Godwin-Austin 1920

Land and freshwater Mollusca of India

vote 35. pie 1. TEXT

LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA

OF

Division of Motlusks
te 5 ae “4

I N D I A, Sectional Library

INCLUDING

SOUTH ARABIA, BALUCHISTAN, AFGHANISTAN,
KASHMIR, NEPAL, BURMAH, PEGU, TENASSERIM,
MALAY PENINSULA, CEYLON, AND OTHER
ISLANDS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN.

SUPPLEMENTARY TO MESSRS. THEOBALD AND HANLEY’S

CONCHOLOGIA IN DEC:

BY

Linvut.-Corone, H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN,
E.R.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., &c.,

LATE DEPUTY SUPERINTENDENT TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, IN CHARGE OF
THB KHAST, GARO, AND NAGA-ITILLS SURVEY PARTY,

Vor. FEL:

Part I.-NOVEMBER 1920.
LONDON:

TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
1920. |

ay |

(ee

Text

“eT AND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA
NES AZ oe.

SOUTH ARABIA, BALUCHISTAN, AFGHANISTAN,
KASHMIR, NEPAL, BURMAH, PEGU, TENASSERIM,
MALAY PENINSULA, CEYLON, AND OTHER
ISLANDS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN.

SUPPLEMENTARY TO MESSRS. THEOBALD AND HANLEY’S

CONCHOLTOGIEA TN DICA.

BY

Linur.-Cotonen H! H? GODWIN-AUSTEN,
E.R.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.8., &c.,

LATE DEPUTY SUPERINTENDENT TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, IN CHARGE OF
THE KHASI, GARO, AND NAGA-HILLS SURVEY PARTY,

Vou: LL.

eNITHSON/ Ay"

MAY 20 1988
LIBRARIES

Part IL.—NOVEMBER 1920.

LONDON:
TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

1920.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,

RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,

LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA

OF

i ReT, A

VOL. III.

Part I.—NOVEMBER 1920.

(Plates CLIX.—-CLXYV.)

INTRODUCTION.

In spite of the very limited interest which is taken in the animals
of the land mollusca, I am induced to commence Volume ILI. of
this work; for until the species in the many Oriental genera
are collected, their anatomy made known, and their true habitat
recorded, any attempt to use them for classification or any deeper
research is not possible. The work of the Conchologist is simply
useless unless this is done and the physical features of India are
taken into account. During the war I have not been able to
carry on this publication, begun 37 years ago and ended in
two volumes in 1914. On the other hand, I have had leisure
to do much with the material in my hands, and to add to it,
especially specimens preserved in spirit, and have described the
animals of many Indian Genera previously unknown, I have
had much support—more than I had hoped to receive—and from
many quarters : for this I cannot express my thanks too strongly.
I must especially notice Dr. N. Annandale, with Messrs. 8. W.
Kemp and F. H. Graveley of the Indian Museum. I feel it a duty to
those who have supplied material, to put what I have brought
to light on record, as a starting-point for those who will follow
me in this wide and difficult field of research, so full of deep
interest to anyone who enters it.

PART I. B

2, LAND AND FRESHWATER

I am most fortunate in having as a neighbour Mr, J. S. Gladstone,
an excellent and skilful photographer. Without his valued aid
I could not give the figures of types and shells from typical
localities, which show far better than any description the direction
their subtle differences take. For instance, how distinctly photo-
graphy shows the difference between G. tenuispira of Teria Ghat
(Plate CLIX. fig. 3) and the species for long regarded as the same
trom Sikhim (Plate CLIX. figs. 1 & 2). Mr. Gladstone made
photographs of 60 shells, which fill three Plates. I may say here,
but for this generous assistance, the publication of this Monograph
would not have been possible. As an example of Zoological
Research it has been met, and by private means alone.

Genus GLESSULA.

Wuitez I have been studying this genus, particularly the animal,
as specimens were slowly obtained in spirit, knowledge of its
taxonomy has increased. ‘This has led me to look at many species
very closely, for much had been left incomplete by Colonel Beddome,
particularly the species from the North-Kast Frontier of India, of
which I possessed a very fine series.

Some of this work on the genus Glessula might have been
published long ago in the second volume of the ‘ Fauna of British
India’—some of it, anatomical, had been done ready for it;
but I found 1 could not, under the conditions in which I was
expected to work, complete it in time. [had reached an age when
extra correspondence was to be avoided, when independent con-
chological work was pleasanter to do. It was not to be expected
I could place my collection at the service of others, neither could
I hand over original work on the animals of the genus on which I
had spent so much time and expense during many years. I
could not give the public the run ef collections I had deposited
in the Natural History Museum under certain well-defined and
very reasonable conditions, reserving to myself the right to work
on them during my lifetime.

At the end of Vol. IL. (p. 485) I mentioned the genera I was
engaged upon and trusted to deal with. Of these Glessula has
been completed and is now presented in Part I. of this new
volume. ‘The anatomy of several species has been made known,
and, when working out the collections made when the punitive
expedition entered the Abor country and the T’sanspu Valley
(1911-12), I took the opportunity of publishing the anatomy of
a new species from Sikhim to elucidate that of the genus,
as I did not see at the time, with the war going on, any chance of
publishing it at all. The animals of other genera have come
to hand and have been described and figured in the following

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA, 3

order : —Anadenas and Opeas (both very well represented in my
collection), Stvella, Harpalus, Planispira, and Plectotropis (many
species have been worked out in these four genera).

Among the earlier writers on Glessula—Pteifter, Benson, and
both Henry and William Blanford—Geoffrey Nevill undoubtedly has
the highest claim to notice; he had made a special study of the
genus, and knew it better than anyone I have come in contact
with. Much of Beddome’s knowledge was obtained from him in
correspondence and exchange of specimens from Southern India,
This is well shown in his copy of the ‘ Hand-List,’ being a
catalogue of all the Gasteropoda in the Indian Museum when his
health compelled him to retire. This is not a mere reprint
of the first original edition of 1878 containing 338 pages, but
there is added to every species the work in which it was originally
published ; all additional species (in this genus 28) are given with
descriptions of those Nevill considered new, while in hundreds of
cases throughout the book the dimensions of type shells are given.
One point which must not be forgotten is Nevill’s great accuracy
in the records of habitat and the collectors through whom the species
were obtained. The title-page is headed “ Proof for new Edition,”
*“ For the Trustees Indian Museum—G,. Nevill, 1-11-81.” On
another page, ‘“'I'o be offered to Trustees Indian Museum if they
consider it may be of any practical value to them; if not, to be
given to Col. Godwin-Austen. —Signed, G. Nevill, London, July 5th,
1879.” Shortly after Nevill’s death at Davos in Switzerland,
I received the copy with other books and valuable notes, and did
all I could to get it published.

On 23rd December, 1885, I first approached the Trustees of the
Indian Museum, strongly advising the publication of a Second
dition; in February 1886 I received a reply from the Honorary
Secretary, Mr. H. B. Medlicott, of which this is the concluding
paragraph: ‘“ The Trustees consent to your keeping present custody
of and using the valuable copy of the Hand-list of Mollusca con-
taining Mr. Nevyill’s notes and additions, There is no immediate
prospect of special work in that branch of the collections.” In
fact, the post which Nevill held has never been filled up to this
day : for 40 years the collections of Mollusca have been in many
hands, and in the course of many moves some species catalogued
by Nevill could not be found when I have applied for them. It
says much for those who have had charge that the collection is not
in a worse state.

I next took the book to Dr. John Anderson, the retired Super-
intendent of the India Museum, under whom Nevill had served.
He could effect nothing, although, if I remember right, he went to
the India Office: it was the old story—no funds !

In 1883, in a final attempt to see it through the press myself,
I obtained from Messrs. Taylor & Francis an estimate for 672 pages,
500 copies unbound, £221 10s. 6d. This sum was not to be
got—lI had it not to give, but would have given what knowledge

I had towards publication,
BZ

4 TAND AND FRESHWATER

Much has lately appeared in the public press on “ Research.”
It is of interest to put a case like this on record (if only to show how
valuable scientific work and knowledge is lost for ever for want of
Government support.) To show how research is valued and
rewarded, Museuims are built at an enormous known cost and filled
with specimens at an enormous unknown cost; then a proper
scientific Staff to deal with them is grudged, expenses are cut down,
and the record is never utilized. In this instance Nevill lost the
credit which many years of close study should have brought him—
not among those he had worked with, but among the general public.
Lam glad I have the opportunity of bringing his labours to notice.

The best account of the genus is to be found in the ‘ Manual of
Conchology,’ ser. 2, xx. 1908, commencing p. 50—the excellent
work of Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, with copious good illustrations, not
only of the shells, but of the sculpture and of the embryonic apex.
He says (p. 52):—** From the purely conchological standpoint we
may be said to have an extensive knowledge of Gilessula, yet various
characters of the first importance have been neglected. The
embryonic whorls of the types must be all re-examined, and their
sculpture described. Our ignorance of the embryonic sculpture of
many forms prevents any natural classification of the species.
The surface of the later whorls in all the species should be
examined under high power, since some species have a minute
sculpture not visible with an ordinary lens.” Further on, he
adds: “* No natural classification of the species of Glessula can be
attempted until the sculpture of the apices of the shells and
the anatomy of a number of representative species are studied.”
Bearing this truly excellent advice in mind, I have endeavoured to
follow it when describing the many species of the genus now known
from the Eastern Frontier of India and Burma.

Pilsbry* has given a good réswmé of what has been done in this
genus and all that was known of the anatomy at that time. For
this last we are indebted to the research of Professor C. Semper,
who published, in his ‘ Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen,’ 1873,
p- 133, pl. xii. figs. 14-16 to pl. xvi. fig. 19, an anatomical, descrip-
tion of Glessula orophila, Benson, said to have come from Madras,
but it might have been collected in any part of Peninsular India.

It is unfortunate Semper’s determination is open to doubt: we
shall never know whether the shell of the animal he dissected was
compared with the type of Benson’s orophila, or what has become
of that type described by Reeve. The species is not recorded in the
* Conchologia Indica,’ so Hanley never could have seen it. There
ire no specimens assigned to G. orophila in either the William or
Henry Blanford collections. Beddome records the species from the
Anamullay Hills; South Canara; Golconda Hills, east side of
the Madras Presidency, and says, ‘‘ My Golconda specimens were
labelled by H. Nevill G. subbrevis, but I cannot see how they

* Man. Conch. ser. 2, xx. 1908, pl. xviii.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 5

differ.” Nevill, I think, only saw young examples ; Reeve’s figure
copied by Nevill (2. e. G. Nevill), is good.

Geoffrey Nevill, in a paper on new or little-known Mollusca of
the Indo-Malayan Fauna*, gives a description of the shell. He
writes, under Stenogyra (Glessula) orophila, Benson MS.:—
“Reeve, Conch. Icon. 1850, fig. 105, anfr. 7, long. 14 mill., as
Achatina orophila, Nilgiris and Colombo; fide Pfr., = his
A, ceylanica. I give a copy of Reeve’s original magnified
figure of his A. orophila, as I am by no means convinced
Dr. Pfeiffer is right in uniting it to his A. ceylanica ; to Judge from
the figures, I should say they were quite distinct species. It may be
that Reeve confused two distinct forms—the one figured (probably
from the Nilgiris) a good and distinct species, the other from
Ceylon a mere variety of St. ceylanica which may have been sent
or shown to Dr. Pfeiffer as A. orophila and caused him to unite
the two species. I have not myself seen any species of the group,
St. mitens, ceylanica, punctogallana, etc., from Continental India.”

Semper shows all the interesting details of the genitalia of his
G. orophila, especially what he terms the flagellum, which is of
very peculiar form, elongate and comb-like, a character thus
typical of the genus. It is, I consider, the sac in which the
spermatophore is developed. In the teeth of the radula the shape
of the marginals is not given.

The genus, as recently as 1914, has been treated by Mr. G. K.
Gude in the ‘Fauna of British India.’ He approached it with
a great knowledge of conchology, bibliography, and especially
synonymy—the last most useful to workers, but unattractive.
They have to thank Mr. Gude for undertaking such labour.
It shows, like so much work of its kind and of the series to
which it belongs, that he had never been a collector in India
and knew little of its physical features and all that that comprises.
There is an absence of original matter, such as Dr. Jerdon, the
Blanfords, Lydekker, Oates, Day, and others brought to bear on
and embellished the history of the Mammals, Birds, and Fishes
of India which they had collected and which had passed through
their hands.

It is easy to find fault, and it may appear I do so with Gude’s
work. Iam only animated by the desire and striving to make the
record of Geographical Distribution as correct as possible; thus
under G. tenwispira, p. 3879, I notice all the errors of determination
which Blanford, Theobald, Nevill, Beddome, and myself have per-
petuated. I have to point out that these determinations were made
40 to 60 years ago, much too long ago for such data to be reliable.
I am able to say they were often made without sufficient material at
hand, or on shells erroneously named in the first instance. I take,
for example, G. baculina, p. 379, Khasi Hills (Godwin-Austen),
evidently on the authority of Nevill in the * Hand-list,’ p. 170.
It is a distinct species, which he did not notice; IL have named

* J, A. 8. B, pt. i. 1881, p. 187, pl. v. fig. 19.

6 LAND AND FRESHWATER

it subbaculina, for I cannot find in my collection frem the Khasi
Hills any Glessula that matches the type in the Henry Blanford

collection.

Classification and Distribution.

Mr. G. K. Gude, in the ‘ Fauna of British India,’ puts Glessula
into the family Ferussacide (p. 373), immediately following
the genera Caceliowes, type acicula, Miill., Geostilbia, type
caledonica, Crosse, and balanus, Reeve, together with a new
species, G. bensont (p. 375).

With these genera I cannot agree that Glessula has affinity ;
the animals are unknown, the shells very different, the
conditions of life and extent of range very distinct. Range 1s
an important factor in questions of this kind. C. acicula 1s
Palearctic, spreading to the far South. Glessula is Oriental
and in comparison limited in its area of distribution. Commencing
with Southern India, it is absent from the N.W. Himalaya,
bordering on the eastern margin of the Palearctic, coming in
(in Nepal?) in Sikhim and extending through the North-Kast
Himalaya, Assam with the Assam Range, and thence to Burma,
China, and Sumatra. All these are forest-clad countries with
considerable rainfall, or country which was once much more
forest-clad than at present, before man arrived to destroy the
ancient forests. The Khasia Hills, with the Jaintia on the Kast,
Were once much more wooded than they are at present and formed
a tract of country of great extent. Geost:Ibia balanus, on the other
hand, may be called a desert species, standing great heat and great
dryness for months. A knowledge of the animal would be of
extreme value in every way. I cannot find that it has ever been
seen alive.

1 prefer to place Glessula and its subgenera in a family of
its own, the Glessulide.

Conchologically Glessula possesses many very distinct characters,
It comprises shells which have the columellar margin abruptly trun-
_ cute at the base, which in the majority of the species forms a short
gutter and holds a part of the mantle near the right dorsal
margin. A well-defined division with shells of all sizes is found
having elongate, turreted, and flat-sided shells, the major diameter
differing little from that of the small aperture. Typical Bacillum
cassiaca falls under the above shell description, and I shall have to
refer to this subgenus—it is much more solid and opaque, with
stronger regular sculpture and larger apex ; the animal (December
1919) still remains to be described.

A departure from the Bucillum type of shell character is met
with in Glessula tenuispira (Plate CLIX. fig. 3); the shell is thin,
transparent, more or less finely striate, the aperture larger, and
that and the body-whorl together are much larger than the shorter
spire above.

This proportion of parts is intensified in species like Plate CLX.
fig. 1 burrailensis, fig. 2 do., fig. 3 do., fig. 4 do., fig. 5 var. maawelli ;
still more in fig. 9 butler’, fig. 14 crassilabris, or what may be

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. rf
accepted as true Glcssula. The animal of Glessula ochracea, G.-A.,
of Sikhim, has been dissected and published in ‘ Records Indian
Museum,’ vol. vill. pt. xi. p. 617. It was found to agree with
G. orophila as described by Semper. Until many of the smaller
species are anatomically examined, they must all be placed in
Glessula; the smallest species, such as G!. gemma, may possibly
have characters ot subgeneric value.

The classification as given in ‘ Fauna British India,’ vol. ii. (vide
Systematic Index, p. x) requires modification. Bacillum is placed
in the Achatinide subfamily Stenoyyrine, whereas Glessula is
put in the Family Ferrusacide Genus 3. I can find very little
difference between the animals of Glesswla and Bacillum (January
1920), and consider the first should come next the other in the
Stenogyrine.

Conch. Ind. p. 17, “the subgenus Bacillum is proposed by
Mr. Theobald for this (A. obtusa, Bif.), the preceding (A. cassiaca,
Bs.), and other allied forms.”

It was left to Mr. Henry A. Pilsbry to describe the Genus
conchologically, which he does in Man. Uonch. ser. 2, xviii. 1906,
p- 1, as follows. He mentions 4 species and 1 subspecies.

Bacillum.—* Shell rather large, solid, imperforate, turreted,
many-whorled, a little contracted near the obtuse, rounded summit;
the embryonic shell eylindric; sculpture of vertical rib-striz
beginning somewhere upon the first whorl (Pl.i. fig. 12); the post-
embryonic whorls being obliquely, regularly rib-striate. Aperture
oblique, Achatinoid, the columellar concave, truncate at the base,
outer lip simple. Internal axis slender, strongly sigmoid within
each whorl. Soft anatomy unknown,

“Type, B. casstacum. Distribution, Eastern India.”

The very recent and extended knowledge of the animals of
Bacillum and Gilessula shows that the two genera come next
each other; further, that the animals of the latter present two
very distinct divisions. This was first seen on dissecting a
well-known species from Darjiling and Sikhim long known as
G. tenwispira in early Catalogues, such as Nevill’s ‘ Hand-list.’
The specimens dissected came from the Rishetchu, a tributary of
the Teezta, and the anatomy is figured on Plate CLXV. figs. 1-le.
On this I found a new Subgenus, with the following characters :—

Subgenus Risweria, nov.

Shell large, thin, transparent, imperforate, turreted, many-
whorled, tapering gradually to a rather acute embryonic apex,
first 2 whorls smooth; sculpture regular, rather coarse striation.
Aperture oblique, columellar concave, truncate at base.

Animal. Ovotestis tightly convoluted, close to the albumen
gland. Prostate and oviduct compact cylindrical, with closely-
packed follicles. Spermatheca large on long duct. Penis with a
distinct simple gland or flagellum retractor muscle on side.

lt is also apparent, with “the gradually accumulating knowledge
of the animal combined with form of the shell, the genus Glessula
admits of subdivision—Gilessula as a subgenus to include all those

8 LAND AND FRESHWATER

species possessing the comb-like appendage to the penis (flagellum).
Unfortunately, up to date 1919 the animal of a true Bacillum has
never been obtained, never even seen alive. Still 1 am inclined to
think this genus comes in close to Glessula, in fact far closer than
does Curvella or Harpalus. |The comb-like flagellum (Pl. CLXY.

. 2c) is replaced by a short, pointed, simple one (Pl. CLXYV.
fig. la), while in a Ceylon species it is massive, with an in-
distinctly tripartite outline (Pl. CLXV. fig. 7 a, f.).

Distribution—The absence of Glesaula in the North-West
Himalaya and the Punjab is very remarkable, viz. from all the
old valleys of the Punjab Rivers and the Ganges. Whether this
feature extends to the Kali River and through Nepal to its eastern
boundary, the valley of the Tambur, which Sir Joseph Hooker was
the first to explore and describe, has to be discovered when that
country becomes better known and is collected in.

The only exception to the above distribution is the reported
occurrence of one species, G. huyelt Pfr.in Kashmir. I have never
seen or heard of its being found there; I was always collecting,
and no man in my time saw so much of Kashmir Territory
than I did. Iam inclined to be sceptical, for Kashmir has been
fairly collected in by zoologists such as Stoliczka and Theobald,
who were not likely to miss finding so large and conspicuous
a shell, 37 mm. in length.

Mr. Gude says (p. 387):—‘ When first described, its origin
was unknown. Kashmir was first given as its habitat by Hanle y
and Theobald. The species is allied to Glessula chessoni, but
more solid in texture. The Cuming ‘Collection contains three
specimens from Kashmir, with a label in Pfeiffer’s hand-writing.”

It is, moreover, on the authority of Hanley and Theobald,
Conch. Indica, p. 33; this means “ Hanley,” who had little regard
for Geographical distribution. I saw a good deal of Hanley
about 1869. He never grasped the enormous size of India:
how different is the climate on its north and south, its vast
plains and mountains. Consequently I am led to think, on
learning that von Hiigel had visited Kashmir, any shell con-
nected with him Hanley assumed from that part of India.

With Eastern Nepal a great change takes place in the orography
of the Himalays; the most elevated peaks, Mt. Everest among
them, lie parallel to the plains at about 80 miles distant, and a
chain glaciated and covered with snow is continuous for 500 miles
as far as the Kali River. This must affect, even at the present day,
the temperature of the valleys draining to the piains, and surely
would have sufficed during the Glacial period to limit the Land
Mollusea to the base of the hills, from which many species would
never have returned or survived the change. It produced con-
ditions thus far to the Kast similar, but on a small scale, to
the disturbance of the fauna and flora in Europe caused by
intense cold. Proceeding to the N.W. to the latitude of Kashmir,
these conditions would have been intensified, for enormous glaciers
4() miles long once filled the main valleys.

The genus ranges all over Peninsular India, is more abundant

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 9

in the South, extending to Ceylon, a few seed being found
common on bout sides. It has been studied Dye AL. ‘Pilsbry,
who cites 58 species; G. K. Gude, in Faun. Brit. India, raised tho
number to 80; Colonel R. H. Beddome (1906) gives 53; while
Nevill in his Proof Copy ‘ Hand-list’ (1881) records 65.

The species are very distinct; none are found outside the
Peninsula, as far as my investigations go, and I have been
able to correct several incorrect t determinations.

The subgenus Risuetia does not extend to South India, appa-
rently. Beddome has recorded 2. tenwispira from North Canara,
based only on a single specimen without any Rien: : see what I
say of this under the title of longispira No. 2, Sikhim and the
Teesta valley.

Going back in time, it has not been recorded from the Inter-
trappean beds of the Peninsula—those of Nagpur, for instance ;
but I see no reason why it should not be found in them, especially
the smaller species, and it should be looked for. We do not
half know the genera preserved in this old formation*. The
tev. Stephen Hislop, in the ‘Proceedings’ of the Geological
Society, 1859, p. 154, describes the “ Tertiary Deposits associated
with Trap- Rock in the East Indies,” and the fossil shells are
described and figured by him. Having very recently received
through Dr. N. meendales collection of these fossils from Nagpur,
I have been led to read the paper. An interesting paragraph
I quote from is on p. 164:—‘* I have shown my freshwater shells
to Mr. Benson, the highest authority on the Molluses of our
Indian lakes, and he gives it as his opinion that not one of the
specimens submitted to him exactly corresponds to anything he
has seen.” ‘his was written 60 years ago; it is in accordance
with my conclusions expressed in a letter to Dr. Annandale
dated 3lst March, 1920: **I have had an hour’s look at them,
and can say they are all unknown forms to me.” This rich
fauna of Upper Cretaceous age should no longer lie thus neglected,
for since Hislop wrote an enormous advance has been made in our
knowledge and treatment of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca.

“The Zoological Results of the Abor Expedition, 1911-12.”
published in the ‘ Records Indian Museum,’ vol. viii., have con-
siderably modified our ideas of distribution and led to the records of
the past (nearly forgotten) being looked up. It points to a migration
of mollusean life from the far South. Perhaps no more interesting
history can be recalled than my finding on Shengorh Peak, 7000 feet,
in the Dafla Hills, a species I named and described as Staffordia
daflaensis, Moll. Ind. pt. x. April 1907, p. 184, pl. exiii. In
expectation of receiving other material, I did not refer to my
description of Diakia striata, var., from Siam, in Proc. Malacolog.
Society, vol. vil. pt. 2, p. 93, pl. x. June 1906. There is no doubt

* In a paper on some Freshwater Fossils from Central South Africa (Annals
& Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. v. March 1920) Mr. R. Bullen Newton on p. 246 refers
to certain species in the Nagpur beds. Also my contribution in “ Records of
two Indian Museums” 1919, Oct. vol. xvi. pt. vi. on the genus Mysorella of
Southern India, pointing out the necessity for their generic revision.

10 LAND AND FRESHWATER

as to the close relationship, especially shown in the genitalia.
Diakia did not occur among the Abor collections, unless it shall
eventually turn out that Bensonia(?) aborensis, Rec. Ind. Mus.
vol. viii. p. 596 (text-fig. 1), has similar anatomy. Im shell
character it is unlike that of any Indian Genus | have seen; but
J had only one specimen to deal with.

For a knowledge of the peculiar anatomy of Diakia, we have to
go to Semper, where he deals with what was then known as

Arivphanta rumphir in Reisen, pl. ii. fig. 18.
rarequttata, Var. sparsa on on tig. leit
nemorensis ee a edSsa ioe
striata, Gray =naninordes, Bs. » fig. 21 a-b.

He gives beautiful figures of the genitalia, so unlike those of any
strictly Indian Genus.

Our knowledge of the Assam Land Mollusca is very imperfect ;
much has still to be done, with small chance of our knowing more
under present conditions. In fact, discovery of species of great
interest is sheer luck ; unless the conditions are exceedingly good,
perfect in fact, nothing is found. To exemplify this, I will give
an experience of my own when in the Dafla Hills.

Shengorh Peak was one of my Trigonometrical Stations, and
I had to clear the forest before 1 could commence observations,
Rain set in soon after pitching camp; so I had plenty of leisure to
collect in Natural History. The wet brought out the shells and
slug-like forms, and I had a busy time making drawings and taking
notes of colour and size. I secured what in drier weather I should
never have got, certainly not alive; among them was this unique
Genus Staffordia, whose nearest relative known to us is found at
Chantaboon in Siam. It doubtless occurs at many intermediate
places which have yet to be discovered, when its possible ancient
connection with Assam may be explained.

This is the history of a visit to one high point, one which over-
looked the great broad valley of the Subansiri, extending far back
to the base of the suowy range, away to hundreds of peaks covered
with primeval forest. The imagination fails to picture what the
result of exploration would be, combined with knowledge of how
and what to collect. In these solitudes Nature reigns supreme ;
one does not often find such a spot—seldom visited by man,
never lived in by him.

The birds on this Peak were fearless. I was quite struck by the
behaviour of a beautiful little Suthora, which kept hovering about
my head and would perch on a twig a yard from my face.

Starting with Sikhim and the valley of the Teesta, where species
are numerous, I take in succession going eastward the great valleys
of the Eastern Himalaya to the Brahmaputra, they go far back
in geological time—are older, in fact, than the Sivaliks, for down
their courses all the waste of the Himalaya has passed either to the
sea, as in the case of the Teesta, or to build up the above formation,
The vast thickness of these Tertiary rocks, originally deposited not
far ahove sea-level, the basement beds being even marine, as near
Samaguting, is well seen on the Assam Range south of the Brahma-

MOLLUSCA OF INDTA. il

putra, where they are elevated to 10,000 feet in the Patkai and
Naga Hills. Inthe Garo Hills this dimishes to 3000 feet, but they
are there in force with a thickness of some 5000-6000 feet: vide
‘Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal,’ vol. xxxviil. pt. 2, no. 1,
1869, with a Geological Map of a portion of the Khasi Hills
near longitude 91° E.

Connected with this range of the genus, two facts stand out :—
(1) The extreme age of the great valleys; (2) the great difference
between the Molluscan fauna of Sikhim and that of the Dafla Hills,
still more when it is compared with that of the Arbor country.
There are very few species common to both. Few Sikhim species
are found in either: all is new, even new genera come in. The
reason for this is no doubt due to the physical features of the
great valleys: some, such as the Monass and Subansiri, are very
broad; they go back far into the Range; their sources glacial,
they are separated one from the other by lofty snow-covered
longitudinal ranges, which continue high to the plains. They are
thus completely isolated one from the other, allowing evolution to
go on independently within them and form “ specific centres.”

The rich flora and fauna of Sikhim is in direct relationship to
its position at the head of the Bay of Bengal, and for ages has
received accessions from that, the Southern side; so with species
of Glessula, when those at present living between the Teesta and
the Monass are compared with those of the Khasi and Garo Hills,
100 miles to the south, how small and yet how defined is the
difference.

Himalaya area : Represented in the Khasi-Garo area:
longispira, tenuispird.
hastula. subhastula.
baculina. sub-baculina.

Between these two areas there is an indication of a once more
continuous land-surface higher that at present. All this delta area
has gone through considerable depression with denudation, This
is So well exemplified by the isolated, weathered masses of intrusive
granite rising abruptly out of the alluvium by which they are
surrounded at Chanda Dinga, opposite Gwalpara and Doobri. My
Survey work took me to the top of several such hills. Granite
intrusion is frequently seen ; it is to be noted at Tura and Riwuk
on the Assam Range, and similar intrusions occur further east and
north intimately connected with the forces of upheaval. Those near
Gwalpara, on the north side of the Brahmaputra, no doubt originally
passed up and through stratified rocks long since denuded (perhaps
of Cretaceous age) which cover so large an area in the Garo Hills,
where they have also suffered great denudation.

Numbers, followed by the letters B.M., refer to specimens
catalogued in three collections presented to the British Museum,
viz. those of 1. W. T. Blanford and H. F. Blanford combined,
2. Colonel H. Beddome, 3. Godwin-Austen; they cannot fail
to assist those who may study this group or have to name specimens
from India.

1. North-West Himalaya.

LAND AND FRESHWATER

(No species as yet found),

Distrrsurion oF THE Genus GLESSULA IN THE GANGETIC Devt,
Norra East Frontier oF [npia, anp Burma.

2. Sikhim and the Teesta Valley, with Western Bhutan,

including the Delta.

Long. 88° to 89° East.

Glessula ( Rishetia) longispira, n. sp. a
baculina, Henry Blanford. Pl.
var. exilis. 124

rissomensis, N. Sp.
hastula, Benson.

roberti, n. sp.

CLIX. figs. 1, 2.
OLIV. figs. 1-le.
CLIX. fig. 7.

. CLIX. figs. 13, 14.

. CLIX. fig. 6.

. CLIX. figs. 16, 17.

. CLXIILZ. figs. 9, 9 a.
. CLXITI. fig. 10.

rarhiensis, n. sp. Pl. CLXIL. fig. 28.
Glessula ochracea, Godwin-Austen. Pl. CLX. fig. 8.
orobia, Benson. Pl. CLXII. figs. 5, 6
var. major, Pl. CLXIL. fig. 7.
small yar. Pl. CLXII. fig. 9.

(Pi:

CLXII. fig. 24.
| Pl.

crassula, Reeve. CLXIV. figs. 14, 15.

From the Delta.

Glessula sarrissa, Bs.
gemma, Bs.
var. minuta, G.-A.

Ie
Al

CLXI. fig. 10.

CLXI. figs. 26, 27

a =ts

28, 29.

GrissuLa (RISHETIA) LONGISPIRA, n. sp.

(Plate CLIX. figs. 1, 2,
shells; Plate CLXV. figs. 1-1 ¢, anatomy.)

No. 552 BM.

Locality. Risett Chu, Sikhim (Wm. Robert).

Shell clongately turreted; sculpture: fine, regular and rather
coarse striation ; colour ruddy ochraceous; spire very long, sides
straight, apex attenuate: suture shallow; whorls 13, sides flat,
proportion of length to last whorl 100: 34; aperture small, oval ;
peristome thin ; columellar margin slightly convex.

Size: maj. diam. 9°5; length 44 mm.

In the Blanford collection (No. 238.06.2.2) one specimen measured
47°5 mm. in length, and is the largest I have seen.

Shell of animal dissected 40 x 94 mm.; whorls 13 (No. 552
B.M.).

The generative organs (Pl. CLXY. figs. 1a, 16).—These are
naturally very elongate and twisted; the hermaphrodite duct is
long and closely coiled. The albumen gland elongately oval, uterus
and oviduct very long, compact, cylindrical, the oviduct showing
broad, close convolutions (follicles). The penis is a simple sheath,

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 13

with the vas deferens given off at the extreme distal end, close to the
gland (f) which represents the flagellum. In the second specimen
dissected this is well shown (fig. 16); it is small, short, slightly
hooked, not flat and notched as in G. ochracea. Further on, in a
species from Cachar, a small variety of G. garoense (turreted and
elongate) a similar short flagellum was found (Plate CLXV. fig. 6).
The spermatheca (sp.) is an elongate sac on a long stalk. The
retractor muscle is given off about half- -way down the side of the
sheath,

The animal (fig. 1) can withdraw into the shell as far back as
the three last whorls. The sole of the foot is widely segmented
from side to side. Contracted in spirits the animal has about 8
whorls (fig. ] c). ‘There are narrow right and left dorsal lobes,
and on the columellar side a muscular cylindrical mass fills the
characteristic groove.

GLESSULA LONGISPIRA, n. sp. (Plate CLIX. fig. 2.)

Locality. Rarhichu, Sikhim (W. Robert). No. 3593 B.M.

Anmal, Foot short, rich grey black, surface minutely papillate,
in strong contrast with the sole, which is pale ochraceous, narrowly

eric nied transversely.

Length to last whorl 100: 39.

The Jaw is slightly convex, very thin and transparent, and under
high power is seen to be made up of very numerous narrow
elongate plates.

Size: length 37; maj. diam. 8°75 mm.

From the Rechila Peak on Sikhim border and Western Bhutan,
Mr. Wm. Robert sent me five specimens (No. 28 B.M.), sepia-
brown in colour, and with far stronger sculpture, which may be
considered a local variety. The largest has 12 whorls, aud
measures 37°75 xX 9°25 mm.

Anatomical investigation shows that there are two very distinct
sections of Glessula, and so far they conform to shell character—for
how great conchologically is the difference between the turreted
very long species and the glossy, oblong-conoid forms? The short
oblong species, such as G. gemma, have yet to be examined—they

may have some character of their own, viewed anatomically.

In this genus and this particular species it may be said I am
laying considerable, even undue stress, on variation in a single
organ—the penis —and of that only a part, This will be noted and
telt even more by conchologists, some explanation therefore seems
necessary for entering into physiological details. The flagellum isa
very small organ, but one of great importance ; in the developmental
life of the animal it has a most important part to play. Within it
is formed the spermatophore, which is filled with spermatozoon, and
eventually, in the act of copulation, is transferred to the spermatheca
of the other individual—its spines keep it in position on its passage
and retain it there. In different genera, it takes on more or less
very complicated forms and becomes a very important character,

14: LAND AND FRESHWATER

often far more easily described than the shell itself. In the South
African genera, Peltatus and Kerkophorus, it is a beautiful object
in the microscope.

Under Glessula tenuispira, Benson, Colonel Beddome in his notes

on Indian and Ceylonese species of Glessula in the ‘ Proceedings of
the Malacological Society of London,’ vol. vii., Sept. 1906, p. 160,
says: ‘“ Full grown ones collected in the Teesta V alley near
Darjiling and in North Canara measure 44 mm. in length (vide
Plate CLIX. fig. 1) and have fourteen whorls.” The single example
recorded from N. Canara is now in the Natural History Museum
and is before me. This is a part of India which was well known
to Colonel Beddome—in fact, where his work as head of the Forest
Department lay. 1t is noticeable there should be no history, no
remark on the very remarkable occurrence of this species in
Southern India, and that only a single specimen was secured.
Until it is rediscovered very considerable doubt must attach to the
accuracy of the habitat. The specimen may even have been
purchased.

GLEssULA CANARAENSIS, n. sp. (Plate CLIX. fig. 8.) No. 681
Bedd. Coll. B.M.

Locality. N. Canara, collector unknown. (A single specimen,
if found again.)

Shell elongately turreted ; sculpture: irregular fine striation ;
colour pale ochraceous; spire long, apex rather blunt, rounded ;
suture impressed, very ‘slightly notched on lower margin by the
striation; whorls 14, flatly convex; aperture oblique, ovate ;
columellar margin slightly concave, truncate below.

Size: maj. diam. 8°5; length 41-25 mm.

After very careful comparison with all the specimens in the
Blanford and my own collection, I believe this to be a fine,
more attenuate example of G. longispira, and that it really came
from the neighbourhood of Darjiling. It is a single specimen, and
its presence in Southern India has to be confirmed and the animal
examined.

Grussuta BAcuLINA, H. F. Blanford, No. 9-9.iii.15 B.M. (Plate
CLLX. fig. 7.)
J. AWS. B, xl 1871, p: 43, pl: ii. fig..6.

Original description:—‘ Testa elongato-turrita, gracilis, tenuis-
cula, oblique striata, fusco vel fulvo cornea, epidermide nitescente
induta. Spira turrita, apice obtusult. Anfractus 13, parum
convent; inferiores subequales ; sutwra impressa, nunute denticulata.
Apertura obliqua, ovato-triangularis ; peristoma sinyplex, actum.
Columella abrupte arcuata, oblique producta, ad basin verticaliter
truncata.

‘ Alt. 38 mm.; diam. 6°5-7°5 mm.; aperture alt. 7, lat. 4 mm.

“ Cepit Dr. F. Stoliczka apud Khersiong Himalaye Sikkimensis.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 15

“This species appears to have escaped the notice of all previous
collectors in Sikkim ; it was found in association with its near ally
G'. tenwispira, Bens., by Dr. Stoliczka during a recent visit. It is
easily distinguished from the latter species by its slenderness (the
diameter being 4 of the length), and the comparative narrowness of
its whorls ; moreover, by the form of the columella, the lower part
of which is bent abruptly almost at right angles with the slope of
the inner lip; while in G. tenuispira, G. erosa, and other allied
forms, the curvature is at the utmost obtuse. Specimens, the shell
of which had been slightly weathered, show fine spiral markings,
but these are not visible unless the shell has become somewhat
opaque. The animal is dark leaden grey, somewhat paler at the
sides of the foot.

“« The following 1s a list of the species now known from Sikhim :—
G. tenwispira, Bens., G. crassula, Bens., G. hastula, Beus., G. orobia,
Bens., G. erosa, nob., G. baculina, nob.”

When going through Henry Blanford’s collection, bequeathed to
the British Museum by his brother, I came on the type specimens
of the above species; these I had not seen for 46 years. At the
time I was staying with him in Calcutta, he placed them in my
hands to figure for a paper he was preparing for the Asiatic Society
of Bengal, vol. xl. pt. 2, 1871, p. 39. It is a very distinct species.
I have quite a large series obtained since from different localities
in Sikhim and Western Bhutan. Beddome (Pro. Malacol. Soe.
1906), in his paper on the genus, considers it only a more slender
form of G. tenuispira, Bs., a view most difficult to fall in with and
support. There isa very considerable difference in general form—
that is, when compared with the so-called tenuispira of Sikhim.
Mr. Gude credits me with having found it in the Khasi Hills .
(F. B. Ind. ii. p. 379), probably on the authority of Geoffrey
Nevill, in his Hand-list, p. 170. The Khasi form is quite distinct
and described further on.

In the Beddome collection put up in the same box are four shells
under this name, with two labels in Beddome’s handwriting. One
has on it (three in pencil) ‘‘ Darjiling, H. F. BL,” the other (one
in pencil) “Thyet Myo.” It is easy to see the difference in this
last from the others, the apex is much more attenuate, the aperture
larger and broader. The Darjiling shells are quite typical, and I
have compared them with Henry Blanford’s types.

G. baculina was found by Mr. Wm. Robert at Zemo Samdong
in Sikhim, some 60 miles up the Sikhim Valley—there smaller,
28 x 6°25 mm. (No. 553 B.M.)

GurssuLA (RisHEtia) BacuLina, H. BIf. var. eailis. (Plate
CLIX. tigs. 13, 14.)

Locality. Rissom Peak, Sikhim (3595 B.M.)—Type. Damsang,
Sikhim (3594) (W. Robert).

Shell elongately turreted; sculpture: rather close raised
striation, oblique; colour umber-brown; spire long, apex fine,

16 LAND AND FRESHWATER

first three whorls nearly same diameter ; suture impressed ; whorls
12, flatly convex, body whorl and aperture 3 of total length ;
aperture ovate, small; peristome thin; columella sharply curved,
truncate.

Size (Damsang): maj. diam. 5°5; length 24°75 mm.

(Rissom) : s D7 O00: 7,

This is close to G. baculina, but the whorls are not so flat as in

that species, and it is very much smaller,

GiessuLa (RISHETIA) RISSOMENSIS, n. sp. (Plate CLIX. fig. 6
of a Damsang shell.) No. 3570 B.M.

Locality. Rissom Peak and Damsang, east of the Teesta Valley
(W. Robert).

Shell elongately turreted; seulpture: close irregular striation
well marked; colour dull white with a pale ochre tint; spire:
apex blunt and rounded, sides nearly straight ; suture impressed ;
whorls 10, the embryonic large and rounded smooth, sides flatly
convex ; aperture ovate; outer lip with a good deal of convexity ;
coli mellar margin very slightly convex.

Size (Rissom Peak): maj. diam. 6°25; alt. axis 24:5 mm.

I have this preserved in spirit; the animal is pale coloured
throughout. The specimens are not fully grown, the larger apex
distinguishes it at once from G. baculina. It approaches
G. harmuttiensis of the Dafla Hills, but the apex of that shell is
finer, the embryonic whorls being closer together. Specimens
were also obtained on Rissom Peak.

GrissuLA (RisHETIA) HAsTULA, Benson. (880.06.1.1.) (Plate CLXI.
fiz. 16); (No. 16.9.ii1.15 B.M.) (Plate CLXI. fig. 17); (for apex
enlarged, Plate CLXIII. figs. 9, 9 a, 10.)

Achatina hastula, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser, 3, vol. 5 (1860) p. 461.

Original description :—‘ Testa turrito-subulata, tenwi, oblique
capillaceo-striata, fusco-cornea, niidula; spira subulata, apice obtuso,
sutura profundiuscula ; anfractibus 9, primis convewis, postremis
conveaiusculis, ultime 2 teste attingente; apertura vie obliqua,
ovato-elliptica, peristomatis marginibus callo, tenui juietis, dextralr
recto acuto columellari arcuato calloso albido, bast oblique truncata.

“Long. 124, diam. 33 mill.; long. apert. 33 mill.

‘Habitat ad Pankabari, prope Darjiling, raro. Teste W. T.
Blant.

‘‘(f amore slender form than the large Ach. tenuespira, B., the
whorls increasing very gradually, and not attenuate towards
the upper part of the spire as in that species.”

This species was originally found by W. T. Blanford at Punkabari
at the foot of the Darjiling Hills.

It has been recorded by Theobald and Stoliczka as occurring in
Burma, Kumah Hill and Maii, Sandway District, Arakan (repeated

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA, 7

by Gude in Fauna B. India, vol. ii. p. 414). In a paper by them in
the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (vol. xli. 1872, p. 341)
they say: “somewhat larger than the Sikhimtype shell.” This
record is of little value, when one considers how cursorily some
shells, particularly of Glessula, have been looked: at and how little
time is often bestowed upon them. Nevill in his Hand-list,
p. 169, only gives the Darjiling locality. Theobald, it would appear,
never gave specimens to the Calcutta Museum, and it is impossible
to say where these shells of his went to.

In W. T. Blanford’s collection is a single typical specimen
(No. 880.06.1.1), and on a label in Hanley’s handwriting a note
“Identical with the large one figured in the Conch. Indica”
(Plate XVIII. fig. 4). Two specimens were in the Henry Blaniord
collection which may be considered also typical, as the two brothers
were constantly exchanging specimens.

I find Glessula hastula, Bs., does not extend to the Garo and
Khasi Hill ranges, its place being taken by a shel] at first sight very
similar to it, but which on close examination is found to differ
sufficiently to describe, making it all the more improbable that
G. hastulu extends to Arakan. G‘. hastula of Darjiling is more
attenuate with more costulate sculpture than in the Khasi form.

Apex enlarged of (880.06.1.1 B.M.) Plate CLXIII. figs. ¥, 9a,
Darjiling, and of (597 B.M.) fig. 10, Richila.

It may be noted that the apex of the last differs very much from
that of a typical hastula, a good character and sufficient to create
a species which I name after Mr. W. Robert, late of the Indian
Survey, who made for me such a splendid collection when he was
working in Sikhim. There are only two specimens and one
other from Rissom Peak (No. 2483 B.M.). It is very possible
other examples will be found among my spirit-specimens.

GrussuLA (RisHETIA) ROBERTI, 0. sp.

Locality. Richila Peak, Western Bhutan (No. 557 B.M.)—Type.
Rissom Peak, Sikhim (No. 2483 B.M.) (W. Robert).

Shell subulately turreted ; sculpture: very regular, close well-
raised striation, commencing on apex (Plate CLXIII. fig. 10) ;
colour chestnut-brown ; spire elongate, side flattened, apex blunt,
rounded; suture slightly impressed; whorls 84, very regularly
increasing, sides flatly convex; aperture small, ovate; columellar
margin concave.

Size: maj. diam. 3°5; alt. axis 11 mm.

GLESSULA RARHIENSIS, n. sp. (Plate CLXII. fig. 23.)

Locality. Rarhichu Valley, Sikhim (10 specimens) (No. 3335
B.M.) (W. Robert).

Shell elongately conical, shiny; sculpture: distant irregular
strie ; colour dark umber-brown ; spire high, sides flattish, apex
blunt ; suture impressed; whorls 8, flatly convex, rather regular

PART I. c

18 LAND AND FRESHWATER

in size, i.¢., increasing very gradually; aperture narrowly oval;
columellar margin very slightly convex.

Size: maj. diam. 4°0; alt. axis 11-20 mm.

This is more elongate than G. crassula, but similar in coloration
and sculpture. It is certainly more than a variety of the Darjiling
shell.

In Wm. Blanford’s collection is a single specimen, which I refer
to this species, found by him on the Chola range at 11,000 ft.

Giessuta ocHraceA, Godwin-Austen. (Plate CLX. fig. 8.)

Records Indian Museum, vol. vill. pt. xi. p. 617, 1918, fig. ix.

A.B.C. (genitalia).

Locality. Rarhichu, Sikhim, Type. (No. 3592 B.M.) Richila
Peak, var. (No. 555 B.A.) (W. Robert).

Shell conically turreted and elongate, solid, smooth, and shining:
sculpture: very regular sharp striation; colour dark rich ochre,
a paler margin to the peristome; spire high, sides slightly convex,
apex blunt; suture impressed; whorls 74, flatly convex, the
last tumid; aperture oval; Bemskome well thickened; columellar
margin str ong, curved, notch at base siege:

Size: maj. diam. 9- D5 ; length 21-25 mm.

Animal (Plate CLXV. fig. 2a). With short foot, the sole of
which has a central groove each side closely segmented.

The buccal mass ‘(Plate CLXY. fig. 28) is globose and small
with a very strong retractor muscle = the salivary gland is in a
single bilobed mass, one side long and pointed.

In the generative organs (Plate CLXYV. fig. 2c) the hermaphro-
dite duct is conspicuous by its size, is very long and strongly and
closely convoluted. The albumen gland is very globose. The
uterus and closely convoluted oviduet short. The penis is a folded
sheath, and what I take to represent the flagellum is a flattened
mass, Straight on one side, having a serrate edge on the other,
consisting of a short terminal and ten longer notches, very cha-
racteristic and unusual in form. <A similar flagellum is met with
in orophila, Bs., as figured by Professor Semper (Reis. Archipel.
1873, p. 183, Taf. xii. figs. 14-16, under Cironella) there is one
terminal and 380 notches, giving it a feather-like form. The vas
deferens joins the penis close to this at the distal end.

The spermatheca is oblong, rather short, on a short thick
base.

’

GLESSULA ocHRACEA, G.-A., var.

Locality. Richila Peak (W. Jobert).
Is larger and a much darker ochre than the type.
Maj. diam. 10; length 24°25 mm.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA, 19

Gurssuta onopra, Bs. (No. 17.9.ii1.15 B.M.) (Plate CLXII.
figs. 5, 6; Plate CLXIII. fig. 4, apex of No. 17: Plate CLXV.
figs. 4-4 6, genitalia).

Achatina orobia, B. A. M. N. H. ser. 3, v. p. 461 (1880).

Locality. Senchal and Darjiling.

Original description :—‘* Testa ovata-oblonga, solidiuscula, leri-
gata, leviter striata, striis non-nullis remotiusculis profunde impressis
sculpta, nitida, olivaceo-cornea ; spira convexe pyramidata, apice
obtuso, sutura impressa ; anfractibus 63-74 couvewiusculis, ad
humerum angulatis, crenulatis, ultimo 4 teste superante ; apertura
verticuli semiovali, columella valde uarcuata, callosa, basi oblique
truncata, peristomate recto, crassiusculo, obtuso.

“ Long. 11, diam. 5 mill. ; apert. 4 mill. longa, 3 lata.

“ Habitat ad Sinchul et Darjiling (alt. ped. 850 et 7000).
Teste W. T. Blanford.

‘¢ Distinguished from the larger Khasia species, A. crassilubris, Be
by its peculiar sculpture, and by the formation of the whorls below
the suture.”

The specimen figured is from Hy. Blanford’s collection No. 17,
9111.15, and measures 11°25 x 5 mm. There are two other
examples, andin another box (No, 248, 06.2.2 B.M.) are four others
all alike and from Darjiling.

Mr. Gude, in ‘Fauna British India, Mollusca,’ ii. 1914, says :
“Some specimens in the Beddome collection from the Naga Hills,
composed of 63 whorls, measure 8 x 3°5mm., and refers to another
shell also from the same locality, possessing only six whorls, with
rather conxex sides, measuring 6°5 x 3mm.” I have now seen
these (No. 768 of my catalogue of the shells selected out of the
Beddome collection). They are Glessula prowiensis, mihi, and very
different in every way. ‘The apex of one is given on Plate CLXILI.
fig. 4; also that of G. orolza from the Henry Blanford collection,
Noe. by, fis: S.

GLESSULA oRroBIA, Bs., var, Mason. (Plate CLXII. fig. 7.)

Richila Peak, Sikhim. Type. (No. 556 BM.)

Damsang, Sikhim. (No. 3336.)

This is a much larger shell, yet has all the characters of the
Darjiling examples in its general form and increase of the whorls.
It is, however, a dark umber-brown, and in this respect is like
crassula from the same peak, which is a much smaller shell.

Var. major measures ; maj. diam. 5°2 ; length 13-0 mm.

GLEssuLA oRoBIA, var. MAJoR, (No. 556 B.M.) Damsang,
Sikhim. (Plate CLXV. fig. 4.)

The generative organs were seen complete and proved of great
interest. The appendage given off near the junction of the vas
deferens at head of the penis is small and hand-shaped ; it consists

02

20 LAND AND FRESHWATER

of finger-like lobes, one short, and three united together longer
(figs. 4a and 4). Itrepresents in a shorter form the same appendage
in G. ochracca, in which there is one short and ten comb-lke
notches, and the still longer one as represented by Semper in
G. orophila, which has led to its being described as a feather-like
gland and typical of the genus; a better knowledge of the
animals shows it will only apply to a section of the genus. The
elongate forms certainly form another, and may possibly have to
be included in Bacillum.

The prostate (fig. 4) is round, short, and solid; the hermaphrodite
duct, much convoluted and thickened, forming a mass close to the
albumen gland. The teeth of the radula do not differ from those
of other species dissected. The formula is

LG 9 ollie = 6

or Wa a IL 4 PAD.

GLrssuLA oRoBIA, Bs., small var. (Plate CLXILI. fig. 9.)

Locality. Richila Peak, Western District. (No. 558° B.M.)
(W. Robert).

Shell elongately conical, shining, somewhat tumid; sculpture:
irregular distant striation ; colour umber-brown with a greenish
tint ; spire rather short; suture impressed; whorls 63; columellar
margin slightly curved, truncate at base.

Size: figured shell, maj. diam. 3°75; alt. axis 8-0 mm.

largest " 4:0 5 @:0" 5;

GLEsSULA CRASSULA, Reeve, Bs. MS. (Plate CLXII. fig. 24.)

Locality. Darjiling No. 18.9.111.15, B.M. Typical from Hy.
Blanford’s collection.

Shell elongately conical, smooth and shining, slender ; sculpture:
very few and distant striz ; colour umber- brown ; ; Ww horls Ger

Size: maj. diam. 3:0: alt. axis. 75 mm.

largest os 5:0, 5.

These are all small and shorter than dimensions given in the
original description, viz., 9 mm.

In the Beddome collection are three specimens (No. 753) from
the Naga Hills which bear a label in Col. Beddome’s handwriting,
G. crassula. I have compared them carefully and drawn the apex
(Plate CLXIV. fig. 18) much enlarged; it differs altogether in
the sculpture from typical Darjiline examples of crassula (Plate
CLXLY. fig. 14) in the Blanford collection (No. 18) (Plate CLXIYV.
fig. 15). No. 753 is G. barakensis.

From the Rarhichu in Sikhim I have 7 examples (No. 2481),
which I consider a variety of the Darjiling form. The whorls have
flatter sides, and the apex is much more blunt (Plate CLXIV.
fig, 15). The largest measures a little over 9 mm. in length.

In the ‘ Fauna of British India, Mollusca,’ vol. ii. p. 429, under

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. PAL

this species, ‘‘ Khasi, Dafla and Naga Hills” is given as the range
of this species and as collected by me. I hope soon to see these
examples, not having found them in my own collection. ‘The
identification is Geoffrey Nevill’s. I do not think he looked
sufficiently closely at them. Mr. Gude has simply copied from
Nevill’s ‘ Hand-list,’ p. 169, ‘30 specimens.’ These I trust are
not now all mixed together. Jaintia Hills (Beddome) is also
given on p. 429. These I have seen, they are No. 751 of my
catalogue (5 examples). They are not crassula, but a small var.
of crassilabris.

GLESSULA SUBJERDONI, Beddome, Nevill MS.

Under this title the species is recorded by Geoffrey Nevill in his
amended copy of the ‘ Hand-list’ facing page 167. Four specimens
from the Jeypur Hills, Madras, received from Col. R. H. Beddome.
Nevill gives the measurement as: long. 9, diam. 3? mm. ; anfr. 7.
This would be the var. minor of Beddome.
In the ‘ Fauna British India, Mollusca,’ 1914, p. 484, Mr. Gude
gives Darjiling as a habitat of this species from specimens he had
found in the Beddome collection. These are No.'814 of my catalogue
of that collection: the name subjerdoni had been written by Bed-
dome in pencil, a sign he had not determined it to his satisfaction ;
nor had I, when I came across it first in 1912, when under the
direction of the British Museum authorities 1 commenced working
at the shells in the Beddome collection and making a catalogue of
them. In August 1914, when duty in the country prevented my
going as usual to town, Mr. Gude obtained access to the Beddome
collection of Gilessula through those who had charge of it—very
improperly, I consider, when it had been placed in my charge and a
catalogue was in progress. Thus Mr. Gude was working at this
collection, quite unknown to me, for a considerable time—some
three months,—and when seen again by me was in a new state of
arrangement, as put on record in my catalogue.
In the interests of the distribution of Indian species it would
not be fair treatment to overlook such record. I have, therefore,
gone carefully over all the specimens of subjerdoni in the Beddome
collection, so as to arrive at some better knowledge of them. I
have had photographs made of the shells and made myself enlarged
drawings with camera lucida of the apical whorls of the following
three specimens, a better means of showing differences than any
description :—
No. 812. Bedd. coll. G. subjerdoni, Bedd., Golconda Hills.
(Plate CLXIV. apex fig. 7.)

No. 809. Bedd. coll. G. subjerdont, Bedd., Teunevelly Valley.
(Plate CLXIV. apex fig. 6.)

No. 811. Bedd.coll. G. subjerdoni, var.minor. Typical Jeypur
Hills. (Plate CLXIV. apex fig. 5.)

By this test the so-called G. subjerdoni of Darjiling (No. 814 of

22 LAND AND FRESHWATER

the Beddome collection) (Plate CLXIV. fig. 13) does not agree with
the species from the typical locality, the Golconda Hills. It is, in
my opinion, a large variety of Glessula crassula, Bs.

Gimssuta sarissa, Benson. (No. 1596 B.M.) (Plate CLXI.
fig. 10.)

Faguirabanda, Jessore, Lower Bengal (Godwin - Austen)
(270.06.2.2) Diamond Harbour, Hoogly River (IW. 7’. Glanford).

Size: maj. diam. 6°8 ; length 18-8 mm.

This is a finer specimen than the type described by Benson by

nearly 3mm. I give enlarged figure of the apex (Plate CLXIII.
fig. 18).

Achatina sarissa, B. A.M. N.H. ser. 3, vol. v. p. 463 (1860).

Original description :—“ Vesta elongato-conica, tenui, levigata,
striatula, anfractibus ultimis sub lente confertim obsolete decussatis,
nitidissima, olivaceo-cornea ; spira elongato-pyramidata, upice obtuso,
sutura impressa ; anfractibus 72 convexiusculis, ultimo 2 teste super-
ante ; apertura subverticali, ovato-elliptica, anal obliqua, leviter
arcuata, albido-callosa, basi oblique truncata, peristomate recto,
tenwe.

“Long. 16, diam, 5} mill. ; apert. 5 mill. longa, 33 lata.

‘“‘ Habitat prope Comercolly, Bengalia, ad ripas flaminis Gangis—
Detexit Dr. Theodore Cantor.”

GiEssuLa Gemma, Bs.; Reeve, Conch. Icon. Achatina, pl. 22. f. 125

Original description :—* Testa ovato-oblonga, solidiuscula, levi-
gata, nitida, pellucida, purpurascenti-cornea ; spira elato-conica,
apice acutiuseula ; sutura profunda ; anfr. 6 convexrusculi ; ultimus
2 longitudinis equans, basi rotundatus ; columella arcuata, subcallosa,
perist, simplex, reclum, margine dextro et basali leviter arquatis.

‘Long. 8-82, diam. 4 mill., ap. 3 mill., longa 2 lata.”

As a subgenus of Cionella it was made the type by Von Martens.

No. 3559, From Khoostia, Bengal. (Plate CLXI. fig. 26.)

4. Hy. Bf. (9.1.15). From Bengal; authentic sp. (Plate
CUXI. fig. 27.

No. 3382. From Chandanagore. (Plate CLXI. fig. 28.) Re-
ceived from Nevill.

Hy. Bf. (9.ii1.15). From Chittagong, var. (Plate CLXI.
fig. 29.)

No. 3391. From Garo Hills. I have two specimens, much
smaller and less tumid than the typical shell, measuring
6x 3mm. Sixwhorls. This I distinguish as var. minuta,
It is dark umber in colour.

This species is thus spread over the whole front of the Delta of

the Ganges and Brahmaputra.

——————

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA, 23

3. The Dafla Hills,

with the Plain of the Brahmaputra on south.

Glessula (Rishetia) harmuttiensis, n. sp. Pl. CLXX. fig. 5.
sarissa, Bs., var. Pl CX few:
sarissa, Bs., var. Pl. CLAM fess 16; 17, 19:

Pl. CLXI. fig. 6.
{Pr CLXIV. fig. 1.
{r CLXI. fig. 11.

subhebis, Nevill MS., n. sp.

Pl. CLXI. figs. 12, 13.

nevilliana, n. sp.
Pl. CLXIV. fig. 3.

dikrangense, 0. sp. Bl ClUxX yes) fou ca:
(Dikrangia) nevilli, G.-A,.
Glessula crassilabris, Bs. var. PLICLXIV. fig. V7.

See on, under this species—Khasi Hills.

GreEssuLa (RisHeTIA) HARMUTTIENSIS, n.sp. (Plate CLIX. fig. 5.)

Localhity.— Harmutti, base of Dafla Hills, No. 445 B.M. (Godwin-
Austen).

Shell elongately turreted ; sculpture quite smooth to the naked
eye, but under magnification distant obscure striation is seen ;
colour pale ochre to dull umber-brown; spire very long, sides flat,
apex blunt; suture impressed; whorls 12, sides flat; aperture
oval; peristome outer lip thin; columellar margin curving evenly.

Size: maj. diam. 7-0; alt. axis 31:9 mm.

This takes the place in the Dafla Hills of G. baculina of Sikhim.
It is very similar in all respects, but the apex is more obtuse and
the sculpture is very different: there are four specimens,

Two young specimens, unnamed, were found in Henry Blanford’s
collection, given to him by me.

GressuLa (RisHertrA ?) sanissa, Bs. var. No. 445 B.M.

Locality. Burroi Gorge, Dafla Hills, four specimens (Giodwin-
Austen).

Shell elongately conical, smooth, and glossy ; sculpture variable,
rather regular fine striation, in some it is less and more distant;
colour very pale ochraceous; spires elongate, sides slightly convex,
apex finer than in the type (Pl. CLXIIT. fig. 16); suture impressed ;
whorls 93, sides flatly convex; aperture ovate; peristome thin;
columellar margin sharply concave.

Size: maj. diam, 7:0; length 20-0 mm.

Fakirabanda, Jessore
(typical spec.)
Moisraka Ghat, Bengal, do. ,, (kom eee O85 oe

The figure in the ‘ Conchologia Indica,’ pl. xxxvii. fig. 2, is a
very good one, and undoubtedly of Benson’s species.

The Blanford collection (No. 844, 06.1.1, B.M.) contained
3 specimens from the Dafla Hills, sent to him by me, but probably

maj. diam. 6°8; length 18-8 mm.

24 LAND AND FRESHWATER

not the same locality. They are about the same size,and had been
labelled G. tenwispora? by Blanford, but they are not like the
Teria Ghat examples with which I have compared them.

Griessuts (Rismerra ?) sarrssa, Bs., var. No. 3566 B.M.

Locality. Barowl Gorge, Durrang District, Assam (Godwin-
Austen).

Shell as in last; sculpture indistinct, fine longitudinal ribs
follow below the suture; colour pale dull ochraceous, two closely
parallel whitish bands below the suture; suture impressed ; whorls
8, regularly increasing ; columellar margin concave.

Size: maj. diam. 6°0; length 16°25 mm.

Only a single specimen.

GiessuLA (RisHeETrA ?) sartssa, Bs., var.

From Koliaghur, Granite Tila, near Tezpur, on the left bank of
the Brahmaputra,a single specimen very close to this species was
found by me; smooth, with little sculpture. No. 3568 B.M.
(Plate CLXI. fig. 8.)

Apex (Pl. CLXITI. fig. 19).

From Gowhathi (No. 3383 B.M.), two specimens, the apex is yet
more acuminate (vide Pl. CLXIII. fig. 17), but there is little
difference to be noted in the general shape.

Guirssuta suBHEBES, Nevill MS., n. sp. (Plate CLXI. fig. 6;
Plate CLXIYV. apex, fig. 1.)

Locality. Pichola nulla, Dafla Hills. No. 1618 B.M. Type.
Five examples (Godwin-Austen). No. 3341 B.M., Dafla, typical.

Shell oblong turreted, thin, smooth, glassy; sculpture: rather
distant and fine striation, slight tendency to crenulation at suture ;
colour very pale ochraceous ; spire long, sides slightly convex, apex
blunt, 3 first whorls nearly equal; suture impressed ; whorls 10,
with well-marked flat convexity; aperture narrowly ovate;
eolumella with a very slight curve downward,

Size: maj. diam. 5:0; length 15°75 mm.

From the eggs in tube containing shells it is oviparous.

‘This species is entered by Nevill in the interleaved copy (facing
p. 167) he left to me shortly before his death, from the above
locality. He gives the dimensions of a specimen in the Indian
Museum which he received from me: ‘‘ 153 x5 mm., anfr. 9.”

It is the Achatina (Glessula) hebes in my paper on the peels
of the Dafla Hills (lore Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xlv. pt. 2, 1876,
p. 315), and was a common shell.

Very fortunately I have received from the Indian Museum, for
which I have to thank Dr. N. Annandale, the specimens of Glessula
included under Nv. 80 of Nevill’s ‘Hand-list,’ i. p. 170. They
comprise ten glass-tubes, numbered :—

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. rAD)

3631 and 3633, from Chittagong, both labelled “ naja,” a name
I retain.

3632, from Cachar.

3636, Dikrang, 2000 ft., Dafla Hills: true subhebes, G.-A.

3634, no locality : “macera” Blft., Assam; name retained and

described. (Type.)

3338, Naga, Assam: is mastersi, G.-A.

3637, no locality: mastersi G.-A.

3339, Assam, W. BIf. * macera”: is mastersi, G.-A.

3635, no locality: naja, G.-A.

3640, Naga Hills: is mastersi, G.-A.

When Nevill wrote he considered them all the same and a new
species ; but it must be remembered that when Nevill was working
at this genus the same critical examination was not made of the
shells, such as Pilsbry advised and adopted. The apex and sculp-
ture was never looked at except with a hand-lens; a microscope
was never in use. I was employed for six months in 1876-1877
in the Indian Museum, and saw Nevill constantly at work and
occasionally worked with him.

This has caused much confusion, for he also appears to have dis-
tributed them under the name of “ naga.” Under this title he sent
a specimen to Mr. Pilsbry, who describes and figures it in ‘ Manual
of Conchology,’ 2nd Series, Pulmonata, p. 90, pl. 12. f. 10, as
se naja ” from ‘“ Assam.” ‘This turns out to be the Ge eae
species. Puilsbry’s shell is undoubtedly frem Assam ; his deserip-
tion as well as the figure is so good, it verifies the locality. He

says, as to the sculpture :— —« Glimpses of excessively weak close
spiral granule-lines may be seen in places.” I had not noted this
myself, but I now see the character in my type-specimen of a
Dafla Hill Glessula subheles,an MS. name of G. Nevill’s which L
had adopted.

On the other hand, the receipt of these shells in exactly the
state Nevill left them (and he did a great deal of work on the
genus, before he had to retire from the Service, especially on
species from Southern India sent to him by Colonel Beddome) has
cleared up the history and brought to light another species. In
August 1880, Nevill, writing to me, said, No. 80 of his ‘ Hand-list ’

was (. macera, and I took this to be his MS. name for the lot
until he should deseribe it. I have not come across the name in
the Blanford collection nor in Blanford’s original catalogue. It is
interesting to record that Nos. 3634 and 3339 both bear this name
on the labels in the glass tubes, and on that in 38634 Nevill has
written ‘A. macera, BIf.,” so we know the author. It turns out
that the two tubes contain different species, and 3634 is a mixed
lot of two species; for the very elongate, flat-sided form of one of
these the name masera is most applicable, while it is not so for the
more tumid shape of the other, which is mastersit. This fixes the
habitat as Assam, and on looking through the Blanford collection I
find two unnamed Gilessu/e (No. 842.06.1.1 B.M.), the habitat
Assam, agreeing well in size and form with “ macera,”

26 LAND AND FRESHWATER

GLESSULA NEVILLIANA, n. sp. (Plate CLXI. figs. 11, 12, 13;
Plate CLXIV. fig. 3, apex.) No. 449. Type.

Locality. Toruputu Peak, Dafla Hills (4 specimens) (Godwin-
Austen).

Shell elongately conical; sculpture, coarse somewhat irregular
striation; colour: two ruddy, two dull ochraceous; spire high,
apex blunt; suture impressed ; whorls 9, sides flatly convex ;
aperture narrowly ovate; peristome thin ; columella rather straight,
curved, short.

Size’: Type -:2, seas: maj.diam. 5:0 length 17-0mm. whorls 9.
Nevill gives for specimens in Indian Museum :—

maj. diam. 4:0 length 13-0 mm. whorls 8.
Small ruddy sp. (fig. 13) a 4-0 ce elder

Large sp. with apex
broken .......... . » 50 4 140,,

7 whorls left (fig. 12).

In this last, from last suture to base of aperture 7 mm., as against
54 in the Type.

This species is recorded by Nevill in his revised copy of the
‘Hand-list,’ opposite page 170, as ‘* Stenogyra (Glessula) austeniana,
Nevill—whorls 8, length 13, diam. 0 mm., one Toruputu, Dafla
Hills (Type), coll. Godwin-Austen.” The specimen thus named is
probably in the Indian Museum. I cannot find that it was ever
published: therefore it is now named after my old friend. His
early death was a great loss, for he possessed a great knowledge
of Indian Mollusca, and had made a close study of the genus
Glessula.

GLESSULA DIKRANGENSE, n. sp. No. 448 B.M. (Plate CLX. fig. 7.)

Locality. Toruputu Peak, Dafla Hills—in primeval forest. Type.
( Godwin-Austen.)

Shell elongately turreted; sculpture very fine and close regular
striation ; colour ochraceous with a strong green tinge; spire long,
sides very flatly convex, apex blunt; suture impressed; whorls 9,
convexity of side very slight; aperture oval, vertical ; peristome
strong; columellar margin curving.

Size: maj. diam. 7°75; length 19-0 mm.

In a paper on “‘ The Helicide of the Dafla Hills ” (Jour. Asiat. Soe.
Bengal, vol. xlv. pt. ii. 1876, p. 815) L included Glessula illustris,
the type of which was found on Heugdan Peak in the Naga
Hills. This was a hasty determination; after a far more critical
one, and a comparison of the photographs of both, it shows con-
siderable difference, sufficient to constitute a new species. ‘The
proportion of the last whorl to the length of the axis is very
different to that of typical G’, dl/ustvis—taking the axis as 100, it
is 100:52.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA, 27
GLESSULA DIKRANGENSE, n. sp. No. 3404 B.M. (Plate CLX.
tigen a.)

Locality. Toruputu Peak, Dafla Hills (Godwin-Austen).

Shell oblongly turreted; sculpture rather strong striation, close
and regular; colour dull umber-brown; spire high, apex blunt,
side straight; suture impressed ; whorls 8, side nearly flat, spire to
last whorl 100 : 52-2; aperture oval; columellar margin slightly
convex.

Size: maj. diam. 7:0; length 17:25 mm.

“* DIKRANGIA,” genus nov.

Shell very elongate, small, transparent, delicate, turreted with
many whorls closely mount and nearly equal in diameter, aperture
very small, ovate ; ‘animal not known.

Gressuxa (“ DixRanera”) NEVILLI, G.-A.

When describing ibe Helicidze of the Dafla Hills (J. A.S. B.
1876, vol. xlv. pt. 2, pl. vil. f. 12, p. 315) I put this species into
the genus Opeas. This determination has been followed by
Mr. G. K. Gude in the ‘ Fauna British India, Mollusca,’ vol.
1914, p. 860. Closer attention shows the aperture to be decidedly
that of a Glessula, but the general form departs much from that
genus—so much so, it might well be placed in a distinct sub-
section. ‘This would be better left to be done when the anatomy
of the animal is known to us. I think it better to consider it a
new subgenus, and name it “ Dikrangia,” coming after 'G. baculina
and G. yaroense.

The original description, which is as follows, was short and
requires amendment—it was not drawn up on one-type shells, but
on a set—olten done in those early days.

Original description :—** Shell turreted, very elongate, pale, silky
with a green tinge, older specimens of a pale straw- Zpgllone covered
with a thin epidermis, beautifully striate under lens. Whorls 11-12,
moderately rounded and very gradually diminishing in size to the
apex, which is bluish ; ; suture ‘impressed ; ; aperture angular above,
outer lip thin.

“ Alt. 0°55"; major diam. 0-10". Largest specimens 0:90".

“ Habitat. This very delicate elongate shell was common on
Toruputu Peak, but far finer specimens, equal in size to the figure,
were obtained on the banks of the Pichola Nulla out in the plains.
I am not satisfied with this figure, the whorls being rather too
flat and the apex too sharp.

“T have named this shell after my friend Mr. G. Nevill, with
whom I have now so long been associated in the study and
collection of Indian land-shells.”

28 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Amended description.

GLessULA NEVILLI, G.-A. No. 447 B.M.

Locality. Toruputu Peak, Dafla Hills (Godwin-Austen).

Shell finely elongate, turreted; sculpture, well-marked close
irregular striation ; colour white; spire very slender and lengthened,
apex blunt; suture impressed; whorls 12, the six last almost
equal in diameter; aperture small, narrowly and vertically ovate ;
columellar margin convex.

Size: maj. diam. 2°25; length 14 mm.

Var. major, G.-A., Pichola Nulla, Durrang District. This has a
very smooth surface with very indistinct striation, and has a green
tinge. The largest specimen measures 17°75 mm. in length by
3°5, and has 12 whorls.

Although I refer to the Toruputu habitat of the Granite Peak on
the main mountain mass 7322 feet above sea-level, andthe Pichola
Nulla low down and quite out in the plains, I now note, 40 years
later, there is a difference something more than “ far finer speci-
mens,” and that those from the Granite Peak are very different,
particularly in size, proportion, and sculpture. Many conchologists
would consider them distinct species— however, it 1s sufficient that
G. nevilli stands for the mountain form, the one first found by me,
and that of the plains be considered a variety major.

3a. The Miri Hills.

From the great Valley of the Subansiri no species of Glessula
have been received ; it is a large unworked area of 2500 sq. miles.

4. Eastern Assam with the Singpho Hills and Patkow Range.

Glessula maiamensis, n. sp. Pl. CLX. figs. 10-11.
dihingensis, n. sp. Pl. CLXIV. fig. 4 (apex).

GLEssULA MAIAMENSIS, n. sp. No. 1737. (Plate CLX. fig. 10.)
Type.

Locality. Maiam Peak, Singpho Hills; a single specimen
(M. Ogle).

Shell oblongly turreted, rather tumid; sculpture: strong,
rather distant, engraved striation, showing strong near suture;
colour ochraceous with a greenish tint; spire elongately conoid,

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 29

apex very blunt and rounded, sides flatly convex; suture mode-
rately impressed; whorls 7, sides very flatly convex; aperture
oval ; peristome outer tip thickened; columellar margin slightly
convex, nearly straight.

Size: maj. diam. 9°5; length 22 mm.

The above peak, a trigonometrical station, is situated on the
watershed of the Patkai Range and is 6900 feet in altitude. It
was first visited in the cold season of 1884-85 by Colonel Wood-
thorpe, R.E., with his assistant Mr. Ogle, and they were
accompanied by Mr. Tom D. La Touche of the Geological Survey,
who published an excellent account of Geology of the Upper
Dihing Basin, Singpho Hills.

GLESSULA MAIAMENSIS, n. Sp. (Plate CLX. fig. 11.) No. 29 B.M.

Locality. Diyung Valley, Singpho Hills; two specimens (J/. 7’.
Ogle).

Shell is more elongate than the type; colour is greener; side of
spire rather flatter; aperture rounder, from the outer lip having
more convexity. All the kind of diversity the shells of this genus
present, particularly when a large series is obtainable.

Size: maj. diam. 8°5; alt. axis 20°S mm.

GLESSULA DIHINGENSIS, n. Sp.

Locality. Dihing Valley, Assam (type No. 3251 B.M.); some ten
specimens (J/. 7’. Ogle). No. 1600 B.M. from Sonari Tea Garden,
near Sadiya. (Plate CLXIV. fig. 4, apex.)

Shell elongate, turreted ; sculpture: very smooth generally, fine,
close, rather strong ribbing near and below the suture; colour
umber-brown ; spire long and fine; suture impressed ; whorls 10,
the last short; aperture ovate, small; columellar margin well
curved.

Size: maj. diam. 5:0; length 18:0 mm.

This is not unlike G. macera, but the whorls are not so close
and the last is longer in proportion to those above, 7.¢., a more
tumid basal one. Specimens from Sadiya (No. 8151 B.M., 10 in
number, collected by my old assistant Mr. Ogle) differ in colour,
being a very pale ash, the largest of 9 whorls measures
21x 525 mm. I have also two examples from Sonari Tea
Garden, 15°5 mm. in length, sent me by Mr. S. E. Peale, very
finely and closely striated.

4a. Abor Hills and Tsanspu Valley.

Glessula oakesi, n. sp. Pl. CLX. fig. 15.
aborensis, 0. sp. PL ODXIT. fig.’ 4.

30 LAND AND FRESHWATER
GLESSULA OAKESI, G.-A.

Records of the Indian Museum, vol, viii. pt. xii. No. 49, p. 617,
nes. OA, B,C; D.

Locality. Abor Hills (Captain G. F. T. Oakes, R.E.) No. 3600
B.M. Type. (Plate CLX. fig. 15 x 1°56.)

Original Description :—* Shell oblong turreted, shining surface ;
sculpture: regular somewhat distant incised lines; colour ochra-
ceous one umber brown ; spire high, sides very flatly convex ; suture
impressed; whorls 7, flatly convex, proportion of body whorl
to length 100: 2°56; aperture rather narrowly oval, peristome
outer lip thickened ; columellar margin slightly convex.”

“Size: maj. diam, 7:0; alt. axis 16°56 mm.”

“Two specimens of this species, though rather smaller in size
and not fully grown, were sent to me from Brahmakund by Mr.
M. Ogle, No. 3578 B.M. coll. The largest measures 11 x5 mm.
The species was received alive in 19138, from Captain Oakes with
other species and dissected.” No doubt the first Glessula so
received in this country ; a few lived for some months until the
winter set in, feeding on lettuce, ete.

“ Animal of Glessula oakest from Rotung (Oakes). The sole of
the foot is crossed by coarse ridges, there is a very distinct
peripodial margian (text-fig. 3 A). The genitalia (figs. 8 B, C, D)
was fairly well seen in one specimen, but more material was sadly
wanted. The hermaphrodite duct is conspicuous from its size and
close convolution, bound closely together at its Junction with the
albumen gland. ‘he penis is very short with a short stout flagel-
lum terminating in three blunt knots ; it thus differs from what
1 have been able to see in other species. ‘The vas deferens is
given off from near the head of the penis, the spermatheca was not
seen.”

«This species (G'. oakest) is the same as the one recorded from
Rotung as G. botellus, Bs., of Southern India by Mr. H. B. Preston
in the ‘Records of the Indian Museum,’ vol. viil., Nov. 1915,
p. 539; ib is a bare record, in any case remarkable as regards
range. As I had not noticed this South Indian species among the
large series sent me from the Abor Hills, | was anxious to see the
shells which had gone to Caleutta. Dr. Annandale very kindly
sent these to me (October, 1916), and I have compared them with
specimens of Gilessula botellus in the Henry Blanford collection
from the Nilgiris, with the result that I cannot confirm Mr, Pres-
ton’s determination. This Abor Glessula (oakest) is decidedly
smaller than G. botellus, and not so tumid, the whorls are closer
wound, the outer lip is much more thickened than in botellus, the
larger shell. I have compared the embryonic whorls and made
enlarged drawings of botellus, Nilgiris (Pl. CXLIII. fig. 1), of
Mr. Preston’s specimen (Pl. CXLIII. fig. 3), and of the type
specimen of oakesi (Pl. CXLIII. fig. 2); the difference between
the first and the two last is very marked, it is unmistakable.”

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. él

An example rather more tumid was received from Capt. Oakes
(No. 5158 B.M.), and one came from near the Serpo River bridge
(No. 3053 B.M.).

GunssuL4 aBorENsIs, G.-A. 3103 B.M. Type. (Plate CXLII.
fig. 4.)

Rec. Indian Museum, 1918, vol. viii. pt. xii. No. 49, p. 618.

Locality. Abor Hills ; five specimens (Capt. G. F. 1’. Oakes, R.E.).

Original description :—‘ Shell elongately turreted, sides nearly
straight ; sculpture: very regular striation, less apparent on the
last whorl; colour dark chestuut-brown in the type-shell, more
ochraceous in others; spire attenuate, apex blnnt; suture im-
pressed; whorls 8, sides flatly convex; aperture ovate; peristome
outer lip thin, with strong convexity ; columellar margin nearly
straight, feeble, slightly truncated.

‘Size: maj. diam. 5:0; alt. axis 16°25 mm.

“This species varies in form, some being less attenuate, but all
have the blunt apex and similar sculpture.”

do. Garo, Kasi, and Jaintia Hilis.

Glessula tenuispira, Bs. PI CILLXS fies ¢

v.
subaculina, n. sp. Pl. CLIX. figs. 4, 9.
=theobaldi, Hanley MS.
garoense, n. sp. PU CIHLXe figs ld:
small yar, Pl. CLIXX. fie. 11.

manipurense, var.
Pl. CLXI. fig. 18.
{ TENE CMOS anes, 11h

| Pl. CLX. figs. 14, 17, 18, 19, 20.

subhastula, n. sp.

Pl. CLX1V. figs. 16, 17.
Pl. OLX. fig. 17.

crasstlabris, Bs.

var. nana, Pl. CLXIL. fig. 23.
pyramis, Bs. Pl. CLX. fig. 24.
hanleyi, 0. sp. Pl. CLXITI. fig. 16.
solidus, n. sp. Pl. CLXILI. fig. 8.
Jadukamia abnormis, n, sp. P]. CLX. figs. 22, 23.

GLESSULA TENUISPIRA, Benson.

Colonei Beddome, in his Monograph of the Genus (Pro. Malacol.
Soc. vol. vil. 1906, p. 160), records this species from many localities
all very distant from each other, viz., Darjiling, Pegu, N. Canara,
Khasi, and Dafla Hills. In a paper by Benson in the ‘Annals and
Magazine of Natural History’ (1860), he gives a list of all the
Continental-Indian species of Achatina—in which A. tenuispira
appears as from the Khasia Hills, Darjiling, and Burma; he says
also “In Burmah Mr. Theobald got a variety of A. tenuispira on
the banks of the Irawady.” I have for long doubted that this
species has such an extended range. Beddome even goes further

32 LAND AND FRESHWATER

and considers G. baculina, Hy. Blanford “only a more slender
form of tenwispira” (Pl. CLIX. figs. 1, 2); he could not possibly
have seen the types of the former species—the shell from the
Khasi Hills (Teria Ghat) (Pl. CLIX. fig. 3) differs altogether
from the Sikhim one, and when they are placed side by side the
points of difference are seen at once. I still more doubt the
extension of tenuispira to North Canara as well as to Pegu.
In J. A.S. B. 1865, p. 95, Blanford says Achatinu tenuispira, Bens.,
of small size is common at Akouktoung and farther south. I refer
to this under Glessula pertenuis, No. 8, Kast of Bay of Bengal.
I have not at present the shells to examine. Geoffrey Nevill,
‘Hand List,’ i. 1878, p. 169, records Darjiling, also Khasi and Dafla
Hills; from these two last localities the shells were of my
collecting, for when Nevill was studying the genus I snpphed him
liberally with specimens.

The first record of G. tenuispira appears in a paper entitled
“Descriptive Catalogue of Terrestrial and Fluviatile Testacea,
chiefly from the North-East Frontier of Bengal,” by W. H. Benson,
Journal of Asiatic Society Bengal, June 1836, p. 350.

(The Collection was purchased by the Asiatic Society in 1833.)

No. 11. in the List.—Achatina tenwispira.

Original description :—“ Z'’esta elongata turrita, cornea, longi-
tudinaliter striata, versus apicem attenuata, columnari, anfractu
ultimo interdum facilis, quibusdam albidis transversis ornato,
suturis impressis wpice obtuso.

«‘ Long. 1 poll. circiter ; Lat. 0°55.

“This Achatina, belonging to De Ferussac’s subgenus Cochlicopa
and to his group of //yloides, is remarkable for the attenuated
columellar form of the terminal whorls of the spire.”

(Followed by No. 12, Crassilabris).

At the time this description was written, Benson had not seen
a Darjiling specimen; he was then Magistrate and Collector of
Sylhet, and there can be no doubt whatever typical tenwispira
came from that district—most probably from that rich collecting
place Teria Ghat, which lies on its northern boundary, where
Benson also obtained the very well-marked species G. crassilabris.

We are apt to forget how much we owe to Benson and Hutton,
the pioneers in Indian Malacology, who, with little assistance and
encouragement, did so much. Looking back to the early thirties
and the many papers Benson lived to publish, it is noticeable how
much his remarks increase the interest in the species he discovered,
how much is suggested as to relationship and distribution. The
brothers Blanford followed with the same scientific treatment. In
comparison the record of to-day, with few exceptions, is bald to a
degree, owing to a want of knowledge of the physical features of
the country, its size, and varying climatic conditions.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 33

GLEssuLA TENUISPIRA, Bs. Coll. Hy. BIf., No. 11.9.iii.15 B.M.
(Plate CLIX. fig. 3.)

Locality. Teria Ghat, Khasi.

Henry Blanford’s collection contains 4 specimens from that
place, and I have 10 others (No. 1616 B.M.) collected by myself.
The largest of these measures 81 mm. long by 82 breadth at the
aperture. It differs in form very considerably from what has been
hitherto known as tenwispira of Darjiling and Sikhim, which
I have named and separated as longispira.

Gressuta (RisHEria) TENUIsPIRA, Bs. 11.9.iii.15 B.M. (Plate
CLIX. fig. 3.)

Locality. Teria Ghat, foot of Khasi Hills (ev coll. H. F. Blan-
ford).

Shell elongately turreted; sculpture striation distant, closer,
finer, and regular towards the apex; colour ochraceous, with
decided green tint; spire long, apex rather blunt, sides nearly
straight, slight convexity; suture impressed; whorls 10:5, slightly
convex, proportion of spire to last whorl 100: 29; aperture oval;
columellar margin rather straight.

Size: major diam. 9:0; length 29:0 mm.

I obtained this species at Teria Ghat and also in the West
Khasi Hills, some dozen specimens (No. 1582 B.M.), the largest
being 35 mm. in length.

GuussuLa (RisHETIA) TENUISPIRA, Bs., var. No. 3332 B.M.

Locality. Garo Hills, a single specimen (Godwin-Austen).

Shell more slender in form; sculpture smoother than the Teria
Ghat examples of tenwispira; colour ochraceous umber-brown ;
Spire, apex fine; whorls 11, 100: 40:4; aperture narrowly ovate.

Size: maj. diam. 8:0; length 27°25 mm.

Specimen from above Tura, 10 x 29°8.

It is of considerable interest to note that Mr. 8. W. Kemp, of
the Indian Museum, has recently collected Glessula tenwispira
at Tura in the Garo Hills, extending its range from Teria Ghat
thus far to the west some 100 miles. Throughout this distance,
the conditions are the same (tropical forest and for half the year
excessive rainfall) on the steep spurs overlooking the great
marshes of Sylhet and Mymensing. Dissection shows tke animal
to have all the characters of the species I describe under longispira
of Darjiling and Sikhim. It marks the western extension of the
subgenus—this also falls in with the geological evidence we
possess, that the Garo—Khasi area was in early Tertiary time much
more intimately connected with the South-Eastern Himalaya on
the north and not so markedly cut off as now by the broad low
valley of the Brahmaputra, filled with alluvial deposits of great
thickness.

PART I. D

34 LAND AND FRESHWATER

GuirsstUna (RISHETIA) SUBACULINA, 0. sp., Coll. G.-A. No. 3555
B.M. (Plate CLIX. fig. 9.)

Locality. Landomodo Trigonometrical Station. Type. N. Khasi
Hills (7 specimens); The Maotherichan Ridge (No. 3556) (4 speci-
mens); South Jaintia (1 specimen). Tura,Garo Hills (iS. W. Kemp).

Shell elongately turreted; sculpture irregular, well-developed
rather coarse striation, but varying much in different shells;
colour ochraceous; spire elongate, sides flatly convex, apex blunt;
suture rather shallow; whorls 12, sides not quite flat; aperture
narrowly ovate; columella curving subobliquely, ee truncate.

Size: maj. diam. 7°25; length 31-0 mm.

This approaches the ‘Sikhim G. baculina Bs., but is rather
broader than that species, the whorls near apex increasing more
rapidly. It is not so smooth and shiny,

No. 77 of Nevill’s ‘ Hand-list,’ p. 170, Gless. baculina—3 Khasi
Hills, presented by me, are subaculina; they have been sent home
(1916) by Dr. N. Annandale and compared by me.

Giessua (RisHEriA) suBacurina, G.-A., No. 1580 B.M. (Plate
CLIX. fig. 4.)

Conch. Ind. pl. xvii. fig 5 as G. theobaldi, Hanley MSS.

Locality. Teria Ghat, foot of Khasi Hills (Godwin-Austen).

Shell elongately turreted, slender; sculpture: striation of growth
strongest below the suture and most regular on the 5th and 6th
whorls ; colour umber-brown or dull ochraceous; spire elongate,
apex fine ; suture shallow; whorls 12, sides flat, proportion spire
to last whorl 100: 24-4; aperture narrowly ovate; peristome
outer lip thin; columellar margin regularly convex, not solid,

Size: maj. diam. 9°5; alt. axis 34:75 mm.

There are two specimens in my collection now in the Natural
History Museum (No. 1580 B.M.); their history is of interest and
important with regard to the exact habitat of G. theobaldi,
Hanley.

Considerable confusion surrounds this species, owing to the
authors of the ‘Conchologia Indica’ working apart when it was
passing through the press—one (Mr. Hanley) in England, the other
(Mr. Theobald) in India, dealing with shells from two very different
localities. Hanley first describes the shell very briefly of Achatina
theobaldi, Conch. Ind. p. 9, 1870; in explanation of pl. xvii. fig. 5,
from ‘‘ Near the Salwen,” he says, “‘ Differs from A. cassiaca, of which
it has been considered a variety, by its smoothness, more convex
whorls, &c.” The shell was therefore a Bacillum, and we can
presume the species recorded by Theobald from the Shan States was
also a Bacillum, vide a paper in the ‘Journal of the Asiatic Society
of Bengal,’ 1870 (not 1871 as given by Gude), vol. xxxix. p. 395.
On land-shells from the Shan States and Pegu as Achatina ( Glessula)

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 35

theobaldiana, Hanley, the footnote Conch. Indica, pl. xvii. fig. 5,
shows us that that work was published and had been seen by him. In
‘ Nevill’s Hand-list,’ p. 172, we find “ No. 102 Stenogyra (Glessula)
theobaldi, Hanley, 2, Salween, coll. Mr. Theobald.” Nevill puts
them in Bacillum. It is to be hoped these specimens are still in the
Indian Museum, for they are very valuable; they would clear up
where true Glessula theobaldi comes from. Hanley figured it on
pl. xvii, but in the index to Achatina in the Conch. Indica, p. xii, to
theobaldi there is a footnote “2” “from Teria Ghat.” It looks asif
Hanley had substituted another species for figuring, and not taken
the Shan one, under the impression they were one and the same. I
am glad I am able to clear this up to a certain extent, and show how
a Khasi Hill form has got introduced. When Hanley was engaged
on the ‘Conchologia Indica’ I sent him a number of species of
Glessula botb named and unnamed, which he afterwards returned
tome. Among them I have two specimens of a Glessula named
Theobaldi—in Handley’s handwriting—from Teria Ghat (No. 1580,
Godwin-Austen Collection, British Museum). At the time I lent
Hanley my Gilessulce I had not a single species of the genus in my
collection from the Salween Valley, so there could be no mingling
of specimens. Turning to pl. xvii., it may be noted at once that the
shells are all enlarged; take, for example, G. orobia (fig. 7) and
G. prelustres (fig. 6). G. theobaldi (fig. 5) has a very considerable
likeness to the Teria Ghat shell which Hanley returned to me with
that name, allowing for similar enlargement with the sculpture
also somewhat exaggerated. At the same time fig. 5 has not at all
the form of a Bacillwm, measuring 42 mm. as given by Mr. Gude
(ex icon); on the contrary, it has a fine attenuate apex and not the
characteristic blunt rounded one of Bacillum (vide drawing by same
artist, Mr. G. B. Sowerby, of B. cassiaca with its flat sides).
Ali this points to fig. 5 representing the Teria Ghat specimen, and
it is quite possible the one photographed for me by Mr. T. S. Glad-
stone (Pl. CLIX. fig. 4) is the identical shell.

Theobald’s shells from the Salween, in the Indian Museum,
cleared this up ; for on making application for them to Dr. N. Annan-
‘dale, the present Superintendent, he has most obligingly sent them
to me (March 1916); the label is in type, a cutting from p. 172.
They belong, as Nevill records them, to the genus Bacillum; they
are both immature, the largest of 9 whorls, measuring 23°25 mm.
in length, with sides of greater convexity than in B. casstaca,
distinguishing it at once. The typical specimen sent home by
Theobald to Hanley would appear to have been lost ; it is fortunate
that about the same time Theobald gave specimens to the Indian
Museum.

I found in the Beddome Collection (No. 121) a single, also
immature shell, with a label “‘sent by Theobald as ‘ Salwiniana,”
On comparison with’ the specimens of B. theobaldi, Haniey, from
Calcutta, I consider it the same; it is only 21 mm. in length.
Mr, Gude had marked it ‘* young of cassiaca Bs.”

D2

36 LAND AND FRESHWATER

GuessuLa (RIsHETIA) GAROENSE, n. sp. (Plate CLIX. fig. 15.)

Locality: South Garo Hills. Type. No. 1595 B.M. (Godwin-
Austen),

Shell attenuately turreted, sides flat, thin; sculpture, surface
very smooth, a few distant transverse shallow engraved lines,
differing from the usual raised striz; colour pale umber-brown ;
spire fine ; apex very attenuate, first 4 whorls with same diameter
(Pl. CLXIV. fig. 5); suture shallow ; whorls 13, sides flatly convex,
there is but little difference in the diameter at the 9th whorl and
the last; aperture narrowly ovate; peristome thin, a callous on
the body whorl; columellar margin oblique, very slight in structure.

Size: maj. diam. 5-0; total length 27-25 mm.

In form it is similar to G. baculina, var. evilis of Sikhim; the
apex is not so attenuate, the whorls are flatter, and the sculpture
differs considerably. In the Sikhim form there is much raised
striation,

Under No. 68, p. 169, of ‘ Nevill’s Hand-list,’ 2 specimens from
the Garo Hills are recorded under G. pertenuis ; they were presented
unnamed by me. ‘These have been kindly sent home for comparison
by Dr. N. Annandale, to whom my best thanks are due; they are
this species garoense. On this data in the ‘ Hand-list,’ Mr. Gude
in ‘ Fauna British India’ extends the range of G. pertenws, a Pegu
species, to the Assam Range; such record ot distribution is valueless.

Giessuta (RisHETIA) GAROENSE, G.-A,

Locality. South Jaintia; 4 specimens, No. 3562 (Godwin- Austen).

Shell attenuately turreted; sculpture, striation very fine and
close, disappearing in full-grown shells; colour dull umber-brown ;
spire tapering evenly ; whorls 12.

Size: maj. diam. 5°5; length 26°75 mm.

At first sight there is a remarkable similarity between this
species and G@. pertenuis, Wm. Blanford, of Bassein, but it dis-
appears under the microscope. The apical whorls are not alike,

and the aperture differs still more on the columellar margin and@

truncation.

GrussvLa (Risperia) GARoENSE, G.-A., small var. (Plate CLIX.
Hebd.)

Locality. Naraindhur, Cachar; 11 specimens. Type. No. 1657
(F. Ede),

This measures 20°5 mm. in length and 4°5 mm. in maj. diam.
It is of a darker umber than typical garoense, and has the very
smooth surface of that shell; 12 whorls, sides slightly more
convex; apex very fine, first 4 whorls hardly increase at all
(Pl. CLXIV. fig. 6).

lam fortunate in having specimens in spirit of a small elongate
many-whorled species from Silchar, Cachar, sent me by Mr. F. Ede.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. By

(The sole of the foot very closely segmented.) I have been successful
in getting out the genitalia, but in a detached state. Thespecimen
contained 8 well-formed eggs in the oviduct ; they measure 1-5 mm.
in diameter, perfect globes. The penis (Plate CLXV. fig. 6)
has an elongate simple sheath, with a very small flagellum, close
to the vas deferens attachment at the distal end. The spermatheca
(fig. 6a) was elongate with a bulbous end ; the penis is thus simiiar
to that of G. longispira of Sikhim, and it may ultimately be found
that all the elongate turreted Glessule will have this type of male
organ distinguishing them from that of G. ochracea, &e. The
formula of the radula is:

DO wie Wii eeO Once? 2.1. 27.

The centre tooth has a long narrow plate with a small cusp at the
base ; the admedian are of the same shape as in G. longispira ; the
marginals are very numerous, becoming very minute on the outer
edge. There are no intermediate teeth ; the admedian merge into
the marginals.

GLEssULA SUBHASTULA, n. sp. (Plate CLXI. fig. 18; Plate
CLXIIL. fig. 15, apex.)

Locality. Nongsingriang, North Khasi Hills; No. 3551 B.M.
Type (Godwin-Austen).

Shell elongately,conoid ; sculpture irregular, fine close, very well-
defined transverse striation (not so regular as in G. hastula);
colour dark ochraceous ; spire long attenuate (less so than hastula),
apex fine (larger than in hastula); suture impressed; whorls 74,
sides flatly convex; aperture very narrow, vertical; peristome
thin; columellar margin nearly straight.

Size: Type. Maj. diam. 3°25; length 9:0 mm. apex.
N. Khasi sp. (3546' B.M.) i 3°59 Os ones
largest (3557 B.M.) Pe 3°50 rae: lowe

I first found this species (No. 3549 B.M., enlarged apex,
Pl. CLXIII. fig. 14), which I then took to be hastula of Benson, in
the deep valley to the east of Cherra Poonjee the first summer I
passed there. Two specimens were returned to me by Mr. Sylvanus
Hanley, in whose hands I placed a number of species of Glessula
when he was working on the ‘ Conchologia Indica’——this No. 3546’
(Pl. CLXI. fig. 19) was returned to me with a note in pencil
*¢ allied to subjusifornmis, W. Blf.” A single specimen of subhastula
was also found in the Dunsiri Valley below Samaguting.

I have received a specimen from Mr. 8. W. Kemp found at Tura,
Garo Hills.

GLessuLa suBHASTULA, G.-A., var. type (Plate CLXI. fig. 19.)

Locality. North Khasi; No. 3546 (Godwin-Austen),

Shell elongately conoid ; sculpture regular, quite strong striation ;
colour rich umber-brown; spire long, sides flattened, apex blunt
rounded ; suture impressed; whorls 74, sides flattened; aperture
rather narrow; peristome slightly thickened; columellar margin
nearly vertical, not truncated.

88 LAND AND FRESHWATDR

Size: maj. diam. 3:6; alt. axis 10°-4 mm.

This is much stouter and with a much blunter apex than typical
subhastula, with the aperture not so narrow; 9 specimens were
found on Hinriutinoh Peak, North Cachar Hills.

No. 2026 B.M., apex enlarged (P]. CLXIII. fig. 12).

No. 3557, North Khasi, apex enlarged (Pl. CLXIII. fig. 11).

GressuLa 1nLustRIs, G.-A. 3076 B.M. type.

Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xliv. 2,1875, p.3. (Plate i. fig. 5.)

Figured in ‘ Conchologia Indica,’ 1875, pl. cii. fig. 9.

Nevill, ‘ Hand-list,’ i. 1878, p. 170, 7 sp., Hengdan.

Original description :—“ Shell elongately oval, greenish horny,
finely striated longitudinally; whorls 7, very slightly rounded ;
suture moderately impressed; the lip thickened; columellar margin
slightly curved and strong; apex blunt.”

** Length 0°75; maj. diam. 0°3; length of aperture 0°3 in.

Hab. Henglan Peak, North Cachar Hills, at 6843 feet, in forest,
also near Nenglo, at 6000 feet, and in the Lukah Valley, Jaintia
Hills, at 1000 feet.

“This species is an elongate and larger form of Glessula crasst-
labris, Bs., of which G. pyramis is a closer variety; but its much
more elongate form and stronger striation make it a good connect-
ing species with G'. butleri, described further on. The form from
the Lukah Valley is a tumid departure from the type figured
(var. tumida, G-A.).

“One specimen—alt. 0°75; maj. diam. 0°38 in.
Another _,, 5) 060 Es 0:35 5;

“T look on all these species as proper varieties, and G. crasst-
labris, very abundant in ell the grass country of the Khasi Hills,
may be taken as the type; a difference in elevation and condition
ot habitat, from damp dark forest to hot grassy siopes, having
produced modifications of form.”

Amended description.

GrussuLa 11Lustris, G.-A. Type. No. 3076 B.M. (Plate CLX.
fie. 12.)

Locality. Hengdan Peak, North Cachar Hills (Godwin-Austen).

Shell elongately oval, rather solid, smooth; sculpture: distant,
fine irregular strie, fine on the apical whorls; colour deep olivaceous,
with an ochre tint ; spire high, sides flatly convex, apex blunt; suture
moderately impressed; whorls 7, very flatly convex, rather tumid ;
aperture rather narrowly oval, vertical; peristome thickened, but not
so strongly as in G. crasstlubris ; columellar margin straightly curved.

Size: maj. diam. 8:0; length 19:2 mm. ;

The last whorl up to the suture is ample; it measures from the
base of the columella in front to the suture 11°50 mm., proportion
in terms of 100 is 100: 60. The range on which it was found
was covered for miles with magnificent forest.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 39

GLESSULA ILLUsTRIs, G.-A.

I have looked at the type after reading Pilsbry’s remarks on
this species (Man. Conch. ser. 2, xx. 1909, p. 95, pl. u1. figs. 13-16),
The vertical striation and grooving is irregular, but this is generally
the case in the genus; on the apical whorls it is more regular.
There is certainly fine spiral striation, but it is indistinet and not
to be seen in some specimens; the suture is also not always
crenulate. The striation on the embryonic whorls is very similar
to that in crassilabris. The examples from the Luka Valley in the
Jaintia Hills (3078 B.M.) may be very well considered a var.
tumida,

Beddome erroneously considered it the same as Gt. facula of
Southern India.

GLussULA ILLUSTRIS, var. TUMIDA, G.-A. (Plate CLX. fig. 13.)
Locality. Lukah Valley, Jaintia Hills. No. 3078 B.M. (God-

win-Austen).

Shell ovate; sculpture: regular, incised striation, somewhat
distant; colour strong ochraceous with slight olivaceous tint;
spire moderately high, conic, sides flatly convex; suture rather
shallow ; whorls 74, the last tumid, sides slightly convex ; aperture
widely oval, vertical; peristome slightly thickened; columellar
margin rather short, subvertical.

Size: maj. diam. 13°75; length 16:2 mm.; length to body
whorl 100: 62,

GLESSULA CRASSILABRIS, Bs. 3435 B.M. (Plate CLX. fig. 17.)

Locality. Teria Ghat (Godwin- Austen).

Shell conically turreted, glassy; sculpture: distant, strong,
transverse striae, very irregular as regards distribution and relief,
near suture, very fine; colour bright ochraceous with a green
tint; spire fine and pointed, sides flatly convex; suture well
impressed ; whorls 74, with considerable convexity; aperture ovate ;
peristome outer margin well thickened ; columellar margin concave.

Size: (Sp. figured) maj. diam. 6°0; alt. axis 13-4 mm.

The largest ,, wees ou) LAS Oe.

Note from Field Book.—Animal with tentacles black throughout,
body short, under side of foot pale yellow. The largest specimens
were obtained in North Khasi, near Simleng on the Lubah River,
in the high grass of old jooms, 7.¢. the clearings of virgin forest,
first cut down, then burnt and cultivated.

This species has locally an extended range, compared with other
species, and it varies much in size, form, and colour. It is a very
common species at Teria Ghat, the original locality, and I found
it in the following places, specimens from which are figured.

No. 3552. From North Khasi.

One very large specimen figured 16 x 8°25 mm. (Plate
CLX. tig. 14.)

/
40 LAND AND FRESHWATER

3485 B.M, Teria Ghat. Typical locality. (Plate CLXIV.
fig. 16, apex.)
Specimen figured 13 x 6°25 mm., apex very fine, ochraceous.
(Plate CLX. fig. 17.)
452 B.M. Shengorh Peak, Dafla Hills.
crassilabris, var.: the sculpture differs from that of typical
shells in being much closer.
Specimen figured 13°50 x 6-25 mm.; four obtained, all of a
pale chrysophase green tint. (Plate CLX. fig. 19.)
3553 B.M. Jaintia.
Largest specimen figured 14:5 x 6-20 mm., strong ochraceous,
sculpture distant striation. (Plate CLX. fig. 18.)

3390 B.M. Garo Hills.
Specimen figured 9 x 4:50 mm., very small, ovately turreted,
dark umber-brown with a green tinge. (Plate CLX.
fig. 20.)
From other localities I have :—

3372 B.M. Garo Hills.
Largest specimen 14:20 x 7:0 mm., dark ochraceous.

3428 B.M. North Cachar.
Largest 13-25 x 6-0 mm., ochraceous with slight green tint.

3388 B.M. Gowhathi, Assam.
10:20 x 5:0 mm., ochraceous with slight greenish tint.

3569 B.M. Naga Hills, under Laisom Peak.
15-0 x 6°75 mm., apex blunt, more elongate than type,
greenish ochre; 7 whorls.
452 B.M. Dafla Hilis, Shengor Peak. (Plate CLXIV. fig. 17,
apex.)
Very fine spiral strive on the apical whorl (not shown in fig.).
453 B.M. Dafla Hills, in the Burroi Gorge.
10°50 x 4°80 mm., dark umber, with green tinge decidedly
olivaceous, more elongate, very distinct spiral striz on the
apical whorl.

913 B.M. Khasi.
10:25 x 50 mm., 7 whorls, ochraceous, apex rather blunt.

Blanford writes (J. A. S. B. 1865, p. 95): ‘* A small variety of
A. crassilabris, Bs., occurs in Arakan, and another form perhaps
distinct, but closely allied, was found in the Shan Hills near Ava.”

Specimens of the first 1 found unnamed in Henry Blanford’s
collection collected by Mr. Raban of the Indian Civil Service. I
consider them distinct and have named them G. rabani. Those
from the Shan Hills have come to light in Wm. ‘Blanford’s
collection (No. 261-06.2.2), five specimens. They are undoubtedly
distinct, and I have named the species G. feddeni after Mr.
Fedden of the Geological Survey of India, who collected largely in
that part of Burma.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 41

GLESSULA CRASSILABRIS, Bs., var. NANA.. (Plate CLXII. fig. 23.)
No. 1609 B.M.

Locality. North Khasi (2 specimens) (Godwin- Austen).

Shell oblong turreted, smooth and shiny; sculpture: a few
incised lines; colour ochraceous with a green tinge; spire elongate,
sides convex, apex blunt; suture impressed; whorls 7, slightly
convex; aperture narrowly ovate; peristome outer lip thickened
slightly ; columellar margin short, truncated, rather straight.

Size: maj. diam. 3°8 ; loneth 8 mm.

This shell, evidently fully grown, has much the form of G. erassi-
labris, and the sculpture is of similar character, but it is so very
much smaller. There being only two specimens it is better to
consider them a dwarf variety than to give a specific title. A
single specimen was also found in the Jatinga Valley, N. Cachar
(No. 3412 B.M.), another on Koliaghur Hill on the L.B. of the
Brahmaputra (No. 3567 B.M.), while yet another from the Dunsiri
Valley, also at a low elevation (No. 3392 B.M.).

GLEssULA PyRAMIs, Bs. (Plate CLX. fig. 24; Plate CLXIV.
fig. 23, apex.)

Locality. Teria Ghat, 3550 G.-A. coll. (Godwin-Austen).

Achatina pyramis, Bs.

Original description :—‘ Testa oblongo-turrita, soliduda, laevigata,
striatula, nitida, luteo-corneo ; spira turrita, lutertbus conveatuseulis,
apice obtusiusculo, sutura impressa ; anfractibus 8, convewiusculis,
ultimo + teste equante, antice obsolete plicato ; apertura subverticali,
elliptico-semiovali, columella arcuata, callosa, basi oblique truncata,
peristomate recto obtuso, intus albido-labiato,

“Long. 15, diam. 6 mill.; apert. 5 mill. longa, 23 lata.

‘* Habitat ad Teria Ghat Montium Khasi. Detexit W. Theobald.

** Allied to the smaller Ach. crassula, B., from Darjiling, but
distinguished from it by its colour, smoother sculpture, more convex
and numerous whorls, by the characters of the peristome, and by
the convex and not planate sides of the spire.

‘A large variety of Ach. crassula, collected by Mr. W. T. Blan-
ford near Darjiling, is 12 mill. in length by 54 in breadth, and,
like the type, possesses only seven whorls.”

E. pyramis is very smooth and glassy. The largest specimen
from Tiria Ghat figured measures 14:5 x 5-75, slightly smaller than
the specimen described by Benson.

In the Beddome collection I found a single specimen (No. 747)
named pyramis by Colonel Beddome; he anes not refer to it in his
notes on the genus, alihough its habitat is Ponsee. It measures
17 x 6:3 mm.

This is no doubt the Glessula pyramis, var. mejor, of ieee
Nevill, 6 sp., Ponsee coil. Dr. J. Anderson, vide ‘ Hand-list,’

p. 169. In the copy which he gaye to me, Nevill has eee

49 LAND AND FRESHWATER

“var. major, Nevill, 20 x 8 mm. anfr. 9.” Besides its much
larger size, it differs in many respects from typical pyramis in the
general shape of the spire, the convexity of the whorls, and the
form of the columellar margin, which is more curved and stronger
than in pyramis, and I therefore name it G. ponsiensis. Since
writing the above I have received from the Indian Museum the
specimens which Nevill dealt with, and have compared them
with typical specimens of G. pyramis from Teria Ghat, and drawn
the apex of both. There is no doubt the Ponsi shell is quite distinct,
and has no connection with pyramis whatever,

Description of the living animal made in my Field Book of one
taken at Teria Ghat is ‘‘ 0°35" long, almost colourless, the eye-
tentacles only dark coloured, a black line extending from the base
of each along the upper side of the neck (this, of course, is the
line of the retractor muscle), foot short.”

GLEssULA HANLEYI, n. sp. No. 3547 B.M. (Plate CLXII.
fig. 16.)

Locality. North Khasi. Type (Godwin-Austen).

Shell elongate; sculpture: few and distant extremely fine strie ;
colour pale ochraceous; spire high, sides with slight convexity,
apex blunt ; suture well impressed; whorls 8, side flatly convex ;
aperture narrow ; peristome outer lip thickened ; columellar margin
vertical, strong, sinuate.

Size: maj. diam. 4°75; length 12 mm.

This shell was seen by Mr. Sylvanus Hanley, after whom I
name it; he returned it to me undetermined. It is a single shell,
but having a history I am constrained to distinguish it, as I cannot
find anything like it. I at first placed it with @. barakensis.

GLEssULA soLIDA, n. sp. No, 3548.B.M. (Plate CLXII. fig. 8.)

Locality. North Khasi Hills and valley east of Cherra Poonjee
(Godwin-Ausien).

Shell oblong conoid, short, solid; sculpture: distant, irregular,
fine striation ; colour ochraceous; spire elongately conoid, sides
convex; suture well impressed ; whorls 6, sides convex ; aperture
ovate, vertical; peristome outer lip very thickened; columellar
margin short, convex, well truncated.

Size: maj. diam. 4:0; length 8-0 mm.

On finding this shell I considered it to be the same as Benson’s
orobia, of Darjiling, but it was not at the time compared with
typical specimens. I find now it is very much smaller, very
different in its shape and proportions, the side of the spire being
much more convex than in the Darjiling shells, with which I have
compared it, in the Hy. Blanford collection (No. 17. 9.iii.15 B.M.).
(Plate CLXII, fig. 6.)

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 43

JADUKAMIA, subgen. nov.

Shell small, short, solid, regularly ribbed, almost costulate ;
spire elongately conoid; apex bluntly pyramidal, very rounded ;
columellar margin short, concave, and abruptly truncate.

Griessuta (JADUKAMIA) ABNoRMISs, n. sp. (Plate CLX. fig. 22.)
No. 1034, 06. 1-1.

Locality. Khasi Hills (Godwin- Austen).

_ Shell ovate; sculpture: close, regular, strong ribbing, almost
costulate ; colour ochraceous, shiny ; spire elongately conoid, apex
bluntly pyramidal; suture well impressed; whorls 4, sides flat,
the first large; aperture ovate, not fully developed; columellar
margin vertical.

Size: maj. diam. 4:0; alt. axis 7°10 mm.

This shell, together with two specimens of G. crassilabris, was
sent by me to Wm. Blanford many years ago, as recorded in his
catalogue ; its peculiar form was not noticed. I then put it on one
side under the impression it was an accidental variety of some
species. When going through the collection of Glessule collected
by me in the Dafla Hills, Assam, I came on another specimen
among some found on the Shengorh Peak, almost identical with
the Khasi Hill shell. When one considers the enormous areas——in
Assam, for instance-—as yet unvisited by a conchologist, and compares
them with the small scattered spots, miles apart, where often only a
hurried search was possible, on one day in the year, there must
be many a species yet to be discovered. More extensive diligent
search in both the Khasi and Dafla Hills would lead, doubtless,
to more specimens of this curious shell being found.

GiussuLA (JADUKAMIA) ABNORMIS, n. sp. (Plate CLX. fig. 23.)
Locality. Shengorh Peak, Dafla Hills. No. 3370 (Godwin-Austen).

Shell elongately ovate; sculpture fine, very regular raised
ribbing; colour pale ochraceous; whorls 4, the first very ample ;
aperture ovate; columellar margin nearly vertical.

Size: maj. diam. 4:0; alt. axis 7°20 mm.

This Glessula is so distinct in shell character from all as yet
known that I am induced to put it in a new subgenus, which I
describe above.

44 LAND AND FRESHWATER

6. North Cachar, Naga Hills, and Manipur.

Glessula burrailensis, G.-A. Pl. CLX. figs. 1, 2.
burrailensis, var. Pl. CLX. fig. 4.
burraliensis, var. Pl. CLX. fig. 3.
burrailensis, var. maxwelli, Pl. CLX. figs. 5, 6.
butleri, G.-A. Pl. CLX. fig. 9.
illustris, G.-A. Pl. CLX. fig. 12.
illustris, var. tumida, G.-A. Pl. CLX. fig. 138.
stramencolor, n. sp. Pl. OLIX. fig. 12.
munipurensis, 1. sp. { i Shea tale:
imphalensis, n. sp. Pl. CLXII. fig. 24.
oglei, n. sp. Pl. CLXITI. fig. 10.
prowiensis, n. sp. Pl. CLXII. fig. 138.
hebetata, n. sp. Pl. CLXILI. fig. 26.
barakensis, n. sp. Pl. CLXIL. figs. 12, 17.
lahupaensis, 0. sp. Pl. CLXI. fig. 23.
kohimaensis, n. sp. Pl. CLXI. fig. 24.
shirohiensis, n. sp. Pl. CLXI. fig. 21, 22.
thotaensis, n. sp. Pl. CLXI. fig. 25.

mastersi, var. Pl. CLXII. fig. 3.
macera, G.-A.

Guessuxa (RisHeria) BURRAILENSIS, G.-A. (Plate CLX. figs. 1, 2.)
Type. No. 1722 B.M.

J.A.S. Bengal, xliv. 1875, p. 3, pl. 1. fig. 6.

Locality. Khunho Peak, Naga Hills, Trigonometrical Station
(Godwin- Austen).

Original Description :—* Shell turreted, elongate, solid, in fresh
state brown and lustrous, tinely longitudinally striated; whorls 10,
rather flat, suture shallow, apex blunt; aperture subvertical, fusi-
form, angular above; peristome very thick, paler brown on margin ;
columella strong.

Alt. 1°37; major diam. 0-4 in.

The finest specimens were collected under the Peak of Khunho,
Eastern Burrail Range; they were also abundant under Japvo at
about 7OUU feet.

Size (Type, the largest): major diam. 9°56; length 33:8 mm-
100 : 44, spire to last whorl.

This beautiful species is found in the old damp and shady
primeval forest.

Gressuta (RisHeTta) BURRAILENSIS, G.-A., var. (Plate CLX.
fig. 4.) No. 1585 BM.

Locality. Kopamedza Peak, 8375 ft., Naga Hills, Trigonometrical
Station ( Godwin-Austen). °

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 45

Shell rather more tumid in form; colour ochraceous, with a
strong green tint; whorls 8; columellar margin nearly straight,
compared with type.

Size (specimen figured): major diam, 9°25; length 26-25 mm,

GressuLa (RisHErIA) BURRAILENSIS, G.-A., var. (Plate CLX.
fig. 3.) No. 1586 B.M.

Locality. Japvo Peak, Naga Hills, at 8-9000 feet (Godwin-
Austen),

Shell much more slender in form ; apex blunt, shining ; sculpture
well marked, regular striation, extending to the apex; colour
strong ochraceous, with a greenish tint; spire elongate, sides
flatly convex, suture impressed; whorls 94; aperture ovate ;
peristome on outer margin slightly thickened; columellar margin
slightly concave.

Size (specimen figured): major diam. 7:0; length 25:25 mm.

Plentiful in the forest, covering the Peak on all sides.

GuessutaA (RisHETIA) Buruert, G.-A. No. 1583 B.M. (Plate
CLX. fig. 9.)

JeAc oe be xiiv. JS7o, p. 4) pl. i. fig. 7.

Locality. Kastern Burrail Range ( Glodwin-Austen).

Original description :—* Shell elongately turreted, very thin and
brittle, tumid, pale corneous, glassy, very minutely striated,
apex very blunt; whorls 8, rather rounded, suture deep, body-
whorl much swollen and capacious; aperture vertical, pear-
shaped, lip rather thin.

* Alt. 1:13, major diam. 0°45 in,

“ Hab. Kastern Burrail Range, at 6000 feet; not a common
form.

“I name this shell after Captain J. Butler, Political Agent
in the Naga Hills, with whom I had the fortune of being
associated when mapping that very interesting and beautiful
district.”

Size: Largest specimen, major diam, 12°75; alt. axis 28:0 mm.

Specimen figured, 3 TO); 3 2OrZS ,,

Proportion of length to body-whorl, 100 : 54.

Guiussuta (RisHETIA) BURRAILENSIS, Var. MAXWELLI. (Plate CLX.
figs. 5,6.) No. 1717 B.M. °

Locality. Naga Hills, exact locality unknown, but East of
Kohima (Col. H. St. P. Maxwell). Somra, Khulen Post. West of
Kyendwin or Chindwin River, Upper Burma (Ff. Hide).

Shell elongately turreted; sculpture coarse, close, irregular
ribbing (fig. 6); colour rich sienna-brown (fig. 6); spire long,
sides nearly flat; 100.47°6; suture shallow; whorls 10, sides
nearly flat ; aperture narrowly oval, outer lip strong; columellar
margin nearly straight, solid.

46 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Size: Fig. 5. Type, major diam. 8°5; alt. axis 32:0 mm.
Largest bleached shell, i 9-2; i oo: 1s,

This species was given to me by Colonel Maxwell ; obtained on
one of his tours in the Naga Hills, East of the Anghami Naga
tribe.

GuessuLa (RisHETIA) MAsTERSI, n. sp. Type. (Plate CLXII.
fig: /1).)
=macera, Nev. MS. from Assam.

Locality. Golaghat, Assam; 38 specimens found. BIf. Coll.
843.06.1.1 B.M. (Masters). Same locality. 40.06.38. B.M.,2 ex-
amples ; 837.06.1.1 B.M., 5 examples.

Shell eclongately turreted; sculpture distant striation; colour
pale ochraceous; spire long, sides flat; apex is fine, increasing
gradually (Pl. CLXILTI. fig. 20; another specimen No. 837.06.1.1
B.M., Blf. Coll., from same locality, Pl. CLXIII. fig. 22), suture
shallow; whorls 9, very flatly convex; proportion of spire
to last whorl 100: 49, having a slight shoulder below the suture ;
aperture rather narrow ; columellar mar gin nearly vertical.

Size: major diam. 6-5; length 17-5 mm. Largest specimen,
apex broken, major diam. 70,

It is very close to G. sarissa, Bs., but side of spire differs.

This species was found in Dr. W. T. Blanford’s collection and
unnamed. It was sent to him with other shells found by
Mr. Masters in 1860, on the low spurs near the hot spring at
the Falls of the Namba River, the home of that fine species
Rhiostoma mastersi, figured in the ‘ Conchologia Indica,’ 1870,
pl. v. fig. 1, without description, as Plerocyclos (Spiraculum)
masterst, Blanford MSS., afterwards described by Wm. Blanford in
Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1877, pt. 2, p. 513, as from hills south
of the Assam Valley not far from Golaghat. Some years later
I happened to encamp at the exact locality as given above. The
shell is hairy in fresh specimens, as stated by Blanford.

Among the Glessule since recorded from the Indian Museum,
under No. 80, Nevill, ‘ Hand-list,’ p. 170, no. 3639, are some
12 examples of mastersi from Assam, labelled W. Blf. with the
name ‘macera” in Nevill’s handwriting. Writing to me in
August 1880, Nevill gave this name to all the shells catalogued
under No. 80. G. macera is a very distinct and attenuate species.

GressurA (RIsHETIA) MASTERSI, n. sp., var. (Plate CLXII. fig. 3.)
No. 3339 B.M.

Locality. Augaoluo Peak, 6777 ft., Naga Hills, 2 specimens
(M. Ogle).

Sculpture: the embryonic whorls (Plate CLXII. fig. 21) are
strongly costulate next the smooth apex, and regularly so to
the last whorl; colour dark umber-brown ; whorls 9.

Size : major diam. 7'0; alt. axis 20:0 mm,

Agrees with the Golaghat specimens.

5 other specimens were obtained in the Naga Hille; precise
locality not noted.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. A7

Gressuta (Risuerra) macura, G.-A. W. Blf. MS. Type. No.
3673 BM.

Locality. Assam, probably near Golaghat. Ea Coll. Indian
Museum, No. 3634 (W. 7. Blunford).

Shell elongately turreted, thin; sculpture regular, close subdued
costulation ; colour pale ochraceous ; spire very long, sides flat ;
apex rather blunt; suture impressed ; whorls 12, very gradually
increasing, flatly convex, body-whorl short ; aperture small ;
columellar margin flatly curved.

Size: major diam. 5°75; length 20-0 mm.

Under No, 68, ‘ Hand-list,’ p. 169, Nevill records 10 specimens
from Assam under G. pertenuis, presented by Stoliczka—a faulty
determination ; they are G. macera, and from the same source as
No. 842.06.1.1 coll. Blf. B.M.

Gressuna (RisHErra) sTRAMENCOLOR, n. sp. (Plate CLIX. fig. 12.)

Locality. Burrail Range. 6 specimens, Type. No. 1535 B.M.
(Godwin-Austen). :

Shell elongately turreted, thin, shiny ; sculpture rather coarse,
well-marked, regular transverse striation; eolour very pale ochra-
ceous, or straw-colour; spire long, side flat, apex very blunt;
suture impressed; whorls 11, sides flat; aperture small, pear-
shaped; peristome thin, outer lip vertical; columella curving
downwards.

Size: major diam. 6:0; length 25:0 mm.

The general form and blunt apex of this species is more that of
a Bacillum than of Glessula.

GuiessuLa (RIsHETIA) IMPHALENSI8, n. sp. (Plate CLXIL. fig. 24.)

Locality. Munipur. No. 3398 B.M. ( Godwin- Austen).

Shell elongately turreted, with glassy surface; sculpture irre-
gular striation ; colour dull strong ochraceous ; spire elongate, apex
fine, sides very slightly convex ; suture impressed ; whorls 8, rather
flattened; aperture narrowly oval; onter lip slightly thickened ;
columellar margin short, truncate, very slightly concave.

Size: Largest, major diam. 7°75; length 18-0 mm.

Ordinary, Pe Gaur. i.) slG—l ie.

GurssuLa (RIsHETIA) MUNIPURENSE,Nn.sp. (Plate CLIX. fig. 10.)

Locality. Munipur; over 20 specimens collected. Type. No.
1584 B.M. ( Godwin-Austen),

Shell elongately turreted, thin, shiny; sculpture regular
striation, showing strongly below the suture as a crenulate edge ;
colour pale umber-brown ; spire long, sides with slight convexity ;
apex fine, blunt (Plate CLXIV. fig. 8, apex), as compared with
G. garoense of Cachar (Plate CLXIV. fig. 7, No. 1657 B.M.);
suture impressed ; whorls 11, sides flatly convex; aperture small,

48 LAND AND FRESHWATER

subovate angular above and below; peristome thin; columella
with rather a sharp turn, truncate below.

Size: major diam. 20°52; length 20°5 mm.

The sculpture distinguishes this species from G. garoense, small
var., in being much coarser.

G. munipurense, n. sp., var. (3366 B.M.), Diyung Valley, Naga
Hills, differs very slightly from the type.

GLEssULA SUBHASTULA, Var.

Locality. Munipur. 3 specimens. No. 3572 B.M. (Godwin-
Austen).

Shell elongately conoid; sculpture well marked, some irregular
strie; colour sienna-brown ; spire high, sides somewhat flat,
apex rather blunt (Plate CLXILI. figs. 138, 13a); suture impressed ;
whorls 8, sides flatly convex; aperture narrow, almost straight
on the outer margin; peristome a little thickened; columellar
margin slightly convex.

Size: major diam. 3-3; alt. axis 10-0 mm.

Differs slightly from the Khasi Hill form in being less attenuate,
the sides of the spire being more convex above the larger body-
whorl, more particularly in the sharper apex, which is very
costulate throughout (Plate CLXIII. figs. 18, 13 a).

G. subhastula, n. sp. (No. 1591 B.M.), Lhota Naga Hills,
four examples, similar to the type.

GueEssULA OGLEI, n. sp. Type. (Plate CLXII. fig. 10.)

Locality. Naga Hills. No. 820 B.M. (MZ. 7. Ogle).

Shell elongate, oblong turreted; sculpture regular striation ;
colour bright ochraceous; spire high, sides flatly convex; suture
well impressed ; whorls 74, flatly convex ; aperture ovate; peristome
well thickened on outer margin; columellar margin short and sharply
concave.

Size: major diam. 5:5; length 14:0 mm.

Somewhat like G. oakest of the Abor Hills, but more slender and
attenuate, apex finer, and aperture more oval. More elongate than
G. crassilabris, and the sculpture is not so incised as in that species
and its varieties.

GLEssvLA OGLEI, n. sp. (Plate CLXII. fig. 11.)

Locality. Naga Hills. No. 3363 B.M. ( Godwin- Austen).

Sculpture rather coarse striation, not incised ; whorls 7.

Size: major diam. 6°5; alt. axis 14-25 mm.

The figure of this species is somewhat more tumid than the
type, but found with it are two quite similar; they are not to be
separated.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 49

GLESSULA HEBETATA, n. sp. (Plate CLXII. fig. 26.)

Locality. Munipur (Godwin-Austen). No. 3396 B.M.

Shell oblong conoid ; sculpture irregular, rather close striation ;
colour dull ochraceous brown; spire elongately conic, sides flatly
convex, apex blunt; suture shallow; whorls 6, rather flattened ;
aperture narrowly oval; peristome outer lip slightly thickened ;
columellar margin short, slightly concave, terminating abruptly.

Size: maj. diam. 6:0; alt. axis 13 mm.

No. 1539 B.M. hebetata, n. sp., from the Burrail Range: larger
than type, 16°5 x 7-5.

No. 3340 B.M. hebetata, n. sp., from the Augaoluo Peak, Naga
Hills ; dark umber in colour.

GLESsULA BARAKENSIS, n. sp. (Plate CLXII. fig. 12.)

Locality. Munipur, south of the Barak Valley (Godwin-Austen).
Type. No. 3355 = 3349. ;

Shell elongately conoid, smooth to eye; sculpture: fine, distant,
regular, distinct striz; colour dull ochraceous ; spire high, sides
flattened ; suture moderately impressed ; whorls 7, sides very flatly
convex, 100: 58; aperture very narrowly ovate; peristome outer
lip moderately thickened ; columellar margin very slightly concave.

Size: maj. diam. 4°75; length 12-0 mm.

This is a common species in Munipur. I have it from Nongmai-
ching Peak (No. 3354 B.M. Coll.), from the Lahupa Naga Hills on
the north-east (No. 821 B.M.), and from the Naga Hills, exact
places unknown, but somewhere on the line of the Burrail Range.
These last (No. 3364 B.M.), are rather shorter, more tumid, and of
an umber-brown colour—10 x 4°75 mm.

In the Beddome Collection (British Museum No. 753) were
originally four specimens (now three) from the Naga Hills, no
doubt received from Mr. Muspratt of the Assam Police—which
Colonel Beddome had named erassula, Bs.: they agree with this
species. G. crassula, Bs., does not extend to the Naga Hills—see
what I say under that species.

GLESSULA 'BARAKENSIS, n. sp. (Plate CLXII. fig. 17.)

Locality. Burrail Range, Naga Hills (Godwin-Austen). No.
3349.

Shell ovately oblong, tumid; sculpture regular, somewhat coarse
striation, but not incised; colour dull ochraceous: spire high, sides
flatly convex, apex very blunt and rounded; suture very well
impressed ; whorls 6, decidedly convex; aperture rather widely
oval; peristome outer lip well thickened; columellar margin
convex just above the truncation.

Size: Type, maj. diam. 4°75; length 11:0 mm.

tather smaller than the type.

There is one specimen from Tellizo Peak, Naga Hills (No. 3344
B.M.), near the watershed of the Burrail Range.

PART I, F

50 LAND AND FRESHWATER

GLESsULA KOMIMAENSI8, n. Sp. (Plate CLXI. fig. 24.)

Locality. Kohima, Aughami Naga Hills, twelve examples
(Godwin-Austen). Type. No, 3395 B.M.
Shell ovately oblong, slender, smooth, shiny; sculpture : sparse,
distant striz ; colour dull ochraceous with green tinge; spire high,
curving on columellar side particularly ; suture impressed; whorls 7,
fairly convex ; aperture rather narrow, vertically oval; peristome
outer lip thickened ; columella gradually curving, truncate below.
Size: maj. diam. 3°75; alt. axis 9°75 mm.

*.

GLESSULA PROWIENSIS, n. sp. (Plate CLXII. fig. 13.)

Locality. Prowie, Lahupa, Naga Hills, N.E. Munipur, two speci-
mens (Godwin-Austen). Type. No. 3565 B.M.

Shell elongately ovate, rather solid, glassy; sculpture: very
slight striation, distant; colour pale greenish; spire high, sides
flatly convex, apex very blunt and rounded ; suture impressed ;
whorls 6, sides slightly convex ; aperture narrowly ovate, vertical ;
peristome outer lip thickened ; columellar margin short, straight,
not truncate.

Size: maj. diam. 3°75; length 9-0 mm.

I have six other specimens from the Burrail Range (No. 1608
B.M.). From North Khasi Hills I collected two examples of a
shell very like this (No. 3551), more ovate in form, with stronger
truncate columella 8 mm. long, and with an ochraceous tint—this
is subhastula.

It is very variab in size. Specimens from the Lahupa
Naga Hills (No. 3378 B.M.) (Sikhami), six in number, are only
7 mm. in length; of the same size are five from Tellizo Peak
(No. 3345 B.M.). Was also found on Laisen Peak in Munipur.

No. 768 12.4.16 B.M. of the Beddome Collection is this species
from the Naga Hills, five specimens no doubt collected by
Mr. Muspratt. These were labelled by Colonel Beddome G. orobia ;
placed in the box is a label in Mr. Gude’s handwriting ‘1 sub-
jerdoni,” the four other specimens are prowensis. See what I
say under G. orobia.

No. 3356 B.M. prowiensis was collected south of the Barrail,
Munipur.

No. 3362 B.M. prowiensis was collected on Khunho Peak,
Naga Hills.

No. 3384 B.M. prowiensis was collected at Kezameh, Naga Hills,

GLESSULA SHIROBIENSIS, n. sp. (Plate CLXI. fig. 22.)

Locality. Shiroifurar Trigonometrical Station, Lahupa Naga
Hills (Godwin-Austen). Type. No. 3571 B.M.

Shell eclongately conoid, rather solid ; sculpture regular, fairly
strong striation ; colour ash-brown, paler on apex; spire elongate,

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 51

sides nearly flat, apex very blunt; suture impressed; whorls 62,
flatly convex; aperture narrowly oval, vertical, milky-white
inside; peristome thickened ; columellar margin nearly vertical.
mizelypesinn....-.<25/0. Maj. diam. 3-0\; length 8-0 mm.
of larger Bipiched specimen, ‘ 3°25 ; ae BOO" 56

GLESSULA LHOTAENSE, n. sp. (Plate CLXI. fig. 25.)

Locality. Lhota Naga. Small, elongate (Godwin-Austen), No.
1590 B.M.

Shell elongately turreted ; sculpture: distant irregular striation,
with broad smooth intervals; colour pale ochraceous ; spire high,
apex blunt; suture well impressed; whorls 73, sides flattened,
proportion of length to body-whorl 100: 49; aperture narrowly
elliptical; peristome thin ; columellar margin perpendicular, nearly
straight.

Size: maj. diam. 3°8; alt. axis 10°25 mm.

GLESsULA LAHUPAENSE, n. sp. (Plate CLXI. fig. 23.)

Locality. Phunggam, Lahupa Naga Hills (Godwin-Austen).
Type. No. 3381 B.M.

Shell elongately turreted ; sculpture regular, rather distant strive;
colour pale umber-brown ; spire high ,subulate, apex rounded, large,
blunt; suture impressed ; whorls 6, sides scmewhat flattened,
proportion 100 :46; aperture oval, well rounded below, vertical ;
peristome outer lip thickened; columellar margin nearly perpen-
dicular, with very slight curvature.

Size: maj. diam. 3: "25 ; alt. axis 9°25 mm,

7. Arakan and Chittagong.

Glessula forum, n. sp. Pl. CLXTI. fig. 15.
rabani, n. sp. Pl]. CLX. fig. 21.

GLEssuLA FoRUM*, n. sp., is naja, G.-A., BIf. MS., not naja of
Pilsbury from Assam, which is subhebes, G.-A. (Plate CLXI.
tig, 15.)

Locality. Hathagori, north of Chittagong. Hx Hy. Blf. Coll.,
six specimens (H. C. B. C. Raban). No. 14.9, 3.15,

Shell elongate ; sculpture: surface smooth, rather weak distant
striation ; colour ruddy ochraceous; spire long, sides slightly
convex, tapering gradually to apex, then sharply at the 3 apical
whorls; suture shallow; whorls 10, very slightly convex, pro-
portion of spire to last whorl 56-2 : : 100; aperture widely oval;
columellar margin, aes shght convexity.

Size: maj. diam. ‘ ; length 22°25 mm.

* From the name of a place it came from, which means the “ market
village.”
E 2

a2 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Approaches G, tenwispira, Bs., which has been recorded from
Sylhet (probably the typical locality), from Pegu, Akouktoung, and
farther south. This is a species which would have been likely by
some of the early collectors to be considered tenwispira, but it does
not agree either with Teria Ghat examples I have, nor with Gless.
masterst from Assam.

GLESSULA RABANI, n. sp. (Plate CLX. fig. 21.)

Locality. Chittagong. Ex Coll. Henry F. Blanford (H. Raban).
No. 6.9.3.15.

Shell ovately conical, turreted ; sculpture: coarse distant striation
partly incised ; colour rich sienna-brown; spire conic, sides slightly
convex, apex blunt; suture impressed; whorls 7, sides flatly
convex ; aperture narrowly oval ; peristome thickened on outer
lip; columellar margin short, convex, thickened, truncate.

Size: maj. diam, 5°0; length 10°25 mm.

This is very close to G. crassilabris, but the spire is not so high,
the aperture is narrower, and the coloration different from any
specimens I have seen from the Khasi Hill Ranges. I name it
after Mr. H. C. B. C. Raban, of the Indian Civil Service, who
collected assiduously in the districts in which he served.

8. Burmese.

Glessula pertenuis, W. BIf. Pl. CLXI. figs. 1, 2.
basseinensis, n. 8 Pl. CLXL, fig. 3
af ied Ra ha Pl. CLXIV. fig. 10.
nathiana, n. sp.

akouktoungensis, n. sp.

blanfordiana, Nevill. Pl. CLXIV. fig. 21.
peguensis, W. BIf. Pl. CLXII. figs. 20, 21.
ponsiensis, Q. Sp. Pl. CLXIV. figs. 19, 20.

8a. Tenasserim.

Glessula limborgi, n. sp. Pl. CLXI. fig. 5.

GLESSULA PERTENUIS, W. Blf. (Plate CLXIV. fig. 11, apex;
Plate CLAI. figs. 1, 2.

Locality. Tongoop, Arakan; and Henzada. No. 239.06.2.2.
(W. T. Blanford).

Original description :—* A. pertenuis, n. sp. Shell very slender,
turreted, thin, light horny, polished, closely, minutely, and rather
irregularly striated. Spire subulate, somewhat acuminate towards
the blunt apex; suture impressed, subcrenulate. Whorls 11-12,
convex, the last about 1/5 the length of the spire. Aperture
oblique, ovately pyriform, peristome thin margins united by a thin
callus, columella moderately curved, obliquely truncated.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. ys"

millim. inch.

MHL NA A onic ara nagsticd ote she che 20 O23.
i eameter Pee yy Shines res 4} 0-18.
Length of aper ture eve eee 4 0-16.

* Habitat. Tongoop, Arakan.

“ Var. major, length 262 mm.; diameter 6; length of aperture 6.
Of another specimen; length £ 23 mm.; diameter 55; length of
aperture 53.

“ Habitat. Pyema Khyoung, Bassein District, Pegu.

‘‘A much more slender species than A. tenuwispira, Bens. (a
variety of which also abounds in parts of Pegu), though there are
signs of a passage. ‘The present appears to replace 4. tenwispira
in Arakan and Bassein. Mr. Benson, to whom I sent a specimen,
observes that it is intermediate between A. tenuispira and
A. hastula, Bens.”

No. 239.06.2.2 of the Blanford collection is represented by seven
examples of this species, with this pencil note by Blanford, ‘‘ very
hike tenwispira,” from two localities, Tongoop, in Arakan, and
Henzada on the Irrawady, the respective locality was not indi-
cated ; but they are all alike, two are of the same length as given
in the description—viz., 20 mm., white. The largest specimen now
figured is 22°25 x5 mm.

Fortunately I have from Henry Blanford’s Collection (No.
20.9,3.15) two specimens from Henzada, one of which I figure ; it is
22-0 mm. long x5 in major diameter, which settles the “matter of
habitat. They no doubt were given him by his brother.

Under G@. pertenuis, var. major, William Blanford gives the dimen-
sions of a larger form from the Bassein District, which is farther to
the south. Three examplesfrom thislocality are in the Henry Blan-
ford collection; they do not agree with pertenuis, the general shape
is different, the apex particularly being much blunter. It cannot be
therefore considered a variety—I name and figure it as G. bassein-
ensis (Plate CLXIV. fig. 10 for apex).

In Col. Beddome’s Collection (No. 682) is a single large speci-
men, 26°75 in lengthx 7 mm., from Thyetmyo, named by him
G. baculina; it agrees best with G. nathiana; it has much the
general form of pertenwis, but is larger, is ash-coloured, with
rough strong striation. Ke hasty examination recalls so-called
tenwispira ot ‘Darjiling, but a closer shows quite a different increase
of the whorls, and we they are by no means so flat. It is also
milky white within the aperture, quite a distinguishing character,
which I note is to be seen also in the typical specimen of G. per-
tenuis from Henzada. Nevill records pertenwis from Akouktoung
and Thyetmyo. This large form must be the variety of tenuispira
referred to by Wm. Blanford as abounding in parts of Pegu, and in his
‘Contributions to Indian Malacology,” 1865, J. A.S. B. vol. xxxiv.
p. 95, he says: “ Achatina tenuispira, B., of small size, is common
at Akouktoung and farther south.”

On the same glass slip in the Blanford Collection (No.
238.06.2.2) were gummed five specimens, labelled G. tenuisprra,

54 LAND AND FRESHWATER

Pegu and Darjiling; four were certainly from the latter place, but
one was quite a different species and smaller, and may have come
from Pegu.

Nevill gives the Garo Hills on two specimens from my collection ;
this cannot be an accurate determination, as I have nothing like
it. The ten specimens from Assam are something else.

Recently (July 1917) further material has come to hand: when
going through Wm. Blanford’s collection of duplicate shells, I came
on four pill- ‘boxes containing Glessuwla from Pegu, with true locality
and named as follows :—

No. 1 contained Achatina tenutspira from Bassein District, 14
examples; No. 2 from Akouktoung, 18 examples; No. 3 Achatina
pertenwis from Tongoop, which is on the Arakan Yoma, 3 examples ;
No. 4 ‘intermediate between tenwispira and pertenws ” from Pyema
Khyoung, Bassein District, 20 examples. These clear up doubts
on distribution and show so well what Blanford’s views were at
the time he was describing Pegu Glessulas. No. 4is G. basseinensis,
described further on. No. 2 differs from this in many respects,
due, no doubt, to its habitat on the Limestone rocks, which the
name implies, ‘“Akouk” being lime and “toung” a hill in
Burmese ; I remember the place well. I adopt it as the specific
name. No 1 is a well-defined species differing from the preceding,
which I name G. nathiana, from the Burmese name “nath” for
spirits or fairies of woods and hills.

JLESSULA BASSEINENSIS, n. sp. (Plate CLXIV. fig. 12, apex ;
Plate CLXI. fig. 3.)

Locality. Bassein, Pegu, three specimens. Pyema Khyoung,
Bassein, six specimens (W. 7. Blanfprd). Type. No. 19.9.3.15
BM.

Shell elongately turreted ; sculpture close, fine, regular, rather
coarse ; colour ochraceous; spire elongate, sides nearly straight,
very slightly acuminate near the-blunt apex, 100: 33-7; suture
moderately impressed ; whorls 11, sides very flatly convex ; aper-
ture narrowly ovate; columellar margin curved slightly.

Size: major diam. 6°25; alt. axis 25-0 mm.

This is the var. major of pertenuis Blanford alluded to above ; it
is not so attenuate in general form, the apex is much stronger
and blunter, fewer whorls, white, longer, and the sculpture
coarser; a comparison of figure (No. 3) with those of true tenwi-
spira trom ‘Teria Ghat and hastula shows, better than any
description, how much it differs.

GuieEssuLa (Riswerrra) NATHIANA, Nn. Sp.
Locality. Bassein District (W. 7. Blanford). Type. No.
2206.06.1.1 B.M.

Shell elongately turreted; sculpture regular, fine, raised, close
strie throughout; colour strong, ochraceous; spire elongate, sides

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA, jo

nearly flat, apex very blunt; suture well impressed; whorls 11,

sides flatly convex; aperture broadly ovate; columellar margin
very convex,

Size: maj. diam. 7:0; length 22°75 mm.

This species was found among Blanford’s duplicate shells, the
box marked with above locality and with the note “intermediate
between tenwispira and pertenuis”; it differs quite sufficiently from
both and from basseinensis to be distinguished. From the last, it is
far longer at the body-whorl, which is very swollen, its sides more
convex, and the apex is much larger.

GLESSULA AKOUKTOUNGENSIS, n. Sp.

Locality. Akouktoung on Irawady, Pegu (W. 7’. Blanford).
Type. No. 2207.06.1.1 B.M.

Shell elongately turreted; sculpture scarcely any, just a trace
near apex below the suture; colour umber-brown; spire long, sides
flat, apex blunt; suture impressed; whorls 10, sides flatly convex ;
aperture ovate.

Size: maj. diam. 5°75; length 20-5 mm.

This species occurred among the duplicates in the Blanford
Collection. Compared with G. basseinensis, it differs in sculpture,

in colour, and the last whorl is more tumid in proportion to the
length.

GuiessuLa PecuENsis, W. BIf. (Plate CLXII. figs. 20, 21.)
Locality. Pegu. No. 8.9.3.15 (Hy. Blanfordy.

Original description :—“ A. pequensis, n. sp. Shell oblong ovate,
rather solid, dark reddish brown, horny, marked with distinct and
regular impressed lines. Spire convexly conical; apex obtuse ;
suture impressed, subcrenulate. Whorls 64, slightly convex; the
last ascending a little towards the mouth, and exceeding 4 of the
shell in length; aperture vertical, truncately semicircular; peri-
stome obtuse, slightly thickened; margins joined by a callus;
columella very much curved, projecting forwards at the base, sub-
vertically truncated within the peristome.

millim. inch.

Caneth: ye. 2 5 2 MIS Secs oes ads AE 7 0:28.
rameter ig s..S ns wees So as os 34 0-14,
Length of aperture .......... 22 O-btr

“ Habitat. Irawady Valley, Pegu: common.

“ A pretty little species, darker in colour than any of its allies,
except perhaps A. gemma, Bens., and easily distinguished from all,
by the columella being more arcuate, also by its more acuminate
spire and blunter apex, and its much stronger sculpture.”

I give two figures of this shell, from authentic specimens in
Hy. Blanford’s Collection, as there is some variation in form.

56 LAND AND FRESHWATER

In the Blanford Collection (No. 262.06.2.2) are three specimens
from Arakan, near Tongoop, much larger than the type described,
being 10x4°8 mm., but they do not differ in any other respect,
and may be considered a large variety. ~

GLESSULA PONSIENSIS, n. sp. (Plate CLXIV. fig. 19, apex.)

Locality. Ponsee, Yunnan. Coll. Indian Museum (Dr. John
Anderson).

Shell oblong turreted, solid, smooth to eye; apex very rounded
with flattened sides; sculpture: none discernible en the two apical
whorls, slight striz on 3rd regularly, distantly, and finely costulate
on the 4th; colour pale ochraceous; spire tapering, apex blunt,
sides very slightly convex; suture shallow; whorls 9, sides flatly
convex; aperture ovate, vertical; peristome somewhat thickened ;
columellar margin strong, concave.

Size: maj. diam. 7°75; alt. axis 20°0 mm.

This is Stenogyra (Glessula) pyramis, Bs., var. major, of Nevill,
‘ Hand-list,’ i. p. 169, reterred to under G. pyramis by me. I am
fortunate in getting the type-shells for examination. I always
doubted the extension of G.pyramis so far to the eastward, when it
had never occurred in the Naga Hills or Munipur, or even Eastern
Assam.

Glessula blanfordiana, Nevill: Ponsee (Dr. J. Anderson). Iam
able to state that this is No. 85 of Nevill’s « Hand-list,’ p. 171, as
entered in Geoffrey Nevill’s amended copy in his own handwriting ;
that he did not at that time consider it had any close relationship
to G. peguensis, is shown by the two lines crossed out, and
“6, Loc? coll. W. Theobald,” Bhamao, is entered as the habitat.

The type from Ponsee, Yunnan (Plate CLXIYV. fig. 20, apex),
has been sent me from Calcutta by the Director of the Zoological
Survey of India, Dr. N. Annandale, with one other example.
This type is, I should say, abnormally thickened, particularly on the
columella and tip of the peristome. Nevill’s description is excellent.

I closely compared these with the specimens also collected by
Dr. John Anderson at Bhamao (Plate CLXIV. fig. 21, apex), six in
number, and made drawings of their respective species, which show
considerable variation not amounting to specific difference.

The sculpture of the Ponsee shell is distinctly costulate, while
it is very finely so in those from Bhamao (Plate CLXLIV. fig. 21,
apex), and this extends to the whole apex, as in the type (fig. 20).

As Glessula peguensis has heen referred to as an allied species, I
compared and figured the apex, which is of very different form
and sculpture (PI ate CLXIV. fig. 22, apex)—the specimen selected
being one in the Wm. Blanford Collection from Tongoop, Arakan.

GLESSULA LIMBORGI, n. sp. (Plate CLXI. fig. 5.)

Locality. Tenasserim (Ossian Limborq).
Shell elongately turreted, with shining surface ; sculpture: very

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 57

regular striation, less apparent on the last whorl; colour rich
umber with a green tinge; spire elongate, sides nearly flat; apex
somewhat attenuated, blunt; suture shallow; whorls 11, increasing
very gradually in size, sides flattened, the last with a sign of a keel
above the aperture; aperture rather narrow, ovate, straight on
inner margin; outer lip flatly convex; columellar margin sharply
convex, then straight not solid, feeble truncation.

Size: maj. diam. 6°5; alt. axis 26 mm.

This single specimen was among the shells collected by Mr. O.
Limborg in 1877, and I name it after him; it has remained un-
described ever since. The species is of delicate form, and quite
distinct from any Glessula L have from Pegu.

Mr. Ossian Limborg was a particularly fine strong young man,
son of a Swedish minister, and a keen naturalist. He arrived in
Calcutta in the winter of 1876, and called on me one morning at
the Museum anxious to collect and explore anywhere. I took him
up, and together with Lord Tweeddale, Dr. John Anderson,
Superintendent of the Indian Museum, and Mr. Wood Mason, we
fitted him out with all that was necessary and sent him to
Moulmein to collect in Tenasserim, from whence he returned in
May 1877, with an interesting lot of Birds, Moilusea, and Insects,
which he was instructed to pay particular attention to. Very much
material was obtained on the Peak of Mooleyit and its vicinity ; of
the mollusca he brought back were some very interesting and
valuable species preserved in spirits. I am sorry to say he suffered
much from malarial fever and had to return to Europe, otherwise
he was to have been employed in some other parts of Burma.

Ta. Shan Stutes and Siam Frontier.

Glessula kentungensis, n. sp.

woodthorpt, un. sp. Pl. CLXIT. fig. 19.
yuangensis, 0. 8p. Pl. CLXIL. fig. 18.
feddeni, n. sp. PI CExL: fig. Vd:
Jeddeni, var. Pl CLXIIL. fig. 14.

ineditus, N. sp.
perlevis, n. sp.

GLESSULA KENIUNGENSIS, ND. Sp.

Locality. Mong Sing, Siam Boundary (Lt.-Col. Rk. Woodthorpe,
R.E.). Type. No. 3650 B.M.

Shell elongately turreted; sculpture: smooth, with irregular
subdued ribbing, showing stronger and curvilinear below the
suture, apex quite smooth, faint sculpture on 2nd and 38rd whorls ;
colour dull ochraceous ; spire elongate, flat-sided, apex very blunt,

58 LAND AND FRESHWATER

large ; suture well impressed ; whorls 9, sides nearly flat; aperture
small, ovate; columellar margin very convex.

Size: maj. diam. 8°90; length 30°25 mm.

This species was also found on the Mekong River, paler in
colour, with an ashy tint. No. 3748 B.M.

GLESSULA WOODTHORPEI, n. sp. (Plate CLXII. fig. 19.)

Locality. Shan States. Nine specimens (Lt.-Col. R. Woodthorpe).
Type. No. 1628 B.M.

Shell oblong conoid, shiny, very smooth; sculpture: distant,
rather coarse indistinct irregular strie; colour olivaceous; spire
elongately conic, apex blunt; suture well impressed; whorls 7,
gradually increasing, body-whorl to length 100: 55°6; aperture
ovate, vertical; peristome outer tip thickened; columellar margin
slightly concave, short, strong, truncate.

Size: maj. diam. 5°75; length 13°5 mm.

This shell has a likeness to G. crassilabris, but the aperture is
smaller in proportion to the length ; it is not so pointed in the spire,
and the sculpture is different.

A specimen (bleached) No. 3655, is from the Siam N.W.
boundary.

GLESSULA FEDDENI, n. sp. (Plate CLXII. fig. 15.)

Locality. Shan Hills (Wm. Blanfordcoll.). Type. No.261.06.2.2.

Shell elongately conoid, tumid, very glassy; sculpture: rather
distant striation, closer and stronger on the apical whorls; colour
rich ochre ; spire conic, flatly convex, apex blunt ; suture impressed ;
whorls 7, sides convex, the last very ample; aperture oval;
peristome outer lip thickened; columellar margin short, with
considerable convexity.

Size: maj. diam. 6°75; alt. axis 13-2 mm.

~ nie ORO <p a eee Oe

This is the shell Blanford refers to as perhaps distinct from
crassilabris, Bens., J. A. 8. B. 1865, p. 95; it much resembles that
species, but placed side by side the points of variation are readily
seen. Another single specimen (No. 41.06.53.) occurs in the
Blanford collection, much more slender in form, but with similar
sculpture, which I consider a variety (Plate CLXIII. fig. 14).

GLASSULA INEDITTS, N. sp.

Locality. Shan Hills. Three specimens not named (W, 7’. Blan-
ford collection). Type. No. 83.06.5.5.

Shell oblong turreted ; sculpture: transverse close regular raised
striation, embryonic whorls smooth; colour: the type and best
preserved rich ochraceous on last whorl; spire elongate, sides flat ;
suture impressed; whorls 7, regularly increasing, slightly convex ;
aperture ovate, small; peristome outer margin thickened ;
columellar margin short, terminating abruptly.

Size: maj. diam. 4°5; alt. axis 9°5 mm.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 59

This species was found quite recently (July 1919) in a pill-box
labelled “Shan Hills,” together with another very distinct species
anda Bithynia, July 1919. It thus remained unsorted and un-
noticed for so many years, until my attention was called to the
Mollusca of the Salween Valley.

GLESSULA PERLEVIS, N. Sp.

Locality. Shan Hills, five specimens (2 mature) (W. 7. Blan-
ford collection). Type. No. 89.06.5.6.

Shell ovately oblong; sculpture: smooth on last whorl, only a
trace of transverse striation on other whorls, and distant, high-
power, close, spiral striation; colour dull umber-brown; spire
short, sides flatly convex, apex rounded, very blunt; suture
impressed ; whorls 6, flatly convex, last the largest; aperture ovate
or semicircular, outer margin evenly convex, vertical; peristome
outer lip thickened; columellar margin short, strong, concave.

Size: maj. diam. 4°75; alt. axis 9°5 mm.

This species recalls G. peguensis in its shape and blunt apex,
but its colour and great smoothness distinguishes it at once. It
probably comes from the Shan States near Mandalay and was
collected by Fedden.

GLESSULA YUANGENSIS, n. sp. (Plate CLXII. fig. 18.)

Locality. Yuang Ha, Siam boundary, only one specimen (Lt.-
Col. R. Woodthorpe).

Shell oblong turreted or conoid; sculpture: strong regular
distant striz, approaching costulation; colour ochraceous; spire
elongately conic, apex very blunt and rounded; suture impressed ;
whorls 7, sides flatly convex, 109: 47; aperture narrowly ovate ;
peristome outer lip thickened; columellar margin very slightly
convex, strongly truncate.

Size: maj. diam. 6; alt. axis 12°38 mm.

I was atyirst inclined to consider this a variety of woodthorpei,
but it differs in many respects, in the proportion of the body-whorl
to the height, the strong sculpture as compared with the smoothness
and the difference in the aperture. A single bleached shell
from the Kentung State (No. 1156 B.M.) is near this.

GLESSULA LATESTRIATA, Moliendorff.
Locality. Shan States.
This I have never seen.

60 LAND AND FRESHWATER

GLeEssuLA (RIsHeria) SUNDERI, N. sp.

Locality. Amin Gaon, Gowhathi, Assam. Only one example
(Sunder Lall Hora). Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Shell very elongately turreted; sculpture: smooth to eye, rather
distant striation in low relief, the first two embryonic whorls
smooth; colour pale umber-brown; spire long, very regularly
tapering, apex fine; suture well impressed; whorls 14, sides flatly
convex, proportion of last whorl to length, 100 : 32-5; aperture
narrowly ovate; peristome simple, thin; columellar margin
concave, sharply truncate.

Size: maj. diam. 9°5; alt. axis 41°5 mm.

This is a beautiful and new species, the single specimen is in
most perfect state. Its nearest ally is G. baculina, Hy. Blandford,
of Darjiling, compared with which it differs in its greater length
and number of whorls, 14 to 13, and general tumidity, more
convex whorls, with suture more impressed, sculpture not so full,
side of spire not so straight and flat, last whorl larger and more
swollen.

Compared with G. subaculina, G.-A., of the Khasi Hills and
South Jaintia, another near ally, it differs considerably as follows:
It is much longer, 14 whorls to 14, length 41 to 34:75 mm.; more
alternate with finer apex; tapering very regularly, side of spire
quite straight: sculpture far less pronounced ; columellar margin
shorter and with more convexity. Considerable interest is attached
to the finding of this Glessula at Amin Gaon, 400 yards from the
Railway Station, where Sunder Lall of the Indian Museum,
returning from Munipur, was detained for six hours ; he made tlie
best of the opportunity, obtaining at the same time six specimens
of another Glessula, a variety of sarissa.

Regarding the range of G. baculina, it is of interest ; 400 miles
east of Darjiling, at the base of the Dafla Hills, 450 feet, I found
that G. harmuttiensis took its place; the apex is more obtuse and
the sculpture is very different from that of Hy. Blanford’s
species. It comes from a low elevation compared with Darjiling ;
Harmutti is some 150 miles east from Gowhathi; 50 miles north
of that place, near Dewangiri, at the base of the Bhutan Hills,
the Datla species, or one very close to it, in all probability is
to be found, indicative of the area and side trom which G. sunderi
was derived. The intrusive granite at Gowhathi extends thence
for some distance north, exposed and rising at intervals above
the deep alluvial of the Bramaputra, which evidently covers
much more, pointing to a once close connection of low hilly
country, by which land-mollusea could travel far out into the
plain of Assam. Such former connection with the Assam Range
or the Khasi and Garo Hills is more pronounced between Gowhathi
and Dubri, trending towards the great mass of granite of Gipmochi
Peak into the Western Bhutan Hills (see also page 11).

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 61

I have not hitherto seen any elongate Gilessula (Ltishetia) of the
baculina type trom so low an elevation as Gowhathi (only about
3U0 feet) and so far from the base of the eastern Himalaya, all have
come from quite high habitats of 83-5000 feet. This is not surprising
when we consider that from Gowhatii westward up to the Garo
Hills, an area of 135 miles by 32, or over 4100 sq. miles, no land-
mollusca have been collected, until the high ground in the Khasi
Hills is reached, where G. subbaculina is abundant. Eastward it
is the same up to the Mikir Hills, a tract mostly of hill-country,
64 miles long by 32 broad or some 2000 sq. miles. North of the
Brahmaputra, for the distance of 190 miles, another 6000 sq.
miles, no collecting has been made. I trust Sunder Lall will
before long be given the opportunity of collecting ali along the line
of the Assam railway and visit places contiguous to it, particularly
the isolated low granite hills north of the Brahmaputra River,

GLESSULA BURRAILENSIS, G.-A., var. MAXWELLI, G.-A.

Locality. Somra Tracts, Somra Khulen Post, Upper Burma,
8.4.19. About L. 25° 20' N., L. 90° 45' E. No. 3742 B.M.

Shell elongate cylindro-conoid, turreted, solid, rather shining ;
sculpture : on the protoconch ribbing, approaching fine costulation,
merges into finer, more irregular, and curvilinear on the succeeding
whorls ; just below the suture this sculpture is stronger, giving the
appearance of crenulation ; colour a rich ochre, some are chestnut ;
spire long, gradually increasing, sides with slight convexity, apex
blunt; suture moderately impressed; whorls 103, flatly convex,
the last the largest; aperture oval, rather narrow for size, milky
white within; _peristome outer margin well thickened, white ;
columella strong, concave, truncate.

Size: maj. diam. 10°0 ; alt. axis 32°75 mm.

The longest and } 9-25 « Sota ee

most attenuate i is A Nien :

This very interesting shell was collected by Captain L. R. Maw-
son, Ist Lushai Hills Battalion, Assam Rifles, and is a more
attenuate form of G. burrailensis from the Naga Hills, this easterly

loeality extending the range to the hill-slopes of the Kyengdwen
Valley.

Oe ST C2 Su ei Ca hairs

Fig. 1.

oa

SOMATA ob coro

8

LAND AND FRESHWATER

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLIX.

Glessula (Rishetia) longispira, n. sp.

Rishettchu, Sikhim,
Raslichu, Sikhim.

—— (——) ——, n. ep.
—— (——) tenwispira, Bs. Teria Ghat, Khasi.
—— (——) subaculina, n. sp. Khasi Hills.

—— (——) harmuttiensis, n. sp. Datla Hills.

—— (——) rissomensis, n. sp. Damsang, Sikhim.
—— (——) buculina, H. Blt. (Type). _Darjiling.

—— (——) canaraense, n. sp.? N. Canara.

—— (——) subaculina, n. sp. North Khasi.

—— (——) munipurense, n. sp. Munipur.

—— (——) garoense, nn, sp., small] var. Naraindbur, Cachar.
—— (——) stramencolor, n. sp. Naga Hills.

—— (——) baculina, H, Blf., var., evilis. Damsang, Sikhim.
—— rf (Ly pe). Rissom Peak, Sikhim.

—— (——) garoense, n. sp. (Type).

Garo Hills.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLX.

Glessula (Rishetia) burrailensis,G.-A.
(Lype).

a (= =)
——(——) maxwell, n. sp. (Ist Type).
_- (2nd Type).
—— (——) dikrangense, n. sp.
=

ochracea, nu. sp.

————QULLent, CieAs

maiamensis, n. sp. (Type).

, n. sp. (Type).

—— illustris, G.-A. (Type).

—— — —, var. twumida, G.-A.

—— crassilabris, Bs.

—— oakesi, n. sp.

— crassilabris, Bs. (Typical).

—— rabani, n. sp.
—— (Jadukamia) abnormis, 0. sp.

—— pyramis, Bs.

aommag |

KhunhoPk.,Naga Hills.

JapvoPk, ,,
Kopamedza Pk., ,,
Naga Hills.

Dalia Hills:

Sikhim.

Naga Hills.

Patkai Range.
Singpho Hills.
Hengdan Peak, Naga.
Jaintia.

N. Khasi.

Abor Hills.

Bramakund, E. Assam.

Teria Ghat, Khasi.

Jaintia Hills.

Shengork Peak,
Datia Hills,

Garo Hills.

Chittagong.

Khasi Hills.

Dafla Hills.

Yeria Ghat, Khasi.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXI.

Glessula (Rishetia) pertenuis, W. Bf.
(Ga)
—— (——) basseinensis, n. 8

— (— )pertenwis, W. Blt., large var.

— (—) limborgi, n. sp.
) subhebes, n. sp. (Type).

ae

Pegu.

Henzada, Pegu.
Bassein, -p
Thyetmyo.
Tenasserim.
Dafla Hills.
Naga.

Assam,
Kohliagur,

near ‘ezpur, Assam.

Se RRM Ce eS ORK

XXXXKX XXKXXXKXXKXXKXKXXXKXXKXXXXX

RK KX K KIX

Lee eRe
Ons
ox

-

— ee
ww we we eS

Fig.

og

Cree Oo RO

see

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA,

Glessula (Rishetia) sarissa, Bs. Lower Bengal.

- (——) nevilliana, n. sp. Dafla Hills.
od (——) =a ” 29
a (——-) =e ”? 9?
= (>) UES Ie yop ”» ”
———(-——-) Oru, Ds Sp: Chittagong.
—— (——) hastula, Bs. Darjiling.

-——— (——) —— (Typical). ”
—— (——) subhastula, n. sp. (Type). North Khasi.
—— i), vars (Lype)

29 ”
—— (——) ——, ,, , Munipur,
—— (——) shiroiensis, n. sp. _
— GC); n. sp. ; -
—— (——) lahupaensis, n. sp. %
——. (——_) kohimaensis, n. sp. Naga Hills.
—— (——) ¢hotaensis, n. sp. Lhota, Naga Hills.
aoe gemma, Bo. Khoostia, Bengal.
(sub-genus ?) 3 Bengal (authentic).
—_—— 35 Chandanagur.
—— 5 var, Chittagong.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXII.

Glessula ( Rishetia) mastersi, n.sp.(Type). Assam.

—— (——)subhebes, G.-A. (var. tumida). Golaghat, Naga.
re Naga.

) aborensis, G.-A. Abor Hills.
orobia, Bs. Darjiling.

sae > Lyre).
—— —— (var. major).
solida, n. sp. North Khasi.
crassula, Bs., var. Sikhim.

oglet, n. sp. Naga Hills.

— (——

ceecan

. ” 2?
barakensis, n. sp. Munipur (Type).
prowiensis, n. sp.

Jeddeni, n. sp., var.

Shan States.

? 99 %” 29
—— hanleyt, n. sp. North Khasi.
barakensis, n. sp. Naga.
—— yuangensis, n. 8p. Shan States.
—— woodthorpe?, n. sp.
peguensis, W. Blt.

erassilabris, Bs. (var. nana).

Thyetm yo, Pegu.
North Khasi

—— rarhiensis, n. sp. Sikhim.

—— imphalensis, n. sp. Munipur.
—— crassula, Rve. (Type). Darjiling.
— hebitata, n. sp. Munipur.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXIII.

(Enlargements of original Drawings.)

Glessula botellus, Bs. Nilghiris.
oakesi, G.-A. (Type). Abor Hills,
botellus, Bs., of ’reston.
—— prowiensis,u.sp.(orobia, Beddome). Naga Hills.
subjerdont Bedd. (var.minor, sub- Jeypur.
Jerdoni of Nevill).

Tinnevelly Hills.

SS Golconda,

Richila Pk., Sikhim.

xX XXXKXX

—

XDOKIOX XG MeO Ie KOO

6 OK OK DSR OK SARS ORES, OK SHO OR OS DK On DK SOOS OK ON O84 ON DK OM
j= A

—
to

w

tw

i
ines

on hes

ie
one

ou

ua

LAND AND FRESHWATER

8. Glessula orobia, Bs. Darjiling. x 125
9. (Rishetia) hastula, Bs. SCs
9a, —— (——) —— (apex more enlarged). x 28
10. ——( ) roberti, n. sp. Richila, Sikhim. X 9;
11. —— ( ) subhastula, n. sp. North Khasi. xX 1275.
12. —— (——) (var.). North Cachar. nes
12a. —— (—_) ; 34 : x 24.
13. —— ( ) subhastula, var. Munipur. x 12°5.
13a. (——) 5 a x 24.
14. —— subhastula, n. sp. Cherra Poonjee, Khasi. x _,,
15. —— (Type). North Khasi. <A
16. —— (Rishetia) sarissa, Bs. (var.). Burroi Gorge, Dafla. x 12°5.
17. —— ( ) (var.). Gowhathi. <a,
18. —— (——) -— (Typical). Jessore. OS
19. —— (——) —— (var.). Koliaghur, Tezpur, xX ,,
Assain.
20, —— (——) mastersi, n. sp. (Type). Golaghat, Assam. SS on
21. —— (——) (var.). Angaolno Pk., Naga. X ,,
22, —— (——) ——. Golaghat, Assam. > aa
EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXIV.
(Original drawings all x 12°5 and reduced 4.)
1. Glessula subhebes (Type). Dafia Hills,
2. 2 Abor Hills.
3. austeniana, Nevill (Type). Dafla.
4. —— (Rishetia) dihingensis, n. sp. Sonari Tea Garden, Assam.
5. —— ( ) garoense, n. sp. (lype). Garo Hills.
6. —— (—-—) (small var.). Cachar.
7. —— (——) macera, W. Bf. MS. Assam,
(‘Ly pe).
8. — munipurensis (Type). Munipur.
9. —— prowiensis. Naga Hills.
10. —— (Rishetia) pertenuis (large var.). 'Thyetmyo, Pegu.
ll. ——( ) : Pegu.
12, ——( ) basseinensis, n. sp. Bassein, Pegu.
13. —— crassula (large var.). Darjiling.
14. —— —— (Typical). H
15. —— (var. with incised lines). Rarhichu, Sikhim.
16. —— crassilabris, Bs. Teria Ghat, Khasi.
17. — > Dafla Hills.
18. —— (small var.). Naga Hills.
19. —— ponsiensis, n. sp. pyramis (var,
major), Nevill, Ponsee, Yunnan.
20. blanfordiana (Type), X 12. 9 3
21. —— le. Bamao, Burma.
22. —— pequensis, W. Bf. Arakan.
23. —— pyramis, Bs. Teria Ghat.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXV.
Glessula (Rishetia) longispira, n. sp. Risetchu, Sikhim.
‘ig. 1. Aperture, with foot protruding, x 8.

[rdl-/di, right and left dorsal lobes. cp, fleshy columellar pillar
upon and around which the columellar margin is built.

s, peristome. |
la. Generative organs, x 4°5.

16. Penis of 2nd specimen examined.
le. The visceral sac, showing coils, back and front views.

MOLLUSCA OF INDIA. 65

Glessula ochracea, G.-A. Sikhim.

Aperture with foot protruding, showing sole of foot, X 4.
2 Buccal mass, with intestine and salivary glands, x 8.
2C. Genitalia nearly complete, x 4:5.

Glessula oakesi, G.-A. Abor Hills.

3A. Side of foot, x 6.

3B. Albumen gland, hermaphrodite duct, and oviduct to vas deferens, x6.
3C, Vas deferens to penis, X 6.

o Dine; Fs another view, xX 6.

Glessula orobia, Bs.

4. Generative organs, X 8.
4a. Penis, with flagellum, x 12,

4b. » another view, x 8.
Glessula inornata, Pfr.

Dd. Part of genitalia, x 4°5.
5a * . another view, xX 4°.
56. Penis, coiled view of, x 4°5.
5e. Jaw, X 24.

Glessula garvense, n. sp. Silchar, Cachar.
6. Penis, with simple flagellum, x 12.
6a. Spermatheca, x 12.

Glessula species ? Buddula, Ceylon.

Penis, to show flagellum, x 8.
a. » View of other side, x 8.
b. Follicles of the prostate, x 24.

ba Mies Fe I

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