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Hibrary of the Museum

OF

#

COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,
AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

Founded by private subscription, in 1861.

PLL RPLBRERERSMS

Deposited by ALEX. AGASSIZ.

f No. 77, J Gq

THE

INSTITUTED MDCCCXLIV.

Poe SOCIETY.

uN
S|
D

SS

This volume is issued to the Subscribers to the Ray SociEty for

the Year 1891.

LONDON:

MDCCCXCIII.

LO del day dase, Wi vad

OF THE

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES

MOTHS.

BY

(THE LATE)

WILLIAM BUCKLER,

EDITED (IN PART) BY (THE LATE)

Ho Te STAIN LON, ER-S:

Won Ve
(THE SECOND PORTION OF THE NOCTU..)

LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE RAY SOCIETY.

MDCCCXC1II.

MCZ LIBRARY
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CAMBRIDGE. MA USA

PRINTED BY ADLARD AND SON,
BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, E.C., AND 20, HANOVER SQUARE, W.

PREFACE.

Tut delay in the appearance of this volume has
been almost entirely occasioned by difficulties experi-
enced in connection with hand-colouring the plates.

At the commencement of Mr. Stainton’s long and,
as it unhappily proved, fatal illness, the plates were
already all lithographed, and he was able to begin the
copying out of the manuscript for the letterpress, but
could not proceed far with it. The task was com-
pleted by Mr. W. D. Roebuck of Leeds, under the
supervision of Mr. G. T. Porritt of Huddersfield, so
well known for his experience regarding the Larvee of
British Macro-Lepidoptera. Mr. Porritt has kindly
undertaken to edit the remaining volumes in succession
to Mr. Stainton, and he has already in hand Vol. VI,
which will complete the Noctue.

For many reasons it is desirable that the colouring
of the plates should be continued by the same artist,
but if any serious delay again occur, arrangements
for expediting the work will have serious attention.

In the present volume it will be seen that the number
of British species, of which no figure whatever was
made by the late Mr. Buckler, is comparatively small.
But the descriptive text is necessarily incomplete, for
no descriptions of many of the species were published
by him, nor do they occur in his Note Books, nor, with
few exceptions, amongst the published descriptions by
the late Mr. Hellins. A few of the missing descrip-
tions have been supplied from those published by
Mr. Porritt.

R. McLacatuan, Treasurer.
Tos. WittsHire, Secretary.

CONTENTS OF VOL. V.

Agrotis puta

— lunigera

— exclamationis
— corticea

— cinerea

— cursoria

— nigricans

— aquilina

— obelisca

— ravida.
Triphzna subsequa
— orbona

— pronuba

Noctua ditrapezium
— conflua

— Dahli.

— bella

— umbrosa

— sobrina
Pachnobia alpina
Teeniocampa gothicina
— leucographa

— opima.

— gracilis

— cruda .
Orthosia suspecta .
Anchocelis rufina .
— lunosa.

— litura . ‘
Dasycampa rubignea
Xanthia citrago

— cerago.

— flavago

Vill CONTENTS

Xanthia gilvago

— ferruginea
Cirrhedia xerampelina
Tethea retusa

Euperia fulvago
Dicycla Oo

Cosmia diffinis

— affinis .

List oF PARASITES
INDEX

OF VOL.

V e

PAGE
76

78
78
80
81
83
85
86

87
90

CLASSIFIED LIST OF THE SPECIES

IN THIS VOLUME.

Group NOCTUINA.

Family Noctuip&.
Rusina tenebrosa .
Agrotis valligera .

puta
suffusa
saucia
segetum .
lunigera .

Ce ations.

corticea .
cinerea .
ripe
cursoria .
nigricans.
tritici
aquilina .
obelisca .
agathina
porphyrea
precox .
ravida
lucernea .
Ashworthii

Tri piieasal ianthina

99
29
a9

VOL. V.

fimbria
interjecta
subsequa

HETEROCERA.

PAGE

22

25

PLATE

LXXIII, fig.
LXXIIL, fig.
LXXIII, fig.
LXXIII, fig.
LXXIII, fig.
LXXIV, fig.
LXXIV, fig.
LXXIV, fig.
LXXIV, fig.

b

PWN RPRWNFOKBR WN A OD OBR WHF OB WDD

CLASSIFIED LIST OF THE SPECIES.

Cerastis vaccinii .

PAGE PLATE
Family Noctuip/ (continued).
Triphena orbona ‘ 28 LXXIV, fig. 3
i pronuba 29 LXXV, fig. 1
Noctua glareosa . LXXV, fig. 2
» depuncta LXXV, fig. 3
» augur LXXV, fig. 4
» plecta LXXV, fig. 5
5 ¢-nigrum LXXVI, fig. 1
» ditrapezium 32 LXXVI, fig. 2
» triangulum LXXVI, fig. 4
5 Yrhomboidea LXXVI, fig. 3
» brunnea LXXVI, fig. 5
» festiva LXXVII, fig. 1
» conflua . o4, LXXVII, fig. 2
» Dahli 37 LXXVII, fig. 3
» bella 40 LXXVIII, fig. 1
» umbrosa. 41 LXXVITI, fig. 2
» baja LXXVIII, fig. 3
» Ssobrina . Ad LXXIX, fig. 1
» neglecta. LXXIX, fig. 2
» xanthographa LXXIX, fig. 3
Family ORTHOSIDA.
Trachea piniperda . LXXX, fig. 1
Pachnobia alpina 48 LXXX, fig. 2
Tzniocampa gothica : ; 53 LXXX, fig. 3
is leucographa . : 54 LXXX, fig. 4
. rubricosa : LXXX, fig. 5
. instabilis LXXXTI, fig. 1
opima 54: LXXXI, fig. 2
5 populeti . LXXXI, fig. 3
“A stabilis . LXXXI, fig. 4
5 gracilis . ay | LXXXI, fig. 5
* miniosa . LXXXI, fig. 6
a8 munda . LXXXII, fig. 1
cruda 58 LXXXII, fig. 2
Orinesia suspecta 59 LXXXII, fig. 3
i upsilon LXXXII, fig. 4
BS lota LXXXII, fig. 5
is macilenta LXXXII, fig. 6
Anchocelis rufina 62 LXXXIIl, fig. 1
Pe pistacina . LXXXIII, fig. 2
na lunosa 65 LXXXIII, fig. 3
litura 66 LXXXIII, fig. 4

LXXXIII, fig.

5

CLASSIFIED LIST OF THE SPECIES. m1
PAGE PLATE
Family ORTHOSIDE (continued)—
Cerastis spadicea LXXXIII, fig. 6
Scopelosoma satellitia LXXXIV, fig. 1
Dasycampa rubiginea . 69 LXXXITV, fig. 2
Hoporina croceago LXXXIV, fig. 3
Xanthia citrago . 72 LXXXIV, fig. 4
le Ceragon.. : 73 LXXXIV, fig. 5
» favago (silago 76 LXXXIV, fig. 6
| /aurago |. LXXXIV, fig. 7
ellvacons 76 LXXXV, fig. 1
» ferruginea 78 LXXXYV, fig. 2
Cirreedia xerampelina 78 LXXXYV, fig. 3
Family CosmMIp&. |
Tethea subtusa . LXXXYV, fig. 4
» . retusa 80 LXXXYV, fig. 5
Euperia fulvago . 81 LXXXVI, fig. 1
Dicycla Oo . 83 LXXXVI, fig.’2
Cosmia trapezina LXXXVI, fig. 3
» diffinis 85 LXXXVI, fig. 4
» affinis 86 LXXXVI, fig. 5

THE LARVAL

OF THE

BRITISH MOTHS.

AGROTIS PUTA.
Plate LXX, fig. 3.

Tuanxs to the kindness of the Rev. J. Hellins
and Dr. Hearder, the larva of Agrotis puta, that
has so long remained unknown, is now figured and
described.

Eggs were sent by Dr. Hearder to Mr. Hellins,
August 29th, 1867, from which larve were hatched,
September 2nd, and, as they showed at first a pre-
ference for lettuce, they were reared on that plant,
varied occasionally with slices of the root of garden
carrot.

Mr. Hellins tried some of them in a flower-pot with
erowing plants of dandelions and knot-grass, both of
which plants were eaten, but apparently not so freely
as the lettuce; but the worst part of the business was
that the soil in the pot was infested with little earth-
leeches, which destroyed most of the larve. The
rest were treated in the same manner as we had
been accustomed to deal with A. ripe; 1.e., placed
in a large pot with a quantity of sea-sand, their food

VOL Vi, 1

2, AGROTIS PUTA.

being laid on the surface, and here they prospered
satisfactorily.

On October 21st, some had grown about five-eighths
of an inch long, and at that date figures were taken,
and again on November 14th, when the most advanced
had attained its maximum growth of one inch and one-
eighth in length. On the 24th December I had more

examples of similar dimensions.
- The larva has a small head and anal segment, the
body being plump and cylindrical, with a rather semi-
circular inflation on the region of each spiracle; the
segmental divisions deeply cut; the legs and pro-legs
small in proportion.

The colour of the back is at first dark ochreous
brown, but changes gradually with its growth to
brownish ochreous or dull ochreous; this tint is
bounded on either side by the dark brown edge of the
sub-dorsal line; there is a delicate mottling of rather
darker brown, of a pear shape, on each segment, its
broad end in front, through which runs the dorsal
line, which is of the brown colour (paler when the
larva is quite full-grown), and is very thin at the
beginning but expands almost into an elongated
diamond form at the end of each segment, and is dis-
tinctly edged with darker brown, particularly at its
widest part.

The sub-dorsal line is dark brown, having close
beneath it a mere thread of very pale greenish-grey ;
and from this to the spiracles, the sides are greyish
brown; another pale thread, much interrupted, running
a little above the spiracles.

Below the spiracles is a very faint trace of a double
_ dirty whitish line, all the rest of the lower and under
surface being a pale greenish-grey tint and semi-
translucent.

The head brown, the lobes and mouth marked with
darker brown, and very shining. <A dark brown plate
on the second segment having three pale longitudinal
lines.

AGROTIS PUTA. 3

The spiracles are black, and the tubercular warty
dots very dark brown, each furnished with a very
minute short hair.

On the 14th January, 1868, I observed one larva no
more than half-grown, whilst the full-grown larvee had
lost much of their distinctive markings by becoming
more unicolorous in tint, a proof of their being now

full-fed. (W. B., H.M.M., IV, 199, February, 1868.)

AGROTIS LUNIGERA.
Plate LXXI, fig. 2.

Some years ago Mr. W. Farren obtained a few eggs
from a pinned ? of this species, which were laid on
the cork of his collecting-box, and he cut them out
and kindly sent them to me; but as they hatched in
transit, I failed in attempting to rear them.

It is now with the greatest satisfaction that | am
enabled to describe this larva, thanks to the persevering
exertions of Mr. Thomas Terry in rearing a few eggs,
obtained in a similar way, from a ? that had pre-
viously been poisoned and pinned.

The young larve, when first hatched, and until
after their third moult, were supplied with grasses,
dock, dandelion, and other food ; but they fed only on
the dandelion, and preferred the withered leaves, per-
forating them with small round holes. When they
came into my possession, I supplied them with Poly-
gonum aviculare, which they attacked ravenously, and
would never after eat dandelion. Their growth and
condition became so satisfactory, that I have no doubt
this is one of their natural food-plants.

They were sent to me on the 21st of last August,
being then three lines long, and in six days were half
an inch, and by the 8th of September one inch in
length and thick in proportion: they evinced great
aversion to light, and a desire for burrowing.

4 AGROTIS LUNIGERA.

When half an inch long, they were pale ochreous or
flesh colour on the back, the sides greyish-green, their
bellies of the same tint, but paler, and on the back of
each seoment a V-like mark of brown, inverted, with
the apex in front, through which passed the pale buff
dorsal line, most conspicuous through the black plate
on the second segment. On the two sides of the
inverted V mark were placed the usual four tubercular
warts, black and large in proportion, and very con-
Spicuous.

When they had attained an inch in length, the
inverted V marks had disappeared, and the larve
had become much darker; the central part of the
back on each segment mottled with dark brown, in
the form of a diamond with the points cut off; the
spaces next the sub-dorsal line buff colour, and wedge-
shaped.

The dorsal line conspicuously sulphur-yellow on the
black shining plate of the second segment only, while
on all the other segments scarcely noticeable, and
chiefly at the commencement of each, as rather paler
brown than the mottled portions it runs through.

The anal segment buff colour, forming a conspicuous
pale mark above the flap.

The sides blackish-green, bounded above by the sub-
dorsal line of rather darker hue, and below by the
black spiracles and usual warty tubercles; the sub-
dorsal line is edged below by a fine thread of dirty
whitish-green, and another such fine line, but undu-
lating and interrupted, runs between it and the
spiracles. Above the legs isa pale, thin, dirty whitish
line; the belly and legs slightly darker, of a greenish-
drab tint; the ventral pro-legs more beneath the body
_ than usual; all the tubercular warts blackish, large,
and shining. The head mottled-brownish, with a
large black blotch on each side of the crown.

When the larve were an inch and a quarter long,
and even a trifle longer, their details of markings and
colours were just the same, but more intense and

AGROTIS LUNIGERA. 5

bright ; the larvee were then in their best coats, and
very thick and plump. Soon after, about the middle
of September, on attaining their maximum length—an
inch and a half when stretched out—their colours and
markings began gradually to fadeaway intoamonotonous
dirty brown on the back, with greyish sides, and their
condition was less plump; the tubercular warts changed
to brown rings, enclosing buff dots, the hair or bristles
from each only visible through a powerful lens ; and by
the end of October they began to diminish in length,
with other manifestations of turning to _ pupa.
(W. B., E.M.M., III, 188, January, 1867.)

On the 6th August, 1875, I received from Mr. J.G.
_ Ross, of Bathampton, twelve eges, part of a batch
laid by a ¢ A. lunigera captured on July 26th, and
which began laying August 2nd.

The eggs on arrival were of a dirty white, and in |
the course of afew days began to show a faint pinkish
zone round the middle, and a spot of pinkish on
the top.

The egg is small, circular, rounded at top, and a
little flattened beneath; on the 12th August two of
the eges began to turn grey, becoming lead colour on
the 13th, when they began to hatch.

The newly-hatched larva is greenish-grey, with a
dark brown head. On the 19th they had become of a
pale brownish-ochreous colour, with the head brown,
and a small brown plate on the second segment, and
minute dark brown tubercular dots ; they fed on knot-
OTass.

On the 28th the tubercular dots appeared more
plainly on a still rather ochreous ground-colour, and
a distinct whitish dorsal lime was visible. On Sep-
tember 6th they had grown to rather more than a
quarter of an inch in length, aud were much darker
in colour; they were now ochreous-brown on the back,
with an ochreous dorsal line and a wedge-shaped mark
at the hinder part of each segment on either side, the
- point of the wedge touching the hinder tubercular dot

6 AGROTIS LUNIGERA.

of the trapezoidals, and from these a darkish brown
imperfect chevron passes with its apex in front at the
beginning of each segment, but intersected by the
uninterrupted paler dorsal line finely edged with dark
brown, the ground being freckled with darker; the
sides of the larva brownish-grey, with the usual some-
what interrupted pale lines very faint, the sub-spira-
cular stripe pale greyish, all the tubercular warts black
and shining, and large in proportion; a large black-
brown blotch on each lobe of the shining head, and a
shining black-brown plate, divided by a pale dorsal
line, on the second segment.

As only two of the eggs had hatched with me, and
Mr. Ross had no better luck, he kindly sent me two
larvee at this date, and now the four larve began to
crow well, and in addition to knot-grass, which soon
began to lose its succulence, I added leaves of
Plantago major, which they seemed to like equally
well, and by the middle of October it became their
only food. Towards the end of the month they were
looking their best, with their glossy skins of dark
greyish-greenish at their sides, more brownish on the
back, the chevrons long since vanished, but the rather
pale ochreous wedges and the patch of this colour on
the anal segment still remained and the dark blackish-
brown tubercular warty dots were still conspicuous; the
hinder pavrs of the trapezoidals larger than the front
pairs and the one behind each sprracle larger than the
one above: the spiracles small and black; the head
had a large blackish blotch on the crown of each lobe, .
which split into two streaks down the front and side,
and a separate shorter streak was on the back of the
cheek, and a spot or dash in the triangular space
above the mouth. |

The pale lines above described were very ragged
and interrupted in character, not showing within any
of the deep wrinkles; below the spiracles the colour-
ing was of a very pale dirty whitish-drab, or greenish
tint, having a double ragged interrupted line beneath

AGROTIS LUNIGERA. 7

the spiracles, and here the tubercular dots were paler
than those on the back. The larve were then from
one inch three-eighths to one inch and a half in length,
thick and stout in proportion.

At the beginning of November I gave them some
fine loose soil to burrow in, continuing to supply
plantain and a little chickweed, of which lattert hey
ate but sparingly, evidently preferring the plantain.

From this time the larve came up out of the soil
but seldom until January, when they ate and tunnelled
through some pieces of carrot, with which they were
supplied all through February. (W.B., 1875, Note
Book III, 21, 22, 52, 53.)

AGROTIS EXCLAMATIONIS.
Plate LXXI, fig. 3.

A female moth taken at sugar, June 13th, 1874,
by the Rev. A. Fuller, began to lay eggs on a piece of
leno on the 14th, and continued till the 22nd, when
she died after depositing 171 eggs.

The egg is of considerable size for an Agrotis, being
larger than that of A. saucia ; it is rounded above and
flattened beneath, thickly ribbed, and with fine reticu-
lations. When first laid it is whitish and semi-opaque
but changes in a few hours to a more glistening dirty
flesh-colour ; by the fifth day the opacity had gra-
dually become greater than at first, and a dull purplish-
pink blotch appeared at the top, and a narrow zone
at a short interval below ; this narrow zone is in most
instances a little blotched irregularly.

These eggs changed colour toan opaque pinkish-grey
on the 26th of June and began to hatch early the follow-
ing morning, all the larve being out of their shells by
the evening of the 29th.

The newly-hatched larve were pale greyish, with
blackish-brown heads and plate on second segment,

8 AGROTIS EXCLAMATIONIS.

and brownish tubercular dots and hairs; they were
supplied with grass and plantain, the latter being
preferred. By the 8th of July most of the larve
were two and a half lines in length, with brown
heads and bodies of a hght dirty greenish-brown,
deepest in tint on the back, with a distinct paler
dorsal line and dark brown tubercular dots having
quite a miniature appearance of the adult larva. For
a week they had only had Plantago major, but now
I offered them some Chenopodiwm album, which they
seemed greatly to prefer. By the 20th July they had
become half an inch long, and of their characteristic
warm brown colour. .

I now again changed their food and gave them
plantain and pieces of carrot, which seemed to suit
them better than the Chenopodium, and by August
24th, they were seven-eighths of an inch in length,
and perhaps at the best time for observing their
characteristic markings; the ground colour being a
rather warm brown, varying in intensity a little in
individuals, some being rather paler than others, but
the brood otherwise being very constant in colour and
design.

Down the middle of the back on each segment is a
pear-shaped blotch of darker brown, composed of
freckles, the broad end of the pear in front; through
these the dorsal line can scarcely be traced beyond the
thoracic segments, although it begins on the second
segment by dividing the shining dark plate there, as
a distinctly paler line, outlined with dark-brown, but
on the third and fourth segments it soon becomes
suffused with the ground colour, and its course thence
is but faintly indicated by the dark outlines, which can
best be discerned at the end of a segment ; the sub-
dorsal line is of darkish brown above and rather
festooned in its course, thinly edged beneath with a
faint paler line, which is followed by a broader line of
darkish freckles, and then by a paler line of the ground
colour, and this in turn by a stripe of darker freckles,

AGROTIS EXCLAMATIONIS. 9

on the lower edge of which the spiracles are situated ;
beneath these after a line of ground colour is a paler
or dirty whitish line followed by the drab-coloured
eround of the belly.

Note that the ground colour of the back, as far as
the spiracles, is a warm brown, of a lighter or darker
tint; the ground colour of the lower surface below
the spiracles is drab, paler than the back.

The head 1s of a brownish-drab, darkest about the
mouth, with a blackish-brown streak down the front of
each lobe ; on the second segment the shining plate
is margined in front with dark brown, through which
runs the pale line before mentioned.

The tubercular or warty dots or trapezoidals of the
back are dark-brown, the hinder pairs a little larger
than the front pairs; those on the sides are rather
paler brown, and those below the spiracles still paler,
and each bearing a short bristly hair. The spiracles
are quite black and furnish the important character by
which ata glance this larva can be distinguished from
its congener A. segetum, as in A. exclamationis, the
spiracles are never smaller but generally larger than
the wart-like dots immediately above and behind
them.

The warm brown of the back (without regard to
depth of tint) without a tinge of grey or green may
help us to determine this larva, but an infallible guide
is found in the extra large spiracles which distinguish
A. exclamationis.

By the 2nd of September all but one individual had
died off. (W. B., 1874, Note Book II, 76-78.)

AGROTIS CORTICEA.
Plate LXXI, fig. 4.

Few things have afforded me ereater satisfaction
than my having been able to figure and describe, I

10 AGROTIS CORTICEA.

believe for the first time, the larva of this species—
one of those subterranean, dull-coloured larves, several
species of which may so easily be mistaken one for
another.

To Mr. George Norman, of Forres, my best thanks
are due for the supply of eggs, which reached me
July 17th, 1870. The larvae were hatched between
the 20th and 25th of the same month; those which I
kept under my own care had grown to the length of
half an inch by August 15th, and by October 5th to
one inch and three-eighths, and, soon after November
commenced, left off feeding, being, as I thought,
ready for pupation ; however, for some reason unknown
to me, they all died without changing.

Meanwhile, the larve of which Mr. Hellins took
charge grew more slowly, not being more than three-
quarters of an inch in length when their hybernation
commenced, and, luckily, several of them survived the
winter; these began to feed again in March, moulted
about the beginning of April, and were full-fed from
about the end of April to the middle of May. The
moths appeared between the 17th of June and 6th of
July.

The egg 1s somewhat the shape of an orange, but
with its under-side more flattened, with irregular,
shallow ribs and reticulations over its surface, and a
central boss or knob in a little depression on the top.
Itis straw-coloured at first, afterwards of a flesh colour,
with pale brown zone or blotches.

When first hatched, the larva is of a greenish-grey,
with blackish-brown head and plate behind it, the
usual dots black, and furnished with hairs. After
feeding for a few days, it becomes of a greenish-
ochreous tint, and in another week of a greenish-olive,
one example alone at this stage having been of a
reddish-grey; the dots raised, and still furnished with
noticeable hairs.

Up to this time, and for afew days longer, we found
the habit of this larva was to feed uncovered on any

AGROTIS CORTICEA. 11

of the various fleshy-leaved plants offered to it, at
first eating only the cuticle, but soon making holes in the
leaves of Chenopodium album, Polygonum, clover, etc.,
but when the length of half an inch, or thereabouts,
had been attained, and the usual Agrotis appearance
put on, it began to burrow in the loose soil, hiding by
day, and coming out to feed at night. Later in the
year, and again in the spring, the food supplied was
dock, mullein, hollyhock, and slices of carrot; and in
dull weather, if fresh food was put on the surface of
the soil, and shaded from the hight by leaves thrown
over it, we found it would be eaten as readily by day
as by night. rom the time the larva 1s about half an
inch in length, up to about an inch, its colour is
ochreous, with a dark double dorsal line, and two
lines on each side; the usual warts small and dark
brown.

After its final moult, it comes out at first very much
darker than before, with quite a noticeable appearance
of sootiness over it; all tbe lines being purplish-black,
and much diffused; the skin also presents quite a
rough surface, and although this is afterwards partly
lost, it yet remains as a distinguishing feature to
the end.

When full-grown, the larva is one and three-eighths
to one and five-eighths inches in length, according to
measurement in repose or motion; rather thick in
proportion, cylindrical, and rugose; all the legs short
and placed well under the body; in fact, 1t much
resembles A. segetum, save in the rugosity, and in the
further distinction, that whereas the back in A. segetum
is coloured differently from the sides, in A. corticea the
colour is spread uniformly over both alike; the ground
colour then of the full-grown larva is brownish-grey,
finely freckled with a rather darker tint of the same ;
the belly and pro-legs with a shght greenish tinge, and
unfreckled ; the dorsal vessel is of the ground colour,
scarcely paler, enclosed within two lines of darker
brown. ‘The subdorsal is a dark line of grey-brown,

12 AGROTIS CORTICEA.

with a fine thread of paler along its lower edge,
followed at a little distance by another such pale and
rather thicker line, though much interrupted or broken
by the deep wrinkles of the skin; at some distance
below this runs the subspiracular stripe of the same
paler greyish-brown, with a streak of the ground
colour through the middle of it. The head has the
front margins of the lobes broadly streaked with
blackish, and a little at the sides also, and the mouth
is large and sometimes blackish; the plate on the
second segment is not so noticeable as usual in this
genus by any difference in colour, though it 1s a little
darker brown towards the margin in front; the dorsal
and subdorsal paler threads are faintly seen to pass
through it.

As the larva approaches full-growth the skin becomes
somewhat shining, and the warts which immediately
after the last moult came out black, grow paler in the
centre, and are of a dark brown all round it, each still
furnished with a short, fine bristle; the black spiracles
are rather small in size.

As noticed before, the general appearance is more
unicolorous than that of any species of Agrotis I have
yet seen.

The pupa is of the ordinary Agrotis form, rather
stout, and very smooth; at first whitish, and changing
by deorees to a light orange-brown. (W.B., peer
1871; H.M.M., VIII, 89, September, 1871.)

AGROTIS CINEREA.
Plate LXXT, fig. 5.

On the 6th of June, 1882, I received from Mr.
W. 4H. Ballett Fletcher, then at Oaklands, Hailsham,
Sussex, sixteen eggs of this species, part of a batch
laid by a captured moth.

The egg is globular or hemispherical, and ribbed

AGROTIS CINEREA. 13

with about thirty ribs, some shorter than others, which
reach to a circular raised ring at the top; the base of
the egg flat; it is most minutely reticulated; as it
matures, the colour changes to a very pale pinkish-
grey, and later a zone or ring of a deeper tint appears
round the base.

As none of my eggs had hatched by June 22nd, I
will here record Mr. Fletcher’s report of his larve:
to the first ten that hatched he only gave Mestuca
ovina as food, and they all starved on it; since then
he gave others a further choice of Thymus serpyllum,
and they have thriven, and are up on the thyme every
morning. He writes: ‘‘ They are doing well on wild
thyme. When first hatched they are yellowish, with
very conspicuous black warts, each having a pin-shaped
bristle; in their second coat (after first moult) they
show faintly the usual lines.”

On the 29th June, Mr. Fletcher most generously .
sent me one of the three larve he had reared so far
on wild thyme; this had just moulted a second time,
and measured over 4mm. It was of the true Agrotis
form, stout for its length, and of green colour, like
the leaves of its food plant, showing a double dorsal
line enclosing the finest thread of paler, a pale thin
subdorsal line, edged above with a darker line; after
a short interval a pale stripe follows, and at a greater
interval below is the broader pale spiracular stripe ;
the belly and legs less pale; the tubercular fine dark
warty dots all in their usual situations; the second
segment of a paler ground colour like the head, and
both more shining than the rest of the body; by
degrees the green ground colour changed to purplish-
brown, which was quite noticeable on the 2nd of
July. |

By the morning of the 4th it had moulted a third
tyme, and had now a bigger head, which previously was
small; the colouring of the body was at first, for a time,
pale brown, but soon grew darker pinkish-brown; all
details as before. It can be seen that the wart behind

14 AGROTIS CINEREA.

each spiracle is larger than other warts. The larva
was now 9 mm. long when walking; it fed readily
on Thymus. By the next day it had regained its depth
of colour, a dingy pinkish-brown, with the details
much less noticeable. On the 16th it moulted a fourth
tume, and became a dingy grey-brown; it moulted a
jifth tume on the 28th, and was then a very dark slaty-
grey, though with greenish tinge on the belly. I
figured it on the /th, 8th and 9th August, when it was
an inch and a quarter long. On the 13th August it
was laid up for another moult, and by the evening of
the 15th it had moulted a sixth time; it was at first
dark slaty bluish-green; the front margin only of the
plate on the second segment was then black, the rest
of the plate was green, and the fine pale dorsal and
subdorsal threads ran through the black as well as the
green; the next day it was more dingy than ever—
quite a blackish-green; the spiracles rather large and
black, spots dark brown, plate growing darker, the
skin with loose folds (it had not yet fed since moulting).
On the 18th it again began to feed, though sparingly,
and by the 27th had much increased in thickness, and
a little in length; the dark brown tubercular dots on
the back were largest on the thoracic segments; at
this date it appeared to be sweating, and its coal-black
*‘frass ’’ to be softer than heretofore, so I gave it some
older growths of Thymus to eat, and allowed it plenty
of exercise; when I again portrayed it on the 29th
it measured, when fully stretched out, an inch and a
half, and was stout in proportion. The lobes of the
head were shining jet black, and between them, above
the upper lip (also marked with black), was a triangulaar
black spot; the papille greenish, tipped with black ;
the plate on the second segment was jet-black, with a
very fine pale dorsal division; all other details as
before.

By the 14th of October it had gradually become less
dark in its general colouring, which now appeared of a
dingy greenish-drab hue ; it still fed a little at intervals.

AGROTIS CINEREA. 15

On the 18th October, I put it in a flower-pot, on
a growing plant of Thymus serpyllum.

At the end of March, 1883, I sought for the larva,
and found it dead and rigid.

On the 6th June, 1883, I bought some eggs of
Agrotis cinerea, 14 in number ; they were laid on the
380th and 31st of May, on chip, in a group of eleven
side by side, and another little group of three ; they
were ribbed and very much of a wax-like texture, and
of a pale greenish-buff tint, each egg having near the
top a fine yagged ring of dark ereyish-brown not quite
completed, and at the top a small central blotch of
that colour. They continued thus until June 9th,
when they had gained a slight increase of tint, and
on the 10th they turned to olive-brownish, and on the
11th to a dingy purplish within the ring at the top.
The ribs were now plainly visible. In the afternoon
they became rather cloudy and indistinct, of a paler .
leaden-drab hue, and late in the evening six of them
hatched, and three more by next morning, two in the
afternoon, and the remainder next day.

The newly-hatched larva is dingy greenish-grey or
dirty yellowish in colour, with blackish head and plate
on the second segment, both shining, and shining
black tubercular warts on the body, each with an ex-
tremely fine hair. They very soon began to feed,
each larva gnawing away the under-surface from a
leaf of Thymus serpyllum. By the 21st they had
become of a greenish ground colour, the black dots,
head, and narrow plate on the second segment still
very distinct ; and some of the larve are now laid up
to moult. On the 22nd they began to moult the first
time, and are now decidedly green, with all their
black dots as before, with increase of stoutness; the
green head strongly marked with black on each lobe
and at the mouth; a mere outline of the plate on the
second segment remains; a faintly paler green dorsal
line can be traced, and two lines of rather paler green
can be traced along the side. On the 29th and 30th

16 AGROTIS CINEREA.

they moulted a second time, and were now of a deep
green colour, with rather lighter green dorsal line,
distinct from having dark edges; the shining head -
with a black mark on the lobes, the ocelli, and the
mouth; the subdorsal line and the other below it
now show faintly of lighter green, and the paler spi-
racular stripe is plainly visible, the raised black dots
and hairs very much so. The larva is now 7 mm. in
length. On the evening of the 5th July two had
moulted for the third tume, and the remainder by next
day. From this time they began to thicken, and by
the 11th showed a further moult to be not far off. On
the 13th they were laid up waiting, and on the 17th
ten had moulted the fourth tume, and three were still
waiting. On the 9th August the largest seemed pre-
paring for another moult, and in the afternoon of the
13th it moulted the fifth tume ; two others were then
laid up, and the rest were still feeding. Another
made its fifth moult on the 16th, and others were laid
up; one moulted a fifth time on the 17th, and one
was preparing on the 21st. On the 29th the three
smallest, a moult behind the others, died; and two
others, of the same size and moult, died on the 38rd
of September. The four survivors attained full
growth, and were fine plump larvee by the end of Sep-
tember ; they continued to feed well up to the 10th of
October, when one was found hibernating, not having
fed for three days; two others during that time had
fed but very little, and only one was still feeding well
as ever, a ? as I suppose from its being the largest.
I put them all four in a pot of Thymus serpyllum,
prepared for them, and protected by wire gauze to
prevent their escape. (W. B., 1882 and 1883, Note
Book. IV, 127-8, and 214.)

AGROTIS CURSORIA. 7,

AGROTIS CURSORIA.
Plate LXXTI, fig. 7.

This is one of the many species I owe to the kind-
ness of Mr. C. G. Barrett, since he has turned his
attention to the insect fauna of the coast of Norfolk.

On September 4th, 1869, he sent me a dozen moths
(mostly females) alive; and in the course of a week
some of them laid batches of eggs in little clustered
groups of about forty or fifty, and also a few single
ones scattered amongst the sand in their prison.
These eggs I soon after conveyed to what seemed a
promising spot fora future colony at asand-hill on the
coast, with the intention of looking after their larval
produce in the following summer; but my friend
spared me all that trouble by sending me a number of
the larvee, in different stages of growth, on June 11th, .
1870, and a further supply on the 20th; these all fed
well on Arenaria peploides, Viola Curtisu, Triticum
junceum, ete., and became full-fed towards the end of
June, when they burrowed deep into the sand for
pupation, and the perfect insects made their appear-
ance from the Ist to the 12th of August.

The egg of A. cwrsoria is rather small in proportion
to the size of the moth, nearly globular, flattened a
little at the base, very finely ribbed and reticulated,
and of a flesh colour.

The larva when young is long and slender for an
Agrotis ; but, as it approaches half-growth, it becomes
of tolerably stout proportions, and, when full-grown,
is very decidedly plump. Its form is cylindrical,
tapering a little at the first three segments, the head
being the smallest, though full and rounded in outline;
it tapers also on the two hinder segments ; the seg-
mental divisions and sub-dividing wrinkles are very
well defined.

The colouring varies according to its size, but the
head and the plate on the second segment are invari-

VOL. V. .

18 AGROTIS CURSORIA.

ably of a pale brownish-buff tint ; the general colour-
ing of the body, up to more than half-growth, is a
lively glaucous-green on the back, and rather bluish or
greenish-grey on the sides, with the following details :
the dorsal line is_ bluish-grey, outlined with dark-
greenish-grey ; the subdorsal line is of a pale or
whitish-grey, edged above with a strongly contrasting
dark greenish-grey line ; midway between this and
the spiracles, on the greenish-grey, rather transparent,
ground colour of the side, there runs another line of
pale whitish-grey, but undulating and interrupted in
character ; beneath this again, as far as the spiracles,
the ground colour is darker; then follows a broad
stripe of greyish-white, having a fine, dark, grey
line running through it, the skin in this region being
rather rugose: the belly and legs are rather pale
greenish-grey ; the spiracles are black, and the tuber-
cular dots dark brown; the head and plate behind it
are highly polished, and the rest of the body smooth-
skinned and shining.

Soon after this period of half-growth, the larva
comes to be parti-coloured for a time, the front seg-
ments remaining green, whilst a patch of ochreous
tinges the back of the hinder segments ; by and by, this
by degrees spreads below, and extends gradually for-
wards, keeping pace with the growth of the larva until
it has attained its full size, when the whole of the body
is of the same buff colour as the head, relieved by the
whitish-grey lines before described, which are edged
with short streaks of darkish-grey just at the
beginning of each segment; the tubercular dark
brown dots are now very conspicuous.

The shape of the pupa is like that of many of its
congeners, moderately stout, smooth, and rather
shining, and of a pale golden-brown colour.

(W. B., May, 1872; H.M.M., IX, 14, June, 1872.)

AGROTIS NIGRICANS. 19

AGROTIS NIGRICANS.
Plate LXXII, fig. 1.

On May 11th, 1865, Mr. Doubleday kindly presented
me with some larve, which proved to be of this
species; and to that gentleman I am greatly indebted
for the following account of their destructiveness in
a field of ten acres, which last autumn was sown with
wheat, and with clover in the early part of this year ;
the clover came up well, and the field was green with
it all over, until these larve began to attack it. So
prodigious were their numbers and so great their
powers of devastation that, by the 17th May, not a
leaf of clover, nor even of any weeds, remained out of
the whole ten acres, though the wheat was uninjured ;
and by that time they had left the open field and gone
to the hedge-banks and ditches, where a remarkable
scene of destruction presented itself to view. The large
Heraclewm and other umbelliferous plants were stripped
of their leaves, and, in short, nothing was left but
grasses, which they did not appear to touch.

I also received other larve of this species on the
14th May from Mr. Last of Ipswich, feeding on
Plantago major and P. lanceolata, and he reported
that they liked a change of food, and would eat many
low plants; however, I found they took readily to
clover, and, like those before mentioned, continued to
feed to about the middle of June, the moths appear-
ing from July 15th to July 24th, varying much in their
appearance, and becoming active and restless the .
moment their wings were dry.

The larva when full-grown is an inch and a half
long, smooth and cylindrical. The colour of the back
is ochreous-brown, and in some individuals very bright
ochreous ; a thin grey dorsal line, margined with
blackish, and running through a series of blackish-
brown triangular and diamond shapes, well defined in
some individuals, though obscure in others.

20 AGROTIS NIGRICANS

Subdorsal line greenish-black, in some varieties
quite black, and edged below with a narrow line of
dirty whitish-green, then a broad stripe of blackish-
green, followed by another dirty whitish-green, narrow
and slightly interrupted, line, and then another darker
broad stripe of blackish-green, along the lower edge
of which are the black spiracles. A double whitish
stripe follows, extending down the sides of the anal
pro-legs, which is made by a line of pale dirty greyish-
green, being the colour of the belly and pro-legs,
running through the middle of the white. The ordi-
nary shining warty spots black. The head greyish-
brown, mottled, and streaked with black. A dark
brown shining plate on the back of the second seg-
ment, with three paler greyish lines.

Some of these larve presented great resemblance
to several of the varieties of Agrotis tritici, but the
double white stripe above the feet, and black warty
dots, give distinct characters to the larve of
A. nigricans. (W. B., E.M.M., II, 162, Dec., 1865.)

AGROTIS AQUILINA.
Plate LXXIT, fig. 3.

Larvee of this species, more than half-grown, were
kindly obtained for me on the 15th May, 1865, by
Mr. T. Last, a naturalist, of Borough Road, Ipswich,
who informed me they were taken under tufts of the
common plantain, and advised their having the narrow-
leaved plantain as a change of diet; and from a later
communication I learnt that they would eat various
low plants, such as poppies, chickweed, knot-grass,
and even onions, and that no Galiwm existed within
half a mile of their locality, and that in rearing them
in captivity, a change and variety in food-plants would
be essential to their doing well. The few I had,
however, did remarkably well on clover and Plantago
lanceolata ; they burrowed after the manner of many

AGROTIS AQUILINA. 21

of the genus during the day, and crawled forth to
attack their food at night, and were full-fed by the
20th June, and the perfect msects emerged from
July 24th to 29th, varying much in markings, no two
specimens being alike, excepting in the general tint of
warm brown, peculiar to this species.

The larva, when full-grown, is an inch and a half
long, cylindrical, and rather shining. The head is grey-
brown, mottled with blackish; the back dingy brown,
a dorsal line of rather paler grey-brown, the subdorsal
line black, edged below witha thin line of grey-brown,
and which, like the dorsal line, runs through the
blackish plate on the second segment ; to this succeeds
a broad stripe of dingy blackish-green, then another
thin line of grey-brown, followed by another broad
stripe of dingy blackish-green, the black spiracles
being situated along its lower edge; the belly and legs
erey-brown, the warty spots dark brown and not very .
conspicuous; the general aspect of the larva very dark
and dingy. (W.B., September, 1865; H.M.M., IT, 133,
November, 1865.)

AGROTIS OBELISCA.
Plate LXXII, fie. 4.

I received, 5th June, 1870, from Mr. Wilson, of
Edinburgh, eight larvee, little and big, of an Agrotis,
said to be obelisca. The smallest were very dark
indeed, and had a pattern on the back of dark marks
through which runs the dorsal line, thus: 0).

Their natural food is asserted to be Helianthemum
vulgare.

The ground-colour of the back is greyish-brown,
the sides of a smoky or blackish-green. The stl
dorsal stripe is rather broad and dark blackish-green,
the dorsal line pale grey, outlined with blackish-green ;
properly speaking, the subdorsal line is thin, of pale
greenish-grey, and edged above broadly with the dark

OH AGROTIS OBELISCA.

blackish-green stripe mentioned above. Along the
middle of the side runs in an undulating manner
another pale greenish-grey line, somewhat interrupted
and irregular as to its thickness, and at some distance
’ below, immediately beneath the black spiracles, is a
broad stripe of dirty-whitish, having a fine line of
smoky blackish-green running through the middle of
it. Belly uniform pale smoky-green. Tubercles dark
smoky-green and shining, spiracles black. The ground
of the back is finely freckled with darker atoms. The
head is smoky brownish, freckled with darker, and its
lobes streaked with darker; the plate of second seg-
ment very shining dark smoky blackish-brown, the pale
dorsal and subdorsal lines distinct on it. Tubercular
warts shining. The segments rather deeply wrinkled.

On the 16th of June, I was delighted to see the
wonderful change that had come over these larve;
both big and little were arrayed in attractive colours.
The ground colour of the back is now a flesh colour
or pinkish-ochreous, the dorsal line passing through
a pear-shape of pinkish-bronze or pinkish-grey, with
dark freckles, the small end of the pear behind; the
sides dark pinkish-grey with opaque whitish ragged
lines below the spiracles, and the whole of the belly
and pro-legs opaque white, rather shining, and having
a lovely opalescent gleam of pinkish on this and all
over the body.

By the 25th of June these colours began to dis-
appear, and to be replaced with others of a very dull
and plain character. (W. B., 1870, Note Book I, 3,
4, 16, 17.)

AGROTIS RAVIDA.
Plate LX XIII, fig. 3.

By the kind efforts of Mr. Doubleday, to whom I
feel greatly indebted, I have had the great satisfaction
of rearing and figuring larve of this species. They

AGROTIS RAVIDA. 23

are to be found in soils congenial for their burrowing,
just below the surface, chiefly at the roots of thistles
and dandelion plants ; being full-fed from the begin-
ing to about the 20th of May. I found them feed
freely on the large milky leaves of dandelion, and
change to pupe in loosely-constructed cocoons of earth
from the 6th to the 20th of May. The larve presented
three varieties of markings on the back, of a character
such as I have never before met with.

Var. 1. Larva yellowish-brown, slightly tapering
near the head, but almost of uniform thickness, and
cylindrical ; a thin dorsal line slightly paler than the
ground colour, and running through a dusky v-like
streak at the end of each segment after the fourth.
At the commencement of the fourth segment, on each
side, and close to the division, is a subdorsal ochreous-
yellow spot, which, on the fifth to the eleventh,
inclusive, has an almost confluent yellow wavy curved
streak, extending along two-thirds of each segment,
becoming less curved towards the twelfth, on which
they are straight, and slightly converging at the end
of that segment, where they are margined above with
dusky brown wedge-shaped streaks pointing forwards,
and a dusky edging above to the curved yellow streaks,
but gradually less intense towards the head on the
other segments.

The sides and belly, with legs, brownish-grey ; a
paler greyish stripe freckled with dusky atoms above
the feet ; immediately above that are the spiracles,
minute and dirty white in a dusky blotch, which emits ~
an oblique dusky streak, extending to the subdorsal
marking of the segment in advance. Head grey,
mottled and streaked on the lobes and face with dusky
brown ; a dull brown plate on the second segment,
with sight indications of dorsal and subdorsal faint
lines through it.

Looking on the back of this larva, the yellow marks
on each side are suggestive of a series of incompleted
horseshoe shapes.

DA AGROTIS RAVIDA.

Var. 2. Ochreous-brown on the back; the paler
dorsal line after the fourth segment only visible at the
divisions ; the y-like streaks from them being longer
and darker than in the first variety. The yellow spot
on the anterior portion of each segment on either side
the back, isolated from the yellow subdorsal streak
by a very dark brown, rather broad, edging to the
yellow streak, and extending with it along two-thirds
of each segment after the fourth to the eleventh, and
on the twelfth to the end of the segment, converging
a little at the extremity ; and on these the yellow
marks are broad and straight, but those on the third
and fourth segments are curved, and without the
dusky brown border above. A dark brown plate on the
second segment. Head pale grey, streaked and mottled
with dusky brown. Belly and sides similar to the
preceding.

Var. 3. Dingy ochreous-brown on the back, and
darkest towards the head ; the slender and shghtly
paler dorsal line hardly visible, and only at the seg-
mental divisions.

On each side of the back, in the subdorsal region,
at the anterior of each segment, and beginning at the
fifth, a dingy ochreous spot and curved streak, becom-
ing confluent at the eighth and three following seg-
ments (on the twelfth the streak only visible); each
yellow curved streak edged above with a thin black
streak, and extending two-thirds down each segment ;
the spaces on the middle of the back between the
streaks being filled up with dark brown, and two
minute dusky dots edged with paler in the upper
portion of these somewhat square dark forms. The
~ eurved yellow subdorsal streaks slightly marked on
the second, third, and fourth segments, and the yellow
spots also on the fourth. Head dingy brown; the
sides dingy brown, with a paler greyish stripe above
the feet, anteriorly edged above with dusky, and oblique
streaks above it, as in Var. 1, but not so well defined.
The anal segment in each of the larve plain dingy

AGROTIS RAVIDA. IHG

brown. The moths appeared on July 8th, 1865.
(W. B., H.M.M., II, 115, October, 1865.) |

TRIPHENA SUBSEQUA.
Plate LXXIV, fig. 4.

On September 6th, 1871, Mr. George Norman, of
Forres, most kindly sent me some eggs laid by a
female of this species. The larvae began to hatch on
the evening of the 13th; on the 23rd they moulted ;
by October 14th they were five-twelfths of an inch
in length, and growing fast, so that by the 20th they
were five-eighths of an inch long; after this, most of
them ceased feeding for hibernation, but some went
on till full growth, moulting for the last time during
the latter part of November, becoming full-fed from
the 16th to 27th of December, and pupating shortly
after. The hibernating larvee did well enough whilst
the weather was mild, and fed a little, and got through
a moult in January, 1872; but, on the 29th of that
mouth, a severe frost killed most of them, and the
survivors perished in a similar way on February 21st.

IT sent some eggs to Mr. Hellins, who managed to
bring three larve through hibernation, keeping them
in a cucumber-frame without bottom heat; but he
bred only one moth (June 12th), the pupa state
having lasted four or five weeks.

The food the larve chose at first was cowslip,
garden riband-grass, and Ranunculus acris ; after a
time they seemed to prefer Potentilla reptans and
Ranunculus repens, and on this last they fed up; Mr.
Hellins tells me his larve stuck to the riband-grass
throughout.

The egg, as with other species of this genus, was
small, somewhat globular, but rather flattened above;
the shell glistening, with thirty blunt ribs, and faint
reticulations ; the colour at first dirty white, and
in four days there appeared a greyish-brown blotch

26 TRIPHANA SUBSEQUA.

on the apex, and a zone of irregular blotches round
the middle ; just before hatching, the colour was pale
rey.

; The young larve were at first of a semi-pellucid
greenish-crey colour, with a brown head, and an
internal brownish-green vessel, all the usual warts very
conspicuous, and bearing each a bristle. In ten days
they had moulted into opaque, brownish-grey coats,
having a stripe of cream colour above the legs; at
their next moult, when from three to four lines long,
they were of similar colour, the dorsal and subdorsal
lines becoming faintly visible, the former as a pale
thread running down the centre of a brown stripe,
the latter as a fine line rather paler than the ground,
and edged above with a thread of darker; the lower
' stripe above the legs much paler than the ground
colour. In three weeks more they were five lines in
length, and stouter in proportion than before, and now
showed the dorsal stripe white running uninterruptedly
through oval shapes of brownish-grey, darker than
the ground colour, the subdorsal stripe as before, and
the pale subspiracular stripe having a fine line of
white on its upper edge. These details, even at this
early stage, effectually distinguish this species from
either of its congeners. Another week of growth
brought them up to five-eighths of an inch in length,
and they were now generally of a little deeper tint of
greyish-brown, the dorsal white stripe still the distinct
character, running now through elongated diamond
shapes, darker than the ground colour ; the subdorsal
stripe a little less white, with a series of oblong black
dashes along its upper margin ; just before the last
moult the whitish stripes assumed an ochreous-yellow
tint, and the whole ornamentation generally came
very near to the appearance of the full-grown stage
—now to be described.

The full-grown larva is one inch and a half to one
and five-eighths inches in length, of stout proportions,
cylindrical, and of tolerably uniform bulk throughout,

TRIPHENA SUBSEQUA. D7

tapering a little from the fifth segment to the head,
which isa trifle the smallest ; and the thirteenth seg-
ment tapers also a little, and is rounded off behind ;
the segmental divisions are slightly indented; the
smooth skin has a velvety appearance. The ground
colour is greyish-brown or pale drab; on the back of
each segment is a much darker and rather olive-
tinted mark of a diamond shape, with the points trun-
cated ; through the middle of this row of diamonds
runs the very conspicuously wide dorsal stripe of
bright ochreous-yellow, which at each end of the
body becomes narrower, and is relieved throughout
by a very fine black edging ; sometimes a faint cloud
of greyish appears in the middle of this dorsal stripe,
but this is oftener met with in the earlier stages ; the
subdorsal stripe is almost as wide as the dorsal, but
is rather more of a greyish-yellow, and clouded faintly
with greyish along the middle, and it is well relieved
on its upper and lower edges by a thin darker line;
close along the upper edge, in contact with it, isa
series of oblong, square black marks, each mark
situated on the anterior portion of a segment, those
on the third and fourth segments being narrower than
the rest and rather wedge-shaped, that onthe twelfth
extending the whole length of the segment ; the tuber-
cular marks on the back are black, and three on either
side of the dorsal stripe in each segment and in the
post-thoracic segments are thus arranged :—the
middle one of each three is seen as a dot, sometimes
faintly confluent longitudinally, and the other two are
merged within tranverse narrow bars of black, the one
in front at the segmental division, the other behind
the square black mark previously mentioned, only the
slenderest interval of the pale ground colour separa-
ting them ; adjacent on the back, near the segmental
divisions, are a few fine longitudinal streaks of greyish-
yellow: the ground colour of the side, as far as the
spiracles, is the same as that of the back, with a
darker longitudinal stripe running midway through it,

28 TRIPHENA SUBSEQUA.

more strongly tinged with darker brown at the begin-
ing of each segment; the very broad subspiracular
stripe is pale ochreous at its upper and lower edges,
rather greyish-ochreous along the middle, bearing a
couple of brown freckles on most of the segments;
the upper edge of this stripe is well defined by a very
fine brown line, on which are the spiracles, small and
white, either simply outlined with black, or placed in
fusiform black blotches, which gradually mecrease in
size to the twelfth seoment ; the belly has a faint,
indistinct, central, paler longitudinal line, and a few
freckles of the same paler tint, but its general colour,
as well as that of the legs, is a little deeper in tint
than the subspiracular stripe; the ventral legs bear
a couple of small brown dots, and are tipped with
hooks of the same colour ; the head is brownish-grey,
freckled with dark brown, and marked down the front
of each lobe with a black wedge-shaped mark, point-
ing to each side of the mouth; the sides of the head
bear also a black streak.

It will thus be seen that this larva is a much
handsomer creature than either of its congeners in this
country, and abundantly distinct from them.

The pupa-state was assumed at a slight depth below
the surface of the soil, and there seemed to be little
appearance of any cocoon or chamber; the pupa was
full and rounded in figure, the skin being thin and of
a bright red colour. (W. B., July, 1872; E.M.M.,
IX, 56, August, 1872.)

TRIPHANA ORBONA.
Plate LXXIV, fig. 5.

This larva is of a pale ochreous-greyish tint on the
belly, with a central oblong broad spot on the fifth and
sixth segments. The surface is freckled with grey-
brown. On the side immediately below the sub-

TRIPHANA ORBONA. 29

spiracular broad stripe is an equally broad stripe of a
little deeper ground with darker and thicker freckles,
and a blackish spot. A blackish spot is also on each
ventral leg. (W. B., 1872, Note Book I, 165.)

TRIPHENA PRONUBA.
Plate LXXV, fig. 1.

On the 28th of August, 1873, I received from Mr.
W. H. Harwood a batch of eggs laid round the flower-
stalk of an umbel of Silaus pratensis. They were
closely laid together in even rows embracing the stalk,
which was covered with them for about three-quarters
of an inch in length, and for a quarter of an inch
round two of the foot-stalks. Hach egg was circular,
rather flattened above and below, strongly ribbed and
reticulated, and when they arrived were a pale drab
colour, blotched above in the centre with pink ; in two
days the pink had gradually spread over the rest of
their surface, and on the Ist of September they
changed to greyish-pink, and to a leaden-grey on
the 2nd, but glistening as when first they arrived ; on
the 3rd they all hatched, and at first the young larvee
were but little more than one-sixteenth of an inch
long, with large dark brown head and plate behind it ;
the body brownish-grey, with minute blackish dots,
each bearing a fine dark hair.

After twice moulting I began to identify them, and
by October 20th they were all of the ordinary dark
grey-brown forms, and were sent adrift.

On 16th September, 1874, six larve arrived from
Mrs. Hutchinson, which she had reared from egos laid
on a reed stem about a fortnight previously at Wicken
Fen. Some of the eggs had hatched during the
journey to her, and she had kept the young larve on
Triticum repens, and they had moulted once only before
they were sent to me to be named.

On reaching me the larve were three and a half

30 TRIPHENA PRONUBA.

lines in length, of a light rather greenish-drab colour,
and on the 18th they moulted, and ate freely of knot-
grass as well as plantain. Before moulting I had
observed that they had a paler subspiracular stripe, and
now, after their moult, this was very distinct, and
their backs were green, having paler, almost whitish,
dorsal and subdorsal lines, these last the thickest,
and both of them finely edged with darker glaucous
green than the ground; a darker glaucous green
freckling ran along the spiracular region ; their heads
a pale greenish-brown. They all by degrees grew
paler, and their lines indistinct as they drew near
another moult, which was accomplished on the 23rd
and 24th, when they were now half an inch long, and
their characteristic dress appeared for the first time—
an appearance only too familiar to those who have
paid much attention to larve. This dress of course
was only somewhat rudimentary, but the subdorsal line
having a faint clouded central streak through it, and
a darker mark above it at the beginning of each
segment was quite sufficient for their satisfactory
identification. On the 27th and 28th they moulted
again; though greenish at the time of casting their
skin, yet in half an hour their colouring was grey, the
head remaining pale green some hour or two longer,
when it also began to grow a little greyish-brown, and
to show a darker streak of reticulation down the front
margin of each lobe; the black dashes along the upper
margin of the subdorsal pale stripe being very strongly
marked; twelve hours later their grey colouring
changed to brownish-grey. On the 29th and 380th,
and 1st of October they again moulted, one of them
nearly black, one light green, the others pearly-grey
at first turned rather pinkish-grey, and after moulting,
they were about an inch in length, and stoutish in
proportion. On November 15th they were all dead
but one, from some disease which turned them black
and rotten. The sole survivor on the 25th changed
toa pupa. (W.B., 1873, Note Book II, 132.)

TRIPHANA PRONUBA. ol

On the 25th August, 1882, I received from Mr.
Wm. R. Jeffrey three groups of eggs laid on the upper
side of part of an oak leaf, the other parts of the leaf
having four or five times as many, and those sent
to me numbered about 122. The eggs were laid
evenly and close together side by side, and were of
an almost white colour when gathered from the tree
nearly a week since, and before I received them
they had changed to a deep dull pink, and this
seemed to deepen a little daily up to the morning of
the 30th; a few hours later they changed to a light
violet hue, and in the evening of that day they began
to hatch.

The shell of the egg is globular, having an embossed
central ring at top, from which the surface is
numerously ribbed, and very dull.

The newly-hatched larva is apparently a semi-looper,
but has sixteen legs, and is of a pinkish-grey colour,
apparently transversely banded with darker grey
while walking. The head is black, and a narrow
blackish plate is on the second segment; a broad dorsal
vessel of dark brownish-grey, minute dark dots with
black bristly hairs; they were placed on oak, but did
not eat, and all died in a day or two. On the 28th of
September I received about thirty larve which Mr.
Jeffrey had saved from a part of this same brood by
feeding them with birch; some of the larve were now
about four to five lines long, evidently Noctuxe, and
brownish in colour; they had completely skeletonised
the birch leaves that came with them. On measuring
one of them I found it to be just five and a half lines
or 10 mm. long, and rather slender for a Noctua ; its
ground colour is rather pinkish-brown above, on back
and sides finely mottled with paler; a darker brown
dull plate is on the second segment, through which
pass the dorsal and subdorsal lines; the dorsal line is
cream colour, very thin, and margined with dark brown
beyond the plate; the subdorsal is a wider line of the
same cream colour through the plate, but beyond is

32 TRIPH ENA PRONUBA.

rather of a light greyish tint, finely edged above and
below with darker brown; beneath this the ground
darkens, and is then well relieved with the spiracular
stripe of pale brownish-buff, edged above and below
with paler cream colour; the belly and legs paler than
the back; the head is cinnamon-brown, and rather
glossy. At this early age the identity of the larva
cannot be mistaken, from the subdorsal line being
clouded in the middle with greyish. On the 2nd of
October most of them had become very pale and
watery-looking, many laid up and waiting to moult.
In a day they began to moult, probably for the third
time, as the characteristic markings appeared, which
are just the same as in the adult, and at this stage,
after seeing them eat with avidity a leaf of Galeobdolon
lutewm, I was content to give them all their liberty.
(W.B., 1882, Note Book IV, 172.)

Noorua DITRAPEZIUM.
Plate LXXVI, fig. 2.

On the 24th of July, 1878, I received from Mr.
Wm. Herd, of Scoonieburn, Perth, a batch of eggs of
this species just on the point of hatching, which
commenced immediately.

The shape of the egg is round and domed above,
flattened and depressed beneath, ribbed and reticu-
lated; when first laid they were whitish, and lastly
pale grey, showing a dark grey spot at the top; in
this state they began to hatch.

The young larva eats out rather a large hole for its
escape from either the top or side of the shell, and in
many instances makes its first meal on the shell itself.
The larva at this time is of a faint semi-pellucid greenish
or drab tint, altogether very glittering; the head
blackish, with paler mouth, and a small darkish-brown
plate on the second segment, and by the help of a lens

NOCTUA DITRAPEZIUM. By3)

minute dusky dots can be discerned on all the other
segments of the body. After the first moult they
were darkish-green or slaty-green, and rather velvety,
with dark shining blackish heads. By the 9th of
August, after another moult, they were darker on the
sides than on the back, and of adingy-greenish colour,
with faint dotted or broken dirty-whitish dorsal and
subdorsal lines; feeding well on dock and sallow.
By the 23rd, after another moult, they had become
brown with darker brown side bands and dorsal some-
what diamond-shaped marks down the back, one on
each seoment; the dorsal and subdorsal dotted lines
of creamy-whitish still more conspicuous (I sent
eighteen to Mr Jeffrey, and twelve to Mrs. Hutchinson).
From this time I continued to supply them with similar
food until the sallow began to fail, and then I resorted
to bramble leaves, which from former experience I
knew to be their natural food, during the winter and
early spring months, supplementing them with a few
dock leaves when they could be found. The winter —
proving unusually and severely cold, they slept con-
tentedly through all the long-sustained cold periods,
and whenever a milder interval came I provided more
bramble, which they ate, and throve gradually, not a
single death happening all through the winter. In
March they began to be more awake, and one or two
at a time began to moult, and fresh dock leaves were
often added to their fare of bramble; and through
April they began to feed, grow, and moult, and by the
beginning of May, 1879, a few had acquired their full
erowth. Occasionally, a little fresh hawthorn and
young sallow leaves were added to their fare, and
towards the end of the month they became full-fed,
burrowing in the earth a few at a time from the 10th
to the 29th of May. Just before this time three or
four deaths occurred amongst them of individuals that
had lost appetite, lagged behind the rest, and had not
performed the last, nor, perhaps, the penultimate
moult, though they lingered on alive, apparently
VOL. V. 3

o4 NOCTUA DI'TRAPEZIUM.

without eating, until the latter part of May, and the
last of these individuals did not die before the 3rd
of June.

The full-grown larva is from one and a half to one
and five-eighths of an inch in length. (W. B., 1879,
Note Book III, 241, 247.)

NOcTUA CONFLUA.
Plate LXXVII, fig. 2.

Eges and one young larva hatched received from
Mr. Longstaff, August 26th, 1869, from Forres, N.B.
The egg is at first a dirty yellowish-white, soon
changing to pale whitish-grey, having a zone round
the middle, and a blotch of pale brown on the upper
surface, some having splashes of brown. Its shape
globular above, but flattened beneath.

By August 30th, I found I had four young larve
about one-eighth of an inch long, extremely pellucid
and shining, rather thick in proportion to length; the
head black, a blackish-brown plate on the second
seement, the dots small and blackish, each with a hair ;
the body dirty greenish and translucent, the interior
showing through the skin as a dark slaty-green internal
stripe. They fed readily on knot-grass and dock.
By the end of September I found only three larve,
and soon after this date their transparent look dis-
appeared, and they became of a hght greyish-buff
colour on the back, and greyish-brown on the sides;
the pale subdorsal line finely edged above with a thin
thread of black. ‘Their growth was very slow, and
they ate but little; at the end of December they were
about half an inch long, and stout in proportion.
(W. B., 1870, Note Book I, 24.)

Eggs from Mr. Norman at Forres, July 17th, 1870.
The egg is whitish-flesh colour, with a pinkish-brown
blotch at the top, and azone of the same colour round

NOCTUA CONFLUA. 39

the middle; the shape is globular, just the least
flattened beneath.

On the 20th August, passing over the earlier stages,
which I noted last year, I resume a description of the
larva at half an inch in length. It is darkish-brown
on the back, and darker brown on the sides, with
some faint traces of the dorsal line, and the subdorsal
one whitish and very distinct, an obscure black edging
above it, and a cream-coloured stripe beneath the
spiracles.

Mr. Norman sent me several batches of eggs, but I
here describe the larve of the third batch first. The
eggs came on 2/th July, and hatched on the 31st.
Mr. Norman, in his letter from Forres, dated 25th July,
says: ‘* Pardon me for sending conflua again. They
are from very pretty parents, quite different in colour
from the former.”’

Now the larve from these eggs, although much like
other N. conflua when very young, yet nevertheless
soon began to look rather different from the other
broods of this species, chiefly in showing the dark
subdorsal dashes at an earlier stage than usual, as
well as in being thicker also. Another circumstance
to be mentioned is that though treated like all the
other broods, yet they matured in several instances
much earlier than the others, and one of them pupated
on the 3rd of October, and others at intervals, and by
the 2nd of November as many as twelve had entered
that stage. The full-grown larva is very plump, the
largest segment being the twelfth, and the head the
smallest, the thoracic segments tapering towards it
when stretched out; at such times, it is one inch to
an inch‘and one-eighth in length. The ground colour
of the back and sides is purplish-brown, palest on the
back; the pale dorsal line of this colour is but faintly
visible here and there, chiefly towards the ends of
segments, for the two blackish-brown lines that enclose
it seem muchrun and fused together. The subdorsal
line is white, or whitish, but is very fine and thin,

36 . NOCTUA CONFLUA.

bearing a thick black wedge-mark above it, on the
front of each segment; these marks are remarkably
thick, beginning on the fifth and ending on the twelfth
segment, where their outer sides are decidedly concave ;
a diamond shape of dark purplish-brown is in the
centre of the back of each segment; its anterior
portion, as far as the ends of the black wedges, is of a
still deeper purplish-brown; a fine streak of white at
its beginning from the outer end of the black wedge-
shape flows round its base, and slants obliquely in-
wards, rapidly melting into the ground colour. The
space from the subdorsal line to the spiracles 1s
purplish-brown, its upper half the darkest; from
thence at the beginning of the lower half at the front
of each segment is a blackish oblique streak slanting
backwards to the black spiracle. The subspiracular
stripe is of yellowish-grey tinged with brownish along
its middle, its edges yellowish-white ; an inflated semi-
circular pale greyish spot is below its lower edge in
front. The belly and pro-legs brownish-grey. The
head dark shining brown; all the other parts of the
back and sides are velvety. The plate of very dark
brown on the second segment is also velvety. ‘The
thoracic segments are darker than the others. The
tubercular dots on the back show white for the first
pair, often situate on the black wedges; the hinder
pair are inconspicuous immediately behind their broad
ends.
Their food is chiefly dock and bramble. The first —
moth, a female, appeared on the 5th of December ;
the inner half from base and also the subterminal
borders of a bright bluish-grey, the rest rich chestnut-
brown. (W. B., 1870, Note Book I, 24, 38, 62.)

NOOCTUA DAHLII. a

Nootua DAdULII.
Plate LXXOVIl fies 3:

On September 11th, 1868, I had the pleasure to
receive from Mr. G. B. Longstaff an abundant supply
of eges of this species, that had been obtained from
several females in captivity by Mr. G. Norman, in
Morayshire.

The eggs were dome-shaped, flattened, and slightly
concave beneath, ribbed and reticulated, of a drab
colour, with a central zone of brown ; in a few hours
after I had them they turned to a brownish-slate
colour, and the larve began to hatch on the 138th
September and were all out by the 15th.

The young larve were at first a brownish-grey

colour, with black heads, and they soon began to eat
the green cuticle from either surface of leaves of dock,
Rumea crispus and f. pulcher, showing a most decided
preference for these plants, though supplied with
various other kinds of food.

After their first moult they became a paler brown,
with their minute tubercular blackish dots and hairs
distinct ; and by the time they had passed a second
moult, they were three-eighths of an inch long, brown
on the back with faintly paler dorsal and subdorsal
lines, the sides down to the spiracles of a rather
darker brown than the back, the ventral surface and
subspiracular stripe paler brownish- -orey tinged with
bluish-grey anteriorly.

These larvee when- about one-third grown were
handsomer than at any other. period, their colours
being then deeper and brighter. The full-grown larva
is from one and three-eighths to one and half an inch
in length, longer perhaps when fully stretched out,
and then it also tapers from the sixth segment to the
head, which is narrower than the second segment;
the thirteenth also tapers and slopes down from the

38 NOCTUA DABLII.

back to the anal extremity; otherwise the figure is
tolerably cylindrical.

The great feature in the colouring of this species is
the contrast of the back with the rest of the body, and,
although the pattern was very much the same through-
out the numerous brood which I reared, yet I noticed
great variations of colour—from whitish-ochreous—
through greyish-ochreous, ochreous-yellow, cinnamon-
brown, rich orange-brown, to the deepest tint of
mahogany on their backs.

I shall describe one of the varieties as typical of the
greatest number. The ground colour of the back
down to the subdorsal region, bright ochreous,
delicately freckled with darker ochreous-brown; on
each segment from third to twelfth, more or less dis-
tinctly appears a diamond shape of ochreous-brown,
with its edges gently vanishing into the groundcolour;
the dorsal line is of the ground cclour between two
lines of very dark brown, though in full grown
examples it is seldom uninterrupted, being visible only
at the beginning of each segment, and thence
obliterated by the brown diamond.

The subdorsal line is thin, rather paler than the
ground colour, edged above at the beginning of each
segment with a thin black streak, which is generally
inclined to end in the slightest possible curve just at
the lateral point of the dorsal diamond : this diamond
form is but obscurely and vaguely represented on the
third and fourth segments, and the last of the series is
on the twelfth, where it becomes little more than a
triangle, while the pale subdorsal lines and their black
upper edgings are there continuous, and become united
by both crossing transversely the end of that seg-
ment; on the thirteenth segment the dorsal line only
is distinct.

The ground colour of the sides 1s grey or brownish-
grey, tinged anteriorly with bluish-grey, the space
between the subdorsal line and the spiracles very
thickly freckled with dark grey-brown, forming a dark

NOOTUA DAHLIT. 39

longitudinal side-band in agreeable contrast to the
back; the subspiracular stripe is pale greyish, like
the ventral surface, and only to be distinguished from
it by its upper and lower edges being a little paler
than the rest.

The head is rather pale brown ; the second segment
has on the back a darker brown velvety patch or plate,
rounded behind and margined in front with still
darker brown. The tubercular dots are black, rather
small, but rendered conspicuously distinct both on
the back and sides by a small circle of pale ground
colour surrounding each of them; the spiracles also
are black.

The winter of 1868-69 being of a mild charac-
ter, and the food-plants easily obtainable, about
sixty of these larve continued feeding, and reached
their full growth before the end of 1868; the most
advanced spun up between dock leaves on November
14th, and others quickly followed; somewhat to my
surprise they refused to enter the earth, but, on
being supplied with moss, for the most part hid
themselves in that, constructing very slight cocoons.

The pupa is quite of the ordinary Noctua form;
at first it 1s a pale greenish colour, and changes in
a couple of days to brown, and finally to dark brown,
and is very slightly attached by the tail to a thread of
its cocoon. This portion of the brood, having ail
become pup by the end of December, did not remain
long in that state, but began to appear as moths as
early as January 19th, 1869, and so on at intervals,
until April 29th, by which time I had bred twenty-six
¢ and twenty-seven ? ; however, a large proportion
of them were more or less crippled in their wings, and
very dingy in colour, though some curious varieties oc-
cnrred; but, as a whole, they were not fine examples.

The remainder of the brood meantime had hyber-
nated, some of them no more than two lines in length,
others nearly half an inch, and many of them died off
during the winter; but on the approach of April the

AO NOCTUA DAHLII.

- survivors began to feed, and by the 10th of May they
were full-grown ; they also preferred spinning them-
selves up in moss or in dock leaves to entering the
earth.

The perfect insects, and they really were very per-
fect and fine, forty-five in number, appeared at inter-
vals between June 4th and July llth. (W. B.,
February, 1870, E.M.M., VI, 261, April, 1870.)

Noctua BELDA.
Plate LXXVIII, fig. 1.

The larva was figured March 2nd, 1874.

Towards the end of September, 1873, I received a
young larvaof this species,no more than four-sixteenths
of an inch long, from the Rev. H. Williams, of Croxton,
who had swept it from heather. It continued to eat
heather and a little dock until the end of November,
by which time it. had become half an inch long, having
moulted once in the interval. From this time it began
to hybernate, though at intervals of milder weather
it waked up and ate occasionally of grass, dock, and
lettuce, and became five-eighths of an inch long by
February 12th, 1874. On the 22nd of February it
again moulted, and thenceforward fed well on dock
and grass, attaining by March 9th the length of one
and three-eighths inches.

It was then cylindrical, moderately stout, and
tapering gradually from the sixth segment towards
the head, which was the smallest segment. The
hinder segment tapered a little towards the extremity.
_ The ground colour was of an ochreous or brownish-
drab, much striated with darkish-brown on the back,
and the dorsal fine thread-like line of drab is enclosed
by a blackish-brown stripe or bordering. The sub-
dorsal fine line is of the same drab ground colour,
running between two widish blackish-brown stripes ;
it is a little interrupted on each segment, and these

NOOTUA BELLA. A

double dark stripes are repeated along the side with
a similar fine drab line running through them; along
the middle space of the side it is much freckled with
blackish-brown. ‘The spiracles are blackish with drab
centres, but hardly to be noticed, as they appear black
to the unaided eye; immediately beneath them was a
stripe of pale drab, paler still at its edges, and freckled
and streaked along the middle with greyish-brown.
The belly is brown, freckled with minute atoms of
drab; the plate on the second segment is not shining,
but pale brown, sparingly freckled with darker. The
whole skin of the rest of the body is rather soft and
velvety ; the head is of a warm brown, with a blackish-
brown stripe down the front of each lobe, and is very
shining; the anterior legs are brown, and the ventral
legs rather a pale brown tipped with darker brown
hooks. —

This larva ceased to feed on March 24th, and spun
itself up in a dock leaf on the surface of the earth on
the 26th, and the moth, a female, appeared on the
27th May, 1874. (W.B., 1874, Note Book II, 53.)

NOcTUA UMBROSA.
Plate LXXVIII, fig. 2.

The larva of this species having eluded the search
of myself and many of my friends for a number of
years, a belief gained ground with us that 1t probably
closely resembled that early pest N. wanthographa ;
and this belief was strengthened three or four years
azo by the fact of Mr. Harwood having bred one
specimen of N. wmbrosa from a lot of larve which he
had collected as those of N. xanthographa.

I have at length been able to prove our surmise to
be correct, thanks to Mr. George Norman, to whom I
feel deeply indebted for his taking much pains in
obtaining and sending me from Forres, three separate
batches of eggs of N. umbrosa, on July 27th, 28th,

A? NOCTUA UMBROSA.

and 30th, 1870. From them, the young larve began
to hatch respectively on August 3rd, 5th, and 11th.
At first, grass was provided for them, but they refused
to eat, and some of them died. I then supplied them
with dock leaves, and thenceforth all went well ; they
fed and throve satisfactorily ; but towards the end of
November, dock began to fail, and the few leaves I
could then obtain were supplemented with bramble, of
which the larve partook freely. My chief object
being to obtain figures of the larve, I did all I could
think of to force them on to full growth, and succeeded
with some of them by feeding with Plantago lanceolata,
Galiwm mollugo, Vinca major, and garden-strawberry
leaves, all of which they ate at intervals, when the
rigour of winter in the least abated. At length the
Periwinkle became the only food procurable, and on
this they did very well, for even while the snow lay on
the ground, the leaves of this plant continued green
and succulent; thus, between the intervals of hard
frost, the larve crawled out of their temporary
hybernacula of curled-up, dry bramble leaves, and
partook of their food. Of course, they were not kept
in the open air, but in a room without a fire, so that
at no time were they exposed to frost.

Towards the end of February and beginning of
March, 1871, young dock leaves began to appear, and
with an increase of temperature, the larve became
more lively and hungry; the smaller ones, whose coats
had become dingy, now moulted and fed, while the
others that had reached their full growth about
Christmas began to stir and show symptoms of
approaching pupation ; they grew smaller, their colours
merged into a darkness, which spread over them as ©
they retired into moss; several of them becoming
pup between February 27th and March 11th.

The others continued to feed chiefly on dock, with
-a little of Scrophularia aquatica, and attained their
full size the first week in April; they then, however,
like their predecessors, began to dwindle, and became

NOCTUA UMBROSA. 43

darker and darker till they were blackish-brown. A
few entered the earth, the rest went into moss, where
they assumed the pupa state, but without forming any
cocoon in either; though those in the moss appeared
to be steadied in their positions by a slight thread or
two. The moths appeared from June 8th to 13th.

The egg is circular, domed above and flattened
beneath, finely ribbed and reticulated. When first
laid, it is of a yellowish-white colour, and changes in
six days to a glistening pink, and finally to pimkish-

rey.

: The young larva, when hatched, had at first a pale
brown head, and greenish-grey body, paler and pellucid
at the segmental divisions ; in eight or nine days they
were pale, semi-transparent, yellowish-green, with
distinct black dots. At their next change, at the end
of another week, they were three-eighths of an inch
long, and not translucent, but with a suffusion of
—opaque-brown over the back and sides, giving them a
velvety brownish-green look; and there then appeared
dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral lines, paler than the
eround; between the lateral line and spiracles the
space was filled with a darker tint of the ground
colour, forming a broad dark stripe. At this stage
the character of N. umbrosa is very distinct from its
congener, and remains so until the length of about
five-eighths of an inch is attained ; but the next moult
introduces the design that at once recalls the well-
known N. wanthographa, and continues throughout
their future larval career.

There were three varieties of the general colouring
in each of the three broods, some being yellowish,
some brownish, and others of a greyish-brown, but in
the detail of their markings they were all very constant.
The individual from which the following description
was drawn was one of the yellowish varieties :

The full-grown larva is from one and a quarter to
one and three-eighths inches in length, moderately
stout and cylindrical, though tapering a little at the

A.A, NOCTUA UMBROSA.

anterior segments, the head being smallest, the last
seoment also sloping down on the back from the
twelfth, and tapering a little to the extremity. Viewed
on the back, the colour of the head is pale brownish,
freckled with darker brown, and streaked with brown
on the front of each lobe, and very shining; the skin
generally smooth and rather velvety on the rest of the
body, though a little shining on the back of the second
segment; the dorsal line is very pale whitish-ochreous,
edged with a dark brown line on each side; it is not
quite a simple line, but commencing broad on the
front of each segment, soon narrows, expands again
just at the middle, again contracts, and widens again
at the end; the subdorsal line is of uniform thickness
throughout its course, and is also of the same whitish-
ochreous tint, edged on its lower side with a fine dark
brown line, and on its upper side by a wider brown
stripe, bearing a black dash, sometimes rather of a
wedge shape, on the anterior half of each segment;
the ground colour of the back between the lines is
ochreous or brownish, marked with fine longitudinal
dark brown wavy streaks, which are variously disposed
in their aggregation, sometimes suffusing the ground
colour in a narrow diamond form; in other examples
more suffused behind, but generally these streaks give
more depth of colouring at the anterior part of each
segment; the front pairs of tubercular dots are black,
and they often send forward a fine black streak; the
hinder pairs are also black, but, from standing within
the before-mentioned black dashes, are invisible ; the
twelfth segment has the subdorsal lines slanting
inwards for two-thirds of its length, where the last
pair of the black dashes end abruptly, as do also the
suffused, wavy streaks, and from that part the sub-
dorsal lines bend outwards, and resume their former
course, approximating towards the end of the dorsal
line at the anal extremity; the colouring of the side,
as far down as the spiracles, consists of two longi-
tudinal broad bands or stripes of equal width through-

NOCTUA UMBROSA. Ad

out, the upper being pale ochreous (sometimes bearing
a few brown scattered freckles), the lower dark brown,
containing a slanting dash of still darker brown made
up of atoms; on the lower edge of this come the
spiracles, which are not very conspicuous, being small
dirty whitish, outlined faintly with black. The sub-
spiracular stripe is of pale unfreckled ochreous, and is
attenuated a little at each end; the belly and legs are
of a very slightly deeper tint of the same, and there
are some minute tubercular dots and freckles of dark
brown above and upon the legs, which are tipped with
dark brown.

The pupais about half an inch in length, moderately
stout and smooth, with no striking peculiarity of form,
dark brown in colour, and rather shining. (W.B.,
September, 1871, H.M.M., VIII, 139, November, 1871.)

NootTua SOBRINA.
elaber XOXG Xe toy 1.

On the 15th of August, 1874, I received from

Mr. John T. Carrington, then at Camachgouran,
Loch Rannoch, Pitlochry, N.B., fourteen eggs of
this rare species, deposited on August Ist. by a
female taken in copula. Two of them were not fertile.
The eggs were loose in a piece of quill.
- The egg is globular, having a small depression at
one end, and about thirty ribs. On arrival the
eggs, with the exception of two of a bright pale yellow,
were of a rather deep flesh colour; these on the
21st had become pinkish-brown, on the 22nd of a
blackish-purple. On the morning of the 23rd three
young larve were hatched, and seemed strong and
active. Their heads were shining blackish-brown,
their bodies purplish-brown, darkest on the back within
the subdorsal region, and with a plate of darker brown
on the second segment. By the 28th, eleven eggs out
of the twelve were hatched, one having failed.

AO NOCTUA SOBRINA.

The young larve were at first provided with heather,
bramble, and bilberry in a bottle, but they chose
heather, on changing which one larva was lost, and
another found dead at the bottom of the bottle. My
stock, thus reduced to nine larvee, fed chiefly on the
heather and on knot-grass, and a little of the green
cuticle of a soft leaf of young birch, still rejecting the
bilberry. On the 3lst they had become of the same
ereen colour as the heather, but semi-transparent with
minute blackish dots and hairs and brown heads.
On the 12th of September, I found two had moulted,
and others were preparing. The new dress consisted
of a dark brownish-olive opaque-surfaced dorsal coat,
greyish and semi-transparent at the segmental divi-
sions, the head pale greyish-brown and glossy, the black
ocelli very distinct, the lobes on the crown blackish-
brown, a pale greyish-ochreous faint dorsal line having
beyond the fourth a distinct roundish paler ochreous
spot near the end of each segment as far as the twelfth
segment, whereon they end ; a fainter subdorsal fine
line of greyish-ochreous, but much interrupted, so as
to be visible chiefly towards the end of each segment ;
the dark colouring of the back extends to the spiracu-
lar region, which is edged with black ; this is followed
by a subspiracular stripe of drab colour, and the bell
is a much darker drab; the tubercular dots are black,
each with a fine hair. On September 29th one again
moulted ; the details are as above with the exception
of the ground colour, which is now deep crimson-
brown and velvety ; it is just a quarter of an inch
in length. On the 21st I found one had died, my
number thus being reduced to four, the most advanced
of which has just moulted, and is at present of a light
chestnut colour. On the llth of December it was
five-eighths of an inch long and stout in proportion,
and had for a fortnight been eating decaying and
dead leaves of birch and a little grass, the other
three generally hybernating, sitting up on the leaves
in the form of s. The largest at this time was

NOCTUA SOBRINA. AN,

deep reddish or crimson-brown above as far as the
spiracles, below these and on the belly a lighter tint of
the same. The back is freckled with darker brown,
and with paler. ‘The dorsal line is a double line of
dark brown, best seen at the beginning of a segment,
becoming fainter afterwards, enclosing a thread of the
ground colour which towards the middle of each seg-
ment shows pale whitish-cream colour for a short
distance, and after a short interval appears (on the
first segmental subdivision) as a roundish wider spot
of pale whitish-cream colour (quite isolated). This
spot varies a little in its form on each segment,
inclining a little towards ovate, or else squarish, less
distinct on the twelfth segment, and smaller on the
thoracic ones. The subdorsal line is similarly com-
posed of two rather interrupted dark brown lines con-
taining two or three pale cream-coloured small spots
or freckles; the most distinct is opposite the largest
dorsal spot ; just beneath this on the side is a blackish-
brown blotch ; the spiracles are of the ground colour
margined with black. Below the spiracles is a ragged
freckiy rather interrupted line of flesh colour and
another a little below as though they were the pale
edgings of a subspiracular stripe ; the belly is also
freckled with flesh colour; the front legs are light-
brown, the others freckled with flesh colour, especially
the front of the anal pair. The tubercular dots are
blackish but not well visible, excepting on the two
last segments. The head is brown with blackish-
brown on the crown of each lobe. (W. B., 1874,
Note Book II, 99, 100, 104.)

On the 17th of June, 1880, I purchased three full-
grown larve from Mr. T. W. Salvage, then at Inner-
hadden, Kinloch-Rannoch, Perthshire, feeding on birch
and heather. The larva of the darkest variety was one
and one-eighth of an inch or a trifle more in length
when stretched out in walking, plump and cylindrical,
much rounded behind, tapering at the anal segment
and from the second to the head, which was the

A8 NOCTUA SOBRINA.

smallest. The ground colour was reddish or red-
brown, slightly mottled with grey ; the dorsal mark-
ing was almost linear, widening a little shghtly but
narrowly lozenge fashion near the end of each segment
and having on this widest part a round pale spot of
dirty ochreous, the sides much mottled with grey —
atoms, strongly along the spiracular region. The
belly and subspiracular stripe of a paler dirty pinkish-
brown ochreous, the latter rather palest ; the tuber-
cular dots most minute and black ; spiracles black ;
the head shining brownish-ochreous with two black
dots in front of each lobe; ocelli black ; the body
soft and velvety ; a slight indication of the usual
Noctua-like transverse marking is faintly visible on
the twelfth segment and more faintly still on some
others ; a round pale spot on the side is beneath each
hind dot of the trapezoidals, though less noticeable
than that on the dorsal marking. Another variety,
figured on the 19th, is of deep brownish-ochreous pink
freckled and mottled with grey and pale flesh colour.
These three larvee matured rapidly and then entered
the peaty soil. (W. B., 1880, Note Book IV, 12.)

PACHNOBIA ALPINA.
Plate LXXX, fig. 2.

On the 27th of July, 1878, I received eighty-five
good eggs and one infertile of this species, laid within
two glass-bottomed boxes, one of which contained ten
egos and the other the remainder, from Mr. EH. G. Meek.
When first laid the eggs were pale yellow and, with
only a single exception loose, were all adhering to the |
paper lining chiefly, just a few being on the glass.
When they reached me they had changed colour to a
dirty whitish or pale straw ground-colour, having a
central blotch at the top of blackish-brown and a little
below a broad irregular zone, very ragged-edged, of deep

PACHNOBIA ALPINA. AY

purplish-pink. A few became all over purplish-brown
the same evening. ‘The egg is very strongly and
boldly marked with this dark colouring, the paler
ground whitish-straw. ‘l'wenty hours before hatch-
ing it assumes one uniform purplish-grey tint like the
bloom on grapes, but glistening. The eggs were laid in
little scattered groups and singly. The shape of theegy
is circular, rounded above, rather flattened beneath,
rather boldly ribbed and reticulated, and slightly
glistening, becoming paler just before hatching. On
the Ist of August one ege hatched, and on the 2nd
half the number were hatched by early morning,
two more late in the evening, and on the 3rd all but
four or five were hatched by early morning, and of the
remainder one at noon.

When just hatched the young larva is of a smoky
olive-grey colour with dark shining brown head and
plate on second segment, and with minute blackish
dots on the body. Given bilberry for food at first
they soon riddled the leaves with small holes. First
moult? By the 12th they had become of a dingy
brownish olive-green with minute blackish tubercular
dots, blackish-brown heads and small plates on second
segment. Some were olive-green, skin rather shining.
August 15th, a few had moulted (1 think for the
second time) and the rest were preparing to moult.
Now after this moult the colour is velvety-brown with
faintly paler dorsal and subdorsal lines which pass ~
through the second segment like the others, the little
darker plate having almost disappeared and become
velvety ; the belly paler and rather greyish-ochreous ;
the dots black. They seem not to care for heather.
They not only skeletonize the bilberry leaves, but eat
rather large holes through them. On the 26th of
August I removed them from the test bottles, all in
good health, for only four individuals had died since
they were hatched. October 28th, the last two larve
are dead; after the bilberry plants had shed their
leaves, birch, sallow, and heather were supplied as

VOL. V. : A,

50 PACHNOBIA ALPINA.

food, but though they fed a little, yet they began to
die off by threes and fours until all were dead. Their
natural food, Hmpetrum ngrum, I was unable to get.
This larva feeds up in May and June, and is in pupa
only a month. (W. B., 1878, Note Book III, 246).

On June 17th, 1880, arrived two larve of this
species, which I bought of Mr. T. W. Salvage, then at
Innerhadden, Kinloch-Rannoch, Perthshire, said to be
feeding on Hmpetrum mgrum, the Crowberry. They
were little more than one inch long, and I found
them eat whortleberry (Vacconmum myrtillus), though
sparingly. On the 19th, I saw one, the largest of the
two, was soon about to moult; this was a much lighter
variety and rather handsome. ‘The other, a dark
variety, | figured on the 21st.

It is of the usual Noctua form, cylindrical, tapering
at the second segment to the head, and also at the
13th segment. In colour it is dark velvety purplish-
brown above and pinkish-drab below; the head is
brown and glossy, having a corona of darker brown
freckles beginning on the crown, which are broadly
continued down the side at the back of each lobe in a
curve till they approach the ocelli ; on the second seg-
ment is a narrow crescentic velvety black-brown plate,
very finely dorsally and subdorsally divided with the
ground colour; subdorsal fine pale drab lines rather
interrupted at the end of each segment, or, showing but
faintly and near the beginning of a segment, are
bordered above witha black dash, most conspicuous on
segments eight, nine, ten, eleven and twelve ; the paler
ventral colouring commences along the spiracular
region, distinctly but not abruptly marked in any way ;
the spiracles are black ; a black-brown velvety plate is
on the anal flap; the dorsal pattern is a top shape,
pointing backward, of dark purpiish-brown, and a
central or dorsal spot of black at the beginning of each
segment; skin rather rugose. On the 23rd, after
moulting in the morning at ten o’clock, the largest
larva, which had been laid up for this event four days

PACHNOBIA ALPINA. al

previously, had now become much darker, and the
head and plate remained so palea flesh colour as to be
almost whitish, in singular contrast with the body,
but in a few hours regained its former brown colour,
but the larva skin is more rugose, neither velvety
nor shining. On the 28th, I figured another larva
in its penultimate coat of a deep brownish-pink,
the dorsal and subdorsal thread-like lines of dirty
whitish with a row of black dashes above on the latter,
and blackish edging to the former just at the begin-
ing and ending of a segment.

It is to be recorded that the larva, besides bil-
berry, will eat birch a little withered, also arbutus,
especially the younger leaves, indeed the older leaves
too, and as freely as though it were its natural food.

The penultimate skin of Pachnobia alpina is rather
handsome, and proves by its pattern of markings to
belong to the genus Noctua, and should be in its
proper place at the end of that genus.

After the last moult its skin is seen to be pachy-
dermatous, for to compare small things with great, its
skin is like that. of an elephant, leathery and rough
with wrinkles, the pattern being composed of black
freckles upon a deep rosy brownish-red ground ; on the
belly a few paler or flesh-coloured freckles appear
on the reddish ground, without any black ones. One
larva (subj. 3.) moulted the last time on June 21st,
and in a day or two the change from its former
gaily-coloured coat to the more sombre full dress was
very remarkable. ‘The behaviour of this individual
was very wilful and intractable ; when put under a
glass it roved round and round eager to escape, but
after a while finding it impossible, it coiled itself partly
round and went to sleep for many hours, and when
in this condition was not easily waked. Indeed the
natural habit of this and three other examples is to
sleep all the day through and to feed only at night, and
even then rather sparingly, as proved by there being

o2 PACHNOBIA ALPINA.

only two, or at most three, pellets of frass to be found
with each larva each morning.

The dorsal marks are diamond shapes of blackish
minute freckles.

Subj. fig. 1, which has with me been feeding sparingly
since the 17th of June, is now (July 9th) laid up in pre-
paration for a moult, and in the afternoon of the 12th
it was accomplished ; it grew afterwards a little and
became like subj. 3 in colour and roughness, but was
not so large, and it ceased to feed and went to earth
on July 27th.

Subj. fig. 2 died on July 20th.

Subj. fig. 3 grew to be one and a half inch long and
stout in proportion, and uniformly so throughout, the
head being but a trifle smaller than the second segment,
and the thirteenth a little tapered behind ; this indivi-
dual about the middle of July was decreasing in bulk
and length, and though put then with earth it seemed
too late for it to go under or make up as I expected,
and it remained on the surface and died gradually.

Subj. 4 kept feeding chiefly on arbutus and was but
little grown by the 7th of August. (W. B., 1880,
Note Book IV, 21).

Thirty eggs of P. alpma sent by Mr. Meek from
Shetland arrived 9th July, 1880. They were precisely
similar to those of 1878, recorded in Note Book
III, p. 246. On the 13th of July they turned all
over a dingy brownish-slate colour, the coarse ribs
very glistening, and next day became a pale grey
colour. One larva was hatched on the evening of the
14th, and eleven more by next morning.

The young larve, in the course of a few hours, took
to birch and move sparingly to arbutus, and the next
day quite freely to whortleberry, and did well until I
left home for six days, when on my return on July
30th, I found all were dead but two; another died
on August 4th, and the last on the 5th. (W. B., 1880,
Note Book IV, 23.)

| ANIOCAMPA GOTHICINA. DO

‘T ANIOCAMPA GOTHICINA.
[Plate LXXX, fig. 3, 7. gothica.* |

A batch of eggs sent by Mr. John Dunsmore, of
Paisley, on June 6th, were all hatched in coming to
me on the 7th. Only one empty egg-shell remained
uneaten. This was round and domed at the top,
flattened beneath, finely ribbed and reticulated, white
in colour, with a large hole in the side where the larva
made its exit.

The young larva is of a slaty-green colour, head,
narrow plate behind it, and fine tubercular dots black.
By the 14th they were nearly a quarter of an inch
long, with pale yellowish-green head, darker bluish-
ereen body, having bluish-white dorsal and subdorsal
lines, and a greenish-white subspiracular stripe, head
and pale yellow-green plate dotted with black, a line of
paler freckles on each side of the back just above the
subdorsal region, and tubercular dots black. By the
23rd they had grown considerably, the most advanced
by this date being seven-eighths of an inch in length,
their colouring much the same as before. By July Ist
the most forward measured about an inch and a half
in length; ground colour of some bluish-green, of
others yellowish-green, yellowish at segmental folds,
yellowish or yellowish-white freckles on the back,
much fainter, hardly noticeable, on the belly; dorsal
line yellow, also the subdorsal, but thinner and a trifle
broken; the inflated spiracular stripe is irregularly
bordered on the side above with blackish more or less ;
the upper edge of the stripe itself is pale yellow,
sharply defined against the black above it, and the
lower edge is gently defined with a thin faint line of
yellowish, the oval spiracles white, outlined with black.

Note.—In T. gothica the inflated spiracular stripe

* The larva described as T. gothicina was not figured. It is now

generally acknowledged that gothicina is only a variety of gothica.—
R. Mech. |

54 TAENIOCAMPA GOTHIGCINA.

1s often wholly white. None of the black dots remain
on the body, a yellow freckle larger than the others 1s
substituted for each of them, excepting on the green
shining head, where they are just discernible with a
good lens; the ends of the jaws black; the skin of the
body soft and velvety. (W.B., Note Book IIT, 82.)

TANIOCAMPA LEUCOGRAPHA.
Plate LXXX, fig. 4.

On the 28th April, 1871, I received a batch of eggs
from Mr. Evan Jobn, of Llantrisant, Gilamnongensln ine,
The eggs were laid on muslin and paper.

‘Theegg is globular, finely ribbed and reticulated, and,
when first laid, of a pale straw-yellow, soon burning
to pale flesh colour with a splash of brown on the top,
and a ragged-looking irregular zone of brown round
the middle. In a few days they began to grow of a
pinkish-brown by degrees, the splash at top and the
zone being merged into the same general. colour.

(W. B., 1871, Note Book I, 76.)

'T MNIOCAMPA OPIMA.
Plate LXXXI, fig. 2.

A batch of eggs laid in a cluster on a stem of
marram-grass was sent by Mr. G. T. Porritt on the
17th April, 1872. Mr. Porritt stated that the moths
of this species deposited their eggs also on the old
withered remains of ragwort and houndstongue.

The eggs at first are pale yellow and conspicuous
on the dried-up remains of the plants even at a con-
siderable distance, but gradually change to a purplish-
brown, and so become inconspicuous. On the 23rd
they began to grow of a leaden hue, and on the 24th
were covered with a pale bluish tint like the bloom of
ripe sloes, and in the afternoon they began to hatch.

‘he young larve were at first of a bluish-green,

TANIOCAMPA OPIMA. Y9)

with black heads, becoming gradually by the fifth day
of a more dirty pale olive-greenish tint with blackish-
brown head and small plate behind it. By the oth of
May they had moulted, their dark heads were gone,
and they had become of a very pale coloured watery-
ereenish tint. _

Their food was osier, which they seemed to prefer
to Rosa spinosissuma or sallow, both of which were at
first given them on account of their coast sand-hill
origin. On the 7th May they had spun a quantity of
fine web amongst the osier leaves. On the 9th of
May the next moult gave them a dark blackish-grey
or greenish coat with the lines greyish or whitish-grey,
the tubercular black dots ringed with the same; head
and plate pale brownish-green, spotted with darker
brown. On May 15th the body was grass-green, with
lines of pale grey ; head and second segment dotted
with black. By the 25th May they had become nearly
three-quarters of an inch long, of rather a deep dull
green on the back and sides, very finely freckled with
blackish; the subspiracular stripe paler yellowish-
green, bordered above by a stripe of thickly freckled
or of blackish atoms; the dorsal line a little paler
than the ground colour, and the subdorsal can also be
faintly traced; the head pale brownish-green.

These all throve well up to the 5th-of June, but
then began to sicken and die off, all being dead by.
the 20th. (W.B., 1872, Note Book I, 166).

Kegs from Miss Johnson, of Liverpool. Eggs
turned blackish, laid in a heap together on the
tops of small stems. They hatched April 24th
and 25th, 1880.

The young larve were dingy slaty-green, with black
head and plate; growing gradually paler and paler.
First moult May Ist; larvae very pale greenish,
head green; a small black plate on the second
segment. )

Second moult May 6th; larve dingy dull bluish-
green, with paler dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular

56 TNIOCAMPA OPIMA.

lines; head and plate warmer shining green, both
dotted with black; the minute tubercular dots black.

Third moult, May 14th; larvee darker dingy bluish-
green ; head and plate lighter green, glossy, and dotted
with black ; the dorsal and subdorsal lines and spira-
cular stripe rather whitish; above this last runs a
stripe of darker blackish-green, and above that a
faint whitish edging ora rather broken line; tuber-
cular dots whitish with black centres.

Fourth moult, May 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th;
larvee at first half to five-eighths of an inch long, but
uniformly stouter in proportion; the lines of pale
greenish ground colour, the spaces between them
thickly freckled with dingy blackish-green; the dark
stripe on the side quite blackish above the broad pale
spiracular stripe ; head shining yellowish-green dotted
with black; plate of same colour, but velvety, and
with few black dots; tubercular dots scarcely to be
distinguished from the freckling.

Fifth moult, May 23rd, and onward to 27th; the
larvee now much as before, but the spiracular
stripe 1s pale yellower green, almost yellow; the
black stripe next above is very strong, so close
together are the freckles of which it 1s composed ; the
head and collar-plate rather olive-green, the same on
the anal flap ; the lines of the body yellow-green, also
the tubercular dots in threes ; the ground of the back
thickly covered with minute black freckles; the black
dots on the head very small, and almost obliterated on
the collar-plate.

Sixth moult, May 27th, with one or two others on
the 28th, 29th and 380th; larve now immediately
after moulting one and one-eighth inches in length ;
back and sides blackish olive-green, thickly freckled
with blackish, and sprinkled with some pale yellowish ;
the belly pale greenish-yellow, the spiracular stripe
still yellower, and very much paler, almost white
next the black-atomed stripe above; head and plate
light olive, the former reticulated with brown and

TANIOCAMPA OPIMA. a7.

shining, the latter dull with front margin darker, the
dorsal and subdorsal lines very thin, and paler than
the ground, tubercular dots paler, still in threes, but
so small as not to be noticeable without a lens;
spiracles oval, white, finely outlined with black. The
colouring by degrees in a day or two on the back and
sides turns of a rich velvety brown, and, just at last,
of a crimson-brown, in strong contrast to the brilliant
ereenish-yellow of the belly and lighter yellow spira-
cular stripe.

They have been from the very first most vora-
cious feeders in proportion to their size, consuming
great quantities of sallow. They began to enter the
earth, afew on June 4th, Sth, 6th and 8th, and at
intervals up to the 18th. The moths appeared from
the 11th of March to the 27th of April, 1881. (W.B.,
1881, Note Book IV, 10.)

'TMNIOCAMPA GRACILIS.
Plate LXXXI, fig. 5.

Variety of the larva of Teniocampa gracilis.—To
those who know the larva of this species only in its
more usual bluish-green, or yellowish olive-green coat,
the following description, given me by Mr. Buckler,
of a variety sent him from Epping, will seem strange ;
but there can be no doubt as to the moth which was
bred from it.

The ground colour of the larva was deep brown
tinged with pink, the slender dorsal and subdorsal
lines of the same, but showing rather paler; along
the region of the spiracles, and reaching half-way
down the anal pro-legs, a broad stripe of pale dingy
pink, sharply edged above with a fine blackish line ;
belly and legs of the ground colour; the usual dots
appeared dark brown within paler rings, and the back
was slightly freckled with the paler tint. (J. H.,
February 28, 1865, H.M.M., I, 283, May, 1865.)

58 TAENIOCAMPA ORUDA.

T ENIOCAMPA ORUDA.
Plate LXXXII, fig. 2.

On the 2nd of April, 1871, I received from Mr.
F. EK. Harman, of Whitfield, near Hereford, a few
eggs (or rather larvee, as they had hatched on the
way) of this insect. When just emerged the caterpillar
is dirty greenish, with a rather large, shining black
head. Until a length of about half an inch has been
attained, it lives in a sort of retreat formed by drawing
together, by means of silken threads, several leaves ;
and afterwards it still forms a similar retreat in which
to moult. ie
_ The adult larva is about one and a quarter inch in
length, and of moderate bulk in proportion. Head
globular, about the same width as, or perhaps very
shghtly broader than, the second segment; body
cylindrical, and of uniform thickness throughout ; skin
smooth and soft,. semi-translucent, and rather glossy.
The ground colour is dark smoky-green, variegated
with yellowish-green, in some specimens the yellowish-
green. predominating; both the ground and markings
vary in intensity in different specimens. Head smooth
and shining, grey, very thickly marked and dotted
with intense black; there is a black shining plate-like
mark on the second, and another on the anal segment ;
that on the second is divided by the medio-dorsal
and subdorsal lines. The medio-dorsal stripe is
yellowish-white ; the subdorsal lines narrower, white ;
two parallel waved lines of the same colour as the
medio-dorsal stripe form the spiracular lines ; these
_ waved lines form a sort of chain-like band of obiong
spaces, and in the centre of each space, just below the
upper line, the black spiracles are situated ; the trape-
zoidal dots also black. Ventral surface and pro-legs
uniformly dull yellowish green ; the legs black.

Rests on a leaf, with the head bent considerably
round to one side. My larvee fed on whitethorn ; and

TAMNIOCAMPA ORUDA. 59

were full-grown and went down May 28th. (G. T.
Porritt, Sth June, 1872; Ent., VI, 188, July, 1872.)

ORTHOSIA SUSPECTA.
Plate LXXXII, fig. 3.

In 1891, Orthosia suspecta seemed to be unusually
abundant in all its localities, and was especially so at
York, where throughout August it occurred in the
utmost profusion. Mr. William Hewett, of that city,
obtained eggs from specimens he captured there, part
of which he very kindly sent to me, and part to Dr.
Chapman, of Hereford. Mine, which I received on
September 20th, were deposited in a batch at the
bottom of a chip box, and were of ordinary globular
form, very glossy and smooth, the colour pale pinkish-
brown. ‘They were kept outdoors all winter, and at
quite the end of April began to hatch out. Unfortu-
nately, I had to be in London at the time, and
through my inability to properly attend to them
there, all died. Fortunately, Dr. Chapman was more
successful with his, and on May 18th, he very kindly
let me have two larve, which were ihen nearly full-
grown, and I described them at once as follows :

Length, when at rest about three-quarters, when
crawling seven-eighths of an inch, and moderately
plump in proportion ; head small and polished, the
lobes rounded ; it is rather narrower than the
second, and considerably narrower than the third,
segment; body rounded, slightly swollen from the
segmental divisions; it gradually thickens from the
head to the fifth seoment, beyond which it is of nearly
uniform width to the twelfth, when it tapers off
rather abruptly ; segmental divisions well defined, the
skin smooth and velvety. ,

Ground colour, as far as the spiracular region,
purplish-brown ; head yellow-brown, strongly marked

60 ORTHOSIA SUSPECTA.

with black, a streak of black extending from the top
of each lobe being most noticeable; a narrow, polished
black plate on the second segment; dorsal line almost
clear white, and on the dark ground is very conspi-
cuous ; subdorsal lines very indistinct—except in the
plate on the second segment, where they show clearly
—and seem to be composed of an interrupted series
of faint bluish-white streaks and dots ; on each seg-
ment between the dorsal and subdorsal lines is a
large square purplish-black mark, and these marks,
together with the pale dorsal line, form the most
noticeable feature in the larva. There are no per-
ceptible spiracular lines, but the spiracles are black
and very distinct. The usual trapezoidal dots small
and indistinct, of the pale colour of the subdorsal
lines.

Ventral area and pro-legs uniformly dingy glaucous-
green, with a purplish tinge; the anterior legs pale
straw-colour, and having immediately in front, and
also immediately behind each of them, a short black
streak. :

The larve fed up well on birch, and on or about
May 23rd, both dissappeared below the surface of the
earth for pupation.

The moths, perfect specimens, emerged together on
June 16, a month earlier than the species is usually
seen in a wild state in Yorkshire. (G. TT. Porritt, 7th
January, 1893, H.M.M., XXIX, 41, February, 1893.)

As Mr. Porritt did not see the young larva of
O. suspecta, I add a few notes of my own observa-
tions :

The eggs were packed closely together side by side,
_and appeared to have been thrust in between two sur-
faces, and it resulted both from this (if so) and also
from areal identity, that they reminded me greatly of
those of Cerastis vaccini. A closer examination only
confirmed this impression ; the diameter was 0°8 mm.,
most of the eggs were more or less distorted, indented,
or flattened, so that it was only by securing a favour-

ORTHOSIA SUSPEOTA. 61

able specimen that it was seen to have a fine cone,
surrounded by an irregular raised wall, formed by the
summits of the ribs, about thirty-one in number, and
badly defined. The eggs were in places covered by
a pavement of battledore moth scales, whether pur-
posely, or by accident I could not be sure.

I got some OC. vaccini eggs to compare, and could
really detect no difference. The young larve of both
were much alike, but O. suspecta tied its leaves together
more or less, a habit which I have never noticed in
C. vaccinw, the larva being satisfied with such shelter
as curled or applied leaves afford.

When in their penultimate skins, they were of almost
the same outline, O. swspecta much darker in colouring.
In tubercles, head hairs, plates on second and
fourteenth segments, and especially in the forms of the
marblings, from which the markings of Orthosia larvee
result, they are identical; both also taper remarkably
to the head, a feature which is even more pronounced in
adult O. suspecta, but is nearly lost in adult C. vaccini.
The most evident difference (apart from the darker
colouring of O. suspecta) is that in O. suspecta the
pale dorsal line is very marked and distinct, and
the subtrapezoidal line is broken into by the mar-
blings, so as to be discontinuous, though recognisable
as a line. In C. vaccinw the subtrapezoidal is more
pronounced than the dorsal line, it is ragged, but
broad enough not to be quite interrupted by the mar-
blings. The dorsal line in C. vaccinit is narrow,
and differs little from the ground colour, though it
is as smooth and well defined as in O. suspecta.

In accordance with the darker colour of O. suspecta,
the pale dots around the tubercles are smaller, and
hardly form a feature in the general facies of the
larva, and in the case of the anterior trapezoidals,
they do not extend in front of the tubercles. Simi-
larly, the plate on second segment has its dark areas
both darker and rather larger in O. suspecta. —

The lateral line separating the darker dorsal from

62 ORTHOSIA SUSPEOCTA.

the paler ventral portion of the larva has the same
disposition in both. It takes in the pale area round
the anterior spiracular tubercle, from which a pale
line goes beneath the spiracle, thus claiming the
spiracle for the line or dorsal area. On the eleventh
and twelfth segments the spiracles are plainly in the
dorsal area in both species. In O. suspecta the inner
margin of the subtrapezoidal line on the dorsal plate
of segment two is curved inwards; in C. vacconin
nearly straight. All this takes long description, but
as a matter of fact, the actual differences are trifling ;
so that up to this point O. suspecta and C. vaccinm
present only trifling specific differences.

In the last skin O. suspecta retains the small head,
and becomes so richly coloured as to remind one of
Teniocampa rubricosa.

The pupa is very like that of C. vaccinw, but more
slender and tapering. The anal armature is also
similar. In O. suspecta the wrinkled boss is larger
and longer, and so the secondary spines which cross
the two principal lyre-shaped spines in C. vaccinw,
arise further from the apex, and do not do more than
fully reach them.

In larve and pupz the species of Xanthia and
Orthosia differ from each other, often in small matters
only, and Cerastis is not far off, but O. suspecta much
more resembles Cerastis than it does Xanthia or Or-
thosia, at least as pupa, and as egg and young larva.
(T. A. Chapman, Pre 1893, H.M.M., XXIX, 42,
February, 1893.)

ANCHOCELIS RUFINA.
Plate LXXXIII, fig. 1.
On October 27th, 1882, Messrs. J. and W. Davis

sent me three dozen ege's of this species laid on a piece
of oak twig, side by, side in rows and scattered groups

ANCHOCELIS RUFINA. 63

on the bark, to which they closely assimilated in
colour. |

The egg is of acircular shape, flattened beneath and
rounded above, and numerously ribbed and rather
elistening; in colour pinkish-brown above with a
paler blotch on one side of the circumference; a zone
follows of rather deeper pinkish-brown ; and the base
is a pale drab tint. On the 4th of April, 1883, some
of the eggs changed to dark drab and others to a
hehter colour of a pale drab all over ; and by the even-
ing of the 5th six hatched, two in the morning of the
6th, three on the 8th, four onthe 9th, one in the even-
ing, two on the 10th, one on the 11th, and one on the
12th. |

The young larve, which were fed with elm buds just
bursting, appeared strong and vigorous, and looped
in walking. Their colour was a tender drab-grey, or
pinkish-grey, with deeper grey-brown dorsal vessel
showing through the skin as far as the tenth segment ;
the head lightish brown and glossy ; tubercles indis-
tinct, but the hairs from them very perceptible; the
last three segments dirty whitish, but in a few hours
after feeding these became, like the rest of the body,
a pale drab; a light or whity-brown plate is on the
second segment, well divided in the middle by two
dusky lines and similarly edged at the sides; the
tubercles dusky and the hairs also; in three days’
time their bodies were of a uniform drab tint and —
showed the details of dusky dots and hairs distinctly.
On the 14th of April they had become green with
shining skin, having a whitish dorsal stripe, whitish
subdorsal and lateral lines, and a broad whitish
spiracular stripe ; when walking they loop, using three
pairs of ventral legs, holding on with them and the
anal pair, with the first ventral pair shorter and held
free when at rest in the letter s-like posture; on the
17th, all the lines were, when seen through a lens,
beautifully distinct ; only a brown outline discernible
of the front plate, as the second segment is marked

64. ANCHOCELIS RUFINA.

like the others. On the 21st, some were laid up, and
others had got over their moult; the white stripes
and lines are still more distinct than before, and the
green ground is more bluish-green ; and a fine black
line forms the edge in strong contrast to the very broad
white spiracular stripe. On the 2nd of May, one had
now moulted again (probably for the third time) ; it
was noticeable now that the subdorsal and lateral lines
are much faded and only just discernible ; the dorsal
stripe is still whitish, and the broad spiracular stripe
is as brilhantly white as ever; noticeable now too is
the fact of the tubercular dots being changed from
dark to light, as they are now rather whitish and larger
in proportion. This stage was reached by most on the
9th of May, though some were laid up in preparation ;
the rich deep green colouring isnow very bright. May
12th,the most advanced have now changed from green
to brown, though many are still green but dingier. On
the 18th, when I figured one, the dorsal line is very
dirty whitish ; the spiracular stripe remains pure
white ; the other lines, though suffused with the
ground colour, can yet be traced, though only by the
dark freckly edging ; the tubercular dots are whitish
and in threes on each side of the back; the first of
each three is the smallest ; the spiracles are black and
at the upper edge of the white stripe; its stoutness is
now much increased and the length 1s nine lines. On
the 24th they had again moulted, and on the 25th
they measured one inch in length and most were of a
brownish-green, others being brown, the details as
before; the spiracular stripe still white; the paler
spots still distinct; during three days, although they
had plenty of fresh food, yet they betrayed a propen-
sity to cannibalism, as three that were laid up to
moult were devoured, a part of one only remaining to
account for the diminished number, On the 27th,
several were found dead and flaccid, which caused me
to change their food from elm to oak. Now, except-
ing just on the thoracic segments, the dorsal stripe

ANCHOOELIS RUFINA. 65

and the subdorsal and lateral lines are almost entirely
suffused with the ground colouring, the spots paler
and distinct, the spiracular stripe still conspicuously
white. By the 1st of June they were full-grown and
measured when stretched out one and a half to one
and five-eighths of an inch, the thoracic segments
tapering to the head, which is the smallest ; the rest
of the body cylindrical; segments plump; the colour
is rather olivaceous-brown, thickly freckled with
darker so as to obliterate all lines, there being but
slight paler indications of dorsal and subdorsal ones
on the second, and all the spots slightly paler, defined
with darker than the ground, in threes along the
back; the belly rather lighter but similar to the back ;
the spiracles black, at the upper edge of a pure white
stripe, which is attenuated towards the head and on
the last segment ; a dark brown streak on each lobe
of the head, which is finely reticulated. (W.B., 1882,
Note Book IV, 179.)

ANUHOCELIS LUNOSA.
Plate LXXXIII, fig. 3.

I should not offer a description of this larva were it
not that I think it scarcely comes under the generic
characters given of the Anchocelis larvee in the
‘Manual,’ whilst some of its distinguishing characters
are omitted in the specific description after Guenée.

In October, 1865, Mr. H. Terry sent us some eggs,
the larvee from which I found feeding by the 28th of
that month. ‘hey were then of a dull blue-green,
with black heads, and rested on blades of grass, with
their heads turned round sideways. On February 22nd,
1866, I noted that they were of various lengths, from
one-third to half an inch, and the smaller ones were
still green, whilst most of the bigger ones (being a
moult in advance) had a brownish tinge ; and all had

VOL. V.

66 ANCHOCELIS LUNOSA.

a pale dorsal line and a pale ochreous collar behind
the head.

In April they attained their full growth, when I
took the following description: Length, one and a
quarter inches; stoutish, cylindrical, tapering slightly
towards the extremities; head round; dorsal plate on
segments two and thirteen; the warts large, con-
Spicuous, raised, and emitting bristles; skin (not
velvety, but) shining. Ground colour usually an olive-
brown, darker all over the back as low as the subdorsal
line; dorsal and subdorsal lines fine, ochreous; side
below the subdorsal line paler than the back, but
deepening towards the spiracles, which are placed in
a dark line; below the spiracles the colour is a dull
purplish-brown; head pale brown; the plate on
second segment pale yellow (very conspicuous) edged
behind with black.

There were varieties which retained a great deal of
their juvenile greenness to the last, the side between
the subdorsal line and the spiracles being more green
than brown, and the belly pale greenish ; and there was
one larva which remained quite green all over, the
back being deepest in tint, just as in the brown variety ;
the warts in this larva were not so conspicuous, but
in every case the pale yellow of the second segment is
very striking. (J. H., Jan. 28, 1867; H.MM., III,
260, April, 1867.)

ANCHOCELIS LITURA.
Plate LXXXITI, fig. 4.

I owe my acquaintance with this as well as several
other species, to the great kindness of Mr. George
Norman, of Forres, who sent mea batch of eggs on
October 2nd, 1869; they were mostly laid thickly
together in a flattish mass on a piece of paper, though
there were some few loose and separate from each
other; they began to hatch with Mr. Hellins at Exeter

ANCHOCELIS LITURA. 67

on the 5th of April, 1870; by the 22nd, the larve
were three-eighths of an inch long; by May loth they
had attained twice that length, and about the end of
the month they, like mine, all went to earth; the
moths appeared September 2nd to 11th. With me,
however, the eggs did not hatch before the 11th of
April, 1870.

The shape of the egg is circular, but flattened, and
greatly depressed in the centre, shghtly ribbed and
reticulated, having withal a shrivelled, empty appear-
ance, as though its contents had been squeezed or
dried out of it; the colour at first is pale yellow, soon
after turning to a slightly pinkish leaden hue, and the
shell is very glistening—in fact, the flat mass of eggs
seemed smeared over with a coating of transparent
varnish or gum, which I fancy would in nature attach
them to some cover on the upper as well as the lower
surface ; I think they would be laid in cracks, or under
loose bits of bark; as the time of hatching approached
‘the colour seemed but very little heightened, and when
the young larve had emerged from them, the empty
shells looked brilliantly crystalline.

The newly-hatched larvae were pinkish-grey in
colour, with the dorsal vessel appearing as a dark
grey, leaden stripe, the pale brown head large in pro-
portion; within a fortnight they became of a dull
flesh colour; after the second moult they were pale
greyish-green, and soon turned darker, then showing
the usual lines pale and distinct, their length being
now three-eighths of an inch, and their figure pro-
-portionately stout; by the 6th of May they were five-
eighths of an inch long, of a yellowish-green colour,
the lines rather paler green, the tubercular dots
exceedingly small and blackish; by the 15th they
were three-quarters of an inch long, of a pale yellow-
green, the lines all present but unobtrusive; up to
this time they had fed almost entirely on the common
garden monthly rose, which they preferred from the

first to all other food given them in great variety from

68 ANCHOCELIS LITURA.

time to time; but at this period they were tried with
bramble, and after tasting it, they no longer cared for
rose, and thenceforward fed up chiefly on brambles of
different species.

The full-grown larva was one inch and a half in
length, moderately stout, cylindrical, and uniform in
bulk, with tolerably well-defined segmental divisions ;
the colour on the back and sides, as far as the spiracles,
green, somewhat inclining to olive, and freckled with
a little darker green, and on this freckled surface the
dorsal and subdorsal lines could be distinctly traced,
a little paler than the ground, but edged with inter-
rupted, freckly, almost blackish, lines, which, in some
instances, especially with the dorsal line, seemed
almost to obscure the pale line they enclosed; the
tubercular dots were also paler than the ground, and
very finely ringed with darker green; the boundary
of this green colouring along the side was completed
by a black line, interrupted only where the spiracles
(white, outlined with black) were placed upon it;
immediately beneath the spiracles the contrast of
whitish-yellow deepened a little by degrees into a pale
yellowish-green; which was the colour of the belly and
legs ; these last were tipped with brownish; the head
was brownish-green, freckled with darker; the second
segment was not very different in texture from the
rest of the body; it was in most examples edged in
front with very dark brown, and the pale lines that
appeared on it were without any dark edging; the
whole brood presented scarcely the least variety, either
in colouring or detail, but were as constant as possible
in their uniformity.

Some of the larve, which were kept in a flower-pot
with sand for soil, formed very neat compact cocoons
of silk, covered thinly but uniformly with the sand,
rather more than five-eighths of an inch long, and
about five-sixteenths broad; probably, in a coarser
soil, they would have been less regular in outline.

The pupa was rather short and stout, smooth and

ANCHOCELIS LITURA. 69

cylindrical, ending in a short pair of blunt spikes,
diverging from each other; the colour a deep reddish-
brown. (W.B., June, 1872; E.M.M., IX, 39, July,
1872.)

DASYCAMPA RUBIGINEA.
Plate LXXXIV, fig. 2.

On March 21st, 1868, Mr. Thomas Terry, of Babbi-
combe, took a female at sallows, and shut her up in a
glass-topped box about six inches square, putting in for
her food a little plum-jam. On March 28th he saw two
egos had been laid on the box; on the 30th, three
more ; on April lst, two more on the box, and four
on a sprig of blackthorn which he had supplied. These
were followed by three or four more, for which I have
no dates, and were all laid singly, on the underside
of a leaf, or under any little projection in the box.
How, after this again, the unhappy moth stuck in the
jam, and perished miserably with eighty-seven eggs
in her still unlaid ; how, of the few secured, bad luck
pursued nearly one-third, either before or just after
the hatching of the larve, I will not relate at length ;
I mention these mishaps only to enhance Mr. Terry’s
liberality in still sparing eggs and larve to Mr. Buckler
and myself.

The larvee were hatched between April 19th and
23rd; fed freely on plum-leaves, and not so well on
sloe, sometimes taking to knot-grass, and became
full-fed from June 15th to 20th; and the moths
appeared between September 8th and 20th.

The egg is unusually large for a Noctua, quite as
large as that of Xylocampa lithorhiza ; m shape round
and full above, but rather flattened below; the sur-
face is glistening, and ornamented with more than
thirty slight longitudinal ribs, of which more than
half terminate before reaching the apex; these ribs

70 DASYCAMPA RUBIGINEA.

are connected by very slight transverse reticulations.
The colour at firstis whitish, faintly tinged with yellow,
but it soon becomes blotched with brownish-buff, in
some specimens irregularly, in others more regularly
with a central spot at the top, and a broad belt round
the middle, and to the naked eye the egg now appears
something the colour of a grain of wheat; after a
time the blotches turn to puce, and finally the whole
ego becomes pale purplish. :

The larva at first is of a semi-translucent purplish
tint, with brown shining head, and the usual dots
black and distinct, each emitting a long wavy whitish
hair. The first food eaten is the empty egg-shell, but
after the larva has begun to eat leaves its colour
soon becomes greenish. After a few days the colour
changes to brown, and the hairs show golden in the
sunshine; and after another moult the brown becomes

darker, and the transverse rows of tubercular dots _

show to the naked eye lke dark bands. When
about three-quarters of an inch in length it assumes
a waxy shining appearance, reminding one of an
Agrotis, with the head and collar shining black, but
after the next moult it comes out at first nearly black
allover ; this nigritude does not, however, last long ;
in a day or two the skin becomes paler, and from this
time till it attains the length of oneand one-eighth inches
the description is as follows :—The ground colour
ochreous-brown, with rather pale dorsal, subdorsal,
and spiracular lines; the head dark brown; a dark
brown dull plate on second segment, also on tip of the
anal segment ; the tubercular dots black and very
_ distinct, the first dorsal pair of them in each segment
after the fourth being placed in a blackish-brown |
transversely oval patch, which interrupts the dorsal
line ; the body thinly covered with very fine silky,
brown hairs ; in some specimens the oval dorsal
patches are replaced by pairs of oblong dots, separated
by the dorsal line. The length of the full-grown
larva is one and a quarter inches when at rest, but more

DASYCAMPA RUBIGINEA. 71

than one and a half when in motion, its powers of
self-extension or contraction being much greater than
those of any other Noctua larva with which I am
acquainted ; the figure stoutest at the twelfth seg-
ment, and thence tapering regularly to the head, which
is the smallest segment, and the thirteenth tapering
rapidly behind, the anal pair of legs being remarkably
close together; the skin is soft, and each segment swells
out plump in the middle; all the tubercles and the
plate on the thirteenth segment have disappeared,
and amongst the long fine silky hairs there is now a
erowth of shorter ones. The colour is now purplish-
brown, glistening in certain positions with a faint
violet, mealy gloss; the pulsating dorsal vessel shows
as an indistinct paler line ; the dark patches down the
back have become in some instances a thick, clumsy
X on each segment, in others a pair of curved blotches,
and there are also pairs of smaller and fainter dots on
seoments two, three, and four, those on four being the
largest, and of a square form ; the head is intensely
black ; the region of the back is curiously freckled with
very fine blackish-brown curved marks, which, how-
ever, do not touch the X marks, but allow them, as it
were, to stand out more distinctly ; and in the same
way the subdorsal and spiracular lines are to be dis-
tinguished by the absence of these freckles from the
ground colour, rather than by any decided line of
another tint ; the spiracles small, black, and shining ;
the belly paler than the back, and somewhat tinged
with green; the hairs are all of a beautiful golden
brown. The habit of the larva seemed to be to hide
itself by day, in spite of its silky, Bombyz-hke clothing,
and to feed and move at night; and I fancy its food,
when at large, must consist of low plants, rather
than trees or shrubs, otherwise we should hear of its
capture.

The Zoological Record (vol. II, 1865) does indeed
contain notices, extracted from Berl. Ent. Zeits.,
1865, p. 112, and Stett. Hnt. Zeits., 1865, p. 113, of

(2 DASYCAMPA RUBIGINEA.

its being found in ants’ nests, those of Formica
fuliginosa ; but its voluntary presence in such a situa-
tion is more than I can comprehend.

When about to change it spins a thin cocoon on
the surface of the ground, working in moss or leaves
above, and bits of earth, etc., below, but still keeping
it of a tolerably oval form. The pupa is about three-
quarters of aninch long, moderately stout, cylindrical,
but a little depressed at the junction of the back of the
thorax with the abdomen ; from this point the abdomen
rather swells out in size for about two-thirds of its
length, and then tapers to a somewhat obtuse point,
which is armed with a single tiny spike, and attached
by two or three threads tothe lining of the cocoon;
the surface is shining; the colour dark purplish- brown.
(J. H., November 26th, 1868, H.M.M., V, 206,
January, 1869.)

XANTHIA CITRAGO.
Plate LXAXXIV, fig. 4.

On the 9th of May, 1871, I received from Mr. John
Firth, of Cleckheaton, a larva of this species; and on
the 13th of May of the present year, half a dozen
from Mr. John Harrison, of Barnsley. At this date
they are about three-quarters of an inch in length, and
have still to go through the last moult; for this
purpose they enclose themselves in loose cocoons,
forming by drawing together together two leaves with
silken threads. Atthe end of May they are full-grown,
and may be described as follows :-—

Length about an inch, and tolerably plump in pro-
portion. The head is very slightly narrower than the
second segment, and still narrower than the third seg-
ment; it has the lobes globular, but the first rather
flattened. Body cylindrical, tapering a very little
towards the head; segmental divisions tolerably dis-
tinct, but not deeply cut; skin soft and smooth.

XANTHIA CITRAGO. 7a}

Ground colour of the dorsal surface dark olive-grey ;
head smooth and shining, the upper part pale brown,
the lower dark sienna-brown. Medio-dorsal line dirty
white ; subdorsal lines similar in colour, but narrower
and less distinct ; spiracular region dull whitish grey.
On the second segment, just behind the head, is a
semicircular black mark, divided by the medio-dorsal
line ; above, and bordering the subdorsal lines, is a
conspicuous series of longitudinal black marks, having
the appearance of interrupted black stripes. Trape-
zoidal dots distinct, white. Spiracles enclosed in a
black mark, very minute, greyish white. Ventral
surface and pro-legs uniformly dirty green, the skin
semi-translucent ; legs black and shining. Shortly
before spinning up, the ground colour of the dorsal
surface changes to yellowish brown. Feeds on lime.
'The cocoon is formed by drawing closely together
several of the growing leaves, and the larva remains
inside for two or three weeks before assuming the
pupa state. The moths from my larve appeared at
the end of July. (Geo. T. Porritt, November 11,
1872; Ent., VI, 257, December, 1872.)

XANTHIA CERAGO.
Plate LXXXIV, fig. 5.

[Mr. Buckler published his descriptions of the larva
of this species along with those of the larva of
X. flavago (silago), under the title of ‘Comparative
Notes on the Larvee of Xanthia cerago and silago,’ as
follows : |

Not until the season of 1869 have I had a good
opportunity of really knowing the difference between
these two species in the larval state, and for this
reason: I never till then had both at the same time,
but only one or two of either at long intervals, so that —
in my recollection they had somehow got to be so
much alike as not to he known the one from the other.

Al XANTHIA CERAGO.

No doubt this confusion had arisen in part from my
having taken two or three figures at different times of
solitary examples too far matured ; recent experience
having demonstrated that when they are full-fed, or
nearly approaching that condition, their distinctive
characters have faded away, and their identification is
then hopeless. I have therefore thought that a
description of both X. cerago and X. silago may be of
use to some who, perhaps, like myself, have hitherto
been unable to distinguish the one larva from the
other as they chanced to come under notice.

My sincere thanks are justly due for the kindness
and liberality I experienced on the 29th of April from
Dr. F. Buchanan White, of Perth, and on May the 4th
from Mr. George Baker, of Derby, they having both
sent me an abundant supply of sallow catkins con-
taining young larve of both species; and I may
mention that thenceforth these larve all fed and throve
well on sallow leaves, and the moths appeared from
the 30th of July to the 14th of August. |

In both species the body of the larva is cylindrical,
having the segments plump and deeply defined, and
tapering a little anteriorly ; the head decidedly smaller
than the second segment ; the hinder segment tapering
also, and the anal pro-legs very close together beneath
its extremity.

The larva of X. cerago has on the upper surface, as
far as the black spiracles, a ground colour of reddish-
brown or purplish-brown, and beneath the spiracles a
much paler tint of the same; the ventral surface pale
greyish-violet with a slight tinge of bluish-green on
the anterior segments; the whole upper surface is
freckled with dark brown excepting the segmental
divisions, which, when stretched out, are seen to be
unfreckled, and of rather a violet tinge.

The dorsal line, when visible, is pale brownish-
ochreous, often obscured by the two dark brown lines
that enclose it, and these often run together in a dark
brown spot at the beginning of each segment, are lost

XANTHIA CERAGO. 75)

in the middle, and reappear at the end; for on the
middle of each segment is a diamond shape of dark
brown composed of thickly aggregated freckles; the
subdorsal is a dark brown freckled line forming the
upper boundary of a broad side-band of dark freckles,
extending to the spiracles, which are situated on its
lower edge; the subspiracular region, belly and legs,
are faintly freckled with pale brown ; the head 1s dark
brown ; the second segment has a black velvety collar
or plate rounded behind, on which the subdorsal lines
appear conspicuously whitish or pale ochreous, with
sometimes a faint indication of a dorsal line on it;
the anal tip is often similarly marked; the tubercular
dots are often distinctly visible on the back in three
pairs on each segment (two pairs being the usual
allowance) scarcely paler than the ground colour, and
ringed with dark brown.

When young, some larve of this species are much
darker, with the marks and freckles almost black;
but as they increase in size they become paler. In
short, the distinct series of diamond shapes down the
back and the broad dark band along the sides are
characters that effectually distinguish this species.

The larva of X. silago, though of similar size, form,
and general aspect of colouring, yet, when closely
scrutinised, presents to view a different design in the
ornamentation.

The freckling on the back extends on either side as
far as the subdorsal region, forming on each segment
an irregular squarish shape, quite uniform in depth of
colouring, with the dorsal line only just indicated at
the segmental divisions ; the subdorsal region forms
the upper boundary of a very broad stripe of paler
freckling, followed by a much narrower and still paler
one, and then a broad one of similar depth of colour
to the back, but with more of a violet hue; the rest
may be described in the same terms used for similar
parts of the larva of X. cerago. (W.B., February,
1870; H.M.M., VI, 262, April, 1870.)

76 XANTHIA FLAVAGO.

XANTHIA FLAVAGO.
Plate LXXXIV, fig. 6.

[See under X. cerago for Mr. Buckler’s ‘ Comparative
Notes on the Larve of Xanthia cerago and silago,’
published in E.M.M., VI, 262, April, 1870. |

XANTHIA GILVAGO.
Plate LXXXV, fig. 1.

I feel greatly obliged to the Rev. J. Hellins, Mr.
Albert Jones, and Mr. George Baker, of Derby, for
their kindness in giving me this season the opportunity
of figuring and describing the larva of this species, and
also that of X. ferruginea ; and especially to Mr. Baker
for his caution that the latter species might be amongst
the larvee of the former, otherwise I might have kept
them together and been defeated.

But the extra trouble of figuring and keeping each
larva separate has been rewarded, as it has enabled
me to point out the distinction between two very
similar larvee that may be easily mistaken for each
other. The quotation from Guenée in the ‘ Manual’
says of X. gilvago— larva undescribed, because so
common’; a passage I never fully comprehended
until recently.

Both species of larvee, obtained from seeds of wych-
elm, were sent me as X. gilvago, from 6th to 8th of
June, within a few days or a week of their being full-
fed, and the perfect insects appeared from August 24th
to September 5th.

The larva of X. gilvago, when full-grown, is about
one inch or an inch and one-eighth in length, rather
thick and plump behind, tapering a little gradually
towards the head, and a little just at the anal segment.

XANTHIA GILVAGO. a.

The ground colour above is greyish-brown, having
a pinkish tinge, darkest on the thoracic segments ;
the lines similar, but of a paler tint; head reddish-
brown ; a blackish-brown plate rounded behind on the
second segment, through which run the pale dorsal
and subdorsal lines; these lines are, however, on the
third and fourth segments, generally much suffused
with ground colour, and not always, though sometimes,
very distinct on the rest of the body.

The dorsal line is in some entire, and in others
interrupted in the middle of each segment by suffusion
of the dark purplish-brown marks it travels through,
but it is generally distinct at the beginning of each
segment, being there broadly edged with blackish.
The purplish-brown mark of each segment on the
back is in the centre somewhat of a diamond form,
truncated behind, especially on the eleventh and twelfth
segments, with the addition of a wedge shape on each
anterior side united with it, their points close to the
beginning of each segment, and their broad ends
forming part of the diamond shape. The subdorsal
line paler than the ground colour, often suffused at the
end, but visible at the beginning of each segment,
being there edged above by a short blackish-brown
streak, which forms the point of the wedge portion of
the dark mark of the back. The sides shghtly mottled
with purplish-brown, chiefly about the black spiracles,
and close beneath them is a pale stripe of yellowish-
grey, its upper edge still paler; the belly and legs of a
similar tint, but a trifle darker. The four tubercular
pale dots, ringed with dark brown, are situated within
the dark marks on the back of each segment. Thisis
a distinction by which it may be readily identified.
(W.B., H.M.M., IV, 156, December, 1867.)

18 XANTHIA FERRUGINEA.

XANTHIA FERRUGINEA.
Plate LXXXYV, fig. 2.

Though a trifle larger, yet in form and structure
this larva closely resembles that of X. gilvago, but
with the following exceptions :

The general colouring is of a browner tint, some-
times of an ochreous-brown. :

The series of dark central marks on the back, with
their dark wedges, assume together more compact
forms of an urn shape, being attenuated behind, so
that a constant character appears in the hinder pair of
tubercular dots being outside the dark urn shapes.
On referring to figures of this species of 1861 and
1865, the same characters are apparent, though two
of them found under common ash varied much in
colour, one being a grey variety, and the other a
brighter and more distinctly marked example than any
of those on wych-elm. (W.B., H.M.M., LV, 180,
January, 1868.)

CIRR@DIA XERAMPELINA.
Plate LXXXYV, fig. 3.

In April, 1866, the Rev. Joseph Greene kindly sent
me a larva he had found concealed in a chink of an
ash-trunk ; but as the imago did not appear, its
identity was not established till the present season.

On the 22nd of May, 1867, I had the pleasure to
receive another similar larva, detected in a like situa-
tion near Leominster by Mr. Thomas Hutchinson, who
also generously consigned it to me, enabling me to
secure two figures of it in mature growth.

When full-fed, it spun a rather small cocoon, covered
with grains of earth to which a few particles of moss
adhered ; and the perfect insect came forth on the 5th
of September.

~ GIRR@DIA XERAMPELINA. 79

The first larva was found before the ash trees had
put forth blossoms, and ash buds were given it for
food, into which the larva ate round holes, burrowed,
and devoured the interiors.

The second and full-grown larva came after the
ash had assumed its foliage, and it partook of young
shoots for a few days before spinning. The larva had
then attained nearly one inch and a quarter in length,
and was rather broad in proportion, the head rather
smaller than the next segment. Viewed sideways, it
appeared tapering gradually towards the head, and
from the eleventh segment to the anal extremity ; but
seen on the back, it looked of almost uniform width, |
excepting just at eachend. The divisions deeply cut,
giving each segment a plump appearance.

The larva, when two-thirds grown, is very sugges-
tive of lichen, and of a lichen-feeder. Its head is
shining dark grey-brown, mottled and streaked with
darker blackish-brown; a black shining plate on the
second segment having two rather broad angulated
whitish stripes. The back and sides are brownish-
grey, delicately mottled with a darker tint of the same.

The dorsal stripe is dirty whitish, edged with black,
and is on the third and fourth segments continuous,
but contracted and expanded, while on the others it is
only visible, and expanded towards the end of each
seoment, excepting the twelfth and thirteenth, where it
is widened into a broad blotch, extending to the sub-
dorsal region, and strongly margined with black;
from its base on the middle segments is a brownish-
grey streak on either side, curved obliquely forward to
the middle of the subdorsal line. The tubercular dots
whitish, delicately ringed with black, and with minute
black centres, each with a short and very fine hair.

The subdorsal line is a very thin thread of dirty
whitish, delicately and interruptedly edged with black ;
the space between it and the spiracular region is
greyish-brown, darker than the back, and having a
paler blotch in the middle of each segment.

80 CIRR@DIA XERAMPELINA.

The spiracular stripe is a pale freckled brownish-
grey, edged above by a black line; the spiracles dirty
whitish, outlined with grey, and inconspicuous. The
belly and legs aslightly mottled greenish-grey.

When full-grown, the broad dorsal stripe of dirty
whitish appears faintly continuous, and widest in the
middle of each segment, and margined at each seg-
mental division before and behind with stout thick
black curves. |

On the anal extremity a thick cruciform black
mark.

Its perfect assimilation to the crevices in the bark
of ash trees accounts partly for its remaining so long
undiscovered, or at least undescribed, in this country.
(W. B., E.M.M., IV, 186, November, 1867.)

TETHEA RETUSA.
Plate LXXXV, fig. 5.

I believe this species is not yet considered to be
common, so perhaps it may not be uninteresting to
state that we take it here | Exeter | in some seasons, by
searching for the larve in the folded leaves and shoots
of various kinds of sallows, about the end of May and
beginning of June. At that time of the year, indeed,
numbers of common larve are to be found in this
way, such as Teniocampa stabilis, T. cruda, Orthosia
lota, Cosma trapezina, Hpwnda wminalis, occasionally
Cerastis vaccinu and CU. spadicea (these two probably
hiding in leaves spun together by other species), and
always Hypsipetes elutaria and Chevmatobia brumata,
as well as some of the Tortrices ; but the only larva
with which 7. retusa is likely to be confounded is
that of H. viminalis ; I have therefore described the
former rather fully, and pointed out the characters
which distinguish it from the latter.

Tethea retusa, when full-grown, is about an inch in
length, tapering slightly towards each end, and flat

TETHEA RETUSA. 81

beneath ; the head small, rounded, and rather flat ;
skin very delicate and thin, so that the lines on it
show almost as if ribbed or raised, and the internal
organs partially show through it. The colour 1s a pale
dull green, with a yellow tinge towards the head and
tail ; a broad dorsal stripe, a fine subdorsal, and an
undulating spiracular line, all whitish in colour; the
spiracles not visible ; the head generally yellowish-
green, but sometimes very dark blackish-brown ; occa-
sionally also there is a dark collar on the second seg-
ment; young larve sometimes have the usual dots,
very visible and black, but lose all trace of them as
they grow bigger.

‘he characters printed above in italics distin-
euish this larva from that of Hpunda wminalis, which
has a much firmer texture of skin, a thicker and more
corneous head (which is pale grey with the lobes out-
lined in black) ; the lines more sharply defined, and
two pairs of whitish dots on the back of each segment.
(J. H., October 9, 1867; E.M.M., IV, 180, January,
1868.)

EUPERIA FULVAGO.
Plate LXXXVI, fig. 1.

For many years Sherwood Forest in Nottingham-
shire was considered the only British locality where
this pretty species could be taken in numbers. There
it used to be, and I suppose still is, a most abundant
moth. Odd specimens were very occasionally taken in
other and very widely separated localities in England
and Scotland, but it was not until 1888, when Mr. J.
N. Young, of Rotherham, and his friends, took twenty-
six specimens in Wadworth Wood, near Doncaster,
that another locality was found where it could be relied
on to occur in some plenty, as the two seasons which
have elapsed since then have sufficiently proved.

VOL. V.

82 EUPERIA FULVAGO.

By previous arrangement, I met Mr. Young in Wad-
worth Wood on the 21st of June, 1890, and found
that by the time I arrived he had already made a good
haul of Huperia fulvago larvee, along with many other
species. He had gone the previous evening to “sugar,”
remained in the wood all night, and commenced to
beat for larve at daybreak. We set to work together
at the birches, and [ had before long the satisfaction
of finding that the ‘early bird”? had not got quite
all “the worms;”’ for by the time I discontinued
beating, a fair number had found their way into my
boxes. We were, however, clearly a week too late,
as although a few larve were small, by far the greater
part were quite full-fed, and evidently most had
already left the trees.

The full-grown larva is about an inch and a half
in length, and of moderate bulk in proportion ; head
very slightly narrower than the second segment, the
lobes round and polished; body cylindrical, and of
nearly uniform width throughout; skin soft, and so
translucent that the pulsations of the internal vessels
can be distinctly seen through it.

Ground colour pale dingy green, with the appear-
ance of having been dusted over with a white powder ;
head pale yellow, the mandibles black, and on each
side, a little above the mandibles, and towards the
outside, is a small red spot; medio-dorsal and sub-
dorsal lines white; the spiracular stripe is composed
of two waved lines, also white ; this stripe encloses the
spiracles, which are white, edged all round with
purple; segmental divisions yellow, this colour showing
— especially when the larva is crawling.

Ventral area and pro-legs uniformly pale dingy
green, the anterior legs still paler, and shghtly tipped
with black.

The young larve found did not appear to differ
either in shape or colouring from the adult specimens.

Feeds on birch, and rests coiled round in the middle
of a leaf with the head close to the other extremity, just

EUPERIA FULVAGO. 83

as does the larva of Cymatophora JNORLEOTUS when
full-grown.

The larvee all pupated below the surface of the earth
in their cage, and the moths emerged from July 25th
to August 4th. (G.'T. Porritt, April, 1891; H.M.M.,
XX VII, 121, May, 1891.)

DicycLa Oo.
Plate LXXXVI, fig. 2.

The furious salt gale of the 29th of April, 1882,
damaged the trees in most localities to such an extent
that it was a hopeless task to go beating for the larvee
usually taken by that process in May; but of course,
there were scme trees so situated as to be guarded by
high ground from the stroke of the blast, and from
one such oak tree my friend, the Rev. John Hellins,
was fortunate enough to obtain the larva of this
species.

As far as we know, neither the larva nor the imago
had been taken in Devonshire before, so itis an addition
to the local fauna of that county.

When first taken, 19th of May, it was not come to
full growth, being less than an inch in length, and
was preparing for a moult, so that its appearance
puzzled Mr. Hellins, who sent it to me as perhaps the
young stage of some Teniocampa, which he had for-
gotten, and in this, without closely examining more
than the first two segments protruding from some
_ leaves and portending a moult, [acquiesced ; however,
an examination of the larva after the completion of
its moult, and further correspondence, soon convinced
me it was no Tenicampa, and reference to a copy
which I had by me of Hibner’s figure of D. 00 showed
me at once that I had at last obtained an example of
that desideratum.

The moult took place during night or early i in the
morning of May 22nd, and in course of that morning

84 DICYCLA OO.

I saw the larva feeding well as it lay quite openly
exposed to view, though afterwards it kept itself more
secluded, both by day and night, amongst the leaves
of the oak spray provided for it, but, so far as I could
see, without spinning them together, and it became
full-crown by the 27th, and went to earth on the 29th ;
and the imago, a male, appeared on the 8th of July.

Very soon after the moult it was nearly an inch
long, and when full-grown and stretched out, one inch
and four and a half lines in length, very cylindrical,
' the head being only a trifle less than the second
segment, and the thirteenth very little tapered; the
head full and rounded, jet-black and glossy; the
ground-colouring of the body was also jet-black above
as far as the anal flap, which was brown, and dark
brown on the belly ; the plate on the second segment
quite as glossy as the head ; the rest of the smooth skin
had but a very slight gioss ; a pure white dorsal stripe
began rather narrow on the plate and thoracic seg-
ments, and from thence much broader on all the others,
but on each of them was contracted in the middle and
divided so as to form a series of long elliptical marks ;
the very thin subdorsal line of pure white began with
two isolated spots on the side margin of the neck
plate, and thence ran uninterrupted to the end of the
anal flap; the broad spiracular stripe of rather
yellowish-white was on the third and fourth segments
interrupted deeply on its upper margin, and from them
passed along of uniform breadth as far as the anal
legs, and having a thin line of dark grey running
through the middle, on which were the spiracles of
red-brown finely outlhned with black; the very small
- tubercular dots of pure white ranged in threes on
either side of the back, and singly above and below
the spiracular region on each segment; the anterior
legs were black; the ventral and anal legs brownish-
ereen and semi-pellucid; the thoracic wrinkles and
segmental divisions showed black upon the white stripes
and lines.

DICYCLA OO. 85

Just before the larva was allowed to enter the earth
it had lost its perfect black ground on the body, which
had become somewhat of a brownish-green.

The cocoon, found about three-quarters of an inch
below the surface of the earth, was of oblong shape,
the diameters eleven lines by eight; it was composed
of earthy particles hghtly held together with a few
threads, and though smooth inside, was without any
perceptible lining of silk.

The pupa skin was seven lines long, very stout in
proportion across the thorax ; the abdominal segments
tapered to the rounded tip furnished with two very
fine straight and pointed spines, smooth in all its
parts; of a dark warm brown colour and glossy.
(W.B., 6th December, 1882; E.M.M., XIX, 208,
February, 1883.)

COSMIA DIFFINIS.
Plate LXXXVI, fig. 4.

Two full-grown larve received from Mr. Henry
Bartlett, feeding on elm, June 8th, 1875. When at
rest they lay curved round on the under side of a leaf.
One, the most mature, measured in length one and
three-eighths, the other one and one-eighth of an inch;
slender in proportion, cylindrical, tapering very shghtly
just near each extremity. ‘The head full and rounded
in size, a trifle less than the second segment; all the
legs well developed ; skin rather wrinkled transversely.
In colour the head is very dark rich brown, becoming
nearly black on the lower portions ; antennal papillee
pale green at the base. The colour of the body pale
green, but not bright, rather inclining to glaucous in
front and a trifle yellower behind. ‘The largest larva
was rather yellower green, and paler than the other.
The dorsal line is of a whitish-buff tint or pale buff;
the subdorsal line whitish and ragged in character,
finely edged with darkish bluish-green, especially

86 COSMIA DIFFINIS.

above; the subspiracular stripe light sulphur-yellow ;
the belly and ventral legs rather paler green than the
back ; the tubercular dots whitish-buff, with minute
blackish centre ; the spiracles dark brownish-red, finely
outlined with black ; the hairs of all the dots exceed-
ingly fine and soft. These larve disliked being exposed,
and were only quiet when they could get on the under
side of a leaf. The anterior legs black on their outer
surfaces, or else entirely, and shining. The surface
of the second segment shining. One larva died, and
one spun up between two elm leaves in a thin silken
cocoon scarcely to beso called. The puparather over
half an inch long, thick and stumpy in figure, rather
rounded in character anteriorly, and tapering suddenly
to the anal tip, which ends in two curly-topped spines,
which are fixed or held fast in a rather dense patch of
silk spun on the leaf in the cavity or rounded-over
chamber formed by spinning the leaves together ; the
chamber is not otherwise lined; the surface of the
pupa appears of a violet tint and dull from being
covered with a bloom or dust. The moth emerged on
the Ist of August. (W.B., 1875, Note Book II, 194,
199.) |

CosMIA AFFINIS.
Plate LXXXVI, fig. 5.

On the dth June, 1886, I received three larve of
this species from the Rev. G. H. Raynor, of Cambridge.
They were feeding on elm, and two days later I de-
scribed them as follows:

Length rather over an inch, and of average propor-
tionate bulk; head glossy, the lobes rounded, about the
same width as the second, but narrower than the third
and following segments; body cylindrical, but has an
uneven appearance, owing to the clearly-cut segmental
divisions ; it tapers from the fifth segment to the head,
and the thirteenth segment shelves off abruptly from

COSMIA AFFINIS. 87

above, and appears much narrower than those preceding
it; skin soft, and sufficiently transparent for the
working of the internal organs to be seen through it.
Ground colour bright pale green, the head with a
sheht yellow tinge; dorsal stripe clear white, as are
also the narrower subdorsal stripes ; spiracular stripes
also white, but having a faint yellowish tinge which is
wanting in the other stripes, and above them, in one
of the specimens, is an irregularly defined stripe of
dark green, which, on the second, third, and fourth
seoments, takes the form of black streaks ; the large
round spiracles are white, enclosing an intensely black
spot, and immediately over, but touching each spiracle,
is another considerably smaller white spot, which also
encloses a minute but equally black dot; the rather
small tubercular spots are white. Ventral surface and
pro-legs uniformly light green ; the anterior legs on the
outside are black, ringed with whitish.

In a few days the larve spun rather loose cocoons
under the leaves or moss at the bottom of their cage,
and two moths emerged on July 19th and 22nd respec-
tively. (G. T. Porritt, May 11th, 1889; E.M.M., XXV,
298, June, 1889.)

The following list of parasites, bred from the larve
or pupse of the species included in the present volume,
has been kindly prepared by Mr. G. C. Bignell, F.E.S.
—R. Mcl.

Host. PARASITE. By whom bred.

Agrotis exclamationis .| Amblyteles Panzeri, Wesmael..., W. Buckler.

Mesoleptus cingulatus, Graven-| R. South.
| horst 3
59 UPPOUBO 0 cco6osa00008 Rhogas dimidiatus, Spinola...... J. Hellins.
; . Meteorus leviventris, Wesmael...|G. C. Bignell.
» agathina ...... Limneria ruficincta, Graven-| Bignell.
horst
Rhogas circumscriptus, Nees...... Bignell.
» porphyrea...... Meteorus pulchricornis,Wesmael, J. H. Wood.

88 PARASITES.

| Host.

PARASITE. By whom bred.
Agrotis preco ......... Ophion luteus, Linné ............ Bignell.
Apanteles ruficrus, Haliday ...... G. T. Porritt.
spurius, Wesmael { Porritt,
e ae a Bignell.
| ss difficilis, Nees ......... Bignell.
» Ashworthi...... Amblyteles armatorius, Forster|C. 8. Gregson.
Ichnewmon primatorius, Forster| Gregson.
Triphena fimbria...... Ichneumon gracilentus, Wesmael|Mrs. Norgate.
primatorius, Forster, Bignell.
Amblyteles notatorius, Fabricius| Bignell.
Campoplex miatus, Gravenhorst| J. M. Young.
Lissonota sulphurifera, Graven- South.
horst
Apanteles fulvipes, Haliday ...... Bignell.
i orbona ...... Amblyteles armatorius, Forster . Bignell.
Apanteles callidus, Haliday...... Bignell.
» fulvipes, Haliday ...... Bignell.

» pronuba ...| Amblyteles armatorius, Forster| BH. A. Butler.
Noctua plecta............ Cryptus obscurus, Gravenhorst] J. Sang.
» triangulum ...| Limneria Brischkei, Bridgman .| Bignell.
*Mesochorus formosus, Bridgman| _ Bignell.
Macrocentrus collaris, Spinola...) Bignell.
Ichneumon multiannulatus, Gra-| Bignell.
venhorst

Ichneumon leucomelas, Gmelin .| Bignell.

Amblyteles margineguttatus,Gra-| Bignell.
venhorst

Phytodietus coryphzeus, Graven-| T. R. Billups.
horst

ONL IVCO eee

Meteorus luwridus, Ruthe ......... Mrs.
Hutchinson.
Sie WP OSGLUC enone Ichneumon gracilentus, Wesmael| B. A. Bower.
an meglecta. ta... Rhogas circumscriptus, Nees ...| Bignell.
4, wanthographa | Apanteles fulvipes, Haliday ...... Bignell.
Trachea pmiperda ...| Henicospilus ramidulus, Linné .| F. Norgate.
Anomalon xanthopus, Schrank... Bridgman.
Campoplex rugulosus, Forster Norgate.
Banchus moniliatus, Graven-| Bignell.
horst
Teniocampa gothica...) Anomalon arquatum, Graven-|- Bignell.
horst
Bs instabilis| Microplitis vidwa, Ruthe......... Bignell.
populets .| Cryptus obscurus, Gravenhorst..| Harwood.
Ophion luteus, Linné............... Bignell.
Campoplex pugillator, Linné ...| Bignell.
” confusus, Forster... Bignell.
ns ebeninus, Graven- Mrs.
horst Hutchinson.

* Hyperparasite on M. collaris.

PARASITES.

39

Host.

PARASITE.

By whom bred.

Tzeniocampa populeti .| Cryptopimpla = Phytodietus| Harwood.
plantarius, Gravenhorst ......
Exorista vulgaris, Fallén ......... Bignell.
As stabilis...| Amblyteles alticola, Grayenhorst Bignell.
*Limneria Kriechbaumeri, Bridg- Bignell.
man
” interrupta, Holmgrén Bignell.
+Mesochorus strenuus, Holmgrén| Bignell.
Rhogas circumscriptus, Nees .... Bignell.
Apanteles solitarius, Ratzeburg) Bignell.
Ns formosus, Wesmael ... Bignell.
Meteorus pulchricornis, Wesmael| Bignell.
Microplitis mediana, Ratzeburg| Bignell.
Hxorista vulgaris, Fallén......... Bignell.
_ lota, Meigen ........... C. W. Dale.
ve gracilis | Limneria Kreichbawmert, Bridg- Bignell.
man
Agrypon flaveolatum, Graven-| Bignell.
horst
es miniosa .| Apanteles solitarius, Ratzeburg Bignell.
{tMicroplitis tuberculifera, Wes-| Bignell.
mael
% cruda ...| Cryptus obscurus, Gravenhorst|T. A.Marshall.
Meteorus wnicolor, Wesmael . } eee ,
utler.
Orthosia ypsilon ...... Ophion obscurum, Fabricius Harwood.
DUG peste paleo. Perilitus unicolor, Wesmael ..... Bignell.
Cerastis spadicea ...... Microplitis mediator, Haliday...| Bignell.
Scopelosoma satellitia.| Meteorus ictericus, Nees ......... Hellins.
Xanthia citrago......... Campoplex nobilitatus, Holm-| Harwood.
gren
Tethea retusa... ........ Apanteles sericeus, Nees ......... Bignell.
ss nothus, Reinhard...... Bignell.
Meteorus unicolor, Wesmael...... Bignell.
i deceptor, Wesmael...... South.
Cosmia trapezina ...... Paniscus virgatus, Fourcroy...... Bignell.
Meteorus pulchricornis,Wesmael| Bignell.

* Cocoon egg-shaped, brown with a white central band, very slightly

suspended by a single thread from a leaf, falls to the ground in a few
days, has the power to bound like a ball, sometimes covering a distance
of from three to four feet; the object, no doubt, is to find a resting-
place between fallen leaves or among stones.

+ Hyperparasite on Limneria Kriechbaumerv.

t Singly from larva not half grown.

VOL. V.

Affinis, Cosmia
Alpina, Pachnobia .
Aquilina, Agrotis .

Bella, Noctua

Cerago, Xanthia
Cinerea, Agrotis
Citrago, Xanthia
Conflua, Noctua
Corticea, Agrotis
Cruda, Tzeniocampa
Cursoria, Agrotis .

Dahli, Noctua
Diffinis, Cosmia
Ditrapezium, Noctua

Exclamationis, Agrotis .

Ferruginea, Xanthia
Flavago, Xanthia .
Fulvago, Kuperia .

Gilvago, Xanthia .
Gothicina, Teniocampa
Gracilis, Taniocampa

90

INDEX.

PAGE
- 86

Leucographa, Tzniocampa

Litura, Anchocelis .
Lunigera, Agrotis .
Lunosa, Anchocelis

Nigricans, Agrotis

Obelisca, Agrotis .
Oo. Dicycla

Opima, Teniocampa
Orbona, Triphena .

Pronuba, Triphena
Puta, Agrotis.

Ravida, Agrotis .
Retusa, Tethea

Rubiginea, Dasycampa .

Rufina, Anchocelis

Silago, Xanthia
Sobrina, Noctua
Subsequa, Triphena
Suspecta, Orthosia.

Umbrosa, Noctua .

Xerampelina, Cirreedia .

PRINTED BY ADLARD AND SON,

BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, E.C., AND 20, HANOVER SQUARE, W.

PAGE
54
66

3
65

19

PEA aiexe
RUSINA TENEBROSA.

1, la,106, 1c, larve after last moult, reared from
egos on lettuce, knot-grass, dock, plantain, vetch, &c.,
October 17th, 1863.

AGROTIS VALLIGERA.

2, 2a, 2b, larve after last moult; on Galwm and
chickweed, May 11th, 1861; under ragwort, July 4th,
1860; imago August 20th, 1860.

AGROTIS PUTA.

3, 3a, 3b, 3¢, reared from eggs on lettuce and root
of garden carrot; figured October 21st and November
8th, 1867; full grown December 24th, 1867.

See pp. 1—3.

AGROTIS SUFFUSA.

4, 4a, 4b, 4c, larvee after last moult; at mangold-
wurzel, June 22nd; imago July 26th, 1870.

AGROTIS SAUCIA.

5,5 a, 5b, 5c, reared from eggs laid September 30th,
hatched October 4th, 1865; 5a figured November
13th; 5, December 2nd; 506, December 9th; 5c,
December 18th; fed on dock and narrow-leaved
plantain; moths out end of June, 1866. 7

IPlevige Ivo.

F.C, Moore Lith.

West Newman imp.
W.BUCKLER adel.

F.C. Moore lth.
W.BUCKLER del.

PLATE LXXI.

AGROTIS SEGETUM.

1, la, 1b, larve after last moult; 1 dug up in garden March 6th,
1859, imago emerged June 18th; 1a from Wakefield, under turnip and
dock, April 8th, 1869, imago emerged June 29th; 16 fed on plantain,
May 23rd, 1861, imago emerged July.

AGROTIS LUNIGERA.

2, 2a, 2b; 2a found under marine goosefoot and grasses near
Emsworth, October 9th, 1877; 2, figured September 8th, and 2),
figured November 4th, 1866, are different stages of the same larva fed
on knot-grass.

See pp. 3—7.

AGROTIS EXCLAMATIONIS.

3,3a,30b, larve after last moult; 3,on grass, lettuce, and chick-
weed, larva figured April 26th, 1860, imago emerged July 14th; 3a,
under chickweed, October llth, 1873; 3b, from Wakefield, at turnip
and other roots, April 5th, imago emerging July 7th, 1869.
See pp. 7—9.

AGROTIS CORTICEA.

4, 4a, 4b, larvee after last moult, reared from the egg on goosefvot ;
4 and 46 figured October 4th, 1870, 4a, on April 29th, 1871, imago
emerging June 27th.
See pp. 9—12.

AGROTIS CINEREA.
5, 5a, larve after last moult.
See pp. 12—16.
AGROTIS RIP.

6, 6a, 6), larve after last moult, on Cynoglossum officinale.

AGROTIS CURSORIA.

7, 7a, 7b, 7c, larve on Aira precox and other small seaside grasses,
June 8th, 1861, imagos emerging July 29th; and on Arenaria peploides,
Viola Curtisii, etc., June 17th to 24th, 1870, imagos emerging August
Ist to 3rd, 1870.

See pp. 17, 18.

a
i iy
se

ee

in
hee
YR

PLATE LXXII.
AGROTIS NIGRICANS.

i, ba, V6, Wc, larves alter last moultiys deancdei cmon
Matching Hall, Essex, on clover, May 15th, imago
emerged July 20th, 1865; 106 figured May 30th,
imago emerged July 27th, 1872; la from Suffolk,
four larve under narrow-leaved plantain, chickweed,
and clover, May loth, imago emerged July 15th, 1865.

See pp. 19, 20.

AGROTIS TRITICI.

2, 2a, 2b, 2c, larve after last moult; 2 figured
June 28th, 1872; 2a, on Gahum, figured May 18th,
imago emerged August 9th, 1861; 2c on yarrow,
May 38rd, imago emerged August, 1861.

AGROTIS AQUILINA.

3, larva after last moult, figured May 15th, one of
three larvee on clover and plantain, chickweed, etc.,
imago emerged July 24th to 27th, 1865. |

See pp. 20, 21.

AGROTIS OBELISCA.

4, 4a, larvee after last moult, on Helianthemum
vulgare, figured June 6th, imago emerged August 10th,
1870.

See pp. 21, 22.

AGROTIS AGATHINA.

5,5a, 5b, 5c, larve after last moult, feeding on
heather, May 25th, 1861, June 10th and 18th, 1869,
and May 26th, 1874.

Plate LXXIL

F.C.Moore lth.

West, Newman. tap.

W. BUCKLE R del.

West, Newman mp.

HC. Moore lth.

W.BUCKLER cel,

PLATE LXXIII.
AGROTIS PORPHYREA.

IL, ll @ lo, Le l@, leieves aimee las imouline Il ein
fine grass and heath, figured April 13th, 1873; la,
February 27th, 1868; lc, February 17th, and 1d,
March 19th, 1862.

AGROTIS PRAECOX.

2, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, larve after last moult; on fine
marine grass and dwarf sallow, eating also weeping
willow, June &th, 1861, imago emerging August 8th;
on osier, willow, sallow, June 2lst, imagos emerging
July 31st to August 12th, 1864; and one on osier,
June 10th, imago emerging July 29th, 1872.

AGROTIS RAVIDA.

3, 3a, 30, 3c, larve after last moult; at roots of
dandelion and thistle, eating the leaves of dandelion,
May 6th, 8th, and 18th, imagos emerging July 8th,
1865.

See pp. 22—25.

AGROTIS LUCGERNEA.

A, 4a, larve after last moult; on lesser saxifrage,
oxlip, and chickweed, April 25th and May Ist, imago
emerging July loth, 1862; and on Sedum acre, April
5th, imago emerging July 9th, 1867.

Acrotis ASHWORTHII.

5, 5a, larvee after last moult; fed on sallow and
catkins, heather, and other small wild hill plants,
May 2nd, 1862.

it ai
re
i &

0

PLATE LXXIV.
TRIPHENA IANTHINA.

1, la, 16, 1c, larve after last moult; 1 a on black-
thorn, May 12th, 1860; 1 6 figured March 27th, 1875,
female imago emerging June 30th, 1875; le one of
two found small on February 27th, eating opening
buds of elm suckers, fed up on dock, sallow, thorn,
etc., and imago emerging July 12th, 1872.

TRIPHENA FIMBRIA.

2, 2a, 26, larve after last moult; 2 beaten from
sallow bloom April 7th, fed on flowers, buds, and
shoots of sallow, full grown and figured May 12th,
imago emerged July 20th, 1860; 26, fed on sallow
and dock, figured May 12th, 1875, imago, ? , emerged
July 7th, 1875.

TRIPHENA INTERJECTA.

3, 34a, 3b, larve after last moult; 3 on Potentilla
fragariastrum, May 11th, imago emerged July 18th,
1861; 38a figured April 17th, 1868; 30 feeding on
orasses, May 21st, 1869.

TRIPHENA SUBSEQUA.

4, 4a, 4b, 4c, larve reared from the egg; 4
figured November 13th, 4c, December 7th, and 4a,
December 15th, 1871; 4.6, March 29th, imago emerged
June 20th, 1875.

See pp. 25—28.

TRIPHENA ORBONA.

5, 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5¢, larvae in various stages; 9
on broom; 5d, May 13th, 1868; 56 and 5c feeding
on sallow and dogwood, imagos emerged July 1dth
to 20th, 1861; 5 e on garden thyme, November 16th,
1864, after hybernation fed up on dock and chickweed,
full grown April 17th, 1865, imago July 29th, 1860.

See [Dh AS, Ak

Plate LXXIV.

E\C Moore lith.

West, Newman amp.

W.BUCKLER del,

F.C. Moore lith. West, Newman imp.
W.BUCKLER cel.

PLATE LXXV.
TRIPHANA PRONUBA.

1, la, 16, 1c, larve after last moult; 1 on butter-
cup, figured October 11th, 1860; 1a on chickweed,
dock, plantain, etc., November 19th, 1860; 1 8,
October 8th, 1859; 1c on dock and grass, April 28th,
1861, imago emerging July 18th.

See pp. 29—32.

NootTuaA GLAREOSA.

210 210. 2c, larves aiver last moult; 2, 2b, 2 6,
feeding on dock and chickweed, April 5th, 1862; 2a
on Galium, dock, and grass, April 30th, 1866.

Noctua DEPUNCTA.

3, 3a, 3b, 3c, larve in various stages; on leaves
and flowers of cowslip and on nettle, May 19th, 1864,
and May 10th to 22nd, 1865, imagos appearing July
27th to August 3rd, 1865.

NOCTUA AUGUR.

A, 4a, 4b, 4c, larve after last moult; 4, 4),
and 4¢ on hawthorn, sallow, etc., April 25th, imago
appearing June ]/th, 1861; 44a on dock and haw-
thorn, figured April 22nd, imago, ¢ , appearing June
19th, 1876.

Noctua PLECTA.
dD, 0d, 9b, 5¢, larve in various stages ; feeding on

plantain, dock, groundsel, and chickweed; 5 figured
October 9th, 1862.

PLATE LXXVI.
Noctua O-NIGRUM.

1, la, 1b, 1¢, 1d, larve in various stages, feeding on
dock, plantain, chickweed, and groundsel; la on dock,
figured April 30th, imago emerged June, 1866;
1d beaten from low plants, September 18th, 1880.

NootuA DITRAPEZIUM.

2) 21a, 2:0, 2c, latvee alter lash moulncce ore
feeding on dock, sallow, primrose, bramble, and chick-
weed, April 28th, imagos emerged July 5th to 12th,
1862; 2a found on bramble, ate sallow and dock,
May 2nd, imago emerged July oth, 1868.

See pp. 832—34.

Noctua TRIANGULUM.

4, 4a, 4b, 4c, larvee in various stages of growth,
on sallow, thorn, etc., April 30th, imago emerged
June 23rd, 1861; and on dock, chickweed, wood-spurge,
March 13th to 25th, 1862.

Noctua RHOMBOIDEA.

3, 3a, 3b, 3c, larvee in various stages of growth;
8c and 38a, March 7th, 1871; 3 and 30 on sallow,
dock, chickweed, primrose, January 11th to February

8th, imago appearing June 14th, 1862.

Noctua BRUNNEA.

5, 5a, 50; on sallow and thorn, April 17th to 25th,
imagos emerging June 16th to 20th, 1861. :

Plate LXXVI.

West,Newman intp.
W.BUCKLER cel.

Plate LXXVIT.

E-CMoore lith.

West, Newman imp
W.RBUCKLER del.

PLATE LXXVII.
Nocrvua FESTIVA.

1, la, 16, le, 1d, larve in various stages, on haw-
thorn, bilberry, primrose, dock, and sallow; 1a,
April 30th and May 19th, imago June 5th to 8th,
1870.

NOcTUA CONFLUA.

2, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e, 2f, larve after last moult,
from eggs sent from Morayshire; 2d figured March
18th, 1871, imago May 14th; 2f/ full fed November
21st, 1870, imago May 6th, 1871; the others figured
March 14th, April 10th and 13th, 1871, imagos
May 23rd to June 19th, 1871.

See pp. 34—36.

Noctua DAdLII.

3, 0a, 306, 3c, dd, 3e, larve after last moult,
reared from eges November 22nd to 30th, 1868, and
April 17th, 1869, on dock, imagos appearing January
19th to April 29th, and from June 4th to 29th, 1869 ;
3¢ found small under a dead leaf, reared to full
growth on dock, and figured June 10th, 1875, imago
July 21st, 1875.

See pp. 37—40.

PLATE LXXVITIT.
Noctua BELLA.

l,l a,1b,1¢,1d,1e, larve after last moult; feeding
on dock and chickweed, February 21st, 1862, one on
oerass, March 28th, 1862; 1 found on grass February
19th, was figured March 6th, imago appearing
May 25th, 1865; 1c on heather, afterwards on dock,
etc., figured March 9th, imago, ? , appearing May 27th,
1874.

See pp. 40, 41.

NocruA UMBROSA.

2, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d,2 e, larve after last moult, reared
from the egg, on dock, etc., November 19th to 27th,
1870, to March 13th, 1871, imagos June 8th to 13th,
1871.

See pp. 41—4o.

Nocrua BAJA.

3,3 d, 3b, 3c, 3d, 38e, 3f, 3g, larve in various
stages, on sallow and hawthorn; 3 figured April 22nd,
imago July 4th, 1868; 3a@imago July 9th, 1868; 3d
figured April 9th, imago July 16th, 1868; 39 figured
May 18th, 1866; 36, 3c figured April 25th to May
llth, imago July Ist to 18th, 1861.

Plate LXXV1II

EC Moore hth. West Newman imp.
W.BUCKLER del.

Plate LXXIX

FCMoore lth.

West, Newman imp.

W.BUCKLER del.

PLATH LXXIX.
NocrvuA SOBRINA.

1, 1a, 16, 1 c, larvee in various stages; I and 1 0
from eggs on heather, birch, and sallow; 1 figured
November 24th, 1874, natural size; 10 figured
December 11th, 1874, magnified.

' See pp. 45—48.

NootuA NEGLEOCTA.

YB Gr BOS AO, Balk larvee in various stages; 2a
from Forres, May 8th, 1876; the others on heath and
sallow, figured May 25th, 1861, and May 29th, 1862.

NoctuA XANTHOGRAPHA. -

3, 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3 e, larve in various stages; 3
figured March 10th, 1868; 3a@ and 3¢, on primrose
and dock, figured April 12th,imago August 25th, 1860;
gc and 3d, on grass, figured April 2nd and 15th,
imagos August 27th and 29th, 1861; 36 on sallow
and oak, May llth, imago August 31st, 1868.

PLATE LXXX.
TRACHEA PINIPERDA.

1, la, 1), larve half grown and after last moult,
on Scotch fir, June 9th, 1865, imago April 19th, 1866.

PAaCHNOBIA ALPINA.

2, 2a, 2b, 2c, larve in various stages, on bilberry,
heather tops, crowberry, and Arbutus unedo, from
T. W. Salvage, figured June 21st, 28th, 29th, and
July 3rd.

See pp. 48—52.

T'ANIOCAMPA GOTHICA.

3, 3a, 3b, larve after last moult, 3 b slightly mag-
nified ; about 100 larvee reared in 1858 from eggs laid
by a ? taken on sallow bloom in April; when hatched
they were blue-green with black heads; full fed
2lst June; fed entirely on sallow, having refused
broom, clover, and lilac; they would eat willow, but
preferred sallow.

See pp. 53, 54.

T'#NIOCAMPA LEUCOGRAPHA.

4, 4a, 4b, larve after last moult, on sallow, Sune
6th and 95th, 1861, and June 18th, 1870.
See p. 4.

T'HNIOCAMPA RUBRICOSA.

5, 5a, 5b, 5c, larve in various stages; 50 half
grown; 5c full grown, May 7th, 1859; the others
June 19th, 1861, and June 6th, 1868, imagos March
28th, 1862, and April 4th, 1869.

Plate L.AXX

TC. Moore hth West, Newman imp.
W. BUCKLER dev.

PLATE LXXxX.
TRACHEA PINIPERDA.

1, la, 16, larve half grown and after last moult,
on Scotch fir, June 9th, 1865, imago April 19th, 1866.

PaCHNOBIA ALPINA.

2, 2a, 2b, 2c, larve in various stages, on bilberry,
heather tops, crowberry, and Arbutus unedo, from
T. W. Salvage, figured June 21st, 28th, 29th, and
July 3rd.

See pp. 48—52.

T'NIOCAMPA GOTHICA.

3, 3a, 35, larve after last moult, 3 D slightly mag-
nified ; ; about 100 larves reared in 1858 from ego's laid
by a ¢ taken on sallow bloom in April; when hatched
they were blue-green with black heads; full fed
21st June; fed entirely on sallow, having refused
broom, clover, and lilac; they would eat willow, but
preferred sallow.

See pp. 53, o4.

'#NIOCAMPA LEUCOGRAPHA.

4, 4a, 46, larvee after last moult, on sallow, June
6th and 95th, 1861, and June 18th, 1870.
See p. 54.

T'HNIOCAMPA RUBRICOSA.

5, 5a, 5b, 5c, larve in various stages; 50 half
erown; 5c full grown, May 7th, 1859; the others
June 19th, 1861, and June 6th, 1868, imagos March
28th, 1862, and April 4th, 1869.

Plate LXXx.

WC Moore hth

West, Newman imp.

W. BUCKLE R dev,

Plate LXXXI.

EC Moore lith., West Newman imp.
Wi Cink el:

PLATE LXXXI.
THNIOCAMPA INSTABILIS.

1, 1 a, 1 0, larvee in various stages ; on oak, June Ist
and 21st, 1861; la on poplar, June 28rd, 1866,
imago April 28th, 1867.

T'HNIOCAMPA OPIMA.

2, 2a, 2b, 2c, larve in various stages, on sallow
and osier, June 14th to 21st, 1867, and June 3rd, 4th,
and 10th, 1872, imago March 20th to 22nd, 1868.

See pp. 54—5/.

TANIOCAMPA POPULETI.

3, 3a, 3b, larve after last moult; on poplar, June
9th, 1860, and on aspen, May 31st, 1869; imagos
March 16th and 17th, 1861, and April 8th, 1870.

TNIOCAMPA STABILIS.

A, 4a, larvee after last moult ; eggs laid March 16th,
1859, at first green and changing to slate-colour
when about to hatch; 4 full grown May 17th, 1859,
fed on sallow; imago March, 1860; 4a, June 30th,
1860; imago March 3rd, 1861.

TANIOCAMPA GRACILIS.

5, 0a, 0b, 5c, 5d, larve in various stages; 5 on
Carduus acanthoides, June 24th, 1869, imago April 8th,
1870; 5a on sallow, cannibal; 5¢ on Lysimachia
vulgaris, July 4th, 1868; 5d on sallow, July 10th,
1868, imago April 6th, 1869.

See p. 57.

T ENIOCAMPA MINIOSA.

6, 6a, 60), larvee after last moult, on oak, June 9th
to 14th, 1862.

PLATE LXXXII.
'THNIOCAMPA MUNDA.

1,1 a, 1b, larve in various stages; 1,1 a, May 29th
and June oth, 1865, on sallow, imago March 30th,
1866; 10 on oak, June 11th, 1860.

'ENIOCAMPA CRUDA.

2, 264, 20, 2¢, 2d, larve atter last moult: 2 davon
sallow, May 23rd, 1865, imago April Ist, 1866.
See pp. 58, 59.

ORTHOSIA SUSPECTA.

3, larva on birch and poplar, etc., June 9th, imago
June 19th, 1871.
See pp. 59—62.

ORTHOSIA UPSILON.

4, 4a, 4b, larvee in various stages ; on willow, found
under the bark, May 27th, imago June 27th, 1861 ;
4a June 3rd, imago July 13th, 1864.

ORTHOSIA LOTA.

5,0 a, 0b, larve after last moult, on sallow and oak,
June 15th, 1860, May 22nd and 23rd, 1867, imagos
October 3rd and 4th, 1867.

ORTHOSIA MACILENTA,

6, larva after last moult, on hawthorn, May 18th,
1861; 6a, larva on oak, May 18th, imago sere
14th, 1865.

Plate LXXAIL.

F.C. Moore hth ; Weest,Newman imp.
W.BUCKLER del.

Plate LXXXI

West Newman imp.

EC. Moore hth,
WBUCKLER cdl.

PLATE LXXXIII.
ANCHOCELIS RUFINA.

1, la, 1}, larvee in various stages; 1, la, from eggs, reared first on
elm and then on oak, figured May 18th and June Ist, 1883; 1b on
oak, May 28th, 1862, imago October 6th, 1862.

See pp. 62—65.

ANCHOCELIS PISTACINA.

2, 2a, 2b, 2c, larve in various stages; 2a found on Carex, June 24th,
1863; 2b found on oat-grass, also ate sallow, May 27th, imago Sep-
tember 19th, 1874; 2c on clover, June 11th, imago October 3rd, 1868.

ANCHOCELIS LUNOSA.

- 3,34a,3b, 3c, 3d, larve in various stages; 3b and 3d on grass,
March 26th and April 12th, 1862; 3a, April 24th to 27th, imago
October, 1865; 3c from eggs hatched October 25th, 1865, figured
April 30th, 1866, imago October 20th, 1866.

See pp. 65, 66.

ANCHOCELIS LITURA.

A, da, 4b, larvee after last moult; on Ranunculus repens, May 8th and
24th, 1872; on dock and sallow May 24th, 1866; from eggs, fed on rose
at first, afterwards on bramble, May 28th, 1870, imagos September 2nd
to 6th, 1870.

See pp. 66—69.

CERASTIS VACCINII.

5, 5a, 5b, 5c, larve in various stages; 5 reared from eggs laid by a
hybernating specimen taken at sallow bloom, April, fed on dock,
June 29th, imago September, 1860; 5a on oak, June 15th, imago
September 3rd, 1869; 5b on oak, July 6th, imago September 30th,
1861; 5c on clematis, June 10th, imago September, 1864.

CERASTIS SPADICEA,

6, 6 a, 6b, larve after last moult; 60n hawthorn, June 25th, imago
October, 1860; 6a June 15th, imago October 14th, 1868; 6b one of
eight reared from the egg on hawthorn, oak, sallow, and chickweed,
June 26th and 29th, imagos October 11th to 25th, 1867.

PLATE LXXXIV.

ScOPELOSOMA SATELLITIA.

1, larva after last moult, figured May 28th, 1861; destroyed alone
fifty-seven larve of Trxeniocampa populet: in the course of a fortnight.

DASYCAMPA RUBIGINEA.

2, 2a, larve after last moult, reared from eggs, fed on sloe and plum,
figured June 3rd and 5th, imagos appeared September 23rd and

25th, 1868.
See pp. 69—72.

HOPORINA CROCEAGO.

3, young larva; 3a, larva after last moult; figured June 30th, 1860,
and June 25th, 1861.

XANTHIA CITRAGO.

4, 4a, 4b, larvee after last moult; 4 on lime, June 6th, 1860; 4a,
4b, on lime, May 25th and 26th, imagos August 29th and 30th, 1869.
See pp. 72, 73.

XANTHIA CERAGO.

5, 5a, 5b, 5c, larve after last moult; 5 in sallow catkins, May 2nd,
1861; 5a from a batch of six in sallow catkins, and afterwards on
leaves of sallow, May 8th to 10th, 1869, and twenty in downy Salix
catkins from Perthshire, afterwards on leaves, May 17th, 1869; imagos
appearing July 3lst to August 10th and August 2nd to 13th, 1869;
5b on seeds of wych elm, May 25th, imago August 3rd, 1861; 5c on
sallow, June 6th, imago September 5th, 1860.

See pp. 73—75.

XANTHIA FLAVAGO.

6, 6a, 6b, 6c, larvee after last moult ; on sallow catkins, May 22nd,
and on seeds of wych elm, May 25th, imagos August 14th and Ist,
1861; 6b and 6c in sallow catkins, May 29th, imago August 30th,

1867.

} See p. 76.

XANTHIA AURAGO.

7, 7 a, larvee after last moult; on buds and leaves of beech, sae oth -
and 19th, imagos September 17th to 26th, 1866,

F.C Moore ith. West, Newraan. imp.
VE IE CAMILA Net (oleic,

Plate LXXXV.

EC.Moore lith West, Newman 1007p
W.BUCKLER del.

PLATE LUXXXY.
XANTHIA GILVAGO.

1, 1 a,10, larvee after last moult ; on seeds of wych
elm, June 5th and 7th, imagos August 28th and 31st
and September 5th, 1867.

See pp. 76, 77.

XANTHIA FERRUGINEA.

2, 2a,2b, 2c; 2 figured July 10th, 1860; 2a on
seeds of wych elm, figured June 7th, imago August
9Ath, 1867 ; 2b and 2c found under common elm, from
dropped seed blossoms, and fed on narrow-leaved plan-
tain, figured May 10th, imago August 10th, 1865.

See p. 78.

CIRR@DIA XERAMPELINA.

3, 3a, 3b, larve after last moult; hides by day in
chinks of ash bark, ascending at night to eat the
leaves; 3 figured on May 22nd, when nearly full fed,
imago September 5th, 1867.

| See pp. 78—80.

TETHEA SUBTUSA.

4, 4a, 4b, 4.¢, larve in various stages; 4 and 4c
between leaves of aspen, June 3rd, imago July 16th,
1864; 4a and 40 figured June 4th and 5th, imagos
July 14th and 16th, 1878.

TETHEA RETUSA.

5,9 a, 9b, 5c, larve in various stages ; 5 ¢ on long
narrow-leaved sallow, June 9th, imago August 28th,
1860; 5, 5a, and 5b between leaves or in curled-up
leaves of Salix cinerea, May 25th, imagos July 22nd
to 27th, 1867.

See pp. 80, 81.

Plate LXAXXV,

EC.Moore lth West, Newman i17p
W.BUCKLER del.

12ND TOO.
XANTHIA GILVAGO.

1, la,10, larvee after last moult ; on seeds of wych
elm, June 5th and 7th, imagos August 28th and 31st
and September 5th, 1867.

See pp. 76, 77.

XANTHIA FERRUGINEA.

2, 2a,2b, 2c; 2 figured July 10th, 1860; 2a on
seeds of wych elm, figured June 7th, imago " August
24th, 1867 ; 26 and 2¢ found under common elm, from
dropped seed blossoms, and fed on narrow-leaved plan-
tain, figured May 10th, imnago August 10th, 1865.

See p. 78.

CIRREDIA XERAMPELINA.

3, 3a, 3), larve after last moult; hides by day in
chinks of ash bark, ascending at night to eat the
leaves; 3 figured on May 22nd, when nearly full fed,
imago September 5th, 1867.

See pp. 78—80.

TETHEA SUBTUSA.

4, 4a, 4b, 4c, larve in various stages; 4 and 4c¢
between leaves of aspen, June 3rd, imago July 16th,
1864; 4a and 406 figured June 4th and 5th, imagos
July 14th and 16th, 1878.

TETHEA RETUSA.

5,9 d, 0b, 5c, larve in various stages ; 5c on long
narrow-leaved sallow, June 9th, imago August 28th,
1860; 5, 5a, and 5b between leaves or in curled-up
leaves of Saliv cinerea, May 25th, imagos July 22nd
to 27th, 1867.

See pp. 80, 81.

(ro

oni OR
' a

was
ie

Plate LXXXVI.

F.C. Moore lath West, Newman imp.
W. BUCKLER del.

PLATE LXXXVI.
KUPERIA FULVAGO.

1, larva after last moult, on birch, June 21st, 1862.
See pp. 81—83.

Dtcycta Oo.

2, 2a, larvee on oak, May 23rd to 29th, sent by Rev.
J. Hellins, imagos July 8th, 1882.
See pp. 83—85.

COSMIA TRAPEZINA.

3, 3a, larve after last moult; 3 on rose, elm, etc.,
June 24th, imago August 7th, 1869; 3q@ on oak,
June ist, 1861.

CosMIA DIFFINIS.

4, 4a, larve after last moult, fed on elm, figured
June 8th, imago emerged August 2nd, 1875.
See pp. 85, 86.

CosMIA AFFINIS.

5, 0a, 5 b, 5 ¢, larve in various stages; 5 and 5aon
elm, from Rev. J. Hellins, May 11th, 1881; 5b and 5c
on elm, June Ist, 1861, and June 8th, 1864, imago
July dlst, 1864.

See pp. 86, 87.

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Aubrey, Rev. H. G. W., Rectory, Hale, Salisbury.

Auckland Museum.

Babington, Professor Charles C., M.A., F.R.S., Cambridge.
Baer, Herr J., Frankfort.
Bailliére, Messrs., 20, King William street, W.C.

* The Subscribers are requested to inform the Secretary of any errors or
omissions in this List, and of any delay in the transmission of the Yearly Volume,

6

Balfour, Prof. J. B., F.R.S., Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.

Baltimore, Peabody Institute.

Bankes, E. R., Esq., M.A., F.E.S., The Rectory, Corfe Castle.

Barker, H. W., Esq., F.E.S., 148, Hollydale road, Queen’s road,
Peckham, S.E.

Barrett, C. G., Esq., F.E.S., 39, Linden grove, Nunhead, S.E.

Bastian, Dr. H. C., F.R.S., F.L.S., 8a, Manchester square, W.

Bath Microscopical Society, care of C. Terry, Esq., 6, Gay street,
Bath.

Bazett, Mrs. E. C., F.E.S., Springfield, Reading.

Becker, Rev. W., Willow Green Cottage, Willow, Newark-on-Trent,
Notts.

Belfast Library, Donegall square, Belfast.

Belfast, Queen’s College.

Berens, A. A., Esq., M.A., 68, Great Cumberland place, Hyde Park, W.

Bergen, Museum of, Norway.

Berlin Royal Library.

Bethune-Baker, G. T., Hsq., F.L.S., 16, Clarendon road, Edgbaston,
Birmingham.

Bignell, G. C., Esq., F.E.S., Local Secretary, 7, Clarence place, Stone-
house, Plymouth.

Binks, Mrs. J., Burton street, Wakefield.

Bird, G. W., Esq., The Manor House, West Wickham, Kent.

Birmingham, Free Library.

Birmingham, Mason College.

Birmingham Old Library.

Blatch, W. G., Esq., F.E.S., Knowle, near Birmingham.

Blomefield, Rev. L., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 19, Belmont, Bath.

Bloomfield, Rev. E. N., M.A., F.E.S., Guestling, near Hastings.

Bootle-cum-Linacre Free Public Library, Liverpool.

Bostock, E., Esq., Stone, Staffordshire.

Bostock, F., Esq., jun., Northampton.

Boston Public Library, U.S.A.

Bourne, T. W., Esq., Crokerton, Warminster.

Bower, B. A., Esq., F.E.S., Langley, Eltham Road, Lee, S.E.

Bowyer, R. W., Esq., Haileybury College, Hertford.

Brabant, Monsieur E., F.E.S., Chateau de Morenchies, par Cambrai
(Nord), France.

Bradford Naturalists’ Society, Y.M.C.A. Rooms, Bradford.

Bradley, R. C., Esq., 10, Digbeth, Birmingham.

Brady, G. S., Esq., F.L.S., Mowbray villas, Sunderland,

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Braithwaite, Dr. R., F.L.8S., The Ferns, Clapham rise, S.W.

Briggs, C. A., Esq., F.E.S., 55, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C.

Briggs, T. H., Esq., M.A., F.E.S., 55, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C.

Bright, P. M., Esq., Roccabruna, Bournemouth.

Brighton and Sussex Natural History Society, Brighton.

Bristol Microscopical Society, H. Gummer, Esq., Hon. Treas., 2, Clyde
Park, Bristol.

Bristowe, B. A., Esq., Durlstone, Champion hill, 8.E.

British Museum, Printed Book Department, W.C.

Brockholes, Mrs. J. Fitzherbert, Clifton hill, Garstang, Lancashire.

Brook, Geo., Esq., F.L.S., The University, Edinburgh.

Browell, E, M., Esq., Feltham, Middlesex.

Browne, Dr. Henry, The Gables, Victoria Park, Manchester.

Buckland, J., Esq., 4, Hast street, Taunton.

Buckmaster, Rev. C. J., Hindley Vicarage, Wigan.

Buckton, G. B., Esq., F.R.S., Weycombe, Haslemere, Surrey.

Burn, Dr. W. B., Beechwood, Balham road, Upper Tooting, S.W.

Burney, Rev. H., M.A., Wavendon Rectory, Woburn.

Cambridge, Rev. O. P., F.R.S., Bloxworth Rectory, Wareham.

Cambridge Entomological Society, per W. Turner, Esq., Hon. Sec.,
14, King’s Parade, Cambridge.

Cambridge, University Library.

Cambridge, University Museum of Zoology.

Cambridge, Downing College.

Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College.

Cambridge, St. Catharine’s College.

Cambridge, Sidney-Sussex College.

Cambridge, Trinity College.

Campbell, F. M., Esq., F.L.S., Rose hill, Hoddesdon.

Canterbury, Philosophical Institute of, care of J. Meeson, Esq., Hon.
Treas., Christchurch, New Zealand.

Capper, S. J., Esq., F.L.S., Huyton Park, Huyton, near Liverpool.

Cardiff Free Library. |

Carlier, Dr. E. W., Physiological Laboratory, New University
Buildings, Edinburgh.

Carus, Dr. Victor, Leipsic.

Cash, W., Esq., F.G.S., F.U.8., F.R.M.S., Halifax, Yorkshire.

Chapman, E., Esq., Magdalen College, Oxford.

Chapman, T. A., Esq., M.D., F.E,S., Firbank, Hereford,

8

Chawner, Miss E. F., The Ravens Nest, Lyndhurst, Hants.

Cheltenham Permanent Library, Cheltenham.

Cheltenham Natural Science Society.

Chicago Public Library, Chicago.

Chichester and West Sussex Natural History Society, per C. T. Halstead,
Esq., Hon. Treas., Chichester.

Christiania, University of.

Christy, W. M., Esq., F.E.S., Watergate, Emsworth, Hants.

Church, Dr. W. S., 130, Harley Street, W.

Cincinnati Public Library.

City of London Entomological Society, Albion Hall, London Wall,
E.C.

Clark, J. A., Esq., M.P.8.G.B., L.D.S., F.E.S., 48, The Broadway,
London Fields, Hackney, N.E.

Cleland, Professor, 2, The University, Glasgow.

Cohens und Sohn Herren, 18, Kaiserplatz, Boun.

Colman, Jeremiah J., Esq., M.P., Carrow House, Norwich.

Cooper, Colonel E. H., 42, Portman square, W.

Cooper, Sir Daniel, Bart., 6, De Vere gardens, Kensington Palace, W.

Corder, Mrs, Edith, 1, Ashbrook terrace, Sunderland.

Cork, Queen’s College, Cork.

Cornwall, Royal Institution of, Truro.

Cregoe, J. P., Esq., F.E.S., 9, Coryton terrace, Plymouth.

Cresswell, Mrs. R., Teignmouth, Devon.

Crisp, F., Esq., B.A., LL.B., V.P. and Treas. L. S., 6, Old Jewry, E.C.

Croft, Rev. J., Dalton Vicarage, near Southport.

Croft, R. Benyon, Esq., R.N., F.L.S., Farnham Hall, Ware, Herts.

Crowley, Philip, Esq., F.L.S., Waddon House, Croydon, 8. —

Cruickshank, Alexander, Esq., LL.D., 20, Rose street, Aberdeen.

Cutts, J. E. K., Esq., 28, Southampton street, Strand, W.C.

Daltry, Rev. T. W., M.A., F.L.S., Madeley Vicarage, Newcastle,
Staffordshire.

Dawson, W. G., Esq., Plumstead Common road, Plumstead, S.E.

Decie, Miss A. Prescott, Bockleton Court, Tenbury.

Devon and Exeter Institution, Exeter.

Devonshire, Duke of, F.R.S., 78, Piccadilly, W.

Dickinson, Wm., Esq., 3, Whitehall place, S.W.

Dobree, N. F., Esq., Beverley, Yorkshire.

Dohrn, Dr. Anton, Stazione Zoologica, Naples.

9

Doncaster, A., Esq., 36, Strand, W.C.

Douglas, W. D. R., Esq., F.L.S., Orchardton, Castle Douglas, N.B.

Downing, J. W., Esq., F.E.S., 59, Lupus street, St. George’s square,
S.W.

Dowsett, A., Esq., F.E.S., Castle Hill House, Reading.

Dublin, National Library.

Dublin Royal College of Science.

Dublin, Royal College of Surgeons.

Dublin, Royal Irish Academy.

Dublin, Trinity College.

Dublin, Hon. Society of King’s Inn.

Ducie, Ear! of, F.R.S., F.G.S., 16, Portman square, W.

Dunning, J. W., Esq., M.A., F.L.8., 4, Talbot square, Paddington, W.

Kast Kent Natural History Society, Canterbury.

Eastwood, J. E., Esq., F.E.S., Enton Lodge, Witley, Surrey.

Edinburgh, Library of University of.

Edinburgh, Museum of Science and Art.

Edinburgh, Royal College of Physicians.

Edinburgh, Royal Society of.

Edwards, S., Esq., F.L.S., Kidbrooke Lodge, Blackheath, S.E.

Elisha, Geo., Esq., F.E.S., 122, Shepherdess Walk, City road.

Ellison, F. E., Esq., 43, Ashley road, Bristol.

Ellison, S. T., Esq., 2, Balhousie street, Perth, N.B.

Elphinstone, H. W., Esq., F.L.8., 2, Stone Buildings, Lincoln’s Inn,
W.C.

England, Bank of, Library, London, E.C.

England, Royal College of Surgeons of, Lincoln’s-inn-fields, W.C.

Essex Field Club, per A. P. Wire, Esq., 1, Seaton villas, Birkbeck
road, Leytonstone, E.

Evans, H. A., Esq., United Services College, Westward Ho, Bideford,
N. Devon.

Fenn, C., Esq., F.E.S., Eversden House, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, S.E.
Ffarington, Miss S. M., Worden Hall, near Preston.

Fitch, E. A., Esq., F.L.S., Brick House, Maldon, Essex.

Fitch, Fred., Esq., F.R.G.S., Hadleigh House, Highbury New Park, N,
Flemyng, Rev. W. W., M.A., Coolfin House, Portlaw, Co. Waterford.
Fletcher, W. H, B,, Esq., F.E.S., 6, The Steyne, Worthing, Sussex.

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Flower, Sir W. H., F.R.S., British Museum (Natural eas S.W. -
Foster, C., Esq., hones Nero 2
Fraser, F. J., Esq., 16, Furnival Inn, E.C. -

Freeman, F. F, Esq., F.E.S., Abbotsfield, Tavistock, South Devon.
Friedlander & Son, Messrs., Berlin. |

Fuller, Rev. A., M.A., F.E.S., Pallant, near Ohichesice

Galton, Sir Douglas, F.R.S., 12, Chester street, Grosvenor place, S. we

Gardner, J., Esq., F.E.S., 6, Friar terrace, Hartlepool.

Gatty, C. H., Esq., M.A. F. L.S. ) eLerklse place, Hast Grinstead, SURE

Geological Society, ory W.

Geological Survey of India, Calcutta, per Messrs. Triibner.

Gibson, Miss, Hill House, Saffron Walden, Essex.

Glasgow Natural History Society, 207, Bath street, Glasgow.

Glasgow, Philosophical Society of.

Glasgow, University of.

Godman, F. D., Esq., F.R.S., 10, Chandos street, Cavendish square,
W., and South Lodge, Horsham.

Goode, J. F., Esq., 60, Regent place, Birmingham.

Gordon, Rev. George, LL.D., Braebirnie, by Elgin, N.B.

Gottingen, University of.

Green, Rev. J., M.A., F.E.S., Rostrevor, Clifton, Bristol.

Green, R. Y., Esq., 11, Lovaine crescent, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Grieve, Dr. iL F.R.S.E., F.L.S., care of W. L. puennine Ksq., 212,
St: Vincent street, Glasgow.

Gunther, Dr., F.R.S., British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell
road, South Kensington, S.W.

Hackney Microscopical and Natural History Society, per J. A. Clark,
Esq., Treasurer, 48, The Broadway, London fields, Hackney, N.E.

Haileybury College, near Hertford.

Halifax Public Library.

Hall, A. E., Esq., Norbury, Sheffield.

Harbottle, A., Esq., 76, Mandle road, South Stockton.

Harley, Dr. J., F.L.S., 9, Stratford place, W. -

Harmer, Sidney F., Esq., B.Sc., King’s College, Cambridge. )

Harrison, F., Esq., Junior United Service Club, Charles street, S.W.

Harvard College, Cambridge, U.S.A.

11

Havers, J. C., Esq., Joyce Grove, Nettlebed, Henley-on-Thames.

Hawkshaw, J. C., Esq., 33, Great George street, Westminster, S.W.

Hepburn, Sir T. B., Bart., Smeaton, Preston Kirk, N.B.

Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club, Watford.

Hicks, Dr. John B., F.R.S., 24, George street, Hanover square, W.

Hilton, James, Esq., 60, Montagu square, W.

Hinchliff, Miss Katharine M., Worlington House, Instow.

Hood, Donald W. C., Esq., M.D.Cantab., 43, Queen street, Park
lane, W.

Hooker, Sir J. D., C.B., M.D., F.R.S., Sunningdale, Berks.

Hope, G. P., Esq., Upminster Hall, near Romford.

Hopkinson, John, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.8., The Grange, St. Alban’s,
Herts.

Horley, W. L., Esq., Stanboroughs, Hoddesdon.

Houghton, Rev. W., F.L.S., Preston Rectory, Wellington, Salop.

Hovenden, F., Esq., F.L.S., Glenlea, Thurlow Park, Dulwich, 8.E.

Howden, Dr. J. C., Sunnyside, Montrose.

Huddersfield Naturalists’ Society, S. L. Mosley, Esq., F.E.S., Hon. Sec.,
Beaumont Park, Huddersfield.

Hughes, W. R., Esq., F.L.8., Zocal Secretary, Wood House, Hands-
wood, Birmingham.

Hull Subscription Library.

Hutchinson, Miss H., Grantsfield, Kimbolton, Leominster.

Huxley, The Rt. Hon. Professor T. H., F.R.S., Science Schools,
South Kensington.

Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Jenner, Charles, Esq., Easter Duddingsten Lodge, Portobello, Edin-
burgh.
Jones, Albert H., Esq., F.E.S., Shrublands, Eltham.

Kane, W. F. de V., Esq., M.R.LA., F.E.S., Sloperton Lodge, Kings-
town, Co. Dublin.

Keays, F. Lovell, Esq., F.L.S., 26, Charles street, St. James’, S.W.

Kenrick, G. H., Esq., F.E.S., Whetstone, Somerset road, Edgbaston,
Birmingham.

Keys, J. H., Esq., 9, Addison road, Sherwell Estate, Plymouth.

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Kilmarnock Library, Kilmarnock.
King, H. S., Messrs., 65, Cornhill, E.C.

Laver, H., Esq., F.L.S., Head street, Colchester.

Lea, Rev. T. S., Tedstone-Delaware Rectory, Whitbourne, Worcester.

Lee, H., Esq., 22, St. John’s grove, Croydon.

Leeds, Philosophical and Literary Society.

Leeds Public Library, Leeds.

Leeds, The Yorkshire College.

Leicester Free Library, Wellington street, Leicester.

Leipzig, University of.

Lemann, F.C., Esq., F.E.S., Blackfriars House, Plymouth.

Lidstone, W. G., Esq., 79, Union street, Plymouth.

Lille, University Library.

Linnean Society, Burlington House, Piccadiliy, W.

Lister, Arthur, Esq., F.L.8., Leytonstone.

Liverpool, Athenzeum.

Liverpool, Free Library.

Liverpool, Library, Lyceum.

Liverpeol, Medical Institution.

Liverpool, Microscopical Society.

Liverpool, Royal Institution.

Lloyd, A., Esq., F.E.S., The Dome, Bognor, Sussex.

Longstaff, G. B., Esq., M.D., Highlands, Putney Heath, S.W.

London Institution, Finsbury circus, E.C. :

London Library, 12, St. James’s square, S.W.

Loven, Professor, Stockholm.

Lubbock, The Rt. Hon. Sir J., Bart., M.P., F.L.S., F.R.S., President,
15, Lombard street, E.C.

Lupton, H., Esq., F.E.S., Lyndhurst, North Grange road, Headingley.

Makmurdo, W. G., Esq., Alderbrook, Hermon Hill, Wanstead, E.

~ Marlborough College Natural History Society, Marlborough.

McGill, H. J., Esq., Aldenham Grammar School, Elstree, Herts.

McGregor, Rev. J., West Green, Culross, Dunfermlime, N.B.

McIntosh, Prof. W. C., M.D., F.R.S., 2, Abbotsford crescent, St.
Andrew’s, N.B.

McLachlan, R., Esq., F.R.S., Treasurer, West View, Clarendon road,
Lewisham. S.E.

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McMillan, W. S., Esq., F.L.S., Brook 10ad, Maghull, Lancashire.

Maclagan, Sir Douglas, M.D., F.R.S.E., 28, Heriot row, Edinburgh.

Maclaine, M. G., of Lochbuie, Isle of Mull.

Madras Government Museum, Madras.

Major, Charles, Esq., Red Lion Wharf, 69, Upper Thames street, E.C.

Manchester Free Public Library.

Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society.

Mansel-Pleydell, J. C., Esq., F.L.S., Whatcombe, Blandford.

Marshall, A. E., Esq., Waldersea, Beckenham.

Martin, G. M., Esq., Red Hill Lodge, Compton, Wolverhampton.

Mason, P. B., Esq., F.L.S., Burton-on-Trent.

Mathew, G. F., Esq., R.N., F.L.S., F.Z.8., Lee House, Dovercourt,
Harwich, Essex.

Mathews, W., Esq., M.A., F.G.S., 60, Harborne road, Birmingham.

Matthews, C., Esq., F.E.S., Erme Wood, Ivy Bridge, S. Devon.

Meiklejohn, Dr. J. W. S., F.L.8., 105, Holland road, Kensington, W.

Melbourne Public Library.

Mennell, H. T., Esq., F.L.S8., 10, St. Dunstan’s buildings, Idol lane,
E.C.

Michael, A. D., Esq., F.L.S., Cadogan Mansions, Sloane square, S.W.

Microscopical Society, Royal, 20, Hanover square, W.

Miller, J. C., Esq., Lynmouth House, Langley road, Elmers End,
Beckenham, Kent, S.E.

Mitchell Library, Glasgow.

Mivart, Prof. St. George J., F.R.S., Hurstcote, Chilworth, Surrey.

Moore, Mrs. H. T., Holmfield, Oakholme road, Sheffield.

Munich Royal Library, Munich.

Neave, B. W., Esq., F.E.S., Lyndhurst, Queen’s road, Brownswood
park, N.

Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Newman, T. P., Esq., F.Z.S., 54, Hatton garden, E.C.

Noble, Capt. Jesmond Dene House, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Noble, Wilson, Esq., 43, Warrior square, St. Leonard’s-on-NSea.

Norfolk and Norwich Library, Norwich.

Norman, Rev. A. Merle, M.A., F.L.S., Burnmoor Rectory, Fencehouses,
Durham.

Nottingham Free Library.

Nottingham Naturalists’ Society, per F. R. Jackson, Esq., else Nec.,
2, Stratford square, Shakespeare street, Nottingham.

i4

Oldfield, G. W., Esq., M.A., F.L.S., 21, Longridge road, Earl’s Court,
S.W.

Oliver, Dr. J., F.R.S.Edin., 13, Garde square, W.C.

Owens College, Manchester. 3 ) |

Oxford, Magdalen College.

Paisley Philosophical Institute, Paisley.

Paris National Library, per Messrs. Longmans. |

Pascoe, F. P., Esq., F.L.S., 1, Burlington road, Westbourne Park, W.

Pearce, W. G., 187, Caledonian road, King’s Cross, N. :

Peckover, Algernon, Esq., F.L.S., Wisbeach. ::

Peel Park Library, Salford, Lancashire

Penzance Public Library.

Perthshire Society of Natural Science, Museum, Tay street, Perth.

Phené, J. 8., Esq., LL.D., F.S.A., 5, Carlton terrace, Oakley street, S.W.

Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, U.S.A.

Pierce, I’. Nelson, Esq., F.E.S., 143, Sthictdont lane, wae

Plymouth Institution, Athenzeum, Plymouth.

Pole-Carew, Miss C. L., Antony, Torpoint, Devonport.

Porritt, G. T., Esq., F. L. S., Greenfield House, Huddersfield.

Poulton, E. B., Esq, M.A., F.R.S., Wykeham House, Oxford.

Power, H., Esq., M.B.Lond., F.L.8., President Ophthal. Soc., 37a,
Great Cumberland place, Hyde Park, W.

Preston Free Public Library. |

Pye-Smith, Dr. P. H., F.R.S., 54, Harley street, Cavendish square, W.

Quekett Microscopical Club, University College, W.C.

Radcliffe Library, Oxford.

Radford, D., Esq., Mount Tavy, Tavistock, Devon. :
Rashleigh, J., Esq., Menabilly, Par Station, Cornwall.

Reader, Thomas, Esq., Beaufort House, 125, Peckham Rye, S.E.
Reynell, Miss, 8, Henrietta Street, Dublin.

Ripon, Marquis of, F.R.S., F.L.S., 9, Chelsea Embankment, S. Ww.
Roberts, Dr. L., Ruabon, North Wales

Robinson, Rev. F., The Rectory, Castle Eden, Co. Durham.
Robinson, Isaac, Esq., The Wash, Hertford.

Roper, F. C. S., Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., Palgrave House, Eastbourne.

15

Royal Institution, Albemarle street, W.

Royal Society, Burlington House, London, W.

Rowe, J. B., Esq., F.L.S., Castle Barbican, Plympton, 8. Devon.

Rylands, T. G., Esq., F.L.8., Local a High Fields, Thelwall,
near Warrington.

Salter, Dr. 8. J. A., F.R.S., Basingfield, near Basingstoke, Hants.
Salvin, Osbert, Esq., F.R.S., 10, Chandos street, Cavendish square.
Samson and Wallin, Messrs., London.

Sanders, Alfred, Esq., F.L. S., Firenze, Sandford road, Bromley,

Kent.
Sanford, W. A., Esq., F.G.S., pence Court, near Wellington,
Somersetshire.

Science and Art Department, South Kétisington:

Sclater, P. L., Hsq., M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., 11, Hanover square, W.

Sharpus, F. W., Esq., 30, Compton road, Istington, N.

Sheffield Literary and Philosophical Society. ‘

Shillitoe, B., Esq., 2, Frederick place, Old Jewry, H.C.

Sion Wotleze Library, Victoria Embankment, W.C. =

Slack, H. I., Esq., F.G.S., Ashdown Cottage, Forest row, Sussex.

Sladen, Re C. A., The Gore, Bournemouth.

Slatter, T. J., Esq., F.G.S., The Drift, Evesham.

Smith, Basil Wood, Esq., F.S.A., Branch hill, Hampstead, N. We

Smith, F. W., Esq., Hollywood, Lewisham hill, 8.4.

Somersetshire Archzeological and Natural History Society, agian: a

Sotheran, Messrs., 136, Strand, W.C.

South London paolo ical BeOcLy The aie House Hodes
Bridge. sf ‘

South London Microscopical Club, care of J. Guardia, Beg . ‘Helston
House, Rozel road, Clapham, S.W.. |

South, R., Esq., F.E.S., 12, Abbey sardens, St. ane s Wood, N.W.

Sento Free fibrary.

Spicer, Messrs., Brothers, 19, New Bridge street, Blackfriars, L .C.

St. Andrew's University Library, St. Andrew’s.

Stearns, A. E., Esq., F.E.S., New Mills College, Henley-on- Thames.

Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R., Ephraim Lodge, The Common, Loins ae
Wells.

Stedman, A., Esq., M.R. C:8.; L. S.A., L.M., The Croft, Great Book
ham, Leatherhead. ?

Stevens, B. F., Esq., 4, Trafalgar square, W.C.

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Stewart, Prof. C., Pres. Lin. Soc., Royal College of Surgeons,
Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C.

Stockholm Royal Academy, Stockholm.

Straher, J. H., Esq., Stagshaw House, Corbridge-on-Tyne.

Strasbourgh University Library.

Stubbins, J., Esq., F.G.8., Dyson House, Burley Woods, Leeds.

Sunderland Subscription Library.

Swanston, W., Esq., F.G.S., 50, King street, Belfast.

Thompson, J. C., Esq., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., Woodstock, Waverley road,
Liverpool.

Thornewell, Rev. C. F., F.E.S., Vicarage, Bakewell.

Toronto, University of, Canada.

Torquay Natural History Society, Museum, Babbacombe road, Torquay.

Townsend, F., Esq., M.A., M.P., F.L.S., Honington Hall, Shipston-on-
Stour.

Trimble, Mrs. James, The Terrace, Royal Dockyard, Chatham.

Triibner & Co., Messrs., London.

Tugwell, W. H., Esq., 6, Lewisham road, Greenwich, S.E.

Turner, Professor Sir William, F.R.S.E., University of Edinburgh.

Tyler, Captain Charles, F.L.S., F.G.S., Elberton, New West End,
Hampstead, N.W.

University College, London.
Upsala, University of, Sweden.

Vicars, John, Esq., 8, St. Alban’s square, Bootle, Liverpool.
Vicary, William, Esq., The Priory, Colleton crescent, Exeter.
Vinen, Dr. E. Hart, F.L.8., 22, Gordon road, Ealing, W.

Waldegrave, Earl, 20, Bryanstone square, W.

~ Walker, Alfred O., Esq., F.L.S., Nant Glyn, Colwyn Bay, Denbighshire.

Walsingham, Thomas de Grey, Lord, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.8., Merton
Hall, Thetford, Norfolk.

Warburg, J. C., Esq., 8, Porchester terrace, W.

Warden, Dr. Charles, Greenhurst, 31, Newall street, Birmingham.

Warrington Museum and Library, Warrington.

Warwickshire Natural History Society, Warwick.

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Washington Library of Congress, U.S.A.

Watkinson Library, Harford, Con., U.S.A.

Webb, S., Esq., Maidstone House, Dover.

Wickes, W. D., Esq., 32, Darlington Gardens, Acton, W.

Weir, J. J., Esq., F.L.8., Chirbury, Copers Cope road, Beckenham,
Kent.

Welter, Mons. H., 39, Rue Bonaparte, Paris.

Wesley, EH. F., Esq., A.K.C., 28, Essex street, Strand, W.C.

West Kent Natural History Society, T. W. Wire, Esq., Hon. Treas.,
54, Crooms Hill, Greenwich, S.E.

Wheeler, F. D., Esq., LL.D., F.E.S., Paragon House School, Norwich.

Whittle, F. G., Esq., 6, Lothbury, E.C.

Wilson, Mrs., Cwmffrwd, Carmarthen.

Wiltshire, Rev. Professor T., M.A., F.0.8., Treas. G.S., Secretary,
25, Granville park, Lewisham, London, S.E.

Wollaston, G. H., Esq., 4, College road, Clifton, near Bristol.

Wood, J. H., Esq., M.B., Tarrington, Ledbury.

Woodd, B. T., Esq., Conyngham Hall, Knaresborough, Yorkshire.

Wright, Professor EK. P., F.L.S., Trinity College, Dublin.

Yale College, New Haven, U.S.
Yglias, H. R., Esq., 121, Ebury street, Eaton square, S.W.
York Philosophical Society, York.

Zoological Society, 11, Hanover square, W.

LIST OF THE ANNUAL VOLUMES

RAY SOCIETY.

FROM THEIR COMMENCEMENT, IN 1844, TO
MAY, 1893.

LIST OF THE ANNUAL VOLUMES ISSUED
BY THE RAY SOCIETY.

For tHe First Year, 1844.

I. Reports on the Progress of Zoology and Botany. Trans-
lated by H. H. Strickland, Jun., M.A., F.R.S., E. Lan-
kester, M.D., F.R.S., and W. B. Macdonald, B.A. 8vo.

II. Memorials of John Ray: consisting of the Life of John
Ray, by Derham; the Biographical Notice of Ray, by
Baron Cuvier and M. Dupetit Thouars, in the ‘ Biographie
Universelle ;’ Life of Ray, by Sir J. E. Smith: the Itine-
raries of Ray, with Notes, by Messrs. Babington and
Yarrell. Edited by E. Lankester, M.D., F.R.S. 8vo.

III. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.
By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part I. Ten Plates.
Imp. 4to.

For tHE Seconp Year, 1845.

I. Steenstrup on the Alternation of Generations. Translated
from the German, by George Busk, F.R.S. Three Plates.
Svo.

II. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.
By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part II. Thirteen
Plates. Imp. 4to.

92 LIST OF ANNUAL VOLUMES

III. Reports and Papers on Botany, consisting of Translations
from the German. Translated by W. B. Macdonald, B.A. ;
G. Busk, F.R.S.; A. Henfrey, F.R.S.; and J. Hudson,
B.M. Seven Plates. 8vo.

For tHe Turrp Year, 1846.

I. Meyen’s Geography of Plants. Translated from the German
by Miss Margaret Johnston. 8vo.

II. Burmeister on the Organization of Trilobites. Translated
from the German, and edited by Professors T. Bell and.
K. Forbes. Six Plates. Imp. 4to.

III. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.
By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part III. LEleven
Plates. Imp. 4to.

For tHE. FourtH Yerar, 1847.

I. Oken’s Elements of Physio-philosophy. Translated from
the German by Alfred Tulk. 8vo.

II. Reports on the Progress of Zoology. Translated from the
German by Messrs. Geo. Busk, A. H. Haliday, and A.
Tuk. 8vo.

III. A Synopsis of the British Naked-eyed Pulmograde Meduse.
By Professor E. Forbes, F.R.S. Thirteen Plates. Imp.
Ato.

For THE Firru Year, 1848.

I. Bibliographia Zoologiz et Geologie. By Professor Acres,
Vol. I. 8vo.

ISSUED BY THE RAY SOCIETY. 23

II. Letters of John Ray. Edited by E. Lankester, M.D.,
F.R.S. Two Plates. 8vo.

III. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.
By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part IV. Twelve Plates.
Imp. 4to.

For THE SrxtH Year, 1849.

I. Reports and Papers on Vegetable Physiology and Botanical
Geography. Edited by A. Henfrey, F.R.S. Three Plates.
Svo. |

II. A Monograph of the British Entomostracous Crustacea.
By W. Baird, M.D., F.R.S. Thirty-six Plates. 8vo.

For tHE SEvENTH YEAR, 1850.

I. Bibliographia Zoologiz et Geologiz. By Professor Agassiz.
Vol. II. 8vo.

II. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.
By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part V. Fifteen Plates.
Imp. 4to.

For tHe Eicuta Yzar, 1851.

I. A Monograph of the British Angiocarpous Lichens. By the
Rev. W. A. Leighton, M.A. Thirty Plates. 8vo.

II. A Monograph of the Family Cirripedia. By C. Darwin
M.A., F.R.S. Vol. I. Ten Plates. 8vo.

24 LIST OF ANNUAL VOLUMES

For tHe Ninto Year, 1852.

I. Bibliographia Zoologiz et Geologie. By Professor Agassiz.
Vol. III. 8vo. ,

II. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.
By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part VI. Twelve
Plates. Imp. 4to. |

For tHE TentH YEAR, 1858.

I. A Monograph of the Family Cirripedia. By C. Darwin,
M.A., F.R.S. Vol. II. Thirty Plates. 8vo.

II. A Volume of Botanical and Physiological Memoirs, in-
cluding Braun on Rejuvenescence in Nature. Six Plates.
Svo.

For tHe Eveventu Year, 1854.

Bibliographia Zoologiz et Geologie. By Professor Agassiz.
Vol. 1V. 8vo. (Completing the work.)

For tHe Twretrrh YEAR, 1855.

A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca. By
Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part VII. Nine Plates.
Imp. 4to. (Completing the work.)

For THE THIRTEENTH YEAR, 1856.

A Monograph of the British Fresh-water Polyzoa. By Pro-
fessor Allman, F.R.S. Eleven Plates. Imp. 4to.

ISSUED BY THE RAY SOCIETY. 95

For THE FourtEENtH YEAR, 1857.

A Monograph of the Recent Foraminifera of Great Britain.
By Professor Williamson, F.R.S. Seven Plates. Imp. 4to.

For tHE FirtrentH Year, 1858.

The Oceanic Hydrozoa. By Professor Huxley, F.R.S. Twelve
Plates. Imp. 4to.

For THE SixTEENTH YEAR, 1859.

A History of the Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. By
John Blackwall, F.L.S. Part I. Twelve Plates. Imp.
4to.

For THE SEVENTEENTH YEAR, 1860.

An Introduction to the Study of the Foraminifera. By W. B.
Carpenter, M.D., F.R.S., F.LS., &c., assisted by W. K.
Parker, F.R.S., and T. Rupert Jones, F.G.S. Twenty-
two Plates. Imp. 4to.

For tHe E1icHTeentH Year, 1861.

On the Germination, Development, and Fructification of the
Higher Cryptogamia, and on the Fructification of the
Conifere. By Dr. Wilhelm Hofmeister. Translated by
Frederick Currey, M.A., F.R.S., Sec. L.S. Sixty-five
Plates. 8vo.

26 LIST OF ANNUAL VOLUMES

For tHe NINETEENTH YEAR, 1862.

A History of the Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. By
John Blackwall, F.L.S. Part II. Seventeen Plates.
Imp. 4to. (Completing the work.)

For THE TwentTiIeETH YEAR, 1863.

The Reptiles of British India. By Albert C. L. G. Gunther,
M.D., F.R.S. Twenty-six Plates. Imp. 4to.

For THE TWENTY-FIRST YEAR, 1864.

A Monograph of the British Spongiade. By J. S. Bowerbank,
LL.D., F.R.S. Vol. I. Thirty-seven Pilates. 8vo.

For tHE Twenty-seconp YEAR, 1865.

I. The British Hemiptera Heteroptera. By Messrs. J. W.
Douglas and John Scott. Twenty-one Plates. 8vo.

II. A Monograph of the British Spongiade. By J. 8S. Bower-
bank, LL.D., F.R.S. Vol. II. 8vo.

For THE TWENTY-THIRD YEAR, 1866.

I. The Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown,
D.C.L., F.R.S. Vol. I, containing Geographico-botanical,
and Structural, and Physiological Memoirs. Hdited by
J.J. Bennett, F.R.S. 8vo.

ISSUED BY THE RAY SOCIETY. 27

II. Recent Memoirs on the Cetacea.

Reinhardt, and Lilljeborg.

By Professors Eschricht,
F.R.S. Six Plates.

Edited by W. H. Flower,
Imp. 4to.

III. Nitzch’s Pterylography, translated from the German.
Edited by P. L. Sclater, F.R.S. Ten Plates. Imp. 4to.

For tHe Twenty-rourtH YEAR, 1867.

I. A Monograph on the Structure and Development of the

Shoulder-girdle. By W. K. Parker, F.R.S. Thirty Plates.
Imp. 4to.

II. The Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown,
D.C.L., F.R.S. Vol. II. 8vo.

For THE TWwENTY-FIFTH YEAR, 1868.

I. Vegetable Teratology. By M. T. Masters, M.D., F.L.S.
Svo.

II. The Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown,

D.C.L., F.R.S. Vol. III. Thirty-eight Plates. Imp. 4to.
(Completing the work.)

For tHe Twenty-sixtH Year, 1869.

A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids.
By J. Allman, M.D., F.R.S. Part I. Twelve Plates.
Imp. 4to.

For THE TWENTY-SEVENTH YEAR, 1870.
A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids.
By J. Allman, M.D., F.R.S. Part II.

Kleven Plates.
Imp. 4to. (Completing the work.)

28 LIST OF ANNUAL VOLUMES

For tHE TweEnty-EIGHTH YEAR, 1871.

A Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura. By Sir J.
Lubbock, Bart., M.P., F.R.S. Seventy-eight Plates. 8vo.

For THE TWENTY-NINTH YEAR, 1872.

A Monograph of the British Annelids. By W.C. McIntosh,
M.D., F.R.S.E. Part I. Ten Plates. Imp. 4to.

For THE THIRTIETH YEAR, 1873.

A Monograph of the British Annelids. By W. C. McIntosh,
M.D., F.R.S.E. Part I. continued. Thirteen Plates.
Imp. 4to.

-

For tHE THIRTY-FIRST YEAR, 1874,

A Monograph of the British Spongiade. By J.S. Bowerbank,
LL.D., F.R.S. Vol. III. Ninety-two Plates. 8vo.

For tHe TuHirty-seconp YeEar, 1875.

A Monograph of the British Aphides. By G. B. Buckton,
F.R.S. Vol. I. Forty-two Plates. 8vo.

For tHe THirty-THIRD YEAR, 1876.

A Monograph of the British Copepoda. By G. S. Brady,
M.D.,F.L.S. Vol. 1. Thirty-six Plates. 8vo.

ISSUED BY THE RAY SOCIETY. 29

For tHe THirty-FourtTH YEAR, 1877.

A Monograph of the British Aphides. By G. B. Buckton,
F.R.S, Vol. II. Fifty Plates. 8vo.

For THE TuHirty-FrirtH YEAR, 1878.

A Monograph of the British Copepoda. By G. S. Brady,
M.D., F.L.8. Vol. Il. Forty-nine Plates. 8vo.

For tHE THiIRtTy-stxtH YEAR, 1879.

I. A Monograph of the British Copepoda. By G. S. Brady,
M.D., F.L.S. Vol. III. Eleven Plates. 8vo. (Com-
pleting the work.)

II. A Monograph of the British Spongiade. By the late
J. S. Bowerbank, LL.D., F.R.S. Edited, with additions,
by Rev. A. M. Norman, M.A., F.L.S. Vol. IV. Seven-
teen Plates. 8vo. (Completing the work.)

For THE THIRTY-SEVENTH YEAR, 1880.

A Monograph of the British Aphides. By G. B. Buckton,
F.R.S. Vol. III. Twenty-eight Plates. 8vo.

For THE THIRTY-EIGHTH YEAR, 1881.

A Monograph of the British Phytophagous Hymenoptera.
By P. Cameron. Vol. I. Twenty-one Plates. 8vo.

30 LIST OF VOLUMES ISSUED BY THE RAY SOCIETY.

For tae THIRTY-NINTH YEAR, 1882,

A Monograph of the British Aphides. By G. B. Buckton,
F.R.S. Vol. IV. Twenty-seven Plates. 8vo. (Com-
pleting the Work.)

For tHE FortietH YEAR, 1883.

British Oribatide. By A. D. Michael, F.L.S. Vol. I.
Thirty-one Plates. 8vo.

For THE Forty-rirst YEAR, 1884.

A Monograph of the British Phytophagous Hymenoptera. By
P. Cameron. Vol. II. Twenty-seven Plates. 8vo.

For tHE Forty-srconp YEAR, 1885.

The Larve of the British Butterflies and Moths. By the late
W. Buckler, edited by H. T. Stainton. Vol. I. The
Butterflies. Seventeen Plates. 8vo.

For tHE Forty-tH1rp YEAR, 1886.

The Larve of the British Butterflies and Moths. By the late
W. Buckler, edited by H. T. Stainton. Vol. II. The
Hawk-Moths and part of the Bombyces. Eighteen
Plates. 8vo.

LIST OF VOLUMES ISSUED BY THE RAY SOCIETY. ol

For tHE Forty-rourtH YEAR, 1887.

British Oribatide. By A. D. Michael, F.L.8. Vol. II.
Thirty-one Plates. 8vo. (Completing the Work.)

For tHe Forty-rirtH YEAR, 1888.

The Larve of the British Butterflies and Moths. By the late
W. Buckler, edited by H. T. Stainton. Vol. III. The
concluding portion of the Bombyces. Eighteen Plates.
8vo.

For tHE Forty-stxtH YEAR, 1889.

A Monograph of the British Phytophagous Hymenoptera. By
P. Cameron. Vol. III. Seventeen Plates. 8vo.

For tHE Forty-sEVENTH YEAR, 1890.

The Larve of the British Butterflies and Moths. By the late
W. Buckler, edited by H. T. Stainton. Vol. IV. The
first portion of the Noctuz. Sixteen Plates. 8vo.

_ For tHE Forty-r1cHtnH Year, 1891.

The Larve of the British Butterflies and Moths. By the late
W. Buckler, edited (in part) by the late H. T. Stainton.
Vol. V. The second portion of the Noctuz. Seventeen
Plates. 8vo.

32 LIST OF VOLUMES ISSUED BY THE RAY SOCIETY.

For THE Forty-NINtTH YEAR, 1892.

A Monograph of the British Phytophagous Hymenoptera. By
P. Cameron. Vol. 1V. Nineteen Plates. 8vo. (Com-
pleting the Work.)

PRINTED BY ADLARD AND SON,
BARTHOROMEW CLOSE, E.C., AND 20, HANOVER SQUARE, W.

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