Godwin- Austin

Land and Freshwater Mollusca
of India.
Vol.3 part 1 (text and plates)

LAMD AND FRESHWATER MOELUSCA

OP

INDIA,

INCLUDING '

SOUTH ARABIA, BALUCHISTAN, AFGHANISTAN,
KASHMIE, NEPAL. BUEMAH," PEaU, TENASSERIM,
MALAY PENINSULA, CEYLON, AND OTHER
ISLANDS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN.

_„ SUPPLEMENTARY TO MESSRS. THEOBALD AND HANLEY'S

CONCHO I^OGIA INDICA.

BY
LiEUT.-CoLONEL H. H. GODWIN- AUSTEN,

F.K.S., RK.&.S., F.Z.S., &c.,

LATR DEPUTy SUPERINTENDENT TOPOGBAPHICAL SBnVEY OP IMDIA, IN CHARGE OP
THK KHASr, GAF.O, AND NAGA-HILLS SURVEY PARTY.

Vol. III.

Part I — NOVEMBER 1920.

LONDON:
TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

1920.

LAP AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA

OF

INDIA,

INCLUDING

SOUTH ARABIA, BALUCHISTAN, AFGHANISTAN,

KASHMIR, NEPAL, BURMAH, PEaU, TENASSERIM.

MALAY PENINSULA, CEYLON, AND OTHER

ISLANDS OP THE INDIAN OCEAN.

SUPPLEIVIENTARY TO MESSRS. THEOBALD AND HANLEY'S

CONCHOLOGIA INDICA.

BY
LiEUT.-CoLONEL H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN,

F.R.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., &c.,

LATE DEPUTY SUPERINTENDENT TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, IN CHARGE OP
THE KIIASI, GARO, AND NAGA-IIILLS SURVEY PARTY. ^^

Vol. III. , lAXx^

^ ^/ \

A

Part I.— NOVEMBER 1920.

LONDON:
TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

19:20.

PRINTED BY TATLOK AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

LAND AND FliESHWATER MOLLUSOA

OP

INDIA

VOL. III.

Part I,— NOVEMBER 1920.

(Plates CLIX.-CLXV.)

INTRODUCTION.

In spite of the very limited interest which is taken in the auimals
of the land moUusca, I am induced to commence Volume 111. of
this work ; for until the species in the many Oriental genera
are collected, their anatomy made known, and their true habitat
recorded, any attempt to use them for classification or any deeper
research is not possible. The work of the Conchologist is simply
useless unless this is done and the physical features of India are
taken into account. During the war I have uot been able to
carry on this publication, begun 37 years ago and ended in
two volumes in l'JI4. On the other hand, I have had leisure
to do much with the material in my hands, and to add to it,
especially specimens preserved in spirit, and have described the
auimals of many Indian Genera previously unknown. I have
had much support — more than I had hoped to receive — and from
many quarters : for this I cannot express my thanks too strongl}".
I must especially notice Dr. N. Anuandale, with Messrs. S. W.
Kemp and F. H. Graveley of the Indian Museum. 1 feel it a duty to
those who have supplied material, to put what I have brought
to light on record, as a starting-point for those who will follow
me in this wide and difficult field of research, so full of deep
interest to anyone who enters it.

PAllX I. B

I LAND AKB FEESHWATER

I am most fortunate in having as a neighbour ilr. J. S. Gladstone,
an excelleut and skilful photographer. Without, his valued aid
1 could not give the figures of tjpes and shells from typical
localities, which show far better than any de8cri])tion the direction
their subtle ditf'erences take. For instance, how distinctly jihoto-
grapliy shows the difference between y. lenui.^jiirn of Teria Ghat
(I'late CLIX. fig. 3) and the species for long regarded as the same
from Sikhim (I'late CLIX. figs. 1 & 2). Mr. Gladstone made
jihotographs of 60 shells, which fill three Plates. 1 may say here,
but for this generous assistance, the publication of this Jlonograph
would not have been possible. As an example of Zoological
liesearch it has been met, and by private means alone.

Genus Glesscla.

While I have been studying this genus, particularly the animal,
as specimens were slowly obtained in spirit, knowledge of its
taxonomy has increased. Tliis has led me to look at many species
very closely, for much had been left iucomjdete by Colonel Eeddome,
particularly the species from the North-East Frontier of India, of
which I possessed a very fine series.

Some of this work on the genus Olessula might have been
published long ago in the second volume of the ' Fauna of British
India' — some of it, anatomical, had been done ready for it:
but I found 1 could not, under the conditions in which I was
expected to work, complete it in time. I had reached an age when
extra correspondence was to be avoided, when indejjendeiit con-
chological work was pleasanter to do. It was not to be expected
I could place m}' collection at the service of others, neither could
I hand over original work on the animals of the genus on which I
had spent so much time and expense during many years. I
could not give the public the run of collections I had deposited
in the Natural History Museum under certain well-defined and
very reasonable conditions, reserving to myself the right to work
on them during my lifetime.

At the end of Vol. II. (p. 435) I mentioned the genera I was
engaged upon and trusted to deal with. Of these Glessttla has
been completed and is now presented in Part I. of this new
volume. The anatomy of several species has been made known,
and, when working out the collections made w hen the punitive
expedition entered the Abor country and the Tsanspu Valley
(1911-12), I took the opportunity of publishing the anatomy of
a new species from Sikhim to elucidate that of the genus,
as I did not see at the time, with the war going on, anj- chance of
piil)lishing it at all. The animals of other genera have come
to hand and have been described and figured in the following

Mf1I.I,TJSr\ OF INDIA. 6

order : —An'idi'nris and Opeits (both ver}- well reprcsontcd in my
eullection), Sivelhi, JIarpahis, I'lan.ispira, and PlectotrDpis (many
species have been worked out iu these four genera).

Among the earlier writers on Glessula — I'tcid'or, Bensoii, aiid
both Henry and William Blanford — Geoffrey Nevill undoubtedly has
the highest claim to notice ; he had made a special study of the
genus, and knew it better than anyone I have come in contact
with. Much of Eeddome's knowledge was obtained from him in
correspondence and exchange of specimens from Southern India.
This is well shown in his copy of the ' Hand-List,' being a
catalogue of all the Gastero])oda in the Indian Museum when his
health compelled him to retire. This is not a mere reprint
of the first original edition of 1878 containing 338 pages, but
there is added to every sjiecies the work in which it was originally
j)ublished ; all additional species (in this genus 1!8} are given with
descriptions of those Nevill considered new, while in hundreds of
cases throughout the book the dimensions of type shells are given.
One point which must not be forgotten is Nevill's great accuraoj-
in the records of habitat and the collectors through whom the species
were obtained. The title-page is headed " Proof for new Edition,"
"For the Trustees Indian Museum — G. Nevill, 1-11-81." On
another page, " To be offered to Trustees Indian Museum if they
consider it may be of any practical value to them ; if not, to bo
given to Col. Godwin-Austen. — Signed, G'. Nevill, London, July 5tli,
1879." Shortly after Nevill's death at Davos in Switzerland,
I received the copy with other books and valuable notes, and did
all I could to get it published.

On 23rd December, 1885, I first approached the Trustees of the
Indian Museum, strongly advising the publication of a Second
Edition ; in February 1886 I received a reply from the Honorary
Secretary, Mr. H. B. Medlicott, of which this is the concluding
paragraph : " The Trustees consent to your keeping present custody
of and using the valuable copy of the Hand-list of Mollusea con-
taining Mr. Nevill's notes and additions. There is no immediate
prospect of special work in that branch of the collections." In
fact, the post which Nevill held has never been filled up to this
day : for 40 years the collections of Mollusea have been in many
hands, and in the course of many moves some species catalogued
by Nevill could not be found when I have applied for them. It
says much for those who have had charge that the collection is not
in a worse state.

I next took the book to Dr. John Anderson, the retired Super-
intendent of the India Museum, under whom Nevill had served.
He could effect nothing, although, if I remember right, he went to
the India Office : it was the old story — no funds !

In 188i, in a final attempt to see it through the press myself,
I obtained from Messrs. Taylor & Francis an estimate for (572 pages,
500 copies unbound, ^221 10s. Gd. This sum was not to be
got — I had it not to give, but would have given what knowledge
1 had towards publication.

B 2

I AND AND FRKSn WATER

Much has hitel)' ap[)eared in the public press on " llesearch."
It' is of interest to put a case like this ou record (if only to show how
valuable scientific work and knowledge is lost for ever for want of
Government support.) To show how research is valued and
rewarded, Museums are built at an enormous known cost and filled
with specimens at an enormous unknown cost; then a proper
scientific Staff to deal with them is grudged, expenses are cut down,
and the record is never utilized. In this instance Nevill lost the
credit which many years of close study should have brought him —
not among those he had worked with, but among the general public.
I am glad I have the opportunity of bringing his labours to notice.

The best account of the genus is to be found in the ' Manual of
Conchology,' ser. 2, xx. 1908, commencing p. 50 — the excellent
work of Dr. Henry A. Filsbry, with copious good illustrations, not
only of the shells, but of the sculpture and of the embryonic apex.
He says (p. 52) : — " From the purely conchological standpoint we
may be said to have an extensive knowledge of Ghssula, j'ct various
characters of the first importance have been neglected. The
emhryonic whorls of the tifjies must be all re-e.ramined, and their
sculpture described. Our ignorance of the embryonic sculpture of
many forms prevents any natural classification of the species.
The surface of the later whorls in all the species should be
examined under high power, since some species have a minute
sculpture not visible with an ordinary lens." Further on, he
adds : " No natural classification of the species of Olessula can be
attempted until the sculpture of the apices of the shells and
the anatomy of a number of representative species are studied."
Bearing this truly excellent advice in mind, I have endeavoured to
follow it when describing the many species of the genus now known
from the Eastern Frontier of India and Burma.

Pilsbry* has given a good ri'sume of what has been done in this
genus and all that was known of the anatomy at that time. For
this last we are indebted to the research of Professor C. Semper,
who published, in his ' lleisen im Archipel der rhili])pinen," 1873,
p. 133, pi. xii. figs. 14-16 to pi. xvi. fig. 10, an anatomical descrip-
tion of Glessula orophila, Benson, said to have come from Madras,
but it might have been collected in any part of Peninsular India.

It is unfortunate Semper 's determination is open to doubt : we
shall never know whether the shell of the animal he dissected was
compared with the type of Benson's oropldla, or what has become
of that type described by Kecve. The species is not recorded in the
' C'onchologia Indica,' so Hanley never could have seen it. There
are no specimens assigned to G. orophila in either the William or
Henry Blanford collections. Beddorae records the species from the
Anamullay Hills; South Canara ; Goleonda Hills, east side of
the Madras Presidency, and says, " IMy Goleonda sjiecimons were
labelled by H. Nevill G. suhbrevis, but I cannot see how they

* Man. Concli. ser. 2, xx. 190S, pi. xviii.

MOT.LUSCA OF INDTV.

fliffer.'' Nevill, I think, only saw young examples ; Eeeve's figure
copied by Nevill (i. e. G. Nevill), is good.

Geoffrey Nevill, in a paper on new or little-known MoUusca of
the Indo-Malayan Fauna *, gives a description of the shell. He
writes, under Stenogyra (Olessula) orophila, Benson MS.: —
" Reeve, Conch. Icon. 1850, fig. 105, anfr. 7, long. 14 mill., as
Achatinii orophila, Nilgiris and Colombo ; Jide Pfr., = his
A. eeylanica. I give a copy of Keeve's original magnified
figure" of his A. orophila, as I am by no means convinced
Dr. Pfeifi'er is right in uniting it to his A. ceiflanica ; to judge from
the figures, I should say they were quite distinct species. It may be
that Eeeve confused two distinct forms — the one figured (probably
from the Nilgiris) a good and distinct species, the other from
Ceylon a mere variety of St. eeylanica which may have been sent
or shown to Dr. PfeifFer as A. orophila and caused him to unite
the two species. I have not myself seen any species of the group,
St. nitens, eei/lanica, punctogallana, etc., from Continental India."

Semper shows all the interesting details of the genitalia of his
O. orophila, especially what he terms the flagellum, which is of
very peculiar form, elongate and comb-like, a character thus
typical of the genus. It is, I consider, the sac in which the
spermatophore is developed. In the teeth of the radula the shape
of the marginals is not given.

The genus, as recently as 1914, has been treated by Mr. G. K.
Gude in the 'Fauna of British India.' He approached it with
a great knowledge of conchology, bibliography, and especially
synonymy — the last most useful to workers, but unattractive.
They have to thank Mr. Gude for undertaking such labour.
It shows, like so much work of its kind and of the series to
which it belongs, that he had never been a collector in India
and knew little of its physical features and all that that comprises.
There is an absence of original matter, such as Dr. Jerdon, the
Blanfords, Lydekker, Oates, Day, and others brought to bear on
and embellished the history of the Mammals, Birds, and Fishes
of India which they had collected and which had passed through
their hands.

It is easy to find fault, and it may appear I do so with Gude's
work. I am only animated by the desire and striving to make the
record of Geographical Distribution as correct as possible ; thus
under O. tennispira, p. 379, 1 notice all the errors of determination
which Blanford, Theobald, Nevill, Beddome, and myself have per-
petuated. I have to point out that these determinations were made
40 to 60 years ago, much too long ago for such data to be reliable.
I am able to say they were often made without sufficient material at
hand, or on shells erroneously named in the first instance. I tnke,
for example, O. baculiiut, p. 379, Khasi Hills {Godwin- Avsten),
evidently on the authority of Nevill in the '• Hand-list,' p. 170.
It is a distinct species, which he did not notice ; I have named

» J. A. S. B. pt. i, 1881. p. 137, pi. V. fig. 19.

() LAND ANll FRKSllWATER

it suhhandhiu, for I ciinnot find in my collection from the Ktiasi
Hills any Ulesmla that matches the type in the Henry Bluiiford
collection.

Classification and Distribution.

Mr. G. K. Gude, in the ' Fauna of British India,' puts Glessida
into the family Ferussacid;e (p. 373), immediately following
the genera CaceUoides, type acicidu, Miill., Geostdhia, type
ailedonica. Crosse, and balamts, lleeve, together with a new
species, O. bensoni (p. 375).

With these genera I cannot agree that Glessnla has affinity ;
the animals are unknown, the shells very different, the
conditions of life and extent of range very distinct, liange is
an important factor in questions of this kind. C acicida is
I'alroarctic, spreading to the far South. Glessula is Oriental
and in comparison limited in its area of distrihurion. Commencing
with Southern India, it is absent from the N.W. Himala\a,
bordering on the eastern margin of the Paliearctic, coming in
(in Nepal?) in Sikliim and extending through the North-East
Himalaya, Assam with the Assam Range, and thence to Burma,
Cliina, "and Sumatra. AH these are forest-ciad countries with
considerable rainfall, or country which was once much more
forest-clad than at present, before man arrived to destroy the
ancient forests. The Khasia Hills, with the Jaintia on the East,
were once much more wooded than they are at present and formed
a tract of country of great extent. Geast Viia balanns, on the other
hand, may be called a desert species, standing great heat and great
dryness for months. A knowledge of the animal would be of
extreme value in every way. I cannot find that it has ever been
seen alive.

I ])refer to place Glessula and its subgenera in a family of
its own, the Glessulidse.

Conchologically Glessula possesses many very distinct characters.
It comprises shells which have the coluniellar margin abruptly trun-
cate at the base, which in the majority of the species forms a short
gutter and holds a jiart of the mantle near the right dorsal
margin. A well-defined division with shells of all sizes is found
having elongate, turi-eted, and flat-sided shells, the major diameter
dilfering little from that of the small aperture. Typical Bacilhim
ciissiaca falls under the above shell description, and I shall have to
refer to this subgenus — it is much more solid and opaipie, with
stronger regular sculpture and larger apex ; the animal (December
1919) still remains to be described.

A departure from the Bacilhim type of shell character is met
with in Glessula tenuispira (Plate CLIX. fig. 3) ; the shell is thin,
transparent, more or less finely striate, the aperture larger, and
that and the body-whorl together are much larger than the shorter
spire above.

This proportion of parts is intensified in species like Plate CLX.
fig. 1 hurmihnsis, fig. 2 do., fig. 3 do., fig. 4 do., fig. 5 var. maxwelli ;
stUl more in fig. fi batlcri, fig. 14 crassilabris, or what may be

MOLLtJSCA OF INDIA. /

accepted as true Olessida. The animal of Glessula ochracea, G.-A.,
of Sikhim, has been dissected and published in ' llecords iudiaa
Museum,' vol. viii. pt. xii. p. 617. It was found to agree with
G. oroiihila as described by Semper. Until many of the smaller
species are anatomically examined, they must all be placed in
Glessula ; the smallest species, such as G. geimna. may possibly
have characters ot subgeneric value.

The classification as given in « Fauna British India,' vol. ii. (vide
Systematic Index, p. x) requires modification. Bncilhim is placed
in the Achatinidie subfamily Steiioi/i/rince, whereas Glessula is
put in the Family Ferrusacidoe Genus 3. I can tind very little
difference between the animals of Glessula and Bacillum (January
]9:;0), and consider the first should come next the other ia the
Stenogynnce.

Conch. Ind. p. 17, " the subgenus Bacillum is proposed by
Mr. Theobald for this {A. olAusa, Blf.), the preceding {A. cassiaca,
Bs.), and other allied forms."

It was lelt to Mr. Henry A. Pilsbry to describe the Genus
couchologically, which be does in Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii. lyuG,
p. 1, as follows. Ho mentions 4 species and L sulispecies.

Bacillum. — " Shell rather large, solid, imperforate, turreted,
niany-whorled, a little contracted near the obtuse, rounded summit;
the embryonic shell cylindric ; sculiiture of vertical rib-strise
beginning somewhere upon the first whorl (PI. i. fig. 12) ; the post-
embryonic whorls being obliquely, regularly nb-striate. Aperture
oblique, Achatinoid, the columellar concave, truncate at the base,
outer lip simple. Internal axis slender, strongly sigmoid within
each whorl. Soft anatomy unlsnown.

" Type, B. cassiacum. Distribution, Eastern India."

The very recent and extended knowledge of the animals of
Bacillum and Glessula shows that the two genera come next
each other ; further, that the animals of the latter present two
very distinct divisions. This was first seen on dissecting a
well-known species from Darjiling and Sikhim long known as
G. tenuispira in early Catalogues, such as ^Nevill's ' Hand-list.'
The specimens dissected came from the Kishelchu, a tributary of
the Teesta, and the anatomy is figured on Plate CLXV. figs. 1-1 c.
On this I found a new Subgenus, with the following characters: — ■

Subgenus Eishetia, nov.

Shell large, thin, transparent, imperforate, turreted, many-
whorled, tapering gradually to a rather acute embryonic apex,
first 2 whorls smooth ; sculpture regular, rather coarse striation.
Aperture oblique, columellar concave, truncate at base.

Animal. Uvotestis tightly convoluted, close to the albumen
gland. Prostate and oviduct compact cylindrical, with closely-
packed follicles. Spermatheca large on long duct. Penis with a
distinct simple gland or flagellum retractor muscle on side.

It is also apparent, with the gradually accumulating knowledge
of the animal combined with form of the shell, the genus Glessula
admits of subdivision — Glessula as a subgenus to include all those

O I.ANB AND FRESHWATEK

sjiecies possessiiip; the comb-]il;e ii])])eiK]ag;e to the penis (flagellum).
Unfortunately, up to date l!M!i the animal of a true Bai-ilhim has
never been obtained, never even seen alive. Still 1 am inelinid to
think this genus comes in close to Glessuhi, in fact far closer than
does Curvella or Baiyalus. The comb-like flagellum (PI. CLXV.
fig. 2 c) is replaced by a short, pointed, simple one (PI. CLXV.
tig. 1 a), while in a Ceylon species it is massive, with an in-
distinctly tripartite outline (PL CLXV. fig. 7 «,/.).

Distribution. — The absence of Glessiila in the North-West
Himalaya and the Punjab is very remarkable, viz. from all the
old valleys of the Punjab Rivers and the Ganges. Whether this
feature extends to the Kali River and through Nepal to its eastern
boundary, the valley of the Tambur, which Sir Joseph Hooker was
the first to explore and describe, has to be discovered when that
country becomes better known and is collected in.

The only exception to the above distribution is the reported
occurrence of one species, 0. hmieVi Pfr. in Kashmir. I have never
seen or heard of its being found there ; I was always collecting,
and no man in my time saw so much of Kashmir Territory
than I did. 1 am incliued to be sceptical, for Kashmir has been
fairly collected in by zoologists such as Stoliczka and Theobald,
who were not likely to miss finding so large and conspicuous
a shell, 37 mm. in length.

Mr. Gude says (p. 3S7) : — "When first described, its origin
was unknown. Kashmir was first given as its habitat by Hanley
and Theobald. The species is allied to Glessula cliessoni, but
more solid iu texture. The Cuming Collection contains throe
specimens from Kashmir, with a label in Pfeifter's hand-wriiing."

It is, moreover, on the authority of Hanley and Theobald,
Conch. Indica, p. 33 ; this means " Hanley," who had little regai'd
for Geographical distribution. I saw a good deal of Hanley
about 1869. He never grasped the enormous size of India :
how different is the climate on its north and south, its vast
plains and mountains. Consequently I am led to think, on
learning that von Hiigel had visited Kashmir, any shell con-
nected with him Hanley assumed from that i)art of India.

With Eastern Nepal a great change takes place in the orography
of the Himalays ; the most elevated peaks, Mt. Everest among
them, lie parallel to the plains at about 80 miles distant, and a
chain glaciated and covered with snow is continuous for 500 miles
as far as the Kali River. This must affect, even at the present day,
the temperature of the valley's draining to the plains, and surely
wiuild have sufficed during the Glacial period to limit the Land
Mollusca to the base of the hills, from which many species would
never have returned or survived the change. It produced con-
ditions thus far to the East similar, but on a small scale, to
the disturbance of the fauna and flora in Europe caused by
intense cold. Proceeding to the N.W. to the latitude of Kashmir,
these conditions would have been intensified, for enormous glaciers
40 miles long once filled the main valleys.

The genus rangts all over Peninsular India, is more abundant

MOLLUSC A or INDIA. »

in the South, extending to Ceylon, a few species being found
common on both sides. It has been studied by H. A. PiLsbry,
who cites 58 species ; G. K. Gude, in Paun. Erit. India, raised the
number to 80; Colonel R. H. Beddome (1906) gives 53; while
Nevill in his Proof Copy ' Hand-list ' (1881) records 65.

The species are very distinct ; none are found outside the
Peninsula, as far as my investigations go, and I have been
able to correct several incorrect determinations.

The subgenus Rishetia docs not extend to South India, appa-
rently. Ueddome has recorded B. t<'vuispi.i-n from North Canara,
based only on a single specimen without any history: see what I
say of this under the title of Jowjisjnra No. 2, Sikhim and the
Teesta valley.

Going back in time, it has not been recorded from the Inter-
trappean beds of the Peninsula — -those of Nagpur, for instance ;
but I see no reason why it should not be found in them, especially
the smaller species, and it should be looked for. We do not
half know the genera preserved in this old formation *. The
llev. Stephen Hislop, in the ' Proceedings ' of the Geological
Society, 1859, p. 154, describes the "Tertiary Deposits associated
with Trap-liock in the East Indies," and the fossil shells are
described and figured by him. Having very recently received
through Dr. N. Annandale a collection of these fossils from Nagpur,
I have been led to read the paper. An interesting paragraph
I quote from is on p. 164: — " I have shown my frceliwater shells
to Mr. Benson, the highest authority on the Molluscs of our
Indian lakes, and he gives it as his opinion that not one of the
specimens submitted to him exactly corre8])onds to anything he
has seen." This was written 60 years ago ; it is in accordance
with my conclusions expressed in a letter to Dr. Annandale
dated 31st March, 1920: "I have had an hour's look at them,
and can say they are all unknown forms to me." This rich
fauna of Upper Cretaceous age should no longer lie thus neglected,
for since Hislop wrote an enormous advance has been made in our
knowledge and treatment of the Land and I'reshwater Mollusca.

"The Zoological Results of the Abor Expedition, 1911-12."
published in the ' Records Indian Museum,' vol. viii., have con-
siderably modified our ideas of distribution and led to the records of
the past (nearly forgotten ) being looked up. It points to a migration
of moUuscau life from the far South. Perhaps no moi'e interesting
history can be recalled than my finding on Shengorh Peak, 7000 feet,
in the Diitla Hills, a species I named and described as Staffordia
daflaensis, Moll. Ind. pt. x. April 1907, p. 184, pi. cxiii. In
expectation of receiving other material, I did not refer to my
description of Biakia striata, var., from Siam, in Proc. Malacolog.
Society, vol. vii. pt. 2, p. 93, pi. x. June 1906. There is no doubt

* In a paper on some Fresljwater Fossils from Central South Africa (Annals
& Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. v. Jlaroh 1920) Mr. R, Bidlen Newton on p. 246 refers
to certain species in the Nagpur beds. Also my contribution in " Records of
two Indian Museums" 1919, Oct. vol. xvi. pt. vi. on the genus Mysorellu of
Southern India, pointing out the uecessUy for their generic revisiou.

10 LAND AND FRESHWATER

as to the close relationship, especially shown in the genitalia.
Diakia did not occur among the Abor coUeetions, unless it shall
eventually turn out that Bensonia{'i) ahoreiisis, Eec. lud. Mus.
vol. viii. p. 596 (text-fig. 1), has similar anatomy. In slioll
character it is unlike that of any Indian Ueuus I have seen ; but
1 had only one specimen to deal with.

For a knowledge of the peculiar anatomy of Dicikia, we have to
go to Semper, where he deals with what was then known as

Ai-iujjhania riimpliii in lleisen, pi. iii. tig. 18.

rurt'(/uttatri, var. Sj'arsa „ „ tig. 17.

nemo''e,i-:is ,, ,, tig. 19.

striata, Gra,\ ^naiiinoides, I3s. „ tig. -!i a-h.

He gives heautilul figures of the genitalia, so unlike those of any
strictly Indian Genus.

Our knowledge of the Assam Land MoUusca is very imperfect ;
much has still to be dime, with small chance of our knowing more
under present conditions. In fact, discovery of species of great
interest is sheer luck ; unless the conditions are exceedingly good,
perfect ia fact, nothing is found. To e.xemiilify this, I will give
an experience of my own when in the Dafia Hills.

Shengorh Peak was one of my Trigonometrical Stations, and
I had to clear tlie forest hefore 1 could commence observations,
llain set in soon after pitching cam-]) ; so I had plenty of leisure to
collect in Natural History. The wet brought out the shells ami
slug-like forms, and I had a husy time making drawings and taking
lujtes of colour and size. I secured what in drier weather 1 should
never have got, certainly not alive ; among them was this unique
Genus Staff'onMa, whose neaiest relative known to us is found at
Cliantaboon in Siam. It doubtless occurs at many intermediate
jilaces which have yet to be discovered, when its possible ancient
connection with Assam may be explained.

This is the history of a visit to one high point, one which over-
looked the great broad valley of the Subansiri, extending far hack
to the base of the snowy range, away to hundreds of peaks covered
with primeval torest. The imagination fails to picture what the
result of exploration would be, combined with knowledge of how
and what to collect. In these solitudes Nature reigns supreme ;
one does not often find such a spot — seldom visited by man,
never lived in by him.

The birds on this Peak were fearless. I was quite struck by the
behaviour of a beautiful little SutJwra, which kept hovering about
my head and would jjerch on a twig a yard from :ny face.

Starting with Sikhim and the valley of the Teesta, where species
are numerous, I t ike in succession going eastward the great valleys
of the Eastern Himalaya to the Erahmaputra, they go far back
ill geological time — are older, in fact, than the Sivaliks, for down
their courses all the waste of the Himalaya has passed either to the
sea, as in the case of the Teesta, or to build up the above formation.
The vast thickness of these Tertiary rocks, originally deposited not
far above sea-level, the basement beds being even marine, as near
Samaguting, is well seen on the .Vssam Range south of the Brahma-

JOLL0SOA or INDIA.

11

pntra, where they are elevated to 10,(100 feet in the Patkai and
Naga Hills. In the Garo Hills this dimislien to 3000 feet, hut they
are there in force with a thickness of some 5000-fiOOO feet : vide
'Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal,' vol. xsxviii. pt. 2, no. 1,
1869, with a Geological Map of a portion of the Khasi Hills
near longitude 91° E.

Connected with this range of the genus, two facts stand out : —
(1) The extreme age of the great valleys; (2) the great diiSerence
between the MoUuscan fauna of Sikhim and that of the Dafla Hills,
still more when it is compared with that of the Arbor country.
Tliere are very few species common to both. Few Sikhim species
are found in either : all is new, even new genera come in. The
reason for this is no doubt due to the physical features of the
great valleys : some, such as the Motiass and Subansiri, are very
broad ; they go back far into the Range ; their sources glacial,
they are separated one from the other by lofty snow-covered
longitudinal ranges, which continue high to the plains. They are
thus completely isolated one from the other, allowing evolution to
go on independently within them and form " specific centres."

The rich flora and fauna of Sikhim is in direct relationship to
its position at the head of the 15ay of Bengal, and for ages has
received accessions from that, the Southern side ; so with species
of Qhssula, when those at present living between the Teesta and
the Monass are compared with those of the Khasi and Garo Hills,
100 miles to the south, how small and yet how defined is the
difference.

Himalaya area : P^epresented in the Khasi-Garo area :

lonciispira. tcnuispirn.

hastula. sulJiastuJa.

haeulina. sub-bandina.

Between these two areas there is an indication of a once more
continuous land-surface higher that at present. All this delta area
lias gone through considerable depression with denudation. This
is so well exemplified by the isolated, weathered masses of intrusive
granite rising abruptly out of the alluvium by which they are
surrounded at Chanda Dinga, opposite Gwalpara and Doobri. My
Survey work took me to the top of several such hills. Granite
intrusion is frequently seen ; it is to be noted at Tura and Eiwuk
on the Assam Range, and similar intrusions occur further east and
north intimately connected with the forces of upheaval. Those near
Gwalpara, on the north side of the Brahmaputra, no doubt originally
passed up and through stratified rocks long since denuded (perhaps
of Cretaceous age) which cover so large an area in the Garo Hills,
where they have also suffered great deuudation.

Numbers, followed by the letters B.M., refer to specimens
catalogued in three collecti(m9 presented to the British Museum,
viz. those of 1. W. T. Blanfnrd and H. F. Elanford combined,
2. Colonel H. Beddome, 3. Godwin-Austen ; they cannot fail
to assist those who may study this group or have to name specimens
from India.

12

LAND ANU F1U'SIIW\TER

^ . N^orth-TVest irtmaJaija, (No species as yet found).

DlSTlUBnTION OF THE GeNUS GlESSVLA IN THE GaXGETIC DeLTA,

NoRTJi East Frontier of India, and JiuKMA.

2. Sihliiin and the Te.esta ValJei/, with Western Bhutan,
includimj the Delta.

Long. 88° to 89° East.

Glrssula {Rishetia) longhpira, n. sp. -I „,' nt-tv' f"^' i i"

4a6'«/w8a, Henry Blanf'ord. PI. CLIX. fig. 7.

Tar. exilis. PI. CLIX. figs. 13, U.

rissomeyisis, n. sp. PI. CLIX. fig. C.

. , , T, f PI. CLIX. fijs. 16, 17.

{ PI. ULXIII. figs. 9, 0 a.
roherH, n. sp. PI. CLXIII. fig. 10.

rarhiensis, n. sp. PI. CLXII. fig. 23.

Glcssida ochracea, Godwin-Austen. PI. CLX. fig. 8.

orohia, Benscm. PI. CLXII. figs. 5, 6.

var. major. PI. CLXII. fig. 7.

small var. PI. CLXIT. fig. 9.

cra,stda. Reeve. { ]^{; cLXI V. Ifgs' ti. 15.

From the Delta.

Glessula sarrissa, Bs. PI. CLXI. fig. 10.

gemma, Bs. PI. CLXI. figs. 20, 27, 28, 29.

var. minuta, G.-A.

Glessula (Rishetia) lonqispira, n. sp. (Plate CLIX. fig.s. 1, 2,
shells; Plate CLXV. tigs. 1-1 c, anatomy.) No. 552 li.il.

LocaUtif. Pisett Chu, Sikhim {Wm. Robert).

Shell elongately turreted ; sculpture : tine, regular and rather
coarse striation ; colour rudd}' ochraceous ; spire very long, sides
straight, apex attenuate: suture shallow; whorls 13, sides flat,
proportion of length to last whorl lUO : 'M ; aperture small, oval ;
peristome thin ; columellar margin slightl}- convex.

Size: maj. diam. 9'5; length 44 mm.

In the Elanford collection (No. 238.06.2.2) one specimen measured
47"5 mm. in length, and is the largest I have seen.

Shell of animal dissected 40 x 91 mm. ; whorls 13 (No. 552
B.M.).

The generative organs (PI. CLXV. figs, la, Ih). — These are
naturally very elongate and twisted ; the hermaplirodite duct is
long and closely coiled. The albumen gland elongately oval, uterus
and oviduct very long, com))act, cylindrical, the oviduct sliowing
broad, close convolutions (follicles). The penis is a simple sheath.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 13

with the vas deferens given off' at the extreme distal end, close to the
phnul ( f) which represents the flagelhim. In the second specimen
dissected this is well shown (fig. 16); it is small, short, slightly
hooked, not flat and notched as in O. ochracea. Further on, in a
species from Cachar, a small variety of G. garoense (turreted and
elongate) a similar short flagellum was found (Plate CLXV. fig. fi).
The spermatheca (sji.) is an elongate sac on a long stalk. The
retractor muscle is given off about half-way down the side of the
sheath.

The animal (flg. 1 ) can withdraw into the shell as far back as
the three last whorls. The sole of the foot is widdy segmented
from side to side. Contracted in spirits the animal has about 8
whorls (fig. 1 c). There are narrow right and left dorsal lobes,
and on the cohimellar side a muscular cylindrical mass fills the
characteristic groove.

Glessula lokgispira, n. sp. (Plate CLIX. fig. 2.)

Loealitij. llarhichu, Sikhim ( W. Robert). No. 3593 B.3I.

Animal. Foot short, rich grey black, surface minutel}- papillate,
in strong contrast with the sole, which is pale ochraceous, narrowly
segmented transversely.

Length to last whorl 100 : 39.

The jaw is slightly convex, very thin and transparent, and under
high power is seen to be made up of very numerous narrow
elongate plates.

Size : length 37 ; m.ij. diam. 8-75 mm.

From the Uechila Peak on Sikhim border and Western Bhutan,
Mr. Wm. llobert sent me five specimens (No. 28 B.M.), sepia-
brown in colour, and with far stronger sculpture, which may be
considered a local variety. The largest has 12 whorls, and
measures 37-75 X 9-25 mm.

Anatomical investigation shows that there are two very distinct
sections of Glessula, and so far they conform to shell character — for
how great conchologically is the difference between the turreted
very long species and the glossy, oblong-conoid forms ? The short
oblong species, such as G. gemma, have yet to be examined — they
may have some character of their own, viewed anatomically.

in this genus and this particular species it may be said I am
laying considerable, even undue stress, on variation in a single
organ — the penis —and of that only a part. This will be noted and
felt even more by conchologists, some explanation therefore seems
necessary for entering into physiological details. The flagellum is a
very small organ, but one of great importance ; in the developmental
life of the animal it has a most important part to play. Within it
is formed the spermatophore, which is filled with spermatozoon, and
eventually, in the act of copulation, is transferred to the spermatheca
of the other individual — its spines keep it in position on its passage
and retain it there. In different genera, it takes on more or less
very complicated forms and becomes a very important character,

14 LAXD AND FUKSllWATKU

often far more easily described than the shell itself. In tlie South
African genera, Fellatus and Kerkophorus, it is a beautiful object
in the microscope.

Under Gleasula tenuispira, Benson, Colonel Beddome in his notes
on Indian and Cej'lonese species of GlesKula in the ' Proceedings of
the llalacologicnl Society of London,' vol. vii., Sept. 19(»6, p. 160,
says : " Full grown ones collected in the Teesta Valley near
Darjiling and in North Canara measure 44 mm. in length (vide
Plato CLIX. fig. 1 ) and have fourteen whorls." The single exan]])le
recorded from N. Canara is now in the Natural Hi-^tory Museum
and is before me. This is a part of India which was well known
to Colonel Beddome — in fact, where his work as head of the Forest
Department lay. It is noticeable there should he no history, no
remark on the very remarkable occurrence of this species in
Southern India, and that only a single specimen was secured.
Until it is rediscovered very considerable doubt must attach to the
accuracy of the habitat. The specimen may even have been
purchased.

Glussctla canaraensis, n. sp. (Plate CLIX. fig. 8.) No. 681
Bedd. Coll. B.M.

Locality/. N. Canara, collector unknown. (A single specimen,
if found again.)

Shell elongately turreted ; sculpture : irregular fine striation ;
colour pale ochracoous; spire long, apex rather blunt, rounded;
suture impressed, very slightly notched on lower margin by the
striation ; whorls 14, flatly convex ; aperture oblique, ovate ;
columellar margin slightl}' concave, truncate below.

Size: maj. diam. 8'5; length 41-25 mm.

After very careful comparison with all the specimens in the
Blanford and my own collection, I believe this to be a fine,
more attenuate example of G. longinpira, and that it really came
from the neighbourhood of Darjiling. It is a single specimen, and
its presence in Southern India has to be confirmed and the animal
examined.

Glesstjla bactji.it«^a, H. F. Blanford, No. 9-9.iii.l5 B.il. (Plato
CLIX. fig. 7.)

J. A. S. B. xL 1871, p. 43, pL ii. fig. 6.

Original descri]ition : — " Testa elonr/ato-turriia, gracilis, ieniiis-
ciila, oblique striata, fiiseo vel fulvo cornea, epidermide rdtescenle
inditta. Spira turrita, apice ohtusidt. Anfractus 13, parum
convexi ; inferiores siibcequaUs; sutura impressa, minute denticulata.
Apertura obliqua, ovato-triangularis ; peristoma simplex, actum.
Columella abrupte arcuata, oblique prodvxta, ad basin verticaUter
trnncata.

" Alt. 38 mm. ; diam. 6-5-7'5 mm. ; aperturse alt. 7, lat. 4 mm.

" Ccpit Dr. F. Sloliczka apud Kbersiong Himalaya; Sikkinicnsis.

3I0LLUS0A or INDIA. 15

" This species appears to have escaped the notice of all prsTious
collectors in iSikkim ; it was tound in association with its near ally
Q. tenuisplra, Bens., by Dr. Stoliczka during a recent visit. It is
easily distinguished from the latter species by its slenderness (the
diameter being \ of the length), and the comparative narrowness of
its whorls ; moreover, by the form of the columella, the lower part
of which is bent abruptly almost at right angles with the slope of
the inner lip : while in G. ienui^jiira, G. erosit, and other allied
forms, the curvature is at the iituuj:?t obtuse. Specimens, the shell
of which had been slightly wealhiTed, show fine spiral markings,
but these are not visible unless the shell has become somewhat
opaque. Tlie animal is dark leaden grey, somewhat paler at the
sides of tlie foot.

" The following is a list of the species now known from Sikhim : — -
G. ttnuispira, Kens., G. erassula, Bens., G. hastula, iiens.. G. orobia,
Bens., Gr. erosa, nob., G. bacidma, nob."

When going through Henry Blanford's collection, bequeathed to
the British Museum by his brother, I came on the type specimens
of the above species ; these I had not seeu for 46 years. At the
time I was stayiug with him in Calcutta, he placed them in my
hands to figure for a paper he was preparing for the Asiatic Society
of Bengal, vol. xl. pt. 2, 1871, p. 39. It is a very distinct species.
I have (luite a large series obtained since from different localities
in Sikhim and Western Bhutan. Beddome (Pro. Alalacol. Soc.
1906), in his paper on the genus, considers it onlj- a more slender
form of G. f-nuispira, Bs., a view most dillicult to fall in with and
support. There is a very considerable difference in general form —
that is, when compared with the so-called tenuispira of Sikhim.
Mr. Gude credits me with having found it in the Khasi Hills
(F. B. Iiid. ii. p. 379), probably on the authority of Geoffrey
Nevill, in his Hand-list, p. 170. The Khasi form is quite distinct
and described further on.

In the Beddome collection put up in the same bos are four shells
under this name, with two labels in Beddome's handwriting. One
has on it (three in pencil) "Daijiling, H. F. Bl.," the other (one
in pencil) "Thyet Myo." It is easy to see the difference in this
last from the others, the apex is much more attenuate, the aperture
larger and broader. The Darjiling shells are quite typical, and I
have com]>ared them with Henry Blanford's types.

G. bacidina was found by Mr. Wm. Robert at Zemo Samdong
in Sikhim, some CO miles up the Sikhim Valley — there smaller,
28 X 6-25 mm. (No. 553 B.M.)

Glessttla (Eishetia) BActJLiNA, H. B]f. var. exilis. (Plate
CLIX. tigs. 13, 14.)

Localit)/. Rissom Peak, Sikhim (3595 B.M.) — Type. Damsang,
Sikhim (3594) (T!\ liobert).

Shell elongately turreted ; sculpture : rather close niised
striation, oblique ; colour umbcr-brown ; spire long, apes fine.

16 LAND AND FEESnWAIun

first three whorls nearly same diameter ; suture impressed ; wliorls
12, flatly convex, body whorl and aperture ^ of total length ;
aperture ovate, small ; peristome thin ; columelja sharply curved,
truncate.

Size (Damsang) : maj. diam. 5-5 ; length 24"75 mm.
(Kissom) : „ 57 „ 30-00 „

This is close to G. baculina, but the whorls are not so flat as in
thac species, and it is very much smaller.

GtEssui.A (Eishetia) EissriMENsi.s, n. sp. (Plate CLIX. fig. 6
of a Damsang shell.) No. 3570 B.M.

Locality. Rissom Peak and Damsang, east of the Teesta Valley
( ir. liohert).

Shell elongately turreted ; sculpture: close irregular striation
well marked; colour dull white with a pale ochre tint; spire:
a|iex blunt and rounded, sides nearly straight ; suture impressed ;
whorls 10, the embryonic large and rounded smooth, sides tlatly
eon vex; aperture ovate; outer lip with a good deal of convexity ;
coli.mellar margin very slightly convex.

Size (Rissom Peak) : maj. diam. 6-25 ; alt. axis 24'5 mm.

I have this preserved in spirit ; the animal is pale coloured
throughout. The specimens are not fully grown, the larger a)iex
distinguishes it at once from G. baculina. It apjuoaches
G. harnntttiensis of the Dafla Hills, but the apex of that shell is
finer, the embryonic whorls being closer together. Specimens
were also obtained on Rissom Peak.

Glessula (Eishetia) hastula, Benson. (880.06.1.1.) (Plate CLXI.
fig. 16); (No. 16.9.iii.lo B.M.) (Plate CLXI. fig. 17); (for apex
enlarged, Plate CLXIII. figs. 9, 9 a, 10.)

Achatina hastula, Benson, A. 31. N. H. ser. 3, vol. 5 (1860) p. 461.

Original description : — " Testa turrito-suhulata, tenui, ohliqve
(■<ipiUaceo-striata,fasco-cornea, niiidula; sjrira sulndata, apice obtimo,
sidura i^rofundiuscula ; anfractibus 9, primis conve.vis, posiremis
convexiuscidis, ultimo -f testce attiiigeute ; apertura vix obliqua,
orato-elliptica, peristomalis marginibus caUo, tenui jimctis, dextraii
recto acuta columellari arcuato calloso albido, basi oblique truncata.

" Long. 124, diam. SJ mill. ; long, apert. S,' mill.

" Habitat ad Pankabari, prope DarjUing, raro. Teste W. T.
Blant.

" Of a more slender form than the large Ach. tenuispira, B., the
whorls increasing very gradually, and not attenuate towards
tlie upper part of the spire as in that species."

This species was originally found by W. T. Blanford at Puukabari
at the foot of the Darjiling Hills.

It has been recorded by Theobald and Stoliczka as occurring in
Lurma, Kumah Hill and Mail, Sandway District, Arakan (repeated

MOLLtJSCA OF INDIA. 17

by Glide in Fauna B. India, vol. ii. p. 414). In a paper by tliem in
the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (vol. xli. 1872, p. :-i41)
thoy say: "somewhat larger than the Wkhimtype shell." This
record is of little value, when one considers how cursorily some
shells, particularly of Glessida, have been looked at and how little
time^ is often bestowed upon them. Xovill in his Hand-list,
p. 169, only gives the Darjiling locality. Theobald, it would appear,
never gave specimens to the Calcutta Museum, and it is impossible
to say where these shells of his went to.

In W. T. Blanford's collection is a single typical specimen
(No. 880.06.1.1), and on a label in Hanley's handwriting a noto
"Identical with the large one figured in the Conch. Indica"
(Plate XVIIl. fig. 4). Two specimens were in the Henry Blanlord
collection which may be considered also typical, as the two brothers
were constantly exchanging specimens.

I find Glessula hastula, Bs., does not extend to the Garo and
Khasi Hill ranges, its place being taken by a shell at first sight very
similar to it, but which on close examination is found to difier
sufficiently to describe, making it all the more improbable that
G. haslula extends to Arakan. G. hastida of Darjiling is more
attenuate with more costulate sculpture than in the Khasi form.
. Apex enlarged of (880.06.1.1 B.M.) Plate CLXIII. figs, i), Q,,,
Darjiling, and of (557 B.M.) fig. 10, Itichila.

It may be noted that the apex of the last differs very much from
that of a typical hastida, a good character and sufficient to create
a. species which I name after Mr. W. Eobert, late of the Indian
Survey, who made for nie such a splendid collection when he was
working in Sikhim. There are only two specimens and one
other from liis.som Peak (Xo. 2483 B.M.). It is very possible
other examples will be found among my sjiirit-specimens.

Glessula (Kishetia) eoberti, n. sp.

Locality, llichila Peak, Western Bhutan (No. 557 B.M.) Type.

liissom Peak, Rikhim (No. 2483 B.Al.) (IF. liohert).

Shell subulately turreted ; sculpture : very regular, close well-
raised striation, commencing on apex (Plate CLXllI. fig. 10) ;
colour chestnut-brown ; spire elongate, side flattened, apex bluiit^
rounded ; suture slightly impressed ; whorls 8|, very regularly
increasing, sides flatly convex; aperture small, ovate; columellar
margin concave.

Size : maj. diam. 3-5 ; alt. axis 11 mm.

Glessula kakhiensis, n. sp. (Plate CLXII. fig. 23.)

Locality. Ptarhicbu Valley, Sikhim (10 specimens) (No 3335
B.M.) ( W. Robert).

Shell elongately conical, shiny ; sculpture : distant irregular
striae ; colour dark umber-brown ; spire high, sides flatfish, apex
blunt ; suture impressed ; whorls 8, flatly convex, rather regular

PART I. " c °

18 LAND AND FRESHWATER

in size, I. «., increasing very gradually; aperture narrowly oval;
columellar margin very slightly convex.

[Size: niaj. diain. 4-0; alt. axis 11-20 mm.

This is more elongate than O. crassula, but similar in coloration
and sculpture. It is certainly more than a variety of the Darjiling
shell.

Ill Wm. Blaiiford's collection is a single specimen, which I refer
to this species, found by him on the Chola range at 11,U00 ft.

Glessula ochkacea, Godwin- Austen. (Plate CLX. fig. 8.)

Records Indian Museum, vol. viii. pt. xii. p. (517, 1918, fig. ix.
A.B.C. (genitalia).

Locality. Earbichu, Sikhira. Type. (No. 3592 B.M.) Richila
Peak, var. (No. 555 B.M.) ( W. Robert).

Shell coiiicall)- turreted and elongate, solid, smooth, and shining:
sculj)ture : very regular sharp striation; colour dark rich ochre,
a paler margin to the peristome; spire high, sides slightly convex,
apex blunt ; suture im])ressed ; whorls 74, flatly convex, the
last tumid; aperture oval; peristome well thickened; columellar
margin strong, curved, notch at base deep.

Size : maj. diam. 9-25 ; length 21-25 mm.

Animal (Plate CLXV. fig. 2 a). With short foot, the sole of
which has a central groove each side close])- segmented.

The buccal mass (Plate CLXV. fig. 2 b) is globose and small
with a very strong retractor muscle ; the salivary gland is in a
single bilobed mass, one side long and pointed.

In the generative organs (Plate CLXV. fig. 2 c) the hermaphro-
dite duct is conspicuous by its size, is very long and strongly and
closely convoluted. The albumen gland is very globose. The
uterus and closely convoluted oviduct short. The penis is a folded
sheath, and what I take to represent the flagelhim is a flattened
mass, straight on one side, having a serrate edge on the other,
consisting of a short terminal and ten longer notches, verj' cha-
racteristic and unusual in form. A similar flagelhim is met with
in orophila, Bs. , as figured by Professor Semj)er (Reis. Arehipel.
187.'{, p. 133, Taf. xii. figs. 14-16, under Cionclla) there is one
terminal and 30 notches, givii'g it a feather-like form. The vas
deferens joins the penis close to this at the distal end.

The spermatheca is oblong, rather short, on a short thick
base.

Glessula ocheacea, G.-A., var.

Locality. Richila Peak ( 71'. lloh(rt).

Is larger and a much darker ochre than the type.

Maj. diam. 10 ; length 24-25 mm.

MOLLTJSCA or INDIA. 19

Glfssuh orobia, lis. (No. 17.9.iii.l5 li.M.) (Plate CLXII.
figs. 5, (5 : Plate CLXIII. fig. 4, apes of No. 17 ; Plate CLXV.
figs. 4-4 b, genitalia).

Achatina orobia, B. A. il. N". H. ser. 3, v. p. 461 (1S80).

Localiti/. Senchal and Darjiling.

Original descrijition : — " Testa ovata-ohlonga, salidmscida, Itrri-
gata, li-viter striata, striis n07i-nullis remotiusculis 2}ro fun.de, imjire'ixis
scidpta, nilida, olivaceo-cornea ; spira vonve.ve pij famidata, a^nce
ohtuso, siUura impressa ; anfractibus 6|-7i couvexiusndis, ad
hwneram angidatis, cremdatis, ultimo ^ testce. superante ; apertara
verticali semiovah, columella valde urcuata, callosa, basi oblique
tniiicala, pieristomate recto, crassiusculo, ohtvso.

" Long. 11, diam. 5 mill. ; apert. 4 mill, loiiga,, 3 lata.

" Habitat ad Sinchul et Darjiling (alt. ped. 85U0 at 7000).
Teste W. T. Elan ford.

" Distinguished from the larger Khasia species, A. crassilahris, B.,
by its peculiar sculpture, and by the formation of the whorls below
the suture."

The specimen figured is from Hy. Blanford's collection N"o. 17,
O.iii.15, and measures 11-2.5 x o mm. There are two other
examples, and in another box (No. 243, 06.2.2 B.M.)are four others
all alike and from Darjiling.

Mr. Gude, in ' Fauna British India, Mollusca,' ii. 1914, says :
" Some specimens in the Boddome collection from the Naga Hills,
composed of Oi whorls, measure 8 x 3'5 mm., and refers to another
shell also from the same locality, possessing only six whorls, with
rather conxex sides, measuring 6'5 x 3 mm. " I liave now seen
these (No. 76>! of my catalogue of the shells selected out of tho
B.'ddome collection). They are Glessiila jiroiviensis, mihi, and very
different in every way. The apex of one is given on Plate CLXIII.
tin. 4 ; also that of G. orobia from the Henry Blanford collection,
No. 17, fig. 8.

Glessula orobia, Bs., var. major. (Plate CLXII. fig. 7.)

llichila Peak, Sikhim. Type. (No. 556 BM.)

Damsang, Sikhim. (No. 3336.)

This is a much larger shell, yet has all the characters of the
Darjiling examples in its general form and increase of the whorls.
It is, however, a dark umber-brown, and in tliis respect is like
craasula from the same peak, which is a much smaller shell.

Var. major measures : maj. diam. 5'2 ; length 130 mm.

Glessula orobia, var. major. (No. 556 B.M.) Damsang,
Sikhim. (Plate CLXV. fig. 4.)

The generative organs were seen complete and proved of great
interest. The appendage given off near the junction of the vas
deferens at head of the penis is small and hand-shaped ; it consists

o2

20 LAND AND FKESHWATER

of finger-like lobes, one short, and three united together longer
(figs. 4rt and 4/j). It represents in a sliorterform the same append:ige
in G. ocliniciu, in which there is one short and ten comh-like
notches, and the still longer one as represented by Semper in
(r. orojihili', wliich has led to its being described as a ftather-like
gland and typical of the genus; a better kno-nledge of the
animals shows it will only apply to a section of the genus. The
elongate forms certainly form another, und may possibly have to
be included in Bacillum.

The prostate (fig. 4) is round, short, and solid ; the hermaphrodite
duct, much convoluted and thickened, forming a mass close to the
albumen gland. The teeth of the raduia do not differ from those
of other species dissected. The formula is

16 . 1) . 1 . 9 . 16
or 25 . 1 . 25.

Glkssula orobia, Es., small var. (Plate CLXII. fig. 9.)

Locality. Eichila Peak, Western District. (No. 558 P.M.)
( W. liohert).

Shell elongately conical, shining, somewhat tumid; sculpture :
irregular distant striation ; colour umber-brown with a greenish
tint ; spire rather short ; suture impressed ; whorls Qh ; columelkir
margin slightly curved, truncate at base.

Size: figured shell, maj. diain. 3-75 ; alt. axis 8'0 mm.
largest ,, 40 „ 90 ,,

Glesscla ceasstjla, Keeve, Bs. MS. (Plate CLXII. fig. 24.)

Locality. Darjiliug No. 18.9.iii.l5, P.M. Typical from Ily.
lilanford's collection.

Shell elongately conical, smooth and shining, slender ; sculpture :
•7ery few and distant striie ; colour umber-brown; whorls 6|.

Size : maj. diam. 3'0 : alt. axis. 7'5 mm.
largest ,, 8-0 „

These are all small and shorter than dimensions given in the
original description, viz., 9 mm.

In the Peddome collection are three specimens (No. 753) from
the Naga Hills which bear a label in Col. Peddome's handwriting,
G. crassula. I have compared them carefully and drawn the apex
(Plate CLXIV. fig. IS) much enlarged ; it differs altogether in
the sculpture from typical Darjiling examples of crasstda (Plate
CI-XIV. fig. 14) in the Planford collection (No. IS) (Plate CLXIV.
fig. 15). No. 753 is O. baralcensis.

From the Karhichu in Sikhim 1 have 7 examples (No. 2481),
which I consider a variety of the Darjiling form. The whorls have
flatter sides, and the apex is much more blunt (Plate CLXR'.
fig. 15). The largest measures a little over 9 mm. in length.

In the ' Fauna of Eritish India, Mollusca,' vol. ii. p. 429, under

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA.

21

this species, " Khasi, Dafla and Naga Hills " is given as the range
of this species and as collected by me. I hope soon to see these
examples, not having found them in my own collection. The
identification is Geoffrey Nevill's. I do not think he looked
sufficiently closely at them. Mr. Gude has simply copied from
Nevill's 'Hand-list,' p. 169, "30 specimens." These I trust are
not now all mixed together. Jaintia Hills (Bcddome) is also
given on p. 429. These I have seen, they are No. 751 of my
catalogue (5 examples). They are not crassula, but a small var.
of crassilabris.

Glessula subjerdoni, Beddome, Nevill MS.

Under this title the species is recorded by Geoffrey Nevill in his
amended copy of the ' Hand-list' facing page 167. Tour specimens
from the Jeypur Hills, Madras, received from Col. K. H. Beddome.
Nevill gives the measurement as : long. 9, diam. 3| mm. ; anfr. 7.
This would be the var. minor of Beddome.

In the 'Fauna British India, MoUusca,' 1914, p. 434, Mr. Gude
gives Darjiliiig as a habitat of this species from specimens he had
found in the Boddorae collection. These are No.'814 of my catalogue
of that collection : the name subjerdoni had been written by Bed-
dome in pencil, a sign he had not determined it to his satisfaction ;
nor had I, when I came across it first in 1912, when under the
direction of the British Museum authorities I commenced working
at the shells in the Beddome collection and making a catalogue of
them. In August 1914, when duty in the country prevented my
going as usual to town, Mr. Gude obtained access to the Beddome
collection of Glesmla through those who had charge of it — very
improperly, I consider, when it had been placed in my charge and a
catalogue was in progress. Thus Mr. Gude was working at this
collection, quite unknown to me, for a considerable lime — some
three months,- — and when seen again by me was in a new state of
arrangement, as put on record in my catalogue.

In the interests of the distribution of Indian species it would
not be fair treatment to overlook such record. I have, therefore,
gone carefully over all the specimens of subjerdoni in the Beddome
collection, so as to arrive at some better knowledge of them. I
have had photographs made of the shells and made myself enlarged
drawings with camera lucida of the apical whorls of the following
three specimens, a better means of showing differences than any
description : —

No. 812. Bedd. coll. G. subjerdoni, Bedd., Golconda Hills.

(Plate CLXIV. apex fig. 7.)
No. 809. Bedd. coll. 0. subjerdoni, Bedd., Teunevelly Yalley.

(Plate CLXIV. apex fig. 6.)
No. 811. Bedd. coll. O. subjerdoni, ya,T. minor. TypicalJej'pur

Hills. (Plate CLXIV. apex fig. 5.)

By this test the so-called G. subjerdoni of Dai-jiling (No. 814 of

22 LAND AND FEESHWATER

the Eeddoroe collodion) (Plate CLXIV. fig. 13) does not agree -n-ith
the species from (he t_V]iical locality, the Golcoiid:i Hills. It is, iu
ni)- opinion, a large variety of Glesmda crassula, Bs.

Glesstjla saeissa, Eensoii. (Xo. 1596 L.M.) (Tlate C'LXI.
fig. 10.)

Fuguirahanda, Jessore, Lower Bengal (Godwin - Austen)
(270.0tj.2.2) Diamond Harbour, Iloogly liiver (IT. T. JSlanford).

Size : maj. diam. 68 ; length 188 nim.

This is a liner specimen than the type described by Benson by
nearly 3 mm. I give enlarged figure of the apex (Plate CLXIll.
tig. 18).

Achatina sarissa, B. A.M. N. H. ser. 3, vol. v. p. 463 (i860).

Original description: — ''Testa elonrfcifo-conica, temii, hruujata,
striatula. anfrartihus ultimis suh lente confcriim obsolete deciissatis,
iiilidissima, oUcaeeo-cornea ; sjiira elutnjato-piiiamidata, apke ohluso,
S'ltura impressa ; anfntciihus 1 k coiivea-iuscitiis, ultimo i testce super-
ante ; ai-iertura suhverticali, ovato-eUijdica, columeUa ohliqua, leviter
arcaata, alhido-caUosa, bcisi oblique truncata, peristoviate recto,
tenui.

" Long. 16, diam. 5 j mill. ; apcrt. 5 mill, longa, 3.1 lata.

" Habitat prope Comercolly, Bengaliae, ad ripas flaniinis Gangis —
Detexit Dr. Theodore Cantor."

Glessula gemma, Bs.; Reeve, Conch. Icon. Achatina, pi. 22. f. 123.

Original description : — " Testa ovato-oUonga, solidiiiscula, Icevi-
gata, nitida, pellucida, purpurascenti-cornea ; spira elato-conica,
apiee aciitiitscuhi ; sutura pvofiuida ; anfr. 6 nnvexiusculi ; uliimus
f longitudinis eequans, hasi rotundatus ; columella arcuatu, suhcallosa,
perist. simplex, rcclum, margim dextro et hasali leviter arquaiis.

"Long. 8-8|, diam. 4 mill., ap. 3 mill., longa 2 lata.''

As a subgenus of Cionella it was made the tvpe bv Von Martens.

Xo. 3559. From Klioostia, Bengal. (Plate CLXI. tig. 26.)

4. Hy. lilf. (9.iii.l5). From Bengal; authentic si). (Plate

CLXI. fig. 27.)
Xo. 3382. From Chandanagore. (Plate CLXI. fig. 28.) Ee-
ceived from Xevill.

5. Ily. Blf. (O.iii.lo). From Chittagoug, var. (Plate CLXL

fig. 29.)
Xo. 3391. From Garo Hills. I have two specimens, much

smaller and less tumid than the typical shell, measuring

6x3 mm. Six whorls. This I distinguish as var. minuta.

It is dark umber in colour.
This species is thus spread over the whole front of (he Delta of
the Ganges and Brahmaputra.

MOLLTJSOA OF INDIA.

23

3. The Dafla Hills,
with the Pkuii of the Brahmaputra on south.

Glessula (RisAelia) harmuttiensis, n. sp. PI. CI/XX. fig. 5.

sarissa, Bs., var. PI. CLXI. fig. 8.

saris^, Bs., var. PL CLXIII. figs. 16, 17, 19.

sulihebis, Nevill MS., n. sp. | pj' CLXIV-IS".!.

PI. CLXI. fig. 11.
nevilliana, n. sp. ■ PL CLXI. figs. 12, 13.

[ PI. CLXIV. fig. 3.

dikrangcnt<e, n. sp. PL CLX. figs. 7, 7 a.

(Dikraiujia) iiev'dU, G.-A.
Glessula crassilahris, Bs. var. PL CLXIV, fig. 17.

See on, umler this species— Kliasi Hills.

Glessula (Rishetia) harmuttiensis, ii. sp. (Plate CLIX. fig. 5.)

iocaZ/iy.— Hai-mutti, base of Dafla Hills, No. 440 B.M. (Godwin-
Ai'sU'ii).

Shell elon.i^ately turreted ; sculpture quite smooth to the naked
ej-e, but under magnification distant obscure striation is seen ;
colour pale ochre to dull umber-brown ; spire ver}- long, sides flat,
apex bluut ; suture impressed; whorls 12, sides flat; aperture
oval ; peristome outer lip thin ; coluraellar margin curving evenly.

Size; rnaj. diam. 7-0 ; alt. axis 31-9 mm.

This takes the place in the Dafla Hills of G. bacuUna of Sikhim.
It ia very similar in all respects, but the apex is more obtuse and
the sculpture is very different : there are four specimens.

Two young specimens, unnamed, were found in Henry Blanford's
collection, given to him by me.

Glessula (Rishetia ?) saeissa, Bs. var. No. 445 B.M.

Locality. Burroi Gorge, Dafla Hills, four specimens {Godwin-
Austen).

Shell elongately conical, smooth, and glossy; sculpture variable,
rather regular fine striation, in some it is less and more distant;
colour very pale ochraoeons ; spires elongate, sides slightly convex,
apex finer than in the type (PI. CLXIII. fig. 10) ; suture impressed ;
whorls 05, sides flatly convex; aperture ovate; peristome thin;
eolumeUar margin sharply concave.

Size : maj. diam. 7-0 ; length 20-0 mm.

Fakirabanda, Jessore | ^^^ ^^^^_ g.g . ^^^^^^ jg.g ^^^

(xvpiCtii spec. J J

Moisraka Ghat, Bengal, do. „ 7 5; „ 21-5 „

The figure in the ' Couchologia Indica,' pi. xxxvii. fig. 2, is a
very good one, and undoubtedly of Benson's species.

The Blanford collection (iS'o. 844, 06.1.1, B.M.) contained
3 specimens from the Dafla Hills, sent to him by me, but probably

24

lAXD AND FRESHWATER

not the grime locality. They are ahout the same size, and had been
labelled G. teniiisporat by Klanford, but they are not like the
Teria Ghat examples wilh ^vllich 1 have compared them.

Glessula (RisnRTiA?) s.vRrssA, Bs., var. No. 3566 li.il.

Locality. liarowli Gorge, Durrang District, Assam {Godwin-
Austen).

Shell as in hist; sculpture indistinct, fine longitudinal ribs
follow below the suture; colour pale dull ochraceous, two closely
)iarallel whitish bands below the suture ; suture impressed; whorls
8, regularly increasing : cnlumelliir margin concave.

Size: niaj. diain. 6'0 : length IG'25 mm.

Only a single specimen.

Glessula (Hishf.tia ?) saeissa, Bs., var.

From Koliaghur, Granite Tila, near Tezpur, on the left bank of
the Bralimaputra, a single specimen very close to this species was
found by me ; smooth, with little sculpture. No. '.i'tiJS B M
(Plate CLXI. fig. 8.)

Apex (PI. CLXITI. fig. 19).

From Gowhathi (No. 3383 B.;^[.), two specimens, the apex is yet
more acuminate (vide PI. CLXtll. fig. 17), but there is little
difference to be noted in the general shape.

Glessula subhebes, Nevill MS., n. sp. (Plate CLXI fi" 6 ■
Plate CLXIV. apex, fig. 1.)

Local! fi/. Pichola nulla, Dafla Hills. No. 1618 B.M. Type.
Five examples {Godwin- Austen). No. 3341 B.M., Dafla, typical.

Shell oblong turreted, thin, smooth, glassy; sculpture: rather
distant and fine striation, slight tendency to crenulation at suture ;
colour very pale ochraceous ; spire long, sides slightly convex, apex
blunt, 3 first whorls nearly equal; suture impressed ; whorls 10,
with well-marked flat convexity ; aperture narrowly ovate ;
columella with a very slight curve downward.

Size : maj. diam. 5-0 ; length 15-75 mm.

From the eggs in tube containing shells it is oviparous.

This siiecies is entered by Nevill in the interleaved copy (facing
]i. 167) he left to me shortly before his death, from the above
locality. He gives the dimensions of a specimen in the Indian
Museum which he received from me : " 15^ x 5 mm., anf'r. 0."

It is the Achatina {Glessula) liehes in my paper on the Helicidae
of the Dafia Hills (Jour. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xlv. pt. 2, 1876,
p. 315), and was a common shell.

Very fortunately I have received from the Indian Museum, for
which I have to thank Dr. N. Annandale, the specimens of Glessula
included under No. 80 of Nevill's ' Hand-list,' i. p. 170. They
comprise ten glass-tubes, numbered : —

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA.

25

3631 and 3633, from Cliittagong, both labelled " naja," a name

1 retain.
3632, from Cacbar.

3r>36, Dikrang, 2U00 ft., Dafla Hills: true suhhebes, G.-A.
3G3'4, no localit)- : '■'■ macera" J31f., Assam; name retaiued and

described. (Type.)

3338, Naira, Assam : is master.ii, G.-A.
3637, no locality: mastcrsi G.-A.

3339, Assam, W. Blf. " macera " : is mastem, G.-A.
3635, no locality : naja, G.-A.

3640, Naga Hills : is mastersi, G.-A.

When Nevill wrote he considered them all the same and a new
species ; but it must be remembered that when Nevill was working
at this genus the same critical examination was not made of the
shells, such as Pilsbry advised and adopted. The apex and sculp-
ture was never looked at except with a hand-lens ; a microscope
was never in use. I was employed for six months in 1876-1877
in the Indian Museum, and saw Nevill constantly at work and
occasionally worked with him.

This has caused much confusion, for he also ajipears to have dis-
tributed them under the name of " naja." Under this title he sent
a specimen to Mr. Pilsbry, who describss and figures it in 'Manual
of Conchology,' 2nd Series, Pnlmonata, p. 90, pi. 12. f. 10, as
"naja" from "Assam." This turns out to be the Chittagong
species. Pilsbry's shell is undoubtedly from Assam ; his descrij)-
tion as well as the figure is so good, it verifies the locality. He
says, as to the sculpture: — "Glimpses of excessively weak close
spiral granule-lines may be seen in places." I had not noted this
myself, but I now see the character in my tyi)e-s]>ecimcn of a
Dafla Hill Glessida suhlules, an MS. name of G. NevilFs which I
had adopted.

On the other hand, the receipt of these shells in exactly the
state Nevill left them (and he did a great deal of work on the
genus, before he had to retire from the Service, especially on
species from Southern India sent to him by Colonel Beddome) has
cleared up the history and brought to light another species. In
August ] 880, Nevill, writing to me, said. No. 80 of his ' Hand-list '
was G. macera, and I took this to be his MS. name for the lot
until he should describe it. I have not come across the name in
the Blanford collection nor in Blanford's original catalogue. It is
interesting to record that Nos. 3634 and 3339 both bear this name
on the labels in the glass tubes, and on that in 3634 Nevill has
written "A. macera, Blf.," so we know the author. It turns out
that the two tubes contain diflerent species, and 3634 is a mixed
lot of two species ; for the very elongate, flat-sided form of one of
these the name masera is most applicable, while it is not so for the
more tumid shape of the other, which is mastersi. This fixes the
habitat as Assam, and on looking through the Blanford collection I
find two unnamed Glessulw (No. 842.06.1.1 B.M.), the habitat
Assam, agreeing well in size and form with " macera."

2() LAKD AND FRE3HWATBB

GiESsuLA NEvii.LiANA, n. sp. (Plate CLXI. figs. 11, 12, 13;
riate CLXIV. fig. 3, apex.) No. -149. Type.

Locality. Toruputu Peak, Dafla Hills (4 si)ecimens) {Godwin-
Austen).

Shell elongatel)' conical; sculpture, coarse somewhat irregular
striation; colour: two ruddy, two dull ochraceous : spire high,
apex blunt ; suture impressed ; whorls 9, sides flatly convex ;
aperture narrowly ovate ; peristome thin ; columella rather straight,
curved, short.
Size : Type maj.diam. 5-0 length IT'O mm. whorls 9.

Nevill gives for specimens in Indian Museum : —

maj. diam. 4-0 length 13-0 mm. whorls 8.
Small ruddy sp.( fig. 13) „ 4-0 „ 12-0 „
Large sp. with apex | g.Q ^_ ^^.q ^^

broken J

7 whorls left (fig. 12).
In this last, from last suture to base of aperture 7 mm., as against
5.1 in the Type.

"This species is recorded by Nevill in his revised copy of the
' Hand-list,' opposite page 170, as" Sienogyra (Glessiila) austeniana,
Kevill — whorls 8, length 13, diam. 0 mm., one Toruputu, Dafla
Hills (Type), coll. Godwin-Austen." The specimen thus named is
probably in the Indian Museum. I cannot find that it was ever
pul)lished: therefore it is now named after my old friend. His
early death was a great loss, for he possessed a great knowledge
of Indian MoUusca, and had made a close study of the genus
Glessula.

Glessdla dikeangense, n. sp. No. 448 B.M. (Plate CLX. fig. 7.)

Locality. Toruputu Peak, Dafla Hills — in primeval forest. Type.
( Godwin- Austen.)

Shell elongately turreted ; sculpture very fiue and close regular
striation ; colour ochraceous with a strong green tinge ; spire long,
sides very flatly convex, apex blunt; suture impressed; whorls 9,
convexity of side very slight ; aperture oval, vertical ; peristome
strong ; columellar margin curving.

Size : maj. diam. 7-75 ; length 19-0 mm.

In a paper on " The Helieidse of the Dafla Hills " (Jour. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, vol. xlv. pt. ii. 1876, p. 315) I included Glessida iUastris,
the type of which was found on Heugdan Peak in the Naga
Hills. This was a hasty determination ; after a far more critical
one, and a comparison of the photographs of both, it shows con-
siderable difl'erence, sufiicient to constitute a new species. The
ju'oportion of the last whorl to the length of the axis is very
difterent to that of typical G. illustiis— inking the axis as 100, it
is 100:52.

MOLLPSOA OF INDIA. 27

Glessula dikrangense, n. sp. No. 3404 B.'M. (Plate CLX.
fig. 7 (I.)

Locahti/. Toniputu Peak, Ditlla Hill.s {Godwin- Austen).

Shell oblon^^l}' turreted; sculpture rather strong striation, close
and regular; colour dull umber-hrown ; spire higli, apex blunt,
side straight ; suture irajiressed ; whorls 8, side nearly Hat, spire to
last whorl lU0:r)2'2; aperture oval; columellar margin slightly
convex.

Size: maj. diam. 7"0 ; length 17'2o mm.

" DiKRANGiA," genus nov.

Shell verj' elongate, small, transparent, delicate, turreted with
many whorls closely wound and nearly ecjual in diameter, aperture
very small, ovate ; animal not known.

GlESSULA (" DiKRANGIA ") NEVILLI, G.-A.

When describing the Helicida; of the Dafla Hills (J. A. S. B.
1876, vol. xlv. pt. 2, pi. viii. f. 12, p. 315) I put this species into
the genus Opeas. This determination has been followed by
Mr. G. K. Gude in the ' Fauna British India, Mollusca,' vol. ii.
1914, p. 360. Closer attention shows the aperture to be decidedly
that of a Glessula, but the general form departs much from that
genus — so much so, it might ■syell be placed in a distinct sub-
section. This would be better left to be done when the anatomy
of the animal is known to us. I think it better to consider it a
new subgenus, and name it " Dih-anr/ia," coming after G. baculina
and G. //(troense.

'I'he original description, which is as follows, was short and
requires amendment — it was not drawn up on one-type shells, but
on a set — niten done in those early days.

Oriijiiial description: — "Shell turreted, very elongate, pale, silky
with a ijreen tituje, older specimens of a pale straw-colour, covered
with a thin ejiidermis, beautifully striate under lens. Whorls 11-12,
modenitely rounded and very gradually diminishing in size to the
apex, which is bluish ; suture impressed ; aperture angular above,
outer lip thin.

"Alt. (.)-5.5" ; major diam. O'lO". Largest specimens 0-90".

" Hahitat. This very delicate elongate shell was common on
Toruputu Peak, but far finer specimens, equal in size to the figure,
were obtained on the banks of the Pichola Nulla out iu the plains.
I am not satisfied with this figure, the whorls being rather too
flat and the apex too sliarp.

" I have named this shell after my friend 5Ir. G. Nevill, with
whom I have now so long been associated in the study and
collection ot Indian land-shells."

28 LAST) A.NU KHE-IIWATER

Amended description.

Glessuia nevilli, G.-A. No. 447 B.JI.

LocaUti/. Toruputu Peak, Dafla Hills [GoJivin- Austen).

Shell finely elongate, turreted ; soiiliiture, well-marked close
irregular striutioii ; colour white; spire very slender and lengthened,
apex blunt; suture impressed; whoris 12, the six last almost
equal in diameter ; aperture small, narrowly and vertically ovate ;
columellar margin convex.

Size : maj. diam. 2'25 ; length 14 mm.

Var. major, G.-A., Pichola ^'ulla, Durrang District. This has a
very smooth surface with very indistiuct striation, and has a green
tinge. The largest specimen measures 17*75 mm. in length by
3'5, and has 12 whorls.

Although I refer to the Toruputu habitat of the Granite Peak on
the main mountain mass 7322 I'eet above sea-level, and the Pichola
Nulla low down and (juite out in the plains, I now note, 40 years
later, there is a ditt'erence something more than " far finer .speci-
mens," and that those from the Granite Peak are very different,
particularly in size, proportion, and sculpture. Man}' oonchologists
would consider them distinct species — however, it is sufSoient that
G. nevilli stands for the mountain form, the one first found by me,
and that of the plains be considered a variety major.

3 a. The Miri Hills.

From the great Valley of the Subansiri no species of Glessula
have been received ; it is a large unworked area of 250U sq. miles.

4. Eastern Assam ivith the Sinypho Hills and Patlcoi Range.

«
Glessula maiamensis, n. sp. PI. CLX. figs. 10-11.

dihingeiisis, n. sp. PI. CLXIV. fig. 4 (apex).

Glessula maiameusis, n. sp. No. 1737. (Plate CLX. fig. 10.)
Type.

Localiti/. Maiam Peak, Singpho Hills ; a single specimen
(M. 0;,le).

Shell oblongly turreted, rather tumid ; sculpture : strong,
rather distaut, engraved striation, showing strong near suture ;
colour ochraceous with a grcenisii tint ; spire elougately conoid.

MOLLUSCA OF INDrA. 29

apex very hhinh and rounded, sides flatly convex ; suture mode-
rately impressed; whorls 7, sides very flatly convex; aperture
oval ; peristome outer tip thickened ; columellar margin slightly
convex, nearly straight.

Size: maj. diam. tl'5 ; length 22 mm.

The above peak, a trigononjetiical station, is situated on the
watershed of the Patkai Kange and is 6900 feet in altitude. It
was first visited in the cold season of 1884-85 by Colonel Wood-
thorpe, R.E., with his assistant Mr. Ogle, and they were
accompanied by Mr. Tom D. La Touche of the Geological Survey,
who published an excellent account of Geolog}' of the Upper
Dihing Basin, Singpho Hills.

Glbssitla MAiAMBNsis, n. sp. (PlateCLX.fig.il.) No. 29B.M.

Localiti/. Divung Valley, Singpho Hills; two specimens {21. 1'.
Ogle).

Shell is more elongate than the tyjie ; colour is greener ; side of
spire rather flatter ; aperture rounder, from the outer lip having
more convexity. All the kind of diversity the sliells of this genus
present, particularly when a large series is obtainable.

Size : maj. diam. 8'5 ; alt. axis 20'b mm.

Glessula dihingensis, n. sp.

Localiti/. Dihing Valley, Assam (type No. 3251 B.M.) ; some ten
specimens (J/. T. Oyle). No. 1600 B.M. from Sonari Tea Garden,
near Sadiya. (Plate CLXIV. fig. 4, apex.)

Shell elongate, turreted ; sculpture : very smooth generally, fine,
close, rather strong ribbing near and below the suture ; cohmr
umber-brown; spire long and fine; suture impressed : whorls 10,
the last short ; aperture ovate, small ; columellar margin well
curved.

Size: maj. diam. 5-0; length 180 mm.

This is not unlike G. mai-era, but the whorls are not so close
and the last is longer in jiroportion to those above, i. «., a more
tumid basal one. iSpecimcns from Sadiya (No. 3151 B.M., 10 in
number, collected by my old assistant Mr. Ogle) differ in colour,
being a very pale ash, the largest of 9 whorls measures
21 X 5'25 mm. I have also two examples from Sonari Tea
Garden, 15-5 mm. in length, sent me by Mr. S. E. Peale, very
finely and closely striated.

4 a. Ahor Bills and Tsanspv, Valley.

Glessula oakesi, n. sp. PI. CLX. fig. 15.

ahorensis, n. sp. PI. CLXII. fig. 4.

30 laxd and freshwater

Glessula oakesi, G.-A.

Records of [he ludian Museum, vol. viii. pt. xii. No. 49, p. 617,
figs. 8 A, B, C, D.

Locality. Abor Hills {Captain G. F. T. Oales, R.E.) No. 3G00
B.M. Type. (Plate CLX. fig. 15 x 1-56.)

Orhiinal Description : — " Shell oblong turrcted, shining surface ;
sculpture: regular somewhat distant incised lines; colour ochra-
ceous one umber brown ; spire high, sides very flatly convex ; suture
impressed; whorls 7, flatly convex, proportion of body whorl
to length 100: 2-5; aperture rather narrowly oval, peristome
outer lip thickened ; columellar margin slightly convex."

"Size: maj. diara. 7'0 ; alt. axis lO'o mni."

"Two specimens of this species, though rather smaller in size
and not full}- grown, were sent to me from Brahmakund by Mr.
M. Ogle, No. 3578 B.Jf. coll. The largest measures 11 x 5 mm.
The species was received alive in 1913, from Captain Oakes with
other species and dissected." No doubt the iirst Ghssula so
received in this country ; a few lived for some months until the
winter set in, feeding on lettuce, etc.

"Animal of Ghssula oakesi from llotuiig (Oakes). The sole of
the foot is crossed by coarse ridges, there is a very distinct
peripodial margian (text-fig. 3 A). The genitalia (figs. 8 B, 0, I))
was fairly well seen in one specimen, but more material was sadly
wanted. The hermaphrodite duct is conspicuous from its size and
close convolution, bound closely together at its junction with the
albumen glai]d. The penis is very short with a short stout flagel-
lum terminating in three blunt knots ; it thus dift'ers from what
1 have been able to see in other species. The vas deferens is
given off from near the head of the penis, the spcrmatheca was not
seen."

" This species (G. oahcsi) is the same as the one recorded from
Rotung as G. botelhis, Bs., of Southern India by 3Ir. H. B. Preston
in the ' Records of the Indian Museum,' vol. viii., Nov. 1915,
p. 539; it is a bare record, in any case remarkable as regards
range. As I had not noticed this South Indian species among the
large series sent me from the Abor Hills, I was anxious to see the
shells which had gone to Calcutta. Dr. Annandale very kindly
sent these to me (October, 1916), and I have compared them with
specimens of Glessula botelhis in the Henry Blanford collection
from the Nilgiris, with the result that I cannot conliim Mr. Pres-
ton's determination. This Abor Glessula (oal-esi) is decidedly
smaller than G. hotellus, and not so tumid, the whorls are closer
wound, the outer lip is much more thickened than in bvtdlus, tho
Lirger shell. I have compared the embryonic whorls and made
enlarged drawings of hotellus, Nilgiris (PI. CXLIII. fig. 1), of
Mr. Preston's specimen (PL CXLIII. fig. 3), and of the type
specimen of oakesi (PL CXLIII. fig. 2) ; the dift'erence between
the first and the two last is very marked, it is unmistakable."

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA.

31

An example rather more tumid was received from Capt. Oakes
(No. 3158 E.5I.), and one came from near the Serpo lliver bridge
(No. 3053 E.M.).

Glessula abokeusis, G.-A. 3103 B.M. Type. (Plate CXLII.
fig. 4.)

Eec. Indian Museum, 1918, vol. viii. pt. xii. No. 49, p. 618.

Localit;/. Abor Hills ; five specimens ( Crty)*. G. F. T. Oakes, B.E.).

Original description : — " Shell elougately turreted, sides nearly
straight ; sculpture : very regular striation, less apparent on the
last whorl ; colour dark chestuut-brown ia the type-shell, more
ochraceous in others ; spire attenuate, apex blimt ; suture im-
pressed ; whorls 8, sides flatly convex ; aperture ovate ; peristome
outer lip thin, with strong convexity ; columellar margin nearly
straight, feeble, slightly truncated.

" Size : niaj. diam. 5-0 ; alt. axis 16-25 mm.

" This species varies in form, some being less attenuate, but all
have the blunt apex and similar sculpture."

5. Garo, Kasi, and Jaintia Hills.

Glessula ieimispira, Bs. PI. CLIX. fig. 3.

suhacidina, n. sp. PI. CLIX. figs. 4, 9.

^theobaldi, Hanley MS.

garoense, n. sp. PI. CLIX. fig. 1.5.

small var. PI. CLIXX. fig. U.
manipurense, var.

,, , , J PL CLXI. fig. 18.

suulmst ula, n. STp. -i pj CLXIII fiu- l.">

( PI. CLX. figs. 14, 17,18,19,20.
crassilabris, Bs. \ PI. CLXIV. figs. 16, 17.

[ PI. CLX. fig. 17.
var. nana. PI. CLXII. fig. 23.

pt/ramis, Bs. PI. CLX. fig. 24.

hanlciji, n. sp. PI. CLXII. fig. 16.

solidus, n. sp. PI. CLXII. fig. 8.

Jadukamia ahnormis, n. sp. PI. CLX. figs. 22, 23.

Glessula tenuispira, Benson.

Colonel Beddome, in his Monograph of the Genus (Pro. Malacol.
Soc. vol. vii. 19U6, p. 160), records this species from many localities
all very distant from each other, viz., Darjiling, Pegu, N. Canara,
Khasi, and Dafla Hills. In a paper by Beuson in the 'Annals and
Magazine of Natural History' (I860), he gives a list of all the
Continental-Indian species of Achatina — in which A. tenuispira
appears as from the Khasia Hills, Darjiling, and Burma ; he 8a3-s
also " In Burmah Mr. Theobald got a variety of A. tenuispira on
the banks of the Irawady." I have for long doubted that this
species has such an extended range. Beddome even goes further

32 LAND AND FRESHWATER

and considers 0. hacuUna, Hy. Blanford "only a more slender
form of temiispira" (PI. CLIX. tigs. 1, 2); be could not possibly
have seen the types of the former speeies — the shell from the
Khasi Hills (Teria Ghat) (PI. CLIX. tig. ;5) differs altogether
from the Sikhim one, and when they are placed side by side the
i)oiiils of difference are seen at once. I still more doubt the
extension of iemtispira to North Canara as well as to Pegu.
In J. A. S. B. 1805, p. iJo, lilanford says Achatimt tenuispira, Bens.,
of small size is common at Akouktoung and farther south. I refer
to this under Gh'ssida j^ierttnuis, Ko. 8, East of Bay of Bengal.
I have not at present tlie shells to examine. Geoffrey Nevill,
'Hand List,' i. 1878, p. 169, records Darjiliug, also Khasi and Dalia
Hills ■ from these two last localities the shells were of my
collecting, for when Nevill was studying the genus 1 supplied him
liberally with specimens.

The first record of G. tenmsjiira appears in a paper entitled
" Descriptive Catalogue of Terrestrial and Fluviatile Testacea,
chiefly from the North-East Frontier of Bengal," by W. H. Benson,
Journal of Asiatic Society Bengal, June 1836, p. 350.

(The Collection was purchased by the Asiatic Society in 1833.)

No. 11. in the List. — AcJiatina tenuisj^iira.

Original description : — " Testa elongata ticrriia, cornea, longi-
tudinaliter striata, versus apicem attenuata, colamnari, anfractu
ultimo interdiim facills, quihusdam albidis transcersis ornato,
suturis ijnpressis apice obtuso.

" Long. 1 poll, circiter; Lat. 0-55.

"This Achatina, belonging to De Ferussac's subgenus CocJdicopa
and to his group of Hyloides, is remarkable for the attenuated
columellar form of the terminal whorls of the spire."

(Followed by No. 12, Crassilahris).

At the time this description was written, Benson had not seen
a Dariiliiig specimen ; he was then Magistrate and Collector of
Bylhet, and there can be no doubt whatever typical tnudspira
came from that district — most probably from that rich collecting
place Teria Ghat, which lies on its northern boundary, where
Benson also obtained the very well-marked species G. crassilahris.

We are apt to forget how much we owe to Benson and Hutton,
the pioneers in Indian Malacology, who, with little assistance and
encouragement, did so much. Looking back to the early thirties
and the'manv papers Benson lived to publish, it is noticeable how
much his remarks increase the interest in the species he discovered,
how much is suggested as to relationship and distribution. The
brothers Blauford followed with the same scientific treatment. In
comparison the record of to-day, with few exceptions, is bald to a
decree owing to a want of knowledge of the physical features of
the country, its size, and varying climatic conditions.

MOLLDSCA or INDIA. 33

GLT:ssnLA tenuispiea, Bs. Coll. Hj-. Blf., No. ]1.0.iii.l5 B.ll.
(Plate CLIX. fig. 3.)

Locality. Teria Ghat, Khasi.

Henry Blanford's collection contains 4 specimens from that
])lace, and I have 10 others (No. 1016 B.M.) collected by myself.
The largest of these measures 31 mm. long by 8j breadth at the
aperture. It diifers in form very considerably from what has been
hitherto known as tenuispira of Darjiling and ISikhim, which
I have named and separated as longispira.

Glessula (Eishetia) TENDI8PIEA, Bs. ll.O.iii.lo B.il. (Plate
CLIX. fig. 3.)

Locality. Teria Ghat, foot of Khasi Hills {ex coll. H. F. Blan-
ford).

Shell elongately turreted ; sculpture striation distant, closer,
finer, and regular towards the apex ; colour ochraceous, with
decided green tint ; spire long, apex rather blunt, sides nearly
straight, slight convexity; suture impressed; whorls lO'o, slightly
convex, proportion of spire to last whorl lUO: 29; aperture oval;
cohiniellar margin rather straight.

Size: major diam. 9'0 ; length 29'0 mm.

I obtained this species at Teria Ghat and also in the West
Khasi Hills, some dozen specimens (No. 1582 B.M.), the largest
being 33 mm. in length.

Glessitla (Eishetia) tencispiea, Bs., var. No. 3332 B.M.

Locality. Garo Hills, a single specimen {Oodwin- Austen),

Shell more slender in form; sculpture smoother than the Teria
Ghat examples of tenuispira ; colour ochraceous umber-brown ;
spire, apex fine; whorls 11, 100: 40-4; aperture narrowly ovate.

Size: maj. diam. 8'0 ; length 27"25 mm.

Specimen from above Tura, 10 x 29-8.

It is of considerable interest to note that Mr. S. W. Kemp, of
the Indian Museum, has recently collected Glessula tenuispira
at Tura in tlie Garo Hills, extending its range from Teria Ghat
thus far to the west some 100 miles. Throughout this distance,
the conditions are the same (tropical forest and for half the year
excessive rainfall) on the steep sp\irs overlooking the great
marshes of Sylhet and Mymensing. Dissection shows the animal
to have all the characters of the species I describe under longispira
of Darjiling and Sikhim. It marks the western extension of the
subgenus — this also falls in with the geological evidence we
possess, that the Garo-Khasi area was in early Tertiary time much
more intimately connected with the South-Eastern Himalaya on
the north and not so markedly cut off as now by the broad low
valley of the Brahmaputra, filled with alluvial deposits of great
thickness.

TAKT I. D

34 LAND AND i'KESUWAT£R

GlESSTJLA (EiSHETIA) SUBACULINA, D. sp., CoU. G.-A. No. 3555
B.M. (Plate CLiX. fig. 9.)

Locality. Landomodo Trigonometrical Station. Type. N. Khasi
Hills (7 specimens); The ilaotlicritlian Ridge (No. :3556) (4 speci-
mens) ; South Jaintia (1 specimen). Tura, Garo Hills (/S". IF. Kemp).

Shell elongately turreted ; sculpture irregular, well-developed
rather coar.^e striation, but varying much in difierent shells ;
colour ochraceous; spire elongate, sides flatly convex, apex blunt;
suture rather shallow; whorls 12, sides not quite flat; aperture
narrowly ovate : columella curving subobli(iuely, broadly trancate.

Size : maj. diam. 7'ii5 ; length 31'0 mm.

This approaches the Sikhim G. haculina Bs., but is rather
broader than that species, the whorls near apex increasing more
rapidly. It is not so smooth and shiny.

No. 77 of Nevill's ' Hand list,' p. 170, Gless. lacuVtna — 3 Khasi
Hills, presented by me, are suhaeulina ; tlicy have been sent home
(1916) by Dr. N. Aunandale and compared by me.

Glessula (Kishetia) SUBACULINA, G.-A., No. 1560 B.AI. (Plate
CLIX. tig. 4.)

Conch. Ind. pi. svii. fig 5 as G. theohalcU, Hanley MSS.

Locality. Teria Ghat, foot of Kliasi Hills (^Godwin- Austen).

Shell elongately turreted, slender; sculpture: striation of growth
strongest below the suture and most regular on the 5th and tith
whorls ; colour umber-brown or dull ochraceous ; spire elongate,
apex fine ; suture shallow ; whorls 12, sides flat, proportion spire
to last whorl 100: 24-4; aperture narrowly ovate; peristome
outer lip thin ; columellar margin regularly convex, not solid.

Size: maj. diam. 9'5 ; alt. axis 34'75 mm.

There are two specimens in my collection now in the Natural
History Museum (No. 1580 B.M.); their history is of interest and
important with regard to the exact habitat of G. theohaldi,
Hanley.

Considerable confusion surrounds this species, owing to the
authors of the 'Conchologia Indica' working apart when it was
passing through the press — one (Mr. Hanley) in England, the other
(Mr. Theobald) in India, dealing with shells from two very different
localities. Hanley first describes the shell very briefly of AeJudina
theohaldi. Conch. Ind. p. 9, 1870 ; in explanation of pi. svii. fig. 5,
from "Near the Salwen," he says, "Difiers from A.cassiacn, of which
it has been considered a variety, by its smoothness, more convex
■whorls, &c." The sliell was therefore a Bacillum, and we can
presume the species recorded by Theobald from the Shan Stales was
also a Bacillum, vide a paper in the ' Journal of the Asiatic Society
of Bengal,' 1870 (not 1871 as given by Gude), vol. xxxix. p. 395.
On land-shells from the Shan States and Pegu as Achatina {Glessida)

310LLUSCA OF INDIA. 35

thcohiddiana, Hanlej', the footnote Conch. Indica, pi. xvii. fig. 5,
shows us that that work was published and had been seen by him. In
' Nevill's Hand-list,' p. 17:^, we find " No. 102 Stenorjijra {Qlessula)
tJteobahli, Hanley, 2, Salween, coll. Mr. Theobald. " Nevill puts
tiiera in Bacillum. It is to be hoped these specimens are still in the
Indian Museum, for they are very valuable; they would clear up
where true Glessida iheohaldi comes from. Hanley figured it on
jil. xvii, but in the index to Achatina in the Conch. Indica, p. xii, to
tJteobiddi there is a footnote "2" "from Teria Ghat." Itlooks asif
Hanley had substituted another species for figuring, and not taken
the Shan one, under the im[)rcssion they were one and the same. I
am glad I am able to clear this up to a certain extent, and show how
a Khasi Hiil form has got introduced. When Hanley was engaged
on the 'Conchologia Indica' I sent him a number of species of
Qlessula both named and unnamed, which he afterwards returned
to me. Among them I have two specimens of a Glessida named
Theohaldi — in Handler's handwriting — from Teria Ghat (No. 1580,
Godwin-Austen Collection, British Museum). At the time I lent
Hanlej my GlessnJx I had not a single species of the genus in my
collection from the Salween Valley, so there could be no mingling
of specimens. Turning to pi. xvii., it may be noted at once that the
shells are all enlarged ; lake, for example, G. orohia (fig. 7) and
G. 2»'(elustris (fig. 6). G. theohcddi (fig. 5) has a very considerable
likeness to the Teria Ghat shell which Hanley returned to me with
tluit name, allowing for similar enlargement with the sculpture
also somewhat exaggerated. At the same time fig. 5 has not at all
the form of a Bacdlam, measuring 42 mm. as given by Mr. Gude
(ex icon) ; on the contrary, it has a fine attenuate apex and not the
characteristic blunt rounded one of Bacillani {vide drawing by same
artist, Mr. G. B. Sowerby, of B. cassiaea with its flat sides).
All this points to fig. 6 representing the Teria Ghat specimen, and
it is quite possible the one photographed for me by Mr. T. S. Glad-
stone (PI. CLIX. fig. 4) is the identical shell.

Theobald's shells from the Salween, in the Indian Museum,
cleared this up ; for on making application for them to Dr. N. Annan-
dale, the present Superintendent, he has most obligingly sent them
to me (March lUlG) ; the label is in type, a cutting from p. 172.
Tliey belong, as Nevill records them, to the genus BacHlvm ; they
are both immature, the largest of 9 whorls, measuring 23'25 mm.
in length, with sides of greater convexity than in B. cassiaea,
distinguishing it at once. The typical sjiecimeu sent home by
Theobald to Hanley would appear to have been lost ; it is fortunate
that about the same time Theobald gave specimens to the Indian
Museum.

I found in the Beddome Collection (No. 121) a single, also
immature shell, with a label " sent by Theobald as ' Salwiniana.' "
On comparison with the specimens of B. theohaldi, Hanley, from
Calcutta, I consider it the same ; it is only 21 mm. in length.
Mr. Gude had marked it " young of cassiaea Bs."

D 2

36 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Glessttla (Rishetia) garoense, n. sp. (Plate CLTX. fig. 15.)

Locality: South Garo Hills. Type. No. 1595 B.5I. {Godwin-
Austen).

Shell attenuately turreted, sides flat, thin ; sculpture, surface
very smooth, a few distaut transverse shallow engraved lines,
ditferiug from the usual raised stria; ; colour pale umber-brown ;
spii'e tine ; apex very attenuate, first 4 whorls with same diameter
(PI. CLXIV. tig. 5); suture shall-jw ; whorls 13, sides flatly convex,
there is but little difference in the diameter at the Dth whorl and
the last; aperture narrowly ovate; peristome thin, a callous on
the body whorl ; oohimellar margin oblique, very slight in structure,

Size: maj. diam. 5-0; total length 27'25 mm.

In form it is similar to 0. bacnlina, var. exilis of Sikhim ; the
apex is not so attenuate, the whorls are flatter, and the sculpture
differs considerably. In the Sikhim form there is much raised
striation.

Under No. 68, p. Ifi9, of 'Nevill's Hand-list,' 2 specimens from
the Garo Hills are recorded under G. pertenuis ; they were presented
unnamed by me. These have been kindly sent home for comparison
by Dr. N. Annandale, to whom my best thanks are due ; they are
this species garoense. On this data in the ' Hand-list,' Mr. Gude
in ' Fauna British India ' extends the range of G. pertenuis, a Pegu
species, to the Assam Range ; such record of distribution is valueless.

GtEssuLA (Rishetia) garoense, G.-A.

Locality. South Jaintia ; 4 specimens, No. 35Q2 (Godwin- Austen).

Shell attenuately turreted ; sculpture, striation very fine and
close, disappearing in full-grown shells; colour dull umber-brown ;
spire tapering evenly ; whorls 12.

Size: maj. diam. 5-5 ; length 26-75 mm.

At first sight there is a remarkable similarity between this
species and G. vertenitis, Wm. lilanford, of Basscin, but it dis-
appears under the microsco])e. The apical whorls are not alike,
and the aperture differs still more ou the columellar margin and
truncation.

Glesstjla (Rishetia) gaeoense, G.-A., small var. (Plate CLIX.
fig. 11.)

Locality. Naraindhur, Cachar; 11 specimens. Type. No. 1657
{F. Ede).

This measures 20'5 mm. in length and 4'5 mm. in maj. diam.
It is of a darker umber than typical garoense, and has the very
smooth surface of that shell; 12 whorls, sides slightly more
convex ; apex very fine, first 4 whorls hardly increase at all
(PI. CLXIV. fig. 6).

I am fortunate in having specimens in spirit of a .omall elongate
many-whorled species from Silchar, Cachar, sent me by Mr. F. Ede.

MOLLUSCA OP INDIA. 37

(The sole of the foot very closely segmented.) I have been successful
iu getting out the genitalia, but in a detached state. The specimen
contained 8 well-formed eggs in the oviduct ; they measure 1-5 mm.
in diameter, perfect globes. The penis (Plate CLXV. fig. 6)
has an elongate simple sheath, with a very small flagellum, close
to the vas deferens attachment at the distal end. The spermatheca
(fig. 6 a) was elongate with a bulbous end ; the penis is thus similar
to that of O. lonrjispira of Sikhim, and it may ultimately be found
that all the elongate turreted Glessul(p. will have this type of male
organ distinguishing them from that of G. ochracea, &c. The
formula of the radula is :

20 . 7 . 1 . 7 . 20 or 27 . 1 . 27.

The centre tooth has a long narrow plate with a small cusp at the
base ; the admedian are of the same shape as in G. longispira ; the
marginals are very numerous, becoming very minute on the outer
edge. There are no intermediate teeth ; the admedian merge into
the marginals.

Glessula stjbhastttla, n. sp. (Plate CLXI. fig. 18; Plate
CLXIII. fig. 15, apex.)

Locality. Nongsingriang, North Khasi Hills ; No. 3551 B.M.
T3'pe (Godwin- Austnit').

Shell elongately ■conoid ; sculpture irregular, fine close, very well-
defined transverse stiiation (not so regular as in G. hastula) ;
colour dark oehraceous ; spire long attenuate (less so than hastula),
apex fine (larger than in hastula) ; suture impressed ; whorls 7^,
sides flatly convex ; aperture very narrow, vertical ; peristome
thin ; columellar margin nearly straight.

Size: Type. Maj. diam. 3-25; length 9'0 mm. apex.
N. Khasi sp. (3546' b!m.) „ 3-5 „ 10-75 „

largest (3557 B.M.) „ 3-50 „ 12-0 „

I first found this species (No. 3549 B.M., enlarged apex,
PI. CLXIII. fig. 14), which I then took to be hastula of Benson, in
the deep valley to the east of Cherra Poonjoe the first summer I
passed there. Two specimens were returned to me by Mr. Sylvanus
Hanley, in whose hands I placed a number of species of Glessula
when he was working on the ' Conohologia Indica' — this No. 3546'
(PI. CLXI. fig. 19) was returned to me with a note in pencil
" allied to sublvsiforiiiis, W. BIf ." A single specimen of suLhastula
was also found in the Dunsiri Valley below SMmagutiiig.

I have received a specimen from Mr. S. W. Kemp found at Tura,
Garo Hills.

Glessula sfbrastula, G.-A., var. type (Plate CLXI. fig. 19.)

Locality. North Khasi ; No. 3546 (Oodwin-Austen).

Shell elongately conoid ; sculpture regular, quite strong striation ;
colour rich umber-brown : spire long, sides Hattened, apex blunt
rounded; suture impressed; whorls 7|, sides flattened ; aperture
rather narrow ; peristome slightly thickened ; columellar margin
nearly vertical, not truncated.

88 LAND AND l''UKSH WATER

Size: maj. diam. 3-0; alt. axis 10'4 mm.

This is mucli stouter and with a much bluntor apes than typical
suhhasiuja, with the aperture not so narrow ; 9 specimens were
found on Hinriutinoh Peak. North Cachar Hills.

No. 2026 B.M., apex enlarged (PL CLXIll. fig. 12).

No. 3557, North Khasi, apex enlarged (Pi. CLXIII. fig. 11).

Glessula illtjsteis, G.-A. 3076 B.M. type.

Journ.Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. sliv. 2, 1875, p. 3. (Plate i. fig. •").)

Figured in ' Conchologia Indica,' 1875, pi. cii. fig. 9.

Nevill, ' Hand-list,' i. 1878, ]>. 170, 7 sp., Heugdan.

Original deserijAion : — " Shell elongately oval, greenish hornv,
finely striated longitudinally; whorls 7, very slightly rounded;
suture moderately impressed ; the li|> thickened ; columellar margin
slightly curved and strong: apex blunt."

" Length 0-75; maj. diam. 0-3; length of aperture 0-3 in.

I]<ih. Henglan Peak, North (!achar Hills, at 6843 feet, in forest,
also near Nenglo, at 6000 feet, and in the Lukah Valley, Jainlia
Hills, at 1000 feet.

" This species is an elongate and larger form of Glessuhi crassl-
lnhris, Bs., of which G. pjiramis is a closer variety; but its much
more elongate form and stronger striation make it a good connect-
ing species with G. butleri, described further on. The form from
the Ijukah Valley is a tumid departure from the type figured
(var. tiimida, G-A.).

" One specimen — alt. 0'75 ; m:ij. diam. 0-38 in.
Another „ ,, 0-65 „ 0-35 ,,

" I look on all these species as proper varieties, and G. crassi-
lahru, very abundant in all the grass country of the Khasi Hills,
may be taken as the type; a difference in elevation and condition
of habitat, from damp dark forest to hot grassy slopes, having
produced modifications of form."

Amended description.

Glesstjla iiLusTRis, G.-A. Type. Xo. 3076 B.M. (Plate CLX.
fig. 12.)

Locality, Hengdan Peak, North Cachar Hills {Godwin-Austen).

Shell elongately oval, rather solid, smooth; sculpture: distant,
fine irregular striie, fine on the apical whorls ; colour deep olivaceous,
with an ochre tint : spire high, sides flatly convex, apex blunt; suture
moderately impressed ; whorls 7, very flath' convex, rather tumid;
a])erture rather narrowly oval, vertical: peristome thickened, but not
so strongly as in G. crassihihris ; columellar margin slraightly curved.

Size: maj. diam. 8'0 ; length 19-2 mm.

The last whorl up to the suture is ample : it measures from the
base of the columella in front to the suture 11-50 mm., jiroportion
in terms of 100 is 100 : 60. The range on which it was found
was covered for miles with magnificent forest.

JtOLLUSCV OF INDIA.

39

Glessula illustris, G.-A.

I have looked at the type after reading Pilsbry's remarks on
this species (Man. Couch, ser. 2, xx. 1909, p. 95, pi. ii. figs. 13-16).
The vertical striation and grooving is irregular, but this is generally
the case in the genus ; on the apical whorls it is more regular.
There is certainly fine spiral striation, hut it is indistinct and not
to be seen in some specimens ; the suture is also not always
crenulate. The striation on the embryonic whorls is very similar
to that in crassilnhris. The examples from the Luka Valley in the
Jaintia Hills (3078 B.M.) may be very well considered a var.
tumida.

Beddome erroneously considered it the same as G. facula of
Southern India.

Glbssula illfstris, var. tumida, G.-A. (Plate CLX. fig. 13.)

Locality. Lukah Valley, Jaintia Hills. No. 3078 B.M. (Ood-
win-Austeii).

Shell ovate : sculpture : regular, incised striation, somewhat
distant ; colour strong ochraceous with slight olivaceous tint ;
spire moderately high, conic, sides flatly convex ; suture rather
shallow; whorls 7i, the last tumid, sides slightly convex; aperture
widely oval, vertical ; peristome slightly thickened ; columellar
margin rather short, subvertical.

Size: maj. diam. 13-75; length 16-2 mm.; length to body
whorl 100 : 62.

Glessula crassilabris, Bs. 3435 B.M. (Plate CLX. fig. 17.)

Locality. Teria Ghat {Oodw'm- Austen).

Shell couically turreted, glassy ; sculpture : distant, strong,
transverse striiE, very irregular as regards distribution and relief,
near suture, very fine ; colour bright ochraceous with a green
tint ; spire fine and pointed, sides flatly convex ; suture well
impressed; whorls 7', with considerable convexity; aperture ovate;
peristome outer margin well thickened ; columellar margin concave.

Size : (Sp. figured) maj. diam. 6-0 ; alt. axis 13'4 mm.
The largest „ ,, 7'2 ; „ 14-75 ,,

Note from Field Book. — Animal with tentacles black throughout,
body short, under side of foot pale yellow. The largest specimens
were obtained in North Khasi, near Simleng on the Lubah Kiver,
in the high grass of old jooms, i. e. the clearings of virgin forest,
first cut down, then burnt and cultivated.

This species has locally an extended range, compared with other
species, and it varies much in size, form, and colour. It is a very
common species at Teria Ghat, the original locality, and I found
it iu the following places, specimens from which are figured.

No. 3552. From North Khasi.

One verj' large specimen figured 16 x S'25 mm. (Plate
CLX. tig. 14.)

40

LAND AND FEKSHWATER

3435 B.il. Teria Ghat. Typical locality. (Plate CLXIV.
fig. 16, apex.)

Specimen fin;ured 13 x 0-25 mm., apex ver}' fine, ochraceous.
(Plate CLX. fig. 17.)

452 B.M. Shengorh Peak, Dafla Hills.

crassilabris, var. : the sculi)ture differs from that of tyjiical

shells in being much closer.
Specimen figured 13-50 x 625 ram.: four obtained, all of a
pale chrysophase green tinl. (Plate CLX. fig. 1!).)
3553 B.M. Jaintia.

Largest specimen fitrured 14-5 x 6-20 mm., strong ochraceous,
sculpture distant striatiou. (Plate CLX. tig. 18.)
3390 B.M. Garo Hills.

Specimen figured 9 x 4-50 mm., very .small, ovately turrotfd,
dark umber-brown with a green tinge. iPlate CLX.
fig. 20.)

From other localities I have: —
3372 B.M. Garo Hills.

Largest specimen 14-20 x 7'0 mm., dark ochraceous.

842S B.M. Xorth Caehar.

Largest 13-25 x 6-0 ram., ochraceous with slight green tint.

3388 B.M. Gowhathi, Assam.

10'-!0 X 5'0 mm., ochraceous with slight greenish tint.

3569 B.M. Naga Hills, under Laisom Peak.

15-0 X 6-75 mm., apex blunt, more elongate tlian tvpe,
greenish ochre ; 7 whorls.

452 B.M. Dafla Hills, Shengor Peak. (Plate CLXIV. fig. 17,
apex.)^

Very fine spiral strioe on the apical whorl (not shown iu fig.).

453 B.M. Dafla Hills, in the Burroi Gorge.

10-50 X 4-80 mm., dark umber, with green tinge decidedly
olivaceous, more elongate, very distinct spiral strite on the
apical whorl.

913 B.M. Khasi.

10-25 X 50 mm., 7 whorls, ochraceous, apex rather blunt.

Blanford writes (J. A. S. B. 1865, p. 95): " A small variety of
A. erassilahris, Bs., occurs in Arakan, and another form perhaps
distinct, but closely allied, was found in tlie Shan Hills near Ava."

Specimens of the first I found unnamed in Henry Blanford's
collection collected by Mr. Raban of the Indian Civil Service. I
consider thera distinct and have named them G. rahani. Those
from the Shan Hills have come to light in Wm. Blanford's
collection (No. 261-06.2.2), five specimens. They are undoubtedly
distinct, and I have named the species O. feddeni after Mr.
Fedden of the Geological Survey of India, who collected largely in
that pai't of Burma.

M0LLTJ8CA OF INDIA. 41

Glessdla CRA.ssiLAi!Eis, Bs., var. NANA.. (Plate CLXII. fig. 23.)
No. 1609 E.M.

Locality. North Khasi (2 specimens) (Godtoin-Austen).

Sbell oblong turreted, smooth and shin}' ; sculpture: a few
incised lines; colour ochraceous with a green tinge; spire elongate,
sides convex, apex blunt; suture impressed; whorls 7, slightly
convex ; aperture narrowl}' ovate ; peristome outer lip thickened
slightly ; columellar margin short, truncated, rather straight.

Size: niaj. diam. ;5'8 ; length 8 mm.

This shell, evidently fully grown, has much the form of O. crassi-
lahris, and the sculpture is of similar character, but it is so very
much smaller. There being only two specimens it is better to
consider them a dwarf variety than to give a specific title. A
single s])eoimen was also found in the Jatinga Valley, N. Cachar
(No. 3412 B.M.), another on Koliaghur Hill' on the L.B. of the
Brahmaputra (No. 35(J7 B.il.), while yet another from the Duusiri
Valley, also at a low elevation (No. 3392 B.M.).

Glessttla ptramis, Bs. (Plate CLX. fig. 24 ; Plate CLXIV.
fig. 23, apex.)

Locality. Teria Ghat. 3550 G.-A. coll. {Godwiii-Aiisten).

Achatlna pyramis, Bs.

Original description : — " Testa ohlongo-turrita, soUduda, Icevigata,
sfriatula, nilida. luteo-corneo ; spira turrita, lateribus coiivexiiisculis,
apice ohtusiuscido, sutura impressa ; anfractibiis 8, conve.rivsculis,
ultimo ^ testce ce.quante, aniice obsolete plicato ; apertura subverticall,
elliptico-semiovali, columella arcuata, callosa, basi oblique iruncata,
peristomate recto obtuso, inttts albido-Ia'iiato.

" Long. 15, diam. 6 mill. ; apert. 5 mill, longa, 2i lata.

" Habitat ad Teria Ghat ilontium Khasi. Detesit W. Theobald.

" Allied to the smaller Ach. crassula, B., from Darjiling, but
distinguished from it by its colour, smootlier sculpture, more convex
and numerous whorls, by the characters of the peristome, and by
the convex and not planate sides of the spire.

"A large variety of Ach. crassida, collected by Mr. W. T. Blan-
ford near Darjiling, is 12 mill, in length by 5| in breadth, aud,
like the type, possesses only seven whorls."

E. pi/ramis is very smooth and glassj-. The largest specimen
from Tiria Ghat figured measures 14-5 x 5-75, slightly smaller than
the specimen described by Benson.

In the Beddome collection I found a single specimen (No. 747)
named pyramis by Colonel Beddome ; he does not refer to it in his
notes on the genus, al. hough its habitat is Ponsee. It measures
17 X 6-8 mm.

This is no doubt the Glessula pyramis, var. major, of Geoffrey
Nevill, 6 sp., Ponsee coll. Dr. J. Anderson, vide ' Hand-list,' i.
p. 163. In the copy which he gave to me, Xevill has written

42 LAND AND FRESHWATER

" var. major, Nevill, 20 x 8 mm. arifr. 9." Besides its mucli
larger size, it differs in many respects from typical pijramis in the
general sliapo of the spire, the convexity of the whorls, and the
form of the colnmellar margin, which is more curved and stronger
than in piji-amis, and I therefore name it G. poimiensis. Since
writing the above 1 have received from the Indian Muscnm the
specimeMs wliich Nevill dealt with, and have compared them
with typical specimens of G. pi/r<nni.i from Teria Ghat, and drawn
the apex of both. There is no doubt the Ponsi shell is quite distinct,
and has no connection with pi/ramis whatever.

Description of the living animal made in my Field Book of one
taken at Teria (ihat is " U'^o'' long, almost colourless, the eye-
tentacles only dark coloured, a black line extending from the base
of each along the upper side of the neck (this, of course, is the
line of the retractor muscle), foot short."

Glbssula hanleyi, n. sp. No. 3547 B.if. (Plate CLXII.
fig. 1(5.)

Locnlitij. North Khasi. Type (Godwin-Austen).

Shell elongate ; sculpture : few and distatit extrerael)- fine stria; ;
colour pale oehraceous ; spire high, sides with slight convexity,
apex blunt ; suture well impressed : whorls 8, side flatly convex ;
aperture narrow ; peristome outer lip thickened ; columellar margin
vertical, strong, sinuate.

Size : maj. diam. 4' 75 ; length 12 mm.

This shell was seen by Mr. Sylvanus Hanley, after whom I
name it ; he returned it to me undetermined. It is a single shell,
but having a history I am constrained to distinguish it, as I cannot
find anything like it. I at first placed it with G. baralensis.

Glessula solida, n. sp. No. 3548. B.M. (Plate CLXII. fig. 8.)

Locality. North Khasi Hills and valley east of Cherra Poonjce
(Godwin- Austen).

Shell oblong conoid, short, solid ; sculpture : distant, irregular,
fine striation ; colour oehraceous ; spire elongately conoid, sides
convex ; suture well im])rcssed ; whorls G, sides convex ; aperture
ovate, vertical ; peristome outer lip very thickened ; columellar
margin short, convex, well truncated.

Size : maj. diam. 4-0 : length 8'0 ram.

On finding this shell I considered it to be the same as Benson's
orohia, of Darjiling, but it was not at the time compared with
typical specimens. I find now it is very much smaller, very
ditterent in its shape and proportions, the side of the spire being
much more convex than in the Darjiling shells, with which 1 have
compared it, in the Hy. Blanford collection (No. 17. O.iii.lo B.il.).
(Plate CLXII. fig. 6.)

MOI.LrSCA OF INDIA. 43

Jadukamia, siibgeii. nov.

Shell small, short, solid, regularly ribbed, almost costulate ;
spire elongately conoid: apex bluntly pyramidal, very rounded;
columollar margin short, concave, and abruptly truncate.

Glesstjla (Jadukamia) abnormis, n. sp. (Plate CLX. fig. 22.)
No. 1034, 06. 1-1.

Locality. Khasi Hills {Godwin-Awtten).

Shell ovate ; sculpture : close, regular, strong ribbing, almost
costulate ; colour ochraceous, shiny ; spire elongately conoid, apes
bluntly pyramidal : suture well impressed ; whorls 4, sides flat,
the first large ; aperture ovate, not fully developed ; columellar
margin vertical.

Size: maj. diam. 4'0 ; alt. axis 7'10 mm.

This shell, together with two specimens of O. crasdlahris, was
sent bv me to Wm. Blanford many years ago, as recorded in his
catalogue ; its peculiar form was not noticed. I then put it on one
side under the impression it was an accidental variety of some
species. When going through the collection of Olessulce collected
by me in the Dafla Hills, Assam, I came on another specimen
among some found on the Shengorh Peak, almost identical with
the Khasi Hill shell. When one considers the enormous areas — in
Assam, for instance — asyetunvisited by a conchologist, and compares
them with the small scattered sj)ots, miles apart, where often only a
hurried search was possible, on one day in the year, there must
be many a species 3-et to be discovered. More extensive diligent
search in both the Khasi and Dafla Hills would lead, doubtless,
to more specimens of this curious shell being found.

Glessula (Jadukamia) adnokmis, n. sp. (Plate CLX. fig. 23.)

Locnlity. Shengorh Peak, Dafla Hills. No. 3370 {Godwin- Austen).

Shell elongately ovate ; sculpture fine, very regular raised
ribbing ; colour pale ochraceous ; whorls 4, the first very ample ;
aperture ovate ; columellar margin nearly vertical.

Size: maj. diam. 4-0; alt. axis 7"20 mm.

This Glessula is so distinct in shell character from all as yet
known that I am induced to put it in a new subgenus, which I
describe above.

44

LAND AND FRESHWATER

6. North Cacliar, Nar/a Ih

Glessula burrailensis, G.-A.
hurrailensis, var.
biirraliensis, var.
burrailensi$, var. maxwelli.
butleri, G-.-A.
illustris, G.-A.
iUuslris, Tar. tiimida, G.-A.
stramencolor, n. ep.

mzinipurensis, n. sp.

impkalensis, n. sp.
Of/Zei, n. sp.
prowiensis, n. sp.
kehetata., n. sp.
barakensis, n. sp.
Ir/kupaensis, n. sp.
kohimacnsis, n, sp.
skirohiensis, n. sp.
(hotaensis, n. sp.

mastersi, n. sp. Type.

• mastersi, Tar.
macera, G.-A.

?7s, f/«'^? Manipur.

PI. CLX. fig.-i. 1, 2.

PI. CLX. fig. 4.

PI. CLX. fig. 3.

PI. CLX. figs, .'•i, 6.

PI. CLX. fig. 9.

PI. CL.X. lig. 12.

PI. CLX. fig. 18.

PI. CLIX. fig. 12.
I PI. CLIX. fig. 10.
1 PI. CLXIIL figs. 13, 13 a.

PI. CLXII. fig. 24.

PI. CLXII. fig. 10.

PI. CLXII. fig. 13.

PI. CLXII. fig. 26.

PI. CLXII. figs. 12, 17.

PI. CLXI. fig. 23.

PL CLXI. fig. 24.

PI. CLXI. fig. 21, 22.

PI. CLXI. fig. 2b.
fPl. CLXII. fig. 1.
IPI. CLXIIL figs. 20, 22.
PI. CLXII. fig. 3.

Glessula (Rishetia) burrailensis, G.-A. (PlateCLX. figs. 1, 2.)
Type. No. 1722 E.ll.

J. A. S. Bengal, xliv. 1875, p. 3, pi. i. fig. 6.

Locality. Khuuho Peak, Xaga Hills, Trigonometrical Station
( Godvnn-A usteti).

Oriijinal Descrii>tion : — " Shell turreted, elongate, solid, in fresh
state brown and lustrous, finely longitudinally striated ; whorls 10,
rather flat, suture .shallow, apex blunt ; aperture subvertical, fusi-
form, angular above ; peristome very thick, paler brown on margin ;
columella strong.

Alt. 1'37 ; major diam. 0-4 in.

The finest specimens were collected under the Peak of Xhunho,
Eastern BurraU Bange ; they were also abundant under Japvo at
about 7000 feet.

Size (Type, the largest): major diam. 9'5; length 33"8 mm-
iOO : 44, spire to last whorl.

This beautiful species is found in the old damp and shady
prima; vai forest.

Glessula (RisHETii) burrailensis, G.-A., var. (Plate CLX.
fig. 4.) No. 1585 B.M.

Locality. Kopamedza Peak, 8375 ft., Naga Hills, Trigonometrical
Station {^G-odwia-Austen).

MOI.LUSCA OF INDIA. 45

Sholl rather more tumid in form ; colour ochraceous, with a
strong; green tint ; whorls 8 ; columellar margin nearly straight,
compared with type.

Size (specimen figured) : major diam. 9-25 ; length 26-25 mm.
k

GiEssuLA (Rishetia) bueeailensis, G.-A., var. (Plate CLX.
fig. 3.) No. 1586 B.M.

Locality. Japvo Peak, Naga Hills, at 8-9000 feet {Godwin-
Auxtcii).

Shell much more slender in form ; apex blunt, shining ; sculpture
well marked, regular striation, extending to the apex ; colour
strong ochraceous, with a greenish tint ; spire elongate, sides
flatly convex, suture impressed ; whorls 9| ; aperture ovate ;
peristome on outer margin slightly thickened ; columellar margin
slightly concave.

Si/c (specimen figured) : mnjor diam. 7'0 ; length 25'25 mm.

Plentiful in ihe forest, covering the Peak on all sides.

Glessitla (Rishetia) butleki, G.-A. No. 15S3 P.M. (Plate
CLX. fig. 9.)

J. A. S. B. xliv. ] 875, p. 4, pi. i. fig. 7.

Locality. Eastern Burrail Range {G'xlwin- Austen).

Original description : — " Shell elongately turreted, very thin and
brittle, tumid, pale corneous, glassy, very minutely striated,
apex very blunt ; whorls 8, rather rounded, suture deep, body-
whorl much swollen and capacious ; aperture vertical, pear-
shaped, lip rather thin.

" Alt. 1'13, major diam. 0-45 in.

" Hah. Eastern Burrail Range, at 6000 feet ; not a common
form.

" I name this shell after Captain J. Butler, Political Agent
in the Naga Hills, with whom I had the fortune of being
associated when mapping that very interesting and beautiful
district."

Size : Largest specimen, major diam. 12-75 ; alt. axis 28'0 mm.
Specimen figured, ,, II-O; „ 26-25,,

Proportion of length to body-whorl, 100 : 54.

Glessula (Rishetia) buerailensis, var. maxwelli. (Plate CLX.
figs. 5, 6.) No. 1717 B.M.

Locality. Naga Hills, exact locality unknown, but East of
Kohima ( Col. H. St. P. Maxwell). Somra, Khulen Post. West of
Kyendwin or Chindwin River, Upper Burma (/'' Ede).

Shell elongately turreted ; sculpture coarse, close, irregular
ribbing (fig. 6); colour rich sienna-browu (fig. 6): spire long,
sides nearly flat ; lOU ; 47-6 ; suture shallow ; whorls 10, sides
nearly flat ; aperture narrowly oval, outer lip strong ; columellar
margin nearly straight, solid.

40 LAXD AND FRESHWATER

Size : Fig. 5. Type, major diam. 8-5 ; alt. axis 320 mm.

Largest bleached shell, „ 9-2 ; „ 35'0 ,,

This species was given to me liy Colonel Maxwell ; obtained on
one of his tours in the Naga Hills, East of the Anghami Naga
tribe.

Glesstjla (RisnETiA) siAsTKESi, n. sp. Type. (Plate CLXII.
fig. 1.)

= macera, Nev. MS. from Assam.

Locality. Golaghat, Assam ; 3 specimens found. Blf. Coll.
843.06.1.'l B.M. (J/nsfcrs). Same locality. 4U.00.3. B.M., 2 ex-
amples ; 837.00.1.1 B.M., 5 examples.

Shell elongately turreted ; sculpture distant striation ; colour
pale ochraceous ; spire long, sides flat; apex is fine, increasing
gradually (PI. CLXIII. fig. 2U ; another specimen No. S37.0<i.l.I
15.M., Blf. Coll., from same locality, PI. CLXIII. fig. 22), suture
shallow ; whorls 9, very flatly convex : proportion of spire
to last whorl 100 : 49, having a slight shoulder below the suture ;
aperture rather narrow ; columcUar margin nearly vertical.

Size : major diam. 6-5 ; length IT'o mm. Largest specimen,
apex broken, major diam. 7'0.

It. is very close to G. sarissa, Bs., but side of spire differs.

This species was found in Dr. W. T. Blanford's collection and
unnamed. It was sent to him with other shells found by
Mr. Masters in 1860, on the low spurs near the hot spring at
the Falls of the Namba Uiver, the home of that fine species
llhinstoma mastersi, figured in the ' Concbologia Indica,' 1870,
pi. V. fig. 1, without description, as Pieronjdos {S]nraculum)
mastersi, Blanford iLSS., afterwards described by ^\■m. Blanford in
Journ. Asiat. Hoc. Bengal, 1877, pt. 2, p. 313, as from hills south
of the Assam Valley not far from Golaghat. Some years later
I happened to encamp at the exact locality as given above. The
shell is hairy in fresh specimens, as stated by Blanford.

Among the Glessuke since recorded from the Indian Mu.seum,
under No. 80, Nevill, ' Hand-list,' p. 170, no. 3639, are some
12 examples of mastersi from Assam, labelled W. Blf. with the
ijaine "macera" in Nevill's handwriting. Writing to me in
August 1880, Nevill gave this name to all the sheUs catalogued
under No. 80. G. macera is a very distinct and attenuate species.

Glesstjea (Rishetia) masteesi, n. sp., var. (Plate CLXII. fig. 3.)
No. 3339 B.M.

Locality. Augaoluo Peak, 6777 ft., Naga Bills, 2 specimens
(M. Ogle).

Sculpture: the embryonic whorls (Plate CLXIL fig. 21) are
strongly costulate next the smooth apex, and regularly so to
the last whorl ; colour dark umber-brown ; whorls 9.

Size : major diam. 7-0 ; alt. axis 20-0 mm.

Agrees with the Golaghat specimens.

5 other S])0cimcus were obtained in the Naga Hills ; precise
locality not noted.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA.

47

GLEssuLi (Rishetia) macbea, G.-A. W. Blf. MS. Type. No.
3673 BM.

Localiti/. Assam, probably near Golaghat. Ex Coll. Indian
Museuin,'No. 36:J4 ( TF. T. Bhnford).

Shell elougately turreted, thin ; sculpture regular, close subdued
costulation ; colour pale ochraceuus ; spire very long, sides flat ;
apex rather blunt ; suture impressed ; whorls 12, very gradually
increasing, flatly convex, body-whorl short ; aperture small ;
columellar margin flatly carved.

Size : major diam. 5-75 ; length 20-0 mm.

Under No. 68, 'Hand-list,' p. 169, Nevill records 10 specimens
from Assam under G. pertenuis, presented by Stoliczka — a faulty
determination ; they are Q. macera, and from the same source as
No. 842.U6.1.1 coll. Blf. B.M.

GiBSsTJLA (Rishetia) siramencolob, n. sp. (Plate CLIX. fig. 12.)

Locality. Burrail Range. 6 specimens. Type. No. 1535 B.M.
( Godivhi- Austen).

Shell elougately turreted, thin, shiny ; sculpture rather coarse,
well-marked, regular transverse striation ; folour very pale ochra-
ceous, or straw-colour; spire long, side flat, apex very blunt;
suture impressed; whorls 11, sides flat; aperture small, pear-
shaped ; peristome thin, outer lip vertical ; columella cutving
downwards.

Size: major diara. 6-0 ; length 25-0 mm.

The general form and blunt apex of this species is more that of
a Bacillum than of Glessula.

Glessuia (Rishetia) imphalensis, n. sp. (Plate CLXII. fig. 24.)

Locality. Munipur. No. 3398 B.M. ( Godwin- Austen).

Shell eloMgatt'ly turreted, with glassy surface ; sculpture irre-
gular striation ; colour dull strong ochraceous ; spire elongate, apex
fine, sides very slightly convex ; suture impressed ; whorls 8, rather
flattened; aperture narrowly oval; outer lip slightly thickened;
columellar margin short, truncate, very slightly concave.

Size : Largest, major diam. 7-75 ; length 18-0 mm.
Ordinary, „ 7-50 ; „ 16-17 „

Glessula (Rishetia) munipueense, n. sp. (Plate CLIX. fig. 10.)

Locality. Munipur ; over 20 specimens collected. Type. No.
1584 B.M. {Godwin- Austen).

Shell elougately turreted, thin, shiny ; sculpture regular
striation, showing strongly below the suture as a creuulate edge ;
colour pale umbcr-brown ; spire long, sides with slight convexity ;
apex flue, blunt (Plate CLXIV. fig. 8, apex), as comjiared with
G. garoense of Cachar (Plate CLXIV. fig. 7, No. 1657 B.M.) ;
suture impressed ; whorls 11, sides flatly convex ; aperture small,

48 LAND AND FRESHWATER

subovate angular above and below ; peristome thin ; columella
with rather a sharp turn, truncate below.

Size : major diam. 20'o2 ; length 20'5 mm.

The sculpture distinguishes this species from G. garooise, small
var., in being much coarser.

O. munipurense, a. sp., var. (3366 B.M.), Di3ung Yallej-, Naga
Hills, differs very slightly from the type.

Glessula stjbhastula, var.

Locality. Munipur. 3 specimens. No. 3572 B.M. {Godwin-
Avsten).

Shell elongately conoid ; sculpture well marked, some irregular
strite; colour sienna-brown; spire high, sides somewhat flat,
apex rather blunt (Plate CLXIII. figs. 13, 13«) ; suture impressed ;
wliorls 8, sides flatly convex ; aperture narrow, almost straight
on the outer margin ; peristome a little thickened ; columellar
margin slightly convex.

Size: major diam. 3-3 ; alt. axis 10-0 mm.

Differs slightly from the Khasi Hill form in being less attenuate,
the sides of the spire being more convex above the larger body-
whorl, more particularly in the sharper apex, which is very
costulate throughout (Plate CLXIII. figs. 13, 13 a).

G. subJiastula, n. sp. (No. 1591 B.M.), Lhota Naga Hills,
four examples, similar to the type.

Glessttla oglei, n. sp. Type. (Plate CLXII. fig. 10.)

Locality. Naga Hills. No. 820 B.M. {M. T. Ogle).

Shell elongate, oblong turreted ; sculpture regular striation ;
colour bright ochraceous ; spire high, sides flatly convex ; suture
well impressed; whorls 7^, flatly convex ; aperture ovate; peristome
well thickened on outer margin; columellar margin short aud sharply
concave.

Size : major diam. 5-5 ; length l-l'D mm.

Somewhat like G. oakesi of the Abor Hills, but more slender and
attenuate, apex finer, and aperture more oval. More elongate than
G. crassilahris, aud the sculpture is not so incised as in that species
aud its varieties.

Glbssula oglei, n. sp. (Plate CLXII. fig. 11.)

Locality. Naga Hills. No. 3363 B.M. ( Godwin- Austen).

Sculpture rather coarse striation, not incised ; whorls 7.

Size: major diam. 6-5 ; alt. axis 14-25 mm.

The figure of this species is somewhat more tumid than the
type, but found with it are two quite similar; they are not to be
separated.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 49

GtEssuLA HEBETAiA, n. sp. (Plate CLXII. fig. 26.)

Locality. ^tlmnp-aT {Oodwiti- Austen). No. 3396 B.il.

Shell oblong conoid ; sculpture irregular, rather close slriation ;
colour dull ochraceous brown ; spire elongately conic, sides flatly
convex, apex blunt ; suture shallow ; whorls 6, rather flattened ;
aperture narrowly oval; peristome outer lip slightly thickened;
columellar margin short, slightly concave, terminating abruptly.

Size: maj. diam. 6-0; alt. axis 13 mm.

No. 1539 B.M. hebetata, n. sp., from the Burrail Range: larger
than type, 16-5 x 7 b.

No. 3340 B.M. hebetnta, n. sp., from the Angaoluo Peak, Naga
Ilills ; dark umber in colour.

Glessula baraeensis, n. sp. (Plate CLXII. fig. 12.)

Localitif. Munipur, south of the Barak Valley {Oodivin-Austen).
Type. No. 3355 = 3349.

Shell elongately conoid, smooth to eye ; sculpture : fine, distant,
regular, distinct striaj ; colour dull ochraceous: spire high, sides
flattened ; suture moderately impressed ; whorls 7, sides very flatly
convex, lOQ : oS ; aperture very narrowly ovate ; peristome outer
lip moderately thickened ; columellar margin very slightly concave.

Size : maj. diam. 4-75 ; length 12-0 mm.

This is a common species in Munipur. I have it from Nongmai-
ching Peak (No. 3354 B.M. Coll.), from the Lahupa Naga Hills on
the north-east (No. 821 B.M.), and from the Naga Hills, exact
l)luoe8 unknown, but somewhere on the line of the Burrail Kange.
These last (No. 3364 B.M.), are rather shorter, more tumid, and of
an umber-brown colour — 10 x 4-75 mm.

In the Beddome Collection (liritish Museum No. 753) were
originally four specimens (now three) from the Naga Hills, no
doubt received from Mr. Muspratt of the Assam Police — which
Colonel Beddome had named crasstda, Bs. : tliey agree with this
s|iecies. 6. crassida, Bs., does not extend to the Naga Hills — see
what I say under that species.

Glessula baeakensis, n. sp. (Plate CLXII. fig. 17.)

Lncality. Burrail Range, Naga Hills (Godwin-Austen). No.
3349.

Shell ovately oblong, tumid ; sculpture regular, somewhat coarse
striation, but not incised ; colour dull ochraceous : spire high, sides
flatly convex, apex very blunt and rounded ; suture very well
impressed; whorls 6, decidedly convex; aperture rather widely
oval ; peristome outer lip well thickened ; columellar margin
convex just above the truncation.

Size: Type, maj. diam. 4-7o ; length 11-0 mm.

Rather smaller than the type.

There is one specimen from Tellizo Peak, Naga Hills (No. 3344
B.M.), near the watershed of the Burrail Range.

PART I. p

50 LAND AND FRESH-WATEK

Glbsstjla KOaiMAENsis, n. sp. (Plate CLXI. fig. 24.)

Locality. Kohima, Aughami Naga Hills, twelve examples
{Godwin-Austen). Type. No. 3395 B.M.

Shell ovately oblong, slender, smooth, shiny; sculpture : sparse,
distant striae ; colour dull ochraceous with green tinge; spire high,
curving on columellar side particularly ; suture impressed; whorls 7,
fairly convex ; aperture rather narrow, vertically oval ; peristome
outer lip thickened ; columella gradually curving, truncate below.

Size : maj. diam. 375; alt. axis 9"75 mm.

Glesstjla PEOwiENsis, II. sp. (Plate CLXII. fig. 13.)

Localiii/. Prowie, Lahupa, Naga Hills, N.E. Munipur, two speci-
mens (Godwin-Austen). Type. Ko. 35G5 B.M.

Shell elongately ovate, rather solid, glassy ; sculpture : very
Blight striation, distant ; colour xjale greenish ; spire high, sides
flatly convex, apex very blunt and rounded ; suture iuipressed ;
whorls 6, sides slightly convex ; aperture narrowly ovate, vertical ;
peristome outer lip thickened ; columellar margin short, straight,
not truncate.

Size : maj. diam. 375; length 9-0 mm.

I have sis other specimens from the Burrail llange (No. 1608
B.M.). From North Khasi Hills I collected two examples of a
shell very like this (No. 3551), more ovate in form, with stronger
truncate columella 8 mm. long, and with an ochraceous tint— this
is subhastida.

It is very variab in size. Specimens from the Lahupa
Naga Hills (No. 3378 B.M.) (Sikhami), six in number, are only
7 mm. in length ; of the same size are five from Tellizo Peak
(No. 3345 B.M.). Was also found on Laisen Peak in Munipur.

No. 768 12.4.16 B.M. of the Beddorae Collection is this species
from the Naga Hills, five specimens no doubt collected by
Mr. Muspratt. These were labelled by Colonel Beddome G. orobia ;
placed in the box is a label in Mr. Gude's handwriting "lsu6-
jerdoni," the four other specimens are prowiensis. See what I
say under G. orobia.

No. 3356 B.M. 2'fowiensis was collected south of the Barrail,
Munipur.

No. 3362 B.M. prowiensis was collected on Khunho Peak,
Naga Hills.

No. 3384 B.M. proiuiensis was collected at Kezameh, Naga Hills,

Glesstila shirobiensis, n. sp. (Plate CLXI. fig. 22.)

Locality. Shiroifurar Trigonometrical Station, Lahupa Naga
Hills {Godwin-Austen). Type. No. 3571 B.M.

Shell elongately conoid, rather solid ; sculpture regular, fairly
strong striation ; colour ash-brown, paler on apex ; spire elongate,

JIOLI,USCA OF INDIA. 51

sides nearly flat, apex ver^y blunt; suture impressed; whorls 6.],
flatly convex; aperture narrowly oval, vertical, milky-white
inside; peristome thickened; columellar margin nearly vertical.

Size : Types maj. diam. 3-0 ; length 8-0 mm.

of larger bleached specimen, „ 3-25 ; ,, 9'0 ,,

Glessula LHOTiENSE, n. sp. (Plate CLXI. fig. 25.)

Locality. Lhofca Naga. Small, elongate {Godwin- A usieii). No.
1590 B.M.

Shell elongately turreted ; sculpture: distant irregular striation,
with broad smooth intervals; colour pale ochraceous ; spire high,
apex blunt; suture well impressed; whorls 7|, sides flattened,
proportion of length to body-whorl 100: 49; aperture narrowly
elliptical; peristome thin; columellar margin perpendicular, nearly
straight.

Size : maj. diam. 3'8 ; alt. axis 10'25 mm.

Glessula lahupaense, n. sp. (Plate CLXI. fig. 23.)

LocalUij. Phunggam, Lahupa Naga Hills (Godwin-Austen).
Type. No. 3381 B.M.

Shell elongately turreted ; sculpture regular, rather distant striae;
colour pale umber-brown ; spire high, subulate, apex rounded, large,
blunt ; suture impressed ; whorls 6, sides somewhat flattened,
proportion 100 : 46 ; aperture oval, well rounded below, vertical ;
peristome outer lip thickened ; columellar margin nearly perpen-
dicular, with very slight curvature.

Size: maj. diam. 3'25 ; alt. axis 9'25 mm.

7. Arcikan and Chittar/on/j.

Glessula fonim, d. sp. PI. CLXI. fig. 15.

rubani, n. sp. PI. CLX. fig. 21.

Glesspla eoeuji ♦, n. sp., is naja, G.-A., Blf. MS., not naja of
Pilsbury from Assam, which is subhebes, G.-A. (Plate CLXI.
fig. 15.)

Loccdity. Hathagori, north of Chittagong. Ex Hy. Blf. Coll.,
six specimens {H. C. B. C. Raban). Xo. 14.9.3.15.

Shell elongate ; sculpture : surface smooth, rather weak distant
striation ; colour ruddy ochraceous ; spire long, sides slightly
convex, tapering gradually to apex, then sharply at the 3 apical
whorls; suture shallow; whorls 10, very slightly convex, pro-
portion of spire to last whorl 56-2: 100; apertm-e widely oval;
columellar margin, with slight convexity.

Size : maj. diam. V'-o ; length 22-25 mm.

* From the name of tbe place it caiue from, which meaus the " market
village."

E 2

52 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Approaohps O. tenuispirci, Bs., which haa been recorded from
S3-lhet (probably the typical locality), from Pegu, Akouktouiig, and
farther south. This is a species which would have been likely by
some of the early collectors to be considered ienuispira, but it does
not agree either with Teria Ghat examples I have, nor with Gless.
mastersi from Assam.

Glessula eabani, n. sp. (Plate CLX. fig. 21.)

Localiti/. Chittagong. Ex Coll. Henry F. Blanford (H. Raban).
No. 6.9.3.15.

Shell ovately conical, turreted ; sculpture : coarse distant striation
partly incised ; colour rich sienna-brown; spire conic, sides slightly
convex, apex blunt ; suture impressed ; whorls 7, sides flatly
convex ; aperture narrowly oval ; peristome thiekeued ou outer
lip : columellar margin short, convex, thickened, truncate.

Size : maj. diam. 5-0 ; length 10-25 mm.

This is very close to G. crassilabris, but the spire is not so high,
the aperture is narrower, and the coloration different from any
sjiecimons I have seen from the Khasi Hill Pianges. I name it
after Mr. H. C. B. C. Eaban, of the Indian Civil Service, who
collected assiduously in the districts in which he served.

8. Burmese.

Glessula pertenms, W. Blf. PI. CLXI. figs. 1, 2.

, . . ( PI. CLXI. fig. 3

basseuiensis, n. sp. | pj CLXIV. fig. 10.

Iiathiana, n. sp.

a kouJdunngensis, n. sp.

Uanfordiana, Nmll. PI. CLXIV. fig. 21.

peguensis, W. Blf. PI. CLXII. figs. 20, 21.

poHsiensis, n. sp. PI. CLXIV. figs. 19, 20.

8 a. Te7\asserim.
Glessula limborgi, n. sp. PI. CLXI. fig. 5.

Glessitla PERTENTJis, W. Blf. (Plate CLXIV. fig. 11, apex;
Plate CLXI. figs. 1, 2.)

Locality. Tongoop, Arakan ; and Henzada. Xo. 239.06.2.2.
(W. T. Blanford).

Original descri];>tion : — " A. lyertenuis, n. sp. Shell very slender,
turreted, thin, light homy, polished, closely, minutely, and rather
irregularly striated. Spire subulate, somewhat acuminate towards
the blunt apex ; suture impressed, subcrenula.te. 'Whorls 11-12,
convex, the last about 1/5 the length of the spire. Aperture
oblique, ovately pyriform, peristome tbiu margins united by a thin
callus, columella moderately curved, obliquely truncated.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA.

53

millim. inch.

" Length 20 0-8.

Diameter 4^ 0-18.

Length of aperture 4 0"16.

" Habitat. Tongoop, Arakan.

" Var. major, leugth 264 mm. ; diameter 6 ; length of aperture 6.
Of another specimen ; length 23 mm. ; diameter 5ij ; length of
ajjerturo 5\.

" Habitat. Pyema Khyoung, Bassein District, Pegu.

" A much more slender species than A. teimispira, Bens, (a
variety of which also abounds in parts of Pegu), though there are
signs of a passage. The present appears to replace A. tenuispira
in Arakan and I3assein. Mr. Benson, to whom I sent a specimen,
observes that it is intermediate between A. tenidspira and
A. hastula, Bens."

No. 239.06.2.2 of the Blanford colled ion is represented by seven
examples of this species, with this pencil note by Blanford, "very
like tenuispira," from two localities, Tongoop, in Arakan, and
Henzada on the Irrawady, the respective locality was not indi-
cated ; but they are all alike, two are of the same length as given
in the description — viz., 20 mm., white. The largest specimen now
figured is 22-25 x 5 mm.

Fortunately I have from Henry Blanford's Collection (No.
20.9.3.15) two specimens from Henzada, one of which I figure ; it is
22-0 mm. long x 5 in major diameter, which settles the matter of
habitat. They no doubt were given him by his brother.

Under G.perteuuis, var. major, William Blanford gives the dimen-
sions of a larger form from the Bassein District, which is farther to
the south. Three examples from this locality are in the Henry Blan-
ford collection ; they do not agree with j^O'temiis, the general shape
is different, the apex particularly being much blunter. It cannot be
therefore considered a variety — I name and figure it as G. bassein-
ensis (Plate CLXIV. fig. 10 for apex).

In Col. Beddome's Collection (No. 682) is a single large speci-
men, 26-75 in length x 7 mm., from Thyetmyo, named by him
G. baculina; it agrees best with G. nathiana; it has much the
general form of pertenuis, but is larger, is ash-coloured, with
rough strong striation. A hasty examination recalls so-called
tenuispira of Darjiling, but a closer shows quite a difterent increase
of the whorls, and that they are by no means so flat. It is also
milky white within the aperture, quite a distinguishing character,
■which I note is to be seen also in the typical specimen of G. per-
tenuis from Henzada. Nevill records pertenuis from Akouktoung
and Thyetmyo. This large form must be the variety of tenuispira
referred to by \Vm. Blanford as abounding in parts of Pegu, and in hi.s
"Contributions to Indian Malacology," 1865, J. A. S. B. vol. xxxiv.
p. 95, he says: "■ Achatina tenuispira, B., of small size, is common
at Akouktoung and farther south."

On the same glass slip in the Blanford Collection (No.
238.06.2.2) were gummed five specimens, labelled G. tenuispira,

54 LAND AND KRKSHWATKK

Pegu and Durjiliiig; four were ccrtairil\- from tlie latter place, but
one was cjuite a different species and smaller, and may have come
from Pegu.

Nevill gives the Garo Hills on two specimens from my collection ;
this cannot be an accurate determination, as I have nothing like
it. The ten specimens from Assam are something else.

Recently (July 1917) further material has come to hand: when
going through \Vm. Blanford's collection of duplicate shells, I came
on four pill-boxes containing Glessula from Pegu, with true locality
and named as follows : —

No. I contained AeJiatina tenuhpira from Bassein District, 14
examples; No. 2 from Akouktoung, IS examples; No. 3 Achalina
}>t'rtenuis from Tongoop, which is on the Arakan Yoma, 8 examples ;
No. 4 "intermediate between ii-iiuispira awd j)erie)miii " from Pyema
Ivhyoung, Bassein District, 2U examples. These clear up doubts
on distribution and show .so well what Blanford's views were at
the time he was describing Pegu Glessulas. No. 4 is G. Ixisseinensis,
described further on. No. 2 dift'ers from this in many respects,
due, no doubt, to its habitat on the Limestoue rocks, which the
name implies, " Akouk " being lime and "toung" a hill in
Burmese ; I remember the place well. I adopt it as the specific
name. No 1 is a well-defined species differing from the preceding,
which I name G. nnthiana. from the Burmese name " nath " for
spirits or fairies of woods and hills.

Glesstti.a basseinensis, n. sp. (Plate CLXIY. fig. 12, apes ;
Plate CLXI. fig. 3.)

Lornlitii. Bassein, Pegu, three specimens. Pyema Khyoung,
Bassein, six specimens (^ TF. T. Blanfurd). Type. No. 10.9.3.10
B.il.

Shell elongately turreted ; sculpture close, fine, regular, rallier
coarse; colour ochraceous; spire elongate, sides nearly straight,
very slightly acuminate near the blunt apex, 100: 33'7 ; suture
moderately impressed ; whorls 11, fides very fially convex ; aper-
ture narrowly ovate; columellar margin cnrved slightly.

Size: major diam. 0'25 ; alt. axis 25'0 mm.

This is the var. major o^ iiertenuis Blanford alluded to above ; it
is not so attenuate in general form, the apex is much stronger
and blunter, fewer whorls, white, longer, and the sculpture
coarser; a comparison of figure (No. 3) with those of true ienui-
s/nra from Teria Ghat and liusUda shows, better than any
description, how much it differs.

Glessttla (Rishettia) naihiana, n. sp.

Locality. Bassein District (IF. T. BJanford). Type. No.
2206 Oe.l'.l B.M.

Shell elongately turreted ; sculpture regular, fine, raised, close

etrise throughout ; colour strong, ochraceous ; spire elongate, sides

MOLLTJSCA OF INDIA, 65

nearly flat, apex very blunt; suture well impressed; whorls 11,
sides flatly convex ; aperture broadly ovate ; columellar margin
very convex.

Size : maj. diam. 7*0 ; length 22'75 mm.

This species was found among Blanford's duplicate shells, the
box marked with above locality and with the note " intermediate
between temiisj^ira and jierteiniis" ; it differs quite sufficiently from
both and from hasseinensis to be distinguished. From the last, it is
far longer at the body-whorl, which is very swollen, its sides more
convex, and the apex is much larger.

GlESSTTLA AKOTTKTOiniirOENSIS, n. sp.

Locality. Akouktoung on Irawady, Pegu {W. T. Blanford).
Type. No. 2207.06.1.1 B.il.

Shell elongately turreted ; sculpture scarcely any, just a trace
near apex below the suture; colour umber-brown; spire long, sides
flat, apex blunt ; suture impressed ; whorls 10, sides flatly convex ;
aperture ovate.

Size : maj. diam. 6-75 ; length 20*5 mm.

This species occurred among the duplicates in the Blanford
Collection. Compared with G. hasseinensis, it differs in sculpture,
in colour, and the last whorl is more tumid in proportion to the
length.

Glessula peguemm, W. Blf. (Plate CLXII. figs. 20, 21.)

Locality. Pegu. No. 8.9.3.15 {Hi/. Blanford).

Original description : — " A. 2)cguensis, n. sp. Shell oblong ovate,
rather solid, dark reddish brown, horny, marked wirh distinct and
regular impressed lines. Spire convexly conical ; apex obtuse ;
suture impressed, subcrenulate. AVhorls 6i, slightly convex; -the
last ascending a little towards the mouth, and exceeding j of the
shell in length; aperture vertical, truncately semicircular ; peri-
stome obtuse, slightly thickened; margins joined by a callus;
columella very much curved, projecting forwards at the base, sub-
vertically truncated within the peristome.

milliin, inch.

" Length 7 0-28.

Diameter 'd^ 0-14.

Length of aperture 2| O'll.

"Habitat. Irawady Valley, Pegu: common.
" A pretty little sjiecies, darker in colour than anv of its allies,
except perhaps A. gemma, Bens., and easily distinguished from all,
by the columella being more arcuate, also by its more acuminate
spire and blunter apex, and its much stronger sculpture."

I give two figures of this shell, from authentic specimens in
Hy. Blanford's Collection, as there is some variation in form.

56 LAND AND FRESHWATER

In the Blaiiford Collection (No. 262.06.2.2) are three specimens
from Arakan, near ToDgoop, much larger than the type described,
being 10x4b mm., but they do not difler in any other respect,
and may be considered a large variety.

Glessula poNsiEiN'Bis, n. sp. (I'late CLXIV. fig. 19, apex.)

Locality. Ponsee, Yunnan. Coll. Indian Museum {Dr. John
Anderson).

Shell oblong turreted, solid, smooth to eye ; apex very rounded
with flattened sides ; sculjiluro : none discernible on the two apical
whorls, slight stria; on 3rd regularly, distantly, and finely costulate
on the 4th; colour pale ochraceous ; spire tapering, apex blunt,
sides ver)- slightly convex ; suture shallow ; whorls 9, sides flatly
convex ; aperture ovate, vertical ; peristome somewhat thickened ;
columeliar margin strong, concave.

Size: maj. diam. 7"75 ; alt. axis 20'0 mm.

This is Slenoyyra (Glessula) jii/ramis, Bs., var. major, of Nevill,
' Hand-list,' i. p. 169, relerred to under G. pyramis by me. I am
fortunate in getting the type-shells for examination. I always
doubted the extension of G. pyramis so far to the eastward, when it
had never occurred in the Naga Hills or Munipur, or even Eastern
Assam.

Glessula hlanfordiana,'Sex\W: Fousee (Dr. J. Anderson). lam
able to state that this is No. 85 of Nevill's ' Hand-list,' p. 171, as
entered in Geofl'rey Nevill's amended copy in his own handwriting ;
that he did not at that time consider it had any close relationship
to G. peguensis, is shown by the two lines crossed out, and
" 6, Loc? coll. W. Theobald," Bhamao, is entered as the habitat.

The type from Ponsee, Yunnan (Plate CLXIV. fig. 20, apex),
has been sent me from Calcutta by the Director of the Zoological
Survey of India, Dr. N. Annamiale, with one other example.
This type is, I should say, abnormally thickened, particularly on the
columella and tip of the peristome. Nevill's description is excellent.

I closely compared these with the specimens also collected by
Dr. John Anderson at Bhamao (Plate CLXIV. fig. 21, apex), six in
number, and made drawings of their respective species, which show
considerable variation not amounting to specific difference.

The sculpture of the Ponsee shell is distinctly costulate, while
it is very finely so in those from Bhamao (Plate CLXIV. fig. 21,
apex), and this extends to the whole apex, as in the type (fig. 20).

As Glessula 2>«guensis has been referred to as an allied species, I
compared and figui'ed the apex, which is of very diflerent form
and sculpture (Plate CLXIV. fig. 22, apex) — the specimen selected
being one m the Wm. Blanford Collection from Tongoop, Arakau.

Glessula limboegi, n. sp. (Plate CLXI. fig. 5.)

Locality. Tenasserim (Ossian Limhorg).

Shell elongately turreted, with shining surface ; sculpture : very

MOLLUSOA OP INDIA. 57

rosular striation, less apparent on the last whorl : colour rich
umber with a green tinge ; spire elongate, sides nearly dat ; apex
somewhat attenuated, blunt ; suture shallow ; whorls 11, increasing
very gradually in size, sides flattened, the last with a sign of a keel
above the aperture ; aperture rather narrow, ovate, straight on
inner margin ; outer lip flatly convex ; coluraellar margin sharply
convex, then straight not solid, feeble truncation.

Size : maj. diam. G'5 ; alt. axis 20 mm.

This single specimen was among the shells collected by Mr. O.
Limborg in 1877, and I name it after him ; it has remained un-
described ever since. The species is of delicate form, and quite
distinct from any Glessula 1 have from Pegu.

Mr. Ossian Limborg was a particularly fine strong young mnn,
son of a Swedish minister, and a keen naturalist. He arrived in
Calcutta in the winter of 1876, and called on me one morning at
the Museum anxious to collect and ex])lore anywhere. I took him
up, and together with Lord Tweeddale, Dr. John Anderson,
Superintendent of the Indian Museum, and Mr. Wood Mason, we
fitted him out with all that was necessary and sent him to
Moulmein to collect in Tenasserim, from whence be returned in
May 1877, with an interesting lot of Birds, Mollusca, and Insects,
which he was instructed to pav particular attention to. Very much
material was obtained on the Peak of Mooleyit and its vicinity ; of
the mollusca he brought back were some very interesting and
valuable species preserved in spirits. I am sorry to say he suffered
much from malarial fever and had to return to Europe, otherwise
he was to liave been emplo} ed in some other parts of Burma.

7 a. Shan States and Slain Frontier.

Glessula Iceiitiinqensis, n. sp.

wuodtl'wrpi. n. sp. PI. CLXII. flg. 19.

yuangcnsis, n. sp. PI. OLXII. fig. 18.

feddeni, ii. sp. PI. CLXI.. fig. 15.

feddeni, var. PI. CLXII. fig. U.

ineditus, n. sp.
perletis, u. sp.

Glessula keniungensis, n. sji.

Loealilii. Mong Sing, Siam Boundary (Lt.-Col. E. WoodfJiorjie,
E.E.). type. No. 3650 B.M.

Shell elongately turreted ; sculpture : smooth, with irregular
subdued ribbiTig, showing stronger and curvilinear below the
suture, ape.^ quite smooth, faint sculpture on 2nd and 3rd whorl.* ;
colour dull ochraceous : sjiire elongate, flat-sided, apex very blunt.

58

LAND AND FRESHWATER

largp ; suture well impressed ; whorls 9, sides nearly flat ; aperture
small, ovate; cohimellar margin very convex.

Size : maj. diam. 8'0 ; length 30'25 mm.

This species was also found on the Mekong lliver, paler ia
colour, with an ashy tint. No. 3748 B.M.

Glessula woodthoepei, n. sp. (Plate CLXII. fig. 19.)

Locality. Shan States. Nine specimens (Lt.-CoI.E. Woodthorpe).
Type. No. 1628 B.M.

Shell oblong conoid, shiny, very smooth ; sculpture : distant,
rather coarse indistinct irregular strise; colour olivaceous; spire
elongately conic, apex blunt ; suture well impressed ; whorls 7,
gradually increasing, hody-whorl to length lOU : o5-6 : aperture
ovate, vertical ; peristome outer tip thickened ; columeJlar margin
slightly concave, short, strong, truncate.

Size: m,<)j. diam. 5'75 : length 13'5 mm.

This shell has a likeness to G. crassilabri.i, but the aperture is
smaller in proportion to the length ; it is not so pointed in the spire,
aud the sculpture is dilFerent.

A specimen (bleached) No. 3655, is from the Siam N.W.
boundarj-.

Glessttla peddeni, n. sp. (Plate CLXII. fig. 15.)

Localittj. fiha.n Wills (nin.BlanfordcolL). Type. No. 26 1.06.2.2.

Shell elongately conoid, tumid, very glassy ; sculpture; rather
distant striation, closer and stronger on the apical whorls ; colour
rich ochre ; sjnre conic, flatly convex, apex blunt ; suture impressed ;
whorls 7, sides convex, the last very ample; aperture oval;
peristome outer lip thickened ; columellar margin short, with
considerable convexity.

Size : maj. diam. li-7o ; alt. axis 13'2 mm.
„ „ 6-0 ; „ „ 1-1-75 mm.

This is the shell Blanford refers to as perhaps distinct from
cmssihibris, Bens., J. A. S. B. 1865, p. 95 ; it much resembles that
species, but placed side by side the points of Viiriation are readily
seen. Another single specimen (No. 41.06.3 3.) occurs in the
Blanford collection, much more slender in form, but with similar
sculpture, which I consider a variety (Plate CLXIII. fig. 14).

Glasstjla ineditcs, n. sp.

Locality. Shan Hills. Three specimens not named (TF. T. Blan-
ford collection). Type. No. 88.06.5.5.

Shell oblong turreted ; sculpture: transverse close regular raise!
striation, embryonic whorls smooth; colour: the tvpe and best
preserved rich ochraoeous on last whorl ; spire elongate, sides flat ;
suture impressed; whorls 7, regularly increasing, slightly convex;
aperture ovate, small ; peristome outer margin thickened ;
columellar margin short, terminating abruptly.

Size: maj. diam. 4'o; alt. axis 9"5 mm.

MOI.LUSCA OF INDIA.

69

This species was found quite recently (July 1919) in a pill-box
labelled " Shan Hills," to,s;ether with another very distinct species
and a Bithijnia, July 1919. It thus remained unsorted and un-
noticed for so many years, until my attention was called to the
Mollusca of the Salween Valley.

Glesstjla. peklevis, n. sp.

Locality. Shan Hills, five specimens (2 mature) {W. T. Blan-
fonl collei-tioii). Type. No. 89.06.5. (J.

Shell ovately oblong ; sculpture : smooth on last whorl, only a
trace of transverse striation on other whorls, and distant, high-
power, close, spiral striation; colour dull umber-brown; spire
short, sides flatly convex, apex rounded, very blunt; suture
impressed; whoiU 6, flatly convex, last the largest; aperture ovate
or semicircular, outer margin evenly convex, vertical ; peristome
ouler lip thickened; columellar margin short, strong, concave.

Size: maj. diam. 4-75; alt. axis 9-5 mm.

This species recalls G. pegwnsis in its shape and blunt apex,
but its colour and great smoothness distinguishes it at once. It
probably comes from the Shan States near Mandalay and was
collected by Tedden.

Glessitla tuangensis, n. sp. (Plate CLXII. fig. 18.)

Locality. Yuang Ha, Siam boundary, only one specimen {Lt.-
Col. li. Woodthorpe).

Shell oblong turreted or conoid ; sculpture : strong regular
distant striae, approaching costulation ; colour ochraceous ; spire
elongately conic, apex very blunt and rounded ; suture impressed ;
whorls 7, sides flatly convex, 100 : 47; aperture narrowly ovate;
peristome outer lip thickened ; columellar margin very slightly
convex, strongly truncate.

Size : maj. diam. 6 ; alt. axis 12'8 mm.

I was alyirst inclined to consider this a variety of woodtliorpei,
but it differs in many respects, in the proportion of the body-whorl
to the height, the strong sculpture as compared with the smoothness
and the difterence in the aperture. A single bleached shell
from the Kentung State (No. 1156 B.5I.) is near this.

Glesstjla latestkiaia, Mollendorft".
Localitif. Shan States.
This I have never seen.

60

LAND AND FRESBWATER

Glessula (Rishetia) stjndeki, n. sp. ]

Locality. Amin Gaon, Gowliathi, Assam. Only one example
{Sander Lall Hoi-a). Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Shell very elongately turretcd ; sculpture : smooth to eye, rather
distant striation in low relief, the first two embryonic whorls
smooth ; colour pale umber-brown ; spire long, very regularly
tapering, apex fine; suture well impressed; whorls 14-, sides fiatly
convex, proportion of last whorl to length, 100 : 32-o ; aperture
narrowly ovate ; peristome simple, thin ; columellar margin
concave, sharply truncate.

Size: maj. diam. 9'0 ; alt. axis Wo mm.

This is a beautiful and new species, the single specimen is in
most perfect state. Its nearest ally is G. haculina, Hy. lihuidford,
of Darjiling, compared with which it differs in its greater length
and number of whorls, 14 to lc5, and general tumidity, more
convex whorls, with suture more impressed, sculpture not so full,
side of spire not so straight and flat, last whorl larger and more
swollen.

Compared with G. suhaculina, G.-A., of the Khasi Hills and
South Jaintia, another near ally, it differs considerably as follows:
It is much longer, 14 whorls to 12, length 41 to 34-75 mm.; more
alternate with finer apex ; tapering very regularly, side of spire
quite straight : sculpture far less pronounced; columellar margin
shorter and with more convexity. Considerable interest is attached
to the finding of this Ghssula at Amin Gaon. 4(i0 yards from the
llailway Station, where Sunder Lall of the Indian lluseum,
returning from Munipur, was detained for six hours ; he made the
best of the opportunity, obtaining at the same time six specimens
of another Glessula, a variety of sarissa.

Regarding tlie range of 6r. baculiiui. it is of interest; 400 miles
east of Darjiling, at the base of the Dafla Hills, 450 feet, I found
tliat G. harmutliensis took its place ; the apcc is more obtuse and
the sculpture is very different from that of Hy. Blan ford's
species. It comes from a low elevation compared with Darjiling ;
Harmutti is some 150 miles east from Gowhathi ; 50 milts north
of that place, near Dewangiri, at the base of the Bhutan Hills,
the Datta species, or one very close to it, in all probability is'
to be found, indicative of the area and side from which G. sunderi
was derived. The intrusive granite at (iowhathi extends thence
for some distance north, exposed and rising at intervals above
the deep alluvial of the Bramaputra, which evidentl}' covers
much more, pointing to a once close connection of low liilly
country, by which land-moUusca could travel far out into the
plain of Assam. Such former connection with the Assam Kango
or the Khasi and Garo Hills is more pronounced between Gowhathi
and Dubri, trending towards the great mass of granite of Gipmochi
Peak into the Western Bhutan Hills (see also page 11).

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 61

I have not hitherto seen auy elongate Glessula {Uishetia') of the
bitcidiiia t5'pe from so low au elevation as Gowhathi (only about
iiuU feet) and so far from the base of the eastern Himalaya, all have
come from quite high habitats of 3-501)0 feet. This is not surprising
when we cousider that from Gowhathi westward up to the Garo
Hills, an area of 135 miles by 32, or over 4100 sq. miles, no land-
rnoUusca have been collected, until the high ground in the Khasi
Hills is reached, where O. sahhacvlina is abundant. Eastward it
is the same up to the Mikir Hills, a tract mostly of hill-country,
G-i miles long by 32 broad or some 2000 sq. miles. North of the
Erahinaputra, for the distance of 190 miles, another 6000 sq.
niilfs, no collecting has been made. I trust Sunder Lall will
before long be given the opportunity of collecting all along the line
of the Assam railway and visit places contiguous to it, particularly
tlie isolated low granite hills nortli of the Brahmaputra River.

Glessula bukrailensis, G.-A., var. maxwelli, G.-A.

Locality. Somra Tracts, Somra Khulen Post, Upper Burma,
8.-1.19. About L. 25° 20' N., L. 90° 45' E. No. 3742 B.M.

Shell elongate cylindro-conoid, turreted, solid, rather shining ;
sculpture : on the protocouch ribbing, approaching fine costulation,
merges into finer, more irregular, and curvilinear un the succeeding
wliorls ; just below tlie sutui'e this sculpture is stronger, giving the
appearance of crenulation ; colour a rich ochre, some are chestnut;
spire long, gradually increasing, sides with slight convexit}', apex
blunt; suture moderately impressed; whorls 10|, flatly convex,
tlie last the largest ; aperture oval, rather narrow for size, milky
white within ; peristome outer margin well thickened, white ;
columella strong, concave, truncate.

Size; maj. diam. lO'O ; alt. axis 32'75 mm.

The longest and ) „ „. „., .

most attenuate } " " ^ ^5 ; „ „ 33-5 mm.

This very interesting shell was collected by Captain L. R. Maw-
son, 1st Lushai Hills Battalion, Assam Eifles, and is a more
attenuate form of 0. hiirrailensis from the Naga Hills, this easterly
locality extending the range to the hill-slopes of the Kyengdwen
Valley.

62

LAND AKD fRESHWATER

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLIX.

Fig. 1. Giessiila {Rishetia) longispira, n. sp.

2. ( ) , n. sp.

3. ( ) ienuispira, Bs.

4. ( ) suhamtlina, n. sp.

6. ( ) hannuttiensisj n. sp.

6. ( ) rissomensis, n. sp.

7. ( ) baculiiia, H. Bll. (Type).

8. ( ) canaraense, n. sp. ?

9. ( ) suhaculina, n. sp.

10. ( ) mmiipurense, n. sp.

11. ( ) t/aroeime, n. sp., small var.

12. ( ) $trame/ico/&r, n. sp.

13. ( ) bacidma,l[l. Blf'., \nr.,ea-ilis.

14. ( ) (Type).

15. ( ) garoense, n. sp. (Type).

Eishettchu, Siklnra.

X i^.-;.

Kaslicliu, ijikbirn.

X 1-50.

Teria Gliat, Kbasi.

X „

Khasi Hills.

X „

Dulla Hills.

X „

Daiiisaug, Sikliim.

X „

Darjiliiig.

X lo.

N. C'anara.

X ll.'5.

Norl!) Khasi.

X loO.

Muuipur.

X „

Naraiiidbur, Cnebar.

X „

Naga Hills,

X „

Iiamsang, Sililjim.

X „

Rissom I'eak, SikUim.

X „

Gam Hills.

X „

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLX.

Fig. 1. Glcssula{Stshetia)burraUensis,G.-A.

(J-'ype).

2. ( ) .

5. ( ) muxwelli, n. sp. ( 1 st Type).

6. ( ) . l-'..(l T^pe).

V. ( ) dikrangeme, u. sp.

ochracea, n. sp.

hutlerl, G.-A.

maiamensis, n. sp. (Type).

, n. sp. (Type).

iUusiris, G.-A. (Type).

, var. lumida, G.-A.

crassilabris, Bs.

oakesi, n. sp.

ta.

8.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

17. crassilabris, Bs. (Typical).

18. .

20.
21.
22.
23!

24.

rabani, n. sp.

(Jadukamia) abnormis, n. sp.

pyramis, Bs.

1-50.

KhunboPk.,NagaHills. X 1-25,

Japvo Pk., ,,

KopMiiiedzaPk., „
Naga Hills.

DaflaHills.

Sikbim.

Naga Hills.

Patkai Range.

Siugpbo Hills.

Heiigdan Peak, Naga.

Jaintia.

N. Kliasi.

Abor Hills.
Braiiiakiind, E. Assam.
Teria Gbat, Kbasi.
Jaintia Hills.

Sbeugork Peak,

Bada Hills.
Garo Hills.
Cbittagong.
£hasi Hills.
Dafla Hills.
Teria Gbat, Ebasi.

X „

X „
X 3.
X „
X loO.

1-50.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXI.

Fig. 1. Glessula (Rishetia) pertenids, W. Blf,
2. - ■ ~

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Pegu.
Henzada, Pegu

) basseinensis, n. sp. Bassein, „

)pcrteimis,'W. Bll'., largevar. Tbyetmyo

-)•

-) limborgi, n. sp.

-) suhhcbes, n. sp. (Type).

Teiiasserim.
Dafla Hills.
Naga,
Assam.
Kobliagur,
near T'ezpur, Assam

X 1-5.
X „
X „
X „
X „

X 2.

X 1-5.
X „

X „

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA.

63

Fig. 10.

Glessula {RisJietia) sarissa, Bs.

Lower Bengal,

X 2.

11.

( ) neviliiana, n. sp.

Dafla Hills.

X „

12.

( ) •

.) 1)

X „

13.

( ) •

X 2-5.

14.

( ) masters^, n. sp.

„ „

X 2.

15.

( ) forum, n. sp.

Cbittagong.

X 1-5,

l(i.

( ) hastula, Bs.

Darjiling.

X 2.

17.

( ) (Typical).

,,

X ,,

18.

( ) siMtastuLa, n. sp. (Type).

North Khasi.

X „

19.

( ) , Tar. (Typej.

., „

X „

20.

( ) , „ . „

Muniptir.

X „

21.

( — — ) shiroiensis, ii. sp.

,,

X „

22.

( ). n. sp.

,,

X „

2.3.'

( ) lahiipaensis, n. sp.

,,

X „

21.

( ) kohimaensis, n. sp.

Naga Hills.

X „

2.5.

( ) Ihotaensis, n. sp.

Lhota, Naga Hills.

X „

2fi.

gemma. Bo.

Khoostia, Bengal.

X „

27.

(sub-genus?) J „

Bengal (authentic).

X „

28.

„

Chandanagur.

X „

29.

„ Tar.

Cbittagong.

X „

Fig. 1.
o

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXII.

Gkssula [Eisheiia) mastersi,-a. sp, (Type). Assam.

( )siibhebes,Gr.-A.(ja.r.tumida). Golaghat, Naga.

( -) , „ Naga.

( ) aboreiisis, G.-A. Abor Hills.

orobia, Bs. Darjiling.

(Type).

(var. major), Eichila Pk., Sikhim.

solida, n. sp. North Khasi.

crassula, Bs., Tar. Sikbim.

oglei, n. sp. Naga Hills.

■ bara/ceiisis, n. sp.

- prowiensis, n. sp.
-feddeni, n. sp., var.

haiileyi, ti. sp.

- barakensis, u. sp.

- yuangensis, n. ep.

- woodtkorpei, n. sp.

- peguensis, W. Bit'.

- crassilabris, Bs. (Tar. nana).

- rar/uensts, n. ep.

- imphcdensis, n. sp.

- crassula, Rt6. (Type).

- hebitata, n. sp.

Muuipur (Type).

Shan States.

North Khasi.
Naga.
Shan States.

Tliyotmyo, Pegu.

North Khasi.
Sikbim.
Muni pur.
Darjiling.
Muuipur.

X 1-50.

X „

X „

X „

X 2.

X „
X
X

X

X
X
X
X
X

X „

X 2.

X „

X 15.

X „

X 2.

X „

X 2.

X 1-5.

X „

X 2.

X 1-5.

1-5.

1-50.

1-50.
1-50

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXIII.
(Enlargements of original Drawings.)

Fig. 1. Glessula botellus, Bs. Nilgbiris.

2. oakesi, G.-A. (Type). Abor Hills.

3. — ; — botellus, Bs., of i'reston. „ ,,

4. prowiensis, n. sp, {orobia, Becldome).Naga Hills.

0. subjerdoniJieAdi.iy&r. minor, sub- Jeypur.

Jerdoiii ofNeTill).

6. . TinnoTelly Hills.

7. , Golcontla.

X
X
X
X
X

X
X

12-5.

64

LAND AND FRESHWATER

Fig. 8.

Glessula orohia, Bs.

Darjiling.

X 12-5.

9.

{Risheiia) hastu/a, Bs.

„

X „

9 a.

, ( ) (apex more enlarged)

M

X 24.

10.

( ) roherti, n. sp.

Richila, Sikliira.

X „

n.

( ) subhastiila, a. sp.

Korth Khasi.

X 12-5.

12.

( ) (var.).

North Cachar.

X „

12a.

,, ,,

X 24.

13.

( ) subhastiila, var.

Munipur.

X 12 S.

13a.

( ) •

„

X 24.

14.

subkastula, n. sp.

CherraPoonjee, Khasi

. X „

15.

(Type).

North Khasi.

X 24.

10.

{Sishetia) sarissa, Bs. (var.).

Burroi Gorge, Dafia.

X 12-.5.

17.

( ) (far-)-

Goyvliathi.

X „

18.

( ) (Typical).

Jessore.

X „

19.

• ( ) (var.).

Koliagliur, Tezpur,
Assam.

X „

20.

( ) mastersi, n. sp. (Type).

Golaghat, Assam.

X „

•-'I.

( ) (var.).

Augaolno Pk., Naga.

X „

-2

( ) ■

Golughat, Assam.

X „

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXIV.
(Original drawings all X 12-5 and reduced \.)

Fig. 1.

Glessula swbhebes (Type).

3.

austeniana, Neyill (Type).

4.

{Risheiia) dihbigemis, n. f-p.

5.

( ) garoense, n. sp. (Type).

6.

. ( ) (small yar.V

7.

( ) macera, W. I31f. MS.

(Type).

8.

munipurensis (Type).

9.

prijwiensis.

10.

{Risheiia) periemiis (large yar.).

11.

( ) •

12.

( ) hasseinensis, n. sp.

13.

crassula (large yar.).

14.

(Typical).

15.

(yar. with incised lines).

16.

crassilabris, Bs.

17.

18.

(small var.).

19.

ponsiensis, n. sp. pyramis (yar.

major), JJeyill.

20.

• blanfordiana (Type), X 12.

21.

,X12.

22.

peguensis, W. Blf.

23.

pyramis, Bs.

Dafla Hills.

Abor Hills.

Dafla.

Sonari Tea Garden, Assam.

Garo Hills.

Cachar.

Assam.

Munipur.

Naga Hills.
Tliyetmyo, Pegu.
Pegu.

Bussein, Pegu.
Darjiling.

Earhichu, Sikhim.

Teria Ghat, Khasi.
Dafla Hills.
Naga Hills.

Ponsee, Yunnan.

Bauiao, Burma.
Arakan.
Teria Ghat.

Fig. 1.

lo.
16.
Ic.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXV.

Glessula {Risheiia) longispira, n. sp. Eisetchu, Sikhim.

Aperture, with foot protruding, X 8.

[rdl-ldl, right and left dorsal lobes, cp, fleshy colunicllar pillar
upon and around which the columellar margin is built.
s, peristome.]

Generative organs, X 4'5.

Penis of 2nd specimen examined.

The yisceral sac, showing coils, back and front views.

MOLLTJSCA OF INDIA. 65

Glessula ochracca, G.-A. Sikliim.
2 A. Aperture with foot protruding, sho^riiig sole of foot, X 4.
2 B. Buccal mass, with ijitestiiie and salivary glands, X 8.

2 C. Genitalia nearly complete, X 4-5.

Glessula oaiesi, G.-A. Abor Hills.

3 A. Side of foot, X 6. , ., , , f ..a

3 B. Albumen gland, hermaphrodite duct, and oviduct to vas deterens, X b.
3C. Vas delerens to penis, X 6.

3D. „ „ another Tiew, X 6.

Glessula orohia, Bs.

4. Generative organs, X 8.

4 a. Penis, with iSagellum, X 12,

4 6. „ another view, X 8.

Glessula inortiaia, Pfr.

5. Part of genitalia, X 4-5.

5a. ,. ,, another view, x 45.

5 *. Penis, coiled view of, X 4'5.

5 c. Jaw, X 24.

Glessula garoense, n. sp. Silchar, Cachar.

6. Penis, with simple flagellum, X 12.

6 a. Speruiatheca, X 12.

Glessula species ? Buddula, Ceylon.

7. Penis, to show flagellum, X 8.
la. ,, view of other side, X 8.

7 b. Follicles of the prostate, X 24.

PAET I.

m

v'6iMi«»»Ayiii,-i,d«w)m«Miii«fWr'. vMttM»i f< tumwimummmmntMt

PART I.] [NOVEMBER 1920,

LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLTJSCA

OF

INDIA,

INCLUDING

SOUTH ARABIA, BALUCHISTAN, AFGHANISTAN,
KASHMIR, NEPAL, BURMAH, PEGU, TENASSERIM,
■ MALAY PENINSULA, CEYLON, AND OTHER
ISLANDS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN.

SUPPLEMENTAEY TO MESSRS. THEOBALD AND HANLEY'S

CONCHOLOGIA INDICA.

BY
LiEUT.-CoLONEL H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN, F.R S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., &c.,

LATE DEPUTY SUPERINTENDENT TOPOGRAPH ICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, IN CHARGE
OF THE KHASI, GARO, AND NAGA-HILLS SURVEY PARTY.

Vol. III.

PLATES. a'

LONDON:
TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

1920.

TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, PBINTKES,] [BED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,

.u,-

Plate CLIX.

11

12

13

14

15

J S. Gladstone. Photo.

GLESSULA.

Watfot'd Engraving Coy Collotype.

PLATE CLIX.

[Part I.— November 1920.]

Fig. 1. Glessula (Rishetia) longispira, n. sp.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

-) . u- sp.

— ) TENUISPIRA, Bs.

— ) SUBACULINA, 11. sp.

— ) HARMUTTIENSIS, 11. Sp.

— ) RISSOMENSIS, 11. sp.

-) BACULiNA, H. Blf. (Type).

-) CANARAENSE, 11. Sp. ?
-) SUBACULINA, 11. Sp.
-) MUNIPURENSE, n. Sp.

-) GAROENSE, n. sp., small var.

-) STRAMENCOLOR, H. sp.

-) BACULiNA, H. Blf., var. exilis.

-) , „ „ (Type).

-) GAROENSE, 11. sp. (Type).

Rishettchu, Sikliim.

X

1-.25

Raslichu, Sikhim.

X

1-50

Teria Ghat, Khasi.

X

J3

Khasi Hills.

X

?J

Dafla Hills.

X

J)

Damsaiig, Sikhim.

X

>}

Darjiling.

X

1-5.

N. Cauara.

X

1-25.

North Khasi.

X

1.50.

Muaipur.

X

J5

Naraiiidhur, Cachar.

X

•i

Naga Hills.

X

J>

Damsang, Sikhim.

X

55

Rissom Peak, Sikhim.

X

}y

Garo Hills.

X

Plate CLX.

I

12

I

17

13

19

^^-

J. S. Gladstone. Photcx

7a

22

23

^*^i«'

lii

14

18

20

i

1 ^

15

i

24

I

«

11

16

21

GLESSULA.

Watford Engraving Coy. Collotype.

PLATE CLX.

[Part I.— November 1920.]

Fig. 1. Glessula (Rishetia) burrailensis, G.-A.

(Type).

2. ( ) .

3, ( ) .

4. ( ) ..

5. ( ) MAXWELLi, 11. sp. (l.-t Type).

6. f ) . (2nd Type).

7. ( ) DIKKANGENSE, 11. Sp.

7a. ( ■) .

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

OCHRACEA, n. sp.
BUTLERl, G.-A.

MAIAMENSIS, n. sp. (Ty[)p).

, n. sp. (Typej.

iLLUSTRis, G.-A. (Type).
, var. TUMiPA, (t.-A.

CiiASSILABRIS, Bs.

15. OAKESl, n. sp.

16. .

17. cRASsiLABRis, B?. (Typical).

18. .

19. .

20. .

21. -

RABANI, n. sp.

22. (Jadukamja) abnormis, n. sp.

2.3. ( ) .

24. PYRAiiis, Bs.

Kliuuho Pk.jNaga Hills.

X

1-25

'5

)5

X

;)

Japvo Pk.,

>i

X

Kopamcdza Pk.

1 ^)

X

J

Naga Hills.

X

jj

X

Dafla Hills.

X

l-c

0

}j

X

}

Sikhim.

X

3

Naga Hills.

X

Patkai Range.

X

,

Singpho Hills.

X

J

Heugdan Peak,

Naga.

X

J

Jaintia.

X

i

N. Khasi.

X

2.

Abor Hills.

X

1 50

Bramakuiid, E.

Assam.

X

if

Teria Ghat, Khasi.

X

2.

Jaintia Hills.

X

i>

Sheiigork Peak

X

>)

Dafla Hills.

Garo Hills.

X

Jj

Chittagong.

X

5?

Khasi Hills.

X

3.

Dafla Hills.

X

>t

Teria Ghat, Khasi.

X

IT

0

Plate CLXI.

1 s

■t *

i

I

k
m

11

'lt*>

Ih

26

I

17

23

I

18

22

<

24

28

27.

^^t

20

19

29

J. S Gladstone Photo-

GLESSULA.

Watford Encraving Coy. Collotype.

PLATE CLXI.

[Part I.— November 1920.]

Fig. 1. Glessula (Rishetia) pertenuis, W. Blf.
2.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.

BASSEINENSIS, 11. sp.

PERTENCis, W. Blf., large var.

LIMBORGI, n. sp.

suBHEBESj n. sp. (Type).

SARISSA, Bs.
NEVILLIANA, n. sp.

MASTERSI, n, sp.
FORUM, n. sp.
HASTULA, Bs.

(Typical).

SUBHASTULA, n. Sp.

, var. (Type).

(Type).

SHIROIENSIS, n. sp .

n. sp.

LAHUPAENSIS, n. Sp.
KOHIMAENSIS, D. Sp.
LHOTAENSIS, U. Sp.

r GEMMA, Bo.

27. (sub-gei>us ?) i

28. 'l

29. L

Pegu.

X

] 5

Henzada, Pegu.

X

)9

Bassein, „

X

)>

Thyetmyo.

X

51

Tenasserim.

X

1?

Dafla Hills.

X

2.

Naga.

X

1-5

Assam.

X

)7

Kohliagur,

X

>}

near Tezpur, Assam.

Lo^er Bengal.

X

2.

Dafla Hills.

X

jj

sy )5

X

•}

)) a

X

2-5

JS 35

X

2.

Chittagong.

X

15

Darjiling.

X

2.

))

X

i->

North Khasi.

X

?■)

JJ 39

X

}•>

Munipur.

X

JJ

3)

X

TJ

))

X

;■)

3)

X

?i

Naga Hills.

X

.^

Lhota, Naga Hills.

X

•>y

Khoostia, Bengal.

X

1^

Bengal (authentic).

X

}■>

Chandanagur.

X

jj

Chittagong.

X

Plate CLXII.

I

t

25

li

I

10

11

*

24

12

13

14

16

'J

18 19

15

^

26

22

23

I

17

20 21

%

■i. S. GludBtone. Photo-

GLESSULA.

Watford Enrravine Coy Collotype

PLATE CLXII.

[Part I.— November 1920.]

Fig.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.

Glessula (Rishetia) mastersi, n. sp. (Type).

( ) suBHEBEs, G.-A. (var. tumida).

( ) ,

( ) ABORENSIS, G.-A.

OROBIA, Bs.

(Type).

(var. m.\jor).

soLiDA, n. sp.

CRASSULA, Bs., var.

OGLEI, n. sp.

BARAKENSIS, n. sp.

PROWiENSis, n. sp.
FEUDENi, n. sp., var.

HAA'LEYI, n. sp.
BARAKENSIS, 11. Sp.
YUANGENSISj n. sp.
WOODTHORPEI, 11. sp.
PEGUENSIS, W. Bit'.

cRASsiLABRis, Bs. (var. nana).

RARHIENSIS, n. Sp.
IMPHALENSIS, n. Sp.

CRASSULA, Rve. (Type).

HEBITATA, U. Sp.

Assam.

X 1-50.

Golaghat, Naga.

X „

Naga.

X „

Abor Hills.

X „

Darjiling.

X 2.

!>

X „

Ricliila Pk., Sildiim.

X 15.

North Khasi.

X 2.

Sikhim.

X „

Naga Hills.

X 1-50.

!J ^1

X „

Munipur (Type).

X

;j 7 J

X 1-50,

Shan States.

X 1-50,

)3 7)

X „

North Khasi.

X 2.

Naga.

X ,,

Shan States.

X -15.

!' »

X »

Thyetmyo, Pegu.

X 2.

33 33

X „

North Khasi.

X 2.

Sikhim.

X 1-5.

Munipur.

X „

Darjiling.

X 2.

JMunipur.

X 1-6.

Plate CLXIII.

n

I:-

9 /~^

10

9a

( '

13

14

ifimi'^

7 /%

;^^

{ '■ m

12

I

12a

&_-

A

I 6

ISrt

)
J

17

X''

/

1

19

20

21

I'-S^V

£\.

22

,^^

Lt.-Col. H. H. Godwin-Aiisten del.

GLESSULA,

F. W. Reader, Sculp

PLATE CLXIir.

[Part l.—N'ovember 1920.]

[Enlargements of origiaal Drawings.]

Fig. ] . Glessula botellus, Bs.

2. OAKEsi, G.-A. (Type).

3. BOTELLUS, Bs., of Preston.

4. PROwiENsis, n. sp. (oROBiA, Beildome).

5. suBJERDONi, Bedd. (var. minor, sub-

jERDONi of Nevili).
6, .

8. -

9. -
9a. ■

10. -

11. ( ) SUBHASTULA, n. Sp.

12. ( ) (var.).

Ua. ( ) .

13. ( ) SUBHASTULA, var.

13 a. ( ) .

14, SUBHASTULA, n. sp.

15. (Type).

OROBIA, Bs.

(Rishetia) hastula, Bs.

• ( ) (apex more enlarged).

• ( ) ROBERTI, n. sp.

16.
17.
18.
19.

20.
21.
22.

(Rishetia) sabissa, Bs. (var.).

— ( ) (var.).

— ( ) (Typical).

~ ( ) (var.).

■ ( ) mastersi, n. sp. (Type).

, ( ) (var.).

( ) .

Nilgliiris.

X

12-5

Abor Hills.

X

))

J) >>

X

J;

Naga Hills.

X

)!

Jeypur.

X

}:

Tinnevelly Hills.

X

55

Golconda.

X

>t

Darjiling.

X

)>

>>

X

)'

>'

X

24.

Richila, Sikliim.

X

?)

North Kliasi.

X

12-5

North Cachar.

X

Ji

)j j>

X

24.

Munipur.

X

12-5,

)?

X

24.

Cherra Poonjee, Kliasi.

X

)1

North Khasi.

X

24.

Burroi Gorge, Dafla.

X

12-5

Gowhathi.

X

Jessore.

X

Koliaghur, Tezpur,

X

)J

Assam.

Golaghat, Assam.

X

n

Angaolno Peak, Naga.

X

5»

Golaghat, Assam.

X

fi

Plate CLXU'

13

.^. .>:..,-,r-y

^-

I*.

-It.

#■

\

-J.

14

»^

-■«

10

1 .>'

II ' - 12

If- --^

15

-ssr

16

17

^'

19

--f-

J'

20

21

22

Lt -Col H. H. Godwin-Austen, del.

GLESSULA.

F. W Reader. Sculo-

PLATE CLXiy

[Part L— November 1920.]

(Original drawings all x 12-5 and reduced ^.)

Fis

. 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

C.

7 .

8.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.

20.
21.
22.
23.

Glessula subhebes (Type).

- AusTENiANA, Nevill (Typc).

- (RiSHETIa) DIHINGENSIS, U. sp,

■ ( ) GAROENSE, u. sp. (Type).

- ( •) (small var.).

■ ( ) MACERA, W. Blf. MS. (Type).

MUNiPURENsis (Type).

• PROWIENSIS.

• (Rishetia) pertenuis (large var.).

■ ( ) .

■ ( ) BASSEINENSIS, U. Sp.

■ CRAssuLA (large var.).
(Typical).

(var. with incised lines).

• CRASSILABRIS, Bs.

(small var.).

PONsiENsis, n. sp. PYRAMis (var. major),

Nevill.

BLANFORDIANA (Type), X 12.

, X 12.

PEGUENSIS, W. Blf.
PYKAMIS, Bs.

Dafla Hills.

Abor Hills.

Dafla.

Sonari Tea Garden, Assam.

Garo Hills.

Cachar.

Assam.

Muuipur.

Naga Hills.

Tbyetuiyo, Pegu.

Pegu.

Bassein, Pegu.

Darjiling.

Rarhichu, Sikhim.
Teria Ghat, Khasi.
Dafla Hills.
Naga Hills.

Pousee, Yunuan.

Bamao, Burma.
Arakaii.
Teria Ghat.

Plate CLXV

12 '7

;?..(^>=,

GLESSULA.

H- H. Godwin-Austen, dtl-

Watford Engraving Coy-. Sculp-

PLATE CLXV.

[Part l.~November 1920.]

Glessula (Rishetia) longispira, n. sp. Risetchu, Sikhira.
Fig. 1. Aperture, with foot protruding, X 8.

\j-dl-ldl, right and left dorsal lobes, cp, fleshy columellar pillar upon and
around which the columellar margin is built, s, peristome.]

1 a. Generative organs, x 4'5.

1 b. Penis of 2nd specimen examined.

1 c. The visceral .sac, showing coils, back and front views.

Glessula ochracea, G.-A. Sikhim.

2 A. Aperture with foot protruding, showing sole of foot, x 4.
2 B. Buccal mass, with intestine and salivary glands, x 8.

2 C. Genitalia nearly complete, x 4"3.

Glessula oakesi, G.-A. Abor Hills.

3 A. Side of foot, x 6.

3 B. Albumen gland, hermaphrodite duct, and oviduct to vas deferens, x 6.

3 C. Vas deferens to penis, X 6.
3D. „ „ another view, x 6.

Glessula orobia, Bs.

4. Generative organs, x 8.

4 a. Penis, with flagellum, x 12.
46. • ,, another view, x 8.

Glessula inornata, Pfr.

5. Part of genitalia, X 45.

5 a. „ J, another view, x 4"5.
5 b. Penis, coiled view of, x 4'5.

5 c. Jaw, X 24.

Glessula garoensb, n. sp. Silchar, Cachar.

6. Penis, with simple flagellum, x 12.

6 a. Spermatheca, x 12.

Glessula species ? Buddula, Ceylon.

7. Penis, to show flagellum, x 8.

7 a. „ view of other side, x 8.
7 b. Follicles of the prostate, X 24.

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