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PUBLICATION

OF THE

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM

ZOOLOGICAL SERIES
VOL. IV. PART I.

CHICAGO, U. S. A.
1904

.•/// rig/its reserved

THE

OF

MIDDLE AMERICA AND THE
WEST INDIES

BY

DANIEL GIRAUD ELLIOT, F.R.S.E., ETC.
Curator of Department.

ZOOLOGICAL SERIES
VOL. IV. PART I.

CHICAGO, U. S. A.
1904

v i /. M ' •'

PREFACE.

In my previous volume, the "Synopsis of the Mammals of North
America and the Adjacent Seas," the field covered was from the
northern boundary of Mexico to and including the Arctic Ocean.
The present work is supposed to contain all the Mammals of the
remaining portion of the North American continent and the con-
tiguous seas, from the northern boundary of Mexico to the Province
of Cauca, South America, including the coast islands, as well as those
of the Bahamas and the West Indies whose fauna is not completely
related to that of South America. In the general treatment of the
named forms the method adopted in the previous work has been
slightly elaborated, and brief statements of the habits of the animals
contained in the various families, and sometimes in the genera, have
been given, together with the English name for each species or race,
and keys for genera, subgenera, species, and races whenever these
were sufficiently numerous to make such analytical tables desirable.
For a very large number of the species and races it is well understood
that no English names exist, and these had to be manufactured for the
occasion, and are practically of little assistance for the recognition
of the different animals; but Latin names appear to be distasteful to
a small number of the laity, and only those in the vernacular are
satisfactory, and it is to aid these that this departure from the pre-
vious plan has been made. Numerous named species of many genera
of Mammals have so close a resemblance to each other, both in their
outward covering and cranial characters, that often it is very difficult
to distinguish one from the other, and for them Keys are probably
less satisfactory as a means of determining the various forms than for
any other class of animals ; but it seems that there is a desire for such
aids, which to many have become necessary, and therefore an effort
has been made to meet this need, which it is hoped will serve the pur-
pose intended. The illustrations throughout the volume comprise
not only various representations of the cranium of some selected
species of nearly every genus and subgenus, as in the "Synopsis," but
in addition a figure is given of some species either of a family or
genus, or possibly both, as the peculiarities of the animals seemed
to require for a better comprehension of their appearance in life. To
those unfamiliar with the diversified forms of the many mammals
dwelling within the limits embraced in this volume, these figures
may be of assistance, and enable them more easily to recognize the
animals whose descriptions are given in the text.

V

Io2 1 29

vi PREFACE.

The remarks made in the Preface of the "Synopsis," upon the
excessive and probably unwarranted multiplications of species and
races (made easy by the too liberal application of- the trinominal
system), may be repeated here with equal force as regards the mam-
malian fauna of Middle America and the various islands.

In the examination of the many specimens rendered necessary
during the progress of the present work, the author has been im-
pressed by the fact that the "characters" of a very large number of
the named forms are merely comparative and not distinctive. By
which is meant, characters that in themselves are not sufficient to
identify the specimens, but render necessary the presence of exam-
ples of the typical form before any determination is possible, unless
the locality is deemed all-sufficient to fix the status. The possession
of topotypes of described forms for the majority of naturalists is
impracticable except to a very limited degree, and therefore, without
such aids, to accurately name specimens is, in many instances, quite
impossible (for even "locality" is not always to be depended upon),
and the effort often then degenerates into something very like guess-
work. Every Mammalogist must at some time have been confronted
with this difficulty and regretted his inability to determine his exam-
ples; and one naturally questions the value of a system that makes
such a condition possible, and doubts if the giving of names to speci-
mens on minute differences, which magnify slight comparative
characters (for often there are no others, and some of these are
undoubtedly due to individual variation), is scientifically war-
rantable or even desirable. Many specimens have been named whose
cranial characters consist altogether in being "longer or shorter,"
"broader or narrower" than corresponding parts of some other
example, and it is easily comprehended how slight is the probability
that any specimen can be accurately determined whose characters
are such as those given (the color of the pelage also being nearly the
same), no topotypes of the forms with which these are compared by
their describer being available, and in many instances no measure-
ments of the crania having been given.

It is, of course, not to be conceived that every infinitesimal
difference that an animal may possess can be intelligently demon-
strated, or that the mere bestowal of a name upon a specimen would
make it recognizable; and the act of naming examples that are
separated from their fellows on account of these minute variations
cannot fairly be regarded as an "accurate statement of the results of
organic evolution." That it is desirable that all differences observed,
the results of any cause whatever, should be mentioned, and in many
instances dwelt upon, would not be disputed by any one, but it may

PREFACE. vii

well be questioned if the only wise or proper course to emphasize
these slight variations is to bestow a name upon the specimen pos-
sessing them. Much confusion has been created by the multiplicity
of names that burden our nomenclature, and our difficulties are by
no means brushed away when one is bestowed upon some specimen,
any more than are these difficulties ignored if none is given; for
names are often not only no panacea for scientific woes, but on the
contrary are frequently the cause of much trouble and perplexity.
They are useful for the recognition of specimens possessing indepen-
dent distinctive characters, but if an example has none of these its
appellation is of little assistance. It is the extreme to which the
bestowal of names has been carried that is to be deprecated, not
the announcement of differences observed, however slight, and
against the former custom the Author has always protested, while
advocating the latter.

It is to be expected that countries like Mexico would contain a
large number of animals that differ from each other in a greater or
less degree ; for that land probably possesses more varieties of climate
within a certain number of miles square than almost any other known
of an equal extent. The transition from a torrid to a temperate zone,
and again to an alpine, is accomplished in a comparatively brief
journey, and the several environments affect materially in certain
ways the animals influenced by them. So in a small extent of
country a number of forms allied to, but differentiated from each
other would be expected to occur; but whether the extreme length
to which the recognition of these variations has been carried by the
bestowal of names is either wise or necessary, may well be doubted.

The arrangement of the Orders and Families is the same as that
in the "Synopsis"; but names have in some instances been changed
since that work was published, those heretofore employed having
been ascertained to be either antedated by others, or previously used
in this or some other branch of Zoology. Changes are continually
occurring in Mammalian nomenclature, and it will probably be a
long time before permanence in names is reached, as discoveries are
being made that overturn some that are constantly employed and
have become familiar by long use. But these changes will of neces-
sity become less in time and a nomenclature that at least will approach
stability may, in the distant future, be expected to be reached. By
inserting the names of the described forms in this work the Author
does not indorse their specific or subspecific value, and in all cases
where an opinion is expressed, it will be found in a footnote on the
page containing the form discussed. A critical review of all the
species and races contained in this volume and their relations to

viii

PREFACE.

each other would be a very great undertaking and cannot be prop-
erly attempted at this time. Much additional knowledge, and in
many cases a greater amount of material must be acquired before
any considerable success in accurately determining the proper
status of the numerously named forms can be obtained.

The following is the arrangement adopted for the Orders and
Families of the Mammalia comprised in this work, beginning with
the lowest in degree:

VOLUME IV.— PART I.
ORDER I. MARSUPIALIA — MARSUPIALS.

Fam. i. Didelphyidae — Opossums.
ORDER II. EDENTATA — EDENTATES.

Fam. i. Bradypodidae — Sloths.

Fam. 2. Myrmecophagidae — Ant-eaters.

Fam. 3. Dasypodidae — Armadillos.

ORDER III. SlRENIA— SlRENIANS.

Fam. i. Trichechidae — Manatees.
ORDER IV. CETACEA — CETACEANS.

Fam. i. Balaenidae — Baleen Whales.

Fam. 2. Physeteridae — Sperm Whales.

Fam. 3. Delphinidae — Dolphins, Porpoises, etc.
ORDER V. UNGULATA — HOOFED QUADRUPEDS.

Fam. i. Tagassuidae — Peccaries.

Fam. 2. Cervidae — Deer.

Fam. 3. Antilocapridae — Prong-horn Antelopes.

Fam. 4. Bovidae — Cattle, Sheep, etc.

Fam. 5. Tapiridae — Tapirs.
ORDER VI. RODENTIA— RODENTS.

Fam. i. Sciuridae — Squirrels.

Fam. 2. Castoridae — Beavers.

Fam. 3. Muridae — Rats, Mice, Voles.

Fam. 4. Geomyidae — Pouched Rats.

Fam. 5. Heteromyidae — Kangaroo Rats, Pocket Mice.

Fam. 6. Octodontidae — The Octodonts.

Fam. 7. Erethizontidae — Porcupines.

Fam. 8. Agoutidae — Agoutis, Pacas.

Fam. 9. Leporidae — Hares, Rabbits.

VOLUME IV.— PART II.
ORDER VII. CARNIVORA — CARNIVORES.

Fam. i. Felidae — Cats.

Fam. 2. Viverridae — Mungoose, Civets, etc.

Fam. 3. Canidae — Dogs, Wolves, Foxes.

Fam. 4. Ursidae — Bears.

Fam. 5. Procyonidae — Raccoons.

Fam. 6. Mustelidae — Badgers, Weasels, Otters, etc.
ORDER VIII. PINNIPEDIA— PINNIPEDS.

Fam. i. Otariidae — Sea-lions.

Fam. 2. Phocidae — Seals.

PREFACE. ix

ORDER IX. INSECTIVORA — INSECTIVORES.
Fam. i. Soricida; — Shrews.
Fam. 2. Talpidae — Moles.
Fam. 3. Solenodontidce — Solenodonts.

ORDER X. CHIROPTERA— BATS.

Fam. i. Vespertilionidae — Common Bats.
Fam. 2. Noctilionidse — Large-eared Bats.
Fam. 3. Molossidae — Free- tailed Bats.
Fam. 4. Natalidae — Funnel-eared Bats.
Fam. 5. Phyllostomatidae — Vampire Bats.

ORDER XI. PRIMATES— PRIMATES.

Fam. i. Callitrichida? — Marmosets.

Fam. 2. Cebidae — Prehensile-tailed Monkeys.

The measurements of the species and races, unless otherwise
stated, are given in millimeters, and usually from some selected
specimen, although occasionally an average of several examples is
recorded. But it must always be remembered that the dimensions
of animals, even of adults belonging to the same species, vary
greatly, and there is no hard and fast rule by which the exact size of
any species or race of Mammals can be fixed, and allowance must be
made for this variability when a comparison is instituted between the
measurements given and some specimen in hand. It is really not
easy to find two mammals exactly alike in all their dimensions. This
fact was emphasized in the Preface of the "Synopsis," but it seems
necessary to repeat it here.

The illustrations of the Crania exhibit the characteristics of
every genus and subgenus contained in the work, with but few excep-
tions, and the Institution to which each specimen belongs and the
catalogue number is given in every instance. The reason for an
exception in the list is that it was not possible to obtain the cranium
when desired, as no example was procurable from any collection in
this country. These illustrations in half-tone of crania, with the
exception of a few kindly furnished by the Director of the National
Museum, were made from photographs taken by Mr. C. H. Carpenter,
the Head of the Photographic Department of this Institution, and as
faithful representations of the subjects exhibited with often minute
and intricate details they will, it is believed, compare favorably with
any heretofore published. The tooth-rows were photographed by
means of an especial photomicrographic lens which causes the most
minute enamel folds to be clearly visible.

The geographical distribution of many of the species and races
included in this work is very imperfectly known, as a considerable
number have been described only within a comparatively short time,
and consequently but little information has been received regarding

PREFACE.

them. The extent of the dispersion of each named form has, how-
ever, been given so far as our present knowledge permits.

In the Synopsis and its Supplement 997 species and subspecies
were enumerated, and of these 789 were restricted to the regions
north of the boundary of Mexico, leaving 208 that were found on
both sides of the line. Of genera there were 120 of which only 42
were not represented in Mexico. In the present work the species
and subspecies number i,oi8,of which 809 are restricted to Mexico
and the countries and islands embraced in the volume, leaving 209
also to be met with in the United States. The genera number 178,
of which 78 are found north of the line, leaving too peculiar to the
Southern lands, the major portion of the excess over the northern
genera being found in the Chiroptera. The Land Mammals in the
Synopsis numbered 933, and the Sea Mammals 63; in the present
volume the Land Mammals number 989 and the Sea Mammals 29,
and but two of the latter are not found in northern waters so far
as known, Megaptera n. bellicosa and Prodelphinus longirostris ,
although the first named probably does go into the northern portions
of the Gulf of Mexico.

The following table exhibits the genera that are represented on
both sides of the northern boundary of Mexico, with their species and
subspecies, showing the number of those that are restricted to each
region, and also how many are common to both:

Number of
Species and Sub-
species North of
Mexican Line

Number of
Species and Sub-
species South of
Mexican Line

Number of
Species and Sub-
species Common
to Both Regions

Antilocapra

i

2?

j?

Antrozous

2

2

Balaenoptera

8

•3

Bassariscus

4.

6

2

Blarina

7

16

I

Canis

Q

1 1

Castor

i

I

Citellus

C7

2 I

1 1

Cogia

I

I

I

Conepatus

I

8

2

Corvnorhinus

2

2

Cratogeomys

I

8

I

Cynomys

4

Dasypterus

I

I

Delphinus

I

i

I

Didelphys

4

2

Dipodomys

14.

1 1

6

Erethizon

c

i

I

Felis

IO

8

Fiber

g

Geomys

I c

i

i

Globicephalus

Heteromys

I

2 C

o

Lasiurus .

4

?

i

PREFACE.

xi

Number of
Species and Sub-
species North of
Mexican Line

Number of
Species and Sub-
species South of
Mexican Line

Number of
Species and Sub-
species Common
to Both Regions

Latax

I

i

i

Lepus

56

43

IQ

Lutra

6

2

i

Megaptera

7

2

i

Mephitis

I I

5

2

Microtus

66

7

O

Mirounga . . .

i

I

I

Mormops

i

4

I

Mus

4

5

4

Mvotis

14

20

10

Neotoma

24

20

8

Notiosorex

i

•l

i

Nycticeius

i

2

i

Xvctinomus

e:

i

Nyctinomops

i

I

i

Odontoccelus

1 1

17

4

Onychomvs

I 2

7

6

Orcinus

2

I

i

Oryzomys . .

c

42

o

Otopterus

I

t

i

Ovis

6

2

i

Perodipus

10

C

•z

Perognathus

42

77

I C

Peromyscus

7O

108

IQ

Phoca ...

6

i

I

Phocaena

2

i

I

Physeter

I

i

I

Pipistrellus

•7

6

I

Procyon

e

c

I

Prodelphinus

4

7

2

Promops

I

e

O

Pseudorca

i

i

I

Putorius

3.4

7

2

Rhachianectes

I

I

I

Rhithrodontornys

16

41

4

Scapanus

7

I

o

Sciuropterus

I 7

I

i

Sciurus

•1 t

CI

4

Sigmodon . .

8

24

4

0 6
Sorex

77

I 2

o

Spilogale

I 2

7

i

Tagassu

I

9

2

Tamias

-1C

6

7

Tatu

I

i

I

Taxidea

2

I

Thomomys

7.O

17

4

Trichechus

I

I

I

Tursiops

2

2

2

Urocvon

8

6

7

Urus"

I 2

2

I

Vespertilio

I

I

Vulpes

17

I

I

Zalophus

I

I

I

Ziohius . .

2

I

I

Much care has been given that all the forms that have received
names before this work was sent to the press should be included,
and it is hoped that few, if any, have been omitted.

xii PREFACE.

Descriptions of all species and races known to the Author, which
were published prior to July i, 1904, are given in this work. No
attempt has been made to add to the List after that date, as the press
work was then too far advanced to permit of any additions.

In the Appendix at the end of Part II. will be found descriptions
of all those Mammals that were published too late, as the pages
passed through the press, to be included in their proper position in
the volume.

A work like the present could not be brought to a successful issue
without material assistance from various quarters, as no Museum
possesses collections of such extent as to render it independent of all
others, and the Author is under many obligations to his colleagues
in different Institutions for the loan of material and for all other aid
requested toward the successful completion of his labors. It gives
him, therefore, much pleasure to name the following to whom he
feels much indebted: Dr. J. A. Allen, Curator of Vertebrate Zoology
in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, and F. M.
Chapman, Esq., Assistant Curator; Dr. C. H. Merriam, Chief of the Bio-
logical Survey, Department of Agriculture, Washington, and his able
assistants, Dr. A. K. Fisher, V. Bailey, W. H. Osgood, A. H. Howell,
and E. A. Preble, Esqs. ; R. Rathbun, Esq., Director of the National
Museum, Washington; Dr. F. W. True, Curator of Biology in the
National Museum, and G. S. Miller, Jr. Assistant Curator, and M. W.
Lyon, Esq., of the Department of Mammals; Witmer Stone, Esq.,
Curator of Ornithology in the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia; Outram Bangs, Esq., of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; Dr. E. A. Mearns, U. S. Army; and Old-
field Thomas, Esq., of the British Museum. To all these the Author
desires to express his thanks for having in many instances helped
to make the "rough places smooth," and the completion of this work
in its present form a possibility.

D. G. E.

i$th July, 1904.

CONTENTS.

VOLUME IV. PART I.

No. PAGE.

ORDER I. MARSUPIALIA— MARSUPIALS.

1 . Didelphyidae — Opossums i

ORDER II. EDENTATA— EDENTATES.

2. Bradypodidae — Sloths 19

3. Myrmecophagidas — Ant-eaters 24

4. Dasypodidae — Armadillos 31

ORDER III. SIRENIA— SIRENIANS.

5. Manatidas — Manatees 36

ORDER IV. CETACEA— CETACEANS.

6. Balaenidae — Baleen Whales 39

7. Physeteridae — Sperm Whales 44

8. Delphinidae — Dolphins, Porpoises, etc 48

ORDER V. UNGULATA — HOOFED QUADRUPEDS.

9. Tagassuidas — Peccaries 61

10. Cervidaa — Deer 68

n. Antilocapridae — Prong-horn Antelope 81

1 2. Bovidse — Cattle, Sheep, etc 83

13. Tapirida? — Tapirs 87

ORDER VI. RODENTIA— RODENTS.

14. Sciurida3 — Squirrels 90

15. Castoridas — Beavers 159

1 6. Muridae — Rats, Mice, Voles 162

17. Geomyidae — Pouched Rats 309

1 8. Heteromyidae — Kangaroo Rats, Pocket Mice 341

19. Octodontidae — The Octodonts 382

20. Erethizontidae — Porcupines 397

21. Dasyproctidae — Agoutis, Pacas 403

22. Leporidae — Hares, Rabbits 411

xiii

LIST OF PLATES.

VOLUME IV. PART I.

To FACE
PLATE. PAGE

I. Caluromys alstoni 9

II. Didelphys mesamericana 14

ITI Cabassous centralis 31

IV, V. Trichechus manatus 37

VI, VII, VIII. Rachianectes glaucus 40

IX, X, XI. Megaptera n. bellicosa 41

XI!, XIII, XIV Balaenoptera davidsoni 42

XV, XVI, XVII. Cogia breviceps 46

XVIII, XIX, XX. Ziphius cavirostris 47

XXI. Phocacna phocagna 48

XXII. Orcinus orca & Pseudorca crassidens 50

XXIII Globicephalus melas & Prodelphinus euphrosinae . . 52

XXIV. Delphinus delphis & Tursiops tursio 54

XXV, XXVI. Tagassu ungulatum 62

XXVII, XXVIII. Tagassu pecan 66

XXIX, XXX. Odontoccelus a. texensis. . .. 68

XXXI. Mazama sartori 79

XXXII, XXXIII. Antilocapra a. mexicana 82

XXXIV, XXXV. Ovis c. mexicana 84

XXXVI, XXXVII. Tapirella bairdi 87

XXXVIII, XXXIX. Agouti p. virgata . . 408

XL. Lepus a. attwateri 414

XLI. Lepus t. eremicus 431

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS OF CRANIA IN THE TEXT.

VOLUME IV. PART I.
FIG. PAGE.

1. Chironcctes minimus 2

2. Marmosa chapmani 4

3. Metachirus fuscogriseus 1 1

4. Choloepus hoffmanni 20

5. Bradypus infuscatus 22

6. Cyclopes dorsalis 25

7. Tamandua tetradactyla 27

8. Myrmecophaga tridactyla 29

9. Tatu novemcinctum 33

10. Balaena glacialis 39

1 1 . Physeter macrocephalus 44

12. Synthetosciurus brochus 92

13. Sciurus (Microsciurus) browni 99

14. Sciurus (Baiosciurus) deppii 101

15. Sciurus (Guerlinguetus) &. hoflfmanni 103

16. Sciurus (Araeosciurus) nayaritensis 106

17. Sciurus (Parasciurus) r. texensis 1 1 1

1 8. Sciurus (Otosciurus) durangi 112

19. Sciurus (Echinosciurus) aureigaster 113

20. Sciurus (Hesperosciurus) griseus 131

2 1 . Sciurus (Tamiasciurus) d. mearnsi 132

22. Tamias obscurus 134

23. Citellus (Ammospermophilus) h. saxicola 139

24. Citellus (Ammospermophilus) 1. peninsula; 141

25. Citellus (Xerospermophilus) microspilotus 144

26. Citellus (Callospermophilus )madrensis 147

27. Citellus (Otospermophilus) variegatus 148

28. Cynomys ludovicianus 154

29. Sciuropterus volans 157

30. Castor c. frondator 160

3 1 . Mus rattus 163

32. Onychomys torridus 166

33. Peromyscus furvus 171

34. Megadontomys thomasi 213

35. Nyctomys sumichrasti 215

36. Tylomys nudicaudus 218

37. Ototylomys phyllotis 220

38. Sigmodon h. borucae 223

39. Oryzomys costaricensis 233

40. Oryzomys (Oligoryzomys) vegetus 249

41. Moschophoromys desmaresti 251

42. Zygodontomys cherrii 252

43. Rhithrodontomys megalotis 256

44. Acodon teguina 273

xvii

xviii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG. PAGE.

45. Neotoma micropus 276

46. Nelsonia neotomodon 289

47. Xenomys nelsoni 291

48. Neotomodon alstoni 293

49. Teanopus phenax 295

50. Hodomys alleni 296

51. Microtus c. hyperythrus 300

52. Microtus (Pitymys) quasiater 303

53. Microtus (Orthriomys) umbrosus 304

54. Microtus (Herpetomys) guatemalensis 305

55. Fiber z. pallidus 307

56. Geomys arenarius 311

57. Cratogeomys castanops 312

58. Platygeomys gymnurus 317

59. Pappogeomys bulleri 321

60. Orthogeomys scalops 323

61. Heterogeomys torridus 325

62. Macrogeomys cherrii 327

63. Zygogeomys trichopus 331

64. Thomomys atrovarius 333

65. Dipodomys phillipsi 342

66. Perodipus chapmani 349

67. Perognathus merriami 353

68. Perognathus (Chaetodipus) f. mesopolius 356

69. Heteromys gaumeri 368

70. Heteromys (Liomys) albolimbatus 374

7 1 . Loncheres labilis 383

72. Proechinomys centralis 386

73. Capromys pilorides 389

74. Capromys (Geocapromys) browni 393

75. Plagiodontia aedium 395

76. Erethizon epixanthum 398

77. Coendu mexicanum 400

78. Dasyprocta mexicana 404

79. Romerolagus nelsoni 412

80. Lepus (Silvilagus) subcinctus 416

81. Lepus (Tapeti) gabbi 427

82. Lepus (Microlagus) cinerascens 430

LIST OF FIGURES IN THE TEXT.

VOLUME IV. PART I.

FIG. PAGE.

I. Chironectes minimus 3

1 1 . Marmosa cinerea 7

III. Caluromys derbianus 10

IV. Mctachirus fuscogriseus 12

V. Didelphys mesamericana 15

VI. Choloepus hoffmanni 21

VII. Bradypus castaneiceps 23

VIII. Cyclopes dorsalis 26

IX. Tamandua tetradactyla, adult 28

X. Tamandua tetradactyla, young 28

XI. Myrmecophaga tridactyla 30

XII. Cabassous centralis 31

XIII. Tatu novemcinctum 34

XIV. Trichechus manatus 36

XV. Baleen Whale attacked by Killer Whales 40

XVI. Physeter macrocephalus 45

XVII. Phocaena phocaena 49

XVIII. Orcinus orca 50

XIX. Globicephalus melas 53

XX. Tursiops truncatus 56

XXI. Prodelphinus plagiodon 57

XXII. Tagassu pecari 65

XXIII. Odontococlus a. couesi 71

XXIV. Mazama sartori 79

XXV. Antilocapra a. mexicana 81

XXVI. Ovis c. cremnobates, Old Ram 84

XXVII. Ovis c. cremnobates, Old Ewe and Young Ram 85

XXVIII. Tapirella dowi 88

XXIX. Sciurus aureigaster 115

, XXX. Tamias obscurus 135

XXXI. Citellus (Otospermophilus) variegatus 149

XXXII. Cynomys ludovicianus 155

XXXIII. Sciuropterus volans 158

XXXIV. Castor c. frondator 161

XXXV. Mus rattus 164

XXXVI. Onychomys torridus 167

XXXVII. Peromyscus 1. sonoriensis 182

XXXVIII. Sigmodon h. inexoratus 229

XXXIX. Oryzomys molestus 240

XL. Zygodontomys cherrii 253

XLI. Rhithrodontomys megalotis 260

XLII. Acodon teguina 274

XLIII. Neotoma micropus 281

XLIV. Hodomys alleni 297

xix

LIST OF FIGURES IN THE TEXT.

FIG. PAGE.

XLV. Microtus c. hyperythrus 302

XLVI. Cratogeomys castanops 315

XLVII. Thomomys fulvus 334

XLVIII. Dipodomys merriami 346

XLIX. Perognathus merriami 354

L. Heteromys alleni 376

LI. Lonchercs labilis 384

LI I. Capromys pilorides 390

LIII. Plagiodontia aedium 396

LIV. Erethizon epixanthum 399

LV. Coendu mexicanum 401

LVI. Dasyprocta isthmica 406

LVII. Agouti paca virgata 409

LVII1. Lepus alleni 434

ERRATA.

VOLUME IV. PART I.

ILLUSTRATIONS.
Plates xxxvi and xxxvn, for Tapirclla dowi, read Tapirella bairdi.

TEXT.

Page 74, 8th line from bottom, for 98 . 5 read 985.

Page 104, 1 2th line from top, for Hoffman's Squirrel, read Hoffmann's Squirrel.

Page 105, 9th line from top, for 5. ce. hoffmani, read 5. ce. hoffmanni.

Page 130, 1 4th line from bottom, for parieta, read parietal.

Page 152, 1 8th line from bottom, for announed, read announced.
*Page 177, i gth line from top, for a.-mcsomelas, read texensis mesomelas.
*Page 177, nth line from bottom, for b.-castaneus, read texensis castaneus.

Page 205, nth line from bottom, for felepensis, read felipensis.

Page 270, 3d line from bottom, for oranze, read orange.

Page 350, loth line from bottom, for Forte Verde, read Fort Verde.

Page 351, 2oth line from bottom, for hermanni, read heermanni.

Page 357, i7th line from top, for P. h. zacalecas, read P. h. zacaleca.

Page 357, 2oth line from top, for rhydinohris, read rhydinorkis.

Page 369, 2d line from bottom (Footnote), for instances, read instances.

Page 414, icth line from top, for foreman, read foramen.

*These were inserted after the pages were set up, and inadvertently were
placed under the wrong species. They should have gone on page 188, after
e.-deserticola.

xxi

3

CLASS MAMMALIA.

Order I. Marsupialia, Marsupials.

The Marsupials or Pouched Mammals have at the present time a
most restricted distribution, all the families of the order but one
being found in the Australian region, viz., Australia, Tasmania,
New Guinea, Celebes, and smaller contiguous islands. The one
family, Didelphyidae, foreign to this portion of the world is confined
to the more southern parts of North America, and to South America.
Marsupials are peculiar in the majority of cases, for having a fold of
skin about the milk glands which forms a pouch, and in which the
undeveloped young are placed and nourished. The species vary greatly
in size, from the giant kangaroo, taller than many men, to little
creatures not much larger than a mouse. One, Chironectes minimus, an
opossum from Central America, Guiana, and Brazil, is aquatic in
its habits, with large webbed hind feet, and it feeds on fish and other
marine creatures which it secures in the manner of the otter. Some
opossums, however, are not provided with a pouch, but the young
are nevertheless fastened to the teats of the mother in a similar man-
ner as are those whose parents possess this sac, and when they are
sufficiently grown to leave the teats, they are transferred to their
mother's back, where they maintain their position by wrapping their
tails around that of the female, which is elevated over her back and
carried there for this purpose.

Fam. I. IMdelpliyidK*. Opossum*.

Limbs rather short; feet with five distinct toes; tail prehensile.
Pouch sometimes present. Habits arboreal.

O. Thomas. Catalogue of the Marsupials and Monotremata in the
collection of the British Museum, 1888.

CHIRONECTES.

1. Chiroiiectes.

Chironectes Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Av., 1811, p. 76. Type
Latra! minima Zimmermann.

FIG. 1. CHIRONECTES MINIMUS.

No. 16072 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. Nat. size.

Skull similar to Didelphys; nasals expanded posteriorly; post-
orbital processes prominent; temporal ridges forming a crest in
adults; broad interorbital space with square edges; zygomata later-
ally expanded. Single pair only of large vacuities opposite molars
on palate posteriorly, no smaller pairs. Enlarged pisiform bone on
fore feet, forming a prominent tubercle; hind feet webbed to end of
toes; toe pads protruding beyond web.

CHIRONECTES. 3

1. minimus (Latra, sic), Zimm., Geog. Gesch., n, 1780, p. 317.

paraguensis and guianensis Kerr, Linn. Anim. King., 1792, pp.

172, 174.

memina Cuv., Tabl. El^m., 1798, p. 125.
sarcovienna Shaw, Gen. Zool., i, 1800, pt. n, p. 447.
variegatus Illig., Abh. Ak. Wiss., Berl., 1811, p. 107.
palmata Cuv., Regn. Anim., i, 1817, p. 174.
yapock Desm., Mamm., i, 1820, p. 261.

FIG. I. CHIRONECTES MINIMUS. WATER OPOSSUM.

WATER OPOSSUM, YAPOCK. Zarro de Aguain. Costa Rica; Tlacuazin
de Agua in Guatemala.

Type locality. Guiana.

Geogr. Distr. Guatemala south through Central America to
southern Brazil.

Genl. Char. Size medium; ears large, rounded, metatragus very
small; tufts of facial bristles above eyes, on cheeks in front of ears,
and on the throat between jaws; whiskers on side of muzzle long; fur
thick, woolly.

Color. Grayish white, mixed with light brown; band through eye
and crown blackish brown; grayish white crescentic band between
ears above the eyes; line from crown to base of tail, and transverse
lines over shoulders, middle of back, loins and rump, black; ground
hue between these slaty gray; chin, chest and belly white; outside of
arms and legs grayish, the inner side white; tail furred at base
only, remainder scaly, proximally black grading into yellowish at
the tip.

CHIRONECTES.

MARMOSA.

Measurements. Total length, 720; tail, 395; hind foot, 72. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 53; Hensel, 48; zygomatic width, 30; inter-
orbital constriction, 7 ; palatal length (palatal arch to alveoli of incis-
ors), 31; length of upper molar series, 19; length of mandible to tips
of incisors from angle, 43.

2. Marmosa.

I.JEJ: C.jEj; Pj=f: M.£ = 5°.

Marmosa Gray, Lond. Med. Repos., xv, 1821, p. 308. Type
Didelphis! murina, Linnaeus.

FIG. 2. MARMOSA CHAPMANI. TRINIDAD.

No. 5499 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. Enlarged

MARMOSA. 5

Micoureus Less., Tabl. Regn. Anim., 1842, p. 186.

Asagis and Notagogus Glog., Handb. Naturg., i, 1841, p. 82.

Thylamys (sic) Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 101.

Grymatomys Burm., Thiere Bras., i, 1854, p. 135.

Cnica Liais, Climats, Geol., Faun, et Geog. Botanique, Bresil,

1872, p. 427.

Size small; pouch absent; fifth hind toe sometimes not longer
than the second; tail long; body slender; teeth large, strong.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Size small ; face without dark central streak.

a. Under parts yellowish white. PAGE

a/ Upper parts rufous M. murina 5

b.' Upper parts cinnamon M. mexicana 6

c.' Upper parts ashy brown; skull, 35 x 20. . .M. canescens 6

d.' Upper parts brown; skull, 31 x 16.5 M. sinaloa 6

e.' Upper parts gray M. cinerea 7

b. Under parts buffy yellow or buff.

a/ Upper parts drab brown M. insularis 7

b.' Upper parts dark sepia brown M. oaxaca 8

c.' Upper parts cinnamon or tawny ochraceous

M. fulviventer 8

2. murina (Didclphis!), Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 1758, p. 55.
MURINE OPOSSUM. Tlacnazin Raton in Guatemala.

Type locality. Unknown. ("In Asia; America.") Brazil?

Geogr. Distr. Central Mexico to Brazil.

Genl. Char. Tail furry at base; ear large, rounded, naked, basal
projection long, pointed. Skull: nasals long, of nearly equal width
throughout their length; supraorbital ridges present, tips forming
postorbital processes ; temporal ridges not meeting in center of brain-
case.

Color. General hue above deep rufous, sides paler; cheeks, throat,
chin, and lips buff; orbital ring and space between eyes and nose
black; under parts and inner side of limbs yellowish white or buffy;
outside of limbs like back; hands and feet flesh color; tail covered
with rufous hair at base, remainder pale brown.

Measurements. Total length, 395; tail vertebras, 218; hind foot,
26; ear, 29. Skull: basal length, 33; length of nasals, 15; across
postorbital processes, 7.2; palatal length, 20; length of upper molar
series, 6.4.

6 MARMOSA.

\

a. — mexicana (Marmosa), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xi, 1897,

P- 44-
MEXICAN MURINE OPOSSUM.

Type locality. Juquila, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. States of Oaxaca and Chiapas, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Paler than M. murina, interparietal broader and
shorter.

Color. Above cinnamon rufous, graduating into ochraceous buff
on belly; orbital ring black; end of nose to between eyes buffy; tail
above brown, beneath paler. Some individuals have unicolor tails.

Measurements. Total length, 330; tail vertebrae, 186 ; hind foot, 20.

3. canescens (Micoureus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y.,

1893, p. 235.
ASHY OPOSSUM.

Type locality. Santo Domingo de Guzman, Isthmus of Tehuan-
tepec, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Isthmus of Tehuantepec, northwesterly through
States of Oaxaca, Guerrero and Michoacan to the Hacienda Magda-
lena in State of Colima, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Smaller than M. murina. Tail furred at base.
Skull: nasals less expanded posteriorly than in M. murina, and the
small posterior palatal vacuities absent.

Color. Above ashy brown tinged with rufous, beneath white
tinged with yellow; orbital ring black, reaching nearly to the nose;
sides of face, neck, and between eyes yellowish gray; ears pale brown;
tail pale brown spotted with flesh color, furred at base, rest naked,
terminal portion often white; feet grayish white.

Measurements. Total length, 266-288; tail vertebras, 142-150;
hind foot, 60-70; ear, 65. Skull: total length, 35.5; basal length,
33.8; zygomatic breadth, 20.8; length of nasals, 16.3; anterior border
of premaxillae to posterior border of palatal floor, 18.8; length of
mandible, 26; height at condyle, 7.6; at coronoid process, 11.7.

4. sinaloa; (Marmosa), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1898,

P- US-
SINALOA OPOSSUM.

Type locality. Tatemales, State of Sinaloa, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Sinaloa, Mexico.-

Genl. Char. Similar to M . canescens in color, but smaller.

Color. Above rufous brown, darkest on dorsal regions, paler on
sides ; beneath pale yellow washed with sooty ; orbital ring black ; ears
and tail pale reddish brown; cheeks and throat pale yellow; feet and
hands sparsely covered with yellowish hairs.

MARMOSA. 7

Measurements. Total length, 205-242; tail vertebrae, 115-122;
hind foot, 16-18; ear, 22-25. Skull: total length, 31; basal length,
29; zygomatic width, 16.5; length of nasals, 13.7; across postorbital
processes, 6.2; width of braincase, 11.2; tips of premaxillae to palatal
arch, 17; length of mandible, 22; height at condyle, 3; at coronoid
process, 7.

FIG. II. MARMOSA CINEREA. GRAY OPOSSUM.
No. 7052 Field Columbian Mus. Coll.

5. cinerea (Didclphis /) , Temm., Monog. Mamm., i, 1827, p. 46.
GRAY OPOSSUM.

Type locality. Brazil.

Geogr. Distr. Costa Rica to Brazil.

Genl. Char. Size large; ear large, rounded, naked. Skull strong,
with nasals expanded posteriorly; zygomata widely spread; inter-
orbital region flat; postorbital processes conical; temporal ridges
rather prominent; canines thick, short.

Color. General hue gray; sides washed with yellow, sometimes
with rufous; black band inclosing the eye; under parts yellowish
white; arms and legs gray; feet pale brown; tail furred at base, rest
naked, scaly, slaty gray grading into yellow or yellowish white at tip;
ears naked, flesh color.

Measurements. Total length, 425; tail, 248; hind foot, 24; ear, 21.
Skull: basal length, 41; greatest width, 26; length of nasals, 18.5;
across postorbital processes, 10; palatal length, 23.7; length of upper
molar series, 7.1.

6. insularis (Marmosa), Merr.,Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn, 1898, p. 14.
MARIA MADRE ISLAND OPOSSUM.

Type locality. Maria Madre Island, State of Jalisco, Mexico.

8 MARMOSA.

Geogr. Distr. Tres Marias Islands, State of Jalisco, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to M. canescens, but ears and tail longer,
color more fulvous. Skull narrower and more slender.

Color. Upper parts drab brown, suffused with pale fulvous;
orbital ring broad, black; median face stripe buffy fulvous; under
parts buffy yellow, darkest on throat and breast; tail brown, no
white.

Measurements. Total length, 270; tail vertebrae, 170; hind
foot, 20.

7. oaxacae (Marmosa), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xi, 1897, P- 43-
OAXACA OPOSSUM.

Type locality. City of Oaxaca, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Range unknown. "Sonoran fauna of highlands of
the State of Oaxaca, Mexico."

Genl. Char. Size small; darker than M. canescens; feet and ears
smaller.

Color. Above dark sepia brown, reaching wrists and ankles;
beneath buffy yellow; nose on top to behind eyes pale brown; orbital
ring black; tail brown above, white beneath.

Measurements. Total length, 263; tail vertebras, 144; hind foot,
1 8. Skull: basal length, 29; zygomatic breadth, 18.5; palatal length,
17 ; interorbital constriction, 4.8; breadth of frontals, 8. (ex Type.)

8. fulviventer (Marmosa], Bangs, Amer. Nat., xxxv, 1901, p. 632.
FULVOUS-BELLIED OPOSSUM.

Type locality. San Miguel Island, Bay of Panama.

Genl. Char. Similar to M. mitis Bangs ex Colombia, but smaller
in size and under parts fulvous instead of yellowish white.

Color. Black facial markings as usual in species of this genus;
upper parts cinnamon or tawny ochraceous; upper surface of arms,
sides of neck and of body ochraceous rufous ; under parts buff shading
into ochraceous buff on lower sides, and on inner surface of arms and
legs; tail dusky above, paler beneath; feet and hands grayish white.

Measurements . Total length, 325-340; tail vertebras, 175-180;
hind foot, 23-25; ear from notch, 20-22. Skull: basal length, 34.4;
occipito-nasal length, 37.4; zygomatic width, 20.4; interorbital con-
striction, 6.2; length of nasals, 17.6; width of nasals, 5; palatal length,
18.8; upper tooth row from anterior edge of canine to posterior edge
of last molar, 15.2; length of single half mandible, 27.8.

IBRARY

ILLINOIS.

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE I, ZOOLOGY.

CALUROMYS ALSTONI.

No. IOOSQ Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. Twice nat. size.

CALUROMYS. 9

3. t'aliiroiuys.

i£J: c.S; P£f; M.J=J = 50.

Caluromys Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1900, p. 189. Type

Didelphis! philander Linnaeus.

Size medium; pouch rudimentary; second hind toe shortest, fourth
longest, third and fifth equal; fur thick, woolly. Skull with post-
orbital processes well developed; median crest absent; palate without
large vacuities posteriorly.

KEY TO SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

PAG n.

A. Under parts yellowish C. alstoni 9

B. Under parts grayish white.

a. Upper parts rusty C. derbianus 9

b. Upper parts pale rufous C. lanigera pallidus 10

9. alstoni (Caluromys}, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xm,

1900, p. 189.

cinerea Alston, Biol. Centr. Amer., Mamm., 1880, p. 199, pi. xxi.

(nee Temm.)
ALSTON'S OPOSSUM.

Type locality. Tres Rios, Costa Rica.

Geogr. Distr. Costa Rica, Central America.

Color. Above sooty, the hairs tipped with deep chestnut brown;
under parts yellowish; space from nose to crown between eyes buff,
inclined to reddish on top of nose; two blackish streaks on side of
nose to and encircling eyes; cheeks and upper part of throat buff;
ears naked, brown; hands reddish brown; feet yellowish; tail covered
with hairs colored like back at base for about 37 mm., naked and
yellowish for the rest of its length.

Measurements. Total length, 430; tail, 250; hind foot to claws, 25.
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 43; Hensel, 42; zygomatic width, 23.5;
interorbital constriction, 7; length of nasals, 11.5.

10. 'derbianus (Didelphys}, Waterh., Jard., Nat. Libr., Mamm., xi,

1841, p. 97.

EARL OF DERBY'S OPOSSUM. Native name Chucha Rata.
Type locality. Unknown.

* There is considerable variation in the markings of this species, the dorsal
stripe being much more restricted in some specimens than in others, and one
example. No. 11,788, Collection of the New York Museum, is almost uniform
sooty above tinged with reddish, and the tips of the hairs whitish. The gray
between the shoulders is indistinct and mixed with the general color, and not in
a stripe, while the head above is sooty in the center, and reddish brown on
sides of occiput and also on the neck. There is none of the rust color, so con-
spicuous on the typical style, anywhere visible.

I

10 CALUROMYS.

Geogr. Distr. Nicaragua in Central America to Peru in South
America.

Genl. Char. Tail longer than head and body, furred for one-
third of its length.

Color. Upper parts, sides, and outer side of limbs brownish rust
color; under parts soiled white; head brownish gray with a median
dusky stripe from forehead to nose ; orbital region brown ; gray dorsal
stripe from between shoulders to root of tail; gray line behind fore-
arms and one on leg from knee upward; lower part of arms and

FIG. III. CALUROMYS DERBIANUS. EARL OF DERBY'S OPOSSUM.

hands white; feet dusky; tail brown on basal portion, naked part
pinkish spotted with dark brown; ears pale brown, naked.

Measurements. Total length, 765; tail, 425; hind foot, 47.5;
ear, 30.

Jajiiger pallidus (Philander}, Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th

Ser., iv, 1899, p. 286.
PALE WOOLLY OPOSSUM.

Type locality. Bogava, Chiriqui, Panama. Altitude, about 750
feet.

Geogr. Distr. Southeastern Central America.

Color. Above pale gray or pale rufous; face brownish; forearms,
shoulders, and sides of hips pale gray; hind legs whitish or tinged
with rufous; tail whitish gray, naked part mottled.

Measurements. Total length, 587 ; tail, 398; hind foot, 43 ; ear, 32.
Skull: "Greatest length, 61; greatest breadth, 35; length of upper
molars, 9."

METACHIRUS.

4. Metat'hirus.

11

50.

Metachirus Burm., Thier. Bras., i, 1854, p. 135. Type Didelphys
nudicaudata E. Geoffrey.

Size medium; pouch rudimentary or well developed; three cen-
tral hind toes subequal, longer than fifth: fur without bristles. Skull
with temporal crests well developed.

FIQ. 3. METACHIRUS FUSCOGRISEUS.
No. 8252 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. Nat. size. Type.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Under parts yellowish white. PAGE

a. Upper parts grayish brown M. nudicaudatus 12

b. Upper parts blackish, washed with gray. .M. juscogriseus 12

c. Upper parts much paler, orbital ring larger. .M. f. pallidus 13

12

METACHIRUS.

11. *nudicaudatus (Didelphys), E. Geoff, Cat. Mus., Paris, 1803, p. 42.
RAT-TAILED OPOSSUM.

Type locality. Cayenne, French Guiana. (Allen.)

Geogr. Distr. Costa Rica? to Brazil.

Genl. Char. Size about equaling M. opossum but more slender;
ears large, brown, rounded, naked. Skull: postorbital processes
barely apparent; interorbital space broad.

Color. Above grayish brown suffused on sides with yellowish,
sometimes rufous; face rufous brown with a white or yellowish
white spot over eye; under parts yellowish white; front of arms and
outside of legs pale brown; indistinct yellow lateral line; tail furred
at base, rest naked, scaly, brown grading to white at tip; hands and
feet pale brown ; ears slaty gray.

Measurements. Total length, 540; tail, 300; hind foot, 43; ear, 25.
Skull: basal length, 61; greatest breadth, 36; length of nasals, 30;
across postorbital processes, n; palatal length, 36; length of upper
molar series, 10.5.

FIG IV. METACHIRUS FUSCOGRISEUS. ALLEN'S OPOSSUM.

No. 8252 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. Type.

12. fuscogriseus (Mctachirus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

N. Y., 1900, p. 194.

quica True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vn, 1885, p. 587. (nee
Temminck.) Alston, Biol. Centr. Amer., i, 1881, p. 198.
(Part.)

* Thomas. Cat. Marsupials, p. 333, gives this species from Costa Rica.

MET/CHIRUS. D1DELPHYS. 13

ALLEN'S OPOSSUM. Tlacuazin in Guatemala.

Type locality. Unknown.

Geogr. Distr. Southern Mexico to Costa Rica.

Genl. Char. Size medium; tail longer than head and body; ears
large.

Color. Above blackish washed with gray; top of head and
median line black; flanks gray; under parts yellowish white; a band
above and a broader one below ears, and spots above eyes, yellowish
white ; outer surface of limbs paler than sides of body ; inner surface
yellowish white ; tail dark brown at base, grading into light brown or
flesh color at tip, heavily furred at base, remainder naked; feet
brownish, naked; ears flesh color broadly edged with dark brown.

Measurements. Total length, 534; tail, 283; hind foot and claws,
39. Skull: basal length, 62; nasals, 32; canine to posterior edge of
last molar, 25.5; palatal length, 38; zygomatic breadth, 32; mastoid
breadth, 19; interorbital constriction, 8.5. (Type.)

a. — }>ulti(lus (Metachirus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1901,

p. 215.
ORIZABA OPOSSUM.

Type locality. Orizaba, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, and Tabasco, south-
eastern Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to M. fuscogriseus, but lighter; orbital spots
larger.

Color. Head black above with two large spots above eyes, and a
brownish white stripe on each side of nose ; rest of upper parts black-
ish gray, darkest on dorsal line; side of body gray, paler than back;
side of head, throat, hands, feet, and entire under parts yellowish
white ; tail at base furred like the back ; naked portion black for two-
thirds the length, spotted with flesh color, remaining part all flesh
color.

Measurements. Total length, 475-627; tail, 240-315; tarsus,
38-47. Skull: total length, 77; basal length, 69; length of nasals, 37;
zygomatic width, 39; across postorbital processes, 14.3; interorbital
constriction, 9; mastoid width, 25; palatal length, 42; length of upper
molar series, 15. (ex Type.)

5. Didt'lphys.

T 5—5. p Ir2 . P 2i^ . \f tl4 — ro
L'4-4' UI-I« FM-3' M'4-4 - 5°'

J. A. Allen. .4 Preliminary study of the North American Opos-
sums of the genus Didd phis!, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1901, p. 149.

14 DIDELPHYS.

J. A. Allen. A Preliminary study of the South American Opos-
sums of the genus Didelphis! Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1902, p. 249.
Didelphis (sic) Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 1758, p. 54. Type Didelphis!
marsupialis Linnaeus.

Size very variable; ears large; hind feet short; feet with five dis-
tinct toes, all provided with nails except the first toe of the hind foot,
which is large, opposed to the others in grasping, and is without a
nail. Tail long, prehensile, partly naked; pouch complete; long,
bristle-like hairs mingled with the fur; incisors small and pointed;
canines large; premolars with compressed pointed crowns; molars
with sharp cusps.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

A. Size medium. PAGE

a. Tail black only at base D. yucatanensis 14

b. Tail black for two-thirds its length D, y. cozumelce 15

B. Size large.

a. Under fur white at base.

a/ Under parts grayish white.

a." Posterior end of nasals rounded . . . .D. mesamericana 15

b." Posterior end of nasals acute D. m. texensis 16

b/ Under parts yellowish D. m. tabascensis 16

b. Under fur orange buff at base D. richmondi 16

c. Under fur yellowish white at base.

a/ Head yellowish white to nape D. m. insularis 17

b/ Head dark, spotted with white D. m. battyi 17

c/ Middle of head between eyes posteriorly,

blackish D. m. etensis 1 8

13. yucatanensis (Didelphis!), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. ,1901,

p. 178.
YUCATAN OPOSSUM.

Type locality. Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Campeche, and Yucatan, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar in color to D. m. caucce (Allen, from southwest-
ern Columbia) but smaller. Black and gray phase equally represented.

Color. Male, upper parts black, base of hairs white; beneath
grayish white; limbs, hands, and feet black; tail black at base;
remainder flesh color; ears black. Female similar to the male, but
covered with long yellowish white hairs, causing her to appear much
lighter, and the black at base of tail is more extensive; under parts
yellowish.

Measurements. Total length, 634-756; tail, 312-393; tarsus,
54-60. Skull: total length, 100; basal length, 90; zygomatic width,

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE II, ZOOLOGY.

DlDELPHYS MESAMERICANA.
No. 8723 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. % nut. size.

LIBRARY

OF THE

of ILLINOIS,

DIDELPHYS. 15

48; length of nasals, 46; mastoid breadth, 29.4; palatal length, 52;
length of upper molar series, 19.

a- cozuiiH'/tr (DiJelpliis!), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiv, 1901,

p. 101.
ISLAND OF COZUMEL OPOSSUM.

Type locality. Cozumel Island, Yucatan.

Genl. Char. Similar to D. yucatancnsis but larger; tail shorter;
rostrum and nasals broader; ears large, broad.

Color. Upper parts black, many long white hairs protruding;
beneath dusky with white hairs intermingled; hands and feet black;
tail black for two-thirds the length, remainder flesh color; ears black.

Measurements. Total length, 703; tail vertebras, 324; hind foot,
59. (ex Type.)

FIG. V. DIDELPHYS MESAMERICANA. LINNEAN OPOSSUM.
No. 8725 Field Columbian Mus. Coll.

14. mesamericana, Oken, Lehrb. der Zool., n, 1816, p. 1152.

californica (Didelphis!) Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1833, p. 40.

Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 3.
LIXNEAN. OPOSSUM.

Type locality. "Northwestern Mexico, adjacent to California."

Geogr. Distr. Oklahoma Territory, through Mexico generally into
Gautemala.

Genl. Char. Black; toes reddish half way from claws.

16 DIDELPHYS.

Color. Upper parts and sides black, with occasional long white
hairs, mostly on dorsal region; face and forehead whitish; around the
eyes and line in the center of the crown, black; under parts white
shaded with dusky; legs and feet black, digits reddish, half way from
claws on hands, only at base of claws on feet; tail black at base,
remainder flesh color.

Measurements. Total length, 640-940; tail vertebras, 250-535;
tarsus, 56-80. Skull: total length, 91; Hensel, 80; zygomatic width,
47; mastoid width, 27; interorbital constriction, 6; palatal length,
palatal arch to alveoli of incisors, 53 ; length of upper molars, 20.

a.^texensis (Didelphisf), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1901, p. 172.
TEXAS OPOSSUM.

Type locality. Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas.

Geogr. Distr. Coast region of Texas from Nueces Bay southward,
and the lower Rio Grande Valley as far at least as Del Rio, Val Verde
County, sporadically northward to San Antonio; Matamoros, State
of Tamaulipas, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Like D. mesamericana, but tail relatively longer;
nasals longer, usually terminating posteriorly in an acute angle.

Color. Like D. mesamericana.

Measurements. Total length, 698-820; tail, 255-410; tarsus,
58-73. Skull: total length, 95-128; basal length, 87-117; zygomatic
width, 46-70; length of nasals, 41-57 ; palatal length, 53-70; length of
upper molar series, 19-21.

b. — tabascensis (Didelphis!}, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1901,

P- *73-
TABASCO OPOSSUM.

Type locality. Teapa, State of Tabasco, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Vera Cruz to that of Tabasco, and across
State of Chiapas, Mexico, to northern Guatemala.

Genl. Char. Nasals long, terminating posteriorly in a pointed
angle; color similar to D. mesamericana; tail long.

Color. Apparently not different from the typical form, except
that the under parts are yellowish. A black and gray phase exists.

Measurements. Total length, 684-1017; tail, 318-463; tarsus,
57-75. Skull: total length, 90-139; basal length, 82-122; zygo-
matic width, 45-62.5; length of nasals, 43.5-60; across postorbital
processes, 21-26; interorbital constriction, 10.5-13.3 ; mastoid breadth,
26-42; palatal length, 53-76.5; length of upper molar series, 19-20.6.

15. richmondi (Didelphis!}, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1901,
P- i?5-

DIDELPHYS. 17

aurita (Didelphys), Alston, Biol. Centr. Amer. Mamm., i, 1881,

p. 197. (nee Wied.)
RICHMOND'S OPOSSUM. Zorro in Costa Rica.

Type locality. Greytown, Nicaragua.

Geogr. Distr. Nicaragua and Costa Rica.

Genl. Char. Base of under fur orange buff; tail long. Skull:
long, narrow; nasals long.

Color. Sides of head to base of ears pale buffy white; median
stripe black; black band from ear to whiskers; cheeks buffy white;
nape and shoulders black; the long hairs black on anterior part of
body, white on posterior part; under fur with black tip, then yellow-
ish white, and orange buff at base; under parts buffy, base of hair
brownish yellow; legs, hands, and feet black, nails yellowish white;
tail black on basal half, remainder flesh color; ears black.

Measurements. Total length, 948; tail, 477; tarsus, 70. Skull:
total length, 114; nasals, 54; zygomatic width, 55; across postorbital
processes, 25; interorbital constriction, 11.5; mastoid breadth, 32.5;
palatal length, 65; length of upper molar series, 37.4.

inxulni-ift (Didelphis!), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., 1902, p. 259.
ISLAND OPOSSUM.

Type locality. Caparo, Island of Trinidad.

Geogr. Distr. Islands of Dominica, Grenada, and St. Vincent,
West Indies. Trinidad.

Genl. Char. Lighter in color than true D. mesamcricana, and
larger in size.

Color. Head yellowish white to nape, orbital ring brownish; long
hairs of top of head tipped with dusky; under fur yellowish white,
the coarser hair tipped with blackish ; at base over nape and shoulders
brownish ochraceous; long stiff overhair wholly white, or wholly
black, or mixed black and white, evidently an individual peculiarity.
Under parts yellow or yellowish white, tips of some hairs blackish;
arms from elbows and legs from knees, blackish brown; tail naked,
proximal third blackish brown, apical two-thirds flesh color or
whitish; ears blackish brown.

Measurements. Total length, 810-955; tail, 425-465; hind foot,
55-66; ear, 55-65. Skull: total length, 101-110; basal length, 91-101 ;
zygomatic breadth, 61-63.5; postorbital breadth, 21-24; occipital
breadth, 30-32; length of nasals, 47-50; breadth at canines, 19-20;
upper tooth row, 33-36.

Ixittiji (Didelphis!), Thomas, Novitat. Zool., ix, 1902,

18 DIDELPHYS.

BATTY'S OPOSSUM.

Type locality. Coiba Island, West Coast of Panama.

Genl. Char. Similar to D. m. caucce, but face dark with white,
spots about the supraorbital and malar tufts of bristles.

Color. Like D. m. caucce. Face dark, spotted with white; tail
white for less than half the length, the basal fifth being like the
body; rest of pelage like that of D. m. caucce, but without light
dorsal bristles.

Measurements. Head and body, 430; tail, 390; hind foot, 57, to
end of claws, 63; ear, 50 (skin). Skull: greatest median length, 108;
basal length, 100; greatest breadth, 52.5; length of three upper
molariform teeth, 18.4.

jtiarsupialis etensis (Didelphis!}, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1902, p. 262.
carcinophaga caucce, Bangs, Amer. Nat., xxxv, 1901, p. 633.

(nee Allen.)
ETEX OPOSSUM.

Type locality. Eten, Piura, Peru. Altitude, 50 feet.

Geogr. Distr. Low coast belt of Ecuador and Peru, bordering the
Gulf of Guayaquil and probably northward near the coast to Chiriqui,
Panama; San Miguel Island, Bay of Panama.

Color. Similar to D. m. caucce, but larger and blacker. Rostral
region to the eyes, dingy brownish white, hairs tipped with blackish;
whitish streak over ears meeting in front; middle of head from eyes
posteriorly blackish; orbital ring blackish; ears and feet black; tail
black for basal third; remainder yellowish white.

Measurements. Total length, 730-930; tail, 330-450; hind foot,
56-67;ear, 52-60; Skull: totallength, 102-122; basal length, 92-118;
nasals, 45-57.5 ; zygomatic breadth, 58-64; postorbital breadth, 23-28 ;
postorbital constriction, 11-12; occipital breadth, 31-35.5; breadth
at canines, 19-25; length of upper tooth row, 34.5-36; length of
molar series, 19-20.

Order II. Edentata. Edentates.

The Order EDENTATA contains certain mammals of an inferior
organization, and with various forms of body covering beside that
of hair. The designation, Toothless, is not altogether correct as
applied to the various species, for, while some, like the Anteaters and
Pangolins, are destitute of teeth, others, as the Sloths, Armadillos,
etc., are provided with them, although the incisors are wanting in
all. The Sloths, so-called on account of their slow movement, have
a thick covering of coarse, bristly hair, and the fingers and toes of
the different species are armed with long prehensile claws, by means
of which the animals maintain their position suspended from the
limbs of trees. While the color of the Sloth's coat is generally some
shade of gray, it is not infrequently tinged with green caused by a
growth upon the hair of an algous plant whose vitality is stimulated
by the dampness of the forest in which the animals dwell, and is a
means of harmonizing them with the leaves and so affording conceal-
ment from all enemies, as creatures without recognizable form,
suspended amid the branches. Although very helpless when upon
the ground, Sloths make an attempt to defend themselves by trying
to seize and strangle their enemies, and sometimes they succeed in
doing this, or inflict serious wounds with their sharp, hook-like claws.
Their food is composed of leaves, buds, and young shoots of various
trees, some species exhibiting a desire for certain kinds only. Among
the branches the Sloths frequently move with considerable rapidity,
but on the ground their progress is slow and performed with difficulty.
These animals rarely emit any sound, but on provocation will make
a curious grunting noise, or at other times disturb the stillness of the
forest by a long-drawn, shrill, wail-like cry, expressive of the loneli-
ness of their monotonous life.

Fam. I. llra<l.v|HMli<l;r. Sloths.

Head rounded; neck short; fore limbs very long, exceeding hind
limbs in length; tail short or absent; hand with two or three claws,
feet always with three claws; teeth subcylindrical ; ears inconspic-
uous ; body clothed with long crisp hair.

6. Cholocpus.

Teeth, ^ = 18.

4 — 4

Choloepus Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Av., 1811, p. 108. Type
Brady pus didactyhis Linnaeus.

19

20

CHOLOEPUS.

Two digits with strong claws on hand, three toes on foot; anterior
teeth in both jaws large, separated from the others by a diastema,
the upper teeth passing in front of the lower when the jaws are
closed; cervical vertebrae, six; pterygoid swollen.

FIG. 4. CHOLOEPUS HOFFMANNI.

No 112 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. ^ nat. size.

16. hoffmanni (Choloepus), Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Ak. Wiss.

Berlin, 1858, p. 128.
HOFFMANN'S SLOTH. Perico Lijero in Costa Rica.

Type locality. Costa Rica.

Geogr. Distr. Costa Rica, Central America.

Genl. Char. Those of the genus.

Color. Face and top pf head yellowish white, grading into
yellowish brown on the body above; arms and legs dark brown;
under parts pale brown.

CHOLOEPUS.

BRADYPUS.

21

Measurements. Total length about 700 (mounted specimen).
Skull: total length, 101.5; palatal arch to incisive foramina, 35;
zygomatic width, 64; interorbital constriction, 34; across postorbital
processes, 53 ; mastoid width, 45 ; length of nasals, 37 ; length of upper
tooth row, 23.5; length of mandible, 77; height at condyle, 22; at
coronoid process, 28; length of lower tooth row, 21.

FIG. VI. CHOLOEPUS HOFFMANNI. HOFFMANN'S SLOTH

.

Hradypus.

' = 18.

4—4

Bradypus Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 1758, p. 34. Type Bradypus tri-

dactylus Linnaeus.
I^navus Frisch, Nat. Syst. vierfiiss. Thiere, in Tabellen, Tab. Gen.

1775-
Arctopithecus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 446.

Arms longer than legs; bones of forearm free; three digits on
hand, and three toes on foot, terminating in pointed claws forming
a hook; both hands and feet are very narrow and the claws cannot

BRADYPUS.

be separated. Teeth rather small, anterior tooth in the upper jaw
smaller than the rest, and none projecting much beyond the others.
Superior outline of skull greatly arched; nasals short, broad, pointed
posteriorly; interpterygoid fossa very broad and deep; palate nar-
rowed posteriorly; arch rounded. Cervical vertebrae, nine; some-
times the eighth, and always the ninth, bear short ribs. Windpipe
folded on itself before reaching the lungs. Mammas two, pectoral.

FIG. 5. BRADYPUS INFUSCATUS.

No. 2824 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. % nat. size.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Dorsal patch yellow with black central streak. PAGE

a. Forehead, cheeks, and chin reddish brown. B. castanciccps 22

b. Forehead, cheeks, and chin dark brown B. inftiscatiis 23

17. castaneiceps (Arctopithccns}, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 444.
CHESTNUT-HEADED SLOTH. Camalcon in Nicaragua.

Type locality. Chontales, Nicaragua.

Gcogr. Distr. Nicaragua, Central America.

BRADYPUS.

28

Genl. Char. Fur long; dorsal patch large; angle of mandible
broad, rounded terminally, and projecting greatly beyond condyle.

Color. "Fur gray brown, intermixed with white hairs. Face,
forehead, cheeks, and chin reddish brown; the under part of the body
is pale brownish white ; the sides of the neck have a long ruff of recurved
dark brown hair darker than that of the face. The shoulders and
hinder part of back are varied with large patches of whitish hair.

FIG. VII. BRADYPUS CASTANEICEPS. CHESTNUT-HEADED SLOTH.

The middle of the back between the shoulders has a very large patch
of soft yellow hair, with a well-marked, narrow, black central streak,
which commences with a triangular black spot on the upper edge
of the yellow patch, and is continued into the white part of the fur
on the loins." (Gray, 1. c.) It is stated that when alive this sloth
is a grayish green color.

Measurements. Total length, 525; tail, 25. (ex Type, Brit. Mus.
Oldfield Thomas in litt.)

18. infuscatus (Bradypus), Wagl., Isis, 1831, p. 611.
griseus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 446.

'_>4 BRADYPUS. CYCLOPES.

DUSKY SLOTH.

Type locality. Western Brazil.

Geogr. Distr. Costa Rica, Central America, to Brazil and Bolivia.

Genl. Char. Fur long; both sexes with a dark dorsal spot.

Color. Upper parts of head dark brown; forehead, cheeks and
chin white, or yellowish white; black band across forehead, and one
through eye; dorsal patch pale yellow with a black central band,
whitish towards edge and spotted with brown; rest of pelage grayish
white; under fur white spotted with brown.

Measurements. Head and body, 580 (cotype of B. griseus, Gray,
in Brit. Mus., O. Thomas in litt.). Skull: total length, 74; zygomatic
width, 46; interorbital constriction, 23.5; palatal arch to end of
palatal floor, 21.5; length of nasals, 18; length of upper tooth row,
25.5; length of mandible, 54; height of condyle, 27.5; at coronoid
process, 31 ; length of lower tooth row, 21.5.

The Anteaters, as their name implies, are insectivorous, some of
the species subsisting mainly if not entirely upon ants, and as they
are destitute of teeth, the insects are captured by the long vermiform
tongue, which is covered with a viscid secretion from the maxillary
glands, that causes the ants to adhere to it. There are three groups
of Anteaters, separated by prominent and distinctive characters,
and the species range in size from the Great Anteater, four feet in
length without counting the huge tail, to the small arboreal species
not larger than a rat. The Great Anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla,
is strictly terrestrial in its habits, and the fingers are armed with
powerful claws, with which it tears apart the nests of the ants and
draws the insects into its mouth by means of the flexible tongue.
The species of the other genera, CYCLOPES and TAMANDUA, are in
the first, strictly, and in the latter, only partly arboreal. When
walking the toes have their points turned inwards, and the weight
is supported by a pad on the fifth digit, while the soles of the hind
feet are placed on the ground. The rostrum is greatly prolonged,
and the mouth is small and tubular.

Fam. II. Jlyruieoopliagidse. Anteaters.

Head conical, elongate, mouth small. Teeth absent. Ribs flat,
dilated on outer side. Body covered with hair.

8. Cyclopes.

Cyclopes Gray, Lond. Med. Repos., xv, 1821, p. 305. Type Myr-
mecophaga didactyla Linnaeus.

CYCLOPES. 25

Myrtnydon Wagl., Nat. Syst. Amph., 1830, p. 36.
Dionyx I. Geoff., Res. Lecons. Mamm., Mus. Paris, 1835, p. 54.
liidactyles F. Cuv., Diet. Scien. Nat., LIX, 1829, p. 501.
Myrniccoliclmus Reich., K. Silch. Naturh. Mus. Dresden, Ein

Leitfaden, 1836, p. 51.

Euryftcnui Glog., Hand-u. Hilfsb. Naturg., 1841, pp. xxxi, 112.
Cyclothiinis Less., Nouv. Tabl. Regn. Anim., 1846, p. 152.
Didactyla Liais, Climats, Geol. Faun. Geog. Botanique Bresil,

1872, p. 356.

FIG. 6. CYCLOPES DORSALIS.
No. 16957 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. Nat. size.

Skull short and arched; palatines and pterygoids not meeting in
middle line; canal for posterior nares not closed below; coronoid
narrow, recurved, with angular process well developed; third digit
of hand much longer than the others, the distal phalange is com-
pressed, curved, pointed, and armed with a strong curved claw;
hallux of hind foot rudimentary and contained within the skin. Ribs
dilated. Habits strictly arboreal.

19. dorsalis (Cyclothunts), Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865, p. 385, pi. 19.
LITTLE OR TWO-TOED ANTEATER.

Type locality. Costa Rica.

Geogr. Distr. Guatemala through Central America to South
America.

Genl. Char. Distinctly defined broad dorsal streak; feet and
tail, yellow.

Color. General hue golden yellow tinged in places with chestnut ;
dorsal stripe black or blackish chestnut; tail, hands, and feet, golden
yellow; back and sides sometimes washed with black; black patch
on center of breast.

26

CYCLOPES.

TAMANDUA.

Measurements. Total length, 400; tail, 205; hind foot, 34. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 50; greatest breadth of braincase, 24; median
length of nasals, 13; lateral length of nasals, 14; interorbital constric-
tion, 8.5 ; length of single half of mandible, 32.

FIG. VIII. CYCLOPES DORSALIS. LITTLE OR TWO-TOED ANTEATER.

9. Tamaiidua.

Tamandua Frisch, Nat. Syst. vierf'ss. Thiere, in Tabellen, 5 Tab.
Gen. 1775. Less., Nouv. Tabl. Regn. Anim., Mamm., 1842,
p. 152. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865, p. 383. Type Myrmeco-
phaga tctradactyla Linnaeus.

Tamanduas, F. Cuv., Diet. Scien. Nat., LIX, 1829, p. 501.

Uroleptes Wagl., Nat. Syst. Amphib., 1830, p. 36.

Palatine and pterygoid bones united beneath the nasal canal for
the whole length. Fur of body and tail short, bristly. Tail tapering,
prehensile. Skull long, slender; nose nearly as long as braincase.
Habits mainly arboreal.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Tail scaly, scantily haired. PAGE

a. Tail buff at base; rest mixed yellow and

black T. tetradactyla 27

b. Tail straw color .. .T.sellata 28

TAMANDUA. 27

20. tetradactyla (M yrmecophagd), Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 1758, p. 35.
myositra Pall., Miscell., 1766, p. 64.

Ursine Antcatcr Griff., Anim. King., in, 1827, p. 304, pi.
crispus Rupp., Mus. Senck., in, 1845, P- I79-
birittata Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865, p. 384.

FIG. 7. TAMANDUA TETRADACTYLA.

Xo. 369 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. J nat. size.

THREE-TOED ANTEATER. Tcjon, Oso Colmenero in Costa Rica.

Type locality. "America meridionali." Brazil?

Gcogr. Distr. Mexico, through Central America to Peru and
Paraguay, South America.

Gcnl. Char. Tail long, apical half scaly ; nose lengthened ; claws
strong.

Color. Head, neck, throat, stripe down back ending in a point
on the loins, shoulders, arms and outer side of hind legs yellowish
white, sometimes a deep buff; nose, broad stripe to and including

TAMANDUA.

the eye, narrow bar on occiput, stripe from front of neck over
shoulder, inner side of hind legs "and rest of body, black; tail
sparsely haired towards tip, yellowish or deep buff at base, mixed
yellow and black hairs on remaining part; toes grayish.

FIG. IX. TAMANDUA TETRADACTYLA. ADULT.
THREE-TOED ANTEATER.

FIG. X. TAMANDUA TETRADACTYLA. YOUNG.
THREE-TOED ANTEATER.

Measurements. Total length, 1090; tail, 460 (mounted specimen).
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 125; zygomatic width, 43; interorbital
constriction, 25.5; mastoid width, 34; median length of nasals, 41;
length of mandible, 107.

21. sellata (Myrmecophaga), Cope, Amer. Nat., xxin, 1889, p. 133,

Feb'y.

SADDLE-BACK ANTEATER.
Type locality. Honduras.

TAMANDUA.

MYRMECOPHAGA.

29

Geogr. Distr. Honduras to French Guiana ( ?) , South America ;
exact range unknown.

Genl. Char. Tail equal to head and body ; hairs on extremity sparse.

Color. Band from forearm over the shoulder joining a large
patch covering back and sides, black; narrow median band, thighs,
rump, and tail straw color; front of eye dusky.

Measurements. Total length, 915; tail, 515.

1O. *Myrmecophng;a.

Myrmecophaga Linn., Syst.
Nat., i, 1758, p. 35.
Type Myrmecophaga
tridactyla Linnaeus.
Falcifer Rehn., Am. Nat.,
xxxiv, 1900, p. 576.

Head very long; mouth
tubular, small; tongue very
long, vermiform; hand has
third digit greatly developed,
and armed with a long, fal-
cate claw; all digits armed
with claws except the fifth;
foot with five unequal digits
with claws; tail very long,
not prehensile, equaling the
body in length, covered with
very long hair; ears small,
oval, erect; eyes small. Skull
elongate, narrow, cylindri-
form, and smooth on the
superior surface; nares ter-
minal; zygomatic arch in-
complete.

22. tridactyla (Myrmecopha-
ga) Linn., Syst. Nat.,

i. 1758. P- 35-
jubata Linn., Syst. Nat.,

i, 1766, p. 52.

GREAT ANTEATER. Oso Real
in Costa Rica.

* See Thomas, Amer. Nat.,
xxxv, p. 143.

FIG. 8. MYRMECOPHAGA TRIDACTYLA.
No. 115 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. % nat. size.

30

MYRMECOPHAGA.

Type locality. Brazil.

Geogr. Distr. Guatemala to Brazil.

Genl. Char. Size large; tail very large, about as long as head
and body, covered with long hairs; claws strong, curved.

Color. Nose, head, back, loins, and tail covered with coarse hairs
that are white at base, then brownish or black and tipped with buff;
throat patch ending in a point on breast; stripe over shoulder end-
ing in a point on the loins; broad band on forearms above hands;
legs and under parts, black; rest of body, shoulders, breast, arms,
and stripe from beneath ears to loins above the black, grayish
white; white hairs on toes. •

FIG. XI. MYRMECOPHAGA TRIDACTYLA. GREAT ANTEATER.

Measurements. Total length to end of hairs on tail, 2500; tail
to 'end of hairs, 1130. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 370; zygomatic
width, 56; interorbital constriction, 43; median length of nasals, 150;
lateral length of nasals, 171 ; length of mandible, 320.

The Armadillos are remarkable for their ossified skin, formed by
the union of numerous variously shaped scales into a bony armor
protecting the body, head, and limbs. In some extinct species this
covering was entire, but in the living animals it is divided into three
regions, the anterior, median, and posterior portions, the middle
section consisting of a varying number of rings connected by a
flexible skin to permit a curvature of the body. The inner surface
of the limbs, and underside of the body is covered by a soft skin.
Hairs often project between the bony scutes, and the skin-covered
parts are more or less hairy. Fore feet with strong claws, upon the

'

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE III, ZOOLOGY.

CABASSOUS CENTRAL is.
No. 35382 U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. Nat. size. Type.

CABASSOUS.

31

tips of which some species walk, while the soles of the hind feet are
placed flat upon the ground. The tongue is long, pointed and
capable of being extended.

Armadillos are harmless, nocturnal, and omnivorous, provided with
numerous simple teeth that, excepting in one genus, are not shed.
They are capable of running with considerable swiftness, and when
frightened or attacked, they roll the body into a ball, presenting
nothing but the bony armor to their enemies.

Pam. III. Dasypodidw. Armadillos.

Subfam. I. Dasypodinee.

Head narrow; snout long, narrow, obliquely truncate; pterygoids
meeting below nasal passage; ears long, ovate, erect, placed on
occiput, contiguous; bony carapace covering the elongate, narrow
body, having six to twelve movable rings on the center and sides;
tail long, tapering, the dermal scutes forming distinct rings. Front
feet with four toes, hind feet with five, the nails strong, curved,
pointed.

11. Cabassons.

8-8

-o or — — = 32 or -?6.

8 — 8 q — 9 v O

Cabassous McMurtrie, Cuv., Anim. King., i, 1831, p. 164. Type

Dasypns unicinctus Linnaeus.
Xenurus, Wagl., Nat. Syst. Amph., 1830, p. 36. (nee Boie, Aves,

1826.)

Arizostus Glog., Hand-u. Hilfsb. Naturg. i, 1841, pp. xxn, 114.
Tatoua Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865, p. 378.

Intermediate bands, twelve, broader than long; fore feet with
five toes; claws large, strong; tail long, tuberculate.

FIG. XII. CABASSOUS CENTRALIS. MILLER'S ARMADILLO.

32 CABASSOUS. TATU.

23. centralis (Tatoua), Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash., xin, 1899

PP-4, 7-

cinereus hispidus True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvm, 1896, p. 345.
MILLER'S ARMADILLO.

Type locality. Chamelicon, Honduras.

Geogr. Distr. Honduras, Central America, range unknown.

Genl. Char. Small; plates in central rings of carapace, 29-31;
occipital region of skull little elevated; zygomata, as seen from above,
nearly parallel with each other and main axis of skull; hamular
processes of pterygoids neither thickened nor bent inward at tips.
Crown shields about 38; less than a dozen small, scattered scales on
cheek. Scapular shield with 7 or 8 rows, the longest with 28 plates;
dorsal rings 10, the longest containing 29-31 plates, (ex Miller, 1. c.)

Color. Above brownish black; lower edge of carapace yellowish;
under parts light yellow; legs and face apparently flesh color; tail
brownish black, tip yellowish; claws light yellow. (Skin.)

Measurements. Total length, about 505 ; tail, 148. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 80; zygomatic width, 43; mastoid width, 31; palatal
arch to middle of fourth molar, 16; median length of nasals, 23;
lateral length of nasals, 23; length of upper tooth row, 26; length of
mandible, 61 ; length of lower tooth row, 22.

The Armadillos of the next genus are characterized by the nearly
symmetrical toes on the fore feet, the second and third being longest
and subequal, and the first and fourth also subequal and only
slightly shorter; fifth toe obsolete. One species only, the Nine-
banded Armadillo, penetrates the limits of the United States, and
has a most extensive distribution from Texas to Paraguay. Several
species belong to this genus, one of which, found on the Pampas of
South America, from the shape of its head and the length of its ears,
is known as the Mule Armadillo, or Mulita. (T. hybrida.)

Sub f am. II. Tatuinse.
12. Tat u.

Tatu Frisch, Nat. Syst. vierfiiss. Thiere, in Tabellen, 5 Tab. Gen.
1775. Id. Blumenb., Handl. Naturg., 1799, p. 73. Type Dasy-
pus noremcinctiis Linnaeus.
Tatusia Less., Man. de Mamm., 1827, p. 309.
Cachicamns McMurtrie, G. Cuv., Anim. Kingd., i, 1831, p. 163.

TATU.

Mammae two pair, one pectoral, one inguinal. Seven to nine
movable rings in center or on sides of bony carapace. Fore toes
nearly symmetrical. Milk teeth two-rooted, changed only when the
animal has attained its full growth.

FIG. 9. TATU NOVEMCINCTUM.
Field Columbian Mus. Coll. Nat. size.

24. novemcinctum (Dasypus) Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 1758, p. 51. i,

1766, p. 51.
octo-cinctus (Linn.), Schrieb. Saugeth., n, 1775, p. 222, tab. LXXIII,

LXXVI.

peba Desm., Mamm., 1820, p. 368.

longicaudus Wied, Breit. Naturg. Bras., n, 1825, p. 531.
mexicanus fenestratus Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berl., 1864,

p. 180.

34 TATU.

leptorhyncha Gray, Handl. Edent., 1873, p. 14, pi. 2, figs. 3, 4.

novemcincttts (Cabassous), Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 4.
NINE-BANDED ARMADILLO. Armado, Encubierto in Mexico and Cen-
tral America.

Type locality. "America meridionali." Brazil( ?)

Geogr. Distr. Texas, through Mexico and Central America to
Paraguay.

Genl. Char. Shield with eight movable rings in the middle, and
nine on the sides; tail as long as body without head, covered by
twelve rings and not enveloped in a cone; molars, 32.

FIG. XIII. TATU NOVEMCINCTUM. NINE-BANDED ARMADILLO.

Color. Bare skin on face flesh color with a few scattered yel-
lowish hairs; head shield pale brown, that on the back black;
scales on sides yellowish white; ears brown, toes yellowish with
white claws; tail brownish black, the anterior half of scales
yellowish white.

Measurements. Total length, 237; tail vertebrae, 90; hind foot,
31; ear, 22. Skull: total length, 70; zygomatic width, 32; across
postorbital processes, 22; length of nasals, 17; length of upper tooth
row, 16; length of mandible, 56; length of lower tooth row, 18.

Order in. Sirenia. Sirenians.

The Sirenians are mammals constituted especially for an aquatic
life, and formerly were confounded with the Cetaceans, with which,
however, they have no relationship. Like the members of the Order
CETACEA, the Sirenians have no hind limbs, and those on the forward
part of the body have been transformed into paddles, and the tail
has been expanded into a flattened rudder.

The head is of the ordinary mammal type, being small for the
body, with a rounded superior outline, but the nostrils are provided
with flaps that open and close at the will of the animal. There are
no fins. The eye is small, and the ear has no external conch. Thick
lips, provided with a number of bristly hairs, cover the small mouth,
and the skin of the body is thick, with sometimes hair distributed
sparsely over it. The female has two pectoral mammae. Teeth are
entirely absent in some species, like Steller's Sea-Cow, but others
have both incisors and molars. The bones of the skeleton are
massive and dense, the skull being remarkable in this respect. Collar
and nasal bones are absent and there is no sacrum, but the pelvis
is represented by a pair of small bones. The two bones of the fore-
arm are usually ankylosed at the extremities, and the digits are five
in number. The lungs extend backward nearly to the last rib and
are very narrow. Rough, horny plates cover the symphysis of the
mandible, and the surface of the tongue is similar to these plates.

Three species of Manatee are included in the family, one of which,
Steller's Sea-Cow (Hydrodamalis gigas}, is now extinct. This animal,
the largest of all, was from twenty to twenty-eight feet in length,
and at the time when Steller visited Bering Sea in 1741, was very
numerous around Bering and Copper Islands. The flesh, unfortu-
nately, was found to be highly palatable, far superior to salt pork,
and the sailors slaughtered the inoffensive beasts, until the last one
was killed in 1768. No skin has been preserved, and a collection of
bones in St. Petersburg and Washington alone remain to show what
kind of animal it was. Two living species of Manatee remain in the
New World, one, T. manatus, in southern North America; the
other, T. iniinguis, restricted to the rivers Amazon and Orinoco, in
South America. In the Old World, one, T. senegalensis , is confined
to West Africa in the district comprised between io°-i6° latitude,
and 2o°-27° longitude. East Africa, Australia, Ceylon, and islands in
the Bay of Bengal, the Indo-Malay Archipelago and the Philippines
possess the Dugong, more a marine animal than the Manatee, which

35

36

TRICHECHUS.

is found chiefly in the rivers. Three species of Dugong have been
recognized: H. tabernaculi, from the Red Sea, H. dugong, from the
Indian Seas, and H. australis, from Australia. In disposition these
animals are gentle and inoffensive, feeding on water plants and
grasses, and formerly, before their numbers were so greatly reduced
by man, were met with in herds composed of various families, and
in the case of Steller's Sea-Cow the herds were of great size.

Fam. I. Trichechidse. Manatees.
13. *Tricheclms.

T 2~~2 . AT 6—6 x ii— IT

Trichechus Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 1758, p. 34. Type Trichechus

manatus Linnaeus.

Manatus Brunn., Zool. Fund., 1772, pp. 34, 38, 39; Id. Scopoli,
Intr. Hist. Nat., 1777, p. 490; Id. Storr, Prodr., Meth. Mamm.,
1780, p. 41.

FIG. XIV. TRICHECHUS MANATUS. MANATEE.

* If the tenth edition, 1758, of Linn. Syst. Nat., is taken as a starting point
for nomenclature then the generic term for the Manatee would be TRICHECHUS,
and for the walrus, ODOB/ENUS (ODONTOB^ENUS), Briss., 1760. Should Brisson's
name be rejected, as it probably ought to be, then ROSMARUS, Scopoli, 1777,
would be the proper name for the Walrus. But if the twelfth edition is the
starting point, then TRICHECHUS stands for the Walrus and MANATUS for the
Manatees.

LIBRARY

WIS.

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE IV, 2OOLO

TRICHECHUS MANATUS.

No. 49 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. l/$ nat. size.

IBHARY

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE V, ZOOLO

TRICHECHUS MANATUS.

No. 49 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. % nat. size

TRICHECHUS. 37

Skull arched, descending rapidly anteriorly from f rentals to
nasals; zygomata large and massive; jugal greatly developed. Orbit
small, prominent, almost inclosed by bone; anterior nares lozenge-
shaped, extending behind orbits. The mandible is massive, with a
horny plate attached anteriorly, which supplies the place of teeth.
Molar teeth in both jaws similar in character, square enameled
crowns elevated into transverse tuberculate ridges; those in the
upper rows having two ridges and three roots, those in the lower
three ridges and two roots.

25. manatus (Trichechus), Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 1758, p. 34.

inanatus (Manatus), Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, p. 49.

latirostris (Manatus), Harl., Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1824,
p. iii. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 6.

australis Tilesius, Jahrb. Naturg., i, 1802, p. 23.

americanus Desm., Diet. Hist. Nat., 1817, p. 262, pi. 96. (Part.)

fluviatilis Schreb., Siiugeth. Suppl., 1846, pi. 379.
MANATEE. Vacca de Agua, in Guatemala.

Type locality. East coast of Florida near the Cape.

Geogr. Distr. Florida coast to Yucatan, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Those of the genus.

Color. Grayish black over all the body.

Measurements. Total length, 2268. Skull: total length, 380;
zygomatic width, 220; interorbital constriction, 70; palatal arch to
end of palatal floor, 155; length of mandible, 215; height at coronoid
process, 135.

Order iv. Cetacea, Cetaceans.

The CETACEANS, abounding in all the seas of the Globe, and also
even in some of the larger rivers of both Hemispheres, live entirely
in the water, in which their young are brought forth ; and they never
appear upon the land unless accidentally thrown upon the beach by
the waves. The Order contains the largest of living mammals, the
Yellow-bellied Whale, B. sulfurea, measuring ninety-five feet in length
and weighing one hundred and forty-seven tons. Dependent upon air
received into the lungs for respiration, whales are forced to rise at
intervals to the surface, when the lungs are emptied with considerable
force, causing a cloud of vapor to be lifted high in the air, which
gives rise to the term "spouting" or "blowing," and by this act the
animal betrays its presence to the whaler. Admirably adapted to a
life in the water, these animals, although possessing a fish-like form,
have an entire structure characteristic of the Mammalia. The
Cetacea have two anterior limbs, and traces of a hinder pair. The
forward pair is covered with a leathery skin, in shape like a flat-
tened paddle, while the hinder limbs are not visible externally.
Within the body there are indications of a pelvis, and two small
bones that may represent the ischia. From want of use in the
element in which they live, the hind limbs have become atrophied.
The stomach, like that of the ruminants, is complex, and divided
into several compartments, varying in number with the different
genera, from three or four in PHOC^ENA to eight in ZIPHIUS, while
the Sperm Whales have three, and the Whalebone Whales are stated
to have four. These last, comprising the family BAL^ENIDAE, are
distinguished from the rest by the absence of teeth in both jaws,
although, singularly enough, these are present in the early develop-
ment of the embryo. The baleen, or so-called "whalebone," is a
series of flattened horny plates (varying in number, amounting in
some cases to as many as four hundred), which are placed on each
side of the palate, leaving an open middle space. They serve as
strainers, being in close proximity, and retain the small molluscs,
fish and other creatures, when the water that has been taken with
them into the mouth is ejected. The color of the baleen varies from
jet black through different shades to creamy white. Baleen Whales
are distinguished by their enormous heads, which are about one-
third the total length of the animal, a curved mouth extending
behind the blow-holes, apparently pigmy eyes (although they are
four times the size of those of an ox) ; short heavy pectoral fins, and

38

39

long baleen. The largest of these animals is the Bowhead, or Arctic
Right Whale, B. mysticetus, which yields more oil and a better
quantity of whalebone than any other species. Although huge in
bulk, its gullet is not over two inches in diameter, and its food consists
of microscopic organisms, millions of which are swallowed at a time.
It is emphatically an ice whale, living amid floes and vast fields of
ice of the Polar regions. Various species of these whales, arranged
under separate genera, frequent the different seas.

Fam. I. Balieiiiclre. Baleen Whales.

F. W. True, On the nomenclature of the Whalebone Whales of the
tenth edition of Linnceus, Systema Natures. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1898, p. 617.

FIG. 10. BAL/ENA QLACIALIS— BALEEN.

Riverside Nat. History.

Teeth absent in both jaws, present in fcetal life; palate furnished
with whalebone. Rami of mandible greatly arched outward, meet-
ing at an angle at apex, there connected by fibrous tissues. Skull
symmetrical. First pair of ribs alone joined to the sternum; the
others are fastened to the vertebrae by ligaments. Nasals roofing the
anterior nasal passages.

40

RHACHIANECTES.

MEGAPTERA.

FIG. XV. BALEEN WHALE ATTACKED BY KILLER WHALES.

Riverside Nat. History.

14. Rhachiaiiectes.

Rhachianectes Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1869, p. 15.

Type A. glaucus Cope.

Head small, body elongate; pectoral fin narrow; no dorsal fin;
skin of throat smooth; baleen short and coarse.

26. glaucus (Agaphelus}, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1869,

P-i5-

glaucus (Rhachianectes) Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 9.
GRAY WHALE.

Type locality. Coast of California.

Geogr. Distr. Coast of Lower California to north Pacific and
Arctic Oceans; Okhotsk and Bering Seas.

Genl. Char. Superior outline of head convex; size moderately
large.

Color. Mottled gray, sometimes blackish.

Measurements. Total length, 36 to 40 feet.

15. Megaptera.

Megaptera Gray, Erebus and Terror, Zool., 1846, p. 16. Type

Balcena boops Linnaeus.

Megapteron Gray, Erebus and Terror, Zool., 1846, p. 61.
Kyphobal&na Eschr., Nord. Wallth., 1849, p. 56.

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE VI, ZOOLOGY.

RHACHIANECTES GLAUCUS.
U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll.

LIBRARY

ILLINOIS,

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE VII, ZOOLOGY.

RHACHIANECTES GLAUCUS.
U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll.

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. PLATE VIII, ZOOLOGY.

RHACHIANECTES GLAUCUS.
U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll.

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. PLATE IX, ZOOLOGY.

MEGAPTERA N. BELLICOSA

Acad. Nat. Sciences Coil.

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE X, ZOOLOGY.

MEGAPTERA N. BELLICOSA.

Acad. Nat. Sciences Coll.

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

MEGAPTERA N. BELLICOSA.

Acad. Nat. Sciences Coll.

MEGAPTERA. 41

Megaptcropsis Van Ben., Res. Get. Belgique, Nouv. Mem. Acad.
Brux., 1861, p. 38.

Pcescopia Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 207, fig. 3.

Head moderate; baleen short, broad; skin of throat plicate, or
folded; pectorals long and narrow, one-fourth of the entire length of
animal; dorsal low; vertebrae, 53; cervical vertebras free, sometimes
ankylosed; nuchal arch high, subcircular; frontal broad.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

A. Upper parts black. PAGE

a. Belly white M. n. bellicosa 41

b. Belly black M. versabilis 41

nodosa bellicosa (Megaptera), Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., xn, 1870,

P- 103.
FIGHTING WHALE.

Type locality. Vicinity of St. Bartholomew's Island, West Indies.

Geogr. Disir. Carribean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, South Atlantic.

Genl. Char. Cranium similar to that of M. longimana; supra-
occipital with a deep median groove from foramen magnum to near
superior surface, with a protuberance on each side near middle;
nasals in contact for much of their length, external beveled portion
concealed by maxillae; otic bulla subcylindrical ; ramus slender,
curved; coronoid process subtriangular, acuminate; first rib with
head simple; scapula simple.

Color. Above sooty black, under parts and pectoral fins beneath,
white spotted with black.

Measurements. Total length, 32 feet. Skull, total length, 9 feet;
nasals, 11.5 inches; width of cranium behind orbits, 5 feet, 4
inches; ramus on curve, 9 feet, 10 inches.

27. versabilis (Megaptera), Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1869,

p. 15. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 10.
HUMP-BACKED WHALE.

Type locality. Northwest coast of America.

Geogr. Distr. North Pacific Ocean to Alaska.

Genl. Char. Pectoral fins between one-third and one-fourth the
total length; pectoral and gular folds, 26.

Color. Above black, and in the most typical form the belly "is
said to be entirely black." (Cope, 1. c.) External face of the pectorals
black.

4'2 BAL./ENOPTERA.

The Finback Whales are numerous in species and are met with in
all seas except the Polar. Their baleen is short and of inferior
quality, and the amount of oil yielded by an individual is small, while
their activity makes them so difficult to capture that they do not
afford a sufficient recompense for the risk and labor, unless steam
vessels and harpoon guns are employed. They are known by various
names, such as Rorquals, Finbacks, Razor-backs, etc.

Sub f am. I. Balaenopterinse. Finback "Whales.

16. Balaeiioptera.

Balsenoptera Lace'p., Hist. Nat. Get., 1804, pp. xxxvi, xxxvn, 114-
141, pis. iv, v. Type Bal&noptera gibbar Desmoulins.

Physalus Lacep., Hist. Nat. Get., 1804, pp. XL, 219-226.

Cetoptera Rafin., Analyse Nat., Adden., 1815, p. 219.

Benedenia Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 211.

Sibbaldus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 222.

Sibbaldius Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 391.

Cuvierius Gray, Cat. Seals, and Whales, 1866, p. 164, 1871, p. 54.

Head small, flat, pointed; body elongate; baleen short, broad;
pectoral small, narrow, pointed; dorsal small, falcate; cervical verte-
brae free; skin of throat wrinkled.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Under parts white.

a. Width of flukes less than one-fourth total PAGE
length B. davidsoni 42

b. Width of flukes one-fourth total length B. velifera 43

B. Under parts yellow B. sulfurea 43

28. davidsoni (Balanoptera), Scamm., Proc. Calif. Acad. Scien., iv,

1872, p. 269. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 12.
DAVIDSON'S WHALE.

Type locality. Admiralty Inlet, Coast of Washington.

Geogr. Distr. West coast of North America, Mexico to Bering
Straits.

Genl. Char. Dorsal small, falcate; pectorals small, narrow:
baleen pure white. Laminae 270 on each side, not exceeding 10 feet
in length.

Color. Above dull black, beneath white; pectorals and caudal
black above, white beneath; a white band across pectorals near their
base; gular folds, 70, milky white, interspaces pinkish.

Measurements. Total length, 27 feet; pectorals, 4 feet i inch wide;
height of dorsal, 10 inches; width of flukes, 7 feet, 6 inches.

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE XII, ZOOLOGY.

BAL/CNOPTERA DAVIDSONI.

U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll.

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE XIII, ZOOLOGY.

BAL/CNOPTERA DAVIDSONI.

U.S. Nat. Mus. Coll.

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. PLATE XIV. ZOOLOGY.

BAL/CNOPTERA DAVIDSONI.
t'. S.Nat. MHS. Coll.

BALJENOPTERA. 43

29. velifera (Balanopterd) , Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1869,

p. 16. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 12.
COPE'S WHALE.

Type locality. Shores of Oregon and California.

Geogr. Distr. North Pacific Ocean to Commander Islands.

Genl. Char. Size large; width of flukes one-fourth total length.

Color. Above black or blackish brown, beneath milky white;
baleen light lead color.

Measurements. Total length, 60 feet. ^.

30. sulfurea (Sibbaldius) , Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1869,

p. 20.

• sulfurea (Balcenoptera) Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 14.
YELLOW-BELLIED WHALE.

Type locality. NcfHhwest coast of America.

Geogr. Distr. North Pacific Ocean to Bering Sea.

Genl. Char. Body slender; pectorals small, short, ends rounded;
dorsal fin small, placed far back; baleen broad at base.

Color. Above light brown or brownish black, sometimes whitish;
beneath yellow or a sulphur hue ; baleen black or bluish black.

Measurements. Total length, 95 feet; circumference, 39 feet;
length of mandible, 21 feet; longest baleen, 4 feet; weight of baleen,
800 pounds; estimated weight of animal, 147 tons. (Scammon.)

The toothed Cetacea embrace a large number of species included
in several families and genera, and are known by the common names
of Sperm Whales, Dolphins, Porpoises, etc. All of them yield a cer-
tain quantity of oil, and are objects of pursuit in all the seas they
inhabit. The greatest and most important species of all is, of course,
the Cachalot, or Sperm Whale, which, excepting the Whalebone Whales,
is the largest of living mammals, attaining at times a total length of
eighty feet or more, and individuals are frequently met with over
seventy feet. It is a very differently shaped animal from the Whale-
bone Whale, such as the Bowhead or Greenland Whale, for instance.
The huge head is a high, straight-sided mass cut off square in front,
and is about one-third the length of the body, and its great bulk is
chiefly caused by an immense accumulation around the narial pas-
sage of an oily substance which fills the great well on top of the head
and is known as spermaceti. In the intestines of this species is found
the valuable commodity known as "ambergris," used in perfumery,
and this substance is also met with floating on the seas this whale
frequents. It is merely the "detained anal concretion of a diseased

44

PHYSETERID^F.

whale, and is, therefore, composed of the refuse matter of the cepha-
lopods that form its food." Squids, cuttlefish, and octopi, large and
small, are eaten by the Sperm Whale, and the largest octopus that
ever lived, armed with its formidable beak, and long, disk-covered
arms, would be helpless when seized by the enormous jaws of this
mammal. The Sperm Whale goes in herds, at times of hundreds of
individuals, usually led by some old bulls. It has been known to
remain below after diving for more than an hour at a time, and it
requires about ten minutes to oxidize the blood after rising to the
surface, the animal respiring in that period about seventy times.
When alarmed, the Cachalot usually sinks at once, but occasionally
it will raise half of the body out of the water in the effort to see its
enemy. Hunting this whale is not without danger, and many a boat
and its crew have been destroyed by a blow from the tremendous
flukes.

Fam. II. Physeteridse. Sperm Whales.

Upper jaw without functional teeth, those in the mandible
various, number often reduced. Pterygoids meeting on the median
line and hollowed on outer side. Transverse processes of the arches

FIG. 11. PHYSETER MACROCEPHALUS— LOWER JAW.

No. 296 Field Columbian Mus. Coll.

of dorsal vertebrae cease near end of the series and are replaced at a
lower level by processes on the body. Costal cartilages not ossified.
Cranium elevated into a prominent crest behind the nares, and
asymmetrical around narial openings.

PHYSETER. 45

17. Physeter.

O — 0 A 0 — O

to = 4° to s°-

Physeter Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 1758, p. 76. i, 1766, p. 107. Type

Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus.

Tursio Flem., Phil. Zool., n, 1822, p. 211. (nee Wagl. nee Gray.)
Upper teeth rudimentary; lower jaw with 20 to 25 on each side,
conical, pointed, and recurved; posterior and lateral edges of cranium
raised into a compressed semi-circular crest. Cranium above con-
cave; rostrum elongate, its base broad, thence tapering to the tip;
mandible long and narrow, the symphysis being more than half the
length of the ramus; vertebrae, co; zygomatic process of jugula thick,

massve.

FIG. XVI. PHYSETER MACROCEPHALUS. CACHALOT WHALE.

31. macrocephalus (Physeter), Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 1758, p. 76,

i, 1766, p. 107. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 15.
CACHALOT. SPERM WHALE.

Type locality. North Atlantic.

Geogr. Distr. All seas.

Genl. Char. Size very large; head about one-third the length of
body, high, truncate, compressed in front; blow-hole longitudinal,
placed to the left of the median line on the upper end.

Color. Above black, shading gradually on the sides into the gray
of the under parts. Individuals sometimes are piebald.

Measurements. Total length of male, 55 to 60 feet; female much
smaller.

46 COGIA.

18.

Kogia I Gray, Voy. Erebus and Terror, Zool., 1846, p. 22. Type
Physeter breviceps Blainville.

''Teeth of the upper jaw absent, or reduced to a rudimentary
pair in front ; in the lower jaw 9 to 1 2 on each side, rather long, slender,
pointed, and curved, with a coating of enamel. Upper surface of
cranium concave, with thick, raised posterior and lateral margins,
massive and rounded at their anterior terminations above the orbits.
Upper edge of the methesmoid forming a prominent sinous ridge, con-
stituting a kind of longitudinal septum to the base of the great supra-
cranial cavity. Rostrum not longer than the cranial portion of
the skull, broad at the base, and rapidly tapering to the apex. Ver-
tebrae: C. 7, D. 13 or 14, L. and C. 30; total, 50 or 51. All the cer-
vical vertebras united by their bodies and arches." (Flower.)

32. breviceps (Physeter}, Blainv., Ann. Anat. Phys., n, 1838, p. 337.

? floweri Gill, Amer. Nat., iv, 1871, p. 738, fig. 172.

breviceps (Cogid) Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., Suppl., 1901, p. 479.
PIGMY SPERM WHALE.

Type locality. Cape of Good Hope.

Geogr. Distr. Indian and Pacific Oceans, coast of southern Cali-
fornia, possibly of Mexico, and Atlantic coast of North America.

Genl. Char. Blainville's description of a skull of this species in
the Paris Museum, from an individual taken at the Cape of Good
Hope, translated, is as follows: "Skull extremely wide and greatly
elevated, having the frontal crests very high and consequently the
nasal cavities very deep, something like those of the Cachalots, and
terminate abruptly by the very short and pointed maxillae, therefore
the total length is barely an inch greater than the occipital length.
The lower jaw has necessarily two branches approaching each other
evenly, like a bellows, and a considerable symphsis, with a narrow
extremity, but rounded termination. It is nearly certain that there
are no teeth in the upper jaw, but the lower has 14 or 15 on each side,
all of which are not in place, 5 only on the left side and 4 on the right
remain still in their alveoli; some have been replaced by others; they
are narrow, slender, conical, pointed, slightly curved interiorly, and
6 to 8 lines in length. Length of lower jaw, 13 inches; distance
between condyles, 12 inches. Length of skull, 14^/2 inches. Another
peculiarity of the skull is the inequality of the nasal cavities, the right
being in nearly a rudimentary condition, and some twenty times
smaller than the other."

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE XV, ZOOLOGY.

COGIA BREVICEPS.
U.S.Nat. Mus. Coll.

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE XVI, ZOOLOGY.

COGIA BREVICEPS.
U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll.

)IS

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE XVII, ZOOLOGY.

COGIA BREVICEPS.
U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll.

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE XVIII, ZOOLOGY.

ZlPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS.
U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll.

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE XIX, ZOOLOGY.

ZlPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS.
U. S. Nat. Mus Coll.

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE XX, ZOOLOGY

ZlPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS.
U S. Nat. Mus. Coll.

ZIPHIUS. 47

The two-toothed Whales of the next genus were supposed to be
extinct, as the imperfect skull of Z. cavirostris , found on the French
Mediterranean coast in 1823, was described as a fossil. Various indi-
viduals have been observed since then, from as far north as the Shet-
land Islands, and to New Zealand in the South, and these have been
separated into several species, not all probably entitled to the dis-
tinction. Specimens have occasionally drifted, or been driven
ashore, and as many as twenty-five individuals were at one time
stranded on the Chatham Islands east of New Zealand. This Ceta-
cean varies in length from fourteen to twenty feet.

19. Ziphius.

0-0

I I
Ziphius G. Cuv., Rech. Oss. Foss., v, 26. ed., 1823, p. 352, pi. xxvn,

figs. 3, 4, 7, 9. Type Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier.
Aliama Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 242.
Petrorhynchus Gray, Zool. Soc., 1865, p. 524.
Ziphiorrhynchus Burm., Revista Farmge., Bull. Acad. Belg., 1865,

Id. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., xvn, 1866, p. 94.
At anterior end of the mandible on each side is a single conical
tooth directed upward and forward. Rostrum triangular, tapering
from base to apex; edges of maxillae at base of rostrum raised into
roughened tuberosities.

33. cavirostris (Ziphius}, G. Cuv., Rech. Oss. Foss., v, 2d ed., 1823,

p. 353. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 16.
TWO-TOOTHED WHALE.

Geogr. Distr. All seas.

Genl. Char. Same as those of the genus.

Color. Steel gray with numerous irregular white streaks ; beneath
white.

Total length, 16 feet.

The members of the next family, Delphinida, are many and
various, and their arrangement into subfamilies, or even genera,
from lack of requisite knowledge of some of the species, is not easy of
accomplishment. Among the diversified forms are found, the well-
known Porpoise with its many relatives ; the curious Narwhal with its
ivory spear, a formidable weapon both for offense as well as defense ;
the Cow-fish (Tursiops gilli)', the Black-fish, or Ca'ing Whale (Globi-
cephalus melas) ; the savage Orcas, or Killer Whales ; and the numerous
species of DOLPHINS, inhabitants of many seas, beside other genera

48 PHOC-flENA.

and species outside the scope of this work. The beaks vary
greatly, and in some species are altogether absent, while in others
they are twice the length of the braincase.

Fam. III. Delphinidie — Dolphins, Porpoises, etc.

F. W. True. A review of the family Delphinida, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1889, No. 36, pp. 1-191, pis. 1-47.

C. M. Scammon. The Marine Mammals of Northwest North
America, 1874, p. 40.

Facial portion of skull produced usually into a beak; teeth nu-
merous in both jaws ; anterior ribs articulated to the transverse process
by a tubercle; sternal ribs ossified; lacrymal not distinct from the
jugal; pterygoids short, thin, and form, with a process of the palate,
the outer wall of the post palatine air-sinus; mandibular symphysis
short.

Porpoises, often called "Sea Pigs" or "Hog-fish," are accustomed
to go in schools, sometimes in very large numbers, as they are very
sociable creatures, and are often seen in bays and harbors, as well as
in the open ocean. They swim with great rapidity, and frequently
play about the cutwater of a large steamer, even when the vessel is
going at full speed, and these animals are better known to the
majority of people than any of the other Cetaceans. The genus
contains numerous species, and they are met with in all seas.

Subfam. I. Delphinapterinae.
2O. Phocseiia. Porpoises.

25-25

Phocsena G. Cuv., Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., 2d ed., ix, 1817, p. 163, Id.
Regn. Anim., 1829, p. 289. Type Delphinus phoccena Linnaeus.
Head not beaked, rostrum short, broad, tapering; premaxillag
tuberculate before the nares; nasals flat; frontals elevated; mandib-
ular symphysis short; teeth small, crowns spade-shaped, neck con-
stricted; dorsal fin triangular, small, blunt spines often on anterior
margin; pectoral fins ovate; first to sixth cervical vertebras coalesced.

34 phocrena (Delphinus}, Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 1758, p. 77. Elliot,

Syn. N. Am. Mamm., Suppl., 1901, p. 482.
communis G. Cuv., Regn. Anim., 1817, p. 279. Elliot, Syn. N.

Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 20.

vomerina Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1865, p. 178.
brachycium Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1865, p. 279.
? lineata Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1876, pp. 134, 135.

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE XXI, ZOOLOGY.

PHOC/CNA PHOC/ENA.

No. 43 Field Columbian Mus. Coll.

018,

PHOOENA.

49

FIG. XVII. PHOC/CNA PHOC/ENA. PORPOISE.

COMMON PORPOISE.

Type locality. Coast of Europe.

Geogr. Distr. North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans.

Genl. Char. Slender; dorsal fin anterior to middle of the length,
triangular, posterior margin concave, anterior about straight with
sometimes a row of tubercles; jaws of equal length.

Color. Upper parts slate or blackish, grading on sides into the
white of lower parts; sides sometimes tinged with yellow or pink;
narrow dark line from corner of mouth to anterior base of pectoral,
and a broad, dark band often extends from lower jaw half-way to the
pectoral.

Measurements. Total length, 1727; length of mouth, 121; end
of snout to dorsal, 737; length of pectoral, 178; height of dorsal, 102;
width of flukes, 317. Skull: total length, 293; length of rostrum,
137; width of beak at base, 85; at middle, 55; interorbital breadth,
137; length of temporal fossa, 6.

The "Killers" are distinguished for their great ferocity and
strength, and are the wolves of the sea. They prey upon fish, and
also warm-blooded animals, such as seals, and destroy a great number
of the pups, and the half-grown young of other species. Banding
themselves together in packs they do not hesitate to attack the
Whalebone Whale, and several of them by hanging on to the lower
lip, compel the huge animal, exhausted by its struggles, to open its
mouth and permit the Killer to enter, when the great fleshy tongue
is speedily devoured, and the unfortunate creature left to die a linger-
ing death. Individuals of their own order are pursued and slain by

50

ORCINUS.

these sea- wolves, and from sheer love of slaughter more creatures are
killed in their forays than can be devoured. They delight in blood
and rapine, and the presence of the Killers can be detected in the
seas they frequent by the lofty pointed dorsal fin standing above the
surface of the ocean and cutting the water like the bow of some swift
vessel, as the fierce creature beneath chases its prey. Orcas do not
associate together in any large numbers, a dozen being perhaps the
maximum, and whenever their presence is known, or the fins are seen
cleaving the surface of the ocean, all animals fly for a refuge, even the
ponderous Sea Lions seeking the shore. The Killers do not possess
much oil, and consequently have little or no commercial value, but
some coast Indians hunt them for their flesh, which they highly
esteem. This Cetacean is usually seen in the vicinity of the Pribiloff
Islands during the breeding season of the Fur Seals, and commits
great destruction among the pups when these make their first
attempts at swimming not far from shore, for it requires an expert in
the art to be able to avoid the swift rush of this powerful mammal.

21. Orcinus. Killer Whales.

Orcinus Fitzin., Wiss-Popul. Naturg. Saugeth., vi, 1860, pp. 204-
217. Type Delphinus orca Linnaeus.

Orca Gray, Erebus and Terror, Zool., 1846, p. 33, pis. 8-9. (nee
Wagl, 1830.)

Teeth large, stout, occupying nearly the entire length of the
rostrum, which is broad, elongate, flattened above and rounded ante-
riorly. Pterygoids separate; premaxillae concave before the nares,
narrow in the middle and widening towards end; head depressed, no
beak; dorsal large, prominent, pointed; pectorals large, ovate; first
and second vertebrae, occasionally also the third, coalesced; ver-
tebrae, 52.

FIG. XVIII. ORCINUS ORCA. KILLER WHALE.

d * d

<r -^ t<.

O c *

JJ Q

ZJ •-'

Z _: -
0

ORCINUS. PSEUDORCA. 51

35. orca (Delphinns), Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 1758, p. 77.
gladiator (Delphinus), Bonnat., Ce't., 1789, p. 23.

arcticus and europceus Gerv. & Van Ben., Ost. Ce't., 1804, p. 314.

schlegelii Lilljeb., Roy. Soc., 1866, p. 235.

latirostris Gerv., Ost. Ce't., 1868, p. 543.

stenorhyncha Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1870, p. 74.

gladiator (Orcinus) Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 22.
COMMON KILLER WHALE.

Type locality. Coast of Europe.

Geogr. Distr. All seas.

Genl. Char. Size large, other characters those of the genus.

Color. Upper parts of head and body and all the fins black;
under jaw, throat, breast, and belly white; a white trident-shaped
area extends back to the vent with one tine, the other two passing
obliquely upward and backward on the sides; a large white patch
behind the eyes; behind dorsal fin is a crescentic purple area.

Measurements. Total length, 16 feet.

22. Psemlorca. Killer Whalen.

IP—IP

10— 10 4 •

Pseudorca Reinh., Overs. K. Dan. Vidensk. Sezsk. Forh. Kjobenh.,

1862, p. 151. Type Pseudorca crassidens Owen.
Rostrum short, broad; rostral portion of intermaxillae truncate
at distal end; pterygoids short, approximated on median line; teeth
large, roots cylindrical; vertebrae, 50; the first to sixth or seventh
coalesced; pectorals moderate, pointed; dorsal near middle of back,
moderate, falcate; head elevated before blow-hole, compressed;
snout truncate.

36. crassidens (Phocana), Owen, Brit. Foss. Mamm., 1846, p. 516.
meridionalis Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 420.
destructor Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1866, p. 293.
grayi Burm., Ann. Mus. Pub., Buen. Aires, i, 1864-69, p. 367,

pi. xxi.

crassidens (Pseudorca}, Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 23.
LARGE-TOOTHED KILLER WHALE.

Type locality. Coast of Lincolnshire, England.

Geogr. Distr. All seas.

Genl. Char. No beak; head sloping gradually from blow-hole to
end of snout; dorsal in center of length, narrow, moderate ; pectorals
small.

Color. All black.

62 PSEUDORCA. GLOBICEPH ALUS.

Measurements. Skull: total length, 595; length of rostrum, 287;
br.eadth at base, 208; at middle, 188; interorbital breadth, 333;
length of temporal fossa, 191.

The Black-fish, the name usually given to the species of the next
genus, are accustomed to go in large schools, keeping near the coast,
seeking small fish, on which they subsist. These animals are inoffen-
sive and gentle, and when alarmed can easily be driven ashore (if
their pursuers are on the seaward side), as they huddle together like
sheep and follow blindly any leader. They are found in all seas, and
it is stated that the flesh, after having been exposed to the air and
properly cooked, is not unpalatable. The Black-fish yield but little
oil, not equal to that of the great whales.

23. Globicephalus. Dolphins. Black-fish.

Globicephala Less., Nouv. Tabl. Regn. Anim., Mamm., 1842,
p. 200.

Type Delphinus deductor Scoresby=Delphimis melas Traill.

Teeth only on anterior half of rostrum and mandible, small,
conical, acute, curved; rostrum short, broad; mandibular symphysis
short; pterygoids in contact; skull broad, depressed; premaxillae con-
cave in front of nares, as wide at middle as at base; vertebrae, 57-60;
first five or six cervical vertebrae coalesced; forepart of head round;
dorsal low, triangular.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Head with obtuse ridge above jaw; teeth
conical, persistent in both jaws, confined
to anterior half of rostrum.

a. Color black, with white area beneath; length PAGE
of pectoral fin, 1270 mm ...................... G. melas 5 2

b. Color entirely black.

a/ Length of pectoral fin, 762 mm ........ G. brachypterus 53

b/ Length of pectoral fin, 864 mm .......... G. scammoni 54

37. melas (Delphinus'), Traill. Nichols, Jour., 1809, xxm, pi. 3.
globiceps Cuv., Ann. Mus., 1812, p. 14, pi. i, figs, i, 2.
deductor Scoresby, Arct. Reg., i, 1820, t. 13, fig. i.
intermedius Harl., Jour. Acad. Nat. Scien.Phil., 1829, p. 51, pi. i,
fig- i3-

w

GLOBICEPHALUS. 53

incrassatus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1861, p. 309, fig. i.
macrorhynchus Hector (nee Gray), Trans. N. Zeal. Inst., vn, 1861,

pi. 16, figs. 3, 3a.
melas (Globiocephalus!}, Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 23.

FIG. XIX. GLOBICEPHALUS MELAS. PILOT OR CAMNG WHALE.

PILOT OR CA'ING WHALE.

Type locality. Coast of England.

Geogr. Distr. South and North Atlantic Oceans, Gulf of Mexico.

Genl. Char. Vertebrae, 59-60; maxillae and intermaxillae rugose
anteriorly; second and third vertebrae coalesced.

Color. Black with a white area beneath.

Measurements. Total length about 20 feet; length of pectoral fin,
1270 mm.; greatest breadth of pectoral, 279; from end of snout to
dorsal fin, 1397.

38. brachypterus (Globiocephalus!), Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien.

Phil., 1876, p. 129, fig. p. 131. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901,

P- 24.
SHORT-FINNED BLACK-FISH.

Type locality. East coast of Delaware Bay, at the mouth of
Meurice River.

Geogr. Distr. Gulf of Mexico north to New Jersey, Atlantic Ocean.

Genl. Char. Pectorals one-sixth total length of body ; dorsal for-
ward of middle length; teeth, | ; vertebrae, 57 ; skull massive; rostrum
broad, the basal width greater than four-fifths total length; temporal
fossae large, oval; intermaxillae large and flat.

Color. Entirely black.

Measurements. Total length, 4648; tip of snout to dorsal, 1206;
length of pectoral, 762; height of dorsal, 356; width of fluke, 1168.

54 GLOBICEPHALUS. DELPHINUS.

Skull: total length, 662; length of rostrum, 333; breadth at base, 288;
at middle, 235 ; interorbital breadth, 45 ; length of temporal fossa, 163.

39. scammoni (Globiocephalus!}, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil.,

1869, p. 21. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 24.
SCAMMON'S BLACK-FISH.

Type locality. Coast of Lower California.

Geogr. Distr. Coast of California southward; coast of South
America.

Genl. Char. Similar to G. brachypterus; pectorals longer. Skull
heavy; intermaxillae not projecting over lateral margins of rostral
portion of maxillae; superior nares broad, and bordered by narrow
plates of the intermaxillae ; pterygoids short, approximate.

Color. Entirely black.

Measurements. Total length, 4724; tip of snout to dorsal, 1372;
length of pectoral, 864; width of flukes, 1007. Skull: total length,
690; length of rostrum, 340; breadth at base, 308; at middle, 252;
interorbital breadth, 487 ; length of temporal fossa, 148.

The members of the next genus, DELPHINUS, possess prominent
beaks, and the elongate rostrum is provided with a large number of
teeth, which, however, is not always the same on the two sides of the
jaw. There are many species accredited to the genus, dwellers of
various seas, and the one given below is common both to the Mediter-
ranean and to the waters that wash the eastern shores of the American
Continent.

24. Delphinus. Dolphins.

40 , 60—60 f

4 63=60"

Delphinus Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 1758, p. 77; i, 1766, p. 108. Type

Delphinus delphis Linnaeus.
Rhinodelphis Wagner, Schreb., Saugeth., vn, 1846, pp. 281, 316-

349, ii pis.

Eudelphinus Gerv., Ostdog. des Cdt., 1880, p. 600.
Teeth occupying nearly entire length of rostrum, numerous in
both jaws, conical, acute, curving; rostrum twice the length of brain-
case; pterygoids meeting on median line for their entire length;
palate deeply grooved laterally; pectorals moderate, falcate.

40. delphis (Delphinus}, Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 1758, p. 77; i, 1776,

p. 108. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 28.
julvo-fasciatus Wagn., Schreb. Saugeth., 1846, pi. 361, fig. i.

DELPHINUS. TURSIOPS. 55

nova-zelandice Quoy & Gaim., Voy. Astrolabe, Mamm., 1830,
p. 149-

janira Gray, Erebus & Terror, Zool., 1846, p. 41, pi. 23.

albrinanus Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped., Mamm., v, 1848, in, p. 33.

algeriensis Loche, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1860, p. 474, pi. 22, fig. i.

forsteri Gray, Cat. Get., 1866, p. 248.

major, moorii & walkeri Gray, Cat. Get., 1866, pp. 396, 397.

pomeegra Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc., vi, 1866, p. 23, pis. 6. 8.

bairdi Dall, Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Scien., v, 1873, p. 12.

microps Burm. (nee Gray), Desc. Phys. Argent., in, 1879, p. 534.

fuscus, sowerbianus, variegatus, batteatus, moschatus (La Font),
Fisch., Act. Soc. Linn. Bord., v, 1881, p. 127, pis. 4, 5, 6.

marginatus , La Font., (nee Pucher.), Act. Soc. Linn. Bord., VT,
p. 518.

curvirostris Riggio, Nat. Sicil., 11, 1883, p. 157, pi. 3.
COMMON DOLPHIN.

Type locality. Coast of Europe.

Geogr. Distr. Atlantic Ocean; Gulf of Mexico.

Genl. Char. Body slender; forehead forming an angle to the beak,
which is long and slender; dorsal fin in center of back, narrow; pec-
torals three times longer than broad, pointed.

Color. Very variable; upper parts black and blackish gray;
beneath white or greenish white ; black, gray or greenish band from
lower jaw to base of pectorals; orbital ring black, from which a black
band extends forward to the base of the beak; margin of lower jaw
black; elongate areas of light festoons of gray on sides, traversed by
two longitudinal bands of gray or greenish gray.

Measurements. Total length, 1382-2008; length of pectoral, 280-
305; width of flukes, 393-450; height of dorsal, 177-203; blow-hole to
end of nose, 330-356.

25. Tursiops. Dolphins.

^Ti to |=§ = 84 to I00>
Tursiops Gerv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., n, 1855, p. 323. Type Del-

phinus tursio Fabricius.
Tursio Gray (nee Wagl.), List Spec. Mamm., Brit. Mus. 1843, pp.

xxiii, 105, Id. Cat. Seals and Whales, 1866, p. 254.
Rostrum with moderate taper; no groove in palate; mandibular
symphysis short; teeth stout; vertebras, C. 7, D. 13, L. 17, C. 27 = 64.
Dorsal fin high, falcate.

66 TURSIOPS.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Teeth conical, smooth; palate without lateral grooves;

pterygoids in contact. PAGE

a. Plumbeous gray above, white beneath T. truncatus 56

b. All black T gilli 56

FIG. XX. TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS. BOTTLE-NOSED PORPOISE.

41. truncatus Montagu., Mem. Wern. Soc., in, 1821, p. 73. True,

Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1903, p. 313.
compressicauda Less., Ce"t., 1828, p. 199.
communis Fitzin. (nee Cuv.), Carr, Dalm., 1846, p. 75.
metis Gray, Ereb. & Terror, Zool., 1846, p. 38, pi. 17.
cymodice Gray, Ereb. & Terror, Zool., 1846, p. 38, pi. 17.
eurynome Gray, Ereb. & Terror, Zool., 1846, p. 38, pi. 18.
tursio (Tursiops}, Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 29.

BOTTLED-NOSED PORPOISE OR DOLPHIN.

Type locality. Coast of Greenland.

Geogr. Distr. Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, widely dis-
tributed; Atlantic coast of Atlantic States, Maine to Florida, Gulf of
Mexico.

Genl. Char. Those of the genus. Frontal bone has no backward
extension and the parietal is broad inferiorly.

Color. Upper part of fin is plumbeous gray, tinged with purple,
grading on sides into the pure white of the under parts.

Measurements. Total length, 2907; of mouth, 319; height of
dorsal fin, 229; breadth of flukes, 612. Skull: total length, 432;
length of beak, 108; length of tooth row, 195; width between inter-
orbitals, 191; length of mandible, 365.

42. gilli (Tursiops), Dall, Proc. Calif. Acad. Scien., v, 1873, p. 13.

Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 29.
GILL'S DOLPHIN. Cow-FiSH.

Type locality. North Pacific Ocean.

TURSIOPS.

PRODELPHINUS.

57

Geogr. Distr. Shores of southern and Lower California to northern
part of Pacific Ocean.

Genl. Char. Optic canal not reaching the level of the rounded
antero-internal border of the deeply concave frontal, and the lower
part of the parietal is a narrow band between the anterior margin
of the squamosal and the posterior margin of a backward extension
of the frontal.

Color. Black, the under parts a little lighter than the upper.

Measurements. Length of beak, 29.8; breadth at base of maxil-
lary notches, 14.1; at the middle, 8.8; length of tooth row, 25.4;
length of mandible, 42.7.

26. Prodelphiiius. Dolphins.

^ to ^=,,0 to .00.

Prodelphinus Gerv., Oste'og. des Ce'tace's, 1880, p. 604, pi. xxxvm.

Clymene Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 237.

Clymenia Gray, Syn. Whales & Dolphins, 1868, p. 6.

Teeth smaller than those of Tursiops. Rostrum long, narrow;
no groove in palate; vertebrae, 73-78; symphysis of mandible short;
beak elongate; dorsal and pectoral fins falcate.

FIG. XXI. PRODELPHINUS PLAGIODON. SHARP-TOOTHED DOLPHIN.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Teeth conical, small, numerous; rostral por-
tion of intermaxillae convex,
a. Purplish gray above spotted with white;
breadth of rostrum at base, 109; at middle,
58; between orbits, 186 P. plagiodon

PA r.K

58 PRODELPHINUS.

b. Dark gray above, spotted with light gray; PAGE
breadth of rostrum at base, 75; at middle,

46; between orbits, 140 P. longirostris 58

c. Black above; breadth of rostrum at middle,

60.96; at base, 210.82 P. euphrosyne 58

43. plagiodon (Delphinus) , Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1866,

p. 296.

plagiodon (Prodelphinus) , Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 31.
SHARP-TOOTHED DOLPHIN.

Type locality. Eastern coast of United States.

Geogr. Distr. Atlantic coast of the United States, Cape Hatteras
to Gulf of Mexico.

Genl. Char. Dorsal fin high, recurved; pectoral fins broad at base;
beak stout.

Color. Above purplish gray, shading on the sides into the white
of the under parts ; upper parts and fins spotted with white or gray ;
lower parts spotted with dark gray.

Measurements. Total length, 2157; length of mouth, 280; of
pectoral fin, 304; end of beak to dorsal, 337; height of dorsal, 241;
breadth of flukes, 527.

44. longirostris (Delphinus) , Gray, Spicil. Zool., 1828, p. i.
micro ps Gray, Spicil. Zool., 1828, p. i.

alope Gray, Erebus & Terror, Zool., 1846, p. 42, pi. 25.

stenorhynchus Gray, Cat. Seals & Whales, 1866, p. 396.
LONG-NOSED DOLPHIN.

Type locality. Cape of Good Hope.

Geogr. Distr. Southern Oceans. Taken off Tres Marias Islands,
Mexico.

Genl. Char. Dorsal high ; nose three-fifths total length of animal ;
teeth formula, f^E^'. vertebrae, C. 7; D. 14; L. 17-18; C. 34, =72-73.

Color. Above dark slate gray, mottled with pale gray; beneath
white.

Measurements. Total length, 390-420; beak, 70-80; width of
beak at base of maxillary notches, 75-86.

45. euphrosyne (Prodelphinus} , Gray, Erebus & Terror, Zool., 1846,

p. 40, pi. 22. Id. Cat. Seals & Whales, 1866, p. 251. Elliot,

Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 30.
styx Gray, Erebus & Terror, Zool., 1846, p. 39, pi. 2.
tethyos Gerv., Bull. Soc. Agr. Herault, 1853, XL, p. 150, pi. i.
marginatus (Duvern.), Pucher., Rev. Zool., 1854, p. 547.
doreides Gray, Cat. Get., 1866, p. 400.

PRODELPHINUS. 59

euphrosinoides Gray, Synops. Whales & Dolphins, 1868, p. 6.
nov<z-zelandi(B Hector (nee Gray), Trans. N. Z. Inst., 1873, v,

P- 159-
GRAY'S DOLPHIN.

Type locality. Unknown.

Geogr. Distr. Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, coast of
Jamaica.

Genl. Char. Body stout, beak long; dorsal fin high, falcate;
pectorals small.

Color. Above black; sides blackish, beneath white; orbital ring
black; black band from eye to vent and one going downward and
backward above base of the pectorals; this black band is divided
from the dark color above by a white band which is broadest in the
middle; broad black band from eye to base of pectorals, with white
area in its center, that joins the white throat below the eye; fins
black, margined anteriorly with white.

Measurements. Total length, 2097; end of beak to base of dorsal,
932; breadth of flukes, 420; anterior margin of pectoral fin, 305.

Order v. Ungulata, Hoofed Quadrupeds.

The Order Ungulata comprises those animals formed for a terres-
trial existence and whose food is mainly vegetable, although certain
ones are omnivorous. The molar teeth have broad crowns and their
surfaces ridged, and three pair are always present in each jaw.
There are no clavicles or collar bones, and the limbs, as a rule, are
only capable of a forward and backward motion, a rotary movement
being impossible. The limbs generally terminate in solid bony hoofs,
but in some cases the last joint of the toes is furnished with broad
nails, and the number of toes varies from one to five, but in cases
where the toes are numerous only two are usually of importance to
the animal. In no instance are any claws present. The Ungulates
vary greatly in size, from the diminutive Dik-Dik Antelope, pigmy
Hog and Hyrax, to the lordly Elephant, the bulky Rhinoceros and
Hippopotamus, and the lofty Giraffe. A characteristic of members
of this Order is the presence of horns on some portions of the head,
usually witnessed only on the male. These appendages vary greatly
in size, structure, and pattern, and are most effective, in the majority
of instances, as weapons of offense or defense. Many extinct species
of Ungulates possessed four or five digits to each limb, but no existing
species, except the elephant, has more than four, the majority indeed
possessing only two, while in the horse but one remains. The Order
has two divisions, those that may be termed the true Ungulates, con-
taining the vast majority of the species, such as Hippopotamus,
Swine, Llamas, Deer, Antelope, Sheep, Goats, Tapirs, Rhinoceros,
Horse, etc.; and the Subungulata, with the majestic Elephant and
the curious little animal, the Hyrax, very rodent -like in appearance,
but entirely distinct from the other members of the Order, and which
occupies quite an independent position among mammals.

The Ungulates are distributed throughout the globe excepting
Australia, and are found from the Arctic regions to the Tropics, the
largest number of species inhabiting the warmer portions of the
earth. Some Ungulates go in herds containing many thousand indi-
viduals, like the American Bison which only a few years ago roamed
the Western plains in countless numbers, but have passed away for-
ever, save a semi-domesticated remnant ; and many species of African
Antelope that once covered the veldt with their mighty hosts are
likewise rapidly disappearing before the rifles of the so-called sports-
man and the skin hunter.

60

TAGASSU. 61

The members of the first Family of the Ungulates to be con-
sidered, the Peccaries, differ from those of the family Suidce in
various respects. They lack one pair of upper incisors, and the
anterior premolar in each jaw. The canines, large and formidable,
are directed downward, not upward, and the last premolar is
complex. The stomach has three compartments, and is more com-
plicated than that of the true pigs. These animals are fearless and
pugnacious, associate in droves, sometimes of considerable numbers,
and when attacked, all assume the offensive, and are capable of
doing much damage with their sharp tushes, and a man in the midst
of a number of enraged Peccaries is fortunate if he is able to find a
tree to climb, that being about the only method of saving his life.
Two species have been long known, but lately a number of others
have been described, some of which may prove to possess distinctive
values.

Fam. I. Tagassuidie. Peccaries.

Snout elongate, truncate; flat terminal naked surface in which
the nostrils are placed. Stomach complex; caecum present. Four
toes on front feet, three on hind feet. Incisors rooted; upper canines
pointed downward, with cutting edges; upper outer incisors and
anterior premolars of both jaws wanting. Third and fourth meta-
podials united at their upper ends. Ears small, erect. Body
covered with bristly hair. Musk gland on the middle of the back.

27. *Tagassu.

T 2-2 . p I-I . p 3-3 . TUT 3-3 _ - O

L3=3' UI=i' F'1=S' M'F3 - 38'

T. Gill. Note on the names of the genera of Peccaries, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 1902, p. 38.

J. A. Allen. The Generic and Specific names of the Peccaries,
Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1902, p. 162.

O. Thomas. The Generic names of the Peccaries, Northern Fur
Seal and Sea Leopard, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1902, pp. 153, 197.

Tagassu Frisch, Syst. vierfuss. Thiere, in Tabellen, 3 Tab. Gen. 1775.
Tayassu Fisch., Zoogn., in, 1814, p. 284. Type Sus tajacu
Linnaeus.

* Messrs. Gill, Allen, and Thomas (1. c.) have given their views regarding the
proper generic names for the Peccaries, each arriving at a different conclusion,
no two of them agreeing, and thus exhibiting, in a certain degree, the very
unstable foundation on which nomenclature rests. Not wishing to add to the
confusion by giving another opinion, even if it were necessary, I have fol-
lowed Dr. Allen, whose argument is apparently the strongest of the three.
Mr. Thomas in a later publication abandons his position and accepts Dr. Allen's
view (1. c.).

62 TAGASSU.

Dicotyles G. Cuv., Regn. Anim., i, 1817, p. 237.

Notophorus Fisch., Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, v, 1817, p. 418.

Adenonotus Brookes, Prodr. Syn. Anim., n, 1828.

Size large; mane not covering the rump; sides of rostrum not
flattened, and divided by zygomatic ridge; palate long, narrow, with
median ridge, and extending beyond last molar; deep cavity on root of
zygoma anterior to orbit, which is small and incomplete behind, the
postorbital process not joining the zygoma; pterygoid plates of the
alisphenoid form the interpterygoid fossa.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

A. Rostrum and nasals flattened anteriorly, con-
vex posteriorly; sides of rostrum excavated
over premolars; palate with sharp ridge from
first premolar to canine,
a. Stripe over shoulder. PAGE

a.' Size small; color grizzled black and buff T. nanus 62

b.' Size large.

a." Shoulder stripe white, sides black and

white T. angulatum 63

b." Shoulder stripe yellowish ochraceous,

narrow; sides dark, less gray T. a. hunter ale 63

c." Shoulder stripe broad ; sides whitish . T. a. yucatanense 63
d." Shoulder stripe indistinct, very narrow ;

sides grizzled gray T. a. crassum 64

e." Shoulder stripe indistinct ; color mixed

grayish and brownish black T. a. sonoriense 64

f." Shoulder stripe, wide and tawny .... T. crusnigrum 65

A. Tagassu.
46. nanus (Tayassu), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiv, 1901, p.

102.
DWARF PECCARY.

Type locality. Island of Cozumel, Yucatan.

Genl. Char. Small, similar to T. angulatum.

Color. Above grizzled black and buff; broad buffy stripe on
shoulders; rest of body with black dorsal stripe from occiput to tail;
ears and feet black.

Measurements. Total length, 840; tail vertebrae, 32; hind foot,
175. Skull: basal length, 176; Hensel, 168; palatal length, 120;
occipito-nasal length, 189; zygomatic breadth, 100; upper tooth
row, 52.

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE XXV, ZOOLOGY.

TAGASSU ANGULATUM.

No. 56 Field Columbian Mus. Coll.

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE XXVI, ZOOLOGY.

TAGASSU ANGULATUM.

No. 56 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. ^ nat. size.

TAGASSU. 63

47. angulatum (Dicotyles), Cope, Amer. Nat., xxm, 1889, p. 147.

tajacu (Dicotyles}, Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 33 (Part).
TEXAN PECCARY. Moran, Jabali, in Mexico.

Type locality. Guadalupe River, Texas.

Geogr. Distr. Northeastern Mexico into Texas.

Gcnl. Char. "Molar crest erect, reaching base of canine alveolus;
nasal bones angulate on median line; first upper molar quadri-
tubercular, with intermediate tubercles, and quadrate in outline,
molariform; molars wrinkled."

Color. Upper parts and sides mixed black and white, black
predominating on face, mane, and along dorsal line; throat, under
parts, ears and patch behind ears, nose and hoofs, black; white band
over shoulders to middle of back.

Measurements. Total length, 960. (Skin from Texas.) Skull :
occipito-nasal length, 206; zygomatic width, 104; Hensel, 184; inter-
orbital constriction, 60; length of nasals, 80; length of upper tooth
row. 62; length of mandible, 143; length of lower tooth row, 6S.

a. — humerale (Tayassu), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiv, 1901,

p. 122.
ARMERIA PECCARY.

Type locality. Armeria, State of Colima, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Colima to Tehuantepec, Mexico.

Genl. Char. "Similar to T. angulatum, but sides grayer; head
yellower; dorsal band more strongly marked."

Color. Black dorsal band from behind ears to tail; general color
of upper parts mixed black and white, the white predominating; top
of nose and head black and ochraceous buff; sides of nose and face
paler, ochraceous buff predominating; sides white and black like
back; rump mostly black; stripe over shoulders to center of back
straw yellow ; mane black and white ; chest and middle of belly black ;
rest of under parts dull ochraceous buff; the bristles being ringed
with horn color and buff; limbs brownish or chestnut, black in front;
ears blackish ; hoofs brownish black.

Measurements. Total length, 960; tail, 60; hind foot, 215. Skull:
basal length, 203; occipito-nasal length, 224; zygomatic breadth, 108;
across squamosals posteriorly, 99; palatal length, 151 ; length of upper
molar series, 67.

b. — yucatanense (Tayassu), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiv,

1901, p. 123.
YUCATAN PECCARY.

Type locality. Tunkas, State of Yucatan.

Geogr. Distr. Arid peninsula of Yucatan.

64 TAOASSU.

Genl. Char. Sexes nearly alike in color and size.

Color. Similar to T. angulatum, but "sides decidedly whiter;
shoulder stripes broader and more conspicuous and somewhat sub-
triangular, broadest where they abut against the median dorsal black
band, which is well developed; (shoulder stripes broadest and most
striking in young) ; pelage coarser and scantier, the individual bristles
decidedly larger and fewer in number; no black on nose or under-
lip." (Merr.)

Measurements. Total length, 880; tail, 36; hind foot, 183.

c. — crassum (Tayassu), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiv, ipoi.p. 124.
HEAVY PECCARY.

Type locality. Metlaltoyuca, State of Puebla, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. States of Puebla and Chiapas, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to T. angulatum, but larger; bristles large
and rigid; dorsal stripe ill defined; "anterior opening of antorbital
foramen between second and third premolars."* (Merr., 1. c.)

Color. General hue grizzled gray; black dorsal stripe indistinct
or obsolete; hind legs grizzled black and fulvous.

Measurements. Total length, 950; tail, 54; hind foot, 203.

d. — sonoriense (Dicotyles), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xx,

1897, p. 469.
SONORA PECCARY.

Type locality. San Bernardino River, State of Sonora, Mexico,
near Monument No. 77, Mexican boundary line.

Geogr. Distr. State of Sonora, Mexico, into Arizona.

Genl. Char. Larger than T. angulatum, with smaller and simpler
molars.

Color. Above mixed grayish and yellowish white and brownish
black; indistinct whitish color across neck and in front of shoulder;
muzzle, cheeks and space before eyes brownish gray; under jaw
yellowish, triangular black patch on chin; ears black; limbs brownish
white and black, with a light band above accessory hoofs on fore legs;
under parts blackish; grayish on axillar and inguinal regions; snout
plumbeous; hoofs plumbeous black; mane of black-tipped bristles
from crown to gland on rump. Young pale reddish brown, with
black vertical stripes.

Measurements. Total length, 920; tail vertebrae, 65; ear from
crown, 115; height at shoulder, 610; hind foot, 200.

* The position of the opening of the antorbital foramen is not a dependable
character, for in a series of skulls from Texas and Mexico, this opening is found
to be between the second and third premolar, over the third premolar (both
specimens from the same locality) , and between the third premolar and the first
molar, and is thus shown to vary greatly.

TAGASSU. 65

48. crusnigrum (Tayassu), Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxix,

1902, p. 20.
BOQUETE PECCARY.

Type locality. Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama, Central America.
Altitude, 4,000 feet.

Genl. Char. Allied to T. angtdatum, but shoulder stripes appar-
ently darker (young individuals) ; in adults the same.

Color. "Legs, arms, central dorsal and central ventral stripes,
black; rump mostly black, a few of the hairs (bristles) annulated
with tawny; conspicuous shoulder stripes, tawny; sides of head and
of body mixed tawny and black; all the hairs annulated with these
colors; hairs on outer surface of ears mostly black; those on inner
surface mostly tawny." (Type juv. ad. Bangs, 1. c.)

Measurements. "Old ad. ?. Total length, 1030; hind foot and
hoof, 170; ear, 80. Skull: basal length, 197; occipito-nasal length,
222; zygomatic width, 103; greatest width across squamosals post-
eriorly, 98; palatal length to palatal notch, 140; breadth of basi-
occipital between bullae posteriorly, 19; length of upper molariform
series, 64." (Bangs, 1. c.)

B. Olidosus.

Dicotyles Gray (nee Cuv.), Proc. Zool. Soc., 1868, p. 45.
Olidosus Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1901, p. 120. Type
Tayassu pecari Fischer.

FIG. XXII. TAGASSU PECARI. WHITE-LIPPED PECCARY.

Ex Faun. 1'or. Amer. I, Mamm.

66 TAGASSU.

Size large; mane long, bristly; skull large, heavy; nasals flat on
top; sides of rostrum flattened, swollen over premolars and not
divided by zygomatic ridge; palate broad, flat and without ridge
between first molar and inner side of canine; zygomatic ridge dis-
appearing over second premolar. Second lower molar with posterior
cusp as long and high as the anterior.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

A. Rostrum and nasals broadly flattened. PAGE

a. Breast and under parts white T. pecari 66

b. Breast and under parts grizzled black and

fulvous T. p. ringens 66

49. pecari (Tayassii), Fischer, Zoogn., in, 1814, p. 285.

albirostris (Sus), Illiger, Abandl, K, Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,
1815, p. 115.

labiatus Cuv., Regn. Anim., i, 1817, p. 238.
WHITE-LIPPED PECCARY. Warree, Caribbanco, in Costa Rica.

Type locality. Paraguay.

Geogr. Distr. Guatemala, Central America to Paraguay in South
America.

Genl. Char. Size large; lips and breast white; cranial characters
conspicuous.

Color. Top of head and upper part of face, from above angle of
mouth to a line with the ear, dark rufous brown, palest on cheeks;
rest of upper parts, sides and limbs to heels, dark reddish brown
and black; snout flesh color; upper lips and top of nose, chin, lower
parts of cheeks, throat, breast and under parts white; limbs below
heels light brown, with a blackish brown patch in front; hoofs black;
ears paler than head.

Measurements. About the same as the following subspecies.
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 250; Hensel, 213; zygomatic breadth, 103 ;
interorbital constriction, 60; length of nasals, 84; palatal length, 163;
breadth of basi-occipital between bullae, posteriorly, 20; length of
upper tooth row, 72; length of mandible, exclusive of incisors, 184;
height of condyle, 79; at coronoid process, 88; length of lower molar
series, 79.

a. — ringens (Tayassu), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiv, 1901,

p. 121.

SAVAGE PECCARY.

Type locality. Apazote, near Yohaltun, State of Campeche,
Mexico.

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE XXVII, ZOOLOGY.

TAGASSU <OLIDOSUS) PECARI.

No. 14872 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. H nat. size.

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE XXVIII ZOOLOGY

TAGASSU (OLIDOSUS) PECARI.

No. 14872 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. & nat. size.

TAGASSU. ODONTOCCELUS. 67

Genl. Char. Size large, ears small; similar to T. pecari, but white
face markings more extensive. Cranial characters distinctive. As
compared with T. pecari the "parietal shield is narrower, elevated
and bulging upward over posterior part of braincase; nasals more
acute anteriorly; premaxillae slightly longer; zygomata and posterior
expansion of squamosals decidedly broader; palatal projection behind
molars abruptly narrowed at post molar notch and continuing back-
ward, with smooth parallel sides of equal breadth throughout; bullae
smaller and ending below in an elongated papilla pointing toward
hamular process; basioccipital narrower between bullae poster-
iorly." (Merr., 1. c.)

Color. Above black, slightly grizzled with fulvous, most apparent
on sides of neck and shoulders; muzzle, chin and lips yellowish
white, extending on under jaw to beneath ears; under parts fulvous
black; legs and feet blackish mixed with whitish near hoofs.

Measurements. Total length, 1180 (skin); hind foot, 229 (flesh),
(Merr.). Skull: basal length, 242; Hensel, 231; occipito-nasal length,
270; zygomatic breadth, 112; breadth across squamosals posteriorly,
1 06; palatal length, 184; breadth of basi-occipital between bullae,
posteriorly, 20; length of upper molar series, 78.

The Pecora, or true Ruminants, is one of the best defined groups
of the Mammalia. Its members are sometimes designated as the
Solid-horned ruminants, in contradistinction to the Hollow-horned
species of the Bovine group. The antlers, which are usually seen
only on the male, are grown in a few months and then dropped,
generally about the time the young are born. Some of these de-
fensive structures are of great size, such as those carried by the
Moose and Wapiti, and it seems almost incredible that their growth
from a mere knob, that formed the base of the antlers of the previous
season, to the sometimes immense perfected antlers when the velvet
disappears, could have been accomplished in so brief a period. Nearly
all lands of any extent, except Australia, possess representatives of
this Family, and its members are probably familiar to more of the
human race than those of most groups of Mammals. All sizes, from
the lordly Moose to the diminutive Musk Deer, are found among
them, and the shapes and styles of the horns are many and diverse.
All climates are encountered by these animals, from the ice and snow-
covered barrens of the Arctic regions to the sun-baked soil of tropical
lands, but, wherever found, suitable modifications in structure and
covering have been produced to fit them to resist and overcome any
climatic influence hostile to their well being.

68 ODONTOCCELUS.

In the countries south of the Mexican and United States boundary
only diminutive members of the CERVID/E are found, and but few
species even of these. Most of them represent in miniature the
White-tailed Deer of the United States, similar in color and style of
antlers, though in certain species there is a tendency to a darkening
of the coat and to the disappearance of the metatarsal gland and
tuft, which, indeed, in some are entirely wanting. The darker color
is merely characteristic of animals living in humid climates, but the
absence of glands is not so easily explained.

Fam. II. Cervidse. Deer.

Antlers solid, always present on the male, sometimes also on the
female; first molar in upper and lower jaw brachyodont; lachrymal
bone prevented from articulating with the nasals by an extensive
antorbital vacuity; lachrymal duct with two orifices at or inside rim
of orbit; upper canines often present, sometimes greatly elongated
in the male; lateral hoofs nearly always present on all the feet; no
gall bladder.

Subfam. I. Cervinse.
28. Odoiitoccelus.

T o-o . p Oj_o . p SjzS . \f3=3_
l-J=5« K-o' F-3-3' M'3-3 - 32'

Odocoileus (sic) Rafin., Atlantic Jour., i, 1832, No. 3, p. 109, fig.
Type Odocoileus! speleus Rafin. =Cm;tts americanus? Erxleben.

Mazama H. Smith, Griff. Anim. King., v, 1827, p. 314. (nee
Rafin.)

Dorcelaphus Gloger, Hand-u. Hilfsb. Naturg., 1841, p. 140.

Cariacus Less., Nouv. Tab. Regn. Anim., 1842, p. 173.

Oplacerus Haldeman, Proc. Acad. Scien. Phil., i, 1842, p. 188.

Reduncina Wagn., Schreb. Saugeth., iv, 1844, p. 373.

Macrotis Wagn., Schreb. Saugeth. Suppl., iv, 1844, p. 373.

Eucervus Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., xvm, 1866, p. 338.

Otelaphus Fitzin., Sitzungsber, Math. Cl. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien.,
LXVIII, Abth. i, 1873, p. 356.

Gymnotis Fitzin., Sitzungsber, Math. Cl. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien.,
LXXVIII, Abth. i, 1879, p. 343.

Dama Zimm., Allen. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1902, pp. 18-20.

Size large; antlers on male only, large, with sub-basal snag,
anterior prong of main fork more developed than the posterior one;
metatarsal gland and tuft generally present ; tail usually long, thickly
haired beneath; face gland small; gland pit moderate; upper canines
absent.

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE XXIX, ZOOLOGY.

ODONTOCCELUS A. TEXENSIS.

No. 7612 Field Columbian Mus Coll. J nat. size.

ODONTOCGELUS. 69

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

A. Size small.

a. Horns similar in shape to those of O. americanus. PAGE
a/ Upper parts pale reddish; tail above black. O. a. texensis 70
b/ Upper parts dull fawn; tail reddish brown. . .O. a. couesi 70
c/ Upper parts gray brown ; tail grizzled white

and brown O. battyi 7 1

d/ Upper parts speckled foxy red ; tail foxy red

O. lichtensteini 7 2

e/ Upper parts brown, tipped with fawn;

tail fawn, tip black O. rothschildi 7 2

b. Horns slightly lyrate, beams straight,
a/ Tarsal gland present.

a." Upper parts bright chestnut ; tail above

tawny O. truii 73

b/' Upper parts mixed black and buff; tail

above cinnamon O. costaricensis 73

c." Upper parts yellowish brown and gray;

tail above dusky O. nemoralis 74

b/ Tarsal gland absent.

a/' Upper parts dark chestnut brown ; tail

above brown O. toltecus 74

c. Horns sloping back on plane of face, tips
curving inward and forward, with a spike
from burr on inner side curving inward

and forward O. thomasi 75

d. Horns small subcylindrical spikes O. nelsoni 75

B. Size large.

a. Horns with a single branch from main tine. .O. cerrosensis 76

b. Horns with short sub-basal snag, and beam
curving upward and forming a dichotomous
fork and again dividing, the normal points
being five on a side.

a/* Upper parts tawny ; tail white with black

tip O. hemionus 76

b/* Upper parts pale tawny; tail with dark

median band above, tip black O. h. californicus 77

c.'* Upper parts fulvous; tail whitish, tip

black O. h. eremicus 77

d/* Upper parts drab gray; tail, basal half

dark, middle part white, tip black O. h. can us 78

* Summer pelage described.

70 ODONTOCCELUS.

c.f Horns simple spikes. PAGE'

a/ Upper parts pale drab gray; tail whitish,

tip black 0. h. peninsula 78

b/t Upper parts yellowish gray brown; tail

bright rufous O. sinaloce 78

americanus texensis (Dorcelaphus) , Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
1898, p. 23.

a. texensis (Odocoileus!}, Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 40.
TEXAN DEER. Venado in Mexico for all Deer.

Type locality. Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas.

Geogr. Distr. Texas and northern Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size small; tip and edges of ears black; horns small,
incurved; molar teeth large; color pale.

Color. — Winter Pelage. Top of head black, sides light ash gray;
upper parts yellowish white and gray mixed; black line from crown
to root of tail; sides pale yellowish ash; chest fuliginous; rest of
under parts white; chin white, with black transverse cross-bar; jaws
light ash; throat white; legs reddish fawn mixed with gray and
black; tail black above, white below.

Summer Pelage. Pale reddish.

Measurements. Total length, 1585; tail vertebrae, 265; ear from
crown, 160; height at shoulder, 880.

Antlers. Length of beam on outside curve, 440; widest expanse,
330; circumference of beam at base, 80.

americanus couesi (Cervus), Coues and Yarrow, in Wheel. Geog.

and Geol. Surv. West tooth Merid., 1875, p. 72-
americanus couesi (Odocoileus!}, Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901,

p. 72.

mexicanus Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1875, P- ^53- (Part.)
virginianus var. Coues and Yarrow, in Wheel., Rep. Geog. and

Geol. Surv. West looth Merid., v, 1875, pp. 72-75.
var. couesi Rothrock, Rep. Geog. and Geol. Surv. West looth

Merid., v, 1875, p. 72.
COUES' DEER.

Type locality. Camp Crittenden, Pima County, Arizona.
Geogr. Distr. Arizona and State of Sonora to City of Mexico.
Genl. Char. Smaller than 0. americanus, horns similar.
Color. — Summer Pelage. Above pale dull fawn color, tinged with
ochraceous ; dorsal area mouse gray ; sides tawny or reddish brown ;

t Animal not fully adult.
J Animal not fully adult.

ODONTOCCELUS.

71

FIG. XXIII. ODONTOCCELUS A COUESI. CODES' DEER.

throat, under parts and inner side of limbs white; tail above reddish
brown, fringed with white, beneath pure white.

Measurements. Height at withers, 812; at rump, 902; ears, 197.
Skull: occipital condyles to apex of intermaxillae, 210; width across
orbits, 96; zygomatic width, 90; interparoccipital width, 45; length of
nasals, 68; occipital condyles to anterior edge of intermaxillae, 210.

50. battyi (Odocoileus!}, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1903, p.

59i-
BATTY'S DEER.

Type locality. Rancho Santuario, State of Durango, Mexico.

Gcnl. Char. Similar to 0. a. coucsi, but skull with smaller ant-
orbital vacuities, broader and less arched nasals; basisphenoid
more cuneate, dentition heavier and antlers bent more sharply
outward.

Color. — Winter Pelage. Upper parts gray brown, sometimes
tinged with buff, top of head and dorsal line to tail darkest ; flanks
lighter; middle of throat white; sides of throat, cheeks, foreneck
and chest pale grayish brown, sometimes with a buffy tinge; lower
breast, axillae and inside of fore legs, lower part of abdomen, inguinal
region, inner side of thighs and hind leg, white; tarsal gland white
around a deep orange center; a narrow white band above hoofs;

72 ODONTOCCELUS.

ears gray brown; black patch on side of nose and on lower lip; tail
at base above with the hairs dark brown, tipped with white; some-
times deep ochraceous with the base yellowish brown ; edges and lower
surface white or mixed yellow and white ; hind part of rump white ;
ear externally gray brown, white internally.

Measurements. Male, total length, 1574; head and body, 1371;
tail vertebrae, 216; ear from crown, 190; from notch, 160. Skull:
total length, 248; occipito-nasal length, 201; Hensel, 220; zygomatic
breadth, 115; interorbital constriction, 61.5; mastoid breadth, 85.5;
greatest length of nasals, 77; greatest width of nasals, 31; length of
upper premolar series, 69.5; length of mandible, 192; height, at
condyle, 64; at coronoid, 96; length of lower premolar series, alveolar
border, 72. Antlers: length of main beam along external curvature,
353; from burr to top of fork of first point in straight line, 71; to
second, 179; from second to third, 103; between tips, 218; between
burrs, 56; greatest expanse, inside measurement, 340.

51. lichtensteini (Cervus), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1902,

p. 20 (footnote).

*mexicana Licht., Darstell. Thiere, 1827, p. 34, pi. xvm. (nee

Gmel. et Auct.)
MEXICAN DEER.

Type locality. Unknown.

Geogr. Distr. Southern Mexico, range unknown.

Genl. Char. Size small, resembling 0. americanus in style of
horns and general appearance; tail short; metatarsal gland situated
in thick tuft of hair.

Color. — Winter Pelage. Grayish or ashy brown, under parts paler;
chin, throat, and inguinal regions white; chest reddish brown; tail
above at base like the back, tip and under part white.

Summer Pelage. Upper parts speckled foxy red; head and ears
dark grizzled gray, tawny behind and below ears; chin, lower jaw,
throat and under parts pure white; tail bright foxy red above,
beneath white.

Measurements. Height at shoulder, 2 feet 9 inches; antlers 1.1%
inches long to 13^ along the curve.

52. rothschildi (Dama), Thomas, Novitat. Zool., ix, 1902, p. 136.
ROTHSCHILD'S DEER.

Type locality. Coiba Island, off west coast of Panama.
Genl. Char. Size very small; horns short, two or three tined.
Skull small, delicate; antorbital vacuities large; no metatarsal gland.

*Cervus mexicanus Gmel. is indeterminable; see Allen, Bull. Am. Mus.
Nat. Hist., 1902, p. 20, footnote.

ODONTOCCELUS. 78

Color. Upper parts brown, hair tipped with fawn; dorsal line
darker; whitish mark on each side of muzzle, and one above and
below each eye; chin, throat, inner sides of the upper part of fore
legs, inguinal region, and inner side of thighs white; rest of under
parts rufous fawn, as are also the outer side of thighs and feet; tarsal
glands reddish brown; tail above at base fawn, terminal portion
black, beneath white.

Measurements. Head and body, 1120; tail, 100; hind foot, with
hoofs, 290; ear from notch, 88 (skin). Skull: greatest length, 201;
basal length, 180; greatest breadth, 86.5; nasals, 64X22.5; muzzle to
orbit, 103; breadth of braincase, 58; muzzle to anterior premolar, 61 ;
alveolar length of upper tooth row, 65 ; of lower tooth row, 26.

53. *truii (Odocoiletis!), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn, 1898, p.

103 (note).

clavatus True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888, p. 417. (nee H. Smith).
TRUE'S DEER.

Type locality. Segovia River, Honduras.

Geogr. Distr. Honduras, Central America. Extent of range not
known.

Genl. Char. Size medium; metatarsal gland present. Antlers
simple spikes, directed backward in line of face.

Color. — Summer Pelage. Bright chestnut ; dusky brown band from
nose to forehead, which is darker than face; orbital ring whitish ; white
spot on each side of nostril and one on lower lip; head beneath and
throat white; back bright chestnut; chest and flanks pale chestnut;
neck pale grayish chestnut; abdomen, inguinal region and inside of
fore legs and thighs white; tail above tawny, beneath white; hairs of
tarsal gland white.

Antlers. Slightly lyrate in form; beams straight, slender, laterally
compressed and pointed ; basal two-thirds rugose.

Measurements. (Skin.) "Height at shoulder, 732 , length of head,
246; tail to end of hairs, 239; length of antler, 88; juv." (True, 1. c.)
Skull: basal length, 200-220; length of upper tooth row, 66; lower
tooth row, 73 ; length of three lower premolars, 28.

54. fcostaricensis (Odocoileus!), Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiv,

P- 35-

* The animal with red pelage as described by Dr. True, will stand for the
type clavatus=truii. The example mentioned by Dr. True, as in "Winter
Pelage," proves on examination and on the statement to me of Mr. Townsend,
who obtained it, to have been killed in July. It is a larger animal than truii,
and very differently colored , and cannot be supposed to exhibit a pelage other
than that of summer. It possibly represents a separate race.

t This may possibly be the same as O. nentoralis, the following species, exam-
ples of which from Costa Rica are stated to be in the British Museum. See
Lydekker, Deer of all Lands, 1898, p. 265.

74 ODONTOCCELUS.

COSTA RICA DEER.

Type locality. Talamanca, eastern side of Costa Rica, and the
foot of the Cordilleras.

Geogr. Distr. Known only from Costa Rica.

Genl. Char. Larger than O. truii, color lighter.

Color. Above mixed black and buff, the hairs being black with a
buff subterminal band; darkest on top of head, neck and fore part
of back; sides lighter; throat whitish; under parts wood brown;
inguinal region and line along belly to chest white; tail above cinna-
mon, tip dusky; beneath white; ears dark brownish gray outside,
white inside; legs cinnamon.

Measurements. Total length, 1400; tail, 120; hind foot, 375; ear
from crown, no. Skull: greatest length, 250-264; basal length,
237-250; median palatal length, 155-165; width of palate between
anterior molars, 38-46; interorbital constriction, 57-64; greatest
width between lower rims of orbit, 101-112; zygomatic breadth,
94.6-108; mastoid breadth, 74-86; occipital depth, 57-58; length of
mandible, 190-195; upper tooth row, 68; lower tooth row, 79-82;
length of three lower premolars, 31-33.

55. nemoralis (Cervus), H. Smith, Griff. Anim. King., iv, 1827,

P- 137-
HAMILTON SMITH'S DEER.

Type locality. • "Virginia"?

Geogr. Distr. Honduras to Panama, Central America.

Genl. Char. Similar to O. truii. Metatarsal gland very small.
Antlers small; beams straight, with a small tine in front above the
burr pointing upward; another tine at tip turned inward and for-
ward, with a short posterior tine almost making a forked termina-
tion to the beam.

Color. Forehead and crown blackish; upper lip and patch on
lower lip, black; sides of nostrils, lower lip, and chin, white; space
around eye fawn; rest of upper parts and sides yellowish brown
gray; under parts of buttocks white; limbs "ochery"; tail above
dusky, beneath white.

Measurements. Height at withers, 98.5; antler, 90.5 in length;
spread, 219.4.

56. toltecus (Ccri'tis), Sauss., Rev. Mag. Zool., 2me Se"r., xn, 1860,

p. 247.

yucatanensis Hays, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, 1874, p. 218.
acapulcensis (Cervus), Caton, Antel. & Deer, Amer., 1877, p. 113.
YUCATAN DEER.

Type locality. Near Orizaba, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

ODONTOCCELUS. 75

Geogr. Distr. State of Vera Cruz to Yucatan, southeastern
Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size very small; tail long; antlers short, straight,
semi-palmate; metatarsal gland wanting. Color same at all seasons.

Color. Upper parts dark chestnut brown; under parts white;
face blackish; tail brown above, white beneath. Color of pelage
does not change with the seasons.

Measurements. One-third smaller than O. americanus.

57. thomasi (Odocoileus!), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn, 1898,

p. 102.
THOMAS' DEER.

Type locality. Huehuetan, State of Chiapas, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. States of Oaxaca and Chiapas, southeastern
Mexico. Limits of range unknown.

Genl. Char. Size large; metatarsal gland very small, midway
between calcaneum and hoof. Skull and teeth similar to those of
O. truii from Honduras.

Color. Winter Pelage. General color fulvous; forehead black, or
black and fulvous; inside of thighs, middle of belly, hind part of fore
legs, and inguinal region white; chin white, with the usual black
patch on each side; tail above bright fulvous, beneath white.

Antlers slope backwards nearly on plane of face, with tips curving
inward and forward. On inner side near burr of both beams is a
spike no mm. in length, which curves backward and forward.
Spread between tips of these spikes 50 mm. On the left beam 70 mm.
from tip is a posterior prong 50 mm. long which projects backward
and inward.

Measurements. Type. Total length, 1544; tail vertebrae, 153;
hind foot, 425 (ex Merr., 1. c.). Skull: basal length, 220-230; length
of upper tooth row, 70; lower tooth row, 73; length of three lower
premolars, 32.

58. nelsoni (Odocoileus!), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn, 1898,

p. 103.
NELSON'S DEER.

Type locality. San Christobal, highlands of State of Chiapas,
Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Chiapas, southern Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size medium; top of head and dorsal band blackish.

Color. Above brownish gray, grizzled tips of hairs fulvous; black
stripe from nose to forehead, which is also blackish; dorsal band
from head to rump black; ears grizzled gray; chin white, crossed by
black bar; inner and back side of fore legs, inner side of thighs, and

76 ODONTOCCELUS.

inguinal regions white ; sides of belly and legs pale fulvous ; tail above
fulvous, beneath white.

Measurements. Type. "Total length, 1250; tail vertebrae, 170;
hind foot, 360" (Merr., 1. c.). Animal probably not fully grown.

59. cerrosensis (Odocoileus!), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn,

1898, p. 101.
CERROS ISLAND DEER.

Type locality. Cerros or Cedros Island, off coast of Lower Cali-
fornia, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Type locality only.

Genl. Char. Similar to O. h. calif ornicus , but smaller.

Color. Above dark grizzled gray; blackish dorsal band from
occiput to and over upper surface of tail; dusky spot on top of nose
and one each side of nostrils; forehead dark; ears grizzled gray exte-
riorly, interiorly white; throat and neck dusky gray; middle of breast
and fore legs blackish; sides of breast and belly like upper parts;
abdomen, and inguinal region whitish; thighs, inner side of hind legs,
and back of fore legs buffy; tail, dark band above, basal two-thirds
whitish, remainder blackish.

Antlers. Small, bowed outward, tips incurved. A single branch
projects backward and upward from upper third of main tine.

Measurements. Type. Total length, 1560; tail vertebrae, 180;
hind foot, 380; ear from crown, 180 (ex Merr., 1. c.).

60. hemionus (Cervus), Rafin., Amer. Month. Mag., i, 1817, p. 436.
macrotis Say, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., n, 1823, p. 88.
auritus Ward, Desc. Etats Unis, v, 1820, p. 540.

hemionus (Odocoileus), Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 42.
MULE DEER.

Type locality. "Sioux River," probably on eastern border of
South Dakota.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California north through Nevada to lati-
tude of San Francisco, and west of the Missouri River from Fort
George, south to Texas; including North and South Dakotas,
Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, and Wyoming, Montana, Idaho,
Nevada, California, Oregon, and Washington.

Genl. Char. Size large, body heavy; ears very large, thicklv
haired; tail moderate, round, white, tipped with a black tuft, naked
beneath basally. Metatarsal gland occupying upper half of outer
side of canon bone; tarsal gland present.

Antlers with short sub-basal snag, the beam from this projecting
outward and then upward, forking dichotomously, both prongs
nearly equal, and then again dividing.

ODONTOCCELUS. 77

Color. Summer Pelage. Pale yellow, dull yellowish, or yellowish
tawny; this is replaced in the early autumn by a bluish gray coat,
growing lighter in color as the hairs lengthen during the winter. A
dark brown patch on forehead between the eyes and extending below
them on the face; remainder of face and throat white, as are also the
abdomen, inner side of legs and buttocks; rest of under parts blackish
brown; tail white, tip black; ear bordered with black anteriorly.

Measurements. Total length, male, 1983; tail vertebrae, 203.

* Antlers. Length along curve, 393-698; tip to tip, 189-369;
widest inside, 369-483.

a. — californicus (Cariacus), Caton, Amer. Nat., 1876, p. 464.

h. californicus (Odocoileus!), Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 43.
CALIFORNIA MULE DEER.

Type locality. St. Julian Ranch, Summit of Gaviota Pass,
Coast Range, forty miles from Santa Barbara, California.

Geogr. Distr. In the Coast Range south of San Francisco and
into Lower California, Mexico.

Gcnl. Char. Ears smaller than those of the type species ; tail differs
from that of O. hemionus by having a dark median stripe above;
metatarsal gland very large.

Color. Similar to 0. hemionus, the chief difference being the
dark band on top of the tail embracing one-third of the circumfer-
ence; under side of tail naked, tip black.

.Measurements. Rather smaller in size than O. hemionus.

b. — eremicus (Dorcelaphus) , Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xx,

1897, p. 470.
DESERT MULE DEER.

Type locality. Sierra Seri, near the Gulf of California, State of
Sonora, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California and State of Sonora, Mexico.
Limits of range unknown.

Genl. Char. Size large, color pale.

Color. Above pale drab gray; dark vertebral line from neck to
tail, extending a short distance on latter; inguinal region, abdomen,
and middle of tail all around white ; chest sooty drab ; hind part of
legs pale cinnamon; upper side of tail at base dusky, middle portion
all white; end black like true O. hemionus.

Antlers are stout, with beam of considerable length before forking;
expanse between tips, 620-775.

Measurements. The type of this form was merely a flat skin

* Ward's horn measurements.

78 ODONTOCCELUS.

which is now used as a rug in a private house in Washington, D. C.,
and no measurements are available.

c. — canus (Odocoileus!), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Nat. Scien., in,

1901, p. 560.
CHIHUAHUA MULE DEER.

Type locality. Sierra en Media, State of Chihuahua, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to O. hemionus, but paler (winter pelage).
Antlers similar but lighter and more slender.

Color. Above pale gray; top of head and face pale brown; chin
white; breast black; beneath white; tail above dark on basal half,
sometimes for the whole length, tip black.

Measurements. Total length, 1830; tail vertebrae, 230; hind foot,
500; height at withers, 955.

d. — peninsulce (Mazama), Lydekk., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1897, p. 899-900.
LOWER CALIFORNIA DEER.

Type locality. La Paz, Lower California, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Cape region of Lower California.

Genl. Char. Size small, black dorsal line.

Color. Winter Pelage. Above iron gray; dorsal black band
extending over the tail; flanks and legs chestnut; under parts black-
ish brown; tail white with black base and tip.

Antlers. Simple spikes, and basal snag.

Measurements. Smaller than O. h. calijornicus.

61. sinaloae (Odocoileus!), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1903, p.

613.
SINALOA WHITE-TAILED DEER.

Type locality. Escuinapa, State of Sinaloa, Mexico.

Color. Above yellowish gray brown; black band above nose;
sides of nose, space behind nose band, and orbital ring gray; chin
and throat buffy grayish white; axillary and inguinal regions, posterior
surface of upper fore legs and inner side of thighs white; limbs buffy
brown anteriorly; yellowish white on sides and hind parts below
carpal and tarsal joints; tail above bright rufous, below white; ears
whitish inside.

Measurements. Total length, 1435; tail vertebrae, 175; hind foot,
340; ear from notch, 117; from anterior base, 145. Skull: total
length, 215; Hensel, 200; occipito-nasal length, 182; length of nasals,
56; zygomatic breadth, 91; width of frontals at anterior border of
orbit, 54.5; width of constriction at base of horns, 69; mastoid
breadth, 65; alveolar length of upper premolar-molar series, 70;
young adult; antlers slender spikes, 45 and 88 mm. in length in two
individuals.

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE XXXI, ZOOLOGY.

MAZAMA SARTORI.
No. 7631 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. % nat. size.

MAZAMA.

79

The Brockets are natives of Mexico, Central America, and South
America. They are small in stature, and possess antlers in the form
of spikes, without any branches. The metatarsal gland is wanting,
and in certain instances (South American species) the tarsal gland
and tuft also. They are peculiar little creatures, with the top of the
head tufted, similarly to the Muntjac's, or to those of the diminutive
Antelopes of the genus Madoqua, the Dik-Diks of Africa, with a
rather heavy, ungraceful body and an arched back. The fawns are
spotted with white, like those of the large species of deer, and canines
are sometimes present in the males. Although fossil remains have
been found in Brazil and Argentina, the Brockets are considered to
be a modern, as well as a degenerate group of New World deer.

29. Mazaina. Brockets.

Mazama Rafin., Amer. Month. Mag., I, 1817, p. 363. Type Cervus
rufinus Illiger.

Horns simple, unbranched, directed backward; ears and tail
short, the former broad, rounded; upper canines occasionally present
in male; metatarsal and sometimes the tarsal gland absent; hair on
forehead forming a tuft; face gland small, exposed; gland pit deep,
triangular; size small; fawns white spotted.

FIG. XXIV. MAZAMA SARTORI. CENTRAL AMERICAN BROCKET.

80 MAZAMA.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Antlers straight spikes, size small. PAGE

a. Upper parts brownish red ; tail above brownish

red M. sartori 80

b. Upper parts drab brown ; tail dull fulvous M. pandora 80

62. sartori (Ccrnts), Sauss., Rev. Mag. Zool., 2me Se"r., xn, 1860,

p. 252.
SARTORI'S BROCKET. Cobra del Monte in Costa Rica.

Type locality. Mirador, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Gcogr. Distr. Southern Mexico and Central America.

Gcnl. Char. Very similar to Mazama tema Rafin., from Ecuador,
S. A., but of smaller size, the height at withers being only 20^
inches, to 25^ inches in the other.

Color. General color bright brownish red; throat, neck, and chest
fawn; abdomen white; lower part of face, outer side of hind legs and
front of fore legs shaded with bluish black; tail above like back,
below white; antlers whitish horn color.

Measurements. Height at withers, 512.5. Skull, male: occipito-
nasal length, 144; basal length, 162; zygomatic width, 70; least inter-
orbital width, 36; mastoid width, 32; length of nasals, 50; palatal
arch to incisive foramina, 66; length of upper tooth row, 42.5; width
of palate between last molars, 29; length of mandible, angle to
alveoli of incisors, 126.5; height at condyle, 40; at coronoid process,
62; length of lower tooth row, 51.

63. pandora (Mazama}, Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiv, 1901, p. 105.
TUNKAS BROCKET.

Type locality. Tunkas, Yucatan, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Campeche, and Yucatan, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Antlers straight spikes, furrowed longitudinally.
Skull similar to that of M. sartori, but larger; foramen ovale broad and
opening downward; notch on each side of basioccipital in front of
occipital condyles.

Color. Neck grayish; chin, lower lip, and front of upper lip,
inguinal region, inner sides of fore legs and thighs, and under side of
tail whitish; tail above, and anal region dull fulvous; forehead with
rusty red patches; fore legs, fore and hind feet dull fulvous; rest of
animal drab brown.

Measurements. Total length, 1125; tail vertebrae, 140; hind foot,
273; height -at shoulder, 572. Skull: basal length, 163; occipito-
nasal length, 157; zygomatic breadth, 82; interorbital constriction,
44; length of nasals, 59; length of upper molar series, 50; length of
antler, 113.

ANTILOCAPRA.

81

The Prong-horn Antelope, while allied to the Bovidae, resembles
the members of the Cervidae by possessing horns with branches, and
which are shed every year. The hair is very peculiar, being coarse
and brittle, and breaks on the slightest pressure. The Prong-horn is
an animal of the plains, and depends for its safety upon its keen
eyesight and exceeding fleetness. Few animals can keep up with
him as he bounds over the prairies, and his wary nature makes a
near approach difficult of accomplishment. Yet his one great weak-
ness, curiosity, often nullifies these advantages, and any strange
object on his domains proves an irresistible attraction, and his desire
to investigate it often costs him his life. Once numerous on our
Western Plains, the Prong-buck has already vanished from many
localities, and is now met with only in greatly reduced numbers in
the comparatively few places it still frequents.

Fam. III. Aiitilocapridir. Proiig-liorii Antelope.

Horns branched, deciduous; allied to the Bovidae.

tfO. Aiitilocapra.

T °-°. f?z£. p3^3. TU 3-3 _
S-4' Uo-o> *V3' M'P3~ 32'

Antilocapra Ord, Jour, de Phys., LXXXVII, 1818, p. 149. Type

Antilope americana Ord.
Dicranocerus H. Smith, Griff., Anim. King., 1827, p. 312.

FIG. XXV. ANTILOCAPRA A. MEXICANA. MEXICAN PRONG-HORN

82 ANTILOCAPRA.

Horns compressed at base; flattened process in front, end conical,
recurved; deciduous; lateral hoofs absent; hair stiff, coarse, brittle;
nose hairy, save a narrow line in the center; tail very short; horns in
the female rudimentary, or absent.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

A. Horns flattened, recurved. PAGE

a. Color yellowish brown .A. americana 82

b. Color paler A. a. mexicana 82

64. *americana (Antilope), Ord, Guth. Geog., 2d Am. ed., n, 1815,
p. 292, descrip. p. 308.

americana (Antilocapra) , Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 43.
PRONG-HORN ANTELOPE.

Type locality. Plains east of the Missouri ? Black Mountains ?

Geogr. Distr. Valley of Saskatchewan, latitude 53°, south to
Mexico, and from Missouri River on plains westward to Rocky
Mountains and the Cascade Range in Oregon and Washington.

Genl. Char. Size of domestic sheep with much longer legs and
neck; eyes large, gazelle like; no lachrymal gland; low mane on back
of neck.

Color. Male. Upper parts and sides yellowish brown; band
between eyes covering forehead, nose, and a spot below ear, liver
brown; sides of head, spot behind ear, throat, front of neck extending
in two triangles reaching the brown on each side ; entire under parts
and rump white; legs yellowish brown; horns, hoofs, and naked skin
on nose black.

Measurements. Total length, 1245; tail, 178; height at withers,
780. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 240; breadth between outer edge
of orbits, 136; width between orbits, 134; length of nasals, 96.5;
palatal arch to incisive foramina, 136; length of upper tooth row, 68;
width of palate between last molars, 56; length of mandible, 216;
length of lower tooth row, 70.

a. — mexic&na (Antilocapra), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiv,

1901, p. 31.
MEXICAN PRONG-HORN. Berendo in Mexico.

Type locality. Sierra en Media, State of Chihuahua, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Northern Mexico in States of Sonora, Chihuahua,
and Tamaulipas. Lower California.

*This species may possibly cross the United States and Mexican boundary
at some point in its range and go into Mexico, and is, therefore, included in
this volume.

ELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE XXXII, ZOOLOGY.

ANTILOCAPRA A. MEXICANA.
Old male from State of Chihuahua, Mexico. I nat. size.

UMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE XXXIII, ZOOLOGY.

ANTILOCAPRA A. MEXICANA.
Old male from State of Chihuahua, Mexico. J nat. size.

OVIS. 83

Genl. Char. Colors pale. Skull similar to that of A. americana,
orbits less protruding antero-inf eriorly ; premaxillae and nose slender;
bullae thinner; lips of posterior nares longer.

Color. Similar to A. antericana, but paler; median dark streak on
neck, sometimes reaching shoulders; occiput whitish with median
dark stripe.

Measurements. Total length, 1420; tail vertebrae, 145; hind foot,
410; height at shoulders, 830 (ex Merr., 1. c.). Skull: occipito-nasal
length, 216; breadth between outer edge of orbits, 125; width
between orbits across frontals, 104; length of nasals laterally, 93;
palatal arch to incisive foramina, 127; length of upper tooth row, 72;
width of palate between last molars, 46.5; length of mandible, angle
to alveoli of incisors, 204; height of condyle, 67; at coronoid process,
95; length of lower tooth row, 76. Skull of old male from State of
Chihuahua, Mexico.

The BOVID^ or Hollow-horned Ruminants form an extensive family
in the Old World, and are very generally distributed except in Austra-
lia. They are not represented in Central or South America, but certain
forms are to be found in Mexico and northward to the Arctic Sea.
One of the noblest members of the family, the American Bison, which
at one time was found in millions on the plains of North America, is
now practically extinct in the wild state. In this family are included
the Antelopes, confined chiefly to Africa, in which continent a great
number of species are still to be found. But some, which in herds
like those of the Bison, once roamed the veldt in countless numbers,
have disappeared before the hunter's rifle, and many species yet
living will meet the same fate if government protection is not
afforded them. In America, beside the Bison, now no longer to be
considered as among the wild animals, there are the Musk Oxen and
several varieties of Mountain Sheep. Of these last, two varieties of the
Rocky Mountain species are found in the northern part of Mexico
and Lower California, and are the only representatives of the Bovida,
south of the United States boundary.

Fam. IV. Bovidxe. Cattle, Sheep, Etc.
31. Ovis. Sheep.

T o-o. po^o. T>tt. M 3-3 _ . .
i'4-4' U'o-o» *V-S» M'3-3 — 32»

Ovis Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 1758, p. 70; and i, 1766, p. 97. Type Ovis
aries Linnaeus.

84 OVIS.

Body stout; legs rather short; neck of moderate length; nose
narrow, pointed, small naked space between nostrils, rest hairy;
chin beardless; ears small, pointed, upright, hairy; tail short, pointed;
lateral hoofs present ; glands present between hoofs, and often on face
below eyes; canon bones long and slender; skull broadest between
eyes, then narrowing rapidly to nose; horns curving backward and
then downward in a majestic sweep, tips everted, transverse ridges
prominent.

KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES. PAGE

A. Above whitey brown 0. c. crcmnobates 84

B. Above drab brown. . . .O. c. mexicanus 86

FlG. XXVI. OVIS C. CREMNOBATES. OLD RAM.

ceTvina cremnobates (Ovis), Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., in,

1903, p. 239. Zoology.
LOWER CALIFORNIA MOUNTAIN SHEEP.

Type locality. Mattomi, San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower
California, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. San Pedro Martir and probably the Laguna Moun-
tains, Lower California, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Resembling 0. c. nclsoni from the Grape Vine
Mountains, boundary of Nevada and Lower California, but of a
much lighter color, the head of a three-year-old ram being nearly
white, with a very small caudal patch not divided from color of
upper parts by any perceptible line; fore part of legs almost black,

) COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE XXXV, ZOOLOGY.

OVIS C. MEXICANA.
U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll.

OVIS.

86

FlG. XXVII. OVIS C. CREMNOBATES. YOUNG RAM AND OLD EWE.

similar to those of O. stonii; head very broad between orbits, from
20 to 25 mm. broader in old rams than the head of 0. c. nelsoni;
horns of adult rams very large and curving outward from the head ;
those of ewes with the points diverging widely apart.

Color. Upper parts and sides varying in individuals from drab
gray or pale broccoli brown to hair and whitey brown ; in some cases
this sheep appears almost white; chest, line along ventral surface,
and front of legs black or brownish black; head and neck hair brown,
darker than back in some individuals, drab gray in the old ram ; back
part of legs and inside of hind legs, narrow line in center of ventral
surface, caudal patch, nose around nostrils and inside of ears white;
line across caudal patch from tail to darker color on rump (as in all
Mountain Sheep), and the tail brownish black.

Measurements. Female. Total length, 1450; tail, 120; hind foot,
375; ear, 114. Skull: total length, 283; occipito-nasal length, 226;
Hensel, 246; width between outer edge of orbits, 156; zygomatic
width, 124; length of nasals, 109; palatal length, 148; length of upper
tooth row, 84; length of half of mandible, 203 ; of lower tooth row, 82.
Horns, total length along curve, 310; circumference at base, 144;
spread at tip, 393. Head of old ram, total length, 330; width

86 OVIS.

between orbits, inner edge, 180; circumference of horns at base, 395;
length along outer curve, 850; spread at tips, 485.

cervina mexicanus (Ovis), (Merr.,) Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiv,

1901, p. 30.

MEXICAN MOUNTAIN SHEEP. Borrego Cimaron in Mexico; Tenalzali
Taje of Indians.

Type locality. Mountains about Lake Santa Maria, State of
Chihuahua.

Geogr. Distr. Sierra Madre and Guadalupe Mountains of northern
Mexico and southern New Mexico and Texas.

Genl. Char. Size large; color lighter than that of O. cervina, but
of the same pattern; ears and tail long. Molars large; lips of posterior
nares thin, everted.

Color. General color drab brown; no dorsal stripe; rump patch
broad; throat, legs, and tail darker than back; chin, posterior and
inner side of hind leg whitish.

Measurements. "Total length, 1530; tail vertebrae, 130; hind
foot, 425; height at shoulder, 900." (Merr., 1. c.)

The Tapirs are not a very extensive family, but have representa-
tives in both Hemispheres. They are natives of tropical lands, and
in the New World are not found north of Mexico. They dwell in
the forests, generally near water, into which they often go for refuge,
are nocturnal in their habits, and of a mild, inoffensive disposition.
Their food consists of leaves, buds, and tender shoots of trees, and
various vegetable substances. Tapirs of the Old and New Worlds,
though living in regions widely separated, are nevertheless closely
allied, but the Middle American species are distinguished by
the more or less pronounced elongation of the ossification of the
methesmoid, which in them extends beyond the nasal bones,
but which in Old World forms does not go beyond these. Mem-
bers of this family are not known to have existed previous to
the Miocene epoch, and the animals of that and subsequent periods
cannot be distinguished generically from those living at present,
although they are specifically distinct. At one time doubtless the
Tapirs had a wide distribution, extending from China through Europe,
and in the United States as far north as South Carolina, thence west-
ward to California. Tapirs have a massive body, with short, stout
legs, and a long, prehensile upper lip, short ears, neck rather long,
and a short tail. The front feet have four toes, but the outer one

IELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE XXXVI, 2OOLOC

TAPIRELLA DOWI.

No. 6019 U. S. Nat. Mus. Coli.

TAPIRELLA. 87

does not render any support to the body. The young of the Tapirs
are sometimes spotted or streaked with white. In the Andes there is
one species that in its choice of locality differs widely from its rela-
tives, as it makes its abode in elevated tracts of several thousand feet
altitude; and, probably as a protection against the low temperature
of these lofty heights, has the skin covered with hair.

Fam. V. Tapir idle. Tapirs.
32. Tapirella.

T 3-3. pLZl- pl=4. M ^ — A2
H-3' UM; *S-3' M-3-3~42-

Tapirella Palmer, Science, 1903, p. 873. (May.)

Elasmognathus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1865, p. 183.
(nee Fieber, Hemiptera.) Type Elasmognathus bairdi Gill.

"Supra-maxillaries. swollen above and in front of the infraorbital
foramina, and thence extend upward and backward into a squa-
mous portion, which embraces with its fellow a thick, bony nasal
septum continuous with the vomer, and which is elevated to a line with
the forehead, and has a widened upper edge, which still further
enlarges behind and embraces the nasal bones. The grooves for the
muscles of the proboscis are in front, straight, entirely confined to
the f rentals, and do not encroach upon the supra-maxillaries ; while
behind they describe a spiral curve around a pit between the nasals
and frontals." (Gill 1. c.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Nose elongated, projecting beyond the mouth,
flexible; body stout, heavy.

a. Frontals not advancing between nasals. PAGE
Young spotted or streaked T. bairdi 87

b. Frontals advancing and separating nasals.

Young not spotted or streaked T. dowi 88

65. bairdi (Elasmognathus}, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1865,

p. 183-
BAIRD'S TAPIR.

Type locality. Isthmus of Panama.

Geogr. Distr. Southern Mexico to Panama.

Gcnl. Char. "Nasals well developed, each ossified from a single
center, separate through life, thick at their base, and articulated
with one another for the greater part of their length."

Color. Dark reddish brown; throat and breast solid white;
cheeks chestnut; ears margined with white. (Immature specimen.)

88

TAPIRELLA.

Measurements. Total length, 1050; height, 575.* (Immature.)
Skull : occipito-nasal length about 455 ; Hensel, 409 ; zygomatic width
179; palatal length, 210; length of mandible, angle to tip of incisors,
375-

FIG. XXVIII. TAPIRELLA DOWI. Dows TAPIR.

66. dowi (Elasmognathus) , Gill, Amer. Jour. Scien. Arts, L, 1870,

p. 142.
Dow's TAPIR.

Type locality. Gautemala.

Geogr. Distr. Gautemala and Nicaragua, Central America.

Genl. Char. In the young the basilar processes are "recurrent
forward along the frontal bones, and as the animal advances in age
the f rentals grow forward, and force apart the nasals, which do not
increase, and are fused with the frontals." Young without longi-
tudinal whitish stripes.

Color. Face and nose rufous; cheeks pale brown; remainder of
body and limbs blackish brown.

Measurements. About the same as those of T. bairdi.

* An adult should measure twice this size. One obtained by Mr. Heller in
the State of Vera Cruz, Mexico, has the following measurements : Total length,
2020, tail vertebrae, 70; hind foot, 375; ear, 140.

Order vi. Rodentia. Rodents.

Coues and Allen, Monographs of North American Rodentia, U. S.
Geol. Survey, 1877.

The Rodents constitute the largest Order of Mammals, and the
numerous members possess a great diversity of form. They are
readily distinguished among all mammals by their incisors, four in
number, two above and two below, (except Hares and Rabbits, which
have a supplementary upper hinder pair in adults,) curved hollow
tubes filled with pulp, hardened at the surface, the portion beneath
the gum curving and sometimes traversing the length of the jawbone.
The species are mostly small, the harvest mouse being the pigmy,
from which genus the size increases until the comparatively great
beaver is reached, and he is exceeded in bulk only by the capybara
of South America. The majority, however, are small animals, and
their habits are as diverse as their shapes, and we find among them
not only terrestrial and aquatic creatures, but others which are pro-
vided with extensible membranes between the limbs and body, to
enable them to traverse the air as if carried by parachutes. Rodents
are cosmopolitan, the greatest number being found in South America,
the fewest in Australia. They are mostly herbivorous, yet some, like
the ordinary rat, are omnivorous. The incisors have a continuous
growth and are worn away at the terminal portion by constant gnaw-
ing or by attrition. The molar teeth are usually rootless, and their
crowns often present many varied, even intricate, patterns of enamel
folds and loops. No canine exists in any rodent. Normally the species
of this family generally have no premolars, although in some a small
one is present, and among squirrels two on each side above, and one
below are found, but the additional premolar is frequently deciduous.
The diversity of form and habits is very great in the members of this
order, and we have the tree-loving, graceful squirrel in countless
colors, and its small imitator, the chipmunk; ground squirrels that
live in burrows, and flying squirrels darting through the air; the
innumerable field mice of many genera and species; rice and cotton
rats, pouched rats that live under ground and tunnel long galleries
like the moles ; jumping mice with long hind legs and greatly length-
ened tails that possibly may assist their owners in making the
kangaroo-like leaps over the fields; aquatic rats whose home is in the
water, and whose feet are formed more for swimming than walking —
all these, and more, help to constitute the great order of the Gnawers.

89

9O SCIURIDjE. SCIURIN^E.

The family first to be considered of this order is that of the Squir-
rels, and excepting the Australian region and the Island of Mada-
gascar, these animals are found in nearly all the temperate and trop-
ical regions of the world. They may be divided into two classes,
the tree squirrels and the ground squirrels, with a kind of connecting
link in the chipmunks of the genus TAMIAS, which, to a considerable
extent, possess the habits of both. While the tree-squirrels are found
in both temperate and tropical zones, the ground squirrels are dwel-
lers of more northern climes, and some species are found even on the
bleak shores of the Arctic Sea. In the tropics, however, the tree-
squirrels attain their greatest diversity of coloration and highest
development, and in the Oriental region they reach their greatest size
and most brilliant hues. North America is perhaps the third on the
list of those countries in which squirrels are found, being exceeded in
number of species by the Indian and Ethiopian Regions. Europe
and South America have comparatively few species of this family.
Marmots, known usually as woodchucks or ground hogs, are the
largest members of the Sciuridcz, but none are found within the
limits of this work, and the little chipmunks are among the smallest.
North America is probably the richest of all lands in ground squirrels,
having a large number, varying greatly in size and coloration.

Fam. I. Sciuridse. Squirrels, Marmots, etc.

Coues and Allen, Monographs of North American Rodents, U. S.
Geol. Survey, 1877.

E. W. Nelson, Review of the Squirrels of Mexico and Central
America, Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., i, 1899, pp. 15-106.

Tail without scales, cylindrical, bushy, hairs long; distinct postor-
bital processes; infraorbital opening small; molars rooted, tubercular;
first upper premolar small.

Subfam. I. Sciurinse.
KEY TO THE GENERA AND SUBGENERA.

A. Upper incisors grooved. PAGE
a. Size medium. Premolars, ~ Synthetosciurus 91

B. Upper incisors not grooved.

a. Size variable; tail flat, bushy, long. Skull
short, broad; braincase more or less

arched. Premolars, ^ or rrl Sciurus 93

b. Size small, total length under 450 mm.
a.' Premolars, ~ or |£|.

a." Superior outline of skull greatly curved . . Tamiasciurus 132

SYNTHETOSCIURUS. 91

b." Superior outline of skull not greatly PAGE

curved Guerlinguetus 1 03

b.' Premolars, ~.

a." Braincase highly arched on posterior

half of frontals Microsciurus 98

b." Braincase rounded and slightly arched

on posterior half of frontals Baiosciurus 100

c. Size large; total length over 450 mm.
a/ Premolars, ^7.

a." Front of skull depressed at base of ros-
trum Araosciurus 106

b." Front of skull arched at base of ros-
trum Parasciuru^ no

b/ Premolars, ^7.

a." Tail short, broad, bushy.

a/" B raincase depressed, inflated laterally . Otosciurus in
b." Tail long, narrow, bushy.

a/" Nasals equal to least interorbital

breadth Echinosciurus 113

b.'" Nasals longer than least interorbital

breadth Hesperosciurns 130

The first genus of the Sciuridce is remarkable for the slender
lower incisors which project outwards, and the upper ones are
grooved in the center. But one species is known.

33. * SyiithetoHciurus.

Syntheosciurus (sic) Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1902,

Vol. xxxix, p. 25.

Premolars, ^jj. Size small. Skull thin, papery; rostrum straight,
audital bullae small; incisors slender, the lower pair projecting out-
ward, the upper with central groove.

67. brochus (Syntheosciurus!), Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxix,

1902, p. 25.
PROJECTING-TEETH SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama. Altitude 7,000 feet.

Genl. Char. Size small; ears low, round, woolly; pelage long, soft,
woolly; other characters as in genus.

»eT-ffxii>u(}i>-= Synthetosciurus.

92

SYNTHETOSCIURUS.

FIG. 12. SYNTHETOSCIURUS BROCHUS.
No. 10402 Mus. Com p. Zool. Coll. Nat. Size.

Color. Above mixed olivaceous bistre and dull tawny olive;
under fur dark mouse gray; under parts orange rufous; tail above like
back, less olivaceous beneath, fringed with pale rusty.

Measurements. Total length, 320; tail vertebrae, 150; hind foot,
46; ear, 17. Skull: basal length, 35.6; occipito-nasal length, 44;
zygomatic width, 25.2; interorbital width, 12.6; palatal length, 20;
to end of pterygoid, 27.4; length of nasals, 13; width of nasals, 5.8;
length of upper molar series, 7.6; length of mandible, 27.

The next genus SCIURUS, with its subgenera, contains the tree
squirrels whose lives are passed among the branches. It possesses
the largest members of these animals in North America, and they are
all remarkable for the long bushy tail, often exceeding the head and
body in length, and which when elevated over the back, is both a
beautiful ornament and a protecting shade. The genus is a very
large one, and has representatives in many parts of the globe, and
the species differ greatly in size and especially in coloration, in which
there is almost endless variation; and as if it were not sufficient for
distinct species to differ from each other, it was evidently deemed
necessary that individuals of the same species should sometimes be
totally unlike in the hues of their coats. It is this variation in color

SCIURUS. 93

among individuals that frequently makes it so difficult to correctly
determine a species, and any one who relies upon these numerous
hues to discriminate what species are before him, will probably, at a
later period, in the discovery of the blunders that have been made,
become a wiser and a sadder man. It will doubtless be a long time
before the exact status of our American squirrels is satisfactorily
ascertained. Melanism is of frequent occurrence among these
animals, and erythrism also; the latter perhaps less often; and
albinism is the rarest of all. Yet in spite of the endless variation in
colors, and the great difference frequently observed in the size of
species, as well as occasionally in their form, few would fail to recog-
nize at once any of these sprightly creatures as not rightfully belong-
ing to the family SCIURID^.

The remaining genera contain those species familiarly known as
Gray Squirrels and their allies, although many of them have by no
means a gray pelage. In size, also, these graceful creatures are very
variable, and range from the little Bornean species S. soricimis, no
larger than a mouse, to the great Malayan long-tailed forms almost
as big as a cat. These last are placed in the genus Ratufa. As a rule,
squirrels have no especial nuptial dress, as birds have, but retain their
individual coloring throughout the year, the completed moult bring-
ing no change. But one exception to this is known, the S. caniceps
of India (northern Tenasserim), which assumes on the upper parts in
winter a bright orange hue, a dress strikingly different from the
ordinary gray or olive livery worn at other seasons of the year. Of
the countries embraced in this volume Mexico contains the greatest
number of these beautiful animals, astonishingly varied in the hues
and patterns of their coats, making accurate determination of their
specific relationship a matter at times of considerable difficulty, as
individuals of the same species, not infrequently, have a totally
different coloration.

34. Sciurus. Tree Sqviirrels.

Sciurus Linn., Sys. Nat., i, 1758, p. 63.

Guerlinguetus Gray, Lond. Med. Repos., xv, 1821, p. 304.
Macroxus F. Cuv., Dent's des Mamm., 1823, p. 162. Id. Diet.

Class. Hist. Nat., x, 1826, p. 16. Id. Diet. Scien. Nat., LIX,

1829, p. 474.
Rheithrosciurus (sic) Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., xx,

1867, p. 272.
Rhinosciurus Gray, List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, pp. xxv,

195, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., xx, 1867, p. 286.
Neosciurus Treuss., Le Nat., n, 1880, p. 292.

94 SCIURUS.

Parasciurus Treuss., Le Nat., n, 1880, p. 292.
Echinosciurus Treuss., Le Nat., n. 1880, p. 292.
7 ' amiasciurus Treuss., Le Nat., n, 1880, p. 292.
Microsciurus Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, p. 332.
Hesperosciurus, Nelson, Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., i, 1899, p. 27.
Otosciurus, Nelson, Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., i, ^899, p. 28.
Ar&osciurus Nelson, Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., i, 1899, p. 29.
Baiosciurus Nelson, Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., i, 1899, p.. 31.

Tail broad long, bushy, hairs mostly directed laterally; ears
moderate, hairy, sometimes with long tufts at tip; no cheek pouches.
Skull rather short, broad; postorbital processes directed downward
and backward and well developed; one upper premolar, sometimes
two; in the latter case the first is always very small; antorbital
foramen slit -like, placed anteriorly to the zygomatic process of the
maxillary.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

*A. Size small, total length under 450 mm., but above 300 mm. PAGE

a. Premolars |^; ears medium long, thinly haired.

a/ Tail washed with bright f errugineous . . .S.ce. hoffmanni 104

b.' Tail washed with tawny S. ce. chiriquensis 104

c/ Tail washed with yellowish S. richmondi 105

b. Premolars ^E|;

a/ Ears small or medium, not tufted.

a." Ears short, rounded, thickly haired;
total length under 300 mm.

a/" Tail washed with reddish S. alfari 99

b.'" Tail washed with grayish white 5. browni 100

c.'" Tail washed with tawny olive ... .5. boquetensis 100
b/7 Ears medium long, pointed, thinly
haired; total length over 300 mm.

a/" Back grayish brown .5. negligens 102

b/" Back reddish or yellowish brown 5. deppii 101

c/" Back rusty reddish S. d vivax 102

c. Premolafs ~ or j^jj.
a.' Ears large, tufted.

a." Back gray, belly white, lateral line

black S. d. mearnsi 133

*The construction of an intelligible key for the endless variations displayed
by the members of the genus Sciurus is an almost insuperable task, and may
not be attempted unless specimens of all the species are available at one time.
This not having been possible for the author to accomplish, the present key for
the species, with some few additions, has been taken from E. W. Nelson's
" Revision of the Squirrels of Mexico and Central America."

SCIURUS. 95

B. Size large, total length over 450 mm.

a. Premolars ^.

I — 1

a.' Belly buffy or yellowish.

a." Back gray. PAGE

a.'" Median area on back black; belly

usually deep buff 5. oculatus 107

b.'" Median area on back washed with

blackish; belly buffy whitish 5. toluca 107

b." Back yellowish gray.

a.'" Belly rusty yellow; total length over

500 mm 5. apache 1 10

b.'" Belly more dingy yellow; total

length under 500 mm 5. r. texensis 1 10

b/ Belly white.

a." Back golden buffy or yellowish , overlaid

with grizzling of black and white 5. nayaritensis 108

b." Back gray.

a/" Back uniform gray or grayish brown ;

ears gray; total length under 500 mm S. alleni 108

b/" .Back gray washed with yellowish on
nape and back of shoulders; ears
rusty.

a.4 Total length under 500 mm S. arizonensis 109

b.4 Total length over 500 mm S. a. huachuca 109

b. Premolars ^.

a.' Nape patch strongly marked, rump patch

present or absent,
a." Belly gray, rump patch well marked;

back dark gray 5. a. frumentor 117

b." Belly white or buffy.

a.'" Rump patch poorly defined or absent.

a.4 Back dull whitish ; belly white or buffy . 5. socialis 1 23

b.4 Back pale gray; belly white or buffy

5. p. hernandezi 1 1 8

b.'" Rump patch well defined.

a.4 Middle of back gray; feet gray or

blackish; belly white S. p. colimensis 119

b.4 Middle of back whitish ; feet whitish ;

belly white or buffy 5. s. cocos 124

c." Belly rufous.

a/" Feet gray or blackish.

a.4 Ribs, and sometimes shoulders, rufous.
a.5 Back pale gray; top of head iron

gray 5. aureigaster 115

9<> SCIURUS.

b5. Back dark gray; top of head PAGE

iron gray or blackish S.a. hypopyrrhus 116

b.4 Ribs and shoulders not rufous.
a.5 Back dingy whitish; nape patch

rusty S. socialis 1 23

b.5 Back bluish gray in middle, re-
mainder sooty brownish S. n. hirtus 121

b/" Feet white.

a.4 Back whitish, rump and nape

patches very bright S. s. cocos 1 24

b.4 Back gray.

a.5 Nape patch strongly marked,

dark rufous 5. p. effugius 1 20

b.5 Nape patch not strongly marked,

rusty yellowish 5. poliopus 117

b/ Nape and rump patches absent or not

well defined.

a." Nape and lump patches not well defined,
a/" Back dark gray, sparingly or not at

all mixed with yellowish hairs.
a.4 Back and under side of tail dark

iron gray; feet gray 5. p. cervicalis 119

b.4 Back and under side of tail paler

gray; feet white S. p. nemoralis 118

b/" Back pale gray mixed with yellowish
hairs; feet white.

a.4 Belly white 5. p. Hernandez'. 118

b.4 Belly rufous S. poliopus 117

b/' Nape and rump patches absent.

a/" Back with broad median band of

blackish; rest of body whitish S.a. dor salts 127

b/" Back without broad median band

of blackish.
a.4 Belly pale gray; back coarsely griz-

. zled gray or yellowish gray S. yucatatiensis 125

b.4 Belly dark iron gray ; back blackish

gray suffused with buff S. y. baliolus 126

c.4 Belly bright ferrugineous; back yel-
low ferrugineous or blackish brown . . 5. v. mornlus 105
d.4 Belly blackish or white.
e.5 Belly blackish.

a.6 Back sooty blackish grizzled

with yellowish gray S. nelsoni 1 20

SCIURUS. 97

PAGE

b.B Back dark chocolate 5. melania 128

f.5 Belly white.

a.6 Ear tufts present, whitish ; back

gray or yellowish gray 5. yucatanensis 125

b.6 Ear tufts absent.

a.7 Ears bordered with black.
a.8 Back very dark, lateral line

reddish, ear patches rusty. . .S. boothice 128
b.8 Back grayer, no lateral line ;
ear patches very large,

white S. goldmani 130

b.7 Ears not bordered with black.
a.8 Back gray.

a.9 Size large; total length
about 570 mm.; back
uniform; no lateral line. . . .5. griscus 130
b.9 Size medium, total length
about 485 mm.; median
dorsal area rufous; lat-
eral line black 5. durangi 112

b.8 Back yellowish.

a.9 Ears pale rusty; flanks

like back S. truii 1 23

b.9 Ears dull rusty; flanks

washed with whitish ... 5. sinaloensis 122
c.8 Back yellowish gray, coarsely
grizzled with black.
a.9 Ears gray; yellowish of
back dull, sometimes

very indistinct S. colli&i 121

b. Ears rusty; yellow of back

brighter, more buffy. . .5. c. nuchalis 122
e.4 Belly not blackish or white.
a.5 Belly buffy.

a.6 Back with median area blackish
or dark brown, rest of body

buffy S. a. dorsalis 127

b.6 Back with median area not
blackish.

a.7 Ears black-edged S. variegatoides 129

b.7 Ears not black-edged ... .5. managuensis 129
b.5 Belly rufous.

98 SCIURUS.

a." Top of head paler than back.

a.7 All of back blackish brown; PAGE

feet, legs, lower flanks, and

belly dull chestnut rufous S. adolphei 126

b.7 Middle of back blackish or
dark yellowish brown or gray-
ish yellow ; rest of body rufous . 5. a.dorsalis 127
b." Top of head not paler than back.
a.7 Back heavily washed with black.

a.8 Belly rusty rufous 5. b. belli 128

b.8 Belly rich dark ferrugineous . 5. thomasi 126
b.7 Back not washed with black.
a.8 Back pale gray or sooty

blackish.
a.9 Back pale gray.

a.10 Feet dark gray or
blackish ; rufous of
belly sometimes ex-
tending up on ribs . . .5. aureigaster 115
b.10 Feet pale gray ; rufous
of belly not extending

on ribs S. g. chiapensis 125

b.9 Back sooty blackish with
thin wash of yellowish
gray.

a.10 Back uniform S. nelsoni 1 20

b.10 Back with area of
bluish gray across the

middle 5. n. hirtus 121

b.8 Back not pale gray or sooty

blackish.

a.9 Back yellowish brown,
sometimes thinly washed

with gray 5. griseiftavus 1 24

b." Back blackish, grizzled
with gray or yellowish;
under parts and costal
area rufous 5. a. hypopyrrhus 116

A. Microsciurus, Allen.

"Size small; ear short, rounded; tail shorter than body, slender,
rounded. Premolars, ^7. Skull short, broad, and deep at base;
nasals narrow and shorter than interorbital breadth, upper end of

SCIURUS. 99

premaxillae very heavy; malar broad and expanded vertically; post-
palatal notch only a trifle posterior to last molar." (Nelson.)

FIG. 13. SCIURUS <MICROSCIURUS> BROWNI.
No. 10404 Mus. Comp. Zool. Nat. Size.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE SUBGENUS.

A. Size small; tail slender, round. PAGE

a. Upper parts dusky olivaceous, finely grizzled

with yellowish rusty 5. alfari 99

b. Upper parts tawny olive and bistre 5. browni 100

c. Upper parts olivaceous brown, shaded with

yellowish 5. boquetensis 100

68. alfari (Sciurus), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, P- 333-
ALFARO'S PIGMY SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Jimenez, Costa Rica, Central America.

Geogr. Distr. Northern, eastern, and southwestern Costa Rica.

Genl. Char. Size very small; ears short, rounded; pelage soft,
dense; tail slender, much shorter than head and body.

Color. Upper parts and outer sides of arms, legs, hands, and feet
dusky olivaceous, finely grizzled with yellowish rusty; top of head
and narrow orbital ring rufous, chin, throat, breast, and inner side of
arms pale ferrugineous shading into dark brown ; middle of belly and
inner side of thighs varying from fulvous gray to rufous; tail like
back at base, remainder above and beneath grizzled dark reddish
brown and black, tip black; hairs of under surface of tail reddish
brown or chestnut, encircled with three bands.

100 SCIURUS.

Measurements. Total length, 290; tail vertebrae, 105; hind foot,
35 ; ear from crown, 9. Skull: basal length, 29.5 ; palatal length, 14.2 ;
interorbital width, 13; zygomatic width, 22; length of upper molar
series, 6.

69. browni (Sciurus), Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoo!., xxxix,

1902, p. 24.
BROWN'S SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Bogava, Chiriqui, Panama.

Genl. Char. Size small, pelage rather harsh, thin.

Color. "Upper parts a fine mixture of tawny olive and bistre,
produced by the dark brown bases and tawny olive tips of the hairs ;
nose, forehead, and orbital ring tawny; tail with the hairs dark red-
dish brown basally, then black and tipped with grayish white; a
small, black pencil; under parts dull gray to grayish white, slightly
washed with bufty or yellowish in some specimens (very slightly in
the type on under side of neck and middle of belly) ; under sides of
legs darker — more nearly like upper parts."

Measurements. "Total length, 232-260; tail vertebras, 110-120;
hind foot, 36-38; ear, 13-14. Skull: type, basal length, 29; occipito-
nasal length, 36; zygomatic width, 21.2; interorbital width, 12.4;
palatal length, to palatal notch, 13.4; to end of pterygoids, 20.2;
length of nasals, u ; length of upper molar series, 5.8." (Bangs, 1. c.)

70. boquetensis (Sciurus'), Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi,

1903, p. 121.
CHIRIQUI PIGMY SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama, altitude 6,000 feet.

Genl. Char. Pelage soft, thick, woolly; tail slender, flat. Skull
long and narrow; braincase arched.

Color. Upper parts, sides of body, and upper surface of arms and
legs olivaceous brown, shaded with yellowish; chin and throat dingy
rusty; under side of neck and breast rusty rufous shading into dull
grizzled brown; tail above and below dull tawny olive, washed and
tipped with black and edged with pale yellowish; hands and feet
washed with rusty reddish.

Measurements. Total length, 257; tail, 116; hind foot, 37;
(dried skin.) Skull: palatal length, 15.5; interorbital breadth, 14;
length of upper molar series, 7.

B. Baiosciurus.

Premolars, ^- Skull long and slender; braincase arched; ros-
trum broad, about equal to interorbital breadth; audital bullse small.

SCIURUS.

101

FIG. 14. SCIURUS (BAIOSCIURUS* DEPPII.

No. 63668 U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. Nat. size.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF THE SUBGENUS.

A. Size small. PAGE

a. Above grizzled rusty, or yellowish brown 5. deppii 101

b. Above rusty reddish 5. d. vivax 102

c. Above grizzled grayish brown, tinged with

yellow or reddish 5. negligens 102

71. deppii (Sciurus), Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Berl.,
1863, p. 654.

tephrogaster Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3dSer., xx, 1867, p. 431.

t&niurus Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., xx, 1867, p. 431.

griseogena Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., xx, 1867, p. 429.
DEPPE'S SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Papantla, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

102 SCIURUS.

Geogr. Distr. State of Vera Cruz from Papantla on east coast to
Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico, and into Guatemala, Central
America. Altitude, 6,000-9,000 feet.

Color. Above grizzled rusty or yellowish brown; flanks and
sides of head paler yellowish brown; ears like back, with whitish
basal patches; outside of arms and hands dark gray; legs and feet
similar to flanks in color, but darker; under parts grayish white to
rusty fulvous; tail above black, washed with white, beneath grizzled
reddish or yellowish brown, bordered with black and edged with
white.

Measurements. Total length, 392; tail vertebrae, 188; hind foot,
54. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 56; Hensel, 47; zygomatic width,
33; across postorbital processes, 27; length of nasals, 15; palatal
length, 27 ; length of upper tooth row, 1 1 ; length of lower tooth row, 9.

a. — vivax (Sciurus}, Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiv, 1901, p. 131.
APAZOTE SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Apazote, State of Campeche, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Lowland forest in the States of eastern Tabasco,
southern Campeche, and southern and eastern Yucatan, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to 5. deppii, but paler; rostrum heavy;
nasals broader; audital bullae smaller and more nearly round.

Color. Above rusty reddish; under parts white or grayish white;
shoulders, arms, and hands gray; feet like back but washed with gray;
tail above heavily washed with white.

Measurements. Total length, 373; tail vertebrae, 168; hind
foot, 52.

72. negligens (Sciurus), Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn, 1898,

P- 147- i

arizonensis Alston, Biol. Cent. Amer., Mamm., i, 1880, p. 125.

deppei Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1891, p. 222. (Part.)
LITTLE GRAY SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Alta Mira, State of Tamaulipas, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Southern Tamaulipas, through eastern San Luis
Potosi into northern Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to 5. deppii, but paler.

Color. Upper parts grizzled grayish brown, tinged with yellow
or reddish; sides of neck, nape, and head yellowish brown; ears fer-
rugineous with basal white patches; shoulders outside of arms and
hands gray; outside of legs and feet grizzled grayish brown; under
parts white, varying to fulvous; chin and throat white; tail above
black, washed with white, beneath grizzled grayish, or yellowish
brown, bordered with black and edged with white.

SCIURUS.

103

Measurements. Total length, 384; tail vertebrae, 189; hind foot,
54. Skull: average of four; basal length, 41.7; palatal length, 21.4;
interorbital width, 15.3; zygomatic width, 28.4; length of upper
molar series, 9.1.

0. Guerlinguetus.

Size small; ears long; tail shorter than body, flat, bushy. Skull
broad, braincase not highly arched, expanded at parietal region;
bullae small; rostrum broad, deep; nasals long, widest anteriorly;
post-palatal notch behind last molar. Premolars, ^.

FlG. 15. SCIURUS iGUERLINGUETUSi /€. HOFFMANNI.
No. 4749 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. Nat. size.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF THE SUBGENUS.

A. Size small; tail flat, bushy. PAGE

a. Upper parts grizzled rusty brown S. ce. hoffmanni 104

b. Upper parts blackish brown and tawny .. 5. CB. chiriquensis 104

c. Upper parts dark ochraceous brown S. richmondi 105

104 SCIURUS.

d. Upper parts mixed yellow ferrugineous and PAGE

blackish brown 5. v. morulus 105

(estuans hoffrtianni (Sciurus), Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad.
Wiss. Berl., 1863, p. 654.

xanthotus Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., xx, 1867, p. 429.

griseogena Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., xx, 1867, p. 430.
(Part. Costa Rica.)

rufoniger Allen, Mon. N. Am. Rodent., 1877, p. 757-763. (Part.
Costa Rica.)

griseogenys Alston, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 667. (Part. Costa

Rica, Veragua, Panama.)
HOFFMAN'S SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Costa Rica, Central America.

Geogr. Distr. Costa Rica south to upper Cauca River, Colombia.

Genl. Char. Similar to S. (estuans in size, but darker ; tail broad, flat.

Color. Upper parts grizzled rusty brown, sometimes blackish on
top of head and median line of back; orbital ring dark buff; chin and
throat yellowish buff; under parts rusty buff to deep ferrugineous,
outside of arms and legs like back, inner side like under parts; hands
and feet similar to back, but more inclined to yellowish; tail above
black, washed with ferrugineous, beneath grizzled black and yellowish
brown, and broadly edged with ferrugineous; ears thinly haired;
darker than head, basal patch small, dull fulvous.

Measurements. Total average length, 426.6; tail vertebrae, 187;
hind foot, 54.3. Skull: average of five; basal length, 43.2; palatal
length, 23.3; interorbital width, 17; zygomatic width, 31.3; length of
upper molar series, 9.

(estuans chiriquensis (Sciurus), Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

XXXIX, 1902, p. 22.

CHIRIQUI SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Divala, Chiriqui, Panama.

Genl. Char. Very similar to 5. &. hoffmanni; under parts paler.

Color. "Upper parts finely mixed blackish brown and tawny,
the tawny., color predominating on sides, the dark brown color along
middle of back; orbital ring, back of ear, and a small spot just behind
ear clear tawny; under parts tawny, becoming yellower, about raw
sienna, on under side of neck and head, and often the breast simi-
larly colored; tail much the same as back, but with the tawny annu-
lations wider; deeply fringed along sides with clear tawny, under side
darker than upper."

Measurements. "Type. Total length, 400; tail vertebrae, 190;
hind foot, 52; ear, 20." Skull: basal length, 46.2; occipito-nasal

SCIURUS. 105

length, 54; zygomatic width, 31.4; length of nasals, 16.4; palatal
length, 23.2. (Bangs, 1. c.)

73. richmondi (Sciurus), Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,xn, 1898, p. 146.
RICHMOND'S SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Escondido River, fifty miles above Bluefields,
Nicaragua.

Geogr. Distr. Tropical lowland forests along the Escondido River,
Nicaragua.

Genl. Char. Similar to S. &. hoffmani, but more ochraceous,
under parts and tail washed with yellow.

Color. Upper parts and base of tail dark ochraceous brown,
darkest on crown and median part of back; sides of head yellowish
brown; orbital ring buffy; outer side of arms, hands, and sides of
neck, ochraceous; outer side of thighs dark ochraceous brown, feet
similar but more ochraceous; under parts buffy yellow to dingy
ferrugineous ; tail above black, washed with yellowish, beneath
grizzled yellowish brown narrowly bordered with black and edged
with dull yellow; ears dark ochraceous brown, with small yellow
basal patch, but the latter not always present.

Measurements. Total length, 368; tail vertebrae, 164; hind foot,
53.5. Skull: average of five; basal length, 42.1 ; palatal length, 22.1 ;
interorbital breadth, 16.3; zygomatic breadth, 30.4; length of upper
molar series, 8.3.

variabilis morulus (Sciurus), Bangs, N. Eng. Zool. Club, n, 1900,

P. 43-

variabilis True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vn, 1884, p. 596.
LION HILL SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Loma del Leon, Panama.

Genl. Char. Skull similar to that of 5. variabilis from Colombia,
but wider and heavier.

Color. Upper parts mixed yellow ferrugineous and blackish brown ;
dorsal region darker, blackish at base of tail; upper surface of legs
like back of arms, ferrugineous; chin, lips, and cheeks tawny olive;
under parts bright ferrugineous; tail above blackish at base and tip,
remainder bright ferrugineous, beneath tawny olive and blackish,
outer margin ferrugineous, tip black.

Measurements. Male. Total length, 435-490; tail vertebrae,
200-235; hind foot, 55; ear, 20-25. Skull: basal length, 46.2; oc-
cipito-nasal length, 55.2; zygomatic width, 34; mastoid width, 23.6;
interorbital width, 17.8; width behind postorbital processes, 20.2;
length of nasals, 17 ; length of palate to palatal notch, 25 ; upper tooth
row, 9.4; lower tooth row, 10; mandible, 32.2.

106 SCIURUS.

D. Arseosciurus,

Premolars, j^j. Skull broad, depressed between orbits; superior
outline curved greatly at occipital region; orbital region very broad;
postorbital process curving downward, and pointed; nasals long,
extending posteriorly to end of premaxillae.

FIG. 16. SCIURUS IAR/EOSCIURUSI NAYARITENSIS.

No. 4741 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. Nat. size.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF THE SUBGENUS.

A. Size large. Premolars, |^. PAGE

a. Back with longitudinal black band 5. oculatus 107

b. Back without longitudinal black band,
a/ Under parts white.

a." Above gray, washed with blackish; tail

beneath yellowish gray or brown 5. o. toluca 107

b." Above grizzled yellowish brown; tail

beneath grizzled yellowish gray 5. alleni 108

SCIURUS. 107

PAGE

c." Above gray; tail beneath cinnamon. .5. nayarilensis 108
d." Above mixed gray, black, white, and

tawny; tail beneath tawny 5. arizonensis 109

e." Above grizzled gray ; tail beneath pale

chestnut 5. a. huachuca 109

b.' Under parts buffy yellow to orange yellow. . . .5. apache no

74. oculatus (Sciurus), Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berl.,
1863, p. 653.

capistratus Licht., Abh. K. Akad. Wiss., 1827, p. 116. (nee Bosc.)

carolinensis Sauss., Rev. Mag. Zool., sme Se"r., xm, 1861, p. 4.
(nee Gmel.)

hypopyrrhus Allen, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, p. 881.
(Part.)

niger melanonotus Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1870, p. 73, pi. vi.
BLACK-BACKED SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Las Vigas? State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Northwestward through States of Vera Cruz,
Hidalgo, Queretaro to southeastern San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Alti-
tude, 6,000-12,000 feet.

Genl. Char. Size large; skull broad and heavy.

Color. Upper parts dark gray, with a black band from middle of
crown to base of tail; orbital ring whitish; cheeks and sides of neck
grizzled gray with a buff tinge, not always, however, present; ears
dull gray with white or buff basal patches; hands and feet grizzled
gray or buffy; outside of arms and thighs gray, sometimes rusty
brownish on the thighs ; under parts white with buffy tinge to ochra-
ceous buff; tail above black washed with white, beneath grizzled
gray, tinged with yellowish, bordered with black and edged with
white.

Measurements. Total length, 544; tail vertebrae, 254; hind foot,
69. Skull: average of three; basilar length, 54.6; palatal length,
28.5; interorbital width, 20.3; zygomatic width, 36.3; length of upper
molar series, 1 1 .

a. — tolucce (Sciurus), Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn, 1898,

p. 148.
TOLUCA SQUIRREL.

Type locality. North slope of the Volcano of Toluca, State of
Mexico, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Sierra Madre from Toluca Volcano, State of
Mexico, to border of State of Michoacan; southern and western
parts of State of Queretaro; central and eastern parts of State of
Guanajuato, and southern part of State of San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

108 SCIURUS.

Genl. Char. Similar to 5. oculatus, but paler. Skull: nasals
narrow.

Color. Top of head and back gray, washed with blackish; flanks
and outside of arms and legs grizzled gray, tinged with yellowish;
orbital ring grayish white; sides of head and ears gray, tinged with
buff; white basal patches on ears; under parts whitish; hands and
feet grayish white, tinged with buff; tail black above, washed with
white, beneath yellowish gray or brown, bordered with black and
edged with white.

Measurements. Total length, 520; tail vertebrae, 260; hind foot,
66. Skull: average of two; basilar length, 54; palatal length, 29;
interorbital width, 20.5 ; zygomatic width, 36.7 ; length of upper molar
series, n.

75. alleni (Sciurus), Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn,

p. 147-

carolinensist Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 263.

carolinensis Allen, Mon. N. Am. Roden., 1877, p. 706.

carolinensis Alston, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 658.

arizonensis Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1891, p. 222.

(Part.)
ALLEN'S SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Monterey, State of Nuevo Leon, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. From Monterey, State of Nuevo Leon, into State of
Tamaulipas, Mexico. Altitude, 2,000-8,500 feet.

Genl. Char. Similar to S. carolinensis, back uniform in color.

Color. Above grizzled yellowish brown, grayest on flanks; arms,
hands, and feet whitish gray; thighs like flanks; orbital ring whitish;
under parts white ; faint grayish lateral line ; tail like back all around
the base, above black washed with white, beneath grizzled yellowish
gray, bordered with black and edged with white; ears brownish gray.

Measurements. Total length, 471; tail vertebras, 217; hind foot,
60. Skull: average of five; basilar length, 50.4; palatal length, 26.3;
interorbital width, 18.4; zygomatic width, 33.7; length of upper
molar series, 10.3.

76. nayaritensis (Sciurus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y.,

1890, p. vii, footnote, and p. 185.
alstoni Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1889, p. 167. (nee

Anderson.)
NAYARIT SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Sierra de Valparaiso, State of Zacatecas, Mexico.
Geogr. Distr. States of Jalisco and Zacatecas, Mexico.
Genl. Char. Similar to S. griseiflavus ; ears high and broad.

SCIURUS. 109

Color. Above gray, as are also the sides; outer surface of limbs
pale gray; rest of pelage white; orbital ring grayish white; ears
grayish; tail above black and white mixed, fringed on sides with
white, beneath cinnamon rufous.

Measurements. Total length (skin), 260-304; tail vertebrae, 254-
287; ear: height, 23-25; width at base, 21.5-24. Skull: average of
five; basilar length, 55.5 ; palatal length, 28.4; interorbital width, 37.1 ;
length of upper molar series, 11.7.

77. arizonensis (Sciurus), Coues, Am. Nat., 1867, p. 357. Elliot,
Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 59.

collicei Allen, Mon. N. Am. Rod., 1877, p. 738. (nee Rich.)
ARIZONA GRAY SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Fort Whipple, Yavapai County, Arizona.

Geogr. Distr. State of Nuevo Leon, Mexico (San Pedro Mines,
Allen), to Arizona. Texas?

Genl. Char. Smaller than 5. carolinensis ; tail as long as head and
body; soles naked to heel.

Color. Above mixed gray, black, white, and tawny, the latter
predominating; sides and limbs outside grizzled gray and white;
beneath and inside of limbs pure white; tail above basally gray and
white, remainder black mixed with white and fringed broadly with
white, beneath tawny in the center, bordered with black and fringed
with white.

Measurements. Total length, 457.4; tail vertebrae, 241.3; hind
foot, 58.4; height of ear, 20.3. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 63;
Hensel, 48; zygomatic width, 35; interorbital width, 20; palatal
length, 21 ; length of upper molar series, n.

a. — huachuca (Sciurus}, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1894,

p. 349. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 60.
HUACHUCA SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Huachuca Mountains, southern Arizona.

Geogr. Distr. Huachuca Mountains, Arizona, into State of Sonora,
Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to S. arizonensis, but nearly uniform gray
above, only a trace of fulvous dorsal stripe.

Color. Upper parts grizzled gray; dorsal stripe nearly obsolete;
sides lighter gray; nape patch pale fulvous; under parts of body and
limbs pure white; tail above black sprinkled with white and fringed
broadly with white, beneath pale chestnut, bordered with black and
broadly fringed with white.

Measurements. Total length, 540; tail vertebrae, 265; hind foot,
70; ear, 34. Skull: average of four; basal length, 53.5 ; palatal length,

110 SCIURUS.

27.5; interorbital width, 19.9; zygomatic width, 36.4; length of upper
molar series, 11.4.

78. apache (Sciurus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1893, p. 29.

Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 58.

griseiflavus Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1882, p. 372. (nee Gray.)

niger ludovicianus Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1890, p. 73 (footnote).
APACHE SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Mountains of northwestern Chihuahua, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Sierra Madre in States of western Durango, north-
western Chihuahua, eastern Sonora, and northeastern Sinaloa, Mexico;
also in Chiricahua Mountains, southern Arizona.

Genl. Char. Similar in size and color to 5. r. texensis Bach., but
darker and with ferrugineous legs, and other distribution of hues.

Color. Upper parts iron gray, usually washed with yellow;
crown and back blackish; sides of head mixed gray, black and ful-
vous; orbital ring buffy white or fulvous; flanks washed with pale
yellowish; outside of legs suffused with rusty; outside of arms and
under parts varying from buffy yellow to orange yellow; tail at
base like back, above black washed with yellow and fringed with
white, beneath orange or rusty rufous with a black border and
fringed with pale yellowish; ears gray with a buff tinge; hands buffy
or orange yellow ; feet darker.

Measurements. Total length, 565; tail vertebrae, 279; hind foot,

79. Skull: average of five; basilar length, 56.4; palatal length, 28.7;
interorbital width, 21.5; zygomatic width, 37.5; length of upper
molar series, 11.9.

E. Parasciurus.

Premolars, j^. Skull: braincase narrow at occiput, not inflated
over parietal region, long, narrow; rostrum long, broad; nasals broad;
molar series large, heavy.

rufiventer texensis (Sciurus), (Bach.), Proc. Zool. Soc., 1838, p. 86.

liidovicianus limitis Baird. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855,

p. 331. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 53.
TEXAS Fox SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Devil's River, Valverde County, Texas.

Geogr. Distr. Texas and adjacent parts of the States of Nuevo
Leon and Coahuila, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Smaller than S. carolinensis ; hairs short and close
pressed; upper molars four; feet small; colors pale.

Color. Upper parts mixed cinnamon and black; sides of head,
limbs, and under parts, light cinnamon brown; feet above tinged with

SCIURUS.

Ill

FIG. 17. SCIURUS <PARASCIURUSI RUFIVENTER TEXENSIS.

No. 4739 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. Nat. size.

rusty; tail above similar to back but more yellowish, beneath uniform
cinnamon, darker than belly. The color of ventral surface varies
from pure white to deep orange among individuals.

Measurements. Total length, 532; tail to end of hairs, 280; hind
foot, 64.5. Skull: average of two; basal length, 50; palatal length,
25.5; interorbital width, 18; zygomatic width, 33.5; length of upper
molar series, 10.5.

F. Otosciurus, Nelson.

Premolars, ^Ef. Skull short and very broad, with curved superior
outline; rostrum rather short, compressed; nasals narrow posteriorly
and extending beyond premaxillae; molars heavy.

112

SCIURUS.

FIG. 18. SCIURUS (OrosciuRus) DURANGI.

No. 94548 U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. Nat. size.

79. durangi (Sciurus), Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., xi,
1893, p. 49.

aberti Thos., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1882, p. 372. (nee Woodhouse.)
DURANGO SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Ciudad Ranch (100 miles west of Durango City),
State of Durango, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Sierra Madre, west part of States of Durango and
Chihuahua, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to 5. aberti, but less red on back; tail
beneath uniform grizzled gray; dorsal stripe not reaching base of tail.

Color. Above gray with chestnut dorsal stripe from shoulders to
rump; flanks and outside of hind legs grizzled gray; outside of fore
legs paler gray; lateral black line ill defined; orbital ring brownish
white; ear gray, tufts black; under parts white, base of tail like back,
remainder above black washed with white, beneath grizzled gray,

SCIURUS. 113

with black border and subapical bar and white edging; hands white
or whitish; feet grizzled gray.

Measurements. Total length, 500; tail vertebrae, 247; hind foot,
70. Skull: average of five; basal length, 50.1; palatal length, 27.3;
interorbital width, 19.8; zygomatic width, 35.1; length of upper
molar series, 11.2.

G. Echinosciurus.

Premolars, |^|. Skull: broad, depressed between orbits; superior
outline curved, sharpest decline posteriorly; occipital region widest;
interorbital constriction very slight; rostrum broad and short; outer
side of nasals reaching ends of premaxillae; the nasals shorter than
width between orbits; basioccipital and basisphenoid broad, widely
separating audital bullae.

FlG. 19. SCIURUS (ECHINOSCIURUS) AUREIGASTER.
No. 4744 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. Nat. size.

114 SCIURUS.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF THE SUBGENUS.

A. Size large. Premolars, ^.

a. Above iron gray. PAGE
a.' Nape yellowish brown or rusty rufous. . .5. aureigaster 115
b/ Nape grizzled rufous or brownish. . . .5. a. hypopyrrhus 116

c.' Nape yellowish or rufous brown 5. a. frumentor 117

d/ Nape grizzled yellowish brown to chestnut

brown S. p. nemoralis 1 18

e/ Nape yellowish brown to rusty tinged

with black S. p. colimensis 1 19

f/ Nape rusty rufous, sometimes mixed

with black and white 5. p. effugius 120

g/ Nape fulvous or rusty brown, grizzled

with black 5. p. cervicalis 119

b. Above gray mixed with brown or yellow 5. polio pus 117

c. Above pale gray and yellowish 5. p. hernandezi 118

d. Above blackish, grizzled with yellowish brown . . .S. nelsoni 120

e. Above bluish gray, grizzled S. n. hirtus 121

f. Above yellowish gray tinged with black.

a/ Ears yellowish brown 5. collioei 121

b.' Ears rusty rufous S. c. nuchalis 122

g. Above pale reddish, yellow, and black 5. sinaloensis 122

h. Above grizzled dark yellowish 5. truii 123

i. Above mixed white and black, tinged with

yellowish or rufous S. socialis 123

j. Above grayish or creamy white 5. s. cocos 124

k. Above grizzled yellowish brown, washed

with white 5. griseiflavis 1 24

1. Above grizzled gray 5. g. chiapensis 125

m. Above grizzled gray and black, tinged with

yellowish brown 5. yucatanensis 125

n. Above blackish gray, suffused with buff . . . 5. y. baliolus 126

o. Above black 5. thomasi 1 26

p. Above dark brown, mixed with grayish 5. adolphei 126

q. Above dorsal band blackish or grayish

yellowish brown 5. a. dorsalis 127

r. Above dark chocolate 5. melania 128

s. Above grizzled grayish brown.

a/ Tinged with reddish 5. boothia 128

b/ Washed with black S. b. belli 1 28

t. Above grizzled yellowish gray S. variegatoides 129

u. Above grizzled yellowish brown, dorsal re-
gion washed with black S. managuensis 129

SCIURUS.

115

v. Above pale iron gray ; rump and middle of PAGE

back washed with black S. goldmani 130

FIG. XXIX. SCIURUS AUREIGASTER. GOLDEN-BELLIED SQUIRREL.

80. aureigaster (Sciurus}, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm.. vi, 1829,

Livr. LIX, pi. Text.

niger Erxl., Syst. Regn. Anim., 1777, p. 417.
variegatus Desm., Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., x, 1817, pp. 103-104.

(nee Erxl., 1777.)

rufiventer Licht., Abh. K. Ak. Wiss. BerL. 1827, p. 116.
leucogaster! F. Cuv., Suppl. d'Hist. Nat. Buffon, i, 1831, pp.

300-301.
mustelinns Aud. & Bach., Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1841,

p. 100.
ferruginiventris! Aud. & Bach., Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1841,

p. 101.

aurogaster! Aud. & Bach., Quad. N. Am., in, 1851, p. 344.
hypoxanthus I. Geoff., Voy. de la Ve'nus, Zool., 1855, p. 158.
aureogaster! Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., 1867, p. 423.
hypopyrrhus Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., in, 1891,

p. 222. (nee WagL)

leucops Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., ix, 1897, p. 198.
GOLDEN-BELLIED SQUIRREL. Ardilla in Mexico, common name for

all squirrels.

Type locality. Eastern Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern Mexico from southern part of State of
Tamaulipas to northern side of Isthmus of Tehuantepec through

116 SCIURUS.

States of Vera Cruz, eastern San Luis Potosi, Queretaro, Puebla, and
northeastern Hidalgo and northern Oaxaca, up to 4,000 and 8,000
feet.

Genl. Char. Size large; coloring varied, under parts ferrugineous
to dark rufous; tail long.

Color. Above varying from iron gray to whitish gray; nape
yellowish brown or rusty rufous; orbital ring deep buff; between eye
and ear yellowish brown; chin and cheeks grizzled gray; arms and
hands iron gray ; feet varying from blackish to iron gray ; under parts
and sometimes a band over shoulders and outer side of arms, bright
ferrugineous; ears gray to rusty red; tail at base like back, remainder
above black, washed with white, beneath ferrugineous, with a black
border edged with white.

Measurements. Total length, 539; tail vertebrae, 265; hind foot,
67. Skull: average of five; basal length, 49.8; palatal length, 26.5;
interorbital width, 19.1; zygomatic width, 34.5; length of uppei
molar series, 11.3.

a. — hypopyrrhus (Sciurus), Wagler, Isis, 1831, p. 510.

morio Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., xx, 1867, p. 424.

maurus Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., xx, 1867, p. 425.

variegatus Sumichrast, La Naturaleza, vn, 1887, p. 360.

aureogaster ! Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., in, 1890, p. 181.

(nee Cuv.)
FIRE-BELLIED SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Mexico. State of Vera Cruz ?

Geogr. Distr. Southern part State of Vera Cruz, and States of
Tabasco, Oaxaca, and Chiapas, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Darker than 5. aureigaster.

Color. Above grizzled with black, rusty or grayish white; fore
part of crown and nose iron gray; nape grizzled rufous or brownish;
orbital ring brownish buff; chin and cheeks grayish; under parts
deep ferrugineous, this color covering arms and forming a band on
shoulder; outside of thighs grizzled like back; hands and feet black
or grizzled with gray; tail at base like back, rest black washed with
white, beneath ferrugineous with a black border and white edge;
sometimes for ferrugineous black is substituted; ears gray or red-
dish brown, sometimes with black border, and a basal patch in
winter, grayish white.

Measurements. Total length, about 522; tail vertebras, 266; hind
foot, 67. Skull: average of five; basal length, 52.6; palatal length,
27.1; interorbital breadth, 18.4; zygomatic breadth, 34.8; length of
upper molar series, 11.4.

SCIURUS. 117

b. — frumentor (Sciurus), Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn, 1898,

P- 154.
PEROTE SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Las Vigas, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. "East and north base of the Cape de Perote, and
eastern slope of the Cordillera near Las Vigas, State of Vera Cruz,
Mexico, in pine and oak forests, at 6,000-8,000 feet."

Genl. Char. Nuchal and rump patches yellowish or rufous brown,
and under parts gray, sometimes washed with rufous.

Color. Upper parts (except nape and rump), nose, forehead,
sides, and outside of arms and legs, grizzled iron gray; patches
on nape and rump, and sides of head pale brown or reddish,
tinged with black, palest on sides of head; chin and throat grayish;
under parts gray, sometimes tinged with rust red; tail above like
back at base, remainder black washed with white, beneath yellowish
or dark ferrugineous, with a black border and white edge; ears
varying in color, sometimes grayish, again similar to the nuchal
patch, occasionally having a black border; hands and feet iron gray
to black.

Measurements. Total length, "average of five adults, 504.6; tail
vertebrae, 249.2; hind feet, 68.8." (Nelson.) A topotype: total
length, 502; tail, 250; hind foot, 69. Skull: average of four; basal
length, 52.5; palatal length, 26.1; interorbital width, 19.7; zygo-
matic width, 34.4; length of upper molar series, 11.2.

81. poliopus (Sciurus), Fitz., Sitzung. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, i, 1867,
p. 478.

albipes Wagn., Abhandl. Math.-Phys. Cl. K. Bayer Akad. Wiss.
Munchen, n, 1837, pp. 501-506. (nee Kerr.)

varius Wagn., Suppl. Schreb. Saugeth., in, 1843, p. 168.

rufipes Fitz., Sitzung. K. Akad. Wiss. Wein, i, 1867, p. 478.

leucops Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., xx, 1867, p. 427.

variegatus Alston, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 660.

wagneri Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1898, p. 453.
OAXACA SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Cerro San Felipe, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Mountains about Valley of Oaxaca, except those
on the west, 7,500-11,000 feet altitude.

Genl. Char. Size large.

Color. Back and outside of arms and legs gray, mixed with
yellowish or brownish hairs; nose and forehead iron gray; patch on
nape and rump pale brown tinged with black; sides of head gray;
orbital ring, chin, and throat grayish white; under parts ferrugineous

118 SCIURUS.

red; tail at base all around like back; above black washed with
white, beneath mixed yellowish, or reddish brown bordered with
black and edged with white; hands and feet white.

Measurements. Total length, 523; tail vertebrae, 263; hind foot,
71. Skull: average of five; basal length, 52.2; palatal length, 27.3;
interorbital width, 18.6; zygomatic width, 34.5; length of upper
molar series, 10.7.

a. — hernandezi (Sciurus), Nelson, Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., i, 1899,
p. 48.

albipes quercinus Nels., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn, 1898, p. 150.
(nee Erxl.)

wagneri quercinus Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1898, p. 453.

albipes hernandezi Nels., Science, N. Ser., vin, 1898, p. 783.
OAK WOODS SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Mountains 15 miles west of the city of Oaxaca,
State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Mountains west of Oaxaca Valley into southern
part of State of Puebla and southeastern portion of State of Guer-
rero, Mexico. Altitude, 8,000-9,000 feet.

Genl. Char. Similar to 5. poliopus, but paler.

Color. Above and outside of arms and legs pale gray and yel-
lowish; nose and forehead grizzled gray tinged with black, faint yel-
lowish and black patch on nape; ears gray, with white basal patch;
orbital ring whitish; chin and throat white; under parts white, some-
times tinged with buff; hands and feet white; tail above and below
at base like back, remainder of upper part black washed with white,
beneath yellowish gray or rusty grizzled, with an indistinct black
border and broad white edging.

Measurements. Total length, 540; tail vertebrae, 273; hind foot,
68. Skull: average of five; basal length, 51.5; palatal length, 26.5;
interorbital width, 19.5; zygomatic width, 34.6; length of molar
series, n.

b. — nemoralis (Sciurus), Nels., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., i, 1899,
p. 50.

albipes nemoralis Nels., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn, 1898, p. 151.

wagneri nemoralis Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1898, p. 454.
MICHOACAN SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Patzcuaro, State of Michoacan, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Volcano of Toluca, State of Mexico, to Nahuatzin,
State of Michoacan. Altitude, 7,000—12,000 feet.

Genl. Char. Similar to 5. p. hernandezi, but darker above
Possessing a melanistic phase in certain localities.

SCIURUS. 119

Color. Back and outside of arms and legs iron gray, occasionally
with a rusty tinge; nose and forehead iron gray tinged with black;
nape patch grizzled yellowish brown to chestnut brown; rump patch
paler; ears grizzled gray, basal patch white; orbital ring and sides of
head whitish; fee't and hands white; under parts white, sometimes
yellow; tail above black washed with white, beneath varying from
grizzled gray to yellowish brown, indistinct black border and white
edge.

Measurements. Total length, 530; tail vertebrae, 265; hind foot,
70. Skull: average of three; basal length, 51; palatal length, 26.8;
interorbital width, 18.6; zygomatic width, 34.3; length of upper molar
series, n.

c. — cervicalis (Sciurus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890,

p. 183.

leticops Allen, Mon. N. Am. Rod., 1877, p. 753. (nee Gray.)
variegalus Alston, Biol. Cent. Am., Mammalia, i, 1880, p. 127.
aureogaster leucops Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1889, p. 166.
wagneri cervicalis Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1898, p. 454.
poliopns cervicalis Nels., Proc. Wash. Acad. Nat. Scien., i, 1899,

P- 51-
COLIMA MOUNTAIN SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Hacienda San Marcos, Tonila, State of Jalisco, at
east base of Sierra Nevada de Colima, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. From the Sierra Nevada de Colima along high
mountains north to Ameca, State of Jalisco, and east into western
part of State of Michoacan, Mexico. Altitude, 6,000-12,000 feet, and
down occasionally to 4,000.

Genl. Char. Dark upper parts, and iron gray under surface of tail.

Color. Back, outside of arms and legs, iron gray, sometimes
with yellowish hairs intermixed; nose and forehead showing black
and grayish white; nape and rump patches fulvous or rusty brown
grizzled with black; orbital ring whitish; under parts white, in some
specimens grizzled with black; hands and feet gray, paler than arms
and legs; tail like back at base, rest above black washed with white,
beneath iron gray with a black border and white edge.

Measurements. Total length, 515; tail vertebras, 248; hind foot,
68. Skull: average of five; basal length, 51.2; palatal length, 27.6;
interorbital width, 19.8; zygomatic width, 34.9; length of upper
molar series, 11.7.

//. — colimensis (Sciurus), Nelson, Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., i, 1899,

P- 52-
Icncops Allen, Mon. N. Am. Roden., 1877, p. 753. (Part.)

120 SCIURUS.

albipes colimensis Nels., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn, 1898, p. 152.

wagneri colimensis Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1898, p. 454.
COLIMA SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Hacienda Magdalena, State of Colima, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Coast region, State of Colima, Mexico.

Color. Back grizzled gray; nose and forehead grizzled iron gray;
nape and patch on rump yellowish brown to rusty, tinged with black;
sides of head grizzled gray; orbital ring buff; outside of arms, legs,
and hands iron gray; feet blackish, mixed with gray; ears yellowish
brown or rusty, with a whitish patch at base; under parts white;
tail at base same as back, remainder black washed with white,
beneath grizzled iron gray, bordered with black and edged with
white.

Measurements. Total length, 500; tail vertebrae, 258; hind foot,
68. Skull: average of five; basal length, 50.2; palatal length, 26.7;
interorbital width, 19.1; zygomatic width, 38.8; length of molar
series, 11.2.

e. — effugius (Sciurus), Nelson, Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., i, 1899, p. 54.
albipes effugius Nels., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn, 1898, p. 152.
wagneri effugius Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1898,

P- 454-
GUERRERO SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Mountains west of Chilpancingo, State of Guerrero,
Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Forests of Cordillera, State of Guerrero, Mexico.
Altitude, 7,500-9,500 feet.

Genl. Char. Similar to 5. poliopus, but under parts darker.

Color. Above grizzled iron gray, mixed with rusty; nape and
indistinct patch on rump rusty rufous, the latter sometimes mixed
with black and white; sides of head, base of ears, and around eyes
pale rufous; orbital ring whitish; ears reddish brown, with white
patches at bases ; chin and throat white ; outside of arms and legs gray ;
hands and feet white, sometimes washed with rufous; under parts
dark rufous; tail at base same as rump, remainder above black
washed with white, beneath dark rufous with black border and
white edge.

Measurements. Total length, 498; tail vertebras, 249; hind foot,
68. Skull: average of four; basal length, 50.9; palatal length, 26.9;
interorbital width, 19.1; zygomatic width, 34.5; length of upper
molar series, n.

82. nelsoni (Sciurus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vm, 1893,
p. 144.

SCIURUS. 121

NELSON'S SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Huitzilac, State of Morelos, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Mountains south and west of the Valley of Mexico,
and south of Valley of Toluca in the States of Mexico and Morelos.

Genl. Char. Size large, colors dark.

Color. Above blackish, grizzled with yellowish brown; top of
head, ears, outside of arms and legs, hands and feet, black; sides of
head grayish black, or yellowish brown; under parts blackish brown
tinged with yellowish or rusty; tail all around at base like back,
rest of upper part black washed with grayish white, beneath, yellow-
ish gray and black with white edge; feet black.

Measurements. Total length, 520; tail vertebrae, 256; hind foot,
70. Skull: average of five; basal length, 50.7; palatal length, 26.7;
interorbital width, 19.4; zygomatic width, 34.9; length of upper
molar series, 11.9.

a. — hirtus (Sciurus), Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn, 1898,

P- 153-
MOUNTAIN SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Tochimilco, State of Puebla, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Mounts Popocatepetl and Iztaccihuatl, Mexico.
Altitudes 8,000-12,000 feet, in States of Mexico, Puebla, and Morelos.

Genl. Char. Similar to 5. nelsoni; gray area on back; tail broad,
bushy.

Color. Top of head and upper parts except middle of back,
grayish brown; nose and middle of back bluish gray grizzled; ears,
like crown, with white patch at the bases; chin and cheek gray; under
parts f errugineous ; tail black above, washed with white, beneath
grizzled rusty brown, bordered with black and edged with white;
hands and feet gray.

Measurements. Total length, 525; tail vertebras, 260; hind foot,
68. Skull: average of five; basal length, 50.2; palatal length, 26.5;
interorbital width, 19.4; zygomatic width, 35.1; length of upper
molar series, n.8.

83. collisei (Sciurus), Rich., Voy. Blossom, Zool., 1839, p. 8.

hypopyrrhus Alston, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 662. (Part.)
COLLIE'S SQUIRREL.

Type locality. San Bias, Territorio de Tepic, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. From northern border of Territorio de Tepic to Bay
of Banderas, State of Jalicso, Mexico, below 2,500 feet.

Genl. Char. Size large; pelage thin; tail long.

Color. Above yellowish gray, tinged with black; nose iron gray,
crown darker than back ; outside of arms and legs dark gray ; hands

122 SCIURUS.

and feet whitish; orbital ring whitish; ears yellowish brown, with
whitish basal patches; flanks and shoulders on sides gray; under
parts white; tail at base all around like back, remaining portion
above black, washed with white, beneath grizzled black and yel-
lowish gray, or black, gray, and yellowish brown, bordered narrowly
with black and edged with white.

Measurements. Total length, 508; tail vertebrae, 265; hind foot,
65. Skull: average of four; basal length, 49; palatal length, 25.6;
interorbital width, 18.4; zygomatic width, 32.6; length of upper
molar series, u.

a. — nuchalis (Sciurus), Nelson, Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., i, 1899,

P- 59-
MANZANILLO SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Manzanillo, State of Colima, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. From State of Michoacan to Bay of Banderas,
State of Jalisco, Mexico, and inland to mountains near San Sebastian
in the same State, below 3,000 feet.

Genl. Char. Like 5. colliai, but ears rusty rufous; nape and
shoulders buffy yellow; rump washed with black.

Color. Above yellowish gray, lower part of back and rump
washed with black; nape mixed with black; crown like nape; ears
rusty rufous, with rusty white basal patches; cheeks and sides of
nose yellowish brown; orbital ring yellowish; flanks gray, paler than
back; outside of arms, hands, and feet iron gray; shoulders washed
with gray; under parts white; base of tail like back, remainder
above black washed with white; beneath grizzled reddish yellow,
bordered with black and edged with white.

Measurements. Total length, 525; tail vertebras, 272; hind foot,
71. Skull: average of five; basal length, 52.3; palatal length, 27.6;
interorbital width, 20.6; zygomatic width, 35.9; length of upper
molar series, 11.4.

84. sinaloensis (Sciurus}, Nelson, Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., i, 1899,

p. 60.
SINALOA SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Mazatlan, State of Sinaloa, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Southern and central parts of the State of Sinaloa,
Mexico, below 2,500 feet.

Genl. Char. Similar to 5. collicei, but paler.

Color. Crown and rest of upper parts pale reddish yellow mixed
with black; nose and forehead grizzled yellowish gray; sides of neck,
shoulders, flanks, arms, legs, hands, and feet grayish white; orbital
ring and side of nose gray; cheeks yellowish brown; ears yellowish

SCIURUS. 123

with basal brownish yellow patches; under parts white; tail above
grizzled brownish yellow, washed with white, beneath similar in
color, bordered with black and edged with white.

Measurements. Total length, 524; tail vertebrae, 255; hind foot,
62. Skull: basal length, 53; palatal length, 26.3; interorbital width,
20; zygomatic width, 34; length of upper molar series, n. '

85. truii (Sciurus), Nelson, Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., i, 1899, p. 61.
TRUE'S SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Camoa, Rio Mayo, State of Sonora, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Southwestern part of the State of Sonora and
northern portion of the State of Sinaloa, Mexico.

Gcnl. Char. Similar to 5. colliai, but back dark yellowish and
skull differently proportioned.

Color. Upper parts grizzled dark yellowish ; sides of head yellowish
gray; ears rusty; basal patches same color; outside of arms, legs,
hands and feet dark gray; under parts white; tail like back at base,
remainder above mixed black and dark yellowish tinged with white;
beneath similar, with an ill-defined black border and white edge.

Measurements Total length, 485; tail vertebras, 254; hind foot,
66. Skull: average of four; basal length, 47.7; palatal length, 24.3;
interorbital width, 18.3; zygomatic width, 33.2; length of upper
molar series, n.

86. socialis (Sciurus}, Wagn., Abh. Math. Phys. Cl. K. Bayer. Akad.

Wiss., Miinchen, 11, 1837, pp. 501-7, pi. v.

aureigaster Allen, Mon. N. Am. Roden., 1877, p. 750. (Part.)

leucops Allen, Mon. N. Am. Roden., 1877, p. 753. (Part.)

variegatus Alston, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 660. (Part.)
TEHUANTEPEC SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Near Tehauntepec City, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Puerto Angel, State of Oaxaca, south to Tonala
and Tuxtla, State of Chiapas, Mexico, below 3,000 feet.

Genl. Char. Color variable; *nape patch, when present, rusty
rufous; under parts from white to ferrugineous.

Color. Above mixed white and black tinged with yellowish or
rufous; nape blackish rusty rufous; rump patch sometimes exhibiting
rusty rufous; cheeks, space around eyes, and bases of ears yellowish
brown; orbital ring dull fulvous; under parts white; tail like rump
all around the base, remainder above black washed with white,
beneath from fulvous gray to orange, bordered by black and edged
with white ; hands and feet like back.

* Specimens from near Tonala are usually without nape patch.

124 SCIURUS.

Measurements. Total length, 540; tail vertebrae, 280; hind foot,
65. Skull: average of five; basal length, 51.8; palatal length, 26.9;
interorbital width, 18.1; zygomatic width, 33.9; length of upper
molar series, 11.3.

a. — coeos (Sciurus), Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn, 1898,

P- 155-

aureogaster! I. Geoff., Voy. Ve"nus, Zool., Atlas, 1846, pi. 10. (nee

Cuv.)
ACAPULCO SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Acapulco, State of Guerrero, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. From Acapulco, State of Guerrero to Jamiltepec,
State of Oaxaca, Mexico, below 1,500 feet.

Genl. Char. Nape and rump patches distinct; under parts
variable, white to ferrugineous.

Color. Back, outside of arms, legs, hands, and feet grayish or
creamy white; nape and rump blackish rufous or chestnut; sides of
head and base of ears and around eyes yellowish; under parts white
to dark ferrugineous, varying among individuals; ears rufous; tail
above black washed with white, sometimes tinged with rufous,
beneath reddish buff to dark ferrugineous, bordered with black and
edged with white.

Measurements. Total length, 520; tail vertebrae, 261; hind foot,
68. Skull: average of five; basal length, 50.8; palatal length, 26.5;
interorbital width, 19.3; zygomatic width, 33.7; length of upper
molar series, 10.6.

87. griseiflavus (Macroxus), Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser.,
xx, 1867, p. 427.

ludovicianus Tomes, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1861, p. 281. (nee. Cus-
tis.)

aureigaster Allen, Mon. N. Am. Roden., 1877, p. 750. (Part.)

affinis Alston, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 660.
GUATEMALA SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Guatemala.

Geogr. Distr. Southeastern part of State of Chiapas, Mexico, into
Guatemala, 7,000-10,000 feet altitude.

Genl. Char. Size large; color variable, usually grizzled yellowish
brown and gray.

Color. Upper parts grizzled yellowish brown, occasionally washed
with white, this most conspicuous in winter specimens; outside of
arms, legs, and flanks like back; hands and feet grizzled yellow or
yellowish brown; sides of head and ears gray, the latter with grayish
basal patches; chin and throat grayish fulvous; under parts rufous

SCIURUS. 125

or gray washed with fulvous; base of tail like back, rest above
black washed with white, beneath grizzled yellowish or brownish,
bordered with black and edged with white.

Measurements. Total length, 547; tail vertebra?, 270; hind foot,
68. Skull: average of four; basal length, 51.8; palatal length, 27.2;
interorbital width, 19; zygomatic width, 34.4; length of upper molar
series, 11.4.

a. — chiapensis (Sciurus}, Nelson, Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., i, 1899,

p. 69.
CHIAPAS SQUIRREL.

Type locality. San Cristobal, State of Chiapas, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Mountains of central portion of State of Chiapas,
Mexico. Altitude, 7,500-9,500 feet.

Genl. Char. Similar to 5. griseiflavus, but grayer above, and
feet whitish.

Color. Upper parts and outside of arms and legs grizzled gray;
ears grayish white, with white basal patches; orbital ring pale fulvous;
sides of head fulvous brown; sides of nose, lower part of cheeks,
chin and throat, whitish gray; hands and feet grayish white; under
parts rufous; base of tail all around like back, above black, washed
with white, beneath yellowish brown or rufous, bordered with black
and edged with white.

Measurements. Total length, 506; tail vertebrae, 253; hind foot,
70. Skull: average of five; basal length, 50.9; palatal length, 26.6;
interorbital width, 19.1; zygomatic width, 34.3; length of upper
molar series, 11.4.

88. yucatanensis (Sciurus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1897, p. 5.

carolinensis yucatanensis Allen, Mon. N. Am. Roden., 1877, p. 705.

carolinensis Alston, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878^. 658.
YUCATAN SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Merida, Yucatan, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Peninsula of Yucatan, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Pelage coarse, bristly; ear tufts sometimes present.

Color. Upper parts and flanks grizzled gray and black, some-
times tinged with yellowish brown; sides of head pale gray; orbital
ring whitish; outside of arms and legs, with feet and hands, like
back; ears dark gray; some specimens have whitish basal patches;
tufts yellowish white, not always present; under parts whitish or
grayish white; base of tail all around like back, remainder above
black, washed with white, beneath grizzled gray, with a narrow
black border and white edge.

126 SCIURUS.

Measurements. Total length, 460; tail vertebrae, 230; hind foot,
55. Skull: basal length, 45; palatal length, 23; interorbital width,
16.2; zygomatic width, 19; length of upper molar series, 9.5.

a. — baliolus (Sciurus), Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiv, 1901,

p. 131.
SWARTHY SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Apazote, State of Campeche, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Southern part of State of Campeche, and eastern
part of State of Tabasco, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to S. yucatanensis , but darker.

Color. Above blackish gray suffused with buff; beneath iron
gray; legs and hands grizzled with buff or gray; feet black; tail black,
washed with gray.

Measurements. Total length, 464; tail vertebras, 238; hind foot,
59-

89. thomasi (Sciurus), Nelson, Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., i, 1899,

p. 71.

booikicB (nee Gray), Allen, Mon. N. Am. Rodent., 1877, pp. 741-
746. (Part. Costa Rica.)

hypopyrrhus Alston, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, pp. 662-664. (Part.

Costa Rica specimens.)
THOMAS' SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Talamanca, Costa Rica.

Geogr. Distr. "Humid tropical forests of eastern Costa Rica."

Genl. Char. Hair on back coarse, stiff, glossy; tail long, narrow.

Color. Crown and upper parts of body, sides of neck, outer side
of arms and legs, and base of tail black, the yellowish under color
appearing; chin and sides of head grayish brown; under parts ferru-
gineous, irregularly varied with white; tail above black, washed with
white, beneath grizzled black and yellowish brown, bordered with
black and edged with white ; feet black or grizzled f errugineous ; ears
blackish, with basal f errugineous patch, and black tufts.

Measurements. Average total length, 517.5; tail, 246.5; hind foot,
62.2. Sku}l: basal length, 50; palatal length, 26.2; interorbital width,
22; zygomatic width, 35.5; length of upper molar series, 11.5.

90. adolphei (Macroxus), Less., Nouv. Tabl. Regn. Anim. Mamm.,

1842, p. 112.
boothicB Allen, Mon. N. Am. Rodent., 1877, p. 741. (Part.

Nicaragua.)
hypopyrrhus Alston, Biol. Centr. Amer. Mamm., i, 1880, p. 128.

(Part.)

SCIURUS. 127

NICARAGUA SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Realejo, Nicaragua.

Geogr. Distr. Lowlands on west coast of Nicaragua.

Genl. Char. Hairs of back coarse, stiff, shiny; under fur short.

Color. Upper parts and upper portion of thighs, dark brown,
washed with grayish; flanks paler; crown iron gray; cheeks, sides of
neck, and nape grayish brown; under parts, arms, part of shoulders,
and inside of thighs dark reddish chestnut; chin, throat, axillar
region, and between hind legs white; tail above black washed with
white, beneath rusty brown bordered with black and edged with
white; hands and feet grizzled chestnut; ears iron gray, with white
patches at base.

Measurements. Total length, 440; tail vertebrae, 199 ; hind foot, 65.

a. — dor salts (Sciurus), Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1848, p. 138.

rigidus Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1863,
p. 652.

intermedius Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., xx, 1867, p. 421.

nicoyana Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., xx, 1867, p. 423.

boothicB Allen, Mon. N. Am. Rodent., 1877, p. 741. (Part. Costa
Rica specimens.)

hypopyrrhus Allen, Mon. N. Am. Rodent., 1877, p. 746. (Part.

West Costa Rica specimens.)
BANDED-BACK SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Liberia, Costa Rica nee Caracas, Venezuela.

Geogr. Distr. Western Costa Rica, Alajuela to Liberia, Peninsula
of Nicoya, and possibly adjacent parts of Nicaragua.

Genl. Char. Tail long, narrow; colors brighter than those of S.
adolphei. Hairs coarse, stiff.

Color. Dorsal band from nape to tail blackish to grizzled yellow-
ish brown; sides grayish; crown and sides of head paler than back;
under parts, arms, legs, hands, and feet varying from white or yellow-
ish to rufous; chin, cheeks, and sides of neck grizzled gray to grayish
brown; tail above black, washed with white, beneath dark rufous
to rusty orange, or grayish white bordered by black and edged with
white; ears grizzled gray or brown, with black border, and basal
white patches. This is a very variable species and has several color
phases, individuals presenting quite a different appearance from each
other.

Measurements. Total length, 510; tail vertebrae, 248.5; hind foot,
62.2. Skull: average of two; basal length, 51.7; palatal length, 27.7;
interorbital width, 21.8; zygomatic width, 35.2; length of upper
molar series. 11.7.

128 SCIURUS.

91. melania (Sciurus), Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., xx,

1867, p. 425.
GRAY'S BLACK SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Point Burica, Costa Rica.

Geogr. Distr. Costa Rica, Chiriqui, Panama. (Bangs.) 2,000
feet altitude.

Color. Back dark chocolate; rest of pelage and tail black.

Measurements. Total length, 500; tail vertebrae, 260; hind foot,
63 ; ear, 30.

92. boot bias (Sciurus), Gray, List. Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843,

P- i39-

richardsoni Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ist Ser., x, 1842, p. 264.
(nee Bachman.)

fuscovariegatus Schinz., Syn. Mamm., n, 1845, p. 15.

hypopyrrhus Alston, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 662. (Part. Hon-
duras specimens.)
HONDURAS SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Honduras. San Pedro Sula ?

Geogr. Distr. Humid coast forests of northern Honduras and
border of Guatemala.

Genl. Char. Pelage thin; hair coarse; tail nearly as long as head
and body, narrow.

Color. Above grizzled grayish brown, occasionally tinged with
reddish; chin and sides of head grayish brown; outside of arms and
legs, hands and feet dark grayish brown, sometimes nearly black;
tail at base like back, remainder above black, washed with white,
beneath dark grizzled brown, tinged with yellowish and bordered
with black and edged with white; ears with black border.

Measurements. Total length, 524; tail vertebras, 255; hind foot,
63-

a. — belti (Sciurus), Nelson, Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., i, 1899, p. 78.
ESCONDIDO RIVER SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Escondido River, fifty miles above Bluefields,
Nicaragua.

Geogr. *Distr. East coast region of Nicaragua, north to Segovia
River, Honduras.

Genl. Char. Similar to S. boothia, but under parts rusty rufous,
and rusty yellowish hands and feet.

Color. Above, including nose and base of tail, grizzled grayish
brown, washed with black; chin and sides of head yellowish brown
to brownish gray; under parts rusty rufous; outer side of arms and
legs suffused with rusty yellow; hands and feet rusty yellowish and

SCIURUS. 1-J9

black; tail above black, washed with white, beneath grizzled yellowish
brown or rusty, bordered with black and edged narrowly with white;
ears and basal patches, rusty; border of ears black.

Measurements. Total length, 506; tail vertebrae, 258; hind foot,
60. Skull: average of four; basal length, 48.8; palatal length, 25.5;
interorbital width, 19.6; zygomatic width, 33.7; length of upper
molar series, 11.4.

93. variegatoides (Sciurus), Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1839, p. 117.
pyladci Less., Nouv. Tabl. Regn. Anim., Mamm., 1842, p. 112.
colli&i Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., xx, 1867, p. 746.

(Part. var. i.)

hypopyrrhus Allen, Mon. N. Am. Rodent., 1877, pp. 746-750.

(Part. Salvador specimens.)
VARIEGATED SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Salvador, west coast Central America.

Geogr. Distr. Tropical forests of Salvador, West Coast of Central
America.

Genl. Char. Tail slender; base of tail and upper parts yellowish
gray.

Color. Upper parts, outer side of arms and legs above, and base
of tail grizzled yellowish gray; under parts buffy ochraceous; lower
part of arms and legs, and hands and feet dark ochraceous buff;
chin and cheeks grayish buff; tail above black, washed with white,
beneath grizzled buffy gray, bordered by black and edged with white,
ears pale rusty; basal patches buff, bordered faintly with black.

Measurements. Total length, 545; tail vertebras, 280; hind foot,
66 Skull: basal length, 49; palatal length, 26; interorbital breadth,
20; zygomatic width, 34; length of upper molar series, n.

94. managuensis (Sciurus), Nelson, Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., i,

1899, P- 81.

boothicB managuensis Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn, 1898,

p. 150.
Rio MANAGUA SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Managua River, Guatemala.

Geogr. Distr. Northern Guatemala, along Managua River.

Genl. Char. Pelage dense ; hair coarse ; tail long, narrow.

Color. Above with base of tail grizzled yellowish brown; crown
and median dorsal region washed with black; sides and outer sides
of arms and legs suffused with yellowish; chin and sides of head
yellowish brown ; under parts dingy yellow to reddish buff ; tail above
black, washed with white, beneath grizzled grayish or yellowish
brown, bordered with black and edged with white; hands and feet

i:«» SCIURUS.

grizzled buflfy yellow; ears edged with black, basal patches buffy
yellow; tufts rusty.

Measurements. Total length, 537; tail vertebrae, 270; hind foot,
62.7. Skull: average of two; basal length, 50.2; palatal length, 27;
interorbital width, 19; zygomatic width, 33.9; length of upper molar
series, 11.5.

95. goldmani (Sciurus), Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn, 1898,

p. 149.
GOLDMAN'S SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Huehuetan, State of Chiapas, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Southeastern part of State of Chiapas, Mexico, into
Guatemala.

Genl. Char. Ear tufts present ; pelage thin ; hairs coarse.

Color. Upper parts pale iron gray; rump and middle of back
washed with black; top of head iron gray, tinged with yellow and
washed with black; shoulders yellowish gray; outside of arms dark
gray; hands paler; outside of thighs and flanks pale yellowish iron
gray; feet grizzled iron gray; ears gray, with rufous tufts and white
basal patches; orbital ring brownish buff; under parts white; tail
above black, washed with white, beneath iron gray to grizzled
yellowish, narrowly bordered with black on sides and subterminally,
and edged with white.

Measurements. Total length, 570; tail vertebras, 305; hind foot,
68. Skull: average of five; basal length, 51.2; palatal length, 26.9;
interorbital width, 19.8; zygomatic width, 33.9; length of upper
molar series, 11.3.

H. Hesperosciurus.

Premolars, ^. Skull long, broad, especially across parieta
region, where it is depressed; zygomatic process of squamosal hori-
zontal, arch obliquely ascending; rostrum rather broad; nasals long,
terminating equally with posterior ends of premaxillae; molars large,
heavy.

96. griseus (Sciurus), Ord, Guth., Geog., 1815, p. 292. Elliot, Syn.

N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 55.

fossor Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped., Mamm. & Birds, 1848, p. 55.

hermanni LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1852, p. 149.

leporinus Hensh., Ann. Rep. Engin., 1876, p. 25.

anthonyi Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xx, 1898, p. 501.
CALIFORNIA GRAY SQUIRREL.

Type locality. The Dalles, Columbia River, Wasco County,
Oregon.

SCIURUS.

131

FIG. 20. SCIURUS IHESPEROSCIURUS) GRISEUS.
No. 6bo8 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. Nat. size

Geogr. Distr. Oregon and northern California, into Lower Califor-
nia, Mexico.

Genl. Char. . Size large; tail vertebrae as long as body and head;
upper premolars and molars, five; skull slender, elongate.

Color. Above and outside of arms and legs grizzled bluish gray
and black; under parts pure white; tuft at base of ear chestnut;
tail above mixed gray, white, and black, with a white border, beneath
grizzled grayish white, with sometimes an ill-defined border and white
edge; hands grayish white to grizzled gray; feet gray to blackish gray.

Measurements. Total length, 565; tail vertebras, 257; hind foot,
77; ear, 30^. Skull: average of five; basal length, 56.3; palatal
length, 32.1; interorbital width, 20.8; zygomatic width, 38.7; length
of upper molar series, 11.7.

132

SCIURUS.

The Chickarees, or Red Squirrels, comprising the last sub-genus
of Sciurus, are boreal in their range and are found as far north as
the limit of trees. So far as known, only one subspecies penetrates
into Mexico, and this is confined to the San Pedro Martir Mountain
range of Lower California, where probably by a lofty altitude it
counteracts the effects of a more southern latitude. The tail of the
Red Squirrel is smaller than that of the gray squirrel group and its
allies, and the ears are often tufted or penciled in winter, and the
species represent in America the common squirrel of Europe. Like
many species of Tamias, at certain seasons the Chickarees have a
black line along the side dividing the color of the upper and under
parts.

I. Tamiasciuras, Chickarees.

Premolars, { 7 or ^. Skull short, broad, depressed between
orbits; superior outline greatly curved, highest point between post-
orbital process of the frontal; rostrum short, broad; nasals broad, not

FIG. 21. SCIURUS <TAMIASCIURUS^ D. MEARNSI.
No. 25170 U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. Nat. size.

SCIURUS. 133

equaling interorbital width; squamosal process of zygoma projecting
outward, curving gradually downward; molar series rather heavy.

douglasi meamsi (Sciurus), Towns., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xi,

1897, p. 146.
MEARNS' SQUIRREL.

Type locality. San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California,
Mexico. Altitude, 7,000 feet.

Geogr. Distr. Forest of San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower Cali-
fornia, Mexico. Altitude about 7,000 feet.

Genl. Char. Similar to S. d. albolimbatus , but grayer, with pale
colored hands and feet.

Color. Upper parts pale gray, tinged with yellowish; sides of
head grizzled gray ; orbital ring whitish ; ears gray ; broad lateral line
black; under parts whitish; basal half of tail above pale gray, suffused
with rusty and edged with white, remaining portion black, washed
with white, beneath grizzled gray, bordered with black and edged
with white; hands and feet pale buff; ears gray; tufts black.

Measurements. Total length, 308-346; tail vertebrae, 111-130;
hind foot, 51-55. Skull: basal length, 41; palatal length, 25; inter-
orbital constriction, 14.5; zygomatic width, 28; length of upper molar
series, 8.

The sprightly and gayly colored little Chipmunks, north of the
Mexican boundary, are among the commonest of American Rodents.
They frequent the forests or rocky places, often bare of trees, and
make their nests in holes either in the ground cr in stumps of trees,
or in the interstices of rocks. Brushheaps are much frequented by
these lively creatures as affording a facile means of escape, and also
for observing the movements of anything that has excited their
fears. While dwellers of the ground, they readily climb trees, but
rarely leap from branch to branch, as do the tree squirrels. They
feed on seeds, nuts, and grain, and diligently provide an ample store
against the coming of winter, carrying it to the various hiding places
in their cheek pouches. They are pretty animals, usually possessing
bright colored stripes, and the many forms into which the genus has
been divided bear a general resemblance to each other, so close
indeed that in not a few instances it is not an easy matter for even
the expert to distinguish them. Comparatively few species are
found south of the Mexican and United States boundary line, and
of these some are more plentifully represented in the more northern
land.

134

TAMIAS.

35. Tamias. Chipmunks.

J. A. Allen. A review of some of the North American Ground
Squirrels. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 45.

Tamias Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Av., 1811, p. 83. Type

Sciurus striatus Linnaeus.

Tenotis Rafin., Am. Month. Mag., i, 1817, p. 362.
Eutamias Trouess., Le Nat., n, 1880, p. 86.

Tail short, not bushy, narrow; cheek pouches large; ears without
tufts. Skull narrow anteriorly; superior outline convex; postorbital
processes slender, directed backward and downward; antorbital
foramen oval; zygomata expanded and depressed anteriorly; upper
premolars either two or one.

FIG. 22. TAMIAS OBSCURUS.
Field Columbian Mus. Coll. Nat. size.

UPPER TOOTH ROW.
Enlarged 8 times.

LOWER TOOTH ROW.
Enlarged 8 times.

A. Eutamias.

Skull with superior outline highest over parietals ; orbital foramen
a narrow, slit-like opening; rostrum compressed; nasals short, slightly
narrowed posteriorly; pterygoid fossa long and wide; audital bullae
large.

TAMIAS.

135

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

A. Size medium. PAGE

a. Median dark dorsal stripe alone distinct T. dorsalis 135

b. Three dark dorsal stripes distinct; outer pair
faint.

a.' Tail beneath with central area rufous T. obscurus 136

b.' Tail beneath with central area ochraceous . . .T. bulleri 136

c.' Tail beneath with central area- pale yellow. T. durangoe 137
d.' Tail beneath with central area reddish

chestnut T. merriami 137

c. Five dark dorsal stripes distinct T. quadrivittatus 138

97. dorsalis (Tamias), Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855,
p. 332. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 68.

quadrivittatus pallidus Coues & Yarr., in Wheeler's Rep. Geogr.

& Geol. Expl. and Surv. West of 100 Merid., v, 1876, p. 118.
GILA CHIPMUNK.

Type locality. Fort Webster, Grant County, New Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Northern Utah to northern Mexico; west to the
Sierra Nevada; east to the Mimbres in New Mexico.

Genl. Char. Single dorsal stripe alone conspicuous.

Color. Upper parts hoary mixed with rusty and brown; flanks
and hips dull rusty ; dorsal stripe dark brown ; a faint stripe of grayish
on flanks; under parts dull grayish white; tail above mixed black,
chestnut, and white, hairs chestnut at base; face with usual Tamias
stripes.

Measurements. Total length, 237; tail vertebrae, 105; hind foot,
22; ear, 20. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 37; Hensel, 29; zygomatic
width, 20; interorbital width, 9; palatal length, 16; length of upper
molar series, 5.

FIG. XXX. TAMIAS OBSCURUS. DUSKY CHIPMUNK.

136 TAMIAS.

98. obscurus (Tamias), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890,

p. 70.
LOWER CALIFORNIA CHIPMUNK.

Type locality. San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California,
Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. San Pedro Martir and Hanson Laguna Mountains,
Lower California, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size small; pelage soft, color dark.

Color. Post-breeding Pelage. Above dark brownish gray ; five
indistinct dorsal stripes dull chestnut, posterior half of median one
blackish; intermediate light stripes whitish gray; central portion of
flanks yellowish brown; shoulders, arms, thighs, and legs like upper
parts ; top of head blackish gray ; ears similar, with large white
patches at base; sides of face whitish, with three chestnut stripes
from nose to ears; under parts whitish; tail above black or dark
brown washed with black, beneath rufous edged with black and with
white hairs intermingled; hands like arms; feet buffy or brownish
gray.

Winter Pelage. Dull; light stripes on dorsal region very faint,
almost obsolete; dark stripes also faintly perceptible; upper parts
iron gray tinged with brown, with the light gray stripes, and darker
brown ones faintly indicated; middle of sides fulvous; top of head
like back; two white stripes on sides of face, one from tip of nose
over and beyond eye, the other from beneath eye to base of ear;
shoulders and sides like back; upper parts of arms and hands, legs
and feet pale» brownish or brownish gray; under parts white, plum-
beous of under fur showing through; tail above black, beneath in
center dark rufous, bordered with black and edged with yellowish
white; anal region very dark rufous.

Measurements. Total length, 230; tail vertebrae, 80-103; hind
foot, 32-34. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 37; Hensel, 16; zygomatic
width, 20; interorbital width, 8; palatal length, 15.5; length of upper
molar series, 5.5.

99. bulleri (Tamias), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1889,

P- 173-
MEXICAN CHIPMUNK.

Type locality. Sierra de Valparaiso, State of Zacatecas, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Zacatecas, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to T. mcrriami. Ears tricolor; black patch
between eye and ear.

Color. Upper parts and sides pale gray tinged with buff; five
dark dorsal stripes, three distinct, the three median ones seal brown

TAMIAS. 137

mixed with yellowish chestnut; outermost ones yellowish chestnut
mixed with blackish; median light stripes gray, outer ones grayish
white; facial stripes white and black, bordered with rusty; ears on
center at base black, edge margined with rusty and tipped with
white; large white patch at base of ear; under parts and upper sur-
face of hands and feet grayish white; tail above black mixed with
buff, and hairs white-tipped, beneath ochraceous, bordered with
black and fringed with white.

Measurements. Total length, 250; tail vertebrae, 98; hind foot,
33. Skull: average total length, 36.6; greatest breadth, 23.

100. durangse (Eutamias), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1903,

P- 595-
DURANGO CHIPMUNK.

Type locality. Arroyo de Bucy, State of Durango, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to T. bulleri but larger and paler.

Color. ' ' Similar to E.(T.) bulleri from southwestern Zacatecas, but
larger and paler, with the white markings on the head broader, and
the white post-auricular patch larger; rump, basal portion of the
tail, and flanks faintly suffused with a very pale tinge of buff instead
of being gray as in bulleri; the dark dorsal stripes are similar in
extent and in color, but the intervening light stripes are suffused
with pale cinnamon instead of being nearly clear white as in bulleri,
and the rufous of the flanks is much paler. (Allen, 1. c.)

Measurements. Total length, 238; tail vertebrae, 98; hind foot,
32; ear from notch, 19. Skull: total length, 39; zygomatic width, 21.

101. merriami (Tamias), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890,

p. 84. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 71.

asiaticus merriami Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1889, p. 176.
MERRIAM'S CHIPMUNK.

Type locality. San Bernardino Mountains, California.

Geogr. Distr. From Tulare and Monterey Counties, California,
south in the mountains into Lower California, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size large; color pale; facial and dorsal marking not
strongly contrasted; ears high, pointed.

Color. Above dull yellowish gray mixed in places with fulvous;
dorsal stripes pale yellowish to fulvous brown, the light ones pale
gray; sides and rump pale olivaceous; tail above blackish, fringed
with gray, beneath reddish chestnut, bordered with black and
fringed with whitish.

Post-breeding Pelage. Flanks golden rufous; dark dorsal stripes
yellowish rufous; light ones silver gray; tail beneath orange chestnut,
above orange yellow.

138 TAMIAS.

Measurements. Average total length, 285; tail vertebrae, 117,
hind foot, 34. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 41; Hensel, 31; zygo-
matic width, 21; interorbital width, 9; palatal length, 16; length of
upper molar series, 5.5.

102. quadrivittatus (Sciurus), Say, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., n.
1823, p. 45-

quadrivittatus (Tamias}, Elliot, Syn. N. Am. I^Iamm., 1901, p. 75.
COLORADO CHIPMUNK.

Type locality. Arkansas River, Colorado, "near where it breaks
through the foothills," Park County (?)

Gcogr. Distr. State of Durango, Mexico, north to southern
boundary of Colorado, northward through Wyoming to and includ-
ing the Yellowstone National Park.

Genl. Char. Rather small ; general color gray.

Color. Breeding Pelage. Above gray, sides washed with pale
yellowish brown; beneath grayish white; dark dorsal stripes black
and rufous; light ones ashy; outer white.

Post-breeding Pelage. Above rufous; thighs plumbeous gray;
dark dorsal stripes black and rufous; outer light stripes whitish;
flanks yellowish rufous ; under parts grayish white ; dark facial stripes
rusty brown; light ones grayish white; tail above black and buff,
beneath buffy ochraceous bordered and fringed with black.

Measurements. Average total length, 223; tail vertebras, 82;
hind foot, 31. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 35; Hensel, 14; zygo-
matic width, 18; interorbital width, 7; palatal length, 15; length of
upper molar series, 4.

The genus CITELLUS, containing the Spermophiles, is represented
in North America by a considerable number of species and varieties,
which exhibit the extremes of form from that of a rather small, stout,
short-tailed animal, to a large, more slenderly and gracefully shaped
creature vpth a long, bushy, squirrel-like tail. In many places they
are known as "gophers," and like the real gopher, they are great
diggers, and live in burrows, into which they scurry at the least
alarm. They are gregarious and sociable, living in communities,
and in certain districts of our country are veritable pests when making
their abodes in cultivated ground. Very active and industrious,
they lay up great stores of food against the winter, and in spite of
their troublesome propensities, are pleasing objects in a landscape,
as they flit over the ground waving their bushy tails, or sit upright

CITELLUS. 139

at the mouths of their burrows, vigilant watchmen of danger's
approach. The different species are striped, spotted, or otherwise
marked in various colors, and some are exceedingly pretty creatures.

36. Citellus.

T 1-1- piz£- M 2=3 _ 22
!-,_,. ^-,-j. M-3_3- 22-

Citellus Oken, Lehrb. der Zool., n, 1816, p. 842. Type Mus citellus

Linnaeus.

Spermophilus F. Cuv., Mem. Mus., vi, 1825, p. 293.
Spermatophilus Wagl., Syst. Av. Amphib., 1830, p. 22.
Citilhis Lichten., Darst. neuer oder wenig bekannt. Saugeth., Heft

5, 1827-34, pi. xxxi, fig. 2.
Colobotis Brandt, Bull. Classe Phys-math. Acad. Imp. Scien. St.

Petersb., n, 1844, p. 365.
Otospermophilus Brandt, Bull. Classe Phys-math. Acad. Imp.

Scien. St. Petersb., n, 1844, p. 379.
Otocolobus Brandt, Bull. Classe Phys-math. Acad. Imp. Scien. St.

Petersb., n, 1844, p. 382.

Ictidomys Allen, Mon. N. Am. Rod., 1877, p. 821.
Spermophilopsis Blasius, Tag. Deut. Nat. Vers., 1884, p. 324.
Ammospermophilus Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vn, 1892, p. 27.
Xerospermophilus Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vn, 1892, p. 27.
Calospcrmophilns Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., n, 1897, p. 189

(note).

FIG. 23. CITELLUS "AMMOSPERMOPHILUS) H. SAXICOLA.
No. 59869 U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. Nat. size.

140 CITELLUS.

Body rather slender; tail either long, moderate, or short, varying
greatly in its length among the different species; ears large to rudi-
mentary, not tufted; cheek pouches large; skull variable, short and
broad like Sciurus, or long and narrow; postorbital processes strong,
with a downward direction; antorbital foramen circular, with a well-
developed tubercle on outer lower border.

KEY TO THE SUBGENEKA.

A. Coronoid process of mandible broad and heavy. PAGE

a. Nasals equal in length to the premaxillae
, . . . Ammospermophilus 141

b. Nasals not so long as the premaxillae. . .Xerospermophilus 143

B. Coronoid process of mandible long and slender,
a. Nasals longer than the premaxillae.

a/ Tail short, flat Callospermophilus 147

b/ Tail long and bushy Otospermophilus 148

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

A. Size small; tail short, narrow.

a. Upper parts not spotted.

a/ Tail beneath white on central portion. PAGE

a." Above grizzled grayish brown and vina-

ceous C. harrisi 141

b." Above pale yellowish brown and white. C. h. saxicola 142

c." Above grizzled gray C. leucurus 142

d." Above iron gray C. I. peninsula 143

e." Above grizzled gray and vinaceous . . . . C . inter pres 143
b/ Tail not white beneath.

a." Above grizzled gray and yellowish

brown C. tereticaudus 1 44

b." Above fawn color C.I. sonoricnsis 144

c." Above grizzled yellowish brown and

black C. perotensis 145

b. Upper parts spotted.

a/ Abeve reddish brown C. spilosoma 145

b/ Above russet brown, white spots bordered

with dusky C. .<?. microspilotus 145

c/ Above dark reddish or yellowish brown . . . .C. mexicanus 146

d/ Above pale reddish brown C. m. parvidens 146

B. Size large, tail long, bushy.

a. Tail not over one-fourth total length C. madrensis 147

b. Tail less than half total length,
a/ Tail not annulated.

CITELLUS. 141

a." Shoulders black, spotted with ferru- PAGE

gineous C. variegatus 148

b." Shoulders mottled with black and white,
a/" Crown speckled with black and

white, or brown, black, and white . .C. v. grammunts 149

b/" Crown dark brown C. v. fisheri 150

c." Shoulders black, crown black C. v. atricapillus 150

d." Shoulders blackish brown and whitish;

crown, sides, and nape of head black . . C. v. ruprcstris 150

e." Shoulders grizzled grayish and black. . . .C. adocctus 152
b.' Tail annulated.

a." Hind foot large C. ammlatus 151

b." Hind foot small C. a. goldmani 151

A. Ammospermophilus, Merr.

Size small. Skull broad; interorbital constriction slight; nasals
short, broad, reaching posterior end of premaxillae; first premolar
less than half the second in size; tail, one-third the length of the
head and body.

FIG. 24. CITELLUS <AMMOSPERMOPHILUSI L. PENINSUL/C.

No. 4948 Am." Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. Nat. size.

103. harrisi (Spermophilus), Aud. & Bachm., Quadr. N. Am., in,
1854, p. 267, pi. 144, Fig. i. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm.,
1901, p. 85.

HARRIS'S SPERMOPHILE.

Type locality. Not determined.

142 CITELLUS.

Geogr. Distr. Northeastern part of State of Sonora, Mexico,
to southern Utah and Nevada, into California.

Genl. Char. Ears small, tail short, black dorsal stripe wanting;
angle of mandibular ramus much\ieveloped.

Color. Above grizzled grayish brown, tinged with vinaceous
posteriorly; narrow white stripe on sides; flanks tinged with pale
chestnut; orbital ring, and lower parts of body yellowish white;
tail flat, above black and white, edged with white, beneath white
bordered with black and edged with white. Some specimens exhibit
little or no difference between the upper and lower sides of the tail.

Measurements. Total length, 260; tail vertebrae, 88; hind foot,
41. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 39.5; Hensel, 32; zygomatic width,
23; interorbital width, 10; palatal length, 19; length of upper molar
series, 8.

a. — saxicola (Spermophilus}, Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896,

p. 444. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 86.
ROCK SPERMOPHILE.

Type locality. Tinajas Atlas, Gila Mountains, Yuma County,
Arizona.

Geogr. Distr. State of Sonora, Mexico, north to Gila Mountains,
southwestern Arizona.

Genl. Char. Colors pallid ; tail rather long.

Color. Like C. harrisi, but all hues much paler, and tail longer.
Above grayish brown, all the hairs tipped with yellowish white
giving a grizzled appearance; a narrow whitish stripe on side from
shoulder to rump; flanks speckled with brown and rufous; shoulders
and limbs pale chestnut, hair tipped with whitish; under parts white;
tail black mixed with white and a narrow edging of the same; hands
and feet white tinged with buff.

Measurements. Total length, 245; tail vertebras, 93; hind foot,
40. (ex Type.) Skull: occipito-nasal length, 40; Hensel, 35; zygo-
matic width, 23.5; interorbital width, 10; palatal length, 20; length
of upper molar series, 8.

*

104. leucurus (Tamias), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 2, 1889, p. 20.

leucurus (Spermophilus}, Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p.

86.
WHITE-TAILED SPERMOPHILE.

Type locality. San.Gorgonio Pass, Riverside County, California.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California, Mexico, to California, Utah,
Arizona, and New Mexico.

Genl. Char. Smaller than C. harrisi, tail shorter, below white.

CITELLUS. 143

Color. Above grizzled gray, vinaceous on head and rump; out-
side of legs salmon; white stripe on side of back; under parts white;
tail above iron gray, with indistinct white border, beneath white,
bordered with black.

Measurements. Total length, 209; tail vertebrae, 69; hind foot,
38. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 40.5; Hensel, 18; zygomatic width,
23.5; interorbital width, 9.5; palatal length, 18; length of upper
molar series, 6.

a. — peninsulce (Tamias), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1893,

p. 197.
LOWER CALIFORNIA SPERMOPHILE.

Type locality. San Telmo, Lower California, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California, Mexico, range unknown.

Genl. Char. Color darker than C. harrisi; tail very short.

Color. Upper part of back gray; top of head and lower back
dusky or reddish brown; outside of arms and thighs reddish cinna-
mon; lateral stripe and under parts white; tail above iron gray,
beneath white with subapical black band.

Measurements. Total length, 213; tail vertebrae, 50; hind foot,
35. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 41.5; Hensel, 34; zygomatic width,
24; interorbital width, 10; length of nasals, 10; palatal length, 19.5;
length of upper molar series, 7; length of mandible, 19; length of
lower molar series, 6.

105. interpres (Tamias), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1890, p. 21.

intcrpres (Spermophilus} Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 86.
TRADER SPERMOPHILE.

Type locality. El Paso, El Paso County, Texas.

Geogr. Distr. State of Chihuahua, Mexico, north to Utah.

Genl. Char. Similar to C. leucurus; tail long; lateral hairs with
•two black bands.

Color. Winter Pelage. Above grizzled gray tinged with vina-
ceous; shoulder, hips, outer surface of legs ochraceous buff; white
stripe on eyelids and on each side of back; under parts white; tail
above grizzled gray tinged with fulvous, edge whitish, beneath
white.

Measurements. Total length, 226; tail vertebrae, 80; hind foot, 37.

B. Xerospermophilus.

Siz.e small. Skull short, broad; interorbital constriction con-
siderable; nasals not reaching posterior ends of premaxillae. First
molar one-third the size of second. Tail one-third the length of
body and head.

144

CITELLUS.

FIG. 25. CITELLUS I.XEROSPERMOPHILUS) s. MICROSPILOTUS.

No. 703 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. Nat. size.

UPPER TOOTH ROW. LOWER TOOTH ROW.

Enlarged 4 times. Enlarged 4 times.

106. tereticaudus (Spennophilus), Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p.

315. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 98.
ROUND-TAILED SPERMOPHILE.

Type locality. Old Fort Yuma, San Diego County, California.

Geogr. Distr. Central California to Lower California, Arizona,
and State of Sonora, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Tail as long as four-fifths head and body; no spots
on body ; feet broad, soles hairy.

Color. Above grizzled gray and yellowish brown ; beneath brown-
ish white; tail like back, brown at end, tip yellowish.

Measurements. Total length, 248; tail vertebrae, 112; hind foot,
35. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 37; Hensel, 29; zygomatic width,
23; interorbital width, 9; palatal length, 17; length of upper molar
series, 7.

•

a. — sonoriensis (Spermophilus}, Ward, Amer. Nat., xxv, 1891, p.

158.
SONORAN SPERMOPHILE.

Type locality. Hermosillo, State of Sonora, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Sonora, range unknown.

Genl. Char. Similar to C. cryptospilotus: body without spots.

Color. Upper parts fawn color, hairs ringed with black, straw
yellow, and walnut brown, and tipped with cream buff; sides paler

CITELLUS. 145

fawn; under parts and inner sides of legs and hind feet white, the
last washed with rufous; tail above at base like back, remainder
fawn color bordered with black and fringed with whitish rufous,
beneath pale rufous.

Measurements. Total length, 220; tail vertebrae, 65; hind foot,
33. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 37.5; Hensel, 30; zygomatic width,
24; interorbital width, 9; length of nasals, 6; palatal length, 18;
length of upper tooth row, alveolar border, 7.

107. perotensis (Spermophilus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vm,

1893, p. 131.
PEROTE SPERMOPHILE.

Type locality. Perote, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Vera Cruz, Mexico; extreme eastern border
of tableland. Altitude 8,000-10,000 feet.

Genl.Char. Similar to C. elegans. Skull large, heavy ; molars with
broad crowns.

Color. Above grizzled yellowish brown irregularly lined with
black posteriorly; under parts, hands, and feet buffy; tail above
mixed black and yellowish brown, beneath ochraceous buff with a
subapical black band.

Measurements. Total length, 253 ; tail vertebrae, 68; hind foot, 38.

108. spilosoma (Spermophilus), Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1833, p.

40. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 96.

mexicanus, Aud. & Bachm., Quad. N. Am., in, 1853, p. 42, pi.

cix.
SPOTTED SPERMOPHILE.

Type locality. "That part of California that adjoins Mexico."
Western Texas?

Geogr. Distr. Janos, State of Sonora, Mexico, north into Texas
and New Mexico. Altitude, 5,600 feet.

GcnL Char. Size small ; ears very short ; tail about half the length
of body.

Color. Above reddish brown spotted with white (bordered with
black posteriorly in the young) ; under parts yellowish white ; tail
above like back, with subterminal black bar, tip yellowish brown,
beneath brownish yellow, bordered with black and fringed with
yellowish.

Measurements. Total length, 255; tail vertebrae, 75; hind foot,
32-

a. — niicTospilotus (Spermophilus), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4,
1890, p. 38. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 96.

146 CITELLUS.

SMALL-SPOTTED SPERMOPHILE.

Type locality. Oracle, Final County, Arizona.

Geogr. Distr. State of Sonora, Mexico, north to Arizona.

Genl. Char. Size medium; dorsal spots large, separate, distinct.

Color. Above russet brown; dorsal spots white bordered poste-
riorly with dusky; under parts whitish; tail above, basal half like
back, remainder mixed buff and black, bordered with buff, beneath
pale ochraceous buff, with indistinct submarginal black band.

Measurements. Total length, 220; tail vertebrae, 74; hind foot,
30. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 36; Hensel, 27; zygomatic width,
21.5; interorbital width, 7; palatal length, 16; length of upper molar
series, 7.

109. mexicanus (Sciurus), Erxl., Syst. Regn. Anim., i, 1777, p. 428.

mexicanus (Citillus}, Licht., Darst. Neu. Saugeth., 1830, pi. 31,
Fig. 2. (ex Toluca.)

mexicanus (Spermophilus}, Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 98.
MEXICAN SPERMOPHILE. Urion, Huron, in Mexico.

Type locality. Toluca, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. South central Mexico.

Genl. Char. Tail about half as long as body; ears short; size
medium.

Color. Above dark yellowish to reddish brown, with nine or
eleven lines of white spots; beneath yellowish white; head above
mixed white, black and yellowish; orbital ring and lower side of
cheek white; tail above black and yellowish white, bordered with
black and edged with yellowish white, beneath brownish white, bor-
dered with black, and fringed with brownish white.

Measurements. Total length, 305 ; tail vertebrae, 100; hind foot, 42.

*a. — paTvidens (Spermophilus}, Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
xvni, 1896, p. 443. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 99.
SMALL-TOOTHED SPERMOPHILE.

Type locality. Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas.

Geogr. Distr. Texas into Mexico ?

Genl. Char. Similar to C. mexicanus, but smaller; colors paler;
teeth weak.

Color. Pattern like C. mexicanus, colors paler, under parts
white; hairs of tail with two black rings instead of three, and tips
grayish instead of yellowish; back yellowish broccoli brown.

Measurements. Total length, 325; tail vertebrae, 130; hind foot,
44. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 41; Hensel, 19; zygomatic width,

*This form doubtless passes the Mexican boundary, but up to the present
time it has not been recorded from that country.

CITELLUS. 147

24; interorbital width, 9; palatal length, 19; length of upper molar
series, 7.

0. * Oallospermophilus.

Skull broad; interorbital space broad; rostrum broad, nasals
longer than premaxillae; first premolar smaller than second. Tail
less than half the length of head and body.

FIG. 26. CITELLUS (CALLOSPERMOPHILUS) MADRENSIS.

U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. Nat. size.

UPPER TOOTH ROW. LOWER TOOTH ROW

Enlarged 5 times. Enlarged 5 times.

110. madrensis (Callospcrmophilus), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad.

Scien., in, 1901, p. 563.
SIERRA MADRE SPERMOPHILE.

Type locality. Sierra Madre, near Guadalupe y Calvo, State of
Chihuahua, Mexico.

Genl. Char. "Similar to C. lateralis, but tail about half as long;
rostrum less swollen. "

Color. Fall Pelage. Above grizzled grayish; rump dull grayish
tulvous; light lateral stripe grizzled buffy gray, black stripes faint,
nearly obsolete; under parts whitish; tail above grizzled grayish
fulvous and black, beneath yellowish, the plumbeous base of hairs
showing through; hands and feet whitish.

*Some writers accord this subgenus, generic rank. It does not seem to
possess sufficient claims for this distinction.

148

CITELLUS.

Measurements. Total length, 233; tail vertebrae, 58; hind foot,
39. Skull: total length, 41; Hensel, 33; zygomatic width, 25; inter-
orbital width, 15; palatal length, 18; width of braincase above
zygomata, 20; length of upper tooth row, 8; length of mandible,
angle to alveolus of incisor, 19; length of lower tooth row, 7.5.

D. Otospermophilus, Brandt.

"Skull broad; molars small; edge of outer wall of antorbital
foramina not thickened; coronoid processes of lower jaw long and
slender; ears very large; tail long, full, bushy."

FIG. 27. CITELLUS IOTOSPERMOPHILUS> VARIEGATUS.

No. (1250) 4944 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. Nat. size.

111. variegatus (Sciurus), Erxl., Syst. Regn. Anim., i, 1777, p. 421
Nelson, Science, 1898, p. 898.

C1TELLUS. 149

macronnis (Spermophilus), Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1833, p. 41.
buccatus Licht., Abh. K. Akad. Wiss. Berl., 1827, p. 115.
LONG-TAILED SPERMOPHILE.

Type locality. "California adjoining Mexico. " State of Jalisco?
Geogr. Distr. State of Jalisco, Mexico. (J. A. Allen.)
Gcnl. Char. Size large, color dark.

FlG. XXXI. ClTELLUS (OTOSPERMOPHILUS) VARIEGATUS.
LONG-TAILED SPERMOPHILE.

Color. Above mixed black and brownish gray; crown black; lips
and chin ferrugineous ; under parts ferrugineous varied with black ;
tail black washed with white, with an irregular black border edged
with whitish, and subapical black band.

Measurements. Total length, 470-485; tail vertebrae, 178; to
end of hairs, 216; hind foot, 56-63. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 65;
Hensel, 53; zygomatic width, 39.5; interorbital width, 16.5; palatal
length, 31 ; length of upper molar series, 13.5.

(i. — grannnurus (Sciurus], Say, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., n,
1823, p. 72.

couchi Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1855, p. 311, pi. Si.

grammurus (Spermophilus) Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 88.
BUSHY-TAILED SPERMOPHILE.

Type locality. Purgatory Creek, Colorado, lat. 37° 32'; long.
103° 30'-

Geogr. Distr. State of Sonora, Mexico, north to Parks of Central
Colorado.

Genl. Char. Tail long, full, bushy; ears large; body large, stout;
soles of feet smooth.

Color. Crown speckled black and white, or brown, black and
white; above gray, mottled with brownish white and black, washed
posteriorly with brown; sides of neck and flanks purer gray; inside
of limbs brownish white or buff; under parts pale yellowish white;

150 CITELLUS.

hands and feet gray or buff; tail grayish white and black above,
beneath with sometimes central area buff but usually like upper part.
Measurements. Total length, 530; tail vertebrae, 200; hind foot,
60. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 57; Hensel 45; zygomatic width,
36; interorbital width, 10; length of upper molar series, 6.

b. — fisheri (Spermophilus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vin,

1893, p. 133. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 88.
FISHER'S SPERMOPHILE.

Type locality. Kern Valley, twenty-five miles above Kernville,
Tulare County, California.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California, Mexico, central and southern
California to western border of Nevada.

Genl. Char. Like C. v. beecheyi, but paler; white shoulder stripes
longer.

Color. Similar to C. v. beecheyi, but sides of neck and shoulder
stripes silvery white; body spotted on sides with whitish bordered
with dusky; lower part of face whitish; under parts and feet buffy.

Measurements. Total length, 415; tail vertebras, 175; hind foot,
58. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 53; Hensel, 43; zygomatic width,
32.5 ; interorbital width, 8.5 ; palatal length, 25 ; length of upper molar
series, u.

c. — atrieapillus (Spermophilus), Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Scien.,

2d Ser., n, 1889, p. 26.
BLACK-HEADED SPERMOPHILE.

Type locality. Comondu, Lower California, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California. Northern Mexico (?)

Genl. Char. Crown black, scapular region blackish.

Color. Similar to C. v. grammurus, but crown black (varying in
extent); orbital ring white;- neck, scapulars, and interscapulars black,
mixed with white and buff; rest of upper parts mixed buff and black;
sides grayish or buffy white; under parts whitish; hands and feet
buff; tail black above, the hairs tipped with buff at base and whitish
on remaining portions, and edged with white, beneath black washed
with white.

Measurements. Total length, 535; tail, 235; hind foot, 50;
(skin.)

d. — rupestris (Citellus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1903, p. 595.
ROCK SPERMOPHILE.

Type locality. Rio Sestin, State of Durango, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to C. v. grammurus, but larger, and crown
and nape black.

CITELLUS. 151

Color. Front, top, and sides of head black; nose and eyes grayish
brown ; white patch above and below eye ; upper parts mixed blackish
brown and whitish, darkest on anterior half of dorsal region and
suffused with yellowish brown; sides paler and grayer; throat, upper
breast, and axial region ochraceous buff; rest .of under parts yellowish
buff; fore feet yellowish gray; hind feet more strongly yellow; ear
black; tail above grizzled black and white, the hairs ringed with
black and whitish and tipped with white, beneath pale yellowish
white, margined on each side with three black bands, the outer one
the broadest.

Measurements. Total length, 520; head and body, 279; tail ver-
tebrae, 241; hind foot, 64; ear, 25. Skull: total length, 66; zygo-
matic width, 40; length of nasals, 23 ; length of upper tooth row, 13.

112. annulatus (Spermophilus}, Aud. & Bachm., Jour. Acad. Nat.

Scien. Phil., vin, 1842, p. 319.
RING-TAILED SPERMOPHILE.

Type locality. None given; probably western Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Plains of State of Colima, and Territorio de Tepic,
western Mexico; extent of range unknown.

Genl. Char. Body squirrel-like; tail long, rather bushy, ringed;
ears broad and rather high, rounded; claws short, curved; pelage
coarse, stiff.

Color. Top of head black, speckled with deep buff; entire upper
parts and sides mixed black and pale yellow; sides of head, neck,
outer surface of arms and hands, legs, and feet reddish brown, nearly
chestnut; inner side of thighs, and under parts straw yellow; basal
portion of hairs on abdomen black; tail at base like back, rest of
upper part alternately banded with black and pale yellow, beneath
reddish cinnamon, with a narrow interrupted black border edged
with yellow.

Measurements. Total length, 405 ; tail vertebrae, 200 ; hind foot, 5 7 .

a. — goldmani (Spermophilus}, Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv,

1902, p. 69.
GOLDMAN'S SPERMOPHILE.

Type locality. Santiago, Territorio de Tepic, Mexico.

Genl. Char. "Similar to (C.) annulatus, but hind foot smaller
(averaging 52.5 instead of 56.5); whitish eyelids clearer and more
distinct; ferrugineous of face, neck, thighs, and tail less extensive and
usually less intense."

Measurements. "Type. Total length, 430; tail vertebrae, 216;
hind foot, 52." (Merr., 1. c.)

152 CITELLUS.

113. adocetus (Citellus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1903, p. 79.
PLAIN-TAILED SPERMOPHILE.

Type locality. La Salada, 40 miles south of Uruapan, State of
Michoacan, Mexico.

Gcnl. Char. Near C. annulatits, but smaller; tail without rings:
pelage harsh; ears short, tail long. Skull has broader jugal, and
broad frontal; long postorbital processes decurved.

Color. Upper parts grizzled grayish and black, top of head
darker; superciliary stripe buffy, sometimes washed with pale ful-
vous ; buffy band under eye ; under parts yellowish buff ; occasionally
fulvous on throat and chin ; fore legs, hands, and feet dull pale fulvous ;
sides of neck washed with fulvous; tail grizzled black and buffy,
terminal half bordered with black and edged with buffy fulvous,
median line of distal half beneath pale fulvous. At certain seasons
the upper parts of body are dull ochraceous brown.

Measurements. Total length, 350; tail vertebrae, 156; hind foot,
48. Skull: basal length, 41 ; palatal length, 24; postpalatal length, 17 ;
zygomatic breadth, 26; interorbital breadth, 13; length of tooth row
on alveolus, 8.25; on crowns, 7.5.

The "Prairie-dogs," as their name implies, are dwellers of the
plains, where they congregate in such large numbers that their
countless burrows are known as "towns." The presence of any one
approaching one of these is immediately announed by the barking of
the "dogs," which, sitting bolt]upright at the mouths of their burrows,
by shrill staccato cries express their disapproval of the intrusion.
Not very brave are the "dogs," for when a near approach is threat-
ened, each one disappears into the nearest hole, and does not come out
again until satisfied that all danger is past. In form this Marmot is
rather chunky, with short tail and coarse short hair, the tips of
which have been worn away by constant rubbing against the soil in
their mining operations. The dentition is powerful and the fore
paws are formed for digging. The galleries in their "towns" ramify
in all directions and cover a vast extent of ground, and it would be
a useless effort to try and dig out one of these animals. They are
very animated, incessantly in motion, and when barking the tail is
jerked upward with a spasmodic action as if the creature were moved
by springs. Owls and rattlesnakes are fellow-boarders with the
"dogs" in these towns, by no means dwelling in amity, as supposed
by some, for the snakes and owls destroy the various young, those of
the "dogs" being the chief sufferers, and doubtless they would be

CYNOMYS. 153

only too happy to be rid of their unwelcome neighbors had they the
power to cause their removal. These animals seem to be independent
of water, possibly the dew that often falls heavily in the districts in
which they live satisfying their moderate needs. Prairie-dogs are
not easily caught, and when captured, are difficult to tame, the wild,
free life of the plains, causing by comparison, that of a captive
to be unsupportable. They live on seeds and grasses, and their
cheek pouches are small.

3 7 . Cyiiomys.

Cynomys Rafin., Amer. Month. Mag., n, 1817, p. 45. Type Arctomys
litdoricianns Ord.

Anisonyx Rafin., Am. Month. Mag., n, 1817, p. 45. (nee Latreille,
1807, Coleopt.)

Lipura Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm., et. Av., 1811, p. 95.

Monax Warden, Statist. Polit. Hist. Ace. U. S., i, 1819, pp.
225-228.

Cheek pouches shallow; ears rudimentary; tail very short, flat;
feet with claws on all five toes; pollex large, nail well developed;
pelage short, bristly; dentition very heavy: molars large with three
transverse grooves on their crowns ; first and second premolars nearly
equal in size; outline of molar series curved, divergent anteriorly,
approximating posteriorly; postorbital processes strong, well devel-
oped, decurved; antorbital foramina large, subtri angular, the tubercle
at end large and visible when viewed frcm above, and projecting
beyond the superior outline of skull; palate greatly contracted pos-
teriorly; occipital and saggital crests present.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Size large. Check pouches present, shallow;
palate greatly contracted posteriorly; post-
orbital processes long, pointed.
a. Tail short, flat; pelage bristly.

a/ Under parts white; tail with subterminal PAGE

bar of broccoli brown .................. C. arizonensis 154

b.' Under parts yellowish white; tail with

apical third black .................... C. ludovicianus 155

c/ Under parts pale fulvous ; tail with apical

half mixed black and white ............. C. gunnisoni 156

d/ Under parts buffy; tail with apical half

black ................................ C. mexicanus 156

154

CYNOMYS.

FIG. 28. CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS.

No. 3745 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. Nat. size.

114. arizonensis (Cynomys), Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1890, p. 305. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 104.
ARIZONA PRAIRIE-DOG.

Type locality. Point of Mountain, near Wilcox, Cochise County,
southern Arizona.

Geogr. Distr. State of Chihuahua, Mexico, into Arizona.

CYNOMYS.

155

Gcnl. Char. Size large; tail nearly twice as long as that of C.
gnnuisoui.

Color. Summer Pelage. Above vinaceous cinnamon ; below whit-
ish; tail with a narrow subterminal bar of broccoli brown.

Winter Pelage. Above pale sandy buff; below white tinged with
buff.

Measurements. Total length, 376; tail vertebrae, 84; hind
foot, 61. Skull: basilar length, 54.3; total length, 66; interorbital
width, 14; length of nasals, 25; zygomatic width, 43.5; length of
upper molar series, 16.3.

FIG. XXXII. CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS. PRAIRIE-DOG.

115. ludovicianus (Arctomys), Ord, Guth., Geog., n, 1815, 2d Am.
ed., p. 292.

socialis Rafin., Am. Month. Mag., n, 1817, p. 45.

grisea Rafin. , Am. Month. Mag., n, 1817, p. 45.

missouriensis Warden, Descrip. Etats Unis, v, 1820, p. 627.

latrans Harlan, Faun. Am., 1825, p. 306.

ludoricianus (Cynomys) Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 102.
PRAIRIE-DOG, Perrito, Perrito del Campo, in Mexico.

Type locality. Plains of the Upper Missouri.

Geogr. Distr. State of Chihuahua, Mexico, north into western
Texas and Kansas to 49th parallel.

Gcnl. Char. Body stout; tail short; ears very small; claws long.

156 CYNOMYS.

Color. Slimmer Pelage. Above reddish brown, varied with gray
and black hairs; beneath yellowish white; tail like the back with
the apical third black.

Winter Pelage. Above pale vinaceous buff, grizzled and mixed
with black ; below pale buff.

Measurements. Total length, 393; tail vertebrae, 88; hind foot,
57. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 65; Hensel, 55; zygomatic width,
47; interorbital constriction, 15; palatal length, 33; length of nasals,
23 ; length of upper molar series, 17.

116. gunnisoni (Cynomys), Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil.,

1855, p. 334. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 103.
GUNNISON'S PRAIRIE-DOG.

Type locality. Cochetopa Pass, Rocky Mountains, Saguache
County, Colorado.

Geogr. Distr. San Diego, State of Chihuahua, Mexico, into New
Mexico and Arizona to Colorado.

Genl. Char. Smaller than C. ludovicianus ; tail one-sixth length
of body.

Color. Summer Pelage. Above tawny fulvous, mixed with
black; under parts pale fulvous; tail like back on basal half, rest
mixed black and white bordered and tipped with white.

Winter Pelage. Above pale buff, mixed, with black; under parts
pale yellow to fulvous.

Measurements. Average total length, 360; tail vertebrae, 69;
hind foot, 60. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 57.5 ; Hensel, 28; zygoma-
tic width, 41; interorbital constriction, 11.5; palatal length, 28.5;
length of nasals, 20; length of upper molar series, 14.

117. mexicanus (Cynomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vn, 1892,

P- 157-
MEXICAN PRAIRIE-DOG.

Type locality. La Ventura, State of Coahuila, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern and northern Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size large. Similar to C ' . ludovicianus, tail longer and
blacker; nasals as long as distance from anterior edge of foramen
magnum to posterior edge of palate.

Color. Above grizzled buffy fulvous mixed with long black
hairs; under parts, hands, and feet buffy; tail, basal half above like
back, bordered with black, remainder black, beneath basal half buffy,
remainder black and buff grizzled.

Measurements. Total length, 419 ; tail vertebrae, 107 ; hind foot, 63.

SC1UROPTERUS.

157

The Flying Squirrels are so called, not because they are capable
of any true flight, but on account of a fold of skin attached to the
front and hind limbs and body, which when stretched by the exten-
sion of the arms and legs enables the animal to sail in a descending
line for a considerable distance as if carried by a parachute. They
are beautiful creatures with velvety fur and large, expressive eyes,
nocturnal in their habits, and live in nests or holes in trees. Their
aerial flights occur usually about dusk, and at this time in the locali-
ties they frequent, several may be seen gliding from lofty branches to
the base of a distant tree, up the trunk of which they hasten until the
top is nearly reached, when the voyager is ready for another trip
through space.

Subfam. II. Pteromyinee.
38. Sciuropterus.

Sciuropterus F. Cuv., Dent's du Mamm., 1825, p. 255. Id. Ann. du
Mus., x, 182 5, p. 126, pi. x. Type Sciurus volans Linnaeus.

Limbs connected by a furred membrane extending outwardly
from the sides, and supported by a process from the olecranon. Tail
depressed, flattened, thick; ears large; pelage of velvet softness.

FIG. 29. SCIUROPTERUS VOLANS.
No. 928 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. Nat. size.

UPPER TOOTH ROW. LOWER TOOTH ROW.

Enlarged 4 times. Enlarged 4 times.

158

SCIUROPTERUS.

118. volans (Mus.) Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 1758, p. 63; I, 1776, p. 85.
(nee Sciurus, p. 88.)

volucella Pall., Nov. Spec. Glires, 1788, p. 351.

volans (Scuiropterus'), Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 109.
FLYING SQUIRREL.

Type locality. Virginia.

Geogr. Distr. From northern border of Mexico into Guatemala,
Central America. In United States to northern New York and
southern New Hampshire; not in Florida.

Genl. Char. Size medium; winter and summer pelage alike in
color; hairs of under parts white to base.

FlG. XXXIII. SCIUROPTERUS VOLANS. FLYING SQUIRREL.

Color. Upper parts drab shaded with russet, tail slightly darker;
hands above grayish white, feet drab; black orbital ring; under parts
pure white, washed in some specimens with buff.

Measurements. Total length, 234.5; tail vertebrae, 99.6; hind
foot, 31.4. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 34; Hensel, 27; zygomatic
width, 20; interorbital width, 7; palatal length, 9; length of upper
molar series, 6.

Largest of North American rodents, attaining a weight of fifty
pounds or more, the Beaver, which at one time extended its range
over nearly all forest-covered land in the northern Hemisphere, has

CASTOR. 159

now become extinct in the majority of localities. Its skin and scent
bags were too valuable commercially to preserve it from man's
rapacity. It is probably one of the best -known rodents in the land,
and most persons have some knowledge of the beaver's house and
dam, or have seen the trunks of trees that have been cut down by
the wonderful adze-like incisors. Clothed in a dense furry coat im-
pervious to water, and provided with paddle-like hind feet and a broad
rudder-like tail, the beaver is at home in the lake or river, where
most of its life is passed. It shuns the vicinity of man, and exists
only in the virgin wilderness.

Fam. II. Castoriche. Beavers.

Skull massive, no postorbital processes, superior outline nearly
straight; molars single-rooted, with re-entering of enamel folds, and
decreasing in size posteriorly; the molar series is not parallel but con-
verges anteriorly, and the palate is arched, contracted anteriorly.
Incisors large, powerful, the lower much longer than the upper, with
chisel-like edges, and a deep orange red color exteriorly. Lower jaw
massive; angle of mandible rounded.

39. Castor. Beaver.

Tim- P!=I- M^= 20

1-i-i' r'l— I' 1Yi'3-3

Castor Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 1758, p. 58; i, 1766, p. 78. Type Castor
fiber Linnaeus.

Feet four-toed, hind feet large, webbed; upper molars subequal,
with one inner and two outer enamel folds; tail broad, flat, scaly;
molars with dentinal pulp persisting until quite late in life.

canadcnsis frondator (Castor), Mearns, Proc. . U. S. Nat. Mus.,

1897, P- 502- Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 116.
SONORAN BEAVER.

Type locality. San Pedro River, State of Sonora, Mexico, near
monument No. 98, Mexican boundary.

Geogr. Distr. From State of Sonora, Mexico, to Wyoming and
Montana.

Gcnl. Char. Size large; scaly portion of tail less than twice as
long as wide.

Color. Upper parts russet, chocolate at root of tail; under parts
grayish cinnamon to ferrugineous beneath tail; sides wood brown
varied with tawny olive; feet burnt sienna.

160

CASTOR.

Measurements. Total length, 1070; tail vertebrae, 360; scaly por-
tion of tail 290X125; hind foot, 185. Skull: occipito-nasal length,
134; Hensel, 122; zygomatic width, 97; interorbital constriction, 22

FIG. 30. CASTOR c. FRONDATOR.
No. 35883 U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. Type.

palatal length, 78; length of nasals, 46; length of upper molar series,
32; length of mandible, angle to alveolus of incisors, 96; height at
condyle, 22; at coronoid process, 52.

CASTOR.

MURID^E.

161

FIG. XXXIV. CASTOR c. FRONDATOR. SONORAN BEAVER.

The MuRiD^E is the largest family of the rodents and is cosmo-
politan, some members, such as the Brown Rat being met with
throughout the world, carried from place to place in ships. It includes
a vast number of genera, embracing both terrestrial and aquatic
animals of varied structure and habits, while the size of the numerous
species ranges from that of the pigmy Harvest Mouse (genus Rhithro-
dontomys) to that of the Musk-rat. Every land possesses its own
peculiar species, and North America has a large number indigenous
to it. They are of a great variety and are dwellers of the woods,
cultivated fields, prairie lands, swamps, lakes, and rivers, each seeking,
after its kind, localities best suited to its mode of life.

The subfamily Murince is typified by the Rat and Mouse of our
houses, and these have their representatives in other subfamilies
of many varied forms and structures. Some are possessed of cheek
pouches. The tubercular teeth have their crowns worn by constant
use to a flat surface and they then exhibit various tracery patterns,

162 MURIDJE. MURINJE. MUS.

and the consequent angles and loops shown, more readily indicate
the relationship of their owner to other forms. Members of the
Muridce have a certain family resemblance to each other, in the more
or less lengthened tail, generally naked and scaly, bright eyes, and a
modest coloration suitable for concealing them from their foes.

Fam. III. JIuri<l;i'. Rats, Mice, Voles, etc.

Premolars none; molars with or without roots, tuberculate, or
with enamel folds; lower incisors compressed; frontals greatly con-
tracted anteriorly.

Subfam. I. Murinae.

Molars rooted, tuberculate; root of under incisor creating a swell-
ing on outer side of mandible between processes of the condyle and
coronoid; descending process of mandible below the plane of the
molars. Palate nearly flat.

The genus M us, has more members than any other of the Mammalia
and its representatives are found throughout the world, except in
Madagascar, and possibly other islands whose faunae are unknown.
The habits of the various species are similar, although some are
arboreal and others even aquatic.

4O. Mus. Mice, Rats.

Mus Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 1758, p. 59; n, 1766, p. 79. Type Mus

rattus Linnaeus.

Ears large, prominent; tail long, scaly; nose acute; molars with
transverse series of tubercles, three in a series, longitudinal.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

A. Size small ; tail moderately long. PAGE

a. Pelage above grayish brown and black,

beneath ashy plumbeous .................. M. musculus 162

b. Pelage above black, beneath buffy gray ..... M. nt. jalapce 163

B. Size large, tail very long, naked, scaly.

a. Pelage black on upper parts .................. M. rattus 163

b. Pelage brownish on upper parts.

a/ Under parts ashy white ................ M. norvegictis 164

b.' Under parts yellowish white .......... M. alexandrinus 164

119. musculus (Mus), Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 1758, p. 62; n, 1766,
p. 83. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 118.

MUS.

163

FIG. 31. Mus RATTUS.

No. 4670 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. Nat. size.

UPPER TOOTH ROW. LOWER TOOTH ROW

Enlarged 4 times. Enlarged 4 times.

HOUSE MOUSE.

Type locality. Sweden.

Geogr. Distr. Cosmopolitan.

Genl. Char. Tail longer than body; soles naked; size small.

Color. Above grayish brown, lined with blackish; beneath ashy
plumbeous, tinged with reddish; tail dusky; feet ashy brown.

Measurements. Total length, 170; tail vertebrae, 83; hind foot,
18; ear, 13.5. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 20; Hensel, 15; zygo-
matic width, 10; interorbital constriction, 3.5; length of nasals, 6;
palatal length, 8; length of upper tooth row, 3.

a. — jalapce (Mus), Allen & Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1897, p. 198.
JALAPA HOUSE MOUSE.

Type locality. Jalapa, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Vera Cruz, Mexico, range unknown.

Genl. Char. General hue dark, dorsal band broad.

Color. Above black ; sides mouse color ; under parts buffy gray ;
tail black; feet and ears brown.

Measurements. Total length, 164; tail vertebrae, 82; hind foot,
18; ear, 14.

120. rattus (Mus), Linn., Syst. Nat., r, 1758, p. 61; i, 1766, p. 83.
Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 117.

164

MUS.

FIG. XXXV. Mus RATTUS. BLACK RAT.

BLACK RAT.

Type locality. Sweden.

Geogr. Distr. Cosmopolitan.

Genl. Char. Tail little longer than head and body.

Color. Above sooty black; beneath plumbeous; feet brown.

Measurements. Total length, 368; tail vertebrae, 190. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 37; Hensel, 30; zygomatic width, 17.5; inter-
orbital constriction, 5.5; length of nasals, 12; palatal length, 16.5;
length of upper tooth row, 6.

121. norvegicus (Mus), Erxl., Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, p. 381.

Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., Suppl., 1901, p. 428.

decumanus Pall., Glir., 1778, p. 91. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm.,

1901, p. 117.
NORWAY RAT.

Type locality. Norway.

Geogr. Distr. Cosmopolitan. Introduced into North America.

Genl. Char. Tail little shorter than head and body, sparsely
haired; annuli about 200.

Color. Above rusty grayish brown; sides grayer; beneath ashy
white; tail above dusky, beneath paler.

Measurements. Total length, 310; tail vertebrae, 146; hind foot,
38. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 44; Hensel, 21; zygomatic width,
22; interorbital constriction, 6; length of nasals, 14; palatal length,
20.5; length of upper tooth row, 6.

122. alexandrinus (Mus), I. Geoff., Descr. Egypt, n, 1818, p. 733,

Atlas, pi. v, fig. i. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 118.
tectorum Savi, Nov. Giorn., 1825.

MUS. ONYCHOMYS. 165

BROWN* RAT.

Type locality. Alexandria, Egypt.

Geogr. Distr. Cosmopolitan.

Gcnl. Char. Smaller than M. norvegicus; tail considerably longer
than head and body; annuli about 240.

Color. Above yellowish brown tinged with reddish; flanks
grayish; under parts and upper surface of feet yellowish white; tail
dusky.

Measurements. Total length, 356; tail vertebrae, 198; hind foot,
35. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 43; Hensel, 34; zygomatic width,
19; interorbital constriction, 6.5; length of nasals, 15; palatal length,
20; length of upper tooth row, 6.5.

The next genus contains the Mole Mice, little creatures with a
soft, velvety pelage and rather short tails. They have usually a pale
coloration, with white or whitish belly, hands, and feet.

41. Oiiycliomys. Mole Mice.

Onychomys Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 458. Type Hypudaus

leucogastcr, Max.
Hypudaus. Max., Reise, N. Am. 1841, p. 99. (nee Auct.)

"Form arvicoline; tail less than half the body in length; claws
very large, fossorial, the anterior longest; soles with only four tuber-
cles, the two posterior of the other groups wanting; posterior two-
thirds of soles densely furred. Skull without orbital crest; the upper
margin of orbit sharp."

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

A. Tail slightly over one-fourth the total length PAGE
of head and body.

a. Upper parts tawny cinnamon and black. . .O. melanophrys 166

b. Upper parts pale cinnamon and little black. O. m. pallescens 166

c. Upper parts grayish vinaceous buff O. ramona 167

B. Tail one-third or over the total length of head
and body.

a. Upper parts yellowish brown O. iorridus 167

b. Upper parts drab gray 0. t. arcnicola 168

c. Upper parts cinereous O. t. perpallidus 168

d. Upper parts ashy vinaceous O. macrotis 169

166

ONYCHOMYS.

FIG. 32. ONYCHOMYS TORRIDUS.

No. 701 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. Twice nat. size.

UPPER TOOTH ROW. LOWER TOOTH ROW.

Enlarged 10 times. Enlarged 10 times.

123. melanophrys (Onychomys), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 2, i<

p. 2, and No. 3, 1890, p. 61. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm.,
1901, p. 120.
BLACK-BROWED MOLE MOUSE.

Type locality. Kanab, Kane County, Utah.

Geogr. Distr. State of Sonora, Mexico, north to Utah.

Genl. Char. Size of O. leucogaster ; ear a little smaller; hind foot
densely furred to base of toes.

Color. Above rich tawny cinnamon, well mixed with black-
tipped hairs on the back, and brightest on the sides; a distinct black
ring around the eye, broadest above. "This ring is considerably
broader and more conspicuous than the very narrow ring of leuco-
gaster."

Measurements. Total length, 154; tail, 41; hind foot, 21; ear
from crown, 10. Skull: Hensel, 22.3; zygomatic breadth, 15.4;
interorbital constriction, 5.2; length of nasals, 10.7; length of upper
molar series, 4.8; length of mandible, 15.7. (Merr., 1. c.)

a. — pallescens (Onychomys}, Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 3, 1890,
p. 61. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 121.

ONYCHOMYS. 167

PALE MOLE MOUSE.

Type locality. Moki Pueblos, Apache County, Arizona.

Geogr. Distr. State of Chihuahua, Mexico, into Arizona.

Genl. Char. Size large, exceeded only by O. longipes of Concho
County, Texas; ears, feet, and tail much as in O. melanophrys ; fur
full, long, and soft; orbital ring absent or inconspicuous; lanuginous
tuft at base of ear well developed.

Color. Above pale tawny cinnamon, palest anteriorly, and
brightest on the flanks and rump, not noticeably mixed with black-
tipped hairs; below pure white to the roots of hairs.

Measurements. Total length, 168; head and body, 125; tail, 45;
hind foot, 22; ear from crown, 12; from anterior root, 16.5. (Merr. ,
1. c.) Skull: occipito-nasal length, 20; Hensel, 23; zygomatic width,
15; interorbital constriction, 5; length of nasals, n; palatal length,
ii ; length of upper molar series, 4.

124. ramona (Onychomys) , Rhoads, Am. Nat., xxvn, 1893, p. 833.

Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 121.
RAMONA MOLE MOUSE.

Type locality. San Bernardino Valley, California.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California, Mexico, and southern California.

Genl. Char. Larger than O. torridus, with larger ears.

Color. Similar to O. longicaudus ; above grayish vinaceous buff,
dorsal part darker; beneath white; tail bicolor, dark above, lighter
below.

Measurements. Total length, 147 ; tail vertebrae, 48; hind foot, 18;
ear, 12. Skull: Hensel, 19; zygomatic breadth, 32.6; parietal breadth,
11.5; interorbital constriction, 5; length of nasals, 10; from foramen
magnum to incisive foramina, 13.4; length of upper molar series,
alveolar border, 3.8; length of mandible, 15; height of coronoid
process, 6.8.

FIG. XXXVI. ONYCHOMYS TORRIDUS. TROPICAL MOLE MOUSE.

125. torridus (Onychomys} , Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil.,
1874, p. 183. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 122.

168 ONYCHOMYS.

TROPICAL MOLE MOUSE.

Type locality. Camp Grant, Graham County, Arizona.

Geogr. Distr. States of Chihuahua and Sonora, Mexico, north to
Upper Missouri.

Genl. Char. Similar to 0. leucogaster; tail longer; ears larger;
colors more yellowish.

Color. General color more yellowish than 0. leucogastcr ; no
dorsal stripe; feet and under parts tawny white; tail above dusky,
beneath white.

Measurements. Total length, 70 tail vertebrae, 51; hind foot, 20;
ear, 19. Skull: Hensel, 18.5; zygomatic width, 12.5; interorbital
constriction, 4.2; length of nasals, 9.6; length of upper molar series,

3-5-

a. — arenicola (Onychomys), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xix,

1896, p. 139. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 122.
SAND-LOVING MOLE MOUSE.

Type locality. Rio Grande near El Paso, El Paso County, Texas.

Geogr. Distr. State of Chihuahua, Mexico, into Texas.

Genl. Char. Similar to O. torridus, but slightly smaller, with
relatively smaller ears and a very much paler coloration.

Color. Above drab gray, inclining to fawn color on sides; dorsal
area with very little admixture of black-edged or black-tipped hairs;
a conspicuous tuft of white hairs at anterior base of ears; dark
spot on anterior band of ear, drab (not black) ; whiskers more white
than black; under parts, feet, and end of tail white; basal two-
thirds of upper side of tail drab, some of the hairs with hoary tips.

Measurements. Total length, 137; tail vertebrae, 53 (to end of
pencil, 57); hind foot, 21. Skull: 25.5X13.5. (Mearns, I.e.)

b. — perpallidus (Onychomys), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xix,

1896, p. 140. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 122.
DRAB GRAY MOLE MOUSE.

Type locality. Colorado River at Monument No. 204, Mexican
boundary line, Yuma County, Arizona.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California and State of Sonora, Mexico, to
Gila City across Yuma and Colorado Deserts to Coast Range of
Mountains.

Genl. Char. Larger than O. torridus, with relatively larger ears,
longer tail, and a much paler coloration.

Color. Above drab gray, becoming more cinereous anteriorly;
sides and rump barely tinged with fawn color; dusky line on basal
three-fourths of tail nearly obsolete, much obscured by whitish hairs;
ears less densely clothed than in the other forms of 0. torridus, and

ONYCHOMYS. PEROMYSCUS. 169

without a well-defined dusky spot ; whiskers mostly white or colorless ;
under parts, feet, and end of tail white.

Measurements. Total length, 157; tail vertebrae, 57; ear from
crown, 16; hind foot, 22. Skull, 26 x 13.7. (Mearns, 1. c.)

126. macrotis (Onychomys), Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., in,

1903, p. 155. Zoology.
LARGE-EARED MOLE MOUSE.

Type locality. Head of San Antonio River, Lower California,
Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. San Quentin to San Antonio River, Trinidad Val-
ley and plain of El Alamo, to about 5,000 feet elevation in the San
Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California, Mexico.

Gcnl. Char. Size medium, color pale; ears and hind feet long;
tail rather long, without white tip ; no black spot on ear.

Color. Above ashy vinaceous finely lined on dorsal surface and
top of head with blackish brown, causing these parts to be darker
than the rest of upper surface; sides of body ashy vinaceous; orbital
ring black; lips, cheeks, under parts, hands, and feet pure white;
tail dusky above, white beneath; ears pale grayish brown, outer
edge blackish ; tuft of white hairs at base of ears.

Measurements. Total length, 155; tail vertebras, 55; hind foot,
21 ; ear, 20.5; Skull: occipito-nasal length, 26; Hensel, 20; zygo-
matic breadth, 13.5; interorbital constriction, 4.5; length of nasals,
7.5; palatal arch to alveoli of incisors, 10; greatest width of brain-
case, ii.

The next genus, PEROMYSCUS, contains numerous species, and is
well represented in North America, and for its most characteristic
member may be selected the White-footed or Deer Mouse, with its
various races. This little animal with white feet, large ears, subdued
coloring, bright eyes like shining black beads, and velvet fur is most
attractive. It has small cheek pouches into which it stores the
seeds and grain while on its foraging expeditions for providing a food
supply against the approaching winter; and it is not particular as to
its choice of abode, often taking up its residence in man's habitation
if situated sufficiently convenient to its beloved fields and woods.
Among the large number of species comprising this genus, there are,
as may be supposed, those of all sizes and varieties of coloration.
The most striking perhaps among them all is the Golden Mouse,
P. nuttalli, of the Central and Southern United States, with its golden

170 PEROMYSCUS.

cinnamon coat bordered with white beneath. The majority, how-
ever, are modestly dressed in the hue for which their familiar family
name has provided an appellation — mouse color, varied with shades
of black, russet, and numerous tints of yellows and browns, with
white harmoniously applied and blended. Usually the under parts
are white, as are the hands and feet also; but again these latter are
often plumbeous in different shades. They are the gleaners of our
fields and woods, often graceful of shape and always agile of foot, the
"small deer" of our land.

No careful revision of Peromyscus has as yet been made, and
until that is done, the status of many of the forms now deemed
distinct and the arrangement of the species cannot be satisfactorily
determined.

4:2. Peromyscus. Field Mice, Deer Mice.

Peromyscus Gloger, Handb. und Hilfsb. Naturg., 1841, p. 95. Type
Peromyscus arbor eus Gloger =Mus sylvaticus noveboracensis
Fischer.

Calomys Aud., Quad. N. Amer., n, 1851, p. 303. (nee Waterh.,
P. Z. S., 1837, p. 21.)

Vesperimus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1874, p. 178.

Baiomys True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1894, xvi, p. 758.

Trinodontomys Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1894, p. 257.

Haplomylomys Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvn, 1904, p. 53.

Size moderate, eyes rather prominent; face rather long, nose
pointed; ears thin, rather rounded, in some species very large. Feet
small, digits slender, palms naked; hind feet long, soles with six
tubercles; tail terete, tapering, slender, hairy, sometimes longer than
head and body, and occasionally tufted; pelage soft, frequently glossy.
Skull thin, papery; braincase broad, rather flat, superior outline
curving both ways from highest point just behind orbits ; zygomata
slender, threadlike, dipping midway to level of the palate, zygomatic
arch composed mainly of processes of the maxillary and squamosal.
Orbital foramina just above the level of the alveolus; interorbital
constriction considerable, but wider than rostrum; nasals and inter-
maxillae project beyond the incisors; auditory bullae small, thin, and
obliquely situated; lower jaw straight; coronoid very short; molar
series short, narrow, the teeth decreasing in size from front to rear;
upper molars with three roots each, the lower with two, and the un-
worn teeth have a double series of conical tubercles, which gradually
are reduced by abrasion, and the pattern varies constantly.

PEROMYSCUS.

171

FIG. 33. PEROMYSCUS FURVUS.

No. 10768 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. Twice nat. size.

UPPER TOOTH ROW. LOWER TOOTH ROW.

Enlarged 10 times. Enlarged 10 times.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

A. Size small, not over 190 mm.

a. Tail equal to or less than half the length of
the body and head,
a/ Above drab gray.

a." Under parts white, ears large P. tiburonensis

b." Under parts buffy, ears small.

a/" Smaller . . .P. musculus

175

175

172 PEROMYSCUS.

PAGE

b/" Larger P. allex 175

b.' Above dark gray buff and black P.m. brunneus 176

c.' Above Vandyke brown and blackish. ...P.m. nigrescens 176

d/ Above pale grayish fulvous, ears large P. thurberi 176

e.' Above Prout's brown P. t. mesomelas 177

f.' Above Prout's brown and burnt umber. . .P. t. castaneus 177
g.' Above dark grayish fulvous, auricular

white spot P. labecula 178

h/ Above dark grayish fulvous, no auricular

white spot P. cecilii 1 78

i/ Above yellowish brown and dusky P. melanotis 178

j/ Above cinnamon rufous P.m. zamelas 179

k/ Above yellowish brown and dusky P. spicilegus 179

I/ Above tawny.

a." Tail bicolor P. s. evides 179

b/' Tail unicolor P. s. simulus 180

m/ Above fulvous brown and black.

a." Sides ochraceous P. affinis 180

b." Sides drab gray P. a. musculoides 180

c." Sides grayish and fulvous brown P. cozumela 181

d." Sides pale fulvous P. geronimensis 181

e." Sides brownish fulvous P. dubius 181

n/ Above dark cinnamon and brownish gray P. I. sonoriensis 181

o/ Above vinaceous buff P.I. blandus 182

p/ Above russet P.I. ftilviis 183

q.' Above dark rufous P. exiguus 183

r.' Above brownish mouse gray.

a." Sides yellowish gray P. mexicanus 207

b." Sides chestnut P.m. teapensis 207

s/ Above mummy brown P. allophilus 208

b. Tail longer than half the length of the body

and head,
a/ Above gray brown suffused with pinkish

buff P. paulns 1 76

b.' Above fulvous brown and black P. cherrii 183

c/ Above rusty red and rufous P. aztecus 184

d/ Above brownish fulvous and black, head

and shoulders gray P. beata 184

e/ Above yellowish wood brown and black. .P. jratcrculns 184
f .' Above blackish brown tinged with grayish

fulvous P. propinquus 185

g.' Above ash gray and black P. anthonyi 185

h.' Above ochraceous buff P. goldmani 186

PEROMYSCUS. 173

PAGE

i/ Above cinereous pale brown P. texensis 186

j.' Above dark plumbeous slate P. t. arizona 186

k.' Above dark fawn brown P. t. flaccidus 187

I/ Above drab tinged with burnt umber P. t. dementis 187

m.' Above dull buffy P. t. coolidgii 187

n/ Above pale cinereous drab P. t. deserticola 188

B. Size medium, not under 190 mm. nor over

230 mm.
a. Tail longer than head and body.

a/ Above light broccoli brown P. tornillo 188

b/ Above bistre brown P. gymnotis 188

c/ Above olive buff P. r. pinalis 189

d/ Above pale yellowish brown and black.

a." Sides tawny P. martirensis 189

b." Sides fulvous.

a.'" Supraorbital bead well developed.

a.* Ankles brown P. banderanns 189

b.4 Ankles sooty black P. b. vicinior 190

b/" Supraorbital bead obsolete P. b. angelensis 190

e.' Above grayish cream buff P. stephensi 190

f.' Above pale yellowish gray and black P. eremicus 191

g/ Above dark yellowish gray and black. . . .P. e. phaurus 191

h.' Above pale ochraceous drab and black. . . P. e. arenarius 191

i.' Above pale ochraceous buff and black. . .P. a. pectoralis 192

j.' Above pinkish buff and dusky.". P. a. cremicoidcs 192

k/ Above mixed black and orange buff; tail

hairy, with pencil P. metallicola 192

I/ Above dark brown tinged with pale fulvous.

a." Sides ochraceous P. cedrosensis 185

b." Sides buffy cinnamon P. difjicilis 193

c." Sides tawny ochraceous P. bullatus 193

d/' Sides grayish brown and buff P. sagax 194

m/ Above fulvous and black, lateral line ful-
vous P. yucatanicus 194

n.' Above darker, lateral line cinnamon ru-
fous P. y. badius 194

o/ Above ash gray and black tinged with

fulvous P. cineritius 195

p.' Above grayish brown P. levipes 195

q.' Above mixed glossy brown and pale yel-
lowish brown P. boylii 195

r/ Above drab gray tinged with ochraceous

buff P. b. penicillatus 196

174 PEROMYSCUS.

PAGE

s/ Above grayish broccoli brown P. polius 196

t/ Above pale buffy fulvous P. grains 196

u/ Above ochraceous buff and dusky P. g. gentilis 197

v/ Above mixed buffy and brownish black P. pavidus 197

w/ Above mixed ochraceous P. madrensis 197

x/ Above sandy rufous lined with black P. eva 198

y/ Above dark brown tinged with rufous P. nudipes 198

z.' Above pale yellowish gray and black P. merriami 198

za. 'Above cream buff and black P. hemionotis 199

zb. 'Above ochraceous buff and black.

a." Tail above wood brown P. gaurus 199

b." Tail above black P. homochroia 200

zc.7 Above pinkish buff and black P. oresterus 200

C. Size large, not under 230 mm. in total length ; ears large,
a. Tail more than half the length of head and body.

a.' Above cinereous gray lined with black P. leucurus 200

b/ Above pale brown tinged with buff P.I. gadovi 201

c/ Above gray tinged with fulvous P. melanophrys 201

d.' Above darker, tawny band on breast. . . .P. m. zamora 202

e/ Above tawny ochraceous and black. . .P.m. consobrinus 202

f/ Above grayish fawn and black P. xenurus 202

g/ Above grayish brown, face tawny P. zelotes 203

h.7 Above light brownish gray and black P. insignis 203

i/ Above dark gray brown and black.

a." Sides yellowish brown P. calijornicus 203

b." Sides buffy ochraceous P. hylocetes 204

c." Sides brownish fulvous.

a.'" Total length, 238 mm P. Upturns 204

b/" Smaller and paler P. lophurus 204

c.'" Miniature of P. lophurus P. simulatus 205

d." Sides grayish brown P. jelipensis 205

j.' Above uniform clay color P. ampins 205

k.' Above fulvous and black.

a." Cheeks and sides buffy fulvous P. tehuantepecus 206

b/7 Cheeks and sides pale rufous P. oaxacensis 206

c." Cheeks and sides golden fulvous P. comptus 206

1.' Above dusky seal brown P. m. orizabce 207

m/ Above grayish fulvous and black P.m. saxatilis 207

n/ Above dusky brown, almost black. . . .P.m. totontepecus 208
o.' Above grayish brown and black.

a/7 Sides pale fulvous, upper lip gray P. auritus 209

b/7 Sides reddish fulvous, upper lip black P. furvus 208

p.7 Above dusky P. zarhynchus 209

PEROMYSCUS. 175

PAGE

q.' Above fulvous brown P. z. cristobalcnsis 209

r.' Rostrum elongated, bullae small.

a." Above fulvous chestnut and black P. megalops 210

b." Smaller and darker.

a/" Tail unicolor P. melanocarpus 210

b/" Tail with white line beneath P. altilaneus 210

c." Above blackish gray P. guatemalensis 211

d." Above sooty brown P. cacabatus 211

b. Tail nearly two-thirds the length of head and

body. Ears large P. mecisturus 212

127. tiburonensis (Pe romyscus) , Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,

1897, P- 720-
ISLAND OF TIBURON MOUSE.

Type locality. Tiburon Island, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Known only from type locality.

Genl. Char. Size very small; ears nearly naked.

Color. Upper parts drab gray and black; sides ochraceous cin-
namon; under parts white; tail blackish brown; hands and feet
white; ears dark brown.

Measurements. Total length, 175; tail vertebrae, 85; hind foot,
19; ear, 16. Skull: total length, 24; greatest width, 12. (Mearns,
I.e.)

*127a. allex (Peromyscus} , Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvn,

1904, p. 76.
DWARF MOUSE.

Type locality. Colima, State of Colima, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Like P. musculus, but smaller; nasals short; bullae
very small.

Color. Exactly like P. musculus.

Measurements. Total length, 113; tail vertebrae, 47; hind foot,
14; ear from notch, 9.7. Skull: greatest length, 18.4; Hensel, 14.6;
zygomatic width, 9.6; interorbital constriction, 3.2; length of nasals,
6.3; interparietal, 5.5 X 1.3; palate, 3; length of upper molar series, 3.

128. musculus (Sitomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vm, 1892,

p. 170.
COLIMA CITY MOUSE.

Type locality. Near Colima City, State of Colima, Mexico.
Geogr. Distr. States of Colima and Jalisco, Mexico.
Genl. Char. Similar to P. taylori, but lighter and larger.

*Descriptions of numerous forms of Peromyscus by Mr. Osgood (1. c.) were
published too late to be included here in their regular numerical order.

176 PEROMYSCUS.

Color. Above drab gray and black, tinged with tawny; under
parts buffy; tail above like back, beneath paler.

Measurements. Total length, 123; tail vertebrae, 48; hind foot,
17 ; ear, 5.5 (dried skin).

a. — brunneus (Peromyscus), Allen & Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.

Nat. Hist., 1897, p. 203.
JALAPA BROWN MOUSE.

Type locality. Jalapa, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Vera Cruz, Mexico; range unknown.

Genl. Char. Smaller than P. musculus, and darker.

Color. Upper parts drab gray thickly flecked with buff, tinged
with rufous, and varied with black; sides similar but paler; under
parts yellowish; ears dark brown; tail above dark brown, beneath
paler; hands and feet whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 121; tail vertebrae, 48; hind foot,
15; ear, 13. Skull: total length, 15; basal length, 12.5; zygomatic
breadth, n; interorbital constriction, 4; length of nasals, 7.5; palatal
length, 7 ; length of upper tooth row, 3.2. (ex Type.)

b. — nigrescens (Peromyscus), Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvn,

1904, p. 76.
SOOTY MOUSE.

Type locality. Valley of Comitan, State of Chiapas, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. musculus, but darker.

Color. Upper parts mixed Vandyke brown and sooty blackish;
under parts cream buff; tail dusky above, paler beneath.

Measurements. Total length, 113-120; tail vertebrae, 40-45; hind
foot, 14.5-16. Skull: greatest length, 20.1; Hensel, 15.2; zygomatic
width, 10.5; interorbital constriction, 3.4; length of nasals, 8; inter-
parietal, 6.4; palate, 2.8; length of upper molar series, 3.2.

129. paulus (Peromysctis), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1903, p. 598.
TINY MOUSE.

Type locality. Rio Sestin, State of Durango, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Smaller than P. musculus, color lighter and grayer.

Color. Upper parts gray brown suffused with pinkish buff;
under parts grayish white, base of hairs plumbeous, tips whitish;
belly sometimes tinged with buff.

Measurements. Total length, 108; head and body, 62; tail verte-
bras, 44 ; hind foot, 14 ; ear from notch, 13 ; from crown, 1 1 .

130. thurberi.

americanus thurberi (Sitomys), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
1893, p. 185.

PEROMYSCUS. 177

texanus ! medius Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1895, p. 446.

texensis medius Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 130.
THURBER'S FIELD MOUSE.

Type locality. San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California,
Mexico. Altitude, 7,000 feet.

Geogr. Distr. Region of San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower
California, Mexico, north into southern California to Colorado desert
at least.

Genl. Char, General color pale grayish fulvous lined with black.

Color. Upper parts grayish fulvous, darkest on dorsal line where
it is blackish; sides fulvous; lower sides and under parts and feet
white; ears dusky, at base a tuft colored like head; tail blackish
above, white below.

Measurements. Total length, 177; tail vertebrae, 78; hind foot,
21 ; ear, 18. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 25.1; Hensel, 99.2; zygo-
matic width, 13; interorbital constriction, 4; length of nasals, 9.2;
width of braincase above roots of zygomata, 11.5; palatal length, to;
length of upper molar series, 4; length of lower molar series, 4.

a. — rnesonielas (Peromyscus}, Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvn,
1904, p. 57.

Type locality. Orizaba, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. thurberi, darker; tail shorter; hind
foot larger; pectoral spot present.

Color. Upper parts Prout's brown; under parts creamy white;
pectoral spot fawn; hands and feet white; ankles dusky brownish;
tail bicolor; ears dusky, edges whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 169; tail vertebrae, 76; hind foot,
23. Skull: greatest length, 26.5; Hensel, 20.2; zygomatic width,
13.6; interorbital constriction, 4; interparietal, 8.6 X 2.3; length of
nasals, 10.4; palatal length, 3.8; palatal foramina, 5.2 x 2; postpalatal
length, 9.1; length of upper molar series, 3.7.

b. — castaneus (Peromyscus}, Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvn,
1904, p. 58.

YOHALTUN MOUSE.

Type locality. Yohaltun, State of Campeche, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. mesomelas, but smaller; no pectoral
spot.

Color. Upper parts between Prout's brown and burnt umber;
under parts white; no lateral line; hands and feet white; ankles dusky.

Measurements. "Total length, average of ten adults, 163 (156-
169); tail vertebras, 73 (68-79); nmd foot, 21.5 (20-22). Skull of
type: greatest length, 25.3; Hensel, 19; zygomatic breadth, 13; inter-

178 PEROMYSCUS.

orbital constriction, 4; interparietal, 8x2.3; length of nasals, 9.3;
palatal length, 4; palatine slits, 4.2 x 19; diastema, 6.2; postpalatal
length, 9.5; upper molar series, 3.5."

131. labecula (Peromyscus) , Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., in,

1902, p. 143. Zoology.
WHITE-SPOT DEER MOUSE.

Type locality. Ocotlan, State of Jalisco, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. thurberi in color, but cranial characters
very different ; tail short ; skull with braincase more nearly square-
shaped than that of P. thurberi, outer edge of frontals more curved ;
interorbital constriction greater ; nasals shorter and broader anteriorly ;
palatine foramina shorter and narrower; pterygoids shorter; maxil-
lary branch of zygoma broader and heavier; pelage soft, thick.

Color. Above dark grayish fulvous; top of nose grayish buff;
conspicuous white spot at posterior base of ears; shoulders mixed
buff and black ; lateral line from upper lip to thigh tawny ochraceous ;
lips and under parts white; thighs like sides; arms, hands, and feet
white; tail hairy, above black, sides and beneath white.

Measurements. Total length, 144; tail, 57; hind foot, 18. (Skin.)
Skull: greatest length, 25; Hensel, 20; zygomatic width, 13; mastoid
width, ii ; length of nasals, 10; greatest width of rostrum, 4; palatal
length, 4; length of upper tooth row, 4.

132. cecilii (Peromyscus), Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th Ser.,

xi, 1903, p. 486.
CECIL'S MOUSE.

Type locality. Santa Barbara Camp, southern slope of Mt. Ori-
zaba, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. Altitude, 12,500 feet.

Genl. Char. Size small; ears medium; tail heavily haired.

Color. Upper parts dark grayish fulvous, dorsal area heavily
lined with black; sides dull fulvous brown; under parts dull gray;
tail black above, white on sides and beneath; hands and feet dull
whitish, ankles dusky; ears black with white edges.

Measurements. Total length, 169; tail vertebrae, 75; hind foot,
20; ear, 18. Skull: greatest length, 26.5; basilar length, 20; nasals,
11X3; interorbital constriction, 3.9; palatal length, 10.9; palatal
foramina, 5.8x2; length of upper molar series, 3.7.

133 melanotis (Peromyscus), Allen & Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus.

Nat. Hist., 1897, p. 203.
BLACK-EARED FIELD MOUSE.

Type locality. Las Vigas, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

PEROMYSCUS. 17!!

Genl. Char. Similar to P. rufinus ; colors paler, ears larger.

Color. Above yellowish brown, with a tinge of reddish, darkest
on dorsal line; sides brighter; under parts and feet white; tail black
above, rest white; ears black, edged with white.

Measurements. Total length, 160-164; tail vertebrae, 66-71; hind
foot, 20; ear, 20. Skull: total, length, 27; basal length, 22; zygo-
matic breadth, 14; interorbital constriction, 4; length of nasals, 11.5;
palatal length, n ; length of upper tooth row, 4. (Type.)

a. — zamelas (Peromyscus), Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvn,

1904, p. 59.
JET MOUSE.

Type locality. Colonia Garcia, State of Chihuahua, Mexico. Alti-
tude, 6,700 feet.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. mclanotis, but more sooty; size small.

Color. Broad black stripe from top of head to base of tail ; sides
dark cinnamon rufous suffused with sooty; orbital ring and base of
whiskers black; sides of face sooty; patch below eye and lateral
line rufous; under parts white, plumbeous under fur showing; tail
above black, beneath white; hands and feet white.

Measurements. Total length, 160; tail vertebras, 63; hind foot,
20. Skull: greatest length, 25.9; Hensel, 19.3; zygomatic width, 13;
interorbital constriction, 4; interparietal, 8x2.2; length of nasals,
ii ; palatal length, 3.8; palatine foramina, 5.3X2.1 ; postpalatal length,
8.5; length of upper molar series, 3.3.

134. spicilegus (Peromyscus) , Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1897, p. 50.
JALISCO SMALL-EARED MOUSE.

Type locality. Mineral San Sebastian, Mascota, State of Jalisco,
Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Jalisco, Mexico; range unknown.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. floridanus; ears smaller, tail longer.

Color. Above yellowish brown and dusky, darkest on dorsal line ;
sides yellowish; lateral line ochraceous; under parts white; outer
surface of arms to wrist fulvous; tarsus dusky, hands and feet white;
ears dusky; tail above brown, beneath white.

Measurements. Total length, 188; tail vertebrae, 92; hind foot,
20. Skull: total length, 28; basal length, 22; interorbital constric-
tion, 5; length of nasals, 10. (ex Type.)

a. — evides (Peromyscus), Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvn.,

1904, p. 64.
JUQUILA MOUSE.

Type locality. Juquila, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

180 PEROMYSCUS.

GcnL Char. Similar to P. spicilegus; dusky area on hind foot
from ankle to base of toes. Skull heavier; teeth larger.

Color. Upper parts tawny mixed with dusky; orbital ring and
base of whiskers black; pectoral spot tawny; under parts creamy
white; tail above blackish, below white; forearm sooty to wrist;
hands white; ankle and proximal half of foot above sooty.

Measurements. Average of five adults: Total length, 211; tail
vertebrae, 106; hind foot, 25. Skull: greatest length, 29; Hensel,
22; zygomatic width, 14.4; interorbital constriction, 4.6; interparietal
9.3X3.2; length of nasals, 11.5; palate, 4.7; postpalatal length, 9.1;
length of upper molar series, 5.

b. — simulus (Peromyscus) , Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvii,

1904, p. 64.
MIMIC MOUSE.

Type locality. San Bias, Territorio de Tepic, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. spicilegus. Skull smaller; nasals shorter.

Color. Upper parts cinnamon rufous; dorsal area darker; under
parts white; pectoral spot rufous; tail bicolor; hands and feet white;
ankles dusky.

Measurements. Average of three adults: Total length, 208; tail
vertebras, in; hind foot, 23. Skull: greatest length, 26.3; Hensel,
20.3; zygomatic width, 14; interorbital constriction, 4.1; length of
nasals, 9.4; palate, 3.6; postpalatal length, 9.4; length of upper
molar series, 3.8.

135. affinis (Hesperomys}, Allen, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1891, p. 195.
ALLIED FIELD MOUSE.

Type locality. Barrio, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Southeastern Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. melanophrys, but darker.

Color. Above mixed fulvous brown and black, dorsal area dark-
est; flanks fulvous; under parts white tinged with yellow; ears
brownish with white edges; hands and feet white; tail above brown,
beneath paler.

Measurements. Total length, 157-171; tail vertebrae, 76-83;
hind foot, 19.8; ear, 4.5. Skull: total length, 26.4; basal length, 25.9;
length of nasals, 11.4; length of mandible, 16; height at angle, 6.4.
(ex Type.)

a. — musculoides (Peromyscus'), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn,

1898, p. 124.
ALLIED HOUSE MOUSE.

Type locality. Cuicatlan, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

PEROMYSCUS. 181

Gcogr. Distr. State of Oaxaca, Mexico; range unknown.
Genl. Char. Size small; similar to Mus miiscnlns.
Color. Above drab gray, sides brownish; sides of nose, lips, under
parts, hands, and feet white; tail brownish above, white beneath.
Measurements. Total length, 187 ; tail vertebrae, 88; hind foot, 2.5.

136. cozumelte (Peromyscus}, Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiv,

1901, p. 103.
ISLAND OF COZUMEL MOUSE.

Type locality. Island of Cozumel, Yucatan, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size medium; ears large; similar to P. affinis.

Color. Above from grayish to fulvous brown; beneath white;
tail brownish dusky above, whitish beneath ; wrists and ankles dusky ;
hands and feet whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 180; tail vertebrae, 80; hind foot, 23.

137. geronimensis (Pcromyscus) , Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1898, p. 156.
SAN GERONIMO ISLAND FIELD MOUSE.

Type locality. San Geronimo Island, Lower California, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California, Mexico; Island form.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. texensis; size larger.

Color. Above fulvous brown and black, darker dorsal band per-
ceptible; sides pale fulvous; under parts white; tail above dusky,
sides beneath whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 175; tail vertebrae, 83; hind foot,
20. Skull: total length, 25; basal length, 21; mastoid breadth, n;
interorbital constriction, 3.8; length of nasals, 8. (ex Type.)

138. dubius (Peromyscus) , Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1898,

P- 157-
TODOS SANTOS ISLAND MOUSE.

Type locality. Todos Santos Island, Lower California, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size rather large; color dark.

Color. Above grayish fulvous brown, and black; sides fulvous;
lateral line brownish fulvous; under parts white; hands and feet
whitish; tail, basal third blackish brown, sides and beneath whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 175; tail vertebrae, 82; hind foot,
1 8. Skull: total length, 26; basal length, 21.5; zygomatic breadth,
12; mastoid breadth, n; interorbital constriction, 3.5; length of
nasals, 9.5. (ex Type.)

It'ueopus sonoriensis (Hesperomys), Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Scien. Phil., 1853, p. 413.

182 PEROMYSCUS.

americanus sonoriensis (Peromyscus) , Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm.,

1901, p. 125.
SONORA WHITE-FOOTED FIELD MOUSE.

Type locality. Santa Cruz, State of Sonora, Mexico, boundary
line Mexico and United States.

FIG. XXXVII. PEROMYSCUS L. SONORIENSIS.
SONORA WHITE-FOOTED FIELD MOUSE.

Geogr. Distr. From Zapotlan, Sierra Nevada de Colima, State of
Jalisco, north to British Columbia west of Rocky Mountains.

Genl. Char. Medium size; tail short; color pale.

Color. Above dark cinereous, mixed with brownish gray; under
parts whitish; feet brownish white; tail above dark brown, beneath
paler.

Measurements. Total length, 166; tail vertebrae, 69; hind foot,
21.5; ear, 20. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 24; Hensel, 18; zygo-
matic width, 11.5; interorbital constriction, 4; palatal length, 10;
length of nasals, 10; length of upper tooth row, 3.

leucopus blandus.

sonoriensis blandus (Peromyscus), Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,

xvn, 1904, p. 56.
GENTLE MOUSE.

Type locality. Escalon, State of Chihuahua, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. I. sonoriensis, but smaller; tail shorter.

Color. Upper parts vinaceous buff sprinkled with dusky; lateral
line vinaceous buff ; under parts creamy white ; hands and feet white ;
ankles with traces of dusky or buffy; ears whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 145; tail vertebras, 61; hind foot,
21. Skull: greatest length, 25.4; Hensel, 19.7; zygomatic width,
12.5; interorbital constriction, 4; interparietal, 8X1.9; length of nasals,

PEROMYSCUS. 183

9.8X2.5; palatal length, 3.5; palatine foramina, 5.7x2; postpalatal
length, 9.1; length of upper molar series, 3.8.

leueopus fulvus.

sonoriensis fulvus (Peromyscus) , Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,

xvii, 1904, p. 57.
FULVOUS MOUSE.

Type locality. Oaxaca City, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. I. sonoriensis, but darker. " Skull with
anterior part of zygoma heavier, more deeply notched by infraorbital
foramen."

Color. Upper parts russet; middle of back mars and Prout's
brown; under parts creamy white; ear tufts buffy or pale cream
color; hands, arms, and feet white; outer side of ankles brownish;
tail above brown, beneath white.

Measurements. Total length, 167; tail vertebrae, 68; hind foot,
22. Skull: greatest length, 25; Hensel, 19.5; zygomatic width, 12.8;
interorbital constriction, 4; interparietal, 8x2.1; length of nasals, 10;
length of palate, 3.7 ; palatal foramina, 5.6x2 ; postpalatal length, 8.7 ;
length of upper molar series, 3.8.

139. exiguus (Peromyscus}, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1898,

P- 157-
SAN MARTIN ISLAND MOUSE.

Type locality. San Martin Island, Lower California, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. t. dementis, smaller, tail shorter.

Color. Head and back dark rufous brown, darkest on upper
back, but no dorsal stripe; flanks pale rufous; upper lip, chin, and
under parts pure white; orbital ring black; ears like back; tail above
dark brown, beneath white; feet white.

Measurements. Total length, 158; tail vertebras, 69; hind foot,
20. Skull: total length, 26.5; basal length, 22; mastoid breadth,
11.5; interorbital constriction, 3.5; length of nasals, 10. (ex Type.)

140. cherrii (Hesperomys), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1891,

p. 21 i.
CHERRIE'S COSTA RICAN MOUSE.

Type locality. La Carpintera, Costa Rica.

Geogr. Distr. Costa Rica.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. nuttalli, but whiter beneath; ears
larger, tail much longer.

Color. Above dark cinnamon rufous, lined with black on the
head and dorsal region; flanks rusty cinnamon; upper lip on a line

1B4 PEROMYSCUS.

from nose, under parts of arms, legs, and body pure white; orbital
ring and line between eyes and nose black; limbs dusky brown; tail
dusky brown, naked; hands and feet dusky brown; fingers and toes
whitish; ears naked, dusky.

Measurements. Total length, 182.4-187.10; tail, 108-114.3; hind
foot, 18.3; ear, 12.7. Skull: basal length, 20.3; total length, 24.6;
interorbital constriction, 4.3; length of nasals, 9.4; length of upper
molar series, 4.6; length of mandible, 13.5.

141. aztecus (Hesperomys), Sauss., Rev. Zool., 2me Se"r., 1860, p. 105.
AZTEC MOUSE.

Type locality. ' ' Mexico . ' '

Geogr. Distr. Cape St. Lucas, Lower California, Sierra de Juan-
acutlan, State of Jalisco, Mexico. Range unknown.

Genl. Char. Coloring rich and dark, tail long.

Color. Upper parts and sides rusty red or rusty orange, extending
over the arms to the wrists and on the hind leg onto the metatarsus ;
dorsal area brownish black ; top of head not so dark as back ; sides of
lips, under parts, hands, and feet white; tail above blackish, beneath
paler.

Meas^^rements. Total length, 190; tail vertebrae, 107; hind
foot, 21.

142. beatae (Peromyscus) , Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th Ser.,

xi, 1903, p. 485.

XOMETLA MOUSE.

Type locality. Xometla Camp, Mt. Orizaba, State of Vera Cruz,
Mexico. Altitude 8,500 feet.

Genl. Char. Size small; ears large; tail longer than head and
body, well haired. Skull : supraorbital edges square ; interparietal large.
^Color. Upper parts brownish fulvous, grayer on head and fore-
quarters and lined with black on dorsal surface; sides dull fulvous;
under surface dull gray, with a buff pectoral spot ; hands and feet dull
white, ankles dusky; tail blackish above, dull white below; ears
blackish with faint white edges.

Measurements. Total length, 215; tail, 118; hind foot, 21 ; ear, 20.
Skull: greatest length, 28.2; basilar length, 21.6; nasals, 11.5X3.3;
interorbital constriction, 4.2; interparietal, 3.9x9.4; palatal length,
11.5; palatal foramen, 6.8x2.3; length of upper molar series, 4.5.

143. fraterculus (Vesperimus), Miller, Amer. Nat., 1892, p. 261.
jratcrculus (Peromyscus), Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 136.

RELATED WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE.

Type locality. Dulzura, San Diego, California.

PEROMYSCUS. 185

Geogr. Distr. Southern and Lower California, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Medium; tail longer than head and body, thinly
haired; soles naked; ears large.

Color. Above yellowish wood brown mixed with black, darkest
on median line; flanks fulvous with distinct lateral stripe; feet white;
under parts yellowish white with fulvous pectoral spot; tail above
brownish, paler beneath.

Measurements. Total length, 185; tail vertebrae, 113; hind foot,
20; ear, 18. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 25; Hensel, 18.5; zygo-
matic breadth, 12; interorbital constriction, 4; length of nasals, 9;
palatal length, 9; width of braincase, 11.5.

144. propinquus.

eremicus propinquus (Peromyscus), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.

Hist., 1898, p. 154.
ALLIED DESERT MOUSE.

Type locality. San Pablo Point, San Pablo Bay, Lower California,
Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. fraterculus, but blacker.

Color. Above mixed blackish brown and grayish fulvous; lateral
line deep fulvous; under parts white; hands and feet white; tail
brownish above, paler beneath.

Measurements. Total length, 190; tail vertebrae, 100; hind
foot, 18.5.

145. cedrosensis (Peromyscus), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1898, p. 154.
CERROS ISLAND MOUSE.

Type locality. Cerros or Cedros Island, Lower California, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. fraterculus, but darker.

Color. Upper parts brown, tinged with fulvous and blackish;
lateral line broad, ochraceous; under parts white with pectoral ful-
vous line, sometimes reaching the abdomen; hands and feet white;
ears large, pale brown; tail pale brown above, lighter beneath.

Measurements. Total length, 194; tail vertebrae, 107; hind foot,
20. Skull: total length, 26; basal length, 21; zygomatic width, 10;
mastoid width, 10.5; interorbital constriction, 3.5; length of nasals,
9.6. (ex Type.)

146. anthonyi (Hesperomys), Merr.,Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., iv, 1887^.5.
ANTHONY'S FIELD MOUSE.

Type locality. Camp Apache, Grant County, New Mexico.

186 PEROMYSCUS.

Geogr. Distr. States of Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico, north
into New Mexico.

Genl. Char. Small; tail longer than head and body; ears large;
soles naked.

Color. Above ash gray, lined with black; sides buffy fulvous;
under parts white; tail above dark brown, beneath whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 144; tail vertebrae, 80; hind foot,
18.5; ear, 12. Skull: basilar length, 20.3; Hensel, 18; zygomatic
width, 12.8; interorbital constriction, 3.9; length of nasals, 7.8;
length of upper molar series, 3.8; length of mandible, 12.9.

146a. goldmani (Peromyscus) , Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvn,

1904, p. 75.
GOLDMAN'S MOUSE.

Type locality. Alamos, State of Sonora, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. anthonyi; tail long, hairy; heel slightly
hairy.

Color. Upper parts and sides ochraceous buff mixed with black;
under parts creamy white; pectoral spot buff.

Measurements. Total length, 217; tail vertebras, 117; hind foot,
24. Skull: greatest length, 27.3; Hensel, 21.1; zygomatic width, 14.2;
interorbital constriction, 4; interparietal, 8.6x3.2; length of nasals,
9.6; palate, 4.2 ; postpalatal length, 10; length of upper molar series, 4.

147. texensis (Hesperomys), Woodh., Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil.,
1853, p. 242.

texensis (Peromyscus), Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 130.
TEXAN FIELD MOUSE.

Type locality. Rio Grande near El Paso, El Paso County, Texas.

Geogr. Distr. Southern Texas, into State of Chihuahua, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Small; tail equal to head and body; ears small.

Color. Above cinereous mixed with pale brown; lower sides, feet
and under parts white; tail above brown, beneath white.

Measurements. Total length, 106.6; tail vertebrae, 53.3; hind foot,
44; ear, 10. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 23; Hensel, 17.5; zygo-
matic width, 12; interorbital constriction, 3.5; length of nasals, 7.5;
palatal length, 9.5.

a. — arizonce.

americanus arizonce (Sitomys), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1894, p. 321.
americanus arizonce (Peromyscus}, Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm.,

1901, p. 125.
ARIZONA FIELD MOUSE.

Type locality. Fairbank, Cochise County, Arizona.

PEROMYSCUS. 187

Geogr. Distr. State of Chihuahua, north to White, Chiricahua
and Graham Mountains of Arizona.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. gambeli, but smaller; longer ears and
shorter tail.

Color. Above dark plumbeous slate; below whitish; tail bicolor.

Measurements. Total length, 158; tail vertebrae, 67; hind foot,
24. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 24; Hensel, 10; zygomatic width,
12; interorbital constriction, 4; length of nasals, 10; palatal length,
10 ; length of upper molar series, 3.

ft. — flaocidus (Peromyscus) , Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1903,

P- 599-
FEEBLE MOUSE.

Type locality. Rio Sestin, State of Durango, Mexico. Altitude,
7,500 feet.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. t. arizon®, but paler; tail longer; hind
foot shorter.

Color. Upper parts dark fawn brown, blackish on median area;
lateral line fulvous; head grayer than body; under parts pure white,
under fur plumbeous; fore legs white to shoulder; body color extend-
ing on hind leg to tarsal joint; tail above dark brown on upper third,
rest grayish white, beneath paler; ear gray brown margined nar-
rowly with white.

Measurements. Total length, 177; tail vertebrae, 79; hind foot,
20; ear from crown, 14; from notch, 18.

c. — dementis (Peromyscus}, Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896,

p. 446. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 130.
SAN CLEMENTE ISLAND MOUSE.

Type locality. San Clemente Island, California.

Geogr. Distr. Coronodos Islands, Mexico, and San Clemente
Island, California.

Genl. Char. Much blacker than P. thurberi, and of a more red-
dish coloration, save on the head.

Color. Top of head drab gray; upper parts drab, tinged with
burnt umber; ears black; feet and under surface white; tail bicolor.

Measurements. Total length, 177; tail vertebrae, 77; hind foot,
21 ; ear, 17.

d. — coolidjSii (Peromyscus), Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th

Ser., i, 1898, p. 45.
COOLIDGE'S FIELD MOUSE.

Type locality. Santa Anita, Cape Region, Lower California, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Cape Region, Lower California.

188 PEROMYSCUS.

Genl. Char. Like P. I. nebrascensis , tail slightly haired.

Color. Upper parts dull buffy, darker on dorsal line, lighter on
sides; tail brown above, white below. (O. Thomas in litt., ex Type.)

Measurements. Total length, 167; tail, 76; hind foot, 22; ear, 20.
Skull: basilar length, 19.5; greatest breadth, 13; length of nasals, 9.5;
length of upper molar series, 3.7.

e. — deserticola.

leucopus deserticola (Hesperomys), Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat.
Hist., n, 1890, p. 285, Desc. p. 287.

americanus deserticola (Peromyscus) , Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm.,

1901, p. 125.
DESERT WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE.

Type locality. Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California and State of Sonora, Mexico, and
desert regions of California and Arizona.

Genl. Char. Ears medium; tail long; pelage short.

Color. Above pale cinereous drab, slightly darker on median
line, light fulvous on sides and rump; tail narrowly striped above
with dark brown.

Measurements. Total length, 168; tail, 78.7; hind foot, 20.8.
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 25.5; Hensel, 20; zygomatic width, 12.5;
interorbital constriction, 4; length of nasals, 5.5; palatal length, 10.

148. tornillo (Peromysctis) , Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, p.

445. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 126.
Rio GRANDE WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE.

Type locality. Rio Grande, six miles above El Paso, El Paso
County, Texas.

Geogr. Distr. State of Chihuahua, north into Texas and New Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. t. arizonce, but paler, ears smaller, body
stouter. (Mearns, 1. c.)

Color. Above light broccoli brown; feet and under parts pure
white; tail bicolor.

Measurements. Total length, 192; tail vertebrae, 90; hind foot,
23; ear, 12.

149. gymnotis (Pcromyscus) , Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th

Ser., xiv, 1894, p. 365.
NAKED-EARED MOUSE.

Type locality. Guatemala.

Geogr. Distr. Guatemala, Central America.

Genl. Char. Size medium; ears long, naked; tail shorter than
head and body.

PEROMYSCUS. 189

Color. Upper parts bistre brown, beneath slaty buff; tail dark
brown above and beneath; hands and feet silvery white.

Measurements. Total length, 191; tail, 92; hind foot, 22; ear, 17.
Skull: greatest length, 30.5; basal length, 25; Hensel, 23.1; greatest
breadth, 15.4; length of nasals, 12X3.3; interorbital constriction,
4.6; palatal length, 12.4; length of upper molar series, 4.1; length of
mandible, condyle to tip of incisor, 18; height of coronoid process, 7.3.

rotrlt'iji pinulis (Sitomys}, Miller, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1893,

P- 33i.
rowleyi pinalis (Peromyscus) , Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901,

P- 135-
ROWLEY'S PINE MOUSE.

Type locality. Granite Gap, Grant County, New Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Sonora, Mexico, north to New Mexico and
Arizona.

Genl. Char. Smaller than P. rowleyi, more yellowish in color.

Color. Above olive buff, darker on dorsal region, and grayer on
head and face; hairs sepia-tipped; indistinct orbital ring; feet and
under parts pure white; tail brown above, white beneath.

Measurements. Total length, 196; tail, 104; hind foot, 23; ear,
20. (ex Type.) Skull: occipito-nasal length, 26; Hensel, 19; zygo-
matic width, 13; interorbital constriction, 5; palatal length, 10.5;
length of nasals, 9.5 ; length of upper molar series, 4.

150. martirensis (Sitomys}, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1893, p. 187.
SAN PEDRO MARTIR MOUNTAINS MOUSE.

Type locality. San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California,
Mexico. Altitude, 7,000 feet.

Geogr. Distr. San Pedro Martir and Hanson Laguna Mountains,
Lower California, Mexico. Altitude above 5,000 feet.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. truii; tail longer.

Color. Above pale yellowish brown, varied with blackish; sides
tawny; under parts white; sometimes a tawny pectoral spot; orbital
ring blackish; ears naked, dusky; hands and feet white; tail above
blackish, beneath grayish white.

Measurements. Total length, 195; tail vertebrae, 102; hind foot,
22. Skull: total length, 28; basilar length, 23.4; Hensel, 21; zygo-
matic width, 13.7; interorbital constriction, 5; length of nasals, 10;
palatal length, n; width of braincase, 13; length of upper molar
series, 4; length of mandible, 9.5; length of lower molar series, 4.

151. banderanus (P eromy sous') , Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1897, p. 51.

190 PEROMYSCUS.

BANDERAS FIELD MOUSE.

Type locality. Terro Tepic, Valle de Banderas, State of Jalisco,
Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Jalisco, Mexico; range unknown.

Genl. Char. Above pale yellowish brown, dorsal region with
black-tipped hairs; lateral line fulvous; outside of arms, under parts,
hands, and feet white ; outer side of legs grayish ; ears brownish ; tail
above brown, beneath paler.

Measurements. Total length, 226; tail vertebrae, 112; hind foot,
24. Skull: total length, 31; basal length, 25; interorbital constric-
tion, 5; length of nasals, 11.5. (ex Type.)

a. — vicinior (Peromyscus) , Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvn,

1904, p. 68.
LA SALADA DEER MOUSE.

Type locality. La Salada, State of Michoacan, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. banderamis, but darker; skull narrower;
anterior palatine foramina nearly elliptical.

Color. "Slightly darker and more vinaceous than P. banderamis
in worn or summer pelage; decidedly darker in winter pelage, with
a definite dusky median dorsal area; markings about eyes, whiskers
and ankles sooty black instead of brown; upper side of tail sooty
instead of brownish.

Measurements. Total length, 216; tail vertebrae, 107; hind foot,
27. Skull: greatest length, 31-32; Hensel, 23.3-24.1; zygomatic
width, 14-14.3; interorbital constriction, 4.8-5; length of nasals,
11.8-12.4; interparietal, 3.7x10.2-4.5x10.2; length of upper molar
series, 4.4-4.6.

b. — angelensis (Peromyscus}, Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvn,

1904, p. 69.
PUERTO ANGEL MOUSE.

Type locality. Puerto Angel, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. banderanus, but larger; supra-orbital
bead nearly obsolete.

Color. Like P. banderanus, possibly slightly darker.

Measurements. Total length, 235; tail vertebras, 123; hind foot,
26.5. Skull: greatest length, 31.3-33.4; Hensel, 23.4-24.9; zygomatic
width, 15-15.4; interorbital constriction, 5-5.2; length of nasals,
11.7-12.8; length of upper molar series, 4.6.

152. Stephens! (Peromyscus'), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1897,
p. 721. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 136.

PEROMYSCUS. 191

STEPHEN'S FIELD MOUSE.

Type locality. Canon at east base of Coast Range Mountains, in
San Diego County, California, near Mexican boundary.

Geogr. Distr. Southern California into Lower California, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. eremicus, but smaller, tail longer, and
colors paler.

Color. Above grayish cream buff; sides and rump pale ochra-
ceous buff; feet and under parts white; tail above dusky, below white.

Measurements. Total length, 193; tail vertebrae, 108; hind foot,
19; ear, 18.5. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 24; Hensel, 18; zygo-
matic width, 12; interorbital constriction, 3.5; palatal length, 9;
length of upper molar series, 3.

153. eremicus (Hesperomys), Baird, Mamm. N. Am., 1857, p. 479.

eremicus (Peromyscus), Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 136.
DESERT MOUSE.

Type locality. Old Fort Yuma, San Diego County, California.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California and State of Sonora, Mexico, into
New Mexico, Arizona, and California.

Genl. Char. Ears very large; tail longer than head and body;
palms and soles naked.

Color. Above pale yellowish gray, mixed with black; pale ful-
vous band on cheeks and sides; tail obscurely bicolor, above little
darker than dorsal region; feet whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 190; tail vertebrae, 96.5; hind foot,
22; ear, 19. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 26.5; Hensel, 19; zygo-
matic width, 13; interorbital constriction, 4; palatal length, 10;
length of nasals, 10; length of upper molar series, 3.

a. — arenarius (Peromyscus) , Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896,

p. 138. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 136.
SAND-LOVING MOUSE.

Type locality. Rio Grande, near El Paso, El Paso County,
Texas.

Geogr. Distr. State of Chihuahua, Mexico, into southern Texas.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. eremicus, without dark dorsal line.

Color. Above and sides pale ochraceous drab mixed with black;
tail above dusky drab and hoary, below pure white; head grayish;
orbital ring dusky.

Measurements. Total length, 198; tail vertebrae, 106; hind foot,
21.5; ear, 15.

b. — phceurus (Peromyscus}, Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvn,
I9°4, P- 75-

191} PEROMYSCUS.

BLACK-TAILED MOUSE.

Type locality. Hacienda La Parada, State of San Luis Potosi,
Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Middle portion of tableland in States of San Luis
Potosi, Zacatecas and Nuevo Leon.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. eremicus, but darker; tail unicolor.

Color. Shades of buff deeper than in P. eremicus and upper
parts more heavily mixed with black ; under parts white ; tail blackish
brown above and below; hands and feet white; ankles dusky.

Measurements. Total length, 176-195 ; tail vertebrae, 92-103 ; hind
foot, 21.

attwateri pectoralis (Peromyscus] , Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,

xvii, 1904, p. 59.
JALPAN MOUSE.

Type locality. Jalpan, State of Queretaro, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. attwateri; pectoral spot prominent.

Color. Upper parts pale ochraceous buff thickly sprinkled with
dusky; sides of head behind eyes grayish; a narrow black orbital
ring; pectoral spot buffy ochraceous; under parts white; tail above
dusky, beneath white; hands and feet white.

Measurements. Total length, 200; tail vertebras, 114; hind foot,
22. Skull: greatest length, 27; Hensel, 19.7; zygomatic width, 13.7;
interorbital constriction, 4.2; length of nasals, 9.9; palatal length,
3.7; palatine foramina, 4.9X2; postpalatal length, 9.4; length of
upper molar series, 3.8.

attwateri eremicoides (Peromyscus}, Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,

xvii, 1904, p. 60.
ALLIED MOUSE.

Type locality. Mapimi, State of Durango, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. eremicus, but molar enamel pattern
having accessory cusps.

Color. Upper parts mixed pinkish buff and dusky; lateral line
pinkish buff; facial region grayish; under parts pale creamy white;
tail above dusky, beneath white; hands, feet, and ankles white.

Measurements. Total length, 180-195; tail vertebrae, 102-111;
hind foot, 20-21. Skull: greatest length, 24; Hensel, 18; zygomatic
width, 12; interorbital constriction, 3.9; interparietal, 8.3X3; length
of nasals, 8.5; palate, 3.5; palatine foramina, 4.5x1.5; postpalatal
length, 8.5; length of upper molar series, 3.5.

154. metallicola Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., in, 1903, p. 245.
Zoology.

PEROMYSCUS. 193

Type locality. Providentia Mines, northwestern Sonora, Mexico.

Gcnl. Char. Similar to P. eremicus, but tail hairy and with a
pencil ; sides deep orange buff instead of pale fulvous.

Color. Upper parts mixed black and orange buff; forehead and
nose gray and buff mixed; sides of face, shoulders, sides, and rump
about base of tail deep orange buff; orbital ring black; lips and
entire under parts, hands, and feet pure white; tail above dusky,
sides and beneath white; ears brown.

Measurements. Total length, 190.5; tail vertebrae, 101.6; hind
foot, 25. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 26; Hensel, 20; zygomatic
width, 13; interorbital constriction, 4.5; width of braincase, 12;
length of nasals, 10; palatal length, 10.5; length of upper tooth row,
4; length of mandible, angle to alveolus of incisor, 10; length of lower
tooth row, 4.

155. difficilis (Vesperimus), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1891, p. 298.
TROUBLESOME MOUSE.

Type locality. Sierra de Valparaiso, State of Zacatecas,
Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Zacatecas, Mexico; range unknown.

Genl. Char. Allied to P. megalotis; ears smaller; hind feet larger;
color darker.

Color. Above dusky brown tinged with pale fulvous; nape and
shoulders ashy; sides buffy cinnamon; orbital ring blackish; under
parts white; tail above blackish, beneath whitish; hands and feet
whitish; ears large, naked, with gray edges.

Measurements. Total length, 201; tail vertebras, 103; hind foot,
25.4. Skull: total length, 29.7; basal length, 24.1; zygomatic width,
14.7; length of mandible, 18.3. (ex Type.)

155a. bullatus (Peromyscus} , Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvn,

1904, p. 63.
PEROTE MOUSE.

Type locality. Perote, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. truii; audital bullae greatly inflated;
ears very large; tail shorter than head and body.

Color. Upper parts and sides tawny ochraceous; middle of back
dusky; top of head and nose broccoli brown; sides of head grayish;
orbital ring dusky ; under parts creamy white ; tail bicolor ; hands and
feet white.

Measurements. Total length, 200; tail vertebrae, 93; hind foot,
23. Skull: greatest length, 28.9; Hensel, 22; zygomatic width, 14.5;
interorbital constriction, 4.5; interparietal, 10X3; length of nasals,

194 PEROMYSCUS.

10.4; palate, 4.2; postpalatal length, 10; length of upper molar series,
4.3; greatest diameter of audital bullae, 6.5.

156. sagax (Pcromyscus), Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., in, 1903,

p. 142. Zoology.
LA PALMA FIELD MOUSE.

Type locality. La Palma, State of Michoacan, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar in color to P. difficilis, Allen, but skull very
different; ears large; braincase broad, nearly square; interorbital
constriction considerable. Compared with that of P. difficilis, the
skull is shorter and narrower, with shorter nasals, but of about equal
width; bullae smaller and closer together, and molars much smaller.

Color. Top of head and dorsal region mixed grayish black and
buff, the former predominating; sides grayish brown and buff, with
an indistinct buff lateral line; orbital ring and spot behind nose
black, with a buff spot between this and the eye; sides of head and
shoulders buffy gray; under parts white; upper side of arms buffy
gray; thighs like sides; hands and feet white; tail black above, white
beneath; ears large, brown at base, blackish at tip, with narrow white
edges.

Measurements. Total length, 192; tail vertebrae, 107; hind foot,
22. Skull: total length, 26; Hensel, 20; zygomatic width, 13; mastoid
width, 12; length of nasals, 10; greatest width of rostrum, 4; palatal
length, 4; interorbital constriction, 4.3 ; length of upper molar series, 4.

157. yucatanicus (Peromyscus) , Allen & Chapman, Bull. Amer.

Mus. Nat. Hist., 1897, P- 8-
YUCATAN MOUSE.

Type locality. Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Yucatan, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Tail naked; size medium.

Color. Above fulvous mixed with black; lateral line bright
fulvous ; under parts white ; outer surface of limbs like back ; hands
and feet white; tail naked, unicolor, brown; ears brownish.

Measurements. Total length, 210; tail vertebrae, 100; hind foot,
22; ear, 20. Skull: total length, 31; basal length, 25; interorbital
constriction, 5 ; length of nasals, 12. (ex Type.)

ft. — badius (Pcromyscus}, Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvn,

1904, p. 70.
APAZOTE MOUSE.

Type locality. Apazote, State of Campeche, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. yucatanicus, but darker.

Color. Dorsal area and sides strongly mixed with black; lateral
line cinnamon rufous; orbital ring black; under parts suffused with

PEROMYSCUS. 195

yellow; tail above blackish brown, beneath yellowish white blotched
with dusky; hands and feet white.

Measurements. Total length, 193.4; tail vertebrae, 96.7 ; hind foot,
23.5. Skull: greatest length, 28.2; Hensel, 20.7; zygomatic width,
14.1; interorbital constriction, 4.7; interparietal, 9.2X3.1; length of
nasals, 10.4; palate, 4.2; postpalatal length, 9.9; length of upper
molar series, 4.1.

158. cineritius (Peromyscus) , Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1898, p. 155.
ASHY GRAY FIELD MOUSE.

Type locality. San Roque Island, Lower California, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Known only from type locality.

Genl. Char. Size large, colors pale.

Color. Above ash gray tinged with fulvous, with black hairs
intermixed; under parts white; hands and feet white; tail above
brown, sides and beneath whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 191; tail vertebras, 83; hind foot,
21. Skull: total length, 27.5; basal length, 23; mastoid breadth, n;
interorbital width, 3.3; length of nasals, 9.5. (ex Type.)

159. levipes (Peromyscus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn, 1898,

p. 123.
MOUNT MALINCHE MOUSE.

Type locality. Mount Malinche, State of Tlaxcala, Mexico. Alti-
tude, 8,400 feet.

Geogr. Distr. State of Tlaxcala, Mexico; range unknown.

Genl. Char. Size small; ears large; tail longer than head and
body. Similar to P. grains, but rostrum heavier, nasals longer;
bulls smaller.

Color. Above grayish brown; sides and cheeks buffy fulvous;
under parts, hands, and feet white; salmon spot on breast; tail above
dusky, beneath whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 200; tail vertebrae, 102; hind foot,
23-5-

160. boylii (Hesperomys), Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil.,

l85S.P- 335-

gilberti, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1893, p. 188.

boylii (Peromyscus) , Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 132.
BOYLE'S MOUSE.

Type locality. Middle fork of American River, Eldorado County,
California.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California, Mexico, north to California.

196 PEROMYSCUS.

Genl. Char. Body stout ; ears very large ; tail longer than the body.

Color. Above mixed glossy brown and pale yellowish brown;
hands, feet, and lower parts white ; white on sides bordered by a line
of reddish buff, which grades into the color of the upper parts; tail
above dusky, beneath white.

Measurements. Total length, 195; tail vertebrae, 101; hind foot,
23; ear, 22. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 29; Hensel, 22; zygomatic
width, 14; interorbital constriction, 4; length of nasals, n; palatal
length, ii ; length of upper molar series, 4.

*a. — penicillatus (Peromyscus*), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,

1896, p. 139. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 133.
FRANKLIN MOUNTAINS MOUSE.

Type locality. Franklin Mountains, near El Paso, El Paso
County, Texas.

Geogr. Distr. Texas, probably into State of Chihuahua, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Nasal bones of skull truncate posteriorly, and
ending in front of the posterior ends of premaxillae.

Color. Above drab gray tinged with ochraceous buff on rump
and sides; hands, feet, and under parts pure white; tail dusky drab
above, white below.

Measurements. Total length, 202; tail vertebrae, 115; hind foot,
22 ; ear, 14.

160a. polius (Peromyscus} , Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvn,

1904, p. 61.
GRIZZLED MOUSE.

Type locality. Colonia Garcia, State of Chihuahua, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. boylii rowleyi, but larger and grayer.

Color. Upper parts grayish broccoli brown; lateral line pinkish
buff; orbital ring dusky; under parts white; tail bicolor; hands, feet,
and ankles white.

Measurements. Total length, 210-234; tail vertebras, 111-120;
hind foot, 25-26. Skull: greatest length, 29.9; Hensel, 22.9; zygo-
matic width, 14.8; interorbital constriction, 4.5; interparietal,
10.5x2.8; length of nasals, n.6; palate, 4.4; postpalatal length, 10;
length of upper molar series, 4.7.

161. gratus (Peromyscus}, Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., x, 1898,

p. 123.
TLALPAM FIELD MOUSE.

Type locality. Tlalpam, Valley of Mexico.

* Dr. E. A. Mearns informs me that this mouse has been taken within a mile
of the Mexican border.

PEROMYSCUS. 107

Gcogr. Distr. State of Mexico, range unknown.

Genl. Char. Size small ; ears large ; similar to P. truii.

Color. Above pale buffy fulvous and black; side buffy fulvous;
under parts white as are also the hands and feet; tail dusky, the
sides slightly paler.

Measurements. Total length, 209 ; tail vertebrae, 114; hind foot, 23.

((. — gentilis (Peromyscus}, Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvn,

1904, p. 61.
FOREIGN MOUSE.

Type locality. Lagos, State of Jalisco, Mexico.

Gcnl. Char. Similar to P. gratus, but paler; molars slightly
smaller.

Color. Upper parts pale ochraceous buff and dusky ; sides of head
ochraceous buff; under parts white; tail above blackish, beneath
white; hands and feet white; ankles dusky.

Measurements. Total length, 194-210; tail vertebras, 103-120;
hind foot, 23-24.5. Skull: greatest length, 27.2; zygomatic width,
14; length of nasals, 9.5; interorbital constriction, 4.4; length of
upper molar series, 4.

162. pavidus (Peromyscus] , Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., in,

1903, p. 142. Zoology.
SHY FIELD MOUSE.

Type locality. Patzcuaro, State of Michoacan, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Tail long, ears large, colors dark. Skull with very
broad braincase, mastoid width being apparently the greatest;
rostrum long and rather slender, its greatest width being less than
the least interorbital width, the palatine foramina broad, their
posterior ends just reaching the anterior line of the first premolar.
Skulls of all the specimens are badly broken. Somewhat similar to
P. grains in color, but larger in all its dimensions.

Color. Upper parts mixed buff and brownish black, palest on
hind neck ; orbital ring black ; lateral line from lip to rump ochraceous
buff, sides buff; under parts white, tinged with buff on chest; arms
buff ; legs and ankles dusky ; hands and feet white ; tail above blackish
or brownish black, beneath white; ears brown.

Measurements. Total length, 238 ; tail vertebrae, 130 ; hind foot, 23.

163. madrensis (Peromyscus) , Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn,

1898, p. 16.
MARIA MADRE ISLAND MOUSE.

Type locality. Maria Madre Island, Tres Marias Islands, State of
Jalisco, Mexico.

198 PEROMYSCUS.

Geogr, Distr. Tres Marias Islands, State of Jalisco, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size large, tail long; similar to P. spicilegus, but
larger. No superciliary ridges on skull.

Color. Above and on sides pale ochraceous buff, dorsal region
darkest; under parts white with salmon spot on breast; tail above
and tip dark, beneath whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 222; tail vertebrae, 119; hind foot ,26.

164. eva (Peromyscus*) , Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ;th Ser.,

i, 1898, p. 44.
EVE'S MOUSE.

Type locality. San Jose del Cabo, Lower California, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Cape region of Lower California, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size large; tail long.

Color. Above sandy rufous, lined with black on dorsal region;
sides rufous; under parts white, base of hairs slate; hands and
feet silvery white; ankles dusky; tail above brown, paler beneath;
ear pale brown.

Measurements. Total length, 196-216; tail vertebrae, 108-128;
hind foot, 21; ear, 17. Skull: "basal length, 20.3; basilar length,
18.8; greatest breadth, 12.8; length of nasals, 9.6; interorbital con-
striction, 4; interparietal, 3.7 x 9; width of braincase at squamosals,
11.7; palate, length from henselion, 10; diastema, 6.6; palatal foram-
ina, 4.8X 2.1 ; upper molar series, 3.6. "

165. nudipes (Hesperomys), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1891, p. 213.
LA CARPINTERA FIELD MOUSE.

Type locality. La Carpintera, Costa Rica.

Genl. Char. Ears, tail, and feet naked, the first very large. Skull
has rostrum very narrow, lengthened.

Color. Above dark brown, hairs tipped with rufous; sides deeper
rufous; nose grayish; dusky spot at base of whiskers, and another in
front of eye; under parts grayish white, breast crossed by a band of
pale chestnut; hands and feet naked, flesh color; tail naked, grayish
brown, paler at tip.

Measurements. Total length, 230.9; tail, 139.7; hind foot, 28.5;
ear from crown, 20.3. Skull: total length, 36.9; basal length, 31.2;
greatest breadth, 16.5; length of nasals, 14.5; length of mandible,
22.4; height at condyle, 7.9; length of upper molar series, 5.1.

166. merriami (Pcromyscus) , Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896,

P- 138.
SONOYTA DESERT MOUSE.

Type locality. Sonoyta, on Sonoyta River, State of Sonora, Mexico.

PEROMYSCUS. 199

Geogr. Distr. State of Sonora, Mexico; extent of range unknown.

Genl. Char. Similar in color to P. eremicus; soles bare; ears
naked ; tail long and scantily haired.

Color. Above pale yellowish gray mixed with black; cheeks,
outer side of arms, and sides pale fulvous or cinnamon; under
parts white with buff spot on chest ; hands and feet white ; tail above
little darker than back, beneath paler.

Measurements. Total length, 217 ; tail vertebrae, 113; hind foot, 23.

167. hemionotis (Peromyscus) , Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., in,

1903, p. 157. Zoology.
MULE-EARED MOUSE.

Type locality. Rosarito Divide, San Pedro Martir Mountains,
Lower California, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar in color to P. stephcnsi; ears enormous; tail
very long.

Color. Nose and tufts in front of ears dark gray; top of head
and upper parts cream buff finely lined with black ; bright ochraceous
lateral line from lips to root of tail; under parts pure white, base of
hairs plumbeous showing through; hands and feet white; tail above
brownish black, beneath white; ears dark brown.

Measurements. Total length, 222; tail vertebrae, 126; hind foot,
22.5; ear, 25.5. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 27; Hensel, 20.3; zygo-
matic width, 13; interorbital constriction, 4.5; breadth of braincase,
13; palatal arch to alveoli of incisors, 10.5; length of nasals, 10;
greatest breadth of rostrum, 4; length of upper tooth row, 4; length
of mandible, angle to alveolus of incisors, n.

168. gaurus (Peromyscus), Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., in,

1903, p. 157. Zoology.
FRISKY MOUSE.

Type locality. San Antonio, San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower
California, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size large, tail very long, colors pale. Skull with
broad braincase; nasals long; interorbital space broad.

Color. Above ochraceous buff, finely lined with black; deepest
and brightest on lower back and rump, becoming grayish cream buff;
lined with black on upper back and top of head and nose, cheeks,
sides, thighs, and upper parts of arms, legs, and entire under parts
pure white, the plumbeous under fur showing through; hands and
feet white; tail above dark wood brown, beneath cream color; ears
blackish brown.

Measurements. Total length, 222; tail vertebrae, 122; hind foot,
22; ear, 20. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 27; Hensel. 21; zygomatic

200 PEROMYSCUS.

width, 14; interorbital constriction, 4; length of nasals, 9; palatal
length, ii ; postpalatal length, 9; greatest breadth of rostrum, 4;
length of mandible, n ; height at coronoid process, 7.

169. homochroia (Peromyscus) , Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus.,

in, 1903, p. 158. Zoology.
SAN QUENTIN MOUSE.

Type locality. San Quentin, Lower California, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar in color to'P. gaurus, but smaller; tail shorter,
and black above instead of wood brown; ears comparatively longer.
Skull is shorter, braincase narrower, nasals shorter and more pointed
interorbital constriction greater, pterygoids and palate narrower.

Color. Above similar to P. gaurus, beneath white with buff
patch on chest between arms; sides ochraceous; hands and feet
white; tail above black with apical third black all round, beneath
whitish; in some specimens the tail is black above and beneath; ears
brownish black.

Measurements. Total length, 185; tail vertebrae, 100; hind foot,
20; ears, 21.5. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 24.2; Hensel, 18; zygo-
matic width, 8; interorbital constriction, 3.8; width of braincase, 6.6;
length of nasals, 6.5 ; palatal length, 9 ; postpalatal length, 8.2 ; greatest
breadth of rostrum, 3 ; length of mandible, 10.

170. oresterus (Peromyscus), Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., in,

1903. P- i59- Zoology.
MOUNTAIN MOUSE.

Type locality. Vallecitos, San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower
California, Mexico, 9,000 feet elevation.

Genl. Char. Color pale; tail medium; skull with braincase and
nasals broad; rostrum heavy.

Color. Upper parts pinkish buff, lined with black on top of head
and dorsal region; line from nose to below the eye; shoulders and
upper part of sides of body pinkish buff; end of nose, lips, cheeks,
lower parts of sides of body, and entire under parts pure white; base
of fur plumbeous; tail above dusky, sides and beneath white; hands
and feet white; ears brownish black with tufts of creamy buff hairs
on basal half.

Measurements. Total length, 201; tail vertebrae, 96; hind foot,
21 ; ear, 20.5. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 26; Hensel, 20; zygo-
matic width, 12; interorbital constriction, 4; length of nasals, 9;
breadth of rostrum, 4; palatal length, 10; postpalatal length, 7; width
of braincase, n.

171. leucurus (Peromyscus), Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th

Ser., 1894, p. 364.

PEROMYSCUS. 201

WHITE-TAILED MOUSE.

Type locality. Tehuantepec, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Southern Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size about that of P. calif ornicus ; ears large; tail
long, distal half white.

Color. Above cinereous gray lined with black ; under parts white ;
hands and feet white; tail, proximal half brown, distal half white;
ears blackish brown.

Measurements. Total length, 260; tail, 142; hind foot, 25.5; ear
from notch, 17.5. Skull: greatest length, 30.3; greatest breadth, 15;
length of nasals, 11.2; breadth of nasals, 3.4; interorbital constriction,
5.1 ; interparietal breadth, 10; interparietal length, 3.9; palatal length,
11.9; length of upper molar series, 4.5; length of mandible, condyle
to tip of incisor, 18.2; height of coronoid process, 7.4.

a. — gadovi (Peromyscus) , Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th Ser.,

xi, 1903, p. 484.
GADOW'S MOUSE.

Type locality. San Carlos, Yautepec, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.
Altitude, 2,250 feet.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. leucurus, color darker, ears larger.

Color. Upper parts pale brown tinged with buff ; sides like back ;
under parts soiled grayish; chin white; hands and feet white; tail
black above and at tip, beneath white.

Measurements. Total length, 265; tail, 150; hind foot, 27.6; ear,
25. Skull: greatest length, 31.5; basilar length, 24; zygomatic
breadth, 4.2; breadth of braincase, 14; interparietal, 4.2X11.5;
palatal length, 12.5; palatal foramina, 6.6X2.6; length of upper
molar series, 4.7.

172. melanophrys (Hesperomys), Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien.

Phil., 1874, p. 181.
BLACK-BROWED MOUSE.

Type locality. Santa Efigenia, Tehuantepec, State of Oaxaca,
Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Southern Mexico, Tehuacan and Tehuantepec,
States of Puebla and Oaxaca.

Genl. Char. Size large; tail longer than head and body; ears
large. Skull : palate ending opposite last molars.

Color. Above gray, tinged with fulvous, darker on dorsal line;
sides fulvous; head gray; orbital ring black; under parts pure white;
hairs at base plumbeous; hands and feet white; tail above like the
back, beneath gray.

Measurements. Total length, 245; tail vertebrae, 135; hind foot,

202 PEROMVSCUS.

26; ear above notch, 19.4. (ex Type.) Skull: total length, 30;
width, 17.

a. — zamorce (Peromyscus) , Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvn,

1904, p. 65.
ZAMORA MOUSE.

Type locality. Zamora, State of Michoacan, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. melanophrys; tawny band across
pectoral region.

Color. Like P. melanophrys, but darker; tawny pectoral band;
tail above black.

Measurements. Total length, 260; tail vertebrae, 141; hind foot,
29. Skull: adults, greatest length, 31.3-32; Hensel, 25-25.9; zygo-
matic width, 16.5-16.9; length of nasals, 12-12; length of upper
molar series, 4.7-4.8.

b. — consobrinus (Peromyscus'), Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvn,

1904, p. 66.
KINDRED MOUSE.

Type locality. Berriozabal, State of Zacatecas, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. melanophrys, but tail shorter. Skull
with larger audital bullae; shorter and broader nasals; brain case
more bulging.

Color. Upper parts and sides tawny ochraceous thickly lined with
black; lateral line tawny; orbital ring black; sides of face grayish;
pectoral spot tawny; under parts creamy white; tail white beneath;
hands and feet creamy white; ankles dusky.

Measurements. Total length, 250; tail vertebras, 131; hind foot,
26.5. Skull: greatest length, 30.8; Hensel, 25.3; zygomatic width,
16.3; interorbital constriction, 4.9; length of nasals, n.i; palate,
4.4; length of upper molar series, 4.7.

172a. xenurus (Peromyscus'), Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvn,

1904, p. 67.
ODD-TAILED MOUSE.

Type locality. Durango, State of Durango, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Tail black, with ventral white line; large pectoral
spot.

Color. Upper parts grayish fawn mixed with black; rump fawn;
cheeks mixed fawn and gray; large pectoral spot bright fawn; under
parts white; tail black all around, except a narrow white stripe
beneath; hind feet dusky brown to base of toes, latter creamy white.

Measurements. Total length, 246-248; tail vertebrae, 140-142;
hind foot, 28. Skull: greatest length, 30; Hensel, 23.8; zygomatic

PEROMYSCUS. '203

width, 115.5; interorbital constriction, 4.9; length of nasals, 10.2;
length of upper molar series, 4.9.

172b. zelotes (Peromyscus), Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvii,

1904, p. 67.
ENERGETIC MOUSE.

Type locality. Querendaro, State of Michoacan, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. mclanophrys ; tail longer than head
and body.

Color. "Similar in general to P. melanophrys, but facial region
more suffused with tawny and the gray very much reduced ; somewhat
similar to P. levipes, but paler throughout; no trace of a pectoral
spot."

Measurements. Total length, 218; tail vertebrae, 115; hind foot,
23. Skull: greatest length, 28.3; Hensel, 21.6; zygomatic width,
14.2; interorbital constriction, 4.9; length of nasals, 10.6; length of
upper molar series, 4.6.

173. insignis (Peromyscus] , Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil.,

1895, p. 33. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 138.
SACHEM OR CHIEF MOUSE.

Type locality. Dulzura, San Diego County, California.

Geogr. Distr. Southern California, and Lower California, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size large; tail very long, exceeding head and body.

Color. Above light brownish gray, mingled with black; darkest
on back, brownest on rump and thighs; flanks ochraceous; hands,
feet, and under surface grayish white ; tail above sooty, below grayish
white.

Measurements. Total length, 233; tail vertebra?, 132; hind foot,
26; ear, 23. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 29; Hensel, n; zygomatic
width', 9 ; interorbital constriction, 4 ; length of nasals, 1 1 ; palatal
length, ii ; length of upper molar series, 4.

174. californicus (Mus), Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil.,

1848, p. 78.

californicus (Pcromyscus), Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 137
CALIFORNIA MOUSE.

Type locality. Monterey, Monterey County, California.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California, Mexico, north along the coast of
California.

Genl. Char. Size large; tail long; ears large, sparsely haired.

Color. Above dark gray mixed with light brown; sides fulvous;
under parts grayish buff; tail blackish brown above, whitish below.

Measurements. Total length, 265; tail vertebrae, 142; hind foot,

204 PEROMYSCUS.

28; ear, 26. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 29; Hensel, 22; zygomatic
width, 15; interorbital constriction, 4; width of braincase, 13.2;
length of nasals, 10; palatal length, 12.

175. hy locates (Pcromyscus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn,

1898, p. 124.
DRYAD MOUSE.

Type locality. Patzcuaro, State of Michoacan, Mexico. Altitude
8,000 feet.

Geogr. Distr. State of Michoacan, Mexico; range unknown.

Genl. Char. Tail shorter than head and body; size large.

Color. Above buffy gray, darkest on dorsal region; sides buffy
ochraceous; under parts, lips, and hands whitish; basal part of hind
foot, wrists, and ankles dusky; tail above dusky, below white.

Measurements. Total length, 238 ; tail vertebrae, 114; hind foot, 25.

176. lepturus (Peromyscus) , Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 118.
MOUNT ZEMPOALTEPEC FIELD MOUSE.

Type locality. Mount Zempoaltepec, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.
Altitude, 8,200 feet.

Geogr. Distr. State of Oaxaca, Mexico, range unknown.

Genl. Char. Size large; tail long as head and body, nearly hair-
less; molars large.

Color. Above brownish, dorsal area dusky, almost black; cheeks
and sides brownish fulvous; orbital ring dusky; under parts white;
tail above dusky, paler beneath; hands whitish; wrists, ankles, and
hind feet dusky.

Measurements. Total length, 238; tail vertebrae, 114; hind foot,
28. (ex Type.)

176a. lophurus (Peromyscus), Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvn,

1904, p. 72.
CRESTED-TAILED MOUSE.

Type locality. Todos Santos, Guatemala.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. lepturus, but smaller and paler; tail
long, hairy, penicillate.

Color. Upper parts between wood brown and fawn; middle of
back dusky; lateral line pale ochraceous buff; under parts white;
orbital ring dusky; tail sepia brown, unicolor; hands white; forearm
dusky; feet dusky brownish to base of toes, the latter white.

Measurements. Average of four adults. Total length, 208; tail
vertebras, 105; hind foot, 24.5. Skull: greatest length, 27.5; Hensel,
20.8; zygomatic width, 14.7; interorbital constriction, 4.3; inter-
parietal, 10X4.5; length of nasals, 10; palate, 4; postpalatal length,
9.6; length of upper molar series, 4.7.

PEROMYSCUS. 205

176b. simulatus (Peromy sens') , Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.

xvn, 1904, p. 72.
IMITATOR MOUSE.

Type locality. Jico, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Miniature of P. lophurus; tail long, hairy, crested;
audital bullae relatively large.

Color. Like P. lophurus; tail brown, narrow line of white on under
surface.

Measurements. Total length, 169; tail vertebrae, 87; hind foot,
21 ; ear from notch, 14.3. Skull: greatest length, 24.4; Hensel, 18;
zygomatic width, 12.5; interorbital constriction, 4.3; interparietal
8.2X3; length of nasals, 9; palate, 3.5; postpalatal length, 8; length
of upper molar series, 8.9.

177. felipensis (Peromyscus) , Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn,

1898, p. 122.
SAN FELIPE FIELD MOUSE.

Type locality. Cerro San Felipe, State of Oaxaca, Mexico. Alti-
tude, 10,200 feet.

Geogr. Distr. State of Oaxaca, Mexico; range unknown.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. difficilis, but larger and darker.

Color. Above dusky gray, blackish on dorsal region; lips, sides
of nose, under parts, hands, and feet white; flanks grayish brown;
spot on breast salmon; orbital ring black; tail above brown, beneath
whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 238; tail vertebras, 125; hind
foot, 27.5.

177a. amplus (Peromyscus), Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvn,

1904, p. 62.
CHUBBY MOUSE.

Type locality. Coixtlahuaca, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. felepensis, but paler.

Color. Upper parts clay color, being a mixture of ochraceous
buff and dusky; lateral line ochraceous buff; forehead and orbital
region grayish; under parts creamy white; pectoral spot ochraceous
buff; tail above dusky brownish, beneath white; hands and feet
white; ankles dusky.

Measurements. Average of ten adults: total length, 248 (235-
260); tail vertebrae, 136 (128-145); hind foot, 27 (26-28). Skull of
type: zygomatic width, 10.4; inttrorbital constriction, 4.5; interpa-
rietal, 10.4X3.7; length of nasals, 11.3; palate, 4.6; postpalatal
length, 10.2; upper molar series, 4.8.

•jc.f, PEROMYSCUS.

178. tehuantepecus (Peromyscus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn,

1898, p. 122.
TEHUANTEPEC FIELD MOUSE.

Type locality. Tehuantepec, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Oaxaca, Mexico; range undetermined.

Gcnl. Char. Size medium; similar to P. mexicanus, but paler.

Color. Above pale fulvous lined with black, darkest on back;
cheeks and sides buffy fulvous; under parts whitish, with a salmon
pectoral spot, and sometimes tinged with buff; tail dusky, sides
orange chrome; hands and feet whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 243; tail vertebrae, 124; hind
foot, 26.

179. oaxacensis (Peromyscus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn,

1898, p. 122.
OAXACA FIELD MOUSE.

Type locality. Cerro San Felipe, State of Oaxaca, Mexico. Alti-
tude, 10,000 feet.

Geogr. Distr. State of Oaxaca, Mexico; limits of range unknown.

Genl. Char. Size medium; tail long. Skull similar to that of
P. mexicanus, but bullae larger, and first lower molar with a "supple-
mentary enamel loop on outer side in front of posterior cusp."

Color. Upper parts fulvous, darkest on dorsal region; orbital
ring dusky; cheeks and sides cinnamon rufous; under parts and
hands white; feet white, their basal portion dusky; tail above dusky,
beneath white.

Measurements. Total length, 242; tail vertebrae, 122; hind
foot, 27.

180. comptus (Peromyscus}, Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn,

1898, p. 1 20.
CHILPANCINGO MOUSE.

Type locality. Mountains near Chilpancingo, State of Guerero,
Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Guerero, Mexico; range unknown.

Genl. Char. Size large; similar to P. auritus, but more fulvous;
tail long.

Color. Upper parts golden fulvous lined with black, dorsal
region darkest; orbital ring blackish; under parts white, some speci-
mens tinged with yellowish; wrists and ankles dusky; tail dusky
above, whitish beneath; hands and feet whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 285; tail vertebrae, 150; hind
foot, 31.

PEROMYSCUS. 207

181. mexicanus (Hcspcromys), Sauss., Rev. Mag. Zool., 1860, 2me

Se>., p. 103, pi. ix, figs. i. ia.
MEXICAN MOUSE.

Type locality. State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

(,'cnl. Char. Size large; ears large, longer than wide; tail long.

Color. Above dark brownish mouse gray; silvery shade on back;
flanks yellowish gray; cheeks rusty gray; lips and chin yellowish
gray; under parts grayish white, with a yellow wash on breast;
hands white; hind feet brown; toes white; tail black above, white
beneath.

Measurements. Total length, 180; tail vertebrae, 78; hind foot, 26.

a. — teapensis (Perotnyscus), Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvn,

1904, p. 69.
TEAPA MOUSE.

Type locality. Teapa, State of Tabasco, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. m. totontepecus, but sides brighter.

Color. Dorsal region blackish; sides chestnut; orbital ring black;
under parts creamy white; pectoral spot often present; tail black,
with a few yellowish white spots beneath; hands white; feet white,
with a dusky area from ankles nearly to base of toes.

Measurements. Total length, 234-254; tail vertebrae, 121-136;
hind foot, 27-28.5. Skull: greatest length, 33; Hensel, 24.6; zygo-
matic width, 16.2; length of nasals, 12.7; interorbital constriction,
5.4; palate, 4.7 ; postpalatal length, 11.9; length of upper molar series,
4-5-

b. — oi'izfihfc (Peromyscus) , Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn, 1898,

p. 121.

ORIZABA FIELD MOUSE.

Type locality. Orizaba, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. Altitude,
4,200 feet.

Gcogr. Distr. State of Vera Cruz, Mexico; range unknown.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. mexicanus, but larger; tail and hind
feet longer.

Color. Top of head and upper parts dark seal brown; sides and
cheeks chestnut fulvous; orbital ring and nose dusky; lips, under
parts, wrists, and hands white; salmon tinge on breast; hind feet
basally dusky, rest whitish ; tail above dusky, beneath yellowish white.

Measurements. Total length, 257; tail vertebrae, 139; hind
foot, 29.5.

c. — saxatilis (Peromyscus] , Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn, 1898,

p. 121.

208 PEROMYSCUS.

ROCK MOUSE.

Type locality. Jacaltenango, Huehuetenango, Guatemala.

Geogr. Distr. Guatemala; range unknown.

Gcnl. Char. Similar to P. mexicanus; paler.

Color. Above grayish fulvous, lined with black; dorsal area dark,
almost black; sides fulvous; lips, wrists, hands, feet, and under parts
white; ankles dusky; orbital ring blackish; cheeks pale fulvous; tail
above dusky, beneath whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 245.5; tail vertebrae, 127.5; hind
foot, 27.5.

d. — totontepecus (Pcromyscus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn,

1898, p. I2O.

TOTONTEPEC FIELD MOUSE.

Type locality. Totontepec, State of Oaxaca, Mexico. Altitude,
6,500 feet.

Geogr. Distr. State of Oaxaca, Mexico ; range unknown.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. mexicanus, but larger and darker.

Color. Above dusky brown; black on dorsal region; sides and
cheeks fulvous brown; under parts whitish, with sometimes a salmon
patch on breast; tail above dusky, yellowish white below; hands
whitish; ankles and basal portions of hind feet dusky.

Measurements. Total length, 261; tail vertebrae, 136; hind
foot. 28.

181a. allophylus (Peromyscus), Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvii,

1904, p. 71.
ALIEN MOUSE.

Type locality. Huehuetan, State of Chiapas, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Tail shorter than head and body; tail scaly as in
Oryzomys; proximal soles of hind feet finely haired.

Color. Dorsal area blackish brown; sides mummy brown; under
parts yellowish white; slate of under fur showing; orbital ring and
antorbital spot black; tail unicolor, dusky blackish; hands and feet
whitish; ankles dusky.

Measurements. Total length, 202; tail vertebras, 95; hind foot,
25. Skull: greatest length, 29.8; Hensel, 22.5; zygomatic width,
14.5; interorbital constriction, 5; length of nasals, n; palate, 4; post-
palatal length, 10.5; length of upper molar series, 4.

182. furvus (Peromyscus}, Allen & Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.

Nat. Hist., 1897, p. 201.
JALAPA FIELD MOUSE.

Type locality. Jalapa, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

PEROMYSCUS. 209

Geogr. Distr. State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Skull large, strong; .rostrum broad, inflated ante-
riorly, bell-shaped; nasals pointed posteriorly and extending beyond
the intermaxillae ; palate with slightly upturned posterior border;
anterior palatine foramina very broad.

Color. Above dark brown, washed with grayish, blackish on
dorsal line; inclined to reddish on sides; under parts and hind feet
grayish white; fore feet white; rufous patch on breast; ears and tail
dark brown, naked; tip of tail sometimes whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 248-282; tail vertebrae, 123-145:
hind foot, 26-29; ear, 20-23. Skull: total length, 35; basal length,
29; zygomatic width, 16.7; interorbital constriction, 5; length of
nasals, 8; length of upper tooth row, 5. (ex Type.)

183. zarhynchus (Peromyscus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn,

1898, p. 117.
LONG-NOSED MOUSE.

Type locality. Tumbala, State of Chiapas, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Chiapas, Mexico; limit of range unknown.

Genl. Char. Size large; ears large; tail long, naked; hind feet
long. Skull: rostrum elongated, bullae small; interparietal narrow.

Color. Above dusky with a chestnut tinge; flanks seal brown or
chestnut; under parts buff, with a chestnut tinge on breast, extend-
ing in some specimens over the belly; tail above dusky, beneath
yellowish white; hands and feet whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 324; tail vertebrae, 176; hind foot,
35-

a. — cristobalensis (Peromyscus) , Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,

xn, 1898, p. 117.
SAN CRISTOBAL FIELD MOUSE.

Type locality. San Cristobal, State of Chiapas, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Chiapas, Mexico; range unknown.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. zarhynchus, but lighter and more
rufous.

Color. Above dusky brown and fulvous mixed, darkest on dorsal
line; cheeks and sides fulvous; under parts whitish, with chest tinged
with chestnut; tail dusky above, yellowish white beneath; hands
and feet whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 322; tail vertebras, 170; hind foot,
34-

184. auritus (Peromyscus} , Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn, 1898,

p. 119.

210 PEROMYSCUS.

LARGE-EARED FIELD MOUSE.

Type locality. Mountains west of Oaxaca City, State of Oaxaca,
Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Oaxaca, Mexico; limits of range unknown.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. megalops ; ears and bullae larger.

Color. Above grayish brown, back blackish; cheeks and sides
washed with fulvous; under parts whitish; hands and feet whitish;
wrists and ankles dusky; tail above dusky, beneath whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 288; tail vertebrae, 148; hind foot,
30.

185. megalops (Peromyscus}, Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn,

1898, p. 119.
OZOLOTEPEC FIELD MOUSE.

Type locality. Mountains near Ozolotepec, State of Oaxaca,
Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Oaxaca, Mexico; range unknown.

Genl. Char. Size large ; ears short ; tail long.

Color. Above mixed fulvous and black, darkest between ears
and on dorsal region; cheeks and sides of body salmon fulvous;
under parts whitish, breast tinged with salmon fulvous; hands
white ; wrists, ankles, and hind feet dusky.

Measurements. Total length, 282; tail vertebrae, 150; hind foot,

185a. melanocarpus (Peromyscus}, Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,

xvii, 1904, p. 73.
BLACK-FOOTED MOUSE.

Type locality. Mount Zempoaltepec, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.
Altitude, 8,000 feet.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. megalops, but smaller and darker;
hands blackish to digits.

Color. Upper parts blackish and mummy brown, darkest on
middle of back; under parts blackish slate, washed with creamy
white; pectoral region cinnamon rufous; black line from nostril
through eye; tail blackish, slightly paler on under side; hands and
feet dusky brownish to base of toes.

Measurements. Total length, 241; tail vertebrae, 125; hind foot,
27. Skull: greatest length, 31.6; Hensel, 24.3; zygomatic width,
15.2; length of nasals, 12; interorbital constriction, 5.4; length of
upper molar series, 5.

185b. altilaneus (Peromyscus) , Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvn,
1904, p. 74.

PEROMYSCUS. -Jll

FLUFFY MOUSE.

Type locality. Todos Santos, Guatemala. Altitude, 10,000 feet.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. melanocarpus, but smaller and with
a shorter and less hairy tail; hands white.

Color. Like P. melanocarpus ; tail blotched with yellowish white
on under side; hands and part of forearm white; hind foot with
V-shaped dusky mark from ankle half-way to base of toes; rest of
foot white; pectoral spot strongly developed.

Measurements. Total length, 228; tail vertebrae, 115; hind foot,
28. Skull: greatest length, 31; Hensel, 24; zygomatic width, 14.6;
interorbital constriction, 5; length of nasals, 11.5; palate, 4.8; post-
palatal length, 11.2; length of upper molar series, 4.6.

186. guatemalensis (Pcromyscus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,

xn, 1898, p. 118.
TODOS SANTOS MOUSE.

Type locality. Todos Santos, Guatemala. Altitude, 10,000 feet.

Geogr. Distr. State of Chiapas, Mexico, into Guatemala; range
unknown.

Genl. Char. Size large; tail long, hairs scanty; fur long, soft.

Color. Above mixed dusky and grayish, blackish on dorsal
region; indistinct line from nose to ear; flanks brownish fulvous, as
are also the cheeks; salmon fulvous patch on breast; under parts
and hands white; hind feet dusky, then white; wrists and ankles
blackish; tail above dusky, beneath whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 273; tail vertebrae, 141; hind foot,
31. (ex Type.) Skull: zygomatic width, 16.5; interorbital constric-
tion, 5; length of nasals, 14.5; palatal length, 14; length of upper
tooth row, 4; length of mandible, angle to alveolus of incisor, 15;
height at coronoid process, 6.2 ; length of lower tooth row, 5.

187. cacabatus (Pcromyscus) , Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

xxxix, 1902, p. 29.
SOOTY MOUSE.

Type locality. Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama. Altitude, 5,000 feet.

Genl. Char. Allied to P. guatemalensis, but paler and with a
shorter tail.

Color. Dorsal region sooty; sides brownish grading into dull
orange buff on lower sides; sides of nose buffy white; top of nose
and orbital ring black; under parts varying from dull grayish white
to pinkish buff; pectoral collar orange buff; feet and hands white;
tail above dusky, beneath pale yellowish gray; ear dusky.

212 PEROMYSCUS. MEGADONTOMYS.

Measurements. Total length, 252-270; tail vertebrae, 120-135;
hind foot, 25-27; ear, 20-21. Skull: basal length, 28.8; occipito-
nasal length, 32.4; zygomatic width, 15.6; mastoid width, 13.6;
length of nasals, 13; width of nasals, 3.4; length of palatal slits, 6.2;
width of palatal slits, 3.2; length of palate to palatal notch, 12.8; to
end of pterygoid, 19; length of upper molar series, 5; length of single
half mandible, 17.4. (Bangs, 1. c.)

188. mecisturus (Peromyscus} , Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn,

1898, p. 124.
GREAT-TAILED MOUSE.

Type locality. Chalchicomula, State of Puebla, Mexico. Alti-
tude, 8,400 feet.

Geogr. Distr. State of Puebla, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size large; tail very long; ears large.

Color. Above anteriorly gray lined with black, and suffused
with fulvous; rump pale fulvous; orbital ring dusky; chin whitish;
under parts whitish buff; breast buffy; wrists dusky; hands white;
sides of ankles, and the toes white; tail above dusky, paler beneath.

Measurements. Total length, 249; tail vertebrae, 155; hind foot,
24.

43. Megadoiitomys.

i.j=|; M.t3=I6.

Megadontomys Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn, 1898, p. 115.
Type Megadontomys thomasi Merriam.

Size large; ears and tail long, scantily haired; pelage long, soft,
and very dense. Skull similar in general to that of Peromyscus,
but very large and massive; rostrum and nasals much produced,
the latter expanded anteriorly and projecting far beyond incisors.
Molars very large and heavy, with short tubercles which wear off
when the animal is still young, leaving flat crowns; first and second
lower molars with a supplementary narrow enamel loop on each
side; third lower molar with three salient and two reentrant angles
on each side. Plantar tubercles, 7 ; Mammae, 6; pectoral |^|, inguinal
^. (Merriam, 1. c.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

PAGE

A. Above mixed fulvous and black M. thomasi 213

B. Above grayish brown M. nelsoni 214

C. Above brownish cinnamon M. flavidus 214

MEGADONTOMYS.

FIG. 34. MEGADONTOMYS THOMASI.

No. 70144 U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. Twice nat. size.

UPPER TOOTH ROW. LOWER TOOTH ROW.

Enlarged 7 times. Enlarged 7 times.

189. thomasi (Peromyscus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn,

1898, p. 116.
THOMAS' GUERRERO FIELD MOUSE.

Type locality. Mountains near Chilpancingo, State of Guerrero,
Mexico. Altitude, 9,700 feet.

Geogr. Distr. State of Guerrero, Mexico; range unknown.

Genl. Char. Size large; tail very long; ears large, both nearly
naked.

Color. Above fulvous, mixed with black on back; beneath
white; breast sometimes tinged with yellowish buff; orbital ring

•JU MEGADONTOMYS. NYCTOMYS.

blackish; hands and feet white; tail above dusky, almost black,
beneath paler.

Mcafiirt-mcnts. Total length, 350; tail vertebra?, 188; hind foot,
Skull: oceipito-nusal length, 65; Hensel, 54; zygomatic width,
32; interorlntal constriction, q; length of nasals, 26; palatal length,
33.5 ; length of upper tooth row, 1 1.

190. nelsoni (I\-rowyscus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn, it

p. 116.
NELSON'S FIELD MOUSE.

Type locality. Jico, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. Altitude,
6.000 feet.

(rcogr. Distr. State of Vera Cruz, Mexico; range unknown.

(icnl. Char. Similar to M. thomasi, but darker.

Color. Above and sides grayish brown, darkest on dorsal region;
under parts white: tail dusky; hands white; hind feet dusky.

Measurements. Total length, 302; tail vertebrae, 172; hind foot,
35-

191. flavidus (Mcgadontomys), Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

XXXIX. IQ02, p. 2-.

BOQUETE MOUSE.

Type locality. Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama. Altitude, 4,000
feet.

(rcnl. Char. Braincase rounded and elevated; palatal slits very
wide; audital bullse small; ears small.

Color. Above brownish cinnamon, inclined to rusty on the rump;
sides orange buff; black patch at base of whiskers; under parts white;
pectoral collar buffy; hands and feet whitish; tail above dusky,
beneath grayish: ears dusky inside, silvery outside.

Mtasmnmtmls, Total length, 320—375: tail vertebrae, 155-205;
hind foot, 31-33; ear, 20—24. Skull: basal length, 35.4; occipito-
nasal length, 40.2; zygomatic width, iq.6; mastoid width. 15; length
of nasals, 17.8; width of nasals. 4.8: length of palatal slits. 7.4; width
of palatal slits, 3.4; length of palate to palatal notch. 17; to end of
pterygoid. 24.4: length of upper molar series. 5.6; length of single
half mandible. 21.8. (Bangs, 1. c.)

44. Nyctomys. Vesper Rat*.

Nyctomys Sauss., Rev. Mag. Zool.. 2me Ser., 1860, p. 106. Type

Hespcromys sumichrasti Saussure.
Myoxamys Tomes, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1861. p. 284, pi. xxxi.

NYCTOMYS.

215

Muzzle short; ears not hidden in fur, which is short and fine; feet
short, broad ; tail as long as body, hairy. Skull : rostrum very slender,
short braincase and zygomata expanded; orbital space broad and a
well-developed supraorbital crest; antorbital foramen large, opening
forwards ; palate only reaching to the forward margin of molar series ;
palatal slits short ; mammae four.

FIG. 35. NYCTOMYS SUMICHRASTI.

No. 12204 U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. Twice nat. size.

UPPER TOOTH ROW. LOWER TOOTH ROW

Enlarged 8 times. Enlarged 8 times.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

PAGE

A. Upper parts isabella or pale orange N. sumichrasti 216

B. Upper parts brownish isabelline N. decolorus 216

C. Upper parts yellowish cinnamon N. nitellinus 216

•216 NYCTOMYS.

192. sumichrasti (Hesperomys), Sauss., Rev. Mag. Zool., 2me Se"r.,

1860, p. 107, pi. 9, fig. 2.
SUMICHRAST'S VESPER RAT.

Type locality. "Habite le versant oriental de la Cordiliere, "
State of Vera Cruz, ? Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern Mexico, State of Vera Cruz to Isthmus of
Tehuantepec.

Genl. Char. Ears long, higher than wide; nose pointed; hind
feet short.

Color. Upper parts isabella or pale orange, clearer on flanks;
under parts, chin, and lower jaw on side of face pure white; tail
brownish red; feet pale yellowish brown.

Measurements. Total length, 230; tail, 106; hind foot, 23. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 58; Hensel, 49; zygomatic width, 30.5; inter-
orbital constriction, 10; length of nasals, 16; palatal length, 25;
length of upper molar series, 10.

193. decolorus (Sitomys), True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1894, p. 689.
FADED VESPER RAT.

Type locality. Rio de las Piedras, Honduras.

Geogr. Distr. Tehuantepec, Mexico, into Honduras, Central
America.

Genl. Char. Similar to R. sumichrasti, but paler, tail shorter;
ear naked, prominent; soles naked; tail covered with long hairs.

Color. Above brownish isabelline, middle of back washed with
gray; under parts and cheeks white; orbital ring dark brown; tail
chocolate brown; hands like back, feet dusky, toes whitish; ears
chocolate brown.

Measurements. Total length, 193; tail vertebrae, 85; hind foot,
23; ear, 14.

194. nitellinus (Nyctomys), Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxix,

1902, p. 30.
BOQUETE VESPER RAT.

Type locality. Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama. Altitude, 4,000
feet.

Genl. Char. Similar to R. decolorus, but larger and darker.

Color. Above yellowish cinnamon, dorsal region darker; lower
sides shaded with orange buff ; orbital ring, and space between eyes
and nose black; under parts white; tail blackish, unicolor; hands
white; feet, toes, and sides of tarsus white; middle of tarsus dark
brown; ears dusky.

NYCTOMYS. TVLOMYS. 217

Measurements. Total length, 250-260; tail vertebrae, 120-125;
hind foot, 25; ear, 17. Skull: basal length, 28; occipito-nasal length,
32.4; zygomatic width, 18; mastoid width, 13; interorbital width,
it ; length of nasals, 10.6; width of nasals, 3.2; length of palatal
slits, 4.6; width of palatal slits, 2.2; length of palate to palatal notch,
12.4; length of upper molar series, 4.8; length of single half mandible,
18. (Bangs, 1. c.)

45. Tylomys.

Tylomys Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1866, p.
404. Type Hesperomys midicaudus Peters.

" Ears rather large, naked ; tail and soles of feet naked. Skull with
no raised supraorbital ridges, but with a broad horizontal edge over
orbits; antorbital foramen not visible from above."

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Broad horizontal edge above orbits; ears

large, naked; tail long. PAGE

a. Upper parts ferrugineous ................ T. nudicaudus 217

b. Upper parts dark gray .................. T. tumbalcnsis 218

c. Upper parts pale gray? Specimen too

young to characterize .................... . . T. bullaris 219

d. Upper parts rufous fawn and black .......... T. watsoni 219

e. Upper parts mouse color and black ....... T. panamensis 219

195. nudicaudus (Hesperomys}, Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad.
Wiss. Berlin, 1866, p. 404, pi. i, figs. 1-4.

X A RED-TAILED RAT.

Type locality. Guatemala.

Geogr. Distr. Southeastern Mexico (State of Chiapas), into
Guatemala.

Color. Upper parts ferrugineous, base of hairs plumbeous, under
parts white; tail naked, basal half black, remainder yellow; hands
and feet dusky.

Measurements. Total length, 403.75; tail, 207.5. Skull: occipito-
nasal length, 46; Hensel, 38; zygomatic width, 24; interorbital con-
striction, 8.6; length of nasals, 14.8; palatal length, 19.3; length of
mandible, angle to alveolus of incisor, 35; length of upper tooth
row, 8.6.

218

TYLOMYS.

FIG. 36. TYLOMYS NUDICAUDUS.

No. 77919 U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. Enlarged 1A.

UPPER TOOTH ROW. LOWER TOOTH ROW.

Enlarged 6 times. Enlarged 6 times.

196. tumbalensis (Tylomys), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., in,

1901, p. 560.
TUMBALA RAT.

Type locality. Tumbala, State of Chiapas, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Chiapas, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size large; ears large, naked; tail long. Skull simi-
lar to that of T. nudicaudus, but more slender and weaker; molar
series large.

TYLOMYS. 219

Color. Above dark gray, blackish on posterior half; orbital ring
dusky; chin, breast, and patch between hind legs white; throat and
belly plumbeous tinged with fulvous; hands and feet dark brown;
tail blackish above on basal half, yellow on remainder.

Measurements. Total length, 448; tail vertebrae, 234; hind
foot, 46.

197. bullaris (Tylomys), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., in, 1901,

p. 561.
TUXTLA RAT.

Type locality. Tuxtla, State of Chiapas, Mexico.

Gcnl. Char. Unique specimen too young for reliable characters.

Color. "Similar to the young of T. nudicaudus, but grayer;
under parts white ; upper lip and patch on side of nose whitish ; hands
brown; hind feet dark brown; toes white.

Measurements. Total length juv., 324; tail, 158; hind foot, 37.5.

198. watsoni (Tylomys), Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th Ser.,

iv, 1897, p. 278.
WATSON'S RAT.

Type locality. Bogava, Chiriqui, Panama. Altitude, 8,000 feet.

Genl. Char. Similar to T. nudicaudus, but more rufous; size
medium; fur glossy; tail shorter than head and body.

Color. Above rufous fawn, lined with blackish; cheeks and sides
paler and more gray; space between eyes and ears black; belly and
inner side of hind limbs whitish buff; rest of under parts and inner
side of fore limbs white; tail dark on basal, white on distal half; toes
white.

Measurements. Total length, 493; tail, 243; hind foot, 38.
Skull: greatest length, 54; Hensel, 42.5; greatest breadth, 26.5;
length of nasals, 18; interorbital constriction, 10.5; palatal length
from henselion, 22.2; length of upper molar series, 8.4.

199. panamensis (Neomys), Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th Ser.,

xn, 1873, p. 417.
PANAMA RAT.

Type locality. Panama.

Geogr. Distr. Panama, Southern Central America.

Color. Upper parts mouse color, lined with black; sides paler;
throat and under parts and inner side of arms and legs white; tail
black, tip white; hands and feet brownish; claws covered with white
hairs.

Measurements. Total length, 412.5; tail, 200.

220 OTOTYLOMYS.

4(>. Ototylomys.

T 1-I- M 3~3 — T 6
1'i-i» 1V1'3-3~

Ototylomys Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., in, 1901, p. 561.
Type Ototylomys phyllotis Merriam.

Rat -like; ears large, thin, and naked; tail long and naked. Skull:
superciliary ridge present and reaching to occiput; bullae with axes
parallel to that of skull; width and depth equal, and no anterior
prolongation ; maxillary root of zygoma notched above ; anterior open-
ing of antorbital vacuity vertical ; incisive foramina equal in width at

FIG. 37. OTOTYLOMYS PHYLLOTIS.

No. 10809$ U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. Enlarged X.

UPPER TOOTH ROW. LOWER TOOTH ROW.

Enlarged 7 times. Enlarged 7 times.

OTOTYLOMYS. 221

both ends; mandible with angle excavated posteriorly, a backward pro-
jecting point; infracondyloid notch long and deep ; coronoid process
minute; postcoronoid notch flat, nearly horizontal, (ex Merr., 1. c.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Ears very large; tail long as head and body,

naked, scaly,
a. Above grayish or fulvous brown. PAGE

a.' Size large; back uniform in color O. phyllotis 221

b/ Size smaller; back varying in color 0. p. ph&us 221

200. phyllotis (Ototylomys] , Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., in,

1901, p. 562.
TUNKAS RAT.

Type locality. Tunkas, Yucatan, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to Tylomys in appearance; characters those
of the genus.

Color. Above grayish or fulvous brown, sometimes mixed with
black-tipped hairs ; under parts and inner sides of legs white ; cheeks
and about eyes fulvous ; tail above brownish dusky, beneath yellowish ;
hands and feet whitish; wrists and ankles dark; ears flesh color at
base, rest black.

Measurements. Total length, 303; tail, 148; hind foot, 28.
(ex Type.) Skull: occipito-nasal length, 39; Hensel, 31.8; zygomatic
width, 24.3; interorbital constriction, 5.6; length of nasals, 14;
palatal length, 15.6; length of upper molar series, 5.3; length of
mandible, angle to alveolus of incisor, 18.6.

a. — phceus (Ototylomys) , Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., in, 1901,

P- 563-
APAZOTE RAT.

Type locality. Apazote, near Yohaltun, State of Campeche, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to O. phyllotis, but smaller; tail shorter;
colors darker.

Color. Above dark grayish brown, mixed with black, hinder
part of dorsal region dusky; anterior part of back and sides grayish
brown, tinged with fulvous; arms white; legs grayish brown; hands
and feet white; tail dark brown above, yellow beneath; ears flesh
color at base, rest black.

Measurements. Total length, 266; tail, 136; hind foot, 26.5.
(ex Type.)

The Genus HOLOCHILUS introduced here by Miller and Rehn.
Syst. Res. N. Am. Mamm., 1902, p. 89, to follow TYLOMYS, has no
species north of the Isthmus of Panama, and H . piloridcs, Pallas, is
a native of the island of Ceylon.

222 SIGMODON.

SIGMODON contains the well-known Cotton Rats of the Southern
States and Mexico. They have a coarse, grizzled coat, harsh in feel-
ing, and a bicolor tail. There is a very close general resemblance
between the longest known species, 5. hispidus, and the several races
that have been separated from it, and they are not always easy to
be distinguished, especially if the locality of a specimen is unknown.
They are rather short, thickset animals, about half the size of a fully
grown house rat, and are often found in large colonies in the localities
they frequent.

47. Sigiuodcm. Cotton Rats.

V. Bailey. Synopsis of North America Species of Sigmodon,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, 1902, pp. 101-116.

Sigmodon Say & Ord, Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1825, p. 352,
pi. xxn, figs. 5-8.

Skull short and wide, length less than twice the zygomatic width ;
rostrum short, swollen; superior outline of skull arched; pointed
process of lamellar plate of maxillary nearly dividing the lower part
of the antorbital foramen from the upper; an azygos median process
on palatal arch ; prominent bead on the supraorbital border extending
obliquely backwards to occiput; audital bullae small; upper molars
three-rooted; front lower molar four-rooted; second and third lower
molars three-rooted; sometimes minute accessory fangs are present;
upper molars with two reentrant folds ; the front one has two similar
interior folds, the others only one each; front lower molar has two
exterior and three interior reentrant folds ; the last two lower molars
have generally but one reentrant lobe on each exterior and interior
side ; pelage coarse, bristly ; form stout ; tail generally shorter than the
body; ears large; front feet small; hind feet very long, soles naked.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

A. Tail nearly bare.

a. Size small; hind foot less than 32 mm. PAGE

a/ Under parts grayish or buffy white.

a." Above dull tawny ...................... S. alleni 224

b." Above yellowish brown and black,

tinged with chestnut ................ 5. h. borucce 224

c." Above deep yellowish brown ...... S. h. chiriquensis 225

d." Above dark reddish brown.

a/" Beneath cinnamon brown ........ S. h. saturatus 225

SIGMODON.

FIG. 38. SIGMODON H. BORUC/E.

No. 10050 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. Twice nat. size.

UPPER TOOTH ROW. LOWER TOOTH ROW

Enlarged 7 times. Enlarged 7 times.

b.'" Beneath ochraceous S. h. furvus

e." Above mixed yellowish and black,

no chestnut tinge 5. h. toltecus

i." Above dark dull brown S. h. microdon

g." Above gray brown S. h. baileyi

Size large; hind foot 32 mm. or more,
a/ Under parts white.

a." Above pale cinnamon brown S. h. mascotensis

PAGE
225

226
226
226

227

•224 SIGMODON.

PAGE

b." Above yellowish gray S. h. ercmicus 227

c." Above buffy gray and black S. h. berlandieri 227

d." Above light yellowish brown S. h. arizona 228

e." Above light brownish gray 5. h. major 228

b.' Under parts creamy white 5. h. tonalcnsis 229

c.' Under parts grayish white S. h. inexoratus 229

B. Tail well haired.

a. Size small; hind foot less than 30 mm.

a.' Under parts pale buff; above mixed

brown, gray, and black S. minimus 230

b/ Under parts white or whitish.

a." Above dull brownish gray 5. leucotis 230

b." Above yellowish gray, tinged with

ochraceous 5. ochrognathus 230

c/ Under parts pale cinnamon.

a." Above dark ochraceous, or light

umber brown S. alticola 231

b." Above dull tawny gray 5. a. amoles 231

b. Size large; hind foot over 30 mm.

a/ Under parts white 5. austerulus 231

b.' Under parts ochraceous buff S. fuLviventer 232

c.' Under parts dark rusty ochraceous 5. mclanotis 232

201. alien! (Sigmodon}, Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, 1902, p. 112.
ALLEN'S COTTON RAT.

Type locality. San Sebastian, Mascota, State of Jalisco, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Western part of State of Jalisco, and southern part
of Province of Tepic, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Hands, feet, and tail slender; colors bright.

Color. Above dull tawny; beneath white or buffy; hands and
feet yellowish brown; tail above black, beneath brownish.

Measurements. "Average of 8 adults: total length, 244; tail,
112; hind foot, 31.6. Skull of type: basal length, 29.3; nasals, 13;
zygomatic breadth, 19.3; mastoid breadth, 13; alveolar length of
upper molar series, 6.4." (Bailey, 1. c.)

liispidus borucce.

boruccB (Sigmodon}, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1897, p.

40.
BORUCA COTTON RAT.

Type locality. Boruca, Costa Rica.

Geogr. Distr. Costa Rica, Central America.

Color. Above yellowish brown, tinged with chestnut and lined
with black, paler on the sides; under parts grayish white; limbs like

SIGMODON. 225

the body; feet grayish brown; tail naked, blackish above, paler
beneath.

Measurements. Total length, 275; tail, 115; hind foot, 30.
Skull: basal length, 29; zygomatic breadth, 18; length of nasals, 12;
length of upper tooth row, 5.5.

hispidus chiriquensis.

borucae chiriquensis (Sigmodon), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1904, p. 68.
BOQUERON COTTON RAT.

Type locality. Boqueron, Chiriqui, Panama.

Gcnl. Char. Similar to S. h. saturatns, but bullae more pyriform
and postpalatal opening much broader.

Color. Like S. h. boruccz but darker; upper parts dark yellowish
brown varied with black ; under parts buffy ; nose and sides of upper
lip ochraceous buff.

Measurements. Total length, 280; tail vertebrae, 105; hind foot,
32; ear, 20.

liixjtidiiN sitturatus (Sigmodon), Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv,

1902, p. in.
TEAPA COTTON RAT.

Type locality. Teapa, State of Tabasco, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. States of Chiapas, Tabasco, and southern Vera
Cruz, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size of S. h. berlandieri ; tail shorter.

Color. Above dark reddish brown; beneath dull cinnamon
brown, sometimes whitish; hands and feet yellowish brown; tail
above black, lighter below.

Measurements. Total length, 250; tail vertebras, 103; hind foot,
31.2. Skull of type: basal length, 29.5; nasals, 12.7; zygomatic
breadth, 19; mastoid breadth, 13.5; alveolar length of upper molar
series, 6. (Bailey, 1. c.)

liixjndus fuTi-us Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1903, xxxix, p. 158.
CEIBA COTTON RAT.

Type locality. Ceiba, Honduras.

Genl. Char. Similar to S. h. saturatns, but darker. Skull with
audital bullae wider and flatter, basioccipital longer and narrower.

Color. Upper parts between mummy brown and burnt
umber, varied with brownish, black-tipped hairs, redder on rump;
under parts ochraceous; feet and hands dark brown; tail black, the
under side slightly paler; ears blackish.

Measurements. Total length, 265; tail vertebrae, 105; hind foot,
with claw, 32; ear from notch, 18. Skull: basal length, 31.4:

226 SIGMODON.

occipito-nasal length, 35.8; zygomatic width, 20.4; length of palate
to palatal notch, 16.2; length of upper molar series, 6; length of
single half mandible, 20.

hispidus t-oltecus.

toltecus (Hesperomys), Sauss., Rev. Mag. Zool., 2me Se"r., 1860, p.

98.
TOLTEC COTTON RAT.

Type locality. "Cordilleras of Vera Cruz," Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Alta Mira, State of Tamaulipas, southward to
Orizaba, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Tail rarely equaling head and body; similar to
S. hispidus; soles and tail naked.

Color. Above mixed black and yellowish brown; flanks paler,
the brown color predominating; chin and under parts grayish white;
tail bicolor, above blackish, paler beneath; feet grayish brown.

Measurements. Total length, 207-235; tail, 100-146; hind foot,
17-28. Skull: basal length, 32; zygomatic breadth, 21; mastoid
breadth, 15; length of nasals, 14; length of upper tooth row, 6.7.

hispidus rnicTodon (Sigmodon), Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv,

1902, p. in.
SMALL-TOOTHED COTTON RAT.

Type locality. Puerto Morelos, Yucatan.

Geogr. Distr. Northern Yucatan, and State of Campeche, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size small; teeth small; tail short.

Color. Above dark dull brown; beneath grayish white or buffy;
tail above black, beneath brownish.

Measurements. Total length, 243; tail, 96; hind foot, 32. Skull
of type: basal length, 28.4; nasals, 12.5; zygomatic breadth, 18;
mastoid breadth, 13; alveolar length of upper molar series, 5.5.
(Bailey, 1. c.)

hispidus baileyi.

baileyi (Sigmodon), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1903, p. 601.
BAILEY'S COTTON RAT.

Type locality. La Cienega de las Vacas, State of Durango,
Mexico. Altitude, 8,500 feet.

Genl. Char. Similar to S. h. major, but smaller.

Color. Upper parts gray brown, sides tinged with buff, with the
long hairs tipped with white or black; under parts white, basal part
of hairs plumbeous; side of nose .ochraceous buff; base of tail suffused
with cinnamon buff; feet pale buffy gray; tail blackish brown above,
pale buffy gray beneath; ears dark gray.

SIGMODON. 227

Measurements. Total length, 198; tail, 90; hind foot, 25; ear
from notch, 18. Skull: total length, 31.5; Hensel, 27.3; length of
nasals, 12.5; zygomatic width, 18.3; mastoid width, 13.3; alveolar
length of upper molar series, 5.6.

hispidus in ffsrofensis.

mascotensis (Sigmodon), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
1897, p. 54.

colimce Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1897, p. 55.
MASCOTA COTTON RAT.

Type locality. Mineral San Sebastian, Mascota, State of Jalisco,
Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Western portion of State of Jalisco to southern
part of State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Larger than 5. h. berlandieri, tail longer, hind foot,
larger.

Color. Above cinnamon brown; sides paler; belly white; hands
and feet yellowish gray; tail above dark brown, sides and beneath
paler.

Measurements. Total length, 272; tail vertebrae, 117; hind foot,
32. Skull: total length, 34.5; basal length, 30.4; zygomatic breadth,
19.5; mastoid breadth, 13.2; interorbital constriction, 4.8; length of
nasals, 13.5; length of upper molar series, 6.7.

hispidus eremicus (Sigmodon), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,

1897, p. 504.
WESTERN DESERT COTTON RAT.

Type locality. Cienega Well, Colorado River, State of Sonora,
Mexico, thirty miles south of Monument No. 204, Mexican boun-
dary line.

Geogr. Distr. Western Desert Tract, Lower Colorado River,
State of Sonora, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Nasals spatulate at extremity; coloring yellowish
instead of grayish.

Color. Yellowish gray, the sides and rump tinged with ochra-
ceous; under surface white; feet grayish white; tail inclined to black-
ish above.

Measurements. Total length, 280; tail vertebrae, 128; hind foot,
34; ear, 15. Skull: basal length, 30.6; zygomatic breadth, 20.3;
mastoid breadth, 14; length of nasals, 13.3; length of upper molar
series, 6.6.

hispidus berlandieri.

berlandieri (Sigmodon'}, Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phila., vn.

1855. P- 333-

•J28 SIGMODON.

hispidus pallidus Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898, p. 504.

Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 145.
BERLANDIER'S COTTON RAT.

Type locality. Rio Nazas, State of Coahuilla, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Brownsville to El Paso, Texas, and Carlsbad, New
Mexico; south to southern part of State of Jalisco, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Smaller than S. hispidus texensis; ears larger, color
paler.

Color. Above buffy gray, mixed with black; under parts white;
feet grayish white; tail dusky brownish above, grayish white beneath.

Measurements. Total length, 242; tail vertebrae, 103; hind foot,
30; ear, 14. Skull: basal length, 30.5; zygomatic breadth, 19; mas-
toid breadth, 13.4; length of nasals, 12.3; length of upper molar
series, 6.5.

hispidus arizonce (Sigmodon}, Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1890, p. 287. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 144.
ARIZONA COTTON RAT.

Type locality. Fort Verde, Yavapai County, Arizona.

Geogr. Distr. Arizona into State of Sonora and Lower California,
Mexico.

Genl. Char. Larger than 5. hispidus; ears larger; tail longer,
colors paler.

Color. Above light yellowish brown, mixed with ashy and lined
with black; under parts white; tail dusky above, whitish below.

Measurements. Average total length, 320; tail vertebras, 121;
hind foot, 35-36. Skull: total length, 40; zygomatic breadth, 23;
length of nasals, 15.9; length of upper molar series, 7.1.

hispidus major (Sigmodon), Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv,

1902, p. 109.
LARGE COTTON RAT.

Type locality. Sierra de Choix, 50 miles northeast of Choix, State
of Sinaloa, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Province of Tepic to southern part of State of
Sonora, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Very large ; feet stout. Skull heavily ridged in adults ;
interparietal strap-shaped, ends rounded; nasals notched posteriorly;
audital bullae large, elongated.

Color. Above light brownish gray; nose yellowish; beneath
white; hands and feet light gray; tail above blackish, beneath dark
gray.

Measurements. Total length, 365; tail, 156; hind foot, 40.5.
Skull: basal length, 36; nasals, 16; zygomatic breadth, 23.5; mastoid

SIGMODON. 229

breadth, 16.4; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.3. (Bailey,
I.e.)

hispidus tonalensia (Sigmodon), Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv,

1902, p. 109.
TONALA COTTON RAT.

Type locality. Tonala, State of Chiapas, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern part of State of Oaxaca, into western part
of State of Chiapas.

Genl. Char. Similar to S. mascotensis, but larger.

Color. Above yellowish brown; beneath creamy white; feet and
tail dull brownish gray.

Measurements. Total length, 350; tail, 166; hind foot, 41.
Skull: basal length, 34.5; nasals, 15; zygomatic breadth, 22; mastoid
breadth, 14.5; alveolar length of upper molar series, 6.8.

FIG. XXXVIII. SIGMODON H. INEXORATUS. OCOTLAN COTTON RAT.

hispidus inexoratus (Sigmodon], Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus.,

in, 1903, p. 144. Zoology.
OCOTLAN COTTON RAT.

Type locality. Ocotlan, State of Jalisco, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size large. Skull with infraorbital foramina oblong
and narrow; frontal region broad.

Color. Above mixed creamy buff and black; sides paler cream
buff, as are also the arms, hands, and thighs; hind feet gray; under
parts grayish white; tail nearly naked, blackish above, whitish
beneath; ears dark brown or blackish.

Measurements. Total length, type, 310"; tail vertebras, 146;
hind foot, 36. Skull: total length, 37; Hensel, 31; zygomatic width,
20; mastoid width, 15; median palatal length, 8; length of incisive
foramen, 7 ; upper tooth row, 7 ; lower tooth row, 7.

2:*0 SIGMODON.

202. minimus (Sigmodon}, Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvn,

1894, p. 130. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamtn., 1901, p. 146.
LEAST COTTON RAT.

Type locality. Northern boundary line between New Mexico
and Mexico, 100 miles west of the Initial Monument in Grant County,
on the west bank of the Rio Grande.

Geogr. Distr. Northern Mexico and southern New Mexico and
Arizona.

Genl. Char. Darker in color and hair more bristly than 5. h.
texcnsis; ears, feet, and tail thickly covered with hair; tail indis-
tinctly bicolor.

Color. Above mixed brown, gray, and black; beneath pale buff;
tail brownish black; feet yellowish gray.

Measurements. Total length, 223; tail, 94; hind foot, 28; ear
above crown, 14. Skull of type: basal length, 28.5; nasals, 11.3;
zygomatic breadth, 19; mastoid breadth, 14; alveolar length of upper
molar series, 5.9.

203. leucotis (Sigmodon), Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, 1902,

p. 115.
WHITE-EARED COTTON RAT.

Type locality. Valparaiso Mountains, State of Zacatecas, Mexico.
Altitude, 8,700 feet.

Geogr. Distr. Known only from the type locality.

Genl. Char. Size medium; tail short, hairy. Skull heavily ridged
along sides; interparietal narrow with a median suture; no median
ridge on supraoccipital ; nasals short; bullae oval.

Color. Above dull brownish gray; under parts whitish; hands
and feet brownish gray; tail black, brownish at base beneath; ears
whitish gray.

Measurements. Average of 8 adult topotypes: total length, 234;
tail vertebrae, 91; hind foot, 29.4. Skull of type: basal length, 31;
nasals, 11.4; zygomatic breadth, 20.5; mastoid width, 15; alveolar
length of upper molar series, 6. (Bailey, 1. c.)

204. ochrognathus (Sigmodon), Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv,

1902, p. 115.

OCHRACEOUS-FACED COTTON RAT.

Type locality. Chisos Mountains, Brewster County, Texas. Alti-
tude, 8,000 feet.

Geogr. Distr. Chisos Mountains, Texas, to Parral, State of
Chihuahua, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size small; tail long, hairy. Skull: interparietal with
a posterior indentation; nasals short, wide, and truncate posteriorly.

SIGMODON. 231

Color. Above yellowish gray, tinged about ears, face, and rump
with ochraceous; nose, orbital ring, and base of tail bright ochraceous;
beneath white; hands and feet buffy gray; tail above blackish,
beneath buffy gray.

Measurements. Total length, 260; tail, 117; hind foot, 29.
Skull of type: basal length, 28; nasals, n.6; zygomatic breadth, 19;
mastoid breadth, 13; alveolar length of upper molar series, 5.5.
(Bailey, 1. c.)

205. alticola (Sigmodon), Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, 1902,

p. 116.
ALPINE COTTON RAT.

Type locality. Cerro San Felipe, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.
Altitude, 10,000 feet.

Geogr. Distr. Mountains of State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size medium; tail hairy; pelage long and soft.
Skull : similar to that of 5. leucotis ; lateral pits of palate very shallow.

Color. Above dark ochraceous or light umber brown; beneath
pale cinnamon brown; hands and feet yellowish gray; tail black,
yellowish brown at base beneath; ears gray.

Measurements., Total length, 230; tail, 101; hind foot, 28.5.
Skull of type: basal length, 28.5; nasals, n; zygomatic breadth, 17.8;
mastoid breadth, 13.5; alveolar length of upper molar series, 6.3.
(Bailey, 1. c.)

a. — amoles (Sigmodon), Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, 1902,

p. 116.
AMOLES COTTON RAT.

Type locality. Final de Amoles, State of Queretaro, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Known only from type locality.

Genl. Char. Similar to 5. alticola. Skull wider, smaller bullae,
and lateral pits of palate deeper, and interparietal without median
division.

Color. Like 5. alticola, but upper parts duller and less tawny.

Measurements. Total length, 252; tail vertebrae, 105; hind foot,
29.5. Skull of type: basal length, 29.5; nasals, 5.7; zygomatic
breadth, 19.6; mastoid breadth, 14; alveolar length of upper molar
series, 6.3. (Bailey, 1. c.)

206. austerulus (Sigmodon), Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxix,

1902, p. 32.
VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI COTTON RAT.

Type locality. Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, Panama. Altitude,
10,000 feet.

232 SIGMODON.

Gcnl. Char. Similar to S. h. boruca, tail longer, well haired;
color paler.

Color. Above cinnamon brown, dorsal region darker; rump
shaded with russet; under parts white washed with pale buff; tail
above dusky, beneath gray; hands and feet yellowish gray; ears gray.

Measurements. Total length, 260; tail vertebrae, 120; hind foot,
32 ; ear, 17. Skull: mastoid width, 14.8; length of upper molar series,
6; length of mandible, 19.2.

207. fulviventer (Sigmodon), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1889, p. 180.
FULVOUS-BELLIED COTTON RAT.

Type locality. Zacatecas, State of Zacatecas, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. States of Zacatecas and Durango, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to 5. hispidus, but paler, and under parts
ochraceous buff instead of white.

Color. Above yellowish brown mixed with black, darkest on
median line; under parts ochraceous buff; arms and legs buffy; hands
and feet yellowish gray; tail blackish, mixed with gray.

Measurements. Total length, 270; tail vertebras, 108; hind foot,
33. (ex Type.) Skull of type; base broken: total length over inci-
sors, 35.5; nasals, 13; zygomatic breadth, 21.5; alveolar length of
upper molar series, 6.3.

208. melanotis (Sigmodon), Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv,

1902, p. 114.
BLACK-EARED COTTON RAT.

Type locality. Patzcuaro, State of Michoacan, Mexico. Alti-
tude, 7,000 feet.

Geogr. Distr. Known from type locality only.

Color. Above dark ochraceous, lined with black; beneath dark
rusty ochraceous; hands and feet yellowish brown; tail black, yel-
lowish beneath at base; ears black.

Measurements. Type: total length, 275; tail, 100; hind foot, 31.
Skull: basal length, 31.4; nasals, 12.2; zygomatic breadth, 20.5;
mastoid breadth, 14.5; alveolar length of upper molar series, 6.3.
(Bailey, 1. c.)

The Rice Rats of the genus ORYZOMYS are, in a number of the
species, among the largest of the Muridae, with long, scantily haired
tails and long hind feet. They are mostly dwellers of tropical regions,
and in the United States are found only in the coast region of the

ORYZOMYS. 233

eastern and southeastern portions ; but in Mexico some are met with
at 10,000 feet elevation, and these forms are provided with a woolly
covering to protect them from the cold of such high altitudes.

48. Oryzomys. Rice Rats.

C. H. Merriam. Synopsis of the Rice Rats (Genus Oryzomys) of the
L'nitcd States and Mexico, Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., in, 1901, p. 273.
Oryzomys Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 458. Type Mus palus-

tris Harlan.
Oligoryzomys Bangs, Proc. N. Eng. Zool. Club, i, 1900, p. 94, pi.

i, fig. 2.

"Form rat -like; ears nearly buried in the fur; hairs of body
coarse; tail longer than head and body; the hairs longest on the

FIG. 39. ORYZOMYS COSTARICENSIS.

No. 7963 Am Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. Twice nat. size.

UPPER TOOTH ROW. LOWER TOOTH ROW.

Enlarged 10 times Enlarged 10 times.

234 ORYZOMYS.

under surface; hind feet very long; soles naked, with six tubercles,
all very small except the posterior, which is very long and narrow;
upper margin of the orbit raised into a compressed crest, as in Sig-
modon." (Baird, 1. c.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Fur coarse; tail longer than head and body;
hind feet very long. " Upper margin of
orbit raised into a compressed crest."

a. Under parts white. PAGE

a/ Above yellowish fulvous and black 0. nelsoni 235

b/ Above ochraceous and black.

a." Tail above dusky, whitish below O. albiventer 236

b." Tail above brown, paler brown

beneath O. crinitus aztecus 245

c/ Above ochraceous fulvous 0. yucatanensis 236

b. Under parts grayish white.

a/ Above tawny ochraceous lined with

black 0. panamensis 241

b/ Above mottled blackish brown O. talamancce 241

c/ Above rusty brown and black O. alfari 242

c. Under parts whitish, or tinged with salmon
or buff.

a/ Above pale grayish 0. peninsula 236

b/ Above reddish brown and black O. couesi 236

c/ Above mixed deep rufous and black 0. palatinus 237

d/ Above dark rufous brown O. hylocetes 237

e/ Above grizzled fulvous and black 0. rhabdops 237

f/ Above dark fulvous and black, small 0. chapmani 238

g.' Above dark fulvous and black, large. . . .0. c. caudatus 238

h/ Above fulvous and black, paler 0. c. dilutior 238

i/ Above blackish and fulvous O. c. saturatior 239

j/ Above chestnut brown 0. bulleri 239

k/ Above "deep dull fulvous" O. rufus 239

I/ Above bright fulvous; beneath tinged

with fawn O. fulgens 240

m/ Above dark fulvous; under parts grayish

white O. molestus 240

n/ Above pale fulvous and black O. zygomaticus 241

o/ Above grayish bistre O. cozumela 241

d. Under parts buffy white.

a.' Above fulvous brown lined with black. . .O. mexicanus 242

ORYZOMYS. 235

b/ Above grayish brown heavily lined with PAGE

black O. m. peragrus 243

c.' Above grizzled rufous 0. mclanotis 243

d.' Above ochraceous fulvous, lined with

black 0. rostratus 243

e.' Above deep fulvous and black 0. r. megadon 243

f / Above dark rufous 0. victus 244

g.' Above russet brown O. devius 244

e. Under parts buff.

a/ Above buffy fulvous 0. crinitus 245

b/ Above tawny rufous 0. tectus 245

c/ Above mixed fulvous and black.

a." Size large 0. angusticeps 245

b." Size smaller 0. goldmani 246

d/ Above dark brown tinged with yellowish.

a." Under parts buff 0. jalapce 246

b." Under parts gray 0. j. apatelius 246

e/ Above dark fulvous and black 0. f. rufinus 247

f. Under parts buffy fulvous.

a/ Above grizzled bistre 0. teapensis 247

g. Under parts deep buff.

a/ Above yellowish brown to yellowish

chestnut O. costaricensis 249

b/ Above bright yellowish red brown 0. vegetus 249

h. Under parts yellowish; above rufous, sparsely lined with

black O. antillarum 247

i. Under parts ochraceous fulvous; above grizzled yellowish

fulvous lined with black O. richmondi 248

j. Under parts yellowish fulvous; above yellowish fulvous

lined with black 0. fulvescens 248

209. nelsoni (Oryzomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn, 1898,

P- JS-
MARIA MADRE ISLAND RICE RAT.

Type locality. Maria Madre Island, Tres Marias Islands, State of
Jalisco, Mexico.

Gcogr. Distr. Tres Marias Islands, State of Jalisco, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Larger than O. mexicanus; tail very long, naked.

Color. Above yellowish fulvous, lined with black on head and
back; flanks and thighs buffy ochraceous; under parts white; tail
dark brown, yellowish beneath at base.

Measurements. Total length, 342; tail vertebrae, 190; hind
foot, 38.

236 ORYZOMYS.

210. albi venter (Oryzomys), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., in,

1901, p. 279.
WHITE-BELLIED RICE RAT.

Type locality. Ameca, State of Jalisco, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Jalisco, Mexico; extent of range unknown.

Genl. Char. Size large ; ear short ; under parts white ; molars large.

Color. Above ochraceous, lined with black; under parts white;
tail dusky above, whitish below.

Measurements. Total length, 295; tail vertebra?, 162; hind
foot, 37.3.

211. yucatanensis (Oryzomys), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., in,

1901, p. 294.
CHICKEN ITZA RICE RAT.

Type locality. Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Yucatan, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to O. melanotis, but without white cheek
patch. Skull: superciliary beads distinct; incisive foramina short;
molars small.

Color. Above ochraceous fulvous, extending to and including
sides of face to nose ; head and back lined with black ; beneath white ;
tail yellowish beneath, dusky above; ears fulvous brown.

Measurements. Total length, 235; tail vertebrae, 119; hind
foot, 32.

212. peninsula? (Oryzomys), Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser.,

xx, 1897, p. 548.
LOWER CALIFORNIA RICE RAT.

Type locality. Santa Anita, Lower California, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Cape Region, Lower California, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size large; fur woolly; tail thinly haired.

Color. Head and back anteriorly pale grayish, grading into dull
fulvous on rump; under parts whitish; hands and feet silvery white;
tail brown above, whitish below; ear pale brown.

Measurements. Total length, 298; tail vertebrae, 150; hind foot,
34; ear, 18. Skull: basilar length, 27.3; greatest breadth, 18.7;
length of nasals, 13; width, 3.9; length of upper molar series, 5;
length of palatine foramen, 7; width, 3.

213. couesi (Hesperomys), Alston, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1876, p. 756.
couesi (Oryzomys), Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., 1893,

p. 403-
COUES' RICE RAT.

Type locality. Coban, Guatemala.

Geogr. Distr. State of Chiapas into Guatemala, Central America.

ORYZOMYS. 2H7

Genl. Char. Ears small, rounded; hind feet large; tail long, scaly;
pelage harsh.

Color. Above reddish brown mixed with black; flanks pale
rufous; under parts whitish; breast washed with rufous1; ^ail ajm^t
unicolor, paler beneath; hands and feet grayish.

Measurements. Total length, 276; tail vertebrae, 149; hind
foot, 28.

214. palatinus (Oryzomys), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., in,

1901, p. 290.
TABASCAN RICE RAT.

Type locality. Teapa, State of Tabasco, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size small; similar to O. chapmani, but more reddish
generally. Skull light, slender; supraorbital bead barely perceptible;
outer sides of zygomata parallel; incisive foramina separated by a
broad septum.

Color. Above mixed deep rufous and black; sides and cheeks
pale rufous; beneath whitish; hind feet whitish; tail dark above,
paler beneath.

Measurements. Total length, 209; tail vertebrae, 106; hind
foot, 25.

215. hylocetes (Oryzomys), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., in,

1901, p. 291.
MARSH RICE RAT.

Type locality. Chicharras, State of Chiapas, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Small; ears large; similar to 0. palatinns. Skull:
nasals flat, truncate anteriorly.

Color. Above dark rufous brown, beneath whitish; hind feet
dark; ears and tail blackish.

Measurements. Total length, 217; tail vertebrae, 118; hind
foot, 27.

216. rhabdops (Oryzomys), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., in,

1901, p. 291.
STRIPED-FACE RICE RAT.

Type locality. Calel, Guatemala. Altitude, 10,000 feet.

Geogr. Distr. State of Chiapas, Mexico, into Guatemala, Central
America.

Genl. Char. Medium size; ears large. Skull: zygomata "squar-
ish," spreading.

Color. Above grizzled fulvous and black; sides and cheeks paler;
beneath whitish; side of nose pale fulvous; streak from nose to eye
blackish; tail dusky brown above, yellowish beneath; ears blackish.

238 ORYZOMYS.

Measurements. Total length, 255; tail vertebrae, 141; hind
foot, 29.5.

217. chapman! (Oryzomys}, Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th

|5<»r<,i, .898, p. 179-
CHAPMAN'S RICE RAT.

Type locality. Jalapa, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size small. Skull small; nasals narrow posteriorly;
palatal foramina reaching nearly to anterior margin of the first upper
molar.

Color. Upper parts dark fulvous and black, blacker on back;
beneath whitish, strongly suffused with slate; ears shining black;
wrists and ankles suffused with smoky brown; tail bicolor, blackish
above, paler below.

Measurements. Total length, 121; tail vertebrae, 116; hind foot,
24; ear, 19. Skull: basal length, 21.6; basilar length, 19.8; greatest
breadth, 13.8; interorbital constriction, 4.3; length of nasals, 10.4;
breadth across squamosals, 11.4; palatal length, 11.5; length of
upper molar series, 3.7.

a. — eaudatus (Oryzomys), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., in,

1901, p. 289.
LONG-TAILED RICE RAT.

Type locality. Comaltepec, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Genl. Char. "Similar to 0. chapmani, but larger, tail much
longer; color slightly darker. Skull larger and heavier, with longer
rostrum and broader nasals." (Merr., 1. c.)

Color. Above dark fulvous and black, darkest on dorsal region;
sides paler; under parts grayish white; tail above blackish brown,
beneath paler, becoming grayish towards base; hands and feet flesh
color; ears black.

Measurements. Total length, 257; tail vertebrae, 141; hind
foot, 30.

b. — dilutior (Oryzomys), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., in,

1901, p. 290.
PALE RICE RAT.

Type locality. Huauchinango, State of Puebla, Mexico.

Genl. Char. "Similar to O. chapmani, but slightly paler; hind
foot longer. Rostrum and nasals broader; rostrum more swollen at
base; anterior root of zygoma heavier."

Color. Above rufous and black, darkest on dorsal line; sides
inclining to yellowish brown; under parts white, tinged with buff;

ORYZOMYS. 23»

tail black above, pale brown beneath; hands and feet flesh color,
covered sparsely with white hairs; ears black.

Measurements. Total length, 223; tail vertebrae, 117; hind
foot, 28.

c. — satuwitior (Oryzomys}, Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., in,

1901, p. 290.
TUMBALA RICE RAT.

Type locality. Tumbala, State of Chiapas, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to O. chapmani, but decidedly darker, par-
ticularly on top of head and middle of back, which are blackish,
slightly "peppered" with fine points of fulvous; under parts soiled
buffy, in some specimens salmon; cheeks fulvous; ears, hind feet,
and tail blackish.

Measurements. Total length, 218; tail vertebrae, 120; hind
foot, 25.5.

218. bulleri (Oryzomys) , Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1897,

P- 53-
BULLER'S RICE RAT.

Type locality. Valle de Banderas, Territorio de Tepic, State of
Jalisco, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. States of Jalisco and Colima, Mexico; limits un-
known.

Genl. Char. Similar to 0. couesi, but darker. Rostrum slender.

Color. Upper parts chestnut brown mixed with black ; side ochra-
ceous; under parts buffy white; ears brown; tail above brownish,
yellowish below; hands and feet whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 242; tail vertebrae, 127; hind foot,
27; ear, n. Skull: total length, 27.8; basal length, 23; zygomatic
breadth, 15; interorbital constriction, 4.5; length of nasals, 10.2;
palatal length, n; width of braincase, 12.5; length of upper tooth
row, 4.6.

219. rufus (Oryzomys), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., in, 1901,

p. 287.
RUFOUS RICE RAT.

Type locality. Santiago, Territorio de Tepic, Mexico.
. Genl. Char. Similar to O. bulleri, but smaller; pelage more red.
Color. Above deep fulvous, extending to head, mixed with scat-
tering black hairs; under parts soiled white; tail dusky above, paler
below.

Measurements. Total length, 250; tail vertebrae, 136; hind
foot, 28.

240

ORYZOMYS.

220. fulgens (Oryzomys), Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser..

1893, p. 403.
SHINING RICE RAT.

Type locality. Unknown. "Mexico."

Genl. Char. Size large; fur coarse, woolly; ears small; tail long.

Color. Above bright fulvous; under parts whitish, tinged with
fawn; outer side of limbs like back, inner side whitish; hands and
feet silvery fawn; tail blackish above, yellowish below.

Measurements. Total length, 301; tail, 151; hind foot, 37.5; ear
from notch, 13.3. Skull: zygomatic breadth, 17.8; length of nasals,
13.2; interorbital constriction, 4.8; length of palatine foramen, 7.3;
length of upper molar series, 5.2. (Thomas, 1. c.)

FIG. XXXIX. ORYZOMYS MOLESTUS. OCOTLAN RICE RAT.

221. molestus (Oryzomys}, Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., n,

1903, p. 145. Zoology.
OCOTLAN RICE RAT.

Type locality. Ocotlan, State of Jalisco, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size large; ears small; tail very long; color beneath
uniform. Skull about half as broad as long; supraorbital beads diver-
ging posteriorly from least interorbital width in almost straight lines,
unlike those of 0. fulgens; palatal arch with an azygos central point;
palatine foramina very long and broad.

Color. Above dark fulvous; flanks pale buff; forehead darker
than back; under parts grayish white, with a nearly pure white
pectoral spot; limbs like back; hands and feet grayish; tail nearly
naked, pale brown above, lighter beneath; ears pale brown.

Measurements. Total length, 325; tail vertebras, 170; hind foot,
38. Skull: greatest length, 35; Hensel, 28; zygomatic width, 18;
mastoid width, 14; length of nasals, 14; width of rostrum, 6; inter-
orbital constriction, 6; palatal length, 7 ; length of upper tooth row, 6.

ORYZOMYS. 241

222. zygomaticus (Oryzomys), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., in,

1901, p. 285.
GUATEMALAN RICE RAT.

Type locality. Nenton, Guatemala.

Geogr. Distr. Guatemala.

Genl. Char. Size medium; hind feet large. Skull: superciliary
ridges strongly developed and everted; zygomata curving down-
ward below level of posterior root.

Color. Above pale fulvous, lined with black on dorsal portion;
under parts white, suffused with buff.

Measurements. Total length, 290; tail vertebrae, 152; hind
foot, 33.

223. cozumelse (Oryzomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiv,

1901, p. 103.
COZUMEL ISLAND RICE RAT.

Type locality. Cozumel Island, Yucatan, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size large, similar to O. aquaticus. Skull: braincase
broad posteriorly, carrying lateral beads outwards.

Color. Above grayish bistre; sides and rump suffused with pale
fulvous; beneath whitish to pale salmon; tail dusky above, paler
beneath; ears dark brown.

Measurements. Total length, 332; tail vertebras, 182; hind
foot, 35.

224. panamensis (Oryzomys} , Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., yth

Ser., vin, 1901, p. 252.
PANAMA RICE RAT.

Type locality. Near city of Panama, Panama.

Genl. Char. Size large; tail about equal to head and body; fur
soft. Skull: supraorbital ridges without heavy beads; molars
small, narrow.

Color. Upper parts tawny ochraceous, lined with black; sides
lighter; under parts grayish; outer sides of arms and legs gray; tail
brown above, white below; hands and feet whitish; ears brown.

Measurements. Total length, 261; tail, 130; hind foot, 28.5; ear,
1 8. Skull: tip of nasals to front of interparietal, 28.5; zygomatic
breadth, 16.4; interorbital constriction, 5; length of nasals, 12.5;
length of upper molar series, 4.2.

225. talamancfE (Oryzomys) , Allen, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891,

P- 193-
TALAMANCA RICE RAT.

Type locality. Talamanca, Costa Rica.

242 ORYZOMYS.

Geogr. Distr. Costa Rica, Central America.

Genl. Char. Ears large; soles naked; tubercles, 6; tail long as
head and body.

Color. Above mixed russet and blackish brown; cheeks, sides of
head, and flanks yellow brown; under parts grayish white; tail naked,
above blackish, beneath dark brown; hands and feet pale yellowish
gray; ears naked, blackish.

Measurements. Total length, 228.6; tail vertebra?, 114.3; hind
foot, 30.8; ear from crown, 13.7. Skull: basal length, 28.5; total
length, 31.2; greatest breadth, 15.8; interorbital constriction, 5.3;
length of nasals, 12.7; palatal length, 16; length of upper molar
series, 51.

226. alfari (Hesperomys), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1891,

p. 214.
ALFARO'S RICE RAT.

Type locality. San Carlos, Costa Rica, Central America.

Geogr. Distr. Costa Rica, Central America.

Genl. Char. Tail longer than head and body; ears rather long;
hind foot long; soles naked.

Color. Above rusty brown and black; sides of head and body
more rufous; beneath ashy white; tail naked, blackish brown above,
paler beneath; feet yellowish.

Measurements. Total length, 184; tail, 88.9; hind foot, 23.4; ear
from crown, 10.2. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 24.5; Hensel, 18.5;
zygomatic width, 13; interorbital constriction, 5; length of nasals, 10;
palatal length, 10; length of upper tooth row, 3.2 ; length of mandible,
8; length of lower tooth row, 4.

227. mexicanus (Oryzomys), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1897,

P- 52-
TONILA RICE RAT.

Type locality. Hacienda San Marcos, Tonila, State of Jalisco, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Sinaloa, southern part, south to Isthmus
of Tehuantepec, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to O. palustris; size medium; hind feet large.
Postpalatal border of nares V-shaped.

Color. Above fulvous brown, lined with black, sides paler; under
parts grayish white, sometimes suffused with buff; tail naked, dusky
above, paler below.

Measurements. Total length, 279; tail vertebrae, 142; hind foot,
30. Skull: total length, 27.8; basal length, 23; zygomatic width, 15;
interorbital constriction, 4.5; width of braincase, 12.5; length of
nasals, 10.2; palatal length, n ; length of upper tooth row, 4.6.

ORYZOMYS. -J43

a. — pera grus (Oryzomys), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., in,

1901, p. 283.
WANDERING RICE RAT.

Type locality. Rio Verde, State of San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to 0. mexicanus, but grayer and tail longer.

Color. Above grayer than O. mexicanus, heavily lined with black ;
under parts buffy, deeper than in O. mexicanus; tail bicolor.

Measurements. Total length, 294; tail vertebrae, 167; hind
foot, 35.

228. melanotis (Oryzomys), Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th

Ser., xi, 1893, p. 404.
BLACK-EARED RICE RAT.

Type locality. Mineral San Sebastian, State of Jalisco, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Jalisco, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size small, slender; tail long, scantily haired.

Color. Upper parts grizzled rufous, brightest on rump and sides;
whitish cheek patch between eye and mouth; under parts buffy
white; ears black; hands and feet white; tail above blackish, beneath
yellowish white.

Measurements. Total length, 224; tail, 127; hind foot, 28; ear
from notch, 18. Skull: basal length, 25.1; zygomatic width, 15.2;
length of nasals, 12; interorbital constriction, 5.1; width of brain-
case, 12.8; length of interparietal, 3.4; breadth of interparietal, 10;
palatal length, 15.5; length of palatine foramen, 5.8; length of upper
molar series, 4.3.

229. rostratus (Oryzomys) , Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., in,

1901, p. 293.
BROAD-NOSED RICE RAT.

Type locality. Metlaltoyuca, State of Puebla, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern Mexico, from State of Puebla to Isthmus
of Tehuantepec.

Genl. Char. Similar to O. melanotis; pelage coarse. Skull large,
long, flat; rostrum long, swollen at base; nasals broad, flat; super-
ciliary bead moderate.

Color. Above ochraceous fulvous, lined with black; beneath
buffy white; tail above dark brown, under side yellowish; ears dark
brown.

Measurements. Total length, 277; tail vertebrae, 141; hind
foot, 32.5.

a. — jnegadon (Oryzomys), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., in, 1901,
P- 294.

•_>44 ORYZOMYS.

TEAPA RICE RAT.

Type locality. Teapa, State of Tabasco, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Tabasco westward probably to State of Puebla.

Genl. Char. Similar to 0. rostratus, but smaller and more red;
and is distinguishable from 0. melanotis by its darker color and
larger hind foot.

Color. Above deep fulvous lined with black, darkest on median
line; sides yellowish brown; under parts grayish white, with a buff
tinge; tail black above, whitish beneath; thighs plumbeous; hands
and feet flesh color; ears dark brown.

Measurements. Total length, 272 ; tail vertebrae, 140; hind foot, 31.

230. victus (Oryzomys), Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., yth Ser.,

i, 1898, p. 177.
ST. VINCENT RICE RAT.

Type locality. Island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles.

Genl. Char. Molars large and stout; palate ending close to pos-
terior edge of third upper molar; braincase lengthened; parietal
ridges developed.

Color. Above dark rufous; beneath buffy white; no orbital ring;
tail brown above, paler below, nearly naked; hands and feet silvery
white; ears brown.

Measurements. Total length, 217; tail, 121; hind foot, 26.7; ear,
14. Skull: basilar length, 21.4; basal length, 23.8; greatest breadth,
15.1; length of nasals, 11.2; interorbital constriction, 4.5; palatal
length from henselion, 12.3; length of upper molar series, 4.1.

231. devius (Oryzomys), Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxix, 1902,

P-34-
LONELY RICE RAT.

Type locality. Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama. Altitude, 5,000 feet.

Genl. Char. Like O. childi, ex Colombia, but under parts white
and fulvous.

Color. Upper parts russet brown; dorsal region darker; orbital
region black; under side of head and neck grayish white; pectoral
and ventral patch white; tail above dusky, beneath grayish; hands
and feet yellowish white; ears large, black.

Measurements. Total length, 335-360; tail vertebras, 165-195;
hind foot, 33-36; ear, 22-23. Skull: basal length, 31.6; occipito-
nasal length, 36; zygomatic width, 18; mastoid width, 13.8; inter-
orbital width, 5.6; length of nasals, 14.2; width of nasals, 3.8; length
of palatal slits, 5.6; width of palatal slits, 2.6; length of palate to
palatal notch, 15.6; upper molar series, 5.4; length of single half
mandible, 20. (Bangs, 1. c.)

ORYZOMYS. 245

232. crinitus (Oryzomys) , Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Nat. Scien., in,

1901, p. 281.
LONG-HAIRED RICE RAT.

Type locality. Tlalpam, Federal District, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Large; hind feet long; ears short. Skull resembling
that of O. c. aztccus Merr.

Color. Above buffy fulvous, darkest on rump, and lined with
black; chin, throat, and forelegs whitish; rest of under parts buffy;
tail dusky above, yellowish below.

Measurements. Total length, 307 ; tail vertebra?, 161 ; hind foot, 37.

a. — aztecus (Oryzomys}, Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., in, 1901,

p. 282.
AZTEC RICE RAT.

Type locality. Yautepec, State of Morelos, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Southeastern Mexico, from States of Morelos and
Puebla to Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

Genl. Char. Skull : nasals and zygomata slender, the latter bowed
downward; palatal slits broadly open posteriorly. Under parts white.

Color. Above ochraceous, sparsely lined with black; under parts
white; tail brownish above, paler beneath.

Measurements. Total length, 290; tail vertebrae, 154; hind foot, 35.

233. tectus (Oryzomys'), Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vin, 1901,

p. 251.
BOGAVA RICE RAT.

Type locality. Bogava, Chiriqui, Panama. Altitude, 800 feet.

Genl. Char. Size large; tail longer than head and body. Skull
has the supraorbital ridges overhanging and expanded ; frontal region
concave ; muzzle heavy ; palatal foramina not reaching level of molars.

Color. Above tawny rufous, slightly lined with black; sides
inclining to ochraceous; upper lip fulvous; chin white; under parts
buffy; hands and feet pale buff; tail brown above, white below; ears
with ochraceous tuft at base.

Measurements. Total length, 282; tail, 142; hind foot, 29.5; ear,
1 8. Skull : tip of nasals to back of interparietal, 33 ; greatest breadth,
17; interorbital constriction, 6.5; length of nasals, n.6; palatal length,
13.8 ; length of upper molar series, 4.9.

234. angusticeps (Oryzomys} , Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., in,

1901, p. 292.
SANTA MARIA VOLCANO RICE RAT.

Type locality. Volcan Santa Maria, Guatemala. Altitude, 9,000 feet.
Geogr. Distr. Guatemala, Central America.

•246 ORYZOMYS.

Genl. Char. Similar to O. rhabdops. Ears large. Skull long and
narrow; nasals very long; no superorbital bead; teeth small.

Color. Above mixed fulvous and black ; beneath buffy ; tail above
blackish, paler on basal half beneath; ears blackish.

Measurements. Total length, 245; tail vertebrae, 134; hind foot,
29.

235. goldmani (Oryzomys), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., in,

1901, p. 288.
GOLDMAN'S RICE RAT.

Type locality. Coatzacoalcos, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size small; ears large; tail long. Skull narrow; super-
ciliary bead slight; nasals broad; bullae and molars large.

Color. Above mixed fulvous and black; beneath buff; tail above
dusky, beneath paler.

Measurements. Total length, 233; tail vertebras, 124; hind foot,
30-

236. jalapse (Oryzomys), Allen & Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.

Hist., 1897, p. 206.
JALAPA RICE RAT.

Type locality. Jalapa, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Vera Cruz and northwestern parts of State
of Puebla, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to O. mexicanus, but buff beneath.

Color. Above dark brown tinged with yellowish and lined with
black; indistinct dorsal band; chin and throat grayish white; under
parts varying from pale buff or whitish buff to deep buff; tail above
dark brown, below paler; hands and feet pale grayish brown.

Measurements. Total length, 278; tail vertebras, 140; hind foot,
30; ear, 18. Skull: total length, 32; basal length, 227; zygomatic
width, 16; width of braincase, 12.4; interorbital constriction, 5;
length of nasals, 13.4; palatal length, 13; length of upper molar
series, 4.5. (ex Type.)

a. — apfitelius (Oryzomys), Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., in, 1904.

p. 266.
DECEITFUL RICE RAT.

Type locality. San Carlos, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Gen. Char. Similar to 0. jalapce in color on upper parts, grayish
buff beneath ; tail shorter, hind foot longer. Skull with longer and
narrower braincase, zygomatic width less, nasals longei ; anterior
palatine foramina longer, mastoid width less ; mandible more slender,
narrower between angle and condyle.

ORYZOMYS. 247

Color. Above yellowish brown lined with black, darkest on dorsal
region ; chin and throat pale gray ; rest of under parts gray tinged
with buff; tail distinctly bicolor, above black, beneath yellowish white,
naked; hands and feet buffy white; ears dark brown.

Measurements. Total length, 259; tail vertebrae, 130; hind foot,
31. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 31.5; Hensel, 29.7; interorbital con-
striction, 4.5; greatest zygomatic width, 16; least zygomatic width
anteriorly, 13; width of braincase above zygomata, 12; length of
nasals, 12; palatal length, 13.5; length of incisive foramina, 11.4;
length of upper tooth row, 5 ; length of mandible, angle to base of in-
cisors, 15; height at condyle, 7; length of lower tooth row, 5.

b. — Tufinus (Oryzomys), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., in, 1901,

p. 285.
FULVOUS RICE RAT.

Type locality. Catemaco, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Incisors and molars larger than those of 0. jalapce.

Color. Similar to O. jalapce, but back and rump deep fulvous,
lined with black; tail dusky all around, paler beneath; under parts
buffy; hands and feet flesh color, sparsely covered with white hairs;
ears blackish brown.

Measurements. Total length, 270; tail, 139; hind foot, 32.

237. teapensis (Oryzomys) , Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., in, 1901,

p. 286.
TEAPA RICE RAT.

Type locality. Teapa, State of Tabasco, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Tabasco; possibly also State of Chiapas,
Mexico.

Genl. Char. Ears small ; hind feet rather short ; colors dark.

Color. Above grizzled bistre; sides yellowish, lined with black;
chin, throat and arms whitish; rest of under parts buffy fulvous; tail
dusky, base beneath yellowish.

Measurements. Total length, 259 ; tail vertebras, 179 ; hind foot, 32.5.

238. antillarum (Oryzomys), Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th

Ser., i, 1898, p. 177.
JAMAICA RICE RAT.

Type locality. Jamaica.

Geogr. Distr. Type locality only.

Genl. Char. Size of O. couesi; tail as long as head and body,
nearly naked. Skull : supraorbital ridges well defined ; interparietal
narrow; nasal passing posteriorly the premaxillae; palatal foramina
compressed ; palate extending beyond third upper molar.

248 ORYZOMYS.

Color. Above rufous sparsely lined with black, brightest on the
rump; head suffused with grayish; under parts yellowish, hairs gray
at base; tail pale brown above, lighter beneath; hands and feet
whitish; ears blackish outside, yellowish inside.

Measurements. Total length, 260; tail, 130; hind foot, 28; ear,
13. Skull: basal length, 26; basilar length, 24; greatest breadth, 17;
interorbital constriction, 5.2; breadth across squamosals, 12.9; length
of nasals, 12.6; palatal length, 14; length of upper molar series, 4.6.

239. richmondi (Oryzomys), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., in,

1901, p. 284.
ESCONDIDO RIVER RICE RAT.

Type locality. Escondido River, 50 miles above Bluefields, Nica-
ragua.

Genl. Char. Size large; ear short. Rostrum long, slender.

Color. Above grizzled yellowish fulvous, lined with black; rump
sometimes rusty; under parts ochraceous fulvous, palest on chin and
lips; tail dark, palest beneath.

Measurements. Total length, 295; tail vertebrae, 150; hind foot,

33-5-

240. fulvescens (//^5^rc»w^),Sauss., Rev. Mag. Zool., 2me Ser., 1860,

p. 102.
FULVOUS RICE RAT.

Type locality. "Mexique." Orizaba, State of Vera Cruz?

Geogr. Distr. Jalapa and vicinity, State of Vera Cruz, south to
Yucatan, Mexico, and Guatemala, Central America.

Genl. Char. Tail longer than head and body; hind feet long, fur
slightly harsh.

Color. Above yellowish fulvous, lined with black; flanks fulvous;
under parts yellowish rufous, except chin and throat, which are
whitish; tail naked, indistinctly bicolor, grayish above, paler beneath;
feet pale buff or whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 173; tail, 100; hind foot, 20; ear, 14.

A. Oligoryzomys.

"Size very small; tail long; hind foot long and slender; fifth hind
toe moderately long. Skull small, delicate; interorbital region narrow;
outer edges of f rentals squarish, but unbeaded; braincase smooth
and unridged; zygomatic plate narrow and with but slight forward
projection; a decided longitudinal depression or trough in middle of
nasals; molar teeth small and delicate, but essentially like those of
true Oryzomys; incisor teeth very narrow and delicate." (Bangs.)

ORYZOMYS.

249

FIG. 40. ORYZOMYS VEGETUS.
Mus. Comp. Zool. Twice nat. size.

UPPER TOOTH ROW. LOWER TOOTH ROW.

Enlarged 10 times Enlarged 10 times.

241. costaricen is (Oryzomys), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1893, p. 239.
EL GENERAL RICE RAT.

Type locality. El General, Costa Rica.

Geogr.Distr. Costa Rica, Central America. Altitude, from 2,150
to 10,342 feet.

Genl. Char. Size small; tail much longer than head and body.
Skull with superciliary bead absent.

Color. Above varying from yellowish brown to yellowish chest-
nut, lined heavily with black; sides ochraceous buff; under parts deep
buff; lateral line fulvous; tail naked, unicolor, pale brown; hands and
feet buffy white; ears dusky brown on outside, yellowish inside.

Measurements. Total length, 196; tail vertebrae, 117; hind foot,
23; ear from crown, 7. Skull: total length, 21; basal length, 17.8;
zygomatic width, 11.4; width of braincase, 10.1; interorbital con-
striction, 4.3; length of nasals, 8; length of upper molar series, 3.
(ex Type.)

242. *vegetus (Oryzomys}, Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxix,i902,
p. 35-

*This is considered by Dr. J. A. Allen to be the same as 0. costaricensis.
See Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1904, p. 69.

250 ORY2OMYS. MOSCHOPHOROMYS.

ACTIVE RICE RAT.

Type locality. Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama. Altitude, 4,000 feet.

GenL Char. Like O. costaricensis, but larger; color darker. In-
cisors orange.

Color. Above bright yellowish red brown; dorsal region darker;
sides of head and body and rump orange rufous ; chin and under sides
of neck whitish; rest of under parts ochraceous buff; hands and feet
yellowish white ; tail above dusky, beneath grayish; ears dark brown.

Measurements. Total length, 205-235; tail vertebrae, 115-130;
hind foot, 24; ear, 13. Skull: basal length, 20.2; occipito-nasal
length, 24.4; zygomatic width, 12.6; mastoid width, n; interorbital
width, 3.4; length of nasals, 9; upper molar series, 2.8; length of
single half of mandible, 12.4. (Bangs, 1. c.)

49. Moschophoromys.

I.S;M.H=,6.

Moschophoromys, Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., in, 1904, p. in.

Type Mus desmaresti Fischer.

Megalomys Trouess., Le Naturaliste, No. 45, 1 88 1, p. 5. Id. Ann.
Scien. Nat., Zool., xix, No. 5, 1885, p. 13, pi. i. (nee Lauril-
lard, Paleont.)
Moschomys Trouess., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th Ser., xi, 1903, p.

387. (nee Billberg, 1828, Microtinas.)

Form rat -like; tail long, scaly; outer finger with a flat nail; hind
feet long, stout, without webs between the toes, nails curved; sole
tubercles, six. Skull very broad between orbits; supraorbital crest
well developed; molars of moderate size.

KEY TO THE SPECIES. PAGE

Size large, belly white M. desmaresti 250

Size smaller, belly brown M. lucia 251

243. desmaresti (Mus), Fischer, Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 316.

pilorides Desm., Diet. Scien. Nat., XLVI, 1826, p. 483. (nee
Pallas ex Ceylon.) Id. Trouess., Ann. Scien. Nat., Zool., xix,
No. 5, 1885, p. 13, pi. i. Ex Antilles francaises. (nee Pall.)
BLACK RICE RAT.

Type locality. Island of Martinique.

Genl. Char. Size and shape similar to those of Mus norvegicus.

Color. Shining black; chin, throat, belly, and base of tail white.

Measurements. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 62; length of nasals,
24; length of incisive foramina, 9.2; mastoid breadth, 21; length of
molar series, 9; posterior edge of foramen magnum to tip of nasals,
62 ; posterior edge of interparietal to tip of nasals, 61.5 ; width of brain-

MOSCHOPHOROMYS.

261

FIG. 41. MOSCHOPHOROMYS DESMARESTI.
Ex. Ann. Scien. Nat., Zool., xix, pi. i. Nat. size.

case above squamosals, 21; breadth of interparietal, 11.5; length of
lower molar series, 9.

244. luciae (Oryzomys) , Forsyth Major, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th

Ser., vii, 1901, p. 206.
ST. LUCIA RICE RAT.

Type locality. Island of St. Lucia, West Indies.

Genl. Char. Smaller than M. desmaresti; anterior margin of
infraorbital foramen more convex anteriorly; belly brown.

Color. Brown, which hue also includes the belly.

Measurements. Skull : occipito-nasal length, 48.8 ; length of nasals,
19.4; length of incisive foramina, 8; mastoid breadth, 16; length of
molar series, 7.5 ; from foramen magnum to front of incisors, 41 ; from
posterior edge of foramen magnum to tip of nasals, 48.8; length of
nasals, 19.4; Hensel, 12.8; length of incisive foramina, 8; greatest

252

MOSCHOPHOROMYS.

ZYGODONTOMYS.

breadth of incisive foramina, 27 ; breadth of braincase at squamosals,
16; breadth of interparietal, 10.5 ; length of lower molar series, 8.

5O. Zygodoiitomys.

Zygodontomys Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., ix, 1897, p. 38,

pi. i, figs. 1-7. Type "Oryzomys cherrii" Allen.
Pelage soft; cusps of molars connected by median longitudinal
ridge. Skull similar in general characters to Oryzomys.

FIG. 42. ZYGODONTOMYS CHERRII.

No. 5358 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. Twice nat. size.

UPPER TOCTH ROW. LOWER TOOTH ROW.

Enlarged 10 times Enlarged 10 times.

ZYGODONTOMYS.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Upper parts yellowish brown and black Z. cherrii 253

B. Upper parts mixed blackish brown and yellow-
ish rufous Z. chrysomelas 253

C. Upper parts russet brown and dull ferrugineous . . Z. seorsus 254

FIG. XL. ZYGODONTOMYS CHERRII.
CHERRIE'S RICE RAT.

245. cherrii (Oryzomys), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895,

P- 329-
CHERRIE'S RICE RAT.

Type locality. Boruca, Costa Rica.

Geogr. Distr. Costa Rica, Central America; range unknown.

Genl. Char. Size medium; tail less than length of head and
body; pelage coarse.

Color. Upper parts mixed yellowish brown and black, dorsal
line darkest; sides grayish brown, beneath grayish white; tail above
dusky brown, below grayish brown; feet and ears gray.

Measurements. Total length, 214; tail vertebrae, 92; hind foot,
23; ear from crown, 12. Skull: total length, 30; basal length, 28;
zygomatic breadth, 16; interorbital constriction, 6; breadth of brain-
case, 13. (ex Type.)

246. chrysomelas (Oryzomys}, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

l897> P- 37-

caliginosus (Hesperomys), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
1891, p. 210. (nee Tomes.)

254 ZYGODONTOMYS, SIGMODONTOMYS.

SUERRE RICE RAT.

Type locality. Suerre, Costa Rica.

Geogr. Distr. Costa Rica, Central America.

Genl. Char. Size medium ; tail half the length of head and body ;
ears small. Skull has the superciliary bead very broad; anterior
palatal foramina not reaching anterior base of the first molar.

Color. Above mixed blackish brown and yellowish rufous;
brighter on the sides; under parts yellowish brown tinged with gray;
tail uniform black; hands and feet blackish brown; ears black.

Measurements. Total length, 187; tail, 90; hind foot, 25; ear,
from notch, 10.5. Skull: total length, 28; basal length, 23.5; zygo-
matic breadth, 15; palatal length, 5.3; width of braincase, 12; length
of nasals, 9.5 ; length of upper tooth row, 5.3. (ex Type.)

247. seorsus (Zygodontomys) , Bangs, Am. Nat., xxxv, 1901, p. 642.
ISOLATED RICE RAT.

Type locality. San Miguel Island, Bay of Panama.

Genl. Char. Similar to Z. brevicauda from Trinidad, but larger;
tail scales coarse; skull larger, characters more pronounced.

Color. "Upper parts russet brown, shaded with dull ferru-
gineous, the latter more intense on the rump; whole dorsal region
thickly set with brownish black-tipped hairs; sides paler, more yel-
lowish; under parts dull buffy gray, strongly shaded with dull ferru-
gineous on anal region ; line of demarcation between colors of upper
and under parts indistinct ; upper surface of hands and feet yellowish
brown; soles naked; ears sparsely haired, dusky; tail very sparsely
haired, coarsely scaly, indistinctly bicolor, blackish, rather paler
towards base below."

Measurements. Total length, 280-320; tail vertebrae, 110-140;
hind foot, 30-34; ear from notch, 15-18. Skull: basal length, 32.8;
occipito-nasal length, 35.2; zygomatic width, 18.4; mastoid width,
12.8; length of nasals, 15; width of nasals, 4.4; interorbital constric-
tion, 5.4; width across zygomatic plates, 11.2; length of incisive
foramina, 7.4; width of incisive foramina, 3.2; length of palate, to
palatal notch, 16; to end of pterygoid, 22 ; upper tooth row, 5.2 ; length
of single half mandible, 21 ; lower tooth row, 5.2." (Bangs, 1. c.)

5 1 . Sigmodoiitomys.

Sigmodontomys Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1897, p. 38, pi.

i, figs. 8-14. Type Sigmodontomys alfari Allen.
Nasals narrowing posteriorly, pointed; anterior palatine foramina
broad, not reaching front molars; palate reaching beyond posterior
line of molars; palatal fossa broad, pterygoids parallel; base of

SIGMODONTOMYS. RHITHRODONTOMYS. 255

zygoma broad with no anterior point; parietal large, exterior bor-
ders longest; first upper molar with two deep internal reentrant
angles, second molar with one, third none; first lower molar with
two deep external reentrant angles, and one on both the second and
third molars.

248. *alfari (Sigmodontomys), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1897,

P- 39-
ALFARO'S RICE RAT.

Type locality. Jimenez, Costa Rica. Altitude, 700 feet.

Geogr. Distr. Costa Rica, Central America; range unknown.

Genl. Char. Similar to Sigmodon; fur long, soft, thick; tail
longer than head and body; hind feet large, naked; tail naked; ears
small.

Color. Upper parts yellowish brown, with dorsal region dusky
brown; beneath grayish white; tail naked, dark brown; fore feet
pale brown passing to grayish on toes; hind feet naked, grayish
brown; ears blackish brown.

Measurements. Total length, 278; tail vertebrae, 155; hind foot,
37; ear, 14. Skull: total length, 35.2; basal length, 25.4; interor-
bital constriction, 12; width of braincase, 13.2; length of nasals,
14.3; palatal length, 15; length of upper tooth row, 5.3; length of
mandible, 18. (ex Type.)

The genus RHITHRODONTOMYS contains the smallest species of the
Muridce, some indeed much smaller than certain species of shrews,
in which family are found the least in size of American mammals.
The Harvest Mice in general are about half the size of the house
mouse and not unlike that animal in color, but usually have brighter
flanks and a whiter under body. Although the Harvest Mice have
been separated into various species and races, they are very difficult
to distinguish, for there is a very great general resemblance among
them all.

52. Kliithrodoiitomys. Harvest Mice.

J. A. Allen, On the species of the genus Rheithrodontomys (sic)
Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, P- I07-

*The skull of the unique specimen of this species having been lost, it was
not possible to illustrate the genus

256

RHITHRODONTOMYS.

Reithrodontomys (sic), Giglioli, Richer, intorn. alia Distrib. Geog.

Gen., Roma, 1873, p. 160. Type Mus leconti. Aud. &

Bachman.
Reithrodon! Le Conte (nee Waterh.), Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien.

Phil., 1853, p. 413.
Ochetodon Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1874, p. 184.

Body slender; size very small; tail as long as the body without
the head; anterior face of upper incisors with a deep longitudinal

FIG. 43. RHITHRODONTOMYS MEGALOTIS.

No. 6739 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. Enlarged 3 times.

UPPER TOOTH ROW. LOWER TOOTH ROW.

Enlarged 12 times. Enlarged 12 times.

RHITHRODONTOMYS. 257

groove, nearly as broad as the face of the tooth; lower incisors simple;
anterior upper molar with four roots, three large, one very small.
The lower half of the descending ramus is abruptly twisted inward
nearly at a right angle to the lower border of the process; antor-
bital foramen is situated in the zygomatic portion of the maxillary
and is almost circular above, contracting to a slit below; palate
terminates opposite the posterior border of last molars as a trans-
verse shelf; bullae large, widely separated, but approximating from
behind anteriorly.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

A. Tail about one-half the total length. PAGE

a. Above yellowish brown lined with black;

beneath ashy R. aitstralis 259

b. Above sepia, shading to Isabella; beneath

Isabella R. a. rulcanius 259

c. Above mouse gray; beneath yellowish or

grayish white R. megalotis 259

d. Above gray, strongly varied with black; be-
neath white R. m. scstincnsis 260

e. Above dull fulvous brown; beneath buffy

salmon R. m. zacateccs 260

f. Above black and rufous; beneath buffy

salmon R. m. obscurus 261

g. Above yellowish brown and black; beneath

grayish white R. longicaiidus 261

h. Above buffy gray; beneath white R. I. pallidns 262

i. Above dark brown and black ; beneath whitish

plumbeous R. saturates 262

j . Above yellowish brown and black ; beneath

whitish plumbeous R. s. cinereus 262

k. Above fulvous brown lined with black; be-
neath silver gray R. s. alticola 263

B. Tail more than half the total length.

a. Above reddish brown R. peninsula; 263

b. Above fulvous and black; beneath pale ful-
vous, including chin and throat R. difficilis 263

c. Above rufous brown; beneath white R. incxicunns 264

d. Above grayish brown and yellowish ; beneath

white R. m. intcrmcdius 264

e. Above yellowish brown and black; beneath
whitish.

a/ Large; total length, 183 mm R. m. fulvescens 264

258 RHITHRODONTOMYS.

PAGE

b.' Small; total length, 165 mm R. m. gracilis 265

c.' Smallest; total length, 152 mm R. tenuis 265

f. Above golden yellow and black.

a/ Beneath white, tinged with salmon ful-
vous R. chyrsopsis 265

b/ Beneath whitish R. c. tolucce 266

g. Above yellowish fulvous and black; beneath

buffy salmon R. perotensis 266

h. Above golden fulvous; beneath buffy salmon.

a/ Tail, 105 mm R. orizabce 266

b/ Tail, 90 mm R. colimce 266

c/ Tail, no mm R. c. nerterus 267

i. Above ferrugineous brown and black; be-
neath white, washed with yellow R. costaricensis 267

j. Above pale ferrugineous brown and black;

beneath white R. c. jalapce 267

k. Above ochraceous fulvous; beneath white. . . .R. goldmani 268
1. Above rufous and black; beneath orange

buff or orange gray R. rufescens 268

m. Above fulvous, grading to ferrugineous; be-
neath salmon fulvous R. tenuirostris 268

n. Above paler fulvous; beneath fulvous R. t. aureus 269

o. Above reddish fulvous; beneath salmon

fulvous .' R. microdon 269

p. Above fulvous, beneath white R. m. albilabris 269

q. Above yellowish fulvous and black; beneath

white R. hirsutus 269

r. Above buffy gray; beneath white R. griseiflavus 270

s. Above orange fulvous and black; beneath

white R. g. helvolus 270

t. Above fulvous and black; chin, throat, and

under parts pale fulvous R. levipes 270

u. Above fulvous and black; chin, throat, and

under parts pale fulvous, ear larger, tail

longer R. I. otus 271

v. Above yellowish brown and black; beneath

whitish R. I. toltecus 271

w. Above mixed black and tawny ochraceous

R. inexpectatus 271

x. Above grayish, washed with buffy and lined

with black; beneath buffy white R. dorsalis 272

y. Above bistre; beneath dark cinnamon R. creper 272

RHITHRODONTOMYS. 259

249. australis (Reithrodontomys!), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1895, p. 328.
IRAZU VOLCANO HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Volcano of Irazti, Costa Rica.

Geogr. Distr. Costa Rica; range unknown.

Genl. Char. "Similar to R. longicauda in winter, but larger."

Color. Above yellowish brown, lined with black; sides lighter;
under parts ashy plumbeous tinged with buff; tail above dusky
brown, beneath whitish; hands and feet grayish; ears blackish.

Measurements. Total length, 158; tail vertebrae, 80; hind foot,
18; ear from crown, 10. Skull: total length, 23; basal length, 20;
width of braincase, n; zygomatic width, 10; interorbital constric-
tion, 3.7; length of nasals, 8. (ex Type.)

a. — vulcniiiiis (Reithrodontomys!}, Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

xxxix, 1902, p. 38.
CHIRIQUI HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, Panama. Altitude,
10,300 feet.

Genl. Char. Similar to R. australis, but darker; pelage long, silky.

Color. Dorsal region sepia, shading on sides to Isabella; top of
head grayer; under parts Isabella, tinged with cinnamon between
arms and about vent; feet and hands grayish; tail dusky above,
grayish beneath; ears sepia.

Measurements. Total length, 170; tail vertebra?, 96; hind foot,
19; ear, 17. Skull: basal length, 19.4; occipito-nasal length, 22.8;
zygomatic width, 11.4; mastoid' width, n; interorbital width, 3.4;
length of nasals, 8.2; width of nasals, 2.6; length of palate to palatal
notch, 9.2; length of palatal slits, 5; width of palatal slits, 1.8; upper
molar series, 3.2; length of single half mandible, 11.4. (Bangs, 1. c.)

250. megalotis (Reithrodon!) , Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 451.
aztecus, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1893, p. 79.

deserti, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, P- I27-

megalotis (Rhithrodontomys} , Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901,

p. 151. Id. Suppl. p. 494.
BIG-EARED HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Between Janos and San Luis Spring, State of
Sonora, Mexico, near boundary of Grant County, New Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. States of Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico, north to
Nevada.

Genl. Char. Tail equals the body in length, without head.

Color. Upper parts mouse gray (sometimes tinged with reddish
on back), and lined with black; rump washed with fulvous; under

260

RHITHRODONTOMYS.

FIG. XLI. RHITHRODONTOMYS MEGALOTIS.
BIG-EARED HARVEST MOUSE.

parts yellowish or grayish white; tail above like back; sides and
beneath pale gray; hands and feet grayish white. Young animals
have blackish ear spots and are grayer.

Measurements. Total length, 143; tail vertebras, 70; hind foot,
19. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 20; Hensel, 14; zygomatic width,
10 ; interorbital constriction, 3; length of nasals, 8; palatal length, 7;
length of upper molar series, 3.

a. — sestinensis (Rheithrodontomys!), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat.

Hist., 1903, p. 602.
Rio SESTIN MEADOW MOUSE.

Type locality. Rio Sestin, State of Durango, Mexico, Altitude,
7,500 feet.

Genl. Char. Similar to R. megalotis', tail longer.

Color. Like R. megalotis, "but upper parts more strongly varied
with black and less fulvous, and with relatively longer tail."
(Allen, 1. c.)

Measurements. Total length, 130; tail vertebras, 69; hind foot,
18; ear from notch, 14.

b. — zdcatecw (Rcithrodontomys!}, Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien.,

in, 1901, p. 557.
VALPARAISO HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Valparaiso Mountains, State of Zacatecas, Mexico.

RHITHRODONTOMYS. 261

Genl. Char. Similar to R. megalotis, but darker; nasals equal in
length to premaxillae.

Color. Above dull fulvous brown lined with black; sides buffy
ochraceous; beneath plumbeous washed with buffy salmon; pectoral
patch fulvous; tail dark brown above, gray beneath; hands and feet
white; ears dark brown.

Measurements. Total length, 156; tail vertebrae, 87; hind
foot, 17.5.

c. — obscurus (Reithrodontomys!), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien.,

in, 1901, p. 558.
DUSKY HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Sierra Madre, near Guadaloupe y Calvo, State of
Chihuahua, Mexico.

Genl. Char. "Similar to R. megalotis, but everywhere much
darker; upper parts conspicuously lined with and darkened by black
hairs, under parts buffy salmon (instead of white), with pale fulvous
pectoral patch; skull as in R. megalotis."

Color. Above mixed rufous and black, darkest on dorsal region;
sides paler, a mixed gray and dark buff; under parts buff; no lateral
line; hands and feet white; tail above dark brown, beneath whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 167; tail vertebrae, 90; hind
foot, 19.

251. longicaudus (Rcithrodon!}, Baird, N. Amer. Mamm., 1857, p. 451.

longicaudus (Rhithrodontomys} , Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901,

p. 151. Id. Suppl. p. 494.
LONG-TAILED HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Petaluma, Sonoma County, California.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California, Mexico, to California, west to
the Sierra Nevada, from coast region of Monterey County, north to
Mendocino County (Eureka, Humboldt County, see Elliot, Field
Columb. Mus., in, p. 186. Zoology), and in the interior from San
Joaquin County, north to Tehama County. Probably further south
irregularly in the coast and San Bernardino ranges of mountains.
(Allen.)

Genl. Char. Small; colors darkish; tail long, more than half the
length of head and body.

Color. Above yellowish brown and black, darkest on dorsal line;
sides more yellowish, and with a fulvous lateral line from cheeks to
rump; beneath grayish white, tinged often with yellow, and fre-
quently with a fulvous spot on the breast; ears dusky, rusty brown
tuft at the anterior base; feet whitish; tail dusky above, grayish
white below.

262 RH1THRODONTOMYS.

Measurements. Average total length, 136,5; tail vertebra
hind foot, 17; ear, 11.2. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 19.5; Hensd,
14; zygomatic width, 8.5; interorbital constriction,. 3; length of
nasals, 7 ; palatal length, 7.3 ; length of upper tooth row.

a. — pallidus (Reithrodontomysf), Rhoads, Amer. Nat., 189;

pallidus (Rhithrodontomys) , Elliot, Syn. X. Am. Mamtn.r 1901,

p. 152. Id. Suppl. p. 494.
LOWER CALIFORNIA HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Santa Isabel, San Jacinto Mountains, San Diego
County, California.

Geogr. Distr. Southern California and northern Lower Cali-
fornia, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Larger than R. Umgicaudus and paler.

Color. Above buffy gray, darker on dorsal line; face and lateral
line ochraceous ; under parts and feet white ; spot between fore legs
and on breast buff; tail bicolor.

Measurements. Total length, 137; tail vertebrae. 73; hind foot,
16. Skull: occipito-nasal length. 19.5; Hensel. 14; zygomatic width,
10 ; interorbital constriction, 3; breadth of braincase. 9-3; length of
nasals, 7 ; palatal length, 7.

252. saturatus (Reithrodontomysr),. Allen & Chapman, BuH. Amer.

Mus. Nat. Hist., 1897, p. 201.
LAS VIGAS HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Las Vigas, State of Yera Cruz, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Vera Cruz, Mexico ; n

Genl. Char. Similar to /?. Mfgofotftt, but larger

Color. Upper parts dark brown, lined with, black on.
line and tinged with grayish fulvous; sides grayish ftrlvoas; under
parts whitish plumbeous; tail dark brown above* fpacjr below; lands
and feet grayish white.

Measurements. Total length, 14$; tail vertebr*. 7/4; bind foot,
18. Skull: total length, 31; basal length, 17; XTgcKstattc wiitav n;
width of braincase, to; iaterorbital coostrktwo, 2.5; tettgUt of
nasals, $ ; palatal length, 8 : length of upper tooth, row,. 3;^.

a. — <*CW*M* (RfiAredoniomy^ . M«rr.fc Brae. Wasftu Acatl SCMBL,

. 556.
CINEREOUS HARVEST

Tyf* !»M»wjk Ch*khkomut^ State «t

GenL CJkor, ^Siiailar to & sohirani?,. Vat xwy a»aiai faki and
grayer, particularly th*? toad and sfeyttkters; tail $hwrtt*r sod: mssre
shaq.>l v tncolor ; skull TJmJJar but sikf^tbr saMdtar : rostrum
short er."

RH1THRODONTOMYS. 263

Color. Above yellowish brown lined with black, darkest on
dorsal region and top of head ; sides paler and with less black ; under
parts gray; hands and feet white; tail above dark brown, beneath
whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 149; tail vertebrae, 73; hind foot, 19.

h. — allii'nlii (Reithrodontomys!), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien.,

in, 1901, p. 556.
Mm -STAIN HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca City, State of Oaxaca,
Mexico. Altitude, 10,000 feet.

Genl. Char. "Similar to R. saturatus, but tail somewhat shorter;
rostrum shorter; bullae larger."

Color. Above yellowish brown, tinged with rufous and heavily
lined with black; sides less black; under parts gray; plumbeous of
under fur showing through; tail above dark brown, beneath whitish;
hands and feet white; ears brown.

Measurements. Total length, 153; tail vertebrae, 75; hind foot, 19.

253. peninsula? (Rhithrodontomys) , Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus.,

in, 1903, p. 164. Zoology.
PENINSULAR HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. San Quentin, Lower California, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Tail about half the total length; pelage more red
than that of R. longicaudns, with longer tail and hind feet and
much larger ears ; skull larger, nasals longer, braincase broader,
interorbital space of nearly equal width throughout, sides nearly
parallel.

Color. Above, sides of head, and body, and on thighs reddish
brown, deepest on thighs and rump and darkest on dorsal region,
which part is mixed with black; under parts white or grayish white,
the plumbeous under fur showing; a dark ochraceous spot on sides
of chest and a paler one on middle of chest between the arms; tail
dusky brown above, white beneath; hands and feet white, ears dark
brown.

Measurements. Total length, 170; tail vertebrae, 89; hind foot,
17.5; ear, 16. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 27; Hensel, 20; zygo-
matic breadth, 10; interorbital constriction, 3; palatal length, 8.5;
length of nasals, 13.5.

254. difficilis (Reithrodontomys!}, Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien.,

in, 1901, p. 556.
CAPTIOUS HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Orizaba, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. Altitude,
4,500 feet.

264 RHITHRODONTOMYS.

Genl. Char. "Skull similar in general to that of R. saturatus, but
incisive foramina more broadly open; molar series slightly shorter."

Color. Above fulvous and black, beneath pale fulvous; chin,
throat, hands, and feet whitish; tail above dusky, beneath whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 177; tail vertebrae, 100; hind
foot, 19.5.

255. mexicanus (Reithrodon!) , Sauss., Rev. Mag. Zool., 2meSer., xn,
1860, p. 109, pi. ix, fig. i.

sumichrasti, Sauss., Rev. Mag. Zool., 2me Ser., 1861, p. 3.
MEXICAN HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Mountains in State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size large ; tail longer than head and body ; feet large.

Color. Above rufous brown; sides orange brown; under parts
white, tinged with buff on throat and breast; ears brown; tail
blackish, almost naked; hands white; feet dusky.

Measurements. Total length, 153-169; tail vertebra?, 80-100;
hind foot, 18-20; ear, 15-17.

a. — intermedius (Reithrodontomys!}, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., 1895, p. 136.

intermedius (Rhithrodontomys) , Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901,

p. 153. Id. Suppl. p. 494.
BROWNSVILLE HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas.

Geogr. Distr. Northern Mexico, into Texas.

Genl. Char. Smaller than R. mexicanus and paler.

Color. Above grayish brown, washed with pale yellowish, mixed
with dark hairs on middle of back, sides lighter; lateral line yellowish,
beneath white; ears brown; apical third of inner side rufous; feet
whitish; tail dusky, nearly unicolor.

Measurements. Total length, 194; tail vertebrae, 108; hind foot,
21 ; ear, 13.

b. — fulvescens (Reithrodontomysl), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.

Hist., 1894, p. 319.
OPOSURA HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Oposura, State of Sonora, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Sonora, Mexico; range unknown.

Genl. Char. Similar to R. mexicanus, more yellowish.

Color. Above yellowish brown, lined with black; lateral line
fulvous; under parts whitish; tail above pale brown, beneath lighter;
hands and feet whitish.

RHITHRODONTOMYS. 205

Measurements. Total length, 183; tail vertebrae, 102; hind foot,
19; ear, 14. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 21; Hensel, 15; zygomatic
width, 10; interorbital constriction, 3; length of nasals, 7; palatal
length, 8; length of upper molar series, 3; length of mandible, 9.5;
length of lower molar series, 4.

c. — gracilis (Reithrodontomys!), Allen & Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.

Nat. Hist., 1897, p. 9.
CHICKEN ITZA HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Yucatan, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to R. mexicanus, but smaller and paler.

Color. Above yellowish brown, lined with blackish on median
line; sides fulvous brown; under parts white; ears brownish; tail
unicolor, brown; hands and feet whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 165; tail vertebrae, 98; hind foot,
16; ear, 13. Skull: total length, about 20; width of braincase, 10;
interorbital constriction, 3 ; length of nasals, 7 ; length of upper
molar series, 3. (ex Type.)

256. tenuis (Reithrodontomys!), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1899, p. 15.
SLENDER HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Rosario, State of Sinaloa, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Sinaloa, Mexico; range unknown.

Genl. Char. Similar to R. m. julvescens, but smaller.

Color. Upper parts yellowish brown, lined with black; lateral
line from before the eyes and along flanks fulvous ; under parts grayish
white; base of hairs pale plumbeous; ears dusky, internally reddish,
tail grayish brown; feet whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 152-170; tail vertebrae, 82-90;
hind foot, 20; ear, 15.

257. chrysopsis (Reithrodontomys!), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,

xin, 1900, p. 152.
MOUNT POPOCATEPETL HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Mt. Popocatepetl, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Mexico, Mexico; range unknown.

Genl. Char. Size large; ears large; tail very long, hairy. Skull:
no superorbital beads; zygoma notched by antorbital slits; bullae
small; rostrum narrow.

Color. Upper parts golden yellow, mixed with black; under
parts white, tinged with salmon fulvous; tail above dusky, beneath
white; ears and ankles dusky; hands and feet white.

266 RHITHRODONTOMYS.

Measurements. Total length, 194; tail vertebrae, 108; hind
foot, 21.

a. — toluccp (Reithrodontomys!}, Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien.,
1901, p. 549.

VOLCAN TOLUCA HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. North slope of the Volcan Toluca, State of Mexico,
Mexico. Altitude, 11,500 feet.

Genl. Char. Similar to R. chrysopsis, but darker; skull smaller.

Color. Above yellowish brown and black, forming a perceptible
dorsal band, sides lighter; under parts grayish plumbeous; hands
and feet brownish; tail above dark brown, beneath whitish; ears
blackish brown.

Measurements. Total length, 180; tail vertebras, 98; hind foot, 21.

258. perotensis (Reithrodontomys!}, Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien.,

in, 1901, p. 550.
COFRE DE PEROTE HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Cofre de Perote, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. Alti-
tude, 9,500 feet.

Genl. Char. Similar to R. chrysopsis, but colors duller; ears
large; skull smaller; nasals equal to premaxillae.

Color. Above yellowish fulvous, lined with black, forming a
dorsal band and grading to fulvous on rump ; top of head blackish ;
under parts buffy salmon; tail dark brown above, paler beneath;
hands and feet white ; wrists and ankles brownish ; ears dark brown.

Measurements. Total length, 176; tail vertebrae, 102 ; hind foot, 19.

259. orizabae (Reithrodontomys!}, Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien.,

in, 1901, p. 550.
ORIZABA HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Mount Orizaba, State of Puebla, Mexico. Alti-
tude, 9,500 feet.

Genl. Char. Similar to R. chrysopsis; tail long.

Color. Above golden fulvous, darkest toward rump; beneath
buffy salmon; lips and chin grayish; tail dark above, paler beneath;
hands and feet whitish; wrists and ankles dark brown.

Measurements. Total length, 182; tail vertebrae, 105; hind
foot, 20.

260. colimse (Reithrodontomys!}, Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien.,

in, 1901, p. 551.
ALPINE HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Sierra Nevada de Colima, State of Jalisco, Mexico.
Altitude, 12,000 feet.

RHITHRODONTOMYS. 267

Genl. Char. Size small; ears large; tail short; nasals equal to
premaxillae.

Color. Above buffy fulvous to golden fulvous, lined with black;
beneath buffy salmon; tail dusky above, whitish below; hands whitish,
feet brownish, whitish towards toes; wrists and ankles dark, nearly
black; ears blackish.

Measurements. Total length, 165; tail vertebrae, 90; hind foot, 20.

a. — nerterus (Rcithrodontomys!), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien.,

in, 1901, p. 551.
COLIMA HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Sierra Nevada de Colima, State of Jalisco, Mexico.
Altitude, 6,500 feet.

Genl. Char. Similar to K. colimce; tail longer, skull and molars
smaller.

Color. Above golden fulvous, lined with black, darkest on doisal
line; side golden fulvous; under parts salmon buff; hands and feet
brown; tail above blackish brown, paler beneath; ears dark brown.

Measurements. Total length, 190; tail vertebrae, no; hind
foot, 20.

261. costaricensis (Rcithrodontomys!), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat.

Hist., 1895, p. 139.
COSTA RICA HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. La Carpintera, Costa Rica. Altitude, 6,000 feet.

Geogr. Distr. Costa Rica, Central America.

Genl. Char. Size large; similar in color to Pcromyscus cherrii.

Color. Upper parts ferrugineous brown, lined with black; sides
orange rufous; under parts white, washed with yellow; fulvous patch
sometimes on breast; tail nearly naked, dusky brown, unicolor;
hands and feet whitish, with a median dusky stripe on feet; ears
brown.

Measurements. Total length, 197; tail vertebrae, in; hind foot,
20.5; ear, 12. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 22.5; Hensel, 17; zygo-
matic width, 12; interorbital constriction, 3.5; length of nasals, 8;
palatal length to incisive foramina, 4; length of upper molar series, 3.

a. — jalapcK (Reithrodontomys!), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien.,

in, 1901, p. 532.
JALAPA HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Jalapa, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. Altitude,
4,000 feet.

Genl. Char. Similar to R. costaricensis, but paler; nasals truncate
posteriorly.

268 RHITHRODONTOMYS.

Color. Above pale ferrugineous brown mixed with black; nose,
upper lip, and under parts white; hands whitish brown; feet grayish
brown; tail above dark brown, paler beneath.

Measurements. Total length, 197; tail vertebrae, 119; hind
foot, 21.

262. goldmani (Reithrodontomys!}, Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien.,

in, 1901, p. 552.
GOLDMAN'S HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Metlaltoyuca, State of Puebla, Mexico. Altitude,
800 feet.

Genl. Char. Size small; similar in color to R. costaricensis, paler.

Color. Above ochraceous fulvous, darkest on crown; side of
nose, upper lip, chin, and under parts white; tail dusky; hands
whitish; ankles and feet brownish; ears light brown.

Measurements. Total length, 190; tail, 109; hind foot, 21.5.

263. rufescens (Reithrodontomys!}, Allen & Chapman, Bull. Amer.

Mus. Nat. Hist., 1897, p. 199.
RUFOUS HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Jalapa, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to R. mexicanus, but larger; ears black.

Color. Upper parts rufous mixed with black, darkest on median
line; sides orange rufous; chin, throat, and inside of arms whitish;
rest of under parts orange buff to buffy gray; ears black or blackish;
tail above blackish, paler beneath; hands and feet dusky.

Measurements. Total length, 177; tail vertebras, 99; hind foot,
20. Skull: total length, 23; basal length, 18.7; zygomatic width,
11.3; interorbital constriction, 3.5; length of nasals, 9; palatal length,
9; length of upper tooth row, 3.6. (ex Type.)

264. tenuirostris (Reithrodontomys!}, Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad.

Scien., in, 1901, p. 547.
SLENDER-NOSED HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Todos Santos, Guatemala. Altitude, 10,000 feet.

Genl. Char. Size large; tail long; braincase contracted ante-
riorly; rostrum and nasals long, slender, latter equal in length to
premaxillae.

Color. Above deep fulvous, grading into ferrugineous on lower
back; beneath salmo* fulvous; chin whitish; tail dusky; hands and
wrists, ankles, and feet dark brown; ears blackish brown.

Measurements. Total length, 210; tail vertebras, 124; hind foot,
23. Skull: basal length, 20; zygomatic breadth posteriorly, 13;
palatal length, 11.5; length of molar series. 4.5. (ex Type.)

RHITHRODONTOMYS. 269

a. — aureus (Reithrodontomys!}, Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien.,

in, 1901, p. 548.
CALEL HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Calel, Guatemala. Altitude, 10,200 feet.

Genl. Char. Similar to R. teniurostris , but paler; nasals narrow
and exceeding premaxillae in length; incisive foramina passing plane
of first molars.

Color. Above yellowish brown, lined with black, with a reddish
tinge on rump; under parts salmon fulvous; tail dark brown; hands
and feet dark brown, becoming white towards toes; ears blackish.

Measurements. Total length, 196; tail vertebrae, 112; hind foot,
22.5; Skull: basal length, 20; zygomatic breadth, 13; palatal length,
11.5; length of molar series, 4.5. (ex Type.)

265. microdon (Reithrodontomys!), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien.,

in, 1901, p. 548.
TODOS SANTOS HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Todos Santos, Guatemala. Altitude, 10,000 feet.

Genl. Char. Small; ears and tail long; miniature of R. tenuir-
ostris.

Color. Above reddish fulvous, deepest on rump; sides bright
fulvous; beneath salmon fulvous; orbital ring dark, tail dusky;
hands white; ankles and feet dark brown; toes white; ears dark
brown.

Measurements. Total length, 185; tail vertebras, 113; hind foot,
21. Skull: basal length, 17; zygomatic breadth, 11.5; palatal length,
10 ; length of molar series, 3. (ex Type.)

a. — albilabris (Reithrodontomys!}, Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien.,

in, 1901, p. 549.
WHITE-LIPPED HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Cerro San Felipe, State of Oaxaca, Mexico. Alti-
tude, 10,000 feet.

Genl. Char. Similar to R. microdon, but paler; skull with certain
comparative variations.

Color. Above fulvous, darkest on dorsal region; lips, nose, and
under parts pure white; tail dark brown, paler beneath; wrists dusky;
feet and ankles blackish brown; ears brown.

Measurements. Total length, 187; tail vertebras, 117; hind foot,
20. Skull: basal length, 17; zygomatic breadth posteriorly, 11.5;
length of palate, 10; length of molar series, 3. (ex Type.)

266. hirsutus (Reithrodontomys!}, Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien.,

in, 1901, p. 553.

270 RHITHRODONTOMYS.

HISPID HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Ameca, State of Jalisco, Mexico. Altitude,
5,500 feet.

Genl. Char. Size large; tail long; pelage coarse. Skull large;
braincase flattened; nasals not so long as premaxillae; bullae small;
length of upper molar series, 3.7.

Color. Above yellowish fulvous lined with black; sides brighter
fulvous; beneath white, as are also the sides of nose and upper lip;
tail above dusky, whitish beneath; hands buffy; feet grayish.

Measurements. Total length, 233; tail vertebrae, 143; hind
foot, 22.

267. griseiflavus (Reitkrodontomys!), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad.

Scien., in, 1901, p. 553.
AMECA HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Ameca, State of Jalisco, Mexico. Altitude,
4,000 feet.

Genl. Char. Similar to R. hirsutus, but smaller.

Color. Above buffy gray, grading into buffy fulvous on hind
back, and lined with black; sides pale golden fulvous; beneath white,
sometimes tinged with buffy; pectoral spot and axilla fulvous; lips
and chin, hands and feet whitish; ankles dark; tail above brownish,
beneath whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 169; tail vertebrae, 94; hind foot, 22.

a. — helvolus (Reithrodontomys!), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien.,

HI, 1901, p. 554.
OAXACA HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Oaxaca City, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to R. griseiflavus, but redder.

Color. Above on back and sides orange fulvous, sparsely lined
with black, but making a dorsal line to middle of back; throat and
lips white, under parts gray; tail brown above, whitish beneath;
hands and feet whitish; ears brown.

Measurements. Total length, 188 ; tail vertebras, 1 1 1 ; hind foot, 20.

268. levipes (Reithrodontomys!), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien.,

in, 1901, p. 554.
SAN SEBASTIAN HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. San Sebastian, State of Jalisco, Mexico. Altitude,
3,000 feet.

Genl. Char. Size medium; tail rather long; hair coarse.

Color. Above fulvous lined with black; sides bright oranze ful-
vous; beneath pale fulvous; hands and feet whitish; tail dark brown
above, paler beneath; ears brown.

RHITHRODONTOMYS. 271

Measurements. Total length, 188; tail vertebrae, no; hind
foot, 21.

a. — otus (Rcithrodontomys!), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., in,

1901, p. 555.
LARGE-EARED HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Sierra Nevada de Colima, State of Jalisco, Mexico.
Altitude, 6,500 feet.

Genl. Char. "Size large, similar to R. levipes; ears decidedly
larger; tail longer. Skull similar, but rostrum slightly longer; bullae
averaging slightly larger."

Color. Above fulvous and black, darkest on dorsal region; under
parts pale fulvous; tail dark brown above, whitish beneath; hands
pale brown; feet whitish; ears dark brown.

Measurements. Total length, 202; tail vertebrae, 120; hind foot,
22.

b. — toltecus (Reithrodontomys!), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien.,

in, 1901, p. 555.
TLALPAM HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Tlalpam, Federal District, Mexico.

Genl. Char. "Similar to R. levipes, but larger ; color more yellowish
(less fulvous), and much more heavily lined with black hairs. Skull
narrower; zygomata less widely spreading anteriorly; nasals longer
and ending with premaxillae; bullae slightly larger."

Color. Above yellowish brown lined with black, with a conspic-
uous dorsal line ; sides pale golden brown ; under parts grayish white ;
tail above pale brown, beneath whitish; hands and feet white; ears
pale brown.

Measurements. Total length, 196; tail vertebrae, 106; hind foot,
21.

269. inexpectatus (Rhithrodontomys) , Elliot, Pub. Field Columb.

Mus., in, 1903, p. 145. Zoology.
PATZCUARO HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Patzcuaro, State of Michoacan, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to R. levipes, but whitish on under parts
instead of pale fulvous, and tip of tail white; ears large; tail long.

Color. Upper parts mixed black and tawny ochraceous; sides
ochraceous buff; chin, upper part of throat, hands, and feet white;
under parts grayish white, slightly tinged with buff; limbs like sides;
tail above blackish brown, tip white, beneath whitish; ears naked,
dark brown, with a slight edging of pale brown and a tuft of ochra-
ceous hairs at base.

•21-2 RHITHRODONTOMYS. ACODON.

Measurements. Total length, 180; tail vertebrae, 113; hind foot,
21. Skull: length from alveolus of incisors to posterior margin of
palate, 9; palatal length, 5; length of nasals, 9; interorbital constric-
tion, 3 ; length of molar series, 4. (ex Type.)

270. dorsalis (Reithrodontomys!), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien.,

in, 1901, p. 557.
GRAY-BACKED HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Calel, Guatemala.

Genl. Char. Size large ; molars small ; rostrum long.

Color. Above grayish washed with buffy, and lined with black;
dorsal area blackish; sides ochraceous; beneath buffy white; lips, chin,
hands, and feet whitish; tail above dark, beneath whitish.

Measurements. Total Iength,i7i ; tail vertebrae, 92 ; hind foot, 19.

271. creper (Reithrodontomys!), Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

xxxix, 1902, p. 39.
DUSKY HARVEST MOUSE.

Type locality. Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, Panama. Altitude,
11,000 feet.

Genl. Char. Hind foot large; tail long; pelage long, silky.

Color. Dorsal region bistre; sides raw umber; under parts dark
cinnamon; hands and feet brownish; toes whitish; tail, basal two-
thirds uniform dusky, terminal third white; ears dusky.

Measurements. Total length, 215; tail vertebrae, 130; hind foot,
23; ear, 15. Skull: basal length, 21.4; occipito-nasal length, 25.4;
mastoid width, n.6; length of nasals, 8.8; length of palate, to palatal
notch, 10; length of palatal slits, 4.8; upper molar series, 4.2; single
half of mandible, 13.6. (Bangs, 1. c.)

The next genus is peculiarly a South American one, where, with
the exceptions mentioned below, all of its species are found.

53. Acodoii.

Akodon Meyen, Nova Acta Phys. Med. Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol.,
xvi, 1833, p. 599, tab. XLIII, fig. i. Type Akodon boliviensis
Meyen.

Abrothrix (sic) Waterh., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1837, p. 21.
Fur long, soft; tail short, hairy; ears hairy; thumb with a short
nail. First molar with two indentations on both sides, the second
molar one, and the third molar with one on outer side only.

ACODON.

273

FIG. 44. ACODON TEGUINA.

No. 7911 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. Enlarged 3 times.

UPPER TOOTH ROW. LOWER TOOTH ROW.

Enlarged 10 times. Enlarged 10 times.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

A. Upper parts reddish brown and black A. teguina

B. Upper parts Vandyke brown A. t. apricus

C. Upper parts yellowish brown. Small \ . irazu

D. Upper parts dark yellowish brown A. xcrampelinus

PAGE

273
274

274
275

272. teguina (Hcsperomys), Alston, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1876, p. 755.
ALSTON'S MOUSE.

Type locality. Coban, Guatemala.

Geogr. Distr. Range unknown.

274

ACODON.

Genl, Char. Tail about as long as body without head, hairy; ears
moderate, rounded, sparsely covered with hair.

Color. Above reddish brown, lined with black; chin, throat, and
breast grayish reddish brown; belly deep fawn; tail, feet, and ears
dusky.

FIG. XLII. ACODON TEGUINA. ALSTON'S MOUSE.

Measurements. Total length, 134; tail, 52; hind foot, 42; ear, 10.
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 20.5; Hensel, 16; zygomatic width, 11.5;
interorbital constriction, 4; length of nasals, 6; palatal length, 8.5;
length of upper tooth row, 3.5.

a — apricus (Akodori), Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxix, 1902.

p. 40.
BOQUETE MOUSE.

Type locality. Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama. Altitude, 4,000-5,000
feet.

Genl. Char. Similar to A. teguina, but paler.

Color. Above Vandyke brown; dorsal region and top of head
dusky; beneath dull cinnamon rufous; tail, hands, feet, and ears
blackish.

Measurements. Total length, 125-142; tail vertebrae, 50-58; hind
foot, 18; ear, 13. Skull: basal length, 20.2; occipito-nasal length, 23;
zygomatic width, 12; mastoid width, 10.8; interorbital width, 4.6;
length of nasals, 9; width of nasals, 2.8; length of palate, to palatal
notch, 9.6; upper molar series, 4; length of single half of mandible,
12.8. (Bangs, 1. c.)

273. irazu (Akodon), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1904, p. 46.
VOLCANO OF IRAZU MOUSE.

Type locality. Volcan de Irazu , Costa Rica.

Genl. Char. Smaller than A. teguina, with smaller ears.

ACODON. 275

Color. Upper parts yellowish brown; under parts buffy brown.

Measurements. Total length, 125; tail vertebrae, 50; hind foot,
17. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 22; Hensel, 17; zygomatic breadth,
11.5; mastoid breadth, 10; interorbital constriction, 4; length of
nasals, 8.3; palatal length, 8; length of upper tooth row, 4; length of
mandible, condyle to base of incisors, n.

274. xerampelinus (Akodon), Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxix,

1902, p. 41.
BANGS' RED MOUSE.

Type locality. Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, Panama. Altitude,
10,300 feet.

Genl. Char. Similar to A. tcguina, but paler.

Color. Above yellowish brown; beneath broccoli brown; hands,
feet, tail, and ears blackish.

Measurements. Total length, 145; tail vertebrae, 65; hind foot,
17; ear, 14. Skull: basal length, 19.2; occipito-nasal length, 22.6;
zygomatic width, n.6; mastoid width, 10.8; interorbital width, 4.2;
length of nasals, 2.6; length of palate, to palatal notch, 9.6; upper
molar series, 4; length of single half mandible, 13. (Bangs, 1. c.)

The Wood Rats are among the handsomest species of the Muridcs
in North America. They are large in size, with a velvety fur, in
some as soft as spun silk, with the upper parts mouse color, brown,
or even a reddish hue, and white under parts, hands, and feet. One
of the genera, NEOTOMA, presents the usual rat tail, scaly, long, and
naked; but another, TEONOMA (north of United States and Mexican
boundary), has a tail similar to a squirrel's, hairy, at times almost
bushy, and the members of this genus are very handsome animals
indeed. Being almost strictly nocturnal, the Wood Rat is not often
seen by day, but as soon as darkness falls, if the cabin of the woods-
man is near its haunts, it will be overrun with these animals, and
they will be seen on floors and shelves and other parts of the home
diligently seeking food. In such places they become very bold,
climbing upon the bed and racing over the body of its sleeping oc-
cupant. The naked-tailed species seems to have the majority of num-
bers, but in appearance are excelled by the bushy-tailed. The sub-
family has various genera, the members of which are more or less
closely allied to each other, but none equal in size and general ap-
pearance those of NEOTOMA and TEONOMA.

276 NEOTOMA.

Subfam. II. Neotominse. Wood Rats.
54. Neotoma.

C. H. Merriam, The Neotomince, with a description of a new genus
and species and a synopsis of the known forms. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Scien. Phil., 1894, p. 225.

Neotoma Say & Ord, Journ. Acad. -Nat. Scien. Phil., 1825, p. 345,
pis. xxi, xxn. Type Neotoma floridana Ord.

Skull long; zygomatic width equals half the length of skull; edge
of maxilla bounding antorbital foramen, rounded; the foramen broad
and open above, compressed into a somewhat narrow slit below;
intermaxillae reaching back to interorbital region ; nasals much shorter ;
palate terminating with a concave border posteriorly between last
two molars; audital bullae small, their axes oblique to that of the
skull; occipital plane of skull perpendicular, at right angles to the
superior surface ; process of jugals descending downward and backward,

FIG. 45. NEOTOMA MICROPUS.

No. 4895 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. Nat. size.

UPPER TOOTH ROW. LOWER TOOTH ROW.

Enlarged 5 times. Enlarged 5 times.

NEOTOMA. 277

that of squamosal joining it at almost a right angle. Mandible with
long, acute, coronoid process, higher than condyle; roots of lower
incisors causing protuberances on each side of the jaw; upper molar
teeth with usually one internal and two external reentrant loops;
first and second lower molars with two external and two internal
loops; last molar with only one of each; upper molars three-rooted;
lower with but two roots.

A. Neotoma. Naked-tailed Wood Eats.
Tail long, naked, round.

KEY TO SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

A. Tail naked, scaly, round.

a. Size large.

a/ Under parts whitish or yellowish white.

a." Tail unicolor. PAGE

a/" Tail all black; upper parts mummy

brown and brownish black N. distincta 278

b.'" Tail all dusky; upper parts reddish

brown and black N. fusctpes 278

Tail brownish black above, pale
brown beneath ; upper parts reddish

brown and black N. f. macrotis 279

b." Tail bicolor.

a/" Above pale Vandyke brown A7. torquata 279

b/" Above grayish fulvous and black. . . .N. cumulator 280
b/ Under parts dark slate N. bryanti 280

b. Size medium or small.

a/ Under parts white. Tail bicolor.

a." Above rusty red and black .V. ferruginea 280

b." Above grayish lead color and dark

brown N. micropus 281

c." Above ochraceous buff and black.

a.'" Large N. Icucodon 281

b/" Small N. latifrons 282

d." Above pale yellowish brown and dark

brown N. mexicana 282

e." Above buffy ochraceous and black .V. navus 282

f." Above dark fulvous brown and black N. sinaloa 283

g." Above grayish brown and black, tinged

with fulvous,
a.'" Hairs on middle of body beneath

white to roots. . N. arenacea 283

•278 NEOTOMA.

b.'" Entire under parts white to roots of PAGE

hairs N. anthonyi 283

h." Above light brownish gray and black. . .N. intermedia 284
i." Above mixed ochraceous buff and black

N. i. melanura 284

j." Above fulvous and black N. i. angusticeps 285

k." Above pale yellowish brown and black.

a/" Total length, 342 N.i. albigula 285

b.'" Total length, 356^. N.i. durangce 285

1." Above ochraceous buff; salmon pec-
toral spot N. orizabcB 286

m." Above dark brown tinged with yellow-
ish N. tenuicatida 286

n." Above cream buff, finely lined with

black N. b. jelipensis 286

o." Above orange rufous.

a/" Tail above dusky N. picta 287

b/" Tail above brownish N. isthmica 287

p." Above ferrugineous N. parvidens 288

q." Above dark brown N. tropicalis 288

r." Above buffy grayish and black N. goldmani 288

b/ Under parts pale fulvous N. fulviventer 288

275. distincta (Neotomd), Bangs, Proc.Biol. Soc. Wash.,xvi, 1903, p. 89.
TEXOLO WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Texolo, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Tail black; rostrum swollen over roots of incisors.

Color. Upper parts mummy brown; back sprinkled with hairs
tipped with brownish black; sides paler; sides of nose and upper lips
dull grayish brown; chin, upper throat and narrow belly stripe dull
gray; pectoral collar ochraceous buff; rest of under parts yellowish
white; hands and feet dull grayish brown; fingers and toes white;
tail black; ear naked, dusky.

Measurements. Total length, 370-417; tail vertebrae, 165-206;
hind foot, 40-41; ear, 20-26. Skull: basal length, 43; occipito-nasal
length, 48; zygomatic width, 25; mastoid width, 19.4; interorbital
constriction, 5.2; length of nasals, 5.6; length of palate, to palatal
notch, 22.2; length of palatal slits, 10.6; length of upper molar series,
9.4; length of single half mandible, 29.6.

276. fuscipes (Neotoma), Baird, N. Amer. Mam., 1857, p. 495. Elliot,

Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 158.
monochrura Rhoads, Amer. Nat., xxvin, 1894, p. 67.
splendens True, Proc. U. S Nat. Mus., 1894, p. 353.

NEOTOMA. 279

DUSKY-FOOTED WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Petaluma, Sonoma County, California.

Geogr. Distr. Coast region of California and Oregon, from Mon-
terey Bay to the Columbia River. State of Durango, Mexico ? (Sclater.)

Licnl. Char. Tail nearly as long as head and body; size large;
hind feet short; soles naked.

Color. Above mixed reddish brown and black; sides reddish
brown; dorsal region darkest; limbs outside to wrists and ankles
like the back; feet dusky; under parts yellowish white; tail dusky
all around.

Measurements. Total length, 410; tail vertebrae, 198; hind foot,
41. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 54; Hensel, 44; zygomatic width,
27; interorbital constriction, 6; length of nasals, 19; palatal length,
24; length of upper tooth row, 9; length of mandible, 26.

a. — macrotis (Neotoma}, Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser.,
xn, 1893, p. 234. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901,

P- i59-

simplex True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1894, p. 354.
LARGE-EARED WOOD RAT.

Type locality. San Diego, San Diego County, California.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California, Mexico, and southern California.

Genl. Char. Similar to N. juscipes, but smaller, and feet white;
hairs on central portion of under parts white to the roots. Tail short.

Color. Above mixed reddish brown and black; lighter on sides;
dorsal area darkest; feet and entire under parts white; tail above
brownish black, beneath pale brown.

Young specimens have none, or very little, of the reddish brown
color, but are a pale yellowish brown, and the belly is often tinged
with buff. This pelage is the most common and may also represent
that of winter.

Measurements. Total length, 404; tail vertebras, 195; hind foot,
41; ear, 32.5. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 43; Hensel, 34.5; zygo-
matic width, 22; interorbital constriction, 6; length of nasals, 16;
palatal length, 19 ; length of upper tooth row, 8 ; length of mandible, 21.

277. torquata (Neotoma), Ward, Amer. Nat., xxv, 1891, p. 160.
COLLARED WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Between Tetela del Volcan and Zacualpan Amil-
pas, State of Morelos, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Morelos, Mexico. Type locality only.

Genl. Char. Breast collar pale Vandyke brown; hairs of belly
at base, gray; tail bicolor; soles naked.

280 NEOTOMA.

Color. Above pale Vandyke brown, hairs tipped with black;
darkest on dorsal line; under parts white with a yellow tinge; breast
crossed by a pale brown collar; chin white; hands and feet white;
tail covered with short hairs, above clove brown, sides and beneath
whitish; ears seal brown.

Measurements. Total length, 498; tail vertebrae, 160; hind foot,
35; ear, 21. Skull: total length, 45; zygomatic width, 23; length of
upper molar series, 9; length of mandible, 25; length of lower molar
series, 9.

278. cumulator (Neotoma), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898, p.

503. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 154.
COLLECTOR WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Old Fort Yuma, San Diego County, California.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California and State of Sonora, Mexico,
southern California.

Genl. Char. Size large; color similar to that of N. intermedia,
but paler ; nasals broad anteriorly.

Color. Above grayish fulvous, lined with black; gray on limbs
and ochraceous buff on sides; feet and under parts white; tail black
above, white beneath; ears mixed gray and black.

Measurements. Total length, 406; tail vertebras, 188; hind foot,
37; ear, 30.5. Skull: greatest length, 47.5; greatest width, 23.

279. bryanti (Neotoma), Merr., Amer. Nat., xxi, 1887, p. 191.
CERROS ISLAND WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Cerros or Cedros Island, Lower California, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Known only from type locality.

Genl. Char. Size large; tail naked; specimen imperfect.

Color. General hue dark slate, on both upper and under parts;
fulvous patch behind ear; hands and feet white.

Measurements. Total length, 372; tail vertebras, 165; hind foot,
38; ear, 26. Skull: total length, 48; basal length, 44; zygomatic
width, 25; mastoid width, 20; interorbital constriction, 5; length of
nasals, 17.5; breadth of nasals anteriorly, 5; palatal length, 21;
length of upper molar series, 8.

280. ferruginea (Neotoma), Tomes, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1861, p. 282.
RUSTY WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Duenas, Guatemala.

Geogr. Distr. Tehauntepec, State of Oaxaca, Mexico, south into
Guatemala.

Genl. Char. Tail about as long as head and body; similar to
N. fuscipes, but smaller and redder.

NEOTOMA.

281

Color. Above rusty red, somewhat golden on the sides, and
mixed with black on the back; outside of arms and legs to wrists
and ankles, dusky; inner side of arms white, of legs grayish; sides
of lips and under parts white; tail above dusky, beneath paler.

Measurements. Total length, 343-353; tail vertebrae, 165-177;
hind foot, 33-35. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 46; zygomatic width,
28; length of nasals, 20; length of upper molar series, 10.

FIG. XLIII. NEOTOMA MICROPUS. SMALL-FOOTED WOOD RAT.

281. micropus (Neotomd), Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855,

p. 333. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 155.

canescens Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1891, p. 285.
SMALL-FOOTED WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Charco Escondido, State of Tamaulipas, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Tamaulipas, Mexico, northward to Okla-
homa and New Mexico.

Genl. Char. Tail short, hardly two-thirds the length of the body;
ears large; feet small, soles naked.

Color. Above grayish lead color, lined with dark brown; sides
paler; shoulders and flanks occasionally tinged with yellowish brown;
under parts and feet white; tail above dusky, beneath grayish white.

Measurements. Total length, 359; tail vertebras, 185; hind foot,
36; ear, 30. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 49; Hensel, 36; zygomatic
width, 24; interorbital constriction, 6; length of nasals, 6.5; palatal
length, 19; length of upper tooth row, 10; length of mandible, condyle
to alveolus of incisor, 25.

282. leucodon (Neotoma), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., ix, 1894, p. 120.
WHITE-TOOTHED WOOD RAT.

Type locality. San Luis Potosi, State of San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

282 NEOTOMA.

Geogr. Distr. States of Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi, and Vera Cruz,
Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to N. micropus in size; postpalatal notch
narrow; jugals short; molars white; upper first molar with two
internal salient angles.

Color. Above ochraceous buff, lined with black; face grayish;
under parts white, as are also the hands and feet; tail above blackish,
beneath white.

Measurements. Total Iengthv358 ; tail vertebrae, 164 ; hind foot, 39.

283. latifrons (Neotoma), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., ix, 1894,

p. 121.

QUERENDARO WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Querendaro, State of Michoacan, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Michoacan, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to N. leucodon, smaller; longer hind feet;
shorter tail.

Color. Above like N. leucodon; cheeks and sides tinged with
fulvous; under parts, hands, and feet white; tail above dusky, beneath
whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 350; tail vertebrae, 149 ; hind foot, 42.

284. mexicana (Xeotoma), Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855,

p. 333. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 158.
MEXICAN WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Mountains near Chihuahua, State of Chihuahua,
Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Chihuahua, Mexico, north into New
Mexico and Texas.

Genl. Char. Ears large; feet small; soles naked. Nasal bones
end on the same line posteriorly, and do not extend backward to
the anterior extremity of orbits; highest point of condyle higher
than coronoid process.

Color. Above pale yellowish brown, lined with dark brown; sides
yellowish brown; outside of legs, feet, and under parts white; tail
dusky above, whitish beneath.

Measurements. Total length, 340; tail vertebrae, 151; hind foot,
37; ear, 32. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 44.5; Hensel, 35; zygomatic
width, 23; interorbital constriction, 6; length of nasals, 17; palatal
length, 19; length of upper tooth row, 7; length of mandible, 22.

285. navus (Neotoma), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, 1903, p. 47.
ACTIVE WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Sierre Guadalupe, State of Coahuila, Mexico.

NEOTOMA. '_>83

Genl. Char. Size medium; tail long. Skull: frontals expanded
posteriorly, forming supraorbital shelves; bullae small; teeth slender,
with anterior lobe of first upper molar having a deep notch on inner
side, as in N. mexicana.

Color. Upper parts and sides of face buffy ochraceous, lined
with black; head grayish; under parts white, the plumbeous under
fur showing; axillae salmon; tail dusky above, white below; hands
and feet from wrists and ankles white.

Measurements. Total length, 350; tail vertebras, 164; hind foot,
34. Skull: basal length, 37; zygomatic width, 21.5; palatal length,
21.5; length of upper molar series, alveolar border, 8.5.

286. sinaloae (Neotoma) , Allen , Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1898^.149.
SINALOA WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Tatameles, State of Sinaloa, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Sinaloa, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to N. mexicana; tail longer; bullae small.

Color. Upper parts dark fulvous brown mixed with black; under
parts, hands and feet white; tail above blackish brown, beneath
lighter.

Measurements. Total length, 315-332; tail vertebrae, 155-160;
hind foot, 31-32. Skull: total length, 41.5; basal length, 37; zygo-
matic width, 21.5; mastoid width, 15.2; interorbital constriction,
4.8; length of nasals, 15.4; palatal length, 17; length of upper tooth
row, 7.

287. arenacea (Neotoma), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1898,

p. 150.
LOWER CALIFORNIA WOOD RAT.

Type locality. San Jose" del Cabo, Lower California, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Cape Region, Lower California, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to N. f. macrotis, but smaller and paler;
intermaxillae extending beyond nasals; supraorbital bead on frontals.

Color. Upper parts grayish brown mixed with black, tinged with
fulvous; outside of forearm and leg blackish; under parts, hands, and
feet white; hairs on median band white to roots; rest plumbeous at
base; tail above blackish brown, beneath grayish white.

Measurements. Total length, 349; tail vertebras, 164-167; hind
foot, 35-36. Skull: total length, 46.2; basal length, 41; zygomatic
width, 23.5; mastoid width, 17.2; interorbital constriction, 5.3; length
of nasals, 18.2; palatal length, 15; length of upper molar series, 7.

288. anthonyi (Neotoma), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1898,

p. 151.

284 NEOTOMA.

TODOS SANTOS ISLAND WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Todos Santos Island, Lower California, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Known from type locality only.

Genl. Char. Nasals rounded anteriorly ; slight supraorbital bead ;
first upper molar with sulcus on anterior internal border. Size small.

Color. Upper parts grayish brown, slightly mixed with black,
and tinged with fulvous; forearm above externally and outer side
of leg blackish; under parts, hajids, and feet white to roots of hairs;
tail above blackish brown, beneath grayish white.

Measurements. Total length, 330-345; tail vertebrae, 132-146;
hind foot, 34-36; ear, 23-25. Skull: total length, 46; basal length,
42; zygomatic width, 25; mastoid width, 18.2; interorbital constric-
tion, 4.8; length of nasals, 18; palatal length, 18; length of upper
molar series, 8.

289. intermedia (Neotoma), Rhoads, Am. Nat., xxvm, 1894, p. 69.
Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 161.

calij :ornica Price, Proc. Calif. Acad. Scien., 1894, p. 154, pi. xi.

venustaTrue, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1894, p. 247, Sept.
RHOADS' WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Dulzuras, San Diego County, California.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California, Mexico, and southern California,
south of the Bay of Monterey.

Genl. Char. Size small; tail slender, short, bicolor; ears large;
soles naked.

Color. Above light brownish gray, lined with black; chin, center
of breast, inside of legs, and feet, white; rest of under parts soiled
grayish buff; tail above sooty blackish, beneath white.

Measurements. Total length, 318; tail vertebras, 160; hind foot,
35; ear, 28. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 42; Hensel, 33; zygomatic
width, 20; interorbital constriction, 5.5; length of nasals, 16; palatal
length, 18; length of upper molar series, 8.5 ; length of mandible, 19.

a. — melanura (Neotoma}, Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., ix, 1894,

p. 126.
BLACK-TAILED WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Ortiz, State of Sonora, Mexico.

Geogr Distr. State of Sonora, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size small; first upper molar has the "anterior loop
partly divided by antero-internal sulcus."

Color. Winter Pelage. Upper parts mixed black and ochraceous
buff; sides ochraceous; under parts, hands, and feet white to roots of
hairs, except on sides of belly, where the bases are plumbeous at
roots; ankles blackish; tail black above, white beneath.

NEOTOMA. 285

Measurements. Total length, 333; tail vertebrae, 170; hind foot,
34; ear, 25.

b. — angiisticeps (Neotoma), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., ix, 1894,

p. 127. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 162.
NARROW-HEADED WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Southwest corner Grant County, New Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Northern Mexico (State of Chihuahua), and south-
western New Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to N. i. albigula; ears smaller; color more
fulvous.

Color. Above fulvous; ochraceous buff on head, lined with black;
feet and under parts creamy white to roots of hair, except on belly,
where the base of hairs is plumbeous; tail grayish brown above,
white beneath.

Measurements. Total length, 335; tail vertebras, 150; hind foot,
33; ear, 25. Skull: basal length, 42; Hensel, 39.5; zygomatic width,
24; interorbital constriction, 6.

c. — albigula (Neotoma), Hartley, Proc. Calif. Acad. Scien., 2d Ser.,
1894, p. 157, pi. xn. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 162.
WHITE-THROATED WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Vicinity of Fort Lowell, near Tucson, Pima County,
Arizona.

Geogr. Distr. State of Sonora, Mexico, north into Arizona.

Genl. Char. Similar to both N. intermedia and N. mexicana, but
the yellow ground color of upper parts and sides is deeper and the
general color is lighter.

Color. Above pale yellowish brown mixed with black; central
line on back darker; sides pale yellow mixed with a pale brown; feet
dusky white; under parts grayish white, except throat, which is
pure white to base of hairs; tail blackish brown above, soiled white
beneath; ears light brown on naked part.

Measurements. Total length, 342; tail vertebrae, 153; hind foot,
32. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 44; Hensel, 37; zygomatic width,
23; interorbital constriction, 5; length of nasals, 16; palatal length,
20; length of upper tooth row, alveolar border, 6.5; length of man-
dible, angle to alveolus of incisor, 20.5.

d. — durangce (Neotoma}, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1903,

p. 602.
DURANGO WOOD RAT.

Type locality. San Gabriel, State of Durango, Mexico. Altitude,
7,000 feet.

•J86 NEOTOMA.

Genl. Char. "Externally similar to N. i. albigula, but averaging
rather larger, with a shorter and broader skull and much heavier
dentition." (Allen, 1. c.)

Measurements. Total length, 356; tail vertebras, 159; hind foot,
32; ear from notch, 30. Skull: total length, 45; Hensel, 38; length,
of nasals, 18; zygomatic width, 24; width of braincase above zygo-
mata, 18.5; mastoid width, 18; interorbital constriction, 6; length of
upper tooth row, 9.

290. orizabae (Neotoma), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., ix, 1894,

p. 122.

ORIZABA WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Mt. Orizaba, State of Puebla, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. States of Puebla, Tlaxcala and Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to N. julvienter, but more buffy ochraceous
above, and white on belly; feet shorter.

Color. Above ochraceous buff, mixed with black on back; head
grayish; under parts, hands, and feet white; on each side of breast
a spot of salmon color; tail above dusky, beneath whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 356; tail vertebra?, 163 ; hind foot, 33.

291. tenuicauda (Neotoma), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vn, 1892,

p. 169.
SLENDER-TAILED WOOD RAT.

Type locality. North slope of the Sierra Nevada de Colima, State
of Colima, Mexico. Altitude, 12,000 feet.

Geogr. Distr. State of Colima, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size small ; tail and ears almost naked.

Color. Above dark brown, tinged with yellowish fulvous; darker
on flanks; under parts whitish; salmon color at arm pits; hands and
feet whitish; tail above dusky, beneath whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 340; tail vertebrae, 160; hind foot, 31.

bella felipensis Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., 1903, in, p. 217.

Zoology.
SAN FELIPE DESERT RAT.

Type locality. San Felipe, Gulf of California, Lower California,
Mexico.

Genl. Char. Largest of the pale colored desert rats, nearest to
N. bella ; feet and ears larger ; tail longer. Skull with shorter and
broader nasals, shorter pterygoid fossa, wider basioccipital and basi-
sphenoid; bullae much smaller; braincase narrower posteriorly.

Color. Upper parts cream buff, lined with black; sides cream
color; lips, hands, feet, lower portion of sides, and under parts pure
white; basal part of hairs on side and under parts plumbeous, except

NEOTOMA. 287

on chin, center of breast, and a line down through the center of the
abdomen to anal region, which have the hairs white to the roots; tail
dusky above, whitish beneath; ears pale brown.

Measurements. Total length, 335; tail vertebra?, 158; hind foot,
34; ear, 34. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 41; Hensel, 34; zygomatic
breadth, 21; interorbital constriction, 5; width of braincase at root
of zygomata, 18; posterior width, 14; palatal arch to alveoli of
incisors, 19; postpalatal length, 15; median length of nasals, 15;
posterior width of nasals, 2.5; anterior width of nasals, 4.5; palatal
arch to hamular processes of pterygoids, 7 ; width of basioccipital
anteriorly, 8; length of upper molar series, 7; length of mandible,
angle to alveolus of incisor, 23; height at condyle, n; at coronoid
process, 12.5; length of lower molar series, 8.

291a. *picta (Neotoma), Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvn,

1904, p. 79.
PAINTED WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Chilpancingo, State of Guerrero, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size medium; tail long, slender.

Color. Upper parts orange rufous, sprinkled with black on head
and back; beneath white, plumbeous under fur showing; axillae
orange rufous; tail above dusky, beneath paler; hands yellowish
white; feet dusky; toes white; ears dusky.

Measurements. Total length, 368; tail vertebrae, 180; hind foot,

37. Skull: greatest length, 43.3; Hensel, 35; zygomatic width, 23;
interorbital constriction, 5; length of nasals, 17.4; palatal length,
8.6; length of upper molar series, alveolar border, 8.7.

291b. isthmica (Neotoma), Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvn,

1904, p. 80.
ISTHMIAN WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Tehuantepec, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size large; tail long, stout; ears medium.

Color. Above between orange rufous and ferrugineous ; outer side
of forearms and hind legs grayish fulvous; top of head and back
sprinkled with black; under parts and inner sides of arms and legs
soiled white; tail above brownish, beneath paler; hands white; feet
dusky; toes white.

Measurements. Total length, 395; tail vertebrae, 198; hind foot,

38. Skull: greatest length, 48.4; Hensel, 38.4; zygomatic breadth,
23.7 ; interorbital constriction, 6.2 ; length of nasals, 19; palatal length,
8.3; upper molar series, alveolar border, 9.

*Descriptions of the four following Wood Rats were published too late to
be included in the regular numerical order.

288 NEOTOMA.

291c. parvidens (Neotoma), Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvn,

1904, p. 81.
JUQUILA WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Juquila, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size small; tail short.

Color. Upper parts f errugineous ; outer side of arms and legs
brownish fulvous ; under parts white ; axillae orange rufous ; tail above
dusky, beneath paler ; hands yellowish white ; feet dusky ; toes yellowish
white.

Measurements. Total length, 295; tail vertebras, 141; hind foot,
31. Skull: greatest length, 40.5; Hensel, 32.5; zygomatic breadth,
20.7; interorbital constriction, 5.3; length of nasals, 15.2; palatal
length, 7.3; upper molar series, alveolar border, 7.4.

291d. tropicalis (Neotoma}, Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvn,

1904, p. 81.
TROPICAL WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Totontepec, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size small; tail short, slender, thinly haired.

Color. Upper parts dark brown; cheeks, shoulders, and sides
fulvous ; pectoral band salmon ; under parts dull whitish ; median line
on belly white; hands and feet dusky; toes whitish; tail above dusky,
beneath paler.

Measurements. Total length, 325; tail vertebrae, 156; hind foot,
34. Skull: greatest length, 41.3; Hensel, 33.5; zygomatic breadth,
22.2; interorbital constriction, 5.8; length of nasals, 16.5; palatal
length, 7.9; length of upper molar series, alveolar border, 8.3.

292. goldmani (Neotoma}, Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1903, p. 48.
GOLDMAN'S RAT.

Type locality. Saltillo, State of Coahuila, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size small ; tail short ; ears large. Skull small and
rounded; frontals as in N. mexicana, but broader and flatter; nasals
wedge-shaped, truncate posteriorly; premaxillae reaching beyond
nasals.

Color. Upper parts buffy grayish, lined with black; flanks buffy
ochraceous; head gray; cheeks buffy ochraceous; under parts, hands
and feet white; tail above dark brown, beneath whitish.

Measurements. "Average of four; total length, 279; tail verte-
brae, 128; hind foot, 30. Skull: basal length, 33; zygomatic width,
19; palatal length, 18.2; interorbital breadth, 5.5; upper molar
series, 7."

293. fulvi venter (Neotoma}, Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., ix, 1894,

p. 121.

NEOTOMA.

NELSONIA.

289

FULVOUS-BELLIED WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Toluca Valley, State of Mexico, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Mexico, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to N. tenuicauda, but larger; ears and feet
small; tail slender.

Color. Above fulvous, dusky on middle of back; under parts
pale fulvous; hands and feet white; tail above blackish, beneath
whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 356; tail vertebrae, 163; hind foot,
33-

55. Nelsoiiia.

Nelsonia Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xi, 1897, p. 277, figs. 14-15.

Type Nelsonia neotomodon Merriam.

Skull similar to that of a large Pcromyscus, but flatter; antorbital
slits faintly notching upper surface of maxillary root of zygoma;
interior angle of antorbital slits protrudes forwards as processes ; teeth
large; crowns flat, with deep reentrant angles; third upper molar
with one deep external reentrant angle separating the crown into

FIG. 46. NELSONIA NEOTOMODON.

No. 90893 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. Nat. size.

UPPER TOOTH ROW. LOWER TOOTH ROW.

Enlarged 6 times. Enlarged 6 times.

290 NELSONIA.

two unequal lobes; second lower molar with one external and one
internal reentrant angle, separating the crown into two transverse
loops; the posterior occasionally exhibiting a second reentrant angle;
third lower molar with one internal reentrant angle, and a slight
external projection. The other molar teeth with patterns like those
of Neotoma and other allied genera.

KEY TO TH£ SPECIES.

A. Tail hairy, ears large, nearly naked. PAGE

a. Above grayish brown and black N. neotomodon 290

b. Above dark slate gray, washed with pale

ochraceous N. goldmani 290

294. neotomodon (Nclsonid), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xi, 1897,

p. 278.
ZACATECAS WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Mountains near Plateado, State of Zacatecas,
Mexico. Altitude, 8,200 feet.

Geogr. Distr. State of Zacatecas, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Tail well haired; ears large, nearly naked.

Color. Above grayish brown, lined with black on lower back;
sides pale fulvous; under parts white; orbital ring black; arms and
legs dusky to ankles exteriorly; upper lip and side of nose white;
tail above dusky, beneath white, tip white; hands and feet white.

Measurements. Total length, 247; tail vertebras, 121; hind foot,
29. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 33; Hensel, 36; zygomatic width,
17; interorbital constriction, 5; length of nasals, 7; palatal length, 9;
length of upper tooth row, 6; length of mandible, 10.

295. goldmani (Xelsonid), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, 1903,

p. 80.
MT. TANCITARO WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Mt. Tancitaro, State of Michoacan, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to .V. neotomodon, but darker and grayer;
tail well haired. Skull more angular, flatter between orbits ; vertical
lamella on anterior base of zygoma forming a spine; nasals narrower;
nostrils more constricted at base.

Color. Above dark slate gray, washed with pale ochraceous;
beneath white, plumbeous under fur showing; tail above dusky,
beneath paler. Young dark slate.

Measurements. Total length, 248; tail vertebrae, 122; hind
foot, 20.

XENOMYS.

5ti. Xeiiomys.

291

Xenomys Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vn, 1892, p. 160. Type

Xenomys nelsoni Merriam.

Bullae large, elongated, and parallel to axis of skull; vertical ridge
on anterior border of squamosal; this last terminates between pos-
terior root of zygoma and occiput; paroccipital processes long and

FIG. 47. XENOMYS NELSONI.

No. 4^286 U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. Enlarged

292 XENOMYS. NEOTOMODON.

stout; upper molars with three roots, lower with two; the series
large, with flat crowns, and with rounded alternating closed triangles;
first upper molar with one anterior and one posterior closed loop, and
one external and two internal lateral closed triangles; second and
third upper molars with one anterior and one posterior closed loop
and one lateral closed triangle on each side; last lower molar deeply
incised on inner face by a reentrant angle ; on outer side is an anterior
and posterior loop and a nearly closed triangle about the middle of
the tooth ; supraorbital beads well "developed ; lachrymals and inter-
parietal large.

296. nelsoni (Xenomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vn, 1892,

p. 161.
NELSON'S WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Hacienda Magdalena, between City of Colima and
Manzanillo, State of Colima, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Colima, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size moderate; tail shorter than head and body.
Skull resembling that of Neotoma, but differing in the characters
given above.

Color. Above fulvous, mixed with black on the back; orbital
ring dusky; a white spot above the eye and one below root of ear;
lips and fore part of cheeks white, rest of face fulvous; under parts
creamy white; tail dark umber brown, unicolor; hands and feet
whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 300; tail vertebras, 143; hind foot,
30; ear from crown, 18 ; from anterior root, 22. (Ear lengths from dried
skin, others taken in the flesh.) Skull: occipito-nasal length, 40.6;
Hensel, 33.3; zygomatic width, 32; interorbital constriction, 6; length
of nasals, 14; palatal length, 19.3; length of upper tooth row, 8.6.

57. Neotomodoii.

Neotomodon Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn, 1898, p. 127. Type
Neotomodon alstoni Merriam.

Skull broad; braincase short; molars rooted, large, crowns flat;
upper first and second molars with three external salient loops and
two reentrant angles; and two internal salient loops and one reen-
trant angle; third upper molar small, rounded; lower first and second
molars with three salient loops and two reentrant angles externally

NEOTOMODON. 293

and internally; third lower molar with two loops and one reentrant
angle externally, and one internal anterior loop and one reentrant
angle.

FIG. 48. NEOTOMODON ALSTONI.

No. 13887 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. Enlarged M-

UPPER TOOTH ROW. LOWER TOOTH ROW.

Enlarged 7 times. Enlarged 7 times.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Ears large, nearly naked; tail short, fur soft,

plantar tubercles, 6; mammae, 6.
a. Breast buffy.

a.' Under parts white. PAGE

a." Large; total length, 212 mm N. perotensis 293

b." Small; total length, 194 mm N. orizaba 294

b.' Under parts plumbeous, washed with

white N. alstoni 294

297. perotensis (Neotomodon), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn,

1898, p. 129.
PEROTE WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Cofre de Perote, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.
Altitude, 9,500 feet.

Geogr. Distr. State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to N. alstoni, but ears and tail shorter.

294 NEOTOMODON. TEANOPUS.

Color. Summer Pelage. Above grayish buff, dorsal band blackish ;
sides buffy; under parts white, breast tinged with buffy; tail above
dusky, beneath white; hands and feet white.

Measurements. Total length, 212 ; tail vertebrae, 91 ; hind foot, 24.

298. orizabas (N eotomodon) , Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn,

1898, p. 129.
MOUNTAIN WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Mt. Orizaba, State of Puebla, Mexico. Altitude,
9,500 feet.

Geogr. Distr. State of Puebla, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Smaller than the other species, and with shorter tail.

Color. Above buffy gray; under parts white, chest buffy; tail
above brownish, beneath white; hands and feet whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 194; tail vertebrae, 81 ; hind foot, 24.

299. alstoni (Neotomodon), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn, 1898,

p. 127.
ALSTON'S WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Nahuatzin, State of Michoacan, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. States of Michoacan, Morelos, and Mexico, Mexico.
Altitude, 8,500 feet.

Genl. Char. Size moderate ; ears large ; tail shorter than head and
body; hind feet large.

Color. Above grayish to fulvous brown, darkest on back; under
parts plumbeous washed with white; breast tinged with buff; tail
above dusky, beneath whitish; hands and feet white.

Measurements. Total length, 220; tail vertebrae, 101; hind foot,
26.5. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 33; Hensel, 25.5; zygomatic
width, 17; interorbital constriction, 4.5; length of nasals, 12; palatal
length, 14; length of upper tooth row, 6.5 ; length of mandible, 14.5.

58. Teaiiopus.

Teanopus Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1903, p. 81. Type
Teanopus phenax Merriam.

Ears large, nearly naked; tail long, thickly haired; soles of feet
covered with small tubercles. Skull: audital bullae greatly inflated,
like those of Xenomys; antorbital slits large and broadly open;
sphenoid vacuities open; braincase without temporal shield; angle

TEANOPUS.

of jaw elongate, with lower border inflected and upturned, forming a
shallow trough as in Teonoma; infracondylar notch deep; last lower
molar with reentrant loop on inner side, passing in front of its mate
on outer side. (Merr., 1. c.)

FIG. 49. TEANOPUS PHENAX.
No. 95839 U. S. Nat. Mus. Nat. size. Tooth rows enlarged 6 times.

300. phenax (Teanopus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, 1903,

p. 81.
CHEATING WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Camoa, Rio Mayo, State of Sonora, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to Hodomys vetulus in size and appearance.

Color. Above buffy gray; beneath yellowish white, plumbeous
under fur showing on posterior half; cheeks pale gray; outer side of
fore leg grayish dusky, inner side white; hind foot whitish; ankles
dusky, bordered beneath with white.

Measurements. Total length, 352; tail vertebrae, 172; hind foot,
37.5. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 42.5; Hensel, 35; zygomatic
width, 22; interorbital constriction, 5; length of nasals, 16; palatal
length, 18; length of upper molar series, 7; length of mandible, 23;
length of lower molar series, 8.

296

HODOMYS.

59. Hoclomys.

Hodomys Merr., Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1894, p. 232. Type
Neotoma alleni Merriam.

Cranium long, narrow; squamosal and supraoccipital articulating;
bullae small, narrow anteriorly, shorter than molar series; pterygoid
fossa longer than broad; basioccipital broad; spheno-palatine vacui-
ties closed; mandible broadly expanded posteriorly; first and second
upper molars with four roots each, and the enamel fold on inner side
divides the middle transverse loop ; three roots on third upper molar ;
third lower molar with two salient and one reentrant angle on each
side, and with or without an antero-external vertical sulcus.

FIG. 50. HODOMYS ALLENI.

No. 5021 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. Nat size

HODOMYS.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Above^tawny f errugineous ; tail unicolor H. alleni

B. Above dull fulvous and black; tail bicolor H. vetulus

1297

297
297

FIG. XLIV. HODOMYS ALLENI. ALLEN'S WOOD RAT.

301. alleni (Neotoma), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vii, 1892,

p. 168.
ALLEN'S WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Manzanillo, State of Colima, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Colima, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size large; tail shorter than head and body, annu-
lations visible ; molar series large ; first and second upper molars with
a lateral triangle on each side; last lower molar S-shaped, and with a
reentrant angle on outer side.

Color. Above tawny ferrugineous ; sides of face mouse or bluish
gray; under parts white, basal portion of hairs plumbeous; tail
blackish, unicolor; hands and feet whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 472; tail vertebrae, 225; hind foot,
46; ear, 29. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 52; Hensel, 45; zygomatic
width, 26; interorbital constriction, 5; length of nasals, 19; palatal
length, 23; length of upper molar series, 10 ^length of mandible, 26.

302. vetulus (Hodomys), Merr., Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1894,

P- 236.
GRAY-FACED WOOD RAT.

Type locality. Tehuacan, State of Puebla, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Southern Mexico, State of Puebla.

Genl. Char. Smaller than H. alleni; tail bicolor; feet white;
cranial characters comparatively on smaller scale, but palate propor-
tionately longer; frontals broader and less upturned at margins of
orbits; third lower molar without antero-external sulcus.

298 HODOMYS. MICROTUS.

Color. Above dull fulvous, mixed with black; face gray; under
parts whitish and washed with fulvous, the latter sometimes re-
stricted to sides of belly; tail above blackish, beneath whitish; fore
and hind feet white.

Measurements. Total length, 380; tail vertebrae, 166; hind foot,
38; ear, 29. Skull: total length, 47; basal length, 41; Hensel, 39;
zygomatic width, 25; length of crowns of upper molar series, 9.

The Subfamily MICROTIN^E contains the Meadow Mice of North
America. In general, these troublesome creatures (for they prove
to be great pests to the agriculturalist) inhabit low, swampy meadows,
near streams, along the banks of which their narrow runways can
readily be seen amid the grass; but others again are found in lofty
mountainous districts, and still others on thirsty plains. Small in
size, dark of pelage, and quick of movement, they are difficult to see
in the usually thick grass amid which they live, as their rather
stubby forms pass quickly before the observer. They make their
nests in burrows and are very prolific. From the true mouse they
are distinguishable by a short tail and legs, short, blunt muzzle, and
ears buried in the fur. There are numerous species and races, some
of the latter separated on such fine lines as to be practically indis-
tinguishable, and the entire group is divided into several subgeneric
sections, based mainly on the differences in the structure of the
teeth. These animals are the representatives in North America of
the voles of Europe. The species on the American Continent are
most numerous north of the United States and Mexican boundary line.

Subfam. III. Microtinse. Meadow Mice, Voles, etc.
6O. Microtus.

G. S. Miller. Genera and Subgenera of Voles and Lemmings. N.
Am. Faun., 1896, No. 12.

V. Bailey. Revision of the American Voles of the genus Microtus.
N. Am. Faun., 1900, No. 17.

Microtus Schrank, Faun. Boica, i, ist Abth., 1798, p. 72. Type Mus

arvalis Pallas.

Arvicola Lace"p., Me'm. 1'Instit., 1801, in, p. 495.
Mynomes Rafin., Am. Month. Mag., 1817, n, p. 45.
Psammomys LeConte, Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist., 1830, p. 132.
(nee Cretzschmer.)

MICROTUS. 299

Pitymys McMurtr., Am. ed. Cuv., Anim. King., i, App., 1831,

p. 4^4. (footnote).
Ammomys Bon., Sagg. Dist. Met. degli. Anim. Vert., 1831, p. 20

(footnote) .
Pinemys Less., Hist. Nat. Mamm. et Ois. decouv. depuis, 1788;

Ouvre de Buff., v, 1836, p. 436.
Hemiotomys Selys Longchamps, Essai, Mon. Campagn. Envir.

Liege, 1836, p. 7,' pi. i.

Lagurus Glog., Hand-u-Hilfsb. Naturgesch., 1841, p. 97.
Neodon Hodg., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 26. Ser., in, 1849, p. 203.
Agricola Bias., Faun. Wirbelt. Deutsch., 1857, pp. 334-335, 368-

374, figs. 202-206.

Chilotus Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 516.
Paludicola Bias., Faun. Wirbelt Deutsch., 1857, pp. 333-334, 343-

368, figs. 183-201.

Pedomys Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 517.
Sylvicola Fatio., Les Campagn., Bass. Le'man, Ass. Zool. Le'man,

1867, pp. 63-72, pi. i, figs. 18-25, pl- VI-
Ochetomys Fitzin., Sitzungb., K. Akad. Wiss. Wien., LVI, 1867,

P- 47-
Praticola Fatio, Les Campagn. Bass. Leman, Ass. Zool. Le'man.,

1867, p. 36. (Part.)
Terricola Fatio, Les Campagn. Bass. Le'man, Ass. Zool. Leman,

1867, p. 36.
Micrurus Forsyth-Major, Alt. dell. Soc. Tosc. Scien. Nat., Pisa,

in, 1876, p. 126.
Eremiomys Palyakoff Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., xxxix,

Suppl., 1881, p. 35.
Neofiber True, Science, 1884, p. 34.
Campicola Schulze, Schrift. Natur. Ver. Harz. Wernig., v, 1890,

PP- 24, 25.

Tctramerodon Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1894, p. 282.
Aulacomys Rhoads, Am. Nat., 1894, p. 182.
Orthriomys Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn, 1898, p. 106.
Herpetomys Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn, 1898, p. 107.

Molars not rooted; mandibular molars without closed triangles
on outer side ; upper incisors not grooved ; root of lower incisor extends
back to third molar, displacing base of that tooth and terminating
above the dental foramina of the ascending ramus; tail terete, longer
than hind foot; posterior border of bony palate very variable; middle
part of zygoma only slightly expanded; postorbital process of squa-
mosal shelf-like.

800

MICROTUS.

FIG. 51. MICROTUS CALIFORNICUS HYPERYTHRUS.

No. 10758 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. Enlarged %.
Tooth rows enlarged 6 times.

KEY TO SUBGENERA.

A. Upper third molar with three closed triangles,

lower second molar with four closed sections PAGE

and usually a posterior loop ; lower third molar

generally with three closed triangles Microtus 300

B. Upper third molar with two closed triangles;
lower second molar with anterior pair of angles
confluent; lower third molar with three trans-
verse loops Pitymys 303

C. Upper third molar with two closed triangles;
lower third molar with two closed triangles and

two transverse loops Orthriomys 304

D. Upper third molar with three closed triangles
and one crescentic loop; lower third molar
with two closed triangles, and two internal

transverse loops Herpetomys 305

A. Microtus.

Palate normal; lower third molar usually with three closed trian-
gles; lower first molar normally with five closed triangles and nine
salient angles; upper third molar normally with three closed trian-
gles and seven or eight salient angles; upper incisors not grooved;

MICROTUS. 301

mammae four to eight, two or four pectoral and two or four inguinal;
normal number eight ; plantar tubercles six ; soles moderately hairy.

KEY TO SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF THE SUBGENUS.

A. Size small. (Mammae four.)

a. Above dark brown and black; beneath chest- PAGE
nut fulvous M. julviventer 301

b. Above mixed cinnamon; beneath buffy M. mexicanns 301

c. Above bistre and black; beneath plumbeous,

tinged with drab M. m. pkcnis 302

B. Size large. (Mammae eight.)

a. Above dark tawny M. c. hyperythrus 302

303. fulviventer (Microtus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn,

1898, p. 106.
FULVOUS-BELLIED MEADOW VOLE.

Type locality. Cerro San Felipe, State of Oaxaca, Mexico. Alti-
tude, 10,200 feet.

Geogr. Distr. State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Genl. Cliar. Similar to M. mexicanus, but redder.

Color. Above dark brown and black; under parts chestnut ful-
vous; tail blackish above, pale fulvous beneath.

Measurements. Total length, 154; tail vertebrae, 38; hind foot,
20. Skull: basal length, 25.4; length of nasals, 7.4; zygomatic width,
15.5; mastoid breadth, 12.4; length of upper molar series, alveolar
border, 6.5.

304. mexicanus (Hcmiotomys), Sauss., Rev. Mag. Zool., 2me Se"r..

1861, p. 3.
MEXICAN MEADOW VOLE.

Type locality. Mount Orizaba, State of Puebla, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Eastern part of State of Puebla, Mexico.

Gcnl. Char. Size small ; tail short ; ears large. Skull broad ; incisive
foramina wide and short; first lower molar with six interior salient
angles; mammae four, two inguinal, two pectoral.

Color. Above mixed cinnamon and black, paler on sides; beneath
buffy; sides of nose cinnamon; tail above dusky, gray below; feet
gray. The above is properly the winter pelage, that of summer
being darker.

Measurements. Average of 10 adults: Total length, 138; tail
vertebrae, 29; hind foot, 19.35; maximum, 148; 30; 20. Skull: basal
length, 24.5; zygomatic breadth, 15.3; mastoid width, n.6; length
of nasals, 7.4; length of upper tooth row, alveolar border, 6.6.
(Bailey, N. Am. Faun., No. 17.)

809

MICROTUS.

a. — phceus (Arvicola), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vn, 1892,

p. 171.
DARK MEADOW VOLE.

Type locality. North slope of Sierra Nevada de Colirna, State of
Jalisco, Mexico. Altitude, 10,000 feet.

Gcogr. Distr. State of Jalisco, Mexico. High mountains.

Genl. Char. Size medium. Skull similar to that of M. mogollo-
nensis.

Color. Above bistre and black; under parts plumbeous, tinged
with dfab; tail above sooty, beneath paler.

Measurements. Total length, 155; tail vertebrae, 34; hind foot,
20.5; ear, 14. Skull: basal length, 25.2; zygomatic width, 15.5;
mastoid breadth, 12; length of nasals, 7.3; length of upper molar
series, alveolar border, 6.08.

FIG. XLV. MICROTUS c. HYPERYTHRUS.
REDDISH MEADOW VOLE.

californicus hyperythrus (Microtus), Elliot, Pub. Field Columb.

Mus., in, 1903, p. 161. Zoology.
REDDISH MEADOW VOLE.

Type locality. San Quentin, Lower California.

Geogr. Distr. Sea-coast in the vicinity of San Quentin, up to
8,000 feet elevation in the San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower Cali-
fornia, Mexico.

Genl. Char. More reddish in color than M. calif ornicus ; hind
foot longer, and tail about equal to that of M. calif ornicus. Skull
much larger.

Color. Upper parts dark tawny, slightly lined with black; sides
paler; entire under parts plumbeous faintly washed with white;
hands and feet grayish buff; tail above dusky, beneath paler.

Measurements. Total length, 203; tail vertebrae, 52; hind foot,
24.5; ear, 16. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 31; Hensel, 26; zygo-

MICROTUS. :!n:{

matic breadth, 17.5; interorbital constriction, 3; length of nasals, 8.5;
palatal length, 14.5; mastoid breadth, 14; width of braincase above
auditory mealfus, 10; length of upper tooth row, alveolar border, 6.5.

B. Pitymys.

Palate normal; lower third molar without closed triangles; lower
first molar with five closed triangles and nine salient angles; upper
third molar with two or three closed triangles and six salient angles;
mammae, four inguinal; plantar tubercles, five; soles hairy.

FIG. 52. MICROTUS <PITYMYSI QUASIATER.

No. 5064 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. Enlarged %.

UPPER TOOTH ROW. LOWER TOOTH ROW.

Enlarged 7 times. Enlarged 7 times.

305. quasiater (Arvicola), Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil.,

1874, p. 191.
COUES' MEADOW VOLE.

Type locality. Jalapa, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to M. pinetorum, but darker.

Color. Upper parts dark chestnut brown; beneath blackish ash,
hoary in certain lights; tail above like the back, possibly a little
darker; hands and feet brownish.

304

MICROTUS.

Measurements. Total length, 124-130; tail vertebrae, 16-18;
hind foot, 16.5-17; ear, 13-14. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 24.5;
Henset, 22; zygomatic width, 19; interorbital constriction, 3.5; length
of nasals, 7.5 ; palatal length, 11.5 ; length of upper tooth row, 6.

0. Orthriomys.

First lower molar with one external and two internal closed
triangles, and two open triangles; third lower molar with one external
and one internal closed triangle and two internal transverse loops;
one reentrant angle between the two closed triangles; third upper
molar with one external and one internal closed triangle; anterior
loop in second and third upper molars pyriform.

FIG. 53. MICROTUS (ORTHRIOMYS) UMBROSUS.

No. 68508 U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. Twice nat. size.

UPPER TOOTH ROW. LOWER TOOTH ROW.

Enlarged 7 times. Enlarged 7 times

MICROTUS.

305

306. umbrosus (Microtus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn, 1898,

p. 10J. /

MOUNT ZEMPOALTEPEC MEADOW VOLE.

Type locality. Mt. Zempoaltepec, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.
Altitude, 8,200 feet.

Geogr. Distr. State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size rather large; tail long; ear short; color dark.

Color. Above dusky, mixed with brown; under parts slate,
tinged with fulvous.

Measurements. Total length, 184; tail vertebrae, 65; hind foot,
23. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 28; Hensel, 24.5; zygomatic width,

FIG. 54. MICROTUS (HERPETOMYS) GUATEMALENSIS.

No. 76793 U. 5. Nat. Mus. Coll. Twice nat. size.

UPPER TOOTH ROW. LOWER TOOTH ROW.

Enlarged 6 times. Enlarged 6 times

306 MICROTUS.

15.5; interorbital constriction, 4.5; length of nasals, 7; palatal length,
13; length of upper tooth row, 7.

D. Herpetomys.

Third upper molar with two external and one internal closed
triangles and posterior crescentic loop, forming two internal salient
angles; first lower molar with one external and two internal closed
triangles, and two open triangles; third lower molar with one external
and one internal closed triangle, and one anterior and one posterior
obliquely transverse internal loop; plantar tubercles, 5; mammae, 6,
4 pectoral, 2 inguinal.

307. guatemalensis (Microtus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xn,

1898, p. 108.
GUATEMALAN MEADOW VOLE.

Type locality. Todos Santos, State of Huehuetenango, Guate-
mala. Altitude, 10,000 feet.

Geogr. Distr. Guatemala, Central America.

Genl. Char. Size medium; color dark; tail short, with few hairs;
ears nearly hidden in fur. Skull: bullae large, swollen; incisive
foramina rectangular, truncate anteriorly and posteriorly; root of
zygoma anteriorly notched; jugals nearly parallel.

Color. Upper parts mixed black and golden fulvous; under
parts slaty black; lips white; tail blackish, unicolor.

Measurements. Total length, 155; tail vertebras, 40; hind foot,
21. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 26.5; Hensel, 23.5; zygomatic
width, 15; interorbital constriction, 4.5; length of nasals, 7.5; palatal
length, 13.5; length of upper molar series, 7.

The next genus FIBER contains the Muskrats, the species most
familiar to man probably of all the Muridae, save those of the genus
Mus, which includes those species commonly called "house rats and
mice." The habits of the Muskrat resemble in a considerable degree
those of the Beaver, and their large-domed houses, formed of sticks,
roots, and grasses are often seen rising from the surface of a pond or
lake. The general plan of these structures is very similar to a
beaver's dwelling, and the entrance is beneath the water, with the
nest or sleeping apartment toward the roof so as to be, if possible,
above any sudden rise of the water. Holes in the banks by the side
of streams are often made, in which the Muskrat lives, and these
excavations sometimes cause the banks to cave in and a large portion
of ground to disappear beneath the stream. Muskrats are shy and

FIBER. 307

watchful, and are not often seen by day, but towards evening they
become active and swim about in the vicinity of their, homes, disap-
pearing with a'loud splash beneath the surface if alarmed. Immense
numbers of muskrat skins are sold every year, and made into clothing
or linings for garments.

61. Fiber.

Fiber G. Cuv., Lecons d'Anat. Comp., i, 1800, tab. i. Type Castor
zibcthicus Linnaeus.

FIG. 55. FIBER ZIBETHICUS PALLIDUS.

No. 5422 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. Nat. size.

308 FIBER.

Ondatra Lace*p., Tab. Mamm., 1799, p. 9. Less. Man., 1827, p.
286. (nee Link, 1795.)

Moschomys Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scandinav., i, 1828, Mamm., Con-
spectus A.

Size large; hind feet oblique to the leg; tail flattened sideways
for nearly its entire length and fringed with stiff hairs; ears very
small, deeply buried in fur; muzzle furry, except nasal pads, which
are naked. Palms and soles naked, fringed with hairs, five-tubercled ;
dentition and skull arvicoline; squamosals much expanded; parietals
reduced; interparietal nearly as long as broad; upper incisors almost
a circle in shape within and without the jaw; lower incisors enter jaw
to root of the condylar process; descending process of condyle ham-
ular and much twisted; palate terminates opposite middle of last
molar and has a median azygos protuberance; pterygoid fossa wide
and deep; nasals narrow posteriorly, widening rapidly anteriorly,
tumid, and terminating behind the incisors; interorbital constriction
excessive; processes of squamosal and maxilla have their ends in
contact; the jugal being merely a splint, not necessary for the con-
tinuity of the zygomatic arch.

zibethicus pallidus (Fiber], Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890,

p. 280. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 213.
PALE MUSK RAT.

Type locality. Fort Verde, Yavapai County, Arizona.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California? and State of Sonora? north,
probably, to Montana.

Genl. Char. Size small, two-thirds that of the typical form. Skull
like that of the eastern muskrat, but smaller.

Color. Rusty brown, paler beneath; scattered hairs on tail liver
brown.

Measurements. Total length, 500; tail vertebrae, 203; hind foot,
69. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 56; Hensel, 52; zygomatic width,
37; interorbital constriction, 6; length of nasals, 19; palatal length,
31 ; length of upper molar series, 15 ; length of mandible, 37.

The Gophers, or Pouched Rats, as the mole-like creatures which
compose the next family are called, are stout, shapeless animals,
whose powerful shoulders and fore legs with enormous claws on the
front toes, suitable for digging, blunt head, minute eyes and small
ears, admirably fit them for a life under ground. In the localities
in which they abound their long tunnels ramify the soil in all direc-
tions and are indicated by the earth raised above the surrounding

GEOMYID/t. :MI

level, in the same manner as is witnessed in the case of moles. So
completely do they live in the ground that one is rarely seen upon it.
These animals are provided with cheek pouches, some of enormous
size reaching even to the shoulders, and these are convenient recep-
tacles for food and afford a means for transporting it from place to
place. In some localities Gophers are veritable pests, undermining
the soil with their endless galleries, and flinging the earth excavated
from these burrows on every side. In size these animals vary con-
siderably, some being as large as a full grown rat, and others again
not half that bigness. The pelage is exceedingly soft, even silky.
The skull is heavy, its muscles large and powerful, and the cutting
teeth strong and effective, adze-shaped. The family is divided into
two chief genera, Geomys and Thomomys, distinguished by the
presence or absence of median grooves on the incisors.

Pam. IV. dreomyidfe. Pouched Rats.

C. H. Merriam, Monographic Revision of the Pocket Gophers, N.
Am. Faun., No. 8, 1895.

Large, fur-lined cheek pouches present, opening outside the mouth.
Squamosals expanded ; jugal extending to lachrymal; palate sloping
below level of zygomata, which are strong and flaring; molars rootless;
lower jaw strong; form arvicoline; fore feet fossorial; eyes and ears
minute.

KEY TO THE GENERA.

A. Skull large, flat, rather massive; upper inci-
sors grooved; jugal extending to lachrymal;
mandible powerful,
a. Upper premolar with three enamel plates, the

posterior absent. PAGE

a.' Upper incisor bisulcate Geomys 310

b.' Upper incisor unisulcate.

a." First and second upper molars with one

enamel plate each, posterior absent,
a/" Squamosals not greatly expanded
laterally; orbitosphenoids articulat-
ing anteriorly with alisphenoids Cratogcomys 311

b/" Squamosals greatly expanded later-
ally; orbitosphenoids not articulat-
ing anteriorly with alisphenoids Platygcomys 3 1 6

b." First and second upper molars with two
enamel plates each.

310 GEOMYIDJE. GEOMYS.

a.'" Skull short, rounded; mesethmoid

higher than long, lower edge entering PAGE

between wings of vomer posteriorly . . Pappogeomys 320
b.'" Skull elongate, flat; mesethmoid a

half crescent Orthogeomys 322

b. Upper premolar with four enamel plates.

a.' Posterior plate restricted to inner half Heterogeomys 325

b/ Posterior plate restricted to inner third,
a." Zygomatic arch not complete without

jugal Macrogeomys 3 26

b." Zygomatic arch normally complete

without jugal Zygogeomys 330

B. Upper incisors without median grooves Thomomys 332

62. Geomys. Pocket Gophers.

Qeomys Rafin., Am. Month. Mag., n, No. i, 1817, p. 45. Type
Geomys pinetis Raf. =Mus tuza Ord, 1815.

Saccophorus Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. und vergl. Anat., 1820, p. 65.

Pseudostoma Say, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., 1823, i, p. 406.

Ascomys Licht., Abhand. K. Acad. Wiss. Berl., 1825, p. 20, fig. 2.

Upper incisors grooved along the middle; first and second upper
molars with two enamel plates each, posterior one complete; root of
inferior incisor slightly protuberant; zygomata widest anteriorly;
posteriorly but little greater than mastoid breadth; parietals ridged;
audital bullae elongate, somewhat acute anteriorly, not greatly inflated;
basioccipital very broad posteriorly ; pterygoid fossa wide ; fore claws
immensely developed; mammae, three pair, two inguinal, one pectoral.

308. arenarius (Geomys), Merr., Mon. Geom., N. Am. Faun., No. 8,

1895, P- J39- Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 219.
SAXD-LOVING POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. El Paso, El Paso County, Texas.

Geogr. Distr. From Juarez, State of Chihuahua, Mexico, north to
Las Cruces, and Valley of Upper Rio Grande from El Paso, and west
to Deming, New Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size medium, tail long, well haired, except tip; color
pale. Skull: no sagittal crest; prominent knob at distal end of
squamosal arm of zygoma; interparietal truncate posteriorly on plane
of lambdoid suture ; occiput moderately bulging.

GEOMYS.

CRATOGEOMYS.

311

FIG. 56. GEOMYS ARENARIUS.
No. 36114 U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. Nat. size.

UPPER TOOTH ROW. LOWER TOOTH ROW.

Enlarged 7 times. Enlarged 7 times.

Color. Above drab brown, lined with black; under parts and
feet white.

Measurements. Total length, 258; tail vertebrae, 88; hind foot,
33. Skull: basal length, 37.5-40.5; Hensel, 34-37; zygomatic width,
24-28; interorbital breadth, 6-7; length of upper molar series, 7.5-8;
length of single half of mandible, 27-28.5.

<>tt. Cratogeomys. Powerful Pocket Gophers.

Cratogeomys Merr., Mon. Geom., N. Am. Faun., No. 8, 1895, p.

150, pis. and figs. Type Geomys merriami Thomas.
Upper incisor with a single groove, usually open; upper premolar
with three enamel plates, posterior absent; shaft convex forward;
upper and lower premolars subequal in length. First and second
upper molar with one enamel plate each, posterior absent. Last
upper molar with a deep sulcus on outer side, none on inner. Skull:
a depression extends obliquely across squamosals from root of zygoma

to oecifMEk

CMC; tacadlh of cranitrm poster ioriy less
irsomaita broad and heaw.

'.-.

•LEY TO STEOE5 AN D SUBSTEOES

CRATOGEOMYS. 313

b. No sagitt&l crest.

a/ Outer face of upper incisor strongly bev- PAGE

eled C. oreocetes 314

b/ Outer face of upper incisor not beveled . . . . C. peregrinus 314
B. Basioccipital rectangular, its sides parallel.

a. Rostrum and braincase long C. castanops 315

b. Rostrum short, braincase broad C.c. goldmani 316

309. merriami (Geomys}, Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser.,

xn, 1893, p. 271, pis. and figs.
MERRIAM'S POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. "Southern Mexico."

Geogr. Distr. Valley of Mexico and Toluca Valley, State of
Mexico, and States of Puebla and Hidalgo. "South end of Valley
of Mexico to an altitude of 10,000 or 11,000 feet; east to Atlixco,
State of Puebla, north to Irolo, State of Hidalgo, and west to Ler-
main, Toluca Valley." (Merr.)

Genl. Char. Size large; tail moderately haired. Skull massive;
incisors very large; outer edge of enamel on lower incisors forming
a bead; squamosals covering parietals and meeting in a median crest.

Color. Upper parts varying from mixed chestnut brown and
black to slate black (melanistic) ; under parts paler; dusky patch
around and behind ears.

Measurements. Total length, 380; tail vertebrae, 112; hind foot,
50. Skull: basal length, 51-70.5 ; Hensel, 46.5-64; zygomatic breadth,
35-49; interorbital width, 7.5-9.5; length of upper molar series,
11.5-15.5; length of single half of mandible, 36.5-52.

310. perotensis (Cratogeomys}, Merr'., Mon. Geomyidae, N. Am.

Faun., No. 8, 1895, P- J54> pi- 8, fig- 6.
PEROTE POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Cofre de Perote, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.
Altitude, 9,500 to 12,000 feet.

Geogr. Distr. State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size smaller than C. merriami; hind feet and tail
hairy; no naked nose pad.

Color. Upper parts mixed fulvous and black; usually a white
patch at base of tail ; dusky patch behind ear ; under parts plumbeous
washed with fulvous; hind feet white basally, usually dark for remain-
ing portion, sometimes all white; tail dusky and white.

Measurements. Total length, 300; tail vertebrae, 79; hind foot,
40. Skull: basal length, 51.5-55; Hensel, 47-51; zygomatic breadth,
37-39.5; interorbital width, 7-7.5; length of upper molar series,
10.5-12; length of mandible, 37.5-40.5.

314 CRATOGEOMYS.

310a. estor (Cratogcomys), Merr., Mon. Geomyidae, N. Am. Faun., No.

8, 1895, P- i55. pl- 8, figs. 4, 5-
LAS VIGAS POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Las Vigas, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. Altitude,
8,000 feet.

Geogr. Distr. Northeastern foothills of Cofre de Perote and hills
to the north, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Smaller than C. perotensis; small naked nasal pad;
hind feet and tail hairy. Skull: superior dutline nearly straight.

Color. Apparently there is no difference in the coloration of
this form and that of C. perotensis, the same description acting
equally well for both.

Measurements. Total length, 315; tail vertebrae, 94; hind foot,
41. Skull: basal length, 52; Hensel, 47-51 ; zygomatic width, 38-38.5;
interorbital width, 7-8; length of upper molar series, u; length of
mandible, 37.5-42.

311. oreocetes (Cratogeomys) , Merr., Mon. Geomyidae, N. Am. Faun.,

No. 8, 1895, P- XS6' pi- 8, figs, i, 2.
MOUNTAIN GOPHER.

Type locality. Mount Popocatepetl, State of Mexico, Mexico.
Altitude, 1 1, 5 oo feet.

Geogr. Distr. Higher slopes of Mount Popocatepetl, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size large; small nasal pad; tail nearly naked. Skull:
temporal ridges developed; lambdoid crest present; bullae sub-
globular; groove on upper incisors on inner side wide; outer side of
tooth beveled.

Color. Above dusky, head and middle of back darkest, washed
with pale brown; brown spot beneath eyes; fore feet dusky; hind
feet white.

Measurements. Total length, 318; tail vertebras, 92; hind foot,
43. Skull: basal length, 51; Hensel, 47; zygomatic width, 32.5;
interorbital width, 8; length of upper tooth row, 10.5 ; length of single
half of mandible, 36.

312. peregrinus (Cratogeomys} , Merr., Mon. Geomyidai, N. Am. Faun.,

No. 8, 1895, p. 158, pi. 8, fig. 3.
MOUNT IZTACCIHUATL POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Mount Iztaccihuatl, State of Mexico, Mexico.
Altitude, 11,500 feet.

Geogr. Distr. Higher slopes of Mount Iztaccihuatl, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size medium; fore foot large, claws nearly equaling
hind foot and claws; nasal pad small. Skull: zygomata broad and
bowed outward, rostrum short; nasals broad; premaxillae broad,

CRATOGEOMYS. 315

reaching the plane of the orbit; cranium broad posteriorly, the
squamosals expanding laterally ; audital bullae short ; a single broad
groove on upper incisor.

Color. Above mixed dusky and whitish; throat and sides of
face darker; under parts paler; hind feet whitish; fore feet similar
to but darker than upper parts; tail dusky.

Measurements. Total length, 304; tail vertebrae, 87; hind foot,
42. Skull: basal length, 52; Hensel, 47.5; zygomatic width, 35; inter-
orbital width, 7.5; length of upper molar series, 11.5; length of single
half of mandible, 37.

FIG. XLVI. CRATOGEOMYS CASTANOPS.
CHESTNUT-FACED POCKET GOPHER.

313. castanops (Pseudostomd), Baird, Rep. Stansb. Exped. to Great
Salt Lake, 1852, p. 313.

clarkii, Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855, p. 332.

castanops (Cratogcomys), Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 220.
CHESTNUT-FACED POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Prairie Road to Bent's Fort, near the present
town of Las Animas, Bent County, Colorado, on the Arkansas River.

Geogr. Distr. States of Chihuahua and Coahuila, Mexico, north
to Colorado.

Genl. Char. Size medium; tail medium. Skull broad, heavy; basi-
occipital rectangular; sides parallel; rostrum and braincase long;
superior profile convex; end of maxillary root of zygoma greatly
expanded, forming a plate.

Color. Above yellowish brown mixed with black; beneath buffy,
plumbeous base of hairs visible; fore feet black; hind feet blackish
brown; tail hairs blackish.

Measurements. Total length, 295; tail vertebrae, 77; hind foot,
33. Another specimen from Paladura Canon, Texas, measured in
total length, 280; tail vertebrae, 80; hind foot, 39, taken in the flesh.
Skull: basal length, 47.5-56.5; Hensel, 40.5-49; zygomatic width,

316 CRATOGEOMYS. PLATYGEOMYS.

30-38; interorbital width, 6.5-7.5 ; length of upper tooth row, 9.5-10.5 ;
length of single half of mandible, 31.5-38.

a. — goldmani (Cratogeomys] , Merr.,Mon. Geomyidas, N. Am. Faun.,

No. 8, 1895, p. 160.
GOLDMAN'S POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Canitas, State of Zacatecas, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Zacatecas, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to C. castanops in coloration. Skull : rostrum
shorter than that of C. castanops; braincase broader; basioccipital
somewhat larger.

Color. Above mixed black and buffy ochraceous; under parts
paler.

Measurements. Total length, 270; tail vertebrae, 83; hind foot,
34. Skull: basal length, 44.5-46; Hensel, 41-42.5; zygomatic width,
32-32.5; interorbital width, 7.5; length of upper molar series, 9-9.5;
length of single half of mandible, 31-32.5.

314. fulvescens (Cratogcomys), Merr,, Mon. Geomyidas, N. Am.

Faun., No. 8, 1895, p. 161, pi. 12, fig. 2.
FULVOUS POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Chalchicomula, State of Puebla, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. States of Puebla and Tlaxcala, from "Esperanza
north to Perote and west to the northeast base of Mount Malinche,
in Tlaxcala," Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to C. castanops, but larger and darker;
superior outline of skull convex; fronto maxillary suture reaching
anteriorly the plane of the front of the zygoma.

Color. Above mixed yellowish brown and blackish; under parts
ochraceous buff.

Measurements. Total length, 318; tail vertebrae, 102; hind foot,
43. Skull: basal length, 49-55; Hensel, 45-50.5; zygomatic width,
34-40; interorbital width, 6.5-8; length of upper molar series, 10-12;
length of single half of mandible, 35-38.

64. Platygeomys. Broad-headed Pocket Gophers.

Platygeomys Merr., Mon. Geomyidas, N. Am. Faun., No. 8, 1895,
p. 162, pis. and figs. Type Geomys gymnurus Merriam.

Skull large, massive, flat; squamosals expanded laterally, giving
considerable width to the occipital region, concealing the postglenoid
notch, and increasing the glenoid fossa; zygomata heavy and widely
spread; jugal large and broad; endoturbinals forming an elongated

PLATYGEOMYS 3)7

oblique plate; anterior border of mesethmoid rounded above; upper
premolar with three enamel plates; first and second upper molars
with only one each; a single sulcus on upper incisor near median line.

FIG. 58. PLATYGEOMYS GYMNURUS
No. 45611 U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. Nat. size

318 PLATYGEOMYS.

KEY TO SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

A. Nasals wedge-shaped; hind feet nearly naked. PAGE

a. Above sooty, washed with reddish brown P. fumosus 318

b. Above chestnut or slate black P. gymnurus 3 1 8

B. Nasals truncate; hind feet hairy, whitish.

a. Above liver brown P. tylorhinus 319

b. Above pale fulvous P.t. angustirostris 319

c. Above chestnut P. planiceps 319

d. Above pale, dull chestnut ^. .P. neglectus 319

315. fumosus (Geomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vn, 1892, p.
165.

fumosus (Platygeomys), Merr., Mon. Geomyidas, N. Am. Faun.,

No. 8, 1895, p. 170, pi. n, fig. 4; pi. 14, fig. 8.
SOOTY POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Colima City, State of Colima, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Colima, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size medium; tail and hind feet nearly naked.
Skull: posterior portion of cranium broad; squamosals expanded;
zygomata rounded anteriorly, greatest width at median portion;
nasals wedge-shaped.

Color. Above sooty washed with reddish brown ; under parts pale
plumbeous washed with light brown.

Measurements. Total length, 287; tail vertebrae, 82; hind foot,
42. Skull: basal length, 49-55.5; Hensel, 44-51; zygomatic width,
35.5-39; interorbital width, 8-9.5; length of upper molar series,
11.5-13; length of single half of mandible, 40.5-46.5.

316. gymnurus (Geomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vn, 1892,
p. 166.

gymnurus (Platygeomys) , Merr., Mon. Geomyidae, N. Am. Faun.,

No. 8, 1895, p. 164, pis. and figs.
NAKED-TAILED POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Zapotlan, State of Jalisco, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Valley of Zapotlan and slopes of the Sierra Nevada
de Colima, State of Jalisco, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size large; pad on nose and tail naked; feet nearly
hairless.

Color. Upper parts chestnut, sometimes slate black; under parts
paler; young slate black; sides and rump with whitish bristles.

Measurements. Total length, 352; tail vertebrae, 105; hind foot,
53. Skull: basal length, 57-62.5; Hensel, 53-57.5; zygomatic width,
42-46.5; interorbital width, 9-10; length of upper molar series,
13-14.5; length of single half of mandible, 41-45.

PLATYGEOMYS. 319

317. tylorhinus (Platygeomys), Merr., Mon. Geomyidae, N. Am.

Faun., No. 8, 1895, p. 167, pi. 13, fig. i.
TOUGH-SKINNED POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Tula, State of Hidalgo, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. States of Hidalgo and Michoacan, on north slope
of the Sierra Madre, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size large, similar to P. gymnurus, but smaller; skull
lighter and smaller; nasals broad posteriorly and truncate.

Color. Upper parts liver brown; under parts paler, plumbeous
base of hairs showing; hind feet white.

Measurements. Total length, 345; tail vertebrae, 100; hind foot,

45. Skull: basal length, 48-60; Hensel, 45-57; zygomatic width,
40-46; interorbital width, 7.5-9; length of upper molar series, 12-13;
length of mandible, 46-52.

a. — (i/io-/txtirostj'is (Platygcomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1903,

p. 81.
SLENDER-NOSED POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Patamban, State of Michoacan, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. tylorhinus, but paler. Skull smaller;
rostrum, nasals, and incisors narrower and arched posteriorly.

Color. Above pale fulvous grizzled with black ; beneath pale slaty
plumbeous washed with pale fulvous.

Measurements. Body measurements not given. Skull: basal
length, 53.5; zygomatic width, anteriorly, 38; breadth of rostrum,
anteriorly, 10; breadth of nasals, anteriorly, 6; at middle, 3.

318. planiceps (Platygeomys) , Merr., Mon. Geomyidae, N. Am. Faun.,

No. 8, 1895, p. 168, pi. 13, fig. 3; pi. 14, fig. 9.
FLAT-HEADED POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. North slope of the Volcano Toluca, State of
Mexico, Mexico. Altitude, 8,600 feet.

Geogr. Distr. Volcano Toluca to City of Toluca, State of Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. tylorhinus; tail longer. Jugal narrow
and slightly expanded; upper incisor with single sulcus.

Color. Above chestnut; under parts paler; hind feet whitish;
black spot around ear.

Measurements. Total length, 372; tail vertebrae, 121; hind foot,

46. Skull: basal length, 52.5-59; Hensel, 49-55; zygomatic width,
38-42.5 ; interorbital width, 7.5-8; length of upper molar series, 12-13 ;
length of single half of mandible, 46-51.

319. neglectus (Platygeomys}, Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, 1902,

p. 68.

320 PLATOGEOMYS. PAPPOGEOMYS.

NEGLECTED POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Mount Cerro de la Calentura, eight miles northwest
of Final de Amoles, State of Queretaro, Mexico. Altitude, 9,000 feet.

Genl. Char. "Size small for a Platygeomys; general appearance
and characters as in P. planiceps, but color paler and duller (less
chestnut); size smaller; rostrum and nasals shorter; frontal flat inter-
orbitally (not elevated on each side over t the orbits) ; zygomatic
arches parallel (instead of strongly divergent anteriorly) ; jugal light
and slender, its faces not strongly developed."

Measurements. Type. "Total length, 310; tail vertebrae, 96;
hind foot, 42." (Merr., 1. c.)

65. Pappogeomys. Ancient Pocket Gophers.

Pappogeomys Merr., Mon. Geomyidas, N. Am. Faun., No. 8, 1895,

p. 145, pis. and figs. Type Geomys bidleri Thomas.
Molars with enamel pattern of Geomys, and the incisors unisulcate,
as in some other genera, i. e., Cratogeomys, etc. Sphenoid fossa
shortened by the orbitosphenoids ; mesethmoid higher than long, and
with the lower edge extending between wings of vomer posteriorly;
zygomata slender; upper premolar with but three enamel plates;
first and second upper molars with two enamel plates each; last
upper molar has a single exterior sulcus; upper incisor with a single
deep median sulcus.

KEY TO SPECIES. PAGE

A. Size small; tail naked; occiput extending con-
siderably beyond lambdoidal suture.

a. Above rusty chestnut, beneath paler ........... P. bulleri 320

b. Above pale plumbeous tinged with chestnut ;

beneath paler ............................ P. albinasiis 321

320. bulleri (Geomys}, Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., x,
1892, p. 196, August.

nelsoni Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1892, p. 164, September.
BULLER'S POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Near Talpa, west slope of Sierra de Mascota, State
of Jalisco, Mexico. Altitude, 8,500 feet.

Geogr. Distr. State of Jalisco, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size small; tail naked; occiput extending consid-
erably behind lambdoidal suture; nasals narrow; premaxillae short,
rounded posteriorly, and just reaching plane of orbits.

Color. Above rusty chestnut ; under parts paler.

PAPPOGEOMYS.

3-J1

FIG. 59. PAPPOGEOMYS BULLERI.

No. 835Q Field Columbian Mus. Coll. Enlarged J*.

UPPER TOOTH ROW. LOWER TOOTH ROW.

Enlarged 6 times Enlarged 6 times.

Measurements. Total length, 238; tail vertebrae, 83; hind foot,
33. Skull: basal length, 35-38; Hensel, 32-35; zygomatic width,
23-25.5; interorbital width, 7-8; length of upper molar series, 8.5-9;
length of single half of mandible, 25-28.

321. albinasus (Pappogeomys) , Merr., Mon. Geomyidas, N. Am.
Faun., No. 8, 1895, p. 149.

3-2-2 PAPPOGEOMYS. ORTHOGEOMYS.

WHITE-NOSED POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Atemajac, a suburb of Guadalajara, State of Jalisco,
Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Jalisco, Mexico. Altitude, 4,000 to 5,100
feet.

Genl. Char. Size small; nasal pad and tail naked. Skull similar
to that of P. bulleri, but generally larger';

Color. General color of whole body pale plumbeous tinged with
chestnut ; palest on under parts ; white patch on nose reaching nearly
to eyes.

Measurements. Total length, 226; tail vertebrae, 68; hind foot,
31. Skull: basal length, 36.5; Hensel, 33; zygomatic width, 25.5;
interorbital width, 7.5; length of upper molar series, 9.5; length of
single half of mandible, 26.5.

66. Orthogeomys. Straight-headed Pocket Gophers.

Orthogeomys Merr., Mon. Geomyidae, N. Am. Faun., No. 8, p. 172,

pi. and figs. Type Geomys scalops Thomas.

Skull elongated, flat; frontal broad; orbital plates of frontal sepa-
rated by orbitosphenoids ; braincase subcylindrical ; interorbital con-
striction lacking; upper premolar with three or four enamel plates;
upper incisor with one open sulcus.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Pelage not bristly ; nasal pad large. PAGE

a. Nasals long, broad posteriorly ................ O. grandis 322

b. Nasals long, narrow posteriorly.

a/ Premaxillae very broad, inclined to a point

posteriorly, on a line with the orbits ......... O. nelsoni 324

b/ Premaxillae narrower, truncate posteriorly,

not reaching the orbits .................... O. scalops 324

B. Pelage bristly; nasal pad small or absent ........ O. latifrons 324

322. grandis (Geomys), Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ,6th Ser., xn,

1893, p. 270.
GIANT POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Duenas, Guatemala.

Genl. Char. Size large; fur coarse. Skull large, heavy ; premaxillae
longer than nasals posteriorly; interorbital space broad, its edges
rounded anteriorly and inflated; incisors pale yellow, with a deep
groove; molars large.

ORTHOGEOMYS. 323

Color. Smoky chocolate brown; "muzzle, cheeks and chin whitish
brown; tail naked; hands and feet thinly covered with whitish hairs."

FIG. 60. ORTHOGEOMYS SCALOPS.
No. 6730 U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. Nat. size.

•i-24 ORTHOGEOMYS.

Measurements. Total length, 320; tail, 135; hind foot, 57. Skull:
basal length, 68; Hensel, 62; zygomatic width, 43.8; interorbital
width, 15; length of upper molar series, 16.5; length of single half
of mandible, 49.

323. nelsoni (Orthogeomys) , Merr., Mon. Geomyidae, N. Am. Faun.,

No. 8, 1895, p. 176, fig. 63.
NELSON'S POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Mount Zempoaltepec, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.
Altitude, 8,000 feet.

Geogr. Distr. Mount Zempoaltepec and adjacent region, State of
Oaxaca, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size large; ears large; tail, except base, naked. Skull
very large, long; nasals very narrow posteriorly; premaxillae reaching
far beyond posterior end of nasals; interorbital constriction slight;
frontal narrow, short.

Color. General hue dark brown; slightly paler below.

Measurements. Total length, 397; tail vertebrae, 123; hind foot,
53. Skull: basal length, 70; Hensel, 64; zygomatic width, 44-45;
interorbital width, 16-17; length of upper molar series, 15; length
of single half of mandible, 50-51.

324. sea lops (Geomys), Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., xin,

1894, p. 437.
DIGGER POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Tehuantepec, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Oaxaca, and possibly in State of Chiapas,
Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size large; nasal pad, tail, and hind feet naked.

Color. General color dark seal brown, nearly black.

Measurements. Total length, 369; tail vertebrae, 103.5; hind foot,
50. Skull: basal length, 60.5-64; Hensel, 55.5-59.5 ; zygomatic width,
37-42; interorbital width, 14.2-16; length of upper molar series,
13-14.5 ; length of single half of mandible, 43.5-46.5.

325. latifrons (Orthogeomys) , Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 8, 1895, p.

178, pi. ii, and figs. 5, 6; text fig. 64.
BRISTLED POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Guatemala. Exact locality unknown.

Geogr. Distr. Guatemala. Range unknown.

Genl. Char. Pelage bristly ; tail long, naked ; feet scantily haired ;
incisors with nearly median groove; zygomata narrow, slender,
broadest posteriorly; nasals short, narrow.

Color. Uniform dull sooty brown above and below.

Measurements. Total length, 320; tail, TOO; hind foot, 39.

HETEROGEOMYS. 325

<>7. Heteroffcomys. Distinct Pocket Gophers.

Heterogeomys Merr., Mon. Geomyidae, N. Am. Faun., No. 8, 1895,
p. 179, pis. and figs. Type Gcomys hispidns Le Conte.

Skull high, narrow; zygomata moderately wide; frontal broad
and flat; orbital plate of frontal usually perforated by a foramen
above apex of sphenoidal fissure; nasals much arched anteriorly;
squamous part of occipital plane high above mastoid bullae; orbito-
sphenoids narrow and long, not articulating with alisphenoids; upper

FIG. 61. HETEROGEOMYS TORRIDUS.

No. 5843 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. Nat. si/r.

326 HETEROGEOMYS. MACROGEOMYS.

part of optic foramen disappearing in advanced life; squamosal
expansion slight; fronto-maxillary suture reaching orbit in front of
lachrymal, (ex Merr., 1. c.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES, PAGE

A. Nasals long, narrowing rapidly posteriorly;

zygomata not greatly spreading H. hispidus 326

B. Nasals shorter, broader posteriorly; zygomata

widely spreading H. torridus 326

326. hispidus (Heterogeomys), Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil.,

1852, p. 158, pis. and figs.
HARSH-COATED POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Near Jalapa, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Vera Cruz, Mexico, at 4,000 to 4,500 feet
altitude.

Genl. Char. Size large; upper incisors with one deep sulcus each
on inner side; nose pad and tail naked.

Color. General hue above dark seal brown; under parts slightly
paler.

Measurements. Total length, 345; tail vertebrae, 92; hind foot,
47.3. Skull: basal length, 55-57.5; Hensel, 51-53; zygomatic width,
36-45; interorbital width, 10-11.5; length of upper molar series,
13.5-14; length of single half of mandible, 38-42.

327. torridus (Heterogeomys}, Merr., Mon. Geomyidae, N. Am. Faun..

No. 8, 1895, P- I^3» pis- and figs.
TROPICAL POCKET GOPHER. Tultusia in Guatemala.

Type locality. Chichicaxtle, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Lowlands, State of Vera Cruz, through States of
Oaxaca and Chiapas, Mexico, into Guatemala.

Genl. Char. Similar to H. hispidus; size large. Skull broad
and heavy.

Color. Dark seal brown, slightly paler below.

Measurements. Total length, 323; tail vertebrae, 88; hind foot,
52. Skull: basal length, 54-60; Hensel, 50-55.5; zygomatic width,
37-43.5; interorbital breadth, 10.5-11; length of upper molar series,
13-14.5; length of single half of mandible, 38-42.

68. Macrogeomys. Large Size Pocket Gophers.

T I-1- p '— T- M 3-3 _ Q
A-*-,. ^-J=I» M-3-3- 20-

Macrogeomys Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 8, 1895, p. 185, pis. and

figs. Type Geomys heterodus Peters.
Size large ; large naked nasal pad ; tail naked ; pelage silky. Skull :

MACROGEOMYS. 327

frontal flat, depressed medianly, broad; postorbital processes large;
palato-pterygoids short, broad, truncate posteriorly; braincase high
above root of zygoma; lambdoid crest straight; occipital plane flat,
sloping forward; upper premolar with four enamel plates; first upper
and second lower molars with two enamel plates each; last upper
molar with lengthened heel and deep outer sulcus ; upper incisor with
only one narrow deep sulcus on inner third of face.

FIG. 62. MACROGEOMYS CHERRII.

No. 9070 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. Nat. size.

3-28 MACROGEOMVS.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Audital bulla rounded on outer side; no white

patch on head. PAGE

a. Upper parts sepia brown ; skull short, broad . . . M. heterodus 328

b. Upper parts chocolate brown anteriorly, buffy

posteriorly M. dolichocephalus 328

c. Upper parts dark seal brown, nearly black." M. cavator 329

d. Upper parts dusky chocolate brown, uniform . . . .M. pansa 329

B. Audital bulla flattened on outer side; white
patch on head.

a. Upper parts dark brown, beneath whitish;
roots of maxilla and squamosal meeting above

jugal M. costaricensis 330

b. Upper parts plumbeous, beneath paler; roots
of maxilla and squamosals not meeting above

jugal M. cherrii 330

328. heterodus (Geomys), Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss.

Berl., 1864, p. 177, pis. and figs.
IRAZU POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Costa Rica. Locality unknown.

Geogr. Distr. Irazu Range, and possibly other parts of Costa Rica.

Genl. Char. Size large; upper incisor with a deep narrow groove
on inner side of median line; large naked nasal pad; tail naked, as
are also the feet, except a few hairs on toes; no external ears; in-
cisors in front orange. Skull large, short; frontal broad, flat, concave
between orbits, with deep notches in front of postorbital processes,
which are large; zygomata wide; jugal broad; nasals wedge-shaped;
pterygoids U-shaped, truncate posteriorly.

Color. Above hair brown; remaining portions of body and the
muzzle soiled gray, this hue reaching well up on side of rump, and
also covering base of tail.

Measurements. Total length, 325; tail, 65; hind foot, 41. Skull:
basal length, 58-60; Hensel, 51.2-55; zygomatic width, 42.5; inter-
orbital width, 10-14; length of upper molar series, 14-15; length of
mandible, 44-45.

329. dolichocephalus (Macrogcomys}, Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 8,

1895, p. 189, pis. and figs.
NARROW-HEADED POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. San Jose, Costa Rica.

Geogr. Distr. Range unknown.

Genl. Char. Size large, similar to M. heterodus, but darker.
Skull long and narrow; zygomata narrow, the breadth but slightly

MACROGEOMYS. 329

greater than the mastoid breadth, and the jugal, which is short and
broadest in the center, is overlapped by the maxillary and squamosal
arms of the zygoma; braincase subcylindrical ; nasals short, termi-
nating in front of the zygomatic arches; pterygoids broad and short;
mandible long, narrow.

Color. Above dull chocolate brown; muzzle and lower part of
rump buffy; under parts pale chocolate brown.

Measurements. Total length, 380; tail, 75; hind foot, 45. Skull:
basal length, 52-65; Hensel, 48-60; zygomatic width, 33-40.5; inter-
orbital breadth, 9.5; length of upper molar series, 13-15.5; length of
single half of mandible, 38.5-48.5.

330. cavator (Macrogeomys), Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxix,

1902, p. 42.
BOQUETE POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama. Altitude, 4,800 feet.

Genl. Char. Similar to M. dolichocephalic, but with comparative
difference in crania ; colors darker.

Color. Above dark seal brown, almost black; beneath similar but
grizzled, a white patch beneath chin and on under sides of wrists;
feet and hands naked, yellowish brown; tail naked, yellowish brown,
end black.

Measurements. Total length, 360-410; tail vertebrae, 108-125;
hind foot, 47-54; ear, 7-8. Skull: type, basal length, 64; occipito-
nasal length, 67.8; zygomatic width, 45.8; mastoid width, 33.4;
interorbital width, u; length of nasals, 25.4; length of palate to
palatal notch, 44.6; upper molar series, 15.4; length of single half of
mandible, 51.2. (Bangs, 1. c.)

331. pansa (Macrogcomys), Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxix,

1902, p. 44.
BROAD-FOOTED POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Bogaba, Chiriqui, Panama. Altitude, 600 feet.

Genl. Char. Smaller than M. cavator; hind foot proportionately
larger.

Color. Above dull, dusky, chocolate brown; under parts griz-
zled, belly whitish; feet and hands naked, yellowish brown; tail
naked, yellowish brown, tip dusky.

Measurements. Total length, 320-330; tail vertebras, no; hind
foot, 48-52; ear, 5-7. Skull: basal length, 54; occipito-nasal length,
57.6; zygomatic width, 36; mastoid width, 27.8; interorbital width,
1 1. 8; length of nasals, 23; length of palate to palatal notch, 37; upper
molar series, 13; length of single half of mandible, 41. (Bangs, 1. c.)

330 MACROOEOMYS. ZYGOGEOMYS.

332. costaricensis (Macrogcomys), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 8,

1895, p. 192, pis. and figs.
PACUARE POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Pacuare, Costa Rica?

Geogr. Distr. Range unknown.

Genl. Char. Unique specimen immature. Skull similar to that of
M. dolichocephalus, but with broader nasals; zygomata standing at
nearly right angles to axis of skull, the anterior angle abruptly
rounded; jugal narrower; pterygoids shorter and broader; audital
bullae disk-shaped and separated by a groove from the bullae.

Color. Above dark brown; under parts whitish; a large white
patch on top of head between eyes and ears.

Measurements. Total length, 330; tail about 80; hind foot, 33,
without claw. Skull: basal length, 48.5; Hensel, 44.5; zygomatic
width, 33; interorbital width, 9; length of upper molar series, 13;
length of single half of mandible, 37.

333. cherrii (Geomys), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1893,

P- 337-
CHERRIE'S POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Santa Clara, Costa Rica.

Geogr. Distr. Costa Rica; range unknown.

Genl. Char. Nasal pad, tail, and hind feet naked; white head
patch. Skull differs from that of M. costaricensis in certain par-
ticulars, such as the jugal, which is large and long and is not covered
by the maxillary arm of the zygoma; in the horizontal part of the
zygomatic arch not being strongly convex upward, and has not the
constriction between the orbital and temporal fossa; and the orbito-
temporal fossae are broadest at the middle instead of being narrowest.

Color. Above chocolate or sooty brown, except a large white
patch on crown; throat, breast, and inner side of limbs dusky grayish;
rest of under parts grayish buff; tail and feet naked, reddish.

Measurements. Total length, 275; tail, 80; hind foot, 40. Skull:
basal length, 47.5; Hensel, 44; zygomatic width, 34; interorbital
width, 9.5; length of upper molar series, 12; length of single half of
mandible, 37.

69. Z> gogfomys. Zygomata Porket Gophers.

Zygogeomys Merr., Mon. Geomyidae, N. Am. Faun., No. 8, 1895,
p. 195, pis. and figs. Type Zygogeomys trichopus Merriam.

ZYGOGEOMYS. 331

Skull long and narrow; maxillary and squamosal branches of
zygoma in contact above jugal, which is mainly external; rostrum
long and narrow; orbitosphenoids large, and with the exception of
a foramen at apex, close the upper part of sphenoidal fissure, and
unkvlosed with the alisphenoid; mesethmoid quadrangular; upper
incisors bisulcate, chief sulcus on median line, minor on inner con-
vexity. First and second upper molars with two enamel plates

FIG. 63. ZYGOGEOMYS TRICHOPUS.
No. 50107 U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. Nat. size.

W2 ZYGOGEOMYS. THOMOMYS.

each; upper premolar with four enamel plates; third upper molar
incomplete double prism, crown longer than broad; sulcus on
middle of outer side only, inner enamel plate covering two-thirds or
three-fourths of inner side of tooth, reaching end of heel posteri-
orly; outer enamel plate covering about half of outer side of tooth,
its anterior bent strongly outward; upper incisors bisulcate, prin-
cipal sulcus on inner side of median line, (ex Merr., 1. c.)

334 trichopus (Zygogcomys) , Merr., Mon. Geomyidae, N. Am. Faun.,

No. 8, 1895, P- Z9^' pls- and figs.
PINE ZONE POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Nahuatzin, State of Michoacan, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Sierra Nevada, State of Michoacan, Mexico. Alti-
tude, 6,800 to 9,500 feet.

Genl. Char. Size large; tail long, naked; naked pad on nose;
feet covered with hair; other characters as in genus.

Color. Dark slate to seal brown, washed with ferrugineous on
upper parts; under parts plumbeous, tinged with fulvous; white
patch on throat; hind feet whitish or dark gray.

Measurements. Total length, 346; tail vertebrae, 115; hind foot,
46. Skull: basal length, 46.5-58.5; Hensel, 43-54; zygomatic width,
35-39 ; interorbital width, 8-9.5 > length of upper molar series, 10.5-1 2 ;
length of single half of mandible, 33-42.

The genus THOMOMYS is distinguished from Gcomys and the
allied genera by the absence of median grooves on the incisors, by
the smaller and more feeble claws, and by even larger cheek pouches.
The habits of the species are the same, and they often prove as great
pests to the agriculturalist as do their relatives of the other genera.
While usually of smaller size than the species of Geomys, there is one,
T. bulbivorus, from the northwestern portion of the United States,
which equals the largest member of that genus. The Gophers feed
upon all kinds of herbage and bulbous roots. They are irascible,
bite severely, are very quick in their movements, alert to each
danger that threatens, and fertile in methods for avoiding it.

7O. Tliomoiuys. Pocket Gophers.

I.S;P.S;M.» = ,o.

Thomomys Wied, Nov. Act. Phys. Med. Akad. Caes. Leop. Carol.,

xix, 1839, p. 377. Type Thomomys rujesccns Wied.
Diplostoma Rich., Faun. Bor. Amer., i, 1829, p. 206. (nee Rafin.)
Oryctomys Ed. & Gerv., Mag. Zool., vi, 1836, p. 23. (Part.)

THOMOMYS. 333

Upper incisors without median sulcus, but with a fine marginal
groove, not, however, always present; root of inferior incisors form-
ing a protuberance on outside of condylar ramus; zygomata wider
posteriorly than mastoid diameter of skull ; audital bullae inflated ;
basioccipital narrower in the middle than bullae at same place,
pterygoid fossa rather short, and wide posteriorly; upper molars
with exterior edge of crown acute; lower molars with interior edge
acute; fore claws moderately developed.

FIG. 64. THOMOMYS ATROVARIUS.

No. 13769 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. Nat. size.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.
A. Upper incisors without median grooves; fore
claws weak.

a. Upper parts yellowish brown or fulvous.

a/ Under parts yellowish white, tinged with PAGE

rufous T. fulvus 334

b.' Under parts buff T. /. anitce 335

c.' Under parts reddish fulvous T. f. alticola 335

b. Upper parts tawny brown, beneath tawny

ash T. f. nigricans 335

c. Upper parts dark mars brown T.f. intcrmedius 336

d. Upper parts grayish brown and blackish,

beneath grayish white T. martirensis 336

334 THOMOMYS.

e. Upper parts mixed broccoli brown, ochrace- PAGE
ous, and slate T. aphrastus 336

f. Upper parts dark umber brown,
a/ Under parts buff.

a." Rostrum narrow, less than interorbital

width T. peregrinus 337

b." Rostrum broad, wider than interorbital

width *, . . . T. orizaba 337

b/ Under parts plumbeous, washed with

gray T. atrovarius 338

g. Upper parts grayish rufescent brown and

black, beneath grayish buff T. toltecus 338

h. Upper parts mixed drab gray and black,

beneath buffy salmon T. perditus 338

i. Upper parts pale chestnut brown, beneath

pale chestnut fulvous T. sinaloa 339

j. Upper parts bright rusty fulvous, beneath

white T. goldmani 339

k. Upper parts dull chestnut brown and black,

beneath paler T. nelsoni 339

1. Upper parts fawn, dusky on dorsal region,

beneath gray T. cervinns 340

m. Upper parts pale brownish yellow T. perpallidus 340

FIG. XLVII. THOMOMYS FULVUS.
REDDISH BROWN POCKET GOPHER.

335 fulvus (Gcomys), Woodh., Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1852,
p. 201. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 227.

umbrinus. Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 399.
REDDISH BROWN POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. San Francisco Mountains, Coconino County, Ari-
zona.

Geogr. Distr. State of Sonora, Mexico, north into New Mexico,
and "Arizona to Central California." Lower California?

THOMOMYS. 335

d'cnl. Char. Size medium; tail half as long as body and head;
claws large, long.

Color. Above reddish brown, darkest on dorsal region; sides
and under parts yellowish white, tinged with rufous on abdomen;
lips and ears dusky; inside of pouches whitish; tail with basal part
like back.

Measurements. Total length, 239; tail vertebrae, 79; hind foot,
29; ear, 8. Skull: basal length, 37; Hensel, 35; zygomatic width,
25; interorbital breadth, 7; length of upper molar series, 8; length
of mandible, 25.

(Thomomys}, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1898,
p. 146.
SANTA ANITA POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Santa Anita, Lower California, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Cape Region, Lower California, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to T. fnlvns; nasals gradually broaden postero-
anteriorly.

Color. Above yellowish brown, darkest on median line; under
parts buff; about mouth, cheek pouches and ears blackish.

Measurements. Total length, 250; tail vertebras, 62; hind foot,
35; ear, 8.5. Skull: total length, 42; basal length, 38.7; zygomatic
width, 26.5; mastoid width, 21; interorbital constriction, 8; length
of nasals, 14.6; width of nasals posteriorly, 2.5.

b. — alticola (Thomomys}, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1899,

P- i3-
SIERRA LACUNA POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Sierra Laguna, Lower California, Mexico. Altitude,
7,000 feet.

Geogr. Distr. High altitudes in the Sierra Laguna, Lower Cali-
fornia, Mexico.

(icnl. Char. Similar to T. /. anita, but darker. Skull similar
in size and characters.

Color. Above yellowish brown and black, darkest on dorsal
region; nose and edges of cheek pouches blackish; spot at base of
ear dusky; under parts reddish fulvous; inside of cheek pouches and
anal region white; tail and feet whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 225; tail, 61; hind foot, 30.

c. — ni firictins (Thomomys}, Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil.,

1895, p. 36.
BLACKISH POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Witch Creek, San Diego County, California.

336 THOMOMYS.

Gcogr. Distr. Lower California, Mexico, north into southern
California.

Genl. Char. Size large; claws short, thick; Skull massive,
angular; dentition weak; interparietal longer than wide.

Color. Above tawny brown; rump lighter; head blackish; ears
and aural patch sooty; beneath tawny ash; feet and lower surface
of limbs ash.

Measurements. Total length, 260; tail vertebrae, 89; hind foot,
33.5. Skull: total length, 39; zygomatic brea-dth, 24.4; basilar
length, 35.5; nasals, 11.9; interorbital constriction, 6.9; length of
mandible, 25.

(I. — intemnedius (Thomomys), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1897,

xix, p. 719. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 228.
PLATEAU POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Huachuca Mountains, southern Arizona. Alti-
tude, 9,000 feet.

Geogr. Distr. Mountains connecting Colorado Plateau with that
of Mexico.

Genl. Char. Smaller than T. fulrus.

Color. General hue mars brown; dorsal area plumbeous black;
feet and tail soiled white ; base of under fur plumbeous.

Measurements. Total length, 220; tail vertebrae, 66; hind foot,
24. Skull: 31.5X22. (Mearns, 1. c.)

336 martirensis (Thomomys), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1898, p. 147.
SAN PEDRO MARTIR POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California,
Mexico. Altitude, 8,200 feet.

Geogr. Distr. San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California,
Mexico. Altitude, 7,000 to 8,200 feet.

Genl. Char. Larger than T. fiilvus; color less fulvous.

Color. Upper parts mixed grayish brown and blackish, darkest
on median line; side washed with pale fulvous; under parts grayish
white; hairs plumbeous at base; around mouth and entrance to
cheek pouches dusky ; ear patch blackish ; tail and feet grayish white.

Measurements. Total length, 248; tail vertebras, 67; hind foot,
31. Skull: total length, 44.5; basal length, 41; zygomatic width,
25; mastoid width, 21; interorbital constriction, 9; length of nasals,
16; width of nasals anteriorly, 5.

337. aphrastus (Thomomys), Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., 1903.
p. 219. Zoology.

THOMOMYS. 337

TROUBLESOME POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. San Tomas, Lower California, Mexico.

Genl. Char. About the size of T. f virus, but darker and grayer.
Nasals short, broad anteriorly; pterygoid almost touching the bullae.

Color. (March.) Upper parts mixed broccoli brown and ochra-
ceous, the slate at base of hairs showing through occasionally and
giving a grayish tint to the pelage; sides bright ochraceous buff;
spot behind ear, nose and openings of pouches black; under parts
ochraceous buff, plumbeous of under fur showing through; hands
and feet grayish white; tail ochraceous buff above, yellowish beneath.
Another specimen in July from San Quentin is lavender gray, darkest
on dorsal region, with top of head ochraceous buff and black, and
sides of head pinkish buff. This individual is beginning to change
to the darker pelage of winter.

Measurements. Total length, 222; tail vertebrae, 69; hind foot,
29; ear, 7.5. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 38; Hensel, 35; interorbital
constriction, 6; zygomatic width, 25; length of nasals, 12.5; anterior
width of nasals, 4.5; palatal length, 23; length of upper molar series,
7.5; length of mandible, 22; length of lower molar series, 7; height
at coronoid process, 15.

338. peregrinus (Thomomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vin,

1893, p. 146.
WANDERING POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Salazar, State of Mexico, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Mexico. Range unknown.

Genl. Char. Similar to T. fulrtis, but darker; incisors curving
forward; rostrum narrower than interorbital width.

Color. Above dark umber brown; sooty black on head and on
median line; sides dull fulvous; under parts buffy; end of nose,
around mouth and ear patch blackish; fore feet umber brown to
base of toes; hind feet plumbeous (under fur showing through).

Measurements. Total length, 207; tail vertebrae, 72; hind foot,
28.5.

339. orizaba (Thomomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vin, 1893,

P- i45-
ORIZABA POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Mt. Orizaba, State of Puebla, Mexico. Altitude,
9,500 feet.

Geogr. Distr. State of Puebla, Mexico. Range unknown.

Genl. Char. Size medium; color similar to that of T. fulvus; tail
long; feet well haired; muzzle of skull longer and broader than in
T. peregrinus, and broader than interorbital width.

338 THOMOMYS.

Color. Upper parts dark umber brown; sides fulvous; under
parts buffy fulvous; under side of face blackish; feet and apical
third of tail white. Melanistic phase, which the type represents, is
slate black all over, except ends of fore and hind feet and the apical
third of tail and inside of cheek pouches, which" are white.

Measurements. Total length, 217 ; tail vertebrae, 68; hind foot, 30.

340. atrovarius (Thomomys), Allen, Bulh Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1898, p. 148.
TATAMELES POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Tatameles, State of Sinaloa, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Sinaloa, Mexico. Range unknown.

Genl. Char. Size medium; nasals narrow; similar in color to
T. orizabce.

Color. General hue plumbeous, tinged with brown above and
with gray on the under parts, the tips of the hairs being of that color;
tail hairs plumbeous and gray.

Measurements. Total length, 210; tail vertebrae, 65; hind foot,
28; ear, 7. Skull: total length, 40; zygomatic width, 24.5; mastoid
width, 19.5 ; interorbital width, 7 ; length of nasals, 9 ; width of nasals
anteriorly, 3.7.

341. toltecus (Thomomys), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1893, p. 52, pi. i, fig. 13.
JUAREZ POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Juarez, northern part of State of Chihuahua,
Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Chihuahua, Mexico. Extent of range
unknown.

Genl. Char. Larger than T. fulvus. Skull heavy, broad ; pre-
maxillae much longer posteriorly than nasals ; interparietal very small ;
upper incisors slightly grooved.

Color. Upper parts grayish rufescent brown, lined with black
on median line; under parts pale grayish buff; tail and feet grayish
buff; edge of cheek pouches white.

Measurements. Total length, 230; tail vertebras, 60; hind foot,
27. Skull: total length, 43; basilar length, 40; greatest zygomatic
breadth, 27 ; interorbital constriction, 7 ; length of nasals, 14.

342. perditus (Thomomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiv, 1901,

p. 108.
LOST POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Lampazos, State of Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
Geogr. Distr. Range unknown.

THOMOMYS. 339

Genl. Char. Small, similar to T. toltecus, but grayer and smaller.
Nasals notched behind and terminating on plane of premaxillas;
interparietal subquadrate; braincase swollen.

Color. Above mixed drab gray and black; sides buffy; rump
and sides of shoulders buffy fulvous; under parts, fore legs, and
feet buffy salmon ; hind feet whitish ; space around mouth dusky.

Measurements. Total length, 195; tail vertebrae, 59; hind foot,
26.5.

343. sinaloae (Thomomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiv, 1901,

p. 108.
SINALOA POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Altata, State of Sinaloa, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Known only from the type locality.

Genl. Char. Similar to T. cervinus, but darker. Skull has
"strongly spreading, depressed, and sharply angular zygomata."

Color. Above pale chestnut brown; under parts pale chestnut
fulvous; space around mouth pale dusky.

Measurements. Total length, 233; tail vertebrae, 73; hind foot, 31.

344. goldmani (Thomomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiv.

1901, p. 108.
GOLDMAN'S POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Mapimi, State of Durango, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Range unknown.

Genl. Char. Very small, allied to T.perditus. Nasals shorter than
premaxillae.

Color. Above " bright rusty fulvous, mixed with dark -tipped
hairs; under parts white; nose and region around mouth dusky."

Measurements. Total length, 208; tail vertebrae, 68; hind foot, 30.

345. nelsoni (Thomomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiv, 1901,

p. 109.
NELSON'S POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Parral, State of Chihuahua, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size medium. Skull: "Zygomata strongly spread-
ing, broader behind than in front, with well developed anterior angle;
temporal impressions marked; interparietal subquadrate, becoming
subtriangular in old age; nasals narrowly cuneate, notched behind,
and falling well short of premaxillae; bullae medium; under jaw
very long, the postcoronoid notch narrow and completely covered
by coronoid process."

Color. Above "dull chestnut brown, mixed with black-tipped
hairs on middle of back; under parts same color, but paler; nose

340 THOMOMYS.

and region around mouth dusky; feet whitish, but brown of hind
leg coming well down over ankle and covering part of foot." (Merr.
I.e.)

Measurements. Total length, 196; tail vertebrae, 60; hind foot, 28.

346. cervinus (Thomomys), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat Hist., 1895,

p. 203, fig. i. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 230.
CERVINE POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona.

Geogr. Distr. State of Sonora, Mexico, to southern Arizona.

Genl. Char. Size large; color pale; rostrum broad, heavy; skull
large.

Color. Above fawn, obscured on dorsal region with dusky;
beneath gray, base of hair plumbeous; blackish area about ears;
pouches inside white; feet whitish; tail above grayish fawn, paler
beneath.

Measurements. Total length, 228; tail vertebrae, 63; hind foot,
28. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 44; Hensel, 38; zygomatic width,
26.5; interorbital width, 7; mastoid breadth, 20; median length of
nasals, 13; lateral length of nasals, 10; width of nasals anteriorly, 5.

347. perpallidus (Thomomys), Merr., Scien., vin, 1886, p. 588.

Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 229.
PALE POCKET GOPHER.

Type locality. Colorado Desert, San Diego County, southern
California.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California, Mexico, Colorado Desert, southern
California, and northeastward to the Painted Desert, Arizona.

Genl. Char. Similar to T. clusius (Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien.
Phil., 1875, p. 138, Ex. Bridger's Pass., Rocky Mts.),but tail longer,
half the length of head and body; color pale.

Color. Above pale brownish yellow; sides yellowish white;
beneath white; feet white; tail white for two-thirds the length, tip
blackish.

Measurements. Total length, 228; tail vertebrae, 76; hind foot,
52. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 38; Hensel, 33; zygomatic width,
23; interorbital width, 7; mastoid width, 19.5; median length of
nasals, 12; length of upper molar series, 7; length of mandible, 25.

The Kangaroo Rats, as their name implies, are remarkable for
the great length of their hind legs and tail, and they progress by
long leaps exactly similar to those of the animal from which they

HETEROMYIDJE. DIPODOMYINJE. DIPODOMYS. 341

derive their trivial name. They possess cheek pouches, and these,
like those of the members of the GEOMYIDJE, are external, causing
these families to differ from all other Mammals in this respect.
These pouches are covered with hair on the inside as well as on the
outside. The skull of these animals is peculiarly shaped and very
light, being not thicker than a sheet of paper. The Kangaroo Rats
are divided into two genera, one with four toes on the hind feet,
the other with five; but in the latter the first digit, although possess-
ing a claw, is rudimentary. These handsome little creatures live
in burrows which they excavate in sandy soil, and they are preyed
upon by the spotted skunks, which are numerous in the localities
they frequent. They live in colonies and are very industrious,
digging their burrows, some of which are several inches in diameter,
in the shifting sand. They are hardy and do not seem to heed the
severest weather, and run about on the snow when the thermometer
registers below zero. At this time they feed on the seeds of cockle
and sand burrs, and in summer on the seeds of the prickly pear and
other hardy desert plants. They prefer the sandy districts near
rivers, where vegetation is scanty, and on sandy portions of the
prairies, and avoid those places where the soil is rich. They are
nocturnal, passing the day in sleep, and their tracks in the sand
each morning exhibit their activity and th.e extent of their night
wanderings. They are exceedingly pretty creatures, with a pleasing
coloring and fur as soft as silk, and with large, soft, expressive eyes.

Fam. V. Heteromyidw. Kangaroo Rats. Pocket Jlice.

Incisors narrow; molars rootless; mastoids enormously developed,
appearing on top of the skull; hind feet long; digits four or five;
pelage soft.

Subfam. IV. Dipodomyinse.

Anterior molar without lobe to the prism. Skull two-thirds as
wide as long, occipital plane emarginate; zygomatic plate of maxillary
nearly roofing the orbit; pit on inner side of jaw near molars.

71. Dipodomys. Four-toed Kangaroo Rats.

Dipodomys Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vn, 1841, p. 521. Type
Dipodomys phillipsi Gray.

Macrocolus Wagn., Archiv. fur Natiirg., 1846, i, p. 172.

Skull light, depressed, smooth, thin, broad posteriorly, tapering
anteriorly; anterior outline emarginate; rostrum extending beyond

342

DIPODOMYS.

incisors, acuminate; zygomata delicate, straight, abutting against
tympanics, which are greatly inflated and possess a nontubular
orifice of meatus; mastoids enormous; squamosals reduced; parietal
triangle-shaped; interparietal small, situated between forks of occip-
ital; bullae in contact below the basisphenoid ; palate terminating
posteriorly with a sharp median somewhat lengthened spur; external
to this is a fossa with two small anterior foramina, and a large one
behind pterygoids, with a hamular termination abutting the bullae;
basioccipital narrow, acuminate, reduced, separated by a fissure for
its entire length from the bullae; a similar fissure divides the last
named bones from the alisphenoid and squamosal. The interorbital
foramen is placed low down, midway on the side of the rostrum;
incisive foramina minute slits between incisors and molars. In the
rear of the skull the occipital bones appear as a rim to the foramen
magnum; upper incisors sulcate, pointing backward; molars rootless;
mandible small, thick, with a conspicuous acute lamina twisting
obliquely outward and upward; mental foramen outside, near incisors;
hind legs elongate; tail longer than head and body, penicillate; soles

FIG. 65. DIPODOMYS PHILLIPSI.

No. 5913 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. Nat. size.

UPPER TOOTH ROW. LOWER TOOTH ROW.

Enlarged 7 times. Enlarged 7 times.

DIPODOMYS. 34:i

hairy; hind foot with four toes only; cheek pouches large; fur of
velvet softness. All the species of both genera have facial crescentic
lines more or less distinctly marked; side of mouth white; white
spot over the eyes and another behind the ear, and a white stripe
across the thighs, usually reaching the tail; digits four.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Hind foot with four toes.

a. Under parts white. PAGE

a.' Above sepia brown D. phillipsi 343

b/ Above golden clay color D. ornatus 344

c.' Above mixed brownish clay color and

black D. perotensis 344

d/ Above yellowish brown and black D. mitchclli 344

e.' Above pale yellowish brown D. dcscrti 345

f/ Above ochraceous buff and black D. spcctabilis 345

g/ Above mouse gray, tinged with pinkish

buff D. mcrriami 345

h.' Above buffy drab and pale buff D. m. ambiguus 346

i.' Above buffy gray D.m. parvus 346

j.' Above cinnamon D.m. simiolus 347

k/ Above pinkish buff D.m. arenivagus 347

I/ Above dark clay color D.m. atronasus 348

m/ Above mixed pale ochraceous buff and

black D. m. melanurns 348

348. phillipsi (Dipodomys), Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vn, 1841,

p. 522.
PHILLIPS' KANGAROO RAT.

Type locality. Real del Monte, north end of Valley of Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Valley of Mexico, State of Mexico, and States of
Puebla, eastern Tlaxcala and western Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size small; colors dark; tip of tail white. Skull:
interorbital constriction very considerable; mastoids relatively small
and separated on top of skull; superior outline arched.

Color* Above sepia brown and ochraceous mixed with black;
sides of nose, spot at base of ear, stripe across thigh, and under parts
white; stripe across nose from base of whiskers and base of tail
black; tail black above and below, sides and tip white.

Measurements. Total length, 270; tail vertebrae, 168; hind foot,
41. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 42; Hensel, 29.5; zygomatic width,
22; mastoid width, 28; width of parietal, 19.5; posterior width of
basioccipital between bullae, 5.5; palatal length, 17; postpalatal

344 DIPODOMYS.

length, 12; length of bullae, 11.5; length of upper tooth row, alveolar
border, 5; length of mandible, 18.5; length of lower tooth row, 5.

349. ornatus (Dipodomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., ix, 1894,

p. no.
ORNAMENTED KANGAROO RAT.

Type locality. Berriozabal, State of Zacatecas, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Zacatecas, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to D. phillipsi; hind "foot shorter. Upper
premolar without the antero-internal lobe.

Color. Above golden clay color; head and median line of back
darker; orbital ring, facial crescents, and inner sides of hind legs
black; stripes on thighs and under parts white; tail black above and
below, sides and tip white.

Measurements. Total length, 274 ; tail vertebrae, 167 ; hind foot, 39.

350. perotensis (Dipodomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., ix,

1894, p. in.
PEROTE KANGAROO RAT.

Type locality. Perote, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to the preceding species in color and cranial
characters, the differences being mainly comparative, viz., skull nar-
rower on top, more arched; breadth of supra-occipital between
mastoids greater; angle of mandible larger.

Color. Above brownish clay mixed with black on head and back ;
sides ochraceous buff; facial crescents and inner side of hind leg
black; tail black, with white side stripes and tip.

Measurements. Total length, 271; tail vertebras, 162; hind foot,
40.

351. mitchelli (Dipodomys) , Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1897,

xix, p. 719.
TIBURON ISLAND KANGAROO RAT.

Type locality. Tiburon Island, Gulf of California, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Known only from type locality.

Genl. Char. Similar to D. m. simiolus Rhoads, but smaller.

Color. Above yellowish brown mixed with black on back; sides
ochraceous buff; under parts white; tail black, with white side stripes,
pencil grayish; ears black inside, yellowish outside; stripe on under
side of hind foot black.

Measurements. Total length, no; tail vertebrae, 130; hind foot,
38.5. (ex Type.) Skull: total length, 36.5; breadth of skull, 22.5;
length of nasals, 13.3. (Mearns, 1. c.)

DIPODOMYS. 345

352. deserti (Dipodomys) , Steph., Am. Nat., xxi, 1887, p. 42, pi. v.

Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 235.
DESERT KANGAROO RAT.

Type locality. Mojave River, near San Bernardino County,
California.

Geogr. Distr. State of Sonora and Lower California, Mexico,
north to Mojave and Colorado deserts, southeastern California.

Genl. Char. Large; colors pale; tail longer than head and body;
mastoids greatly developed.

Color. Above pale yellowish brown, hairs plumbeous at base;
legs, feet, and under parts white; tail white, with a pale brown dorsal
stripe, growing darker towards end, and extending from near base
to white tip; white spot over eye and behind ear; white thigh stripe.

Measurements. Total length, 133; tail vertebrae, 204; hind foot,
52. Skull: total length, 42; Hensel, 36; zygomatic width, 21; inter-
orbital constriction, 13; mastoid width, 28.5; length of nasals, 15;
width of parietal anteriorly, 17.5; palatal length to incisive foramina,
7; length of upper molar series, 5; length of mandible, 18.

353. spectabilis (Dipodomys), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1890,

p. 46. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 235.
HANDSOME KANGAROO RAT.

Type locality. Dos Cabezos, Cochise County, Arizona.

Geogr. Distr. States of Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico, and
portions of Texas and Arizona, eastward to Sierra Blanca, Texas.

Genl. Char. Size large; tail nearly twice the length of head and
body; mastoids not meeting behind parietals; maxillary bridge of
orbit broad.

Color. Above ochraceous buff, lined with black, sides paler; top
of head and back darkest; facial crescent crossing nose black; hip
patch ochraceous; hind leg white above, dusky below; dorsal stripe
of tail dusky for basal half, followed by a broad black band, termi-
nating in a long white brush; ventral stripe dusky, the two meeting
about two-thirds the length of tail from base, the lateral white stripes
disappearing.

Measurements. Total length, 355; tail vertebras, 211; pencil, 30;
hind foot, 56; ear, 17.5. Skull: total length, 46; Hensel, 31; zygo-
matic width, 25; interorbital constriction, 15; mastoid breadth, 28;
length of upper molar series, 5.5; length of nasals, 10; length of
mandible, 21.

354. merriami (Dipodomys), Mearns, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1890, p. 290. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 232.

346 DIPODOMYS.

FIG. XLVIII. DIPODOMYS MERRIAMI.
MERRIAM'S KANGAROO RAT.

MERRIAM'S KANGAROO RAT.

Type locality. New River, between Phoenix and Prescott, Arizona.

Geogr. Distr. States of Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico, north
into Arizona.

Genl. Char. Limbs and tail slender, latter longer than head and
body; skull small.

Color. Above mouse gray, tinged with pinkish buff; sides sandy;
nose and sides of face black nearly to eyes; aural spot and under
parts white; tail drab gray, white band on each side not reaching
extremity.

Measurements. Total length, 281; tail vertebrae, 149; hind foot,
36. Skull: total length, 37; Hensel, 22; zygomatic width, 17; inter-
orbital constriction, 13; mastoid width, 23; length of nasals, 14;
length of upper molar series, 4; length of mandible, 18.5.

a. — ambiguus (Dipodomys), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1890,

p. 42. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 234.
DOUBTFUL KANGAROO RAT.

Type locality. El Paso, El Paso County, Texas.

Geogr. Distr. State of Chihuahua, Mexico, north to north-
western Texas.

Genl. Char. Tail one-third longer than head and body; size me-
dium; body slender.

Color. Above buffy drab; sides tinged with pale buff, and lined
everywhere with black; beneath white; upper and lower tail stripes
dusky to tip; lateral white stripes terminating with the vertebras.

Measurements. Total length, 233; tail vertebrae, 133; hind
foot, 37; ear, 7.

h. — parvus (Dipodomys), Rhoads, Am. Nat., xxvin, 1894, p. 70.

Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 234.
SMALL KANGAROO RAT.

Type locality. San Bernardino, San Bernardino County, California.

DIPODOMYS. 347

Geogr. Distr. Lower California, Mexico, into southern California.

(icii!. Char. Similar to D. merriami, smaller, tail longer and
without black markings on face and nose.

Color. Above buffy gray, sides buff; under parts white; usual
white eye and ear spot, and stripe on thighs; dark dorsal and ventral
tail stripes brownish black; pencil sooty black; lateral stripes white;
orbital ring black; under surface of hind, foot brownish.

Measurements. Total length, 248; tail vertebrae, 154; hind foot,
35; ear, 10. Skull: basilar length, 21; mastoid breadth, 22.5; inter-
orbital constriction, 13; length of nasals, 13; length of upper molar
series on crowns, 3.6; length of mandible, 13.9; height of coronoid
process from angle, 5.1.

c. — xiiniolus (Dipodomys), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil.,
1893, p. 410. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 234.

similis Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1893, p. 41 1. Elliot,

Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 234.
ALLIED KANGAROO RAT.

Type locality. Agua Caliente, Mojave Desert, California.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California and State of Sonora, Mexico, into
California.

Genl. Char. Similar to D. descrti, but smaller; pencil not white.

Color. Above pale yellowish brown like D. descrti, inclining to
cinnamon on rump; beneath white; tail, upper fourth dark ashy
extending to tip, brownish black on middle third of under side; feet
white, soles slightly darker.

Measurements. Total length, 241; tail vertebrae, 149; hind foot,
38; ear from crown, 9; pencil, 35. Skull: basilar length, 21.8; mastoid
breadth, 24; interorbital constriction, 14.5; length of nasals, 13;
length of mandible, angle to base of incisors, 13.8; coronoid process
from angle, 5.6.

(I. — f/rcnirfto'nfi Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., in, 1903, p. 249.
Zoology.

Type locality. San Felipe, Lower California, Mexico.

d'ciil. Char. Size small, similar to D. m. simiolus, but paler; ear
larger; hind foot shorter. Skull narrower across mastoids and parietal ;
nasals shorter.

Color. Upper parts pinkish buff, palest on the head and darkest
on rump, the plumbeous under fur showing in places; no black
streaks on face; white spots behind ears and above eyes; upper parts
of sides from eye to rump like color of rump; nose, sides of face,
lower part of flanks, entire under parts and limbs, pure white; a
narrow line of pinkish buff across thighs; hands yellowish white,

348 DIPODOMYS.

feet white; tail with a bushy pencil, the upper parts to tip pale drab,
sides and beneath white; ears naked, yellowish.

Measurements. Type. Total length, 225; tail vertebrae, 134;
hind foot, 36; ear, 15. Average of ten specimens: Total length,
234.7; tail, 137.3; hind foot, 36.7; ear, 14.1. Skull: total length,
posterior line of mastoids to anterior end of nasals, 34; Hensel, 20;
zygomatic width, 15 ; width of mastoids, 22 ; greatest width of parietal,
15; length of nasals, 12; greatest width of rostrum, 5; palatal length,
ii ; length of upper tooth row, 3; length of mandible, condyle to tip
of incisors, 16; length of lower tooth row, 3.

e. — atrona-sus (Dipodomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., ix, 1894,

p. 113.
BLACK-NOSED KANGAROO RAT.

Type locality. Hacienda La Parada, 25 miles northwest of the
City of San Luis Potosi, State of San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Known only from type locality, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to D. merriami, but darker.

Color. Above dark clay color; sides ochraceous buffy; nose from
tip to eyes blackish; usual black stripes on face and thighs; tail
black above and below, white on sides to middle third of the length.

Measurements Total length, 267; tail vertebrae, 162; hind foot,
40.

/. — melanurus (Dipodomys}, Merr., Proc. Calif. Acad. Scien., 2d

Ser., 1893, p. 345.
BLACK-TAILED KANGAROO RAT.

Type locality. San Jose del Cabo, Lower California, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Cape region of Lower California, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Like D. merriami; terminal third of the tail blackish.

Color. Above mixed pale ochraceous buff and black; face and
supra-orbital spot white; under parts white; penicillate part of tail
blackish, rest like D. merriami.

Measurements. Total length, 240; tail vertebrae, 141; hind foot,
36.5-

The description given of the Kangaroo Rats of the genus Dipod-
omys will answer perfectly for the members of PERODIPUS. They
closely resemble each other in general appearance, and the presence
of a fifth toe on the hind foot was not suspected, so minute is it, for
a considerable time after the animals were known to naturalists.

PERODIPUS.

349

72. Perodipus. Five-toed Kangaroo Hats.

I.1"1; M.^— 16.

Perodipus Fitzin., Sitz. Math.-Natur. Classe, K. Akad. Wiss. Wien.,

1867, LVI, p. 126. Type Dipidomys agilis Gambel.
Dipodops Merr., N. Am. Faun., 1890, No. 3, p. 72.

Skull similar to that of Dipodomus, with greatly developed mas-
toids and thread-like zygomata; audital bullae in contact below basi-
sphenoid; hind feet with five toes, the first digit rudimentary, but
having a claw, and reaching to the end of the metatarsal bones of
the other digits.

FIG. 66. PERODIPUS CHAPMANI.

No. 802 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. Nat. size

UPPER TOOTH ROW. LOWER TOOTH ROW.

Enlarged 7 times. Enlarged 7 times.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Hind feet with five toes.

a. Above ochraceous buff and black P. ordi

b. Above brownish ochraceous and black P.O. palmeri

c. Above mouse gray and black P. chapmani

d. Above gray brown suffused with fulvous P. obscurus

e. Above ashy brown and black P. agilis

PAGE

35°
35°
350

350 PERODIPUS.

355. ordi (Dipodomys), Woodh., Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1853,

p. 235. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 238.
ORD'S KANGAROO RAT.

Type locality. El Paso, El Paso County, Texas.

Geogr. Distr. State of Chihuahua, Mexico, north to Snake Plains.

Gcnl. Char. Size medium; tail little shorter than head and body.

Color. Above ochraceous buff, darkest on back, mixed with
black on rump; sides paler; side of nose, spot behind the ear, stripe
across thigh, and under parts, white; tail with dorsal and ventral
stripes dusky, pencil dusky, base of hairs white.

Measurements. Total length, 240; tail vertebrae, 134; hind foot,
38; ear, 7.

a. — palineri (Dipodops}, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1891,

p. 276.
PALMER'S KANGAROO RAT.

Type locality. San Luis Potosi, State of San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. ordi, but darker.

Color. Upper parts brownish ochraceous, mixed with black;
under parts, arms (excepting a patch of buff), band across thigh
and hind feet white; tail dusky brown, with narrow lateral white
stripes, tip dusky brown; ears whitish, with a dusky patch on outer
anterior border, and another on inner lower posterior border.

Measurements. Total length, 249; tail vertebras, 141; hind foot,
35; ear, 11.4. Skull: total length, 38; basal length, 25.4; mastoid
width, 24; interorbital constriction, 13.2; length of nasals, 11.4;
length of mandible, condyle to tips of incisors, 17.8 ; height at coronoid
process, 5.8.

356. chapman! (Dipodomys), Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1890, p. 291. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 237.
CHAPMAN'S KANGAROO RAT.

Type locality. Forte Verde, Yavapai County, Arizona, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Sonora, Mexico, north into Arizona.

Genl. Char. More slender than C. ordi, tail longer, and color
darker. Skull lighter, smaller.

Color. Above mouse gray, mixed with black and buff; sides
sandy buff; usual line on side of nose, ear, and eye spots, and thigh
stripe white; under parts white; dorsal and ventral stripes on tail
drab gray; lateral white stripes extending to near end of vertebrae.

Measurements. Total length, 280; tail vertebrae, 148; hind foot,
38. Skull: total length, 37.2; zygomatic width, 17; Hensel, 23.5;

PERODIPUS. 351

interorbital constriction, 13; length of nasals, 13.5; mastoid width,
23; length of upper molar series, 5; length of mandible, 18.3.

357. obscurus (Pcrodipus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1903,

p. 603.
DUSKY KANGAROO RAT.

Type locality. Rio Sestin, State of Durango, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Color very dark; size moderate.

Color. Dorsal area gray brown suffused with fulvous; flanks
more fulvous; lower half of cheeks, sides of neck, small spot above
eye, postauricular patch, band on thighs, fore legs, inner side of
hind legs and entire under parts white; tip of nose and bar at base
of whiskers black; ear buffy white; tail with dorsal and ventral
stripes blackish; sides and basal ring white.

Measurements. Total length, 232; tail vertebrae, 130; hind foot,
35; ear from notch, 12.7. Skull: total length, 36; greatest mastoid
breadth, 23; length of nasals, 13.

358. agilis (Dipodomys), Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil.,

1848, p. 77. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 236.
hermanni & wagncri Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1848,

P- 77-
NIMBLE KANGAROO RAT.

Type locality. Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California, Mexico to southern and middle
California.

Genl. Char. Size small; color dark; body rather stout.

Color. Above ashy brown, heavily lined with black, especially
on top and sides of head and lower back; sides yellowish brown;
spot over eye and behind ear, side of snout, stripe on thighs and
under parts white; facial crescent black and broad, and meeting on
bridge of nose; tail blackish and with a blackish tip, lateral white
stripes terminating at base of pencil; under part of leg and base of
foot dusky ; rest white.

Measurements. Total length, 280; tail vertebras, 170; hind leg,
39.5; ear, 14.5. Skull: total length, 38; Hensel, 24; zygomatic
width, 17.5; interorbital constriction, 12; mastoid breadth, 24;
palatal length to incisive foramina, 7; median length of nasals, 7.5;
length of upper molar series, 3.5; length of mandible, condyle to tips
of incisors, 20.

352 HETEROMYINJE. PEROGNATHUS.

The Pocket Mice, while related to the Kangaroo Rats, have not
their long hind limbs; indeed, these members scarcely exceed the
fore legs in length, and the pelage, instead of being soft and silky,
is usually harsh and coarse. The skull, however, is of a papery
construction, and the tail is long, and often tufted, and the general
appearance of the animals, especially in some of the species, is not
unlike that of the Kangaroo Rats. The cheek pouches have rather
narrow openings, but extend back nearly to the ears. The Pocket
Mice differ somewhat in their habits from the Dipodomyince , and
apparently hibernate, for they are rarely seen during the winter in
localities where the temperature goes below zero. They are prairie
dwellers, and make their burrows amid the buffalo grass, sinking
them perpendicularly for five or six inches, and the excavated earth
is piled up in little mounds near the opening. These mice are gen-
erally small in size, some species being indeed almost minute. They
are divided into two subgenera, distinguished from each other by
variations in the skulls.

Subfam. V. Heteromyinse.

C. H. Merriam. Revision of the North American Pocket Mice,
N. Am. Faun., No. i, 1889.

W. H. Osgood. Revision of the Pocket Mice of the genus Perog-
nathus, N. Am. Faun., No. 18, 1900.

73. Perogiiatlms. Pocket Mice.

Perognathus Wied. Nov. Act. Phys. Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.

Carol., xix, 1839, pp. 368-373, pi. xxxiv. Type Perog-

nathus fasciatus Wied.
Cricetodipus Peale, Rep. Mamm. & Ornith. U. S. Expl. Exped.,

1848, p. 53, pi. 13, fig. 2.

Abromys (sic) Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1868, p. 202.
Otognosis Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1875, p. 305.
Chcetodipus Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, 1889, p. 5, pi. in, fig. 15.

Skull depressed and flat above; nasals lengthened, projecting
beyond incisors; mastoids less developed than those of the species
of Dipidomyina, and in certain species not projecting beyond plane
of occiput; zygomata much as in ordinary rodents; occiput not
emarginate; molars rooted; no pit between last lower molar and
coronoid process; tail moderate; soles naked or sparsely haired; hind
limbs scarcely exceeding the fore limbs in length.

PEROGNATHUS.

353

FIG. 67. PEROGNATHUS MERRIAMI.

No. 4963 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. Twice nat. size

UPPER TOOTH ROW. LOWER TOOTH ROW.

Enlarged 10 times. Enlarged 10 times.

A. Perognathus.

Mastoids well developed, extending beyond occipital line; inter-
parietal pentagonal; mastoid side of parietal longest; audital bullae
nearly contiguous below basisphenoid.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF THE SUBGENUS.

A. Size small; hind foot less than 18 mm.
a. Tail about 60 mm.

a/ Above ochraceous and black P. merriami

b.' Above pale fulvous or buff and black.

a." Hind foot, 15 mm P. flavus

b." Hind foot, 17 mm P. f. mexicanus

c." Hind foot, 17.4 mm P. p. brevinasus

c/ Above pale ochraceous drab and black .... P. pacificus

B. Size large; hind foot over 18 mm P. a. melanotis

PAGE

353

354
355
355
355
356

359. merriami (Perognathus}, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
1892, p. 45, pi. in, figs. 1-6. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm.,
1901, p. 243.
mearnsi Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1896, p. 237.

354 PEROGNATHUS.

FIG. XLIX. PEROGNATHUS MERRIAMI.
MERRIAM'S POCKET MOUSE.

MERRIAM'S POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas.

Geogr. Distr. Alta Mira, State of Tamaulipas, Mexico, into
Texas and New Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size of P. flaims, color more yellow, sides golden.

Color. Autumn Pelage. Above yellow, heavily lined with black;
sides golden, sparsely mixed with black; beneath white; thighs
golden; feet white; tail pale brownish yellow above, becoming
blackish at tip; beneath paler.

Summer Pelage. Above ochraceous, lined with black; lateral
stripe ochraceous; under parts white; ears dusky; aural spot buff;
tail pale grayish brown, lightest beneath. This phase of pelage repre-
sents P. mearnsi Allen.

Measurements. Total length, 118; tail vertebrae, 55; hind foot,
16; ear, 4. Skull: basilar length of Hensel, 14.8; occipito-nasal
length, 20.4; greatest mastoid breadth, 11.2; length of interparietal,
2.3; greatest width of interparietal, 3.6.

360. flavus (Perognathus), Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil.,

1855, p. 332. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 244.
BAIRD'S POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. El Paso, El Paso County, Texas.

Geogr. Distr. State of Chihuahua, Mexico, into southeastern
Arizona and Texas.

Genl. Char. Size very small; ear without antitragal lobe; tail
less than head and body; audital bullae meeting below basisphen-
oids.

Color. Above pale fulvous, lined with black, no lateral stripe;
feet and under parts white; buff patch behind ear, and white one
on lower margin; orbital ring pale fulvous; tail pale brownish or
olive gray, of nearly the same hue above and below.

PEROGNATHUS. 353

Measurements. Total length, 117; tail vertebrae, 71; hind foot,
17; ear, 4. Skull: length of Hensel, 14.6; occipito-nasal length, 21;
greatest mastoid breadth, 12; length of interparietal, 2.6; greatest
width of interparietal, 2.9.

(i. — mexicanus (Perognathns), Merr., Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil.,

1894, p. 265.
MEXICAN POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. Tlalpam, Federal District, Mexico.

Gcogr. Distr. States of Zacatecas and San Luis Potosi to the
State of Jalisco on the west and State of Hidalgo on the east, and
south to the State of Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. flavus, but darker and larger.

Color. Above buff, mixed with black; spot behind ear, and the
lateral line ochraceous; under parts white; tail dusky above, paler
beneath.

Measurements. Total length, 115.7; tail, 53.7; hind foot, 17.4.

panamintinux hn-r'unisus (Perognathus), Osgood, N. Am. Faun.,
No. 18, 1900, p. 30. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 246.
SHORT-NOSED POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. San Bernardino, San Bernardino County, Cali-
fornia.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California north to southern California.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. patiamintiuus, but darker. Skull
smaller; interparietal smaller, nasals shorter; lower premolar larger
than last molar.

Color. Above pinkish buff, lined with black; lateral line pinkish
buff; ears dusky, orbital ring buffy; tail buffy white, faintly dusky
above.

Measurements. Total length, 124; tail vertebrae, 66; hind foot,
17.4. Skull: length of Hensel, 14.9; occipito-nasal length, 21.4;
mastoid breadth, 11.9; length of interparietal, 2.5; greatest width
of interparietal, 3.5; interorbital constriction, 5.2; length of nasals,
8.3.

361. pacificus (Perognathus), Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1898, p. 299. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 246.
PACIFIC POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. Mouth of Tijuana River, Mexican boundary
Monument, No. 258, shore of Pacific Ocean, San Diego County,
California.

Geogr. Distr. Edge of Pacific Ocean, on a flat at mouth of
Tijuana River, and probably into Lower California, Mexico.

356 PEROGNATHUS.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. bimaculatus , but smaller; tail more
hairy; lower premolar more nearly quadrate; audital bullae more
separated.

Color. Above pale ochraceous drab, lined with black; ears and
spot at base of whiskers blackish; orbital area pale buff; spot behind
eye and also the lateral line on body pale buff; feet and under parts
white; tail hoary at base, tip dusky.

Measurements. Total length, 109; tail vertebrae, 53; hind foot,
15.5; ear from crown, 4.7. Skull: length of Hensel, 13; occipito-
nasal length, 19; greatest mastoid breadth, n; length of inter-
parietal, 2.2; greatest width of interparietal, 3.44 interorbital con-
striction, 4.9; length of nasals, 7.

apache melanotis (Perognathus) , Osgood, N. Am. Faun., No. 18, 1900,

p. 27.
BLACK-EARED POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. Casas Grandes, State of Chihuahua, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Known only from type locality.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. apache, but darker, smaller.

Color. Above rich buff, lined with black; under parts pure
white; orbital region buff; ears, edges, and spot at base white; inside
black; tail above dusky, beneath buffy white.

Measurements. Total length, 133; tail vertebrae, 65; hind foot,
19.5. Skull: length of Hensel, 15.3; occipito-nasal length, 21.5;
greatest mastoid width, n.8; length of interparietal, 2.8; greatest
interparietal width, 4.3; interorbital constriction, 5; length of
nasals, 8.

B. Ohsetodipus.

"Mastoids moderately developed, not projecting behind plane
of occiput; interparietal broadly pentagonal, or strap-shaped; mas-

FIG. 68. PEROGNATHUS (CH/ETODIPUS) FEMORALIS MESOPOLIUS.

No. 10374 Field Columbian Mus. Nat. size.

Tooth rows enlarged q times.

PEROGNATHUS. 357

toid side of parietal not longest; audital bullae separated anteriorly
by full width or nearly full width of basisphenoid."

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF THE SUBGENUS.

A. Rump without bristles. PAGE

a. Size small; total length, 136 mm.

a/ Above buffy drab and black P. p. arenarius 358

b. Size medium; total length, 159-191 mm.
a.' Above vinaceous buff and black.

a." Hind foot, 24.4 mm P. p. angustirostris 358

b." Hind foot, 23 mm P. p. pricii 358

b/ Above whitish drab, tinged with fawn. . .P. p. crcmicus 359

c/ Above hair brown P. pcrnix 359

d.' Above broccoli brown P. p. restrains 359

e.' Above mixed dark buff and black P. helleri 360

c. Size large; total length, 208-242 mm.

a.' Above cinnamon and brownish black P. hispidus 360

b/ Above olive brown P. h. zacatecas 361

c.' Above yellowish brown and black P. h. paradoxus 361

d/ Above drab brown and black P. baileyi 361

e.' Above pale buff and black P. b. rhydinohris 362

f/ Above ochraceous buff and black P. cnecus 362

B. Rump with bristles,
a. Size large.

a.' Pelage very coarse, bristly,
a." Mastoids very small.

a.'" Above pale fawn and black P. margarita 363

b." Mastoids moderate.

a/" Above dark gray, lined with black.

a."" Tail 104 mm P. spinatus 363

b."" Tail 101 mm P. s. peninsula 363

c/"' Tail 127 mm P. s. bryanti 364

b/ Pelage moderately coarse, not bristly.

a.." Above drab gray, lined with black. . .P. intcrmedius 364

b." Above hair brown P. nclsoni 364

c." Above drab gray P. n. cancscens 365

d." Above broccoli brown and black.

a/" Rump bristles prominent P. goldmani 365

b/" Rump bristles undeveloped P. g. artus 365

e." Above dark grizzled yellowish brown

and black P. fallax 366

i" Above pale broccoli brown, slightly

mixed with black P. /. pallidus 366

358 PEROGNATHUS.

PAGE

g." Above grayish fawn P. anthonyi 366

h." Above grayish yellowish brown and

black P. jemoralis 367

i." Above mixed pale gray, light buff, and

black P. /. mesopolius 367

penicillatus aremtrius (Perognathus} , Merr., Proc. Cal. Acad. Scien.,

2d Ser., iv, 1894, p. 461.
LITTLE DESERT POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. San Jorge, near Comandu, Lower California,
Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. East coast of Lower California.

Genl. Char. Size very small; tail exceeding head and body; no
bristles. Similar to P. penicillatus.

Color. Above buffy drab, mixed with black; sides paler; no
lateral line; white spot on lower margin of ears; under parts white;
tail brownish above, white below.

Measurements. Total length, 136; tail vertebrae, 70; hind foot,
20. Skull: length of Hensel, 15.3; occipito-nasal length, 23; greatest
mastoid breadth, 12; length of interparietal, 3.5; greatest width of
interparietal, 6.4; interorbital constriction, 6.2; length of nasals, 8.8.

penicillatus angustirostris (Perognathus}, Osgood, N. Am. Faun.,
No. 18, 1900, p. 47. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 252.
SLENDER-NOSED POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. Carriso Creek, Colorado Desert, San Diego
County, California.

Geogr. Distr. Northern Lower California, east to the Colorado
Desert and southwestern Arizona, north to Colorado Desert, California.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. penicillatus, but smaller; nasals and
ascending premaxillae long and narrow.

Color. Above vinaceous buff, sprinkled with black; under parts,
fore legs, and feet white; lateral stripe indistinct, pale fulvous; tail
above dusky extending over pencil, beneath white.

Measurements. Total length, 191; tail vertebras, 105; hind foot,
24.4. Skull: length of Hensel, 18; occipito-nasal length, 26; greatest
mastoid breadth, 13; length of interparietal, 3.1; greatest width of
interparietal. 7; interorbital constriction, 6.4; length of nasals, 10.3.

penicillatus pricii (Perognathus}, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
1894, p. 318. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 253.

obscurus Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, P- 2I^-
PRICE'S POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. Oposura, State of Sonora, Mexico.

PEROGNATHUS. 3.'>9

Geogr. Distr. Northwestern Mexico west of the Sierra Madre,
north into south central Arizona.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. penicillatus, but smaller; no spines on
rump; pelage harsh; skull short.

Color. Above and on sides vinaceous buff, lined with black;
lateral stripe indistinct; under parts white; tail above dusky, beneath
white; ears like back.

Measurements. Total length, 172; tail vertebrae, 90; pencil, 10;
hind foot, 23; ear, 7.5. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 26; Hensel,
18.4; greatest mastoid breadth, 13; length of interparietal, 6.7;
greatest width of interparietal, 6.2; length of nasals, 9.4.

peniciUatus eremicus (Perognathus) , Mearns, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., 1898, p. 300. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 253.
EASTERN DESERT POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. Fort Hancock, El Paso County, Texas.

Geogr. Distr. North central Mexico east of the Sierra Madre to
La Ventura, State of Coahuila, and north into western Texas.

(icnl. Char. Small; colors pale; skull rather heavy.

Color. Above whitish drab, tinged with fawn and lined with
dusky; lateral stripe faint; feet and lower parts white; tail above
and tip pale brown, beneath white.

Measurements. Average total length of six, 163; tail vertebrae,
83; hind foot, 22.1; ear from base, 9.1. Skull: Hensel, 17.5; greatest
mastoid breadth, 12.6; length of interparietal, 3; greatest width of
interparietal, 7; interorbital constriction, 6.4; length of nasals, 9.3.

362. pernix (Perognathus), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1898,

p. 149-
SINALOA POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. Rosario, State of Sinaloa, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. States of Sinaloa and Jalisco, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size small; colors dark; no spines; tail long.

Color. Upper parts hair brown; lateral line pinkish ochraceous
buff; under parts whitish; tail brownish above, whitish beneath;
ears dusky with white dot on inferior margins.

Measurements. Total length, 175; tail vertebrae, 97; hind foot,
22.3. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 24.4; Hensel, 17.4; greatest mas-
toid breadth, 12.2; length of interparietal, 3.3; greatest width of
interparietal, 7.2; interorbital constriction, 5.4; length of nasals, 8.6.

a. — rostratus (Perognathus), Osgood, N. Am. Faun., No. 18, 1900, p. 51.
BROAD-NOSED POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. Camoa, Rio Mayo, State of Sonora, Mexico.

300 PEROGNATHUS.

Geogr. Distr. Southern part State of Sonora and northern por-
tion State of Sinaloa, plains of the coast, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. per nix, but skull shorter and wider.

Color. Above broccoli brown; lateral line pinkish buff; under
parts whitish; generally paler than P. pernix.

Measurements. Total length, 162; tail vertebrae, 94; hind foot,
23.5. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 22.7; Hensel, 16.5; greatest mas-
toid width, 11.7; length of interparietal, 3.4; greatest width of inter-
parietal, 7; interorbital constriction, 5.5; length of nasals, 8.6.

363. helleri (Pcrognathus} , Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., in,

1903, p. 166. Zoology.
HELLER'S POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. San Quentin, Lower California, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size similar to P. p. arenarius, color very different,
conspicuous lateral line. Skull with shorter nasals, broader ros-
trum, wider interorbital space, braincase broader, mastoids less
prominent, bullse smaller and more pointed anteriorly.

Color. Above mixed black and dark buff, giving a dark yellowish
brown appearance to the upper parts; distinct bright buff lateral
line from nose to rump; under parts pure white; tail above dark
brown-, almost dusky, beneath pure white, pencil-like upper part
dusky; hands and feet gray; ears dark brown.

Measurements. Total length, 159; tail vertebra?, 83; hind foot,
20.5; ear, 8. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 23; Hensel, 14; zygo-
matic breadth, 11.5; interorbital constriction, 6; mastoid breadth,
11.5; greatest width of braincase, 10.5; palatal length, 8.5; length
of nasals, 7.5; width of rostrum, 4; length of upper tooth row, al-
veolar border, 3.

364. hispidus (Perognaikus) , Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 421.

Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 251.
HISPID POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. Charco Escondido, State of Tamaulipas, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. States of Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas, Mexico,
north into Texas and Oklahoma.

Genl. Char. Size large; tail about equal to head and body; no
spines; antitragus lobed; hind foot broad, short.

Color. Above brownish black and cinnamon; lateral stripe
bright fulvous; under parts, fore legs, and feet white; tail black
above, white below; no tuft.

Measurements. Total length, 208; tail vertebrae, 102; hind foot,
24. Skull: length of Hensel, 20.2; occipto-nasal length, 28; greatest
mastoid breadth, 13.8; length of interparietal, 4.1; greatest width

PEROGNATHUS. 361

of interparietal, 7.2; interorbital constriction, 7; length of nasals,
10.6.

a, — ziicntfcic (Pefognatkus), Osgood, N. Am. Faun., No. 18, 1900,

P- 45-
ZACATECAS POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. Valparaiso, State of Zacatecas, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. States of Zacatecas and Guanajuato, Mexico.

Gcnl. Char. Similar to P. hispidus, but larger and darker.

Color. Upper parts olive brown; lateral line ochraceous; under
parts white; spots on side of whiskers black; tail black above, white
beneath.

Measurements. Total length, 211; tail vertebrae, 105; hind foot,
27.5. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 30.2; Hensel, 22.5; greatest mas-
toid breadth, 15; length of interparietal, 4; greatest width of inter-
parietal, 8; interorbital constriction, 7; length of nasals, 12.

b, — paradoxus (Perognathus) , Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, 1889,
p. 24, pi. in, fig. 18. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 252.
STRANGE POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. Banner, Trego County, Kansas.

Geogr. Distr. State of Sonora, north to northern and western
Kansas.

Genl. Char. Large; ears large, with antitragal lobes; soles naked.

Color. Above yellowish brown, lined with black; sides fulvous;
fore legs fulvous outside; feet and under parts white; tail above
fuliginous, beneath white, tinged with fulvous.

Measurements. Total length, 205-242 (Merr. measurements, 1. c.
100 mm. error); tail vertebrae, 113; hind foot, 26; ears, 5. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 32; Hensel, 24; greatest mastoid breadth, 15;
length of interparietal, 4.7; greatest width of interparietal, 8; inter-
orbital constriction, 7.5; length of nasals, 13.2.

365. baileyi (Perognathiis} , Merr., Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil.,
1894, p. 262, fig. i. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 251.
BAILEY'S POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. Magdalena, State of Sonora, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. States of Sonora and Lower California, Mexico,
into Arizona.

Gcnl. Char. Large; tail very much longer than head and body;
mastoids considerably developed; bullae nearly meeting below basi-
sphenoid; interparietal pentagonal, broadest anteriorly.

Color. Above drab brown, lined with black; beneath white;
pale lateral stripe; tail above dusky, beneath white.

362 PEROGNATHUS.

Measurements. Total length, 210; tail vertebrae, 122; hind foot,
27. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 30; Hensel, 21.5; greatest mastoid
breadth, 15.6; length of interparietal, 4.2; greatest width of inter-
parietal, 6.8; interorbital constriction, 6.8; length of nasals, 12.2.

a. — rhydinorhis (Perognathiis) , Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus.,

in, 1903, p. 167. Zoology.
SAN QUENTIN POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. San Quentin, Lower California, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. West coast of Lower California in the vicinity of
San Quentin.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. baileyi, but darker, with very slender
nasals, larger mastoids, and more slender upper incisors.

Color. Upper parts and sides pale buff, finely lined with black,
darkest on head; sides of head, the nose, cheeks, and line above eyes
yellowish buff, lined with black; ochraceous lateral line from lips to
thighs; under parts pure white; tail above and pencil dark brown,
beneath yellowish white; hands and feet grayish white.

Measurements. Total length, 232; tail vertebrae, 128; hind foot,
27; ear, 11.5. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 31; Hensel, 22; zygo-
matic width, 16; interorbital constriction, 6.5; width of interparietal,
6.5; length of nasals, 10; palatal length, 12; mastoid breadth, 15;
length of upper tooth row, 4.

366. cnecus (Perognathus), Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., in,

1903, p. 169. Zoology.
BUFF-COLORED POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. Rosarito, San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower
California, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size very large; color of under parts deep cream
buff; skull large, with very long, slender nasals, broadening at tip.

Color. Upper parts ochraceous buff, lined with black; top of
nose and whiskers blackish; spot in front of eye, and broad lateral
band from lip to posterior part of thigh ochraceous buff; sides above
lateral line grayish buff; rest of under parts, arms, legs, hands, and
thighs creamy buff, and a pure white spot with hairs white to the
roots on chest between arms, extending in a narrow line towards
abdomen; tail hairy, above blackish, beneath cream buff; ears dark
brown.

Measurements. Total length, 228; tail vertebrae, 126; hind foot,
28; ear, 9.5. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 32; Hensel, 22; zygomatic
width, 16.5; greatest mastoid breadth, 16; greatest width of inter-
parietal, 8; interorbital constriction, 7; median length of nasals, 13;
lateral length, 14; posterior width of nasals, 2; anterior width, 3;

PEROQNATHUS. 363

greatest width of rostrum, 5; palatal length, 13; length of tooth row,
alveolar border, 4; length of mandible, tip of angle to alveolus of
incisor, 14.2.

367. margaritae (Pcrognathus), Merr., Proc. Cal. Acad. Scien., 2d

Ser., 1894, p. 459.
MARGARITA POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. Santa Margarita Island, Lower California, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Type locality only.

(icnl. Char. Size medium; tail longer than head and body.
Skull: mastoids small; occiput not projecting posteriorly.

Color. Upper parts pale fawn mixed with black; lateral line
indistinct; subauricular spot small; under parts and feet whitish;
tail above dusky, beneath whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 180; tail vertebrae, 102; hind foot,
22.5. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 25.9; Hensel, 18; greatest mas-
toid breadth, 12; length of interparietal, 12; greatest width of inter-
parietal, 8; interorbital constriction, 6.5; length of nasals, 10.3.

368. spinatus (Pcrognathus), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, 1889,

p. 21. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 255.
SPINY POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. Twenty-five miles below the Needles, Colorado
River, San Bernardino County, California.

Geogr. Distr. Northern Lower California, Mexico, and southern
California.

Genl. Char. Size medium; tail longer than head and body,
crested; antitragal lobe large; soles naked; rump spinous.

Color. Above drab gray, lined with black; no lateral stripe;
fore legs, feet, and under parts white; tail above dusky; below white;
pencil dusky.

Measurements. Total length, 179; tail vertebrae, 104; pencil, 15;
hind foot, 21; ear from crown, 3.5. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 28;
Hensel, 19.8; greatest mastoid breadth, 13.1; length of interparietal,
4; greatest width of interparietal, 8.3; interorbital constriction, 6.5;
length of nasals, 11.2.

a. — peninsula* (Perognathus) , Merr., Proc. Cal. Acad. Scien., 2d

Ser., 1894, p. 460.
CAPE ST. LUCAS POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. San Jose" del Cabo, Lower California, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Cape region of Lower California, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. spinatus, but larger; tail shorter;
ears large, rounded; skull with comparative differences.

364 PEROGNATHUS.

Color. Exactly like that of P. spinatus.

Measurements. Total length, average, 188; tail vertebrae, 101 ;
hind foot, 24. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 26.5; Hensel, 18;
greatest mastoid breadth, 13; length of interparietal, 3.7; greatest
width of interparietal, 7.6; least interorbital width, 6.6; length of
nasals, 9.8.

J). — bryanti (Perognathus) , Merr., Proc. Cal. Acad. Scien., 2d Ser.,

1894, p. 458.
BRYANT'S POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. San Jose* Island, Lower California, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Type localit^ only.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. s. peninsula; larger, tail longer.

Color. Like P. s. peninsula.

Measurements. Total length, 216; tail vertebras, 127; hind foot,
25. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 27.3; Hensel, 18.9; greatest mas-
toid breadth, 13.1; length of interparietal, 3.5; greatest width of
interparietal, 8.1 ; interorbital constriction, 6.8; length of nasals, 10.3.

369. intermedius (Perognathus) , Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, 1889,

p. 18, pi. n, fig. 13. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 253.
INTERMEDIATE POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. Mud Spring, Mohave County, Arizona.

Geogr. Distr. State of Chihuahua, Mexico, into Texas and Arizona.

Genl. Char. Tail much longer than head and body; antitragal
lobe large; soles naked.

Color. Above drab gray, tinged with pale fulvous and lined with
black; lateral line pale fulvous; fore legs, feet, and under parts white;
tail above sooty brown, beneath whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 183; tail vertebrae, 106; pencil, 18;
hind foot, 21; ear, 4.5. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 24.5; Hensel,
17; greatest mastoid breadth, 13.5; length of interparietal, 3;
greatest width of interparietal, 8; interorbital constriction, 6.3;
length of nasals, 9.4.

370. nelson! (Perognathus}, Merr., Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil.,

1894, p. 266.
NELSON'S POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. Hacienda La Parada, 25 miles northwest of the
city of San Luis Potosi, State of San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. States of San Luis Potosi and Durango, south into
State of Jalisco, and east into State of Tamaulipas, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. intermedius, but larger and darker;
bristles on rump; tail crested.

PEROGNATHUS. 865

Color. Upper parts and sides hair brown; lateral line fawn;
under parts soiled white; tail black above, whitish beneath; ears
dusky.

Measurements. Total length, 182; tail vertebrae, 104; hind foot,
23; ear, 8. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 26; Hensel, 18; greatest
mastoid breadth, 13.8; length of parietal, 3.5; greatest width of
interparietal, 7.6; interorbital constriction, 6.7; length of nasals, 10.

a. — ('(iiti'xci-iix (Pcrognathus), Merr., Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil.,

1894, p. 267.
JARAL POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. Jaral, State of Coahuila, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Known only from type locality.

Gcnl. Char. Similar to P. intermedium; larger and more grayish.

Color. Upper parts drab gray; lateral line pinkish buff; under
parts white; tail mouse gray above, white beneath.

Measurements. Total length, 193; tail vertebra?, 117; hind foot,
22. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 25; Hensel, 17.5; greatest mastoid
breadth, 13.5; length of interparietal, 37; greatest width of inter-
parietal, 7.2; interorbital constriction, 6.1; length of nasals, 9.3.

371. goldmani (Pcrognathus), Osgood, N. Am. Faun., No. 18, 1900,

P- 54-
GOLDMAN'S POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. Sinaloa, State of Sinaloa, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. States of Sonora and Sinaloa, Mexico; coast
plains.

Genl. Char. Size large; ears large; similar in color to P. nclsoni.

Color. Upper parts broccoli brown, darkened on anterior half
with black; lateral line pinkish buff; ear whitish exteriorly for
apical half; under parts white; tail blackish above, white below.

Measurements. Total length, 202; tail vertebras, 108; hind foot,
28. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 27.7; Hensel, 20.6; greatest mas-
toid width, 14.3; length of interparietal, 3.8; greatest width of inter-
parietal, 6.5; interorbital constriction, 6.5; length of nasals, n.i.

a. — artus (Pcrognathus), Osgood, N. Am. Faun., No. 18, 1900,

P- 55-
BATOPILAS POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. Batopilas, State of Chihuahua, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. States of Chihuahua, Durango, and Sinaloa,
Mexico.

Gcnl. Char. Similar to P. goldmani; rump bristles undeveloped;
slight cranial differences.

366 PEROGNATHUS.

Color. Indistinguishable from P. goldmani. The less prominent
rump bristles seem chiefly to distinguish this from the preceding one.

Measurements. Total length, 191; tail vertebrae, 106; hind foot,
24.6. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 25.4; Hensel, 18.8; greatest mas-
toid breadth, 12.4; length of interparietal, 3.3; greatest width of
interparietal, 7.1; interorbital constriction, 6.1; length of nasals, 9.7.

372. fallax (Perognathus) , Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, 1889, p. 19,

pi. in, fig. 14. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 254.
SHORT-EARED CALIFORNIA POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. Reche Canon, three miles southeast of Colton,
San Bernardino County, California.

Geogr. Distr. Northern Lower California, Mexico, into southern
California.

Genl. Char. Large; tail crested, longer than head and body;
antitragal lobe higher than broad; soles naked.

Color. Above dark grizzled yellowish brown lined with black;
lateral line pale fulvous, covering upper surface of fore leg; beneath
white; tail above sooty brown, beneath white.

Measurements. Total length, 183-211; tail vertebrae, 104-126;
hind foot, 24-25; ear, 6. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 26; Hensel, 18;
greatest mastoid breadth, 14; length of interparietal, 3.8; greatest
width of interparietal, 7.8; interorbital constriction, 6.6; length of
nasals, 10.

a. — pallidus (Perognathus}, Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiv.

1901, p. 135.
PALLID POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. East slope of the Coast Range Mountains, on the
Mexican boundary line, San Diego County, California.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California, Mexico, north to Riverside
County, California.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. fallax, but paler.

Color. Above pale broccoli brown, slightly mixed with black;
under parts creamy white; lateral line pale pinkish buff; tail drab;
feet creamy white; ears sparsely covered with white hairs.

Measurements. "Average of six specimens: total length, 195
(188-206); tail vertebrae, 107 (98-112); hind foot, 24.2 (23.7-25);
ear from crown, 6.9 (6.5-7)." (Mearns, 1. c.)

373. anthonyi (Perognathus}, Osgood, N. Am. Faun., No. 18, 1900, p. 56.
ANTHONY'S POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. South Bay, Cerros or Cedros Island, Lower Cali-
fornia, Mexico.

PEROGNATHUS. 367

Geogr. Distr. Known only from type locality.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. fallax, but smaller, and comparative
differences in skull.

Color. Upper parts grayish fawn, mixed with black; lateral line
faint, brownish fawn; white spots under eye; tail above dusky,
beneath whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 168; tail vertebrae, 92; hind foot,
23.5. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 25.4; Hensel, 17.4; greatest mas-
toid breadth, 12.9; length of interparietal, 2.6; greatest width of
interparietal, 5.8; interorbital constriction, 6; length of nasals, 10.2.

374. femoralis (Perognathus) , Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1891, p. 281. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 254.
GREAT CALIFORNIA POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. Dulzura, San Diego County, California.

Geogr. Distr. Northern Lower California, Mexico, and adjoining
portions of southern California.

Genl. Char. Tail much longer than head and body; size large.

Color. Above grayish yellowish brown, lined with black; lateral
line fulvous; fore legs, feet, and under parts white; tail above sooty
brown, including tip, beneath white.

Measurements. Total length, 198-241; tail vertebrae, 112-133;
hind foot, 25-27. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 29.6; Hensel, 20.3;
greatest mastoid breadth, 14.3; length of interparietal, 4; greatest
width of interparietal, 8.1; length of nasals, 11.4; interorbital con-
striction, 7.1.

a. — inesopolius (Perognathus) , Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., in,

1903, p. 1 68. Zoology.
GRAY POCKET MOUSE.

Type locality. Pinon, San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower Cali-
fornia, Mexico; 5,000 feet elevation.

Genl. Char. Size large; ear large; hind foot and tail long; similar
in color to P. femoralis, but grayer and without the bistre hue.
Skull with greater interorbital constriction and less mastoid breadth.

Color. Above mixed pale gray and light buff, lined sparingly
with black; sides grayer than upper parts; lateral line bright buff;
under parts, hands, and feet pure white; tail and pencil dusky
above, white beneath; ears light brown.

Measurements. Total length, 232; tail vertebrae, 136; hind foot,
27; ear, 14. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 27; Hensel, 18; zygomatic
width, 13; mastoid breadth, 13; interorbital constriction, 6; palatal
length, 10; length of nasals, 10; posterior width of nasals 2; anterior
width of nasals, 3; greatest width of rostrum, 5.

368 HETEROMYS.

The harsh pelage exhibited in Perognathus and Chcetodipus of
the Pocket Mice, is in the members of HETEROMYS carried farther,
even to the presence of small flattened spines in the fur. They are
animals of moderate size, with tails about equaling the head and
body in length, of various colorations, with a heavier skull, and
incisors smooth in front. Only one species is found north of the
Mexican boundary, but a number are natives of Mexico, Central
America, and the West Indies. They have a rather long, slender
body, and moderatel^ short legs.

74. Heteromys. Spiny Pouched Rats.

Heteromys Desm., Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1817, p. 313.

Type Mus anomalus Thompson.
Dasynotus Wagl., Nat. Syst. Amphib., 1830, p. 21.
Saccomys F. Cuv., Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, x, 1823, p. 419.
Xylomys Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, 1902, p. 43.
Liomys Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, 1902, p. 44.

Molars rooted; flattened spines mingled with the fur; skull almost
flat above, slightly arched in middle of superior outline; nasals
projecting beyond incisors; mastoids level with plane of occiput;
zygomata depressed, but not dipping to level of palate; occiput

FIG. 69. HETEROMYS GAUMERI.

No. 5844 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. Nat. size.

UPPER TOOTH ROW. LOWER TOOTH ROW.

Enlarged 8 times. Enlarged 8 times.

HETEROMYS. 369

horizontal, flat; tail long, exceeding body and head; soles hairy,
with five tubercles; pouches covered with hair; tail scaly, short hairs
from between the scales.

A. * Heteromys.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF THE SUHGENUS.
A. Pelage harsh; flattened spines present.

a. Soles hairy, 5-tuberculate. PAGE
a/ Above mixed grayish yellow and black. . . .H. irroratus 369
b.' Above grizzled smoke gray and yellow H. bullcri 369

b. Soles hairy, 6-tuberculate.

a.' Above grizzled black and yellowish H. salvini 370

b.' Above dark smoke brown H. s. nigrcsccns 370

c.' Above dark smoke gray H. gaumcri 371

d/ Above blackish brown H. auncctcns 372

e/ Above reddish brown H. hispidus 371

c. Soles naked, 6-tuberculate.

a/ Above chestnut brown H. dcsmarestianns 372

b.' Above blackish brown H. longicaiidatus 372

c/ Above mixed dusky, brown, and ochra-

ceous H . rcpens 372

d/ Above dusky gray H. goldmani 373

e/ Above grizzled with fulvous H. g. Icpturus 373

f/ Above drab grizzled with black H. griseus 373

g/ Above black, mixed with ochre yellow. . .H. adspersus 373

375. irroratus (llctcromys), Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1868, p. 205.
LA PARADA SPINY RAT.

Type locality. La Parada, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Tail short, hairy; lateral line present.

Color. Upper parts grayish yellow, mixed with black; lips and
under parts, inner side of legs, and feet white; faint lateral line pale
fawn; tail beneath white.

Measurements. Head and body, 118; tail, imperfect ? 106;
hind foot and claws, 32.5. (ex mounted specimen in Brit. Mus. O.
Thomas in litt.)

376. bulleri (Hetcromys), Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser.,
• xi, 1893, p. 330.

*The arrangement of the members of HETEROMYS under its two subgenera
Heteromys and Liomys cannot be satisfactorily accomplished, as the teeth of
the adults in various instances have no distinguishing characters; hence the
present separation of the species and races in the keys given may be regarded
only as tentative

370 HETEROMYS.

BULLER'S SPINY RAT.

Type locality. La Laguna, Sierra de Juanacatlan, State of
Jalisco, Mexico. Altitude, 7,000 feet.

Geogr. Distr. High elevations, State of Jalisco, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size between H. alleni and H. irroratus; skull stout.

Color. Above grizzled smoky gray and yellow; lateral line yel-
lowish; under parts pure white; hands and feet white; arms white to
elbow; hind leg dark gray on outer side, white on inner; tail brown
above, white beneath; ears without white edges.

Measurements. Total length, 234; tail, 120; hind foot, 28.5; ear
from notch, 15. Skull: basal length, 29.5; greatest length, 34.5;
greatest breadth, 16.8; length of nasals, 13.5; interorbital constric-
tion, 8.5; length of interparietal, 4; breadth of interparietal, 6.4;
palatal length, 21 ; length of upper molar series, 5.3.

377. salvini (Heteromys), Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser.,
xi, 1893, p. 331.

longicaudatus , Alst., Biol. Cent. Am., Mamm., i, 1880, p. 167,

pi. xvn, fig. 2. (nee Gray.)
SALVIN'S SPINY RAT.

Type locality. Duefias, Gautemala.

Genl. Char. Size equal to that of H. bulleri; feet shorter; fur
spiny.

Color. General hue grizzled black and yellowish above; under
parts pure white; outer sides of forearm slaty gray; tail brown above,
whitish below.

Measurements. Total length, about 210; tail, 95; hind foot, 26.5.
Skull: basal length, 28; greatest length, 33.6; greatest breadth, 15.2;
length of nasals, 13.1; interorbital constriction, 7.6; length of inter-
parietal, 4.5; breadth of interparietal, 10.2; palatal length, 19.2;
length of upper molar series, 4.4.

a. — nigrescens (Heteromys}, Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th

Ser., xii, 1893, p. 234.
BLACK SPINY RAT.

Type locality. Costa Rica.

Genl. Char. Similar to H. salvini, but dorsal region uniform in
color.

Color. Above dark uniform smoky brown; a few yellow-tipped
hairs on sides ; lateral line absent ; limbs dark gray ; under parts white ;
tail above brown, beneath white.

Measurements. Length of head and body, 127; tail incomplete;
hind foot without claws, 25. "Skull: greatest length, 32.7; greatest
breadth, 15.4; length of nasals, 3.8; interorbital constriction, 6.8;

HETEROMYS. 371

breadth of interparietal, 8; length of interparietal, 4.1; length of
upper molar series, 4.7."

378. gaumeri (Hctcromys), Allen & Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.

Hist., 1897, p. 9.
GAUMER'S SPINY RAT.

Type locality. Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Yucatan, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size large; premaxillae and nasals terminating equally.

Color. Above dark smoke gray; sides lighter, fulvous; lateral
line and outer surface of fore legs orange ochraceous; outer surface
of hind legs like back; under parts and inner surface of limbs white;
ears dusky with white edges; tail crested and tufted, dusky above,
grayish white below; middle of dorsal surface covered with spines
which are whitish at base, black apically, and mixed in with orange
ochraceous hairs.

Measurements. Total length, 292; tail vertebrae, 162; hind foot,
and claw, 32; ear from notch, 14.5. Skull: basal length, 31 ; greatest
length, 37; greatest breadth, 16; interorbital breadth, 10.5; length
of nasals, 16; length of interparietal, n; palatal length, 20; upper
tooth row, 5.

379. annectens (Hetcromys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv,

1902, p. 43.
ALLIED SPINY RAT.

Type locality. Pluma, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size medium; tail long; skull similar to that of
H. gaumeri, but "smaller, narrower interorbitally, with more
abruptly spreading zygomata and smaller interparietal." Hind foot
6-tuberculate.

Color. Upper parts blackish brown; lateral line fulvous; under
parts, hands, and feet white, the latter sometimes "clouded"; tail
above dusky, beneath whitish, except tip, which is all dark.

Measurements. Total length, 300; tail vertebrae, 165 ; hind foot, 33.

380. hispidus (Heteromys), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1897,

p. 56.
HISPID SPINY RAT.

Type locality. Compostella, Territorio de Tepic, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Territorio de Tepic, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Pelage soft; soles 6-tuberculate, hairy.

Color. Upper parts reddish brown, mixed with black-tipped
bristles; under parts and feet white; lateral line reddish fulvous;
tail above pale brown, beneath lighter.

372 HETEROMYS.

Measurements. Total length, 220-230; tail vertebrae, 115-123;
hind foot, 27-28; ear, 13.5. Skull: total length, 30; basal length, 24;
greatest mastoid breadth, 13.5; interorbital constriction, 7; length
of nasals, 12; palatal length, 12.

381. desmarestianus (Heteromys), Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1868,

p. 204. Alston, Biol. Centr. Amer., Mamm., i, 1880, p. 167,

pi. 17. % I-
COBAN SPINY RAT.

Type locality. Coban, Guatemala.

Geogr. Distr. Guatemala.

GenL Char. Ears moderate; teeth small, "upper flat, lower
keeled, narrow in front."

Color. "Chestnut brown; tip of nape, lips, chin, and under side
of the body, hands, and feet and under side of tail white; spines of
back white with chestnut tips." (Gray, 1. c.)

Measurements. Total length, 247.5; tail, I]t8-5-

382. longicaudatus (Heteromys}, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1868,

p. 204.

LONG-TAILED SPINY RAT. Tultusia in Guatemala, also applied to
Heterogeomys torridus.

Type locality. Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Oaxaca, Mexico; range unknown.

Genl. Char. Tail long; no lateral line; soles 6-tuberculate.

Color. Above blackish brown, in some specimens with rufous
intermixed; sides dark drab brown, uniform, or mixed with rufous;
limbs uniform in color with sides; under parts, hands, and feet white;
tail above blackish brown, beneath yellowish.

Measurements. Total length, 247.15; tail, 118.75.

383. repens (Heteromys}, Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxix,

1902, p. 45.
BOQUETE SPINY RAT.

Type locality. Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama. Altitude, 4,000 feet.

Genl. Char. Size large; feet large; soles "6-tuberculate.

Color. Top of nose and face grayish dusky; upper parts of body
mixed dusky, brown, and tawny ochraceous; no lateral line; upper
lip, under parts, and inner sides of arms and legs white; upper sur-
face of arms gray; outer surface of legs dusky; tail above dusky,
beneath white, pencil whitish; ears dusky, bordered with whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 282-300; tail vertebras, 145-155;
hind foot, 32-33; ear, 14-15. Skull: type; basal length, 31.4;
occipito-nasal length, 35.4; zygomatic width, 16.4; mastoid width,

HETEROMYS. 373

14.8; interorbital width, 9.2; length of nasals, 14.8; width of nasals,
4.2; upper molar series, 4.8; length of single half mandible, 17.2;
(Bangs, 1. c.)

384. goldmani (Hctcromys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, 1902,

P- 41-
GOLDMAN'S SPINY RAT.

Type locality. Chicharras, State of Chiapas, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size large; tail longer than head and body, naked;
sole of hind foot with 6 pads.

Color. Above dusky gray, head and back darkest; upper lip,
inner side of limbs, hands, and feet and under parts white; tail dusky
above, paler below, tip whitish; ears without white edges.

Measurements. Total length, 347; tail vertebrae, 199; hind
foot, 40.

a. — leptuvus (Heteromys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, 1902,

p. 42.
SHORT-TAILED SPINY RAT.

Type locality. Mountains near Sant</T)omingo, State of Oaxaca,
Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to H. goldmani, but smaller and not so black.

Color. "Head and back, grizzled with fulvous; nose and ankles
dusky by contrast; hind feet and tail decidedly shorter; rostrum
broader, broadening gradually to zygomata with much less of the
usual notch."

Measurements. "Total length, 340; tail vertebrae, 191; hind foot,
39." (Merr., 1. c.)

385. griseus (Hctcromys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, 1902,

p. 42.
GRAY SPINY RAT.

Type locality. Mountains near Tonala, State of Chiapas, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size large; hind foot 6-tuberculate.

Color. Above drab, grizzled with black; upper lip, hands, feet,
and under parts white; tail above dusky, beneath whitish, tip dark
all around; faint buff lateral line on head and body; ears without
white edging.

Measurements. Total length, 325; tail vertebrae, 186; hind
foot, 38.

386. adspersus (Hctcromys), Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad.

Wiss. Berl., 1874, p. 357.
SPOTTED SPINY RAT.

Type locality. Panama.

374

HETEROMYS.

Genl. Char. Soles 6-tuberculate ; tail half as long as head and
body.

Color. Head dark gray; upper parts black, mixed with ochre
yellow, base of all the hairs white; flat grooved spines, with black
tips; the stiff hairs with a black ring and reddish yellow tip, these
last distributed sparingly over the head and rump; tip of nose, lips,
inner sides of arms and legs and under parts of body white; tail
above black, beneath white; ears naked on outer side, black on inner.

Measurements. Total length, 240; tail, 95 ; hind foot and claw, 30.

B. Liomys.
T '-i. p 1=1- M 3~3 = 20

'i — i ' *i— i ' '3 — 3

Pelage harsh; tail well haired; molars with two parallel trans-
verse loops, without "additional lobes or permanent enamel islands,"
uniting in old animals and forming a horseshoe as in Heteromys.

FIG. 70. HETEROMYS ILIOMYS> ALBOLIMBATUS.

No. 8673 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. Nat. size.

LOWER TOOTH ROW. UPPER TOOTH ROW.

Enlarged 6 times. Enlarged 6 times.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF THE SUBGENUS.

A. Soles 5-tuberculate. PAGE

a. Above mixed black and yellowish black. .H. albolimbatns 375

b. Above mixed gray and pale fulvous H. can us 375

c. Above blackish and buffy H. alleni 376

d. Above grizzled gray.

a/ Dark "saddle" on middle of back H. torridus 376

b.' No "saddle" on middle of back H. t. minor 377

e. Above mixed buff and brownish black H. exiguus 377

f. Above grizzled fulvous and black H. plantinarcnsis 377

HETEROMYS. 375

g. Above mixed grizzled rufous and orange. PAGE

a/ Size small H. pictus 377

b.' Size large H. p. restrains 378

h. Above pale grizzled rufous H. p. isthmius 378

B. Soles 6-tuberculate.

a. Above grizzled brownish fulvous H. parviceps 378

b. Above mixed grayish drab and fulvous H. sonorana 379

c. Above mixed black and fulvous H. veracrucis 379

d. Above mixed black fulvous and whitish H. obscurus 379

e. Above drab brown, mixed with black and

pale fulvous H. ph&ura 379

f. Above dark brown and fulvous H. orbitalis 380

g. Above gray, sprinkled with white H. crispus 380

h. Above darker gray in color H. c. setosus 380

i. Above dark drab brown, grizzled with black

and ferrugineous H. heterothrix 380

j. Above blackish brown, reddish or gray H. paralius 381

387. albolimbatus (Heteromys), Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1868, p. 205.
GRAY'S SPINY MOUSE.

Type locality. La Parada, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Edges of ears and tip of tail white ; tail long as body

Color. Above mixed gray, black, and yellow; lateral line buff
saddle conspicuous; rump gray; under parts and feet white; tai
above blackish brown, beneath white.

Measurements. Total length, 207-226; tail vertebrae, 108-113;
hind foot, 25-28. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 29.5; Hensel, 20;
zygomatic width, 14; interorbital constriction, 7.5; length of nasals,
10.5; length of upper molar series, 5; length of mandibles, 13; length
of lower tooth row, 5.

388. canus (Liomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, 1902, p. 44.
HOARY SPINY MOUSE.

Type locality. Parral, State of Chihuahua, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size large; hind foot 5-tuberculate. Skull similar to
that of H. alleni, but larger and heavier and with broader inter-
orbital space.

Color. Above gray, mixed with pale fulvous, white, and dark
gray, lateral line indistinct; under parts, hands, and feet white; tail
blackish above, white beneath, tip all dark.

Measurements. Total length, 276; tail vertebrae, 138; hind
foot, 34.

376

HETEROMYS.

FIG. L. HETEROMYS ALLENI. ALLEN'S SPINY MOUSE.

389. alleni (Heteromys), Coues, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vin, 1881,

p. 187.
ALLEN'S SPINY MOUSE.

Type locality. Hacienda Angostura, Rio Verde, State of San
Luis Potosi, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Soles hairy, 5-tuberculate; tail long; pelage coarse,
with flattened spines intermixed in the hairs; incisors yellow.

Color. Above blackish, the hairs having buff bases and tips
black, the lighter color showing amid the darker one; narrow lateral
line from nose to thighs bright buff; under parts white; upper part
of arms and thighs like back; hands and feet white; ears like back,
edged with white; lips white; tail bicolor, above black, beneath white.

Measurements. Total length, 238-260; tail, 115-136; hind foot,
28-30.

390. torridus (Liomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, 1902,

P- 45-
TORRID SPINY MOUSE.

Type locality. Cuicatlan, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size small; arms whitish, hind foot 5-tuberculate.

Color. Above gray, grizzled with black, forming saddle on the
back; lateral line indistinct; arms, hands, feet, and under parts
whitish; tail above dark, beneath whitish, tip all dark.

HETEROMYS. 377

Measurements. Total length, 222; tail vertebrae, 125; hind
foot, 27.

a. — minor (Liomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, 1902, p. 45.
SMALLEST SPINY MOUSE.

Type locality. Huajuapam, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Like H. torridus, but smaller.

Color. Above grizzled gray, no saddle on back, remainder similar
to L. torridus.

Measurements. Total length, 222; tail vertebrae, 125; hind
foot, 27.

391. exiguus (Heteromys), Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., in,

1903, p. 146. Zoology.
LITTLE SPINY MOUSE.

Type locality. Puenta de Ixtla, State of Morelos, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size small; above buff and dark brown, and with a
"saddle" on back.

Color. Above mixed buff brownish black and dark gray, forming
a dark "saddle" on middle of back; sides of head, neck, and body,
rump, and thighs light gray; lips, under parts, and hands white;
arms, legs, and feet yellowish white; tail above blackish brown,
beneath white; no lateral line separating the gray of sides from the
white under parts.

Measurements. Total length, 185; tail vertebras, 106; hind
foot, 24. (Type.)

392. plantinarensis (Liomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv,

1902, p. 46.
PLANTINAR SPINY MOUSE.

Type locality. Plantinar, State of Jalisco, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size small; ears small; tail but slightly haired;
rostrum and nasals curved, the latter notched posteriorly; hind foot
5-tuberculate.

Color. Above grizzled fulvous and black; lateral line fulvous,
broad; under parts yellowish white; hands and feet white; tail drab
above, beneath whitish; ear edged with whitish.

Measurements. Total length, 202; tail vertebrae, 102; hind
foot, 26.

393. pictus (Heteromys), Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser.,

xn, 1893, p. 233.
PAINTED SPINY MOUSE.

Type locality. Mineral San Sebastian, State of Jalisco, Mexico.
Altitude, 4,300 feet.

378 HETEROMYS.

Geogr. Distr. State of Jalisco, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size and dimensions of skull similar to those of
H. salvini from Guatemala.

Color. Above mixed grizzled rufous and orange; sides bright
rufous ; lateral line orange rufous ; fore limbs white ; hind limbs dusky
on outer sides, white on inner; under parts white; tail blackish above,
white beneath; ear black, edges white.

Measurements. Total length, 217; tail, 113; hind foot, 24.8; ear
from notch, 12.

a. — rostratus (Liomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, 1902, p. 46.
LONG-NOSED SPINY MOUSE.

Type locality. Ometepec, State of Guerrero, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to H. pictus, but somewhat larger; pelage
coarser. Skull heavy; nasals long, truncate, or notched posteriorly.

Color. Like that of H. pictus, but not so red.

Measurements. Total length, 252; tail vertebrae, 133; hind
foot, 29.

b. — isthmius (Liomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, 1902,

p. 46.
ISTHMIAN SPINY MOUSE.

Type locality. Tehuantepec, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to H. pictus, but differing in color.

Color. Similar to H. pictus, but with the upper parts very much
paler and less red, and lateral line faint or absent; cheeks pale grayish
brown.

Measurements. Total length, 245; tail vertebrae, 130; hind
foot, 30.

*393a. parviceps (Liomys} Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvn,

1904, p. 82.
URUAPAN SPINY MOUSE.

Type locality. Uruapan, State of Michoacan, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size very small, hind feet short, 6-tuberculate.

Color. Upper parts grizzled brownish fulvous ; under parts white ;
faint fulvous lateral line; tail above brownish, beneath whitish;
hands and feet white ; ears with white edges.

Measurements. Total length, 202; tail vertebrae, no; hind foot,
24. Skull: greatest length, 28.3; Hensel, 20; zygomatic width, 13;
interorbital constriction, 6.7; length of nasals, 11.5; interparietal,
3.2X8.3; length of upper molar series, alveolar border, 4.2.

*Description published too late to be included in the regular order of
numerals.

HETEROMYS. 379

394. sonorana (Liomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, 1902,

P- 47-
SONORA SPINY MOUSE.

Type locality. Alamos, State of Sonora, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size medium; skull with long and slender rostrum,
the sides parallel; nasals long, emarginate posteriorly; hind foot
6-tuberculate.

Color. Above grayish drab, grizzled with fulvous and dark hairs;
lateral line fulvous; under parts, hands, and feet white; brown band
across nose; tail above dusky; beneath whitish, grading into dusky
on terminal third; ears edged with white.

Measurements. Total length, 262; tail vertebrae, 142; hind foot,
32-5-

395. veraecrucis (Liomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, 1902,

P- 47-
VERA CRUZ SPINY MOUSE.

Type locality. San Andreas Tuxtla, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size medium; skull small; upper surface of anterior
root of zygomata strongly depressed and rounded; nasals notched
posteriorly; interparietal sub-triangular; hind foot 6-tuberculate.

Color. Above dark brown, mixed with black and fulvous; lateral
line faint on sides of body; under parts white; tail dusky above,
whitish beneath; ankles dusky.

Measurements. Total length, 220; tail vertebrae, 108; hind
foot, 25.

396. obscurus (Liomys}, Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, 1902,

p. 48.
DUSKY SPINY MOUSE.

Type locality. Carrizal, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size rather large; skull heavy, and with high brain-
case; hind foot 6-tuberculate.

Color. Above blackish, grizzled with fulvous and whitish, and
becoming grayish on the sides.

Measurements. Total length, 230; tail vertebrae, 124; hind
foot, 31.

397. phaeura (Liomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, 1902, p. 48.
DARK-TAILED SPINY MOUSE.

Type locality. Pinotepa, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size small; ears large; hind foot 6-tuberculate; tail
short, unicolor except basal third beneath. Skull broad, short, and
flat; rostrum and nasals short, slender.

380 HETEROMYS.

Color. Above drab brown, mixed with black and pale fulvous;
lateral line fulvous; tail all dusky except basal third beneath which
is paler.

Measurements. Total length, 204; tail vertebrae, 95 (broken);
hind foot, 29.

398. orbitalis (Liomys}, Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, 1902,

p. 48.
CATEMACO SPINY MOUSE.

Type locality. Catemaco, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size medium; skull broad, heavy; nasals suddenly
expanding on anterior half; zygomata widely and squarely spread;
rostrum short, sides parallel; superciliary beads developed, reaching
to middle of parietals; hind foot 6-tuberculate.

Color. Above dark brown, slightly grizzled with fulvous,
blackish on middle of back; lateral line indistinct; hands, feet, and
under parts white; tail above dusky, beneath whitish, tip all dark.

Measurements. Total length, 225; tail vertebras, 109; hind
foot, 29.

399. crispus (Liomys}, Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, 1902,

p. 49.
CURLY SPINY MOUSE.

Type locality. Tonala, State of Chiapas, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size small; tail shorter than head and body, scantily
haired; hind foot 6-tuberculate.

Color. Above gray, sprinkled with white, darkest on dorsal
region, the hairs with tips recurved; hands, feet, and under parts
whitish; no lateral line; ears without white edges; tail dusky, paler
beneath.

Measurements. Total length, 210; tail vertebrae, 99 (broken);
hind foot, 27.5.

a. — setosus (Liomys}, Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, 1902, p. 49.

HUEHUETAN SPINY MOUSE.

Type locality. Huehuetan, State of Chiapas, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to H. crispus, but with coarser pelage; tail
longer; skull larger, and with its characters correspondingly inten-
sified; nasals more cuneate, truncate posteriorly.

Color. Like H . crispus, but darker and with fewer recurved hairs.

Measurements. Total length, 225; tail vertebrae, no; hind
foot, 29.

400. heterothrix (Liomys}, Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, 1902,

P- So-

HETEROMYS. 381

HONDURAS SPINY MOUSE.

Type locality. San Pedro Sula, Honduras.

Genl. Char. Size medium ; tail nearly naked ; skull similar to that
of H. c. setosus, but larger and heavier; roots of zygomata broad;
hind foot 6-tuberculate.

Color. Above dark drab brown, grizzled with ferrugineous and
black; hands, feet, and under parts yellowish white; tail dark above,
paler below.

Measurements. Total length, 255; tail vertebrae, 126; hind
foot, 31.

401. paralius (Hcteromys), Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., in,

1903, p. 233. Zoology.
LITTORAL SPINY MOUSE.

Type locality. San Carlos, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to H. texensis; size large; tail long, usually
with a white tip ; grayish patch behind ears ; ears large ; skull with a
greater occipito-nasal length and wider zygomatic arch; soles
6-tuberculate.

Color. Top of head and back behind shoulders blackish brown
mixed with reddish, the base of hairs grayish; back of ears and sides
of head and body grayish, with blackish brown hairs intermingled;
lateral stripe bright buff, extending from nose to thighs; nose and
upper lip, hands, and feet white; under parts yellowish white; a
patch of orange buff on each side of root of tail; tail above black,
beneath whitish, with an all-around white tip.

Measurements. Total length, 255; tail vertebrae, 136; hind foot,
29. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 33; Hensel, 23; interorbital con-
striction, 8; zygomatic width, 15; length of nasals, 12; palatal length,
13; length of upper molar series, 4; length of mandible, 13; length of
lower molar series, 4.

0. Xylomys.
T «-'. p !=!• M 3=3— 20

1'i-i' r'i-i' M'3-3~

Xylomys Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, 1902, p. 43. Type

Heteromys nclsoni Merriam.

Pelage without bristles. Skull has small superorbital beads and a
high and rounded braincase; frontals elongate; maxillary root of
zygomata large, rectangular; no tubercle over root of lower incisor;
lower jaw broad, the angle everted slightly; last upper molar with
two transverse loops and a posterior loop; posterior prism double.

402. nelsoni (Heteromys}, Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, 1902,

P- 43-

382 HETEROMYS. OCTODONTIDJE. LONCHERIN^B.

NELSON'S SPINY MOUSE.

Type locality. Pinabete, State of Chiapas, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size very large; ears large. Skull long, slender
superorbital beads faint.

Color. Above mouse gray, darkest on top of head; upper lip,
hands, feet, under parts, inner side of fore legs and streak on hind
leg white; hind feet clouded above; ears without white edges.

Measurements. Total length, 356; tail vertebrae, 195; hind
foot, 43.5.

Fam. VI. Octodontidse. The Octodonts.

This Family has been divided into several subfamilies, only two
of which, the CAPROMYIN^; and LONCHERIN^;, are necessary to be
mentioned as coming within the scope of this work. Save one
species, the Coypu (Myocastor coypu), yielding the "Nutria fur" of
commerce, the members of this family are not generally known
except to naturalists, and among them, in the New World and on
certain of its islands, are found the curious Tree Rats of the genus
CAPROMYS, from which the name of the first of the above-mentioned
subfamilies is derived; the allied PLAGIODONTIA and various species
of Spiny Rats of different genera compose the other subfamily
LONCHERIN.E. Their trivial names are Hedge-hog or Spiny Rats,
as many have variously shaped spines mingled with the fur. Some
are of considerable size, and all have a more or less harsh fur, in some
instances even bristly. The various species are arboreal, terrestial,
or aquatic in habits, the Coypu having webbed hind feet and a cylin-
drical, tapering otter-like tail. The technical characters by which
these subfamilies are separated exist chiefly in the skull and teeth.

Sub f am. I. Lioncherinee.

In the succeeding genera the fur is usually mixed with flattened
lancet-shaped spines, contracted at the base, and acutely pointed.
Sometimes they are ridged, and never project beyond the hair.
Some species are prettily marked in brown and white, but many
have sombre hues only. Certain members of this subfamily are
destitute of spines, and so the trivial names for these animals would
be inappropriate for them, but it will answer well enough for the
majority of the species found within the limits of this work.

LONCHERES.

75. Loiicheres.

383

Loncheres Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., 1811, p. 90. Type
Myoxus chrysurns Zimm.—Echinotnys cristatus Desmarest.

Lonchctcs Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scandinav., i, 1828, Mamm., Con-
spectus A.

Palate long, narrow, V-shaped posteriorly; nasals long, broad
anteriorly, decreasing in width to posterior end, which is truncate
and on a line with the premaxillae; rostrum deep; interorbital con-
striction moderate; braincase broad anteriorly, narrowing slightly
towards occipital region; zygomata parallel with axis of skull, nearly
straight, the jugal composing most of the arch; bullae large, swollen
slightly, oblique; interpterygoid fossa broad, widest posteriorly;
hamular processes of pterygoids long, abutting the bullae; upper

FIG. 71. LONCHERES LABILIS.
Mus. Com p. Zool. Coll. Nat. size.

UPPER TOOTH ROW. LOWER TOOTH ROW.

Enlarged 3 times. Enlarged 3 times.

384

LONCHERES.

molars with one internal and three external loops; lower molars with
one external and two internal loops ; mandible broad with conspicuous
bead on inferior outline, the angle prolonged into a lengthened
delicate spur; condyle broad, rounded at extremity; coronoid process
short, pointed; symphyseal portion narrow, lower outline V-shaped.

403. labilis (Lonchcrcs} , Bangs, Amer. Nat., xxxv, 1901, p. 638.
GLIDING SPINY RAT.

Type locality. San Miguel Island, Bay of Panama.

Genl. Char. Pelage long, stiff; spines wanting.

FIG. LI. LONCHERES LABILIS. GLIDING SPINY RAT.

Color. Top of head, nose, and cheeks mixed black and yellowish;
patch of yellowish white at base of whiskers, also one above eye and
behind ear; rest of upper parts bright ferrugineous, varied with black
in certain specimens; chin grayish white; under parts buff or ferru-
gineous— in some individuals these colors show in patches; upper
surface of hands and feet yellowish brown; nails white; tail at base
like body, then black, tipped sometimes with yellowish white; ears
blackish, nearly naked. •

Measurements. Total length, 420-540; tail vertebrae, 175-240;
hind foot, 42-48; ear from notch, 14-16. Skull: basal length, 47.8;
occipito-nasal length, 56.6; zygomatic width, 27.4;' mastoid width,
22.4; interorbital constriction, 12; length of nasals, 16; width of
nasals, 7.2; palatal length, to palatal notch, 21.2; to end of pterygoid,
36.4; upper tooth row, 13; length of single half mandible, 34; lower
tooth row, 13.2.

The next is a comparatively large genus of moderate sized Spiny
Rats. One curious characteristic of these animals is the tendency to
lose their tails, the separation taking place at the fifth caudal ver-

PROECHINOMYS. 3H5

tebrae at the posterior border of the pelvis. The fifth caudal is
abnormal, the posterior half having apparently been lost by absorp-
tion. This interesting fact was ascertained by Mr. F. M. Chapman,*
who also states that on skinning specimens the tail easily broke
away at the fifth caudal vertebras. So frequently does the loss of
the tail occur, that in Trinidad the natives believe there are two
species, those with tails, and the tailless.

76. fProeehinomyg* Spiny Hats.

Proechimys (sic) Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1899, p. 264.

Type Echimys! trinitatis Allen & Chapman.

Echimys (sic) Geoff. St. Hil., Ann. Scien. Nat., 2me Se"r., x, 1838,
p. 125. (nee G. Cuvier, 1809.) Id. Mag. Zool., 2me Se"r.,
1840, p. 30.

Nasals very long, rounded anteriorly, narrowing posteriorly, and
longer than premaxillae; orbital constriction slight, greatest width of
skull at fronto-parietal suture; bullae large, converging to a point
anteriorly; interpterygoid fossa broad, widest anteriorly; processes
of the pterygoids long and broad, shaped somewhat like the head of
a spear, pointed, the exterior half twisted outward and lying parallel
with axis of skull; palate short, wide, posterior margin with V-shaped
notch; incisive foramina broad, rather short; root of upper incisor
curving backward to anterior base of zygoma; molar pattern rather
simple, upper premolars with two external and two internal loops,
the molars with two internal; lower molars with two external loops.
Lower part of mandible broadly flattened and rounded outward,
narrowing anteriorly to angle, which terminates in a short pointed
process; condyle very broad, slightly rounded; coronoid process
short, and pointed backward.

KEY TO SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. PAGE

A. Hands and feet ashy brown .............. P. semispinosus 386

B. Hands and feet dull whitish ....... ........... P. centralis 386

C. Hands and feet brown.

a. Above dark rufous .................... P. c. chiriquinus 387

b. Above paler .......................... P. c. panamensis 387

c. Above deep ferrugineous and brownish black. . .P. burrus 388

*Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1893, p. 226.

^eXtvoff, /zu(T=EcHiNOMYs nee Echimys= PROECHINOMYS.

386

PROECHINOMYS.

404. semispinosus (Echimys!), Tomes, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1860, p. 265.
SHORT-SPINED RAT.

Type locality. Ecuador.

Geogr. Distr. Nicaragua south to Ecuador.

Genl. Char. Size large; ears small; tail half as long as head and
body; long and strong claws on hands and feet; spines short, flexible,
confined to middle of back.

Color. Above mixed reddish brown and black; cheeks, sides of
neck, and body paler; orbital ring black; under parts white; tail
above black, beneath ashy brown; hands and feet ashy brown.

Measurements. Total length, 370-400; tail vertebrae, 140-169;
hind foot, 47-55; ear> 18-19. Skull: total length, 57; zygomatic
breadth, 29; upper tooth row, 16; length of nasals, 21.

FIG. 72. PROECHINOMYS CENTRALIS.
No. 23252 U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. Nat. size.

405. centralis (Echinomys), Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser.,
xvin, 1896, p. 312.

PROECHINOMYS. 387

NlCARAGUAN SPINY RAT.

Type locality. San Emilio, north end of Lake Nicaragua, Nicaragua.

Geogr. Distr. Costa Rica, Nicaragua.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. scmispinosus, but brighter colored;
nasals pointed posteriorly; zygomata broad; pterygoid processes
broad, spatulate.

Color. Similar to P. semis pinos us, "but brighter and richer, less
heavily black-lined on the back, and with the spineless fur of the
sides and rump much brighter rufous; hands and feet dull whitish
above, the darker mark which runs along the outer side of the meta-
tarsal in some species little marked." (Thomas, 1. c.)

Measurements. Total length, 437; tail, 170; hind foot, 55
(dried skin). Skull: basal length, 47.5; basilar length, 41; greatest
breadth, 26.5; length of nasals, 21.3; width of nasals, 6; interorbital
constriction, 12.5; breadth of interparietal, 12.5; Hensel, 20; length
of palatine foramina, 5; width, 2.5; length of upper molar series, 9.2;
length of mandible, condyle to the incisor, 34.

a. — chiriquinus (Proechimys!), Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th

Ser., v, 1900, p. 220.
BOGAVA SPINY RAT.

Type locality. Bogava, Chiriqui, Panama. Altitude, 800 feet.

Geogr. Distr. Panama, Central America.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. ccntralis, but darker. Skull: muzzle
broad, heavy; nasals short, broad; supraorbital ridges broad.

Color. Above dark rufous; sides of face grayish brown; feet
brown.

Measurements. Total length, 450; tail, 150; hind foot, 55; ear,
14. Skull: greatest breadth, 31; length of nasals, 23.5; width of
nasals, 7.5; interorbital constriction, 15.8; greatest breadth on ridges,
25; palatal length from henselion, 23; length of upper molar series,
9.2 ; length of palatal foramina, 6.5 ; width of palatal foramina, 3.7.

b. — panamensis (Proechimys!), Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,

7th Ser., v, 1900, p. 220.
PANAMA SPINY RAT.

Type locality. "Savanna near City of Panama," Panama.

Geogr. Distr. Panama, Central America.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. centralism head and shoulders grayish
brown.

Color. Above rufous; head and limbs grayish brown; cheek and
sides of neck paler; hind feet brown, remainder like P. centralis.

Measurements. Total length, 475; tail, 178; hind foot, 54; ear,
26. Skull: basilar length, 43; greatest breadth, 29; length of nasals,

:(>s PROECHINOMYS. CAPROMYIN^E.

24; interorbital constriction, 13.2; greatest breadth on ridges, 23.6;
length of upper molar series, 8.9.

406. burrus (Proechimys!), Bangs, Am. Nat., xxxv, 1901, p. 640.
SAN MIGUEL SPINY RAT.

Type locality. San Miguel Island, Bay of Panama.

Genl. Char. Similar to P. c. panamcnsis, but larger and more
red; nasals long, broad, and truncate posteriorly.

Color. Upper parts deep ferrugineous, varied with brownish
black; top of nose, cheeks, and lower sides more yellowish; anal
regions like back; rest of under parts pure white; tail above black,
beneath grayish; hands and feet dusky brown; ears dusky, nearly
naked.

Measurements. Total length, 410-490; tail vertebrae, 140-205;
hind foot, 50-60; ear from notch, 20-22. Skull: basal length, 52;
occipito-nasal length, 61.2; zygomatic width, 29; mastoid width,
22.2; interorbital constriction, 13.4; length of nasals, 24.2; width of
nasals, 7.6; length of palate to palatal notch, 21; end of pterygoid,
34; length of palatal foramina, 5.2; width of palatal foramina, 3;
upper tooth row, 9.8; length of single half of mandible, 33.8; lower
tooth row, 10.2.

The subfamily CAPROMYIN^; comprises large arboreal rats, which
are found only in some of the West India islands, the Bahamas, and
certain of the islands in the Gulf of Mexico. They have compara-
tively short tails; in some species this member is very short, and
one has a prehensile tail. All these are naked and scaly, only a
few scattering hairs being observable. The food of these animals
consists of leaves, twigs, and bark; and in one island at least, the
most eastern of the Plana Keys, Mr. Ingraham observed the species
that bears his name, associating together in considerable numbers.
Not much is known of the habits of these singular creatures, but
as their size makes them rather conspicuous and they are prac-
tically defenseless, while their flesh is said to be palatable, it is
probable they will, ere long, become extinct in the limited localities
in which they are now found. Indeed, the species inhabiting Jamaica
is stated to be practically extinct already. When on the ground
they greatly resemble the muskrat in their shape and movements.

Subfam. II. Capromyinee.

F. M. Chapman. A Revision of the genus Capromys. Bull. Am.
Mus. Nat. Hist., 1901, p. 313.

CAPROMYS.

77. Capromys.

389

Capromys Desmarest, Me"m. Soc. d'Hist. Nat., i, 1822, p. 43. Type
Capromys fonrnicri Desmarest = Isodon piloridcs Say.

Geocapromys Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1901, p. 314.

Procapromys Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1901, p. 322.

Incisors moderate; upper molars with one internal and two
external enamel folds; ear rather small; tail long; form slender;
habits arboreal.

FIG. 73. CAPROMYS PILORIDES.
No. 1140 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. *, nat. size.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.
A. Tail long.

a. Above reddish chestnut and black, to reddish PAGE

brown and black; beneath yellowish white. C. pilorides 390

390

CAPROMYS.

b. Above yellowish brown, beneath paler C.

c. Above dark reddish brown, beneath yellow-

ish tinged with reddish posteriorly C.

d. Above buffy black and ferrugineous ; under

parts buffy white C. p,

e. Above brilliant yellowish red; grayish red

spot on back

B. Tail short.

a. Above mixed black and golden brown; be-

neath yellowish

b. Above blackish brown, chest white, belly

yellowish gray C.

c. Above mixed yellowish brown, gray, and

black; beneath pale yellowish brown C.

PAGE

melanurus 391

prehensilis 391

gundlachi 392

. C. elegans 392

. C. browni 393

thoracatus 394

ingrahami 394

FIG. Lll. CAPROMYS PILORIDES. HAIRY HUTIA.

A. Oapromys.

407. pilorides (Isodon), Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., n,
1822, p. 333, fig.

fournieri Desm., Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat., 1822, p. 43, pi. i.

quemi Fisch., Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 312.
HAIRY HUTIA.

Type locality. "South America or one of the West Indian
Islands." Cuba?

Geogr. Distr. Cuba.

Genl, Char. Size large; tail long, sparsely haired; muzzle white.

Color. Variable; above reddish chestnut and black, the hairs
being black, tipped with reddish chestnut, darkest on median line
and paler on the sides where the hairs are tipped with yellowish
brown; nose and sides of head white, mixed with blackish and yel-

CAPROMYS. 391

lowish brown; under parts mixed gray and yellowish brown; limbs,
hands, and feet similar to back, but with less chestnut red; tail
covered with scattering reddish brown hairs.

Another style is yellowish brown and black above, and pale
yellow and black on sides. Nose and sides of head with a large
amount of white; under parts yellowish white from chin to tail, with
the sides of the belly pale brown ; tail yellowish ; hands whitish ; arms
mixed black and yellowish white; legs and feet black to toes, which
are whitish; ears blackish, edged with whitish hairs. The two styles
are strikingly different.

Measurements. Total length, 777; tail, 220; hind foot, 83
(skin). Skull: total length, 96; greatest zygomatic width, 48; length
of Hensel, 78; mastoid breadth, 34; palatal length, 22; upper tooth
row, 20; height of lower jaw at condyle, 30.

408. melanurus (Capromys}, Poey, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad.

Wiss. Berl., 1864, p. 384. Dobson, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1884,
p. 233, pis. xvm-xxi.
BLACK-TAILED HUTIA.

Type locality. Manzanillo, Cuba.

Geogr. Distr. Island of Cuba.

Genl. Char. Ears short, rounded, naked; eyes small; nostrils
obliquely placed in end of muzzle; tail scaly, but clothed with long
hairs; thumb rudimentary with small blunt claws; other digits with
convex, acute claws; foot twice the size of the hand.

Color. General hue yellowish brown, darkest on head and
palest beneath the body, mixed with long projecting black hairs;
the hair on head much shorter than on the body ; tail blackish
brown.

Measurements. Total length, 595; tail, 266; ear, 25. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 75; edge of foramen magnum to alveoli of
incisors, 57; length of nasals, 24; of frontal, 25; of parietal, 26; of
upper molar series, 15.5.

409. prehensilis (Capromys), Poeppig, Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien.

Phil., i, 1824, p. ii.
PREHENSILE-TAILED HUTIA.

Type locality. Southern Cuba.

Geogr. Distr. Island of Cuba.

Genl. Char. Tail long, rather thickly covered with hair; pelage
rather smooth; size moderate.

Color. Nose pale whitish brown; top and sides of head dark
reddish brown mixed with white; upper parts dark reddish brown,
being a mixture of dark brown, reddish brown, yellowish, and black,

392 CAPROMYS.

becoming more reddish on the rump; side paler, somewhat grayish;
throat and breast grayish; rest of under parts yellowish, with a red-
dish tinge near the inguinal region; limbs, hands, and feet like back;
tail covered with short reddish hair.

Measurements. Total length, 710; tail, 305; hind foot, 82; ear,
20. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 75; length of parietal, 27; of upper
molar series, 18; width between upper premolars, 4; between pos-
terior molars, 9.

a. — ifundlachi (Capromys), Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1901, p. 317.
GUNDLACH'S HUTIA.

Type locality. Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines, near Cuba.

Genl. Char. Similar to C. prehensilis, but less rufous; zygomata
heavier; postorbital process less produced; tail hairy throughout.

Color. Above mixed buff, black, and f errugineous ; rump brighter
ferrugineous ; crown and cheeks brown, nose buffy; lower part of
cheek whitish; under parts and inner side of limbs buffy white; tail
mixed rufous and brownish black.

Measurements. Total length, 695; tail, 300; hind foot, 80; ear,
23. Skull: greatest length, 80.5; greatest width, 40; width of post-
orbital processes, 24.5; length of nasals, 22.5; of frontal, 26.5; of
parietal, 28; length of upper molar series, 11.5; height of lower jaw
at condyle, 26.5.

410. elegans (Capromys), Latorre, Bol. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat.,

Madrid, i, 1901, p. 372.
LANCEOLATE-SPOT HUTIA.

Type locality. Cuba?

Geogr. Distr. Unique specimen in Madrid Museum, presumably
from Cuba.

Genl. Char. Size smaller than C. prehensilis; large grayish red
lanceolate spot on middle of back.

Color. General color brilliant yellowish red; head, tail, and feet
chestnut brown; tawny yellow spot between the eyes; on the back is
a large spot shaped like the head of a lance, the point directed
towards the rump, of an intense grayish red graduating into black
towards the broadest part. This spot is surrounded by an irregular
white band, which extends on the right flank toward the under
surface. On the shoulders, front of hind legs, and at base of tail are
numerous white hairs mixed with the others; nails large, curved, and
of a yellowish color; incisors large, and orange on the outer surface.

Measurements. Total length, 685; head with skull in skin, 95;
tail 200; hind foot, 75.

CAPROMYS.

393

B. Geocapromys.

Tail short, about equal to hind foot; claws shorter than in
Capromys; inner toe of fore foot barely perceptible; ascending
maxillary of zygomatic arch wider than in Capromys, the superior
margin of squamosal narrower and without processes; occipital
region lower.

FIG. 74. CAPROMYS (GEOCAPROMYS) BROWNI.

No. 19147 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. % nat. size.

411. browni (Capromys}, Fisch., Syn. Mamm., Addend., 1830,
p. 389.

brachyurus (Capromys}, Hill, Gosse, Nat. Sojourn in Jamaica,

1851, p. 471.
SHORT-TAILED HUTIA.

Type locality. Jamaica.

Geogr. Distr. Island of Jamaica.

Genl. Char. Tail very short, stiff, scaly, naked at base, covered
with short bristly hair above; fur dense, harsh; muzzle covered with
down.

394 CAPROMYS.

Color. Above mixed black and golden brown, beneath yellowish;
tail black above, grayish brown beneath; hands and feet blackish;
ears blackish gray.

Measurements. Total length, 450; tail, 35; hind foot, 60; ear, 6
(skin). Skull: occipito-nasal length, 101; length of Hensel, 81;
length of nasals, 36; of frontals, 35; of upper molar series, 21; lower
molar series, 21 ; width between rows of posterior molars, 10.

412. thoracatus (Capromys), True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888,

p. 469.
WHITE-BANDED HUTIA.

Type locality. Little Swan Island, Gulf of Honduras.

Geogr. Distr. Type locality only.

Genl. Char. Tail very short, and in other characters also similar
to C. browni.

Color. Above blackish brown; hairs plumbeous brown at base,
and ringed in center with yellow; throat pale gray; breast crossed
by a nearly pure white band; belly yellowish gray; tail dark brown;
hands and feet ochraceous; fingers and toes blackish brown.

Measurements. Total length, 389; tail, 45; hind foot, 65; ear
from occiput, 18. Skull: greatest length, 68.5; length of Hensel,
53-5 '• greatest breadth, 35.5; interorbital constriction, 17.7; length of
nasals, 23 ; of frontals, 23 ; of upper molar series, 15.5 ; width between
posterior upper molars, 5.3; length of lower molar series, 15.5.

413. ingrahami (Capromys), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1891, p. 329.
INGRAHAM'S HUTIA.

Type locality. Plana Key, Bahama Islands.

Geogr. Distr. Bahama Islands.

Genl. Char. In size similar to C. browni from Jamaica;
pelage coarse, harsh; tail very short, graduated, pointed, hairy.

Color. Above mixed yellowish brown, gray and black, or
blackish brown, darkest on head and nape; sides similar to back,
but paler; under parts pale yellowish brown; hands and feet red-
dish brown; tail rusty brown; bare on apical third beneath, which is
black; ears black, fringed with reddish brown hairs.

Measurements. Total length, 335-375; tail vertebrae, 55; hind
foot, 53-55; ear from crown, 16. Skull: total length, 63; greatest
width, 32; interorbital constriction, 17.5; length of nasals, 21; of
frontals, 21; of upper molar series, 15; width between rows of pos-
terior molars, 5.5; length of lower jaw, 44; height of condyle, 18.5.

PLAGIODONTIA.

78. Plagioclontia.

395

Plagiodontia F. Cuv., Ann. Scien. Nat., 2me Se"r., vi, 1836, p. 347,
Zool. Type Plagiodontia aedium F. Cuvier.

Skull broad; nasals broad, truncate posteriorly; infraorbital
foramina very large, round; superior outline descending from parietal
to end of nasals, and to occiput; zygomata moderately heavy, jugal
broad, extended; thumb rudimentary with a flat nail; the four ringers
with slender curved claws; toes larger, with strong compressed
curved claws; the middle and two outer toes longest and nearly
equal. Teeth without roots, diminishing in upper row from last
molar to premolar, which is smallest; each tooth has two oblique
loops horizontal to the jaw, one internal and one external, parallel
to each other. Lower molars nearly equal in size, the premolar

FIG. 75. PLAGIODONTIA AEDIUM.
ex Ann. Scien. Nat., Paris, 1836. Plate 17, nat. size.

396

PLAGIODONTIA.

slightly smaller, with one external and two internal loops, the angle
on latter much shallower than the others;, lower incisors enter jaw
to base of last molar.

414. aedium (Plagiod ontia) , F. Cuv., Ann. Scien. Nat., 2me Ser., vi,

1836, p. 347, pi. 17, Zool.
HAITIAN HUTIA.

Type locality. Island of Haiti.

Geogr. Distr. Island of Haiti.

Genl. Char. Those of the genus.

FIG. Llll. PLAGIODONTIA AEDIUM. HAITIAN HUTIA.
ex Ann. Scien. Nat., Paris, 1836, PI. 17.

Color. General hue pale brown; hairs on upper parts gray for
three-fourths their length, and fawn at the tips; long black hairs are
intermingled with the others; hairs of under parts are paler than
those of the back, and the long hairs are whitish; tail naked, scaly;
incisors yellow.

Measurements. Total length, 425; tail, 125. Skull: occipital
region imperfect ; posterior border of frontal to end of nasals, 5 2 ;
interorbital constriction, 19; zygomatic width, 42; length of nasals,
23.5; length of upper molar series, alveolar border, 21; length of
mandible, angle to alveolus of incisor, 48; height at coronoid process,
23; length of lower molar series, alveolar border, 22.

Of the Family of "fretful porcupines," the semi-arboreal species
of the genus ERETHIZON are found in North America. They prefer
a cold climate, and if their lot is cast in tropical lands .such as Mexico,

ERETHIZONTIDJE. ERETHIZONTINJE. ERETHIZON. 397

they endeavor to equalize matters by living in high altitudes in the
mountains. While the American Porcupines are to a great extent
arboreal, yet they are by no means restricted to a life in the trees,
and the different species are frequently met with traveling on the
ground, and in the western part of the United States it is not uncom-
mon to find the Porcupine out on the prairie far from any timber.
They are inoffensive animals when unmolested, but disagreeable
creatures to handle or meddle with by either man or dog.

Fam. VII. Erethizoiiticlfe.

Form stout; long acute spines loosely attached to skin. Skull
with facial portion short, and the jugal without inferior angle;
molars more or less completely rooted.

Subfam. I. ErethizontinsB.
79. r.n-t hi/mi. Long-spiiied Porcupines.

Erethizon F. Cuv., M£m. du Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, ix, 1822, p. 426.

Type Hystrix dorsatus Linnaeus.

Eucritus Fisch., Mem. Soc. Imp. Moscow, v, 1817, pp. 372, 411.
Echinothrix Brookes, Cat. Anat. Zool., 1828, Id. Trans. Linn. Soc.

Lond., xvi, 1829, pt. i, p. 97.
Echinoprocta Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865, pp. 321-322 desc.

Four toes on fore feet, five on hind feet, all with strong claws;
limbs short, strong; no naked mesial line on upper lip, which is
covered with hair and notched above the incisors; tail short, thick,
non-prehensile, covered above with stiff hairs and spines, and on the
sides and beneath with stiff bristles.

415. epixanthum (Erethizon}, Brandt, Me*m. Acad. Imp. Scien.,
St. Petersb., 6th Ser., 1835, p. 390, pi. i, 9. Elliot, Syn. N.
Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 265.
pilosus. Peale (nee Rich.), U. S. Expl. Exped., Mamm., 1848,

p. 46.
WESTERN PORCUPINE.

Type locality. California? Unalaska?

Geogr. Distr. State of Sonora, Mexico, into New Mexico, east-
ward to Missouri, west to the Pacific, and north to Alaska and the
limit of trees.

Genl. Char. Light tips of long hairs of dorsal surface greenish
yellow. Average length of nasals exceed interorbital breadth, or over

398

ERETHIZON.

FIG. 76. ERETHIZON EPIXANTHUM.
No. 4113 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. I nat. size.

one-third the skull's length; nasals extending backward to the
orbits, or two-fifths length of skull.

Color. Similar to E. dorsatum, except tips of long hairs are green-
ish yellow instead of yellowish white; central line of belly sooty
brown; spines yellowish on the back, on the sides whitish, tipped
with brown.

ERETHIZON.

COENDU.

399

FIG. LIV. ERETHIZON EPIXANTHUM. WESTERN PORCUPINE.

Measurements. Total length, 825; tail vertebrae, 165. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 92; Hensel, 81; greatest zygomatic width, 70;
mastoid breadth, 47 ; palatal length, 30 ; length of upper tooth row, 24.

The members of the genus COENDU are essentially Tree Porcupines
having prehensile tails to aid them in their movements among the
branches. They are more especially natives of South America, but
one extends its range into Mexico. They are of a more slender form
than the Ground Porcupines, and their quills are variously colored,
and these are mixed among the hairs, exhibiting the transition
stage, neither all hairs nor all quills.

8O. Coeiidu. Short-spiiied Porcupines.

Coendu Lace"p., Disc, d'ouvert. et de cloture du Cours Hist. Nat.,

Suppl., 1799, p. n. Type Hystrix prehensilis Linnaeus.
Senetheres (sic') F. Cuv., Me"m. du Mus. Hist. Nat.. Paris, ix,
1822, p. 433.

400 COENDU.

Laboura Bilbberg. Syn. Faun. Scandinav., Mamm., i, 1828,

Consp. A.
Cercolabes Brandt, Mamm. Exot. Nov., in Me"m. Acad. Imp.

St. Petersb., Se"r. 3, in, 1835, p. 55.

Jj

Body covered with short, variously colored spines, close together,
and mixed with hairs; hind feet with only four toes, hallux absent;
fleshy pad on inner side of foot; tail prehensile.

FIG. 77. COENDU MEXICANUM.
No. 102 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. i nat. size

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

A. Tail prehensile.

a. Fur fulvous brown. PAGE
a/ Hind foot, 52 mm C. pallidum 401

b. Fur speckled with white.

a.' Hind foot, 71 mm C. rothschildi 401

c. Fur black.

a/ Hind foot, 88 mm C. mexicanum 402

b/ Hind foot, 74 mm C. m. yucatania 402

d. Fur blackish brown; hind foot, 75 mm C. lanatum 402

COENDU.

401

416. pallidum (Cercolabes) , Waterh., Mamm., n, 1848, p. 434.
LIGHT-COLORED PORCUPINE.

Type locality. "West Indies"?

Genl. Char. Fur soft; spines short; tail short, with slender spines
on upper part of basal half.

Color. General color pale fulvous brown; limbs, lower part of
flanks, and under parts darker brown; muzzle and feet dusky brown;
tail brownish black; quills white, with black tips, hidden mostly in
the fur.

Measurements. Total length, 513; tail, 193; hind foot, 53.3.

417. rothschildi (Coendu), Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ;th Ser.,

x, 1902, p. 169.
ROTHSCHILD'S TREE PORCUPINE.

Type locality. Se villa Island, off Chiriqui, Panama.

Genl. Char. Hair short; skull much inflated above orbits; nasal
aperture large; fourth premolar not larger than molars.

Color. Profusely speckled with white; spines on back all tipped
with white.

Measurements. Total length, 740; tail vertebrae, 330; hind foot,
with claws, 68. Skull: basilar length, 71; length of upper molar
series, 17.3.

FIG. LV. COENDU MEXICANUM. MEXICAN TREE PORCUPINE.

402 COENDU.

418. mexicanum (Hystrix), Kerr, Linn., Anim. King., 1792, p. 214.
novat-hispani& Briss., Regn. Anim., 1756, p. 127.

prehensilis Schreb., Saugeth., iv, p. 6o3x
PREHENSILE-TAILED PORCUPINE.

Type locality. Mountains of Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Mirador, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico, south to
Costa Rica.

Gcnl. Char. Tail short, stout, bare of spines on apical half.

Color. Body covered with yellow and white spines, with black
tips; the fur amid these on the body and limbs is black, with the tips
of hairs white; basal half only of tail covered with spines, remainder
with stiff black hairs.

Measurements. Total length, 750; tail, 320; hind foot, 88
(dried skin.) Skull: occipito-nasal length, 82; total length, 84;
zygomatic width, 52; interorbital constriction, 27; palatal length
(palatal arch to anterior edge of premolar), 16; length of upper
molar series, alveolar border, 18 ; length of mandible, angle to alveolus
of incisor, 54; length of lower tooth row, alveolar border, 22.

a. — yucatanice (Coendu), Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th Ser.,

x, 1902, p. 249.
YUCATAN TREE PORCUPINE.

Type locality. Izamal, Yucatan.

Genl. Char. Similar to C. mexicanum; black fur shorter. Skull
with nasals parallel, not expanded anteriorly; forehead inflated;
braincase narrow; anterior palate flat; bullae high, narrow.

Color. Like that of C. mexicanum.

Measurements. Total length, 820; tail, 380; hind foot with claws,
74. Skull : greatest length, 88 ; basilar length, 75 ; zygomatic breadth,
48.5; nasals, 30.5 X 19; height of forehead above palate, 97; inter-
orbital breadth, anteriorly, 30; posteriorly, 36; breadth of braincase
behind zygomata, 33; palatal length, 38.5; palatal foramina, 8 X 3.2;
length of upper tooth row, 18.1.

419. laenatum (Coendu), Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th Ser., xi,

1903, p. 381.
CHIRIQUI PORCUPINE. Gato de Spinas in Chiriqui.

Type locality. Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama. Altitude, 5,000 feet.

Genl. Char. Spines not showing through fur on tail or limbs.
Skull flat, not inflated on frontal region; anterior portion of pre-
maxillae projecting but slightly in front of nasals; nasals broad ante-
riorly, narrowing posteriorly; supraorbital edges square, ridges well
defined ; palatal foramina ending at premaxillo-maxillary suture ; pos-
terior edge of palate on line with posterior edge of second upper molar.

COENDU. DASYPROCTA. 403

Color. Blackish brown above and beneath; spines of back yel-
lowish white on basal three-fifths, remainder brownish black, tips
horny; hands, feet, and tail black.

Measurements. Total length, 708; tail, 256; hind foot, with claws,
75. Skull: greatest length, 80; basilar length, 67 ; zygomatic breadth,
47; length of nasals, 24; breadth of nasals, anteriorly, 16; breadth of
nasals at fronto-premaxillary suture, 12.8; interorbital constriction,
25.5; palatal length, 35.7; height of forehead, above premolars 27.7;
length of upper tooth row, 19.

The Rodents with hoof-like claws of the family AGOUTID^E,
resemble in their general outward appearance a ruminant, such as
the little musk-deer, more than a rodent. Slender of form and limbs,
they are small of stature with very short ears and tail. Two genera
contain all the known species, distinguished from each other by the
number of toes on the hind foot, the members of DASYPROCTA having
three, and those of AGOUTI five. The former genus contains a num-
ber of species, distributed in Central and South America, and even
on some of the West India islands; but on these last only two have
been found as yet, one of which has a great range, for it is a native
of South America as far south as Paraguay, but is not met with
west of the Andean Chain of Mountains, being replaced in Ecuador
by A. taczanowski. The absence of tail in the Agoutis is compen-
sated for by the length of the hairs on the rump, which fall over so
far that they would hide any moderately long tail. Agoutis are
dwellers both of the woods and plains, agile in their movements,
and swift runners. Nocturnal in habits, they remain hidden for the
greater part of the day. Their food is chiefly vegetable.

Fam. VIII. Agoutidee. Agoutis.

E. R. Alston. The genus Dasyprocta, with Description of a New
Species. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 347.

81. Dasyprocta. Agoutis. Paca.

i.S;P.S:M.g = ».

Dasyprocta Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Av., 1811, p. 93. Type

Cutia Liais, Climats. Ge"ol. Faune et Geog. Bot. Bre"sil, 1872,

P- 534-

Myoprocta Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th Ser., xn, 1903,
p. 464.

404 DASYPROCTA.

Molars semi-rooted, with external and internal enamel folds
claws hoof-like; tail obsolete; hind toes three.

FIG. 78. DASYPROCTA MEXICANA.
No. 13855 U. S. Nat. Mus. Col). % nat. size.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Without nuchal crest.

a. Long hairs on rump not annulated.

a.' Above rufous, or hairs with yellow and
black rings.

DASYPROCTA. 405

a." Under parts like back; pale line on PAGE

belly; size large D. punctata 405

b." Under parts tinged with olivaceous;

size small D. ruatanica 405

b/ Above mixed black and white D. mexicana 405

c.' Above yellowish clay color D. callida 406

b. Long hairs on rump, annulated to their base.

a.' Long rump hairs black and yellow ringed. .D. isthmica 407

b.' Long rump hairs, brown and orange D. coibce 407

B. With nuchal crest D. cristata 407

420. punctata (Dasyprocta) , Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ist Ser.,

x, 1842, p. 264.
SPOTTED AGOUTI. Cotusa in Guatemala.

Type locality. "South America."

Geogr. Distr. Guatemala, Costa Rica, Central America.

Genl. Char. Color variable, from a bright chestnut to a pale
yellow.

Color. Uniform rufous, or with yellow and black rings on hairs
on all the body except a pale line on middle of abdomen; hairs of
rump only slightly elongate.

Measurements. Total length about 550; hind foot, 100.

421. ruatanica (Dasyprocta), Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th

Ser., vin, 1901, p. 272,
RUATAN ISLAND AGOUTI.

Type locality. Island of Ruatan, Bay of Honduras.

Geogr. Distr. Type locality only.

Genl. Char. Similar to D. punctata, but smaller.

Color. Above mixed black and yellow, like D. punctata; under
part like back, tinged with olivaceous; chin white; yellow patch on
belly; hands and feet grizzled or deep brown; ears blackish.

Measurements. Length head and body, 435; hind foot, 101.
Skull: basal length, 70.5; zygomatic breadth, 18.7; interorbital
breadth, 27.5.

422. mexicana (Dasyprocta) , Sauss., Rev. Mag. Zool., 2me Se'r., xn,

1860, p. 53.
MEXICAN AGOUTI.

Type locality. "Hot zone of Mexico." State of Vera Cruz?

Genl. Char. Long hairs black throughout their length; size
small.

Color. Hairs on body above, and sides ringed with black and
pure white; rump black; throat and belly white.

406

DASYPROCTA.

Measurements. Total length about 430; hind foot, 90. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 108; greatest zygomatic width, 50; mastoid
width, 46; length of Hensel, 79; palatal length, 14; length of upper
tooth row (crown), 19; length of frontals, 40; height of lower jaw at
condyle, 28.

423. callida (Dasyproctd) , Bangs, Am. Nat., xxxv, 1901, p. 635.
CUNNING AGOUTI.

Type locality. San Miguel Island, Bay of Panama.

Genl. Char. Color pale; rump hairs white-tipped. Skull slender;
rostrum long; nasals narrow.

Color. Upper parts with the hairs annulated with yellowish and
black, giving a yellowish clay as the general color; more ochraceous
in middle of back; rump hairs long, black with white tips; under
parts soiled white, hairs annulated with drab; fore and hind feet
brownish black.

Measurements. Total length, 420-510; tail vertebrae, 20-30;
hind foot, 96-105; ear from notch, 33-38. Skull: basal length, 85.4;
occipito-nasal length, 98.6; zygomatic width, 44; mastoid width, 32;
interorbital constriction, 26.2; length of nasals, 38; width of nasals,

FIG. LVI. DASYPROCTA ISTHMICA. ISTHMIAN AGOUTI.

DASYPROCTA. 407

15.4; length of palate to palatal notch, 39; to end of pterygoid, 55.4;
upper tooth row (four molar teeth), 17.2; greatest width of rostrum,
24; length of single half of mandible, 58; lower tooth row (four molar
t^eth), 1 8. 8.

424. isthmicte (Dasyprocta) , Alston, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1876, p. 347.
ISTHMIAN AGOUTI.

Type locality. Colon, Columbia.

Geogr. Distr. Unknown, probably Costa Rica to Columbia.

C /V;//. Char. Long hairs of rump black, with broad pale tips.

Color. "Fur ringed with black and yellow; rump black more or
less washed with orange or yellow, the long hairs being black at the
base, scarcely annulated except close to the tips, which are broadly
margined with the light color."

Measurements. "Total length about 22 inches; hind foot, 4.25
inches." (Alston, 1. c.)

425. coibae (Dasyprocta), Thomas, Novitat. Zool., ix, 1902, p. 136.
COIBA AGOUTI.

Type locality. Coiba Island, West Coast of Panama.

Genl. Char. Size as in D. isthmicce; fur coarse, sparse; rump
hairs about three inches in length; nasals parallel, not tapering.

Color. Upper parts grizzled brown; hairs ringed with brown and
orange; rump hairs broadly tipped with orange; crown blackish
brown; under parts soiled yellowish; upper surface of feet black;
tail naked for about an inch; ears nearly naked, brown.

Measurements. Head and body, 570; tail, 25; hind foot, 105;
with hoofs, 115; ear, 32. Skull: basilar length, 78; zygomatic
breadth, 53; nasals, 40 X 24; interorbital breadth, 32; palatal length,
38.5; diastema, 26.5; length of palatal foramina, 4.2; length of bullae,
15.2; length of upper molar series (crowns), 16.

426. cristata (Cavid), Desm., Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., i, 1816, p. 213.
antillensis, Sclat., Proc. Zool. Soc.. 1874, p. 666.

CRESTED AGOUTI.

Type locality. "Surinam." Probably a West Indian form.
(Alston.)

Geogr. Distr. Islands of St. Vincent, St. Lucia, and St. Thomas,
West Indies.

Genl. Char. Nuchal crest present; colors dark.

Color. Hairs ringed with black and reddish or brownish yellow;
nuchal tuft and rump black, with hairs ringed at base.

Measurements. Total length, 450; hind foot, 93.75.

408 AGOUTI.

The Paca is more robust than the Agouti, with coarse hair, and
no tail worth mentioning, and the inner toe and the nails on each
foot very small. Like the Agouti, it is nocturnal, hiding in under-
ground retreats in the forest by day, coming out at night to feed.
It excavates burrows several feet deep, mostly in the vicinity of
rivers. The subspecies mentioned below, with its parent species,
and a smaller one, A. taczanowski, from Ecuador, are the only repre-
sentatives of the genus known, the A. paca, however, having a wide
distribution. A remarkable character in the Paca is the unusual
development of the cheek bone, the malar being greatly inflated
and excavated, and its outer surface roughened in an extraordinary
degree. The cavity in the cheek bone is lined with a mucous mem-
brane and communicates with the mouth by a small opening. The
raison d'etre of this peculiar structure is unknown, and it can hardly
be used as a pouch for food, like those of the Gophers and Chipmunks,
for it would seem that any particles placed in this bony pouch would
be apt to stay there, the animal having no means of extracting them.

82. Agouti. Paca.

Agouti Lacep., Tabl. Divis. Sous-divis. Ordres et Genres Mamm.,
Suppl. to Disc, d'ouvert et de cloture du Cours d'Hist. Nat.,
etc., 1799, p. ii. Type Mus paca Linnaeus.

Coelogenus (sic) F. Cuv., Ann. du Mus., Hist. Nat. Paris, x, 1807,
p. 203.

Paca Fischer, Zoogn., 1814, p. 85.

Osteopera Harlan, Faun. Amer., 1825, p. 126.

Genysccelns Liais, Climats. Geol. Faune Bre'sil., 1872, p. 537.

Five toes on hind feet; zygomatic arches greatly expanded verti-
cally, forming bony capsules on side of face, communicating with
mouth by a small opening at bottom of inclosed cavity. Head large
and broad; nose not pointed; tail a fleshy tubercle; inner toes and
the nail of each foot very small.

paca virgata (Agouti}, Bangs. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,xxxix, 1902,

P- 47-
CENTRAL AMERICAN PACA.

Type locality. Divala, Chiriqui, Panama.

Geogr. Distr. Central America.

Genl. Char. Similar to the South American animal, but second
stripes much less broken into spots; hind foot larger. Skull larger;
palate narrower; audital bullae flatter.

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE XXXVIII, ZOOLOGY.

AGOUTI PACA VIRGATA.
No. 10071) Mus. Comp. Zool. Coll. V4 nat. size.

. i*

g

(S ui

< .2

AGOUTI.

409

Color. Variable; upper parts walnut brown; a stripe from
shoulder to hip and a shorter one above it white; these break into a
series of spots on the sides of neck and on flanks and are smaller on
the latter. Two rows of small white spots above the others, the
lower extending from sides of neck to flanks.

FIG. LVII. AGOUTI PACA VIRGATA. CENTRAL AMERICAN PACA.

Measurements. Total length, 740; tail vertebrae, 22; hind foot,
130; ear, 43. Skull: basal length, 139.6; occipito-nasal length, 151;
zygomatic width, 104; mastoid width, 54.8; interorbital width, 47.2;
length of nasals, 51.2; width of nasals, 26; length of palate to palatal
notch, 76; width of palate at middle of second molariform tooth, 7;
at middle of last molariform tooth, 10.2; upper molar series, 29.6;
length of single half mandible, 107. (Bangs, 1. c.)

No family of mammals is better known generally than that of
the LEPORID.E, which includes the Hares and Rabbits. It is the one
group of animals with which nearly all persons are familiar. The
terms, Hares and Rabbits, although used indiscriminately by many
persons, really indicate very important distinctions, viz.: Hares
never make burrows in the earth, but construct loosely arranged
nests or "forms," where they sit during the day, and in which they
bring forth their young fully clothed with fur and able to take care
of themselves. On the other hand, the Rabbit digs a deep burrow
in the earth, with many connecting passages and openings, and the

410 LEPORIDJE.

young are born underground, naked, blind, and helpless. These
animals inhabit districts varying greatly in their conditions and
situations. Some seek swamps, marshes, or dense thickets, like the
southern canebrakes, and are partly aquatic ; others delight in woods,
bushy coverts, and tangled depths; while still others are at home
only in the snow-covered northern wastes, or the wide wind-swept
prairies or desert expanse. In the northern portion of the western
hemisphere the greater portion of these animals are found, and the
largest species occur in the extreme north and on the plains, and are
represented by the Arctic Hares and Jack Rabbits. Certain species
turn white in winter in districts where there are heavy falls of snow,
the white coat assimilating with the snow, and affording concealment
to the animal. This change, however, does not always occur
throughout the range of every species, as witnessed by the Washing-
ton Hare, L. Washington*, which is a white animal in winter in its
northern range, while in the more southern part of its dispersion,
about Puget Sound, it does not turn white in winter, the moderate
snow fall in that section not making a white coat necessary for
protection. On the contrary, an animal of such a color would be,
probably, all the more conspicuous. Hares are remarkable for their
lengthened ears and hind legs, and in some species these characters
are carried to an extreme, but all members of the family have the
hind legs considerably elongated, and it is by them that the great
leaps made in flight are accomplished. Hares and Rabbits are
absolutely without defense, flight (aided by a low order of strategy,
illustrated by doubling on its tracks) being their only means of
escape from their enemies. They are, however, always on the watch,
their large eyes roving constantly over every object in range of their
vision, and the long ears constantly in motion, attentive to every
sound. Innumerable enemies of the earth and air are continually
seeking their destruction, and it is only its amazing fecundity that
enables the race to survive. The fore legs are very short, and are
never used as hands, as is the case with many rodents, and although
in the feeble combats indulged in by Hares, the fore feet may occa-
sionally be used to strike an adversary, they are capable of inflicting
only very slight injuries. Compared with many rodents, the teeth
of Hares are weak, but they commit much damage with such as
they have, gnawing trees, shrubs, etc., and are very destructive to
growing crops, vegetables, and also to ornamental plants. The
members of this family possess more teeth than those of any other
among the rodents, and they are remarkable for having at birth
three pairs of incisors in the upper jaw, the second pair small and
placed behind the middle large pair. The second outer pair early

LEPORID^E. ROMEROLAGUS. 411

becomes deciduous, but the inner small pair is retained through life.
The food of these animals is strictly vegetable. Rabbits have been
introduced into various parts of the world, and in some lands have
multiplied to such an extent as to become very serious pests, and
all kinds of methods for exterminating them have been tried in vain,
illustrating in a very forcible and unpleasant manner the foolishness
of man when he disturbs the harmony of Nature and interferes with
her distribution of animal life upon the Globe. In sections of
western North America Jack Rabbits, so-called, abound in such
extraordinary numbers that great hunts are regularly organized and
attended by all the ranchmen in the vicinity, and many thousands of
these animals are killed in a single day, having been "rounded up"
in a manner similar to that employed with the half-wild range cattle,
except that the Hares are driven into a space inclosed with nets,
from which there is no escape, and where they are speedily dispatched
with clubs. In spite of these wholesale executions, and all other
fatalities that overtake them, Hares still flourish.

One other family is comprised in this suborder, the LAGOMYID^E,
containing the little Chief Hares, or Pikas. No species are found
within the lands embraced in this work so far as known. Far up
the mountain sides, sometimes at an elevation of many thousand
feet, amid the ranges that form the "backbone" of the North
American Continent, their fortress a hole amid the rocks, these little
creatures, whose aspect is between that of a guinea-pig and a rabbit,
live in colonies and betray their presence to the intruder on their
domains by sharp, squeaking, querulous ventriloquial notes or cries,
deceptive as to distance and locality. Very timid, the Pikas are shy
and watchful, and survey an interloper from the farther side of some
friendly stone. They lay up stores of provisions, such as grass and
other herbage, against the long severe winter, and are very indus-
trious. Four young are produced in the spring about May. Pikas
are very small, tailless animals, about eight inches in length, with
large, flat ears, small eyes, and a rudimentary thumb with claw.

Fam. IX. Leporidse. Hares, Rabbits.

C. J. Forsyth-Major, On Fossil and Recent Lagomorpha. Trans.
Zool. Soc., 1898, p. 433.

Romerolagus Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., x, 1896, p. 173. Type

Romcrolagus nclsoni Merriam.

Small; ears, hind legs, and feet short. Skull similar to that of the
subgenus Sylvilagns, but postorbital processes are lacking anteriorly,

412 ROMEROLAGUS.

and jugals elongated posteriorly; clavicles articulating with sternum
and scapula; prosternum broader £han long before first pair of ribs;
mesosternum of three segments; six pair of ribs articulating with
sternum; fifth cervical vertebrae with transverse process directed
outward, not backward; transverse process of lumbar vertebrae
broadly expanded; small hypopophyses present on first three lumbar
vertebrae; inferior crest of navicular bone short and not produced
under base of metatarsal. (ex Merr., 1. c.)

FlG. 79. ROMEROLAGUS NELSONI.
No. 57949 U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. Nat. size.

427. *nelsoni (Romerolagus) , Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., x, 1896,

P- i?3-
diazi. (Lepus}, Ferrari-Perez, Cat. Comis. Geogr. Explor. Repub.

Mexicana, 1893, pi- 42-
NELSON'S HARE.

Type locality. West slope of Mt. Popocatepetl, State of Mexico,
Mexico. Altitude, 10,000-12,000 feet.

* It is a moot question whether this species should not bear the name diazi
instead of nelsoni, the figure on plate 42 of the Catalogue above cited represent-
ing undoubtedly this species. It is said that a description was a'.so published
in a Mexican newspaper. The figure in the plate gives a better idea of the ani-
mal than can be obtained from any description.

ROMEROLAGUS. LEPUS. 413

Geogr. Distr. Mt. Popocatepetl, State of Mexico, and Mt. Iztac-
cihuatl ? Mexico.

Genl. Char. Those of genus.

Color. Upper parts, collar, and sides grayish brown and black,
suffused with yellowish; chin and belly smoky gray washed with
buff; feet buffy yellow.

Measurements. Total length, 311; tail vertebrae, o; hind foot,
53; ear from notch (skin), 36. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 48;
Hensel, 38; zygomatic width, 25; across orbital processes, 13; palatal
length, 20; length of mandible, angle to symphysis, 31; height at
coronoid process, 23.

84. Lepus.

Lepus Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 1758, p. 57; i, 1766, p. 79. Type Lepus
timidus Linnaeus.

Hydrolagus Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., xx, 1867, p. 221.

Silvilagus Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., xx, 1867, p. 222.

Tapcti Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., xx, 186} , p. 224.

Macrotolagus Mearns, Science, i, 1895, p. 698. Id. Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1896, p. 552.

Microlagus Trouess., Cat. Mamm. vivent. quam fossil, 18197, fasc 3,
p. 660.

Limnolagus Mearns, Science, N. S., v, 1897, P- 393-

Skull high, superior outline much curved, especially at occipital
region ; postorbital processes in the majority of species long, more or
less divergent, flanking a deep wide notch, their posterior extremities
not completely fused with skull; (exceptions to this are the swamp
hares which have this process ankylosed to the cranium by its tip, or
its internal margin) ; all the openings of the skull are large ; facial sur-
face of the maxilla reticulated; orbits very large, meeting in the mesial
line of the cranium ; teeth more numerous than in any other family of
rodents; second pair of upper incisors small, situated behind the chief
pair; the latter is grooved deeply in front, and all are deeply implanted
in the skull and lower jaw; molars rootless; third upper molar minute;
last lower molar larger, but still much the smallest of the lower series;
palate a mere bridge between molars. The scapula ends in a process,
which has near its termination a branch directed at right angles to the
axis; tibia and fibula always ankylosed; fore feet with five toes, hind
feet with four. A patch of hair covered skin on inner surface of cheeks
extending backward from the angle of mouth. Hind legs elongate, in
some species greatly so; ears very long; tail rudimentary.

414 LEPUS.

KEY TO THE SUBGENERA.

A. Tail rudimentary.

a. Interparietal persistent as a distinct bone in

adults,
a/ Ear shorter than hind foot.

a." Skull and teeth strong, heavy; p<0stor-

bital process of frontal ankylosed PAGE

with cranium for its entire length Limnolagus 414

b." Skull and teeth lighter; postorbital pro-
cess of frontal ankylosed with cra-
nium behind, inclosing a foreman Silvilagiis 416

b/ Ear longer than hind foot Microlagus 428

b. Interparietal always obliterated in adults. . . .Macrotolagus 431

B. Tail none Tapeti 426

A. Limnolagus.

"Interparietal present as a distinct bone in adults. Skull and
teeth massive ; rostral portion of skull wide as high ; postorbital pro-
cess of frontals ankylosed with the cranium for its entire length;
frontals and parietals deeply pitted ; skull rather straight above, about
half as wide as long; pelage harsh; head small; ear, tail, and hind
foot short, the latter scantily haired."

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.
A. Skull large, heavy ; frontals and parietals deeply
pitted ; pelage harsh.

a. Basisphenoid and basioccipital forming an

obtuse angle. PAGE

a.' Above pale buffy gray, lined with black. .L. a. attwateri 414
b/ Above yellowish brown, tinged with

rufous and lined with black L. palustris 415

b. Basisphenoid and basioccipital on same plane L. truii 415

aquaticus attwateri (Lepus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895,

p. 327. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 278.
ATTWATER'S SWAMP HARE.

Type locality. Medina River, 18 miles south of San Antonio,
Bexar County, Texas.

Geogr. Distr. Yucatan, Mexico, to southeastern Texas.

Genl. Char. The general color paler than that of L. aquaticus.
Size similar.

Color. Above pale buffy gray lined with black ; sides whitish gray
tinged with buff; dorsal region tinged with yellowish, darkest on the
rump ; belly and inside of legs white ; back sometimes nearly all black ;

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE XL, ZOOLOGY.

LEPUS AQUATICUS ATTWATERI.
No. 6131 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coll. Nat. size.

LEPUS. 415

ears sparsely haired, reddish brown outside, with a narrow white
border anteriorly ; curved black line at corner of eye across cheek ; tail
reddish brown above, white below; feet fulvous above, soles dusky.

Measurements. Total length, 520; tail to end of hairs, 83; hind
foot, 105; ear, 65. Skull: total length, 87; basal length, 79; zygomatic
breadth, 40; mastoid breadth, 32; interorbital constriction, 32;
length of nasals, 35 ; of lower jaw, 63 ; height of coronoid process, 37.

428. palustris (Lcpns), Bachm., Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1837,
p. 194, pis. 15, 16. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 279.

douglasi Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1837, p. 586.
SWAMP HARE. Conejo in Mexico.

Type locality. Eastern South Carolina?

Geogr. Distr. Yucatan, Mexico, north to Texas; Florida; and
North Carolina.

Genl. Char. Size of L. sylvaticus, tail shorter; ears broader, more
rounded; head larger; nails of toes exposed; incisors and molars,
broader and heavier.

Color. Above yellowish brown tinged with rufous or rusty (the
latter especially on the rump and outside of legs), and heavily shaded
with black; beneath grayish white; fore neck, breast, and sides yellow-
ish brown; chin grayish white; throat brownish gray; ear grayish
rufous lined with black; tail above rufous and black, beneath grayish
white; soles brownish.

Measurements. Total length, 444; tail vertebrae, 38; hind foot, 88;
ear, 64. Skull: total length, 79; greatest width, 38; interorbital
width, 15; lateral length of nasals, 32; posterior width of nasals, 19;
length of upper molar series, 1 5 ; length of lower jaw, 60.

429 truii (Lepus), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 192.
TRUE'S SWAMP HARE.

Type locality. Mirador, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to L. palustris, darker, smaller; skull with
comparative differences.

Color. Similar to L. palustris, but smaller in size and more mixed
with black on upper parts, especially on the dorsal region; beneath
pale yellowish except a broad yellowish brown pectoral band; ears
black and rufous ; feet pale rufous.

Measurements. Total length, 335; hind foot, 75; ear from crown,
54. Skull: basal length, 57; greatest zygomatic breadth, 35; inter-
orbital constriction, 25; mid-palatal length, n; length of nasals, 27;
length of upper molar series, 14; height of lower jaw at coronoid
process, 32. (ex Type.)

416

LEPUS.

B. Silvilagus.

"Interparietal persistent as a distinct bone in adults; rostrum
wider than high ; skull and teeth light ; postorbital process united with
cranium behind, inclosing a narrow foramen; upper surface of skull

FIG. 80. LEPUS ISILVILAGUSI F. SUBCINCTUS.

No. 8678 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. Nat. size.

less pitted; skull sometimes wider than half its length, much arched;
pelage softer."

LEPUS. 417

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

A. Ears shorter than hind foot.

a. Ears equal to or shorter than head. PAGE
a.' Above mixed black and buffy white. . . .L. f. subcinctus 417

b/ Above buffy cinnamon and black .......... L. f. aztecus 418

c/ Above black and ochraceous buff ...... L. f. pcrsultator 418

d.' Above mixed black and buff .......... L. f. yucatanicus 419

e.' Above vinaceous cinnamon mixed with

gray and black (summer.) ............... L. f. holzneri 419

f/ Above yellowish brown and black ........ L. veracrucis 420

g/ Above pale brownish russet ............... L. russatus 420

h/ Above pale buff and black ................ L. parvulus 421

i/ Above sandy buff and black ............... L. insolitus 421

b. Ears longer than the head.

a/ Above yellowish brown and black ......... L. anduboni 422

b/ Above mixed black and light cream

buff ................................. L. sanctidiegi 422

c.' Above pale yellowish gray and black ........ L. arizonaz 423

d/ Above grayish drab and black tinged with

cinnamon .............................. L. a. major 423

e/ Above yellowish brown and black .......... L. a. minor 423

f.' Above dark grayish brown .............. L. a. con-finis 424

g.' Above paler than L. a. major, larger ........ L. dnrangce 424

h/ Above deep clay color and black ............ L. orizabce 425

c. Ears very short.

a/ Above mixed yellowish gray, black, and

brown. Ear, 50 mm ...................... L. mtttalli 425

b/ Above pale rufous varied with blackish

brown. Ear, 57 mm ..................... L. graysoni 426

subcinctus (Lepns}, Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil.,
1899, p. 386.
MICHOACAN HARE.

Type locality. Hacienda El Molino, near Negrete, State of Mich-
oacan, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Michoacan, Mexico ; range unknown.

Genl. Char. Similar to L. f. chapmani; larger.

Color. Above mixed black and buffy white; paler on rump and
sides; nape light cinnamon; crown yellowish; orbital ring whitish;
cheeks below and behind eyes blackish ; lower throat and chest buffy
cream sprinkled with black; rest of under parts whitish, with a buff
band in front of hind legs; legs ochraceous cinnamon buff, palest on
hind legs; tail mixed brown and whitish above, white beneath; ears

418 LEPUS.

gray exteriorly, buff interiorly; black along anterior border near tip,
extreme anterior margin pale buff.

Measurements. Total length, 434; tail vertebrae, 47 ; hind foot, 86;
ear from crown, 76. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 73; Hensel, 52;
zygomatic width, 34; length of nasals (outer side), 30; (median), 22.5 ;
palatal length, 7; length of incisive foramina, 17; upper tooth
row, 7.

floridanus aztecus (Lepus), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1890, p. 188.
TEHUANTEPEC HARE.

Type locality. Tehuantepec City, State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Gent. Char. Smaller than L. floridanus, lighter in color and ears
larger ; palatal arch round.

Color. Above and sides of neck buffy cinnamon and black; sides
gray, with buffy cinnamon band in front of thighs; nape and outer
surface of limbs yellowish rufous; under parts white; chest yellowish
white ; eye stripe grayish white ; cheeks gray ; fore feet yellowish white ;
hind feet pure white; tail above cinnamon rufous, like rump; ears dark
brownish gray, blackish at tip, anterior border white basally.

Measurements. Total length, 300; tail to end of hairs, 37; hind
foot, 82; ear from notch, 64. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 71 ; median
length of nasals, 25; lateral length of nasals, 33; posterior width of
nasals, 16; anterior width, 9; distance from anterior premolar to
alveolus of incisor, 19.5 ; length of palatine foramina, 16.5 ; least inter-
orbital width anterior to postorbital processes, 18; length of palate, 7;
width of palate, 9.

floridanus persuMator (Lepus), Elliot, Pub. Field. Columb. Mus., in,

1903, p. 147. Zoology.
PUEBLA HARE.

Type locality. Puebla, State of Puebla, Mexico.

Genl. Char. In color very closely resembling L. f. siibcinctus, but
smaller in all its dimensions. Skull is distinguished for the straight-
ness of its anterior superior outline, the nasals being flat and on a line
with the frontals ; posterior portion of skull from behind orbits curving
sharply downward; nasals broad, abruptly compressed near anterior
termination ; ears short ; palatal arch with azygos process in center.

Color. Top of head cinnamon rufous and black, rest of upper parts
except rump mixed black and ochraceous buff ; sides gray ; rump gray
and black ; nape and outer surface of limbs yellowish rufous ; ochra-
ceous buff band in front of thighs ; pectoral band pale yellowish rufous ;
under parts white; eye stripe buff; orbital ring cream buff; cheeks

LEPUS. 419

mixed gray buff and black; fore feet buff; hind feet white; tail above
ochraceous buff, beneath white; ears dark brown sprinkled with buff,
darkest at tip, anterior border for three-fourths its length from base,
white.

Measurements. Hind foot, 72; ear from notch, 54; from head, 62
(skin). Skull: occipito-nasal length, 66; median length of nasals, 19;
lateral length of nasals, 27; posterior width of nasals, n; anterior
width, 8; distance from anterior premolar to alveolus of incisor, 19;
length of palatine foramina, 16; least interorbital width, anterior to
postorbital processes, 1 1 ; length of palate, 5 ; width of palate, 8.

floridaiuiH i/nctffttnirns (Lepus), Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien.

Phil., 1889, p. 384.
YUCATAN HARE.

Type locality. Merida, Yucatan, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Yucatan, Mexico; limits of range unknown.

Genl. Char. Similar to L. f. aztecus, but larger in size, and darker
in color.

Color. Above mixed black and buff, lightest on rump and sides;
nape cinnamon rufous, crown of head like back but darker; orbital
ring whitish; breast ochraceous buff; rest of under parts white; thighs
gray; legs cinnamon rufous with a white line on inner side, including
the hind foot, but only reaching the wrist on fore legs; ears gray,
fringed with pale buff on anterior margin, changing to black near tip;
interior of ears whitish; tail mixed reddish brown and black above,
white beneath.

Measurements. Total length, 430; hind foot, 198; ear from crown,
71. Skull: greatest length, 82; basal length, 64; posterior margin of
palate to tip of hamular process, 17; zygomatic breadth, 39; inter-
orbital constriction, 20; greatest length of nasals, 37; greatest breadth
of nasals, 16; length of incisive foramina, 21; length of upper molar
series, 14; length of mandible, 62; lower molar series, 14.6.

floi-iflanus holzneri (Lepus), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896,
p. 554. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 284.

rigidus. Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, 189 5, p. 555. (Winter

pelage.}
HOLZNER'S HARE.

Type locality. Near the summit of Huachuca Mountains, south-
ern Arizona.

Geogr. Distr. Southern Arizona and northern New Mexico to
northern Mexico in States of Sonora and Chihuahua.

Genl. Char. Size large; ears rather short; hind feet long; colors
dark; nasals extending beyond premaxillae.

420 LEPUS.

Color. Summer Pelage. Upper sides of head and back to rump
vinaceous cinnamon mixed with gray and black; thighs and rump
whitish gray, lined with black; beneath white, tinged with yellowish;
pectoral band clay color; nape tawny; legs tawny, the inner side
brownish white; ears reddish brown, gray, and black mixed, bor-
dered anteriorly for basal two-thirds with white; tail above yellowish
brown grizzled, beneath white.

Winter Pelage. Above gray, lined with black, washed with clay-
color on back, hips, and ventral border; sides and thighs gray, lined
with black; under parts grayish white on breast, tinged with clay-
color, remainder pure white; orbital region whitish; nape russet;
top and sides of head gray, washed with yellowish brown; tail grayish
brown above, hairs tipped with hoary, beneath pure white; feet
whitish; ears grayish white on lower part passing into gray mixed
with black, with a narrow black band on terminal half and edged
with white; inner side grayish white.

Measurements. Total length, 415; tail vertebrae, 64; ear from
crown, 77; from notch, 65; hind foot, 99.5.

430. veraecrucis (Lepus}, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1890, p. 74, pi.

VII.

VERA CRUZ HARE.

Type locality. Las Vigas, Jalapa, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Vera Cruz, Mexico ; range unknown.

Genl. Char. Similar to L. floridanus, but larger, ears longer.

Color. Upper parts yellowish brown mixed with black ; nape pale
rufous; face grayish yellow and black; orbital ring pale cream color;
ears pale gray, tips and outer edges blackish; inner surface yellowish;
under parts yellowish gray ; legs pale orange yellow or orange gray ; tail
above grayish brown; beneath white.

Measurements. Total length, 492; tail vertebras, 32; hind foot,
104; ear from crown, 90. Skull : greatest length, 85 ; basal length, 69.5 ;
length of nasals, 36; interorbital constriction, 19.4: length of inter-
parietal, 5.3; length of palatine foramen, 20.4; of upper tooth row,
crowns, 14 ; length of lower jaw to tips of incisors, 68.

431. russatus (Lepus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1904, p. 31.
RUSSET HARE.

Type locality. Pasa Nueva, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Gcnl. Char. Pelage coarse, harsh. Audital bullae very large.

Color. Top of head and upper parts of body and tail pale brownish
russet, varied with dark brown; sides and hips varied creamy white;
nape, anterior surface of fore legs, and outer side of hind legs ferru-
gineous; cheeks and sides of neck like back, lined with black; pectoral

LEPUS. 421

band clay color ; ventral surface yellowish white ; upper surface of hind
feet creamy white; ears externally grayish brown tinged with pale
russet, blackish on apical third.

' Measurements. Total length, 450; tail vertebra?, 42 ; hind foot, 80;
ear from crown (dry skin), 62. Skull: occipital-nasal length, 78.5;
basal length, 63; zygomatic width, 53.2; interorbital constriction, 17;
mastoid breadth, 28; width of braincase, 25; length of nasals, 36;
palatal bridge, 7.5 ; length of upper tooth row, 6.5 ; length of lower jaw,
55; height of condyle, 35.

432. parvulus (Lepus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1904, p. 34.
LITTLE HARE.

Type locality. Apam, southern part of State of Hidalgo, Mexico.

Color. Above pale buff varied with black, slightly grayish on
rump; chin, throat, and central ventral surface yellowish white; pec-
toral band broad, pale rusty brown; nape pale f errugineous ; sides of
head buff y brown ; upper surface of the feet pale rusty ; hind feet deep
buff; ears externally buffy grayish brown, internally pale yellowish
brown with a deep buff edge; tail above blackish, tips of hairs buffy
gray.

Measurements. Total length, 390; hind foot, 75; ear 65. Skull:
occipito-nasal length, 65; basal length, 54.5; zygomatic width, 33;
interorbital constriction, 18.4; mastoid breadth, 27; width of brain-
case, 25; length of nasals, 25; posterior width of nasals, 13.5; palatal
bridge, 5.2 ; length of upper tooth row, 10; length of palatal foramina,
14.5 ; length of mandible, 43 ; height at angle, 25.5.

433 insolitus (Lepus), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890,

p. 189.
PLAINS HARE.

Type locality. Plains of Colima, State of Jalisco, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Jalisco, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to L. ftoridanus, but larger and paler.
Malar with a deep groove on the outer surface of the anterior half;
postorbital processes not fused with the braincase, merely touching it.

Color. Upper parts sandy buff and black; sides grayish; nape
and fore legs externally rufous; breast yellowish brown; rest of under
parts white; hind leg externally yellowish brown; fore feet brownish
yellow; hind feet white, as is also the anterior edge of leg; orbital
ring buffy gray; tail and rump pale rusty brown and black; ears
brownish gray, edge and tip blackish.

Measurements. Total length, 440; tail to end of hairs, 40; hind
foot, 92; ear from crown, 78. Skull: total length, 83; basilar length,
66; greatest width, 39; interorbital constriction, 21; length of nasals,

4-2-2 LEPUS.

34; of palatine foramen, 21; of upper molar series at crown, 22.5;
length of lower jaw, 58; height at condyle, 40.

434. auduboni (Lepus), Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 608, pis.

xin, XLVIII, fig. 2. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 283.
AUDUBON'S HARE.

Type locality. San Francisco, California.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California, Mexico, from Cape St. Lucas to
vicinity of San Francisco, California.

Genl. Char. Size smaller than that of L. /. mallurus; ears longer
than head; tail long.

Color. Above pale yellowish brown mixed with black; sides
paler, with little or no black ; nape pale rufous ; fore feet above pale
yellowish and rusty; hind feet whitish, sides rusty; pectoral band
pale yellowish brown; under parts white; ears dark brown, the hairs
with pale yellowish tips, so that this hue predominates, grading into
black or brownish black at tips; tail above like back, beneath black.

Measurements. Total length, 457; tail vertebrae, 38; hind foot,
89; ear from notch, 70. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 69; Hensel, 53;
zygomatic width, 32; lateral length of nasals, 30; median length of
nasals, 23; posterior width of nasals, 17; anterior width of nasals, 8;
length of lower jaw to end of incisors, 35 ; height at condyle, 31.

435. sanctidiegi (Lepus}, Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1899,

p. 389. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 283.
SAN DIEGO HARE.

Type locality. Mexican boundary line, monument No. 258, shore
of Pacific Ocean, San Diego County, California.

Geogr. Distr. Northern Mexico to southwestern California.

Genl. Char. Similar to L. auduboni, but paler.

Color. Above grizzle of black and light cream buff; sides paler;
rump whitish gray; nape ochraceous buff; tail dark brown above,
white beneath; ears gray, lower half paler than crown of head, which
is like the back; orbital ring whitish; chin and throat white, tinged
with plumbeous; lower part of throat and chest cream buff; legs
ochraceous buff; fore feet cream buff; hind feet white; white of belly
reaching to wrists and back of hind feet.

Measurements. Total length, 385; tail vertebra?, 63; hind foot,
85; ear from crown, 78. Skull: greatest length, 69; basal length, 56;
posterior margin of palate to tip of hamular process, 16.4; zygomatic
breadth, 33; interorbital constriction, 19; length of nasals, 29; great-
est width of nasals, 13.6; length of upper molar series, 12.8; length
of incisive foramina, 6; length of mandible, 50; of lower molar
series, 13.6.

LEPUS. 4-_M

436. arizonae (Lcpns), Allen, Mon. N. Am. Rod., 1877, p. 332.

Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 285.
ARIZONA HARE.

Type locality. Beale's Springs, fifty miles west of Fort Whipple,
Yavapai County, Arizona.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California and State of Sonora, Mexico,
north to Deserts of Arizona, and the Chiricahua and Huachuca
Mountains, (but not to the White Mountains,) up to 8,500 feet.

Genl. Char. Smaller than L. niittalli, but similar; ears much
longer and broader.

Color. Above pale yellowish gray, mixed sparingly with black;
nape yellowish fulvous; sides pale gray, mixed sometimes with pale
brown; chin white; pectoral band yellowish; rest of under parts
white; feet pale yellowish brown; tail above darker than back, yellow
brown, beneath white; ears pale grayish brown, outer edge whitish.
Winter specimens are heavily lined with black above and on sides.

Measurements. Total length, 340-383; tail vertebrae, 35-54;
hind foot, 76-94; ear, 69-78. Skull: total length, 65; greatest width,
35; interorbital constriction, 17; length of nasals, 28; upper molar
series, 12; length of lower jaw, 46.

a. — major (Lcpus), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, p. 557.

Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 286.
GREATER DESERT HARE.

Type locality. Calabasas, Pima County, Arizona.

Geogr. Distr. Poso de Luis, State of Sonora, to the basin of the
Mimbres, State of Chihuahua, Mexico, and northward to Colorado
Plateau of Arizona.

Genl. Char. "Similar to L. arizona, but larger, more reddish and
darker."

Color. Above grayish drab, tinged with cinnamon, lined with
black; sides paler; rump iron gray; nape and outer surface of limbs
dull cinnamon; ears pale grayish on inner side, drab mixed with gray
and black on outer side, tips black; pectoral band clay color; rest of
under parts white.

Measurements. Total length to end of hairs of tail, 430; tail ver-
tebrae, 42; hind foot, 92; ear from notch, 69 (skin.)

b. — minor (Lepus), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, p. 557.

Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 286.
LESSER DESERT HARE.

Type locality. El Paso, El Paso County, Texas.

Geogr. Distr. State of Chihuahua, Mexico. "Plains of Colorado,
southward to the Rio Grande, and westward to the elevated central

424 LEPUS.

tract, where it intergrades with L. a. major in the pass between the
southern end of the Rocky Mountains and northern extremity of the
Sierra Madre."

Genl. Char. Smaller than L. arizona; ears short, colors pale.
Rostrum more elongate; mandible stouter and higher, and audital
bullae larger.

Color. Above yellowish brown, lined with black; rump grayish
white, lined with black; sides yellowish gjay, with a buff lateral line;
head gray, tinged with yellowish brown on cheeks and crown; nape
light cinnamon; fore legs wood brown; hind feet above white; pec-
toral band yellowish gray, rest of under parts white; tail above dusky,
hairs tipped with yellowish brown and gray, beneath white; ears
grayish white on dorsal surface behind, and gray mixed with yel-
lowish brown and black in front, basal two-thirds of front edge
white, tips black.

Measurements. Average total length, 345; tail vertebrae, 50.2;
hind foot, 83.4; ear from notch, 65.8. Skull: occipito-nasal length,
29; Hensel, 46; zygomatic width, 32; lateral length of nasals, 34;
medium length of nasals, 18; posterior width of nasals, n; anterior
width of nasals, 7 ; length of lower jaw to end of incisors, 46.5 ; height
of condyle, 27.

c. — confinis (Lepus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1898,

p. 146.
ALLIED HARE.

Type locality. Playa Maria, Lower California, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to L. arizona, but darker.

Color. Upper parts dark grayish brown, mixed with black and
pale brown ; side pale grayish brown ; top of nose and head to occiput
like back; nape pale fulvous; side of head and nose mixed light gray
and brown; pectoral band yellowish brown on sides, yellowish white
in center; chin, upper part of throat, and rest of under parts white,
the plumbeous base of the hairs showing; fore legs dark buff; hind
legs gray; under sides of feet reddish brown; tail almost invisible,
like back; ears on outside brownish black, reddish towards anterior
edges, black inside.

Measurements. Total length, 310; hind foot, 61; ear from
notch, 65. (ex Type.) Skull: total length, 60.5; basal length, 53;
zygomatic breadth, 29; interorbital constriction, 9.5; length of
nasals, 24.5; breadth of nasals posteriorly, 10.5.

437. durangas (Lepus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1903,
p. 609.

LEPUS. 425

DURANGO HARE.

Type locality. Rancho Bailon, State of Durango, Mexico. Alti-
tude, 7,800 feet.

Gcnl. Char. "Size of Lcfns insolitiis, but much less varied with
black, and the general coloration much paler, except the nape patch,
the legs, and feet, which are of the same deep rufous as in L. inso-
litns. In other respects the coloration is not distinctly different
from that of L. a. major, collected at the same locality. From the
latter it differs in being twice as large (in general bulk), and from
both L. insolitus and L. a. major in important cranial characters.
Skull similar in general contour to that of L. a. major, but very
much larger, with actually smaller audital bullae."

Measurements. Total length, 457; head and body, 406; tail ver-
tebrae, 51; hind foot without claws, 95; ear from notch, 76. Skull:
total length, 79; basilar length, 60; zygomatic breadth, 36.3; length
of nasals, 35; width of nasals, posteriorly, 16; anteriorly, 9; alveolar
length of upper tooth row, 13.3; length of lower jaw, 55; height of
condyle, 30; alveolar length of lower tooth row, 13.6." (Allen, 1. c.)

438. orizabae (Lcpus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vm, 1893,

P- 143-
ORIZABA HARE.

Type locality. Mt. Orizaba, State of Puebla, Mexico. Altitude
about 9,500 feet.

Geogr. Distr. State of Puebla, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to L. arizonce, but darker; audital bullae
smaller.

Color. Upper parts except rump deep clay color and black;
rump and flanks mixed gray and black ; nape patch and feet fulvous ;
breast drab mixed with buffy; rest of under parts white; tail above
grizzled drab gray, and buff, beneath white; ears grayish brown,
edge near tip brown.

Measurements. Total length, 395 ; tail vertebrae, 51 ; hind foot, 90.

439. nuttalli (Lepus), Bachm., Jour. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1837,

p. 345, pi. 22. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 284.

artemisia. Bachm., Jour. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1839, p. 94.
NUTTALL'S HARE.

Type locality. Plains of the Columbia near Walla Walla.

Geogr. Distr. State of Sonora, Mexico, north to 49th parallel.

Genl. Char. Size small ; colors pale; ear short.

Color. Above yellowish gray mixed with black and brown; rump
light gray and sides of body whitish yellow; nape pale cinnamon;
pectoral band light buff, rest of under parts white; fore legs buffy

426 LEPUS.

white above; hind legs white; tail above like rump, beneath, white;
ears pale yellowish brown and black, edged with white.

Measurements. Total length, 420; hind foot, 50; ear, 50. Skull:
total length, 70; greatest width, 35; interorbital constriction, 18;
length of nasals, 31 ; width of nasals posteriorly, 14; length of upper
molar series, 1 2 ; length of lower jaw, 47.

440. graysoni (Lepus}, Allen, Mon. $. Am. Rodent., 1877, p. 347.
GRAYSON'S HARE.

Type locality. Maria Madre Island, Tres Marias Islands, State of
Jalisco, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Tres Marias Islands, State of Jalisco, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Ear very short ; colors pale.

Color. Upper parts pale cinnamon brown mixed with blackish
brown; sides and rump paler; throat brown, rest of under parts white;
outer surface of legs reddish brown, inner surface whitish; ears yellow-
ish brown mixed with black at base, blackish brown toward tip; tail
above blackish brown, beneath white ; orbital ring pale brown.

Measurements. Total length, 388-433; tail vertebrae, 19-25; hind
foot, 88; ear, 57. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 75; Hensel, 60; zygo-
matic width, 37 ; interorbital width, 18; median length of nasals, 24.5 ;
lateral length of nasals, 30; posterior width of nasals, 14.5; anterior
width of nasals, 9; palatal length, 30; length of upper tooth row, 13;
length of mandible, angle to tip of incisors, 60; length of lower tooth
row, 14.

0. Tapeti.

"Skull like that of Lepus, but the hinder supraorbital notch narrow,
lobes short with a sharp inner edge ; the front of the lower edge of the
zygoma dilated, sharp-edged, porous above, hinder nasal opening
rather narrow. Tail none. Ears short." (Gray, I.e.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Ears very short ; tail practically none. PAGE

a. Upper parts cinnamon brown and black L. gabbi 426

b. Upper parts tawny ferrugineous and black L. incilatus 428

441. gabbi (Lepus}, Allen, Mon. N. Am. Rodent., 1877, p. 349.
GABB'S HARE.

Type locality. Talamanca, Costa Rica.
Geogr. Distr. Costa Rica.

Genl. Char. Ears very short ; tail practically none.
Color. Above cinnamon brown and black; top of head yellow,
ferrugineous, and black; sides of head yellowish brown varied with

LEPUS. 427

black; nape pale rufous; white spot bordered with brown behind
nostril; breast yellowish brown; chin, throat, and rest of under parts
white; outer side of legs rufous, inner whitish; tail above cinnamon
brown and black, beneath yellowish brown; ears pale rufous and black,
bordered narrowly with white.

FIG. 81. LEPUS I.TAPETI.I GABBI.
Type U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. Nat. size.

Measurements. Total length about 300; ear, 66; hind foot, 75.
Skull: total length, 70; Hensel, 55; zygomatic width, 33; interorbital
width, 15; median length of nasals, 20; lateral length of nasals, 28;
palatal length, 27; length of upper tooth row, 13; length of mandible,
5 7 ; length of lower tooth row, 1 5 .

428 LEPUS.

442. incitatus (Lepus), Bangs, Am. Nat. xxxv., 1901, p. 633.
FLEET HARE.

Type locality. San Miguel Island, Bay of Panama.

Genl. Char. Similar to L. gabbi, but with a larger and heavier
skull; rostrum wider and heavier, more rounded and arched; bony
palate wider and longer ; molar and incisor teeth heavier.

Color. Upper parts tawny ferrugineous ; sides dull ochraceous ; top
of head and middle of back mixed with black; nuchal patch, arms, and
outer side of legs bright tawny ferrugineous; superciliary stripe buffy
white; outer side of ear like back, tip dusky, outer border yellowish
white; under parts soiled white; sides of neck tawny ferrugineous;
under side isabella.

Measurements. Total length, 420; tail vertebra?, 20; hind foot, 80;
ear from notch, 45. Skull: basal length, 57; occipito-nasal length,
74.6; zygomatic width, 35.4; mastoid width, 23.8; interorbital con-
striction, 16.2; length of nasals, 30.4; width of nasals, 13; length of
palatal bridge, (incisive foramina to palatal notch), 9; length of
incisive foramina, 17 ; width of incisive foramina, 6.4; upper tooth row,
alveolar border, 14.6; length of single half mandible, 56; lower tooth
row, alveolar border, 15.4.

D. Microlagus.

"Ears longer than hind foot; tail short; skull narrow, low, and
lightly ossified with postorbital process usually free, scarcely touching
cranium behind." (Mearns.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

PAG E

A. Above light fulvous brown and black L. cerrosensis 428

B. Above yellowish, dark brown and black L. bachmani 429

C. Above grayish brown and black.

a. Small L. cinerascens 429

b. Large L. peninsularis 430

443. cerrosensis (Lepus}, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1898,

P- i45-
CERROS ISLAND HARE.

Type locality. Cerros or Cedros Island, off west coast of Lower
California, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Type locality only.

Color. Upper parts light fulvous brown, mixed with black; pec-
toral band pale yellowish brown; rest of under parts white; fore feet
fawn; hind feet yellowish white; tail dark gray above, white beneath;
ears grayish brown.

LEPUS. 429

Measurements. Total length, 310; tail vertebrae, 25; hind foot,
54; ear from notch, 46. Skull: total length, 58; basal length, 49;
greatest zygomatic breadth, 28.5; postorbital constriction, 10; length
of nasals, 12; width posteriorly, 9.

444. bachmani (Lcpits), Waterh., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1838, p. 103.

Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 281.

trowbridgii, Baird. Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855, p. 333.
BACHMAN'S WOOD HARE. Concjo in Mexico.

Type locality. Southwest coast of North America, probably
California.

Geogr. Distr. Cape St. Lucas, Lower California, Mexico, to Fort
Crook, California.

Genl. Char. Similar to L. auduboni, but smaller; ears equal
to head in length; hind feet short; tail almost rudimentary; ears
uniformly gray.

Color. Above yellowish brown, mixed with dark brown; throat,
chest, and sides paler; beneath dusky gray, sometimes whitish; nape
light rufous; legs and hind feet whitish, tinged with rufous; ears gray,
at extreme base rusty, no black edging at tip; fur everywhere lead-
color at base.

Measurements. Total length, 380; tail vertebras, 30; hind foot,
75; ear, 61. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 72.5; Hensel, 54; inter-
orbital constriction, 17; median length of nasals, 21; lateral length
of nasals, 29; width of nasals posteriorly, 16.5; anterior width of
nasals, 9; length of upper tooth row at alveolus, 19; length of lower
jaw to tip of incisors, 55; height at condyle, 32.

445. cinerascens (Lcpus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890,

p. 159. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 287.
ASH-COLORED HARE.

Type locality. San Fernando, Los Angeles County, California.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California, Mexico, and deserts of southern
California.

Genl. Char. Similar to L. bachmani, but smaller and paler.

Color. Above gray and blackish brown mixed; nape pale rusty;
dorsal region pale buffy gray; sides pure gray; under parts white;
pectoral band brownish gray; fore legs yellowish brown; hind feet
grayish brown ; tail above dark gray, beneath white ; ears brownish gray.

Measurements. Total length, 294; tail, 24; hind foot, 63; ear
from notch, 58. Skull: total length, 62; basilar length, 48; width at
postorbital constriction, 10; length of nasals, 25; posterior width of
nasals, 12; length of upper molar series, at alveolar border, 6,
length of lower jaw, 42; height at condyle, 27.

430

LEPUS.

FIG. 82. LEPUS (MicROiAous) CINERASCENS.
No. 60886 U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. Nat size.

446. peninsularis (Lepus}, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1898,

p. 144.
LOWER CALIFORNIA HARE.

Type locality. Santa Anita, Lower California, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Cape Region of Lower California, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to L. cincrascens, but paler.

Color. Upper parts pale grayish brown and black, darkest on
dorsal region ; sides grayer and paler ; under parts and hind feet white ;
fore feet brownish white.

Measurements. Total length, 324; tail vertebrae, 20; hind foot,
73; ear, 61. Skull: total length, 61.5; basal length, 52; greatest
zygomatic breadth, 30; width of postorbital constriction, 9.5; length
of nasals, 26; posterior width of nasals, n; length of upper molar
series, 11.5; length of lower jaw, 43; height at condyle, 25.

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

PLATE XLI, ZOOLOGY.

LEPUS T. EREMICUS.
No. 1031 Field Columbian Mus. Coll. Nat. size.

LEPUS. 431

E. Macrotolagus.

Interparietal obliterated in adults; skull twice as long as wide;
postorbital processes large, arching, and united to cranium by a
suture, and inclosing a wide and long foramen; nasals lengthened;
upper front incisors without distinct lateral groove; ear longer than
hind foot.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.
A. Ears very large, longer than hind foot.

a. Ears black at base.

a.' Nape of neck black. PAGE

a/' Above yellowish brown and black L. callotis 43 1

b." Above grayish fawn and black L. merriami 432

b.' Nape ochraceous buff L. gaillardi 433

c.' Nape paler buff L. g. batlyi 433

d.' Nape fulvous L. alleni 433

e/ Nape plumbeous L. a. palitans 434

b. Ears without black at base, fringed with
white or yellowish white.

a.' Ears broccoli brown; nape grizzled black

and white L. asellus 435

b/ Ears grizzled black and brown; nape pale

yellowish brown L. t. eremicus 435

c.' Ears brownish gray; nape grayish white.

a." Hind foot, 1 18 mm L. t. griseus 436

b." Hind foot, 114 mm L. t. micropus 436

d/ Ears pale drab; nape pale yellowish

brown L. t. deserticola 437

e/ Ears dark brown; nape smoky gray; size

large; hind foot, 161 mm L. calif ornicus 437

f.' Paler and smaller; hind foot, 120 mm L. c. xanti 438

g/ Ears gray.

a." Upper parts black; beneath pale vina-

ceous cinnamon L. insularis 438

b." Upper parts steel gray and black; be-
neath whitish, washed with salmon. . . .L. martirensis 439

447. callotis (Lepus), Wagl., Nat. Syst. Amph., 1830, p. 23. Elliot,
Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 288.

nigricaudatus , Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1833, p. 41.

mexicanus (Licht.) Richards 6th Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1837, p. 150.

flavigularis, Wagl. Suppl. Schreib. Saugeth. iv, 1844, p. 107.
BEAUTIFUL-EARED JACK RABBIT. Liebre in Mexico.

Type locality. "Mexico."

432 LEPUS.

Geogr. Distr. Through Mexico to Tehuantepec.

Genl. Char. Size large; similar to L. texensis Waterh., but the
black on tips of ears almost obsolete, quite so in some specimens,
the tips being pale yellowish or white.

Color. Above yellowish brown, mixed with black; sides paler;
rump and thighs whitish ash, lined with black, and a black line in
center of rump; nape black in summer; pectoral collar and throat
pale brownish yellow; rest of under parts and hind feet white; outer
surface of fore legs ashy gray, lined faintly with black; whitish spot
on head; ears brownish yellow with yellowish white edging, usually
white at tips ; tail above black, beneath brownish gray.

Measurements. Total length, 560; tail vertebrae, 57; hind foot,
142; ear, height posteriorly, 137. Skull: total length, 47.5; greatest
width, 44.5; interorbital constriction, 23; length of nasals, 45; pos-
terior width of nasals, 46; length of upper molar series, 14; length of
lower jaw, 67; height of lower jaw, 33.

448. merriami (Lepus), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896,

p. 444. Elliot Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 289.
texensis, Aud. & Bachm., N. Am. Quad., in, 1853, p. 156, pi.

CXXXIII.

MERRIAM'S JACK RABBIT.

Type locality. Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas.

Geogr. Distr. Northern Mexico near boundary line and "Lower
Gulf Coast to mouth of the Rio Grande, and up that stream to mouth
of the Devil's River."

Genl. Char. Similar to L. callotis ; ears shorter and tipped with black.

Color. Above grayish fawn mixed with black; nape black; sides
of rump, thighs, and legs grayish white, lined with black; a black
line on middle of rump; gular area clay color; rest of under parts
white except a cream buff patch on sides of abdomen, such as are
usually seen before the thighs; tail above black, beneath white; ears
on anterior surface yellowish brown, mixed with black, the border
buff, succeeded by a narrow black line; inner surface with base and
tip black, intermediate space grayish white; inside ears buff with an
elongated black patch near outer edge; the border is white at base,
then buff, and black at tip.

Measurements. Total length, 570; tail vertebrae, 75; hind foot,
123; ear from crown, 142. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 90; Hensel,
72; zygomatic width, 41; interorbital constriction, 26; median length
of nasals, 31; posterior width of nasals, 20.5; length of frontals, 37;
of parietals, 18; palatal length, 9.5; length of lower jaw from tips of
incisors, 71 ; height at condyle, 37.

LEPUS. 433

449. gaillardi (Lepus), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896, p. 560.

Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 289.
GAILLARD'S JACK RABBIT.

Type locality. Plagas Valley, near its west fork, near Monument
No. 63, Mexican boundary line, Grant County, New Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Sonora, Mexico, into plain east of the San
Luis Mountains, at the head of the Rio Yaqui, and east of that river's
watershed. Extent of range unknown.

Genl. Char. Similar to L. callotis, but more yellowish; ears
smaller; no black patch on nape. Skull: nasals long and very wide;
supraorbital processes elevated, massive.

Color. Head cream buff and black; whitish area about eye;
nape ochraceous buff; back pale ochraceous cinnamon, mixed with
black ; rump and thighs white with a few black hairs ; sides and under
parts white; limbs white, washed with buff on outer side; gular patch
buff; sides of neck and front of shoulders ochraceous; ears yellowish
brown, mixed with black anteriorly, white posteriorly, tips white,
fringe on anterior edge ochraceous buff, of tips and posterior edge
white; tail above black with many white-tipped hairs, beneath white.
But little difference between summer and winter pelages.

Measurements. Total length, 530; tail vertebrae, 77; ear from
crown, 146; hind foot, 131.

a. — battyi (Lepus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1903, p. 607.
BATTY'S JACKASS RABBIT.

Type locality. Rancho Santuario, State of Durango, Mexico.

Genl. Char. "Similar to L. galliardi, but much smaller, the gen-
eral coloration yellower and less rufescent, especially the under fur;
prepectoral collar much paler, nearly white, or pale brownish white
instead of buff; front of fore feet grayish white instead of buffy white,
and upper surface of hind feet clearer or purer white; extreme ter-
minal portion (about 25 mm.) of anterior border of ear blackish in
both forms."

Measurements. "Type, total length, 511; head and body, 451;
tail vertebrae, 60; hind foot without claws, 122; ear from notch, 127;
from crown, 140. Skull: total length, 92; basal length, 82; zygo-
matic breadth, 41 ; greatest breadth across supraorbital processes, 31 ;
postorbital constriction, n; length of nasals, 40; anterior width of
nasals, n; posterior width of nasals, 20; palatal length, 9; length of
premolar-molar series (alveolar border), 17." (Allen, 1. c.)

450. alleni (Lepits), Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890, p.

294. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 288.

434

LEPUS.

FIG. LVIII. LEPUS ALLENI. ALLEN'S JACK RABBIT.

ALLEN'S JACK RABBIT.

Type locality. Rillito Station, Southern Pacific Railroad, Pima
County, Arizona.

Geogr. Distr. Desert region between Phcenix and Benson,
Arizona. Mexico?

Genl. Char. Size large; ears large; fulvous gular patch.

Color. Above yellowish brown, mixed with black; nape fulvous;
sides, hips, rump, and outer side of legs white, mixed with black, giving
a gray effect; pectoral band fulvous, rest of under parts white; head
pale yellowish gray; feet white above; tail above gray, with a line of
plumbeous black extending onto the rump, beneath white; ears
whitish, with fringe white.

Measurements. Total length, 643 ; tail vertebrae, 69 ; hind foot,
138; ear from notch, 156. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 108; Hensel,
86; zygomatic width, 48; median nasal length, 34; lateral length of
nasals, 45; posterior width of nasals, 36; anterior width of nasals,
16; palatal length to tip of azygos termination, n; length of upper
tooth row, 19; length of frontals, 47; of parietals, 16; length of lower
jaw from tips of incisors to angle, 84; height at condyle, 43.

a. — palitans (Lepus), Bangs, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, i, 1900, p. 85.
WANDERING JACK RABBIT.

Type locality. Agua Caliente, forty miles southeast of Mazatlan,
State of Sinaloa, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of Sinaloa, Mexico; range unknown.

Genl. Char. Similar to L. alleni, but smaller and darker; ear
shorter; rostrum broader and shorter.

LEPUS. 435

Color. Above yellowish brown; sides gray; flanks and rump
white; chin, throat, and under parts, except neck, and inner side of
legs white; under side of neck cinnamon; nape plumbeous; head
grizzled gray; orbital ring whitish; tail above blackish, beneath white;
ears naked except white fringe on edges.

Measurements. Ear from notch, 126; from crown, 150; hind foot,
129. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 95.4; zygomatic width, 46.2; inter-
orbital constriction, 22; length of nasals, 42.2; greatest width of
nasals, 23.6; length of upper tooth row, 16.4.

451. asellus (Lepus), Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1899,

p. 380.
DONKEY JACK RABBIT.

Type locality. City of San Luis Potosi, State of San Luis Potosi,
Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. State of San Luis Potosi, Mexico; range unknown.

Genl. Char. Similar to L. merriami, with longer ears and shorter
tail.

Color. Above grizzled black and white; dorsal line darkest;
rump and sides paler; under parts white, tinged with bluish gray;
collar buff; limbs smoky gray, tinged with broccoli brown on fore
legs and feet; hind feet white; a white line on fore legs to wrist, and
one on hind legs to feet; orbital ring whitish; nape grizzled like back;
ears broccoli brown, edges buff, tip black; tail above black, below
grayish white.

Measurements. Total length, 558; tail vertebrae, 62; hind foot,
120; ear from crown, 175. Skull: greatest length, zoo; basal length,
84; zygomatic width, 44; interorbital constriction, 30; lateral length
of palate, 7 ; posterior margin of palate to tip of hamular process, 21 ;
length of nasals, 43; greatest width of nasals, 22; upper molar series,
1 6. 8; length of incisive foramina, 10.4; length of mandible, 74; length
of lower molar series, 17.

texensis eremicus, Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 291.

texianus (sic) eremicus (Lepus), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.

Hist., 1894, p. 347.
DESERT JACK RABBIT.

Type locality. Fairbank, Cochise County, Arizona.

Geogr. Distr. State of Sonora, Mexico, north to the White Moun-
tain region, southeastern Arizona.

Genl. Char. Similar to L. texensis, but smaller.

Color. Above pale yellowish brown and black, darker on head
and tinged with rufous; nape pale yellowish brown; flanks yellowish
white, grading into the pure white of under parts; spot on rump

436 LEPUS.

black; broad fulvous band on lower part of throat and breast; rest
of under parts and inside of legs white; outer side of legs pale yel-
lowish brown; tail above black, beneath whitish; ears outside yel-
lowish brown, finely grizzled with black and fringed with white on
edges; inside grayish, grizzled brown inside the white edge.

Measurements. Total length, 565; tail vertebrae, 74; hind foot,
123; ear from crown, 128. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 94; Hensel,
76; zygomatic width, 42; lateral nasal length, 37; median nasal
length, 29; posterior nasal width, 20; anterior nasal width, 14; length
of lower jaw to end of incisors, 72; height at condyle, 40.

texensis griseus, Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 291.

texianus (sic) griseus (Lepus), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,

1896, p. 562.
GRAY DESERT JACK RABBIT.

Type locality. Fort Hancock, El Paso County, Texas.

Geogr. Distr. States of Coahuila and Chihuahua, Mexico, north
to upper Rio Grande from Maverick and Kinney Counties, Texas, to
Grant County, New Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size about equal to that of L. calif ornicus ; ear larger.

Color. Winter Pelage. Above brownish gray, lined with black;
rump and thighs gray; sides gray, lined sparsely with black and
tinged with yellowish brown ; nape grayish white ; top of head brownish
gray mixed with black; sides of head and neck tinged with yellowish
brown; gular patch grayish clay color; rest of under parts white;
legs gray, tinged with clay color; tail above black, this color extending
over and dividing the gray on the rump, beneath brownish; ears
brownish gray on outside anteriorly, with brownish white fringes,
posteriorly white, tipped with black and fringed with white.

Measurements. Total length, 559.2; tail vertebras, 91.5; hind
foot, 127; ear from crown, 152.8.

texensis micropus.

t ianus (sic) micropus (Lepus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1903, p. 605.
SMALL-FOOTED HARE.

Type locality. Rio del Bocas, State of Durango, Mexico. Alti-
tude, 6,800 feet.

Genl. Char. "Similar to L. t. eremicus and L. t. griseus, but more
brownish gray than the latter, and large-bodied, with shorter tail,
smaller hind feet, and larger ears than either, and with less fulvous
along the sides of the body; prepectoral area paler and more grayish."

Measurements. "Type, total length, 535; head and body, 450;
tail vertebrae, 76; hind foot, 114; ear from notch, 133; from crown,

LEPUS. 437

175. Eight males. Total length, 564 (535-587); head and body,
493 (459-514); tail vertebrae, 71 (64-83); hind foot, 116 (108-127);
ear from notch, 136.4 (133-146). Eleven females. Total length,
599 (559-626); head and body, 524 (483-546); tail vertebras, 73.7
(64-89); hind foot, without claws, 118 (108-124); ear from notch, 137
(130-145)." (Allen, 1. c.)

texensis deserticola, Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 291.

texianus (sic) deserticola (Lepus), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,

18, 1896, p. 564.
WESTERN DESERT RABBIT.

Type locality. Western edge of the Colorado Desert, at base of
Coast Range Mountains, in San Diego County, California.

Geogr. Distr. State of Sonora, Mexico, and the desert region
between the Sonoyta Valley of Arizona and Sonora, and the Coast
Range Mountains of California; Lower California, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size of L. calif ornicus , with larger ears; colors pale.

Color. Above clay color, mixed with gray and black; sides and
gular patch ochraceous; beneath tinged with ochraceous buff; ear
pale drab and white, as usually seen, tipped with black on under side.

Measurements. Total length, 560; tail vertebras, no; hind foot,
125; ear from crown, 158. Skull: total length, 92.5; occipito-nasal
length, 90; Hensel, 72; zygomatic width, 42; width between orbits,
26; median nasal length, 29; lateral nasal length, 38; width of palatal
bridge at tip of azygos, 8; length of incisive foramina, 22; posterior
width of incisive foramina, 10; length of upper tooth row, alveolar
border, 16; mandibular length, angle to alveolus of incisor, 63; height
at coronoid process, 37.

452. californicus (Lepus), Gray, Charlesw. Mag. Nat. Hist., i, 1837,
p. 586. Bachm., Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1839, p. 86.
Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 291.

bennetti, Gray Zool. Sulphur, 1844, P- 36, pi. 14.

richardsoni, Bachm. Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1839, p. 88.
CALIFORNIA JACK RABBIT.

Type locality. "St. Antoine," Santa Barbara County?, Cali-
fornia.

Geogr. Distr. Lower California, Mexico, from Cape St. Lucas to
northern California.

Genl. Char. Size large; ears and hind feet longer than the head;
hind feet shorter than the ears.

Color. Above yellowish brown, mixed with black; sides, rump,
and thighs tinged with cinnamon; head like back, darkest on the
crown; nape smoky gray; beneath white in center of belly and chin;

438 LEPUS.

chest and fore legs pale yellowish brown ; hind feet whitish ; tail above
black, this color extending on the rump and dividing the gray sides;
beneath pale buff; ears dark brown, fringed anteriorly with white,
and with a fulvous white border posteriorly, tips brownish black.

Measurements. Total length, 545; tail vertebrae, 107; hind foot,
161; ear from notch, 125; from crown, 155. Skull: occipito-nasal
length, 80; Hensel, 54; zygomatic breadth, 41; interorbital constric-
tion, 17; lateral length of nasals, 32; median length of nasals, 26;
posterior width of nasals, 18; anterior width of nasals, n; length of
upper tooth row, 13 ; length of lower jaw to end of incisors, 61 ; height
at coronoid process, 36.

a. — xanti (Lepus), Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th Ser., i, 1898,

P- 45-
LOWER CALIFORNIA JACK RABBIT.

Type locality. Santa Anita, Lower California, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Cape Region of Lower California, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Similar to L. californicus, but smaller and grayer.

Color. General color like pale L. californicus, with belly tinged
with darkish buff; ears gray outside, white inside; anterior fringe
white with black hairs intermixed ; nape smoky gray or black.

Measurements. Total length, 540; tail, 63; hind foot, 120; ear
from notch, 125. Skull: "greatest length, 88; basilar length, 69;
greatest breadth, 41; diagonal length of nasals, 38; greatest breadth
of nasals, 17.6; intertemporal breadth with ledges, 22.6; without
ledges, 16.7; breadth of palatal bridge, 6; length of molar series,
alveolar border, 14.7."

453. insularis (Lepus), Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Scien., 2d Ser., in,
1891, p. 92.

edwardsi, St. Loup, Bull. Mus. Paris, 1895, p. 5.
ESPERITO SANTO ISLAND JACK RABBIT.

Type locality. Esperito Santo Island, coast of Lower California,
Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. Known only from type locality.

Genl. Char. Size equal to that of L. californicus.

Color. Above black; under parts pale vinaceous cinnamon,
darker on sides; cheeks gray; chin and orbital region grayish white;
throat cinnamon rufous; limbs and fore feet cinnamon rufous; hind
feet grayish white; toes brownish; tail black above, beneath cin-
namon rufous; ears blackish gray, tips black, inferior margin white.

Measurements. Total length about 450; tail, 100; hind foot,
no (dried skin).

LEPUS. 439

454. martirensis (Lepus), Stowell, Proc. Calif. Acad. Scien., 2d Ser.,

v, 1895, p. 51.
SAN PEDRO MARTIR JACK RABBIT.

Type locality. La Grulla, San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower
California, Mexico.

Geogr. Distr. San Pedro Martir Range, Lower California, Mexico.

Genl. Char. Size of L. calif ornicus; ears larger; color darker.

Color. Above mixed steel gray and black; sides lighter tinged
with rufous; chin and throat yellowish white; neck beneath gray;
breast and inner side of legs salmon; belly whitish, washed with
salmon; ears gray, apical half black.

Measurements. Total length, 603; tail vertebrae, 95; hind foot,
126; ear from crown, 184. Skull: total length, 96; occipito-nasal
length, 91; Hensel, 75; zygomatic width, 41; breadth between orbits,
24.5; median length of nasals, 30; lateral length of nasals, 34.5;
posterior width of nasals, 17; width of palatal bridge to point of
azygos, 10; length of incisive foramina, 24; posterior width of incisive
foramina, 9; alveolar length of upper tooth row, 10; mandibular
length, angle to alveolus of incisor, 61 ; height at coronoid process, 36.

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

VOL. IV, PART I.

PAGE.

aberti. (Sciurus) 112

Abromys 352

Abrothrix 272

acapulcensis. (Cervus) 74

Acodon 272

Acodon boliviensis 272

Acodon irazu 273, 274

Acodon teguina 273, 274, 275

Acodon t. apricus 273, 274

Acodon xerampelinus 273, 275

Adenonotus 62

adocetus. (Citellus) 141, 152

adolphei. (Sciurus) ..98,114,126,127

adspersus. (Heteromys) 369, 373

aedium. (Plagiodontia) 395, 396

aestuans. (Sciurus) 104

affinis. (Hesperomys) 180

affinis. (Peromyscus) . . . .172, 180, 181

affinis. (Sciurus) 124

Agaphelus glaucus 40

agilis. (Dipodomys) 349, 351

agilis. (Perodipus) 349, 351

Agouti 403, 408

Agouti paca 408

Agouti p. virgata 408, 409

Agouti taczanowski 403, 408

Agoutidae 403

Agricola 299

albigula. (Neotoma i.) ..278,285,286
albilabris. (Rhithrodontomys m.)

258, 269

albinasus. (Pappogcomys) . . .320, 321

albipes. (Sciurus) 117

albirostris. (Sus) 66

albirostris. (Tagassu) 66

albiventer. (Oryzomys) 234,236

albolimbatus. (Heteromys) ..374.375

albolimbatus. (Sciurus d.) 133

albrinanus. (Delphinus) 55

alexandrinus. (Mus) 162, 164

alfari. (Oryzomys) 234, 242

alfari. (Sciurus) 94. 99

alfari. (Sigmodontomys) 254, 255

PAGE.

algeriensis. (Delphinus) 55

Aliama 47

alleni. (Heteromys) 370, 374, 376

alleni. (Hodomys) 296, 297

alleni. (Lepus) . ..431,433,434

alleni. (Neotoma) 296, 297

alleni. (Sciurus) 95, 106, 108

alleni. (Sigmodon) 222, 224

allex. (Peromyscus) 172, 175

allophilus. (Peromyscus) .... 172, 208

alope. (Prodelphinus) 58

alstoni. (Caluromys) 9

alstoni. (Neotomodon) ..292,293,294

alstoni. (Sciurus) 108

alticola. (Rhithrodontomys s.) . .

257, 263

alticola. (Sigmondon) 224, 231

alticola. (Thomomys f.) 333, 335

altilaneus. (Peromyscus) .... 175, 210
ambiguus. (Dipodomys m.) . . 343, 346

amcricana. (Antilocapra) 82, 83

americana. (Antilope) 81, 82

americanus. (Cervus) 68

americanus. (Odontocoelus) .69, 70, 75

americanus. (Trichechus) 37

Amisonyx 153

Ammomys 299

Ammospermophilus 139, 140, 141

amoles. (Sigmodon a.) 224, 231

amplus. (Peromyscus) 174, 205

angelensis. (Peromyscus b.) . .173, 190

angulatum. (Dicotyles) 63

angulatum. (Tagassu) . . .62, 63, 64, 65
angusticeps. (Neotoma i.) ...278,285
angusticcps. (Oryzomys) ....235,245
angustirostris. (Perognathus p.) .

357.358

angustirostris. (Platygeomys t.) .

318- 3'9

anitae. (Thomomys f.) 333, 335

annectens. (Heteromys) 369, 371

annulatus. (Citellus) . . . .141, 151, 152
annulatus. (Spermopilus) 151

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

PAGE.
anomalus. (Mus) .............. 368

anthonyi. (Hespcromys) ........ 185

anthonyi. (Neotoma) ....... 278, 283

anthonyi. (Perognathus) . . . .358, 366

anthonyi. (Peromyscus)..i72, 185, 186
anthonyi. (Sciurus) ............ 130

antillarum. (Oryzomys) ..... 235, 247

antillensis. (Dasyprocta) ....... 407

Antilocapra .................... 81

Antilocapra americana ......... 82, 83

Antilocapra a. mexicana ....... 81,82

Antilocapridas .................. 81

Antilope americana ............ 81, 82

apache (Perognathus) ........... 356

apache. (Sciurus) ........ 95, 107, no

apatelius. (Oryzomys j.) ..... 235, 246

aphrastus. (Thomomys) ..... 334, 336

apricus. (Acodon t.) ........ 273, 274

aquaticus. (Lepus) ............ 414

aquaticus. (Oryzomys) .......... 241

Araeosciurus ............... 91, 94, 106

arboreus. (Peromyscus) ........ 170

arcticus. (Orcinus) ............. 51

Arctomys ludovicianus .......... 153

Arctopithecus .................. 21

Arctopithecus castaneiceps ....... 22

arenacea. (Neotoma) ........ 277, 283

arenarius. (Geomys) ........ 310, 311

arenarius. (Perognathus p.) ......

arenarius. (Peromyscus e.)* . .173, 191
arenicola. (Onychomys t.) ...165,168
arenivagus. (Dipodomys m.) .343, 347
aries. (Ovis) .................. 83

arizonae. (Lepus) ...417,423,424,425
arizonae. (Peromyscus a.) ....... 186

arizonae. (Peromyscus t.) .......

................. 173, 186, 187, 188

arizonae. (Sigmodon h.) ..... 224,228

arizonae. (Sitomys a.) .......... 186

arizonensis. (Cynomys) ...... 153, 154

arizonensis. (Sciurus) ..........

.............. 95, 102, 107, 108, 109

Arizostus ...................... 31

artemesia. (Lepus) ............ 425

artus. (Perognathus g.) ..... 357, 365

arvalis. (Mus) ................. 298

Arvicola ....................... 298

Arvicola m. phaeus .............. 302

Arvicola quasiater .............. 303

Asagis ......................... 5

PAGE.

Ascomys 310

asellus. (Lepus) 431, 435

atricapillus. (Citellus v.) 141, 150

atricapillus. (Spermophilus v.) . . 150
atronasus. (Dipodomys m.) ..343,348
atrovarius. (Thomomys) 333, 334, 338

attwateri. (Lepus a.) 414

attwateri. (Peromyscus) 192

auduboni. (Lepus) 41?. 422> 429

Aulacomys 299

aureigaster. (Sciurus)

. . .95,98, 113, 114, 115, 116, 123, 124
aureogaster. (Sciurus) ..115,116, 124
aureus. (Rhithrodontomys t.) 258, 269

aurita. (Didelphys) 17

auritus. (Odontocoelus) 76

auritus. (Peromyscus) . . . 174, 206, 209

aurogaster. (Sciurus) 115

austerulus. (Sigmodon) 224, 231

australis. (Halicore) 36

australis. (Rhithrodontomys) 257, 259

australis. (Trichechus) 37

aztecus. (Hesperomys) 184

aztecus. (Lepus f.) 4J7> 4r&, 419

aztecus (Oryzomys c.) 234, 245

aztecus. (Peromyscus) 172, 184

aztecus. (Rhithrodontomys) .... 259

bachmani. (Lepus) 428. 429

badius. (Peromyscus y.) 173, 194

baileyi. (Perognathus) ..357,361,362

baileyi. (Sigmodon) 226

baileyi. (Sigmodon h.) 223, 226

Baiomys 170

Baiosciurus 91, 94, 100

bairdi. (Delphinus) 55

bairdi. (Elasmognathus) 87, 88

bairdi. (Tapirella) 87, 88

Balaena boops 40

Balaana glacialis 39

Balaena mysticetus 39

Balasnidae 38, 39

Balaenoptera 42

Balaenoptera davidsoni 42

Balaenoptera gibbar 42

Balaenoptera sulfurea 38, 42, 43

Balaenoptera velifera 42, 43

Balaenopterinae 42

baliolus. (Sciurus y.) 96, 114, 126

banderanus. (Peromyscus)

173- l89» I9°

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

in

PAGE.

batteatus. (Delphinus) 55

battyi. (Didclphys m.) 14, 17

battyi. (Lepus g.) 431, 433

battyi. (Odontocoelus) 69, 71

beatae. (Peromyscus) 172, 184

beecheyi. (Citellus v.) 150

bellicosa. (Megaptera n.) 41

bclti. (Sciurus b.) 98, 114, 128

Benedenia 42

bennetti. (Lepus) 437

berlandieri. (Sigmodon) 227

berlandieri. (Sigmodon h.)

224, 225, 227

bimaculatus. (Perognathus) 356

bivittata. (Tamandua) 27

blandus. (Peromyscus 1.) .... 172, 182

blandus. (Peromyscus s.) 182

boliviensis. (Acodon) 272

boops. (Balaena) 40

boothiae. (Sciurus)

97, 114, 126, 127, 128

boquetensis. (Sciurus) 94, 99, 100

borucae. (Sigmodon) 224

borucae. (Sigmodon h.)

222, 223, 224, 225, 232

Bovidae 83

boy Hi. (Hesperomys) 195

boylii. (Peromyscus) 173, 1 95

brachycium. (Phocaena) 48

brachypterus. (Globicephalus) . . .

52.53,54

brachyurus. (Capromys) 393

Bradypodidae 19

Bradypus 21

Bradypus castaneiceps 22, 23

Bradypus didactylus 19

Bradypus griseus 23, 24

Bradypus infuscatus 22, 23

Bradypus tridactylus 21

brevicauda. (Zygodontomys) .... 254

breviceps. (Cogia) 46

breviceps. (Physeter) 46

brevinasus. (Perognathus p.) .353, 355
brochus. (Synthetosciurus) . . . .91, 92
browni. (Capromys) . . . .390, 393, 394

browni. (Sciurus) 94, 99, 100

brunneus. (Peromyscus m.). .172,176

bryanti. (Neotoma) 277, 280

bryanti. (Perognathus s.) . . . .357, 364

buccatus. (Citellus) 149

bulbivorus. (Thomomys) 332

PAGE.

bullaris. (Tylomys) 217, 219

bullatus. (Peromyscus) 173, 193

bulleri. (Geomys) 320

bulleri. (Heteromys) 369, 370

bulleri. (Oryzomys) 234, 239

bulleri. (Pappogeomys) .320,321,322

bulleri. (Tamias) 135, 136, 137

burrus. (Proechinomys) 385, 388

Cabassous 31

Cabassous centralis 3 1 , 32

Cabassous c. hispidus 32

Cabassous novemcinctus 34

cacabatus. (Peromyscus) .... 175, 211

Cachicamus 32

californica. (Didelphys) 15

californica. (Neotoma) 284

californicus. (Cariacus) 77

californicus. (Lepus)

• • 43 !. 436- 437, 438.439

californicus. (Microtus) 302

californicus. (Mus) 203

californicus. (Odontocoelus h.) . . .

• 69, 76,77,78

californicus. (Peromyscus)

174, 201, 203

caliginosus. (Hesperomys) 253

callida. (Dasyprocta) 405, 406

Callospermophilus 139, 140, 147

Callospermophilus madrensis 147

callotis. (Lepus) 431, 432, 433

Calomys 170

Caluromys 9

Caluromys alstoni 9

Caluromys cinerea 9

Caluromys derbianus 9, i o

Caluromys lanigcr pallidus 9, 10

Campicola 299

canescens. (Marmosa) 5, 6, 8

canescens. (Micoureus) 6

canescens. (Neotoma) 281

canescens. (Perognathus n.) .357,365

caniceps. (Sciurus) 93

canus. (Heteromys) 374, 375

canus. (Liomys) 375

canus. (Odontocoelus h.) 69, 78

capistratus. (Sciurus) 107

Capromyinae 382, 388

Capromys 382, 388, 389, 393

Capromys brachyurus 393

Capromys browni 390, 393, 394

IV

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

PAGE.

Capromys elegans 390, 392

Capromys fournieri 389, 390

Capromys ingrahami 390, 394

Capromys melanurus 390, 391

Capromys pilorides 389, 390

Capromys prehcnsilis 390, 391, 392

Capromys p. gundlachi 390, 392

Capromys quemi 390

Capromys thoracatus 390, 394

Cariacus 68

Cariacus h. californicus 77

carolinensis. (Sciurus)

107, 1 08, 1 09, no, 125

castaneiceps. (Arctopithecus) ... 22

castaneiceps. (Bradypus) 22, 23

castaneus. (Peromyscus t.) . .172,177

castanops. (Cratogeomys)

. .312,313,315,316

castanops. (Pseudostoma) 315

Castor 159

Castor c. frondator 159, 160, 161

Castor fiber 159

Castor zibethicus 307

Castoridae 159

caucae. (Didelphys c.) 18

caucae. (Didelphys m.) 14, 1 8

caudatus. (Oryzomys c.) ....234,238

cavator. (Macrogeomys) 328, 329

Cavia cristata 407

cavirostris. (Ziphius) 47

cecilii. (Peromyscus) 172, 178

cedrosensis. (Peromyscus) ...173,185

centralis. (Cabassous) 31,32

centralis. (Echinomys) 386

centralis. (Proechinomys)

..385,386,387

centralis. (Tatua) 32

Cercolabes 400

Cercolabes pallidum 401

cerrosensis. (Lepus) 428

cerrosensis. (Odontoccelus) . . . .69, 76
cervicalis. (Sciurus p.) . . .96, 114, 119

cervicalis. (Sciurus w.) 119

Cervidae 68

cervina. (Ovis) 86

Cervinae 68

cervinus. (Thomomys) -.334,339.340

Cervus acapulcensis 74

Cervus americanus 68

Cervus a. couesi 70

Cervus hemionus 76

PAGE.

Cervus lichtensteini 72

Cervus mexicanus 72

Cervus nemoralis * 74

Cervus rufinus 79

Cervus sartori 80

Cervus toltecus 74

Cetacea 38

Cetoptera 42

Chaetodipus 352, 356, 368

chapmani. (Dipodomys) 350

chapmani. (Lepus f.) 417

chapmani. (Marmosa) 4

chapmani. (Oryzomys)

234, 237, 238,239

chapmani. (Perodipus) 349. 350

cherrii. (Geomys) 330

cherrii. (Hesperomys) 183

cherrii . (Macrogeomys) ...327,328,330

cherrii. (Oryzomys) 252, 253

cherrii. (Peromyscus) . . .172, 183, 267

cherrii. (Zygodontomys) 252, 253

chiapensis. (Sciurus g.) . . .98, 114, 125

childi. (Oryzomys) 244

Chilotus 299

chiriquensis. (Sciurus ae.) .94, 103, 104

chiriquensis. (Sigmodon b.) 225

chiriquensis. (Sigmodon h.) ..222,225
chiriquinus. (Proechinomys c.) ..

385-387

Chironectes 2

Chironectes guianensis 3

Chironectes memina 3

Chironectes minimus 1,2, 3

Chironectes palmata 3

Chironectes paraguensis 3

Chironectes sarcovienna 3

Chironectes variegatus 3

Chironectes yapock 3

Cholcepus 19

Choloepus hoffmanni 20, 2 1

chrysomelas. (Oryzomys) 253

chrysomelas. (Zygodontomys) . . . 253
chrysopsis. (Rhithrodontomys) . .

258, 265, 266

chrysurus. (Myoxus) 383

cinerascens. (Lepus) . . . .428. 429, 430

cinerea. (Caluromys) 9

cinerea. (Didelphys) 7

cinerea. (Marmosa) 5,7

cinereus. (Rhithrodontomys s.) . .

257. 262

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

PAGE.

cincritius. (Peromyscus) 173, 195

Citellus 138, 139

Citellus adocctus 141 , 152

Citellus annulatus 141, 151, 152

Citellus a. goldmani 141, 151

Citellus buccatus 149

Citellus couchi 149

Citellus cryptospilotus 144

Citellus elegans 145

Citellus harrisi 140, 141, 142, 143

Citellus h. saxicola 139, 140, 142

Citellus interpres 140, 143

Citellus lateralis 147

Citellus leucurus 140, 142, 143

Citellus 1. peninsulas 140, 141, 143

Citellus macrourus 149

Citellus madrensis 140, 147

Citellus mexicanus 140, 145, 146

Citellus m. parvidens 140, 146

Citellus perotensis 140, 145

Citellus spilosoma 140, 145

Citellus s. microspilotus . . 140, 144, 145

Citellus tereticaudus 140, 144

Citellus t. sonoriensis 140, 144

Citellus variegatus 141, 148, 149

Citellus v. atricapillus 141, 150

Citellus v. beecheyi 150

Citellus v. fisheri 141 , 1 50

Citellus v. grammurus .... 141, 149, 150

Citellus v. rupestris 141, 150

citcllus. (Mus) 139

Citillus 139

Citillus mexicanus 146

clarkii. (Cratogeomys) 315

clavatus. (Odontocoelus) 73

dementis. (Peromyscus t.)

173. 183, 187

clusius. (Thomomys) 340

Clymene 57

Clymenia 57

cnecus. (Perognathus) 357,362

cocos. (Sciurus s.) ... .95,96, 114, 124

Coelogenus 408

Coendu 399

Coendu laenatum 400, 402

Coendu mexicanum 400, 401, 402

Coendu m. yucataniae 400, 402

Coendu novae-hispar.iae 402

Coendu pallidum 400, 401

Coendu prehensilis 402

Coendu rothschildi 400, 401

PAGE.

Cogia 46

Cogia breviceps 46

coibae. (Daysprocta) 405, 407

colimas. (Rhithrodontomys)

258, 266, 267

colimcnsis. (Sciurus a.) 120

colimensis. (Sciurus p.) . . .95, 114, 119

colimensis. (Sciurus w.) 120

collaei. (Sciurus)

97, 109, 114, 121, 122, 123, 129

Colobotis 139

communis. (Phocaena) 48

communis. (Tursiops) 56

compressicauda. (Tursiops) 56

comptus. (Peromyscus) 174, 206

confmis. (Lepus a.) 417, 424

consobrinus. (Peromyscus m.)i74, 202
coolidgii. (Peromyscus t.) ...173,187
costaricensis. (Macrogcomys) 328, 330
costaricensis. (Odontocrelus) ...69,73

costaricensis. (Oryzomys)

• -233. 235.249,250
costaricensis. (Rhithrodontomys)

258, 267,268

couchi. (Citellus) 149

couesi. (Cervus a.) 70

couesi. (Hesperomys) 236

couesi. (Odontocoelus a.) . . .69, 70, 71
couesi. (Oryzomys) .234,236,239,247

coypu. (Myocaster) 382

cozumelae. (Didelphys y.) 14, 15

cozumelae. (Oryzomys) 234, 241

coznmelae. (Peromyscus) .... 172, 181

crassidens. (Phocaena) 51

crassidens. (Pseudorca) 51

crassum. (Tagassu a.) 62, 64

crassum. (Tayassu a.) 64

Cratogeomys 309, 311, 320

Cratogeomys castanops

3'2, 3'3. 315, 3'6

Cratogeomys c. goldmani 313, 316

Cratogeomys clarkii 315

Cratogeomys estor 312, 314

Cratogeomys fulvescens 312, 316

Cratogeomys merriami 312,313

Cratogeomys oreocetes 313.314

Cratogeomys peregrinus 313, 314

Cratogeomys perotensis. . .312, 31 3, 314

cremnobates. (Ovis c.) 84, 85

creper. (Rhithrodontomys) ..258,272
Cricetodipus 352

vi

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

PAGE.

crinitus. (Oryzomys) 235, 245

crispus. (Hcteromys) 375, 380

crispus. (Liomys) 380

crispus. (Tamandua) 27

cristata. (Cavia) 407

cristata. (Dasyprocta) 405, 407

cristatus. (Echinomys) 383

cristobalensis. (Peromyscus z.) . .

i75. 2°9

crusnigrum. (Tagassu) 62, 65

crusnigrum. (Tayassu) 65

cryptospilotus. (Citellus) 144

Cuica 5

cumulator. (Neotoma) 277, 280

curvirostris. (Delphinus) 55

Cutia 403

Cuvierius 42

Cyclopes 24

Cyclopes dorsalis 25, 26

Cyclothurus 25

Cyclothurus dorsalis 25

cymodice. (Tursiops) 56

Cynomys 153

Cynomys arizonensis 153, 154

Cynomys griseus 155

Cynomys gunnisoni 153, 156

Cynomys latrans 155

Cynomys ludovicianus

153. I54, 155. IS6

Cynomys mexicanus 153, 156

Cynomys missouriensis 155

Cynomys socialis 155

Dama 68

Dama rothschildi 72

Dasynotus 368

Dasypodidae 31

Dasypodinae 31

Dasyprocta 403

Dasyprocta antillensis '. 407

Dasyprocta callida 405, 406

Dasyprocta coibae 405, 407

Dasyprocta cristata 405, 407

Dasyprocta isthmica 405, 406, 407

Dasyprocta mexicana 404, 405

Dasyprocta punctata 405

Dasyprocta ruatanica 405

Dasypus novemcinctum 33

Dasypus novemcinctus 32

Dasypus unicinctus 31

davidsoni. (Balaenoptera) 42

PAGE.

decolorus. (Nyctomys) 215, 216

decolorus. (Sitomys) 216

decumanus. (Mus) 164

deductor. (Delphinus) 52

deductor. (Globicephalus) 52

Delphinapterinae 48

Delphinidag 47, 48

Delphinus 54

Delphinus albrinanus 55

Delphinus algeriensis 55

Delphinus bairdi 55

Delphinus batteatus 55

Delphinus curvirostris 55

Delphinus deductor 52

Delphinus delphis 54

Delphinus forsteri 55

Delphinus fulvo-fasciatus 54

Delphinus fuscus 55

Delphinus gladiator 51

Delphinus janira 55

Delphinus longirostris 58

Delphinus major 55

Delphinus marginatus 55

Delphinus melas 52

Delphinus microps 55

Delphinus moorii 55

Delphinus moschatus 55

Delphinus novae-zelandia? 55

Delphinus orca 50, 51

Delphinus phocaena 48

Delphinus plagiodon 58

Delphinus pomeegra 55

Delphinus sowerbianus 55

Delphinus tursio 55, 56

Delphinus variegatus 55

Delphinus walkeri 55

delphis. (Delphinus) 54

deppii. (Sciurus) 94, 101, 102

derbianus. (Caluromys) 9, 10

derbianus. (Didelphys) 9

deserti. (Dipodomys) . .-343.345.347

deserti. (Rhithrodontomys) 259

deserticola. (Hesperomys 1.) .... 188

deserticola. (Lepus t.) 431, 437

deserticola. (Peromyscus a.) .... 188
deserticola. (Peromyscus t.) .173,188
desmaresti. (Moschophoromys) . .

250,251

desmaresti. (Mus) 250

desmarestianus. (Heteromys) 369, 372
destructor. (Pseudorca) 51

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

vii

PAGE.

devius. (Oryzomys) 235, 244

diazi. (Lepus) 412

diazi. (Romerolagus) 412

Dicotyles 62, 65

Dicotyles angulatum 63

Dicotyles a. sonoriense 64

Dicotyles tajacu 63

Dicranocerus 81

Didactyla 25

didactyla. (Myrmecophaga) 24

Didactyles 25

didactylus. (Bradypus) 19

Didelphyidae X

Didelphys 2, 13, 14

Didelphys aurita 17

Didelphys californica 15

Didelphys carcinophaga caucae ... 18

Didelphys cinerea 7

Didelphys derbianus 9

Didelphys marsupialis 14

Didelphys m. battyi 14, 17

Didelphys m. caucae 14, 18

Didelphys m. etensis 14, 1 8

Didelphys m. insularis 14, 17

Didelphys mesamericana . 14, 15, 16, 17

Didelphys m. tabascensis 14, 16

Didelphys m. texensis 14, 1 6

Didelphys murina 4,5

Didelphys nudicaudata 1 1 , 12

Didelphys philander 9

Didelphys richmondi 14, 16

Didelphys yucatanensis 14, 1 5

Didelphys y. cozumelae 14,15

difficilis. (Peromyscus)

173. I93.I94, 205

difficilis. (Rhithrodontomys) .257, 263

difficilis. (Vesperimus) 193

dilutior. (Oryzomys c.) 234, 238

Dionyx 25

Diplostoma 332

Dipodomus 349

Dipodomyinae 341, 352

Dipodomys 341, 348

Dipodomys agilis 349, 35 1

Dipodomys chapmani 350

Dipodomys deserti 343, 345, 347

Dipodomys hermanni 351

Dipodomys merriami

• -343.343,346,347,348

Dipodomys m. ambiguus 343, 346

Dipodomys m. arenivagus . . . .343, 347

PACJE.

Dipodomys m. atronasus 343, 348

Dipodomys m. melanurus 343, 348

Dipodomys m. parvus 343, 346

Dipodomys m. simiolus .. .343, 344, 347

Dipodomys mitchelli 343, 344

Dipodomys ordi 350

Dipodomys ornatus 343, 344

Dipodomys perotensis 343, 344

Dipodomys phillipsi ..341, 342, 343, 344

Dipodomys similis 347

Dipodomys spectabilis 343, 345

Dipodomys wagneri 351

Dipodops 349

Dipodops o. palmeri 350

distincta. (Neotoma) 277, 278

dolichocephalus. (Macrogeomys) .

328,329

Dorcelaphus 68

Dorcelaphus a. texensis 70

Dorcelaphus h. eremicus 77

doreides. (Prodelphinus) 58

dorsalis. (Cyclopes) 25, 26

dorsalis. (Cyclothurus) 25

dorsalis. (Rhithrodontomys) .258,272

dorsalis. (Sciurus a.)

96, 97, 98, 114, 127

dorsalis. (Tamias) 135

dorsatum. (Erithizon) 398

dorsatus. (Hystrix) 397

douglasi. (Lcpus) 415

dowi. (Elasmognathus) 88

dowi. (Tapirella) 87, 88

dubius. (Peromyscus) 172,181

dugong. (Halicore) 36

durangas. (Eutamias) 137

durangse. (Lcpus) 417, 424

durangae. (Neotoma i.) 278, 285

durangae. (Tamias) 135, 137

durangi. (Sciurus) 97, 112

Echimys (sic) 385

Echimys ! trinitatis 385

Echinomys ccntralis 386

Echinomys cristatus 383

Echinomys semispinosus 386

Echinoprocta 397

Echinosciurus 91, 94, T13

Echinothrix 397

Edentata 19

edwardsi. (Lepus) 438

effugius. (Sciurus a.) 120

viii

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

PAGE.

effugius. (Sciurus p.) 96, 114, 120

effugius. (Sciurus w.) 120

Elasmognathus 87

Elasmognathus bairdi 87

Elasmognathus dowi 88

elegans. (Capromys) 390, 392

elegans. (Citellus) 145

epixanthurn. (Erethizon) 397, 398, 399
eremicoides. (Peromyscus a.) 173, 192

eremicus. (Dorcelaphus h.) 75

eremicus. (Hesperornys) 191

eremicus. (Lepus t.) ... .431, 435, 436
eremicus. (Odontoccelus h.) .. . .69, 77
eremicus. (Perognathus p.) . . 357, 35 9
eremicus. (Peromyscus)

• •I73. I9i» !92. !93, I99

eremicus. (Sigmodon h.) 224, 227

Eremiomys 299

Erethizon 396, 397

Erethizon dorsatum 398

Erethizon epixanthum . . .397, 398, 399

Erethizon pilosus 397

Erethizontidas 397

Erethizontinae 397

estor. (Cratogeomys) 312, 314

etensis. (Didelphys m.) 14, 18

Eucervus 68

Eucritus 397

Eudelphinus 54

euphrosinoides. (Prodelphinus) . . 59

euphrosyne. (Prodelphinus) 58

europasus. (Orcinus) 51

eurynome. (Tursiops) 56

Eurypterna 25

Eutamias 134

Eutamias durangae 137

eva. (Peromyscus) 174, 198

evides. (Peromyscus s.) 172, 179

exiguus. (Heteromys) 374, 377

exiguus. (Peromyscus) 172, 183

Falcifer 29

fallax. (Perognathus) ... .357, 366, 367

fasciattis. (Perognathus) 352

felipensis. (Neotoma b.) 278, 286

felipensis. (Peromyscus) 174, 205

femoralis. (Perognathus) . . . .358, 367

fenestratum. (Tatu m.) 33

ferruginea. (Neotoma) 277. 280

ferrugineiventris. (Sciurus) 115

Fiber 306, 307

PAGE.

Fiber z. pallidus 307, 308

fiber. (Castor) 159

fisheri. (Citellus v.) 141, 150

fisheri. (Spermophilus v.) 150

flaccidus. (Peromyscus t.) ...173,187
flavidus. (Megadontomys) ...212,214

flavigularis. (Lepus) 431

flavus. (Perognathus) . . .353, 354, 355

floridana. (Neotoma) 276

floridanus. (Lepus) 418, 420, 421

floridanus. (Peromyscus) 179

floweri. (Physeter) •. . . . 46

fluviatilis. (Trichechus) 37

forsteri. (Delphinus) 55

fossor. (Sciurus) 130

fournieri. (Capromys) 389, 390

fraterculus. (Peromyscus)

. .172, 184, 185

fraterculus. (Vesperimus) 184

frondator. (Castor c.) ... 159, 160, 161
frumentor. (Sciurus a.) .. .95, 114, 117

fulgens. (Oryzomys) 234. 240

fulvescens. (Cratogeomys) .. .312, 316

fulvescens. (Hesperomys) 248

fulvescens. (Oryzomys) 235, 248

fulvescens. (Rhithrodontomys m.)

257, 264, 265

fulviventer. (Marmosa) 5.8

fulviventer. (Microtus) 301

fulviventer. (Neotoma) . .278, 286. 288

fulviventer. (Sigmodon) 224,232

fulvo-fasciatus. (Delphinus) 54

fulvus. (Geomys) 334

fulvus. (Peromyscus 1.) 172, 183

fulvus. (Peromyscus s.) 183

fulvus. (Thomomys)

• -333. 334, 335- 33*5, 337. 338

fumosus. (Platygeomys) 318

fumosus. (Geomys) 318

furvus. (Peromyscus) ...171,174,208

furvus. (Sigmodon h.) 223, 225

fuscipes. (Neotoma) . . . .277, 278, 279
fuscogriseus. (Metachirus) ..11,12,13

fuscovariegatus. (Sciurus) 128

fuscus. (Delphinus) 55

gabbi. (Lepus) 426, 427. 428

gadovi. (Peromyscus 1.) 174. 201

gaillardi. (Lepus) 431, 433

gambeli. (Peromyscus) 187

gaumeri. (Heteromys) ..368,369.371

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

PAGE.

gaums. (Peromyscus) ... 174, 199, 200
gentilis. (Peromyscus g.) .... 174, 197

Genyscaelus 408

Geocapromys 389, 393

Geomyidae 309, 312, 341

Geomys 309, 310,320, 331

Geomys arenarius 310, 311

Geomys bulleri 320

Geomys cherrii 330

Geomys fulvus 334

Geomys fumosus 318

Geomys grandis . . . 322

Geomys gymnurus 316,318

Geomys heterodus 326, 328

Geomys hispidus 325

Geomys merriami 311,313

Geomys pinetis 310

Geomys scalops 322, 324

gerominensis. (Peromyscus) . .172, 181

gibbar. (Balaenoptera) 42

gigas. (Hydrodamalis) 35

gilberti. (Peromyscus) 195

gilberti. (Sitomys) 195

gilli. (Tursiops) 56

glacialis. (Balaena) 39

gladiator. (Delphinus) 51

gladiator. (Orcinus) 51

glaucus. (Agaphelus) 40

glaucus. (Rhachianectes) 40

Globicephala 52

Globicephalus 52

Globicephalus brachypterus . . 52, 53, 54

Globicephalus deductor 52

Globicephalus globiceps 52

Globicephalus incrassatus 53

Globicephalus intermedius 52

Globicephalus macrorhynchus .... 53

Globicephalus melas 47, 52, 53

Globicephalus scammoni 5 2 , 54

globiceps. (Globicephalus) 52

goldmani. (Citellus a.) 141, 151

goldmani. (Cratogeomys c.) ..313,316

goldmani. (Heteromys) 369, 373

goldmani. (Nelsonia) 290

goldmani. (Neotoma) 278, 288

goldmani. (Oryzomys) 235, 246

goldmani. (Perognathus) 357,365,366

goldmani. (Peromyscus) 172, 186

goldmani. (Rhithrodontomys) . . .

258, 268

goldmani. (Sciurus) 97, 115, 130

PAGE.

goldmani. (Spermophilus) 151

goldmani. (Thomomys) 334.339

gracilis. (Rhithrodontomys m.) . .

258, 265

grammurus. (Citellus v.) 141,149,150

grammurus. (Sciurus) 149

grammurus. (Spermophilus) .... 149

grandis. (Geomys) 322

grandis. (Orthogeomys) 322

gratus. (Peromyscus)

i74, i95. !96, 197

grayi. (Pseudorca) 51

graysoni. (Lepus) 417, 426

griseiflavus. (Macroxus) 124

griseiflavus. (Rhithrodontomys) .

- .258,270
griseiflavus. (Sciurus)

98, 108, no, 114, 124, 125

griseigena. (Sciurus) 101, 104

griseus. (Bradypus) 23, 24

griseus. (Cynomys) 155

griseus. (Heteromys) 369, 373

griseus. (Lepus t.) 431, 436

griseus. (Sciurus) 97, 130, 131

griseigenys. (Sciurus) 104

Grymaeomys 5

guatemalensis. (Micro tus) . . .305. 306
guatemalensis. (Peromyscus) .175, 211

Guerlinguetus 91, 93, 103

guianensis. (Chironectes) 3

gundlachi. (Capromys p.) ... .390, 392

gunnisoni. (Cynomys) 153, 156

Gymnotis 68

gymnotis. (Peromyscus) 173, 188

gymnurus. (Geomys) 316, 318

gymnurus. (Platygeomys)

317-318,319

Halicore australis 36

Halicore dugong 36

Halicore tabernaculi 36

Haplomylomys .170

harrisi. (Citellus) . . .140. 141, *42. *43

harrisi. (Spermophilus) 141

helleri. (Perognathus) 357, 360

helvolus. (Rhithrodontomys g.) .

258, 270

hemionotis. (Peromyscus) .. .174, 199

hemionus. (Cervus) 76

hemionus. (Odontoccelus)

69,76,77,78

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

PAGE.

Hemiotomys 299

Hemiotomys mexicanus 301

hermanni. (Perodipus) 351

hermanni. (Sciurus) 130

hernandezi. (Sciurus p.)

95, 96, 114, 118

hernandezi. (Sciurus a.) 118

Herpetomys 299, 300, 306

Hesperomys affinis 1 80

Hesperomys anthonyi .185

Hesperomys aztecus 184

Hesperomys boylii 195

Hesperomys caliginosus 253

Hesperomys cherrii 183

Hesperomys couesi 236

Hesperomys eremicus 191

Hesperomys fulvescens 248

Hesperomys 1. sonoriensis 181

Hesperomys melanophrys 201

Hesperomys mexicanus 207

Hesperomys nudicaudus 217

Hesperomys nudipes 198

Hesperomys sumichrasti 214, 216

Hesperomys teguina 273

Hesperomys texensis 186

Hesperomys t. deserticola 188

Hesperomys toltecus 226

Hesperosciurus 91, 94, 130

heterodus. (Geomys) 326, 328

heterodus. (Macrogeomys) 328

Heterogeomys 310, 325

Heterogeomys hispidus 326

Heterogeomys torridus. . . .325, 326, 372

Heteromyidas 341

Heteromyinae 352

Heteromys 368, 369

Heteromys adspersus 369, 373

Heteromys albolimbatus 374, 375

Heteromys alleni 370, 374, 376

Heteromys annectens 369, 371

Heteromys bulleri 369, 370

Heteromys canus 374. 375

Heteromys crispus 375, 380

Heteromys c. setosus 375, 380

Heteromys desmarestianus .... 369, 372

Heteromys exiguus 374, 377

Heteromys gaumeri 368, 369, 371

Heteromys goldmani 369, 373

Heteromys g. lepturus 369, 373

Heteromys griseus 369, 373

Heteromys heterothrix 375, 380

PAGE.

Heteromys hispidus 369, 371

Heteromys irroratus 369, 370

Heteromys longicaudatus .369, 370, 372

Heteromys nelsoni 381

Heteromys obscurus 375, 379

Heteromys orbitalis 375, 380

Heteromys paralius 375, 381

Heteromys parviceps 375, 378

Heteromys phjeura 375, 379

Heteromys pictus 375, 377, 378

Heteromys p. isthmius 375, 378

Heteromys p. rostratus 375. 3?8

Heteromys plantinarensis 374, 377

Heteromys repens 369, 372

Heteromys salvini 369, 370

Heteromys s. nigrescens 369, 370

Heteromys sonorana 375, 379

Heteromys texensis 381

Heteromys torridus 374, 376, 377

Heteromys t. minor 374, 377

Heteromys veraecrucis 375, 379

heterothrix. (Heteromys) .. . .375, 380
hirsutus. (Rhithrodontomys) ....

258, 269, 270

hirtus. (Sciurus n.) ...96,98,114,121

hispidus. (Cabassous c.) 32

hispidus. (Geomys) 325

hispidus. (Heterogeomys) 326

hispidus. (Heteromys) 369, 371

hispidus. (Perognathus) .357,360,361
hispidus. (Sigmodon) ...222,228,232

Hodomys 296

Hodomys alleni 296, 297

Hodomys vetulus 295, 297

hoffmanni. (Choleopus) 20,21

hoffmanni. (Sciurus ae.)

94, i°3, I04, i°5

Holochilus 221

Holochilus pilorides 222

holzneri. (Lepus f.) 417, 4I9

homochroia. (Peromyscus) . . .174, 200
huahucha. (Sciurus a.) . . .95, 107, 109

humerale. (Tagassu a.) 62, 63

humerale. (Tayassu a.) 63

hybrida. (Tatu) 33

Hydrodamalis gigas 35

Hydrolagus 413

hylocetes. (Oryzomys) 234, 237

hylocetes. (Peromyscus) 174, 204

hyperythrus. (Microtus c.)

300,301, 302

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

XI

PAGE.
hypopyrrhus. (Sciurus)

107, 115, 121, 126, 127, 128, 129

hypopyrrhus. (Sciurus a.)

96, 98, 1 14, 1 1 6

hypoxanthus. (Sciurus) 115

Hypudaeus 165

Hypudaeus leucogaster 165

Hystrix dorsatus 397

Hystrix mexicanus 402

Hystrix prehcnsilis 399

Ictidomys 139

Ignavus 21

incitatus. (Lepus) 426, 428

incrassatus. (Globicephalus) .... 53
inexoratus. (Sigmodon h.) . . .224, 229
inexpectatus. (Rhithrodontomys)

258, 271

infuscatus. (Bradypus) 22, 23

ingrahami. (Capromys) 390, 394

insignis. (Peromyscus) 174, 203

insolitus. (Lepus) 417, 421, 425

insularis. (Didelphys m.) 14, 17

insularis. (Lepus) 431, 438

insularis. (Marmosa) 5,7

intermedia. (Neotoma)

278, 280, 284, 285

intermedius. (Globicephalus) .... 52
intermedius. (Perognathus)

357.364,365

intermedius. (Rhithrodontomys m.)

257, 264

intermedius. (Sciurus) 127

intermedius. (Thomomys f .) .333,336

interpres. (Citellus) 140, 143

interpres. (Spermophilus) 143

interpres. (Tamias) 143

inunguis. (Trichcchus) 35

irazu. (Acodon) 273, 274

irroratus. (Heteromys) 369, 370

Isodon piloridcs 389, 390

isthmica. (Dasyprocta) . . 405, 406, 407

isthmica. (Neotoma) 278, 287

isthmius. (Heteromys p.) ... .375, 378

jalapae. (Mus m.) 162, 163

jalapae. (Oryzomys) 235, 246, 247

jalapae. (Rhithrodontomys c.) 258, 267

janira. (Delphinus) 55

jubata. (Myrmecophaga) 29

PAGH.

Kogia 46

Kyphobalaena 40

labecula. (Peromyscus) 172, 178

labiatus. (Tagassu) 66

labilis. (Loncheres) 383, 384

Laboura 400

laenatum. (Coendu) 400, 402

Lagomorpha 411

Lagomyidae 411

Lagurus 299

lateralis. (Citellus) 147

latifrons. (Neotoma) 277, 282

latifrons. (Orthogeomys) . . . .322, 324

latirostris. (Manatus) 37

latirostris. (Orcinus) 51

Latra ! minima 2,3

latrans. (Cynomys) 155

lecontii. (Mus) 256

Leoporidae 410,411

leporinus. (Sciurus) 130

leptorhynchum. (Tatu) 34

lepturus. (Heteromys g.) 369, 373

lepturus. (Peromyscus) 174, 204

Lepus 413, 426

Lepus alleni . . . . 43 1 , 433, 434

Lepus a. palitans 431, 434

Lepus aquaticus 414

Lepus a. attwateri 414

Lepus arizonae 417, 423, 424, 425

Lepus a. confinis 417, 424

Lepus a. major 417, 423, 424, 425

Lepus a. minor 417,423

Lepus artemesia 425

Lepus asellus 431, 435

Lepus auduboni 417,422,429

Lepus bachmani 428, 429

Lepus bennetti 437

Lepus californicus

• • • 43 J. 436, 437. 438- 439

Lepus c. xanti 431, 438

Lepus callotis. ... ..431,432,433

Lepus cerrosensis 428

Lepus cinerascens 428, 429, 430

Lepus diazi 412

Lepus douglasi 415

*Lepus durangae 417, 424

Lepus edwardsi 438

*Lepvs duranga proves to be the same as L.
holzntri, and therefore becomes a synonym of that
species. See Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1904, p. 2IO.

xii

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

PAGE.

Lepus flavigularis 431

Lepus floridanus 418, 420, 421

Lepus f. aztecus 41?. 4X8, 419

Lepus f. chapmani 417

Lepus f. holzneri 417, 419

Lepus f. mallurus 422

Lepus f. persultator 417, 418

Lepus f. subcinctus 416, 417, 418

Lepus f. yucatanicus 41?. 4*9

Lepus gabbi 426, 427, 428

Lepus gaillardi 431 , 433

Lepus g. battyi 43 1 , 433

Lepus graysoni 417. 426

Lepus incitatus 426. 428

Lepus insolitus 41?- 421» 425

Lepus insularis 431, 438

Lepus martirensis 431 , 439

Lepus merriami 43 1, 432, 435

Lepus mexicanus 431

Lepus nigricaudatus 431

Lepus nuttalli 417, 423, 425

Lepus orizabae 4X7- 425

Lepus palustris 414. 415

Lepus parvulus 417,421

Lepus peninsularis 428, 430

Lepus richardsoni 437

Lepus rigidus 419

Lepus russatus 4J7> 42°

Lepus sanctidiegi 4X7- 422

Lepus sylvaticus 415

Lepus texensis 432, 435

Lepus t. deserticola 431, 437

Lepus t. eremicus 43 1, 435, 436

Lepus t. griseus 43 1, 436

Lepus t. micropus 431, 436

Lepus timidus 413

Lepus trowbridgii 429

Lepus truii 414, 415

Lepus veraecrucis 4J7, 42o

Lepus Washington! 410

leucodon. (Neotoma) . . .277, 281, 282

leucogaster. (Hypudasus) 165

leucogaster. (Onychomys) . . . . 166, 168

leucogaster. (Sciurus) 115

leucops. (Sciurus) ..115,117,119,123

leucops. (Sciurus a.) 119

leucotis. (Sigmodon) ... .224, 230, 231

leucurus. (Citellus) 140, 142, 143

leucurus. (Peromyscus) . .174, 200, 201

leucurus. (Spermophilus) 142

leucurus. (Tamias) 142

PAGE.

levipes. (Peromyscus) 173, 195

levipes. (Rhithrodontomys)

258, 270, 271

lichtensteini. (Cervus) 72

lichtensteini. (Odontocoelus) . . . .69, 72

limitis. (Sciurus 1.) no

Limnolagus 413,414

lineata. (Phocaena) 48

Liomys 368, 369, 374

Liornys canus 375

Liomys crispus 380

Liomys c. setosus 380

Liomys heterothrix 380

Liomys obscurus 379

Liomys orbitalis 380

Liomys parviceps 378

Liomys phasura 379

Liomys plantinarensis 377

Liomys p. isthmius 378

Liomys p. rostratus 378

Liomys sonorana 379

Liomys torridus 376

Liomys t. minor 377

Liomys veraecrucis 379

Lipura . . . 153

Loncheres 383

Loncheres labilis 383. 384

Loncherinas ' 382

Lonchetes 383

longicaudatus. (Heteromys) ....

369-37°. 372

longicaudum. (Tatu) 33

longicaudus. (Onychomys) 167

longicaudus. (Rheithrodon!) .... 261
longicaudus. (Rhithrodontomys)

.257, 259. 261, 262, 263

longimana. (Megaptera) 41

longipes. (Onychomys) 167

longirostris. (Delphinus) 58

longirostris. (Prodelphinus) 58

lophurus. (Peromyscus) . . 174. 204, 205
luciae. (Moschophoromys) . . . .250. 251

luciae. (Oryzomys) 251

ludovicianus. (Arctomys) 153

ludovicianus. (Cynomys)

• -!53- X54. 155, i56

ludovicianus. (Sciurus) 124

ludovicianus. (Sciurus n.) 1 10

macrocephalus. (Physeter) 44, 45

Macrocolus 341

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

Xlll

PAGE.

Macrogeomys 310, 326

Macrogeomys cavator 328, 329

Macrogeomys cherrii 327, 328, 330

Macrogeomys costaricensis . . . .328, 330
Macrogeomys dolichocephalus .328, 329

Macrogeomys heterodus 328

Macrogeomys pansa 328, 329

macrorhynchus. (Globicephalus) . 53

Macrotis 68

macrotis. (Ncotoma f.) . .277, 279, 283

macrotis. (Odontoccelus) 76

macrotis. (Onychomys) 165, 169

Macrotolagus 413, 414, 431

macrourus. (Citellus) 149

macrourus. (Spermophilus) 149

Macroxus 93

Macroxus griseiflavus 124

madrensis. (Callospermophilus) . . 147

madrensis. (Citellus) 140, 147

madrensis. (Peromyscus) .... 174. 197

major. (Delphinus) 55

major. (Lepus a.) ..417,423,424,425
major. (Sigmodon h.) . . .224, 226, 228

mallurus. (Lepus f.) 422

managuensis. (Sciurus) .. .97, 114, 129

managuensis. (Sciurus b.) 129

Manatus 36

Manatus latirostris 37

Manatus manatus 37

manatus. (Manatus) 37

manatus. (Trichechus) 35, 36, 37

margaritJE. (Perognathus) . . . .357. 363

marginatus. (Delphinus) 55

marginatus. (Prodclphinus) 58

Marmosa 4

Marmosa canescens 5 , 6, 8

Marmosa chapmani 4

Marmosa cinerca 5,7

Marmosa fulvi venter 5,8

Marmosa insularis 5,7

Marmosa mexicana 5,6

Marmosa mitis 8

Marmosa murina 5,6

Marmosa oaxacae 5.8

Marmosa sinaloa? 5,6

Marsupialia Z

marsupialis. (Didelphys) 14

martirensis. (Lepus) 431 , 439

martirensis. (Peromyscus) . . .173. 189

martirensis. (Sitomys) 189

martirensis'. (Thomomys) .. . .333. 336

PAGE.

mascotensis. (Sigmodon) 227

mascotensis. (Sigmodon h.)

223, 227, 229

maurus. (Sciurus) 1 16

Mazama 68, 79

Mazama h. peninsulae 78

Mazama pandora 80

Mazama sartori 79, 80

Mazama tema 80

mearnsi. (Perognathus) 353, 354

mearnsi. (Sciurus) 132

mearnsi. (Sciurus d.) 94, 133

mecisturus. (Peromyscus) ...175,212

medius. (Peromyscus t.) 177

megadon. (Oryzomys r.) ... .235, 243

Megadontomys 212

Megadontomys flavidus 212, 214

Megadontomys nelsoni 212, 214

Megadontomys thomasi . .212, 213, 214

Megalomys 250

megalops. (Peromyscus) 175, 210

megalotis. (Peromyscus) 193

mcgalotis. (Reithrodon !) 259

megalotis. (Rhithrodontomys) . .

256, 257, 259, 260, 261, 262

Megaptera 40

Megaptera longimana : . . . 41

Megaptera n . bellicosa 41

Megaptera versabilis 41

Megapteron 40

Mcgapteropsis 41

melania. (Sciurus) 97, 114, 128

melanocarpus. (Peromyscus) ....

. .175, 210, 211

mclanonotus. (Sciurus n.) 107

mclanophrys. (Hesperomys) .... 201
melanophrys. (Onychomys)

165, 166, 167

melanophrys. (Peromyscus)

174, 180, 201, 202, 203

melanotis. (Oryzomys)

• -235- 236- 243, 244

melanotis. (Perognathus a.) . .353, 356
melanotis. (Peromyscus) 172,178, 170

melanotis. (Sigmodon) 224. 232

mclanura. (Neotoma i.) 278, 284

melanurus. (Capromys) 390. 391

mclanurus. (Dipodomys m.) .343,348

melas. (Delphinus) 52

mclas. (Globicephalus) 47, 52, 53

mclas. (Globioccphalus !) 53

xiv

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

PAGE.

memina. (Chironectes) 3

meridionalis. (Pseudorca) 51

merriami. (Cratogcomys) ....312,313
merriami. (Dipodomys)

343. 345, 346, 347. 34§

merriami. (Geomys) 311, 313

merriami. (Lepus) 431, 432, 435

merriami. (Perognathus) ...-353,354

merriami . (Peromyscus) 174, 198

merriami. (Tamias) 135, 136, 137

merriami. (Tamias a.) 137

mesamericana. (Didelphys)

14, 15, 16, 17

mesomelas. (Peromyscus t.) .172,177
mesopolius. (Perognathus f .) ....

356,358,367

Metachirus 1 1

Metachirus fuscogriseus 11,12, 13

Metachirus f . pallidus 11,13

Metachirus nudicaudatus 11,12

Metachirus opossum 12

Metachirus quica 12

metallicola. (Peromyscus) ...173,192

metis. (Tursiops) 56

mexicana. (Antilocarpa a.) ... .81, 82

mexicana. (Dasyprocta) 404,405

mexicana. (Marmosa) 5,6

mexicana. (Neotoma)

277, 282, 283, 285, 288

mexicanum. (Coendu). ..400,401,402

mexicanus. (Cervus) 72

mexicanus. (Citellus) . . .140, 145, 146

mexicanus. (Cynomys) 153, 156

mexicanus. (Hemiotomys) 301

mexicanus. (Hesperomys) 207

mexicanus. (Hystrix) 402

mexicanus. (Lepus) 431

mexicanus. (Microtus) 301

mexicanus. (Odontocoelus) 70, 72

mexicanus. (Oryzomys)

. .234, 235, 242,243, 246

mexicanus. (Ovis c.) 84, 86

mexicanus. (Perognathus f .) . . 353, 355
mexicanus. (Peromyscus)

172, 206, 207, 208

mexicanus. (Rhithrodontomys) .

257, 264, 265, 268

mexicanus. (Sciurus) 146

Micoureus 5

Micoureus canescens 6

microdon. (Rhithrodontomys) 258, 269

PAGE.
microdon. (Sigmodon h.) ... .223, 226

Microlagus 413, 414, 428

microps. (Delphinus) 55

microps. (Prodelphinus) 58

micropus. (Lepus t.) 431, 436

micropus. (Neotoma)

276, 277, 281, 282

Microsciurus .91, 94, 98

microspilotus. (Citellus s.)

140, 144, 145

microspilotus. (Spermophilus s.).. 145

Microtinae 250, 298

Microtus 298, 300

Microtus calif ornicus 302

Microtus c. hyperythrus. . .300, 301, 302

Microtus fulvi venter 301

Microtus guatemalensis 305, 306

Microtus mexicanus 301

Microtus m. phaeus 301, 302

Microtus mogollonensis 302

Microtus pinetorum 303

Microtus quasiater 303

Microtus umbrosus 304, 303

Micrurus 299

minima. (Latra!) 2, 3

minimus. (Chironectes) 1,2,3

minimus. (Sigmodon) 224, 230

minor. (Heteromys t.) 374, 377

minor. (Lepus a.) 417, 423

minor. (Liomys t.) 377

missouriensis. (Cynomys) 155

mitchelli. (Dipodomys) 343, 344

mitis. (Marmosa) 8

mogollonensis. (Microtus) 302

molestus. (Oryzomys) 234, 240

Monax 153

monochrura. (Neotoma) 278

moorii. (Delphinus) 55

mono. (Sciurus) 116

morulus. (Sciurus v.) . . . .96, 104, 105

moschatus. (Delphinus) 55

Moschomys, 250, 308

Moschophoromys 250

Moschophoromys desmaresti . .250, 251

Moschophoromys luciae 250, 251

Muridae 161, 162, 255, 275, 306

murina. (Didelphys) 4, 5

murina. (Marmosa) 5, 6

Murinae 161, 162

Mus 162, 306

Mus alexandrinus 162, 164

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

PAGE.

Mus anomalus 368

Mus arvalis 298

Mus californicus 203

Mus citellus 139

Mus decumanus 164

Mus desmaresti 250

Mus lecontii 256

Mus musculus 162, 181

Mus m. jalapae 162, 163

Mus norvegicus 162, 164, 165, 250

Mus paca 408

Mus palustris 233

Mus pilorides 250

Mus rattus 162, 163, 164

Mus s. noveboracensis 170

Mus tectorum 164

Mus tuza 310

Mus volans 158

musculoidcs. (Peromyscus a.). 172, 180

musculus. (Mus) 162, 181

musculus. (Peromyscus) .171, 175, 176

musculus. (Sitomys) 175

mustelinus. (Sciurus) 115

Mynomes 298

Myocaster coypu 382

Myoprocta 403

myosura. (Tamandua) 27

Myoxomys 214

Myoxus chrysurus 383

Myrmecolichnus 25

Myrmecophaga 29

Myrmecophaga didactyla 24

Myrmecophaga jubata 29

Myrmecophaga sellata 28

Myrmecophaga tetradactyla .... 26, 27
Myrmecophaga tridactyla .... 24, 29, 30

Myrmecophagidae 24

Myrmydon 25

mysticetus. (Balaena) 39

nanus. (Tagassu) 62

nanus. (Tayassu) 62

navus. (Neotoma) 277, 282

nayaritensis. (Sciurus)

95, 106, 107, 108

nebrascensis. (Peromyscus 1.) ... 188
neglectus. (Platygeomys) . .. .318,319

negligens. (Sciurus) 94, 101, xoa

nelsoni. (Heteromys) 381

nelsoni. (Megadontomys) ....212,214
nelsoni. (Odontoccelus) 69, 75

PACK.

nelsoni. (Orthogeomys) 322, 324

nelsoni. (Oryzomys) 234, 235

nelsoni. (Ovis c.) 84, 85

nelsoni. (Pappogeomys) 320

nelsoni. (Pcrognathus) . . . 357, 364, 365

nelsoni. (Peromyscus) 214

nelsoni. (Romerolagus) 41 1 , 412

nelsoni. (Sciurus) .96,98, 114, 120, 121

nelsoni. (Thomomys) 334, 339

nelsoni. (Xenomys) 291, 292

nelsoni. (Xylomys) 381

Nelsonia 289

Nelsonia goldmani 290

Nelsonia neotomodon 289. 290

nemoralis. (Cervus) 74

nemoralis. (Odontocoelus) ..69,73,74

nemoralis. (Sciurus a.) 118

nemoralis. (Sciurus p.) . . .96, 114, 118

nemoralis. (Sciurus w.) 118

Neodon 299

Neofiber 299

Neomys panamensis 219

Neosciurus 93

Neotoma 275, 276, 277, 292

Neotoma alleni 296, 297

Neotoma anthonyi 278, 283

Neotoma arenacea 277, 283

Neotoma bella felipensis 278, 286

Neotoma bryanti 277, 280

Neotoma californica 284

Neotoma canescens 281

Neotoma cumulator 277, 280

Neotoma distincta 277, 278

Neotoma ferruginea 277. 280

Neotoma floridana 276

Neotoma fulviventer 278, 286, 288

Neotoma fuscipes 277, 278, 279

Neotoma f. macrotis 277, 279, 283

Neotoma goldmani 278, 288

Neotoma intermedia .278, 280, 284, 285

Neotoma i. albigula 278, 285, 286

Neotoma i. angusticeps 278, 285

Neotoma i. durangae 278, 285

Neotoma i. melanura 278, 284

Neotoma isthmica 278, 287

Neotoma latifrons 277, 282

Neotoma leucodon 277, 281, 282

Neotoma mexicana

277, 282, 283, 285, 288

Neotoma micropus . . .276, 277, 281, 282
Neotoma monochrura 278

xvi

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

PA..E.

Neotoma navus 277. 282

Neotoma orizabae 278. 286

Neotoma parvidens 278 288

Neotoma picta 278 287

Neotoma simplex 279

Neotoma sinaloae 277, 283

Neotoma splendens . 278

Neotoma tenuicauda 278, 286, 289

Neotoma torquata 277, 279

Neotoma tropicalis 278, 288

Neotoma venusta 284

Neotominae 276

Neotomodon 292

Neotomodon alstoni 292, 293, 254

Neotomodon orizabae 293, 294

Neotomodon perotensis 293

neotomodon. (Nelsonia) 289, 290

nerterus. (Rhithrodontomys c.)258, 267

nicoyana. (Sciurus) 127

niger. (Sciurus) 115

nigrescens. (Heteromys s.) . . .369, 370
nigrescens. (Peromyscus m.) .172,176

nigricans. (Thomomys f.) 333, 335

nigricaudatus. (Lepus) 431

nitellinus. (Nyctomys) 215, 216

norvegicus. (Mus) . . 162, 164, 165, 250

Notagogus 5

Notophorus 62

novae-hispaniae. (Coendu) 402

novae-zelandiae. (Delphinus) 59

nov33-zelandiae. (Prodelphinus) . . 59

noveboracensis. (Mus s.) 170

novemcinctum. (Tatu) 33, 34

novemcinctus. (Cabassous) 34

novemcinctus. (Dasypus) 32, 33

nuchalis. (Sciurus c.) ....97,114,122

nudicaudata. (Didelphys) 11,12

nudicaudatus. (Metachirus) ... .11,12

nudicaudus. (Hesperomys) 217

nudicaudus. (Tylomys) . .217, 218, 219

nudipes. (Hesperomys) 198

nudipes. (Peromyscus) 174. 198

nuttalli. (Lcpus) 417, 423, 425

nuttalli. (Peromyscus) 169, 183

Nyctomys 214

Nyctomys decolorus 215, 216

Nyctomys nitellinus 215, 216

Nyctomys sumichrasti 215.216

oaxacae. (Marmosa) 5,8

oaxacensis. (Peromyscus) .... 174, 206

PAGE.

obscurus. (Heteromys) 375, 379

obscurus. (Liomys) 379

obscurus. (Perodipus) 349, 350

obscurus. (Perognathus) 358

obscurus. (Rhithrodontomys m.).

257, 261

obscurus. (Tamias) 134, 135, 136

Ochetodon 256

Ochetomys 299

ochrognathus. (Sigmodon) . ..224, 230

octocinctum. (Tatu) 33

Octodontidas 382

oculatus. (Sciurus) ..95,106,107,108

Odobasnus 36

Odocoileus ! 68

Odocoileus! speleus 68

Odontobaenus 36

Odontocoelus 68

Odontocoelus americanus . . . .69, 70, 75

Odontocoelus a. couesi 69, 70, 71

Odontoccelus a. mexicanus 70

Odontoccelus a. texensis 69, 70

Odontocoelus auritus 76

Odontocoelus battyi 69, 71

Odontoccelus cerrosensis 69, 76

Odontoccelus clavatus 73

Odontocoelus costaricensis 69, 73

Odontoccelus hemionus . . .69, 76, 77, 78

Odontocoelus h. californicus

69, 76, 77, 78

Odontoccelus h. canus 69, 78

Odontoccelus h. eremicus 69, 77

Odontoccelus h. peninsula? 70, 7 8

Odontoccelus lichtensteini 69, 72

Odontoccelus macrotis 76

Odontoccelus mexicanus 72

Odontoccelus nelsoni 69, 75

Odontoccelus nemoralis 69, 73, 74

Odontoccelus rothschildi 69, 72

Odontoccelus sinaloae 70, 78

Odontoccelus thomasi . . 69, 75

Odontoccelus toltecus 69, 74

Odontoccelus truii 69, 73, 74. 75

Odontoccelus virginianus 70

Odontoccelus yucataner.sis 74

Olidosus 65

Oligoryzomys 233, 248

Ondatra 308

Onychomys 165

Onychomys leucogaster 166, 168

Onychomys longicaudus 167

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

xvii

PAGE.

Onychomys longipes 167

Onychomys macrotis 165, 169, 1 70

Onychomys melanophrys. . 165, 166, 167

Onychomys m. pallescens 165, 166

Onychomys ramona 165, 167

Onychomys torridus .165, 166, 167, 168

Onychomys t. arenicola 165, 1 68

Onychomys t. pcrpallidus 165, 1 68

Oplacerus ! 68

opossum. (Metachirus) 12

orbitalis. (Heteromys) 375. 380

orbitalis. (Liomys) 380

Orca 50

orca. (Delphinus) 50, 51

orca. (Orcinus) 50, 51

Orcinus 50

Orcinus arcticus 51

Orcinus europaeus 51

Orcinus gladiator 51

Orcinus latirostris 51

Orcinus orca 50, 51

Orcinus schlegelii 51

Orcinus stenorhyncha 51

ordi. (Dipodomys) 350

ordi. (Perodipus) 349, 350

oreocetes. (Cratogeomys) ....313,314

oresterus. (Peromyscus) 174, 200

orizaba?. (Lepus) 417, 425

orizabae. (Neotoma) 278. 286

orizabae. (Neotomodon) 293, 294

orizabae. (Peromyscus m.) ....174, 207
orizabae. (Rhithrodontomys) .258. 266

orizabaj. (Thomomys) 334, 337

ornatus. (Dipodomys) 343. 344

Orthogeomys 310, 322

Orthogeomys grandis 322

Orthogeomys latifrons 322, 324

Orthogeomys nelsoni 322. 324

Orthogeomys seal ops 322,323,324

Orthriomys 299, 3°°. 3°4

Oryctomys 332

Oryzomys 232, 233, 248, 252

Oryzomys albiventer 234, 236

Oryzomys alfari 234, 242

Oryzomys angusticeps 235, 245

Oryzomys antillarum 235, 247

Oryzomys aquaticus 241

Oryzomys bulleri 234, 239

Oryzomys chapmani .234, 237, 238, 239

Oryzomys c. caudatus 234, 238

Oryzomys c. dilutior 234, 238

Oryzomys c. saturatior

Oryzomys cherrii

Oryzomys childi

Oryzomys chrysomelas

Oryzomys costaricer.sis

233, 235,

Oryzomys couesi . . . .234. 236,

Oryzomys cozumelae

Oryzomys crinitus

Oryzomys c. aztecus

Oryzomys devius

Oryzomys fulgens

Oryzomys fulvescens

Oryzomys goldmani

Oryzomys hylocetes

Oryzomys jalapae 235,

Oryzomys j. apatelius

Oryzomys j. rufinus

Oryzomys lucia?

Oryzomys melanotis .235,236,

Oryzomys mexicanus

• -234,235,242,

Oryzomys m. peragrus

Oryzomys molestus. '.

Oryzomys nelsoni

Oryzomys palatinus

Oryzomys palustris

Oryzomys panamensis

Oryzomys peninsulas -.

Oryzomys rhabdops 234,

Oryzomys richmondi

Oryzomys rostra tus 235,

Oryzomys r. megadon

Oryzomys rufus

Oryzomys talamancas

Oryzomys teapensis

Oryzomys tectus

Oryzomys vegetus

Oryzomys victus

Oryzomys yucatanensis

Oryzomys zygomaticus

Osteopcra

Otelaphus

Otocolobus

Otognosis

Otosciurus 91

Otospcrmophilus 139,

Ototylomys

Ototylomys phyllotis

Ototylomys p. pha?us

otus. (Rhithrodontomys 1.) . .

PAGE.
234- 239
252.253

. 244
• - - 253

249, 250
239. 247
234- 241
235, 245
234. 245
235. 244
234- 240
235- 248
235- 246
234- 237
246, 247
235- 246
235- 247
. . . 251

243, 244

243, 246

235- 243

234. 240

234, 233
234, 237
. 242
234, 241
234, 236
237, 246

235- 248
243, 244

235- 243
234- 239

234. 241
235.247
235.245
235- 249
235- 244
234. 236
234. 241
. . . 408
... 68
- 139

• • 352

.94, in

140, 148

220

220. 221
... 221
258. 271

xviii

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

PAGE.

Ovis 83

Ovis aries 83

Ovis cervina 86

Ovis c. cremnobates 84, 85

Ovis c. mexicanus 84, 86

Ovis c. nelsoni 84, 85

Ovis stonii 85

Paca 408

paca. (Agouti) 4°8

paca. (Mus) 408

pacificus. (Perognathus) 353, 355

Passcopia 41

palatinus. (Oryzomys) 234,237

palitans. (Lepus a.) 431, 434

pallescens. (Onychomys m.) . .165, 166

pallidum. (Cercolabes) 401

pallidutn. (Coendu) 400, 401

pallidus. (Caluromys 1.) 9, 10

pallidus. (Fiber z.) 307, 308

pallidus. (Metachirus f.) 11,13

pallidus. (Perognathus f.) . . .357, 366

pallidus. (Philander 1.) 10

pallidus. (Rhithrodontomys 1.) . .

257, 262

pallidus. (Sigmodon h.) 228

pallidus. (Tamias q.) 135

palmata. (Chironectes) 3

palmeri. (Dipodops o.) 350

palmeri. (Perodipus o.) 349, 350

Paludicola 299

palustris. (Lepus) 414, 415

palustris. (Mus) 233

palustris. (Oryzomys) 242

panamensis. (Neomys) 219

panamensis. (Oryzomys) .... 234, 241
panamensis. (Proechinomys c.) . .

385-387,388

panamensis. (Tylomys) 217, 219

panamintimus. (Perognathus).... 355

pandora. (Mazama) 80

Pappogeomys 310, 320

Pappogeomys albinasus 320, 321

Pappogeomys bulleri 320, 321, 322

Pappogeomys nelsoni 320

pansa. (Macrogeomys) 328, 329

paradoxus. (Perognathus h.) .357, 361

paraguensis. (Chironectes) 3

paralius. (Heteromys) 375, 381

Parasciurus 91, 94, no

parviceps. (Heteromys) 375, 378

PAGE.

parviceps. (Liomys) 378

p rvidens. (Citellus m.) 140, 146

parvidens. (Neotoma) 278, 288

parvidens. (Spermophilus m.) . . . 146

parvulus. (Lepus) 417, 421

parvus. (Dipodomys m.) . . . .343, 346

paulus. (Peromyscus) 172, 176

pavidus. (Peromyscus) 174, 197

peba. (Tatu) 33

pecari. (Tagassu) 65, 66, 67

pecari. (Tayassu) 65, 66

pectoralis. (Peromyscus a.) ..173,192

Pedomys 299

penicillatus. (Perognathus) -.358,359
penicillatus. (Peromyscus b.) . 173, 196
peninsulae. (Citellus 1.) . .140, 141, 143

peninsulas. (Mazama h.) 78

peninsulae. (Odontoccelus h.) ... 70, 78

peninsulas. (Oryzomys) 234, 236

peninsulas. (Perognathus s.)

357-363-364

peninsulas. (Rhithrodontomys) . .

257,263

peninsulas. (Tamias 1.) 143

peninsularis. (Lepus) 428, 430

peragrus. (Oryzomys m.) ....235,243
perditus. (Thomomys) ..334,338,339
peregrinus. (Cratogeomys) ...313,314
peregrinus. (Thomomys) ....334,337
pernix. (Perognathus) . . .357, 359, 360

Perodipus 348, 349

Perodipus agilis 349, 351

Perodipus chapmani 349, 350

Perodipus obscurus 349, 351

Perodipus ordi 349, 350

Perodipus palmeri 349, 350

Perognathus 352, 353, 368

Perognathus anthonyi 358, 366

Perognathus apache 356

Perognathus a. melanotis 353, 356

Perognathus baileyi 357, 361, 362

Perognathus b. rhydinorhis

357,359-362

Perognathus bimaculatus 356

Perognathus cnecus 357, 362

Perognathus fallax 357, 366, 367

Perognathus f. pallidus 357, 366

Perognathus fascia tus 352

Perognathus femoralis 358, 367

Perognathus f. mesopolius 356, 358, 367
Perognathus flavus 353, 354, 355

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

xix

PAGE.
Perognathus f mexicanus 353> 355

PAGE.
Peromyscus bullatus- 173, 193

Perognathus goldmani 357 > 3^5> 3^6

Peromyscus cacabatus 175,211

Perognathus g. artus 35 7 , 365

Peromyscus calif ornicus . .174, 201 , 203

Perognathus helleri 357> 360

Peromyscus cecilii 172, 178

Perognathus hispidus 357 3^0, 361

Peromyscus cedrosensis 17 3, 185

Perognathus h. paradoxus . . . -357, 361

Peromyscus cherrii 172, 183, 267

Perognathus h zacatecas 357 361

Peromyscus cineritius 173> *95

Perognathus intermedius .357, 364, 365

Peromyscus comptus 174. 206

Perognathus margaritae 3 5 7 > 3^3

Peromyscus cozumelae . 172 181

Perognathus mearnsi 353i 354

Peromyscus difficilis . 173, IQ3» 194, 205

Perognathus merriami 353> 354

Peromyscus dubius 172, 181

Perognathus nelsoni . . . .357, 364, 365

Peromyscus eremicus ....

Perognathus n. canescens 35 7 1 3^5

. .17'*. IQI. IQ2. IQl, IOQ

Perognathus obscurus 358

Peromyscus e. arenarius T73> I9I

Perognathus pacificus 353> 355

Peromyscus e. phaeurus J73» I9I

Perognathus panamintinus 355

Peromyscus e propinquus 185

Perognathus p. brevinasus . . . -353, 355

Peromyscus eva 1 74, 198

Perognathus penicillatus 35$, 359

Peromyscus exiguus 172, 183

Perognathus p. angustirostris .357, 358

Peromyscus felipensis '74* 205

Perognathus p. arenarius .357, 358, 360

Peromyscus floridanus 179

Perognathus p. ercmicus 357> 359

Peromyscus fraterculus -172, 184, 185

Perognathus p. pricii 357 > 35^

Peromyscus furvus I7I> J74- 208

Perognathus pernix 357 > 359» 360

Peromyscus gambeli 187

Perognathus p. rostra tus 357 359

Peromyscus gaurus . 174 199, 200

Perognathus spinatus 357, 362, 363, 364

Peromyscus gerominensis *72> I^i

Perognathus s. bryanti 357» 364

Peromyscus gilberti 195

Perognathus s. peninsula? .357, 363, 364

Peromyscus goldmani 172, 186

Peromyscus 169, 170, 175

Peromyscus gratus .. .174, 1951 196, 197

Peromyscus affinis 172 180, 181

Peromyscus g gentilis 174. *97

Peromyscus a. musculoides . . .172, 180
Peromyscus allex 172 175

Peromyscus guatemalensis ... .175, 211
Peromyscus gymnotis '73- 188

Peromyscus allophilus . 172 208

Peromyscus hemionotis . ... 174, 199

Peromyscus altilaneus . . . 175 210

Peromyscus homochroia 174. 200

Peromyscus americanus arizonae 186

Peromyscus hylocetes *74. 204

Peromyscus a deserticola 188

Peromyscus insignis . . .174, 203

Peromyscus a. sonoriensis 182

Peromyscus labecula J72> I7®

Peromyscus amplus 174 205

Peromyscus lepturus ^74* 204

Peromyscus anthonyi .... 172, 185, 186
Peromyscus arboreus . . . 170

Peromyscus leucopus blandus .172, 182
Peromyscus 1. fulvus J72> '83

Peromyscus attwateri 192

Peromyscus 1 nebrascensis 188

Peromyscus a. eremicoides .... 173, 192
Peromyscus a. pectoralis J73> J92

Peromyscus 1. sonoriensis .172, 181, 183
Peromyscus leucurus 174. 200, 201

Peromyscus auritus 174* 206 209

Peromyscus 1. gadovi 174, 2°i

Peromyscus aztecus . 1721 84

Peromyscus levipes 1 73, 195

Peromyscus banderanus -173 189, 190

Peromyscus lophurus 174. 204, 205

Peromyscus b. angelensis 173 190

Pcromyscus madrensis 1 74, 197

Peromyscus b. vicinior 173 190

Peromyscus martirensis !73- I&9

Peromyscus beatae 172 1 84

Peromyscus mecisturus 175. 212

Peromyscus boy Hi 173 195

Peromyscus megalops 175, 210

Peromyscus b penicillatus i?3 196

Pcromyscus megalotis 193

Peromvscus b. rowlevi . .106

Peromvscus melanocarpus 1 7 c, 210, 2 1 1

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

PAGE
Peromyscus melanophrys

174, 180, 201, 202, 203

Peromyscus m. consobrinus . . . 174, 202

Peromyscus m. zamorae 174, 202

Peromyscus melanotis .... 172, 178, 179

Peromyscus m. zamelas 172,179

Peromyscus merriami 174, 198

Peromyscus metallicola 1 73. 192

Peromyscus mexicanus

172, 206, 207, 208

Peromyscus m. orizabae 1 74, 207

Peromyscus m. saxatilis 174, 207

Peromyscus m. teapensis 172, 207

Peromyscus m. totontepecus

174, 207, 208

Peromyscus musculus .... 171, 175, 176

Peromyscus m. brunneus 172, 176

Peromyscus m. nigrescens . . . .172, 176

Peromyscus nelsoni 214

Peromyscus nudipes 174, 198

Peromyscus nuttalli 169, 183

Peromyscus oaxacensis 174, 206

Peromyscus oresterus 174, 200

Peromyscus paulus 1 7 2 , 1 76

Peromyscus pavidus 174, 197

Peromyscus polius 174, 196

Peromyscus propinquus 172, 185

Peromyscus rowleyi 189

Peromyscus r. pinalis 173, 189

Peromyscus rufinus 179

Peromyscus sagax 173, 194

Peromyscus simulatus 174, 205

Peromyscus sonoriensis blandus . . 182

Peromyscus s. fulvus 183

Peromyscus spicilegus

172, 179, 180, 198

Peromyscus s. evides 172, 179

Peromyscus s. simulus 172, 1 80

Peromyscus stephensi .... 173, 190, 199

Peromyscus taylori 175

Peromyscus tehuantepecus . . . .174, 206

Peromyscus texensis 173,181,186

Peromyscus t. arizonae

173, 186, 187, 188

Peromyscus t. dementis . .173, 183, 187

Peromyscus t. coolidgii 173, 187

Peromyscus t. deserticola 173, 188

Peromyscus t. flaccidus 173, 187

Peromyscus t. medius 177

Peromyscus thurberi

I?2- !76» 177- '78. i87

PAGE.

Peromyscus t. castaneus ...... 172, 177

Peromyscus t. mesomelas ..... 172, 177

Peromyscus tiburonensis ...... 171 , 175

Peromyscus tornillo .......... 173, 1 88

Peromyscus truii ........ 189, 193, 197

Peromyscus xenurus ......... 174, 202

Peromyscus yucatanicus ...... 173, 194

Peromyscus y. badius ........ 173, 194

Peromyscus zarhynchus ...... 174. 209

Peromyscus z. cristobalensis . . 175, 209
Peromyscus zelotes .......... 174, 203

perotensis. (Citellus) ........ 140, 145

perotensis. (Cratogeomys) ......

perotensis. (Dipodomys) . . . .343, 344

perotensis. (Neotomodon) ....... 293

perotensis. (Rhithrodontomys) . .

......................... 258, 266

perotensis. (Spermophilus) ...... 145

perpallidus. (Onychomys t.) .165,168
perpallidus. (Thomomys) . . . .334, 340

persultator. (Lepus f.) ...... 417, 418

Petrorhynchus ................. 47

phaeura. (Heteromys) ....... 375, 379

phaeura. (Liomys) ............. 379

phseurus. (Peromyscus e.) ... 173, 191
phaeus. (Arvicola m.) .......... 302

phaeus. (Microtus m.) ....... 301, 302

phaeus. (Ototylomys p.) ........ 221

phenax. (Teanopus) ........ 294, 295

philander. (Didelphys) ......... 9

Philander 1. pallidus ............ 10

phillipsi. (Dipodomys) .........

................. 341,342,343-344

Phocaena ..................... 38, 48

Phocaena brachycium ........... 48

Phocaena communis ............. 48

Phocaena crassidens ............. 51

Phocaena lineata ................ 48

Phocaena phocaena ............. 48, 40

Phocaena vomerina .............. 48

phocaena. (Delphinus) .......... 48

phocaena. (Phocaena) .......... 48, 49

phyllotis. (Ototylomys) ..... 220, 221

Physalus ...................... 42

Physeter ...................... 45

Physeter breviceps .............. 46

Physeter floweri ................ 46

Physeter macrocephalus ........ 44-45

Physeteridae ................... 44

picta. (Neotoma) ........... 278. 287

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

xxi

PAGE.
pictus. (Heteromys) . . . .375, 377, 378

pilorides. (Capromys) 389, 390

pilorides. (Holochilus) 222

pilorides. (Isodon) 389, 390

pilorides. (Mus) 250

pilosus. (Eruthizon) 397

pinalis. (Peromyscus r.) 173, 189

pinalis. (Sitomys r.) 189

Pinemys 299

pim-tis. (Gcomys) 310

pinetorum. (Microtus) 303

Pitymys 299, 300, 303

plagiodon. (Delphinus) 58

plagiodon. (Prodelphinus) 57, 58

Plagiodontia 382, 395

Plagiodontia aedium 395, 396

planiceps. (Platygeomys)

• -318,319,320
plantinarensis. (Heteromys) .374,377

plantinarensis. (Liomys) 377

Platygeomys 309, 316, 320

Platygeomys fumosus 318

Platygeomys gymnurus. . .317, 318, 319

Platygeomys neglectus 318, 319

Platygeomys planiceps ...318, 31 9, 320

Platygeomys tylorhinus 318, 319

Platygeomys t. angustirostris .318, 319
poliopus. (Sciurus) ..96,114,117,120

polius. (Peromyscus) 174, 196

pomeegra. (Delphinus) 55

Praticola 299

prehensilis. (Capromys) .390,391,392

prehensilis. (Coendu) 402

prehensilis. (Hystrix) 399

pricii. (Perognathus p.) 357.358

Procapromys 389

Prodelphinus 57

Prodelphinus alope 58

Prodelphinus doreides 58

Prodelphinus euphrosinoides 59

Prodelphinus euphrosyne 58

Prodelphinus longirostris 58

Prodelphinus marginatus 58

Prodelphinus microps 58

Prodelphinus novae-zelandise 59

Prodelphinus plagiodon 5 7 , 58

Prodelphinus stenorhynchus 58

Prodelphinus styx 58

Prodelphinus tethyos 58

Proechinomys 385

Proechinomys burrus 385, 388

PAGE.

Proechinomys centralis. . .385, 386, 387
Proechinomys c. chiriquinus

385.386,387

Proechinomys c. panamansis

....385,387,388

Proechinomys semispinosus

385,386,387

propinquus. (Peromyscus) ...172,185
propinquus. (Peromyscus e.) .... 185

Psammomys 298

Pseudorca 51

Pseudorca crassidcns 51

Pseudorca destructor 51

Pseudorca grayi 51

Pseudorca meridionalis 51

Pseudostoma 310

Pseudostoma castanops 315

Pteromyinae 157

punctata. (Dasyprocta) 405

pyladei. (Sciurus) 129

quadrivittatus. (Sciurus) 138

quadrivittatus. (Tamias) ....135,138

quasiater. (Arvicola) 303

quasiater. (Microtus) 303

quemi. (Capromys) 390

quercinus. (Sciurus w.) 118

quercinus. (Sciurus a.) 1 1 8

quica. (Metachirus) 12

ramona. (Onychomys) 165, 167

rattus. (Mus) 162, 163, 164

Ratufa 93

Reduncina 68

Reithrodon 256

repens. (Heteromys) 369, 372

rhabdops. (Oryzomys) . .234, 237, 246

Rhachianectes 40

Rhachinectes glaucus 40

Reithrodon! longicaudus 261

Reithrodon ! megalotis 259

Reithrodon ! mcxicanus 264

Rheithrosciurus ! 93

Rhinodelphis 54

Rhinosciurus 93

Rhithrodontomys 161 , 255, 256

Rhithrodontomys australis . . . .257, 259
Rhithrodontomys a. vulcanius .257, 259

Rhithrodontomys aztecus 259

Rhithrodontomys chrysopsis

258, 265, 266

xxii

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

PAGE.

Rhithrodontomys c. tolucae . . .258, 266
Rhithrodontomys colimae . 258, 266, 267
Rhithrodontomys c. nerterus ..258, 267
Rhithrodontomys costaricensis . . .

258, 267,268

Rhithrodontomys c. jalapae . . .258, 267

Rhithrodontomys creper 258, 272

Rhithrodontomys deserti 259

Rhithrodontomys difficilis ....257, 263
Rhithrodontomys dorsalis . . . .258, 272
Rhithrodontomys goldmani . . .258, 268
Rhithrodontomys griseiflavus .258,270
Rhithrodontomys g. helvolus ..258, 270
Rhithrodontomys hirsutus 258, 269, 270
Rhithrodontomys inexpectatus 258, 271
Rhithrodontomys levipes .258, 270, 271

Rhithrodontomys 1. otus 258, 271

Rhithrodontomys 1. toltecus . .258, 271
Rhithrodontomys longicaudus ....

257, 259, 261, 262, 263

Rhithrodontomys 1. pallidus . .257, 262
Rhithrodontomys megalotis

256, 257, 259, 260, 261, 262

Rhithrodontomys m. obscurus . 2 5 7 , 261
Rhithrodontomys m. sestinensis . .

257, 260

Rhithrodontomys m. zacatecae 257, 260
Rhithrodontomys mexicanus

257, 264,265, 268

Rhithrodontomys m. fulvescens . .

257, 264, 265

Rhithrodontomys m. gracilis . .258, 265
Rhithrodontomys m. intermedius .

257, 264

Rhithrodontomys microdon . . .258, 269
Rhithrodontomys m. albilabris 258, 269
Rhithrodontomys orizabae . . . .258, 266
Rhithrodontomys peninsulas . .257, 263
Rhithrodontomys perotensis . .258, 266
Rhithrodontomys rufescens . . .258, 268
Rhithrodontomys saturatus

257, 262, 263, 264

Rhithrodontomys s. alticola .. .257, 263
Rhithrodontomys s. cinereus . .257, 262
Rhithrodontomys tenuirostris

258, 268, 269

Rhithrodontomys t. aureus . . .258, 269

Rhithrodontomys tenuis 258, 265

rhydinorhis. (Perognathus b.) ...

3S7.362

richardsoni. (Lepus) 437

PAGE.

richardsoni. (Sciurus) 128

richmondi. (Didelphys) 14, 16

richmondi. (Oryzomys) 235,248

richmondi. (Sciurus) 94, 103, 105

rigidus. (Lepus) 419

rigidus. (Sciurus) 127

ringens. (Tagassu p.) 66

ringens. (Tayassu p.) 66

Rodentia 89

Romerolagus 411

Romerlagus diazi 412

Romerolagus nelsoni 411,412

Rosmarus 36

rostratus. (Heteromys p.) . -.375,378

rostratus. (Liomys p.) 378

rostratus. (Oryzomys) ..235,243,244
rostratus. (Perognathus p.) . .357, 359

rothschildi. (Coendu) 400, 401

rothschildi. (Dama) 72

rothschildi. (Odontocoelus) . . . .69, 72

rowleyi. (Peromyscus) 189

rowleyi. (Peromyscus b.) 196

ruatanica. (Dasyprocta) 405

rufescens. (Rhithrodontomys) . . .

258, 268

rufescens. (Thomomys) 332

rufinus. (Cervus) 79

rufinus. (Oryzomys j.) 235, 247

rufinus. (Peromyscus) 179

rufipes. (Sciurus) 117

rufiventer. (Sciurus) 115

rufoniger. (Sciurus) 104

rufus. (Oryzomys) 234, 239

rupestris. (Citellus v.) 141, 150

russatus. (Lepus) 4J7> 42°

Saccomys 368

Saccophorus 310

sagax. (Peromyscus) 173, 194

salvini. (Heteromys) 369, 370

sanctidiegi. (Lepus) 417, 422

sarco vienna. (Chironectes) 3

sartori. (Cervus) 80

sartori. (Mazama) 79. 80

saturation (Oryzomys c.) . . . . 234, 239
saturatus. (Rhithrodontomys) . . .

257, 262, 263, 264

saturatus. (Sigmodon h.) . . . .222, 225
saxatilis. (Peromyscus m.) . . . 174, 207
saxicola. (Citellus h.) ...139,140,142
saxicola. (Spermophilus h.) 142

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

xxiii

PAGE.

scalops. (Geomys) 322, 324

scalops. (Orthogeomys) .322,323,324
scammoni. (Globicephalus) .... 52, 54

schlegelii. (Orcinus) 51

Sciuridae 90, 91, 93

Sciurinae 90, 92

Sciuropterus 157

Sciuropterus volans 157,158

Sciuropterus volucella 158

Sciurus 90, 92, 93, 94

Sciurus aberti 112

Sciurus adolphei 98, 114, 126, 127

Sciurus a. dorsalis . .96, 97, 98, 114, 127

Sciurus aestuans 104

Sciurus ae. chiriquensis . . . .94, 103, 104
Sciurus ae. hoffmanni. .94, 103, 104, 105

Sciurus affinis 124

Sciurus albipes 117

Sciurus a. colimensis 120

Sciurus a. effugius 120

Sciurus a. hernandezi 118

Sciurus a. nemoralis 118

Sciurus a. quercinus 118

Sciurus alfari 94, 99

Sciurus alleni 95, 106, 108

Sciurus alstoni 108

Sciurus anthonyi 130

Sciurus apache 95, 107, no

Sciurus arizonensis

95, 102, 107, 108, 109

Sciurus a. huachuca 95, 107, 109

Sciurus aureigaster

. . .95, 98, 113, 114, 115, 116, 123, 124

Sciurus a. frumentor 95, 114, 117

Sciunis a. hypopyrrhus 96, 98, 114, 116

Sciurus aureigaster 115, 116, 124

Sciurus a. leucops 119

Sciurus aurogaster ! 115

Sciurus boothiae . .97, 114, 126, 127, 128

Sciurus b. belti 98, 114, 128

Sciurus b. managuensis 129

Sciurus boquetensis 94, 99, 100

Sciurus browni 94, 99, 100

Sciurus caniceps 93

Sciurus capistratus 107

Sciurus carolinensis

107, 108, 109, no, 125

Sciurus c. yucatanensis 125

Sciurus collasi

97, 109, 114, 121, 122, 123, 129

Sciurus c. nuchalis 97, 114, 122

PACIK.

Sciurus deppii 94, 101, 102

Sciurus d. vivax 94, 101, 102

Sciunis douglasi albolimbatus .... 133

Sciurus d. mearnsi 94, 132, 133

Sciurus durangi 97, 112

Sciurus ferrugineiventris 115

Sciurus fossor 130

Sciurus fuscovariegatus 128

Sciurus goldmani 97, 115, 130

Sciurus griseiflavus

98, 108, no, 114, 124, 125

Sciurus g. chiapensis 98, 114, 125

Sciurus griseigena 101, 104

Sciurus griseigenys 104

Sciurus griseus 97, 130, 131

Sciurus hermanni 130

Sciurus hypopyrrhus

107, 115, 121, 126, 127, 128, 129

Sciurus hypoxanthus 115

Sciurus intermedius 127

Sciurus leporinus 130

Sciurus leucogaster 115

Sciurus leucops 115,117, 119, 123

Sciurus ludovicianus 124

Sciurus 1. limitis no

Sciurus managuensis 97, 114, 129

Sciurus maurus 1 1 6

Sciurus mearnsi 132

Sciurus melania 97, 114, 128

Sciurus mexicanus 146

Sciurus rnorio 1 1 6

Sciurus mustelinus 115

Sciurus nayaritensis .. .95, 106, 107, 108

Sciurus negligens 94, 101, 102

Sciurus nelsoni . . . .96, 98, 114, 120, 1 21

Sciurus n. hirtus 96, 98, 114, 121

Sciurus nicoyana 127

Sciurus niger 115

Sciurus n. ludovicianus 1 10

Sciurus n. melanonotus 107

Sciurus oculatus 95, 106, 107, 108

Sciurus o. tolucae 95, 106, 107

Sciurus poliopus ..96, 114, 117, 1 18, 120

Sciurus p. cervicalis 96, 114, 119

Sciunis p. colimensis 95, 114, 119

Sciunis p. effugius 96, 114, 120

Sciunis p. hernandezi . .95, 96, 114, 118

Sciurus p. nemoralis 96, 114, 118

Sciurus pyladci 129

Sciurus quadrivittatus 138

Sciurus richardsoni 128

xxiv

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

PAGE.

Sciurus richmondi 94, 103, 105

Sciurus rigidus 127

Sciurus rufipes 117

Sciurus rufiventer 115

Sciurus r. texcnsis 95, no, in

Sciurus rufoniger 104

Sciurus sinaloensis 97, 114, 122

Sciurus socialis 95, 96, 114, 123

Sciurus s. cocos 95, 96, 114, 124

Sciurus soricinus 93

Sciurus striatus 134

Sciurus tasniurus 101

Sciurus tephrogaster 101

Sciurus thomasi 98, 114, 126

Sciurus truii 97, 114, 123

Sciurus variabilis 105

Sciurus v. morulus 96, 104, 105

Sciurus variegatoides 97, 114, 129

Sciurus variegatus

115, 116, 117, 119, 123, 148

Sciurus v. grammurus 149

Sciurus varius 117

Sciurus volans 157

Sciurus wagneri 117

Sciurus w. cervicalis 119

Sciurus w. colimensis 120

Sciurus w. effugius 120

Sciurus w. nemoralis 118

Sciurus w. quercinus 118

Sciurus xanthotus 104

Sciurus yucatanensis

.96, 97, 114, 125, 126

Sciurus y. baliolus 96, 114, 126

sellata. (Myrmecophaga) 28

sellata. (Tamandua) 26, 28

semispinosus. (Echinomys) 386

semispinosus. (Proechinomys) . . .

385,386,387

senegalensis. (Trichechus) 35

Senetheres 399

seorsus. (Zygodontomys) . . . .253, 254
sestinensis. (Rhithrodontomys m.)

- • -257, 260

setosus. (Heteromys c.) 375, 380

setosus. (Liomys) 380

Sibbaldius 42

Sibbaldius sulfureus 42, 43

Sibbaldus 42

Sigmodon 222, 234, 255

Sigmodon allcni 222, 224

Sigmodon alticola 224, 231

PACK.

Sigmodon a. amoles 224, 231

Sigmodon austerulus 224, 231

Sigmodon baileyi 226

Sigmodon berlandieri 227

Sigmodon borucas 224

Sigmodon b. chiriquensis 225

Sigmodon fulviventer 224, 232

Sigmodon hispidus 222, 228, 232

Sigmodon h. arizonae 224, 228

Sigmodon h. baileyi 223, 226

Sigmodon h. berlandieri . .224, 225, 227

Sigmodon h. borucae

222, 223, 224, 225, 232

Sigmodon h. chiriquensis 222, 225

Sigmodon h. eremicus 224, 227

Sigmodon h. furvus 223, 225

Sigmodon h. inexoratus 224, 229

Sigmodon h. major 224, 226, 228

Sigmodon h. mascotensis .223, 227, 229

Sigmodon h. microdon 223, 226

Sigmodon h. pallidus 228

Sigmodon h. saturatus 222, 225

Sigmodon h. texensis . 228

Sigmodon h. toltecus 223, 226

Sigmodon h. tonalensis 224, 229

Sigmodon leucotis 224, 230, 231

Sigmodon mascotensis 227

Sigmodon melanotis 224, 232

Sigmodon minimus 224, 230

Sigmodon ochrognathus 224, 230

Sigmodontomys 254

Sigmodontomys alfari 254, 255

Silvilagus 413, 414, 416

similis. (Dipodomys) . . . ., 347

simiolus. (Dipodomys m.)

343- 344,347

simplex. (Neotoma) 279

simulatus. (Peromyscus) .... 174. 205
simulus. (Peromyscus s.) ....172,180

sinaloae. (Marmosa) 5,6

sinaloas. (Neotoma) 277, 283

sinaloae. (Odontocoelus) 70, 78

sinaloas. (Thomomys) 334, 339

sinaloensis. (Sciurus) 97, 114, 122

Sirenia 35

Sitomys a. arizonae 186

Sitomys a. thurberi 176

Sitomys decolorus 216

Sitomys gilberti 195

Sitomys martirensis 189

Sitomys musculus 175

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

PAGE.

Sitomys r. pinalis 189

socialis. (Cynomys) 155

socialis. (Sciurus) 95, 96, 114, 123

sonorana. (Heteromys) 375, 379

sonorana. (Liomys) 379

sonoriense. (Dicotyles a.) 64

sonoriense. (Tagassu a.) 62, 64

sonoriensis. (Citellus t.) 140, 144

sonoricnsis. (Hesperomys 1.) .... 181
sonoriensis. (Peromyscus a.) .... 182
sonoriensis. (Peromyscus 1.)

172, 181, 183

sonoriensis. (Spermophilus t.) ... 144

soricinus. (Sciurus) 93

sowerbianus. (Delphinus) 55

spectabilis. (Dipodomys) . . . .343, 345

speleus. (Odocoileus !) 68

Spermatophilus 139

Spermophilopsis 139

Spermophilus 139

Spermophilus annulatus 151

Spermophilus a. goldmani 150

Spermophilus grammurus 1 49

Spermophilus harrisi 141

Spermophilus h. saxicola 142

Spermophilus interpres 143

Spermophilus leucurus 142

Spermophilus macrourus 1 49

Spermophilus m. parvidens 146

Spermophilus perotcnsis 145

Spermophilus spilosoma 145

Spermophilus s. spilosoma 145

Spermophilus tereticaudus 144

Spermophilus t. sonoriensis 144

Spermophilus v. atricapillus 150

Spermophilus v. fisheri 150

spicilegus. (Peromyscus)

172, 179, 180, 198

spilosoma. (Citellus) 140, 145

spilosoma. (Spermophilus) 145

spinatus. (Perognathus)

• -357. 362, 3<*3» 364

splendens. (Neotoma) 278

stenorhynchus. (Orcinus) 51

stenorhynchus. (Prodelphinus) . . 58
stephensi. (Peromyscus) .173,190,199

stonii. (Ovis) 85

striatus. (Sciurus) 134

styx. (Prodelphinus) 58

subcinctus. (Lepus f.) . . .416, 417, 418
Suidae . . 61

PAGE.
sulfurca. (Balaenoptera) . . . .38, 42, 43

sulfureus. (Sibbaldius) 42. 43

sumichrasti. (Hesperomys) ..214,216
sumichrasti. (Nyctomys) ....215,216

sumichrasti. (Rcithrodon !) 264

Sus albirostris 66

Sus tajacu 61

sylvaticus. (Lepus) 415

Sylvicola 299

Synthetosciurus 90, 91

Synthetosciurus brochus 91, 92

tabacensis. (Didelphys m.) .... 14, 16

tabernaculi. (Halicore) 36

taczanowski. (Agouti) 403, 408

taeniurus. (Sciurus) 101

Tagassu 61

Tagassu albirostris 66

Tagassu a. crassum 62, 64

Tagassu angulatum 62, 63, 64, 65

Tagassu a. humerale 62, 63

Tagassu a. sonoriense 62, 64

Tagassu a. yucatanense 62, 63

Tagassu crusnigrum ." 62, 65

Tagassu labiatus 66

Tagassu nanus 62

Tagassu pecari 65, 66, 67

Tagassu p. ringens 66

Tagassuidae 61

tajacu. (Dicotyles) 63

tajacu. (Sus) 61

talamancae. (Oryzomys) 234, 241

Tamandua 24, 26

Tamandua bivittata 27

Tamandua crispus . 27

Tamandua myosura 27

Tamandua scllata 26, 28

Tamandua tetradactyla 26, 27, 28

Tamanduas 26

Tamias 134

Tamias a. mcrriami 137

Tamias bulleri 135, 136, 137

Tamias dorsalis 135

Tamias durangas 135, 137

Tamias interpres 143

Tamias leucurus 142

Tamias 1. peninsulae 143

Tamias merriami 135, 136, 137

Tamias obscurus 134, 135. 136

Tamias quadrivittatus 135, 138

Tamias q. pallidus 135

xx vi

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

PAGE.

Tamiasciurus 90, 94, 132

Tapeti 413, 414, 426

Tapirella 87

Tapirella bairdi 87, 88

Tapirella dowi 87, 88

Tapiridae 87

Tatu 32

Tatu hybrida 32

Tatu leptorhynchum 34

Tatu longicaudum 33

Tatu peba 33

Tatu m. fenestratum 33

Tatu novemcinctum 33, 34

Tatu octocinctum 33

Tatoua 31

Tatoua centralis 32

Tatuinae . .32, 33

Tatusia 32

Tayassu 61

Tayassu a. crassum 64

Tayassu a. humerale 63

Tayassu a. yucatanense 63

Tayassu crusnigrum 65

Tayassu nanus 62

Tayassu pecari 66

Tayassu p. ringens 66

taylori. (Peromyscus) 175

Teanopus 294

Teanopus phenax 294, 295

teapensis. (Oryzomys) 235,247

teapensis. (Peromyscus m.) ..172,207

tectorum. (Mus) 164

tectus. (Oryzomys) 235, 245

teguina (Acodon) 273, 274, 275

teguina. (Hesperomys) 273

tehuantepecus. (Peromyscus) 174,206

tema. (Mazama) 80

tenuicauda. (Neotoma) . .278, 286, 289
tennis. (Rhithrodontomys) ..258,265
tenuirostris. (Rhithrodontomys)..

258, 268, 269

Tenotis 134

Teonoma 275, 295

tephrogaster. (Sciurus) i o i

tereticaudus. (Citellus) 140, 144

tereticaudus. (Spermophilus) . . . . 144

Terricola 299

tethyos. (Prodelphinus) 58

tetradactyla. (Myrmecophaga) .26,27
tetradactyla. (Tamandua) ..26,27,28
Tetramerodon 299

PAGE.

texensis. (Didelphis m.) 14, 1 6

texensis. (Dorcelaphus a.) 70

texensis. (Hesperomys) 186

texensis. (Heteromys) 381

texensis. (Lepus) 432, 435

texensis. (Odontoccelus a.) 69, 70

texensis. (Peromyscus)

173, 181, 185, 186

texensis. (Sciurus r.) 95, 1 10, 1 1 1

texensis. (Sigmodon h.) 228

thomasi. (Megadontomys)

212, 213, 214

thomasi. (Odontoccelus) 69, 75

thomasi. (Sciurus) 98, 114, 126

Thomomys 3°9> 310. 332

Thomomys aphrastus 334, 336

Thomomys atrovarius .. . .333, 334, 338

Thomomys bulbivorus 332

Thomomys cervinus 334, 339, 340

Thomomys clusius 340

Thomomys fulvus

333. 334, 335, 336- 337- 338

Thomomys f. alticola 333, 335

Thomomys f. anitae 333, 335

Thomomys f. nigricans 333, 335

Thomomys f. intermedius . . . .333, 336

Thomomys goldmani 334, 339

Thomomys martirensis 333, 336

Thomomys nelsoni 334, 339

Thomomys orizabae 334, 337

Thomomys perditus 334, 338, 339

Thomomys peregrinus 334,337

Thomomys perpallidus 334, 340

Thomomys rufescens 332

Thomomys sinaloae 334, 339

Thomomys toltecus 334, 338, 339

Thomomys umbrinus 334

thoracatus. (Capromys) 390, 394

thurberi. (Peromyscus)

172, 176, 177, 178, 187

thurberi. (Sitomys a.) 176

Thylamys 5

tiburonensis. (Peromyscus) ..171,173

timidus. (Lepus) 413

toltecus. (Cervus) 74

toltecus. (Hesperomys) 226

toltecus. (Odontoccelus) 69, 74

toltecus. (Rhithrodontomys 1.) . .

258, 271

toltecus. (Sigmodon h.) 223, 226

toltecus. (Thomomys) . . .334, 338, 339

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

xxvii

PAGE.
tolucag. (Rhithrodontomys c.) 258, 266

tolucae. (Sciurus o.) 95, 106, 107

tonalensis. (Sigmodon h.) . . . . 224, 229

tornillo. (Peromyscus) 173, 188

torquata. (Neotoma) 277, 279

torridus. (Heterogeomys)

325-326,372

torridus. (Heteromys)

•• 372,374,376,37?

torridus. (Liomys) 376

torridus. (Onychomys)

165, 166, 167, 168

totontepecus. (Peromyscus m.) . .

174, 207, 208

Trichechidae 36

Trichcchus 36

Trichechus americanus 37

Trichechus australis 37

Trichechus flu via tills 37

Trichechus inunguis 35

Trichechus manatus 35, 36, 37

Trichechus senegalensis 35

trichopus. (Zygogeomys) 330, 331, 332
tridactyla. (Myrmecophaga) 24, 29, 30

tridactylus. (Bradypus) 21

trinitatis. (Echimys!) 385

Trinodontomys 170

tropicalis. (Neotoma) 278, 288

trowbridgii. (Lepus) 429

truii. (Lepus) 414, 415

truii. (Odontocoelus) . . . .69, 73, 74, 75

truii. (Peromyscus) 189, 193, 197

truii. (Sciurus) 97, 114, 123

truncatus. (Tursiops) 56

tumbalcnsis. (Tylomys) 217, 218

Tursio 45

tursio. (Delphinus) 55, 56

Tursiops 55,57

Tursiops communis 56

Tursiops compressicauda 56

Tursiops cymodice 56

Tursiops eurynome 56

Tursiops gilli 47, 56

Tursiops truncatus 56

Tursiops tursio 56

tursio. (Tursiops) 56

tuza. (Mus) 310

Tylomys 217, 221

Tylomys bullaris 217, 219

Tylomys nudicaudus 217, 218, 219

Tylomys panamensis 217, 219

PAGE.

Tylomys tumbalensis 217, 218

Tylomys watsoni 217, 219

tylorhinus. (Platygeomys) ..318,319

umbrinus. (Thomomys) 334

umbrosus. (Microtus) 304, 305

Ungulata 60

unicinctus. (Dasypus) 31

Uroleptes 26

variabilis. (Sciurus) 105

variegatoides. (Sciurus). ..97, 114, 129

variegatus. (Chironectes) 3

variegatus. (Citellus) .... 141, 148, 149

variegatus. (Delphinus) 55

variegatus. (Sciurus)

115, 116, 117, 119, 123, 148

varius. (Sciurus) 117

vegetus. (Oryzomys) 235, 249

velifera. (Balaenoptera) 42, 43

venusta. (Neotoma) 284

veraecrucis. (Heteromys) . . . .375, 379

veraecrucis. (Lepus) 417, 420

veraecrucis. (Liomys) 379

versabilis. (Megaptera) 41

Vesperimus 170

Vesperimus difficilis 193

Vesperimus fraterculus 184

vetulus. (Hodomys) 295, 297

vicinior. (Peromyscus b.) ... .173, 190

victus. (Oryzomys) 235, 244

virgata. (Agouti p.) 408, 409

virginianus. (Odontocoelus) 70

vivax. (Sciurus d.) 94, 101, 102

volans. (Mus) 158

volans. (Sciuropterus) 157, 158

volans. (Sciurus) 157

vulcanius. (Rhithrodontomys a.).

257,259

volucella. (Sciuropterus) 158

vomerina. (Phocaena) 48

wagneri. (Pcrodipus) 351

wagneri. (Sciurus) 117

walkeri. (Delphinus) ., 55

Washington!. (Lepus) 410

watsoni. (Tylomys) 217, 219

xanthotus. (Sciurus) 104

xanti. (Lepus c.). . . . • -43^ 438

Xenomys 291, 294

Xenomys nelsoni 291, 292

xxviii

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.

PAGE.

Xenurus 31

xenurus. (Peromyscus) 174, 202

xerampelinus. (Acodon) 273, 275

Xerospermophilus 139, 140, 143

Xylomys 368, 381

Xylomys nelsoni 381

yapock. (Chironectes) , . 3

yucatanense. (Tagassu a.) 62, 63

yucatanense. (Tayassu a.) 63

yucatanensis. (Didelphys) 14, 1 5

yucatanensis. (Odontocoelus) .... 74
yucatanensis. (Oryzomys) . . . .234, 236

yucatanensis. (Sciurus)

96, 97, 114, 125, 126

yucatanensis. (Sciurus c.) ...... 125

yucataniae. (Coendu m.) 400, 402

yucatanicus. (Lepus f.) 417, 419

yucatanicus. (Peromyscus) ..173,194

PAGE.
zacatecae. (Rhithrodontomys m.).

257, 260

zacatecas. (Perognathus h.) . .357, 361
zamelas. (Peromyscus m.) ...172, 179
zamora?. (Peromyscus m.). . . . 174, 202
zarhynchus. (Peromyscus) . ..174, 209

zelotes. (Peromyscus) 174, 203

zibethicus. (Castor) 307

Ziphiorrhynchus 47

Ziphius 38, 47

Ziphius cavirostris 47

Zygodontomys 252

Zygodontomys brevicauda 254

Zygodontomys cherrii 252, 253

Zygodontomys chrysomelas 253

Zygodontomys seorsus 253, 254

Zygogeomys 310, 330

Zygogeomys trichopus. . . .330, 331, 332
zygomatictis. (Oryzomys) . . .234, 241

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES.

VOL. IV, PART I.

PAGE.

Acapulco Squirrel 124

Active Rice Rat 250

Active Wood Rat 282

African Antelope 60

Agouti 408

Agouti, Coiba 407

Agouti, Crested 407

Agouti, Cunning 406

Agouti, Isthmian 407

Agouti, Mexican 405

Agouti, Ruatan Island 405

Agouti, Spotted 405

Agoutis 403

Alfaro's Pigmy Squirrel 99

Alfaro's Rice Rat 242, 255

Alien Mouse 208

Allen's Cotton Rat 224

Allen's Jack Rabbit 434

Allen's Opossum 13

Allen's Spiny Mouse 376

Allen's Squirrel 108

Allen's Wood Rat 297

Allied Desert Mouse 185

Allied Field Mouse 1 80

Allied Hare 424

Allied House Mouse 1 80

Allied Kangaroo Rat 347

Allied Mouse 192

Allied Spiny Rat 371

Alpine Cotton Rat 231

Alpine Harvest Mouse 266

Alston's Mouse 273

Alston's Opossum 9

Alston's Wood Rat 294

Ameca Harvest Mouse 270

American Bison 60, 83

American Ground Squirrels 134

American Mammals 255

American Porcupines 397

American Rodents 133, 158

American Squirrels 93

Amoles Cotton Rat 231

Ancient Pocket Gophers 320

PACK.

Anteater, Great 24, 29. 30

Anteater, Little or Two-toed .... 25, 26

Anteater, Saddle-back 28

Anteater, Three-toed 27, 28

Anteaters 19, 24

Antelope 60

Antelope, African 60

Antelope, Dik-Dik 60

Antelope, Prong-horn 8r, 82

Antelopes 83

Anthony's Field Mouse 185

Anthony's Pocket Mouse 366

Apache Squirrel 1 10

Apazote Mouse 1 94

Apazote Rat 221

Apazote Squirrel 102

Aquatic Rats 89

Arboreal Rats 388

Arctic Hares 410

Arctic Right Whale 39

Ardilla 115

Arizona Cotton Rat 228

Arizona Field Mouse 186

Arizona Gray Squirrel . . . 109

Arizona Hare 423

Arizona Prairie-dog 154

Armadillo, Miller's 31, 32

Armadillo Mule 32

Armadillo, Nine-banded 34

Armadillos 19, 30, 31, 32

Armado 34

Armeria Peccary 63

Ash-colored Hare 429

Ashy Gray Field Mouse 195

Ashy Opossum 6

Attwater's Swamp Hare 414

Audubon's Hare 4"

Aztec Mouse 184

Aztec Rice Rat 245

Bachman's Wood Hare 429

Bailey's Cotton Rat . 226

Bailey's Pocket Mouse 361

xxix

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES.

PAGE.

Baird's Pocket Mouse 354

Baird's Tapir 87

Baleen Whale 40

Baleen Whales 38, 39

Banded-back Squirrel 127

Bandcras Field Mouse 190

Bangs' Red Mouse 275

Batopilas Pocket Mouse 365

Batty 's Deer 71

Batty's Jackass Rabbit 433

Batty 's Opossum 18

Beautiful-eared Jack Rabbit 431

Beaver 89, 158, 159, 306

Beaver, Sonoran 159, 161

Beavers 159

Berlandier's Cotton Rat 228

Berendo 82

Big-eared Harvest Mouse 259

Bison 83

Bison, American 60, 83

Black-backed Squirrel 107

Black-browed Mole Mouse 166

Black-browed Mouse 201

Black-eared Cotton Rat 232

Black-eared Field Mouse 178

Black-eared Pocket Mouse 356

Black-eared Rice Rat 243

Black-fish 47, 52

Black-fish, Scammon's 54

Black-fish, Short-finned 53

Black-footed Mouse 210

Black-headed Spermophile 150

Blackish Pocket Gopher 335

Black-nosed Kangaroo Rat 348

Black Rat 164

Black Rice Rat 250

Black Spiny Rat 370

Black Squirrel, Gray's 128

Black-tailed Hutia 391

Black-tailed Kangaroo Rat 34

Black-tailed Mouse 192

Black-tailed Wood Rat 284

Bogava Rice Rat 245

Bogava Spiny Rat 387

Boqueron Cotton Rat 225

Boquete Mouse 214, 274

Boquete Peccary 65

Boquete Pocket Gopher 329

Boquete Spiny Rat 372

Boquete Vesper Rat 216

Borrego Cimaron 86

PAGE.

Boruca Cotton Rat 224

Bottle-nosed Dolphin 56

Bottle-nosed Porpoise 56

Bowhead 39, 43

Boyle's Mouse 195

Bristled Pocket Gopher 324

Broad-headed Pocket Gophers. ... 316

Broad-footed Pocket Gopher 329

Broad-nosed Pocket Mouse 359

Broad-nosed Rice Rat 243

Brocket, Central America 79, 80

Brocket, Sartori's 80

Brocket, Tunkas 80

Brockets 79

Brown Mouse, Jalapa 176

Brown Rat 161,165

Brown's Squirrel 100

Brownsville Harvest Mouse 264

Bryant's Pocket Mouse 364

Buff-colored Pocket Mouse 362

Buller's Pocket Gopher 320

Buller's Rice Rat 239

Buller's Spiny Rat 370

Bushy-tailed Spermophile 149

Cabra del Monte 80

Cachalot 43, 44, 45

Cachalot Whale 45

Cachalots 46

Ca'ing Whale 47

Calel Harvest Mouse 269

California Gray Squirrel 130

California Jack Rabbit 437

California Mouse 203

California Mule Deer 77

Camaleon 22

Cape St. Lucas Pocket Mouse .... 363

Captious Harvest Mouse 263

Capybara 89

Caribbanco 66

Cat 93

Catemaco Spiny Mouse 380

Cattle 83

Cecil's Mouse 178

Ceiba Cotton Rat 225

Central American Brocket 79. 80

Central American Paca 408, 409

Cerros Island Deer 76

Cerros Island Hare 428

Cerros Island Mouse 185

Cerros Island Wood Rat 280

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES.

xxxi

PAGE.

Cervine Pocket Gopher 340

Cetacean 50

Cetaceans 35, 38, 48

Cetacea, Toothed 43

Chapman's Kangaroo Rat 350

Chapman's Rice Rat 238

Cheating Wood Rat 295

Cherrie's Costa Rican Mouse 183

Cherrie's Pocket Gopher 330

Cherrie's Rice Rat 253

Chestnut-faced Pocket Gopher. ... 315

Chestnut-headed Sloth 22

Chiapas Squirrel 125

Chichen Itza Harvest Mouse 265

Chichen Itza Rice Rat 236

Chickarees 132

Chief Hares 411

Chihuahua Mule Deer 78

Chilpancingo Mouse 206

Chipmunk 89

Chipmunk, Colorado 138

Chipmunk, Durango 137

Chipmunk, Gila 135

Chipmunk, Lower California 136

Chipmunk, Merriam's 137

Chipmunk, Mexican 136

Chipmunks 90, 133, 134, 408

Chiriqui Harvest Mouse 259

Chiriqui Pigmy Squirrel 100

Chiriqui Porcupine 402

Chiriqui Squirrel 104

Chubby Mouse 205

Cinereous Harvest Mouse 262

Coban Spiny Rat 372

Cofre de Perote Harvest Mouse . . . 266

Coiba Agouti 407

Colima City Mouse 175

Colima Harvest Mouse 267

Colima Mountain Squirrel 119

Colima Squirrel 120

Collared Wood Rat 279

Collector Wood Rat 280

Collie's Squirrel 121

Colorado Chipmunk 138

Common Dolphin 55

Common Killer Whale 51

Common Porpoise 49

Common Squirrel (of Europe) .... 132

Conejo 415, 429

Coolidge's Field Mouse 187

Cope's Whale 43

HACK.

Costa Rica Deer 74

Costa Rica Harvest Mouse 267

Cotton Rat, Allen's 224

Cotton Rat, Alpine 231

Cotton Rat, Amoles 231

Cotton Rat, Arizona 228

Cotton Rat, Bailey's 226

Cotton Rat, Berlandier's 228

Cotton Rat, Black-cared 232

Cotton Rat, Boqueron 225

Cotton Rat, Boruca 224

Cotton Rat, Ceiba . . 225

Cotton Rat, Fulvous-bellied 232

Cotton Rat, Large 228

Cotton Rat, Least 230

Cotton Rat, Mascota 227

Cotton Rat, Ochraceous-faced .... 230

Cotton Rat, Ocotlan 229

Cotton Rat, Small-toothed 226

Cotton-Rat, Teapa 225

Cotton Rat, Toltec 226

Cotton Rat, Tonala 229

Cotton Rat, Volcan de Chiriqui ... 231

Cotton Rat, Western Desert 227

Cotton Rat, White-eared 230

Cotton Rats 89, 222

Cotusa 405

Coues' Deer 70, 7 1

Coues' Meadow Vole 303

Coues' Rice Rat 236

Cow-fish 47, 56

Coypu 382

Cozumel Island Rice Rat 241

Crested Agouti 407

Crested-tailed Mouse 304

Cunning Agouti 406

Curly Spiny Mouse 380

Dark Meadow Vole 302

Dark-tailed Spiny Mouse 379

Davidson's Whale 42

Deceitful Rice Rat 246

Deer 60, 68, 79

Deer, Batty 's 71

Deer, California Mule 77

Deer, Cerros Island 76

Deer, Chihuahua Mule 78

Deer, Costa Rica 74

Deer, Coues' 70, 7 r

Deer, Desert Mule 77

Deer, Hamilton Smith's 74

xxxii

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES.

PAGE.

Deer, Lower California 78

Deer, Mexican 72

Deer, Mule : . . . 76

Deer, Musk 67

Deer, Nelson's 75

Deer, Rothschild's 72

Deer, Sinaloa White-tailed 78

Deer, Texan 70

Deer, Thomas' 74

Deer, True's 73

Deer, White-tailed 68

Deer, Yucatan 74

Deer Mice 170

Deer Mouse 169

Deer Mouse, La Salada 190

Deer Mouse, White-spot 178

Deppe's Squirrel 101

Desert Hare, Greater 423

Desert Hare, Lesser 423

Desert Jack Rabbit 435

Desert Jack Rabbit, Gray 436

Desert Kangaroo Rat 345

Desert Mouse 191

Desert Mouse, Allied 185

Desert Mouse, Sonoyta 198

Desert Mule Deer 77

Desert Rabbit, Western 437

Desert Rat, San Felipe 286

Desert White-footed Mouse 188

Digger Pocket Gopher 324

Dik-Dik Antelope 60

Dik-Diks 79

Distinct Pocket Gophers 325

Dolphin, Bottle-nosed 56

Dolphin, Common 55

Dolphin, Gill's 56

Dolphin, Gray's 59

Dolphin, Long-nosed 58

Dolphin, Sharp-toothed 57. 58

Dolphins. ..43,47,48,52,54,55,57

Donkey Jack Rabbit 435

Doubtful Kangaroo Rat 346

Dow's Tapir 88

Drab Gray Mole Mouse 168

Dryad Mouse 204

Dugong 35,36

Durango Chipmunk 137

Durango Hare 425

Durango Squirrel 112

Durango Wood Rat 285

Dusky-footed Wood Rat 279

PAGE.

Dusky Harvest Mouse 261, 272

Dusky Kangaroo Rat 351

Dusky Sloth 24

Dusky Spiny Mouse 379

Dwarf Mouse 175

Dwarf Peccary 62

Earl of Derby's Opossum 9

Eastern Desert Pocket Mouse .... 359

Edentates 19

Elephant 60

El General Rice Rat 249

Encubierto 34

Energetic Mouse 203

Escondido River Rice Rat 248

Escondido River Squirrel 128

Espirito Santo Island Jack Rabbit. 438

Eten Opossum 18

Eve's Mouse 198

Faded Vesper Rat 210

Feeble Mouse 186

Field Mice 89, 1 70

Field Mouse, Allied 180

Field Mouse, Anthony's 185

Field Mouse, Arizona 186

Field Mouse, Ashy Gray 195

Field Mouse, Banderas 190

Field Mouse, Black-eared 178

Field Mouse, Coolidge's 187

Field Mouse, Jalapa 208

Field Mouse, La Carpintera 198

Field Mouse, La Palma 194

Field Mouse, Large-eared 210

Field Mouse, Mount Zempoaltepec. 204

Field Mouse, Nelson's 214

Field Mouse, Oaxaca 206

Field Mouse, Orizaba 207

Field Mouse, Ozolotepec 210

Field Mouse, San Cristobal 209

Field Mouse, San Felipe 205

Field Mouse, San Geronimo Island. 181

Field Mouse, Shy 197

Field Mouse, Sonora White-footed. 182

Field Mouse, Stephens' 191

Field Mouse, Tehuantepec 206

Field Mouse, Texan 186

Field Mouse, Thomas' Guerrero ... 213

Field Mouse, Thurber's 177

Field Mouse, Tlalpam 196

Field Mouse, Totontepec 208

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES.

xxxiii

PAGE.

Fighting Whale 41

Finback Whales 42

Finbacks 42

Fire-bellied Squirrel 116

Fisher's Spermophile 150

Five-toed Kangaroo Rats 349

Flat-headed Pocket Gopher 319

Fleet Hare 428

Fluffy Mouse 196

Flying Squirrel 158

Flying Squirrels 89, 157

Foreign Mouse 197

Four-toed Kangaroo Rats 341

Fox Squirrel, Texas no

Franklin Mountains Mouse 196

Frisky Mouse 199

Fulvous-bellied Cotton Rat 232

Fulvous-bellied Meadow Vole .... 301

Fulvous-bellied Opossum 8

Fulvous-bellied Wood Rat 289

Fulvous Mouse 183

Fulvous Pocket Gopher 316

Fulvous Rice Rat 247, 248

Fur Seals 50

Gabb's Hare 426

Gadow's Mouse 201

Gaillard's Jack Rabbit 433

Goto de Spinas 402

Gaumer's Spiny Rat 371

Gentle Mouse 182

Giant Kangaroo i

Giant Pocket Gopher 322

Gila Chipmunk 135

Gill's Dolphin 56

Giraffe 60

Gliding Spiny Rat 384

Gnawers 89

Goats 60

Golden-bellied Squirrel 115

Golden Mouse 169

Goldman's Harvest Mouse 268

Goldman's Mouse 186

Goldman's Pocket Gopher ... .316, 339

Goldman's Pocket Mouse 365

Goldman's Rat 288

Goldman's Rice Rat 246

Goldman's Spermophile 151

Goldman's Spiny Rat 373

Goldman's Squirrel 130

Gopher, Blackish Pocket 335

PACK.

Gopher, Boquete Pocket , 329

Gopher, Bristled Pocket 324

Gopher, Broad-footed Pocket 329

Gopher, Buller's Pocket 320

Gopher, Cervine Pocket 340

Gopher, Cherrie's Pocket 330

Gopher, Chestnut-faced Pocket ... 315

Gopher, Digger Pocket 324

Gopher, Flat-headed Pocket 319

Gopher, Fulvous Pocket 316

Gopher, Giant Pocket 322

Gopher, Goldman's Pocket .. . .316, 339
Gopher, Harsh-coated Pocket .... 326

Gopher, Irazu Pocket 328

Gopher, Juarez Pocket 338

Gopher, Las Vigas Pocket 314

Gopher, Lost Pocket 338

Gopher, Merriam's Pocket 313

Gopher, Mountain 314

Gopher, Mount Iztaccihuatl Pocket 314

Gopher, Naked-tailed Pocket 318

Gopher, Narrow-headed Pocket ... 328

Gopher, Neglected Pocket 320

Gopher, Nelson's Pocket 324, 339

Gopher, Orizaba Pocket 337

Gopher, Pacuare Pocket 330

Gopher, Pale Pocket 340

Gopher, Perote Pocket 313

Gopher, Pine Zone Pocket 332

Gopher, Plateau Pocket 336

Gopher, Reddish Brown Pocket . . . 334

Gopher, Sand-loving Pocket 310

Gopher, San Pedro Martir Pocket . 336

Gopher, Santa Anita Pocket 335

Gopher, Sierra Laguna Pocket .... 335

Gopher, Sinaloa Pocket 339

Gopher, Slender-nosed Pocket .... 319

Gopher, Sooty Pocket 318

Gopher, Tatameles Pocket 338

Gopher, Tough-skinned Pocket.. . . 319

Gopher, Tropical Pocket 326

Gopher, Troublesome Pocket 337

Gopher, Wandering Pocket 337

Gopher, White-nosed Pocket 322

Gophers 138, 308, 309, 332, 408

Gophers, Ancient Pocket 320

Gophers, Broad-headed Pocket.. . . 316

Gophers, Distinct Pocket 325

Gophers, Large Size Pocket 326

Gophers, Pocket 309, 310, 332

Gophers, Powerful Pocket 311

xxxiv

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES.

PAGE.

Gophers, Straight-headed Pocket . 322

Gophers, Zygomata Pocket 330

Gray-backed Harvest Mouse 272

Gray Desert Jack Rabbit 436

Gray-faced Wood Rat 297

Gray Opossum 7

Gray Pocket Mouse 367

Gray's Black Squirrel 128

Gray's Dolphin 59

Grayson's Hare 426

Gray Spiny Rat 373

Gray's Spiny Mouse 375

Gray Squirrel, Arizona 109

Gray Squirrel, California 130

Gray Squirrel, Little 102

Gray Squirrels 93

Gray Whale 40

Great Anteater 24, 29, 30

Great California Pocket Mouse ... 367

Greater Desert Hare 423

Great-tailed Mouse 212

Greenland Whale 43

Grizzled Mouse 196

Ground-hogs 90

Ground Porcupines 399

Ground Squirrels 89, 90

Ground Squirrels, American 134

Guatemalan Meadow Vole 306

Guatemalan Rice Rat 241

Guatemala Squirrel 124

Guerrero Field Mouse, Thomas' ... 213

Guerrero Squirrel 120

Guinea-pig 411

Gundlach's Hutia 392

Gunnison's Prairie-dog 156

Hairy Hutia 390

Haitan Hutia 396

Hamilton Smith's Deer 74

Handsome Kangaroo Rat 345

Hare, Allied 424

Hare, Arizona 423

Hare, Ash-colored 429

Hare, Attwater's Swamp 414

Hare, Audubon's 422

Hare, Bachman's Wood 429

Hare, Cerros Island 428

Hare, Durango 425

Hare, Fleet 428

Hare, Gabb's 426

Hare, Grayson's 426

PAGE.

Hare, Greater Desert 423

Hare, Holzner's 419

Hare, Lesser Desert 423

Hare, Little 421

Hare, Lower California 430

Hare, Michoacan 417

Hare, Nelson's 412

Hare, Nuttall's 425

Hare, Orizaba 425

Hare, Plains 421

Hare, Puebla 418

Hare, Russet 420

Hare, San Diego 422

Hare, Small-footed 436

Hare, Swamp 415

Hare, Tehuantepec 418

Hare, True's Swamp 415

Hare, Vera Cruz 420

Hare, Washington 410

Hare, Yucatan 419

Hares 89, 409, 410, 411

Hares, Arctic 410

Hares, Chief 411

Harris's Spermophile 141

Harsh-coated Pocket Gopher 326

Harvest Mice 255

Harvest Mouse 89, 161

Harvest Mouse, Alpine 266

Harvest Mouse, Ameca 270

Harvest Mouse, Big-eared 259

Harvest Mouse, Brownsville 264

Harvest Mouse, Calel 269

Harvest Mouse, Captious 263

Harvest Mouse, Chichen Itza 265

Harvest Mouse, Chiriqui 259

Harvest Mouse, Cinereous 262

Harvest Mouse, Cofre de Perote . . 267

Harvest Mouse, Colima 267

Harvest Mouse, Costa Rica 267

Harvest Mouse, Dusky 261, 272

Harvest Mouse, Goldman's 268

Harvest Mouse, Gray-backed 272

Harvest Mouse, Hispid 270

Harvest Mouse, Irazu Volcano .... 259

Harvest Mouse, Jalapa 267

Harvest Mouse, Large-eared 271

Harvest Mouse, Las Vigas 262

Harvest Mouse, Long- tailed 261

Harvest Mouse, Lower California. . 262

Harvest Mouse, Mexican 264

Harvest Mouse, Mountain 263

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES.

PAGE.
Harvest Mouse, Mount Popocatepetl 265

Harvest Mouse, Oaxaca 270

Harvest Mouse, Oposura 264

Harvest Mouse, Orizaba 266

Harvest Mouse, Patzcuaro 271

Harvest Mouse, Peninsular 263

Harvest Mouse, Rufous 268

Harvest Mouse, San Sebastian .... 270

Harvest Mouse, Slender 265

Harvest Mouse, Slender-nosed .... 268

Harvest Mouse, Tlalpam 271

Harvest Mouse, Todos Santos .... 269

Harvest Mouse, Valparaiso 260

Harvest Mouse, Volcan Toluca . . . 266

Harvest Mouse, White-lipped 269

Heavy Peccary 64

Hedge-hog Rats 382

Heller's Pocket Mouse 360

Hippopotamus . 60

Hispid Harvest Mouse 270

Hispid Pocket Mouse 360

Hoary Spiny Mouse 375

Hispid Spiny Rat 371

Hoffmann's Sloth 20, 2 r

Hoffmann's Squirrel 104

Hog 60

Hog-fish 48

Hollow-horned Ruminants 67, 83

Holzner's Hare 419

Honduras Spiny Mouse 381

Honduras Squirrel 128

Hoofed Quadrupeds 60

Horse 60

House Mouse 163

House Mouse, Allied 180

House Mouse, Jalapa 163

House Rat 222

House Rats 306

Huachuca Squirrel 109

Huehuetan Spiny Mouse 380

Hump-backed Whale 41

Hutia, Black-tailed 391

Hutia, Gundlach's 392

Hutia, Hairy 390

Hutia, Haitan 396

Hutia, Ingraham's 394

Hutia, Lanceolate-spot 392

Hutia, Prehensile-tailed 391

Hutia, Short-tailed 393

Hutia, White-banded 394

Hyrax 60

HACK.

Ice Whale 39

Imitator Mouse 205

Ingraham's Hutia 394

Intermediate Pocket Mouse 364

Irazu Pocket Gopher 328

Irazu Volcano Harvest Mouse .... 259

Island of Cozumel Mouse 181

Island of Cozumel Opossum 15

Island of Tiburon Mouse 175

Island Opossum 17

Isolated Rice Rat 254

Isthmian Agouti 407

Isthmian Spiny Mouse 378

Isthmian Wood Rat 287

Jabali 63

Jackass Rabbit, Batty's 433

Jack Rabbit, Allen's 434

Jack Rabbit, Beautiful-cared 431

Jack Rabbit, California 437

Jack Rabbit, Desert 435

Jack Rabbit, Desert Gray 436

Jack Rabbit, Donkey 435

Jack Rabbit, Expinto Santo Island 438

Jack Rabbit, Gaillard's 433

Jack Rabbit, Lower California .... 438

Jack Rabbit, Merriam's 432

Jack Rabbit, San Pedro Martir . . . 439

Jack Rabbit, Wandering 434

Jack Rabbits 410, 411

Jalapa Brown Mouse 176

Jalapa Field Mouse 208

Jalapa Harvest Mouse 267

Jalapa House Mouse 163

Jalapan Mouse 192

Jalapa Rice Rat 246

Jalisco Small-cared Mouse 179

Jamaica Rice Rat 247

Jaral Pocket Mouse 365

Jet Mouse 1 79

Juarez Pocket Gopher 338

Jumping Mice 89

Juquila Mouse 179

Juquila Wood Rat 288

Kangaroo, Giant i

Kangaroo Rat, Allied 347

Kangaroo Rat, Black-nosed 348

Kangaroo Rat, Black-tailed 348

Kangaroo Rat, Chapman's 350

Kangaroo Rat, Desert 345

xxxvi

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES.

PAGE.

Kangaroo Rat, Doubtful 346

Kangaroo Rat, Dusky 351

Kangaroo Rat, Handsome 345

Kangaroo Rat, Merriam's 346

Kangaroo Rat, Nimble 351

Kangaroo Rat, Ord's 350

Kangaroo Rat, Ornamented 344

Kangaroo Rat, Palmer's 350

Kangaroo Rat, Perote 344

Kangaroo Rat, Phillips' 343

Kangaroo Rat, Small 346

Kangaroo Rat, Tiburon Island . . . 344

Kangaroo Rats 340, 341, 348, 352

Kangaroo Rats, Five-toed 349

Kangaroo Rats, Four-toed 341

Killer 49

Killers 49, 50

Killer Whale 50

Killer Whale, Common 51

Killer Whale, Large-toothed 57

Killer Whales 40,47, 50, 51

Kindred Mouse 202

La Carpintera Field Mouse 198

Lanceolate-spot Hutia 392

La Palma Field Mouse 194

La Parada Spiny Rat 369

Large Cotton Rat 228

Large-eared Field Mouse 210

Large-eared Harvest Mouse 271

Large-eared Mole Mouse 169

Large-eared Wood Rat 279

Large-sized Pocket Gophers 326

Large-toothed Killer Whale 51

La Salada Deer Mouse 190

Las Vigas Harvest Mouse 262

Las Vigas Pocket Gopher 314

Least Cotton Rat 230

Lemmings 298

Lesser Desert Hare 423

Liebre 431

Light-colored Porcupine 401

Linnaean Opossum 15

Lion Hill Squirrel 105

Little Desert Pocket Mouse 358

Little Gray Squirrel 102

Little Hare 421

Little or Two-toed Anteater 25, 26

Little Spiny Mouse 377

Littoral Spiny Mouse 381

Llamas . . 60

PAGE.

Lonely Rice Rat 244

Long-haired Rice Rat : 245

Long-nosed Dolphin 58

Long-nosed Mouse 209

Long-nosed Spiny Mouse 378

Long-spined Porcupines 397

Long-tailed Harvest Mouse 261

Long-tailed Rice Rat 238

Long-tailed Spermophile 149

Long-tailed Spiny Rat 372

Lost Pocket Gopher 338

Lower California Chipmunk 136

Lower California Deer 78

Lower California Hare 430

Lower California Harvest Mouse . . 262

Lower California Jack Rabbit 438

Lower California Mountain Sheep . 84

Lower California Rice Rat 236

Lower California Spermophile 143

Lower California Wood Rat 283

Madoqua 79

Mammals, American 255

Mammals, Pouched i

Manatee 35, 36, 37

Manatees 36

Manzanillo Squirrel 122

Margarita Pocket Mouse 363

Maria Madre Island Mouse 197

Maria Madre Island Opossum .... 7

Maria Madre Island Rice Rat .... 235

Marmot 152

Marmots 90

Marsh Rice Rat 237

Marsupials i

Mascota Cotton Rat 227

Meadow Mice 298

Meadow Mouse, Rio Sestin 260

Meadow Vole, Coues' 303

Meadow Vole, Dark 302

Meadow Vole, Fulvous-bellied .... 301

Meadow Vole, Guatemalan 306

Meadow Vole, Mexican 301

Meadow Vole, Mount Zempoaltepec 305

Meadow Vole, Reddish 302

Mearns' Squirrel 133

Merriam's Chipmunk 137

Merriam's Jack Rabbit 432

Merriam's Kangaroo Rat 346

Merriam's Pocket Gopher 313

Merriam's Pocket Mouse 354

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES.

.XXXVI,

PAGE.

Mexican Agouti 405

Mexican Chipmunk 136

Mexican Deer 72

Mexican Harvest Mouse 264

Mexican Meadow Vole 301

Mexican Mountain Sheep 86

Mexican Mouse 207

Mexican Murine Opossum 6

Mexican Prairie-dog 156

Mexican Pocket Mouse 355

Mexican Prong-horn 81, 82

Mexican Spermophile 146

Mexican Tree Porcupine 401

Mexican Wood Rat 282

Mice 162

Mice, Deer 170

Mice, Field 89, 1 70

Mice, Harvest 255

Mice, Jumping 89

Mice, Meadow 298

Mice, Mole 165

Mice, Pocket 341, 352, 368

Michoacan Hare 417

Michoacan Squirrel 118

Miller's Armadillo 31, 32

Mimic Mouse 180

Mole Mice 165

Mole Mouse, Black-browed 166

Mole Mouse, Drab Gray 168

Mole Mouse, Large-eared 169

Mole Mouse, Pale 167

Mole Mouse, Ramona 167

Mole Mouse, Sand-loving 168

Mole Mouse, Tropical 167, 1 68

Moles 89

Moose 67

J\Ioran 63

Mountain Gopher 314

Mountain Harvest Mouse 263

Mountain Mouse 200

Mountain Sheep 83

Mountain Sheep, Lower California 84

Mountain Sheep, Mexican 86

Mountain Squirrel 121

Mountain Wood Rat 294

Mount Iztaccihuatl Pocket Gopher 314

Mount Malinche Mouse 195

Mount Popocatepetl Harvest Mouse 265

Mt. Tancitaro Wood Rat 290

Mount Zempoaltepec Field Mouse. 204
Mount Zempoaltepec Meadow Vole 305

FAGH.

Mouse 93,161

Mouse, Alien 208

Mouse, Allen's Spiny 376

Mouse, Allied 192

Mouse, Allied Desert 185

Mouse, Allied Field 180

Mouse, Allied House 180

Mouse, Alpine Harvest 266

Mouse, Alston's 273

Mouse, Ameca Harvest 270

Mouse, Anthony's Field 185

Mouse, Anthony's Pocket 366

Mouse, Apazote 194

Mouse, Arizona Field 186

Mouse, Ashy Gray Field 195

Mouse, Aztec 1 84

Mouse, Bailey's Pocket 361

Mouse, Baird's Pocket 354

Mouse, Banderas Field 190

Mouse, Bang's Red 275

Mouse, Batopilas Pocket 365

Mouse, Big-eared Harvest 259

Mouse, Black-browed 201

Mouse, Black-browed Mole 166

Mouse, Black-eared Field 178

Mouse, Black-eared Pocket 356

Mouse, Black-footed 210

Mouse, Black-tailed 192

Mouse, Boquete 214, 274

Mouse, Boyle's 195

Mouse, Broad-nosed Pocket 359

Mouse, Brownsville Harvest 264

Mouse, Bryant's Pocket 364

Mouse, Buff-colored Pocket 362

Mouse, Calel Harvest 269

Mouse, California 203

Mouse, Cape St. Lucas Pocket .... 363

Mouse, Captious Harvest 263

Mouse, Catemaco Spiny 380

Mouse, Cecil's 178

Mouse, Cerros Island 185

Mouse, Cherric's Costa Rican 183

Mouse, Chichen Itza Harvest 265

Mouse, Chilpancingo 206

Mouse, Chiriqui Harvest 259

Mouse, Chubby .... • 205

Mouse, Cinereous Harvest 262

Mouse, Cofre de Perote Harvest . . 266

Mouse, Colima City 175

Mouse, Colima Harvest 267

Mouse, Coolidge's Field 187

xxxviii

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES.

PAGE.

Mouse, Costa Rica Harvest 267

Mouse, Crested-tailed 204

Mouse, Curly Spiny 380

Mouse, Dark- tailed Spiny 379

Mouse, Deer 169

Mouse, Desert 191

Mouse, Desert White-footed 188

Mouse, Drab Gray Mole 168

Mouse, Dryad 204

Mouse, Dusky Harvest 261, 272

Mouse, Dusky Spiny 379

Mouse, Dwarf 175

Mouse, Eastern Desert Pocket .... 359

Mouse, Energetic 203

Mouse, Eve's 198

Mouse, Feeble 186

Mouse, Fluffy 211

Mouse, Foreign 197

Mouse, Franklin Mountains 196

Mouse, Frisky 199

Mouse, Fulvous 183

Mouse, Gadow's 201

Mouse, Gentle 182

Mouse, Golden 169

Mouse, Goldman's 186

Mouse, Goldman's Harvest 268

Mouse, Goldman's Pocket 365

Mouse, Gray-backed Harvest 272

Mouse, Gray Pocket 367

Mouse, Gray's Spiny 375

Mouse, Great California Pocket ... 367

Mouse, Great-tailed 212

Mouse, Grizzled 196

Mouse, Harvest 89, 161

Mouse, Heller's Pocket 360

Mouse, Hispid Harvest 270

Mouse, Hispid Pocket 360

Mouse, Hoary Spiny,! 375

Mouse, Honduras Spiny 381

Mouse, House 163

Mouse, Huehuetan Spiny 380

Mouse, Imitator 205

Mouse, Intermediate Pocket 364

Mouse, Irazu Volcano Harvest. ... 259

Mouse, Island of Cozumel 181

Mouse, Island of Tiburon 175

Mouse, Isthmian Spiny 378

Mouse, Jalapa Brown 176

Mouse, Jalapa Field 208

Mouse, Jalapa Harvest 267

Mouse, Jalapa House 163

PAGE.

Mouse, Jalapan 192

Mouse, Jalisco Small-eared 179

Mouse, Jaral Pocket 365

Mouse, Jet 179

Mouse, Juquila 179

Mouse, Kindred 202

Mouse, La Carpintera Field 198

Mouse, La Palma Field 194

Mouse, Large-eared Field 210

Mouse, Large-eared Harvest 271

Mouse, Large-eared Mole 169

Mouse, La Salada Deer 190

Mouse, Las Vigas Harvest 262

Mouse, Little Desert Pocket 358

Mouse, Little Spiny 377

Mouse, Littoral Spiny 381

Mouse, Long-nosed 209

Mouse, Long-nosed Spiny 378

Mouse, Long-tailed Harvest 261

Mouse, Lower California Harvest . 262

Mouse, Margarita Pocket 363

Mouse, Maria Madre Island 197

Mouse, Merriam's Pocket 354

Mouse, Mexican 207

Mouse, Mexican Harvest 264

Mouse, Mexican Pocket 355

Mouse, Mimic 180

Mouse, Mountain

Mouse, Mountain Harvest

Mouse, Mount Malinche

Mouse, Mount Popocatepetl Har-
vest 265

Mouse, Mount Zempoaltepec Field. 204

Mouse, Mule-eared 199

Mouse, Naked-eared 188

Mouse, Nelson's Field 214

Mouse, Nelson's Pocket 364

Mouse, Nelson's Spiny 382

Mouse, Oaxaca Field 206

Mouse, Oaxaca Harvest 270

Mouse, Odd -tailed 202

Mouse, Oposura Harvest 264

Mouse, Orizaba Field 207

Mouse, Orizaba Harvest 266

Mouse, Ozolotepec 210

Mouse, Pacific Pocket 355

Mouse, Painted Spiny 377

Mouse, Pale Mole 167

Mouse, Pallid Pocket 366

Mouse, Patzcuaro Harvest 271

Mouse, Peninsular Harvest 263

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES.

xxxix

PAGE.

Mouse, Perote 193

Mouse, Platinar Spiny 377

Mouse, Price's Pocket 358

Mouse, Puerto Angel 190

Mouse, Ramona Mole 167

Mouse, Related White-footed 184

Mouse, Rio Grande White-footed . 188

Mouse, Rio Sestin Meadow 260

Mouse, Rock 208

Mouse, Rowley's Pine 189

Mouse, Rufous Harvest 268

Mouse, Sachem or Chief 203

Mouse, San Clemente Island 187

Mouse, San Cristobal Field 209

Mouse, Sand-loving 191

Mouse, Sand-loving Mole 168

Mouse, San Felipe Field 205

Mouse, San Geronimo Island Field. 181

Mouse, San Martin Island 183

Mouse, San Pedro Martir Mountains 189

Mouse, San Quentin 200

Mouse, San Quentin Pocket 362

Mouse, San Sebastian Harvest .... 270
Mouse, Short-eared California Pocket

366

Mouse, Short -nosed Pocket 355

Mouse, Shy Field 197

Mouse, Sinaloa Pocket 359

Mouse, Slender Harvest 265

Mouse, Slender-nosed Harvest .... 268

Mouse, Slender-nosed Pocket 358

Mouse, Smallest Spiny 377

Mouse, Sonora Spiny 379

Mouse, Sonora White-footed Field. 182

Mouse, Soncyta Desert 198

Moust , Sooty 176,211

Mouse, Spiny Pocket 363

Mouse, Stephens' Field 191

Mouse, Strange Pocket 361

Mouse, Teapa 207

Mouse, Tehuan tepee Field 206

Mouse, Texan Field 186

Mouse, Thomas' Guerrero Field ... 213

Mouse, Thurber's Field 177

Mouse, Tiny 176

Mouse, Tlalpam Field 196

Mouse, Tlalpam Harvest 271

Mouse, Todos Santos 211

Mouse, Todos Santos Harvest .... 269

Mouse, Todos Santos Island 181

Mouse, Torrid Spiny 376

PAGE.

Mouse, Totontepec Field 208

Mouse, Troublesome 193

Mouse. Tropical Mole 167, 168

Mouse, Uruapan Spiny 378

Mouse. Valparaiso Harvest 260

Mouse, Vera Cruz Spiny 379

Mouse, Volcan of Irazu 274

Mouse, Volcan Toluca Harvest . . . 266

Mouse, White-footed 169

Mouse, White-lipped Harvest 269

Mouse, White-spot Deer 178

Mouse, White-tailed 201

Mouse, Xometla 184

Mouse, Yohaltun 177

Mouse, Yucatan 194

Mouse, Zacatecas Pocket 361

Mouse, Zamora 202

Mule Armadillo 33

Mule Deer 76

Mule Deer, California 77

Mule Deer, Chihuahua 78

Mule Deer, Desert 77

Mule-eared Mouse 199

Mulita 32

Muntjac 79

Murine Opossum 5

Murine Opossum, Mexican 6

Musk Deer 67 , 403

Musk Oxen 83

Muskrat 161, 306, 388

Muskrat, Pale 308

Muskrats 306

Naked-eared Mouse 188

Naked-tailed Pocket Gopher 318

Naked-tailed Rat 217

Naked-tailed Wood Rats 277

Narrow-headed Pocket Gopher.. . . 328

Narrow-headed Wood Rat 285

Narwhal 47

Nayarit Squirrel 108

Neglected Pocket Gopher 320

Nelson 's Deer 75

Nelson's Field Mouse 214

Nelson's Hare 4' 2

Nelson's Pocket Gopher 324, 339

Nelson's Pocket Mouse 364

Nelson's Spiny Mouse 382

Nelson's Squirrel . 121

Nelson's Wood Rat 29*

Nicaraguan Spiny Rat 387

xl

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES.

PAGE.

Nicaragua Squirrel 127

Nimble Kangaroo Rat 351

Nine-banded Armadillo 34

Northern Tenasserim 93

Norway Rat 164

Nuttall's Hare 425

Oak Woods Squirrel 118

Oaxaca Field Mouse 206

Oaxaca Harves Mouse 270

Oaxaca Opossum *

Oaxaca Squirrel 1x7

Ochraceous-faced Cotton Rat 230

Ocotlan Cotton Rat 229

Ocotlan Rice Rat 240

Octodonts 382

Odd-tailed Mouse 202

Opossum x

Opossum, Allen's 13

Opossum, Alston's 9

Opossum, Ashy 6

Opossum, Batty 's 18

Opossum, Earl of Derby's 9

Opossum, Eten 18

Opossum, Fulvous-bellied 8

Opossum, Gray 7

Opossum, Island 17

Opossum, Island of Cozumel 15

Opossum, Linnasan 15

Opossum, Maria Madre Island .... 7

Opossum, Mexican Murine 6

Opossum, Murine 5

Opossum, Oaxaca 8

Opossum, Orizaba 13

Opossum, Pale Woolly 1 1

Opossum, Rat-tailed 12

Opossum, Richmond's 17

Opossum, Sinaloa 6

Opossum Tabasco 1 6

Opossum, Texas 16

Opossum, Water .3

Opossum, Yucatan 14

Opossums i

Oposura Harvest Mouse 264

Orcas 47.50

Ord's Kangaroo Rat 350

Orizaba Field Mouse 207

Orizaba Hare 425

Orizaba Harvest Mouse 266

Orizaba Opossum 13

Orizaba Pocket Gopher 337

PAGE.

Orizaba Wood Rat 286

Ornamented Kangaroo Rat 344

Oso Colmenero 27

Oso Real 29

Otter i

Ox 38

Ozolotepec Field Mouse 210

Paca 403 , 408

Paca, Central American 408, 409

Pacific Pocket Mouse 355

Pacuare Pocket Gopher 330

Painted Spiny Mouse 377

Painted Wood Rat 287

Pale Mole Mouse 167

Pale Musk Rat 308

Pale Pocket Gopher 340

Pale Rice Rat 238

Pale Woolly Opossum i r

Pallid Pocket Mouse 366

Palmer's Kangaroo Rat 350

Panama Rat 219

Panama Rice Rat 241

Panama Spiny Rat 387

Pangolins 19

Patzcuaro Harvest Mouse 271

Peccaries 61

Peccary, Armeria 63

Peccary, Boquete 65

Peccary, Dwarf 62

Peccary, Heavy 64

Peccary, Savage 66

Peccary, Sonora 64

Peccary, Texan 63

Peccary, White-lipped 65, 66

Peccary, Yucatan 63

Peninsular Harvest Mouse 263

Perico Lijero 20

Perote Kangaroo Rat 344

Perote Mouse 1 93

Perote Pocket Gopher 313

Perote Squirrel 117

Perote Wood Rat 293

Perrito 155

Perrito del Campo 155

Phillips' Kangaroo Rat 343

Pigmy Sperm Whale 46

Pigmy Squirrel, Alfaro's 99

Pigmy Squirrel, Chiriqui 100

Pigs 61

Pikas 411

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES.

xli

PAGE.

Pilot or Ca'ing Whale 53

Pine Mouse, Rowley's 189

Pine Zone Pocket Gopher 332

Plains Hare 421

Plain-tailed Spermophile 152

Plateau Pocket Gopher 336

Platinar Spiny Mouse 377

Pocket Gopher. Blackish 335

Pocket Gopher, Boquete 329

Pocket Gopher, Bristled 324

Pocket Gopher, Broad-footed 329

Pocket Gopher, Buller's 320

Pocket Gopher, Cervine 340

Pocket Gopher, Cherrie's 330

Pocket Gopher. Chestnut-faced ... 315

Pocket Gopher, Digger 324

Pocket Gopher, Flat-headed 319

Pocket Gopher, Fulvous 316

Pocket Gopher, Giant 322

Pocket Gopher, Goldman's ... .316, 339
Pocket Gopher, Harsh Coated .... 326

Pocket Gopher, Irazu 328

Pocket Gopher, Juarez 338

Pocket Gopher, Las Vigas 314

Pocket Gopher, Lost 338

Pocket Gopher, Merriam's 313

Pocket Gopher, Mount Iztaccihuatl 314

Pocket Gopher, Naked-tailed 318

Pocket Gopher, Narrow-headed .. . 328

Pocket Gopher, Neglected 320

Pocket Gopher, Nelson's 324.339

Pocket Gopher, Orizaba 337

Pocket Gopher, Pacuare 330

Pocket Gopher, Pale 340

Pocket Gopher, Perote 313

Pocket Gopher, Pine Zone 332

Pocket Gopher, Plateau 336

Pocket Gopher, Reddish Brown . . . 334

Pocket Gopher, Sand-loving 310

Pocket Gopher, San Pedro Martir . 336

Pocket Gopher, Santa Anita 335

Pocket Gopher, Sierra Laguna .... 335

Pocket Gopher, Sinaloa 339

Pocket Gopher, Slender-nosed .... 319

Pocket Gopher, Sooty 318

Pocket Gopher, Tatameles 338

Pocket Gopher, Tough-skinned. ... 319

Pocket Gopher, Tropical 326

Pocket Gopher, Troublesome 337

Pocket Gopher, Wandering 337

Pocket Gopher, White-nosed 322

PAC;K.

Pocket Gophers 309, 310, 332

Pocket Gophers, Ancient 320

Pocket Gophers, Broad -headed.. . . 316

Pocket-Gophers, Distinct 325

Pocket Gophers, Large Sized 326

Pocket Gophers, Powerful 311

Pocket Gophers, Straight-headed . 322

Pocket Gophers, Zygomata 330

Pocket Mice 341, 352, 368

Pocket Mouse, Anthony's 366

Pocket Mouse, Bailey's 361

Pocket Mouse, Baird's 354

Pocket Mouse, Batopilas 365

Pocket Mouse, Black-eared 356

Pocket Mouse, Broad-nosed 359

Pocket Mouse, Bryant's 364

Pocket Mouse, Buff-colored 362

Pocket Mouse, Cape St. Lucas .... 363

Pocket Mouse, Eastern Desert .... 359

Pocket Mouse, Goldman's 365

Pocket Mouse, Gray 367

Pocket Mouse, Great California ... 367

Pocket Mouse, Heller's 360

Pocket Mouse, Hispid 360

Pocket Mouse, Intermediate 364

Pocket Mouse, Jaral 365

Pocket Mouse, Little Desert 358

Pocket Mouse, Margarita 363

Pocket Mouse, Merriam's 354

Pocket Mouse, Mexican 355

Pocket Mouse, Nelson's .. 364

Pocket Mouse, Pacific 355

Pocket Mouse, Pallid 366

Pocket Mouse, Price's 358

Pocket Mouse, San Qucntin 362

Pocket Mouse, Short-eared Califor-
nia 366

Pocket Mouse, Short -nosed 355

Pocket Mouse, Sinaloa 359

Pocket Mouse, Slender-nosed 358

Pocket Mouse, Spiny 363

Pocket Mouse, Strange 361

Pocket Mouse, Zacatecas 361

Porcupine 397

Porcupine, Chiriqui 40*

Porcupine, Light-colored 401

Porcupine, Mexican Tree. . 401

Porcupine, Prehensile-tailed 402

Porcupine, Rothschild's Tree 401

Porcupine, Western 397, 399

Porcupine, Yucatan Tree 402

xlii

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES.

PAGE.

Porcupines 396

Porcupines, American 397

Porcupines, Ground 399

Porcupines, Long-spined 397

Porcupines, Short-spined 399

Porcupines, Tree 399

Porpoise 47 . 49

Porpoise, Bottle-nosed 56

Porpoise, Common 49

Porpoises 43, 48

Pouched Mammals i

Pouched Rats 89, 308

Pouched Rats, Spiny 368

Powerful Pocket Gophers 311

Prairie-dog 155

Prairie-dog, Arizona 154

Prairie-dog, Gunnison's 156

Prairie-dog, Mexican 156

Prairie-dogs 152, 153

Prehensile-tailed Hutia 391

Prehensile-tailed Porcupine 402

Price's Pocket Mouse 358

Projecting-teeth Squirrel 91

Prong-buck 81

Prong-horn 81

Prong-horn Antelope 81 , 82

Prong-horn, Mexican 81,82

Puebla Hare 418

Puerto Angel Mouse 190

Querendaro Wood Rat 282

Rabbit 409,411

Rabbit, Allen's Jack 434

Rabbit, Batty 's Jackass 433

Rabbit, Beautiful-cared Jack 431

Rabbit, California Jack 437

Rabbit, Desert Jack 435

Rabbit, Donkey Jack 435

Rabbit, Espirito Santo Island Jack. 438

Rabbit, Gaillard's Jack 433

Rabbit, Gray Desert Jack 436

Rabbit, Lower Califorr.ia Jack .... 438

Rabbit, Merriam's Jack 432

Rabbit, San Pedro Martir Jack . . . 439

Rabbit, Wandering Jack 434

Rabbit, Western Desert 437

Rabbits 89,409,410,411

Rabbits, Jack 410,411

Ramona Mole Mouse 167

Rat 89, 161

PA(,E.

Rat, Active Rice 250

Rat, Active Wood 282

Rat, Alfaro's Rice 242, 255

Rat, Allen's Cotton 224

Rat, Allen's Wood 297

Rat Allied Kangaroo 347

Rat, Allied Spiny 371

Rat, Alpine Cotton 231

Rat, Alston's Wood 294

Rat, Amoles Cotton 231

Rat, Apazote 221

Rat, Arizona Cotton 228

Rat, Aztec Rice 245

Rat, Bailey's Cotton 226

Rat, Berlandier's Cotton 228

Rat, Black 1 64

Rat, Black-eared Cotton 232

Rat, Black-eared Rice 243

Rat, Black-nosed Kangaroo 348

Rat, Black Rice 250

Rat, Black Spiny 370

Rat, Black-tailed Kangaroo 348

Rat, Black-tailed Wood 284

Rat, Bogava Rice 245

Rat, Bogava Spiny 387

Rat, Boqueron Cotton 225

Rat, Boquete Spiny ' 372

Rat, Boquete Vesper 216

Rat, Boruca Cotton 224

Rat, Broad-nosed Rice 243

Rat, Brown 161, 165

Rat, Buller's Rice 239

Rat, Buller's Spiny 370

Rat, Ceiba Cotton 225

Rat, Cerros Island Wood 280

Rat, Chapman's Kangaroo 350

Rat, Chapman's Rice 238

Rat, Cheating Wood 295

Rat, Cherrie's Rice 253

Rat, Chichen Itza Rice 236

Rat, Coban Spiny 372

Rat, Collared Wood 279

Rat, Collector Wood 280

Rat, Coues' Rice 236

Rat, Cozumel Island Rice 241

Rat, Deceitful Rice 246

Rat, Desert Kangarco 345

Rat, Doubtful Kangaroo 346

Rat, Durango Wood 285

Rat, Dusky-footed Wood 279

Rat, Dusky Kangaroo 351

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES.

xli.l

PAGE.

Rat, El General Rice 249

Rat. Escondido River Rice 248

Rat, Faded Vesper 216

Rat, Fulvous-bellied Cotton 232

Rat, Fulvous-bellied Wood 289

Rat, Fulvous Rice 247, 248

Rat, Gaumer's Spiny 371

Rat, Gliding Spiny 384

Rat, Goldman's 288

Rat, Goldman's Rice 246

Rut, Goldman's Spiny 373

Rat, Gray-faced Wood 297

Rat, Gray Spiny 373

Rat, Guatemalan Rice 241

Rat, Handsome Kangaroo 345

Rat, Hispid Spiny 371

Rat, House 222

Rat, Isolated Rice 254

Rat, Isthmian Wood 287

Rat, Jalapa Rice 246

Rat, Jamaica Rice 247

Rat, Juquila Wood 288

Rat, La Parada Spiny 369

Rat, Large Cotton 228

Rat, Large-cared Wood 279

Rat, Least Cotton 230

Rat, Lonely Rice 244

Rat, Long-haired Rice 245

Rat, Long-tailed Rice 238

Rat, Long-tailed Spiny 372

Rat, Lower California Rice 236

Rat, Lower California Wood 283

Rat, Maria Madre Island Rice .... 235

Rat, Marsh Rice 237

Rat, Mascota Cotton 227

Rat, Merriam's Kangaroo 346

Rat, Mexican Wood 282

Rat, Mountain Wood 294

Rat, Mt. Tancitaro Wood 290

Rat, Naked-tailed 217

Rat, Narrow-headed Wood 285

Rat, Nelson's Wood 292

Rat, Nicaraguan Spiny 387

Rat, Nimble Kangaroo 351

Rat , Norway 164

Rat, Ochraceous-faced Cotton .... 230

Rat, Ocotlan Cotton 229

Rat, Ocotlan Rice 240

Rat, Ord's Kangaroo 350

Rat, Orizaba Wood 286

Rat, Ornamented Kangaroo 344

PAOI

Rat. Painted Wood 287

Rat, Pale Rice 238

Rat, Palmer's Kangaroo 350

Rat, Panama 219

Rat, Panama Rice 241

Rat, Panama Spiny 387

Rat, Perote Kangaroo 344

Rat, Perote Wood 293

Rat, Phillips' Kangaroo 343

Rat, Querendaro Wood 282

Rat, Rhoad's Wood 284

Rat, Rufous Rice 239

Rat, Rusty Wood 280

Rat, Salvin's Spiny 370

Rat, San Felipe Desert 286

Rat, San Miguel Spiny 388

Rat, Santa Maria Volcano Rice .. . 245

Rat, Shining Rice 240

Rat, Short-spined 385

Rat, Short-tailed Spiny 373

Rat, Sinaloa Wood 283

Rat, Slender- tailed Wood 286

Rat, Small-footed Wood 281

Rat, Small Kangaroo 346

Rat, Small-toothed Cotton 226

Rat, Spotted Spiny 373

Rat, St. Lucia Rice 251

Rat, Striped-face Rice 237

Rat, St. Vincent Rice 244

Rat, Suerre Rice 254

Rat, Sumichrast's Vesper 216

Rat, Tabascan Rice 237

Rat, Talamanca Rice 241

Rat, Teapa Cotton 225

Rat, Teapa Rice 244, 247

Rat, Tcxolo Wood 278

Rat, Tiburon Island Kangaroo . . . 344
Rat, Todos Santos Island Wood.. . 284

Rat, Toltcc Cotton 226

Rat. Tonala Cotton 229

Rat, Tonila Rice 242

Rat, Tropical Wood 288

Rat, Tumbala 218

Rat, Tumbala Rice 239

Rat, Tunkas 221

Rat, Tuxtla 219

Rat, Volcan dc Chiriqui Cotton .. . 231

Rat, Wandering Rice 243

Rat, Watson's 219

Rat, Western Desert Cotton 227

Rat. White-bellied Rice 236

xliv

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES.

PAGE.

Rat, White-eared Cotton 230

Rat, White-throated Wood 285

Rat, White-toothed Wood 281

Rat, Wood 275

Rat, Zacatecas Wood 290

Rats 162

Rats, Aquatic 89

Rats, Arboreal 388

Rats, Cotton 89, 222

Rats, Five-toed Kangaroo 349

Rats, Four-toed Kangaroo 341

Rats, Hedge-hog 382

Rats, House 306

Rats, Kangaroo 340, 341, 348, 352

Rats, Naked-tailed Wood 277

Rats, Pouched 89, 308, 309

Rats, Rice 89, 232, 233

Rats, Spiny 382,384,385

Rats, Spiny Pouched 368

Rats, Tree 382

Rats, Vesper 214

Rats. Wood 275, 276

Rat-tailed Opossum 12

Razor-backs 42

Reddish Brown Pocket Gopher . . . 334

Reddish Meadow Vole 302

Red Mouse, Bangs' 275

Red Squirrel 132

Red Squirrels 132

Related White-footed Mouse 184

Rhinoceros 60

Rhoad's Wood Rat 284

Rice Rat, Active 250

Rice Rat, Alfaro's 242, 255

Rice Rat, Aztec 245

Rice Rat, Black 250

Rice Rat, Black-eared 243

Rice Rat, Bogava 245

Rice Rat, Broad-nosed 243

Rice Rat, Buller's 239

Rice Rat, Chapman's 238

Rice Rat, Cherrie's 253

Rice Rat, Chichen Itza 236

Rice Rat, Coues' 236

Rice Rat, Cozumel Island 241

Rice Rat, Deceitful 246

Rice Rat, El General 249

Rice Rat, Escondido River 248

Rice Rat, Fulvous 247, 248

Rice Rat, Goldman's 246

Rice Rat, Guatemalan 241

PAGE.

Rice Rat, Isolated 254

Rice Rat, Jalapa 246

Rice Rat, Jamaica 247

Rice Rat, Lonely 244

Rice Rat, Long-haired 245

Rice Rat, Long-tailed 238

Rice Rat, Lower California 236

Rice Rat, Maria Madre Island .... 235

Rice Rat, Marsh 237

Rice Rat, Ocotlan 240

Rice Rat, Pale 238

Rice Rat, Panama 241

Rice Rat, Rufous 239

Rice Rat, Santa Maria Volcano ... 245

Rice Rat, Shining 240

Rice Rat, St. Lucia 251

Rice Rat, Striped-face 237

Rice Rat, St. Vincent 244

Rice Rat, Suerre 254

Rice Rat, Tabascan 237

Rice Rat, Talamanca 241

Rice Rat, Teapa 244, 247

Rice Rat, Tonila 242

Rice Rat, Tumbala 239

Rice Rat, Wandering 243

Rice Rat, White-bellied 236

Rice Rats 89, 232, 233

Richmond's Opossum 17

Richmond's Squirrel 105

Right Whale, Arctic 39

Ring-tailed Spermophile 151

Rio Grande White-footed Mouse . . 1 88

Rio Managua Squirrel 129

Rio Sestin Meadow Mouse 260

Rock Mouse 208

Rock Spermophile 142, 150

Rodent 403

Rodents 89, 159, 403, 410

Rodents, American 58, 133

Rorquals 42

Rothschild's Deer 72

Rothschild's Tree Porcupine 401

Round-tailed Spermophile 144

Rowley's Pine Mouse 189

Ruatan Island Agouti 405

Rufous Harvest Mouse 268

Rufous Rice Rat 239

Ruminant 403

Ruminants, Hollow-horned 67, 83

Ruminants, Solid -horned 67

Ruminants, True 67

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES.

xtv

PAGE.

Russet Hare 420

Rusty Wood Rat 280

Sachem or Chief Mouse 203

Saddle-back Anteater 28

Salvin's Spiny Rat 370

San Clemente Island Mouse 187

San Cristobal Field Mouse 209

San Diego Hare 422

Sand-loving Mole Mouse 1 68

Sand-loving Mouse 191

Sand-loving Pocket Gopher 310

San Felipe Desert Rat 286

San Felipe Field Mouse 205

San Geronimo Island Field Mouse. 181

San Martin Island Mouse 183

San Miguel Spiny Rat 388

San Pedro Martir Jack Rabbit. . . . 439
San Pedro Martir Mountains Mouse 1 89
San Pedro Martir Pocket Gopher . 336

San Quentin Mouse 200

San Quentin Pocket Mouse 362

San Sebastian Harvest Mouse 270

Santa Anita Pocket Gopher 335

Santa Maria Volcano Rice Rat ... 245

Sartori's Brocket 80

Savage Peccary 66

Scammon's Black-fish 54

Sea-cow, Stellcr's 36

Sea-lions 50

Sea Pigs 48

Seals, Fur 50

Sharp-toothed Dolphin 57, 58

Sheep 60, 83

Sheep, Mountain 83

Shining Rice Rat 240

Short-eared California Pocket Mouse

366

Short-finned Black-fish 53

Short-nosed Pocket Mouse 355

Short-spined Porcupines 399

Short-spined Rat 385

Short-tailed Hutia 393

Short-tailed Spiny Rat 373

Shy Field Mouse 197

Sierra Laguna Pocket Gopher 335

Sierra Madre Spermophile 147

Sinaloa Opossum 6

Sinaloa Pocket Gopher 339

Sinaloa Pocket Mouse 359

Sinaloa Squirrel 122

PACE.

Sinaloa White-tailed Deer 78

Sinaloa Wood Rat 283

Sirenians 36

Skunks, Spotted 341

Slender Harvest Mouse 265

Slender-no ed Harvest Mouse .... 268

Slender-nosed Pocket Gopher 319

Slender-nosed Pocket Mouse 358

Slender-tailed Wood Rat 286

Sloth, Chestnut-headed 22

Sloth, Dusky 24

Sloth, Hoffmann's 20. 2 1

Sloths 19

Small-eared Mouse, Jalisco 179

Smallest Spiny Mouse 377

Small-footed Hare 436

Small-footed Wood Rat 281

Small Kangaroo Rat 346

Small-spotted Spermophile 146

Small-toothed Cotton Rat 226

Small-toothed Spermophile 146

Solid-horned Ruminants 67

Sonora Peccary 64

Sonoran Beaver 159, 161

Sonora Spermophile 144

Sonora Spiny Mouse 379

Sonora White-footed Field Mouse . 182

Sonoyta Desert Mouse 198

Sooty Mouse 1 76, 211

Sooty Pocket Gopher 318

Spermophile, Black-headed 150

Spermophile, Bushy-tailed 149

Spermophile, Fisher's 150

Spermophile, Goldman's 151

Spermophile, Harris's 141

Spermophile, Long-tailed 149

Spermophile, Lower California .... 143

Spermophile, Mexican 146

Spermophile, Perote 145

Spermophile, Plain-tailed 152

Spermophile , Ring-tailed 151

Spermophile, Rock 14*. »5«

Spermophile, Round-tailed 144

Spermophile, Sierra Madre 147

Spermophile, Small-spotted 146

Spermophile, Small-toothed 146

Spermophile, Sonoran 144

Spermophile, Spotted 145

Spcrmophile, Trader 143

Spermophile, White-tailed 142

Spermophiles 138

i

xlvi

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES.

PAGE.

Sperm Whale 43, 44, 45

SpiTin Whale, Pigmy 46

Sperm Whales 38, 43, 44

Spiny Mouse, Allen's 376

Spiny Mouse, Catemaco 380

Spiny Mouse, Curly 380

Spiny Mouse, Dark-tailed 379

Spiny Mouse, Dusky 379

Spiny Mouse, Gray's . 375

Spiny Mouse, Hoary 375

Spiny Mouse, Honduras 381

Spiny Mouse, Huehuetan 380

Spiny Mouse, Isthmian 378

Spiny Mouse, Little 377

Spiny Mouse, Littoral 381

Spiny Mouse, Long-nosed 378

Spiny Mouse Nelson's 382

Spiny Mouse, Painted 377

Spiny Mouse, Platinar 377

Spiny Mouse, Smallest 377

Spiny Mouse, Sonora 379

Spiny Mouse, Torrid 376

Spiny Mouse, Uruapan 378

Spiny Mouse, Vera Cruz 379

Spiny Pocket Mouse 363

Spiny Pouched Rats 368

Spiny Rat, Allied 371

Spiny Rat, Black 370

Spiny Rat, Bogava 387

Spiny Rat, Boquete 372

Spiny Rat, Buller's 370

Spiny Rat, Coban 372

Spiny Rat, Gaumer's 371

Spiny Rat, Gliding 382

Spiny Rat, Gray 373

Spiny Rat, Goldman's 373

Spiny Rat, Hispid 371

Spiny Rat, La Parada 369

Spiny Rat, Long-tailed 372

Spiny Rat, Nicaraguan 387

Spiny Rat, Panama 387

Spiny Rat, Salvin's 370

Spiny Rat, San Miguel 388

Spiny Rat, Short-tailed 373

Spiny Rat, Spotted 373

Spiny Rats 382, 384, 385

Spotted Agouti 405

Spotted Skunks 341

Spotted Spermophile 145

Spotted Spiny Rat 373

Squirrel 89

PAGE.

Squirrel, Acapulco 124

Squirrel, Alfaro's Pigmy 99

Squirrel, Allen's 108

Squirrel, Apache 110

Squirrel, Apazote 102

Squirrel, Arizona Gray 109

Squirrel, Banded-back 127

Squirrel, Black-backed 107

Squirrel, Brown's 100

Squirrel, California Gray 130

Squirrel, Chiapas 125

Squirrel, Chiriqui 104

Squirrel, Chiriqui Pigmy 100

Squirrel, Colima 120

Squirrel, Colima Mountain 119

Squirrel, Collie's 121

Squirrel (Common , of Europe) .... 132

Squirrel, Deppe's 101

Squirrel, Durango 112

Squirrel, Escondido River 128

Squirrel, Fire-bellied 1 16

Squirrel, Golden-bellied 115

Squirrel, Goldman's 130

Squirrel, Gray's Black 128

Squirrel, Guatemala 124

Squirrel, Guerrero i 20

Squirrel, Hoffmann's 104

Squirrel, Honduras 128

Squirrel, Huachuca 109

Squirrel, Lion Hill 105

Squirrel, Little Gray 102

Squirrel, Manzanillo 122

Squirrel, Mearns' 133

Squirrel, Michoacan 1 18

Squirrel, Mountain 121

Squirrel, Nayarit 108

Squirrel, Nelson's 121

Squirrel, Nicaragua 127

Squirrel, Oak Woods 1 18

Squirrel, Oaxaca 117

Squirrel, Perote 117

Squirrel, Projecting-teeth 91

Squirrel, Red 132

Squirrel, Richmond's 105

Squirrel, Rio Managua 129

Squirrel, Sinaloa 122

Squirrel, Swarthy 126

Squirrel, Tehviantepec 123

Squirrel, Texas Fox i 10

Squirrel, Thomas' 126

Squirrel. Toluca 107

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES.

xlvii

PAGE.

Squirrel, True's 123

Squirrel, Variegated 129

Squirrel, Yucatan 125

Squirrels 89, 90, 93

Squirrels, American 93

Squirrels, American Ground 134

Squirrels, Flying 89

Squirrels, Gray 93

Squirrels, Ground 89, 90

Squirrels, Red 132

Squirrels, Tree 90, 92, 93, 133

Steller's Sea-Cow 35, 36

Stephen's Field Mouse 191

St. Lucia Rice Rat 251

Straight-headed Pocket Gophers .. 322

Strange Pocket Mouse 361

Striped-face Rice Rat 237

St. Vincent Rice Rat 244

Sucrre Rice Rat 254

Sumichrast's Vesper Rat 216

Swamp Hare 415

Swamp Hare, Attwater's 414

Swamp Hare, True's 415

Swarthy Squirrel 126

Swine 60

Tabascan Rice Rat 237

Tabasco Opossum 16

Talamanca Rice Rat 241

Tapir, Baird's 87

Tapir, Dow's 88

Tapirs 60, 86, 87

Tatameles Pocket Gopher 338

Teapa Cotton Rat 225

Teapa Mouse 207

Teapa Rice Rat 244, 247

Tehuantepec Field Mouse 206

Tehuantepec Hare 4 1 S

Tehuantepec Squirrel 123

Tcjon 27

Tt-nasserin, Northern 93

Tenatzali Taje 86

Texan Deer 70

Texan Field Mouse 186

Texan Peccary 63

Texas Fox Squirrel 1 10

Texas Opossum 16

Texolo Wood Rat 278

Thomas' Deer 74

Thomas' Guerrero Field Mouse ... 213
Thomas' Squirrel 126

PA<;K.

Three- toed Anteater 27, 28

Thurber's Field Mouse 177

Tiburon Island Kangaroo Rat .... 344

Tiny Mouse 176

Tlacuazin de Agua 3

Tliicimzin Ruton 5

Tlalpam Field Mouse 196

Tlalpam Harvest Mouse 271

Todos Santos Harvest Mouse 269

Todos Santos Island Mouse 181

Todos Santos Island Wood Rat . . . 284

Todos Santos Mouse 211

Toltec Cotton Rat 226

Toluca Squirrel 107

Tonala Cotton Rat 229

Tonila Rice Rat 242

Toothed Cetacea 43

Torrid Spiny Mouse 376

Totontepec Field Mouse 208

Tough-skinned Pocket Gopher .... 319

Trader Spermophile 1 43

Tree Porcupine, Mexican 401

Tree Porcupine, Rothschild's 401

Tree Porcupine, Yucatan 402

Tree Porcupines 399

Tree Rats 382

Tree Squirrels 90,92.93. 133

Tropical Mole Mouse 167, 1 68

Tropical Pocket Gopher 326

Tropical Wood Rat 288

Troublesome Mouse 193

Troublesome Pocket Gopher 337

True Ruminants 67

Tme's Deer 73

Time's Squirrel 123

T rue's Swamp Hare 415

True Ungulates 60

TuLnsia .'326. 372

Tumbula Rat . 218

Tumbula Rice Rat . 239

Tunkas Brocket

Tunkas Rat 211

Tuxtla Rat 210

Two-toothed Whale 47

Two-toothed Whales ....... » 7

Ungulates 60. 6 1

Ungulates, True f'O

Uruapan Spiny Mouse . . 378

Vacca de A%ua M

Valparaiso Harve.'t Mouse 260

xlviti

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES.

PAGE.

Variegated Squirrel 129

Venado 70

Vera Cruz Hare 420

Vera Cruz Spiny Mouse 379

Vesper Rat, Boquete 216

Vesper Rat, Faded 216

Vesper Rat, Sumichrast's 216

Vesper Rats 214

Volcan de Chiriqui Cotton Rat ... 231

Volcan of Irazu Mouse 274

Volcan Toluca Harvest Mouse .... 266

Vole, Coues' Meadow 303

Vole, Dark Meadow 302

Vole, Fulvous-bellied Meadow .... 301

Vole, Guatemalan Meadow 306

Vole, Mexican Meadow 301

Vole, Mount Zempoaltepec Meadow 305

Vole, Reddish Meadow 302

Voles 162, 298

Walrus 36

Wandering Jack Rabbit 434

Wandering Pocket Gopher 337

Wandering Rice Rat 243

Wapiti 67

Warree 66

Washington Hare 410

Water Opossum 3

Watson's Rat 219

Western Desert Cotton Rat 227

Western Desert Rabbit 437

Western Porcupine 397

Whale, Arctic Right 39

Whalebone Whale 43

Whalebone Whales 38, 43, 49

Whale, Baleen 40

Whale, Cachalot 45

Whale, Ca'ing 47

Whale, Common Killer 51

Whale, Cope's 42

Whale, Davidson's 42

Whale, Fighting 41

Whale, Gray 40

Whale, Greenland 43

Whale, Hump-backed 41

Whale, Killer 50

Whale, Large-toothed Killer 51

Whale, Pigmy Sperm 46

Whale, Pilot or Ca'ing 53

Whale, Sperm 43,44,45

Whale, Two-toothed 47

PAGE.

Whale, Whalebone 43-49

Whale, Yellow-bellied 38, 43

Whales 38

Whales, Baleen 38, 39

Whales, Finback 42

Whales, Killer 40, 47, 50, 51

Whales, Sperm 38, 43, 44

Whales, Two-toothed 47

Whales, Whalebone 38, 43

White-banded Hutia 394

White-bellied Rice Rat 236

White-eared Cotton Rat 230

White-footed Field Mouse, Sonora 182

White-footed Mouse 169

White-footed Mouse, Desert 188

White-footed Mouse, Related 184

White-footed Mouse, Rio Grande . 188

White-lipped Harvest Mouse 269

White-lipped Peccary 65, 66

White-nosed Pocket Gopher 322

White-spot Deer Mouse 178

White-tailed Deer 68

White-tailed Deer, Sinaloa 78

White-tailed Mouse 201

White-tailed Spermophile 142

White-throated Wood Rat 285

White-toothed Wood Rat 281

Woodchucks 90

Wood Hare, Bachman's 429

Wood Rat 275

Wood Rat, Active 282

Wood Rat, Allen's 297

Wood Rat, Alston's 294

Wood Rat, Black-tailed 284

Wood Rat, Ceros Island 280

Wood Rat, Cheating 205

Wood Rat, Collared 279

Wood Rat, Collector 280

Wood Rat, Durango 285

Wood Rat, Dusky-footed 279

Wood Rat, Fulvous-bellied 289

Wood Rat, Gray-faced 297

Wood Rat, Isthmian 287

Wood Rat, Juquila 288

Wood Rat, Large-eared 279

Wood Rat, Lower California 283

Wood Rat, Mexican 282

Wood Rat, Mountain 294

Wood Rat, Mount Tancitaro 290

Wood Rat, Narrow-headed 285

Wood Rat, Nelson's 292

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES. I

xlix

PAI;K.

Wood Rat, Orizaba 286

Wood Rat, Painted 287

Wood Rat, Perote 293

Wood Rat, Querendaro 282

Wood Rat, Rhoad's 284

Wood Rat, Rusty 280

Wood Rat, Sinaloa 283

Wood Rat, Slender-tailed 286

Wood Rat, Small-footed 281

Wood Rat, Texolo 278

Wood Rat, Tod os Santos Island . . 284

Wood Rat, Tropical 288

Wood Rat, White-throated 285

Wood Rat, White-toothed 281

Wood Rat, Zacatecas 290

Wood Rats 275, 276

Wood Rats, Naked-tailed 277

Woolly Opossum, Pale 10

Xometla Mouse

PAGE.
. 184

Yapock 3

Yellow-bellied Whale 38, 43

Yohaltun Mouse 177

Yucatan Deer 74

Yucatan Hare 419

Yucatan Mouse 194

Yucatan Opossum 14

Yucatan Peccary 63

Yucatan Squirrel 135

Yucatan Tree Porcupine 402

Zacatecas Pocket Mouse 361

Zacatecas Wood Rat 290

Zamora Mouse 202

Zarro de Agua 3

Zygomata Pocket Gophers 330

. .

'<? **:

i'

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA

590 5FI C001

FIELDIANA. ZOOLOGYJCHGO
41 1904

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30112009379709