaken at a cursory glance; however, consider-
able differences are to be found when the animals are examined,
particularly in the shape and size of the mucous gland at the extre-
mity of the foot, and in the mantle, its lobes, and varying tongue-
like lubricating processes.

I have collected species of this genus for many years over a very
large area, extending from the Punjab and Mussoorie in the North-
west Provinces to Assam on the north-east frontier, and I was early
struck with the very great difference in the colour and form of the
animal of those shells to which the majority of Indian conchologists
then gave the name of M. vitrinoides. The shells certainly have a
very striking similarity, though on a closer examination differences
in the form, the increase of whorls, &c. can be detected. It is not
surprising therefore that the whole group stands in a considerable

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 83

state of confusion ; and it is to clear this up partially that I have
endeavoured to classify them, and distinguish what were the species
Hutton, Benson, and others have described and named.

Few of these Indian naturalists had the training and skill to
examine the anatomy of the animal; only in a few instances do we
find the outward form and colour noticed ; the old plan of boiling
and getting rid of the animal as soon as possible was followed, and
many species were collected in a dead and bleached state, and were
thus described.

T now regret extremely that when I was in India I also was in
perfect ignorance of how to dissect a mollusk ; and it was only after
association with Henry and William Blanford and Ferd. Stoliczka
that my attention was directed to the outward form of the animal,
and I recorded this and made many useful sketches from the living
animals, Ferd. Stoliczka was one of the first to take up the internal
anatomy of the land Mollusca of India; and he published several
very interesting and valuable papers in the ‘ Journal of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal, which I have already referred to.

On commencing with this genus I had to consider what characters
I could take or combine to separate on good grounds the very nume-
rous species we have in the Kast. As the form of mantle is so
widely different, and as this organ, however slightly modified, affects
the sculpture of the shell, I began to examine under the microscope,
and, using a moderately high power, first the sculpture of as many
species as I could get access to. In my own collection I have a vast
amount of material, all with the exact localities most carefully re-
corded, and which I knew had never got mixed together. Each
box or tube was taken in turn, and every shell separately examined
and its sculpture recorded in a tabular form. I soon found that the
same species from the same locality were all identical with one
another and had a certain defined range, while in many instances
the structure and arrangement of the epidermal lines of growth were
sufficiently marked to distinguish the species even from a small
chip. I give drawings of the most characteristic surfaces, magnified
and drawn under the camera lucida. This is of course nothing new
in the study of shells, for by far the greater number of species can be
distinguished by better and more marked characters, and such labour
would be thrown away. I only wish to explain here the method I
followed before discrimination was made between the different local
forms that came before me. I am under great obligation to Mr.
Sylvanus Hanley for a similar examination of his fine collection, to
Dr. A. Giinther, of the British Museum, and Prof. J. W. Clarke, of
Cambridge (where Benson’s collection now rests), and to Mr. G.
Nevill for specimens from the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Mr. V.
Ball also gave me a large number he had collected at different
times.

Starting with the sculpture of the shell only as a distinctive cha-
racter, I first divided these shells into a number of artificial groups,
again subdivided roughly by size and form. JI only anticipated from
the first a remote relationship to be shown; but it aided greatly in

PART III. I

84 LAND AND FRESHWATER

finding and lumping the species together, and gleaning them even-
tually out, to be inserted finally in their more natural positions.

The next character I turned my attention to was the odontophore.
On going over my own collection I found, not having boiled and
remoyed the animals save of the very large kinds, that in a number
of specimens the animal still remained in a hard dried-up state.
Placed in water, not only can the mantle-lobes be distinctly made
out, but the buccal mass and, what was of equal importance, the
reproductive organs and, in several instances, the spermatophores
were secured.

I shall give drawings of such parts when describing the different
species ; although incomplete as a whole, in many cases I think it will
be allowed that they are of considerable value specifically, considering
how difficult, almost impossible, it will be for many years to collect
some of these shells again. I also possessed a few specimens pre-
served in spirit, which have proved of great use.

The genitai organs present us with good specific differences ;
but, as Stoliczka warns us, they must not be taken as certain evi-
dence, at least not until a very great number of examples have been
examined at different stages of growth and at different periods of
the year; for it can be easily understood that in a soft animal like
a mollusk such organs do undergo very great modification and en-
large at different parts, and that we should expect to find their con-
dition during the period of rest in the cold season different to that
during the rains, when they are in their most active state and the
process of reproduction going on. These remarks also hold good
with respect to the lobes of the mantle, which in moist weather are
much more lengthened and expanded. Yet this cannot modify to any
great extent the relative position of the different parts or other acces-
sory organs.

Of small size ; sculpture smooth ; globosely conoid.
MaAcrocHLAMYs LONGICAUDA, n. sp. (Plate XVII. fig. 1.)

Locality. Cherra Poongee (H. H. G.-A.).

Shell subglobosely conoid, last whorl rather swollen ; no sculpture
visible to eye alone, but crossed with very fine raised lines oblique to
each other under high power; colour horny brown; spire mode-
rately high, sides rather flat; suture shallow; whorls 53, sides
slightly convex ; aperture widely lunate; peristome thin, suboblique
near axis.

Size: major diam. 5°6 mm., alt. axis 3-1 mm.

# 0-22inch, ,, 0°12 inch.

MacrocHLamys Lonelcaupa, var. (Plate XVII. figs. 2, 2 a.)

Locality. Maotherichan Peak, N. Khasi (H. H. G.-A.).

Shell globosely turbinate, closely perforate ; sculpture none, sur-
face like ground glass; colour pale ochre ; whorls 54, the last sub-
angulate at the periphery ; aperture suboblique, narrowly lunate ;
Be eiome thin, the columellar margin perpendicular and slightly
reflected.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. és 85

Size: major diam. 4:3 mm., alt. axis 3-1 mm.

ae O:17fAnchs, “34\e0:42 anche

Size of specimen from Maosmai, near Cherra Poongee: major
diam. 0°20, alt. axis 0°11 inch.

Other localities: Banks of the Mankén, North Jaintia, and
Jawai.

The dried-up animal being apparent in two of the specimens from
Cherra Poongee, these were soaked in water for a few days; and I
was rewarded by the form of the animal coming out most distinctly,
as shown in the drawings made from it, placing it and the allied
forms without doubt in this genus. The right shell-lobe is tongue-
like, and the small left lobe is present (Plate XX. fig. 16). The
overhanging lobe above the mucous pore at the extremity of the
foot (Plate XX. fig. 1) is developed to a great extent; and of this I
have the sketch from life in my note-book (fig. 1a) *, together
with the following description :—*‘‘ Animal when fully extended 0:45
to 0°5 inch long. Tentacles of full size; body thin, of a light pale
colour, with thin line of dark grey on upper surface to the extremity
of the foot ; the gland here is large for the size of the animal, and pro-
trudes upwards above the level of the back: in fully developed shells
the animal is darker about the head.” [also detected the amatorial
organ, and the odontophore and jaw are also figured (Plate XX.
figs. 1e-le). The former differs very considerably from that of the
typical Macrochlamys indica in the smaller number of the median
teeth and their elongate form. The laterals have the same bicuspid
form; but their number is quite double. Thus in M. longicauda
the formula is

LO tO.S0 2d. Oh . ome). 1 0,.t0 SU;
or 84.1. 84,

as against 45 . 1 . 45 in M. indica.

The jaw has no central projection, being slightly concave on the
cutting-edge.

The central tooth is long with convex sides, and with two small
denticles on either side low down near the base; the next five are
also long and narrow, with a single small tooth on the outer side ;
in the sixth and seventh this outer tooth rises and is nearer to the
point of the main cusp, and in the eighth and ninth still more so.
From the tenth to the outermost all are bicuspid, becoming gradually
smaller in size.

MacrocuLaMys Lonercaupa, var. (Plate XVII. fig. 4.)

Locality. Marangsip Peak, North Cachar Hills (17. H, G.-A.).

Shell closely perforate, globosely conoid, rounded below ; sculp-
ture none, save a few lines of growth; colour, pale ochraceous epi-
dermis ; spire conic, sides flat ; suture moderately impressed ; whorls
5, sides flatly convex ; aperture elongately quadrate ; peristome thin,
reflected slightly at axis, and subvertical.

* Tn this character it resembles Semper’s genus Macroceras from Samar, one
of the Philippines ; but there is no other similarity.

86 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Size: major diam, 6-4 mm., alt. axis 3°6 mm.
= 0°25 inch,~ ,, 0-14 inch.
Not so open at the aperture, and columellar margin straighter and
rather more rounded below than in the type.

MAcROcHLAMYS NENGLOENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XVII. fig. 3.)

Locality. Nenglo, Naga Hills (H. H. G.-A.).

Shell perforate, globosely conoid, somewhat flat on the base,
slightly subangulate ; sculpture smooth, with irregular wavy
distant ribbing ; colour pale olivaceous green; spire conoid, rather
high, sides slightly convex, apex blunt ; suture shallow; whorls 6,
regularly increasing, flatly convex; aperture narrowly lunate ; peri-
stome thin, oblique to axis on columellar margin, and considerably
reflected.

Size: ae diam. 5°3 mm., alt. axis 3-1 mm.

0-21 inch, oo O22 inch:

This shell is closely allied to MW. longicauda, but is more globose,
with more convexity on the side of the spire; the aperture is nar-
rowly lunate, and the columellar margin is stronger. This shell I
considered at first to be the same as Heliw poongee, Theob., from
Moulmain ; but a comparison of specimens from that locality in Mr.
W. T. Blanford’s collection shows the sculpture to be very different,
and there is considerable difference in size and form.

MaAcrocHLaMYs NENGLOENSIS, var. (Plate XVII. fig. 5.)

Locality. Munipur (H. H. G.-A.).

Shell tumid and rounded below; sculpture none, a few lines of
growth, surface like ground glass ; colour pale umber-brown ; spire
conoid; whorls 6; aperture semilunate; peristome thin, oblique
near axis, scarcely reflected.

Size: major diam. 5-1 mm., alt. axis 3:1 mm.

0:20 Hilde 39. 0:12 inch.

Principally ‘differs in the aperture being wider, a weaker colu-
mellar margin, and not so flat on the base.

I obtained a specimen of this species in the Umiam valley near
Shillong, which I find described in my note-book as follows :—

“ Sculpture none, but the epidermis like roughish paper, crossed
with microscopic lines irregularly.

“Animal. Length 0°33 inch; tentacles nearly 0:1. Dark greyish
brown, and ridge of foot of same colour. Foot beneath white.
Body long and tapering, with a mucous pore at the extremity of the
foot. Shell of a dull pale-brown colour when containing the living
animal. By suddenly contracting its body, the animal can throw
itself off the position it may be on, after the manner of Helicarion
salius and other species of that genus.

MACROCHLAMYS KOLIAENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XVII. fig. 6.)

Locality. Koliaghur, low hills on Brahmaputra, Nowgong District,
Assam (H. H. G.-A.).

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 87

Shell, perforation concealed, very globosely conoid, rather swollen
below, shining, thin; sculpture qtite smooth, glassy ; colour pale
horny ; spire conical, apex rather pointed; whorls 6, body-whorl
large, close, and regularly wound, suture adpressed ; aperture flatly
lunate, small; peristome thin, columellar margin oblique.

Size: major diam. 4°] mm., alt. axis 2°3 mm.

a O-l Grinch: = 4,,2 2009 inch.

MacrocHLAMYS ROBERTI, n. sp. (Plate XVII. fig. 7.)

Locality. Angauluo Peak, 6777 ft., Burrail range, Naga Hills
(W. Robert).

Shell narrowly perforate, globosely conoid, rather flat on basal
side, polished ; smooth, but transverse lines of growth distinctly
marked; colour, pale horny brown epidermis; spire conoid; suture
adpressed; whorls 53, the last flattened below ; aperture lunate ; peri-
stome thin, oblique and slightly reflected near umbilicus.

Size: major diam. 4°1 mm., alt. axis 2°0 mm.

me 0°16 inch, ,, 0-08 inch.

I name this after one of my assistant surveyors, Mr. W. Robert,

who has collected extensively and so successfully for me.

MaAcrRocHLAMYS DORANI, n. sp. (Plate X VIL. fig. 8.)

Locality. Maotherichan Peak, N. Khasi (H. H. G.-A.).

Shell closely umbilicated, globosely conoid ; sculpture quite smooth,
with an indication of ribbing ; colour pale umber-brown ; spire low,
blunt ; whorls 5, rounded, the first the largest and swollen; aper-
ture ovately lunate ; peristome thin.

Size: major diam. 3:3 mm., alt. axis 2°3 mm.

a O-lS imich,"),°' “O-09rineh.

A form very close to M. umbraticola, though much smaller, more

globose, and with a less expanded aperture.

MacrocHLAMYS TANIRENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XVII. fig. 9.)

Locality. Tanir Peak, 4400 ft., Dafla Hills (1. H. G.-A.).

Shell, perforation concealed, globosely conoid, body-whorl large ;
sculpture polished, quite smooth ; colour pale sienna-brown ; spire
depressedly conoid, apex rounded; whorls 43, regularly increasing,
sides slightly convex; aperture vertical, lunate; peristome thin,
columellar margin oblique.

Size: major diam. 2°8 mm., alt. axis 1-5 mm.

u O-d ineh;.” ,. ) 0:06 meh.

Two specimens only from above locality. One in Indian Museum,

Calcutta.

MacrocHiaMys RusticuLa, n. sp. (Plate XVII. fig. 10.)

Locality. North Khasi (H. H. G‘.-A.).

Shell minute, very narrowly umbilicated, depressedly conoid, rather
solid, shining, subangular ; sculpture quite smooth ; colour sienna-
brown; spire rather flat; whorls 4; aperture subvertical, widely
lunate ; peristome thickened and very oblique on columellar margin,

88 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Size: major diam. 2°3 mm., alt. axis 1-0 mm.
“ 0-09 inch, > ,, 0°04 inch.

Macrocutamys ? pLantuscuta, Hutton. (Plate XVI. figs. 7, 7 a.)
Helix planiuscula, J. A.S.B. March 1838, p. 218; Conch. Ind.

p. 15, pl. xxxii. figs. 7-10.

Macrochlamys, sec. D, Theob. Cat. p. 19.

Original description :—‘‘ Testa parvula, depressa, fusca, polita ;
anfractibus quinque, ultimi peripheria rotundata ; apertura transversa.

“Diam, 0-1.

‘** Found at Simla on dead leaves.

‘This shell is darker and smaller than H. erystallina of Britain,
which has likewise a more flattened apex than the Simla species.” (B.)
Helix crystallina, however, belongs to Zonites or Hyalina, Fér., and
is not related to this species.

There is no authority for placing this shell in the genus Macro-
chlamys, and I do so with considerable doubt ; it must take a position
at the end of that genus until we know what the animal is like.
I found it pretty abundant in the ravines at Mussoorie among dead
leaves; the specimen figured is from that place.

Size: major diam. 3°3 mm., alt. axis 1*7 mm., of specimen
figured.

Macrocutamys ? pARJINGENSIS, Nevill, MS., n. sp. (Plate XVII.
fig. 11.)

Locality. Darjiling (Col. Mainwaring).

Shell, perforation hidden, depressedly globose, solid, shining ;
surface smooth, with rather regular distant transverse faint ribs ;
colour pale horny white; apex flatly rounded; suture adpressed,
shallow ; whorls 5, closely wound ; aperture perpendicular, narrowly
lunate, with a thin callus on the body-whorl; peristome rather
thickened, scarcely reflected at the short columellar margin.

Size: major diam. 1°7 mm., alt. axis 0°9 mm.

e 0:07 inch, ,, 0°04 inch.

Of this distinct and peculiar little shell four specimens were sent
me by Mr. G. Nevill. It is difficult to know where to place it ; and
it may possibly be a true Helix.

MacrocuiaMys ? MoLECULA, Bs. (Plate XVI. fig. 8.)

Helix molecula, Benson, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1859, iii. p. 389 ;
Pfr. Mon. Hel. vol. v. p. 69; Conch. Ind. pl. xxxii. figs. 8, 9, p. 15.

Maerochlamys, sec. E, Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 20.

Nanina (Microcystis), Nev. Hand-list, p. 38. no. 162.

Locality. Rangoon (Stoliczka).

Size of specimen figured : major diam, 4:4 mm., alt. axis 1-9 mm.

ms O:l7inch, «5, .. 0°08 meh.

Original description :—‘ Testa anguste perforata, conordeo-globosa,
tenui, obsolete radiato-striata, nitida, fusco- vel castaneo-corned ; spira
conoidea, lateribus convewiusculis, sutura impressa, submarginata,

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 89

apice obtuso ; anfractibus 53 arcte convolutis, convexiusculis, ultimo
ad peripheriam rotundato, subtus convexo ; apertura vie obliqua, late
lunari, peristomate recto, acuto, margine columellart anguste reflexo.

«« Diam. major vix 5, minor 4, axis 3 mill.

“‘ Habitat ad Rangoon, satis copiose.

“A minute shell, with a more conoid spire and more closely
wound whorls than H. causia. It is altogether deficient in the
spiral strie which distinguish that species.”

Fine, longitudinally striate sculpture ; globosely conoid.

MAcROcHLAMYS UMBRATICOLA, 0D. sp. (Plate XIV. figs. 4, 4a.)

Locality. Hengdan Peak, North Cachar Hills (H. H. G-A.).

Shell, perforation concealed, globosely conoid; sculpture very
minute, regular, longitudinal striz ; colour pale olive-brown ; spire
low; whorls 43; aperture ovately lunate, suboblique ; peristome
rather thickened, very slightly reflected.

Size: major diam. 0°17 inch, alt. axis 0°08 inch.

é 4-3 mm., af 2-2 mm.

This shell was very abundant among the dead leaves in the forest
around the above-mentioned peak; I also got single specimens in
the Jatinga valley and Kopamedza Peak, 8376 ft., in the Naga Hills.

MAcROCHLAMYS PERPAULA, Bs, (Plate XIV. fig. 5.)

Helix perpaula, Bs. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1859, i. p. 390;
Pfr. Mon. Hel. vol. v. p. 69; Conch. Ind. p. viii (not figured).

Nanina (Microcystis), Nevill’s Hand-list, p. 37. no. 156.

Locality. Moulmain (Stoliczka).

Shell perforate, rounded below, glassy ; sculpture, regular longi-
tudinal fine ribbing throughout, crossed by evenly disposed lines of
growth, but not decussate ; colour umber-brown ; spire conoid, apex
rounded; whorls 4, much rounded ; aperture lunate.

Size : major diam. 0-09 inch, alt. axis 0°05 inch.

Fe 2:3 mm., Pe 1-3 mm.

Original description :—“ Testa perforata, depresso-globosa, oblique
striatula, sub epidermide cornea albida ; spira conoideo-convexa, apice
obtuso, sutura impressa ; anfractibus 43 sensim crescentibus, convext-
usculis, ultimo rotundato, subtus convexo ; apertura obliqua, rotun-
dato-lunari, peristomate recto, acuto, margine columellari reflexo, sub-
oblique descendente, basalt arcuato.

“Diam. major 2, minor 13, axis 11 mill.

**‘ Habitat ad Phie Than, raro.

“ Allied to H. molecula, but, besides its much smaller size, it is
more globose. The single specimen received is much weathered.
It is probably translucent and polished when fresh. The spire is
less conoid, and the whorls not so closely wound as in H. bullula,
Hutton, of the Western Himalaya.” .

Nevill gives (J. ¢. p. 37) Parisnath and Darjiling as localities
where this shell has been found. These specimens should be again
closely compared with typical examples.

90 LAND AND FRESHWATER

MacrocHiamys ? KANDIENSIS, Ney. MS8.,n. sp. (Plate XIV. fig. 2.)

Locality. Kandy, Ceylon.

Shell perforate, globosely conoid; sculpture fine, regular, rather
distant, longitudinal striz or grooving, the surface of the shell much
decomposed in patches, giving it a mottled appearance ; colour dark
chestnut-brown ; spire subdepressedly conoid, sides rather rounded ;
suture well marked; whorls 5, the last well rounded; aperture
oblique, ovately lunate; peristome thin, slightly reflected on the
columellar side.

Size: major diam. 0°16 inch, alt. axis 0-09 inch.

4-1 mm., me 2°3 mm.

Nevill remarks that it is near M. stephoides, Stol., from Penang Hill ;
but it has a very different form from the figure 9 in the J. A. 8. B.
1873, pl. 1.

Macrocatamys PoonGEE, Theobald. (Plate XIV. fig. 1.)

Macrochlamys poongee, Theob. J. A. S. B. 1859, vol. xxviii. p. 307.

Helix poongee, Conch. Ind. pl. xvi. fig. 9, p. 8 (gives the idea of
a shell with a thickened peristome).

Macrochlamys poong?t (sec. D), Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 19.

Nanina (Microcystis) poongee, Nev. Hand-list, p. 38. no. 159.

Locality. Moulmain (Stoliczka).

Sculpture microscopic, close, longitudinal striation, hardly visible
on the apical whorls; colour rich brown.

Original description :—* Testa turbinate conoidea, tenui, apice de-
pressiusculo, anguste umbilicata, tumida, fusco-cornea; anfract. 63
convexis ; apertura rotunde lunari ; perist. recto, acuto.

“ Diam. 0:26, alt. 0°20 inch. A thin brown Helix, somewhat
resembling the small //. molecula, but with a more elevated spire,
which, however, varies a little in different species.”

Size: ig diam. 5°4 mm., alt. axis 3°8 mm.

O21. “tasitu m 0-15 inch.

Nevill gives "also Cherra Poongee and Naga Hills as the habitat
of this species, from specimens sent by Mr. Chennell and myself to
the Calcutta Museum: these are M. longicauda and M. nengloensis
of my collection, which originally were considered to be H. poongee.
The sculpture and colour are quite distinct.

Macrocuiamys PACATA, n.sp. (Plate XIV. fig. 10.)

Locality. Lhota Naga Hills (A. Chennell).

Shell depressedly conoid, thin, smooth, and glassy ; sculpture fine

regular and somewhat distant lines of longitudinal strie ; colour

sienna-brown ; spire low, rather flat; suture adpressed ; whorls 42 , last
largest and tumid below, regularly i increasing; aperture ovately fae :
peristome thin, columellar margin perpendicular and reflected.

Not fully grown.

Size: major diam. 0-11 inch, alt. axis 0-05 inch.

Ps 2°8 mm., ss 1:3 mm.

MacrocuLamys Fraceta,n. sp. (Plate XIV. fig. 7.)
Locality. Dikrang valley, Dafla Hills (/7. H. G‘.-A.).

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 91

Shell globosely conoid, scarcely perforate; sculpture fine, close,
regular longitudinal furrowing ; colour ochraceous ; spire subconoid,
sides flat; suture adpressed; whorls 4, convex, the last tumid;
aperture subvertical, ovately lunate; peristome thin, columella
weak, subvertical.

Size: major diam. 2°7 mm., alt. axis 1-4 mm.

4 O-bincehy ~ ;, 0-06 inch.

This shell is somewhat of the form of wmbraticola, but is much

smaller and the whorls not so rounded and globose as in that shell.

MAcrocHLAMYs ENATA, n. sp. (Plate XIV. fig. 11.)

Locality. Lhota Naga Hills (Chennell).

Shell globosely conoid, thin, transparent; sculpture fine, very
regular longitudinal striw, glassy to the eye alone; colour pale
sienna-brown ; spire moderately high, conic, blunt ; suture shallow ;
whorls 43, regularly increasing; aperture oval, subvertical; peri-
stome thin, perpendicular at the columellar margin,

Size: major diam, 2-4 mm., alt. axis 1-1 mm.

“ 0:10 inch, ,, 0:04 inch.

MAcRocHLAMYS ORIGINARIA, n. sp. (Plate XIV. fig. 12.)

Locality. Munipur (H. H. G.-A.).

Shell perforate, globosely conoid, glassy, rather solid, and rounded
below ; sculpture fine regular longitudinal striation; colour sienna-
brown; spire moderately conoid, the side convex; suture shallow;
whorls 43, the last with a tendency to subangulation; aperture
ovate, subvertical ; peristome thin, suboblique.

Size: major diam. 2°5 mm., alt. axis 1:5 mm.

ms 0-10 inch, ,, 0:06 inch.

MacrocHLaMYs SATA, n. sp. (Plate XIV. fig. 13.)

Locality. Shenghor Peak, 6706 feet, Dafla Hills (coll. Indian Mu-
seum), one specimen; Toruputu Peak, 7322 feet, Dafla Hills, one
specimen (/. H. G‘.-A.).

Shell depressedly conoid, very small ; sculpture microscopic regular
lines of striz, crossed transversely with other striation; colour pale
olivaceous grey, mottled black, with shining lustre; spire flat ;
suture impressed; whorls 4, sides flatly convex; aperture lunate ;
peristome oblique below from columellar margin.

Size: major diam. 2°0 mm., alt. axis 0-8 mm.

ee O08 amehiiw 135 0-03 inch.

MacrocHLaMys? ANoN#H, n. sp. (Plate XIV. fig. 8.)

Janina (Microcystis), n. sp., Ney. Hand-list, p. 38. no. 163
(found on fruits of the custard-apple).
Locality. Calcutta (G. Nevill and J. Wood-Mason).
Shell narrowly perforate, subdepressedly conoid, covered with a
rough limy deposit; sculpture indistinct longitudinal fine ribbing,
PART III, K

92 LAND AND FRESHWATER

with a few transverse ridges of growth; colour umber-brown ; spire
subconoid, sides flat; suture shallow; whorls 4, the last rounded
below and somewhat compressed towards the aperture; aperture
oblique, laterally lunate; peristome somewhat thickened, oblique on
columellar margin.

Size: major diam. 0:06 inch, alt. axis 0°03 inch.

a 1-5 mm., a5 0-08 mm.

This very minute species, the generic position of which is very
uncertain, and which it would be interesting to examine in a living
state, I place in the above genus with doubt. It was sent me by
Mr. G. Nevill, with the title ? peliosanthi, Morch; but the descrip-
tion does not agree.

Helix (Kaliella) peliosanthi, Morch, Videnskabelige Meddelelser,
1872, p. 13.

Original description :—“ 7’. minutissima, trochiformis, obtecte
perforata ; anfr. 443, medio angulati, spiraliter lineati ; linew inere-
menti eapresse, regulariter remote ; anfr. ultimus bicarinatus, basi
plana nitida, umbilico anguste obliquo. Epidermis tenuissima, in
carinis ciliata. Apertura rhombea, columella subdentata.

“Diam. 1,4, mm., alt. 1+ mm.

“Paa Bladene af Peliosanthes teta fra Haven i Calcutta. (Dr.
Didrichsen). Maa veere nermest beslegtet med Nanina (Kaliella)
conulus, Blanford (Contrib., Pfr. Mgr. v. p. 90) men de to kjéle ere
forsynede med meget grove Cilier, og untersiden er aldeles flad ;
ligeledes er den nye Art meget mindre.”

I hope to obtain this from Copenhagen, and give a figure of it.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.

Fig. 1, la. Sitala intonsa, G.-A., X 7. Khasi Hills.
1 }. Ditto: sculpture, x 50.
2. Sitala crenicincta, G.-A., X 12. Khasi Hills.
3: Ditto, <i
4, 4a, 46. Sitala recondita, G.-A., X 7. Raliang, Jaintia Hills.
4c. Ditto: sculpture, much enlarged.
5. Stitala uvida, G.-A., X 7. Teria Ghat, Khasi Hills.
? nevilli, G.-A., X 4. Darjiling.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.

Fig. 1. Macrochlamys poongee, Theobald, X 4. Moulmain, Tenasserim.
2. -? kandiensis, Nevill, MS., x 7. Kandy, Ceylon.
8. Sitala placita, G.-A., X 12. Khasi and Munipur.
4, Macrochlamys umbraticola, G.-A., X 7. North Cachar Hills.
4a. Ditto: sculpture, x 50.
5. Macrochlamys perpaula, Benson, X 7. Moulmain, Tenasserim.
6. Sitala subnana, Nevill, MS., x 8. Jessore.
7. Macrochlamys faceta, cue x 12. Dafia Hills.

P ? anone, G.-A., X 12. Calcutta.

9. Helix ? ( ?) glomerosa, G.-A., X 20. Dafla Hills.

10. Macrochlamys pacata, G.-A.,x 8. Lhota Naga Hills.

enata, G.-A., X 8. Lhota Naga Hills.

12. originaria, G. -A., ¥ 8. Munipur.

sata, G.-A., X 8. Dafla Hills.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 93

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XY.

Fig. 1. Kaliella lailangkotensis, G.-A., X 7. Khasi Hills.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig

la. Ditto: sculpture, x 50.

2. Sitala balliana, Nev. MS., X 7. Ganjam.

3, 38a. Kaliella kezamahensis, G.-A., X 8. Naga Hills.

4,4a. ruga, G.-A., X 8. Naga Hills.

5, 5a. —— burrailensis, G.-A., X 7. Naga Hills.

54, Ditto: sculpture, x 50.

6, 6a. Kaliella conulus, W. T. Blf., x 12 and 8. North Cachar.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI.

1. Kaliella? chennelli, G.-A., < 7. Lhota Naga Hills.

la. Ditto, suture between first and second whorls.

2. Kaliella nongsteinensis, G.-A., X 12. North Khasi Hills.
3. dikrangensis, G.-A., X 20. Dafla Hills.

4A. tirutana, G.-A., X 24. North Khasi.

5. Ditto, juv., x 24. North Khasi.

6. Kaliella leithiana, G.-A., < 7. Ceylon.

6a, Ditto: umbilical region, x 12.

66. Ditto: the keel of the last whorl, much enlarged.

7, 7a. Macrochlamys? planiuscula, Hutt., x 9. N.W. Himalaya.
8. ? molecula, Bs., X 7. Rangoon, Pegu.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII.

- Macrochlamys longicauda, G.-A., X 8. Khasi Hills.
2a. Ditto, var., x 8. Khasi Hills.

. Macrochlamys nengloensis, G.-A., X 8. Naga Hills.
longicauda, var., X 7. 8. Jaintia Hills.
nengloensis, var., X 8. Munipur.

koivaensis, G.-A., x 7. Assam.

roberti, G.-A., X 8. Burrail range.

dorant, G.-A,, X 8. Khasi Hills.

tanirensis, G.-A., X 8. Dafla Hills.

rusticula, G.-A., x 12. North Khasi Hills.

- —— (?) danjilingensis, Nevill, MS., x 20. Darjiling.

.

S50 TT SVB Go tO

— ee

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII.

. 1, Macrochlamys indica, Bs., nat. size. Calcutta. Showing position of
the right shell-lobe in life, somewhat contracted.

2. Ditto, spirit-specimen: view of right side, x 4, showing :—~r.s./.,
right shell-lobe; 7.d./., /.d.l., right dorsal lobe and left dorsal
lobe.

3. Ditto, ditto: left side, with left shell-lobe (Z.s.2.) and posterior
termination of the left dorsal lobe (/.d./.).

4. Ditto: sketch of end of the foot, from life, somewhat enlarged.

5, 5a. Ditto, shell of, x 2:4,

6. Ditto: generative organs, x 4: h.d., hermaph. duct ; Al. Gd., albu-
men-gland ; 0.v., oviduct; P., penis; ¢.7r.P., cecum of retractor
muscle of the penis; ¢.d., cecum calciferum, or kalk-sae; D, the
amatorial organ.

7. Ditto: jaw, x 20.

8, 8a, ne Portion of the radula, x 860; central, median, and lateral
teeth.

94 LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF INDIA.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.

Fig. 1, la. Macrochlamys petrosa, Hutton. Bhangulpur.
2 tuguriwm, Bs. Darjiling.

3, 3a. sikrigulliensis ?, Nevill. Calcutta.

4, perplana, Nevill. Parisnath.

5. lecythis, Bs.? Parisnath.

6, Ga. decussata, Bs., in coitu, and to show the shell-lobes.

Cherra Poongee.
7. Macrochlamys honesta, Gould: 7.s.1., /.s.2., right and left shell-lobes ;
r.d.l., i.d.t., right and left dorsal lobes. Mulé-it range, Tenasserim.
7a. Ditto: extremity of foot, from spirit-specimen.
7b. Ditto: jaw, ditto.
These species will be described in detail in Part IV. Figures 1-5 are from
drawings by a native artist, executed under the superintendence of Ferd.
Stoliczka, and preserved in the Indian Museum Library, Calcutta.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX.

Fig. 1. Macrochlamys longicauda, G.-A.: the extremity of foot, from spirit-

specimen, X 12.

la. Ditto: the extremity of foot, showing the long lobe over the mu-
cous gland. Drawn from life.

14. Ditto: the mantle, from spirit-specimen, X 12.

le. Ditto: jaw, x 20.

1d. The odontophore, central and median teeth, x 720.

le. Outermost laterals, x 720.

2. Macrochlamys lailangkotensis, G.-A., jaw of, 50.

2a. Ditto: central and median teeth up to the 7th, and 8th, 9th, and
10th laterals; 24, 11th, 12th, and 13th laterals; 2c, the outer-
most laterals, x 720.

3. Macrochlamys tugurium, Benson, showing the shell- and mantle-
lobes: lettering as above. es.or., respiratory orifice. In 3, 3a,
the /.s.. would turn backwards over the edge of the shell.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI.

Sculpture of portion of last whorl near aperture, x 50; viewed from above,
the aperture directed towards the bottom of the diagram.

. Macrochlamys indica, Bs. Calcutta.

petrosa, Hutton. Rajmahal,

——- splendens, Hutton. Mussoorie.

, near lubrica, Bs. Dafla Hills.

, species undetermined. Lhota Naga.

daflaensis, G.-A. Dafla Hills, Assam.

castaneo-labiata, G.-A. Naga Hills.

— masuriensis, G.-A. N.W. Himalaya.

sylhetensis, G.-A, Chatak.

hardwickii, G.-A. Caleutta.

. Bensonia monticola, Hutton, juv. Mussoorie.

. —— ditto, =labiata, Pfr, Mussoorie.

13, 13a. Macrochlamys? pedina, Benson: first and second whorls.

Bombay.

Fig.

Se OOS CR eI CORO

et
NES

14. staffordi, @-A.: ditto. Dafla Hills.
15. decussata, Bs. Khasi Hills.
16. longicauda, G.-A. Khasi Hills.

17. ——? textrina, Bs. Pegu.

LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA

OF

Here Nie Be aloe

Part IV._OCTOBER 18863.

(Plates XXII.-XLILI.)

Havine given in Part III. the history and original descriptions of
Benson’s Genus Macrochlamys and denoted the type M. indica, I
shall commence this Part with a detailed description of that species
and its anatomy, together with some other allied forms, and show
what modifications and divergences they present.

Stoliczka, when treating of this genus in the J. A. 8. B. 1871,
p. 246, considers M. indica, Bs., of Calcutta, to be the type, for similar
reasons as I have given. Professor C. Semper’s work is referred
to, which leaves no doubt but that the species the latter received
from Dr. J. Anderson and described was a true Macrochlamys
from Darjiling, but not splendens of the N.W. Himalaya, which,
from what I can remember of the animal, is a very distinct and
different form. Stoliczka, unfortunately, instead of taking one of
the Calcutta species for his detailed description of the genus,
selected M. honesta, so different—-he says (p. 250) he could not
detect the kale-sac—that to it he attaches a subgeneric value, being
led to do so by observing the presence of the peculiar spermatophore,
which he had not then made out to be that organ. Taking this
character and the large lobes of the mantle, he considered Blanford’s
Durgella its probable subgeneric position ; he says :—‘‘ This name
has been proposed for Benson’s Heliv levicula from Tenasserim as
type, and would indicate a close relation, both in the form of the
shell and the characters of the animal, to Helicarion.”’ I have
since shown, when describing the animal of Durgella levicula (Proc.
Linn. Soc., Zool. xv. p. 291), how very distinct and how far removed it
is in every way from the genus under review and Helicarion, 7. e. the
Indian forms of this genus. The absence of an amatorial organ in the
specimens of M. honesta dissected by Stoliczka is a departure from
the typical form of Macrochlamys; and I shall treat of this point
when describing that species. To show to what extent the true
Helicarion of Australia differs from our Indian forms I give a Plate
of a species kindly sent me from Sydney by Dr. 'T. Cox, for which
I am greatly indebted to him.

There are certainly three species in Calcutta that have been
included under M. vitrinoides. Stoliczka alludes to two (J. A.
S. B. 1871, p. 246) in these words :—‘ There occur two allied

PART IY. ie

96 LAND AND FRESHWATER

forms of the vitrinoides type about Calcutta, one very flat with
the base conspicuously concave about the umbilicus” (this I
believe to be the same as the species from Cachar [Plate XX VII.
fig. 2]); ‘it is very closely allied to M. lubrica, Bens. The
other is a little higher and is said to be vitrinoides, Desh. Both
are thin shells: the former appears to have no trace of spiral
striation; in the other the striz become traceable when the super-
ficial glossy polish is weathered off, but even then they are not
nearly so strongly marked as in splendens” (vide Plate XXI. fig. 3).
Stoliczka was therefore not making a comparison with such dis-
tinctive sculpture as that shown on Plate XXI. figs. 9 and 10. He
continues, ‘‘ Neither of these Calcutta species agrees sufficiently
with the original description of Deshayes’s Helix vitrinoides ; but
there have been so many other allied species (pedina, decussata,
sequax, resplendens, &c., and lately one or two by Semper and
Martens) described, that it would be unsafe to augment the already
confused literature with new names without previously most care-
fully comparing all the allied forms. Among all the Indian Zoni-
tide the species of the vitrinoides type are certainly the most
difficult of discrimination.” It is the second species alluded to,
with sculpture like J/. splendens, that I consider to be JM, indica
(Plate XVIII.), for its sculpture has the same arrangement of the
spiral strie as in VW. petrosa (Plate XXI. figs. 1 and 2), a closely
allied variety.

Mr. Gray, when describing his genus Nanina, in which he in-
cluded a H, vitrinoides, mentions Major-General Hardwicke’s draw-
ing made in 1797; and he must have written his description of
the animal partly from this drawing. In his ‘ Catalogue of the
Pulmonifera in the British Museum,’ p. 73, although he makes
H. citrina the type of the above genus, in the description and
synonymy of /7. vitrinoides, p. 81, we find the P. Z.8. of 1834, p. 58,
quoted, and with it a reference to Mrs. Gray’s ‘ Figures of Molluscous
Animals,’ vol. iv. p. 111, t. 71. f. 5, for the animal. I have lately
looked at the interesting original drawings at the British Museum,
many of them signed Eliza Hardwicke. There are two distinct
species of Macrochlamys given, Nos. 10 and 11; the first bears
the date Futtehgurh, Aug. 1797, the second Dumdum, Oct. 1823;
this last was the one copied into Mrs. Gray’s work, so that both
have received the same specific title. As Hardwicke’s drawings
constitute the first and original record of the genus Macrochlamys
I give a description of them.

No. 10. Macrocutamys pErrosa, ? Hutton.

A very black-coloured species; body long, the lobe over the
mucous gland very tapering and pointed. The right shell-lobe very
narrow and long, and extending over the shell; the left shell-lobe
also long and well developed. Shell of 5 whorls; colour ruddy
brown. Major diam. 18-5 mm.=0°73 inch.

Futtehgurh, which is not far from Banda, typical locality of petrosa.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 97

No. 11. Macrocutamys rnpica, ? Benson.

Animal of a light purplish tint, the tail-lobe not lengthened, slightly
overhanging. The right shell-lobe broadly triangular and extending
to the apex. No lett shell-lobe shown. Shell, whorls 43; colour
ochre-brown. Major diam. 21:0 mm.=0-83 inch.

Dumdum, near Calcutta.

It is unfortunate that no accurate drawings were made of these
two species, showing the shells in different positions ; both are re-
presented viewed from above, so that we cannot identify them with
absolute certainty. No. 10, however, in its shell-lobes agrees
best with MM. petrosa (vide Plate XIX. fig. 1), and in its coloration
with Hutton’s description, and No. 11 agrees best with MW. indica.

The third species from the neighbourhood of Calcutta is one
which I have found in Assam and Cachar, and may be known at
once by its sculpture (Plate XXI. figs. 9 & 10) from the other two.
This I deseribe and name M. hardwickei, after General Hardwicke.
Mr. G. Nevill, in the J. A.S. B. 1881, p. 182, founds a new species,
M. pseudovitrinoides, on M. indica of Benson and the H. vitrinoides,
Gray (thus identified), the animal of which was described by Strick-
land in the P. Z.8. 1849 and figured on plate 2. Nevill gives no
description ; he merely says “it is the common snail” throughout the
plains of the Gangetic delta, and that he is indebted for a fine
series of this species from Sylhet to Mr. J. Wood-Mason. It is
quite impossible from this sort of data supplied with the first notice
of a new species to know what was received, when we know there
are three or four common snails of this type in the above delta,
each equally abundant in different localities. There is no proof, in
fact, that the Ajmeer form is the same as indica of Benson; and it
is more than doubtful if the Ajmeer species is to be found in Sylhet.

The accession of many thousand specimens in all the local genera
preserved in spirit, for which magnificent collection I am indebted
to the industry of Mr. Wm. Robert, of the Survey Department,
who collected them in the Bhutan Mountains east of the Teesta,
from their base to 10,000 feet, enables me to give drawings and
descriptions of several species I had not got before, and renders the
history of the present genus more complete.

Passing from Macrochlamys to Austenia, Nevill, I find also in
this last genus species with perfectly smooth shells, and others with
delicate well-marked sculpture. I figure these on separate plates as
a simple guide for identification, although, as shown in Macrochlamys,
the sculpture has but a slight connexion with anatomical detail.

Macrocuiamys (continued).

Shells of large size, globose or depressedly globose ; sculpture, long?-
tudinal, linear, rather wavy striation, with smooth ribbon-like

intervals. (Vide Plate XXI. figs. 1, 2, 5, and 4.)

Macrocuiamys rnpica, Benson. (Plate XVIII. figs. 5, 5 a.)
Macrochlamys indica, Benson, J. A.S. B. vol. i. p. 13 (1832).
L2

98 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Locality. Calcutta.

Shell very depressedly conoid, base flat, thin, translucent, shiny ;
sculpture longitudinal, the bands rather waved, the transverse lines
of growth not very distinct (Plate XXI. fig. 1); colour pale umber-
brown ; spire low, sides flat, apex convex; whorls 54, regularly
increasing, flat above, the last rounded; aperture subvertical, sub-
globosely lunate; peristome thin, straight, the columellar margin
obliquely descending.

Size: maj. diam. 17-0, min. 14°8 ; alt. axis 6:3, body-whorl 5-8 mm
SS OG cei 0-08 iets MO Hee ek 0-23 inch.
Two other specimens :—
Maj. diam. 18-7, min. 16°3; alt. axis 8°3, body-whorl 6-7 mm.
$s 0:74, 3° 0:643\%,,. 07338, - 0-26 inch.
" LORS 7 eeU Sl Oren Te 8-75, ms “ 73 mm.
Orin nt Or 71; 3». 0°35, 0-27 inch.

The manile (Plate XVII. fig. 2, and Plate XXV. figs. 9, 10).
The right shell-lobe small, the left is narrowly reflected over the
edge oF the peristome, and at the basal side gives off a short tongue-
like process ; the right dorsal lobe is narrow, elongate, and extends
to the columellar margin near the great retractor muscles; the left |
dorsal lobe has two distinct positions, as viewed from the outside
(Plate XXY. fig. 10), an anterior and a posterior, but when turned
back and viewed from below (fig. 9) they are seen to be united by
a reentering concavity in the margin, which is not so free as the
above portions on either side—an approach to the more distinct
separation of the two portions which we find in MW. atricolor and
other species (vide Plate XXYV. fig. 8).

Generative organs. At the junction of the vas deferens a mode-
rately long, cylindrical, blunt kale-sac is given off a short flagellum ;
it is then straight for a short distance, forms a sharp twist, and is
continuous again, but before reaching the retractor-muscle attach-
ment it makes a close coil on itself, very typical of the organ in
this and allied genera, of which a comparison may be made with
the similar coil in MW. hardwicket (Plate XXVIII. figs. la, 14,
Plate XXXII. fig. 56, &c.); from this it is straight and cylin-
drical to the generative aperture.

The amatorial organ is present as a large gradually tapering
cylinder, with a retractor muscle at the posterior end. The sper-
matheca is short and elongately pear-shaped.

Odontophore. The jaw is moderately concave on the cutting-edge,
with a well-marked central convex projection. The dental formula
referred to on p. 85 is

BA efit wD. 6 when) Qasra gaan:
45.1. 45
(88 rows counted).

The central tooth is eclongately triangular, with two short pointed
cusps on either side at about half the length. The median are
similar, tricuspid, the inner cusp being higher, or about midway

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 99

between the main point and the outermost ; at the tenth and eleventh
this inner tooth almost disappears, and the first laterals are unevenly
bicuspid, the inner cusp being the longest; the outermost laterals
decrease gradually in size, and at last are short evenly bicuspid teeth.

Macrocutamys perrosa, Hutton. (Plate XXII. fig. 1; animal,
Plate XIX. figs. 1, 1a.)

Macrochlamys petrosa (Helix ?), Hutton, J. A. 8. B. vol. iii. p. 83
(1834).

Helix petrosa, Pir. Mon. Helic. vol. i. p. 56; Conch. Ind. p. 37,
pl. Ixxxvii. figs. 7-10, and note 18, p. viii (good figure as regards
external form, not correct near umbilicus).

Macrochlamys indica, Theobald, Supp. Cat. p. 18.

Nanina vitrinoides, not separated by several authors, and Chemnitz,
Helix, no. 689, p. 228 (several species are drawn, all trom India),

Locality. Rajmahal on Ganges (aban), 200 miles from the sea at
head of the delta.

Shell depressedly conoid, base flat, umbilicated, solid; sculpture,
longitudinal lines, rather broad, waved, at irregular distances apart
(Plate XXI. fig. 2); colour dull umber-brown, paler beneath ; spire
moderately high, sides convex; suture adpressed; whorls 6, re-
gularly wound, sides convex, the last rounded; aperture broadly
lunate, subyertical ; peristome rather thickened, somewhat sinuate
on lower margin, very oblique.

Size: maj. diam. 24-2, min. 21°5; alt. axis 10°8, body-whorl 7°5 mm.
3 0:95, "5. O'S. “s, 0-435 0-30 inch.

This shell was sent me by the late Mr. Raban, Bengal C.S. It
differs in its form from its very close ally zndica, from Calcutta,
the sides of the spire being rounder, not so tumid below, and in its
far larger size. ‘The animal has not been seen by me.

IT have identified it with the form Hutton collected near Mirzapur,
although I have not seen any shells from that locality; but as he
got it at Tara in the low range of rocky hills (August 1832), the
Rajmahal shell is very likely to be the same, habitat and climate
being similar, and both places lying on the right bank of the
Ganges; he also gives the size as about one inch. I have no
specimen from Calcutta so large as this. I have already quoted
Hutton’s description of the animal of petrosa in my history of the
genus.

The Bhaugulpur form seems identical with Mr. Raban’s shells.
I give a drawing of the animal taken by H. T. Blanford on July 1st
(Plate XIX. figs. 1, 1 @), from one made under the superintendence
of Ferd. Stoliczka, and among the set of drawings left by him to
the library of the Indian Museum, and I append Capt. J. Hutton’s
description in full.

“No. 3. Genus Hetrx ?

“ Animal. Dark brown or blackish, with four tentacula, the two

superior ones being longest and bearing the eyes at their summits ;

100 LAND AND FRESHWATER

tentacula clubbed or forming a button at the tips, retractile; body
elongate, with a hooked process on the extremity or tail, pointing
backwards ; from the right side of the animal proceed two narrow,
flat, gradually-pointed filaments or tentacula, which, when the
animal is in motion, are kept constantly playing over the surface of
the shell, and in all probability give it the high polish it possesses.

“ Shell. Thin, fragile, pellucid, with a small pillar-cavity, not
discovering the previous whorls; whorls six or seven in number ;
colour pale brownish; shell very glassy, with fine smooth polish ;
aperture lunated, margins edged and disunited, being interrupted
by the body-whorl; diameter about one inch; spire flattened, as
are also the sides of the shell more or less.

“T have placed a mark of doubt to the generic name, because I
do not find in the description of the genus Helix any allusion made
to the process on the tail of my specimen, nor to the two tentacula
proceeding from the right side of the animal. I found specimens of
these shells, dead, in dry ravines and on the banks of the Ganges.

“« They live, however, in rocky situations, so that their being
found in the above-mentioned places must be owing to the moun-
tain-streams having carried them off during the rains.

“1 procured living specimens at Tara, in the range of rocky hills
near Mirzapore, in the month of August 1832. In wet weather,
or, more properly speaking, during the rains, they sally forth from
their retreats in quest of food, which consists chiefly of vegetable
matter. They prefer the early hours of morning to feed in, before
the sun has sufficient power to become distressing to them. They
appear to require a great deal of moisture while in motion, without
which the slimy matter, which exudes plentifully from their bodies,
becomes so thick as to impede the progress of the animal. I ob-
served this to be the case with several which I kept alive for some
time ; when a few drops of water were sprinkled upon it the animal
put itself in motion and continued so to do until the slimy matter
became too thick to allow it to proceed without evident exertion.
I never found these shells in motion except on very wet days; and
the above circumstance may probably be the reason. At the close
of the rainy season they deposit their eggs in the ground, and re-
tire to some secure retreat, where they remain during the cold and
dry seasons of the year, protected from the weather by the dark
caves or blocks of stone, among which they conceal themselves,
shutting up the aperture of the shell with a viscous fluid, which
soon hardens, and, becoming like a thick coating of gum, effectually
excludes the external air.

*«The ova are deposited in long strings, and are white.”

MacrocaHiamys spLENDENS, Hutton. (Plate XXII. figs. 4, 4a.)

Nanina splendens, Hutton, J. A. 8. B. vol. vii. pt. 1 (1888),
p. 215 (form of the shell-lobes not alluded to; they possibly are
absent).

Helix splendens, Pfr. Mon. Helic. vol. i. p. 73, vol. iv. p. 124.

Nanina splendens, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 89 (1855).

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 10]

Orobia splendens, Albers, Die Heliceen, 2nd ed. p. 58.

Bensonia splendens, Pfr. Vers. Zeits. Malak. ii. 1855, p. 119.

Nanina splendens, Albers in Malak. BL. iv. p. 90 (1857).

N. (Macrochlamys) splendens, W. T. Blt. A. M.N. Hist. 1863, xi.
p. 83.

Helix splendens, Conch. Ind. p. 24, pl. li. fies, 7, 10:

Macrochlamys splendens, Semper, Reis. Arch. Phil px liaol. ve
figs. 10-19. This refers to some other species sent by Dr. Anderson,
probably from Darjiling.

Macrochlamys splendens, Theob. Cat. Supp. p. 18.

Nanina (Bensonia) splendens, Nev. Second Yarkand Mission, p. 18.

Bensonia splendens (type), Clessin, Nomen. Helic. p. 41 (1881).

Locality. Nag-Tiba ridge near Mussoorie, N.W. Himalaya.

Shell very depressedly conoid, thin, polished, flat on base, concave
round umbilicus; sculpture longitudinal, linear, wide apart, not
very regular, ribbon-like, minute transverse lines of growth (Plate
XXI. fig. 3); colour dark horny brown, pale ochre near aperture ;
spire flatly convex, apex rounded; suture shallow, adpressed ;
whorls 8, closely wound, sides above flat, round on the last : aper-
ture narrowly lunate, oblique; peristome thin, straight, slightly
sinuate below, scarcely reflected at umbilicus and descending very
obliquely ; umbilicus almost hidden.

Size: maj. diam. 15-5, min. 140; alt. axis 6°8, body-whorl 5:0 inch.

if GiGi my ORGS | eT, 3 0-20 mm.
Some specimens are considerably larger than this. Abundant under
stones and fallen trees at 7000-8000 it.

Animal. Very pale grey ; tentacles grey, extremity of foot glan-
dular.

Original description :—“ Testa discoidea, purpureo-brunnea, politi,
leviter concentrice et radiatim striata, striis radiates remotis, illis con-
fertissime dispositis ; spira vie elevata, anfractibus sepiem (apice
omissa) arcte convolutis ; apertura lunata, labro striga, tncrassata
interna distante munitum.

«¢ Diam. 0-65 (B.).

‘© Animal as in the genus; the colour a dark verdigris-green.

“This beautiful species is found in great abundance in the forest
of Mahdssé, beneath fallen timber, and in the hollow trunks of
decaying trees; it is also plentiful at Fagu and Nagkunda at
9000 ft., and has been met with at Hattu at 10,656 ft. All these
places have a greater elevation than Simla, where it has not yet
been discovered” (H.).

‘The closely packed whorls, showing a larger number in asmaller
diameter, at once distinguished this species from all the darker-
coloured and more depressed varices of NV. vitrinoides i Ba):

I have just obtained spirit-specimens from Mr. Theobald, collected
by him at Murree, and the shell now finds a generic resting-place.
The animal has a very small right shell-lobe and a small left shell-
lobe, the left dorsal lobe being very distinctly divided into two
separate lobes. This will be described in more detail. Regarding
the genus Bensonia referred to, Pfeiffer evidently regarded labiata

102 LAND AND FRESHWATER

as thetype. Clessin arbitrarily adopts H. splendens; but this method
of dealing with genera cannot be adopted, and as yet we do not know
whether the two species are so much alike as to be placed together.
The radula is like J. indica, arranged—
BO ge es
44.1 . 44

MaAcROCHLAMYS SHENGORENSIS, n.sp. (Plate XXII. fig. 5.)

Nanina (Microcystis ?), n. sp., Nevill’s Hand-list, No. 149 d, p. 37
(3 sp. Shengor), is the young.

Locality. Shengor Peak, Dafla Hills.

Shell discoid, narrowly umbilicated, glassy, flat on base (not fully
grown); sculpture longitudinal striz, regular and broadly ridged,
also showing as spiral striz on the base ; colour olivaceous brown;
spire quite depressed, apex flat; suture very shallow; whorls 4,
sides flat above, rounded on periphery; aperture lunate, moderately
large, nearly vertical; peristome thin, oblique below, a good deal
reflected over the umbilicus.

Size; maj. diam. 11-2, min. 10°0; alt. axis 4:3, body-whorl 3-8 mm.
5 O4A sr O:39i;) - oe MOF; 5 0-15 inch.

A small specimen of 23 whorls sent back to me by Mr. Nevill out
of a series of Dafla shells given by me to the Calcutta Museum is,
no doubt, the young of this species, the apex and spiral curve and
sculpture being exactly similar. A number of these minute Helices
will, I think, turn out to be young shells,

Macrocutamys? * cHornix, Bs. (Plate XXII. figs. 6, 6 a.)

Helix choinix, Bs. A.M. N. Hist. 1861, vii. p. 83; Conch. Ind.
p. 24, pl. li. fig. 1 (not correct on columellar margin); Pfr. Mon. Hel.
vols v.ip. Jb.

Macrochlamys choinix, Theob. Cat. Supp. p. 17.

Nanina (Maerochlamys) choiniw, Nev. Hand-list, p. 23.

Locality. Andaman Islands.

Sculpture of the figured specimen, longitudinally broadly arranged
strie, irregular.

Size: major diam. 16-0, minor diam. 12°75, alt. axis 5 mm.

Original description :—“ H. testa perforata, via conoidea-depressa,
tenui, oblique striatula, striis exilissimis spiralibus confertissime decus-
sata, superne fusco-cornea, subtus pallidiore, translucente ; spira sub-
conoideo-planulata, apice viv elevato, obtuso, sutwra leviter impressa,
submarginata ; anfractibus 6, via convewiusculis, superioribus arctius
convolutis, ultimo majore, ad peripheriam superne subangulato-rotun-
dato, subtus convexiusculo ; apertura obliqua, magna, late lunata ;
peristomate tenui, acuto, margine deatro superne arcuatim prominente,
columellari prope umbilicum breviter dilatato.

“ Diam. major 17, minor 144, axis 8 mill.; apert. 9} mill. lata,
8 mill. longa.

“ Habitat in Insulis Andamanicis.

“ A naninoid shell, with the last whorl large in proportion to those

* This query denotes that the animal has not been described, and that
the generic position is still doubtful.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 103

of the spire. It has not yet been found in a living state. For the
specimens which are most perfect in form I believe myself to be in-
debted to the late Superintendent, Dr. Walker. A broken specimen,
with the surface in good condition, was transmitted by Captain
Haughton.”

qo

Shells of same form as preceding species. Sculpture longitudinal,
each fine rib broken up into papillate dots.

Macrocutamys? Exut, Theobald. (Plate XXII. fig. 3.)

Helix exul, Theobald, J. A. 8. B. 1864, p. 245.

Orobia andamanensis, Tryon, Amer. J. C. vol. v. p. 110; pl. £0.
fig. 4; vide Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. 1870, p. 87.

Helix andamanensis, Conch. Ind. p. 28, pl. 1xui. figs. Ie 2S.

Macrochlamys andamanensis, Theob. Cat. Supp. p. 18.

Macrochlamys exul, Ney. Hand-list, p. 23 (Mt. Harriet).

Locality. Andamans (Harold Godwin-Austen).

Shell narrowly umbilicated, subdepressedly conoid, polished; sculp-
ture regular, broad, longitudinal bands marked by fine striz ; colour
pure ochre ; spire depressedly conoid, apex rounded ; suture shallow ;
whorls 5, the last rounded ; aperture broadly lunate ; peristome thin,
a white deposit on the body-whorl, scarcely reflected at the columellar
margin, which is oblique.

Size: maj. diam. 16-0, min. 145; alt. axis 7-2, body-whorl 5:8 mm.
es 6:63 er. OTs 0°28; os 0:23 inch.

Original description :—‘ Testa anguste umbi licata,depresso-conoidea,
levi, tenut, striatula, concolore fusca ; apice obtuso ; anfractibus sex,
tarde crescentibus, convewiusculis, ultimo non descendente ; apertura
obliqua; peristomate recto, tenui, jucta umbilicum leviter refleco. Long.
16°5, lat. 15, alt. 8°5 mill. Habitat in insulis Andamanicis.”

«This shell seems a Nanina and somewhat recalls NV. semefusca,
Dh., but is a more tumid species.”

Macrocutamys prona, Nevill. (Plate XXII. figs. 2, 2a.)

= masuriensis, MS. G.-A. Part III. Plate XXI. ,

Macrochlamys prona, Nevill, Moll. Yarkand Exped. p. 17 (1878) ;
2 Nevill, Hand-list, No. 18, p. 21 (10 sp. Naini Tal).

Locality. Masuri, N.W. Himalaya.

Shell umbilicated, discoidal, base flat; sculpture linear-longitudinal,
each line formed by close-set papillate dots (Plate XXI. fig. 8);
colour pale sienna-brown, a darker conspicuous band of same colour
near aperture, progress of growth is shown by the ochreous bands
behind it at intervals; spire very depressed, apex very flattened ;
suture adpressed; whorls 6, regularly increasing, sides flat above,
rounded on the last; aperture lunate, subvertical ; peristome thin,
straight, scarcely reflected, and very obliquely descending at the
umbilicus.

Size: maj. diam. 18-2, min. 16-2; alt. axis 7:0, body-whorl 4:8 mm.
. O72 ee O63 3. 5,0 0283 a 0-19 inch.
Animal (from note-book). Very black and long, a very sharp-

104 LAND AND FRESHWATER

pointed lobe over the mucous gland at extremity of foot. Mantle
slightly reflected over the margin of the peristome, with two tongue-
shaped expansions, which the animal expands and contracts. This
shell I found in a semifossil state embedded in the deposits of
tufa in crevasses of the limestone.

The colour of this snail distinguishes it at once from the species
of the Gangetic delta.

The specimens above described were shown by me to Capt. T.
Hutton, and he at once advised my noting the colour of the animal,
and gave me the title petrosa. Captain Hutton, some years after,
presented me with all the shell-pamphlets he possessed, which had
been most of them given him by Mr. W. H. Benson. In one (Ann.
& Mag. Nat. Hist. Sept. 1848, on p. 163) I find the following note
in Benson’s handwriting :—‘ Hutton’s original H. petrosa was from
Mirzapur. Query, is it identical with the mountain form from
Mussoorie which he now refers to that name?”

To this again is appended a note by Hutton, as follows :—“ With
reference to Benson’s query as to whether the Mirzapur shell was
the same as that of Mussoorie, I answer certainly not, as he must
have known, having both species before him; the Mirzapur shell
was Nanina vitrinoides of Deshayes, the other Nanina petrosa (nob.),
the name being altered by Benson’s advice. When I first found J.
vitrinoides, | knew nothing of species and recorded my discoveries
haphazard.

** Benson thought the Mussoorie shell a mere variety of NV. vitri-
noides ; but as we differed he recommended my giving it a name,
which I did, and I still regard the species as distinct. (Signed T, H.)”

We now know how it was that between them the title petrosa was
altered. The Mirzapur form known to Benson as vitrinoides must
retain Hutton’s original name petrosa, and Mr. Nevill has since indi-
cated and described the “Masuri”’ species under the distinctive
name prona. The exact range of petrosa has yet to be defined (vide
my remarks on the species from Rajmahal).

The specific designation prona may have been taken from a MS.
name of Mr. W. T. Blanford’s or vice versa; for in his collection
and in his MS. list of it prona is the name given to the species
from Parisnath, which is, I find, also distinct, and I have therefore
had to describe it under the title jainiana.

Original description :—‘ Shell small, of the same group as J.
petrosa, Hutt. &c., but with closer-wound whorls; itis a form which
apparently is widely spread throughout the North-western Hima-
layas, as the Museum possesses numerous specimens from Simla,
Masuri, Naini Tal, and Sahdrunpur ; two specimens found by Colonel
Godwin-Austen in the Dafla Hills also apparently belong here*. A
very similar small form, but I think specifically distinct, is also found
in the Bombay Presidency. Dr. Stoliczka’s specimens from Murree
are all young or in bad preservation ; I have therefore determined
on not naming the species from his Murree specimens, but take as
my type the common North-west Himalayan form, the animal of

* These I have not seen, and I doubt the identification._-G. A.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 105

which is known and which is usually recorded in collections as JV.
petrosa. Colonel Godwin-Austen informs me that Hutton himself
transferred his own name petrosa from the Mirzapur shell to the
Masuri one on the strength of Benson’s statement that the former
was identical with the Caleutta NV. vitrinoides, in which, as already
stated, Benson was quite wrong. This species is not figured in the
‘ Conchologia Indica,’ as far as can see. Whorls six, closely wound,
the last only slightly deflected, sometimes not at all, in which case,
of course, the aperture is quite vertical; spire almost or quite flat ;
periphery rounded; umbilicus resembling that of MJ. petrosa, more
open than in all other allied species; horny brown colour, smooth
and polished above and below, margins of aperture distinctly but
slightly thickened. Type from Naini Tal: diam. 12, axis 44, apert.
lat. 6, alt. 43 mm.”

The following extract may also refer to this species; the shells
from the two localities require examination :—

“ Nanina vitrinoides ?, Deshayes (J. A. 8. B. vol. vii. p. 215), oc-
curring in valleys near Subathu.

‘«‘ At Simla a scarce variety is found ‘ with a rib-like incrassation
within the aperture, like many of the specimens of another variety
found in Bengal.’ Attains a large size and animal is of a dark green
colour ” (Hutton).

Shells of similar form as the preceding ; sculpture, very fine, regular,
and delicate longitudinal striation. (See Part III. Plate XXI.
figs. 9 and 10.)

MacrocHLAMYs HARDWICKEI, n. sp. (Plate XXIII. fig. 1.)

Locality. Calcutta, the cemetery at end of Park Street (G.-A.).

Shell subconoid, slightly tumid below; sculpture regularly and
delicately striate longitudinally, the strie sharply defined, about 3
= 7y inch (Plate XXI. fig. 10); colour dull ochraceous brown,
with a greenish tint; spire conoid, sides rather flat, apex blunt; suture
moderately impressed; whorls 6, regularly increasing ; aperture
large, laterally ovate and well rounded on the upper outer margin ;
peristome thin, straight, suboblique, columellar margin obliquely
descending and well reflected at the umbilicus, which is not
concealed.
Size: maj. diam. 16-2, min. 14°4; alt. axis 7:0, body-whorl 5-2 mm.

= OCA ree OS So deed teas 3 0-21 inch.

Animal. Body and tentacles of the same pale grey tint ; the mantle
is very pale ochraceous, in marked contrast with the rest of the body ;
the pallial margin is narrow and ill-defined, and the surface of the
animal peculiarly smooth. A tongue-shaped expansion is situated
close in at the inner margin of the aperture, given off from the right
anterior mantle-lobe, and is directed sideways and upwards over the
periphery towards the apex, and can be extended for 0-15 inch ;
‘another linguiform expansion, but very small, isto beseen on the lower
margin a short distance from the umbilicus and reflected back over
the shell. The mucous gland has a short but pointed lobe above it.

106 LAND AND FRESHWATER

The odontophore consists of 109 rows of teeth, the formula being

5O sk dled aA 58
638 .°1.763

The centre tooth is tricuspid, two short cusps at the base of the
long central; the median teeth have a single outer basal cusp; the
laterals are bicuspid, the outer points rather shorter than the inner,
but rising gradually as they approach the margin of the lingual
ribbon (Plate XXVIII. fig. 1).

The generative organs (Plate XXVIII. fig. 1 a) are as in MW. indica,
the spermatheca being longer. There are, however, some differences
in the penis; the kalc-sac is very long, a flagellum-like appendage,
in which a partially formed spermatophore could be detected (fig. 1 6),
the gland of the retractor muscle, which is in the form of a sort of
coiled cecum, and which appears to be developed from a part of the
duct being bent and laid together for a portion of its length and then
coiled on itself from the extreme end; and at this point, as in so
many of these Indian genera, the retractor muscle is given off.

Thus as regards the odontophore and generative organs consider-
able modifications exist in comparison with M. indica.

MAcROCHLAMYS HARDWICKEI, n. sp. (Plate XXIII. fig. 2.)

Locality. Chatak, on Barak river, Sylhet District, Lower Bengal.

Shell umbilicated, subdepressedly conoid, thin, surface dull glassy ;
sculpture beautifully and regularly striate longitudinally, but very
fine (Plate X-XI. fig. 9, sylhetensis, MS.); colour pale corneous ; spire
depressed, apex rather blunt; suture adpressed; whorls 6, the last
rapidly enlarging, rather tumid below; aperture subvertical, glo-
bosely lunate; peristome thin, the columellar margin nearly vertical
and but slightly reflected at the umbilicus.

Size: major diam. 16°2, minor diam, 14-2, alt. axis 6-8 mm.

35 0-64, 5 O56, ,,,. O2fanch,

The animal is thus described in my field note-book :— With long
foot, light faint green, pink at the extremity of the foot ; underside
of the foot of a pale orange-colour, of a richer tint near the mouth.
Eye-pedicels of a light neutral tint. Mantle rather expanded. Ten-
tacles very long, the oral drooping. Extremity of foot glandular,
rather truncate, lobe above small ”* (Plate XVIII. fig. 4).

MacrocHLamys HARDWICKEI, Var.

Locality. Barowli river, Durrang District, Assam (J. Burt).

Shell depressedly conoid, umbilicated, smooth, transparent; sculp-
ture fine longitudinal strie, 3=;,),, mch; colour very pale dull
olive-brown or horny; spire depressed ; suture adpressed, shallow ;
whorls 6, flat on spire, rounded on the last and moderately swollen ;
aperture widely lunate, subvertical; peristome thin, straight, and
nearly perpendicular on the columellar margin, very slightly reflected ;
umbilicus small but open.

* No mention is made of the linguiform appendages to mantle, but they were
probably overlooked.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 107

Size: maj. diam. 16-3, min. 14-0; alt. axis 6-2, body-whorl 5-0 mm.
* 0645/5. 10°5550) 497 O24 5 0-20inch.

MAcROcHLAMYS HARDWICKEI, var. (Plate XXIII. fig. 4.)

Locality. Barroi Gorge, Durrang District, Assam (H. H. G.-A.).

Sculpture smooth, but with very fine regular longitudinal striation,
5 lines =7,5 inch.

Size: maj. diam. 16°4, min. 14-0; alt. axis 7-0, body-whorl 5°5 mm.

MacrocHLAaMys HARDWICKEI, var.

Locality. Brahmakund, Upper Assam (Mr. M. J. Ogle).

Shell thin, very depressedly conoid, umbilicated ; sculpture micro-
longitudinal striz, in some specimens not to be discerned ; colour
dull whity brown; spire low; suture shallow, impressed ; whorls
5, flat above, rounded on the periphery ; aperture laterally ovate,
oblique; peristome thin, with much obliquity on the columellar
margin, and but slightly inflected at the umbilicus.

Size: maj. diam. 14:0, min. 12-0; alt. axis 4:0, body-whorl 3:0 mm.
FY O55. 3 10: 4867 "Ori; Ks 0-12 inch.

MacrocHLAMYs HARDWICKEI, var. PoLiItuLvus. (Plate XXIII. fig. 3.)

Locality. Upper Assam (Mr. M. J. Ogle).

Shell subglobosely conoid, rounded below, with glassy lustre ;
sculpture very fine longitudinal striz, not continuous far in a straight
line, the parallelism being broken at intervals by the wavy trans-
verse lines; colour pale horny brown; spire subconoid; suture
shallow; whorls 6, the last rounded and rather tumid; aperture
ovately lunate, subvertical; peristome thin, straight, columellar
margin oblique, descending, slightly reflected at the umbilicus, which
is not hidden by it.

Size: maj. diam. 15-0, min. 12°8; alt. axis 62, body-whorl 5-4 mm.
9 Oo ss OO 6 ay 2 OA. BS 0-21 inch.

Animal not seen. This form is but slightly removed from the typical
Calcutta one, but it is flatter on the base, with finer sculpture, and
ina large series of some 40 specimens all are of the same pale tint of
sienna-brown ; whereas an equally large series from the Durrang
Hills are all of an extremely pale tint of ochre or nearly white.

MACcROCHLAMYS HARDWICKEI, var. PoLrTuLus. (Another specimen.)

Locality. Upper Assam (Mr. M. J. Ogle).

Shell depressedly conoid, base rather flat, umbilicated, thin,
diaphanous, glassy ; sculpture with fine transverse lines of growth,
but under lens shows fine, regular, longitudinal striz, the surface in
some slightly waved, 6=;,!;, ich; colour pale sienna-brown ;
whorls 6, regularly increasing.

Size: major diam. 15-2, minor diam. 14:0, alt. axis 65 mm.

a 0-60, Py; 0-56, » 0°26 inch.

MAcROCHLAMYS LHOTAENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XXIII. fig. 5.)
Localhity. Lhota-Naga Hills (A. W. Chennell).

108 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Shell very thin, umbilicated, depressedly conoid, flattish on base ;
sculpture very deep, regular, longitudinal stri, crossed by numerous
fine lines of growth (Plate XXI. fig. 5); colour dark horny ; spire
low, apex blunt; suture moderately defined ; whorls 7, flat above,
periphery rounding suddenly ; aperture ovate ; peristome straight
above, sinuate below, slight reflexion and very oblique near
umbilicus.

Size: maj. diam. 23:0, min. 19-8: alt. axis 8-0, body-whorl 6°5 mm.
3 O61, . “0-763, _.,. . 0:32, # 0-26 inch.

This is a very distinct large species, unlike in its form, thin texture,

and sculpture the many other closely allied forms.

MacrocHLAMyYs OPIPARUS, n. sp. (Plate XXIII. figs. 6, 6 a.)

Locality. Darjiling.

Shell globose, subconoid above, umbilicated, rather solid ; sculp-
ture above with minute, irregular, transverse lines of growth; roughly,
coarsely, and unevenly striate longitudinally ; colour dull ochre,
with a pale brown band bordering the peristome ; spire, apex blunt ;
suture impressed ; whorls 6, convex, the last well rounded on the
periphery and much swollen; aperture globosely lunate, subvertical;
peristome thin, straight, subvertical on the columellar margin and
slightly reflected near umbilicus.

Size: major diam. 16°7, minor diam. 14-0, alt. axis 7-0 mm ;

ms 0-66, 4s 0°56, ,,. 0:28 inch;
alt. body-whorl above the columellar margin 5-8 mm.
” ” ” 0:23 inch.

MacrocHLaMys KALA, n.sp. (Plate XL. figs. 1, la, 1 5.)

Locality. Damsang Peak, Daling Hills, Western Bhutan (W.
Robert).

Shell closely perforate, depressedly conoid, base flat, thin, trans-
parent, glassy; sculpture fine, regular longitudinal striae (similar to
figs. 9, 10, Plate XXI., rather coarser); colour very pale ashy
ochre ; spire flatly conoid ; whorls 5, slightly convex above ; aperture
subvertical, lunate; peristome circular on outer margin ; columellar
margin subyertical, weak.

Size: maj.diam.9°0, min. 7:0; alt. axis 3°5, body-whorl 2°5 mm.
5 O36; 4° 0255, 4, Os, % 0-10 inch.

The animal may be distinguished at once by its very dark colour
above, contrasting with the light colour of the pedal margin and sole
of the foot below. It is a true Macrochlamys, with the usual right
and left shell-lobes present (Plate XL. figs. 2, 3,4). The left dorsal
is divided into an anterior and posterior lobe.

The generative system (fig. 5) is wanting in the usual amatorial
organ, and the male organ is more simple than in M. indica and

thout the coiled cecum. The spermatophore is beautifully dis-
played in most of the specimens I have examined, both in course of
formation within the male organ (fig. 6) and also where it has been
received into the spermatheca (fig. 7). At its posterior portion it is

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 109

beset with a series of small recurved hooks arranged in a band along
one side, passing into a line of single hooks extending to the pointed
cap-like anterior end.

In the radula (figs. 9, 9 a) the central tooth is tricuspid, of usual
shape; the median teeth with a single basal cusp on the outer mar-
gin; the laterals are evenly bicuspid, and very minute on the outer
margin.

2 Cogeame-y tee Ms Rep ee
Sure Cs a0

The jaw (fig. 8) is straight in front, with a slight central pro-
jection.

Shells depressedly conoid, of large or moderate size, the surface
of the shell perfectly smooth.

MacrocHLAMYs ? RESPLENDENS, Phil. (Plate XXVI. fig. 1.)

Helix resplendens, Phil. in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1846, p. 192; Chemn.
edvi2on. '688,.t. ex. f° 7=9'; Pfr. Mon. Hel..1p. 56, v. p. 100;
Reeve, Conch. Icon. t. 81.* f. 480.

Helix expolita, Desh. in Fér. i. 190. n. 255, t. 87. f. 1.

Nanina resplendens, Trosch. in Arch. f. Nat. 1849, i. p, 234.

Xesta resplendens, Albers, Helic. p. 95.

Nanina resplendens, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 82.

Helix resplendens, Conch. Ind. p. 24, pl. li. fig. 4 (is not this species).

Macrochlamys resplendens, sec. A, Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 18; Nev.
Hand-list, p. 20.

Locality. Mergui (Theobald).

Shell subperforate, very depressedly conoid, shining, thin, smooth ;
colour ochraceous, greyer below; spire flatly conoid; whorls 64,
closely wound and increasing very gradually and evenly ; aperture
nearly vertical, lunate; peristome thin, acute; columellar margin
oblique and not reflected until close to the umbilicus, and then but
slightly so.

Size: maj. diam. 25°5, min. 23-0; alt. axis 10-0, body-whorl 8-0 mm.
4 ee eae (Ose: PT EOF os 0°32 inch.

I am indebted to Mr. W. Theobald for a fine example from the
typical locality, which is 6-5 mm. larger than the original specimen
described.

Original description :—‘ H. testa subperforata, depressa, glaber-
rima, lucida, tenwi, pellucida, lutescenti-cornea ; spira vix prominula ;
anfr. 64, convexiusculis, ultimo requlariter aucto, basi convexiusculo,
medio profunde impresso ; apertura fere verticali, depressa, lata,
lunari ; peristomate simplice, acuto, margine columellari in centro
baseos brevissime reflexo.

“ Diam. 8-9, alt. 4’.

‘«‘ Prope Mergui Indiz Orientalis legit Th. Philippi.”

* The form here represented with the high spire is not at all like the typical
species I have seen ; and, from the habitat Burmah, it is evidently some other

species, not unlike those examples of M. atricolor from Upper Burmah
named resplendens by Nevill.

110 LAND AND FRESHWATER

MacrocHLAMYs RESPLENDENS, Phil. (Plate XXVI. fig. 2.)

Locality. Cambodia (ex coll. H. Adams).

Shell similar to Mergui specimen in form, more discoid ; colour
umber-brown, paler grey below ; spire very flat, not so high; suture
well impressed ; whorls 6.

Size: maj. diam. 21-8, min. 18-8; alt. axis 8-0, body-whorl 6:8 mm.
5 O36 0:74 6 545 iB; ‘5 0-27 inch.

This shell is very close to the last, but is smaller and flatter above

and below, and not so tumid.

MacrocHLAMYs RESPLENDENS, Phil, (Plate XXVI. fig. 3.)

Locality. Siam (Mr. R. Damon).

Shell similar to Mergui specimen, but smaller and body-whorl
less tumid ; colour very pale umber-brown, with a grey tinge below ;
whorls 5.

Size; maj. diam. 19-0, min. 17:0; alt. axis 7-5, body-whorl 6°5 mm.
0-75, 5 0-67; 5 hs 0-30, 43,2 0226 mach:

Maer ochlamys subcornea, Pfeiffer, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 20; Mon.
Hel. vol. v. p. 103; Mal. Blit. 1860, p. 232, from Siam (Mouhot,
coll. Cuming), is a much closer-wound shell than any I possess ; and
I doubt the identification by Hanley of one of Theobald’s shells
from Phie Than, figured in Conch. Ind. pl. exlix. figs. 2, 3, and
which I believe is a young specimen of resplendens.

Macrocuiamys? consEpta, Bs., small var.? (Plate XXVI. fig. 4.)

Helix consepta, Benson, A. M.N. Hist. Sept. 1860, vi. p. 190 (dwarf
var.), and 1863, xi. p. 320; Pfr. Mon. Hel. v. p. 239; Conch. Ind.
p. 37, pl. Ixxxviii. figs. 5, 6.

Macrochlamys consepta, Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 19; Nev. Hand-list,
p. 22 (from Pegu).

Locality. Mulé-it range, 4000 feet, Tenasserim (0. Limborg).

Shell, perforation nearly hidden, globosely conoid and depressed
above, flat on base, rather thickened, with shining surface; sculp-
ture none; colour pale olivaceous ochre, stronger near peristome ;
spire low, scarcely elevated, apex rounded ; suture shallow ; whorls
6, closely wound ; aperture narrowly lunate; peristome thickened ;
columellar margin very oblique, slightly reflected at the upper
portion.

Size: maj. diam. 14°5, min. 12°3; alt. axis 6-0, body-whorl 5:70 mm.
O57 a9 ROS shins: 0-24, 3 0-22 inch.

This shell was compared with a specimen marked from the
typical locality Mergui, and labelled resplendens, in Mr. Sylvanus
Hanley’s collection ; ee has some characters in common; but its more
solid smaller form does not at all agree with the shell received from
Mr. Theobald (vide p. 109, Plate XX VI. fig. 1), concerning which no
doubt exists regarding its locality. Ihave not been able to compare
it with the type specimen described by Benson.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. lil

This may be also cyclotdea, Albers (Helix cycloidea, Albers, Malak.
Blatt. 1857, p. 89, pl. i. figs. 1, 2, 3; Pfr. Mon. Hel. vol. iv. p. 43;
Macrochlamys, sec. A, Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 18), which I have never
seen.

Original description :—“ Testa subperforata, orbiculari, subdis-
coidea, nitida, radiatim striatula, superne obsolete spiraliter stri-
ata, pallide cornea; spira depresso-conoidea, apice elevatiusculo,
obtuso, sutura impressa, marginata ; anfractibus 8, angustis, con-
veawiusculis, lente accrescentibus, ultimo ad peripheriam rotundato,
subtus medio excavato; apertura subverticali, late lunari, peristo-
mate albido, intus late incrassato-marginato, superne recto, margine
basali expansiusculo, undulato, crassiusculo, columellari brevissime
reflexo.

*« Diam. major vix 18, minor 154, axis 7 mill.

“ Habitat ad Damatha, prope Moulmein. Detexit Capt. J. C.
Haughton.

“ A single specimen is in the collection of Mr. Theobald.”

MacrocHLaMYs JAINIANA, n. sp. (Plate XXVI. fig. 7 & Plate
XXVIII. figs. 2-2 e.)

= prona, MS. coll. Blanf., = perplana, MS. in pencil on a drawing
by Stoliczka.

Locality. Manbhum (V. Ball) ; Parisnath (W. 7. BIf.).

Shell umbilicated, discoid, glassy, some specimens very thin;
sculpture none, surface quite smooth ; colour dark brown, paler be-
neath, often of a rich burnt-sienna tint; spire flat, scarcely raised
above the body-whorl; suture shallow; whorls 6, the last well
rounded on the periphery ; aperture subvertical, broadly and laterally
lunate ; peristome oblique on the columellar margin.

Size: maj. diam. 20-0, min. 16°3 ; alt. axis 6-0, body-whorl 53mm.
is 20°3, ,, 18-0 (Blanford coll., Parisnath).
- 18:8, ,, 15°8(V. Ball); alt.ax. 6-5, body-wh. 5:8.

Besides other characters the umbilicus is more open in this
species than in M. indica, petrosa, &e.

Animal. The foot evidently very long, and the lobe overhanging.
There is a small right shell-lobe and a small left shell-lobe, and the
amatorial organ is present; but in the animals examined the gene-
rative organs were broken up and very hard. However, portions of
the spermatophore (Plate XXVIII. figs. 2b-2¢) were preserved,
which was of lengthened form, with a series of bicuspid processes
along the sides, these being set closer together at the basal end
(fig. 2d); a portion of the sac of the spermatophore with its con-
voluted contents was also preserved (fig. 2 ¢).

Odontophore. The jaw (fig. 2a) has the central projection ; the
central teeth are as in MW. indica (fig. 2), but in the laterals (fig. 2.
17-20) we find a good specific character ; they are not, as is usual in
most species of Macrochlamys, bicuspid, but are long and straight,
with a very minute notch near the apex, and this is not apparent

PART IV. M

112 LAND AND FRESHWATER

in the smaller outermost teeth. The formula is

Ot = hep ek Ween eal
42.1. 42

In another specimen from Manbhum

Bgl a plier dns 1S
Derdian sy OO

Among the drawings left us by Ferd. Stoliczka is one which I
have reproduced on Plate XIX. fig. 4, and which, from its flattened
form, may be the young of WW. jainiana. Under the original drawing
Nevill has written “NV. perplana”; in pencil Stoliczka records as
follows :—‘ Macrochlamys like lugubris (a MS. name), Parisnath.
Shell of flattened form. Both mantle-lobes very long and narrow ;
mantle greenish splashed white, whole body of a distinct greenish
tinge; anterior part, especially on the pedicles and back, black ;
middle part pale ; posterior part dark above, less dark at the sides.”

N. perplana, Nevill, MS., was never described ;.it is Nanina,
No. 23, p. 22, not named, in Nevill’s Hand-lst Mollusca, Dec. 1878,
with above description of the animal by Stoliczka somewhat
altered.

Eight specimens of the shell are in the Indian Museum from
Dr. F. Stoliczka’s collection ; but as I am not able to compare them
with the shells in my own, I have not retained Nevill’s MS. title.

MacrocHiaMys JAINIANA. (Plate XXVI. fig. 8.) = stricklandi,
" MS., G.-A., Part III. p. 12.

Locality. Madhopur, Jeypur (Captain A. B. Melville).

Shell umbilicated, depressedly conoid, glassy, rather solid ; sculpture
none, surface quite smooth ; colour pale umber-brown in parts, but
greatly bleached ; spire low, apex rounded; suture shallow ; whorls
6, regularly increasing, periphery of last rounded; aperture sub-
vertical, semiovate; peristome thin; columellar margin oblique,
not reflected.

Size: maj. diam. 16°2, min. 14-0; alt. axis 6-3, body-whorl 5-3 mm.
. 0°64, ,, OSG". 025: £ 0-21 inch.

T also have asmall specimen, 13-0 in major diam., from Borlai in

Central India, collected by Mr. N. Belletty.

Macrocutamys? portrrisstma, Pfr. (Plate XXVI. fig. 6.)

Helix politissima, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1853, p. 125; Mon. Hel.
vol. iv. p. 45; Reeve, Conch. Icon. Heliw, f. 1292; Hanley, Conch.
Ind. p. 15, pl. xxxi. figs. 8, 9.

Macrochlamys (sec. A) politissima, Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 18.

Nanina (Macrochl.) politissima, Ney. Hand-list, p. 22.

Locality. Ceylon.

Sculpture none; glassy surface.

Size: maj. diam. 22-0, min. 18-5; alt. axis 8-0, body-whorl 7-0 mm.
x OB Ys ORNS - 0:32). 36 eh O 2aimeki:

Original description :—‘ H. testa subaperte perforata, depressa,

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 113

tenui, politissima, virenti-cornea vel castanea ; spira vx elevata,
vertice subtili, obtuso ; sutura profunda ; anfractibus 43, convewis,
sensim accrescentibus, ultimo rotundato, non descendente ; apertura
parum obliqua ; rotundato-iunari ; peristomate simplice, recto, mar-
ginibus convergentibus, dextro antrorsum subarcuato, columellari
arcuatim descendente, superne breviter reflexo.

** Diam. maj. 24, min. 20, alt. 11 mill.

“ Hab, in insula Ceylon (Thwaites).”

Shells depressedly conoid, of large or moderate size, the surfaces
perfectly smooth.

Macrocuiamys atricotor, Godwin-Austen. (Plate XXTV. fig. 1.)

Helix (Nanina) atricolor, J. A. 8. B. 1875, p. 2, pl. 1. fig. 2.

Nanina (Macrochlamys) atricolor, Nev. Hand-list, p. 20, as var.
of resplendens, Phil.

Locality. N. Cachar Hills (typical locality).

Sculpture none, perfectly smooth; colour olivaceous ochre or
umber-brown, with a stronger band of colour bordering the peri-
stome.

Largest specimen :—

Size : maj. diam. 22°5, min. 19°5; alt. axis 9°4, body-whorl 8-8 mm.

Original description: —‘* Shell imperforate, depressedly conoid, very
strong ; colour varying from rich bright brown to greenish ochre,
pure brown or ochre near aperture, with a glassy surface finely
striated (7. e. by mere transverse additions of growth); spire flatly
conoid ; whorls 63, periphery rounded, flat at base; aperture sub-
oblique, broadly lunate; peristome well thickened and slightly
reflected near the columella.

“ Major diam. 0-93, minor 0°85, alt. 0-45 inch.

‘*¢ Animal quite black throughout ; tentacles long, with extremities
paler; extremity of foot short and glandular, as in Nanina de-
cussata, Bs.”

Size: maj. diam. 23-0, min, 21-0; alt. axis 8°75, body-whorl 7-2 mm.
5 OO, wt Weon” a Otae, <3 0-28 inch.

‘“* Habitat. On the higher parts of the North Cachar Hills, never
seen to the westward of that portion of the range, and tolerably
abundant in certain spots.”

The colour of the animal is its most distinctive character.

Macrocutamys atricotor, Godwin-Austen (large var.). (Plate
XXIV. fig. 2.)

Locality. Munipur Hills (MZ. J. Ogle).

Shell subperforate, depressedly globose, base very flat, shining
polished surface, perfectly smooth; colour dark chestnut-brown,
brighter and more ochraceous near the peristome; spire flat and
apex rather rounded; suture shallow; whorls 5, regularly in-

m 2

114 LAND AND FRESHWATER

creasing, flatly convex above; aperture subvertical, broadly lunate,
directed obliquely downwards from the columellar side ; columellar
margin very oblique.

Largest specimen :—

Size: maj. diam. 28-0, min. 23-5; alt. axis 10-0, body-whorl 8°75 mm.
= TQ), ssh WOON y V5; 0:40, 5 0-34 inch.

This shell may be known from similar forms, even when young,
by its more tumid and rounded form below, the rounded apex and
shallow suture, and particularly the milky white colour of the
interior of the aperture, which in adult shells often covers the
columellar side of the body-whorl, also the strong band of colour
bordering the peristome.

Animal (Plate XXYV.). The right shell-lobe (.s.1., figs. 1, 2, and 8)
is well developed and must be of considerable length when extended
in life, for it is very long in the beautifully preserved specimens
sent me by Mr. Ogle; the left shell-lobe overlaps the edge of the
peristome as a simple band for its entire length (figs. 3, 4, and 8),
and there is no tongue-like shell-lobe given off as in V/, indica
(vide figs. 9 and 10, representing the mantle removed, and viewed
from above and from beneath). The right dorsal lobe is as in M,
indica, but the left is more decidedly divided into two portions
(figs. 1, 3, and 4), the posterior being almost a separate lube by
itself, and has that appearance when viewed from the exterior side,
though the connexion is seen from below (vide fig. 8). The sole of
the foot is divided into the usual central and side portions, and the
segmental lines run quite across it from side to side.

The pedal line is particularly well defined by two parallel grooves,
enclosing a series (as in all these forms) of oblong epidermal spaces.
On reaching the large elongate labial tubercle, situated on either
side below the mouth, this pedal line is continued diagonally back-
wards and follows a distinct deep groove, which leads up to the
posterior upper part of the neck underneath the mantle-lobes. A
row of tubercles also starting from the above labial tubercle borders
this groove on its upper margin, and thus distinctly divides the
prosoma with the mouth, tentacles, and generative apparatus from
the muscular foot, and would correspond to the more distinct ros-
trum-like head of some species of Cyclophoride &c, (figs. 4 and 5).
Along this groove the mucous fluid as it is secreted no doubt would
be carried and thence beneath the mantle completely over the dorsal
part of the animal, thence down the lateral grooves, meeting the
flow of the same fluid at their junction with the pedal line, to
be eventually thrown off at the extremity. Mr. J. Wood-Mason, in
a paper published in the P. A. 8. B. March 1882, enters into the
question of this pedal groove (his peripheral groove), and was the
first to define its use. He does not appear to have considered this
oblique groove, which would so much more completely spread the
lubricating fluid over every part of the animal, and without the
exclusive aid of the ciliated surface; however, this groove is not so
distinctly seen in most other species.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. EIS

The extremity of the foot (fig. 7) is somewhat truncate, the lube
overhanging the mucous gland, which does not extend to the base
or sole of the foot.

Referring to the above paper by Mr. Wood-Mason, the taxonomic
value of this organ is no doubt considerable. He says, “ As Pul-
monata possessing a ciliated peripodium with and without a terminal
pit were found in every quarter of the globe, and as it was in the
highest degree improbable that so highly specialized a structure sub-
serving such an important purpose in the animal economy as this
evidently did had arisen independently many times in many dif-
ferent forms in many widely separated areas of the earth’s surface,
he considered that it had a higher taxonomic value than had hitherto
been assigned to it.”

Mr. Wood-Mason proposed “to distinguish those forms that
possessed it and those that did not (or had lost it) from one another
by calling them Craspedophora and Lipocraspeda respectively.”
Similar distinctive titles had been given by Desmoulins in 1829,
PueRePpor® and Aporm respectively. I do not think its function
is merely to catch the coagulated fluid after it has passed over the
body, which it appears to do, for it may often be seen covering the
orifice, but that the opening is more or less connected with the
lacunar portion of the body-cayity, through which similar mucous
excreta pass away. It is probably homologous to the canals and
orifices in the foot of Haliotis and other genera; or may it not be
analogous to the water vascular system of the Turbellaria? How-
ever this may be, it is a form of development on which there is
much to be studied and cleared up.

The generative organs (Plate XXVII. fig. 1 d) are as in M. indica
(compare Plate XVIII. fig. 6), the spermatheca being longer than
in that species and the cecum calciferum is not so well developed ;
ovo-testis not seen. Penis (fig. 1 d, P): the cecum calciferum is re-
presented by a short rounded gland (A) close to the junction of the
yas deferens ; amatorial organ (D) very large and cylindrical; sper-
matheca (Sp) very long, reaching nearly to the albumen-gland; in-
testine, the salivary gland (Plate XXVII. fig. 1c) is elongate,
bifurcating at the anterior end, where the two ducts to the buccal
mass are given off.

The teeth of the radula (Plate X XVII. fig. 16) are arranged
thus—

SOpe oe Moe FLD Oy Oo
Oo shy. OO

and are also similar to M. indica, the median being all tricuspid,
but are far more numerous, there being six more on either side of
the central tooth, not including the two teeth of transitional form ;
tke outermost bicuspid laterals are also longer, with one point, the
inner, exceeding the outer throughout. The jaw (fig. 1 @) has the
central projection on the cutting-edge, but is not so curved in form,

It will thus be seen that these two species of Macrochlamys are

116 LAND AND FRESHWATER

similar in all important characters, the departure being exhibited
in the shell and dorsal lobes of the mantle, M. atricolor possessing
no tongue-like process to the left shell-lobe overlapping the edge
of the shell, while the left dorsal lobe is divided into two parts, of
which the posterior is nearly detached from the anterior portion.
Other forms share these differences, but more species must be
examined before creating a subgeneric title.

I have examined two specimens of this species, one from Kopa-
medza Peak, Naga Hills, which agree perfectly in the form of the teeth.

MacrocuiaMys Atricozor, var. (Plate XXIV. fig. 3.)

Locality. Munipur Hills and Burrail range.

Shell narrowly perforate, subglobosely conoid, solid; colour
olivaceous, ochaceous below ; spire subconoid, sides flatly convex ;
suture shallow ; whorls 5, last well rounded, globosely lunate, sub-
vertical ; columellar margiu very oblique.

Size: maj. diam, 20°5, min. 18°5; alt. axis 9-0, body-whorl 7-0 mm.
55 ORS Tg vaste lena 0°36, = 0-28 inch.

This form from the highest ranges is smaller and more globose

than others. ;

MAcRrocHLAMYS ATRICOLOR » var.

Locality. Kopamedza Peak, Burrail range.
Shell scarcely perforate ; colour ochraceous with a greenish tinge,
a band of stronger ochre colour near peristome ; whorls 5,
Size: maj. diam. 18°0, min. 16:0; alt. axis 7-4, body-whorl 6-0 mm.
- Ogil,d .3{t OBSER anf 0-29: 55 0-24 inch.
This is again a smaller form, similar to the last in every respect.

MAcROCHLAMYS ATRICOLOR, var. Juv.

Locality. Hengdan Peak.

This is evidently a young shell of M. atricolor, var., from Kopa-
medza. Sculpture very smooth and glassy, with irregular, indistinct,
micro-striation longitudinal ; colour fine olive-brown, with a sienna
band near the aperture ; whorls 4.

Size: maj. diam. 10°5, min. 9°2; alt. axis 4-5, body-whorl 3-3 mm,
Or. -10:365"* +4, PYO-1S, S 0-13 inch.

”

MacrocuLamys atricotor, var. (Plate XXIV. fig. 5.)

Locality. Hatone, Khakhyen Hills, Upper Burmah (Dr. J. An-
derson).

Sculpture perfectly glassy on surface, without slightest sign of strize.

Nevill, in the “ List of Mollusca brought back by Dr. J. Anderson
from Yunnan and Upper Burmah,” J. A.S8. B. 1877, p. 16, identifies
this species with M. resplendens, Phil. A comparison of fig. 5 with
that of fig. 1, Plate XX VI. of this work, from the typical locality
Mergui, collected by Mr. Theobald, will show how greatly they differ

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. INF

in form; and I possess three specimens from Upper Burmah out of
the Indian collection. Nevill says, ‘‘ This species was found abun-
dantly at Bhamo and in the second defile of the Irawady. The spe-
cimens are quite undistinguishable from others in the Museum from
Mergui (typical locality). [ think it doubtful if Godwin-Austen’s
NV. atricolor from the Shisha valley will prove really distinct.” The
closely wound whorls, their greater number, and the flattened form
of M. resplendens are very distinct characters, and these two forms
cannot be confused. ‘ Shisha valley ” (/. ¢.) is an error of copying or
printing; there is no such place.
Size: maj. diam. 21-8, min. 19-0; alt. axis 9°5, body-whorl 8-8 mm.
uf OrSGeiia 02 7ou Ceo 10k 77 rs 0-35 inch.
More globose and tumid than the typical specimens from Munipur
and the Naga Hills.

MAcROCHLAMYS ATRICOLOR.

Locality. Toruputu Peak, Dafla Hills. (Plate XXIV. fig. 4.)

Shell, umbilicus very narrow, almost concealed, subglobosely
conoid ; sculpture smooth, glassy surface, with indistinct longitudinal
lines on last whorl, not apparent on the apical portion ; colour pale
olivaceous brown ; spire moderately high, apex blunt; suture well
defined ; whorls 5, convex, the last well rounded and rather ven-
tricose ; aperture moderately thin, subvertical; peristome broadly
lunate, horizontal at base, slightly sinuate and oblique near
columellar,
Size: maj. diam. 19-0, min. 16°8 ; alt. axis 8-4, body-whorl 6-4 mm.

Very similar to specimens from Munipur.

MacrocH1LaMyYs CAcHARICA, n. sp. (Plate XXVII. fig. 2.

Locality. Munipur Hills.

Shell subperforate, very depressedly conoid and flat on the base,
thin, glassy ; sculpture none save transverse strive of growth; colour
pale sienna-brown ; spire flatly conoid, apex subacute; suture
moderately impressed; whorls 5, regularly increasing; aperture
subvertical; peristome thin, sinuate below; columellar margin
weak, oblique, non-reflected.

Size: maj. diam. 18°8, min. 17-3; alt. axis 7-0, body-whorl 5-7 mm.
-; OPP as = CO Ger meet + Oe: ” 0-23 inch,

This shell may be distinguished from JV, atricolor of same size by
its flatter base and less rounded apex.

The animal is, as regards its outward form, exactly as in MW. atri-
color ; but the generative organs (Plate XX VII. fig. 2c) are modified.
The male organ is like that of M. indica with a longer kalc-sac, and
the spermatheca is short and club-shaped with a rounded terminal
portion. There is, however, no amatorial organ, and I have exa-
mined four specimens. Another instance of its absence in certain
species is exemplified in Durgella, a point that has been noticed
by Stoliczka. The jaw (Plate XXVII. fig. 2a) is slightly convex
on the upper margin, still more so on the cutting-edge, with a large

118 LAND AND FRESHWATER

central projection ; the odontophore (fig. 2 6) differs materially from
M. atricolor and M. indica.

38 1 Biw 12 Mind ncBieas
2) di er b2

The central tooth is tricuspid, of usual form; the median teeth
are bicuspid, the smallest cusp being situated on the outer lower
margin, the inner (conspicuous in the above species) being absent ;
the laterals are bicuspid, with points rising equally.

Here we are presented with a form which outwardly cannot be
distinguished from its close neighbour 1, atricolor, but in its anatomy
presenting considerable divergence both in generative organs and
dentition, really quite marvellous are the modifications which are
presented in this group of shells. So many combinations of the
various characters are found as we look more closely into the different
species, that these are better shown in a tabular form, which I am
preparing.

MAcROCHLAMYS CACHARICA, Var. GLAuCA. (Plate XXIV. fig. 6.)

Locality. Harmutti, base of Dafla Hills, Assam.

Shell perforate, depressedly conoid, base flat; sculpture, very
smooth surface, no striation seen ; colour very pale greenish ochre ;
spire low ; whorls 5; aperture subvertical ; umbilicus rather open.
Size: maj. diam. 22°8, min. 19°8; alt. axis 8-0, body-whorl 7-8 mm.

0-87, a 76; * 0:32, ae 0°31 inch.

The shells from the above locality are rather more tumid than tke

typical specimens from the Cachar side.

Macrocuiamys? nusrica. (Plate XXIV. fig. 7.)

Helix lubrica, Benson, A. M. N. H. vol. x. p. 349 (Nov. 1852);
Pfr. Mon. Hel. vol. iv. p. 44; Reeve, Con. Icon. pl. clxxi. fig. 1153;
Conch. Ind. p. 24, pl. li. figs. 8, 9.

Nanina lubrica, Gray, Cat. Pulm. B. M. p. 42; H. & A. Adams,
Gen. ii. p. 223.

Macrochlamys (sec. A) lubrica, Theob. Cat. Supp. p. 18.

Nanina (Macrochlamys ?) lubrica, Nev. Hand-list, p. 22.

Nanina (Xesta) lubrica, Pfr. Malak, Blatt. 1855, p. 120.

Locality. Darjiling, N.E. Himalaya.

Sculpture none, a perfectly smooth surface ; colour very rich ochre-
brown.

Size: maj. diam. 26°7, min, 22:3; alt. axis 10-0, body-whorl 8-5 mm.
33 del 45 6 OOS ay DaGeaO; 5 0-34 inch.

Original description :—** Testa perforata, depressa, obsolete radiato-
striata, politissima, luteo-fulvescente vel olivacea ; spira planiuscula,
apie vie prominulo, obtuso, sutura leviter subcanaliculata. Anfractibus
5, ultimo rotundato, basi convexo ; apertura late lunart, vie obliqua,
peristomate acuto, intus interdum subremote albido-labiato, margine

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 119

columellari oblique descendente, subsinuato, leviter incrassato, superne
refleaxiusculo.

“Diam, major 24, minor 20, axis 11 mill.

“ Hab. ad Darjiling.”

“Distinguished by the proportion of the whorls and other characters
from H. resplendens, Philippi, and from H. vitrinoides also by the
greater depth of the last whorl, and the characters of the mouth. I
have long possessed the pale-coloured variety from Darjiling ; the
acquisition of a second dark-coloured specimen from Mr. Trotter has
confirmed the distinctness of the species.”

MAcrocHLAMYs KOLIAENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XXVI. figs. 5, 5a.)

Locality. Koliaghur, on Brahmaputra river, Assam. (Young
specimen.)

Shell umbilicated, smooth, transparent, shining, very depressedly
conoid; sculpture none; colour horny brown with an olive tinge;
spire very low; suture adpressed ; whorls 5, rather rapidly increasing,
last rounded on side and tumid below ; aperture subvertical, ovately
lunate; peristome thin, oblique on columellar margin.

Size: maj. diam. 12:0, min. 10-4; alt. axis 4-7, body-whorl 3-7 mm.

Animal (extract from Field-book). “ Dusky green, side of foot
grey, spotted with sienna; extremity of foot with gland, having an
overhanging lobe long and pointed ; mantle just overlaps the edge of
the aperture.” On dissection of dried specimen we find a long
slender right shell-lobe on the upper inner margin, and a small left
shell-lobe also could be made out.

The generative organs are as in M acrochlamys indica, the amato-
rial organ being present, having a blunt rounded termination at the
anterior end.

The central tooth of the radula of usual tricuspid form, the median
have only the lower denticle on the outer basal margin ; the laterals
are bicuspid cusps of unequal length even to those on the outer
margin, which become very small. There were 93 rows of teeth
arranged thus (vide Plate XXVIII. fig. 3):—

AD SPN see a ca cee
54.1. 54

The jaw was straight on the cutting-edge, with a central median
projection.

el

Sculpture regular, longitudinal coarse strie, broadly ridged
(Plate XXI. fig. 7) ; odontophore with straight unicuspid laterals.

Macrocn3amys casTaNnno-rapraTa, G.-A. (Plate XXIX. fig. 2.)

Locality. Asalu, Burrail range, Assam.

Shell perforate, depressedly conoid, flat below, surface shiny, with
fine transverse lines of growth, translucent, moderately solid ; sculp-

120 LAND AND FRESHWATER

ture regular, longitudinal, rather coarse strie, broadly ridged ; colour
pale horny brown, with a pale ochraceous, more or less wide margin
at the peristome (in the largest specimens a former aperture is still
shown by a band of colour across the whorl); spire flatly conoid,
apex obtuse; suture shallow; whorls 6, regularly increasing, the
last somewhat swollen below ; aperture broadly lunate, suboblique ;
peristome acute, slightly curving outward above and slightly sinuate
below ; columellar margin very oblique trom umbilicus, and scarcely
reflected.

Largest size:

Maj. diam, 15:8, min. 13-8; alt. axis 6-8, body-whorl 5:8 mm.

Smaller size :

Maj. diam. 13:2, min. 11°8; alt. axis 6-0 mm.

This shell was very abundant at Asalu, especially in the old
(jooms) forest-clearings ; it occurred also on the peak of Hengdan,
one of the highest points in this part of the Burrail range: from
this locality it is somewhat smaller, paler and whiter in colour, per-
haps due to the dark forest-home. These measured 12:2 x 10 x 5-2
mm. and 11-2 x 10-3x 4-8 mm.

On Japoo Peak, 10,000 feet, another small variety was found,
but all having the distinctive pale-margined lip. I have a fine ex-
ample also from Rezameh in the Naga Hills (16-0 x 13-7 x 7-3 mm.)
(Plate XXIX. fig. 3), which is rather more globose in form.

Animal. Head and tentacles dark grey, underside of foot with
two narrow black lines.

MAacrocuLaMys CASTANEO-LABIATA, G.-A. (Plate XXIX. figs. 1,
la.)

Locality. Munipur Hills (Mr. J. Ogle).
Size: maj. diam. 18-3, min. 15:5; alt. axis 7-0, body-whorl 5-5 mm.
95 OFZ rt sien)’ Gilde aatestn isos: - 0-22 inch.
Specimen figured from Asalu (Plate X XIX. fig. 2) :—
Size: maj. diam. 14-8, min. 13°3; alt. axis 6-0, body-whorl 5:0 mm.
,, 0°58; , Voss @ gig Oe ; 0-20 inch.
Specimen from Rezameh, Naga Hills :—
Size: maj. diam. 16-0, min. 14:2; alt. axis 6-8, body-whorl 5-0 mm.
b. O-685¢ 3 ODES g5, 80 OsDUE $5 0-20 inch,
The above specimen, sent me in spirit by Mr. Ogle, from the high
hills between Cachar and Munipur, was evidently, when living, very
dark in colour, with perfectly black head and tentacles. The right
shell-lobe extremely long (Plate XXIX. fig. 4), as well as the left
shell-lobe, which must be extended over the basal part of the shell;
the neck-lobes as in M. indica ; the Jaw and odontophore are, how-
ever, quite different.
The generative organs (Plate XXIX. fig. 7) may be compared
with those of M. indica (Plate XVIII. fig. 6). The male organ has
only a blunt swollen portion near the junction of the vas deferens,

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 121

indicating the kale-sac, and the amatorial organ is large and termi-
nating in a blunt rounded form.

Odontophore. The radula (figs. 66, 6c) is about 2-75 mm. long, with
about 82 transverse rows of teeth ; the median are all considerably
larger than the laterals ; the centre tooth is tricuspid, as well as the
next 8 median teeth; the next (that is the 9th and 10th) have only a
single cusp on the outer margin, and all the succeeding laterals are
simple, elongate, straight teeth, becoming small on the edge of the
labial ribbon.

ABs, Bi onBy, WEE tS sheet ya the
55ST sp bndvpp

The jaw (fig. 5) is straighter than in other species of this genus,
the centre projection being on a level with the portion on either side ;
it is longitudinally striate and about 1-2 inch in breadth. Fig. 6a
gives a central tooth and first median on either side of a specimen
in which the former is unsymmetrical as regards the cusps at the
base; and this malformation continued the whole length of the ra-
dula. Such malformation occasionally occurs in one of the set ; and
whatever form it may assume, it necessarily is always repeated in
each row. In this odontophore we find another departure from
Macrochlamys, the laterals being like those of Ariophanta and Oxytes.

—EE ann

Shells rather large, globose or depressedly conoid ; sculpture decussate
or papillate ; longitudinal strie, crossing fine transverse ribbing.

MAcRocHLAMYS DALINGENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XXXV. figs. 1, 1.)

Locality. Damsang, Daling Hill, Western Bhutan (W. Robert).
Shell, perforations somewhat concealed, subdepressedly conoid, base
rather flat; sculpture slender, under high power papillate (fig. 2,
x 50), the longitudinal striation crossing coarser but fine ribbing and
breaking it up; this is again arranged in transverse bands of growth ;
colour dark umber-brown, with a pinkish broad margin bordering
the peristome; spire flatly conoid, apex obtuse; suture rather shallow;
whorls 6, rather closely wound near the apex; aperture oblique,
ovate ; peristome somewhat thickened, milky white just within it ;
columellar margin oblique and but slightly reflected.
Size ; maj. diam. 24-2, min. 21-0; alt. axis 10-5, body-whorl 8:2 mm.
¥s 0:95 ede heSD SeuBs 0-42, » 0°32 inch.
Among Stoliczka’s drawings is one (No. 46) of a Darjiling shell
of a dark brown colour, with a ruddy band near the peristome, the
animal haying a very conspicuous long horn above the foot-gland
and right and left shell-lobes, the latter well in front ; it is no
doubt this species, although slightly smaller, and a near ally of M.
tugurium. No. 21 of the same set of drawings represents another
umber-coloured shell, with edge of peristome coloured, of same size

122 LAND AND FRESHWATER

as M. dalingensis, but no shell-lobes are visible, and the horn above
the mucous pore is unusually well developed. Stoliczka wrote
*lubrica?” below this; Nevill “ mainwaringi ?” and on the other
drawing ‘‘mainwaringiana.” No. 21 is also the species referred to
in Nevill’s Hand-list, p. 49, no. 272, Nanina (Bensonia?), n. sp.,
with this note :—‘‘ Perhaps better classed near NV. tugurium. From
a drawing of Dr. Stoliczka’s the animal appears to be of a brick-
red colour, with a pointedly truncate tail and remarkably developed
nearly vertical horn above. 20 sp. Darjiling. Coll. Dr. F. Stoliczka
and Colonel G. B. Mainwaring.” There is some uncertainty about
Nevill’s MS. title mainwaringi, and I therefore do not retain it,
but think it better, so as to avoid any future confusion, and as my
specimens include the animal which I also describe, to give it the
above name dalingensis. I have a fine specimen of Mr. Nevill’s
mainwaring? received from him, and although no doubt belonging to
this group, it differs very much in colour and form. I shall figure
it with tugurium and other shells in some future part.

The animal (figs. 3 and 4) is pale coloured in the spirit-specimens.
The right shell-lobe is present though not very large, and there is a
left shell-lobe (figs. 4 and 5) on the anterior left margin of the
peristome, thus not quite so far back as in other forms. The left
dorsal lobe is divided into two parts, and the posterior (fig. 4) is
narrow and pointed behind, showing an interesting approach towards
the more reduced form of the same lobe in Oxytes cycloplaw (Plate
XXXI. fig. 4) and orobia (Plate XXXII. figs. 1, 1 a, 16); the an-
terior portion is well developed. The extremity of the foot presents
a different formation, and even in the spirit-specimen is still long ;
the ridge of the foot behind extends quite to the point, running up
between the extended pedal margin; the gland is linear and just
reaches to the sole of the foot, which is of normal form.

Generative organs (fig. 9). These do not call for any de-
tailed description, being very similar to MW. indica; the kalk-sae is
moderately long, the amatorial organ slender and pointed near the
muscle-attachment ; the hermaphrodite duct much convoluted.

Odontophore. The central and laterals (figs. 8, 8a) as in type
of genus, but the laterals are more numerous and diminish in size
into very small teeth on the outer edge (fig. 8 b).

BO ates tte, Lk ce, 6) 20
Giael en Ol

The laterals are bicuspid at first, with the inner point the longest,
but pass outwards into almost unilateral teeth, showing only a
slight notch near the point.

The salivary glands are in one mass; the cesophagus and intestine
are of same size throughout (fig. 10).

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 123

Genus Oxyrtss, Pfeiffer.

This was indicated with its type Manina oaytes, Benson, in section
vi. of true Helices (without description). The animal of this
species presents some good characters sufficiently distinctive, and also
common to other species in the Indian region. It forms therefore a
good well-marked group, resting on a better basis than many of these
subgenera. The modification of the mantle-lobes and its very dif-
ferent dentition mark it as a distinct subgenus.

Owytes, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. 1856, p. 138 (synopsis of species) ;
Mon. Hel. vol. iv. (1859) p. 2.

Hemiplecta, sec. D, Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 22.

Nanina (Hemiplecta), in part = Owytes, Nevill, Hand-list, p. 46.

Oxytes, Albers, Heliceen, ed. v. Martens (1860), p. 54; Godwin-
Austen, J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 157.

Genus Vanina, sec. Oxvytes, Pfr. ed. Clessin, Nomen. Helic. 1881,
p. 54.

Mr. W. Robert’s collection from Darjiling enables me to give a
fuller account of this genus and its anatomy.

Description of the Genus. (Plates XXX., XXXI., & XXXII.)

Animal: tentacles short and rather thickened ; the mucous gland
or foot-gland with no marked horn above, therefore as in Ariophanta,
but the slits extending to the sole of the foot. Mantle: the right
dorsal lobe is, as usual, triangular and well developed (Plate XX XI.
fig. 2, Plate XXXII. fig. 1 a) ; the left dorsal is in two parts, the
anterior large, the posterior very small (Plate XXXI. fig. 4, Plate
XXXIT. figs. 1, 1 a, 16), giving off short tongue-shaped processes,
right and left or upwards, which may be compared with the similar
reduced posterior lobe of Macrachlamys atricolor (Plate XXYV. figs.
3, 4, and 8); the left shell-lobe is a narrow ribbon reflected over
the peristome ; there is no right shell-lobe. Generative organs:
the hermaphrodite duct is peculiarly long, and composed above of
two distinct ducts (Plate XXXII. fig.5,? the g¢ and 2); the male
organ has a short spindle-shaped fallen « (fig. 56) with a large
coiled cecum where the retractor muscle is given off, and which may
be a sort of secretory sac for the development of the spermatophore;
the amatorial organ is present. The odontophore: this is very
characteristic ; the central teeth are long, straight, with no side cusps,
or these are just indicated ; the laterals are also simple, straight,
unicuspid teeth; the jaw thas the central projection ; the radula
and foot-gland in this genus assimilate with those of Ariophanta on
one side, the left dorsal lobes to Macrochlamys (as seen in atricolor
only) on "the other.

Shell. Generally of large size, perforate or openly umbilicated,
dextral, somewhat depressed above, rounded below, some sharply
keeled ; whorls regularly wound, sides flat above, suture linear or
very shallow.

124 LAND AND FRESHWATER

The following species are included in this genus :—

Oxyrrs oxytres, Benson. (Plate XXX. figs. 2, 2a; animal,
figs. 3, 3 a, 3b, from Cachar.)

Helix ovytes, Benson, J. A.S.B. 1836, vol. v. p. 351; Pfr. Mon.
Hel. vol. i. p. 395; Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 734; Conch. Ind. p. 13,
pl. xxvi. fig. 1 (with the misleading general locality ‘“ Bengal,” and
the keel shown far too broad and coarse).

Hemiplecta (sec. D) owytes, Theob. Cat. Supp. p. 22.

Nanina (Hemiplecta) oxytes, Nev. Hand-list, No. 261, p.47. ‘* No
projection above the gland, which is rather broad; sole broadly
margined and with a double line (W. 7. B.).”

Locality. S.W. Khasi (H. H. G.-A.).

This is a very abundant shell on the outer lower slopes of the
Darjiling and Western Bhutan Mountains, as well as of the Khasi
and Garo Hills. In the limestone rocks south of the latter districts
it grows into a superb shell, solid, and more depressed above, the
whole form so altered that it might be taken for another species.
Shells in every stage of development can be found, and their larger
size is due to the excessive moisture, abundance of food, and the
character of the rocks, undermined and hollowed out by the drip
from the forest trees, so that the land-shells have most secure quarters
to retire to, and thus live much longer than in more open situations.
The land Mollusca are more prolific also in such ground ; notably
near Nongkulang and Yindku, in the 8.W. Khasi Hills, their dead
shells strew the ground on every side.

The large variety of O. ovytesis figured on Plate XXX. figs. 1,1 a;
it measures—mayjor diam. 56°5, minor diam. 50-0, alt. axis 16°5 mm.
I found O. owytes also in the Dafla Hills, similar to Darjiling speci-
mens; and in the North Cachar Hills I obtained fine examples.

The animal figured is from Stoliczka’s series of drawings (No. 36),
made from a specimen sent by me to him from Cachar.

Original description :—‘ 7’, late umbilicata, orbiculari, depressa,
oblique subplicata, ferrugineo-cornea, spira convexa, apice planato ;
anfractibus 54, subplanatis, contabulatis, ultimo carinato, subtus tumi-
diusculo ; sutura vie marginata ; apertura subquadrato-lunata, valde
obliqua, intus albida, polita, marginibus acutis eapansiusculis, callo
tenur gunetis, inferiore valde arcuato, subrefleao ; umbilico lato, pro-
fundo, omnes anfractus exhibente, margine subcompresso.

‘** Diam. major 47, minor 40, axis 15 mill.

“ Hab. in montibus preter fines provincie Bengalie orientales
versus septentrionem spectantes.”

The following is the description of the animal of a specimen from
Moyong in the N. Khasi Hills:—Dark coloured, the eye and oral
tentacles very dark neutral grey ; extremity of foot rounded, with a
wide open gland above ; the foot is also short and flattened.

The next species is a very close ally.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 125

OxyTEs cYcLopLax, Bs,

Helix cycloplax, Benson, A. M. N. Hist. vol. x. p. 348 (1852);
Reeve, Conch. Icon. Helix, f. 1156; Pfr. Mon. Hel. vol. iv. p. 181;
Conch. Ind. p. 13, pl. xxvi. fig. 7.

Hemiplecta (sec. D) cycloplaa, Theob. Cat. Supp. p. 22.

Nanina (Hemiplecta ?) cycloplax, Nevill’s Hand-list, p. 48.

Oxytes cycloplax, Godwin-Austen, J. A. 8. B. 1880, p. 157.

Locality. Daling Hills near Darjiling (W. Robert). (Plate XX XI.
fig. 1, juv.)

A mature shell is figured from a fine specimen in Mr. W. T.
Blanford’s collection (figs. 8, 8a, 86); it measures—major diam.
36-0, minor diam. 31:0, alt. axis 11:0 mm. The anatomy is that of
the specimen fig. 1, which shows the coloured band. The generative
organs (Plate XX XI. fig. 7), mucous gland, and mantle-lobes (figs.
2, 3, 4) are similar to O. orobia, as described further on (p. 129). The
central teeth of the radula are elongately triangular and straight-
sided in form, the laterals slightly curved, straight unicuspid teeth ;
the formula is

Oe Od a Pe OG
Slee eS

The figure in ‘ Conch. Indica’ is very rough, and no basal view of
either this or oaytes is given to show the open umbilicus. I therefore
give additional figures of these two species.

Original description :—“ Testa late umbilicata, orbiculato-depressa,
supra confertim et undatim radiato-striata, striis spiralibus decussata,
granulata, rufescenti-cornea, subtus leviore pallida, fascia mediana
castanea circumdata ; spira conveaiuscula, apice planato, sutura ob-
soleta, demum impressa. Anfractibus 5, planatis, ultimo subcarinato
(atate juvenile acute carinato) antice dilatato, prope suturam antice
tumidiusculo, subtus tumido. Apertura subquadrato-lunari, obliqua,
intus interdum albido sublabiata, peristomate simplice, acuto, margine
columellari non reflexo, cum basali angulum obtusatum formante.
Umbilico profundo, perspectivo.

“ Diam. major 42, minor 34, axis 17 mill.

“« Hab. ad Darjiling, Himalaye Sikkimensis montem. Teste R.
Trotter.

‘“¢T am indebted for this fine and interesting shell to Mr. Robert
Trotter, of the Bengal Civil Service, who collected it, with some other
new shells, during a short visit to the Sanatarium of Darjiling, to-
gether with a single specimen of the scarce Helix orobia, nobis, and
some Cyclostomata previously described. Darjiling is situated at an
altitude of more than 7000 feet above the sea-level.

‘“« The shell is nearly related to H. oaytes, nobis, an inhabitant of
the mountain group south-east of the Burhampooter river ; but it is
at once distinguished from it by its sculpture, less acute periphery
in the adult, the formation of the last whorl anteriorly, the more
tumid base, &c.”

126 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Oxyres castor, Theobald. = O. pollua, var. cherraensis, W. Blf.

Helix castor, Theob. J. A. S. B. 1859, vol. xxvii. p. 319; Hanley,
Conch. Ind. p. 13, pl. xxvi. fig. 3 (Nanclai), Khasi Hills.

Hemiplecta (sec. D) castor, Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 22, = cherraensis, Blf.

Nanina (Hemiplecta ?) castor, Nevill, Hand-list, p. 48. no, 263, =
cherraensis, Blf.

Oxytes castor, Godwin-Austen, J. A. 8. B. 1880, p. 157.

Original description :—‘‘ Testa lenticulari, subdepressa, via umbili-
cata, acute carinata, confertim striata ferrugineo-fusca ; anfractibus
53-6; magnitudinis 1-40-1°60.

“* Habitat apud Nanclai, ‘Nongklai?’ in montibus ‘ Khasia’
dictis.

“This shell is not common, and I have only a barely adult spe-
cimen in good condition... .... The keel, too, is a trifle more acute
and divides the body-whorlin a symmetrical manner, from the shell
not being so flattened down as in H. owytes. The shell is rather
stout, and the peristome probably thickened more or less.”

I have lately seen, for the first time, the type specimen of O. castor
in Mr. Theobald’s collection, and compared it with shells in my own
collection, and I am able to state that it is the var. O. cherraensis
of Mr. Blanford. I give his original description, as it is more de-
tailed than that of O. castor. The peristome is not thickened in the
adult shell.

OxYTES POLLUX, var. CHERRAENSIS, W. BIf.

Oxytes pollux, var. cherraensis, W. Blif. J. A. S. B. vol. xxxix.
1870, p. 14, pl. iii. fig. 8.

Helix cherraensis, Hanley, Conch. Ind. p. 13, pl. xxvi. fig. 6 (“very
closely allied to, if, indeed, distinct from H. castor”’).

This is only a variety of Oaytes pollux found in the deep valley
east of and below Cherra Poonjee.

Mr. Blanford remarks, “I should not have distinguished this shell
from NV. polluw, Theobald, had not Major Godwin-Austen assured
me that the animal is totally different from that of the shell described
above. It is distinguished by its higher spire, darker colour, and by
the more marked spiral striation.” I have six specimens, all of a
ruddy umber-brown, with coarser sculpture when compared with
specimens from Nongkulong, in the 8.W. Khasi Hills, which are
pale ochraceous and far smoother. The following note was made
of the animal:—‘ Of a brown-pink, the pink very rich towards
the extremity of the foot; tentacles long, 0°65, oval, well deve-
loped.”

My largest specimen measures :—

Major diam. 35:5, minor 32°5, alt. axis 12-0 mm.
* a a 1:28, ss 0-48 inch.

Original description:—Testa perforata, depressa, acute carinata,

lenticularis, tenuis, nitidula, castaneo-cornea, strits incrementi et lineis

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 7

minutis spiralibus undique confertim decussata ; spira depresso-conica ;
apice obtuso ; sutura linearis. Anfr. 6, intus convexiusculi, extus
planulati, ultimus juxta carinam compressus, subtus convexus, non
descendens. Apertura obliqua, angulato-lunaris ; peristoma tenue,
margine basali leviter undulato, columellari juxta perforationem vie
reflexo.

“ Diam. maj. 32, min. 29, axis 133 mm.

** Hab. ad Cherra Punji in montibus Khasi (Godwin-Austen).”

Oxytes poLtux, Theobald.

Heliv pollux, Theobald, J. A. 8. B. 1859, vol. xxvii. p. 319;
Blanford, J. A. 8. B. 1870, vol. xxxix. p. 13; Hanley, Conch. Ind.
p. 18, pl. xxvi. figs. 2—5.

Hemiplecta (sec. D) pollux, Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 22.

Nanina (Hemiplecta ?) pollua, Nevill, Hand-list, p. 48. no. 264,
pl. x1. fig. 4.

Oxytes pollux, Godwin-Austen, J. A. 8. B. 1880, pp. 157, 158.

Original description :—* Testa lenticulari, subdepressa vix umbili-
cata, acute carinata, tenue striata, translucente, colore stramineo, polita,
peristomate acuto; anfractibus 53-6 ; magnitudinis 1-40—0-55.

** Habitat prope Teria ghat, ad pedem montium Khasia dictorum.

‘This shell is a very distinct species, of the same form as the
above, from which it differs in sculpture, want of solidity, and colour.

“‘ As far as I can judge, its habits are arboreal, whilst the last
species affects rocks in company with H. oarytes.”

OxyYTEs POLLUX, var., Theobald.

Oxytes pollux, var., W. T. Blanford, J. A. 8S. B. 1870, vol. xxxix.
p. 13.

Original description :—“ Testa perforata, depressa, lenticularis,
acute carinata, tenuis, cornea, nitida, striatula, lineis spiralibus mi-
nutissime sub lente, fere obsolete decussata, Spira depresso-conica ;
apice obtuso ; sutura linearis. Anfr. Q3, intus convewiusculi ; extus
concaviusculi et colore saturatiore, ultimus juata carinam compressus,
subtus convexus, non descendens. Apertura oblique angulato-lunaris ;
peristoma tenue, marginibus callo tenui junctis, basali leviter undu-
lato, juxta perforationem via reflexo.

“ Diam. maj. 30, min. 27, axis 114 mm.

“‘ Hab. Nongkulong et Habiang in montibus Khasi (Godwin-
Austen).

“This appears to me a variety of Mr. Theobald’s species, differing
only in the last whorl being a little narrower. Mr. Theobald’s type,
of which I have a specimen, is from Teria Ghat on the south side of
the range. Major Godwin-Austen’s specimens are from the north
side.”

Nongkulong is on the south side of the range and about forty
miles to the west of Cherra Punji. I had been surveying also on
the north of the range, and had forwarded many shells from there,

PART Iv. N

128 LAND AND FRESHWATER

and this may have led Mr. Blanford to think the locality on that side.
The animal is thus described in my note-book :—“ Pale light yel-
lowish ochre. Head rather darker. Eye-tentacles rather thick at
the base and long. Extremity of foot and lower part of the body
very light, short, flat, and rounded behind, with a gland; underpart
of foot with a dark furrow ; slight colour at extremity of foot. The
shell is pale yellowish green; older specimens pale grey, with an
ochraceous tint.”

These two species castor and polluw are very closely allied, and
can only be considered varieties—castor, first described, being the
typical form, though pollux is the most abundant.

I have been able to soak out the radula of a specimen from
Nongkulong. It is similar to that of O. cycloplax and orobia,
nearest to the latter; the laterals perhaps rather longer and more
numerous.

OxyvtEs BLANFoRDI, Theobald.

Helix blanfordi, Theob. J. A. 8. B. 1859, vol. xxvii. p. 308; Pfr.
Mon. Hel. vol. v. p. 118; Hanley, Conch. Ind. p. 27, pl. lx. figs. 1,
2, 3.

Hemiplecta (sec. D) blanfordi, Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 22.

Nanina (Hemiplecta?) blanfordi, Nevill, Hand-list, p. 48. no. 265,

Oxytes blanfordi, Godwin-Austen, J. A. 8. B. 1880, p. 157.

Original description :—* Testa winbilicata, depressa, late, sive costu-
late striata, evilissime et minutissime flecuose granulata, ad periphe-
ream undata ; ferrugineoc-cornea, acute carinata, linea peripherialr
tenui albida cincta, ad suturam anfractus ultimi rotunda. Anfract.
54, ultimo circa umbilicum vie perspectiveum tumido. Apertura an-
gulate lunari. Perist. acuto ad umbilicum parum dilato, crassiusculo.

“ Hab. prope Darjiling. Diam. 0°96, alt. 0°35. A young spe-
cimen of H. cycloplaw measures diam. 0°96, alt. 0°45.”

Umbilicus not so open as in O. owytes and cycloplaw, but more so
than that of O. pollux.

OXYTES SHANENSIS, N. sp.

Hemiplecta (sec. D)? = blanfordi, Theobald, Supp. Cat. p. 22,
from Upper Salwin, Shan States.

Locality. Shan States (Fedden).

Shell openly umbilicated, depressed, sharply keeled, rather flat
below, thin ; sculpture fine, transverse, well-marked striw arranged
in about 14 wavy indistinct spiral bands; colour dark ochraceous
or pale umber, covered with a thin epidermis; spire depressedly
conoid, apex obtuse; suture linear; whorls 5, flat above, the last rather
compressed below near the periphery, regularly but rather closely
wound ; aperture suboblique, semilunate ; peristome sharp, curved
on lower margin; columellar margin suboblique and but slightly
thickened.

Size: maj. diam. 28-0, min. 26:0, alt. axis 7-0 mm.

53 Lbs) ty ne OBy,,.55 0-28 inch.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 129

There are two specimens, unfortunately neither of them fully grown,
in Mr. W.'T. Blanford’s collection. No. 36 of his MS. list unnamed,
and with a note “ not WV. blanfordi.” Compared with this last, I note
that blanfordi has a more contracted umbilicus, and the sculpture
is quite different. Compared with ovytes it is closer wound, not so
flat above, and must, when fully grown, have a greater number of
whorls; the umbilicus is not so open and the region round it very
differently formed.

This appears to be the species from the Shan States which Mr.
Theobald, in his Supp. Catalogue to the ‘Conchologia Indica,’ identifies
as the same as the Darjiling form blanfordi mentioned above. There
is no doubt regarding its distinctness.

A figure of this species will be given hereafter.

Oxyters oropta, Benson. (Plate XXX. fig. 4.)

Helix orobia, Benson, J. A. 8. B. 1848, vol. ii. p. 158; Pfeiffer,
Mon. Hel. vol. ii. p. 117; Reeve, Conch. Icon., Helix, fig. 738 ;
Hanley, Conch. Ind. p. 14, pl. xxviii. fig. 8; Chemn. ed. il. Helia,
WOOO, ts lon. tiesaos 9.

Hemiplecta (sec. C) orobia, Theobald, Supp. Cat.

Hemiplecta orobia, Nevill, Hand-list, p. 48.

‘ Oxytes orobia, Godwin-Austen, J. A. 8. B. 1880, p. 157, pl. xi.
figs. 1, la.

Locality. Darjiling (W. 7. Blanford).

The animal of this species (Plate XXX. fig. 4) was also figured by
me in the ‘Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,’ from the drawing
made under Ferd. Stoliczka’s superintendence. I have since obtained
a Specimen in spirit from Mr. Blanford, which has enabled me to
give a few notes on its anatomy ; and Mr. W. Robert’s recent collec-
tions in the Bhutan Hills have given me several more. Although on the
general plan of structure of this family, there are some well-marked
differences and peculiarities.

The animal (Plate XXXII.) has no right shell-lobe to the mantle ;
the right dorsal lobe (fig. 1 a) is well developed, as is also the anterior
portion of the left, although it does not extend very far on the left
margin of the peristome ; for its posterior portion, lying some distance
on the basal side, is small and apparently bilobed (figs. 1 and 1 4).
The shell-lobe is slightly reflected over the margin of the peristome
from the respiratory orifice. The mucous pore at the extremity of
the foot is linear, and no horn is developed, though it is represented
by a short blunt process (vide Plate XXXII. fig 1 ¢).

The ovo-testis is very large, the follicles extremely minute, and it
might be taken for a portion of the liver, only that its colour is of a
darker brown. The hermaphrodite duct (fig. 5, 4.d.) is exceedingly
long,and much convoluted for its entire length; near the end it divides
into two still convolute ducts which lead into the mass of the ovo-
testis: it is thus unlike this portion of the generative organs in all

other species I have as yet examined, and may indicate the develop-
w2

130 LAND AND FRESHWATER

ment in separate sacs thus early of the spermatozoa and ova. The
albumen-gland is covered by the long thin lobes of the liver, is ovoid
in form, with one flat side. Oviduct as usual. The spermatheca is
buried in its folds and elongately pear-shaped. The amatorial
organ is cylindrical, somewhat bent, conforming to the coils of the
animal’s body, and with the usual muscle-attachment. The penis is
very peculiar: at a short distance from the generative aperture it is
like a cecum coiled on itself in a circular or discoid form (fig. 5 5),
with a short retractor muscle given off from its periphery ; it is then
free for a short distance to where the vas deferens unites with it,
and here is an elongate, oval, rather pointed, spindle-like kalk-sac, or
cecum caleiferum.

Odontophore (fig. 3). Central tooth elongately triangular, broad
at base, with two minute denticles on either side ; central cusp very
pointed ; first laterals broad, with a single small blunt tooth on the
outer margin at one third its length from the point; tenth and
eleventh hardly show a trace of this tooth; and all the remaining
laterals are simple, curved, styliform, and gradually decreasing in
size.

BO 52 oO his, ADiwcwe te Oe
A2.. 1°. 42

in 90 rows, and some wanting.

Original description :—‘ Testa perforata, depresso-globosa, tenuius-
cula, radiatim plicato-striata, striis concentricis granulato-decussata,
luteo-cornea, fascia infra peripheriam rufo-fusca ornata, versus
apicem rufescente, basi pallidiore ; spira rotundata, apice planato ;
anfractibus 53, supertoribus planulatis, ultimo prope suturam
tumidiore, peripheria subangulata ; apertura subquadrato-lunata,
peristomate recto, intus late albido labiato ; margine columellari sub-
verticaliter descendente, vix reflewo, perforationem subtegente, angulum
cum margine basali expansiusculo efformante.

“ Diam. major 35, min. 31, axis 16 mill.

“Hab. Darjiling, regione Sikkim montium Himalayanorum.

‘Mus. nost. et Soc. Ind. Orient. Angl. Lond.

“This shell, like labiata, monticola, and other Himalayan Helices,
has frequent varices, the edges of former apertures, distinguished by
obliquely radiate bands of a darker colour. It was received by Dr.
J. F. Bacon from Darjiling. A specimen from Dr. Pearson isin the
East-India Company’s Museum in Leadenhall Street.”

OxytrEs syitvicona, W. Blanford.
Oxytes sylvicola, W. Blanford, J. A. 8. B. 1880, vol. xlix. p. 185.

Original description :—‘*‘ Testa perforata, depressa, carinata, soli-
dula, oleoso-micans, epidermide crassiuscula obtecta fulva vel luteo-
fusca, striis obliquis incrementi atque lineis impressis minutis spirali-
bus subdistantibus superne decussata (nucleo sublevigata), subtus levior
sed distincte decussato-striata. Spira parum elevata, depresso-conoidea,
fere convexa, apice obtuso, sutura lineari, antice vix impressa. Anfr.

MOLLUSOA OF INDIA. 13]

53, sensim accrescentes, primi planulati, ultimi convewiusculi, ultimus
haud descendens, subtus convewus, modice inflatus, sed infra carinam,
nisi jucta aperturam, leviter compressus. Apertura obliqua, angulato-
* lunaris, intus livido-albida ; peristoma acutum, mntus subincrassato-
labiatum, marginibus callo tenui junctis, columellari curvato, breviter
reflexo.

‘Diam. maj. 32, min. 29, axis 17 mm. Apert. 163 mm. lata,
133 oblique alta.

** Hab. In montibus ‘ Burail Range’ dictis, ad alt. 3000-4000
pedum, in provincia ‘ North Cachar’ Bengalie orientalis (H. H. G'od-
win- Austen).

“Shell perforate, depressed, carinate, not very thin, having a
greasy lustre and a thick epidermis, tawny or yellowish brown, marked
with oblique raised strie of growth decussated by fine, subdistant,
spiral impressed lines above (the nucleus almost smooth), and with
fainter radiating strie and concentric impressed lines below. Spire
but little raised, almost convex, depressly conoid ; apex obtuse ;
suture linear at first, but slightly impressed near the mouth. Whorls
53, gradually increasing, the inner nearly flat above, the outer
slightly convex, the last not descending, convex and moderately
swollen below, but slightly compressed just below the keel, except
near the mouth. Aperture oblique, angulately lunate, a little broader
than high, pale livid within. Peristome sharp, with a slightly
thickened lip inside, the margins joined by a thin callus ; columellar
margin curved, reflected for a short distance at the perforation.
Major diameter 1°26 inch, minor 1:14, axis 0°69, breadth of aper-
ture 0°65, height (measured obliquely) 0°53.

‘There is a very remarkable resemblance between this shell and
that described by me as Nanina koondaensis (J. A. 8. B. 1870,
xxxix. pt. 2, p. 16, pl. iil. fig. 12), yet I am by no means sure that
both belong to the same section or subgeneric group. NV. koonda-
ensis is an ally of WV. indica ( Pfr.) and WV. shiplay?, shells doubtless
nearly allied to Hemiplecta, and very possibly belonging to that sub-
genus, but hitherto referred to Rotula*, or to other sections. O.
sylvicola is larger, more solid, and covered with a distinct epidermis,
and the sculpture is less granulate above, the spiral impressed lines
being more distant.

“‘T have seen but one specimen of O. sylvicola, for which I am
indebted to Col. Godwin-Austen, Other specimens, I learn, are
larger.”

On measurement, however, my largest specimen from Kigwemah
in the Anghami-Naga Hills is very little larger, being

Major diam. 33-0, minor 30°5, alt. axis 15-5 mm.
x 1s (Uae WAR Loa gas 0°61 inch.

* “ Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. 1871, vol. xl. pt. 2, p. 231.”

£32 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Genus ArropHanta. (Plates XX XIII, XXXIV.)

Ariophanta, Desmoulins, Bull. Soc. Bordeaux, iii. p. 227 (Nov.
1829), pl. i.figs. 1-5; H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. vol. ii. p. 225
(1858); Albers, Die Heliccen, p. 62 (1860); W.'T. Blanford (sec. B,
as subgenus of Nanina), A. M. N. H. 1863, xi. p.85; Semper, Reisen
Phil. p. 50 (1870); Theobald, Supp. Cat. p. 5 (1876); Nevill, Hand-
list, p. 18 (1878); Godwin-Austen, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. (1880).

Nanina (Ariophanta), Clessin, Nomen. Helic. 1881, p. 54.

Nanina, H. Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Fred. (1837).

Desmoulins founded this genus on the animal of a specimen
sent to him alive by M. Théophile Laterrade in March 1829 from
the island of Elephanta, Bombay. The mollusk lived some short
time, and two very good drawings of it were made*. Previous to
this the shell only had been known, and described by Miller as
Heliv levipes. To M. Desmoulins (vide Part III. p. 78) therefore
belongs all the credit of first noticing and distinguishing the very
distinct and large group of Asiatic Helices possessing a mucous pore
at the extremity of the foot, and for which group so characterized
he proposed the title Pherepore, placing the Bombay shell in the
above subgenus.

Albers (‘Die Heliceen,’ p. 62, 1860) defines the subgenus by
the shell alone as follows :—*‘ Vesta sinistrorsa, umbilicata, tenuis,
diaphana ; anfractus ultimus angulatus vel carinatus ; apertura
obliqua, lunaris, peristoma simplex, acutum, margine columellari
reflewo.” I now describe the animal in more detail, taken from
another, but a closely allied, species, A. itmmerita, W. Blt., from
Southern India, collected and supplied to me by Colonel Beddome.

Animal, The shell-lobe (Plate XXXIII. figs. 2, 2a, s.l.) is a
simple narrow band slightly reflected over the peristome ; the right
dorsal lobe (7.d.l.) is divided into two parts, an anterior and a
posterior—in this respect as in Macrochlamys (vide Plate XXV.
figs. 8,9); but the former conceals much more the respiratory and anal
orifices. The left dorsal lobe (/.d.l.) is simple, in one piece. ‘The
mucous pore (figs.3, 3a) is, as described by Mr. Blanford, ‘‘ above the
flattened posterior extremity of the foot and without a lobe above
it.” The orifice is a narrow slit which does not reach to the sole
of the foot. The pedal line extends up to the lower terminal side
of the foot, from the border of which regular oblique grooves are
given off. The sole is broad, with a narrow distinct border.

Generative organs (figs. 6, 6a). The penis is short from the
junction of the vas deferens ; it has a large kale-sac with a blunt
end; the spermatheca correspondingly small. The amatorial organ
is present, haying a long sharp point or “ sagitta amatoria.”

Odontophore. The radula (figs. 5, 5a, 56) is quite distinct from
Macrochlamys in all the Indian species I have examined: the central

* They are copied in Fig. Moll. Anim. by Maria E. Gray, pl. 288. fig. 7 ;
also by Adams in Gen, Moll. pl. Ixxix. figs. 6, 6a.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 133

tooth is tricuspid, the side cusps small and basal; in the median
teeth there is only one very small external side cusp, up to the 22nd ;
the laterals are then curved, uniformly pointed teeth, gradually
becoming very small on the extreme margin. The jaw is slightly
curved, with a small central projection.

No genus, however, is constant over a large area; and thus we find
in the species of Ariophanta east of the Bay of Bengal (A. retrorsa,
Plate XXXLV. figs. 7,8,8a) that the radula and jaw are much modified
—the central tooth more equally tricuspid, shorter, and all the
laterals are bicuspid with even points, the jaw straight in front.
I do not, however, possess another specimen in spirit to examine
other parts of the anatomy. Professor Semper has, however, ex-
amined several species from the Malayan region which he places in
this genus (vide Reis. Phil. pl. 11. figs. 17-21), viz. :—rumpha, v. d.
Busch, martini, Pfr., nemorensis, Mull., javanica, Lam., rarequttata,
Mouss., striata, Gray, atrofusca, Alb, They all differ very much
from the South-Indian form as regards the generative organs, es-
pecially in the dart-sac with its large glandular extremity ; and as
regards the odontophore, in those species (nemorensis and rareguttata)
where the laterals are similar to the Burma form the centrals are
unicuspid (/.¢. plate vil. figs. 6-8). Besides this, some, such as
rareguttata, have shell-lobes, though generally small, which the
Indian species do not possess.

From these differences, all taken together, I consider the above
species from the islands of the Malay archipelago to be a distinct
group (vide J. A. 8. B. 1880, p. 153); but as I have not examined
them or seen the animals myself, I refrain from giving them any
subgeneric title. The sinistral form of the shell counts for very
little; for instance, H. brookei, which some conchologists have
on this single external character placed near this group, pos-
sesses no mucous gland, and therefore cannot even be included
among the Zonitide. It is very interesting though to note that it
has a right and left shell-lobe. By Gray this species was placed in
Nanina, and by Adams in Rhyssota, H. regalis, Bs.,=vittata, Adams
and Reeve, from Borneo, is another species with a very doubtful
generic position, placed in Ariophanta by Pfeiffer, in Nanina by
Adams.

The Indian species of Ariophanta are as follows :—

ArtopHanra Layrprs, Miller. (Plate XX XIII. figs. 7, 7 a, white
var.; animal, Plate XXXIV. fig. 1, from 576 of Stoliczka’s draw-
ings, =trifasciata, Chemn.)

Helix levipes, Mill. Hist. Verm. ii. p. 22. no. 222; Desh. in Fér.
Hist. i. p. 177. no. 238; Kiister & Chemn. ed. nov. Heliv, ii. p. 107,
£. 840 £522, 23) te 136, £82,

Nanina (Ariophanta) levipes, Albers, Helic. p. 62.

Helix levipes, Pfr. Mon. Helic. vol. i. p. 71, vol, ii. p. 75 ; Conch.
Indica, p. vill (not figured).

134 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Ariophanta levipes, Theob. Cat. Supp. p. 23.

Nanina (Ariophanta) levipes, Nev. Hand-list, p. 19.

Fér. Hist. Moll. pl. xcii. figs. 3, 5, 6.

Subgenus Ariophanta, Desmoulins (var. a, all white), from
Elephanta.

Description of H. levipes by Benson:—“ Helix testa sinis-
trorsa, orbiculato-convexa, longitudinaliter rugosa, supra inter-
stittis rugarum corrugatis, infra transverse rugosulis, twmida, wm-
bilicata ; fulva fascus plurimis castaneis, majore infra peripheriam ;
peripheria subangulata ; labro reflewo, albo.”

ARIOPHANTA TRIFASCIATA, Chem. vol. xi. p. 308, t. 213, f. 3018-19.

Helix trifasciata, Kiist., Chemnitz, Conch. ed. noy. Helix, i.
p. 108, t. 84. f. 20, 21, t. 136. f£.18; Beck, Ind. Moll. p. 5. no. 3;
Pfr. Mon. Hel. vol. ui. p. 76.

Helix lcevipes, var., Fér. Hist. Moll. pl. 92. f. 4; Conch. Ind.
p. 52, pl. cxxxi. f. 4.

Ariophanta levipes, Desmoulins (vars. b, c, banded), from island
of Elephanta.

Helix levipes, Fér. Tabl. Syst. p. 41. no. 229; Gmelin, Syst. Nat.
p. 3616. no. 222; Chemnitz, Conch. ix. t. 108. figs. 915, 916.

ARIOPHANTA INTERRUPTA, Bs.,=Aimalayana, Lea. (Plate XXXIV.
figs. 2, 2a. Copied from No. 44 of Stoliczka’s drawings in
Library of Indian Museum. ‘The specimens were from the Botanical
Gardens, Calcutta.)

Helix interrupta, Bs. Zool. Journ. vol. v. p. 461 (1832-34);
P. Z.S. 1834, p. 90; Pfr. Mon. Hel. vol. i. p. 63, vol. v. p. 122.

Nanina interrupta, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 84.

Heliv interrupta, Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 1159; Han. & Theob.
Conch. Ind. p. 13, pl. xxvii. f. 3.

Ariophanta interrupta, Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 23; Beck, Ind. Moll.
p. 5. no. 4.

Nanina interrupta, Nevill, Hand-list, p. 19.

Description of Helix interrupta, Bens. :—‘ Helix testa sinistrorsa,
orbiculato-convexa, infra tumida, umbilicata, ad peripheriam obtuse
angulata, longitudinaliter confertissime striata, supra striis inter-
ruptis fasciis transversalibus dispositis, spira apice obtusa ; peri-
stomate tenut acuto.

“Hab. in rupibus umbrosis Sicrigali et prope Gangis ostiorum
fluvium Jellinghy dictum.

“This shell has been thought to belong to the species called
H, himalayana by Mr. Lea (Hel. levipes?), but appears to me to
be very different when compared with the following characters of a
specimen of the latter in my possession.”

Benson’s description of the animal is brief, and he was mistaken

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 135

in the anatomy when he says the excrements are voided from an
opening in terminal part of the foot.

Nevill in his Hand-list, from note by W. T. Blanford, states :—
“ Eges similar to those of NV. levipes, but dull white in colour;
length 8-9 mm., diam. about 5; oval longitudinally, deeply sul-
cated.”

The teeth of the radula are similar in every way to those of
A. immerita, received from Col. Beddome (Plate XX XIII. figs. 5, 5a).

40) 23g Li 29 1p ,
or

63.71%. 63

Specimens from Faqirabunda, Jessore district, are thus described
in my note-book :—‘* The animal being of a pink colour the same
tint is given to the shell, while black mottlings show through the
body-whorl. The head is dark-coloured up to a well-defined black
line (extending from the posterior part of the neck to below the
oral tentacles), thence light-coloured into a pink tinge, which is
more intense near the extremity of the foot. The mucous gland
has the form of a long slit with a very small lobe above.”

ARIOPHANTA IMMERITA, W.T. BIf. (Plate XXXIIL. fig. 1, juv.)

Nanina (Ariophanta) immerita, Blf. J. A. S. B. vol. xxxix.
Be tr Cle70):

Ariophanta immerita, Note on Contrib, Ind. Moll. xii. J. A. 8. B.
1880, p. 185, pl. ili. figs. 4, 4 a.

Helix immerita, Pfr. Mon. Hel. vol. vii. p. 128; Conch. Ind.
p- 60, pl. cl. fig. 7.

Ariophanta immerita, Theob. Cat. Supp. p. 23.

Nanina immerita, Nevill, Hand-list, p. 19.

Locality. S. India (Beddome).

Shell umbilicated, keeled; sculpture irregular, ribbing broken
into a line of raised nipples near the periphery ; colour olivaceous
brown; a thick epidermis; spire low, rounded, sides quite flat;
whorls nearly 4, above flat, rounded below.
Size (not adult): maj. diam. 22°5, min. 20-0, alt. axis 9-5 mm.

be OES Oren! WO ig ane 0-37 inch.

Differs from iterrupta of Lower Bengal in its flatter apex and
whorls and in the larger umbilicus.

The generative organs and the odontophore of this species have
been sufficiently well described in the diagnosis of the genus (p. 132).
The dental formula is as follows (in 78 rows) :—

20, eae Mk ZA ZO
49.1. 49

The animal, when the shellis removed, is beautifully mottled with
black over the heart and branchial region. The neck and shell-
lobes are very different from what we have seen in Macrochlamys

136 LAND AND FRESHWATER

&e. The sole of the foot is not divided into a central area and
lateral areas.

The respiratory and anal orifices are situated rather far back near
the left neck-lobe.

Original description :—‘ Testa sinistrorsa, anguste umbilicata, de-
pressa, sublenticularis, fulvo-cornea, tenuis, oblique striata ; spira
parum elevata, conoido-convexa ; apice perobtuso; sutura vie im-
pressa. Anfr. 44, convewiusculi, ultimus magnus, acute carinatus,
carina antice obtusiore, subtus tumidiore, nitidula, Apertura obliqua
subsecurifornus ; peristoma tenue, rectum, margine columellari sub-
verticali, reflexo.

“ Diam, maj. 25, min. 21,axis 14mm. Apertura 13 mm. longa,
11 lata.

“* Hub. South Canara (Beddome).

‘his species approaches JV, interrupta, Bs. (NV. himalayana, ess,
but has the sculpture finer and not decussated. I have only seen two
specimens, one of which is quite young, and it is possible that the
one above described is also immature, but there appears no doubt
that the form is undescribed. The specimen having been returned
to Major Beddome, I am unable to figure it at present.”

The same author writes as follows, l.c. p. 185 :—‘ This shell
was originally described from an immature specimen, and the same
was figured in the ‘ Conchologia Indica.’

nS Subsequently Col. Beddome obtained an adult from the same
locality, South Canara. Of this example a figure is not given.
The species only differs in sculpture from A. interrupta, which is
found in various parts of Bengal and Orissa, and has been procured
by Col. Beddome as far south as the Golcondah range of hills in
Vizagapatam. The two forms replace each other in the eastern
and western parts of the Indian peninsula, precisely as do their
allies A, levipes and A. laidlayana.”

ARYOPHANTA ? RETRORSA, A. A. Gould.

Helix retrorsa, Gd. Description of Land-shells from the Province
of Tavoy, in British Burma, Boston J. Nat. Hist. vol. iv. (Jan.
1844) p. 455, pl. xxiv. fig. 5 (an excellent figure); Pfr. Mon. Hel.
vol. i. p. 76; Conch. Ind. p. 13, pl. xxv. fig. 6 (viewed from
behind).

Hemiplecta (sec. E) retrorsa, Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 22, from Tenas-
serim.

Nanina (Hemiplecta) retrorsa, Nevill, Hand-list, p. 19, from
Moulmain and Mergui.

Original description :—* Testa orbiculata, sinistrorsa, utrinque
convexa, pallide castanea, arcte umbilicata ; anfr. 5, lineis longitudi-
nalibus et volventibus minute rugosis, ultimo carinato, apertura ro-
tundata, labro acuto.

“Shell large, sinistral, orbicular, about equally convex above and
below, but most rounded below; of a pale chestnut or fawn-colour

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. Lay

above, growing paler to the umbilicus, where it is horn-colour.
Surface somewhat undulated by the irregular lines of growth, and
rendered minutely rugose by very fine, serpentine, revolving lines,
forming conspicuous wrinkles near the carina; whorls 5, forming
a regular, moderately elevated spire ; the suture slightly impressed ;
the periphery surrounded by a prominent, compressed, but acute
keel, which becomes lost towards the aperture; aperture rounded,
height and width about equal; lip simple, slightly reverted in the
umbilical region, some vitreous matter across the penultimate
whorl ; umbilicus rather large, but not deep.

“Diam. 1? inch, height 1 inch.

“This large heterostrophe Helia resembles an inverted specimen of
one of that group of shells, so common and so varied, from the
Philippine Islands, of which H. lamarckii is one. Young specimens
might at first glance be confounded with H. himalana, Lea; but
the himalana is much more globular, the surface less striated, the
carina quite indistinct, and the umbilicus smaller.

‘“« Hab, Province of Tavoy.”

ARIOPHANTA? RETRORSA. (Plate XXXIV. fig. 4, a young specimen
dissected.)

Locality. Mulé-it Range, Tenasserim (0. Limborg).

Shell sinistral, smaller and more solid than typical shells in Mr.
Theobald’s collection.

Sculpture (Plate XXXIV. fig. 5).

Size: maj. diam. 38°5, min. 32:0, alt. axis 18-0 mm.

- POM as poltaoee \53 0-71 inch.

There are no shell-lobes to the mantle, and the dorsal lobes are quite
simple. The odontophore has been noticed on p. 132 when de-
scribing the genus. The teeth (Plate XXXIV. figs. 8, 8a) are
arranged thus—

AD la, oe tele AD
or

OT aeg hie le

ARIOPHANTA BAJADERA, Pfr.

Helix bajadera, Pfr. Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1850, p. 69; Chem. ed. ii.
Helix, no. 860, t. cxxxiii. f. 10, 11; Pfr. Mon. Hel. vol. iii. p. 52,
vol. iv. p. 250; Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 388 ; Conch. Ind. p. 45 (as
from Bengal, a wrong locality).

Ariophanta bajadera, Theob. Cat. Supp. p. 22 (Nagpur and Bom-
bay); Nevill, Hand-list, p. 19.

Benson remarks, in the A. M. N. Hist. x. p. 350 (1852), that
‘© Pfeiffer has ascribed his handsome reversed species, Heliv bajadera,
to Bengal, on the authority of Cuming’s collection. I have always
held this habitat as more than doubtful, no specimen having ever
been detected in any quarter of the Bengal Presidency by myself or
my fellow-labourers in this field ;” and I find the following in MSS. :

138 LAND AND FRESHWATER

“ Lieut. H. Alexander, 10th Hussars, has since sent me H. bajadera,
which he found in company with Cyclostoma indicum, Desh., between
the Bhore Ghat and Bombay.”

W. Blanford, in A. M. N. H. 1863, xi. p. 85, says, from an inspec-
tion of the type specimens of both shells, ‘« I have ascertained that
NV. ammonia, Val.,is founded on the type variety of V. bajadera, Pfr.”

Original description :—*“ 7. umbilicata, sinistrorsa, globoso-conoidea,
tenuiuscula, longitudinaliter valide plicata ( plicis alternis minoribus),
fulvida ; spira conoidea, vertice obtusiusculo, rufulo ; anfr. 4, con-
veviusculi, ultimus inflatus, medio subacute carinatus, antice descen-
dens, basi juxta umbilicum angustissimum compressus ; apertura ob-
liqua, magna, lunato-rotundata ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine
columellari superne late dilatato-reflexo.

“ Diam. maj. 30, min. 25, alt. 20 mill. (Mus. Cuming).

“* Hab. in Bengalia.”

See under the next species the localities given by Mr. Blanford ;
I found it on the island of Elephanta, Bombay.

ARIOPHANTA INTUMESCENS, W. T. Blf.

Nanina (Artophanta) intumescens, W.T. BIf. Cont. Ind. Mal. no. vi.
J.A.8.B. 1866, p. 32.

Helix intumescens, Pfr. Mon, Hel. vol. v. p. 321; Conch. Indica,
p. 40, pl. exi. fig. 6 (a very good drawing).

Ariophanta intumescens, Theob. Cat. Supp. p. 23.

Nanina (Ariophanta) intumescens, Ney. Hand-list, p. 19.

Original description :—‘* Shell sinistrorse, narrowly and sub-
obtectly umbilicated, globose, thin ; finely, subplicately, transversely
striated with obsolete decussating sculpture; dull fulyous-brown,
horny, rather lighter in colour just above the periphery and around
the umbilicus ; spire conversely conoid, apex very obtuse, suture
scarcely impressed; whorls 43, slightly convex, the last bluntly
carinate, descending very little near the aperture, tumid beneath,
compressed around the umbilicus; aperture large, diagonal, trun-
cately subcircular ; peristome white, subexpanded, margins ap-
proaching each other; columellar margin nearly vertical, rather
broadly reflected, partly covering the umbilicus.

millim. inch.

<< Major diameter: — 6.2% «as o)cicopes 32 1:3
Manor ditto” -_ tx. eee 26 1:05
ACIS es Goes 5) ses eebot oe) votes ts 22 0-9

** Habitat. Mahableshwur, Western Ghats of Hindustan.

“«This fine species of Ariophanta has long been confounded with
Nanina bajadera, Pir., which is, however, although a variable shell,
easily distinguished. NV. bajadera is more globose and thicker, being
at the same time more transparent; it has much stronger sculpture
(and deeper sutures), and is always rounded at the periphery near
the mouth, and frequently throughout, while in N. *ntumescens the

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 139

blunt angulation is persistent. NV. bajadera, too, has a fine vitreous
lustre, while intwmescens is dull; and the former shell is usually of
a greenish-olive colour, though varying in this character, and some-
times resembling the latter. The animals also show a difference in
colour: that of IV. intwmescens is uniformly, so far as I have seen,
dark cinereous, while that of bajadera is much lighter, but very
variable. The latter shell is found mostly on shrubs, the former
on the ground ; and while intwmescens has as yet only been found at
Mahableshwur, 4500 feet above the sea, bajadera (which is rare
at’ Mahableshwur) abounds on the equally or nearly equally high
hills of Singhur and Poorundhur, and along the summit of the
Western Ghats at about 2000 feet. It abounds at Khandalla at
the top of the Bhore Ghat.

«7 have already mentioned in a previous paper (Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. for February 1863) that an examination of the type specimens
of NV. bajadera, Pfr., and NV. ammonia, Valenciennes, has showed
these two supposed species to be identical.

“T long doubted the distinctness of the species now described
from IV. bajadera; but although I have specimens of the latter from
many different places, they are all easily distinguished from J.
intumescens.”

The teeth are similar to those of A. enterrupta, var., but the
median teeth have a decided small tooth on the inner margin, ren-
dering them tricuspid; the laterals are long and narrow and gradually
become very small on the outer margin, and are more numerous.

In a radula in Mr. W. T. Blanford’s collection they are arranged
thus :—

5082 27 ok ao 2i 50
Dihsx smn tae le

ARIOPHANTA Cysis, Bs.

Helix cysis, Bs. A. M. N. H. 1852, ix. p. 404; Pfr. Mon. Hel. vol.
ili. p. 92, vol. iv. p. 194.

Helix cystis, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Helix, f. 737.

Helix cysis (var. ampullarioides), Hanley, Conch. Ind. p. 13,
pl. xxv. fig. 5.

Helix ampullarioides, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Helix, f. 1423.

Helix auris, Pfr. P. Z.8. 1854, p. 286.

Ariophanta cysis, Theob. Supp. Cat. p.. 213; Nev. Hand-list,
prid:

Ariophanta cysis, Godw.-Aust. J. A. 8. B. 1880, p. 152.

Mr. W. T. Blanford’s collection contains a labial ribbon of this
species, the arrangement of which is

GOP e2atarls 22ie OU
or
S2icutb: 82
(in 106 rows).

140 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Original description :—‘‘ Testa anguste et profunde umbilicata,
sinistrorsa, depresso-globosa, tenuiuscula, oblique plicato-striata, fusces-
cente-corned, spira conveaa, apice planato ; anfractibus 4, convexis,
celeriter accrescentibus, ultimo inflato, primo obsolete angulato, tunc
rotundato, antice breviter descendente, subtus tumido ; apertura obli-
qua magna, subovato-lunata, peristomate simplici, acuto, marginibus
conniventibus, externo et basali viv incrassatis, columellart breviter
refleaiusculo,

“ Diam. major 43, minor 35, alt. 23 mill.

‘«* Hab. in montibus ‘ Nilgherries,’ Indi australis. Teste Jerdon.

“In form it is more globose and inflated than the other sinistral
Helices, excepting H. (Ariophanta, Beck) cicatricosa, Mull. (China,
Woosung), guesita, Desh., and bajadera, Pfr. In figure it more
nearly approaches H. quesita, Desh. (Fér. t. 10 B. figs. 10, 12),
but differs in the narrow umbilicus, smaller number of whorls, with
a greater size, as well as in colour, texture, and less developed
peristome.”

ARIOPHANTA THYREUS, Bs.

Helix thyreus, Bs. Ann, M. N. H. vol. ix. p. 405 (1852); Pfr.
Mon. Hel. vol. iii. p. 251, vol. iv. p. 301; Reeve, Conch. Icon.
f. 735; Conch. Ind. p. 13, pl. xxvii. fig. 6 (good figure).

Ariophanta thyreus, Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 23; Nev. Hand-list,
p. 19.

Ariophanta thyreus, Godw.-Aust. J. A. 8. B. 1880, p. 152.

Locality. Sispara, Nilghiris, and Annamallays (Beddome).

Original description :—‘“ Testa profunde umbilicata, sinistrorsa
depressa, orbiculata, supra cerea cornea, oblique radiatim plicato-
striata, striis spiralibus exilissimis decussata, subtus convexa, polita,
radiato-striata, fuscescente-cornea, infra carinam breviter saturatvore ;
spira convexiuscula, apice planato ; anfractibus 43, convexiusculrs,
lente accrescentibus, ultimo obtuse carinato, non descendente ; apertura
obliqua, lunata, intus livide purpurea, margine expansiusculo, re-
flewiusculo, columellari breviter recte descendente cum basali angulum
efformante.

“ Diam. major 34, minor 29, alt. 16 mill.

‘* Hab. in India australi. Teste Jerdon.

“The umbilicus, although moderate, is peculiarly deep and dis-
tinct, comparatively with other orbiculate depressed shells of the
group, showing, like H.( Amana, Adams) qucesita (Desh., Molucea),
all the whorls internally to the apex.”

ARIOPHANTA LAIDLEAYANA, Bs. (Animal, Plate XXXIV. fig. 3,
from No. 30 of Stoliczka’s drawings.)

Helix laidlayana, Bs. A. M. N. H. xviii. p. 253 (1856) ; Pfr. Mon.
Hel. vol. iv. p. 31.

Helix parietalis, Martens, Mal. Blitt. p. 167 (1864), teste Pfr.

Helix laidlayana, Conch. Ind. p. 27, pl. lviii. fig. 3, var. figs. 4
and 5 (fig. 4, from Cuttack, is the unbanded variety).

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 141

Ariophanta laidlayana, Theob. Cat. Supp. p. 23 ; Godwin-Austen,
Journ. A. 8. B. 1880, p. 155.

Nanina (Ariophanta) laidlayana, Nevill, Hand-list, p. 18.

Locality. Manbhum.

Original description :—‘ Testa constricte perforata, sinistrorsa,
turbinato- depressa, tenur, oblique striata, striis confertissimis spirali-
bus decussata, aduconden translucente, albida, fascia 1 supera an-
gusta, rufo-castanea, peripheriam tangente, interdum 1 supera lata,
et altera infera remotiuscula, ornata 3 periomphalo et pariete aper-
tural castaneis ; spira depresse conoidea, apice obtusiusculo, sutwra
leviter impressa ; anfractibus 5 sensim accrescentibus, ultimo ad peri-
pheriam angulato, antice breviter descendente, subtus convexo ; aper-
tura valde obliqua, subquadrato-lunata ; peristomate recto, acuto,
margine columellari subrecte descendente, anguste reflewo, perforationem
constrictam subtegente.

** Diam. major 27, minor 23, axis 15 mill.; apert 15 mill. lata,
133 alta.

“ Hab. in Provincia Bengalensi Bheerbhoom, ubi exemplum unicum
junius detexit J. W. Laidlay ; nuperrime in Provincia Orisse, non
procul ab urbe Cuttack, exempla majora non raro invenit W.
Theobald.

‘* Named after a former Secretary of the Asiatic Society of Cal-
cutta, to whom I am indebted for a specimen found by him many
years ago in the region of the late Santhal insurrection. The re-
discovery of the shell in about 20° N. lat., as well as the detection
of H. capitium in the same quarter, shows ‘that these species range
through nearly 5 degrees of latitude. The colouring of H. laid-
layana has much resemblance to that of H. quesita, Fér., but the
shell has nearer relations to H. interr upta, nobis, and H. trifasciata,
Mull. It differs from H. interrupta in colour, depressed form,
greater number of whorls, contracted perforation, descent of the
last whorl above the aperture, and in the disposition of the bands.
When a single broad dark band is present in interrupta, it touches
the angulate periphery. From H. trifasciata it differs in lustre,
less depressed form, want of solidity, contracted perforation, more
vertical columellar lip, and in the disposition of the bands, that
which is above the periphery in ¢rifasciata never touching the
angle. The colour of the periomphalus and parietes of the aperture
is also peculiar.”

This species varies much: those with a broad brown band of
colour on the upper surface of the whorls extending from near the
periphery to the suture (Conch. Ind. fig. 5, plate lviii.) seem the
most numerous ; some have the band very narrow (fig. 3), and in
others it is absent, as in that given on Plate XXXIV., and fig. 4,
Conch. Ind. plate lvyiii.

ARIOPHANTA KADAPAENSIS, Nevill, =nicobarica, Chemn.

Helix pomatia contraria nicobarica, Chem. ix. p. 79, tab. cviii.
figs. 911, 912.

142 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Helix nicobarica, Beck, Index Moll. Christ. Mus. Fred., Ap. p. 5
(1837), as a subgenus of Nanina (with no description) ; Pfr. Mon. Hel.
vol. i. p. 40; Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 1157 ; Han. & Theob. Conch.
Ind. p. 24, pl. lii. fig. 1 (back view only).

Ariophanta nicobarica, Theobald, Cat. Supp. p. 23.

Nanina (Ariophanta) kadapaensis, Nevill, Hand-list, p. 19 (re-
named).

Ariophanta kadapaensis, Godw.-Aust. J. A. 8. B. 1880, p. 152.

“ N. nicobarica, Chem., is a misnomer, as it is not found at the
Nicobars.” The specimens in the Ind. Mus. Calcutta are from
Golapilli and Jummulmulgoo, Kadapa dist., South India. Collected
by Mr. W. King.

Description in Pfeiffer :—‘‘ Testa perforata, sinistrorsa, solida,
globulosa, oblique striata, castaneo-rufa, ad peripheriam, suturdm et
basin albo-zonata ; spira brevis, obtusa ; anfr. 54, convexiusculr, ulti-
mus antice descendens, basi inflatus ; apertura rotundato-lunaris,
intus concolor ; perist. simplex, obtusum, album, margine columellari
reflewiusculo, perforationem fere tegente.

“Diam. major 37, minor 30, alt. 27 mill. (Mus. Gray).

* Hab. in insulis Nicobarisis.”

Genus DuRGELLA.

Durgella, W. T. Blanford, A. M. N. Hist. ser. 3, 1863, vol. xi.
p. 81.

Macrochlamys (Durgella) honesta, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. 1871,
p. 248.

Durgella, Godwin-Austen, Proc. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xv. 1881,
p. 291.

The genus was founded by Mr. W. T. Blanford in February 1863
in his paper (J. ¢.) ‘On Indian Species of Land-Shells belonging to
the Genera Helix, Linn., and Nanina, Gray,” which was really the
first attempt to classify the Indian land-shells by the form of the
animal; and in the section Nanina the form of the mucous pore at
the extremity of the foot was principally relied on, together with
the character of the shell. It placed several species in their correct
natural divisions which were before unknown; and the localities
are authentic, which renders the paper a valuable one as regards
their distribution. In Durgella he included three species :—

The type, D. levicula, Bs. Tenasserim (Theobald) ; Prome in Pegu.

D. mucosa, W. & H. Blf. Nilgiri Hills.

D. seposita, Bens. Darjiling.

I am very doubtful if mucosa can be placed in this genus: seposita
may be, perhaps; but if, as Mr. G. Nevill thinks, seposita is the
same as my bilineata from the Dafla Hills, then it must be removed ;
for the latter is a true Macrochlamys. The species honesta, as placed
by Stoliczka in this genus, cannot be retained; he had not then ex-

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 143

amined the animal of D. levicula; it is also, I find, a true Macro-
chlamys. In my paper above mentioned I describe this shell from
the typical locality (p. 293) in detail, together with another species,
D. assamica, and two plates (xx. and xxi.) are given; these de-
scriptions will be given in a subsequent part.

The Additional and Principal Characters of the Genus Durgella.

1. The right and left dorsal lobes moderate, the shell-lobes very
ample; the right shell-lobe extends from the anal aperture (close
to the upper angle of the shell-aperture) to the columellar margin,
and spreads away over the shell in a broad triangular tongue ; the
left shell-lobe is reflected slightly over the edge of the shell in front,
from near the respiratory orifice, and becomes wider on the lower
margin as it approaches the umbilicus, and is also of triangular
shape when extended. A large portion of the shell is always ex-
posed.

2. The mucous pore is well developed, with a large overhanging
lobe.

3. The jaw is very thin, membranaceous, almost straight on the
cutting-edge, and with a very slight central projection.

4, The odontophore is broader than long, with a central minute
generally bicuspid tooth; the lateral teeth all similar, minutely
sexcuspid or pectiniform, on a curved edge ; very closely set together
and exceedingly numerous. +170 .1 . 170+.

5. In the generative organs an amatorial organ is present in
some species, absent in others.

6. Shell thin or membranaceous, globose or depressedly conoid ;
polished, very closely perforate, the columellar margin haying no
solidity.

The abnormality of this genus, as compared with shells of similar
form, lies principally in the very remarkable odontophore, which is
quite unlike any other Indian species of the Zonitide that I have
examined ; with this, of course, we find the jaw also much modified.
There is considerable similarity with the teeth of Sttala attegia and
S. infula (figured by Stoliczka in the J. A. 8. B. 1871, pl. xviii.
figs. 4-9) (vide Plate VIII. figs. 1 e, 2, Part II.) in the multicuspid
or pectiniform laterals and the greater number (155 on each side)
in S. infula; but the centre tooth is large, and the shell-lobes of
the mantle are not developed; still here we have a relationship or
connection indicated, and shown also in Sitala »hulongensis, G.-A.,
Part II. p. 34 (Plate X. fig. 4), for since describing it I have suc-
ceeded in finding the lingual ribbon and jaw. There is a minute
central, with a great number of similar lateral teeth, multicuspid,
curved outwards, and set extremely close, gradually becoming
smaller to the outside, and thus similar to those of Durgella levicula.
This form of odontophore, which I have now observed in several
species, a list of which I give further on, differs remarkably in type
of the teeth and formula from other genera of the Zonitide; and I
consider them a distinct group, having a remote relationship.

PART ly. 0

144 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Sitala and Durgella are intimately connected by this characteristic
dentition.

Dureetta minvta, Godwin-Austen. (Plate XXXIX. figs. 1-6.)

Helicarion minutus, Godw.-Aust. J. A.S. B. 1876, p. 318, pl. viii.
figs. 1, la, 1b.

Locality. Under Toruputu Peak, Dafla Hills (H. H. G.-A.).

Amended description. Shell depressedly ovate, horny, rather solid,
with a glazed polished surface ; colour brown, with an olive tinge,
olive-green by transmitted light; spire rounded; suture deep ;
whorls 23, very rapidly increasing; aperture oblique, laterally
ovate ; peristome thin ; columellar margin not thickened, oblique.

Size: major diam. 6°7, minor diam. 4°8, alt. axis 2-7 mm.

re 0°26, 4 Ord 9,- tags Or. inchs

Animal (Plate XX XIX. figs. 2, 2a), dried specimen after soak-
ing. Head black; foot well mottled with black, the pedal line is
indicated by a double line of short oblong black streaks, with lateral
spots above lying between the lateral grooves; the pedal margin
pale. The central area of the foot beneath is for the entire length
black, a very distinctive character in this species. The right shell-
lobe (fig. 2) is ample, and the left (fig. 3) extends from the respira-
tory orifice, and is reflected over the shell; a tongue-like process on
the left posterior margin, very narrow behind where it meets the
right shell-lobe. The right dorsal lobe is of normal form and the
left is narrow and continuous, saving a small slit on the left
margin.

Odontophore. The radula (figs. 5, 5a) is very beautiful and cha-
racteristic of the genus, with one straight central tooth, succeeded
by equilateral bicuspid teeth, all much curved inwards, and similar,
very numerous, and very gradually decreasing in size to the outer
margin of the lingual ribbon.

190°, 1°. 196

Jaw (fig. 4) slightly arched and no central projection.

It will be noticed at once how the radula of this species differs
from that of D. khasiaca from the West Khasi Hills, alluded to on
p. 313 of my paper “On the Helicidz collected during the Expe-
dition into the Dafla Hills, Assam,” which I at first, in 1876, con-
sidered a variety of D. minuta, but on closer examination even the
shell and animal are distinct in form and markings.

Living animal (Plate XX XIX. fig. 1). Pale horny ; tentacles and
a line from them to the mantle dark coloured, with a dark line
down the upper surface of the extremity of the foot, which last is
mottled on the side. The mantle just covers the edge of the shell,
and the right shell-lobe is moderately developed. The portion of
the body anterior to the shell is very short in comparison with the
posterior portion. Total length 17°3 mm.=0:7 inch; head to
mantle 2°5mm.; mantle to extremity of foot 10°7mm. A well-
marked hooked process above the mucous gland (fig. 1 @).

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 145

Dur@eELia KHAsIACA, n. sp. (Plate XX XIX. figs. 7, 7a, 75.)

Locality. West Khasi Hills (7, H. G.-A.).

The shell has been drawn four times the natural size, to bring
it to the size of A. salia (see on Plate XXXVII.), to better illustrate
the slight difference in form of these shells.

Shell depressedly ovate, thin, horny, shiny, smooth, with close,
fine, transverse lines of growth ; colour pale ochraceous olive ; spire
very depressed, flatly convex ; suture shallow; whorls 3, rapidly
increasing; aperture oblique, flatly ovate ; columellar margin but
weakly developed.

Size: major diam. 6-7, minor diam. 5:0, alt. axis 2°0 mm.

e 0:26, s 0:20; 55. 0:08 sneh.

Odontophore. Jaw thin and horny, nearly straight in front. The
radula (figs. 8, 8 a, 86) is a beautiful object in the microscope.

225 .1 . 225

in 120 rows, or 54,000 teeth; the central is elongate, with three
equal-sized points ; the lateral teeth are all alike, much curved and
bicuspid, the outer point slightly in excess of the inner, gradually
decreasing in size outwards.-

The right shell-lobe is triangular and extends over the right side
of the shell; the left is reflected over the peristome for some dis-
tance and then gives off a long lingual process. Extremity of foot
very long and narrow.

We at present know

D., levicula, Bs. Tenasserim.

D. assamica, G.-A. Tezpur, Assam.
D. minuta, G.-A. Dafla Hills.

D. khasiaca, G.-A. West Khasi Hills.
D. christiane, Theob. Andaman Islands.
D. mairangensis, G.-A. Khasi Hills.

This last will be described in a future part, with descriptions of the
others,

Srraza (continued from p. 76).

The odontophore of Sitala crenicincta (described in Part II. p. 75,
Plate XIII. fig. 2) is very similar in every way to that of Kalella
barrakporensis (Plate V. fig. 11), but the outer laterals are not tri-
cuspid. The central tooth is very large (Plate XX XVIII. figs. 4, 4a),
tricuspid, the central point broad and long; the median teeth are
bicuspid, with the outer denticle near the base, while in the outer-
most three or four it nearly disappears. There are very few in the
row, as follows :—

ISite 200s Selo. LS'to 20
or lest 25:

02

146 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Katietza (continued from p. 73).

I also figure a portion of the radula of Kaliella kezamaensis
(Plate XL. fig. 10), which I described in Part III. p. 69, also a
portion of the spermatophore (fig. 11). Among a large collection
of shells from Darjiling in spirit I have been enabled to see the
generative organs of Kaliella barrakporensis (Plate XXXVIII.
fig. 5). There is no amatorial organ. The male organ is long and
cylindrical, with a small pear-shaped kale-sac situated at the junction
of the vas deferens, the retractor muscle being given off some short
distance below. The spermatheca was broken off,

Note. As the measurements given in this work differ somewhat
from those adopted by some conchologists, on Plate XX XVIII. fig. 6
will be found a figure showing what I term the height of the axis,
viz. the distance from the umbilical region at the base of the last
whorl to the apex of the shell (A B). The height of the body-whorl
is taken from the same point up to the plane of the suture of the
last whorl in front, or BC. The height of the aperture is the per-
pendicular dropped from the upper angle of the aperture to the
peristome below, or ab; the breadth of the aperture from the colu-
mellar margin to the outside edge of the peristome, ¢ d.

Subfam. Heticarionin®.
Genus Hericarton. (Plate XLI.)

Founded by Férussae on the Australian species H. cuviert, Fér., or
freycineti, Fér, I have therefore gone beyond the limits of my
work, and give a Plate to illustrate this genus, which is so intimately
connected with so many of our Indian forms. It will show more
clearly what the extent of the differences are. I am sorry I could
not obtain a larger species for this purpose, and I shall not at pre-
sent give any general description of the genus.

In the generative organs there is the greatest departure, the
shell-lobes being more like those of Durgella. These particular
Australian, Indian, and African land mollusca thus form a good
subfamily, under the title of Hericarronin®.

HELICARION HELEN#, n. sp. (Plate XLI. figs. 1-8 a.)

Locality. Sydney, N.S. Wales (Dr. J. C. Cox).

Shell elongately oval, polished, quite smooth; colour pale yel-
lowish green ; spire flat: whorls 23, the first small, rapidly increas-
ing, the last much expanded and elongated in front; peristome thin,
arcuate above.

Size: major diam. 7°3, minor diam. 4-5 mm.

0°29, a 0°18 inch.

Animal (figs. 1, 1a). Beautifully executed water-colour drawings

from life by Mrs. H. Forde, dated the 3rd June, 1870, were sent

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 147

me by Dr. J. C. Cox, with the animal in spirit. The following
note is attached by Mr. Geoffrey Nevill :—* Helicarion hyalina, Ptr.,
var. (Sydney). Coloration exact. When taken fresh from its damp
home on the mossy sides of large stones &c., the mantle-lobes almost
entirely cover the shell, leaving only a little bare spot. Top figure
[Plate XLI. fig. 1] is as it appears after a day’s confinement.”

T am much indebted to Dr. Cox for sending this species and some
others from Australia, and I am now able in consequence to show
more clearly the anatomy of true Helicarion and the points of dif-
ference between it and the Indian allied forms; they are sufti-
cient to keep them subgenerically apart.

Resembles exactly in its anatomy H. freycineti, Fér. (not Quoy
and Gaimard), from N.S. Wales, figured in Semper’s Reis. Philipp.
pl. il. fig. 1 (Plate XLI. fig. 9), even in the form of the flagelliform
kale-sae.

The mantle (figs. 2, 3) has a similarity to that of Durgella: the
right shell-lobe is, however, the smallest, aud is broadly tongue-like ;
the left shell-lobe includes the whole upper and outer margin of the
peristome and terminates on the left posterior side in a tongue-like
process ; both right and left dorsal lobes are very ample, the left one
especially, continuing all round to the posterior side and uniting
with the right shell-lobe (fig. 4). The mucous gland is very dis-
tinct, with a small lobe or horn above it, but the foot above does
not appear to be sharply keeled.

Generative organs (Plate XLI. figs. 8, 8a). Ovo-testis in two
rounded masses, very difficult to separate from the liver in which it
is imbedded; hermaphrodite duct extremely and closely convoluted ;
albumen-gland small, hard, and oblong; penis long, twisted back
on itself and swollen at the base, with a long flagellum, within
which the capreolus was in process of formation; spermatheca long,
with a swollen rounded extremity. It had no dart-sac or amatorial
organ, and in this respect it differs from the Indian species that
have hitherto been placed in this genus; the salivary gland rather
lengthened,

Jaw (fig. 6) with a central projection, like H. ceratodes, Pfr.

In the lingual ribbon (figs. 7, 7a, 7 6) the arrangement of the
teeth is

AQHS 2 AG. is MG! 2 ekO
oot 4d Aoo38

The numbering of the last median teeth in fig. 7a is unfortunately
reversed, 17 and 18 should be the two teeth of transition form next
the bicuspid laterals. The outermost laterals are very small (fig. 7 6)
and several are tricuspid in this specimen. I give a copy of the
part of the radula of H. cuvieri, Fér., as given by Semper (J. c. pl. vi.
fig. 11) to show the correspondence.

148 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Subgenus Avsrenta, Nevill.

Helicarion, Fér., of many authors.

Vitrina, Fér., of many authors.

Austenia, Nev. Hand-list, p. 16 (Dec. 1878); Godwin-Austen,
P.Z.8. 1880, p. 294.

This as a subgenus of LHelicarion was indicated by Mr. Geoffrey
Nevill in his valuable ‘ Hand-list of Mollusca in the Indian Museum,’
Calcutta, part 1, issued in December 1878. It was not described,
but the type was indicated, viz. A. gigas, a well-known form on
the Khasi Hills. It is a sufficient departure structurally from
Girasia of Gray to retain, this latter being more slug-like and
with usually far less developed shells. In a paper in the ¢ Pro-
ceedings of the Zoological Society,’ April 1880, p. 289, the animal
of A. gigas was described by me in detail, as well as that of Grrasca
shillongensis, and the two compared, and the plates (xxiv.—xxvii.) con-
tain figures of Girasia magnifica, shillongensis, brunnea, and hookeri
(the type), and Awstenia gigas and gigas var. minor, A list of
the species as then known in both subgenera was also given and
can now be somewhat added to and amended.

Characters of the subgenus. 'The animal is somewhat slug-like in ap-
pearance, but with a well-formed shell. The shell-lobesample. The
right dorsal lobe extends from the respiratory orifice to the posterior
right margin. The left dorsal lobe is large in front and extends from
the same part to the left margin. The shell-lobes are connected all
round the periphery of the mantle-zone, but are reduced in size
and present two distinct right and left contractile lobes; the right
extends to and covers the apex of the shell, while the left extends
over the edge of the body-whorl for a short distance, leaving the
posterior and the greater portion of the upper surface of the shell
uncovered (we have here, in a more developed form, what is seen
in the genus Macrochlamys). The posterior margin of the shell is
not sunk in a depression of the hinder part of the foot, but the
upper surface of the foot extends in an unbroken ridge to the mantle-
zone. Extremity of the foot truncate, with a large linear mucous
gland, with or without an overhanging lobe ; the pedal line very dis-
tinct. The sole of the foot with a central separate area.

Genital aperture at the lower outer base of the right tentacle.

The generative organs may be compared with those of Macro-
chlamys indica &c., and are, as might be expected, very similar ; the
amatorial organ is always present and well developed, and the
spermatheca is large. ‘The male organ, however, never has the
coiled czecum near the retractor muscle attachment so typical of all
the species of Macrochlamys. The spermatophores are remarkably
well formed and beautiful objects. The teeth of the radula and jaw
as in Macrochlamys indica. The type and other species will be
figured in future parts.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 149

Avsrents pLanosptra, Benson. (Plate XXXVI. figs. 1-5 d, Plate
XXXVIII. figs. 1-1 6.)

Vitrina planospira, Benson, A. M. N. Hist. 1859, iii. p. 271;
Pfr. Mon. Hel. vol. v. p. 14.

Vitrina succinea 2, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Vitrina, f. 8.

Helicarion (sec. C) planospira, Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 24.

Helicarion succineus, Reeve=planospira, Bs. Ney. Hand-list, p. 14.

Locality. Damsang Peak, Daling Hills (W. Robert).

Shell imperforate, very depressedly globose, rather swollen, thin,
diaphanous, horny, polished ; surface perfectly smooth ; colour bright
bronzy olive ; spire rounded, scarcely raised above the last whorl ;
suture shallow; whorls 8, rapidly increasing ; aperture oblique,
broadly and horizontally ovate ; peristome curving forward above,
sinuate; columellar margin nearly perpendicular, but weakly deve-
loped.

Size: major diam. 13-5, minor diam. 10°3, alt. axis 4°5 mm.

i 0°53, ‘ 0-40 ,, 0:18 inch,

Original description :—* Testa suborbiculato-depressa, peripheria
rotundato-ovata, tenui, levigata, obsolete arcuato-striatula, translu-
cente, polita, cornea ; spira conveviuscula, superne planata, sutura
canaliculato-marginata ; anfractibus 3, celeriter accrescentibus, ultimo
antice depresso, leviter descendente, ad peripheriam compresse rotun-
dato, subtus convexiusculo ; apertura valde obliqua, ovato ?-lunari,
peristomate tenui, superne antrorsum arcuato, margine columellarr
valde arcuato.

« Diam. major 14, minor 11, axis 5 mill.

‘ Habitat ad Pankabari et in valle Rungun, Vitrine salit consors,
Taro occurrens.

‘Only two dead and imperfect specimens were collected by Mr.
W.T. Blanford. The species is remarkable for the sudden flatness
of the upper part of the spire, and for the neat shallow canaliculate
suture. It was found in company with a variety of the smaller and
more convex Vitrina salius, B., which Mr. Theobald had previously
taken alive on the Khasia Hills.”

A specimen from Darjiling has been capitally drawn by Stoliczka’s
native artist, and I give a copy of it (Plate XXXVI. fig. 1). It re-
presents the body as olive-brown in colour, and upon the coarsely
papillate mantle and the size I make this identification. Mr. W.
Robert’s collection from Darjiling contains a number of well-pre-
served specimens, and I can now give a description of the animal
(vide figs. 2 & 3). The right dorsal lobe is of the usual form, the
left moderately broad, with a slight reentering contraction on the
left frontal margin. The right shell-lobe is broad, with a strongly
papillate surface, some of the projections being nipple-lke, as ob-
served in A. verrucosa, G.-A., from the Dafla Hills (J. A. 8. B. 1876,
p. 318, pl. viii. f. 5). The left shell-lobe is also papillate, and con
tinuous all round to the right; it is broad in front, overlapping
the peristome, but it narrows suddenly on the left middle margin.

150 LAND AND FRESHWATER

The foot is truncate behind (fig. 4), with a slight overhanging
lobe and a linear gland just reaching to the sole of the foot. This
is divided below into a central area with a lateral margin.

The generative organs (Plate XX XVIII. fig. 1) are simple, the
amatorial organ being large, showing, when the outer sheath is re-
moved (fig. 1 @), a blunt cylindrical sagitta or dart with longitudinal
muscular ribbing. The intestine (fig. 15) shows a large swollen sac
near the cesophagus laid open by the salivary gland. The pulmonary
chamber is very capacious.

The teeth of the radula are arranged thus :—

50 Sas A elt Dei
6p wha 6d

Similar to Macrochlamys indica, but the outermost laterals be-
coming gradually very small, the inner point the longest.

AUSTENIA BENSONI, Pfeiffer. (Plate XXXVI. figs. 6-7 6.)
Locality. Jessore (G.-A.).

Vitrina bensoni, Pfr. P. Z. 8S. 1848, p. 107; Pfr. Mon. Hel. vol. ii.
p- 497; Reeve, Conch. Icon. Vitrina, fig. 9; Hanley, Conch. Ind.
p. 29, pl. lxv. figs. 1-4.

Helicarion (sec. C) bensoni, Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 24.

Helicarion bensoni, Ney. Hand-list, p. 14, with this note :—* Mol-
luse granulated, especially the mantle, which is quite rough, being
covered with small papille ; it entirely covers the shell; jaw smooth,
with slight projection in centre (W. 7. B.). Botanical Gardens,
Calcutta and Chandanagar.”

Stoliczka has left a drawing (No. 2) with this title, and a note in
his handwriting is as follows: —‘ Dull greenish grey,with a very slight
pinkish tinge, or very pale olive with some dark irregular blotches; the
larger marks on the mantle-lobes are whitish ; pedicels dusky ; sole
of foot in three parts, middle narrowest, white, lateral parts dusky,
speckled white.” This drawing, which is very accurate, I reproduce
(vide Plate XXXVI. fig. 6, nat. size); it shows the large expanded
shell-lobes covering almost the whole shell save asmall slit, and the
animal conforms to the description of the genus in the ridge of
the foot behind extending unbroken to the mantle-zone.

For radula see Plate XX XVIII. fig. 2. The formula is

BD .. Bia glee wakay eke, eee tae
G0). le 60

It is like the general form of Macrochlamys, the laterals after the
fifteenth being bicuspid, the inner cusp or point considerably exceed-
ing the outer cusp in length; the central and median are elongate,
tricuspid in form.

Original description:—‘“ V. testa depressiuscula, tenui, striatula,
nitida, pellucida, pallide cornea ; spira via elevata, obtusa ; sutura
impressa, submarginata ; anfractibus 34, conveariusculis, ultimo sub-

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. To

depresso, peripheria rotundata, basi lato ; apertura obliqua, lunato-
subcirculari ; peristomate simplice, subinflewo, marginibus conniventi-
bus, supero antrorsum subdilatato, columellart recedente, perarcuato.
“Diam. 12, altit. vix 6 mill.
“In the Botanic Garden of Calcutta; collected by Mr. Benson.”

AUSTENIA BENSONI, Var. SYLHETENSIS. (Plate XX XVIII. fig. 3.)

Locality. In a wood on bank of the Soorma river, about halfway
between Atgaon and Chatak, Sylhet District.

Shell depressedly ovate, thin, horny, shining, smooth surface ;
colour dull olive-green ; spire flattened, rounded; suture shallow ;
whorls 3, gradually increasing, the last tumid; aperture oblique,
broadly ovate; peristome arcuate in front above; columellar margin
oblique.

Largest specimen :—

Size: major diam. 10-3, minor diam. 8:5, alt. axis 4 mm.

x3 0-41, 93 0345.) inn) OlGanch,

This species differs from bensoni in the last whorl being more ex-
panded in front, its thinner texture, and greener colour. The teeth
of the radula are also modified in number, although of same type,
as shown in Plate XX XVIII. figs. 2 and 3c; the central teeth being
exactly similar in both forms, are not repeated. Their arrangement
is

G4 Oe AS ae 2 OF
BO ens, 80
(in 102 rows).

The outermost (fig. 3c) are very small and show a tendency to be
pectiniform, so characteristic of Durgella, and which in this case is
evidently produced by the merging together at an early stage of de-
velopment of two teeth into one.

The left shell-lobe (fig. 3 6) is narrow, giving off a broad linguate
process on the left margin; the left dorsal lobe is long and narrow,
with a slight indentation opposite the above expansion. ‘These
differences taken together, in spite of the similarity of the shells,
incline me to consider A. sylhetensis a distinct species.

Animal about an inch long; tentacles black; body light; extre-
mity of foot mottled with black and green. The animal carries
this extremity turned up (as shown in Plate XXXVIIL. fig. 3a,
which are copied from drawings made by me from life). On the
under surface is an opening, from which exudes the mucous matter
as the creature crawls; it can be seen flowing down the underside
of the foot in great quantity to the surface upon which it is moving.
Shell in living animal dark, from the markings of the shell showing
through it; the oral tentacles short and light coloured, situated very
near the mouth. Another animal from the same locality was thus
described in my field note-book :—* Light yellowish green ; tentacles
darker, the lower light ; a very few dark markings near the gland at
extremity of foot.” This, after all, is the same as the last species

152 LAND AND FRESHWATER

described, for after examining it for some time it began creeping
with the extremity raised in the same manner; so that it is the
occasional habit of this species, which I at first thought was an indi-
vidual peculiarity, due to the malformation of some muscles or injury
to the nervous system.

AUSTENIA? sALIA, Benson. (Plate XXXVII. figs. 1, la, 1 4.)

Vitrina salius, Bs. A. M. N. Hist. 1859, ni. p. 189; Pfr. Mon.
Hel. vol. iv. p. 799.

Helicarion salius (sec. C), Theob. Cat. Supp. p. 24.

Helicarion salius, Nevill, Hand-list, p. 14.

Austenia salia, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. 8. 1880, p. 298.

Locality. Teria Ghat, Khasi Hills. (1. H. G.-4.).

Surface like ground glass, with indistinct, transverse, close lines
of growth; colour pale ochraceous ; whorls 3.

Specimen figured :—

Size: major diam. 9°8, minor diam. 84, alt. axis 3°D mm.

5 0°39, z 0°33,> x59), O11 4mch,

Largest specimen :—Size : major diam. 12-0, minor diam. 10-0 mm.

In no specimen that I possess from the typical locality does the
last whorl descend near the aperture, as in specimens from Panka-
bari, near Darjiling.

Original description: —“ Testa subgloboso-depressa, peripheria ovata,
tenuissima, fragili, nitidissima, pellucida, fuscescenti-cornea vel pal-
lide cornea, obsolete arcuatim striatula ; spira brevissime conoidea,
sutura leviter impressa, marginata ; anfractibus 33, rapide accrescen-
tibus, ultimo depressiusculo, subventricoso-rotundato, antice superne
antrorsum arcuato ; apertura obliqua, subrotundato-lunari, peristo-
matis margine columellari subverticaliter descendente, superne vie cal-
loso, basali leviter arcuato.

“Diam. major 8, minor 6, axis 4 mill.; apert. lat. 44, alt.
43 mill.

‘«‘ Habitat ad Teria Ghat, cum precedente.

‘“‘T have named this little species from its habit, observed by Mr.
Theobald, of springing several inches from the ground, like the little
Cape Helix Tollini, Albers, recorded in a former number of this
Journal on the authority of Mr. E. L. Layard. V. salius also occurs
near Darjiling, where Mr. W. T. Blanford has found it sparingly, in
company with another new species.

“Mr. Theobald met with my large species, Vitrina gigas, at
Cherra, on the mountains above Teria Ghat; it was not common.
On the limestone at the same place, a solid variety of the Western-
Himalayan shell, H. plicidens, B., was common.”

AvsTENIA ? sALIA, Bs., var. ovata. (Plate XX XVII. figs. 2, 2a,
2 b.)

Locality. Pankabari, near Darjiling (coll. W. T. Blanford).

Shell rather more globose in form than the Teria-Ghat shells, the

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 153

last whorl descending and rather more expanded in front (compare
figs. 1 6 and 2 6),
Size: major diam. 9:8, minor diam. 7°8, alt. axis 4 mm.
4 0°39, " 0-31, 3) 1071Ganch.

AUSTENIA ? PANCHETENSIS, n.sp. (Plate XX XVII. figs. 3,34, 36.)

Locality. Panchet Hill, near Ranigunj, L. Bengal (ex coll. W. Blan-
ford).

Shell imperforate, depressedly globose, rather thickened, covered
with a strong epidermis ; colour dull ochraceous brown; spire de-
pressed, rounded ; suture shallow; whorls 3, flat above, and rapidly
increasing, the last descending; aperture very oblique, ovate; peristome
rather thickened, columellar margin perpendicular.

Size: major diam. 10-7, minor diam. 9°0, alt. axis 45 mm.

This shell is very distinct from A. bensoni in the manner in which
the last whorl descends near the aperture and in its more shelly
structure and globose form. There is only one specimen in Mr. W.
Blanford’s collection. It is very probably the No. 16, Helicarion
ovatus, Nev. Hand-list, p. 14, 8 specimens Rajmahal, Sikrigulli,
and Patna (coll. Col. G. Mainwaring and Dr. Oldham).

AUSTENIA PAPILLASPIRA, n. sp. (Plate XX XVII. figs. 4, 4a, 46.)

Locality. North Khasi Hills,

Shell imperforate, globose, membranaceous, shining ; sculpture,
transverse undulations of growth, otherwise quite smooth ; colour
pale ochraceous green ; spire somewhat raised, small, apex like a
small nipple; suture shallow ; whorls 4, irregularly wound, closely
so at apex, the third covering the second on the anterior margin,
the axis not being straight; aperture oblique, widely ovate ; peri-
stome sinuate on upper margin, curving forward ; columellar margin
perpendicular, a slight reflection at umbilical region.

Size: major diam. 11-0, minor diam. 8°8, alt. axis 45 mm.

Differs from A. salia in the greater number of whorls and pecu-
liar, smaller, closer-wound, nipple-like apex. Three specimens were
found.

AvsTENIA? eLoposa, Godwin-Austen. (Plate XX XVII. figs. 5,
5 a, 5b.)

Helix (Nanina) globosa, Godw.-Aust. J. A. 8. B. 1876, p. 312.
Helicarion No. 17,n. sp. (prox. H. bensoni), Ney. Hand-list, p. 51,
5 sp. from Dikrang and Toruputu Peak (G.-4.)

Locality. Toruputu Peak, Dafla Hills (H. H. G.-A.).

Shell imperforate, tumidly globose, very thin, transparent, glassy,
quite smooth; colour pale ochraceous; spire moderately high, de-
pressedly conoid ; whorls 3, last well rounded, rapidly increasing ;
aperture oblique, rotundately oval; columellar margin weak, not
thickened.

154 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Specimen figured :—

Size: major diam. 9-4, minor diam. 7°5, alt. axis 3-4 mm.

i 0°37, ry 0°30, 4, O14 inch.

Largest specimen :—

Size: major diam. 9:5, minor diam. 8:0, alt. axis 4:8 mm.

Original description :—* Shell very globose, thin, and glassy, pale
ochre; whorls 4, the last large and expanded below. Aperture
broadly lunate. Apex rounded.

« Alt. 0'-28, major diam. 0'40,

“Animal dark grey, becoming pale fleshy on extremity of foot,
which is broad behind, with the lobe over the gland much hooked.
Tentacles rather thick at base. Length 1'':2, tentacles 0'°2.

“ Hab, Summit of Toruputu Peak.

‘“* This shell is of the form of H. salius, but is much larger; and
the animal differs considerably.”

Subgenus Arricarton, Godw.-Aust.
AFRICARION PALLENS?, Morelet. (Plate XLII. figs. 1-7.)
Locality. Abyssinia (from Mr. Damon, as Vitrina ruppelliana,

Pir):

Helicarion pallens, Morelet, Annali del Museo Civico di Storia
Naturale di Genova, p. 190 (1872).

Shell ovoid, depressed ; surface smooth ; spire very slightly ele-
vated near the apex, which is rounded; whorls 3, closely wound,
the last expanding much ; the line of suture is not a regular spiral,
from the last whorl closing in on the second and narrowing its
breadth in front very considerably.

Size: major diam. 13, minor diam. 9°4 mm.

Animal (Plate XLII. figs. 1, 2, 3), in spirit-specimen, 22:5 mm.
in length, with a truncate glandular extremity of foot; the pedal
line distinct, with some black spottings, the pedal margin having a few
at the posterior end; the dorsal portion above is also darkly mottled.
The mantle-lobes are finely and distinctly papillate and closely
mottled with black. The right shell-lobe is broad, extending towards
the shell ; it narrows posteriorly, and is continuous round to the left
shell-lobe. The right dorsal lobe is small, but the left very ample
and continuous. The ridge of the foot behind, just beneath the
posterior margin of the shell, forks into two ridges (fig. 3), and this
portion of the shell rests in the long triangular depression between
them, a formation of the body similar to that of Girasia.

Odontophore (figs. 6, 6a, 6b). As in Macrochlamys ; the laterals
bicuspid, the inner cusp much longer than the outer, which is small
and on the last scarcely developed. The teeth are arranged

28 ce ene he Lae eee
ae eee

The jaw (fig. 7) is much arched, with a concave cutting-edge and
a central projection.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 155

The buccal mass has a strong retractor muscle (Plate XLII. fig. 5).
There is a short narrow cesophagus passing into a very capacious
bag-like stomach, on the side of which the salivary gland lies.

The generative organs (fig. 4) are very simple; there is no ama-
torial organ. ‘The spermatheca is short, with a round-shaped sac at
the posterior end. The male organ is a simple, long, cylindrical
tube with a strong, short, retractor muscle, and thus similar to that
of the genus Arion, and so very different to the more complicated
form of Grasia and allies, and also to the Australian form of true
Helicarion (vide Plate XLI.). The albumen-gland is very large.

Although the combined characters of this specimen would place it
in the subfamily Helicarionine, it differs sufficiently from the Indian
genera Girasia and Austenia, and also from the Australian genus
Helicarion, to be placed in a separate subgenus. For these Kast-
African forms I would propose the subgeneric title Africarion.

There is considerable doubt regarding the identification of Damon’s
specimen. Blanford, in his work ‘Geology and Zoology of Abyssinia,’
records three species of Vitrina (p. 475), and among them VJ. riip-
pelliana*, apparently only one (unnamed) he captured alive at Lake
Ashangi, and he notices that itis a true Vitrina with no mucous pore.
In Nevill’s Hand-list, p. 18, under V. mamillata, Martens, from above
locality, is a detailed description by Blanford of this species, which
I will copy :—

“« Animal apparently not retractile ; mantle large and rugose, only
partially reflected over peristome, a little more so over the shell at
the suture; foot coarsely granulate above, sole not margined by a
furrow at the side; tail bluntly keeled above, pointed, with no trace
of a gland ; three furrows from near breathing-orifice to lower ten-
tacles, lower two uniting in front; lower tentacles short, upper one
(eye-pedicels) moderate ; the rounded process of the mantle, reversed
over the suture, sometimes reaches the apex, and appears easily ex-
tensible. Pale flesh-colour, yellowish on back, two dark lines from
base of tentacles: mantle with opaque yellow spots; jaw narrow,
without process in centre, smooth.”

Mons. Bourguignat has lately published (1883) a work, ‘ Histoire
Malacologique de l’Abyssinie.’ In this a small species (raffray?) is
described and placed in Helicarion ; it is figured with a mucous
pore on pl. vi. fig. 13, H. lymphaseus, Morelet, and H. pallens,
Morelet, are also referred to as occurring in the Bogos country :
ruppelliana is placed in Vitrina, and on pl. vii. fig. 10 the very
pointed form of the extremity of the foot is given. The species
received from Mr. Damon is about the size and form as riippelliana ;
the identification must be wrong, but at any rate the African habitat
would appear to be correctly given by him.

On referring to Mr. Damon for the history of this species, he says:
—‘*T have only had Abyssinian shells from Issel and a dealer named

* Vitrina riippelliana, Pfr. P. Z.8. 1848, p. 107; Pfr. Mon. Hel. vol. ii
p- 5038 (very like prestans, Gd.) ; = V. darnaudi, Pfr. W. Blanford, Zool, Abyss.
p- 475 ; J. R. Bourguignat, Malac. Abyss. p. 20, pl. 7. fig. 10 (animal).

156 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Wesel of Hamburg. The Vitrina in question must therefore have
been from the latter.....I see that the specimen in question came
to me in 1870.” Monsieur A. Issel has very kindly given me the
information that, during his trip into the Bogos country, he only ob-
tained V. caillaudi and Isseli, and Helicariom lymphaseus and pallens,
but not V. riippelliana ; therefore Mr. Damon could not have received
it from him. He continues, the two species of Helicarion were pre-
served by me in spirit, but that on looking for them in the Museo
Civico di Storia Naturale, Genova, only the shells remain, the animals
having probably decayed and the shells removed from the tubes.

The animals of these two species of Helicarion are thus described
by Morelet (7. ¢.) :—

HELICARION LyYMPHASEUS, Morelet, t. ix. f. 4.

“ T’animal est épais, finement grenu, d’un fauve livide, couleur de
fer sur le dos; le pied, nettement tronqué, est percé d’un pore
assez large que l’on voit 4 l’ceil nu. Le plan locomoteur est separé
du corps par un sillon.

“ Testa depressa, tenuissima, nitida, hyalina, pallide fulva, in-
equaliter arcuato-striata ; spira planulata, vertice obtusa, vix pro-
minula ; sutura strictissime marginata; anfr. 3, superne plani,
subtus convexi, ultimus celeriter crescens, subelongatus ; apertura ob-
liqua, oblonge ovalis, bast rotundata, marginibus rectis, parallelis,

“Diam. maj. 13, min. 9, altit. 6 millim.”

HELICARION PALLENS, t. 1x. f. 5.

‘“‘ T’animal ressemble tout 4 fait au précédent; le lobe postérieur
du manteau est marqué d’un ligne couleur de fer dans le sens longi-
tudinal.

“« T', superne depressa, subtus turgidula, tenuis, striolata, nitida,
pellucida, pallide straminea ; spira brevis, obtuse rotundata ; anfr. 3,
convexiusculr, ultimus amplus, jucta suturam marginatam radiatim
obsolete plicatus ; apertura perobliqua, lunato-ovalis, margine colu-
mellari arcuato nec membranaceo.

«Diam. maj. 12-13, min. 8, altit. 5 millim.”

Both found in the Bogos country by Messrs. Issel and Beccari.
From the dark line on the left shell-lobe of Mr. Damon’s specimen
(Plate XLII. fig. 2) I believe it to be this last species.

While these sheets are passing through the press, I have just
received two more specimens from Mr. Damon, As regards the
animal, they agree with H. pallens, but in the size and form of the
shell better with H. lymphaseus. Monsieur Issel will, I hope, do
me the favour of settling the true identification, after a comparison
of these specimens with the types at Genoa. It may possibly be a
new species. In both specimens the whorls are irregularly wound,
the last contracting and covering over the second.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 157

The examination of many different species of Macrochlamys and
those of allied genera begins to afford sufficient material on which to
base their classification ; and I am now convinced and hope to show
that a system commencing with Helicarion, as if that were a primor-
dial form, cannot be adopted. I think I have given sufficient examples
of the modification of the shell-lobes of the mantle in these genera
and subgenera to show clearly that their gradual growth has been
in the direction from genera without such appendages to those that
possess them. Climate has, no doubt, had a great influence in
producing this change, certainly facilitating the growth of it. The
highly-heated damp atmosphere of the Khasi Hills, particularly the
southern side, where for hours the air is in a state of complete satu-
ration, tends to the enlargement of such appendages, until we reach
forms like Austenia bensoni, planospira, &c., and with still greater
extension and spread of the same part of the mantle in species like
Girasia hookeri &c., where the junction of the two originally dis-
connected lobes is so admirably shown by the distinct cicatrice along
the line of junction (P. Z. 8. 1880, pl. xxiv. figs. 1, 2, and pl. xxvii.
fig. 1), indicating that even in the young the lobes are not quite
united, but do so as development proceeds, an interesting case of the
tendency of homologous parts to cohere, one of the many interesting
facts put forward by Darwin. The interesting result is yet to be
noted, that as the animal thus gains an extra protection to the
most vital organs of the body within the spire of the shell, this latter
structure becomes less and less developed until we find only a mere
thin horny or membranaceous shell; for instance, in forms such as
Girasia burtii, where the shell-lobes unite completely, the apex of
the spire is reduced to a mere nucleus, of rounded form, at the end
of a narrow strip of thin membrane, which readily breaks off from it.
This cannot be considered a retrogression or deterioration in develop-
ment; from a pure conchological point of view it may be, but in
fact it is a great stride in advance.

This slug-like form which, having got rid of a structure superflu-
ous to its existence and a great tax on its powers to construct, re-
mains as perfectly developed in all its organs as the most highly
specialized mollusks with solid shells, and is able to hold its own
against its numerous enemies ; in fact, its form is greatly in favour
of its prolonged existence, seeing that it is better able to conceal
itself deeper among the crevices of the rocks, under stones, and in
the cracks of fallen trees, or underneath the bark, situations inac-
cessible to most of the shell-bearing species, certainly to all those
of equal size. I do not think it is possible to find a better instance
of gradual development of species, 2. ¢. with so many existing links
presented to us by these interesting forms of the Zonitide. It is
not difficult to imagine a similar kind of evolution from some heli-
coid ancestor developing a form like our common Arion or Limax.
Development has in this case proceeded further, for in these two
genera the body-cavity extends to the extremity of the foot, and
is occupied by the coils of the intestine, the liver-lobes, &c. Now

158 LAND AND FRESHWATER

even in some species of Girasia we see a tendency to a similar de-
velopment, viz. a diminution in the size of the muscular foot and the
body-cavity extending considerably further back into it in a posterior
direction and occupied by a great fold of the intestine and a mucous
gland. The evidence of gradual development shows that Girasia
must be placed towards the end of the series of genera of Indian
Zonitide. Many more genera must yet be examined before this
classification can be completed.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII.
All enlarged 2:4.
Fig. 1. spade petrosa, Hutton. Rajmahal.

2, 2a prona, Nevill. Mussoorie, N.W. Himalaya.
3. exul, Theobald. Andaman Islands.
z 4a, —— splendens, Hutton. Mussoorie.
shengorensis, G.-A. Dafla Hills.
8. 6a. choinix, Benson. Andamans.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII.
All enlarged 2°4.
Fig. 1. Macrochlamys hardwickei, G.-A. Calcutta.

2. Ditto. Sylhet.

3. Ditto, var. politulus. Eastern Assam.

4. Ditto, var. Darrang.

5. Macrochlamys lthotaensis, G.-A. Lhota-Naga Hills.
6, 6a. opiparus, G.-A. Darjiling.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV.
All enlarged 2°4.

. Macrochlamys atricolor, G.-A. North Cachar Hills.

. Ditto, large var. Munipur Hills.

: Ditto, small var. Munipur Hills and Burrail range.
Ditto, var. Dafla Hills.

Ditto, var. Khakyen Hills, Upper Burmah.
M. cacharica, G.-A., var. glauca. Dafla Hills.

. M. lubrica, Bs. Darjiling.

Fig.

NID OUP O9 bo

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV.
Macrochlamys atricolor, G.-A. Munipur Hills.

. Animal, spirit-specimen, showing mantle and shell-lobes, x 2°4.
. Ditto, viewed from right side, showing position as regards the
shell, x 1°5
. Ditto, mantle, viewed from left: side, x 2°4.
Entire animal, left side, X 2°4.
Head, viewed from right side, showing position of generative aper-
ture, x 2°4.
Head, front view, showing form of mouth, x 4.
Extremity of foot, viewed from behind, x 7.
. Mantle, viewed from below or inside, showing the division into
two lobes.
Same view of mantle in M. indica, Bs. Calcutta.
. Mantle of M. indica, viewed from the outside, showing the addi-
tional shell-lobe.

Fig.

hoe

SUR oo

Do DIS

_

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 159

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVI.
All enlarged 2:4.

Fig. 1. Macrochlamys? resplendens, Phil, Tenasserim.
2. Ditto. Cambodia.
3. Ditto. Siam.
4. ? consepta, small yar. Tenasserim.
5, 5a. Macrochlamys koliaensis. Assam.
6. politissima, Pfr. Ceylon.
i ——- jainiana, n. sp., G.-A. Parisnath.
8. Juiniana, n. sp.,=stricklandi, MS., G.-A. Jeypur.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVII.

(Vide shell of Plate XXIV. fig. 2.)

Fig. 1 a. Macrochlamys atricolor, @.-A., jaw, X 12. Munipur Hills,

14. Ditto: teeth of radula, x 360.

ie. Ditto: salivary gland: a, intestine; ce, duct of gland.

1d. Ditto: generative organs, x 2:4.

2. Macrochlamys cacharica, n. sp., X 2°4.. Munipur Hills,

2a. Ditto: jaw, x 12.

26. Ditto: radula, x 360.

2c. Ditto: generative organs, x 4.

3. Macrochlamys atricolor, small var. Kopamedza Peak, N aga Hills,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIII,

Fig. 1. Macrochlamys hardwickei, n. sp., portion of radula. Calcutta.

la, Ditto: generative organs, enlarged.

14, Ditto: male organs, much enlarged.

2. Macrochlamys jainiana, n. sp. Parisnath. Portion of radula,
median and lateral teeth, x 360.

2a. Ditto: jaw, x 12.

26. Ditto: portions of the spermatophore, x 50,

2c. Ditto: ditto, x 180.

2d. Ditto: ditto, x 180,

2¢. Ditto: spermatophore, posterior end of, x 180.

3. Macrochlamys koliaensis, n.-sp. (vide Plate XXYVI, figs. 5, 5a):
portion of radula, x 360.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX.
Fig. 1, 1a. Macrochlamys castaneo-labiata, G.-A., X 2°4, Munipur Hills.
2. Ditto, x 2:'4.. Asalu.
3. Ditto, x 2-4. Rezameh, Naga Hills.
4. Ditto: mantle and lobes of No. 1, x 4.
5. Ditto: jaw, x 12.
6, Ditto: central portion of radula, x 180.
6a. Ditto: an Asalu sp., x 340.
64. Ditto: median teeth 6 to 10, x 340,
6¢, Ditto: outermost laterals, x 340.
7. Ditto: generative organs of No. 1, x 4.

PART IV. P

160

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

LAND AND FRESHWATER

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX.

1, la. Oxytes oxytes, Bs. Shell, natural size ; largest specimen from
S.W. Khasi Hills.

2, 2a. Ditto: usual size. Same locality.

3. Ditto: animal. Cachar. From original drawing (No. 386) by
native artist in Library, Indian Museum, Calcutta.

8a. Ditto: the mucous gland, viewed from ubove.

34. Ditto: tentacles.

4. Oxytes orobia, Bs., from Stoliczka’s original drawing (No. 45), made
by a native artist.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXtI.

1. Oxytes cycloplax, Bs., nat. size, juv. W. Bhutan Hills.

2. Ditto: animal, shell removed, viewed from right side, x 4.
8. Ditto: extremity of foot, viewed from behind, x 4.

4. Ditto: mantle-edge, as seen from left side, x 4.

5, Ditto: jaw, « 12:

6. Ditto: radula, centre teeth of, x 180.

6a, Ditto: last median and first lateral teeth, x 180.

66. Ditto: outermost laterals, x 180.

7. Ditto: generative organs, x 4.

8, 8a, 8b. Oxytes cycloplax, Bs., adult shell, nat. size. Darjiling.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXII,

1. Oxytes orobia, Bs. Darjiling. Animal, from spirit-specimen, left
side, with shell nearly all removed.

la. Ditto: right side and sole of foot.

16. Ditto: the left postdorsal lobe, enlarged.

2. Ditto: jaw.

8. Radula, central portion, x 200; 38a. Ditto, newer teeth; 36.
9th, 10th and llth median; 3c. 15th to 20th lateral teeth;
3d. The outermost laterals,

4. Portion of animal in apex of shell, showing position of the herma-
phrodite duct and liver-lobes.

6. Generative organs,

5a. Junction of hermaphrodite duct with the albumen-gland, very
much enlarged.

5. Portion of male organ, showing the kale-sac and coiled cecum
of the retractor muscle,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIII.

1. Ariophanta immerita, W. Blf., nat. size. South India.

2. Ditto: mantle viewed from left side, shell removed, x 4.
2a. Ditto: the same turned back.

3. Ditto: side view of extremity of foot.

3a. Ditto: back view of same, showing mucous gland.

4, Ditto: jaw, x 7.

5. Ditto: teeth of radula, central portion, x 340.

5a. Ditto: 20th to 24th median, 25th and 26th intermediate.
54, Ditto: outermost laterals.

6. Ditto: generative organs, x 2-4.

6a. Ditto: male organ, x 4.

7,7. Ariophanta levipes, Mull, nat. size. Bombay.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA, 161

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIV.

Fig. 1. Artophanta levipes, Miller.
la. Ditto: extremity of foot from above.
2, 2a. Ariophanta interrupta,
laidlayana, Pfr.

The above are copied from drawings by a native artist.

. Ariophanta? retrorsa, Gould, nat, size. Tenasserim.

. Ditto: sculpture of last whorl, x 12.

. Ariophanta interrupta: sculpture of last whorl, x 12.

retrorsa: jaw.

. Ditto: central and three median teeth of radula.

a. Ditto: 8th, 9th, and 10th median, 11th transition, and first laterals.

OO CO NID OS

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXV.

Fig. 1, 1a. Macrochlamys dalingensts, G.-A.. X 2'4. W. Bhutan Hills.
2. Ditto: sculpture on last whorl, x 50.

3. Ditto: animal, right side, showing mantle and shell-lobes, x 4.
4. Ditto: ditto, left side, ditto, x 4.

Be Dittol ditto, front view, X 4.

6. Ditto: extremity of foot, showing mucous gland, x 7.

7. Ditto: jaw, x 12.

8. Ditto: odontophore, central teeth, x 200.

8a. Ditto: ditto, x 200.

8}. Ditto: ditto, last laterals, x 200.

9. Generative organs, xX 2°4.

10. Buccal mass, mucous and salivary gland, x 2:4.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVI.

Fig. 1. Austenia planospira, Bs. Darjiling. From a drawing by a native

artist.

2. Ditto: from a spirit-specimen, right side, x 2°4, Western Bhutan
Duars.

3. Ditto: ditto, left side, x 2-4. Ditto.

4. Ditto: the mucous gland, viewed from behind, x 7. Ditto.

2 ae shell, nat. size. Ditto.

bibs bie: 5d. Ditto: shell, x 2:4. Ditto.

6 Asani bensoni, Pfr., nat. size. Calcutta. From a drawing by
a native artist.

7,7 4,76. Ditto: shell, x 2-4. Jessore District.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVII.

Fig. 1, la, 14. Austenia salia, Bs., x 2°4. Teria Ghat.
2, 2a, 26, —— salia, Bs., var. ovata, X 2°4. | Darjiling.
3, 3.4, 30. panchetensis, x 2:4. Lower Bengal,

4, 4a, 4b. —— papillaspira, G.-A., x 2°4. N.W. Khasi.
5, Oa, 56. —— globosa, x 24. Dafla.

162

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

LAND AND FRESHWATER

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVIII.

Austenia planospira, Benson. W. Bhutan Hills.

1. Generative organs, x 4,
la. Amatorial organ, x 7.
1 6. Buccal mass and gland, salivary gland, &ec., x 4.

Austenia bensoni, Pfr. Calcutta.
2. Radula, median and laterals, x 340.

Austenia bensoni, var. sylhetensis. Sylhet.

3. Shell, x 2°4.

3a. Extremity of foot and mode of carrying it (enlarged).

3 6. Mantle-edge removed, x 4.

3c. Radula, x 340.

4, 4a. Sitala crenicincta (Plate XIII. figs. 2,3): radula, x 1250.
5. Kaliella barrakporensis: generative organs, X 12

6, To illustrate the dimensions as given in this work.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIX.

Pees minuta, G.-A.: from life, nat. size. Dafla Hills,
Ditto: view of right aide, showing the shell-lobes, x 4.
. Ditto: left side, ditto, x 4.
Ditto: shell, x 4.
. Ditto: ditto, x 2°4.
Ditto: jaw, x 20.
Ditto: central tooth of radula and adjacent teeth, X about 1250.
. Ditto: laterals near margin.
Generative organs, X 7,
7, 7a. Durgella khasiana, G.-A., from life, nat. size. West Khasi Hills.
7 6. Ditto, x 2-4.
8. Ditto: central teeth of radula, very much enlarged.
8a. Ditto: ditto, two rows, x 3840
8d. Ditto: the outermost laterals, very much enlarged.

a

8

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PON SUB C9 Go bo Lo

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL.

1. Macrochlamys kala, G.-A.: shell, x 4. Western Bhutan Hills.

la. Ditto: ditto, x 2°4.

1%, Ditto: ditto, nat. size.

2. Ditto: animal, viewed from right side, shell removed, showing
shell and dorsal lobes, x 4.

3. Ditto: ditto, viewed from left side, x 4.

4, Ditto: shell and dorsal lobes removed, x 7.

5. Ditto: Generative organs, x 4.

6. Ditto:. male organ: sp, the spermatophore developing, x 7.

7. Ditto: spermatheca, x 12: sp, a spermatophore within it.

8. Ditto: jaw, x 12.

9, 9a. Teeth of radula, x 340.

10, 10a. Macrochlamys kezamaensis, G.-A. (Plate XV. figs. 3, 3a):
portion of the radula, x 1250.

11. Ditto: a portion of spermatophore, x 110.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 163

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLII.

Fig. 1, 1 a. Helicarion helene, n. sp. Sydney. From a drawing by Mrs.

H. Forde.

2. View of right side of a spirit-specimen, shell removed, showing
mantle and lobes, x 4

3. View of left side, ditto.

4. View from behind.

5. Shell, x 4.

6. Jaw, x 12.

7, 7a, 7 6. Portions of a row of the radula, « 340.

8. Generative organs, x 4.

8a. Male organ, x 12.

9. Helicarion cuvieri: generative organs, after Professor Semper.

10. Ditto: teeth of radula, central, Nos. 1, 5, 14, 17, and 20,
x 260.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLII.

Africarion pallens ?, Morelet (received as Vitrina riippelliana, Pfr.,
Abyssinia, from Mr. R. Damon.)

Fig. 1. Animal: right side, x 2:4.
2. Ditto: left side, x 2-4.
3. Ditto: from behind, x 2:4,
4. Generative organs, x 4.
5. Buccal mass, salivary gland, &e., x 4.
6, 64,66. Radula, x 340.
7. Jaw, xX 12.

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LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA

OF

WING Diy WAL

Part V._MAY 1886.

(Plates XLIIL.-LI.—Jume 1884.)

INTRODUCTION.

In order to keep the two great natural divisions cf Land Mollusca
distinct, the Helicidze and the Cyclophoridx, I have restricted this
Part to the latter, for such an arrangement will much facilitate the
work of the conchologist.

Drawings of the animal of Cyclophorus are given, but I do not
now describe that genus in detail; the figures, although taken from
spirit-specimens, serve to give a conception of the animal of the
smaller genera now treated of.

I have selected species of Alyceus and Diplommatina, also Rha-
phaulus, because it is a tube-bearing genus like Aly-ewus. In the
‘Conchologia Indica’ a number of species in the two first genera
were left unfigured by Mr. Sylvanus Hanley, and the number of
new forms has been largely increased by those since discovered ;
several of these are now figured side by side with their nearest
allies, which, although before given in the above work, were
figured in a very unsatisfactory manner. It has been suggested to
me, and it would no doubt have been of more advantage to my work
and secured a few more contributors, if I had given plates of new
species selected indiscriminately from among all Indian genera of
the Mollusca, and as soon after their discovery as possible. I have,
however, deemed it best, in the true interest of conchology (so far
as I can serve it), to continue to work out together closely allied
genera, and thus eventually make the work as it progresses rather
a collection of monographs of the different genera.

In Part VI. i shall revert to the Helicide, and continue the
genera already treated of in the first four parts, leading on to the
more slug-like forms, such as Girasia &e., intimately related to
those already described.

PART Y. Q

[Plates published June 1884.)

166 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Subfamily DrpLomMatiIninz&.

Genus DipromMATINA.

Diplommatina, Benson, A. M. N. H. 1849, vol. iv. p. 1938.

Carychium, Hutton, Journ. A. 8. B. vol. iii. p. 85.

Bulimus, Pfr. Mon. Hel. vol. i1. p. 81 (1848).

Animal: Benson, A. M. N. H. April and June 1853; Blanford,
A. M. N. H. 1867, vol. xix. p. 305. (Plate L. figs. 1 & 2, from
nature.)

The first specimens of this genus were found in the N.W.
Himalaya by that indefatigable collector Captain Thomas Hutton, a
naturalist who, landing in India as a cadet with a limited knowledge
of natural history, but with an intense love of it, worked in the
early days of his service in that country under great difficulties, when
nooks were not so easily obtained and when it was even rarer than
now to meet any one with kindred tastes to stimulate the collector
or add to his knowledge of the subject.

The Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. contains some interesting papers
relative to the generic position this shell should hold, and even
whether it possessed an operculum. This Mr. Gray was the first to
discover ; subsequently it was also detected and acknowledged by
Captain Hutton. Benson (/.¢., June 1853, p. 483) was particularly
positive as to its being an unoperculated form; and an amusing note by
Hutton, appended to his copy of this paper which he gave me, shows
that he (Benson) was very unwilling to acknowledge Hutton’s con-
firmation of Gray’s discovery.

Hutton placed his newly found species, from the supposed absence
of the operculum and the position of the eyes, in Carychium, while
Pfeiffer placed it in Bulimus, as from Bengal, possibly in error of the
exact locality. Benson, however, in September 1849, quoting this
erroneous generic identifieation and having examined the animals
of two species, founded a new genus, which he described as fol-
lows :—

“Tentacula two only, originating from the upper part of the
head, long and filiform ; eyes situated on the posterior part of the
tentacula at their base, composed of two lobes: one lobe deeply
seated in the tentaculum and larger than the other lobe, which is a
small black point coming to the surface on the outer side of the
larger lobe; foot short.

“Had the animal been provided with an operculum, it might
possibly have been referred to the family of Cyclostomatids in
accordance with the position of the eyes, and the form of the aperture
of the shell. ‘The differences observable in the latter, as well as in
its inhabitant, give countenance to a separation from Carychium ;
I therefore propose for the type the following name derived from
the peculiarity of the percipient (sic) points or eyes.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 167

“ Diplommatina, nobis.

“Char. Gen, Testa viv rimata, tenui, subovata ; spira elongata ;
anfractibus convexis, costatis, ultimo subascendente ; apertura edentula,
subcirculari ; peristomate duplicato, expanso ; marginibus callo
parietal appresso junctis ; operculo nullo.

“Sp. 1. D. (Bul.) folliculus, Pfr. Monogr. vol. ii. pp. 81-2.
Carychium costatum, Hutt. MSS.

“Sp. 2. D. (Carych.) costulatum, Hutt. MSS.”

In 1867, Mr. W. T. Blanford sent the following to the Annals
& Mag. Nat. Hist., from Central India :—‘ I have more than once,
within the last few years, called attention to the circumstance that,
in the supplements to Dr. Pfeiffer’s admirable monograph of the
living operculated land-shells, the position assigned to the genus
Diplommatina, close to Acicula, and in a suborder distinguished by
the position of the eyes above the base of the tentacles, is not in
accordance with the structure of the animal. For some years past
I have not had an opportunity of reexamining the animal of any
typical species of the genus. I am indebted to Captain Godwin-
Austen for the accompanying outline sketch of the animal of a
species of Diplommatina inhabiting the Western Himalayas near
Masuri, and apparently a variety of D. pullula, Benson, which was
first found by myself near Darjiling. ‘This species is a typical Diz-
plommatina, with strong costulation and a well-developed columellar
tooth.”

The animal is sketched as it appears just emerging from the
shell (vde Plate L. fig. 2, from original drawing). The eyes, as
will be seen, are distinctly lateral, as in Cyclophorus. I can trace
no difference between the animal of this form and that of the
smooth or spirally-ribbed species of the Indian Peninsula, which
are by Pfeiffer classed as dArinia, in the neighbourhood of Pupina,
in a different family, and even a distinct suborder from their nearest
allies the typical Diplommatine.

Stoliczka (J. A. S. B. vol. xl. 1871, p. 152) has entered so fully
into the subject of this genus and the many subgenera into which
it has been divided, that there will be little new to say, after ex-
tracting all he has written.

Previously, in the same Journal (vol. xxxix. 1870), I gave, with
drawings similar to those on Plate L. figs. 7, 7a, 76, 7c, 8, 8a, of
this work, a detailed description of that portion of the shell situated
near the aperture and columella, which I now reprint :—

“In almost all the species of Diplommatina that I have examined,
a constriction of the penultimate whorl is to be found, and in the
larger species it is very well developed. This constriction of the
whorl marks, of course, the position of the operculum when the
animal is fully withdrawn into the shell, and the operculum of
dead specimens is also to be found at this point. It would appear,
from an examination of these shells, that the constriction also

a2

168 LAND AND FRESHWATER

marks the commencement of the formation of the columellar tooth.
Behind the constriction the inside of the whorl appears thicker, and
is much more polished; with the constriction this contracts, leaves
the outer surface of the shell, and continues as a rim, like the sharp
thread of a screw, running down and round the columellar margin
of the peristome in the more or less blunt tooth-like process, cha-
racteristic of the genus. Situated also at the constriction on the
roof of the whorl at this point may be seen a long tube-like ridge,
very similar to the external tube of Alyceus, only that it diminishes
from the back forwards. The position of the operculum, as regards
both this and the lower rim, is at the back. It does not seem to
me at all clear for what purposes this internal formation has been
created. Possibly the extremity of the foot carrying the operculum
travels along the screw-like thread, and the ridge above may give
the necessary guiding surface to the operculum when the animal
issues from the shell. The operculum, situated as it is so far from
the aperture, would require some fulcrum ox guiding-edges to pass
it evenly and smoothly out of the shell.”

On Plate L., in figures 7, 7a, and 8, 8a, I have endeavoured to
show the position of the operculum and constriction, from the front,
of D. pachycheilus and D. blanfordiana: where t represents the
spiral rim; c, the position of the constriction ; 7, the upper ridge or
tube.

Figs. 75 and 7e¢ are respectively a side view and plan of the
relative positions of the operculum and the commencement of the
spiral rim.

The peculiar characteristics of Diplommatina are :—1. The very
marked constriction of the penultimate whorl, situated generally
above the aperture, in some species behind it, more or less distant.
2. In the short internal parietal rib just at the beginning of the
last whorl, and in the twisted columella which terminates in the
aperture with a tooth, sometimes placed so far internally as to be
hardly visible, but very rarely becoming nearly obsolete. 3. The
whorls are more or less transversely costulated, occasionally this
is absent on the last two*. The first and last characters assimilate
it to Alyceus, and the short internal tube or rib has also some re-
semblance, lying as it does close behind the constricted portion of
the whorl. Compared with <Alycwus, even with animals of the
larger species, the eyes are comparatively much larger, and the
tentacles are longer and more slender. It has not the burrowing
habit of this genus, which perhaps accounts for this very marked
difference of their development.

The teeth of the radula are generally so crowded together
(Plate L. fig. 6a), that only the central and the next lateral can
usually be seen. However, on dissecting out several lingual ribbons,
it occasionally happens that they become flattened out and separated
(fig. 6). For a typical example of the radula and operculum in
this genus I have selected the largest species as yet known, D. in-

* Species are found both dextral and sinistral over the whole range of the
distribution of the genus.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 169

signis, of the Naga Hills, which shows the central tooth to be 7-
cuspid and the three laterals to be 5-cuspid. The formula being

3 —|— 3
Sb Hoshi Oh TE Ve Seer oie o'

This radula is of very considerable length comparatively. See
fig. 5, r.

The buccal plate (fig. 5) can be well seen in some specimens, and
consists, net, as in the Helicidx, of one solid horny mass with a
cutting-edge, but of a multitudinous series of quadriform plates,
slightly overlapping, and having a sort of tooth on the free angle,
a modification of development really similar to that of the radula.

In this example (fig. 5) what I take to be otoliths were distinctly
visible, situated in a sac near the base of the tentacles.

Operculum paucispiral, thin, shelly, brittle, and transparent.

Diplommatine are numerous where found, generally among decay-
ing leaves, on which they are easily detected, and sometimes on the
damp surface of limestone rocks they creep about in hundreds.

Species from the Western and Eastern Himalayas, &c.

DIPLOMMATINA BLANFORDIANA, Benson. (Plate XLIX. figs. 10,
10a.)

Locality. Damsang Peak, W. Bhutan Hills.

Diplommatina blanfordiana, Benson, A. M. N. H. 1860, vol. v.
p. 460 (Darjiling); Journ. A. 8S. B. 1868, p. 83, pl. i. figs. 8, 8a;
Pfr. Mon. Pneum. vol. iii. p. 9; Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 41.

Diplommatina blanfordi, Bs., Hanley, Conch. Ind. p. 49, pl. exix.
figs. 5&6; Nevill, Hand-list, p. 267.

Original description :—‘‘ Testa deatrorsa, foveato-rimata, ovato-
acuminata, confertim arcuato-costulata, albida, spira ovato-pyranu-
data, superne attenuata, apice acutiusculo, sutura impressa ; anfracti-
bus 74 convexis, antepenultimo majusculo tumido, ultimo antice
ascendente; apertura subverticali, late auriculart, plica columellari
valida nutante munita, peristomate expanso, extus varice retrorelicta
remotiuscula valida aucto, infra ad sinistram subangulato, marginibus
callo parietali crasso expanso appresso junctis, columellari leviter
sinuato. Opere. ?

“Long 44, diam. 25 mill.

“¢ Hab. prope Darjiling. Teste W. T. Blanford.

‘“‘ Independently of its smaller size and stronger costulation, this
shell is distinguished from D. pachycheilus by its foveate rimation
behind the thin columellar lip, and by the retrorelict variciform
second peristome, which is remote in its course, on the right side,
from the thin actual peristome, but joims it below the umbilical

170 L\ND AND FRESHWATER

cavity. In D. pachycheilus the peristome is thickened and bifurcate
at the insertion of the outer lip, and there is no remote varix ;
while the incrassate columellar lip is reflected over the rimation,
and entirely conceals it. The last whorl ascends more conspicuously
in front than in D. pachycheilus, although it rises considerably also
in that shell—a feature which I omitted in the description given in
the ‘ Annals’ for 1857. The costulation of D. pachycheilus is very
variable ; in some specimens it disappears on the lower whorls, in
others on the upper ones only ; occasionally it pervades the whole
surface.”

It appears to be most abundant in the Western Bhutan Hills,
judging from the numbers collected by Mr. W. Robert.

DrIpLoMMATINA PULLULA, Benson. (Plate XLIX. fig. 12.) The
specimen figured is from Mr. Blanford’s collection and the typical
locality.

Diplommatina pullula, Bs. A. M. N. H. 1859, vol. ni. p. 182;
Godwin-Austen, Journ. A. 8. B. 1868, p. 83, pl. i. fig. 7; Pfr. Mon.
Pneum. vol. iii. p. 9; Hanley, Conch. Ind. p. 49, pl. exix. fig. 7 ;
Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 42; Nevill, Hand-list, p, 287.

Original description :—‘ Testa imperforata, ovato-turrita, oblique
confertim costulata, fulvescenti-albida, versus apicem rubella, spira
subturrita, sutura impressa, apice obtusiusculo ; anfractibus 6-7 con-
vexis, antepenultimo tumidiore, ultimo antice valde ascendente, costulis
remotioribus irregularibus ; apertura subverticali, vie superne spec-
tante, oblique obovali, peristomate duplici, interno porrecto expansius-
culo, externo subreflexo, marginibus callo appresso expanso junctis,
columellari verticali planato intus acute unidentato basi angulato-
rotundato, deatrali valde arcuato. Opere. ts

* Long. 3, diam. 13 mill.

“« Hab. in valle Rungun, ad latus occidentale.

‘In form and size between huttoni and folliculus, Pfr.; dextrorse
like the latter, though agreeing with the former in haying the tooth
apparent on the columellar lip... ..”

DreLomMATINA HUTTONI, Pfr. (Plate XLV. figs. 7, 7 a, 7 6.)
Locality. Mussoorie, N.W. Himalaya (G.-<A.).

Diplommatina huttoni, Pfeiffer, P. Z.S. 1852, p. 157; Guppy,
A. M. N. H. 1867, vol. xx. p. 95; Blanford, A. M. N. H. 1868,
vol. i. p. 116; Pfr. Mon. Pneum. vol. i. p. 123; Kust. and
Chemnitz, Cyclos. pl. xlvii. figs. 36, 37; Hanley, Conch. Ind.
p. 55, pl. exxxix. figs. 5, 6; Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 42.

Original description :—‘ D. testa sinistrorsa, subrimata, ovato-
conica, eleganter confertim et oblique costulata, diaphana, albida ;
spira conica, acuta ; anfract. 6, perconvexis ; apertura subcirculari ;
perist. duplice, eapanso.

“Dong. 2:5, diam. 1 mill.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. Lid

“ This little shell belongs to the genus Diplommatina, founded by
Mr. Benson (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1849, Sept.), on sufficient
characters of the shell and of the animal, for Carychium costatum,
Hutt., which I had erroneously referred to Bulémus under the name
of B. folliculus. The genus seems to belong to the Auriculacez.”

Size: maj. diam. 0°83, alt. axis 1:9 mm.

On a comparison of five specimens of Diplommatina huttoni,
collected by myself at the typical locality Mussoorie, with eighteen
specimens from Trinidad, said to be the same, kindly lent to me by Sir
Rawson Rawson, I do not identify them as the same species, and I
therefore further on describe the West-Indian form as D. occidentalis.
The former is much more closely costulated, in proportion of 20 to 10,
that is twice as many ribs on the antepenultimate whorl; the
general form is different, particularly the much more expanded
penultimate whorl in the Trinidad shell when compared with the
flatter sides of D. huttoni. Still there is undoubtedly a very close
resemblance, particularly in colour and texture.

The species from Trinidad was first brought to notice, identified
as D. huttoni, in August 1867, by Mr. R. J. Lechmere Guppy, in the
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., and to the same periodical Mr. W. T. Blan-
ford contributed a paper in February 1868 on this subject, and the
occurrence also of Ennea bicolor in the same island. As all Mr.
Blanford’s remarks still hold good, as to distribution &c., and as it
is difficult to condense with justice all that the author brings for-
ward in support of his views, I give it in extenso, for it is a point
of great interest as regards distribution. I have now shown that
they are not the same species, and it remains to be discovered from
what hill-district of India the Trinidad form has been conveyed, as I
believe it was, together with Hnnea bicolor, in the manner suggested
by Mr. Blanford.

“On the Occurrence of Diplommatina huttoni and Ennea bicolor
in the West Indies.

“In the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for August
1867, Mr. R. J. Lechmere Guppy described the occurrence in
Trinidad of Diplommatina huttoni, Pir., and suggested that its
presence and that of Hnnea bicolor, Hutton, might be accounted for
by supposing both to have migrated across the Tertiary Atlantis. I
cannot help thinking that there are several circumstances opposed
to this view; and in order to explain them it is necessary to de-
scribe the distribution of Diplommuatina huttont and Ennea bicolor
in India.

““ Diplommatina huttont has hitherto only been found on the lower
slopes of a portion of the Western Himalayas, near Mastri. It is
true that the Himalayas have not been explored to a sufficient
extent to justify the assertion that the shell does not exist else-
where ; but, as not a single Western Himalayan Diplommatina has
as yet been found in those parts of the Eastern Himalayas about
Darjiling which have been comparatively well explored, nor, vice

Lie LAND AND FRESHWATIR

versd, a solitary Darjiling species in the Western Himalayas, it is
extremely improbable that the range of D. huttont extends more
than, at the outside, 200 or 300 miles along the base of the moun-
tains. In the plains of India no Diplommatina has ever yet been
found*. In the hills of Southern India, forms differing entirely
from those of the Himalayas alone occur, The negative evidence,
therefore, against the existence of D. huttoni, or of any other Indian
species of the genus, over any large area of country is overwhelming.
And this is entirely in accordance, as has been remarked by Mr.
Benson, with the general facts of the distribution of operculated
land-shells in India, none being me. with over so large an area as
species of the non-operculated forms frequently are.

“Yo the west of Hindustan not a single Diplommatina, or land-
shell allied to Diplommatina, has ever beea recorded, The genus
and its allies are utterly unknown in Western Asia, Europe, and
Africa, Not only are the Diplommatinidie absent, but all their
allies, the Cyclophoridee, are equally so, with the exception of two
or three obscure species in South Africa and of 1:e anomalous genus

Craspedopoma in the Azores, Madeira, and Canary Islands; and
these few forms have at least as close an affinity te American types
as to those of India.

“To the east and south-east of India the case is different.
Species of Diplommatina, many of them sinistral, and of allied
genera have been found in Buima, Labuan (Opisthostoma de-cres-
pignit), the a tac Islands (Arinia), the Moluccas, the Pelew
Islands (Palaina), the New Hebrides, New Caledonia, Tord Howe’s
Island, Australia, and New Zealand. A species is said to occur
also in the Sandwich Islands. Now, as Megalomustoma and Cy-
clophorus are common to the mainland of India, the Malay Archi-
pelago, and the West Indies, it appears by no means improbable
that Diplommatina may have the same distribution; and certainly,
if D. huttoni ever migrated or was transported by natural causes
from India to America, I cannot help thinking that it most probably
traversed countries inhabited by its relations. But I cannot help
doubting its having migrated at all over any extensive area.

“ Enea bicolar is a shell of much wider distribution. It is met
with throughout the whole peninsula of Hindustan, and it also
occurs in Burma. It lives in the plains, in cultivated land as well
as In waste.

‘* It is easy to conceive that a mollusk with such habits might be
very probably transported with living plants, or with roots or seeds,
Mr. Guppy doubts whether the animals would survive the voyage
from the East to the West Indies. Of this there can, I think, be
no question. Mr. Benson, if I am not mistaken, has had specimens
of Diplommatina alive in England ; and there are very few Indian

* “T know of but one, doubtful exeeption—doubtful inasmuch as I do not
know at what elevation the shell was found. This was in South Canara, on the
Malabar coast. The form was one of the type peculiar to the hills of Southern
India. The whole fauna of the coast of Malabar is peculiar.” [Beddome has
since found at least three species. —H. H. G.-A.]

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 173

shells which, when estivating, will not bear a journey of several
months without injury, provided damp or excessive cold be
avoided.

‘“'That the introduction of a single pair of shells is ample for the
diffusion of the species has been proved in Calcutta in the case of
Achatina fulica. The facts are well known, but will bear repeating.
About twenty-five years ago, 1843, two specimens were brought
from Mauritius, and placed in a garden. Now the species abounds
almost everywhere throughout an area of at least five miles in
length*. In many places several hundreds might be collected.
Ten years ago, to my own knowledge, the shell was quite unknown
in the Botanical Gardens on the opposite bank of the Hoogly. The
other day I saw it living there in abundance. Of course, in a large
city like Calcutta, where plants are constantly transferred from one
garden to another at a distance, great facilities for dispersion exist ;
but the numbers, all unquestionably derived from a single pair in
the course of so short a time, are nevertheless astonishing. I have
very little doubt that one impregnated female would suffice equally
well to introduce a species.

‘“ Another fact in favour of Diplommatina huttoni and Ennea
bicolor having been introduced into the West Indies by man is, that
both are very small shells, precisely such as would most easily
escape notice and be transported with plants. No shell is more
likely than the Hnnea to have been thus carried into foreign coun-
tries. The case of the Diplommatina is certainly far more difficult,
but still it appears to me to present fewer difficulties than the theory
of migration. Is there a botanical garden in Trinidad ?

“If the Diplommatina has not been transported artificially, I
should be almost inclined to suspect that the Trinidad species is not
really identical with that inhabiting the Western Himalayas, but
that two forms, closely resembling each other, have originated
separately at the extreme limits of the area occupied by the genus.

“With regard to the Ennea, I have very little doubt of its
having been transported. Many of the cultivated plants of the
West Indies must have been introduced by the Spaniards and
Portuguese, some of them, in all probability, direct from India; and
the date of the introduction may thus have been sufficiently distant
to allow of a considerable amount of dispersion amongst the various
islands.”

DIPLOMMATINA OCCIDENTALIS. (Plate XLV. figs. 8, 8a, 8 0.)

Locality. Island of Trinidad, West Indies (ex coll. Sir Rawson
Rawson).

Shell sinistral, elongately turreted, scarcely sinuate; sculpture
somewhat distant well marked costulation; colour white; spire
rather attenuate, apex blunt; suture deep ; whorls 6, sides tumid,
the last small, the penultimate much the broadest, those above be-

* [In 1877 I found it abundant in the gardens at Barrackpur, which is 15
miles north of Calcutta.—H. H. G.-A.]

174 LAND AND FRESHWATER

coming gradually swollen to the apex ; aperture small, subvertical,
round; peristome continuous, closely double; columellar margin
weak, no tooth, the twist on columella seen within the aperture.
Size: major diam. 1:2, alt. axis 2°2 mm.
a 0:05, ,, 0:09 inch.

DIPLoMMATINA THEOBALDI, n.sp. (Plate XLIX. figs. 11, 11 a.)

Locality. Darjiling (Theobald). Only one specimen.

Shell sinistral, globosely scarcely rimate, constriction central,
above the aperture ovate, somewhat gibbous ; sculpture smooth, with
rather close costulation, high and sharp near aperture ; colour pale
umber ; spire bluntly conoid, apex obtuse ; suture moderately im-
pressed ; whorls 5, sides flat in front, rounded at back ; aperture
subvertical oval; peristome double, not continuous; columellar
margin curved, no tooth visible viewed from the front, but seen
slightly well within the aperture.

Size: major diam. 1-4, alt. axis 2°3 mm.

3 G-06;. =... —0-Coamen:

This interesting sinistral species, the first I have seen from the
Darjiling Hills, is another similar to D. jaintiaca of the mountains
south of the Brahmaputra, but differs in many respects, particularly
in its tumid small size and the absence of the columellar tooth.

DIPLOMMATINA DAFLAENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XLV. figs. 4, 4 a.)

Diplommatina austeni (large var.), Godwin-Austen, Journ. A. 8. B.
1876, p. 179.

Locality. Dikrang valley, Dafla Hills (G.-A.).

Comparing this more closely with the form from the Khasi Hills
(figs. 2, 2a), it differs very much in its general shape, being much
smaller below, the antepenultimate being much larger in proportion
to the penultimate ; the apex is more attenuate, and the sculpture
differs. It must therefore be distinguished as a species.

Original description:—* Shell dextral, ovately fusiform, mode-
rately thick, pale horny. Sculpture very fine, almost disappearing
on the two last whorls. Sides of spire moderately flat. Whorls 7,
penultimate and antepenultimate the largest, the last ascending
slightly. Constriction in middle of aperture, which is circular and
vertical ; columellar margin rounded, tooth moderate. Peristome
simple, double, rather strongly formed, the inner lip continuous.
Alt. 0°15, diam. 0-70 in.

‘* Hab. Low down on the left bank of the Dikrang River ; about
a dozen were found.

“This shell is very similar in form to D, austeni, W. BIf., from
the Khasi Hills, but it is much larger, that shell being only 0-90 inch
in length, and the two last whorls are not so smooth and show
slight traces of sculpture.”

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 175

Species from Peninsular India.

DIPLoMMATINA GRACILIS, Beddome. (Plate XLVI. figs. 1,1 a, 1.)

Diplommatina gracilis, Beddome, P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 442, pl. hi.
f. 2; Hanley, Conch. Ind. p. xii (index only); Theob. Supp. Cat.
p. 42; Nevill, Hand-list, p. 288.

Size: alt. axis 2°7 mm.

Original description :—* Shell dextral, narrowly ovate, straw-
coloured, not rimate ; whorls 63, all except the apical or two upper
ones rather distantly and prominently costulated, interstices smooth ;
spire rather slender, the fifth whorl the largest and projecting a
little more than the penultimate, the penultimate with the con-
striction over the centre and right centre of the aperture; aperture
reniform; peristome continuous round the penultimate whorl,
prominently angled, below the tooth double, the outer lip expanded
and reflexed, columellar margin nearly straight, the tooth promi-
nent, a little deflexed: total length $ inch.

‘*Gudam Hills, Vizagapatam, 3000 feet elevation, 17° N, lat.”

I notice a variety of this shell sent to me by Colonel Beddome
from the Jeypur Hills, Madras, figured on Plate XLVI. figs. 2, 2 a.
It has rather more tumid whorls and is less acuminate. In three out
of eight specimens another point of difference is in the right margin
of the peristome, which is sharply sinuate, as shown in fig. 2, The
three specimens of D. gracilis from the Golcondah Hills do not
show this. It is evidently only a more angulate form of the inner
lip.

Dretommatrna canarica, Beddome. (Plate XLVI. figs. 3, 3 a.)

Diplommatina canarica, Beddome, P.Z.S8. 1875, p. 442, pl. Iii.
fig. 1; Hanley, Conch. Ind. p. xii (index only).

Size: alt. axis 25 mm.

Original description :— Shell dextral, broadly ovate, scarcely or
very inconspicuously rimate, flesh-coloured ; whorls 63, convex, all
except the apical obtuse one closely, regularly, and sharply costu-
lated ; interstices smooth ; spire conical; the fifth whorl much the
largest, and projecting much more than the penultimate ; the penulti-
mate with the constriction just in front of the centre of the circular
aperture ; peristome shining, continuous round the penultimate
whorl, slightly canaliculate in its free portion below; columellar
margin much incurved; the tooth prominent, slightly deflexed :
total length +4, inch.

“North Canara, in moist forests about Yellapore, 2500 feet
elevation, 14° N. lat.”

76
176 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Dretommatina Minima, Beddome. (Pl. XLIX. figs. 13, 13 a.)

Diplommatina minima, Beddome, P.Z.8. 1875, p. 442, pl. li.
figs. 3,4; Hanley, Conch. Ind. p. xii (in list of species only) ;
Nevill, Hand-list, p. 288.

The specimen figured is 1°4 mm. in height.

Original description :—‘ ‘Shell dextral, cylindrical, straw-coloured,
not rimate; whorls 53, convex, all except the two upper ones
minutely costulated, sutures deep; spire black and tapering very
slightly, the antepenultimate whorl not larger than the penultimate,
the latter very slightly constricted ; the position of the operculum
over the centre of the aperture, aperture circular ; peristome shining,
continuous round the lower portion of the penultimate whorl, double
in its lower free portion, the columellar margin semicircular, the
tooth small but plainly visible under the lens: total length ;4, inch,
23 times the breadth.

“Gudam Hills, Vizagapatam, with the preceding (D. gracilis),
but very rare. This is the smallest known species of Diplom-
matina true ; it is quite a connecting-link between Semper’s genus
Moussonia (Pupa problematica, Mousson) and true Diplommatina.

“These are the first species of Hudiplommatina discovered in
Southern India ; the genus does not apparently occur on our western
ghats south of 14° N. lat., where its place is taken by Micida.
Large tracts of the mountainous country in the Vizagapatam and
Ganjam districts are conchologically quite unexplored ; and other
species will no doubt be some day discovered, particularly as Nicida
is not found. On the Nallay-Mallay mountains, Kurnool district,
15° N. lat., I could not detect either Diplommatina or Nicida, though
Opisthostoma was discovered ; these hills, however, have been only
superficially searched, and Diplommatinas will, I think, yet be found
there.”

Species from the Khasi and Naga-Hill Ranges.

DrpLoMMATINA POLYPLEURIS, Bs. (Plate XLV. figs. 1, 1a.) From
Khasi Hills ; the same as figured in ‘ Conch. Indica.’

Diplommatina polypleuris, Benson, A. M. N. H. 1857, vol. xix.
p. 203; Blanford and Godwin-Austen, J. A. 8. B. 1868, p. 83,
pl. iii. fig. 1 (from North Khasi).

Diplommatina polypleuris, var., Godwin-Austen, J. A.S. B. 1870,
p-. 4, pl. i. fig. 4 (from N. Jaintia, is distinct; I have named it
minuta); Pfr. Mon. Pneum. vol. ii. p. 11; Hanley, Conch. Ind.
p. 56, pl. exl. fig. 10 (Sandoway, habitat doubtful); Theob. Supp.
Cat. p. 42, Moulmein, Nattoung (both doubtful).

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. IW ez

Diplommatina polypeuris, var., Nevill, Hand-list, no. 11, p. 285
(from Dafla Hills); = minuta.

Diplommatina polypleuris, var., Nevill, Hand-list, no. 11, p. 285
(from Sandoway and Nattoung), ? n. sp.

Original description :—‘‘ Testa dextrorsa, non rimata, oblongo-
ovata, confertim oblique chordato-costulata, pallide carnea, apice
obtusiusculo, hyalino, sutura profunda ; anfractibus 6 conveais, ante-
penultimo tumidiusculo ; apertura verticali, subcirculari, dente colu-
mellari munita ; peristomate duplict, interiort expansiusculo, externo
expanso, ad basin sinistram angulato-rotundato, callo parietali me-
diocri, appresso, Opere. ?

** Long. vix 2, diam. 1 mill.

“‘ This little species was found by Mr. Theobald at Nanclai Ponji,
forty-five miles from Cherra, in 92° 30’ EK. and 25° 15’ N.”

Dietommatina AusTENI, W.T. Blf. (Plate XLV. figs. 2, 2 a.)
Locality. North Khasi.

Diplommatina austeni, W.'T. Blanford, J. A. 8S. B. 1868, p. 5,
pl. iu. fig, 2.

Diplommatina austent, large var., Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B.
1876, p. 178, pl. vii. figs. 8, 8a (is distinct); Hanley, Conch. Ind.
p. 49, pl. exix. figs. land 4; Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 41; Nevill, Hand-
list, p. 286.

Original description :—‘“ Tvsta dextrorsa non rimata, conico-ovata,
albida vel succinea. Spira superna conica, non attenuata, sutura im-
pressa, apice obtusiusculo. Anfr. 6, primi 3 gradatim crescentes,
confertim minute costulati, ultimi lavigati vel costulis subobsoletis
signati, antepenultimus major, ultimus aliquando lineis subdistantibus
versus aperturam signatus, antice ascendens, subtus rotundatus.
Apertura verticalis oblique subovalis ; perist. incrassatum, mediocriter
expansum, duplex, margine columellari verticali, angulo aperto subtus
desinente, basalt rotundato, plica columellari mediocri, callo parvetali
eax panso.
se Long. 23, diam. 1 mill. ; apertura e perist. 14 mill. longa, intus
5 lata.

“« Hab, Cherra Poonji et Maotherichan in montibus Khasi (W.
Theobald et Godwin-Austen).

‘«T some years ago received a specimen of this species from Mr.
Theobald as D. polypleuris, Bens. On comparing the series of
Diplommatine collected by Captain Godwin-Austen with Mr. Ben-
son’s description, it is evident that the type of that species belonged
to a different form, found abundantly by Captain Godwin-Austen
with the present species on the Maotherichan ridge, part of the
northern scarp of the Khasi Hills, and distinguished from the pre-
sent form by its much stronger sculpture, less conical spire, deeper
suture, and rounder mouth. It is asmaller form. Mr. Theobald’s
type specimens of D. polypleuris were from Nanclai, also on the
northern portion of the Fhe nlateau. D. austens varies con-

178 LAND AND FRESHWATER

siderably in the sculpture of the lower whorls, which are in most
specimens quite smooth. One individual sent is considerably
more tumid than the type, but presents no other difference of
importance.”

DIPLOMMATINA SALTUENSE, Nn. sp. (Plate XLV. figs. 6, 6a.)

Locality. Jatinga valley, North Cachar Hills.

Shell dextral, not rimate, umbilicated, ovately fusiform ; sculpture
distant, strong costulation on all the whorls; colour ruddy ochre,
strong on apex; spire conic acuminate, sides flat near apex, which
is rather pointed; whorls 63, the three last much rounded, the
antepenultimate the largest, the constriction in middle above the
aperture ; aperture circular, perpendicular; peristome very solid,
double ; columellar margin straight, the tooth pointed.

Size: major diam. 1:4, alt. axis 2-4 mm.

- 0:06;. 9.5. )).) 0710 anch:

This species, which assimilates in general form to D. polypleuris,
&c., yet differs considerably in the attenuation of the apex and
proportion of the whorls, being more like in this respect D. dafla-
ensis. A considerable number were collected.

DrpeLoMMATINA SILVICoLA, n. sp. (Plate XLV. figs. 3, 3a.)

Locality. Jenta Hajuma Peak, 5127 feet (G.-A.), North Cachar
Hills.

Shell somewhat depressedly ovate, not rimate; sculpture, regu-
larly well-marked distant costulation ; colour pale sienna-brown ;
spire conic, sides convex, apex rather blunt ; whorls 6, rounded, the
last rather small, penultimate the most swollen, constriction in
middle and above the aperture ; aperture vertical, circular ; peri-
stome double and solid, columellar margin subvertical, tooth
strong.

Size: major diam. 1°3, alt. axis 2°2 mm.

- 0:05, ,, 0-09 inch.

I obtained only six specimens of this shell, in the dense lofty
forest of the highest part of the North Cachar Hills. It approaches
D, austeni in its general form, but is more depressed, and its sculp-
ture is very defined.

DIPLOMMATINA SILVICOLA, small var. (Plate XLV. figs. 5, 5a.)

Locality. Jatinga valley, North Cachar Hills.

A shell which in general shape and sculpture is very similar to
the last described was very abundant in the above valley, which
drains from the Jenta Hajuma ridge. It is evidently a dwarf form,
and measures only 1°7 mill. in height.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 179

Species from Arakan, Burmah, and Nicobar Islands.

DIPLoMMATINA sPpERATA, W.T. Blf. (Plate XLVI. figs. 5, 5 a.)
Locality. Moditoung, Arakan Hills.

Diplommatina sperata, W. T. Blanford, J. A. 8. B. 1862, p. 143;
Pfr. Mon. Pn. vol. iii. p. 10; Hanley, Conch. Ind. p. xii (index) ;
Nevill, Hand-list, p. 284 (two sp., Mai-i, Arakan coast).

Size: alt. 2°7 mm.

Original description :—‘* Testa dexvtrorsa, non rimata, ovato-conica,
subfusiformis, solidiuscula, pallide cornea, subremote verticaliter cos-
tulata. Spira conica, apice acuta, sutura impressa. Anfr. 63,
convert ; antepenultimus major, tumidus ; ultimus antice via as-
cendens. Apertura verticalis, subtus antice sinuata, late auricularis,
plica columellari valida munita ; perist. subduplex, expansum, mar-
gine columellari sinuato et ad basin angulo acuto desinente, callo
parietali mediocre.

“ Long. 24, diam. 14, ap. diam. 3 inch.

oe Os0 Owe O52... a, O20 2.ram.

‘“« Hab. in montibus Arakan a Pegu secernentibus.

“ But two perfect specimens of this shell occurred to me at Modi-
toung, on the Prome and Tongoop road, together with Alyccus
graphicus &e. It resembles D. pachycheilus, B., in the shape of the
mouth, but it is distinguished by the slighter rise of the last whorl
and by its subremote costulate sculpture, which, together with its
rounded aperture, serves also to distinguish it from D. diplocheilus,
B., D. pullula, B., and D. blanfordiana, B., the two latter of which
are closely costulated, and the first named smooth.”

DIPLOMMATINA HENZADAENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XLVI. figs. 6, 6 a.)

Locality. Kyoung Gyoung Nulla, Henzada, Pegu.

Shell dextral, ovately turreted, scarcely rimate ; sculpture rather
distant, fine ; spire, sides convex, apex blunt ; suture well impressed ;
whorls 6, rounded, the antepenultimate the largest, the constriction
being just above the upper outer margin of the peristome ; aperture
circular ; peristome double, continuous, solid for size, columellar
tooth well developed.

Size: major diam. 1:0, alt. axis 1-6 mm.

KS 0:04. 242 0707 meh.

There is only one specimen in Mr. Blanford’s collection ; but as
it is fully grown, though so very minute, and is so unlike any thing
before described from Pegu, I have ventured on figuring and
naming it.

180 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Diptrommatina Extuis, W. T. Bf. (Plate XLIX. fig. 1.)

Diplommatina ewilis, W.T. Blf. J. A.S. B. 1862, p. 325; Pfr. Mon.
Pneum. vol. iii. p. 10 ; Hanley, Conch. Ind. p. 49, pl. exix. fig. 10;
Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 42(Mya-Leit Doung and Farm Caves, Moulmein;
the latter locality refers to D. ewserta); Nevill, Hand-list, p. 284.

Original description :—“ Shell dextral, not rimate, very slenderly
subfusiform, rather solid, moderately, closely, and obliquely ribbed
throughout. Spire turreted, with straight sides, apex obtuse, suture
impressed. Whorls 7$, rounded, antepenultimate slightly larger
than the penultimate ; lower whorl rising a little near the aperture,
which is subvertical, slightly inclined downwards, almost circular,
the columellar margin being straightened, terminating in a right
angle at the base, and bearing a moderately sized internal tooth.
Peristome double, the inner lip being prominent, slightly expanded,
and continuous upon the penultimate whorl, but not forming a broad

callus ; outer lip slightly expanded, retrorelict. Opere. if
Alt. Diam. Diam. ap.
3 11 = mm.
0-12 0°05 0-03 inch.

‘“* Habitat. Mya-Leit Doung, Ava.

“The most slender species of the genus with which I am ac-
quainted, and easily distinguished from all others by its long narrow
form.”

DirtomMatina Puppensis, W. T. Blf. (Plate XLIX. fig. 9.) The
shell figured is from the typical locality.

Diplommatina puppensis, W.T. Blanford, J. A.S. B. 1862, p. 324 ;
Blanford & Godwin-Austen, J. A. 8. B. 1868, p. 83, pl. iv. figs. 2, 2a;
Hanley, Conch. Ind. p. 55, pl. cxxxix. figs. 8,9; Theob. Supp. Cat.
p-42; Nevill, Hand-list, p. 284.

Diplommatina pappensis, Blf. A. M. N. H. 1864, vol. xiii. p. 443.

Original description :—* Shell dextral, not rimate, elongately sub-
ovate, thin, translucent, light amber in colour, very finely and
closely costulated, spire with convex sides, apex pointed, not acumi-
nate, suture impressed. Whorls 7, the antepenultimate being the
largest, last whorl rising considerably upon the penultimate. Aper-
ture vertical, nearly circular, the columellar margin being straight,
with an obtuse angle at the base, and furnished with a small tooth
internally. Peristome double, orange in colour ; both lips expanded,
the inner forming a thin callus upon the penultimate whorl. Opere.
thin, horny, white, circular, flat, with no distinct spiral structure.

Alt. Diam. Diam. ap.
3s 2 1 mm.
0-15 0-08 0-04 inch.

“‘ Habitat. Puppa Hill in Upper Burma, with Alycaus vulcans.

MOLLUSCA OF INDTA. 18]

“The largest species yet discovered in Burma, and the most
symmetrical, so far as I know, of all Asiatic forms. None of the
Burmese representatives of Diplommatina show the strongly acumi-
nate spire, or the great swelling of the antepenultimate whorl, which
distinguishes the species inhabiting the Himalaya.”

Drrerommatina NANA, W. T. BIf. (Plate XLIX. figs. 6, 6a.)

Diplommatina nana, W.'T. Blanford, J. A. 8S. B. 1865, p. 85;
Hanley, Conch. Ind. p. 55, pl. exl. fig. 1; Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 42;
Nevill, Hand-list, p. 285.

Original description :—** Shell not rimate, dextrorse, subovate,
rather solid, amber-coloured, very finely and closely filiformly costu-
lated on the lower whorls, less closely on the upper, or, frequently,
subdistantly costulated throughout. Spire conical, with sides scarcely
convex above; apex rather obtuse, sometimes reddish, suture im-
pressed. Whorls 6-63, rounded, antepenultimate the largest, the
last rising considerably upon the penultimate. Aperture vertical,
ear-shaped, nearly circular, columellar margin straight for a short
distance and vertical, with an internal tooth. Peristome double,
both portions expanded and appressed, the inner forming a thin

callus upon the penultimate whorl. Operculum r4
mm. inch.
soneth 5... ce ses 23 0-09
Diameter... i... 1 0-04

*“‘ Aperture with peristome about } millim. in diameter.

“ Habitat. Akoutoung, Thondoung, and Yenandoung in Henzada
district, Pegu.

“This species approaches D. polypleuris, Bens., more nearly than
any other. It is distinguished by its more regularly ovate form,
blunter apex, less swollen penultimate whorl, and more marked
and distant sculpture. The latter character, however, varies—the
specimens from Thondoung, a hill about 20 miles south of Akoutoung,
being either closely costulate throughout, or subdistantly sculptured
above, closely below ; while in Akoutoung specimens the costulation
is subdistant throughout As, however, I can trace no other dis-
tinction between the shells, and the costulation varies in different
individuals from each place, I do not think there is any specific
distinction.”

Dretommatina AFFINIS ?, Theobald. (Plate XLIX. fig. 3.)

Diplommatina affinis, Theobald, J. A. 8. B. 1870, p. 398; Hanley,
Conch. Ind. p. xii (index only) ; Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 41.

Locality. Upper Salwin valley (ex Theobald’s collection).

Shell elongately fusiform, rimate; sculpture much worn, costu-
lation close; colour bleached; spire turreted, attenuate towards
apex ; suture moderately impressed ; whorls 7, rounded, antepen-

PART V. R

182 LAND AND FRESHWATER

ultimate slightly the largest, the penultimate with constriction above
the coiumellar margin ; aperture subvertical, circular; peristome
double, close, slightly developed, columellar margin with a small
tooth.

Size: major diam. 1-0, alt. axis 3-0 mm.

3 0:04, 5, 0:12 meh:

Mr. Theobald writes that the type is lost and probably smashed
with some other shells in the same box. This specimen was referred
to D. affinis by Stoliezka, and it agrees with the following original
description :—

* Testa dextrorsa, ovata, turrita, vie rimata; anfract. 7, requlariter
crescentibus; transversim leviter striatis, ultimo antice valde assendente
D. pullulee modo ; apertura ovali, margine columellari recto, dente
parvo wmstructo, labro duplici, extra expansiusculo. Long. 0°18,
lat. 0-08 une.

“ D, pullula ditfert magnitudine, spira minus attenuata et apertura
magis rotundata.

“* Habitat. Shan States.”

DrpLomMatina puPz#FoRMIs, Theobald. (Plate XLVI. figs. 4, 4a.)
Shan States,

Diplomnatina pupeformis, Theobald, Journ, A.S. B. 1870, p. 398 ;
Hanley, Conch. Lad. p. xii (index); Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 42; Nevill,
Hanid-list, p. 285, as var. of salwiniana,

Original description :—* Testa sinistrorsa, oblongo-ovali, non rimata,
pallidissime cornea ; sutura impressa ; anfract. 7, requlariter crescen-
tebus, transversaliter confertim striatis ; apertura subcirculari, margine
columellart brevi, recto, dente columellari modico instructo, labro
duplici, margine externo expanso. Long. 0°16, lat. 0-08 une.

“* Habitat. Shan States.”

D. salwiniana must be exceedingly close, if it be not the same
shell, as Stoliczka considered it. The original description runs as
follows :—

“« Testa sinistrorsa, ovate turrita, non rimata, pallidissime flaves-
cente, sutura unpressa ; anfractibus 73, convexis, requlariter cre-
scentibus, transversim distincte striatis, striis in ult. anfractu magrs
distantibus ; apertura rotundate ovata, margine columellari recto,
dente parvo submediano instructo, margine externo uniforme curvato,
tenurter calloso. Long. 0-20, lat. 0-10 une.

‘* Habitat. Shan States.”

DIPLoMMATINA CARNEOLA, Stol. (Plate XLIX. figs. 8, 8 a.)

Diplommatina carneola, Stoliczka, Journ, A. 8. B. 1871, p. 152,
pl. vi. f. 3; Hanley, Conch. Ind. p. 55, pl. exl. fig. 4; Theob. Supp.
Cat. p. 42; Nevill, Hand-list, p. 284.

Original description: —“ D, testa ovato-elongata, turrita, vie rimata,
carned, sew carneo-luteola ; anfract. 7, valde convewis, suturis pro-
fundis gunctis, primis duobus levigatis, luteis, ccteris costulis obliquis,

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 183

modice distantibus, ornatis, penultimo macime inflato, ad termina-
tionem valde constricto, ultimo minore, ad basin rotundato ; apertura
rotundata, mai gimibus paulo dilatatis et incrassatis, ad anfractum
penultimum conspieuter ascendentibus, intus leevigatis 3 labio adnato,
paulo expanso, labro duplici, extus prope marginem costa tenui et
acuta instructo, columella fere recta, infra dente unico instructa, ad
basin vix angulata. Diam. anf. penult. 1:2; alt. tot. teste 2-6,
apert. alt. 0-8, ejusdem diam. 0-8 mm.

* Animal carneo-lutcolum, tentaculis, rostro ad terminationem in-
terdumque dorso supero, plus minusve distincte atratis ; oculis magnis
in latere basali tentaculorum sitis, atris, pede ang gusto, postice acumi-
nato ; operculum corneum, tenmssimum, concentrice multispiratum.

« Hab, Damotha, prope Moulmain.

“This species is somewhat allied to D. puppensis, Blf., differing
from it by its constant smaller size, more tumid or convex and more
widely costulated whorls, and by the aperture being at the columellar
base rounded or nearly so,instead of decply angular and canaliculate as
it always appears to be in puppensis. The present species was found
to be very common on the perpendicular limestone cliffs at Damotha,
especially in localities where a little water trickled down the rock.
The animals seemed to feed on minute algw which were growing in
the locality.”

DreLomMATINA cRisPATA, Stoliczka. (Plate XLIX. figs. 4, 4a,
4b.)

Diplommatina ( Palaina)crispata, Stol, Journ. A. S. B. 1871, p. 153,
pl. vi. fig. 4; Hanley, Conch. Ind. p. 56, pl. exli. fig. 6.

Palaina crisputa, Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 43.

Original description :—“ Diplommatina (Pal.) testa conoidea, medio
latissima, sordide albida ; anfractibus 7, promis duobus (rare 13 1) mam-
millatis, leevigatis, convexis, sequeite conveaiusculo, confertim lanellose
striato, ceteris medio angulatis, crasse lamellatis, lamellis crebris, in-
cequalibus, tenuibus, undulatis et crispatis, ad peripheriam angulosam
spiniforme productis, latere interiore exeavatis ; anfr. penultimo haud
distincte constricto ; ultimo angustiore, basi convewiusculo ; apertura
perobliqua, eirculari, extra dilatata, intus continua, levi, supra leviter
adnata, ad latus columellare incrassata et infra dente pliciforme, via
distinguendo, instructa, margine interno acuto, undique libero ; peri-
stomate externo tenut, lamelliforme undulato et late expanso. Alt.
teste 2°5, diam. anf. penult. (spinis incl.) 1-5; diam. apert. int. 0-8,
d. ap. cum perist. 1-0 mm.

“ Animal albidum, tentaculis cinerco atratis ; operculum corneum.

* Habitat. Damotha, prope Moulmain; rarissime cum precedente.

‘* This 1s the first species from British India referable to the sub-
genus Palaina of Semper (vide Journ, de Conch. 1863, p. 291, and
1866, p. 348), although, if the subgenus should be retained, it can-
not include all the species referred to it by its author.”

184 LAND AND FRESHWATER

DrpLtommatina ANGuLATA, Theobald & Stoliczka. (Plate XLIX.
fies. 5, 5 a.)

Locality. Damotha, Moulmain.

Diplommatina angulata, Theobald & Stoliczka, Journ. A. S. B.
1872, p. 331, pl. xi. fig. 3 (Chouktalon Hill, south of Moulmain) ;
Hanley, Conch. Ind. p. 55, pl. exl. fig. 7 (not a characteristic
drawing).

Palaina angulata, Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 43; Nevill, Hand-list,
p. 285.

Original description :—‘* D. testa ovato-elongata, dextrorsa via ri-
mata, sordide albida, anfractu penultimo latissimo, apice obtusiusculo,
pallide rubido, submamillato ; anfratibus sew, primis duobus levigatis,
ceteris valde convexris, ad peripheriam plus minusve distincter angu-
latis, transversim confertissime costellatis aut acute striatis ; ultimo
basi contracto ; sutura profunda, simplice ; apertura late circulari ;
peristomate undique expanso, bilabiato, interno subrecto, ad marginem
columellarem dente obliquo instructo, externo ad anfractum penuliimum
constrictum modice ascendentc. Long. 2, Jat. maximus 0:8, diam.
apert. 0°6 mm.

“Hab. prope Moulmain, provincia Martaban.”

“ The peculiar angulation of the whorls, combined with the very
close transverse costulation, or almost striation, and the proportion-
ately large aperture, readily separate this species from any other as
yet known. Mr. Theobald obtained numerous specimens on the
limestone hill near Damotha, and also south of Moulmain, together
with D. carneola, Stol.”

DIPLOMMATINA EXSERTA, u. sp., Nevill. (Plate XLIX. figs. 2, 2a.)

Diplommatina exserta, Nevill’s Hand-list, p. 284, as D. ewilis, var.
exserta, from Farm Caves, Moulmain.

Locality. Damotha Cave, Moulmain (Theobald). Four specimens.

Shell elongately fusiform, not rimate ; sculpture, minute spiral
striw, crossed by rather close transverse costulation, coarser and more
distant on the apical whorls, less apparent on the last; colour very
light sienna ; spire high, turreted, sides flat, apex small; whorls 8,
sides rounded, the antepenultimate the largest, the last ascending,con-
striction just behind the aperture ; aperture vertical, oval; peristome
closely double at base at right angles to the axis ; columellar margin
subvertical, the tooth not at all prominent, blunt and rounded.

Size: major diam. 1:0, alt. axis 3 mm.

3 0:04, ~ ,, - 2 OrL2 aneh.-

This shell is very like D. evilis, the constriction, however, is
much more defined; there is no spiral striation on the surface of
D. exilis, and there is great difference in the form and size of the
columellar tooth. Its abnormal form serves to characterize D. exserta
well, and it may be compared in this respect to D. nicobarica.

In the paper ‘“ Notes on Burmese and Arakanese Land-Shells,” by
W. Theobald, Esq., and Dr. F, Stoliczka (J. A. 8. B. 1872, p. 331),

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 185

this species is referred to as follows :—‘“‘ 4. D. ewilis, Blf., was found
on the lmestone hills at Damotha and at the Farm-Caves near
Moulmain. Most of the specimens somewhat exceed in size those
from Upper Burmah; the costulation of the whorls also is a shade
finer, though variable in different specimens, and the outer lip of
the aperture a little more expanded ; however, the general form,
character, and proportion of the whorls is exactly the same. One
of the largest specimens measures: total length 3:2, diameter of
penult. whorl] 1:0, diam. of apert. with perist. 0°9 mm.; it has nine
whorls.”

DIPLOMMATINA EDENTULA, N. sp. (Plate XLIX. figs. 7, 7 a.)

Locality. Moulmain (7'heobald).

Shell ovately fusiform, not rimate, thin ; sculpture minute, longi-
tudinal strive, crossed by distant strong costulation ; colour whitish
ochre; spire turreted, sides convex, apex rounded ; suture moderately
impressed ; whorls 7, regularly increasing, the antepenultimate slightly
the largest, the constriction above the aperture ; aperture vertical,
circular ; peristome double, but not strongly developed ; columellar
tooth very small.

Size: major diam. 1°3, alt. axis 2°0 mm.

M 0-04—"*./. ‘10:08 inch:

This is another of the small, toothed, dextral forms from this lo-
cality, and it cannot be for a moment confused with D. ewserta ; it
may possibly be the shell referred to D. polypleuris and said to have
been found near Moulmain.

DIPLOMMATINA NICOBARICA, n. sp. (Plate XLVI. figs. 7, 7 a.)

Locality. Nicobars (H. Godwin-Austen).

Shell dextral, fusiform, not rimate; sculpture very close regular
costulation ; colour pale brown; spire, sides rather flattened, apex
acuminate ; whorls 7, sides convex, the antepenultimate the broadest,
the constriction usually immediately above the aperture, but in some
inclining more to the outer margin ; aperture circular, suboblique ;
peristome closely double; columellar margin straight, only a slight
indication of the usual tooth, but the thread or twist of the columella
is visible within the aperture.

Alt. axis 4:3 mm.

i O-17 inch.

This species was sent me by my brother with numerous other
shells ; the absence of the usual columellar tooth is a conspicuous
difference ; it is the first species described from these islands. I
note, however, in Nevill’s ‘ Hand-list,’ p. 284, that a species very
similar to D. carneola was found by Stoliczka on Batti Malve, and
also on Katchall Islands.

186 LAND AND FRESE WALER

Subfamily Anyexm m,
Genus Atycexvs, Gray, MS., B.M.

Alyceus, Gray, Moll. Anim. & Shells Coll. Brit. Museum, 1850,
p. 27; Benson, A. M. N. H.1859, vol. iii. p. 176; W. T. Blanford,
A. M. N. H. 1864, vol. xiii. p. 445 (as a distinct subfamily) ; Theob.
Supp. Cat. 1876, p. 7 (subfam. Alycwine); Nevill, Hand-list, 1878,
p. 290 (subfam. Diplommatinina).

Cyclophorus, sp., Pfr. Zeitsch. f. Malak. 1847, p. 108. no. 21.

Original description :—* Operculum horny, many-whorled. Shell
conical. Spire regular. Last whorl distorted, compressed, much
contracted before the mouth. Mouth circular. Peristome regularly
reflexed.” Type, A. gibbus, from Cochin China, the secon] and only
other species recorded being A. strangulatus, from Landour, N.W.
Himalaya, from the collection of Captain Boys. No mention is made
of the peculiar and typical sutural tube.

Dr. Pfeiffer divided the species into two groups, “ subturbinate ”
and “ depressed ;” but in 1859 Mr. Benson was the first to put the
rapidly increasing species into systematic order, based on better
characters, the principal being the position and extent and form
of the constriction, shape of shell, and length of the sutural tube.
Of these he formed three sections:—1l. Alycwus, normal group,
thus described: ‘The last whorl constricted somewhat remotely
from the aperture, tumid on both sides of the constriction.” It
contains ten species, in four subdivisions. 2. Charax, Bs.: ‘ Con-
striction broad, contiguous to the aperture, and divided more or less
remotely from it, across the whorl, by a ridge which is hollow
internally.” There are six species given, divided again into three
subsections :—

“«* Ridge curved back remotely from the peri-
SUOMMO ee ot a halaictne eae wep meen er A, hebes.
** Ridge parallel to and approaching the peri-
SEONG WC: tS oR ae see agains i Mae eee A, stylifer.
*** Ridge parallel with and close to the base of
the peristome’, Sa. Fs hia es ote ce A, plectocheilus.”

3. Dioryx, Bs. “ Constriction narrow, and immediately behind
the aperture ; the sutural tube arising proportionally nearer to the
peristome than in Sections 1 and 2.” There are two subsections
based on form of shell :—

a. A. amphora, Bs.

b. A. crenulatus, Bs.

This last, however, certainly belongs to Sect. 2.

As the sutural tube is one of the most important characters, I
give what Benson very truly says of it :—‘‘ In estimating the length
of the sutural tube, it is necessary to observe whether its brevity or
mediocre size is permanent and natural, or due to decay or injury,
especially in specimens which have become brittle from weathering.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 187

In the species of which I have been enabled to examine a series, I
find that the perfect tube is invariably of uniform length in each
form. ‘The character is so important, that 1 have thought it worthy
of notice in the sectional arrangement.’ I can bear this out ; hun-
dreds of specimens may be taken of any one species, and the tube is
invariably of the same length and form.

The above arrangement was a great advance towards a better
knowledge of the genus ; but in 1859 only about 20 species had been
discovered, and as they began to multiply it was soon evident that
the above three sections could not be so distinctly separated by any
hard-and-fast line, and Sections 1 and 2 were soon blended.

In a little over 54 years (1864) the number of species had mounted
up to about 37, 31 being from the Indian area. And in this year
Mr. W. T. Blanford published his most excellent paper in the
‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History, “On the Classification
of the Cyclostomacea of Eastern Asia,” and which must form the
basis and starting-point of all future classification of the group; he
arranged all the then known species in eight typical groups including
Dioryx. Owing to the above author’s subsequent observations, added
to the valuable work done by Stoliczka in the same field, this requires
to be somewhat modified. Many more species have been since dis-
covered. ‘Theobald’s Supplementary Catalogue enumerates 56 (ex-
cluding A. makarse, G.-A., MS., never described), and 10 more, in-
cluding those now described in this part, bring the number up to 66
that are known to me; while numerous species have been found
in Siam, the Malay Archipelago, and several new species yet remain
in my own collection.

If we take the more important characters of this very remarkable
well-defined genus—such as: (1) the sutural tube; (2) form of the
aperture, circular, angular, or crenulated, with varying peristome ;
(3) form of the constriction (most varied); (4) whorls, regular,
compressed, more or less closely wound; (5) sculpture of whorls
above and that adjacent to sutural tube ; (6) operculum ; and, lastly,
the general form of the shell—we find Nature manipulates the above
in every conceivable way with Geographical Distribution, and it
becomes almost impossible to restrict a group by any very fixed boun-
daries, forms merging most beautifully one into the other; I shall
not attempt, therefore, any fresh arrangement until many more
have been figured.

Dioryx, restricted to such forms as amphora, urnula, &e., is one
of the most distinct subdivisions that can be retained. The points
of difference are its smooth globose form, position of constriction
and operculum, and the long sutural tube.

Another well-marked section quite as worthy of subgeneric
distinction is type li. of Blanford ; it would contain all those species
like constrictus, Bs., and may be thus described :—Shell perforated,
ovately conical; sculpture consisting of very fine, regular, close
ribbing on the inflated portion of the shell; sutural tube very
short, clubbed or pear-shaped.

The small size of the figures illustrating this genus in the ¢ Con-

188 LAND AND FRESHWATER

chologia Indica’ renders them eften quite unsuited for reliable
reference or make clear any specific classification, for very often only
one view, and that not the most important, is given. In the case
of plate ciil. the shells are represented from every possible point of
view, and are positively wrong in detail. I therefore hope in time
to figure the greater number of this genus in a similar way to those
now given ; and to do this properly it is necessary to give three views
of each species, and sometimes four, to show clearly the differences
that exist between such closely allied forms. Itis a heavy task, and
one that Stoliczka, with Mr. Blanford’s assistance, had hoped to carry
out in the whole family of the Cyclophoride. If I can accomplish
a part of this work, it will, I trust, lessen the labours of future con-
chologists, and show how beautifully the law of Evolution is exem-
plified by these varying forms.

I have no drawing of the animal taken from life, as they are not
easy to observe, being very shy ubout coming out. The eyes are
small, and the tentacles not so long and thin as in Diplommatina,
Plate LI. fig. 3 is taken from a spirit-specimen of A. nagaensis,
enlarged four times.

The lingual ribbon given in fig. 4 is that of A. bicrenatus, one of
the larger species, and very similar to A. ingrami. From this we
find that in Alyceus the form of arrangement is

3 —1— 3
OED 2 em ote tone

all the uncini being 5-cuspid, with the exception of the outer, on
which I could only detect 4. It may be noticed that in the drawing
the 5 cusps are not shown in eyery instance; but it must be
remembered that they can only thus be seen owing to the toothed
edges being strongly curved, both longitudinally and laterally. The
uncini of this species are peculiarly spreading and fan-like, especially
the first and second laterals.

There is a slight scar of a semicircular form present on the surface
of the branchial sac, which corresponds in position with the internal
orifice of the sutural tube. This indicates the rudimentary nature
of the branchial tube in this genus. It is very short, and evidently
by its margin the sutural tube is formed, for this shows successive
layers of deposition. After the animal has reached a certain stage
of development (and this stage is perhaps the corresponding one in
Diplommatina, at the formation of the constriction) this ceases, and
the whole anterior portion is formed by the edge of the mantle alone.

Alyceus bembcw is a species with a very short but stout sutural
tube; an examination of several species showed that close to the
branchial chamber there is a divarication on the upper side, short
and corresponding with the external tube, but opening into the
chamber; the tube is completely closed on the other or posterior
end. ‘This must be homologous to the tube of Streptaulus.

It is somewhat difficult to understand how the formation of the
sutural tube is effected. The position of the internal orifice, so
different in Lthaphaulus and Alycaus, rather complicates the elucida-

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 189

tion, though it can only be a modification of the same inherited
character. { have endeavoured from examination of the animal and
shell in these two tube-bearing genera to understand how this
difference can be produced, and on Plate LI. are figures and sections
presenting internal and external views of these parts. Figs. 6a
and 9a represent not the shell, but an ideal section through the
mantle-margin and respiratory tube (fig. 7, ¢). In fig. 9a the
thick line represents the early stage, the dotted line the last stage of
growth in Lthaphaulus.

It is easy to understand that any slight folding of the mantle,
either on its internal or external surface, will produce a notch upon
the peristome, such as we find in Pterocyclos, and that if this fold be
increased so that the lower edges meet, a more or less circular notch
or circular orifice will be produced, which, still retaining the shell-
secreting property of the mantle, would deposit a tube. Then
according as the mantle on its free curvilinear margin grew faster
or slower than the tube or part passw with it, so would the shelly
tube be modified in form and position; or, again, the tube may
increase or remain constant in length. Thus I imagine in Rhaphaulus
the complete curvilinear edge of the mantle is slightly anterior to
the free end of the tube, which has a continuous growth from its
first formation, and thus the outer surface of the shell is formed
over it up to the aperture, rendering the tube internal and its orifice
posterior. At this stage the mantle-edge ceases to increase, the
animal having reached its maximum development ; this is stationary
so to speak and the thickened peristome is then formed. The inter-
nal tube still continuing to grow at the free end passes upwards,
backwards, or downwards externally, the common specific character.

In Alyceus the tube would appear to have a short but permanent
length and position, and from the commencement of its formation,
or folding in of the mantle-edge, is turned upward and backward
over the edge of the peristome and slightly in advance of it, deposit-
ing the shelly tube externally upon the outer surface of the body-
whorl and in the sutural angle, and is never internal. It should be
noticed that the length of the tube in Alycceus bears invariably a
constant relationship to the swollen, close, regular, and strongly
ribbed portion of the body-whorl, and there is some intimate con-
structive connection between the two, indicating, I think, an inter-
mittent action upon the line of the mantle-edge, during which it
undergoes a change somewhat like the following. The part produced
into a tube-like form is withdrawn, or reduced in size, on the forma-
tion of a rib which may be likened to an incipient peristomatic lip ;
on this being completed and the work of the mantle reduced, the
fleshy tube is again produced, reflected over the margin to deposit a
ring of shelly matter on the sutural tube, and then again retires
during the formation of the next peristomatie ring.

When the animal approaches its mature size the fleshy tube
becomes atrophied, leaving a mere scar on the mantle corresponding
with the internal orifice, and here the above ribbing or close costu-
lation ends, ‘The portion of the whorl in front would then appear

190 LAND AND FRESHWATER

to be formed more rapidly, and finally the thickened double peristome
is completed. ‘That the mantle-edge has a tendency to expand and
grow, taking on a wavy outline, is shown in those species with
deeply crenulated lips.

We have in the genera Pterocyclos, Spiraculum, Rhaphaulus,
Alyceus, Diplommatina, and Opisthostoma that indication of continual
development going on, and assuming great diversity of form aiter a
certain stage of existence, which has been so often brought to
notice in other groups of animals, showing that these shells are the
more modified descendants of older and less specialized forms, that
reached and brought their shell-constructing powers to an end at an
earlier stage of growth. Alyceeus with the shell cut back to the
posterior end of the sutural tube and supplied with a thickened lip
would be in all respects like many simple forms of Cyclophorus.

Rthaphaulus would be a Megalomastoma. In Diplommatina the
change would appear shown at the constriction of the last whorl.

Alyceus is essentially of a burrowing habit, and I have often
obtained them quite deep in the moist soil; this is perhaps the
reason of the eyes being so much smaller in comparison to those of
Diplommatina. The shells when taken fresh are generally coated
with a black clayey substance completely concealing the surface and
its costulation. In favourable localities, among the deep layers of
black decaying leaves, they are very numerous and easily found.

ALycz£vs cGemmuLa, Benson. (Plate XLVIII. figs. 4, 4a, 48, 4c.)

Locality. Rungun Valley, near Darjiling (ex coll. W. 7’. Blanford).

Alyceus (Charax) gemmula, Benson, A. M. N. H. 1859, vol. iii.
pp. 177,179; Pfr. Mon. Pneum. vol. iii. p. 52 ; Hanley, Conch. Ind.
p- 38, pl. xeili. fig. 7; Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 39; Reeve, Conch. Icon.
1878, pl. v. fig. 37.

Original description :—* Testa umbilicata, conoideo-depressa,
levigata, nitida, ad ventriculum minutissime, ad umbilicum crasse
striata, hyalina ; spira concidea, apice obtusiusculo, sutura profunda ;
anfractibus 4 convexiusculis, ultimo compresse rotundato, twin tumido,
tubulum mediocrem gerente, tunc fossiculato-constricto, strictura erista
recumbente, demumque area planata ab apertura separata ; apertura
obliqua, superne arcuatim prominente, peristomate duplici, valde in-
crassato-reflexo, intus superne ad angulum et infra ad basin leviter
emarginato ; umbilico profundo. Opere. 2

“ Diam. major 2}, minor 14, axis 13 mill.

“ Habitat rarissime in valle Rungun.

‘“‘Of this little shell the sole specimen obtained by Mr. Blanford
was forwarded to me for examination. Its affinities are with the
Khasia A. hebes ; but it is perfectly distinct in colour, smaller size,
sculpture, narrower constriction behind the ridge, narrower umbilicus,
and in the emargination visible within the aperture at the lower part.”

ALYCHUS PACHITAENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XLVIII. figs. 5,5, 50, 5c.)

Locality. Pachita village (Camp no. 7 of the Expeditionary Foree,
1874-75), Dafla Hills, Assam.
Four specimens in my collection.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 191

Shell depressedly turbinate, openly umbilicated, small; sculpture,
apical whorls quite smooth, some distinct distant costulation on the
posterior side of the last whorl, succeeded by very fine and close on
the swollen portion of the same ; colour dull whitish ochre ; spire sub-
conoid, apex blunt ; suture impressed, the tube short ; whorls 4, the
last swollen, the constriction close to the sutural tube, slightly enlarg-
ing again midway between it and the peristome, and this portion quite
sinooth ; aperture oblique, ovate, angular above and below; peri-
stome double, thickened, with a well-defined notch below, columellar
margin concave ; operculum multispiral, horny, brown.

Size: major diam. 3-2, alt. axis 2°6 mm.

5 OS ewe, ty al slals neh,

This shell finds its nearest ally in A. gemmula, Bs., of the Darji-
ling side, but the distinct ridge next the constriction is reduced toa
mere even swelling of the whorl, and the peristome and form of
aperture differ ; it is also larger.

ALycaus HEBES, Benson. (Plate XLIII. figs. 1, 1a, 16, 1c.)

Locality. Teria Ghat, south base of Khasi Hills.

Alycaus hebes, Benson, A. M. N. H. 1857, vol. xix. p. 204.

Charax hebes, Benson, A. M. N. H. 1859, vol. iii. p. 177 (type of
subgenus).

Alycaus hebes, Pfr. Mon. Pneum. vol. ii. p. 37; Pfr. Novit.
Conch. pl. xxxv. figs. 28-31 ; Hanley, Conch. Ind. p. 38, pl. xciii.
figs. 5, 6; Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 39; Nevill, Hand-list, p. 290;
Blanford, A. M. N. H. 1864, vol. xii. p. 459.

Original description :—‘ Vesta umbilicata, solidiuscula, depressa,
vie striatula, ad spatium inflatum et circa umbilicum confertissime
striata, carneo-albida, apicem versus rubella; spira conoidea, apice
obtustusculo, sutura impressa ; anfractibus 4 convexiusculis, ultimo
ad latus gibboso, tubulum mediocrem suturalem gerente, spatio con-
stricto costa valida retro recumbente munito; apertura obliqua,
circulart ; peristomate continuo, duplict, interiort porrecto, exteriort
expanso, incrassato.

** Diam. major 4, minor 3, axis 3 mill.

‘* Hab, ad Teria Ghit. Teste W. Theobald.

‘This species occurs on rocks, and is distinguished by the struc-
ture of the aperture from the small Bornean A. spiracellum, A. & R.
In the latter species, moreover, the rib behind and above the aper-
ture is nearly parallel with the peristome, whereas in A. hebes it
looks like a loop which had fallen backwards on the whorl. In both
species it takes its rise at the right side of the peristome, and ends
at the suture, corresponding with an internal sulcus.”

ALyca&us Nnoratus, Godwin-Austen. (Plate XLIII. figs. 2, 2a,
2 6.)
Locality. Toruputu Peak, Dafla Hills.

Alycaus notatus, Godw.-Aust. J. A. 8. B. 1876, p. 176, pl. vii.
figs. 9, 9a, 96; Nevill, Hand-list, p. 291.

192 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Original description :—* Shell globosely turbinate, narrowly um-
bilicated, of solid form; white, distant strong costulation on the
upper whorls, close and fine ribbing on swollen portion of the last.
Spire conoid, suture fairly impressed. Whorls 43, closely wound, the
last swollen, then sharply constricted, and again enlarged and
descending, the expanded portion being marked ‘with deep fold-like
furrows. Sutural tube moderate, aperture oblique. Peristome very
thick, distinctly treble in full-grown shells, outer layer terminating
just behind the aperture, the inner continuous, the two outer much
reflected near the umbilicus. Operculum smooth i in front.

“* Alt. 0:14, major diam. 0°17 in.

“ Hab. On the slopes of Tortptiti Peak at 3000 feet, about 15
specimens collected.

“This is one of the most distinct and curious species I have as
yet discovered, the fold-like indentations upon the expanded portion
near the aperture having no counterpart in any other form with
which I am acquainted. In other respects it is somewhat similar
to A. diagonius, in the strong thick peristome and closely-wound
whorls.”

ALYCEUS DAMSANGENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XLIII. figs. 3, 3a, 3b, 3c.)

Locality. Damsang Peak, Western Bhutan Hills (JV. Robert).

Shell turbinate, very closely umbilicated ; sculpture, well-marked
distant costulation on the upper whorls, coarse, close, regular on the
enlarged portion of the last; colour dull, very pale ochraceous ;
spire high, conic, apex blunt; suture moderately impressed, tube
mediocre ; whorls 4, the last sharply constricted at base of the
sutural tube, then enlarging suddenly into a recurved ridge, suc-
ceeded by a depression, and then another shorter ridge, and a pit-
like depression in front of it ; aperture oblique ; peristome double, but
not thickened ; columellar margin straight, subvertical, with slight
notch below ; operculum multispiral, brown.

Size: major diam. 3:8, alt. axis 3-2 mm.

ne Olds 04. 0-L3daneh.

This shell assimilates somewhat, in the character of the constric-
tion and the expansion of the whorl anterior to it, to A. hebes, Bs. ;
but in the irregular wrinkled portion in advance of the main ridge
crossing the swollen part it differs very materially, and presents a
most interesting approach to A. notatus, G.-A., of the Dafla Hills,
the surface of which is more irregularly wrinkled and pitted; it is
not so closely umbilicated, and the aperture is more angulate below.
It appears to be a most abundant species.

ALYCHUS CHENNELLI, n. sp. (Plate XLVIII. fig. 2.)

Locality. Piknti, Naga Hills (Chennell).

Shell globosely turbinate, umbilicated, but very closely, as a narrow
sht; sculpture, smooth near apex, distant costulation developed
bey ail and strongest near suture; colour white; spire conic, high,
apex rounded; sutural tube long, fine; whorls 4, rounded, con-
striction short and close to the base of the sutural tube, then

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 193

suddenly expanded, in a somewhat bell-shaped form, smooth, flatly
convex in front, with a few very shallow indistinct wrinkles or pits ;
aperture very oblique, quadrate ; peristome double, rounded on the
outer lower margin, the columellar margin with a distinct notch ;
operculum smooth in front.

Size: major diam. 3-7, alt. axis 2-9 mm.

Ota) ee) OM inch.

This shell is allied to A. notatus and damsangensis, but the ex-
panded part of the last whorl behind the aperture is smoother, with
only an indication of wrinkling. It is more closely wound than the
latter, and the aperture differs from both in its squarer form and
angulation below (compare with the figures on Plate XLIII.).

Specimens from the Lhota-Naga Hills (fig. 2, Plate XLVIII.) differ
slightly in being larger and in the expanded portion being more pitted
and with little or no costulation towards the apex; these differences
were found constant in 25 specimens, received by me from the late
Mr. A. Chennell, after whom I have named this species. Deeply do
I deplore, and I am sure all who knew him do the same, the early
death of this excellent surveyor, who was one of the assistants in my
Survey Party on the Assam Frontier. He was always to be depended
on, and was possessed of great ability for the work, and tact and know-
ledge of the people. Combined with these official qualifications, he
was a great lover of natural history, and a most ardent and admir-
able collector of birds, insects, and shells. My own collection and
that of the late Marquis of Tweeddale were both greatly enriched by
his indefatigable work. A fall in the rocky bed of a ravine, which
occurred more than 2} years previously, injured him internally and
ultimately affected the spine, and he died after great suffering in
Bombay Harbour last October, on his return from a trip to Australia,
where he had been for the benefit of his health.

Atyc#£us incramt, W. T. Bf. (Plate XLIV. figs. 1,1 a@,16,1¢.)

Alyceus ingrami, W. T. Bf. J. A. S. B. 1862, p. 185; Pfr. Mon.
Pneum. vol. 11. p. 48 ; Hanley, Conch. Ind. p. 38, pl. xcii. figs. 7, 10;
Reeve, Conch, Icon. vol. xx. pl. vi. fig. 54 ; Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 39;
Theob, J. A. 8. B. 1871, p. 92 (is ingrami, var., a distinct and good
species) ; Nevill, Hand-list, p. 292.

Locality. Tongoop, Arakan.

Original description :—“ Testa late umbilicata, conoideo-depressa,
acute sinuato-costulata, albida, interdum rubello-albida, versus apicem
ferruginea, vie translucens. Spira conoidea, apice obtusula, sutura
parum profunda. Anfr. 4 convexi, ultimus ad peripheriam sub com-
pressus, ad latus mediocriter tumidus, ibidem confertissime costulatus,
tum constrictus, prope aperturam non descendens. Spatium constric-
tum longitudinis mediccris, costulatum, medio tumidum ; tubulum
suturale medroere, 4 peripherie subequans. Apertura obliqua, circu-
laris ; peristoma duplex ; externo breviter incrassato-expanso ; interno
expaniusculo, continuo. Operculum fusco-corneum, multispirum, ear-
terne perconcavum, nucleo centrali intus prominente papillart.

194 LAND AND FRESHWATER

‘Size: maj. diam. 6:0, min, 5-0, alt. 33, aper. diam. 1? mm.

% 0-24, ¥,," 0-20,55° 0°13, ¥ 0-07 inch.

“ Habitat prope Tongoop, Arakan.

“The present belongs to the typical group of Alycceus, according
to Mr. Benson, and is most nearly allied to A. wmbonalis, B., from
Pegu. It is distinguished from that species by its more raised spire,
smaller size, shorter sutural tube, and shallower suture, by its less
oblique mouth and non-descending last whorl, and by its duplex
slightly expanded peristome, which contrasts strongly with the
broadly reversed tip of A. wmbonalis. That species also has the
upper whorls much more closely, but less sinuously, costulated than
are those of A. ingramt. In the subangulation of the last whorl at
the periphery there is some resemblance to the little Thayetmyo
A. sculptilis, B., which, however, is easily distinguished by the
characters of its crenulated peristome, besides other peculiarities.

* * * *

“T have much pleasure in naming this form after Captain Ingram,
to whom I am indebted for a very large collection of shells, chiefly
from Arakan and the Arakan hills, and embracing altogether about
50 species, several of which had escaped my own search, A. ingrami
was found in only one spot, viz. in earth, at the sides of a large mass
of limestone about 3 miles 8. W. of Tongoop. There it was abundant.”

ALYczZus umponaLis, Benson. (Plate XLIV. figs. 2, 2a, 2b, 2c.)

Alyceus umbonalis, Benson, A. M. N. H. 1856, vol. xvii. p. 225;
Pfr. Mon. Pneum. vol, ii. p. 36; Pfr. Novit. Conch. vol. i. pl. xxxv.
figs. 18, 19, 20; Hanley, Conch. Ind. p. 38, pl. xcii. figs. 8, 9; Reeve,
Conch. Icon. vol. xx. pl. iv. fig. 36; Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 40;
Nevill, Hand-list, p. 293 (from Bassein, Thyetmyo, Arakan, and
typical locality).

Locality. Akouktoung or Kyouktoung, on bank of Irawady River.

In the Blanford collection there are seven species from the typical
locality, one of which I have figured ; there is one from Thyetmyo,
smaller and more globose with higher spire, costulation coarser, and
on the swollen part each rib is duplicate, and the peristome is
thicker. Size, major diam. only 9°8, as compared with the largest
from Akouktoung, which is 11°8. There are also two from the
Arakan hills, east side, on the Tongoop road, 10-3 in major diam.,
quite like the type except that the peristome is rather better deve-
loped. From Mai-i, Arakan, I have a single specimen sent me by
Stoliczka, similar to this species, but with a very short bent sutural
tube, entire, not broken off; costulate throughout, but very distantly
so near the apex. As I have only one specimen I can only consider
it a variety, and perhaps an accidental one.

Original description :—‘* Testa late umbilicata, depressa, subdisco-
idea, confertim acute arcuatim costulata, cinereo-albida, apicem versus
obtusulum, rubellum vel nigrum, rubescente ; spira brevi, sutura pro-
funda; anfractibus 43% convewis, ultimo ad latus, spiraliter rUugoso-
‘cancellatum, inflato, tum constricto, deinde tumidiusculo, tubulum
retroversum, elongatum suturalem pone constrictionem gerente ; aper-

MOLLUSCA OF INDTA. 195

tura valde obliqua, circulari, undata, peristomate duplici, interiori
continuo, expanso, nitidissimo, prope umbilicum sinuato, exteriorr
expanso, incrassato, ad anfractum penultimum breviter interrupto ;
umbilico perspectivo. Operculo corneo-fusco, multispirato, anfractuum
marginibus scabre elevatis, extus profunde concavo, intus convexiusculo,
nitidissimo, sulco marginato, wnbone centrali papillart munito.

« Diam. major 10, minor 8, axis 5 mill.

“« Hab, ad Akaouktoung, prope ripas fluvii Irawadi, nec raro.

Sa eeaer. The scabrous cancellation of the inflated part only of
the last whorl is an unusual feature, no trace of the spiral rugze
appearing elsewhere on the whorls.

“The origin of the sutural tube is about 4 millimetres from the
aperture. ‘This shell has much affinity with the Bornean Alyceus
spiracellum, A. & R., which has a somewhat similar operculum.
Dr. Pfeiffer informs me that it is an Alycceus, and not a Pterocyclos,
as conjectured by him before he had an opportunity of inspecting
the shell.”

Atyomus naGAENsIs, Godwin-Austen. (Plate XLIV. figs. 3, 3a,
3b, 3c.)

Alyceus ingrami, var. nagaensis, Godwin-Austen, Journ. A. 8. B.
1871, p. 92, pl. v. fig. 2; Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 40; Nevill, Hand-
list, p. 292.

Original description :—‘ Shell depressedly globose, openly um-
bilicated, thick, shghtly translucent, white, generally covered with
a thin muddy coating, finely and sharply costulated throughout.
Spire depressedly conoid, apex blunt, suture impressed; whorls 4,
rounded, the last much swollen, constriction close to the base of
sutural tube, slightly swelling again towards the mouth, quite
smooth, sutural tube very long and thin. Aperture oblique, circular,
peristome double, both lips close and slightly expanded. Operculum
black, smooth, and concave in front, convex at back, with a central
boss.

Maj. diam. 8-0, min. 6:8; alt. 5-0, diam. ap. 3°5, sut. tube 3°5 mm.
bi O73 2. Ge oO 20) Ob uote Ort Se Ge Oa mich:

“‘ Hab. Neighbourhood of As:l, rather local in its distribution,
but there abundant.

“Its well costulated surface distinguishes it from the preceding
variety of A. ingramt.”

ALYCEUS BRAHMA, n. sp. (Plate XLVIII. fig. 3.)

Locality. Brahmakund (AZ. Ogle).

Shell turbinate, umbilicated ; sculpture very fine, longitudinal or
spiral hair-like striz, crossed by distant costulation, the ribs alter-
nately very fine ; colour whitish grey; spire high-conic, apex fine;
suture impressed, the tube long; whorls four, well rounded, the
swollen portion regularly ribbed for the length of the sutural tube,
then blending gradually into finer costulation, the last suddenly
flattened just within the umbilical region, constricted sharply just
beyond the base of the sutural tube, then straight and cylindrical up

196 LAND AND FRESHWATER

to the reflected inner lip; peristome oblique, crenulated on the outer
lower margin, with four notches, solid, double, and much reflected ;
operculum multispiral, with a central dark depression.

Size: major diam. 5:0, alt. axis 4:0 mm.

x On20" “5 0-16 inch.

This shell in its simple straight portion of the whorl at the con-
striction shows a resemblance to the Asalu species figured by me in
the J. A. 8. B. 1871, fig. 3, which I then thought a variety of A.
ingrami; but it is quite distinct, and the Asalu species I now name
A, bicrenatus.

Genus Ruapnavtos, Pfr.
(Plate XLVII.)

Rhaphaulus, Pfr. in Novit. Conch. i. p. 75 (1856); Pfr. Mon.
Pneum. vol. ii. p. 90 (1858); Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. 1870, p. 151
(animal).

Type &. chrysalis, Bens. A. M. N. H. 1856, vol. xvii. p. 342.

Original description :—‘ Operculum tenuissimum, corneum, sub-
angustispirum, extus concaviusculum. Testa umbilicata, pupine-
formis; apertura circularis; perist. subduolza ; imternum continuum,
externum dilaiatum ; ad wisertionem marginis dextri canali aperto
perforatum, canali sutural interno profunde in caverna spire desi-
nente, utringue pervio.”

Pfeiffer had described this genus previously under the title of
Anautus, taking as the type A. bombycinus, Pfr., from Sarawak,
Borneo (P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 105); but he apparently did not retain it
after creating the genus haphaulus.

Benson afterwards founded the genus Srrepraurus (A. M. N. H.
1857, vol. xix. p. 201), with S. blanfordi as type; it is thus
described :—* Testa umbilicata, pupiniformis, nitens ; peristoma cir-
culare, non continuum, superne tubulo suturali interno et externo,
continuo, ad extremitates ambas aperto, siphonem mentiente, perfo-
ratum. Opere. res

As the animal does not differ from that of Rhaphaulus, and as the
chief point of difference is confined to a single character, the posi-
tion and form of the sutural tube at its terminal end, Streptaulus
cannot be considered generically or even subgenerically distinct. The
form of this tube is most variable, even in the species S. blanfordi ;
in some, as var. tubulus or var. (3, it is upright, like that of A. chry-
salis; in var. tortuosus y it is directed downwards as in RB. pachy-
siphon and assamica.

Mr. Benson (Ann. & Mag. N. H., August 1859, p. 94) has
described the animal of the genus RAaphaulus and other genera from
specimens sent home alive by Captain Haughton, then (in 1859)
‘Magistrate of Moulmein, and by Captain Sankey :—

“Foot oblong, rounded anteriorly, narrowed posteriorly, and
rounded at the extremity; muzzle short, declivous, rounded at the
front, not emarginate nor lobed; tentacula somewhat short, slightly
ringed, pointed at the summits and then slightly tumid, colour a

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 197

pale cinnabar-red ; eyes small, jet-black, situated on tubercles, which
are on the head, and joined to the outer base of the tentacula. The
foot is greyish white, the sole pale, the muzzle a pale reddish buff-
colour.

“The operculum, which is carried centrally on the hinder part of
the foot, about midway between the shell and the tail, is capable of
being withdrawn beyond the internal opening of the sutural tube,
although ordinarily closing the aperture.

“There is no organ to be seen corresponding with the internal
sutural tube, the animal in this respect exhibiting a similarity to
that of Pterocyclos, which, as described by me in 1836, possesses no
soft parts calculated to fill the anomalous portions of the shell near
the aperture.

«“Operculum very thin, horny, concave externally, consisting of
62 concave volutions with a varnished surface.

«For the single living specimen of this shell I am indebted to
Captain R. H. Sankey, by whom it was taken in January. It
remained closed in its shell until the 27th of June, when it began to
yield slowly to the means employed to revive it, finally moving
about and creeping freely under an inverted glass.”

In 1863 Mr. Blanford had an opportunity afforded him of looking
more closely at the animal preserved in spirit, and Mr. Benson’s
conclusions regarding the absence of any process analogous to the
tube were found to he erroneous.

In Mr. Blanford’s paper “On the Animals of Raphaulus, Spira-
culum, and other Tube-bearing Cyclostomacea,” Annals & Mag. Nat.
Hist., July 1863, this subject is well discussed; and as our knowledge
of the subject has not been increased since that time, I shall extract
it in full:—

“No one can have examined carefully a collection of the operculated
land-shells of India and South-eastern Asia without remarking the
peculiar shelly processes of the peristome or suture which charac-
terize several of the genera. Two principal forms of these processes
may be distinguished, viz. (1) sutural tubes, either open at both ends
or closed at one extremity, as in the genera Raphaulus, Spiraculum,
Opisthoporus, Alyccus, Ke., or, (2) incisions in the peristome—
simple, as in Pupina, Registoma, &e., or accompanied by expansions
of the outer lip, as in Pterocyclos and Rhiostoma. So far as I am
aware, uo soft parts have hitherto been observed in the animals of
any of the above genera, corresponding to the peculiarities of their
shelly coverings. During the past two or three years, I have ex-
amined carefully the animals of species belonging to the majority of
the above-named forms; and in two instances I have ascertained the
existence of an organization to which the processes of the shell! are
adapted, these two cases being in the genera Raphaulus and Spira-
culum, which, although by no means nearly allied, agree in possessing
a sutural tube opening both internally and externally.

«By the kindness of Baron F. v. Richthofen, I had, some time
since, an opportunity of examining the animals of several specimens
of the rare Raphaulus chrysalis, Pfr., from Moulmein in Burma.

PART V. s

198 LAND AND FRESHWATER

The sutural tube in this species opens internally, a short distance
from the peristome, by a small longitudinal slit, and then passes
outside the suture to the aperture, where it is deflected upwards, and
runs vertically for 2 or 3 millimetres on the exterior of the penulti-
mate whorl, opening to the air at the extremity. I found this tube
to be partly lined by a perforated process of the mantle, communicating
internally, by means of a passage beneath the shell-muscle, with a
very small orifice inside the air-chamber in the neck of the animal,
and thus affording free access of the air to the pulmonary cavity,
even when the mouth of the shell is hermetically closed by the
operculum. The existence of this conformation cannot easily be
observed during life*, on account of the manner in which the mantle
lines the interior of the shell; but after killing the animal in hot
water, and extracting it from the shell, the little free perforated
process is distinctly seen, and is then about 2 millim. in length, its
dimensions having been, doubtless, much contracted by the hot water.

“The genus Spiraculum of Pearson was established upon the species
S. hispidum, P. By Dr. Pfeiffer that species has been referred to
Pterocyclos, to which it is certainly nearly allied, although there
appear to be good reasons for its generic separation. I have never
had an opportunity of examining the animal of S. hispidum; but
in the autumn of 1861 I met with a second species of the same
genus in the neighbourhood of Ava (S. avanwm, mihi). This species
is furnished with a small tube similar to that in S. hispidum, open-
ing at both ends, internally inside the body-whorl, close to the
suture and at a short distance behind the peristome, and externally
into the air, the short tube on the exterior of the whorl being free
and curved backwards. The individual which I examined was just
adult ; there was no tubular process of the animal, but it was re-
placed by a deep notch in the mantle corresponding to the perforation
of the shell. It is possible that, in older specimens, this notch may
become altered into a more or less perfect tube; but, as the specimen
examined was full-grown, this is scarcely probable.

“The other tube-bearing genera with open tubes are Streptaulus,
which can scarcely be considered as generically distinct from
Raphaulus, and Opisthoporus. I have not been able to examine the
animals of either of these. The tube in the aberrant genus Alycceus
opens anteriorly into the body-whorl by a longitudinal slit, as in the
other genera; but after running back along the exterior of the
suture for a greater or less distance, corresponding with the inflated
portion of the last whorl, it is closed at the posterior termination,
I have seen the soft parts of several species, including the compara-
tively large A. wmbonalis, Bens., but have been unable to detect any
organization corresponding to the shelly tube.

It was long since observed by Mr. Benson that no portion of the
animal of Pterocyclos appeared to correspond with the peculiar

* “This is doubtless the reason that the tubular process of the mantle was
overlooked by so careful an observer as Mr. Benson, who, I believe, confined
his observations to the living animal. (See Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser
vol. iy. p. 94.)”

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 199

incision of the inner, and cowl-shaped process or wing of the outer,
peristome. I have examined two or three species* of that genus
with precisely the same result. Amongst the Pupinide, I have
examined the animals of a variety of Pupina artata, Bens., and of
Hybocystis gravida, B., but I could detect no trace of any process
similar to that in Raphaulus.

“The question of the use of these peculiar tubes in several genera
of Indian Cyclostomacea, and the reason of their existence in only a few
forms belonging to two different families (Cyclophoride and Pupinide)
and by no means closely allied, has always appeared to me of con-
siderable interest. The first and most natural suggestion which
would occur to any one is that the tubes in question serve to supply
the animal with air when the mouth of the shell is closed by the
operculum. But, natural as this explanation seems, and despite its
apparent confirmation by the discovery of the perforated process in
the animal of Raphaulus, as described above, a very short considera-
tion will show the difficulty of accepting it. For if additional
means of breathing during estivation are essential to Raphaulus and
Spiraculum, how do forms so closely allied to them as Pupina and
Pterocyclos contrive to exist without them? And this is the more
inexplicable because there are modifications of the shelly portions of
those genera which apparently represent the sutural tubes of
Raphaulus and Spiraculum, the close relation of perforations in the
body-whorl and slits in the peristome being shown by such genera
as Scissurella, Haliotis, and Stomatia, Fissurella and Emarginula, &e.
Above all, what explanation can be adopted for the tube in Alycceus,
perforated throughout its length, but closed at its posterior termi-
nation ?

‘“‘ It is extremely probable that there is a connexion between the
existence of the sutural tubes in the land-shells mentioned and the
well-known siphon of Ampullaria, which genus, from its habit of
estivating in the dried mud of tanks, and its power of living for
months without water, may almost be considered as an amphibious
mollusk, and which approaches the Cyclostomacea most closely in
the form of the animal. Another siphon-bearing species is Cam-
ptonya, Bens., allied to Otina, which is by most conchologists classed
with the amphibious Auriculacee, and I have recently obtained in
Western India another generic type similarly furnished. It is
closely affined to Camptonyx, being intermediate between that genus
and Succinea. The two last-named shells estivate attached to rocks.
I am inclined to think it possible that links yet remain to be dis-
covered between all the siphon- and tube-bearing genera, in which
the peculiar organization, common under various modifications to all
of them, is more clearly adapted to the animal’s mode of existence
than in the cases mentioned. It is extremely probable that such
links may have existed and have become extinct. We can on this
hypothesis easily conceive that their living representatives or, on the

*“« Amongst others Péerocyclos pullatus, Beus., from Pegu, P. nanus, B.,
from the Nilgiris, and a species (a variety, perhaps, of P. alberst, Pfr.) from
Arrakan.”

200 LAND AND FRESHWATER

theory of Darwin, their modified descendants possess the organiza-
tion, in a more or less perfect condition, which was essential to their
predecessors, but is no longer equally necessary to their own exist-
ence, and that, in short, the various apertural slits and imperforate
tubes of Pterocyclos, Pupina, Alyceus, &e., must be regarded in the
same light as rudimentary organs. By this hypothesis, also, we can
understand the appearance of the more perfect conditions for com-
munication between the atmosphere and the lung-chamber of the
animal in widely separated forms, while others closely allied to each
of them are more or less deficient in all traces of a similar organiza-
tion, and the occurrence of a gradual passage from tube-bearing
genera to others totally destitute of any modification of the peristome
or suture is perfectly natural. The tube of Spiraculum becomes an
incision in the peristome in Pterocyclos, the Burmese forms of which
are closely alhed to species of Cyclophorus like C. calyx, Bens.,
which have a thickened operculum and » minute rudimentary wing-
shaped projection of the outer lip, close to the suture; and from
these forms, again, there is a passage to discoid species, like C.
stenostomus, Sow., with perfect peristomes. In the same way we
may pass from Raphaulus, through Pupinella and Pupina, to
Registoma, and finally to Callia, and through Cataulus to Megalo-
mastoma. To the subject of the affinities of these various genera,
however, and especially of the aberrant Alyccus, I hope to refer in
a future communication.”

RHAPHAULUS PacuysIPHON, Theob. & Stol. (Plate XLVII. figs, 3,
3d.)

Rhaphaulus pachysiphon, Theobald & Stoliczka, Journ. A. S. B.
1872, vol.xli.<p..329, pl. xi, feed.

Rhaphaulus , Hanley, Conch. Ind. p. 53, pl. exxxiii. fig. 4.
Rhaphaulus , Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 40; Nevill, Hand-list,
p. 302.

Original description :—‘ R. testa cylindraceo-ovata, anguste per-
forata, solida, fusca ; spira obtusa, apice ad latus inclinato, excentrico ;
anfractibus 54 convexiusculis, transversim confertissime striolatis, ad
suturam simplicem adpressis; anfractu penultimo sensim, ultimo
valde, descendente, primo supra aperturam deplanato, altero ad
suturam paulo constricto, ad basin convexiusculo ; apertura fere verti-
cali, circulart, peristomate pallide fuscescente, plane expanso atque
crasso, supra ad anfractum penultimum labio attenuato et fere horizonti
adnato, postice (aut supra) ad suturam tubulo crasso, deflewo instructo.
Long. 12°6, lat. anf. penult. 7-6, diam. apert. cum perist. 6°2, apert.
int. 3°6 mm.

“« Hab. prope Moulmain, valle Ataran fluminis.

“ A rare and very distinct form from any of the other known species
by its distorted spire and externally bent down sutural tube.”

RHAPHAULUs cHRysALIS, Pfeiffer. (Plate XLVII. figs. 1, 1 a.)

Cyclostoma chrysalis, Pfeiffer, P. Z.S. 1852, p. 158.
Anaulus chrysalis, Benson, A. M. N. H. 1856, vol. xiii. p, 342.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA, 201

Rhaphaulus chrysalis, Benson, A. M. N. H. 1859, vol. iv. p. 94
(desc. animal and operculum); Pfr. Mon. Pneum. vol. il. p. 92;
Sowerby, Thes. Conch. pl. cclxv. figs. 6,7; Hanley, Conch. Ind.
Pp. doy plscxxminy fet 7,

Rhaphaulus chrysalis, Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 40; Nevill, Hand-list,
p. 301.

Original description :—‘ C. testa wmbilicata, distorto-ovata, solida,
striatula et punctato-malleata, fusco-carnea ; spira irrequlariter ovata,
apice conoidea, acutiuscula ; sutura levi; anfract. 6, convexiusculis,
penultimo latere aperturali planulato, ultimo augustiore ; apertura
vertical, circulari ; perist. crasso, dilatato, patente, reflewo, margine
supero linea horizontali adnato. Operculum ? Long. 16,
diam. 9 mill. Hab. Ava.”

Stoliczka, in 1871, described the animal of this species as fol-
lows :—‘“‘I have only obtained a single live specimen at the Farm
Caves near Moulmain. ‘The animal was pale greyish white, with a
slight fleshy tinge; tentacles rather long and pink; rostrum stout,
the red oral parts shining through at its base; the frontal edge is
slightly lobed. There is a regular canal leading from the pulmo-
nary cavity backwards, then piercing the mantle and entering the
tube, which runs again forward on the internal side of the last whorl
below the suture, until it terminates in the external apertural tube.
The form of this tube is different from that of Pupina or Alyceus,
but it is very much the same as in Streptaulus.”

RHAPHAULTS ASSAMICA, nN. sp. (Plate XLVII. figs. 2, 2 a, 2 6.)

Locality. Brahmakhund (M. J. Ogle).

Shell elongately cylindrical, solid, rather tumid, flattened on the
frontal surface of the penultimate whorl; sculpture regularly
closely costulate ; colour dull umber-brown ; suture moderately im-
pressed ; whorls 6, penultimate the largest with sides flat, the next
much smaller and convex ;’ aperture perpendicular; peristome very
thick, double, both continuous, but the outer only has a thin callus
on the whorl.

The sutural tube has its origin on the upper outer margin close
upon the outer lip, is colourless, and turns sharp downwards behind
it, extending to nearly the height of the last whorl. This peristo-
mial tube is not a tube in the strict sense of the term, but in section
is semicircular, an arch outside resting upon the body-whorl, which
forms the diameter. An inner sutural tube follows the suture
backwards; it opens internally 3 mm. within the aperture, it is in-
distinctly shown on the exterior, but the lines of costulation extend
over it, differing thus from what is seen in the similar tube in
Streptaulus blanfordi, Bs.

Operculum horny, of 8 close-wound whorls; origin central.

Largest. Size: major diam. 8°3, diam. ap. 4:0, alt. axis 16°75 mm.

- Os 546 Gs OG) =. 0-66 inch.

Smallest. = 0'0, is 38, Salas mm.

ye O20. 22 ae ORO eS 0°52 inch.

202 LAND AND FRESHWATER

This shell is similar in general construction to Rhaphaulus pachy-
siphon, Stol. & Theob., from Moulmain, but it is considerably larger
and the sutural tube terminates closer to the peristome, while in the
latter it is separated from it.

RHAPHAULUS BLANFORDI, Benson. (Plate XLVII. figs. 4, 4a, 46,
4¢.)

Streptaulus blanfordi, Benson, A. M. N. H. 1857, vol. xix.
p. 201; Pfr. Mon. Pneum. vol. ii. p. 92; Sowerby, Thes. Conch.
vol. iii. pl. eclxv. figs. 8, 9; Godwin-Austen, Journ. A. 8S. B. 1876,
p. 172, pl. viii. A. figs. 2, 3, 4; Hanley, Conch. Ind. p. 53,
pl. exxxiii. figs. 5,6; Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 40; Nevill, Hand-list,

. 302.
f Var. a. IntuBUs, Godw.-Aust. 1. c. pl. vi. fig. 3. (Plate XLVII.
fig. 5.

7 B. TUBULUS, id. ]. c. pl. vill. fig. 4. (Plate XLVII. fig. 6.)

Var. y. ToRruosus. (Plate XLVII. fig. 7.)

Var. abnormal. (Plate XLVI. fig. 8.)

Original description :—‘‘ Testa umbilicata, oblonga, polita, requ-
lariter oblique striata, striis prope suturam submarginatam fortiori-
bus, linets nonnullis spiralibus decussatis, fusco-cornea, translucente ;
apice obtusiusculo ; anfractibus 5 conveaxiusculis, penultimo ventri-
cosiort ; apertura magna, subcirculari ; peristomate simplici, reflexo,
subrevoluto, marginibus callo parietal tenwi gunctis ; tubuli suturalis
parte externa longa, pone junctionem labri breviter arcuatim elevata,
suturam subtus echibente ; wmbilico impervio.

“Long. 73, diam. 5 mill. Jong. apert. (peristomate incluso)
4 mill.

‘“‘ Hab. prope Darjiling, in montibus Himalayanis Sikkimensibus.
Teste H. Blanford.”

“. . . . In Streptaulus the tube is first internal, and on arriving
at the aperture is suddenly reflected, and instead of forming an
opening in the lip above the aperture as in R. bombycinus, or ending
in a short upright tube as in #. lorraini or chrysalis, Pfr., it describes
a short arch behind the lip, and then runs to some distance along
the external suture, as in Alyceus. In texture and colouring Strept-
aulus agrees with Rhaphaulus, not with Alyceus, and it is entirely
deficient in the strangulation and swelling which characterize the
anterior portion of the last whorl in all the species of the latter
genus. It inhabits the same tract with Megalomastoma funiculatum.
None of the larger Pupiform Cyclostomacea are known to travel
farther towards the north-west.”

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 203

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIII.*

1, la, 1,1¢. Alyceus hebes, Benson, X 7. Khasi Hills.

2, 2a, 2 6. notatus, G.-A., X 7. Dafla Hills.

3, 3 a, 36, 3c. —— damsangensis, G.-A., x 7. W. Bhutan Hills.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIV.

1, la, 16, 1e. Alyceusingrami, W.T. Blf., x 2:4. Tongoop, Arakan.

2, 2a, 2b, 2c. umbonalis, Bs., x 2°4. Kyouk-toung, Pegu.

3,34,3 b, 3c. —— nagaensis, G. aA x 2°4. Asalu, N. Cachar Hills.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLY.

1, la. Diplommatina polypleuris, Bs., x 12. Khasi Hills.

2, 2a austeni, Ww. 1h, S<elPe N. Khasi Hills.

3, da. silvicola, G.-A., X 12. N. Cachar Hills.

4,4a. —- pay ee Grae x Yo Dafla Hills.

5, 5a. —— silvicola, small var., x 12. N. Cachar Hills.

6, 6a saltuense, G.-A., X 12. N. Cachar Hills.

Up 0G huttoni, Bs., X 12. N.W. Himalaya.

75. Apex of ditto, x 20. [ Indies.

8, 8a. Diplommatina occidentalis, G.-A., X 12. Trinidad; West

8d. Apex of ditto, x 20.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVI.

1, la, 1b. Diplommatina gracilis, Bedd., x 12. Vizagapatam, Madras.

2, 2a gracilis, var., X 12. Vizagapatam, Madras.

Oro. canarica, Bedd., Se 1A. North Canara.

4, 4a. —— pupeformis, Theob., Peat Shan States, Burmah,

5, da. ——- sperata, W. T. Blf., x 7. Arakan.

6, 6a. — henzadaensis,G.-A., x 12. Pegu.

U5 GR nicobarica, G.-A., x 12. Nicobar Islands.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVII.

1, la. Rhaphaulus chrysalis, X 2°4. Moulmain.

2. assamica, G.-A., X 2-4. Eastern Assam,

Did TDitto.< 1:6:

26. Ditto: front view of aperture, x 2°4.

3, 3a. Rhaphaulus pachysiphon, x 2:4. Moulmain.

4,4a blanfordi, Bs., x 2-4. Eastern Himalaya.

46. Ditto: posterior termination of sutural tube, x 12.

4c. Ditto: operculum, x 7. [ Himalaya.

I5). Ditto, var. a. intubus, « 4. Dafla Hills; Eastern

5a. Ditto, ditto: aperture, front view, x 4.

6. Ditto, var. 8. tubulus, x 2-4. Dafla Hills.

6a. Ditto, ditto, x 4. {Bhutan Hills.

7. Ditto, var. y. tortuosus, X 4. Damsang Peak; W.

8. Ditto, abnormal var., x 2°4. Damsang Peak.

* Plates XLIII.-LI. published June 1884.

204

LAND AND FRESHWATER

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVIII.

Fig. 1, 1a, 1b, le. Alyceus chennelli, G.-A., X 7. Naga Hills.
9

ie

chennelli, var. Lhota-Naga Hills.
brahma, G.-A., X 7. Brahmakund.

oe
3a, 3.6, 8c. Ditto, «x 4. ws
4,4a,4b, 4c. Alyceus gemmula, Benson, x 7. Darjiling.
5

PT ONOO NOC:

pachitaensis, G.-A., X 7. Dafla Hills.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIX.

Fig. 1. Diplommatina exilis, W. Blf., x 12. Ava.
2, 2a. exserta, Nev., X 12. Moulmain.
3. —— affinis, Theobald ?, x 12. Upper Salwin valley.
4, 4a, 40. crispata, Stol., x 12. Moulmain.
5, ba. —-angulata, Theob. & Stol., x 12. Moulimain.

6, 6a,

nana, W.'T. Blf.,x l2and 7. Pegu.

fly (GE edentula, G.-A., X 12. Moulmain.

8, 8a earneola, Stol., X 12 and 7. Moulmain,

9. puppensis, W.'T. Blf., x 12. Upper Burmah.

10, 10a. —— blanfordiana, Bs.. x 7 and 12. Darjiling Hills.
ITS Als hee —— theobaldi, n. sp., G.-A., X 12. Darjiling.
12. — pullula, Bs., x 12. Darjiling.
13, 134. — minima, Bedd., x 20 and 12. South India.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE L.
Fig. 1. Diplommatina oligopleuris, W. T. Blf. Teria Ghat. Drawn
from life, creeping and at rest. Enlarged.

2. Diplommatina folliculus, Pfr. Mussoorie. The shell held in the
hand, showing manner of protrusion of the rostrum and the
various forms the animal assumes. Enlarged.

3. Diplommatina insignis, G.-A., X 12. Spirit-specimen.

4. blanfordiana, Bs, X 12. Ditto. Western Bhutan. /,
foot; 0, operculum ; s,m, shell-muscle ; }.c, branchial sac.

5. Diplommatina blanfordiana, Bs., ~ 20. Portion of the head
under slight pressure, showing :-—7, radula ; 6.p, buccal plate ;
¢, tentacle; e, eye; 0, otolith ?; m, mantle.

5a. Ditto: portion of buccal plate, x 360.

56. Ditto: otoliths?, x 3860.

6. Diplommatina insignis, G.-A.: portion of radula, x 360.

6a. Ditto: ditto.

6. Ditto: central and lateral teeth of radula in different positions.
Very much enlarged.

7. Diplommatina pachycheilus. Khasi Hills. Portion of the shell
enlarged, showing the position of the operculum (0) and con-
striction (¢) in the penultimate whorl, the internal parietal rib
or lamella (7), and the columellar twist or tooth (7).

Ta. Ditto: ditto, another view.

7. Ditto: vertical section anterior to the operculum.

7¢. Ditto: horizontal section at the operculum, when withdrawn

Sa.

into shell to the full extent: the arrow shows the anterior side
of same and direction towards the aperture; col, columella
rest of lettering same as above.

Diplommatina blanfordiana, Bs., x 12. Darjiling. Showing
similar constriction. Front view.

Ditto. Ditto. Viewed from side.

Diplommatina insignis, G.-A.: operculum, x 20.

we

a

9a,

PART VY.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 205

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LI.

Cyclophorus aurora, Bs., d, x 24. Animal from spirit-speci-
men. Damsang Peak, W. Bhutan Hills. m, the mantle drawn
back, showing (a.0) the anal orifice and p the penis; 7, the
rostrum ; f, sole of foot folded together; s.m, shell-muscle ; 0,
operculum.

Cyclophorus aurora, Bs., 9, x 2°4. Spirit-specimen. Animal
withdrawn into the shell. Viewed from the outer side of the
aperture. Greater portion of shell broken away, showing foot
folded together. Same locality.

2a. Ditto: ditto, x 2-4. Viewed from the right side.

Ditto: ditto, x 1:6. Viewed from the left side, showing form of
the mantle and the branchial cavity (0.c).

. Ditto: ditto, x 1:6. Viewed from the right side, to show the

shell-muscle (s.7).

. Ditto: ditto, x 16. The mantle cut and opened back, to show

the anal orifice and interior of the branchial cavity.
Alyceus nagaensis, G.-A., enlarged, Animal from spirit-speci-
men.
—— bierenatus, G.-A. One row of the radula. Much enlarged.
—— bembex, Bs. Sutural tube (¢) of the whorl of the shell
broken away, to show the internal orifice of the same (0.t).
Alyceus nagaensis, G.-A., X 7. The outer right margin of the
shell broken away, to show the sutural tube (¢)in the internal
orifice of the same (0.7).

. Diagrammatic section of the frontal edge of the mantle (m) in

Alyceus, by which the sutural tube is formed.

Rhaphaulus blanfordi, Bs., enlarged. Animal removed from
shell, showing the sutural or branchial tube (¢).

Ditto, x 7. Shell with margin broken away, to show the internal
orifice (0.7) of the sutural tube (¢), extending forward to the
peristome.

Rhaphaulus blanfordi, Bs., x 20. A portion of the shell near
suture, to show the internal sutural tube (¢) and the external
sutural tube (¢'), corresponding to that in fig. 7.

Diagrammatic section of the same across the front edge of the
mantle (7), to illustrate the supposed formation of the internal
and external sutural tubes (¢, 2’).

LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA

OF

| as eal a de ee

Part VI.—APRIL 1888.

(Plates LII.-LXII.—-September 1887.)

INTRODUCTION.

In this Part I take up again the genus Macrochlamys, figuring
some small species of the J. petasus type, and a very diverse group
from the Kashmir and Punjab mountain area, represented by M.
fleminyt. Gray’s genus Girasia next follows, and the very closely
related subgenus Austenia, which I commenced in Part LY. p. 148,
is continued.

The slug-like snails of Southern India will be found of extreme
interest, and are included in Africarion, while there is also a re-
markable new subgenus of Grasia, which I name Dexnanta.

Through the kindness of Mr. J. B. N. Hennessey, of the Indian
Survey Department, I am enabled to clear up the position of a
species which had hitherto been uncertain, viz. Bensonia labiata of
Pfeiffer (Helia monticola of Hutton); it is, I find, so close in its
characters to the genus Owytes that I consider Bensonia a good
subgenus. ‘he characters, as regards the animal, that differ much
are the odontophore and form of the mucous gland, but the shell is
very different to typical Oxytes of the Eastern Himalayan and Assam
ranges. We thus have three divergent characters. When we re-
member the scores of molluscan genera founded on no other character
than that of the shell, then for those conchologists who support the
system of subgenera, Bensonia can stand as a subgenus of Oxytes and
its Western Himalayan representative ; and I adopt this view instead
of suppressing it. The more perfect we can build up our necessarily
artificial classification of the animal kingdom the better; and with
this end in view I consider the forming of subgenera a most
valuable aid as well as the adoption of named varieties or sub-
species, it matters little what we call them, and it is only carrying
the system a step further. It may not be so essential, or even

PART VI. U

[ Plates published September 1887. |

208 LAND AND FRESHWATER

required at all in some groups as in others; but where modification
of outward form exists, and also changes in the various internal
organs, as in these Indian Mollusca, then gradation in classification
can, with advantage, be extended beyond that of genera and species.

Characters seem to me like the strands of a plait made up of
different colours, which are renewed from time to time, increased
or decreased in number as they are worked into it; they run
through a certain length of the plait, representative of time, each
succeeded in turn by a new strand, the new character, which takes,
as it were, the place of the other—yect not exactly, for each successive
strand never holds the same position one to the other previously
held; they are intermingled in every conceivable manner as the
plait is extended—some are short, some long, some thick, others
again fining away to mere threads. How very representative
these threads or strands are of the altering character of allied forms,
and how dimly, yet how distinctly, certain older characters are pre-
sented to us on close examination of all their parts! In the land-
mollusca the characters given below are all of importance and should
all be separately looked at before any attempt is made to assign
a species to its proper genus, and, finally, to classify the genera with
any degree of accuracy.

Characters.

EXTERNAL. INTERNAL.
A. Form of foot and its proportion in | @. Radula.
comparison to the shell or the | a’. Jaw.
mantle-lobes. b. Generative organs.
A'. Mucous pore and other orifices. b'. Capreolus or spermatophore.
B. Mantle-lobes, form of. c. Other organs, renal &e.
B'. Texture of epidermis, pedal line, | d, Retractor muscle attachments, of

and segmental groovings. buccal mass, tentacles, Ke.
B". Tentacles.
O. Shell.

Enough is now known of the above in genera of Indian Mollusca,
so far as I have been able to examine and treat of them in this
work, to place a few in relative position, and as near as we can do
so ina lineal arrangement, in or near which it will not be difficult
to intercallate those that have yet to be examined. This may be
considered somewhat premature work; but as time goes on other
interests arise, bringing different work, and good sight (so much
needed for this kind of investigation) may fail, so that it is best to
bring observations together before making any fresh departure.

MOLLUSCA OF INDTA. 209

Macrocatamys (continued from p. 122).

Shells of small size, conoid or depressedly conoid, with smooth
polished surface ; whoris closely wound.

Macrocuramys ? consepta, Benson. (Plate LILI. fig. 1.)

Macrochlamys consepta, Benson, A. M. N. Hist. 1860, vi. p. 190;
1863, xi. p. 320.

Hetia consepta, Pir. Mon. Hel. vol. v. p. 239.

Macrochlamys (sec. B) consepta, Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 19.

Nanina (Macrochlamys) consepta, Nev. Hand-list, p. 22.

Locality. Moulmain (0. Linborg).

Shell not umbilicated, discoid, flat on base, glassy, solid; sculp-
ture none; colour pale ochraceous, with grey on the inner whorls;
spire low, apex flat; suture shallow; whorls 7, closely wound,
regularly increasing, rounded on periphery; aperture narrowly
lunate, somewhat subangular on upper margin, subvertical ; peri-
stome thickened, sinuate below.

Size: maj. diam. 17-0, min. 15:8; alt. axis 6°3, body-whorl 5-3 mm.

For the original description see Part IV. p. 111.

Macrocutamys ? woopmasoni, n.sp., Nevill, MSS. (Plate LIII.
fig. 2.)

Locality. Little Coco Island, Bay of Bengal.

Shell not quite mature, perforation minute, very depressedly
globose, glassy, rather solid; sculpture quite smooth; whorls 6,
closely wound, flat above, subangulate above on periphery.

Size: maj. diam. 9-5, min. 8-0; alt. axis 3:5, body-whorl 2°38 mm.

This shell is a small form of those closely wound shells represented
by M. resplendens in Tenasserim. The animal of this last I have
not yet been able to get, so that its true position in or near the
genus I place it in has yet to be made out.

Macrocuiamys? Larus, n. sp. (Plate LIII. figs. 8, 8a.)

Locality. Teria Ghat, southern base of Khasi Hills.

Shell discoid, umbilicated, solid, glassy; sculpture none; colour
milky white or grey; spire low, apex convex; suture shallow;
whorls 5, impressed, rounded on periphery, regularly increasing ;
aperture laterally ovate, not flat at upper margin; peristome
thickened, very oblique on lower margin.

Size: maj. diam. 9:0, min. 8°5; alt. axis 3-4, body-whorl 3:0 mm.

I was at first inclined to think this the same as the next described
shell, IM. hepatizon, but the constancy of the form and size of the
Teria-Ghat shell, its colour, and the very different form of aperture
are distintive enough.

MAcROcHLAMYS HEPATIZON, n. sp. (Plate LIII. fig. 3.)

Locality. Habiang-Garo Hills (¢. e. the south-eastern side of that

range).
u2

210 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Shell discoid, umbilicated, solid, base flat ; sculpture none; colour
pale liver-brown; spire very low, apex flat; suture very shallow ;
whorls 5, regularly increasing ; aperture suboval, flat on the upper
margin, subyertical; peristome thickened, sinuate below, very
oblique from columellar margin.

Size: maj. diam. 14°0, min. 12°8; alt. axis 5:0, body-whorl 4:8 mm.

Macrocutamys ? HEPATIZON,n.sp. (Plate LIIL figs. 4, 4 a, 4 b.)

Locality. Toruputu Peak, Dafla Hills.

Shell umbilicated, discoid, glassy ; sculpture short, microscopic
longitudinal striz, not continuous; colour pale sienna-brown,
whitish below, with a stronger defined brown edging at the aper-
ture; spire very low, apex flat; suture shallow, adpressed; whorls
5, flat above, rounded on periphery ; aperture narrowly lunate, sub-
vertical ; peristome thin, very oblique on the columellar margin and
but little reflected at the perforation, slightly sinuate below.

Size: maj. diam. 12°75, min. 11°2; alt. axis 4°8, body-whorl 3°38 mm.

Macrocutamys? perasus, Bs. (Plate LIII. fig. 6.)

Helix petasus, Benson, A. M. N. Hist. 1859, iii. p. 388; Pfr.
Mon. Hel. vol. v. p. 97.

Macrochlamys (sec. A) petasus, Theob. Cat. Supp. p. 18.

Nanina (Microcystis) petasus, Nev. Hand-list, p. 35.

Locality. Phie Than, Tenasserim (ex coll. W. 7. Blanford)

Shell very narrowly perforate, globosely conoid, flat on base,
rather solid, polished; sculpture indistinct transverse lines of
growth, otherwise quite smooth; colour pale ochre; spire sub-
depressed, apex rounded, sides nearly flat ; suture shallow ; whorls 6,
somewhat flatly convex above, rounded on periphery, closely wound ;
aperture lunate, nearly vertical ; peristome thin ; columellar margin
oblique, nearly straight. not reflected.

Size: maj. diam. 11:5, min. 9-5; alt. axis 5-0, body-whorl 4:0.

A specimen from same locality (ex Indian Museum), sent me by
Mr. G. Nevill, is identical. The animal of this species has not
been examined.

Original description :—‘“ Testa perforata, orbiculato-convexa,
radiato-striatula, nitida, translucente, cornea; spira brevi, con-
vewiuscula, apice elevatiusculo, obtuso, sutura leviter canaliculata ;
anfractibus 6, convexiusculis, lente accrescentibus, ultimo ad peri-
pheriam valde rotundato, subtus convexo ; apertura subverticali, late
lunata, peristomate imtus ad marginem ipsum albo-labiato, margine
basali arcuato, columellari ad perforationem brevissime reflexo.

“ Diam. major 10, minor 9, axis 4 mill.

“Var. spira convexiori: Diam. major 93, minor 9, axis 43 mull.

‘* Habitat ad Phie-Than, vallis Tenasserim.

‘A small polished Nanina of the vitrinoid type, notable chiefly
for its shallow canaliculate suture, and for the labiation, which is
so even with the edge of the lip, at the base, as to give a solid
appearance to the shell.”

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 21)

Macrocuiamys suBertasus, n. sp., Nevill, MS. (Plate LILI.
fig. 7.)

Locality. Arakan Hills, west side (ex coll. W. 7. BUf. No. 40, un-
named).

This is No. 1387, 2nd var., of Nevill’s Hand-list, p. 35, 12 sp.,
Arakan, ex coll. Dr. F. Stoliczka and W. T. Blanford, Esq.

Shell scarcely perforate, depressedly globose, polished, rather solid,
flat on base; sculpture none; colour pale sienna-brown; spire
moderately impressed; suture low, apex rounded ; whorls 6, closely
wound; aperture narrowly lunate; peristome rather thickened on
the outer angle ; columellar margin oblique, straight, strong.

Size: maj. diam. 7-8, min. 7:2; alt. axis 3:5, body-whorl 2-7 mm.

MacrocutaMys? PpATANE, Bs. (Plate LIII. fig. 5.)

Helix patane, Benson, A. M. N. Hist. 1859, ii. p. 270; Pfr.
Mon. Hel. vol. v. p. 113; Mal. Blit. 1859, p. 22; Conch. Ind.
p52, pl. exxx. figs. 0.6, 7.

Macrochlamys (sec. D) patane, Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 19.

Nanina patane, Ney. Hand-list, p. 27.

Locality. Darjiling (ex coll. W. 7. Blanford).

Shell subperforate, globosely conoid, shining; sculpture smooth,
with radiating, rather irregular, transverse ridges; colour pale dull
ochre ; spire rather high, sides very slightly convex; whorls 6,
convex, rather closely wound; aperture semilunate, diagonal ;
columellar margin oblique, thin, but slightly reflected.

Size: maj. diam. 10, min, 9:2; alt. axis 5:0, body-whorl 3:4 mm.

Not having seen the animal of this species I cannot with cer-
tainty place it in the above genus.

Original description :—“ Testa perforata, subconoideo-depressa,
tenui, fragili, radiatim rugoso-striatula, nitidula, diaphana, lutes-
cente-cornea; spira depresso-conoidea, apice nitido, hyalino, obtuso,
sutura impressa 3 anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, lente accrescentibus,
ultimo antice leviter descendente, ad peripheriam rotundato-compresso,
subtus convexiusculo, ad periomphalum eacavato ; apertura obliqua,
transverse lunata, peristomate tenui, acuto, margine basali arcuato,
columellart breviter expanso.

«¢ Diam. major vix 9, minor 8, axis 4 mill.

«“ Habitat ad Darjiling, rarissime.

“ Allied to the Tenasserim H. petasus, B., but differing in its
inferior lustre, irregular rugose sculpture, thinness, absence of
labiation, and of margination at the suture. Mr. W. T. Blanford
appears to have seen only the single specimen here described, and
which, although taken in a dead state, is in fair condition.”

212 LAND AND FRESHWATER

With globose tumid Vitrina-like shells, the aperture large and
expanded. Sculpture smooth, or with an irregular, wavy
surface not amounting to ribbing.

Macrocutamys FLEMINGI, Pfr. (Plate LIV.: animal, figs. 1, la,
16, 1c; shell, 1d, 1.)

Vitrina flemingi, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 324; Pfr. Mon. Hel.
p. 790; Pfr. Novit. vol. i. pl. 28. figs. 1-3; Reeve, Conch. Icon.
fig. 3.

Vitrina flemingiana, Hanley, Conch, Ind. p. 29, pl. Ixvi. figs. 5, 6
(Scinde, this locality is very doubtful),

Helicarion fleming?, sec. D, Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 24; Nevill, Hand-
list, p. 15; Nev. Second Yarkand Miss., Moll. p. 14.

Locality. Murree (Theobald), 6500 ft.

This is a species I had long wished to see, and again I am
indebted to Mr. Theobold for the specimens I now figure and de-
scribe; the preservation by him of these forms in spirit has proved
invaluable, and places another species in its true position.

Original description :—“ V. testa subdepressa, peripheria aurt-
formis ; solidula superne plicato-striata striisque spiralibus sub lente
notata, cneo-macante, olivaceo-fulva ; spira parum elata; sutura
anguste albo marginata ; anfr. 43, conveaiusculis, ultimo magno,
imfra medium obsoletissime angulato, basi levigato, nitidiore ;
apertura diagonal, lunato-ovali, intus margaritacea ; perist. simplice,
margine dextro subrepando columellart arcuato, superne triangula-
tim reflexo, adnato.

* Diam. maj. 33, minor 24; alt. 17-18 mill.

‘“* Hab, Scinde, India (Dr. Alew. Fleming).”

This locality must be a mistake; I cannot believe a species so con-
stituted could live in sueh a dry country or survive the long, rain-
less summer and its great heat, and the type is in every respect
identical with specimens from the Murree Hills, Punjab.

The specimen figured measures:—Major diam. 34:5, minor
28:0, alt. axis 14:0 mm.

The animal (figs. 1 and 1a) on examination proves to be a true
Macrochlamys and not a Helicarion, as supposed by some con-
chologists. ‘The right shell-lobe is well developed, as well as the
left shell-lobe, the left dorsal lobe being simple. The mucous pore
(fig. 1 4) is large, the orifice not extending to the plane of the foot,
and there is a very distinct overhanging lobe. The pallial line is
very distinctly marked, The generative organs are almost identical
with those of Oxytvs orobia (vide P). XXXII). The male organ has
the same disk-like coil where the retractor musele is given off. The
kale-sac is rather longer. The amatorial organ is very large.
Most fortunately the spermatheca in the specimen examined was
found to contain three spermatophores in a most perfect state of
preservation—two empty, one full. These and those found in O.
labiata, described further on, clear up a good deal of uncertainty which
existed in my mind as to the form, when entire, and the exact

MOLLUSOA OF INDIA. 213

position of such fragments of these curious accessory organs as L
have found from time to time when dissecting these spirit speci-
mens, and which I have figured on Plates XXVIII., XL., and LXI.
The spermatophore in this species consists of a very elongated bag
17 mm. in length, with a hard papillate head, fining out to a thin more
or less bent rod. This bag or sack narrows gradually at the
basal end, and is inserted into a long, hard, chitinous portion,
which can best be likened to a long piece of house-guttering, which
instead of being straight is curved, both sides of the gutter being
fringed as it were with bifid spines. It is this hard portion which
is commonly preserved and which one generally finds more or less
broken up into short lengths. ‘The pattern of the spines it is seen
varies in different species, and gives us another character.

The Odontophore. The teeth are arranged thus :—

O2 td 24 4 eg 244 Bie 62
89 .. I. 89

The central teeth tricuspid, as in the genus; the median bicuspid,
the inner tooth much the longest. The outermost laterals very
minute, bicuspid. Thus we find that although the generative organs
are like species of Oaytes, the odontophore follows the type of
Macrochlamys. The jaw has a large central projection on the
concave side.

I have now before me six examples from Tundiani, near Murree,
sent me by Mr. Theobald, the same as those referred to by him in
his paper on the shells from that place, published in 1881. They
are minutely, regularly, and spirally striate under a lens (like fig. 9,
Pl. XXI.), the strize being very sharply defined. He named them
H, austinianus ; but I consider they are only the young of M.
flemingi. The description of the animal, which is that of a Ma-
crochlamys, is fortunately given. The animal is furnished with a
large mucous pore behind, and carries a long linguiform process of
the mantle capable of extension to the apex, and is one of those
species which, though so provided, does not possess a polished shell*.
The texture of the shell (epidermis) is during life delicately
sericeous, from the fine striation of the epidermis.

Size: maj. diam. 17:0, min. 13°8, alt. axis 7°0 mm.

Colour olive-green or olivaceous brown.

Macrocutamys attivacus, Theobald. (Plate LIV. figs. 2, 2 a.)

Helicarion flemingit, var. altivagus, Theob. J. A. S. B. 1878,
p. 143.

Locality. Uri, Jhelum valley, below Baramula Kashmir (coll.
Theobald).

Original description :—* Of this form I have only a few dead
shells. The largest measures 31 x 23 x 14 mills., and it differs
from the type by being much flatter. Ionly met with it sparingly
above Uri.”

* Compare this description with that of H. flemings, var. b, given in the
J. A. 8. B. 1878, p. 143, which is certainly another species and genus.

2[4 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Shell depressedly oval, not umbilicated ; sculpture finely plicate,
crossed by fine longitudinal striation, which is most marked near
the apex; colour rich olive-green; spire very flatly conoid ; apex
blunt; suture shallow; whorls 4, the last much expanded ;
aperture ovate; peristome simple, columellar margin subvertical, not
thickened.

Size: maj. diam. 31, min. 23; alt. axis 9, body-whorl 14 mm.

Animal not observed.

A small variety of MW. flemingi (not H. stoliczkanus, Nevill, as
named), from Damtour, near Abbottabad, I note in Mr. Theobald’s
collection, measuring major diam, 27-5, alt. axis 10-0, of a rich
olive-green or olive-brown colour,

Macrocutamys cassipA, Hutton and Benson, (Plate LIV. figs.
3, 3a.)

Vitrina cassida, Hutt. & Bens. J. A. 8. B. vol. vii, (1838) p. 214;
Pfr. Mon. Hel. vol. iii. p. 2; Reeve, Conch. leon. Vitrina, fig. 10
(from Benson’s specimen); Hanley, Conch, Ind. p, 61, pl. cli. figs.
2,3 (‘The surface is dull, and shows in the type here figured, not
merely concentric folds, but, also, some faint and distant spiral
striz ”’).

Helicarion (sec. ©) cassida, Theobald, Supp. Cat. p. 24; Nevill,
Hand-list, p. 15.

Locality. Kashmir (coll. Theobald).

I am not at all sure, in figuring this species from Kashmir as
M. cassida, that it is the same in every respect as the form de-
seribed by Hutton and Benson from near Simla; it must be very
close; but until I can obtain specimens in spirit from the typical
locality I cannot be certain. The large size of the aperture ot the
shell rather points to a form like V. (? Austenia) monticola of
Hutton, from Mussoorie. In fact until these animals are all
hunted up in the place where they were originally obtaimed and
described doubt will shroud any attempt at naming those from other
parts of the Himalayas.

Original description :—No. 1, H. cassida, Hutton. “ Testa ovato-
depressa, pallide cornea radiatim striolata, junioris epidermide serteca,
etate nitore orbata, anfractibus (penultima etiam intra aperturam)
ventricosioribus ; apertura patula, rotundato-ovata ; spira convexa,
apice exsertiuscula, nunime obtusata ; anfractibus 5, velociter crescenti-
bus. (B.)

‘** Greatest breadth 1 inch 2 lines.

‘This shell has a more exserted spire than any other species
known to the writers. This character, notwithstanding the great
size of the aperture, coupled with the ventricose appearance of the
penultimate whorl within the aperture, gives the shell an Helici-
form air. It is very closely allied in habit to a species lately de-
scribed from Almorah, but differs from it in its greater size and
paler colour, and in the want of the polish which is observable in

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA, PONG

the Aumaon shell. It equals in magnitude the Sylhet ‘ Vitrina
gigas, from which singular macrostomatous species it altogether
differs in form. (B.) i

“ At Simla it is not uncommon, during the rains or even after
heavy showers at other scasons, creeping out from the holes of
stone walls and the crevices of rocks, with the grey colour of which
its own hue assimilates so much when concealed by its mantle, that
it is not easily discovered. It occurs from Lhar to Simla, but most
abundantly between the former place and Subathu,

* Animal varying in colours, sometimes pale brownish, at others
dark grey. Two broad leaf-like processes, rising to a point, are
spread over the shell when the animal is in motion, so as entirely
to conceal it, and presenting the appearance of a large grey slug
with a hump-back ; a fleshy anal horn, as in the genus Nanina ;
foot very long; tentacula 4, the superior pair longest, buttoned at
the tips and bearing the eyes. Orifice on the right side below the
leaf-like process.” his is the respiratory orifice, and the description
of the animal shows that it is similar to MJ. flemingi of the Murree
Hills. ‘Shell large, of 5 whorls, ventricose, suddenly increasing ; the
body-whorl forming nearly all the shell. Transversely wrinkled by
the lines of growth ; aperture transverse, ovate, broader than long,
discovering the previous whorls; margin acute, interrupted on the
body-whorl. Kpidermis varying in colour from yellowish to olive-
green. In young specimens lustrous when placed on its spire, the
aperture appears as if the pillar-lip had been obliquely sliced off.
The animal carries the shell horizontally on its back, the spire
pointing upwards.” (H.)

Macrocutamys AustentAnus, Nevill. (Plate LIV. figs. 4, 4a, +6.)

Helicarion austenianus, Nevill, Moll. Second Yarkand Mission,
p. 14, figs. 22, 24 (1878) ; Theob. J. A. S. B. 188], p. 45; Nevill,
Hand-list, p. 16.

Locality. Sonamurg, Kashmir (Stoliczka).

Original description:— Shell much smaller than that of H.
flemingi, more globose, suture more excavated, and the spire more
raised, apex more distinet ; more rudely and regularly concentrically
plicated ; whorls 5, more convex, the last one not nearly so much
dilated; texture thinner and more membranaceous, of an equally
dark but brighter and more glossy colour; aperture about as high
as broad; base a shade more convex, imperforate; columellar less
oblique, very short and abruptly triangulaily reflected.

“Diam. 153, axis 74, apert. lat. 94, alt. 94 mm.

“Some dozen specimens, several of which are preserved with the
animal in spirit, were brought back from Souamurg, Kashmir.”
They were collected by Ferd. Stoliczka on his way to Yarkand with
Mr. Forsyth’s Political Mission.

The specimen figured is from the original locality. This lies on
the extreme limits of the range of the Indo-Malayan molluscan
fauna and the limit of forest north of Kashmir, near the water-

216 LAND AND FRESHWATER

parting. Crossing the Zogi-La into the Ladak district of Dras
there is a most complete change—one enters a sterile, dry country
of higher elevation, altogether Tibetan in character. In a two days’
march eyery shell belongs to the so-called European molluscan
fauna, The specimen in my collection is smaller than the type,
being major diam. only 13, and alt. axis 65 mm. The surface is
smooth ; there is not the slightest trace of spiral striation, which
specimens from Murree, assigned to this species, possess to a very
marked extent.

Subgenus Girasta. (Plates LV., LVI., LVIII., LIX.,
LX., LXI., and LXII.)

Girasia, J. E. Gray, Cat. Pulm. Brit. Mus. p. 61 (March 1855).

Hoplites, Theobald, Journ. A. 8. B. 1864, p. 244; Godwin-
Austen, P. Z. 8. 1880, p. 291.

Ibycus (very similar), described from an imperfect specimen by
Heyneman, Malakoz. Blatt. (1862), p. 142, pl. i. fig. 3 (Darjiling).

Vitrina, Hanley, Conch. Ind. p. vi.

Helicarion (Hoplites, Austen ?), Pfeiffer, ed. Clessin, Nomen.
Helic. Vivent. p. 30.

Parmarion, Nevill, Hand-list, p. 13.

The following original description is imperfect; no mention is
made of the mucous gland, save in the synopsis of the generic
section in which it is placed (/. ¢. p. 52):—‘* Body united to the
back of the foot, only separated by the convex hinder edges. Shell
partly exposed, ovate, expanded, with a solid apex. Back of the
neck (under the collar) with three grooves, the central groove
between the tentacles double-edged; the lateral one single, bent
down on each side to the sides of the head at the back of the
lower tentacles ; the head is only partly retractile, so that the base
of the upper tentacles, which are completely retracted, are exposed
on the top of the head like two perforations* ; the aperture of the
generative organs is rather behind the base of the right tentacle.
The hinder part of the body attached to the back of the foot
nearly to its hinder end, which is separated from the deep concavity
on the back of the foot by a deep lunate cross groove. In all these
particulars the animal exactly agrees with the Portuguese species of
Drusia” ft.

Type hookert, Gray. Khasi Hills, described further on.

Gray added three other species :—

1.“Girasia? rutellum, Hutton, Afghanistan ; Kandahar. In April

* This describes tho state of the spirit-specimen with the tentacles
inverted as usual.
+ It cannot have any relstionship.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. O17

erepuscular.” Which may be a Parmacella, for there is no mention of
the mucous pore. It is thus described in J. A. 8. B. 1849, p. 649 ;
Arch. Naturg. 1852, p. 239 :—-‘ Animal bright gamboge-yellow,
with four tentacles; posterior portion of the body behind the shell
keeled ; shield strengthened internally with a shovel-shaped shell of
a pearly or nacreous appearance, obtuse and globose at the apex,
with a deep sinus, covered with a thin, transparent epidermis,
transversely wrinkled by the lines of growth; colour white.
Length 4, breadth about 4 of an inch.”

Since writing the above I have happily received from Mr. M.
Ogle, of the Indian Survey Department, who has sent me many
shells from time to time, a slug-like form from the ranges on the
Kandahar and Khelat frontier. This, from its keeled foot and
shovel-shaped shell, cannot be anything else than this species,
rutellum of Hutton, or one allied to it. It has no mucous pore ;
it thus belongs to a group very distinct from Girasia. I have ex-
amined the animal; it is unlike any of the eastern forms with which
I am acquainted, and must be put in a new genus, which I propose
to call Canpawaria, which I shall describe and figure later on.

2. Girasia extranea, Férussac. Habitat unknown. Hist. Moll. ii.
96.—“ Shell a thin horny pellicle, without any appearance of a
spire. Mantle with a circular opening showing the brownish
pellicle. Foot truncated behind, with a subcaudal pore the whole
length of the truncation, with a very strong keel above to the back
of the shield. The body encased in a nick in the back.” This
agrees well with the form of the typical species.

3. Girasia? problematica, Férussac, Hist. Moll. ii. p.96. Habitat
unknown.—“ Mantle much produced, forming a collar in front.
Body convex and raised behind. Foot small, short. Shell yellow,
convex externally, concave internally, like a half egg-shell.”—Des-
hayes, from Ferussac’s figure. This is very unlike the type.

About the same period Fischer described the genus Parmarion,
in the Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 1855. (The paper bears
date June 1855, the part March 1856; so that Mr. Gray’s
title would have priority.) Fischer places in it the following
species :—

infumatus, Fér. (Gray, Fig. Moll. plate 286. fig. 1). Hab?
(Placed in Drusia, by Gray.)

extraneus, Fér. (Gray, Fig. Moll. plate 286. fig. 2). Hab. ?

rangianus, Fér. Bourbon and Madagascar. (Placed in Drusia?
by Gray.)

problematicus, Fér. (Gray, Fig. Moll. plate 286. fig. 4). Hab. ?

From the drawing of infumatus by Férussac, one would be led
to suppose that the shell is very rudimentary, and entirely eon-
cealed by the mantle-lobes. Unfortunately the habitat of this
species and extraneus is unknown and never likely to be satisfac-
torily established.

Dr. Semper, in his fine work, Reis. Arch. Phil. 1870, p. 9,
places in Parmarion two specimens, pupillaris, Humbert (proble-
matica, Fér.?), from Java, and eatraneus, Fér., obtained through

218 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Herr Pierre, from Calcutta. Iam in great doubts as to the correct
identification of the latter species, which Semper figures on plate i.
fig. 5. To my knowledge no forms like the Khasi-Hill G. hookeri
have ever been taken in the country around Calcutta. If it was
found in the Botanical Gardens there, it may have been brought
from up the country in baskets of plants. Several imported species
have been in this way introduced there from time to time; and
some imay have become established. Again, although sent from
Calcutta it may not have been taken there.

Von Martens, in his account of the Land Shells in ‘ Die Preus-
siche Expedition nach Ost-Asien,” follows Fischer, placing the Javan
forms in Parmarion, and describes at length P. pupil/aris, Hum-
bert (pl. 5. figs. 7-8, animal; and pl. 12. fig. 3, shell), with its three
varieties punctata, marmorata, and vittata. There are also teniatus
and reticulatus, Hasselt ; lutews and planus, Mousson, These Javan
mollusks are evidently extremely close to the Burmese and Indian
forms, and may eventually have to be included in Girasia.

Nevill in his Hand-list of the Mollusca in the Indian Museum,
Calcutta (1878), adopts Purmarion for two typical forms of Girasia
trom the Khasi Hills, croceus and brunneus.

The subgenus Hoplites was proposed for the Khasi-Hill slug-like
forms by Mr. Theobald; but he gave no description of the genus,
nor did he indicate the species, beyond saying it was 2 inches long,
from Teria Ghat. It was probably my H. theobaldi, P. Z. 8. 1872,
p. 517,=G. hookeri.

The following will be an emended description of the genus as
presented in the typical species :-—

Shell rudimentary, horny, narrow, elongate, of one simple
whorl; colour olivaceous, apex white, the central portion of the
inside of the shell covered with a milky-white callus. About 1 inch
long. (Plate LV. figs. 2, 2a, 2 6.)

Animal slug-like, long, mantle largely developed ; shell and dorsal
lobes are united all round ; and the shell is entirely covered by the
former, with the exception of a narrow area on the posterior left
margin. From the anterior right margin of this area a well-marked
cicatricial line runs forward to just above the respiratory and anal
orifice, and marks the usual distinct division of the shell-lobes in
Austenia and Durgella, and their complete separation, as in Ma-
crochlamys, into a left (frontal) aud right (posterior). The dorsal
lobes are divided diagonally forward from the respiratory orifice into
a large left dorsal lobe and (behind and adjacent to the orifices) a
smaller right dorsal lobe; on the extreme posterior side a slight
beading marks the junction of these lobes with the shell-lobes above.
This portion of the animal is sunk into a deep V-shaped, smooth, and
unwrinkled depression in the back, where the dorsal ridge of the
foot terminates suddenly. Extremity of the foot truncate, with a
large linear mucous gland; the pedal line is very distinct.

Genital aperture near the lower and outer base of the right

tentacle.
The foot is divided longitudinally into three subequal median and

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 219

lateral areas, and is distinctly segmented, the major divisions on the
pallial edge of the foot being continued in V-shape from one side to
the other, the angle being directed backwards in the spirit-specimen ;
but they are no doubt straight when the animal is alive.

These mollusks are abundant during the rainy season in Assam
and other parts of the adjacent country, but in the cold weather are
very difficult to find, and then only under stones and logs in damp,
low situations. Some may be found on rocks and on the boles of
trees in the forest. One species, G. croceus, I found crawling over
the tall grasses 12 feet from the ground; and I should not have
seen it, only that I was hunting for some butterflies at the time
which were flying about high over the jungle.

GIRASIA HooOKERI, Gray. (Plate LV. figs. 1, 1 a, 16, animal; 2,
2a, 26, shell; and Plate LXII. figs. 1, 1 a.)

Girasia hookeri, J. K. Gray, Cat. Pulm. Brit. Mus. p. 61 (March
1855); Godwin-Austen, P. Z. 8. 1880, pp. 291, 292, 294, pl.
Xxvil. figs, 2, 3, 4.

Hoplites theobaldi, G.-Austen, P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 517.

Original description :— Shell oblong, elongate, slender, arched
concentrically, very thin, horny, wrinkled; thicker, but equally
horny, in the upper part of the centre ; the apex thick, white, solid,
suboblong, elongate ear-shaped, with a lateral submarginal spire of
half a whorl.

‘‘ Hab, India, Khasya (Dr. Joseph Hooker).”

The living animal is of a pale yellowish dull grey, under surface
of foot pale ight yellow. The mantle-lobes completely cover the
shell; a whitish stripe extends from the posterior side forward
along the edge of the left lobe; and a like narrow stripe from the
hinder part of the mantle is continued to the respiratory orifice on
the right side. The animal is in all points of structure similar to
H. croceus, but larger by 3 an inch; the shell is very rudimental,
major diam. 0°56, minor very narrow; the apex is well developed
and more calcareous, the rest of the shell being a mere thin horny
epidermis of a pale green colour.

This specimen was from Masjerri, N.W. Khasi Hills. Another
is described in my notebook as follows :—

Length 3:3 inches, of a pale brown colour. Tentacles 0-2 inch in
length, the shell-lobes almost entirely covering the shell. The
centre of exposed shell is situated 0-7 inch from the head. There
is a strongly marked line from the posterior shell-margin down the
ridge of the foot, and seen best when this is extended.

The largest specimens seen were 3:9 and 4:2 inches long.

Hab. Moyong, N.W. Khasi Hills.

The radula (Plate LXII. fig. 1) has a greater number of teeth in
a row than is seen in Macrochlamys,

Dotres peur OP pelt ta LOn sy 2 ol Oo
ADS eles Ione oa 3)

220 LAND AND FRESHWATER

The median teeth have a basal toothlet on the outer margin; the
laterals are all biscuspid, the outermost being very small.

Jaw (Pl. LXII. fig. 1a) with only a slight projection on the
middle edge.

Generative organs of G. hookeri, var. shillongensis.—In every way
similar to Austenia gigas, Bs. The ovo-testis consists of five
separate bunches or lobes of very minute globular follicles, each lobe
having a separate duct leading to the main hermaphrodite-duct ;
this gradually widens, and becomes much thickened, with several
sharp convolutions; it then suddenly contracts again, leading to
the junction of the albumen-gland. Here a short pear-shaped
excum is conspicuous (only seen in one specimen).

The albumen-gland was not perfect, but appeared as if formed of
two lobes (from above specimen).

The prostate was wide, ribbon-like; the oviduct with three or
four great folds, which extend to the posterior termination of the
spermatheca, which is not so long as to be infolded by it. The vas
deferens is given off a very short distance below the end of sperma-
theca, high up the oviduct ; and it extends backwards to near the
base of the penis and amatory organ, in a loop, to join the former
close behind a ceecum-like appendage rounded at the end (the cecum
calciferum). The penis is bent on itself, where a long process is
given off, to which the retractor muscle is attached. The amatory
organ (dart-sac) is a long cylindrical body, becoming finer towards
the posterior end; its retractor muscle has its attachment with that
of the penis, close below the apex of the shell, in the body-cavity.

The spermatheca is of the same size as the latter, and in this
specimen presents a swollen sac below, terminating in a short, thin
cylindrical point, which is buried amidst the convolutions of the
oviduct. The form of spermatheca depends entirely on the number
of spermatophores it contains.

The spermatophore is similar to that of Austenia gigas, but rather
shorter, the sac being 0°3 inch long. The cervicorn processes at the
base are strong and numerous, much branched above (P. Z. S. 1880,
pl. xxvii. figs. 8, 8a). The basal duct is 0-2 inch in length. Three
of these were found in the spermatheca examined.

GIRASIA HOOKERI, var. BRUNNEA, G.-A. (Plate LX. figs. 3, 4,
from nature.)

Girasia hookeri, var. brunnea, Godwin-Austen, Journ, A. S. B.
1875, p. 5.

Helicarion (sec. A) brunneus, Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 23.

Parmarion brunneus, Nevill, Hand-list, p. 13.

Helicarion brunneus, Pfr. ed. Cles. Nomen. Helic. Vivent. p. 30.

Animal a rich brown, mottled on the mantle with dark sepia, dis-
tinctly marked with parallel groovings, that extend from the zigzag
pallial line running along the side of foot, the margin of which is
edged below with a series of short, dark, fringe-like markings ;
foot beneath dark ochre. Large portion of shell exposed, which is
of same form as that of G. hookeri, var. shillongense.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 2211

Dimensions when fully extended :—

inch

Extremity of foot to posterior end of mantle... 1°5

ic BAT (3 Ry a ae ear crane ew 1:6
Anterior end of mantle to head ............ 0-47
Total as as 3 3°57
Hive eA Cle sy a cteiahe wy os spaye olin Fae ou rl nial sonia) 0-32
Se GGIS Oe, WOOLY can concn cysts is) shay ollelege na shclie, ¢ iiio\as 0°56

Hab. Shillong, Khasi Hills, in grassy localities.

GrIRAstA HOOKERT, var., G.-A. (Plate LX. fig. 5, from life.)

Girasia hookeri, var. shillongensis, Godwin-Austen, Journ. A. 8. B.
£875; ps 4s plein figs. 1, ba; id. BZ. Se L880; p: 294:

Helicarion (sec. A) shillongensis, Pfr. ed. Clessin, Nomen. Helic.
Vivent. p. 30.

Animal ochre-colour, the mantle being slightly paler than the rest
of the body; there is no longitudinal grooving on the side of the
foot, which, viewed under a lens, ’s covered with minute protuberances
evenly distributed ; foot beneath dull ochre-brown.

Shell horny, thin, long and narrow, pale green in colour.
Length 0'°9, diam. 0':28.

The dimensions of these creatures are not so easily taken, the
different parts expanding and contracting alternately.

inch
Extremity of foot to posterior end of the mantle .. 1:9
Vieni Ce sie eres coh car ne Mey nhs Sino oy ws sO cded Hes S914. 15
Anterior end, of mantle to head: cs a6 .1<)6 cece some 0-9
Lbs isa eta s0sk anatleel vensee 21a aca, ated gs 4:3
|e STO. MR omen, C eicdraedee vole uber ye Ue unieecy age acte 0-42

Another (Plate LX. fig. 5, from life) animal dark umber-brown ;
body concolorous, the mantle a shade lighter, nearly covering the
shell in both varieties; the foot beneath is ash-coloured; in this
particular specimen there is a slight abnormal indentation at the
anterior edge of the mantle.

inch

Extremity of foot to posterior edge of mantle...... 1:70
VEG ew ere Ate rete, Septy eh hbk ster ae SEE 17.

Anterior end of mantle to.head’\. 4.5. .20) 280% 0°95

otab kote Sls ee ies ek ge 4°35

MSGS TET URS GEE Geo mee cer on ein aonials Cl ne Pecihc 0:45

Hab. Shillong. Both these forms are merely local varieties of
hookerv.

A specimen obtained, also at Shillong, in April 1875 was 4 inches
long, of an olivaceous brown. An examination of some twenty

27 LAND AND FRESHWATER

specimens from the Khasi Hills* shows that they vary very much in
colour, from pale ochre to dark brown and even pale grey, while
some are dappled, and others very much spotted on the mantle and
sides (var. maculosus). I notice, too, that while some have the white
raised rib near the periphery of the shell very well marked, in
others it is absent, so that this is a most variable and unreliable
character. It is apparently due, as is also the surface of the body,
to the amount of atmospheric moisture at the time, and the size of
the shell-lobes is greatly dependent on the same.

Grrasta BuRTHU, G.-A. (Plate LXI. fig. 2, shell ; and Plate LXII.
figs. 3, 3a.)

Helicarion (Hoplites) burtii, Godwin-Austen, Journ. A. S. B.
1876, p. 314, pl. vii. fig. 6.

Girasia burtti, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. 8. 1880, p. 294.

Original description :—* Shell dull white, very horny in texture,
the apex scarcely developed, outline rounded above. Major diam.
0°30.

“Animal grey-brown in colour, the largest measuring as follows :—
mantle to head 0’:40; mantle 0':80, mantle to extremity of foot
0-50; or total length when moving 1'5.”

Hab. The Borelli Tea Garden, near Tezpur, Assam; discovered
by Mr. J. Burt, after whom I name it, and who found it abundant
on the bark of trees during the rains (July). It is of the true
typical form of Girasia, but in its very rudimentary, white, horny
shell it is quite distinct from any of the other species I am ac-
quainted with. I have since, through the kindness of Mr. D. McT.
Lumsden, received a number from Paniputer Tea Garden, in the
same district, north of the Brahmaputra; they vary somewhat in
colour, and a few are mottled. Iam thus able to give some further
details. The generative organs (Plate LXII. fig. 3) like type, the
amatorial organ shorter and blunter. The jaw (Plate LXIL. fig. 3 a)
curved in front, no central projection. The central teeth are narrow
and long, with the small cusp low down on the outer side; the 7th
and 8th are transitional in form, with the point of the outer cusp
nearer to the main point; from the 9th outwards all are of the
simple, evenly bicuspid form, becoming gradually smaller. (Plate
LXII. fig. 3.)

186002 tee Giley dina Gorge deve oe
194.1 .194
being many more than in G. hookerv.

GrrastIA RADHA, G.-A. (Plate LX. figs. 6, 6 a, living animal.)

Helicarion (Hoplites) radha, Godwin-Austen, Journ, A. 8. B, 1876,
p. 314, pl. viii. fig. 4.

Girasia radha, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. 8. 1880, p. 294.

Original description :—* Shell similar to that of H. shillongensts.

* Since sent me by Mr. M. Ogle.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 223

Animal rich ochre, sparsely dappled with grey-black on the mantle
and tail.

“ Length 3'"0, head to mantle 0'°50, mantle 1'-3, mantle to end
of foot 1'"0, tentacles 0-38,

“ Hab. Banks of Radha Pokri (tank), near Narainpur, Darrang
district, Assam; only one specimen was found, in the early
morning.”

{t is a close ally of the Khasi-Hill forms G. hookeri, &c., but its
very different coloration and markings distinguish it. ‘The shell
is more rudimentary than in that species, being extremely thin and
membranaceous, and is only a local variety on this side of the Brah-
maputra of G. burtit.

Grrasta crocea, G.-A. (Plate LX. fig. 2, drawn from life by the
author, and Plate LXII. fig. 6.)

Helicarion (Hoplites) croceus, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1872,
Peo (nl ok es OO,

Helicarion croceus (sec. A), Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 23; Pfeiffer, ed.
Cless. Nomen. Helic. Vivent. p. 30.

Parmarion croceus, Nevill, Hand-list, p. 13.

Original description :—* Shell very flat, rudimentary, oblong, thin,
horny, transparent, pale yellow-green, with a longitudinal band of
dark green, most intense on the outer margin, extending from near
the pale-coloured apex to the edge of the peristome; spire very
short, apex flatly curved ; peristome membranous, very thin, trans-
parent; within the single body-whorl the colour is pale milky with
some blue reflections.

“Diam. major 0°75, minor 0°35 inch.

** Animal is of a fine bright saffron-yellow colour; when contracted
it has a richer gamboge tint; mantle mottled with pale yellow; a
narrow edging of yellow extends round that portion of the mantle
covering the shell; another narrow band extends from the posterior
left side of the mantle towards the anterior left side, fining out and
terminating about 3 inch from the edge. From the posterior right
side a short line of yellow extends as far as the respiratory orifice ;
outside edge of foot very pale yellow, and almost white below; ex-
tremity of foot truncate, with a gland asin H. gigas. Length of
animal 21 to 3 inches; tentacles pale yellow, 0:45.

“This very handsome species is very abundant during the height
of the rains in the valleys below Cherra Poonjee ; and in the living
animal the small portion of shell not hidden by the mantle-lobes is
of a jet-black colour.” I first found it crawling over the tall grasses
high above the ground, by the side of the road a few hundred feet
above Teria Ghat. In the odontophore (Plate LXII. fig. 6) of
this species we find considerable modification when compared with
the type species, and there is a distinct approach to what is seen in
Durgella khasiaca, viz., an even bicuspid central tooth. The first
9 median teeth are indistinctly bicuspid, while all the outer are
evenly biscuspid. The whole series decreases gradually in size to

PART VI. x

o24 LAND AND FRESHWATER

the outermost laterals, and the teeth are numerous, arranged
thus :—
LOOT, TASS SeLO0
10. des 00

Grrasta NAGAENSIS, G.-A. (Plate LXI. figs. 3, 3a, 3b, 3c.)

Helicarion nagaense, Godwin-Austen, Journ. A. 8. B. 1875, p. 5,
pl. il. figs. 3, 3a, 36, de.

Girasia nagaensis, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. 8. 1880, p. 294.

Helicarion (sec. A) nagaensis, Pfeiffer, ed. Cless. Nomen. Helic.
Vivent. p. 30.

Original description: —* Animal ochre-colour, prettily mottled and
dotted with a darker shade of the same; the mantle covers nearly
the whole shell; a narrow white line, commencing near the
posterior margin of the slit disclosing the shell, extends round
towards the respiratory orifice on the right-hand side, and in front
another line curves round to the left anterior side. Mucous gland
as in H. gigas. Length about 3 inches. Shell ovate, exceedingly
thin and brittle.

‘¢ Major diam, 0°90, minor diam. 0°55 inch.”

GIRASIA DALHOUSIa, n. sp. (Plate LXI. figs. 1, la, and Plate
LXII. figs. 4, 4 a.)

The Station of Dalhousie, Chamba Hills (W. Theobald).

The animal in spirit is of a very pale ochre tint, with no markings
of any kind. The mantle as in typical Girasia, the thin shell show-
ing in an oval opening of the shell-lobes.

The shell is of an olive-brown colour, convex above, oval on the
periphery, membranaceous, broader than in the type, or in G, crocea,
with a very thin, white, shelly lining.

Major diam. 13-0, minor 8-0 mm.

Length of animal in spirit 0-30 mm.

The radula is arranged thus (Plate LXII. fig. 4) :—

1280.02 «-14y doyle 2 5 128
144.1. 144

It differs somewhat from the eastern species; the central tooth is
very long, narrow, and tricuspid ; the median teeth are much curved,
the points directed somewhat outwards, they are tricuspid, but not
sharply so, the inner cusp being indistinct ; the laterals are bicuspid,
the outer cusp being larger and rounder in form than the inner.

Jaw straight in front, with only a very slight central projection
(Plate LXII. fig. 4 a).

This is the first species of the genus Girasia I have seen from the
N.W. Himalaya, and it is therefore of interest as regards distribu-
tion: there was only a single specimen in the bottle sent me by
Mr. Theobold, so that it will be important to find it again in the
same locality ; the species associated with it (2. e. in same bottle)
were all N.W.-Himalayan forms.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 225

GIRASIA PANKABARIENSIS, n. sp. (Plate LIX. figs. 1, 1a, 1,
animal.)

Pankabari, foot of Darjiling Hills (coll. P. Séoliczka).

Animal with the right and left mantle-lobes united, the line of
junction well seen, as in the Khasi-Hill typical form; the mantle
appears to be slightly speckled. The shell is deeply sunk in a
depression, the ridge of the foot behind being on a level with the
shell. It is the first true Girasia I have seen from the Darjiling
country.

Shell has been removed and is in the Calcutta Museum.

Generative organs immature.

Odontophore: +100 .2.16.1.416.2 . 1004

Mise. ie 11s
Teeth gradually decreasing in size from centre to margin.
Jaw straight, with a very slight central projection.

GrRaAstIa CINEREA, G.-A.

Girasia cinereus, G.-A., J. A. S. B. 1876, p. 314, plate viii.
fig. 2.

The shell was not described when taken, and it has since been
mislaid. The description of the animal, which is of more importance,
is as follows :—

Original description :—* Animal, when fully extended, long and
narrow, colour dusky grey, mantle with a papillate surface slightly
spotted, the spotting being coarser on the body and tail. Tentacles
short and blunt, with the oral ones very close below them.

“ Length 0:75, mantle 0'°40.

*« Hab. On the Darpang river, foot of the Dafla Hills, under old
logs in the forest.”

Girasta mAGnirica, Nev. & G.-A. (Plate LVI. figs. 1, 2, 3, 4,
animal; 5, 5a, shell.)

Helicarion magnificus, Nevill, Journ. A. 8. B. 1877, p. 24.

Helicarion (Austenia) magnificus, Nevill, J. A. S. B. 1881, p. 129,
pl. v. figs. 23, 23 a (shell).

Girasia magnifica, Godw.-Aust. P. Z. 8. 1880, p. 294, pl. xxiv.
figs. 1 and 2 (animal).

Helicarion ( Austenia) magnificus, Nevill, Hand-list, p. 16.

Nevill’s paper, “ List of the Mollusca brought back by Dr. J.
Anderson from Yunnan and Upper Burmah,” contains the

Original description :—‘ I am indebted to Major Godwin-Austen
for pointing out that this magnificent slug, the largest yet known
of the genus, is quite distinct from Benson’s Helic. gigas (Khasi Hills) ;
Godwin-Austen has kindly undertaken to describe the animal with full
details and a figure, so that it is only necessary for me here to state
that it is very closely allied to the Assam species, but that the shell
is much larger, of a brown (not green) colour, with the body-whorl
much more flatly expanded, and the spire less convoluted and more

x2

226 LAND AND FRESHWATER

depressed, and that, looked at from underneath, very much less of
the reflected body-whorl is visible. The largest specimen in spirit
measures 70 mills.

“Shell, diam. maj. 46, axis 114 , apert. lat. 404, alt. 295 mil.

- Tolerably abundant at Momein, in Yunnan, at 5500 ft.”

Teng-Yue-Chow is the locality given by Nevill i in his Hand-list.

This giant of the genus was first figured by me in the P. Z. 8.
1880, from a drawing I had made ie in Caleutta of a specimen
in the Museum there, but at the time I subsequently described the
genus Girasia | had no specimen of it by me toexamine. I after-
wards received one from Mr. Geoffrey Nevill, and this I have figured
again in this work. As will be seen by the uniting of the shell-
lobes the shell is almost completely covered by the mantle, the
cicatrix marking the junction of the right and left being well
displayed. The extremity of the foot behind i is sharply keeled, and
ends abruptly just behind the shell, which is sunk in a depression,
as it were, anterior to the keeled foot. The mucous pore is a long
vertical slit behind. In the odontophore the centrals are of the
usual form in this group, but the laterals are long, curved, and
pointed, the outer cusp being situated very much below the apex.
In this respect it is like the labial ribbon of a species described by
me as G. gigas var. minor of the Burrail Range, Naga Hills
(J. A. S. B. vol. xliv. 1875, p. 10, plate iii.), a species which I have
renamed butleri, as it is a Girasia, not an Austenia.

The generative organs of G. magnifica are as in the type; the
amatorial and male organs are only smaller in comparison to the
size. Spermatophores were present in the spermatheca and were
about 35 mm. in length, in every respect similar to those figured by
me in the P. Z. 8. 1880, fig. 4, pl. xxvi., with some modification
in the number and form of the cervicorn processes, as represented in
fig. 5.

Grirasta BUTLERI, G.-A. (Plate LX. fig. 7.)

Helicarion gigas, small var.; Journ. A. 8. B. vol. xliv. 1875, p. 6,
plate iil. (animal, nat. size).

Austenia gigas, var. minor, Godw.-Aust. P. Z. 8. 1880, p. 294,
plate xxv. figs. 1, 5, plate xxvii. figs. 9 and 10.

? Helicarion (Austenia) resplendens, Nevill, Hand-list, p. 16.

This species is thus described in my note-book :—‘‘ Animal dark
ochre-brown, with very dark marking, particularly noticeable along
the margin of the foot.”

Hab. Between Samaguting and Kohima, Naga Hills.

Shell: major diam. 21°5 mm., minor diam. 18 mm.

i 0-84 inch i 0-55 inch.

Of the same form as A. gigas, but with a fine glassy lustre and
olivaceous brown. I have now only the shell in my possession, and
it would be very desirable to obtain more specimens from this
locality and examine them more closely. In its shell-lobes it is

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA, 227

very like A. gigas, from Teria Ghat, hut the hinder part of the foot
is more like that of Girasia hooker’.

In size the shell is that of Helicarion resplendeus, described by
Nevill, J. A. 8. B., from specimens collected by Dr. J. Anderson at
Sawady, on his journey to Yunnan; but I have never examined the
original specimens ; it is possible they are one and the same species.

GrrasiA PEGUENSIS, Theob, (Plate LIX. figs. 6, 6 a, 6b, animal ;
6c, 6 d, shell.)

Girasia peguensis, Theob, Journ. A. 8. B. 1864, p. 244.

Vitrina pequensis, Hanley, Conch. Ind. p. 29, pl. Ixv. figs. 2, 3.

Helicarion (sec. B) peguensis, Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 23.

Girasia? pequensis, Godw.-Aust. P. Z. 8. 1880, p. 294.

Helicarion (Austenia) peguensis, Nevill, Hand-lst, p. 16.

Original description :—‘* Animale pallide lutescente anteriort parte
virescente ; posteriori tamen luteo-flavescente. Tentaculis superioribus
longis et cum cervice virescentibus; inferioribus parvulis; pallio
granulato, cutis anserine modo ; fusco, testum omnino fere obtegente.
Caudal papilla nulla, Longitudina 80 mills.

“ Testa elongata, halicoidea, polita, subdiaphana ; margine tenw,
virescente ; reliqua parte flavescente, et juwta apicem solidissimum
albescente. Long. 15, lat. 9, alt. 4 mills.

“ Habitat in humidis locis prope Pegu. This species belongs to the
same section as V. gigas, B., which it resembles in miniature, and
is remarkable for its solid columella and apex.”

Description from spirit-spectmen (length 50 mm.) :-—The posterior
part of the shell rests in a depression of the hinder part of the foot,
though it is not so distinctly of V-shape, or so deep as in Girasia
hookeri. The colour isa ruddy brown, the mantle somewhat greyer
and a good deal mottled ; the sides of the foot are speckled with dark
grey. Individuals of all these species, as may be noted, differ very
much in coloration, and in this species quite unspotted specimens no
doubt occur. There is a very distinct, pale, ridge-like line or bar
extending from near the respiratory orifice backwards, and fo!low-
ing the edge of the right shell-lobe; another similar bar runs
along the left margin of the left shell-lobe. The mantle and its
lobes are exactly as in Austenia gigas, and it thus forms a very
perfect link between the two subgenera Girasia and Austenia*.
The shell has the apex more developed than in Jbycus and is like
that of Austenia.

The long retractor muscle of the left eye-tentacle and the buccal
mass are joined together and have their attachment posterior to the
shell and body-cavity ; and this is different from A. gigas, where the
same muscles have their attachment on the frontal margin of the
body-eavity. The right eye-tentacle is separate, its attachment is
on the posterior margin of the body-cavity, and the penis retractor
muscle attachment is also here but posterior to it. The generative

* T place it in the first at the end of the series.

228 LAND AND FRESHWATER

organs are immature in all the specimens I received from Mr.
Theobald, but enough to show that they are like Girasia. Jaw and
radula as in A. gigas.

OS ate elo fe Be Ooo
aS vac tyhs ltnesyd 3

Grrasia ? RuBRA, G.-A. (Plate LXI. figs. 4, 4a, 46, 4c, 4d.)

Parmarion? rubrum, Godwin-Austen, Journ. A. 8. B. 1875, p. 6,
pl. ii. figs. 4, 4a, 46, 4¢,4d.

Original description:— Animal of @ fine orange-pmk, grey on
underside of the foot; tentacles short, mantle entirely covering the
shell, with only a slight trace of a longitudinal opening running
back from the anterior left side, three parallel bands of greenish grey
along the back of the neck, the eye-tentacles being of the same
colour. The gland at the extremity of the foot with a long, over-
hanging lobe.

inch

“Extremity of foot to posterior end of mantle .... 0°9
DINGO EE cs cole ele ies sn ale < Uke nen tara ee 0°8
Anterior edge of mantle to head .............. 0-4
Total length when moving >. '. a. cee cc oe caine 1°8

“Shell quite rudimentary, minute, granular: major diam. 0-14
inch,

“ Habitat. Kohima, Naga Hills, in brushwood.

“The mucous gland in this species differs considerably from that
of H. gigas and its allies, the upper lobe projecting and hanging
over so as to present, when viewed sideways, a narrow sht.”

The exeeedingly small rudimental shell, so completely enveloped by
the mantle, almost entitles this form to subgenerie rank ; but as only
one specimen has been obtained, and was not fully examined as to
its internal anatomy, I place it for the present at the end of the
series of Gurasia.

Subgenus AusrEenia (continwed : vide p. 148, Part IV.).
All with smooth or polished shells.

AvsTENIA 6164s, Benson. (Plate LY. figs. 3, 3a, 36, animal
from spirit-specimen ; Plate LX. figs. 1 and 1a, from living animal ;
Plate LXII. fig. 8, radula.) Type of the genus.

Vitrina gigas, Benson, J. A. 8. B. 1836, p. 350.

Austenia gigas, Godw.-Aust. P. Z.8. 1880, pp. 294-298, pls. xxiv.,
KXye, XXvi,

Helicarion gigas, Godw.-Aust. J. A. 8. B. 1875, pl. iii.; Pfr. Mon.
Hel. vol. ui. p. 496.

Vitrina gigas, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 18; Hanley, Conch. Ind.
p. 29, pl. lxvi. figs. 2 & 3.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 229

Helicarion (sec. B) gigas, Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 23.

Austenia gigas, Nevill, Hand-list, p. 16.

Helicarion (sec. B) gigas, Pfeiffer, ed. Clessin’s Nomen. Helic.
Vivent. p. 30.

Locality. Teria Ghat, Khasi Hills.

Shell ovate, broad, depressed ; body-whorl large and expanded,
with a shining lustre, quite smooth, excepting the irregular lines of
growth ; colour olivaceous, with sienna-brown, paler at the apex,
somewhat nacreous within (one specimen is entirely sienna-brown,
and milky white within); apex flat; whorls about 12; columellar
margin very short and very oblique.

Largest specimen: maj. diam. 1°7, min, 1:2 inch (=42°5 and
30 mm.).

Another: maj. diam. 38°3, min. 24:5 mm.

3 53505, 0:96 inch.

“ Animal.—The left dorsal lobe * (U.d.0. plate xxiv. figs. 3, 4, 5)
is large in front, and extends from the respiratory orifice to the leit
margin. The right dorsal lobe (r.d./.) extends from the same part
to the posterior right margin. The shell-lobes are connected all
round the periphery of the mantle-zone, but are reduced in size, and
present two distinct right and left contractile lobes; the mght
extends to and covers the apex of the shell, while the left extends
over the edge of the body-whorl for a distance of 0°3 to 0:5 inch,
leaving the posterior and the greater portion of the upper surface of
the shell uncovered (we have here a true approach to what is seen
in the subgenus Macrochlamys). The posterior margin of the shell
is not sunk in a depression of the hinder part of the foot, but the
upper surface of the foot extends in an unbroken ridge to the mantle-
zone.”

In Plate LY. figs. 3 and 3a, the animal is shown with the shell
removed; fig. 36 gives the position of the shell-lobes viewed from
behind; the apex of the shell and all it contains sliced off.

«« Extremity of the foot truncate, with a large linear mucous gland,
the pedal line very distinct, as well as the lateral markings on the
surface of the body.

“ Genital aperture at the lower and outer base of the right tentacle.

« Animal reaches quite 4 inches in length.

“Description of Genital Organs of A. gigas.—Small var., Khasi Hills
(plate xxv. fig. 1).—The ovo-testis was not seen ; the hermaphro-
dite duct (h.d.) is much convoluted at the anterior end, where it
divides ; the shape of the albumen-gland was also unobserved, and
had apparently not been preserved in the spirit. The oviduct (ov.)
was yery closely convolute, and arranged in four sharp folds upon
the posterior portion of the spermatheca (sp.), to which it is appa-
rently held by muscular tissue. The prostate is wide, regular, and
ribbon-like, much and closely convolute, giving off the vas deferens
not far above the junction of the spermatheca with the oviduct ; this

* Refers to paper and plates in P. Z. 8. 1880, pp. 289-299.

230 LAND AND FRESHWATER

is very long, extending forward between the inverted eye-tentacles,
forming a loop among the muscles of the buccal mass.

«The penis is bent on itself at the point where the retractor muscle
is given off (Pe. fig. 4): and a short, blunt, rounded portion extends
beyond the insertion of the vas deferens (pd.) corresponding to the
flagellum in some species, or the Kalksack of Semper (the czecum
ealciferum vasis deferentis).

“The retractor muscle of the penis has its attachment, together with
the eye-tentacles, in the usual position, close below the apex of the
shell, near the posterior margin of the body-cavity (plate xxiv.
fig. 3 m).”

Detailed Anatomy of Penis of A. gigas (plate xxvi. figs. 2, 3).—
“On the removal of the outer sasenlens nevi the ann end isofa
hollow cone-shape (a), which, on being cut away, presented within a
cup-shaped depression (a’), and exposed the duct of the penis. It
contracts Se eoaNs and continues as a smooth stout tube of equal size
for about 0°25 inch, where it expands again (6) into a stouter portion
of cylindrical form, “which is 0°55 inch long, Sa continues, with gra-
dually lessening thickness, up to the part where it is turned suddenly
backwards, and close to where the retractor muscle is given off (c).
On removing the outer layer a chitinous sheath was exposed lying
against the thin membrane beneath (b' 6); and following this down,
it was found to be the basal end of the spermatophore, with the
peculiar cervicorn processes at the base, in situ where developed.
On opening the membranous sac, it was found to consist of one con-
tinuous thread coiled down on itself (fig. 3), and pressed closely
together, and was in such good preservation as to be easily unravelled.
il drew out and measured a portion 51, inch in length, and found it
to contain 15:1 inches; the whole length of this part being 0°55
inch in length, would give nearly 7 feet for the total contents of
the sac. It is,in faet, a spermatic thread of hardened spermatozoa,
poured out from the vas deferens *.

“ On further examining the part near c, this cylindrical portion
was found to end in a conical cap, which again gave off a thin rod,
which bending sharply back, is evidently in communication with
the extension of the vas deferens towards d. Behind the junction
of this Jast is a short gland rounded at the end (e), which contained
some very microscopic transparent crystalline bodies of oval form
(fig. 2a). This is the Kalksack mentioned above, and secretes the
material for the formation of the spermatophore.

“ This spermatophore, which is an organ of a very complicated and
curious form, may be thus described :—The basal or anterior end
consists of a chitinous strap about 0-+ inch long, with the sides more
or less turned over, forming a sort of trough or long spout, which,
after it has passed into the ‘spermatheca of the other individual, will
be found opening into the lower part of the oviduct. At the other
eud the sides at last meet and form a tube; it then thickens and

* “This thread is similarly described by M. Baudelot, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1868,
p. 165, in his description of the capriolus of Arion rufus.”

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 231

widens, giving off several strong cervicorn or more or less branched
processes, which are directed backwards; they serve, I think, to aid
in the expulsion of the spermatophore from the penis, and, when
once within the spermatheca or vagina, serye as holding-hooks to
prevent its withdrawal. The part above this consists of a very long
thin membranous bag 0-4 inch long, terminating in a hard conical
cap, from which proceeds a thin rod, which is found to extend to the
hard rounded apex of the spermatic sac, where it bends over or ends
in a few separate filaments within the tube of the vas deferens. In
one specimen of this species (gigas) no less than seven perfect
spermatophores were counted, closely packed together side by side
within the spermatheca. (Van Beneden observed two in a Parma-
cella, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1857, p. 371.)

‘“* It would appear that in these creatures even one act of copulation
would fertilize for a very considerable period ; for it would be some
time before the contents of a spermatophore became exhausted.

‘This organ, as situated in the penis, presents the character of a
perfect spring (vide plate xxvi. figs. 2,3); and it can be imagined
that when it enters the wider and very elastic sac of the spermatheca,
and is then gradually released, it will tend to become quite straight,
and that, the recurved processes holding it at one point, the longer
portion will bend round to the long axis of the sac, bringing the end
of the shorter portion (plate xxvi. fig. 3a) to the aperture within
the vagina and ovo-testis (plate xxvi. fig. 4, 7. sp.).

‘** Macrochlamys decussata, of which I have a drawing, taken when
the animals were 7 coitu, protruded a large white bladder-like sac,
which expanded and contracted from time to time as if inflated with
air; this I now think may have been the spermatheca drawn out
and receiving the penis and capreolus.

“In the two specimens I examined, the spermatheca (sp.) was
elongate, smooth, lying close to and partly enveloped by the con-
volutions of the oviduct &ec., with its posterior end near the junction
of the hermaphrodite-duct and albumen-gland. This posterior
termination is bent over on itself, presenting a smooth rounded end
(plate xxv. figs. 2 & 4), which coiling round, terminated, and was
covered with what was apparently muscular tissue buried in the
prostate and oviduct. The form of the spermatheca is due to its
contents ; and the rounded end is produced by the bending-over of
the flagellum-like terminations of the enclosed spermatophores.

‘Tn one specimen of G'. hookert which I examined, probably taken
in the cold weather, all the generative organs are small and con-
tracted, the spermatheca only represented by an attenuate sae.

«The amatorial organ or dart-sae (D)* is a long cylindrical body
narrowing towards the genital aperture, and again swelling there
into a large orifice ; it has a very thick and muscular structure, and
in these spirit-specimens is very hard and unyielding. When cut
open longitudinally, the dart or spiculum amoris was found to be a
simple cylindrical rod, sharply pointed (plate xxvi. fig. 7). This

* “Glandula mucosa cum sagitta amatoria.”

232 LAND AND FRESHWATER

organ has a strong retractor muscle, with its attachment near that
of the penis.”

Relative Position of the different Parts in A. gigas.—<‘ On cutting
through the skin of the upperside of the back, commencing from
between the eye-tentacles, the penis is seen lying in the middle line
between the inverted eye-tentacles (plate xxv. fig. 2); on the proper
left of it are seen three large convolutions of the intestine (7); and
on laying it over to the right side the salivary glands of flattened
form are seen spreading over these, and a distinct connexion with
the central convolution was very clearly made out (fig. 5, a). Pro-
ceeding from the sides of the buccal mass will be noticed two strong
muscles, which have their attachment on the frontal margin of the
body-cavity, at the point (plate xxiv. fig. 3) m; these are the re-
tractor muscles of the head and buccal mass.

«The spermatheca les on the right side of the animal, covered
partly by the oviduct ; and a large expansion of the intestine occu-
pies the posterior portion of the cavity, narrowing suddenly to enter
that of the shell above.

“A very large mucous gland lies next the sole of the foot along the
whole length of the body-cavity ; and two large pedal nerves are
conspicuous and traverse it, throwing off nerves to the epidermis,
and extend on to the caudal gland.”

The teeth of the radula (Plate LXII. fig. 8) are numerous,
arranged thus :—

6D Bo a2 at A 2h sO"
94.1. 94

presenting a large number of broad central teeth, the central bluntly
bicuspid, the firs st 6 central on either side show only a blunt cusp
on the outer base, but from the 7th to the 25th an inner notch
becomes apparent. The inner laterals are long, curved, pointed
teeth, with a cusp low down on the outer margin; this disappears
about the 50th, and thence to the edge of the radula they are simple
unicuspid teeth, becoming gradually shorter in length. It is thus
very distinct from the odontophore of any species of Girasia. The
jaw (Plate LXII. fig. 8a) is much curved anteriorly, and has a
well-marked notch on the middle edge.

AUSTENIA SCUTELLA, Bs. (Plate LII. figs. 1-1 e.)

Locality. Nasmana, in the Chinab valley, on the direct road from
the Panjal to Sealkote (from W. Theobald’s collection).

Vitrina scutella, Bs. A. & M. N. Hist. 1859, vol. ii. p. 188;
Pfr. Mon. Hel. oil iv. p. 798; Reeve, Kina: f. 13; Hanley,
Conch. Ind. p. 29, pl. Ixvi. f. 4 (it is not known whether this figure
represents the Khasi or Kashmir specimen ; from its size it must be
the latter (vide original descr.). Hanley considers this the variety,
but on what grounds it is not clear).

Helicarion (sec. B) scutella, Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 23.

Helicarion scutella, Nevill, Hand-list, p. 15 (8 specimens, Assam,
Stol.: these certainly must belong to another species; though

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 233

collected by Stoliczka they were not determined by him); Theob.
J.A.8, B. 1878, p. 148.

Original description :—* Testa valde depressa, peripheria oblongo-
ovata, arcuatim striatula, nitente, translucente, pallide viridi-lute-
scente ; spira valde planata, apice prominulo, sutura impressa, mar-
ginata ; anfractibus 34 rapide accrescentibus, ultimo antice latissimo,
superne antrorsum arcuato, horizontaliter compresso, non descendente,
peripheria valde rotundata ; apertura valde obliqua, ovato-lunart ;
peristomate simplici, marginibus conniventibus, columellari oblique
descendente, basali leviter arcuato.

“Diam. major 18, minor 13, axis 6 mill. Kashmir.
” ” 16, ” ll, a Di

66 ¢ 7 }
Apert. lat. i alt. ite } Tend Chae
99 ” ’ ” ”

“ Habitat ad Teria Ghat, montium Khasi ; necnon ad Nasmana,
regionis Kashmir.

“ Of this species the larger example from Kashmir was first sent
by Mr. Theobald, and subsequently another specimen, obtained by
lim at Teria Ghat, was received. The non-occurrence of the form
in the intermediate mountains of Sirmore, Kemaon, and Sikkim,
where other species take its place, is worthy of note. It is remark-
able for its depressed form and lengthened aperture, which at once
distinguish it from its ally, V. Paortiealen occupying the mountain
region between the rivers Sutle] and Gagra. The Khasia specimen
has a few remote spiral depressions on the last whorl near the
suture; they are probably accidental.”

It is evident that Mr. Benson had before him two distinct species.
The shells of this genus are so very similar they may easily be
confounded. I have now received several spirit-specimens of un-
doubted A. scutella from Mr. Theobald, collected by him in the
N.W. Himalaya, at Murree and Dalhonsie, taken out of bottles
with other undoubted species from the above localities, and referred
to on (/. c.) p. 143. I can state there is no form at all approaching
it at Teria Ghat, in the Khasi Hills, nor have I seen anything like
it either from Darjling or Assam.

Mr. Benson’s largest specimen (and it agrees in size with the
shell I figure) is true scutella, the one he first obtained from Mr.
Theobald; the other remains to be determined, and [ think I have
the species i in my collection. The shell figured (Plate LIL. figs. 1c,
1d, and Le) is from Mr. Theobald’s collection, from typical locality
Nasmana, Chinab valley, on direct road from Islamabad over the
Pir Panjal mountains to Sealkote.

The chief interest attached to this species is its close resemblance
on the one side to Macrochlamys, and on the other to the Helicarion-
like group; it thus forms a link between them through M. flemingi
and species like A. gigas, and we have presented to us an excellent
example of the gradual growth of shell-lobes, completely altering
and modifying the form of the animal and shell.

Description of the Animal (Plate LIL. fig. 1 a). The shell does not

234 LAND AND FRESHWATER

rest in a depression in the foot, the ridge of the foot runs directly
away from the mantle-zone to the mucous pore. The right dorsal
lobe is well developed ; the left dorsal lobe extends in one continuous
flap round to the left posterior margin, where it ends abruptly. The
right shell-lobe is very large, broad and triangular, covering and
playing over a large area of the shell on the right margin of the
periphery, but not enclosing it in any way. The left shell-lobe
commences from near the respiratory orifice and overlaps the edge
of the peristome; it gradually widens, and finally becomes broad
and tongue-shaped (fig. 1 a), corresponding to the narrow left shell-
lobe seen in VM. petrosa (vide Plate XIX. fig. 1) and to the still
more similar reduced shell-lobe of JZ. decussata (fig. 6 of the same
plate). The posterior portion of the foot is very long and sharply
keeled. The pedal margin of the foot wide, with the pedal line
strongly marked and segmented.

Generative Organs. Are very similar to those of Macrochlamys
(vide Plate XVII. fig. 6). The amatorial organ is present, and is
large and swollen at the basal end; the kale-sac is longer than in
most species.

Spermatophore. Is long and sac-like (10°5 mm. in length), but
the chitinous portion at the base has several recurved strong bifid
spines, those above are straight and minute.

Odontophore :—

SU et TEED es Meee eo0
AG et CAG

Of usual form, the outermost teeth of moderate size, bicuspid.

Jaw. Has a strong central projection.

Description of specimen figured :—Shell depressed, ovately oblong,
umbilicated ; sculpture quite smooth, covered with a thin epidermis,
crossed by faint lines of growth ; colour pale olivaceous ochre ; spire
very flat; apex subpapillate; suture shallow; whorls 43, rapidly
increasing ; aperture elongately oval; columellar margin vertical,
becoming suddenly very oblique.

Size: major diam, 17°5, min. 13:0; alt. axis 5:5, body-whorl
8:5 mm.

AusTenta? monticora, Benson, MSS. (in coll. H. Cuming).
(Plate LIT. fig. 2, 2 a.)

Vitrina monticola, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1848, p. 107; Bs. MSS., Pfr. Mon.
Hel. vol. ii. p. 497 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 11; Hanley, Conch. Ind.
p- 61, pl. clii. figs. 1, 4 (is H. stoliczkanus, Nevill).

Vitrina (sec. Phenacolimagx) monticola, Pfr. Nomen. Helic. Vivent.
LESis p27.

Helicarion (sec. B) monticola, Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 23.

Helicarion monticola, Pfr. Nevill, Hand-list, p. 15.

Locality. Mussoorie (coll. G.-A.) *.

* These specimens were shown to Captain Hutton, and named by him as

above ; and there can be no doubt this is the species known to him and Benson
under this title.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 235

The animal was thus described by me in my note-book of 1863
when at Mussoorie, where it is abundant during the rains, in suitable
places :—

Animal long, too large for complete retraction into shell, which
is further from the head than tail; mantle reflected over the margin
of the shell. It would appear to be very similar to A. scwtella, but
I have not yet obtained the species in spirit from the original
locality, and I am therefore not certain to what extent it differs.

Original description by Pfeiffer :—‘‘ Vitrina. J'esta depressa, tenui,
striatula, nitida, pellucida, lutescenti-cornea; spira plana, medio via
prominula; sutura leviter impressa ; anfractibus 4, celeriter acere-
scentibus ; planiusculis, ultimo depresso, non descendente ; apertura
obliqua, rotundato-lunari ; peristomate simplice, marginibus conni-
ventibus, callo tenuissimo junctis, supero antrorsum, arcuato-dilatato,
columellart cwm basalt angulum obtusum formante,

“Diam. 18, alt. 74 mill.

“ From Bengal, Landour, Himalaya, Almorah.”

The shells from the Hill Station of Mussoorie, and Landour at its
eastern end, are olivaceous, with spire more or less depressedly
conoid; suture shallow ; whorls 5; aperture ovate; columellar
margin oblique.

Largest specimen: major diam. 27:0, min. 21°0, alt. axis 10-0,
body-whorl 14-0 mm.

The four localities given above by Pfeiffer in sequence might
puzzle some people not well versed in Indian geography. The two
definite localities, Landour and Almorah, leave the exact habitat
of the typical shell in doubt, and they are 100 miles apart. Almorah
shells of this group that I have do not compare with those from
Mussoorie.

Considerable confusion exists with regard to monticola, cassida,
and scutella, and the localities in which they were originally collected.
I think I may be able to clear this up, to a certain extent, having
had the advantage of naming and comparing shells now in my col-
lection, at the time they were collected by me at Mussoorie, with
those in Captain Hutton’s collection, and that officer well knew the
shells he and Benson had described together. There can be no doubt
that the large Helicarion-like snail of Mussoorie and Landour is
monticola.

It therefore does not much signify what shell Pfeiffer described
out of the Cuming collection, for it is impossible now to discover
the identical type shell in the British Museum, for there are several
specimens placed together under this title monticola. Nor do we
arrive at any clear decision on comparing the figures of Hanley and
Reeve; the first is taken from a shell in the Beason collection, and
this cannot be traced, because the shells that have been fieured are
not marked, and Mr. Hanley sometimes selected shells for figuring
from Benson's collection, sometimes from his own, from specimens
sent home to him from India by Mr. Theobald from localities other
than the original. These very similar shell forms from Burmah, Assam,
and the N.W. Himalayas have got thus very much muddled up.

236 LAND AND FRESHWATER

AUSTENIA THEOBALDI, n. sp. (Plate LIT. figs. 5, 5a, 5d.)

Helicarion flemingi, var. b, Journ, A. 8. B. 1871, p. 143; Nevill,
Hand-list, p. 15. (All these shells with exception of the Naini-Tal
specimen, which is the type of stoliczkanus, I refer to this species.)

Locality. Bichlari, Chinab valley (Theobald).

Theobald did not distinguish this form from M. flemingi, and
under var. 6 of that species described it briefly as follows :—

‘“* This race runs considerably smaller than the last, the largest
specimen of some hundreds measuring 22x17x12 mm. It is a
miniature of the last, and occurs abundantly in the Chindb valley,
above the junction of the Bichlari River, and also at Dharmsala in
the Kangra valley. The shell is almost wholly enveloped by the
mantle when the animal is in motion.”

AUSTENIA THEOBALDI (? STOLICZKANUS),.

Locality. Chinab valley, above Bichlari River.

Shell globose, imperforate; sculpture none, surface polished and
glassy ; colour olivaceous or pale yellowish green ; spire subconoid ;
suture well marked ; whorls 4, tumid, convex, the last ample ; aper-
ture nearly circular; columellar margin thin, horny.

Size: major diam. 19°5, minor diam. 16-0, alt. axis 8-0, alt.
body-whorl 12:0,

Five specimens were sent to me by Mr. Theobald, from the typical
locality Bichlari. The description of the animal shows that it has
no relationship to flemingi and it allies. It is distinct from A.
monticola from Mussoorie, with which I have compared it, being
much more globose, and the whorls more convex, and its colour is
of a yellowish tint, the spire less closely wound.

Mr. Theobald sends three other specimens from the Chinib valley,
the exact locality not given, which differ from the type in being
much more polished and of a darker richer olivaceous tint, and are
somewhat more depressed. This may be the shell of an animal
with more distinctly marked differences, or may be due to some
local condition.

I have another species received from F. Stoliczka, and referred
by him to monticola with doubt ; this I think is

AUSTENIA stoLiczKaNnvs, Nevill. (Plate LII. fig. 3, 3a, 36.)

? Vitrina, sp., from Almorah, Hutton & Benson, Journ. A. S. B.
vol. vii. p. 214.

Austenia stoliczkanus, Nevill, Second Yarkand Mission, Moll. p. 15.

? Vitrina monticola, Hanley, Conch. Ind. p. 61, pl. clii. figs. 1 & 4;
Nevill, Hand-list, p. 15.

The three species from the Kashmir side are, I suspect, A. theobaldi.

Locality. Aertoolé, near Almorah, beyond Hawul Bagh.

This species is rather more tumid than A. monticola, and its tints
of a yellower olive; it assimilates somewhat to the form of H.
theobaldi, but is not so globose.

Size: maj. diam. 21:0, min. 16-0, alt. axis 7°0 mm.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 237

A precisely similar shell I note in Mr. Theobald’s collection from
Sat Tal, near Naini Tal.
Size: maj. diam. 18°5, min, 14°5, alt. axis 8-0 mm.

AUSTENIA ? sERAHANENSIS, G.-A. (Plate LII. figs. 4, 4a, 46.)

Locality. Serahan, Sutle] valley (Stoliczka).

Shell depressedly ovate, strong, not transparent, quite smooth, with
a thick epidermis ; colour deep ochre; spire and apex flat ; suture
shallow ; whorls 34, rapidly increasing ; aperture narrowly ovate ;
peristome very sinuate above; columellar margin oblique.
Size: maj. diam. 11°5, min. 8°5, alt. axis 4:0, body-whorl 5°75 mm.

This shell was given me by Stoliczka without a name ; it may be
the same as the ten shells placed in H. monticola by Nevill in his
Hand-list, p. 15. I have compared it with the young, very glassy
shells of monticola of same size from Mussoorie, and it is very
different. A description of the animal of this Sutlej valley form is
much to be desired, should any conchologist again visit that part of
the Himalayas.

AusTENIA ? venusta, Theob. (Plate LIX. figs. 5, 5a.)

Locality. Arakan (Theob.).

Helicarion venustum, Theob. Journ. A. 8. B. 1870, p. 400; 1877,
p. 24 (is another species).

Vitrina venusta, Hanley, Conch. Ind. p. 61, pl. cli. fig. 5, from
Arakan Hills, between Tongoop and Prome *.

Helicarion (sec. B) venustus, Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 23.

Vitrina (sec. 2. Phenacclimax) venusta, Pfr. Cless. Nomen. Helic.
Vivent. p. 27 (1881).

Helicarion (Austenia) venustus, Nevill, Hand-list, p. 16. no. 32,
from Arakan, Yunnan, and Kakhyen Hills: as No. 33 (ZH. solida,
G.-A.) is referred to this shell with a query, I doubt if the identifica-
tion of these species is correct; typical venustus is quite different
from cacharica=solida, which is the species Nevill had before him,

Original description :—‘ Vitrina? venusta. Testa ovato-auri-
forme, supra vix convexa, diaphana, tenuissima, polita, subrugose
striata, lete flavescente brunnea ; anfractibus 13 celerissime crescenti-
bus ; apertura latissima.

* Diam. major 0-30, diam. minor 0°17, alt. 0°10 inch.

‘“* Habitat prope ‘ Chuegale Sakan, montibus Arakan’ dictis inter
Tonghup et Prome.”

Mr. Theobald compares it with, and considers it closely allied to,
the Nilghiri V. auriformis ; but a comparison of the shells alone will
show they are quite different, while now we know the slug-like
forms of Southern India are a widely divergent group.

Under this species Nevill writes as follows, in his paper on the
Mollusca of Upper Burmah and Yunnan :—

‘** Dr. Anderson brought back from Ponsee, in Yunnan, numerous

* Sent me by Mr. Theobald.

238 LAND AND FRESHWATER

specimens (preserved in spirit) of a small form, the shell of which
Iam unable to distinguish from typical Arakan specimens of Helic.
venustum, only differing in apparently being of a smoother and more
polished texture, and in the spire being a shade more distinctly
convoluted; a single specimen of Helic. solidum from the Naga
Hills is quite undistinguishable from the above Arakan specimens
The figures in the ‘ Conch. Indica’ of the two forms are, however, so
distinct, that the types will have to be re-examined.” Iam now
able to do this, having received from Mr. Theobald two specimens of
H. venustum (Plate LIX. figs. 5 &5a), which prove on comparison
to be quite a different form gore my H. solidum, or even cacharica.
Mr. Nevill had before him this last species from the Naga Hills,
which I have since separated from the species from Hengdan Peak,
on the Burrail Range. Dr. Anderson’s specimens are no doubt ver y
like, as regards the shell, to the Naga-Hills form ; but I should doubt
its being the same species, and ranging so far to the eastward,
knowing as we do how very limited is ‘the range of the better known
forms. The Yunnan shell I therefore must distinguish by the title
G. ponsiensis (No. 32 of Nevill’s List). The single specimen from
Nampura, Kakhyen Hills, is probably another local form, while the
two specimens from Arakan, evidently not like typical venusta, but
similar to Naga-Hill shells, require naming when a description of
the animal is recorded.

We next have some forms which can still be grouped in Girasia,
but differing somewhat. The hinder portion of the foot is short.
The shell rests in a more or less V-shaped depression below the
ridge of the foot ; the shells more developed ; the shell-lobes reduced
in size. The odontophore with much fewer teeth in the row.

Subgenus Isycus, Heynemann.

Ibycus, Heynem. Malakoz. Blatter, 1862, p. 142, pl. i. fig. 3.

Original description:—‘ The only specimen not belonging to
ANADENUS Seems to me to be also new, but unfortunately it was in
such a condition, the back part and pieces of the mantle entirely
wanting, that a diagnosis is impossible ; still the remaining part,
although badly preserved, showed sufficiently that it did not belong
to any known species. While the jaw by its prominent centre
pointed to relationships with Limav, the regular and inner shell
shows a completely different formation. Even the mantle-lobes
show so pronounced a papillate surface that it probably did not
possess the wavy rings of Limav. The mantle covers the fore half
of the body, which is grown together with the sole as in Limaa ; it
contains a curved, horny, brittle, transparent amber - coloured,
strongly lustrous inner shell, with elegant rings of growth. (The

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 239

oldest portion including the nucleus was not preserved.) The
lung-opening seems to lie far to the front; the cross rows of the
radula form an angle in the middle, and run like the sides of an
isosceles triangle to the back, so that a separate row with its accom-
panying somewhat prominent middle tooth looks like a flock of
herons ; tooth-plates small, and do not touch each other, except in
the middle. From them the shovel-like (7. e. the pointed kind)
tooth rises high up and over the plates; middle tooth-plate
above and below much widened, the shovel rises up like a spoon
and is connected with the plate by a kind of bridge. The first side
teeth are similarly shaped, and have on the side near the edge, far
below, an attachment, which through the bridge is also connected
with the plate, but soon this attachment rises higher and becomes
an equally good point. This form continues towards the end,
where I observed in the not fully developed teeth a third point
rather far down ; this rises on the following teeth higher and higher
up, culminating finally in the next adjacent tooth. I know of no
similar tooth-formation among the slugs or other snails, and while
Anidenus represents our Arion in the Himalaya, this species is
probably there a type peculiar to the country.”

Grrasta (Ipycus) sIKKIMENSIS, n. sp. (Plate LIX. figs. 2, 2a,
animal ; 2 4, shell.)

? [bicus fissidens, Heynemann.

The animal, from the spirit-specimen, appears to be of a pinkish
grey when living. The mantle finely papillate, and finely sprinkled
with small black spots, a few similar distant markings on the side
of the foot benind.

Hab. About a mile south of Chungthang, on the Chakang
stream, about 9500 feet. Independent Sikkim, December 1883
(W. Robert).

The Generative Organs. The male organ has an elongate kale-
sac; the amatorial organ is stout, short, and blunt.

Odontophore. The centre tooth of the radula is strongly tricuspid ;
the median are as usual, the laterals, as in A. giyas, bicuspid; the
inner point much longer than the outer; in other words, the outer
cusp is situated some distance below the apex of the tooth. The
extreme outside laterals become very small.

Jaw with a prominent central projection.

I have very little doubt that this and similar forms from Darjiling
represent the genus /bycus described by Heynemann froma specimen
collected by one of the brothers Schlagintweit in the same neigh-
bourhood. Heynemann unfortunately had only an imperfect specimen
to describe, which wanted the entire hinder part and portion of the
mantle, and even the shell had lost the apex. Nevertheless, from
certain characters, such as the papillate surface of the front part of
the mantle, the type of shell (shovel-shaped), and the jaw with
prominent centre, and the description of the radula, his species
would come in here. Although the generic position can be cleared -

PART VI. Y

240 LAND AND FRESHWATER

up, it will be impossible to distinguish his species where several
exist ; and as this group is certainly a remove from the typical
Girasia in at least three points of structure (shell-lobes, shell, and
radula), Inycus might be retained for it, and quite as well, if not
better, than placing it in a section distinguished by a letter of the
alphabet.

GirastA (IBYCUS) SIKKIMENSIS, Var. MAINWARINGI, n. sp. (Plate
LIX. figs. 3, 3a, 36, animal.)

Hab. Darjiling.

This animal, when living, must have been very dark-coloured ;
the mantle-lobes finely papillate throughout ; the right shell-lobe is
somewhat narrow, and is united to the left, which shows a small
tongue-shaped expansion on the left frontal margin; the dorsal lobe
is very largely expanded. The foot is very short behind and cut
off square. The shell is, like that of stkimensis, broad in front.

I have only a single specimen, which was obtained by Col. Main-
waring; itis small, the papillation of the mantle is coarser than in
sikkimensis and its colour distinct ; yet it is of similar form, and I
can only consider it a dark variety.

The jaw has a central projection.

Girasta (IBycus) cacHaRIca, n. sp. (Plate LIX. figs. 4, animal,
4a, 46, shell; Plate LXII. figs. 5, 5 a, 5b, and 5c.)

Helicarion solidum, Godwin-Austen, Journ. A. 8. B. 1875, p. 6,
pl. ii. figs. 5, 5a, 56, 5, 5d.

Helicarion (Austenia) solidus, Nevill, Hand-list, p.16. One from
Naga Hills, collected by Major Godwin- Austen.

Locality. North Cachar Hills.

Shell flat, horny, smooth, shining, with concentric lines of growth ;
colour pale olivaceous brown (in type) or green, mature specimens
more shelly and milky white within; apex very small and rather
closely wound ; of one single whorl; aperture ovate.

Size: maj. diam. 10:0, min. 6-0 mm.

Animal, Is much speckled throughout, and with black bars on
the side of the foot. The dorsal lobe very ample, extending round
to the left posterior side; the right dorsal lobe rather small. The
right shell-lobe is expanded over the apex, but is hardly connected
behind; the left shell-lobe is narrow, and laps over the peristome,
but does not join the other lobe. The posterior margin and apex
of the shell rests in a V-shaped depression of the ridge of the foot
as in Girasia hookeri, and the hinder part of the foot thence to the
mucous gland is very short.

Generative Organs (Plate LXII. fig. 5c). The amatorial organ is
present, and the point of the dart is bent nearly at right angles to
the main portion (vide fig. 5 6, Plate LXII.).

Odontophore (Plate LXII. fig. 5). The large number of broad
central teeth is peculiar; they have a well-formed cusp on the outer
basal side. All the laterals are very pointed and curved, with the

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 241

outer cusp low down, quite basal, so that they are almost unicuspid ;
these become very small on the outer margin.

£0) CWO De Loy, -40
Hor. Lys 5d

The jaw with a large central projection (Plate LXIL. fig. 5 a).

This is the form I described in 1875 as Helicarion solidum. It
has somewhat the form of a small G. hookeri when alive. <A
specimen from Kohima was dark umber, pinker below, with no
mottling on the body; tentacles dark.

In another specimen from the Dunsiri valley, Assam, the animal
was pinkish grey with dark mottling, the mantle covered the whole
shell and had a slight indentation on the extreme anterior margin
(an individual peculiarity); the mucous gland with small lobe above,
the extremity of foot cut off rather square.

Total length 2°70, mantle 1°3, mantle to head 0°5 in.

Shell: major diam. 0-44 in.

Grrasta (Isycus?) cinprea, G.-A. (Plate XL. fig. 8, from life.)

Helicarion (Hoplites) cinereus, Godwin-Austen, Journ. A. 8. B.
1876, p. 314, pl. viii. fig. 2, animal.

The shell was not described when taken, and it has since been
mislaid. The description of the animal, which was made at the
time, is as follows:—‘‘ Animal when fully extended long and
narrow, colour dusky grey; mantle with a papillated surface slightly
spotted, the spotting being coarser on the body and tail. Tentacles
short and bluish, with the oral very close below them.

‘* Length 0:75, mantle 0-40 in.

“ Habitat. On the Darpang river, at foot of the Dafla Hills, under
old logs in the forest.”

Grrasta (Ipycus ?) soxrpa, G.-A.

Helicarion (Hoplites?) solidus, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. 8. 1872,
p- 518, pl. xxx. fig. 10.

Helicarion solidum, Godwin-Austen, Journ. A. 8. B. 1875, p. 6
(pl. ii. figs. 5, 5a, 5 b, 5c, 5d, is a different species, vide cacharica).

Vitrina solida, Hanley, Conch. Ind. p. 61, pl. cli. fig. 6 (bad
drawing).

Helicarion (sec. B) solidus, Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 23, not from hills
below Cherra Poongee.

Helicarion (Austenia) solidus, Nevill, Hand-list, p. 16, from Naga
Hills, is G. cacharica.

Locality. Hengdan Peak, North Cachar Hills.

Original description :—* Animal not seen.

‘‘ Shell flatly convex, periphery oval, solid, not horny; epidermis
reddish brown ; spire short, apex very flat ; one single body-whorl ;
peristome simple, thin.

NE 9

=

249 LAND AND FRESHWATER

“Diam. maj. 14:0, minor 8:0 mm.

ee O57, iron [0:32 sineh:

“This shell was found at Hengdan Peak, North Cachar Hills,
but I never obtained a living specimen. I have, however, figured
the shell, with the hope that a description of the animal may some
day follow.”

The shell differs much from cacharica in form of apex and its
solidity, but the animal is, I have no doubt, very similar in form.

Subgenus Dexuanta, Godwin-Austen.

Type D. beddomet, G.-A.

Animal. In general form like Girasia hookeri of the Khasi Hills,
the posterior portion of the body being about equal to the part of
the mantle covering the shell. The dorsal and shell-lobes are all
united in an oval mantle or shield, leaving only a minute orifice like
a pinhole in the posterior median side; the shell is only shown to
this extent in the contracted spirit-specimens, so that in life and
fresh it must be completely hidden. From this small opening a
distinct line or cicatrix runs towards the respiratory aperture on
the right side, indicating that it is the remnant of a form, perhaps
extinct, in which the shell-lobes were originally separated into
right and left lobes. The whole mantle rests deeply below the ridge
of the posterior portion of the foot, in a depression which is square
behind, not V-shaped. The pedal groove or line is not so deep and
well shown as in Girasia, and the segmented margin is narrower.
The extremity of the foot is cut off square, the mucous pore being
a narrow vertical slit, extending to the sole of the foot.

The generative aperture is posterior to the right tentacle.

The shell, Fhis is of an extremely solid, shelly character, oval in
form, dextral, white, marked with close, concentric lines of growth,
flatly convex above, flat and smooth beneath, its internal side is
thus completely filled with shelly matter; apex solid.

The generative organs are like those of Girasia, save that the
amatorial organ is not so large.

The odontophore (Plate LXII. figs. 7, 7 a) presents a considerable
departure from Girasia, both in the shape and far greater number
of the teeth inthe row. The centrals are broad and triangular, with
small basal cusps ; the median evenly bicuspid, the lateral becoming
very minute on the margin.

The teeth are arranged as follows :—

122) ..Os.° 20 jo Seo ee ba 120
Lis". 1 448

The jaw is solid, semicircular in form, with a slight projection on
the concave cutting-edge.

There seem to be many local varieties in the collection, differing
in coloration only (just as Avion of our European area is seen to

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 243

vary) from very pale ochre to black or dark blue, spotted and un-
spotted, and all except one specimen have a very noticeable dark
line on the foot-ridge, extending from the mucous pore to the
depression in which the shell and mantle rest.

This interesting mollusk I have named after its discoverer, Colonel
R. Beddome, who most kindly placed all his spirit-specimens at my
disposal.

It adds another genus to the rich store in natural history and
botany that were brought together by him, when Superintendent
of the Southern Indian forests, and which, but for his zeal as a
collector and knowledge of zoology, would still be buried in those
wilds unknown to science. There are many new species, if not genera,
still to be described in this collection, and I can only repeat that I
have not sufficient time to bring them to notice more quickly than
I have hitherto done.

This genus is a most interesting one, from its similarity to Girasia
of the N.K. frontier of India, to which it is closely related, as shown
in its internal anatomy, while it yet shows such strong variance of
form in the remarkable shell, and its almost complete envelopment
by the mantle, and the great difference in which this portion is set
upon the foot, a departure pointing to very long separation under
distinctly different conditions of life.

GrrastA (DEKHANIA) BEDDOMEI, n.sp. (Plate LVIII. figs. 1, 1a,
16, animal, figs. 2, 2a, 26, shell; Plate LXII. figs. 7, 7 a.)

Locality. Travancore Hills.

Size of shell figured: maj. diam. 1°37, min. 6°5; alt. axis
2:0 mm.

Animal. Would be probably 4 inches long when alive. Of a
uniform ochre colour throughout. Mantle not papillate; a narrow
dark line on the keeled ridge of the foot behind.

Grrasta (DEKHANIA) BEDDOMET, var. NIGRA. (Plate LVIII. fig. 5.)

Locality. Travancore Halls.

Animal. The specimen drawn is smaller than the last. It is of
a deep grey-black colour over all the upper surface, the sole of
the foot being alone colourless.

GrrastA (DEKHANIA) BEDDOMEI, var. MacuLosa. (Plate LVILI.
figs. 4, 4 a.)

Very similar in colouring to the first described, with the addition
of blotchy spottings on the mantle, which are more run together on
the hinder part of the foot.

Grrasia (DEKHANIA) BEDDOMEFI, var. MAcULOsA. (Plate LVIII.
figs. 6, 6a, 6d.)

Is taken from a much less mature individual. The mantle is
somewhat larger in front and expanded, covering the head.

244 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Genus AFRICARION (continued from p. 154, Part IV.).

AFRICARION ATER, n. sp. (Plate LVII. figs. 1, la, 16, le,
animal ; figs. 2, 2 a, 2 6, shell.)

Locality. Travancore and Tinevelly Hills (Col. R. Beddome).

Animal. About 50 mm. or 1-9 inch in length, when living, the
hinder part of the foot apparently long and narrow, with a small
linear mucous pore overhung by a small lobe, the pallial line and
margin very narrow. The rounded dorsal surface of the posterior
portion of the foot is divided at its anterior end into two well-
developed lappets forming a deep V-shaped depression, and in this
the shell is sunk, and the two lappets envelope on both sides the
dorsal lobes. The right shell-lobe is small, obtusely angulate,
extending towards the apex, and continuous round to the left pos-
terior margin, gradually narrowing ; neither extend to the posterior
margin. ‘The night dorsal lobe is very small, extending from the
respiratory orifice to the posterior right margin, ‘The left is ample
in front, but contracts in breadth gradually up to the left posterior
margin, where it becomes a mere thread in size, and passes round
behind to join the right dorsal lobe, just on the margin of the
very thin membranaccous extension of the shell. The foot has a
central and marginal area, divided into three equal parts, the edge
being segmented *,

The shell is flat above, dextral, broadly ovate, smooth, shiny, colour
green, white at the apex and within the shell ; whorls about 13; the
edge of the expanded aperture is very thin; attached to and continuous
with the flat more shelly portion is a curtain-like membrane which
falls over and covers the posterior part of the body of the animal.
Jt is exceedingly difficult to remove the harder shelly portion with-
out breaking away this portion of it, but I show it in figs. 4, 4 a.

Major diam. 12°5, minor diam. 7-0 mm.

Odontophore. The radula has the centrals and laterals on both
sides nearly equal in number; the centrals are elongate tricuspid
tecth ; the laterals rather small and bicuspid, as in the African
species figured Plate XLII. fig. 6.

The formula is

DAs Nee BOA NO 1924
44.1. 44

The jaw (Plate LVII. fig. 3c) is dark coloured, with a central
projection.
The generative organs (Plate LVII. figs. 5, 5a) are simple, with

* On removing the shell it is seen that this mollusk has at the apex the
dextral coil ina much more pronounced degree than is usual in the slug-like
forms; the small hooked process of the liver-lobes which fills the apex of the
shell is not so developed in Girasia, &e., or even in the African species I have
previously described. Although very distinctive, I have not considered it of
sufficient importance to separate it generically from this last. It indicates
relationship to some form possessing a more developed spiral shell.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 245

no dart-sac, the spermatheca short, a globular sac on a short tube ;
the male organ simple, bent on itself at the retractor muscle. The
spermatophore is very peculiar, and is formed in an expansion of
the tube, where the vas deferens unites withit. The albumen-
gland very large.

This is an extremely interesting species, for in many respects it is
similar to A. pallens, from Abyssinia, the differences that are to
be found being only modifications of the same parts in the latter.

There are several varieties in Colonel Beddome’s collection, from
the same hills, differing only in colour: these I indicate as follows :—

Var. arrrrma. (Plate LVII. figs. 3, 3a, 36, animal; figs. 4,
4 a, shell.)

This would appear, when living, to be a rich grey-black, the sole
of the foot, which in ater is entirely pale, is in this variety bordered
with black, only the ambulatory central area being pale brown ; on
each side of the extremity of the foot there isa blacker band of
colour.

Var. cinereus. (Plate LVII. fig. 8, animal.)

Is of a pale ash colour, with a distinct dark band on the side of
the foot behind, which is again seen on the side of the head ; the rest
of the body and mantle are mottled throughout.

Var. CASTANEUS.

Is a rich chestnut, with dark markings similar to the last two.

These varieties (divergency confined to coloration alone) are just
what we find in such forms as Arion ater in Europe.

To Colonel R. Beddome conchologists are indebted for the collec-
tion of this extremely interesting species, and its preservation in
spirit, which has enabled me to now give them its description ; and
I take this opportunity of thanking him for placing it and so many
other shells in my hands.

To this must be allied—

A¥FRICARION avRiFoRMIs, W. T. Bf. (Plate LVII. figs. 7, 7,
figured from type in Mr. Blanford’s collection.)

Vitrina auriformis, W. T. Blanford, Journ. A. 8. B. 1866, p. 36.

Helicarion (sec. B) auriformis, Theob. Supp. Cat. p. 23.

Helicarion (Austenia) auriformis, Nevill, Hand-list, p. 16.

Original description :— Shell very depressed, irregularly ovate,
ear-shaped, very thin, striated, polished, with a membranaceous
epidermis, greenish or brownish yellow in colour, paler at the
nucleus. Spire flat, suture slightly impressed. Whorls 13. Aperture
oval, occupying the whole under part of the shell, and exposing the
interior to the apex ; peristome membranaceous.

“Length 13-0, breadth 8-0, height 23 mm,

3 Ono 25s 0:32.40 eo @Alsinch:
“ Habitat. Sispara Ghat, Nilghiri Hills, Southern India.”

246 LAND AND FRESHWATER

«This species is very near V. gigas, Bens., and still) more closely
allied to V. peguensis, 'Theob., being, however, a more depressed
species than either, and more open. It is also less solid than the
last-named species. I have not met with the animal, which may
possibly differ from those of other Vitrine.

“Tf the animal resemble those of V. gigas and V. pequensis, the
occurrence of this mollusk on the western flank of the Nilgbiri
Hills will be one of the most anomalous with which I am acquainted
amongst the land-shells of India, since | know of no other instance
of a Malayan type, unrepresented on the Himalayas, of which
species occur on the hills of Southern India.

“A small auriform shell such as this may, however, have been
easily overlooked, and the Himalayan molluscan fauna is probably
far from thoroughly known.

“The animal of V. pequensis has been partly described by Mr.
Theobald, who, however, has unfortunately not mentioned the form
of the mantle, the presence or absence of lobes covering the shell,
nor the existence of a caudal gland, unless the expression ‘ caudali
papilla nulla’ is intended to imply its absence; more probably
Mr. Theobald’s meaning is that the overhanging lobe, so con-
spicuous in some forms of Nanina, is absent, the gland existing as
in Ariophanta, &e.

“This Vitrina is not the only South Nilgiri species. <A larger
membranaceous form also occurs, which requires comparison with
Mr. Benson’s V. membranacea from Ceylon.”

These remarks of Mr. Blanford, written when so very little was
comparatively known of the Indian Jand-shells, may now be read with
interest, and show that he was then impressed with the remarkable
diversity and distinctness of form that is to be found between the
Southern Indian and Malayan types. A. peguensis, as I shall show
further on, is widely different from this Nilgiri genus, as well as
from gigas. But more remarkable is the fact that this South-Indian
mollusk is so similar in its organization to the African form
which I have fully described, so similar that there is no character
of importance to separate them generically. This is only another
proof, which Mr. Blanford has shown us long ago, of the remarkable
relationship in the fauna of Eastern Africa and Southern India,
and their probable former land-connection.

Subgenus Bensonia, Pfeiffer. (Plate LX1.)

As a 5th subgenus of Nanina, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blitt. 1855, p. 119 ;
type taken and the first on the lists, W. labiata, Pfr.

Bensonia, Nevill’s Hand-list, p. 49 (1878), type N. monticola=
labiata; Pfr. Nomen, Helic. Vivent. p. 41 (1878), type WV. labiata.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA, 247

Pfeiffer did not describe this subgenus, which was based on shell-
characters alone. He included in it the following species :—

Nanina labiata, Pfr.

orobia, Bens., = Oaytes.

-—— tugurium, Bens., = Macrochlamys.
—— splendens, Hutt.,= Macrochlamys.
—— afra, Pfr,

The last, from the Cape of Good Hope, is not likely to be in any-
way related subgenerically to a Himalayan form.

‘Specimens of the Mussoorie species /abiatw have been most kindly
sent me by Mr. J. B. N. Hennessey, F.R.S., of the Indian Survey
Department ; I am thus able to give a description of the animal,

Animal, The mucous pore has a broad overhanging lobe. The
right dorsal lobe simple, with no right shell-lobe; the left dorsal
lobe is divided into two parts, as in the genus Oates ; the posterior
portion is isolated and not well developed, yet somewhat larger than
in Owytes cycloplax, The animal is also similar to Oaytes in its
markings and in the form of the extremity of the foot.

The generative organs (Plate LXI. fig. 5) are on the same plan,
and may be compared with those shown on Plate XXXI. fig. 7
and Plate XXXII. fig. 5, particularly well seen in the male organ.
There is therefore no necessity for repeating the description: the
amatorial organ (D) is long and there is a lengthened pointed cecum
or kale-sac (K). I examined two specimens and was rewarded
by finding in the spermatheca (sp) of the specimen on Plate LXI.
fig. 5, a bundle of perfectly developed spermatophores of beautiful
structure; {his was a most interesting discovery, for the form this
organ assumes in this group of land-shells I do not think has yet been
described. The single spermatophore or capreolus is a long, narrow,
chitinous ribbon, folded on itself longitudinally to form a shallow
gutter (see fig. 5¢, which is magnified 4 times); the edge or rim of
the gutter is set at regular intervals with little spikes bifid at the
point ; they increase in size from one end (f") towards the broader
end of the spermatophore (f'), which at last widens into a spatula-
like or probe-like end (5 f). Here the long bag or sack is attached
and the thin membrane is probably continuous over the open part
of the gutter-like portion below; this bag terminates in a hard
nipple-like end or capsule.

The odontophore does not compare with that of Oxytes in any
way, either in general form (as a set) or number in each row, the
central and median teeth being much more like the ordinary form seen
in Macrochlamys ; and yet the unicuspid laterals that come in about
the 86th tooth are, however, similar to those teeth in Owytes, a sort
of passage, as it were, from one to the other. The central tooth
(5 a) is strongly tricuspid, the median with an inner high cusp and
an outer lower cusp; the lateral (5 a’) are bicuspid, with the outer
remote from the point disappearing at the 36th to 38th tooth (5 a’) ;
unicuspid teeth follow, and the outermost laterals (5a'") are yery
minute. 1

248 LAND AND FRESHWATER

The formula is
WWrrQee Ss AL WORT
or
ot Cie bene es

Jaw with central projection. é

Oxytrs (Bensonra) Monticota, Hutton.

Nanina monticola, Hutt. & Bens. J. A. 8. B. vol. vii. (1838),
p. 215 (Mahasu, Hutton).

Helix labiata, Ptr, P.Z.8. 1845, p. 65 (locality unknown, ex
mus. Cuming) ; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Viveut. vol. i. p. 73 (Landour,
Hutto).

Helix monticola, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vol. i. p. 180 (Mahasu,
Hlutton ; Landour, Benson).

Hemiplecta labiata, Pfr. ; Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 61.

Xesta lubiata, Pfr. ; Albers, Die Heliceen, 1861, p. 51.

Orobia monticola, Hutton ; Albers, Die Heliceen, 1861, p. 58.

Helix monticola, Hutton ; Han. & Theob. Conch. Ind. p. 25, pl. lii.
f. 3 (Huttu and Mahasu) *.

Helix labiata, Pfr.; Han. & Theob. Conch. Ind. p. 18, pl. xxvii. f. 5,
good figure (Landour).

Hemiplecta monticola, Hutton, sec. C,=labiata, Pfr. Theob. Cat.
Supp. p. 22.

Hemiplecta monticola, Theob. J. A. 8. B. 1878, p. 142.

Nanina (Bensonia) monticola, Hutton, =labiata, Pfr. Ney. Hand-
list, p. 49.

Bensonia labiata, Pfr. Nomen. Helic. Vivent. p. 41.

Bensonia monticola, Hutton ; Pir. Nomen. Helic. Vivent. p. 42.

Mussoorie, N.W. Himalaya.

The first record of a shell of this subgenus is in a paper by
Hutton and Benson, published in 1838 on the land and freshwater
shells of the Himalaya, named Nanina monticola, Hutton.

Original description :—‘ Tvsta subdiscoidea, pallide vel saturate
brunnea, eprdermide radiatim et concentrice rugosula ; spira depresso-
conoidea, apice obtusata; peripheria minime angulata, suturis laviter
impressis, apertura transversa, lunata, labro costa interni submar-
gai albida minuto. Diam. 1-75 inch. (B.)

“Umbilicus as in the genus. The shell has a moderate polish,
and is sufficiently distinguished from vitrinoides on the one hand,
and from decussata on the other, by the radiating wrinkles inter-
rupted by concentrically disposed, depressed lines, which give the
surface of the shell a rough aspect, very different from the decussated
surface of decussata. ... The larger specimens of N. monticola
attain a considerable thickness, and there are visible three or four
internal varices at various distances, occasioned by the ribs at the
apertures of former growths.

* Ts a good figure of the Mussoorie form, I think Hanley has transposed
the localities of the shells he figured on pls. xxvii. and lii. (vide G. Nevill, Moll.
Yark. Exped. p. 17).

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 249

«. .. The colour of the animal is a dirty brown. The dark
coloured variety is the more frequent of the two, although both
occur of every size. They are abundant at Mahdssu under fallen
timber, and in the rainy season they climb the stalks of plants,
feeding upon the leaves. The largest specimens occur at Hattu,
among the ruins of the old forts which crown the mountain. Young
specimens were met with among junipers at Liti, at an elevation
not much under 14,000 feet. (B.).”

This species has a very wide range over the N.W. Himalayas. I
am not at all certain that the very large Mussoorie form labiata is
the same exactly as Hutton’s monticola. I have never seen any
shells of large size from the Simla neighbourhood, to be able to
compare the two. I have a fine series from Mussoorie, all with a
low spire; periphery well rounded, not subangulate, and often
banded. I think Jabiata should stand as a variety of monticola.
The following are the measurements of Mussoorie specimens :—

1. Banded: maj. diam. 43-0, min, diam. 37:0, alt. axis 17-0 mm.

2. Plain: - 41:0, a 345, 19°3 mm.

oa. Plain af 38:5, - Soe a, 15:0 mm.

4, Young specimens with 5 whorls: maj. diam. 22°5, min, diam.
19-5, alt. axis 8°5 mm.

A sketch made in my note-book of the extremity of the foot of
this specimen shows it to have a long horn-like lobe above the mucous
gland.

« Animal yellowish green, foot very long.”

A specimen from Simla collected and given me by Stoliczka agrees
well with the original description, and also with that in Pfeiffer,
and this shell is also like two specimens in Mr. W. T. Blanford’s
collection.

Oxyres (BrnsontA) MonTIcoLA, Hutton.

Simla (Stoliczka).

Shell depressedly conoid; sculpture longitudinal well cut lines,
crossing the more irregular lines of growth, but not decussate ; colour
pale sienna-brown, with darker brown edging near the peristome ;
spire subconoid, moderately high, the sides flat; suture shallow;
whorls 7, not convex, closely wound, the last obsoletely angulate ;
aperture lunate; peristome sharp and strong; columellar margin
oblique.

Maj. diam. 26-0, min. 22°5, alt. axis 12:8, alt. body-whorl 9-8 mm.

Description in Pfeiffer :—

© 338. Hertrx montrcora (Nanrna), Hutton.

“ T. perforata, depressa, subdiscoidea, fusco-cornea, striata, liners
concentricis, confertis minutissime reticulata ; spwra vix elevata, apice
obtusata; anfr. 6, vie conveaiusculi, ultimus obsolete angulatus ;
sutura leviter impressa ; apertura lata, lunaris ; perist. simplea,
rectum, intus callo albido late labiatum, margine columellari viz
reflexo. Diam. maj. 26, min. 17 (? 22), alt. 10 mill. (spec. Mus.
britt.). Diam. 1°75 poll. (futt.). [Min. diam. 17 must be a
mistake.—G.-A. |

250 LAND AND FRESHWATER

“ Nanina monticola, Hutt. in Journ. As. Soc. vii. p. 1, p. 215.
** Nanina convexa, Bens. in sched. Cuming.

“ Habitat in Himalaya ad Mahassu (//wtt.), Landour (Bens.).
“Obs. Similis H. labiatw (no. 164) forsan hoc loco enumerande ;
differt anfractuum numero, sculptura, ete.”

“164, Henix tapiata, Pfr.

“7. aperte perforata, depressa, tenuis, striatula, superne lineis
concentricts obsolete decussata, basi leviyata, nitida, fulva ; spira
planiuscula ; anfr. 6 subplanulati, ultimus dilatatus, depressus ;
apertura lata, lunaris; perist. acutum, plerumque rufescens, intus
calloso-labiatum, margine supero antrorsum rotundato, basali plane
subarcuato, columella vic reflewiuscula. Diam. maj. 40, min. 3,
alt. 20 mill. (coll. No. 93).

“ Helix labiata, Pfr. in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 65 (locality un-
known); Chemn. ed. ii. Helix, iv. p. 182, t. 35. f. 6-8.

* Nanina bensonis, Hutt. in sched. Cuming.

** Habitat prope Landour, Indiz Orientalis (Hutton).

*“ Obs. 1. Similis //, citrine, differt sculptura, anfractuum arctio-
rum numero, perforatione aperta, in adultis membrana tenui clausa,
et labio.

“Obs. 2. Huic affinis videtur H. monticola, Hutton (No. 338),
forsan hic collocanda.

‘The banded variety which is common at Mussoorie is precisely
the same in every respect, but not quite so numerous as the other
described above ; the band is situated just above the periphery, and
is near 4 mm. in width.”

Theobald writes under —

Hemipiecta Monticota, Hutton.

“Generally distributed throughout the Western Himalayas. In
the valley of the Bichliri River, an affluent of the Chenab, this
species occurs remarkably fine and in incredible numbers in the
fissures of rock, though few live specimens were procurable at the
time of my visit. The colour of the shell is dark chestnut, both
above and below, and there are four or five prominent pale bars or
transverse stripes, marking the seasonal arrest of growth and the
position of successive epiphragms, formed during the period of
hybernation. ‘The epidermis is very thin and a pale yellow, and the
shell does not attain maturity under seven or eight years. The first
five whorls are minutely shagreened ; the remaining ones smooth,
but more or less transversely rugose.

“« My largest specinien measures 47 xX 39x 23mm. The species is
particularly common below Nachilana in the Bichlari valley.”

There is a small variety in Mr. Blanford’s collection, also from
Stoliczka, from Fagu, near Simla, with the same well-marked
varices of growth ; it has the full number of whorls, but enly 19°25
mm, in maj. diam.

MOLLOUSCA OF INDIA. 25

From Kotgurh, on the river Sutlej, [ possess another variety,
similar in type of sculpture, but of darker colour and closer, more
regularly wound whorls, and very depressed in form; it has 7
whorls, and is 19:0 mm. in maj. diam. This differs more from the
type than any I have examined ; but as it is a single specimen, it is
better not to name it.

G. Nevill in his Hand-list of shells in the Indian Museum, Cal-
cutta, gives the following species :—

‘*No. 267. BensoNIA MONTICOLA, var. MURRIENSIS, Nevill, Second
z s ’ b} b)
Yarkand Mission, Mollusca, p. 17.

“*, . . differs in the characters which separate it from the type,
namely open umbilicus, compressed whorls, more vertical aperture,
and peculiar, abruptly raised apical whorls.” Only one specimen
was found at Changligulli, near Murree. A series is wanted from
this locality.

“6 No. 267. Var. ?
“ From Kumaon.

“No. 269. Brnsonta, n. sp.

“ From Narkanda, Mussoorie, and N.W. Himalayas.
“This [ suspect is only one of the many forms of monticola, not
worthy of a specific name.

“No. 273. Bensonia KuLvEnsis, Nevill, MS. in epist., 22nd Aug.,
1880.
“ Kulu.

“ No. 273 a. Bensonta THEOBALDIANA, Nevill, MS.

“This shell was sent me in Sept. 1880, and referred to in the
above letter as distinct from /uluensis ; it appears to me to be only
a slight variety of monticola.”

Oxyres (BensontA) Jamuensis, Theob.
Hemiplecta jamuensis, Theob. Journ. A. 8. B. 1878, p. 142.

Original description :—* Testa solida, convexa, anguste umbilicata,
supra levissime granuloso-corrugata (H. ligutalee modo), subtus levi-
gata. Colare supra pallide brunnea, subtus albida. Anfractibus sex,
lente crescentibus. Labio intus incrassato simplici. -Attinet ad 27X
23x 14 mm.

“ Habitat in ‘ valle Tawi, inter Chineni et Adampur.’”

This is in the Jamoo Hills, north of Sealkote, in the Panjab ; and
Adampur must be Udampur.

Theobald says :—‘‘ This species might be regarded by some as an
impoverished race of the last (monticola), from which, I have little
doubt, it is proximately derived, but it differs too much in size,
colour, form, and range to be properly united. I have unfortunately
no live shells, but the type of coloration in my best specimens is
more of the type of igulata than of monticola, being white below.

252 LAND AND FRESHWATER

It is, I think, clearly a species descended from H. monticola, and
modified to meet the climatal conditions of the Jawi valley, below
Chineni, where the winter cold and summer heat are both more
intense than is suitable for monticola on the one hand, or ligulata on
the other.” I quite agree with Mr. Theobald as to this being a dwarf
variety of monticola, which he found in great numbers and of large
size in the damper valley of the Chenab, not many miles away. In
the dry, hot sandstone hills near Udampur it could not attain to a
great size. It is not likely to have any relationship to H. ligulata,
a form from Peninsular India.

Another species of this genus is possibly :—

Hetix aneExica, Pfr.

Helix angelica, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 33 (Panjab); Pfr. Mon.
Helic. vol. iv. p. 123; id. Novit. Conch. i. p. 76, pl. xxi. f. 5-6.

Macrochlamys (sec. A) angelica, Pfr. Conch. Ind. p. 36, pl. lxxxvi.
f.5 & 6; Theob. Cat. Suppl. p. 17.

Nanina (Bensonia) angelica, Nev. Hand-list, p.49; id. Yark.
Mission, Moll. p. 18.

If, as Mr. Nevill writes, angelica is allied to splendens, it cannot
be put into Bensonia. The animal of WM. splendens is quite distinct.

Oxyres (BrensonrA) convexa, Reeve.

Helix convexa, Conch. Icon. Hel. pl. 127. f. 762, for H. monticola ;
Reeve, Pfr. Mon. Hel. vol. iv. Addenda, p. 636; Reeve, Han. &
Theob. Conch. Ind. p. 36, pl. Ixxxv. f. 1-4; Kust. ed. Chemn. Hel.
pl. clx. f. 3-5.

Hemiplecta (see. C) monticola, Hutton, convera, Reeve (juv.),
Theob. Cat. Supp. p. 22.

A good deal of confusion regarding this species is evident, and I
think has arisen from Hutton’s habit of transferring a name to
another species when he found it preoccupied. I have this species
in my collection (No. 54 of my note-book) giving Hutton’s identifi-
cation as monticola, dwarf variety, in pencil, in ink on the side con-
veviuscula (perhaps the origin of Reeve’s name) ; monticola appears
on the label, altered some years after to convewa, Reeve. N. labiata
was his identification of the common large Mussoorie form, showing
that he accepted Pfeiffer’s name for it, and not his own monticola—
the Simla species—and considered the species conveva a dwarf form
of the last *. I collected at Mussoorie for many months and never
found convexa there, while it was most abundant on the Nagtiba
Ranges to the north, and which are higher. I thus described it at
the time :—* Shell of a pale brown-pink hue, with irregular dark
mottlings ; peristome pink edged.

“Animal light brownish green, brown near head; _ tentacles
greenish grey. Foot rather short. Very plentiful under old logs
at 9000 feet.”

* The young specimens which Hutton noted at Liti were no doubt convewa.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 253

The following is a fuller description of it :—
Oxyrrs (Bensonra) convexa, Reeve.

Locality. Nagtiba ridge, Mussoorie Hills.

Shell subglobosely conoid, not umbilicated ; sculpture very fine,
regular, wrinkly, longitudinal ribbing, both above and below ; colour
bright straw-colour, or umber-brown, a bright ochre transverse band
at the peristome ; spire moderately high, subconical; apex rounded ;
suture well impressed ; whorls 7, convex : aperture lunate, sub-
vertical; peristome thin, slightly reflected near the columellar
margin, which is subvertical.

Size : maj. diam. 16:5, min. 14-75, alt. axis 8-0, body-whorl 7 mm.

Small var. from Kulu: maj. diam. 11-2, min. 9-2) alt. axis 5°75
mm.

This has six whorls, the lines of growth being fine and very regular
give the surface a more decussate texture. It was obtained and
given me by Ferd. Stoliczka, There are examples of this species in
Mr. Blanford’s collection from Kamaon, and one from Simla.

A Classification of Families and Genera treated of in the preceding
pages, with the exception of some genera whose relative position
as still doubtful, such as Kaliella and Sitala.

Fam. ZONATID A.

Subfam. ArtonPHANTINA,

Genus Arrorpuanta. Peninsular India and Lower Bengal.
Oxyres. Eastern Himalaya to Burmah.
BensontA. N.W. Himalayas.
Nizerria, n. g.*, G.-A.; solata, Bs, (type). Peninsular India.

Subfam. MacrocnnamMiIna.

Genus Macrocutamys. India throughout, Burmah, Malayana, and Africa.
MicrocystinA. Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
HewieLecta uumrureystana t, Lea (type). Malay Peninsula and
Islands.

Subfam. Henicarioninm.
Genus GirAstA.
AvstentaA. + N.W. Himalaya to Assam and Burmah,
Ispycvs.
Cryptosoma. Burmah.
Hetrcarton. Australia.
Dexuanta. Peninsular India, South.
Arricarion. Africa and Peninsular India.

Subfam. DurGenuns.

Genus Durceita. Assam, Burmah, and Tenasserim.

* This will be fully described in the next Part.
+ This species, from Singapore, will be described with some of its allies.

bo

Fig.

Fig.

LAND AND FRESHWATER

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LII.*

1,1la. Austenia scutella, Bs. X 2-4. Murree, Punjab. Animal
viewed from right and left sides.

1d. Ditto: the extremity of foot viewed from behind, x 4.

1c, ld. Ditto: shell, x 2-4. Chinab valley.

le. Ditto: shell, natural size. Chinab valley.

2,2a. Austenia? monticola, Bs., natural size. Mussoorie, N.W.
Himalaya.

3, 3a. ? stoliczkanus, Nevill, x 1:6. Almorah, N.W. Himalaya.

35. — , natural size.

4,4a. ——? serahanensis, G.-A., X 16. Sutle] Valley, N.W.
Himalaya.

4b. , natural size.

5,5a, ——? theobaldi, G.-A., X 16. Bichlari, Chinab Valley,
N.W. Himalaya.

5d. , natural size, SBichlari, Chinab Valley, N.W.
Himalaya.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIiI.
1. Macrochlamys? consepta, Benson, X 2:4. Moulmain,Tenasserim.
2. — woodmasoni, Nevill, MS., x4. LittleCoco Island, Bay
of Bengal.

3. hepatizon, G.-A., X 2:4. Habiang, S.W. Khasi.

4,4a,4b, —— So ark Dafla Hills,

5. patane, X 4. Darjiling.

6. — petasus, Bs., X 4. Phie Than, Tenasserim.

Ue subpetasus, G.-A., X 4. Arakan.

8, 8a. — latus, G.-A., K 2+. Teria Ghat, Khasi.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIV.

Fig. 1. Macrochlamys fleming?, Pfr. Murree. Right side. From
spirit-specimen, natural size.
la. Ditto: left side.
1d. Ditto: posterior view of the mucous gland, x 4.
Iie Ditto: the head, showing position of the generative orifice
and the groove running back from it, under the mantle-
lobes.

ld, le. Ditto: shell, natural size.

2,2a. Macrochlamys altivagus, Theob., natural size. Uri,
Kashmir.

cassida, Bs., natural size. Kashmir.

austenianus, Nevill,natural size. Sonamurg, Kashmir.

4a,4b. Ditto, x 2-4.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LV.

Fig. 1. Girasia hookeri, Gray. Spirit-specimen, natural size.

Khasi Hills. View of right side: c, cicatricial line
marking the junction of the right and left shell-lobes.

la. Ditto: left side.
il Ditto: dorsal aspect.
2,2a,26. Ditto: shell of.

* Plates LII.—LXII. published September 1887.

Fig.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 255

3. Austenia gigas, Bs. Right side of animal from spirit
specimen, natural size.

3a. Ditto: view of left side.

3b. Ditto: viewed from the back, the portion within the apex

of the shell eut off, to show more clearly the shell-lobes
on the posterior margin: Ad, hermaphrodite duct,
position of, passing back to the oyo-testes.

4,40, 44. Ditto: shell natural size.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LVI.

Tver, “Ile Girasia magnifica, Nev. & G.-A., natural size. Momein,
Yunnan. View of right side.
2. Ditto: viewed from above, showing the cicatricial junction of
the right and left shell-lobes (c).
3. Ditto: view of left side.
4. Ditto: viewed from behind.
5, 5a, Shell, natural size. Copied frum J. A. 8. B. 1881, plate vy.
Drawn and lithographed by Jules Schaumburg, Calcutta.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LVII.
Fig. 1. Africarion ater, G.-A. Travancore and Tinevelley Hills, 8.
India. View of right side, xX 2-4. Shell removed.
la Ditto: view of dorsal side, x 2-4.
ila Ditto: view of left side, position internally of the musele-
attachment of the retractor penis (77), * 2°4.
le. Ditto: portion of sole of foot, x 2-4.
2,2 a. Shell, from above and below, x 2°4.
2b. Ditto: natural size.
oe Africarion ater, var. aterrimus, natural size.
3a. Ditto: viewed from behind, x 2:4.
36. Ditto: sole of foot, anterior portion, x 2-4.
3¢. Ditto: jaw, x 12.
4, 4a. Ditto: shell, x 4. Showing the Pe oe peristome (7).
5. Ditto: generative organs of var. aterrimus, X 2-4.
5a, Ditto: male organ of ater, < 4. Showing ie spermatophore
in process of formation (s).
6. Africarion ater, var. cinereus, natural size.
Uh Shell of Africarion auriformis, Blf., x 2-4. Sispara Ghat,
Nilgiri Hills.
7a. Ditto: natural size.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LVIII.

Hig. 1, la, 1b. Girasia (Dekhania) beddomei, G.-A., natural size. Tra-
vancore Hills. Viewed from above and on the right and
left sides. From spirit-specimen.

2,2a,26. Shell of ditto, x 2-4.

3. Ditto, young, x 2-4.

4, 44. Girasia beddomet, var. maculosa, natural size. Viewed
from above and right side.

5. Ditto, var. nigra, natural size. View of right side.

6,6a,6. Ditto, var., natural size. Viewed from above and on right
and left sides.

PART VI. Zz

D6

LAND AND FRESHWATER

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIX.

Fig. 1, La, 16. Girasia pankabariensis, G.-A.; animal, X 15. Viewed

Fig.

Fig.

224

“> =

2b.
3, 3a

4

from right side, above, and left side respectively.

: (Lbycus) sitkimensis, G.-A.: animal, X 2-4. Viewed
from right side and above.
Shell of ditto, x 2-4.
, 3b. Girasia (Lbycus) sikimensis, var. mainwaringi, Nevill, MS. :

animal, x 4.
( ) cacharica, G.-A.: animal, x 2°4.

4a,46. Shell of ditto, x 2-4.
Sh, (ti Austenia? venusta, Theobald, x 2:4.
6, 64a, 66. Girasia pequensis, Theobald: animal, natural size. Viewed

6.

6d.

from right side, above, and left side.
Shell of ditto, x 24.
Ditto, natural size.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LX.

. Austenia gigas, Bs. Teria Ghat, Khasi Hills.
Girasia crocea, G.-A. Teria Ghat, Khasi Hills.
hookert, var. brunnea. Shillong, Khasi Hills.
Ditto, ditto. Shillong, Khasi Hills.
Ditto, ditto. Shillong, Khasi Hills.
. Girasia radha, G.-A. Durrang District, Assam.
butleri, G.-A. Naga Hills.
cinerea, G.-A. Dafla Hills.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXI.

Girasia dalhousie, G.-A.: view of right side, x 15.

Ditto: viewed from above.

Girasia burtii, G.-A.: shell, natural size.

nagaensis, G.-A.: view of right side of mantle.

Ditto: view cf mantle seen from above ; p, posterior end.

Ditto: extremity of foot, showing mucous gland.

Ditto: shell, natural size.

Girasia rubra, G.-A.: view of left side, from life.

Ditto: the right side of mantle and head, from life.

Ditto: mantle viewed from above ; p, posterior end.

Ditto: extremity of foot, from life.

Ditto: shell, enlarged and natural size.

Oxytes (Bensonia) labiata, Ptr. Generative organs, x 2-4
(lettering as in former Plates): sp, the spermatheca is seen
filled with a bundle of spermatophores.

Ditto: central teeth of odontophore ; 5 a’, 19th to 23rd median
teeth ; 5a", 36th to 40th lateral ; 5 a’, the outermost laterals,
x 185.

Ditto: pertion of spermatophore, x 4; 4, basal end.

Ditto, ditto, anterior end, x 12.

Ditto, ditto, middle portion.

‘Ditto, ditto, basal end, * 12.

Ditto, the anterior portion of capsular end.

~J

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 25

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXII.

Fig. 1. Girasia hookeri, Gray: central, no. 34, 35, 36, and outermost
lateral teeth of odontophore, x 185; 1 a, jaw, enlarged.

By magnifica, Nevill: central and lateral teeth, x 185.

3 radha, G.-A.; central, median, and lateral teeth, x 185; 3a,
jaw, X 12; 84, generative organs, enlarged. Lettering as in
former Plates.

4. dalhousie, G.-A.: central, nos. 12-16, and outer lateral
teeth, X 185; 4a, jaw, x 12.

5. (Lbycus) cacharica, G.-A.: median teeth, 12-15, and the

outermost laterals; 5 a, jaw, X 12; 56, the basal end of the

amatorial organ, x 12; 5c, part of the generative organs.

crocea, G.-A.: central, median, and some of the lateral
teeth, x 185.

7. Dekhania beddomei, G.-A.: central, lateral, and outermost laterals,
< 1855 7 a, jaw, x 4.

. dustenia gigas, Benson: central, median, and lateral teeth, x 185 ;
8a, jaw, x 4.

6.

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